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Toronto Public Library,

Reference Department,

THIS BOOK

MUST NOT BtTAKEN OUT OF THE ROOM.

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"^ \ o ^ e>"e^

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

JANUARY,

No.

"Fire Blight" Successfully Combated*

IN order to successfully cope with a
disease, whether it be a disease of ani-
mals or of plants, it is most desirable
to know its specific cause and its methods
of attack. Practically all that is known
concerning the precise nature of infecti-
ous diseases, both of animals and plants,
has been learned during the last thirty
years or so. Everyone now is familiar
with the precautions necessary to prevent
the spread of typhoid fever, cholera, tub-
erculosis and anthrax, and other infec-
tious diseases in man and animals. Indi-
viduals suffering from these diseases are
isolated as far as possible and care is
taken that all discharges from their bodies
are burned or otherwise disinfected. These
precautions are necessary because these
diseases are the result of micro-organisms
gaining access to the body through water,
food or wounds, and there rapidly mul-
tiplying. Their multiplication produces
the symptoms of the disease, and as mil-
lions of the germs are soon produced in
the body from a few that have gained en-
trance, some of these are given off in the
di.scharges, and if these are not destroyed
they are liable to spread the disease to
whoever comes in contact with them.

The disease of some trees known by
the various names of fire blight, pear
blight, apple twig blight, body blight,
and blight canker, is a bacterial disease,
and hence if its spread is to be prevented
precautions must be taken somewhat sim-

•An address delivered at the annual convention
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association hold in
Toronto last November.

D. H. Jones, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont.

ilar to those found necessary in dealing
with bacterial or infectious diseases of
man and animals.

So far as is known, the disease is pe-
culiar to North America, where it has
caused immense losses to pear and apple
growers. In addition to being found on
the cultivated and wild varieties of apple.

C0i / J>

Apple tree badly attacked by "Fire blight"
through blossom inoculation in spring and twig
inoculation by aphids. Eighty per cent, of twigs
and amall brancheg killed out in one season.

..V''.

B.acilus amylovoi ,..,. ,i.r s>.iiu wliich causes the
blight. Magnified 1000 times.

pear and quince trees, it is common on the
juneberry, hawthorn and mountain ash,
and occasionally it is found on the plum.

EFFECTS OF THE DISEASE

The disease is caused by a microbe
known as "Bacillus amylovorus," which
on gaining entrance to the bark of a tree
subject to its attack, rapidly multiplies
there and in doing so kills the bark. If
the bark attacked be that of a twig, the
twig with its leaves, blossoms or fruit
will wither, turn brown and die. If the
bark attacked be that of the trunk or
main limb, the result is a canker of the
area attacked. The cankered area is us-
ually darker colored than the healthy part,
is somewhat sunken, and usually sur-
rounded by a crack. If the cankered
bark be cut, it will be found to be brown
and tough instead of being white or light
green and tender. The canker in the ap-
ple tree does not usually spread to very
great dimensions except in a few varie-
ties, principally the Russian varieties.
With the pear tree, however, it is dif-
ferent, for when the bacillus finds en-
trance to the bark of the trunk or a main
limb of a pear tree it usually continues to
spread there until it has killed the tree.

PEAR TREES SUSCEPTIBLE

For the disease to spread rapidly in a

tree it is necessary that the affected bark
be juicy. The bark of the large limbs
and trunk of the pear tree is softer and
more juicy than that of most varieties
of apple trees. Hence it is that the dis-
ease spreads more rapidly and does much
more damage in the trunks and large
limbs of the pear than in those of the
apple. On the other hand, the bark of
the twigs and young shoots of the apple
is softer and more juicy than that of the
pear twigs, and consequently blight of
the apple trees is usually in the form of a
twig blight, all the )'Oung growth on a
tree often being killed in one season.

Trees in sod are not so sappy as those
under cultivation. Hence it is that the
disease kills off trees in well cultivated
orchards more often and more rapidly
than in orchards that are in sod. How-
ever, sod is not the ideal condition for an
orchard. It not only curtails the produc-
tion of fruit and hinders the development
of the tree in general, but it harbors
numerous insect pests for which it is a
good breeding ground. We must, then,
if we are to get the best results from
our orchards, cultivate them and find
some other means of keeping the blight
in check than by leaving them in sod.

HOW THE BLIGHT IS SPREAD

Insects, more than any other thing,
are responsible for spreading the blight.
It was demonstrated a few years ago that
bees, wasps and other blossom visiting
insects often carry the germs of the
disease on their bodies, especially their
mouth parts, to the blossoms they visit
in the orchard. When they insert their

Young pear tree, with one branch inoculated
with the germs by the pruning saw. The branch
was killed and the disease was spreading from
this branch to the others.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

Typical blight canker in the bark of a large
limb of a Tolman Sweet, which dcTeloped at the
base of a watersprout that was inoculated by
aphids. Many cankers so caused were on the
tree, some of them spreading sufBciently to girdle
the limb.

proboscis into the flower to get the nec-
tar, they deposit a few germs in the
nectaries, and here the germs develop
rapidly, kill the flower, and pass down the
bark of the flower stem to the fruit spur,
kill it and all the other blossoms on it ;
they continue to work their way in the
bark, passing on down the twig to the
larger branch, and thus we get a typical
case of "twig blight."

When the disease is active in a saupy
tree, there is often a gummy exudate from
the part affected. This is usually amber-
colored and may be seen on the outside
of the diseased bark, .sometimes in
globules and sometimes slowly streaming
down the surface. This gummy mater-
ial is teeming with the disease germs and
many insects like to feed on it, and in
feeding on it they get their feet and mouth
parts covered with the germs, and these
when they fly away they take along with
them. So when they fly from a diseased
tree to a healthy one, they are liable to
inoculnte the latter with the disease
germs fro'" the former. The inoculation
is made either through the flower by the
honey seekers or else by a puncture of
the bark by a bitin? or boring insect, such
as a beetle, or bv a sucking insect, such

as the varioiis^nla^it bugs and aphids.
• •• • •• • * •

We foui\d/Hs the resuW.hf our observa-
tions ma^b** in the colle'g^'.prchard and
manv oi^l^rds in the Nia^hta, St. Cath-
arines aji^ Whitby districtsjvthat fifty per
cent, of the total amount •eij; twig blight
on an'-ite'-t'tees in igog ^qs due to its
spread f rofiii.tf ee; to ^tree n'nd from orchard
to orchard bV>'aplTi<^ (Aphis mali and
Schizoneura lanigera), and that practical-
callv all the twig inoculations that were
made after the blossoming season were
made by these same orchard pests.

The aphid's favorite feeding place is

on the water sprouts, suckers, and
young twigs of the tree. It is here they
find the tender bark which they can ea.s-
ily puncture to obtain the plant juice
which is so plentiful there. It is the ten-
der, juicy bark that, as we have before
mentioned, supplies the ideal conditions
for the blight germ to rapidly develop m.
An aphid when feeding punctures the
bark from which it draws the sap with its
sucking tube. Should the twig which it
punctures have the blight, the sucking
tube which is inserted in the bark will be
contaminated with the blight germ, and
large numbers of germs will be drawn in-
to the body of the insect and will cover its
mouth parts, and so, when the aphid
moves to another twig, it will carry the
germs along with it, and on puncturing
the fresh twig will inoculate it with these
germs. We found this to be happening
in practically all the orchards we visited
during June, July, and early August. We
found many young trees that had not yet
borne a blossom and that were absolutely
free from blight before the aphids came
in June, to have after this date all their
young shoots killed out by the gradual

Trunk of young pear tree, near the ground,
showing a rapidly spreading canker, which de-
veloped as tha result of the tree being inoculated
with the germs of the shot-hole bark-boring
beetle, Scolytus rugilosus. The minute borings
of the beetle may be seen close to the arrow
points. Notice that the borings are usually
within a bud scar.

spread of the di.sease from the tops down-
ward after they had been inoculated by
aphids. We also found large numbers of
suckers and water sprouts on the older
trees develop the disease after the aphids
visited them and rapidly die.

In many cases, when the disease reach-
ed the base of the water sprout or sucker
it entered the limb or trunk on which the
shoot grew and there formed a canker,
sometimes large and spreading, if the
bark was juicy, and sometimes small.
The bark immediately surrounding such
cankers is liable to harbor the disease
germs through the winter, then in the
spring, when the sap begins to run once
more, the germs rapidly develop, spread

Shot-hole borings in a healthy branch from a
young pear tree. In every case they are at the
base of a fruit spur or small branch. Around
three out of five of the punctures the blight was
spreading as a canker.

further through the bark, thus enlarging
the canker, and often girdling the limb,
which results in its death.

THE DISEASE IN NUE8EEIE8

We found aphids to be the principal
means of spreading the blight in apple
tree nurseries. Wherever in nurseries
the aphids were kept in check there was
practically no blight. While in the nur-
series in which the aphid was allowed to
have its way, there the blight flourished
in all directions.

While aphids and "twig blight" are
both common on the apple, neither are
very prevalent on the pear. Blight, how-
ever, kills off many more pear trees than
apple trees. How, then, is the blight
carried to the pear trees? It is some-
times carried to the blossoms by bees and
wasps, and it is such inoculations that
are responsible for most cases of "twig
blight" in the pear. "Body blight," how-
ever, is more common than "twig
blight" in the pear. This is the same dis-
ease working in the bark of the trunk and
larger limbs. The germs sometimes en-
ter it at the base of the twigs which have
been inoculated at the blossoms. We
found, however, during the last two sea-
sons cases of direct inoculation into the
bark of healthy trees made by the fruit-
bark-boring beetle (Scolytus rugulosus).

This is the same beetle that works in
the bark of the peach and cherry, caus-
ing them to exude large quantities of
gum-like material. The pear tree does
not exude this gummy material, and as
the hole made by the beetle is very small
and is usually underneath a bud or spur,
it is not readily seen. This beetle bores
in the bark and is more common on weak
or diseased trees than on healthy ones.
We found the beetles in the bark of
blighted trees to be literally covered with
blight germs, and we found the disease
to be developing around the fresh punc-
tures made bv these beetles in the bark of
healthy trees. The fruit-bark-boring
beetle is one means of spreading the
blight among pear trees.

The pruning-knife, saw, chisel, shears,

January, 191 i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

I

harrows, cultivators, and other tools us-
ed in the orchard, after coming in contact
with a diseased tree, are potent carriers
of the disease. We have seen numerous
cases of blight that could clearly be trac-
ed to this source of infection ; and we
proved in a number of experiments how
easy it is for the disease to spread in this
way.

After using a saw on the diseased part
of a tree and then on the healthy tree,
niching the bark or cutting off branches,
we found that in seventy-five per cent,
of the experiments the healthy tree con-
tracted the disease at the point cut.
Scraping healthy trees with diseased
trees when removing the latter from the
orchard is also a common method of in-
oculating healthy trees.

ERADICATION AND PREVENTION

When once the disease enters a tree,
whether it be in the fruit, twig, branch,
or trunk, there is no remedy for the affec-
ted part. The only measure to be adopt-
ed is to cut out and burn it right away.
To cut off an affected twig will save the
branch on which it grows, and to cut off
a diseased large branch will save the
tree.

In cutting dead or diseased tissue from
a tree, care must be taken to cut from
six inches to a foot below the blighted
area, as the germs always extend fur-
ther than the visibly affected part.
Whenever the pruning tool comes in
contact with the disease in pruning oper-
ations, it should be disinfected by being
wiped with a disinfectant, as corrosive
sublimate, 1-1,000 parts or 10 per cent,
formalin. These may be carried in a
glass bottle. If a wire is run through
the cork so as to project into the bottle,
and a piece of rag tied around the end of
the wire, this may be used as a conven-
ient swab for applying the disinfectant.

The best time to cut out blight is the
first time it is seen, as every case of ac-
tive blight is a potent source of infection
for innumerable other cases. However,
it is not always practicable to locate
every case of blight as it occurs. The
best time for systematic action in an or-
chard is in late fall or early winter. At
this time the diseased parts are more
readily noticed than in late winter or
early spring ; and if precautions are tak-
en to burn the material out, this will en-
sure the destruction of the beetles, aph-
ids, and other insects harboring on and
in it.

If an orchard be cleared of the blight
during the winter there will be no germs
there for insects to get contaminated
with in the following spring. Hence as
the bees and wasps go from flower to
flower they will not infect the blossoms.
The blossoms not being inoculated, there
will be no early twig blight ; so that when
the aphids come later in the season, there
will be no source of infection for them.

If, however, there should be affected
trees in the neighborhood of the orchard,
.which is usually the case, then the only
way to keep the disease out of the or-
chard is to control the insects.

The aphids may be kept in check by
spraying the trees when the buds are just
beginning to swell with home-boiled
lime-sulphur, preferably of the strength
of twenty-five pounds lime, twenty
pounds sulphur, to forty gallons of water.
This is to kill the eggs which may be
seen on the twigs and small branches of
the tree. To destroy the aphids in sum-
mer, give them a thorough drenching
with kerosene emulsion. In the fall ob-
serve if any aphids are present on the
water sprouts, where they will be found,
if there are any on the trees at this time
of year. If present, cut off the water
sprouts and destroy them.

Several bad outbreaks of the fruit-
bark-boring beetle in peach and cherry
orchards have been traced to wood piles

made from diseased and dead wood taken
from the orchard. It is in such wood
that beetles winter. In the spring they
issue from it in large numbers and make
their way usually to the orchard once
more. This shows the necessity for
burning before spring the dead and dis-
eased wood taken from the orchard.

Several orchards, that two years ago
were badly infected with blight, are now
after being carefully treated as above
outlined, free from the disease. It now
will be a comparatively easy matter for
the owners to keep their orchards free
from the disease by making an occasion-
al inspection during the growing season
and cutting out the fresh inoculations
that are brought by insects from neigh-
boring property.

W feel certain that if concerted action
such as indicated be taken by all fruit
growers in any district, the disease may
be wiped out of that district and be pre-
vented from entering it again.

Cover Crops in the Orchard'

Prol. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College, Que.

The following experiment in orchard
management proves that the soil moisture
conditions can be controlled more effect-
ively by the date of seeding than by any
particular cover crop. Crimson clover
was sown on June 15th and on July 15th.
The soil samples taken on the first of
September showed six and one-tenth per
cent, of moisture for the early seeding as
against twelve and three-hundredths for
the later seed plot. These results are
what one would expect, and the date of
seeding advisable for different sections
and different types of soil can be deter-
mined only by conducting similar experi-
ments in your section. After conducting

various tests

we have set-
tled on the

last of June

or early in

July as the

most suitable

in our section

for ripening

young trees.
If trees are

carr y i n g a

good crop of

fruit there is

little 1 i keli-

hood of the

ing of the cover crops. For this rea-
son, I advise later seeding in the beaiing
orchard, say the middle of July. It is
well also to keep in mind that cover crops
have a much more rapid growth in a
young bearing orchard where there is lit-
tle shade than in an old one heavily
shaded, and the transpiration in protected
areas is not nearly so great as in the un-
protected.

THE QUESTION OF MOISTURE

While a cover crop may dry out the
soil early in the season that does not im-
ply that the soil will continue dry until
late fall and injuries from dry winter
freezing result. Our experiments go to

wood not rip-
ening well,
and it would
be unwise to
dry out the
soil too much
by early seed-

"This article is
continued from
the December
number.

A Honte of Applet Shewn at the Oalario HorticuUural Exhibitioo

One of the most striking features of tlie recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibi-
tion in Toronto, was the house of applea shown by the fruit growers of Northum-
berland and Durham Counties. Their exhibit is here illustrated.

THE CANADIAN Tr () m' T 0 TM.TURIST

Jpnuary, 191 i

show that when a
dense covering is
formed it so pro-
tects the soil tliai
little evaporati o n
takes place in the
late fall and the
ground by fall will
actually contain
more moisture than
the areas not so
covered. Winter
killing of the root
is more liable to
occur in a dry soil.
This is not of spe-
cial consideration
in northern sec-
tions only, for win-
ter killing is often
caused by alternate
freezing and thaw-
ing, which has
greater range in a
somewhat dry soil
than in a moist
soil, for the more
water a soil con-
tains the less liable
is it to frequent al-
ternate free zing /^
and thawing.

Cover crops were first used for the ^lur-
pose of keeping frost from penetrating
the ground and at the same time prevent
alternate freezing and thawing. It will
prevent the latter as we all know from ex-
perience, and experiments go to show that
a moderate mulch on the surface will keep
the frost from penetrating less than half
the depth that it will on unprotected areas.
The frost penetrating the soil may not
prove injurious, but alternate freezing
and thawing must be guarded against.

PLOWING UNDEB NOT ADVOCATED

It is usually not advisable to plow un-
der a cover crop in the fall. There is
much less liability to washing off the sur-
face soil, and the mulching effect is bet-
ter if it is on the surface. It also serves
to hold the snow, which is one of the best
protective covers we can have.

Personally, I think it does not matter
whether the cover crop stands the whiier
or not. In fact the only advantage that
I can see in having one that will stand
the winter is to dry out the ground early
the following spring. The danger, how-
ever, is that we may allow them to grow
too long before plowing under and rob
the ground of much moisture that might
have been conserved, and as well deprive
the tree of its full early spring breakfast.

The following experiments which I
personally conducted show the effect of
winter rye and Red clover in reducing the
moisture contents of the soil as compared
with the early cultivated crimson clover
plot. A plot of oats sown on an adjoin-
ing plot on June 20th was also compaied

View of a P.irtiia of the Oiiplay of Applet at the Keceit Exkibilion at St. Joho, N. B.

as to the percentage of moistures at dif- We find that the clover can be worked

ferent dates. These plots showed how under with greater ease and for that rea-

quickly the moisture contents of the soil son we use it principally. The two mixed

can be reduced by crops in the orchard m together are good.

the spring and early summer months. Red clover does not make sufficiently

SaSplea Date ^cSv°e? cwr rapid growth in my opinion and we do not

ee were Winter sown plowed under not use it except m our comparative tests. We

Jtifu. . . .Zl •'20°'"' '^20^ "" get a much better protective covering

May 26 . . . .17.21 18.02 21.21 18 97 with th Crimson clover, and a very much

June 9 12.52 17.84 20.31 14.04 * u n r . • . . a

June 2J . . . .10.46 17.40 20 46 1165 greater bulk ot material to turn under. A

Juilli : : : -.Ife llll Hit \l'^ mistake is often made in using too little

Aug. 4 . . . . 8.23 9.49 18.11 10.36 seed. Never use less than twenty-five

Seift. 6 . '. ■. :i7 79 1699 2404 2022 POunds of Crimson clover and seventy-

Ocfjf .• .■ : iJ:B llPi K llfi R^e pounds of vetch seed per acre.

The clover plot was given clean culture seeding clover
and no cover crop was used on any of I" .seeding to clover we run over the
these plots. The fall was a moderacely ground with a tilting spike tooth harrow,
wet one and these plots each contained sow the seed and harrow with this tool
approximately twenty per cent, of mois- again having the teeth upright, and again
ture, which amount our experiments indi- harrow with the teeth tilted to leave a
cate is about right for the most successful perfectly smooth surface. The seed can
wintering of the tree. One of the bad ef- be safely worked in to a greater depth
fects of drying out the soil early in the ^^^'^ is the case with the smaller Red
spring is that the sub.soil water is lost, clover seed. In seeding vetch I prefer to
whereas it should be retained for the crop use the springtooth harrow which leaves
later on, as it is this water on which rhe 'he soil more in ridges and after seeding
crop depends later in the season. i'he t'^'s is again used, followed by the level-
tabulated data shows only the condition ''"JT harrow.

of the soil to one foot in depth, but soil I have never yet had any difficulty in

to a greater depth would show as great a getting a good catch from seeding on a

variation. properly cultivated area. If this ground

It is advisable, except in cases wnere is thoroughly dried out on the surface,

the ground has an excess of nitrogen, to there may be trouble, but in such cases I

use leguminous cover crops. The Crim- would advise working in the seed more

son clover and common vetch we prefer, deeply.

Both of these make an ideal cover. The

math is not objectionable at picking time One of the best of the Japanese plums

and it forms a good protective covering, for long distance shipping is Ogon.

January, tgti

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

I

The Little Peach Disease

L CuMT, B.S.A., O.A.C., Goelph, Oat.

During a recent trip to the peach dis-
tricts of Michigan to investigate the dis-
ease known as Little Peach the wiiter
gained the following information :

Little Peach is a very destructive dis-
ease ; and in the opinion of the majority
of Michigan growers is se\eral times more
destructive than Peach Yellows. Wher-
ever affected trees have been allowed to
remain the whole orchard, as a rule, has
hecome hopelessly diseased in four or five
years. An expert grower stated that he
had himself seen more than loo orchards
thus destroyed.

So far as known, no variety of peach
tree is exempt. Japanese plums are sub-
ject to the disease. The writer saw three
plum orchards with several of the trees
attacked by Little Peach.

Little Peach attacks trees from two
years of age upwards. (This is also true
of Yellows.) The disease has been suc-
cessfully controlled in Michigan and oth-
er places, but only by the removal each
year, as soon as possible, of all clearly
diseased trees and also all suspected ones.
It is absolutely necessary to remove the
suspicious cases as well as the clearly
diseased. Co-operation in control meas-
ures is necessary, and, where orchards are
close together as in Ontario peach dis-
tricts, is imperative. No person can thor-
oughly control the disease in his own
orchard by the removal of diseased trees
if his neighbor only a few rods away fails
to remove his. If, however, the orchards
are half a mile or more apart one may
hope to be able to keep his own orchard
fairly free from the disease even inde-
pendent of his neighbors. Where trees
have been removed because of the dis-
ease young trees may, if desired, be set
in the same place next spring. Such trees
are not any more subject to Little Peach
and Yellows than anv other trees in the
orchard. (Prof. Waite of Washington.
D. C. .Prof. Blake of New Jersey, and
se\eral others agree with this statement.)

CAUSE UNKNOWN

The cause of Little Peach (or of Yel-
lows) is not yet discovered. It is not
definitely known in how many ways the
di.sease may be spread. It is probably first
brought into a district on nursery stock
and once in the orchard it spreads from
one tree to another, but just how no one
knows. Many think that the time of in-
fection is during the blossoming sea.son.

The disease can be propagated by bud-
ding, as has been proven by Dr. Smith
and Prof. Waite in the case of Yellows.
Mr. Horace Welch, who is said to be the
best expert on the disease in the State,
took more than 200 buds from trees
showing s_ymptoms of Little Peach, and
inserted some in young seedlings and
others in healthy trees, but in every case
the disease developed, but not until the

second year, and in some cases the third
year.

Whether the pits from -Little Peach
will grow and produce the disease is not
yet proven. (Prof. Philips of Virginia,
believes a small percentage of them will
do so.) The ordinary system of inspec-
tion for Yellows (as practised in Ontario)
is not sufficient for Little feach, as this
disease often does not show in trees un-
til the latter part of September. There-
fore, inspection work should continue up
to the coloring of the leaves by frost. It
is not an infrequent occurrence to find
trees with all the symptoms of Little
Peach except that the fruit ripens some-
what prematurely or at latest at the nor-
mal time. Such fruit shows no sign of

Yellows. This is possibly an abnormal
case of Little Peach and Yellows attack-
ing the tree at the same time. Whatever
be the cause these trees must be destroyed
just as if they had typical Little Peach or
Yellows.

In some districts in Ontario Little
Peach has already caused the- loss of sev-
eral orchards and of many trees in nearby
orchards. No chance should be given it
to make further progress ; therefore,
every grower is urged to destroy AT
ONCE every tree marked by the inspec-
tor and every suspected tree. It is very
important not to let them remain in the
orchard till next spring. There is no use
in hoping for the recovery of trees ; they
never recover from this disease.

Shrub Hedges

A. K. Goodman, LL.

The best of the garden is what you
put into it rather than what comes out
of it. It is the satisfaction of your
tastes and the bettering of them, the
thought and sentiment you express in
planting and gathering, the innocence
and quiet of mind that you take to the
seeding, trimming and watering that are
the real rewards.

The winter is the season to take stock
of your yard conditions, the reflecting
period when your plans are matured for
its improvement in the spring. Have
you thought of planting any ornamental
shrubs? Do so now — let me recommend
from personal experience the despised and
neglected snowball, the guelder-rose (Vi-
burn Opulus) with its globose clus-
ters of white sterile flowers, said to be
a cultivated variety of high cranberry. It
is very hardy, does well enough in any
soil and under all conditions, but plant it
— attend to it — prune it — feed it, and love
it, and the beautiful display of bloom
it will in gratitude return will be a source
of wonder, pleasure and delight.

Have you a place where a hedge ef-
fect is desirable, then alternate with the

B., Toronto, Ont.

best known honeysuckle, the Tartarian
from Russia — feed and prune them with
care and in a few years nothing will sur-
pass the fragrant loveliness of these
shrubs in flowers :

"How sweetly smell the honeysuckle

In the hush'd nigrht, as if the world were

one
Of utter peace and love and g-entleness."
—Tennyson (Gareth and Lynette.)
I have also found the lilac or pipe tree
and particularly the Persian lilac (S.
Persica) an excellent hedge to divide the
vegetable garden from the front. The
lilac is a widely cultivated ornamental
Old World shrub of the genus Syringa of
the olive family (Oleaceae), but notwith-
standing its ancestry, how do we find it
in Ontario? Everywhere sadly neglected,
untidy, scraggy, its suckers occupying
and spoiling the ground for some feet
around the bushes. Try this method,
plant a lilac hedge — feed it — prune it for
form and flowers — cut out the suckers,
and note the great panicles of fragrant
bloom it v/ill produce in quantity and
quality. I challenge all exotics to excel
these flowers in pleasing perfume.

A Portioa of a Prize WiBBUg Garden in the Earl Grey Garden Campctitien, Ottawa

The illlutration shows a Tartarian honeysuckle and Snowball Hedge in the grounds of Newton J.

Kerr, Oity Engineer, Ottawa.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 19II

January Notes for Amateur Flower Growers

Frank Wise, Peterboro, Ont.

treatment they have been getting in the
greenhouse. Syringe them with tepid
water once a day. This i.s better done
in the morning as it allows them time to
dry off before night. Do not subject
them to too great a change in tempera-

January is the month when both the
professional and amateur gardener can
take a little time to review their work of
the past year and lay plans for another.
No matter how successful the gardener is
he can always see where he has made
mistakes and lay plans to avoid them in
the future. Then, also, no gardener,
however small, can get along without ex-
perimenting to some extent. We can
benefit partially by other people's experi-
ence, but conditions vary. This is es-
pecially noticeable in the different kinds
of soil. Fertilizers that will help a crop
in one field will act the very opposite
in another, producing the same kind of
crop. Especially is this the case in the
heavy clay soil. Sandy and loamy soils
are not so susceptible to an overdose of
manure. Being porous, they can cast
off any surplus matter contained in it.

If you are going to make any changes
to your home grounds now is the time to
make a plan, as it is far easier to work
when you have a sketch before you. This
is especially true if there are more than
one employed in the work. It will then
not be necessary to leave such constant
instructions with your workmen, which
of times are misunderstood or forgotten,
as a reference to the plan will ensure
against mistakes.

You can also draw a diagram of your
kitchen garden, assigning the position
for your separate crops, leaving space for
new varieties. This you will find very
convenient as then you will not have all
your garden planted and find that you
have forgotten some particular crop and
have to sow it between the rows of some
other crop, or sacrifice some of what has
been sown.

Do not forget to take the advice
given in last month's issue of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, regarding repairing
and replacing all tools.

HOUSE PLANTS

Your house plants will require atten-
tion to keep them from going back. It
will be necessary to watch the watering
very closely and not to overdo it. Some
of the readers of The Canadian Horticul-
turist will have received plants for Christ-
mas presents. Most of these plants come
from the florists and will require special
care as greenhouse and house conditions
are as a rule entirely different. Green-
house plants are used to a moist atmos-
phere, which gives the foliage a soft ten-
der appearance. This is especially so
with a great many plants at this time,
as the florist has been using a little more
heat and moisture to get the plant as near
perfection as possible, so as to demand
the highest price obtainable.

A good way to treat such plants is lo
give them as nearly as possible the same

ture, but give them as near 60 or 65 de-
grees of heat as possible. Last, but not
least, do not water them until the
earth will crumble in your fingers, then
moisten them thoroughly. Do not allow
the water to stand continually in the sau-
cer. If these instructions are followed,
you will be more likely to keep your plant
alive instead of consigning it to the ash-
heap in the back yard in a week or two.

ened twice a week for a few weeks, after
which once a week will do. A good plan
is to take it to the sink and give it .i
shower bath with a small watering can.
A frequent sponging with soapy water
will be beneficial.

Do not water until the plant become^
dry. Most palms do not dry out very
quickly owing to having been fresh pot-
ted or having poor drainage. If when
watering the water should remain on tht-
top of the pot, the earth has either be-
come baked or the drainage clogged. To
overcome this, take a pointed stick and
loosen the top earth in the pot. Turn up
your pot and clean out the hole left for
drainage by pushing your stick two or
three inches up into the pot. If this
should not remedy the trouble it will oe

v4' ",:*^"'->'r V

.."■i^-^

:- >:-:'vr.,-

A SiUcr Trophj Fleww anil Vegetable Gardes, at Moi'real We>t, Quebec

This garden owned by A. P. Horner, of Montreal West, now of Calgary, Alberta, won the first prize
in 1909, in a garden competition conducted by the local horticultural society.

Examine your palms and ferns for
scale. A little soapy water applied
once a week will prevent the attack of
this insect, and will also be beneficial to
the health of the plant.

Most house plants will be benefited by
a little fertilizer in some form at this
time as it will encourage bloom in flow-
ering and growth in foliage plants. Should
you not have any of the plant foods ad-
vertized, a mixture of one part of nitrate
of soda pulverized, three parts bone flour,
and six parts Harris' Blood and Bone
can be used, giving a tablespoonful to n
four-inch pot and stirring it into the top
half inch of soil with a pointed stick.

TEEATMENT OF PALMS

The house treatment of palms is very
simple and takes but little time. If you
have received some palms as a gift, you
must consider where your plants came
from. A palm house is kept at a humid
temperature of from 60 to 70 degrees, and
the plant receives a syringing every
bright day. This need not be done to
your palm until it has become accustom-
ed to its surroundings. It must be moist-

as well to turn out the plant and take
the old drainage material out (if it has
any). Wash it and place it back again.
Palms should not be repotted too
frequently. They will often remain in
one pot and thrive for years if given ;.
frequent watering with manure water or
a little concentrated plant food.

Look over your winter bulbs that were
potted and placed in your cellar. Some
of them may require watering. Bring
up any that are making growth and treat
them as advised in the last issue of The
Canadian Horticulturist.

Treatment of Narcissus

What w-iild vou recoTiinend to do with
a giant w')ite narcissus bulb that has been
grown in ne'/bles and water since last fall
and that flowered at Christmas? How long
sViould it be kept in water? — R. McL.,
Stratford.

Narcissi bulbs which have been grown
in pebbles and water as mentioned are
of very little use for flowering purposes
again', as this method of growing weak-
ens the vitality of the bulb. If allowed

January, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

to dry off gradually and the bulb placed
in dry sand or soil and kept in a cool
place until spring, it might be planted
in the open ground, where possibly it

might recover in the course of a year or
two. As a rule, however, they scarcely
give returns to repay for the trouble. —
Wm. Hunt.

The Classification of Trees and Shrubs

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria

WHAT promises to be a really sys-
tematic attempt to name and ar-
range the trees and shrubs in
their natural orders in the Queen Vic-
toria Niagara Falls Park will be made in
the near future. The naming of the
various subjects has already commenced.
This most important phase of park work,
although of great value, has been neglect-
ed hitherto in Queen Victoria Park and
in many park systems.

It is of great advantage to people who
visit our public parks to be able to ascer-
tain the names of any trees or shrubs,
which they may desire for planting pur-
poses in order to beautify their own
homes or property, without their having
to take the trouble of enquiring the names
from the superintendent or his assistants,
whose services at that time may not be
available, or of asking some of the em-
ployees who may give a wrong name,
thus sending the enquirer away with er-
roneous information.

From a nurseryman's standpoint, also,
the naming of trees and shrubs in our
parks will be of great advantage. In
many instances customers, when order-
ing from the nursery submit names or
descriptions which are very vague and
cause a great deal of trouble to define
and select the subject desired. Thus if the
trees and shrubs in the public parks were
named correctly this unnecessary worry
could be largely avoided.

As an educational feature, this line of
work is worthy of serious consideration,
as to students of botany, or others who
desire information upon the subject, the
proper classification of the subjects which
beautify our parks will prove of incalcul-
able value. It will prevent the unnecessary
spending of valuable time in looking up

Park, Niagara Falls, Out.

references which are in many cases ob-
solete.

The system that has been adopted in
Queen Victoria Park is similar to the one
in vogue in the Royal Botanic Gardens of
Kew, The Edinburgh Botanic Gardens.

Aa loiipcDsiTC Type of Label

A Simple Label (or Use on Trees

and I believe also at the Glasnevin Botan-
ies in Ireland. A sheet lead label, five
inches by three and one-quarter inches ;s
used and bold type letters, one quarter of
an inch in height, are stamped into the
surface of the lead by means of steel dies,
causing depressions into which white lead
is rubbed with a piece of cloth, the letters
thus showing up white upon a dark back-
ground. The label being almost the color
of the bark of a tree, is hardly noticeable,
but the letters stand out in relief and are
easily distinguished even at a distance of
six or eight paces.

The label itself is practically indestruct-
ible and only requires cleaning every
second year. This operation is not dif-
ficult as the letters simply need repaint-
ing. This can be done while the label is
attached to the tree, or it can be removed
and the necessary painting done in winter
when it is too cold or wet for outdoor
work. All the materials necessary are a
quantity of white lead and a piece of cloth
or a sponge. It is also desirable to oil
the labels at the same time. The accom-
panying illustrations show the different
methods of attaching the label, lead or
aluminum wire being used for this pur-
pose, and also the manner in which the
Natural Habitat, Natural Order, Genus,
.Species, and common names are printed.
The method of fixing the labels to iron
stakes for use in beds and borders, is
also illustrated.

While passing through several city
parks, I have noticed the unsightliness of

the labels which sometimes are attached
to the trees. Some of them being so
large they gave the impression that the
•tree was planted purposely to support
the label, instead of the latter being in-
tended to indicate the name of the tree.
The whole arrangement is almost as hid-
eous as the advertising signs one notices
nailed to the trees on the highways at
the various city aproaches. It is just as
easy to procure a neat label, that costs no
more than the glaring enamel signs which
are not only unsightly but in many cases
so attractive that they furnish an excel-
lent target for the average small boy

The Care of Tulip Bulbs

R. G. Ya(r, Toronto, Ont.

In the November issue of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist I noticed a short
article entitled "The Cultivation of Tu-
lips." I do not agree with the writer
when he states that tulips should not
be grown two years in succession on
the same piece of ground. I claim that
no injury will result from letting the
bulbs stay in the ground year after year.

The authorities of the Nashville,
Carolina, Mission School grow the finest
of tulips. I have seen photographs of
beds there the flowers in which had not
been raised for four years. The bulbs
in the long beds in front of the Parlia-
ment Buildings, Toronto, are not chang-
ed as the writer says they should be.
And yet there are no finer tulip beds to
be found than the Queen's Park beds.

.Some of the finest tulips I ever had
grew from one red tulip bulb I picked
up and planted five years ago last
spring. It was in the bed for five years
and I took out a capful of bulbs then.

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A Cedar »{ Lebanon

At resldencerof Mr. S. A. Knight, Victoria, B.C.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 i

Some Gardens and Gardeners in the Old Land*

Misa M. E. Blacklock, Toronto, Ont.

A LOVER of gardens and gardening
c-an have no greater treat than a
visit to the Mother Land. The
love of flowers and indeed of beauty in
any form seems inherent in the people,
and equally so is the love of neatness
and order.

There is little of the slovenliness in
l--ntjland that there is in Canada. From
the delightful little railway trains one
gets a back;; view of many houses, just
as we do hei^e from our trains, but there
is a vast difference in the outlook. There
you see prettily walled gardens, the
walls of either brick or stone, contain-
ing vegetables in neat little beds, or
flowers, or still more frequently, a hap-
py combination of both, with the inevi-
table climbing rose on the house wall.
Not one here and there, but all, with
very few exceptions, are pretty, with
everything .to please and nothing to
offend the eye.

We all know, to our sorrow, what the
view from our train windows chiefly con-
sists of, when passine anywhere near
the haunts of man. Wherever there are
buildings, scran heans, ashes, tin cans,
and rubbish of all kinds obtrude them-
selves upon the sieht and we have not
even the grace to nlant a Virginia Cree-
per or sow a handful of Nasturtium or
Morning Glory seed to drape their hide-
ousness. There are, of course, a few
exceptions, but they are deplorably few.
Do we realize the importance of first
impressions, I wonder? Surely if we
did, we would start a crusade of im-
provement along our railway tracks.

RAILWAY GARDENS

The grounds around the English rail-
way stations are most attractive. For
the most part they are beautifully laid
out, with shrubs, trees, and flowers in
every nook and corner. In the country
parts the stationmasters take great
pride in their wardens and many of the
railway companies give prizes for the
best kept station grounds, with the re-
sult that every little way-station is a
blaze of flowers. They do not use ger-
aniums or "bedding" plants for these
grounds, but hollyhocks, Madonna Lil-
ies, roses, campanulas, iris, and many
other hardy things and a great variety
of annuals.

The planting was not confined to one
spot. Wherever there was any earth, if
it was only a foot square, something
was made to grow in it. Quite often
narrow borders, a foot or two wide,
were all the space that was available.
but those little borders often vied with
the larger ones in beauty.

The public parks and gardens are al.so

walks with shrubs on either side — and
such shrubs — hollies, rhododendrons,
azaleas, laurels, all with broad ever-
green leaves, enough to make any gar-
dener, living in so cold a climate as ours,
green with envy. For the.se shrubs ar^tr
not only extremely beautiful in them-
.selves, but they make such an admirable
background for other things.

Then the trees. Wonderful old oaks
with huge trunks and mighty branches,
so old that one could easily fancy the
Druids had worshipped beneath them
and yet so hale and vigorous that they
seemed to challenge old Father Time to
do his worst. Copper beeches, with a
smouldering fire in their leaves. Yews
with their gr«en mysteriou.sly veiled in
a great source of pleasure to the visito--.
One can never forget their beautiful
velvety blackness and a host of the most
delightful Conifers of all shapes, sizes,
and tints, some of them tapering mto
steeple-like trees, others broad and bu»ri-
like, and still others with fringe-.ike
branchlets pendant from their sweeping
boughs and graceful as a birch. It would
be very interesting to know how many of
the.se could be orevailed upon to take up
their abode with us as permanent set-
tlers and not succumb to our winters.

RHODODENDRONS

The flowering shrub of England, leav-
ing roses out of the question, is the
rhododendron. For gorgeousness there
is not its equal. At Kew there are enor-
mous masses of it which are a wonderful
sight when in bloom, but in spite of its
magnificence — or perhaps because of it
— it is not a very lovable thing. One
cannot wax sentimental over it as one

can over a simple lilac by a gateway, or
a bit of gorse on the hillside.

EUIN8 AND WALLS

Nature does a great deal of beautify-
ing, entirely unassisted, in England, just
as she does here, only differently. Every
old ruin has its walls or window ledges
more or less grown over with various
little plants, amongst which the wall-
flower makes a wonderfully effective bit
of coloring, and one learns why it is pro-
vided with such long, flexible, ungainly-
looking stems, which are often so ugly
when it is grown in pots and beds, but
which give it a delightful airiness when
we watch it swaying with every passing
breeze on some old wall high above our
heads.

LEDBPBT

The first garden I was fortunate
enough to see was in the quaint old town
of Ledbury in Herefordshire. From a
Canadian standpoint, it was a large gar-
den ; from an English one, of quite mo-
dest dimensions, the grounds probably
being four or five acres in extent, an
ideal size, liecause there was room for
magnificent trees, shrubs in abundance,
a water garden, a rock garden, and a
walled enclosure, for fruit and vege-
tables chiefly, and yet nothing was
crowded.

This garden was so well laid out that
vou did not realize it was laid out at all.
With the "art that conceals art,"
things seem to have grown in just the
right places of their own accord. Here,
in a sheltered glade, was a low rocky bed
of the choicest ferns, not one of our
native ones missing that I am familiar
with, except our "Christmas Fern"
(.Aspidium achrostichoides). Expre.ssing
surprise that so handsome a variety had
been left out, I was told that it had been
tried again and again, but had absolute-

nl^ P'lPJ,'' read at the annual convention of the
Ontnrlo Horticultural Association held in Toron-
to. NoTember 17 and 18.

Some of the Utytlj Uwu uJ Boalovard* of Ckettmit Park Roid, Toiooto.lOBl.

January, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ly refused to live. Varieties that we see
only in our greenhouses grew there
vigorously in the open air. That fernery
vi^as a revelation of the possibilities of
the English climate.

SOME FAMILIAR FLOWERS

A little farther on, the glade opened
out sufficiently to have a wide border on
one side of the walk — a border which
curved with the walk and extended up-
wards (for it was rising land), into the
trees and shrubs. Many old friends
greeted the eye in this border and one
was introduced to many new ones.

Great clumps of the Wood Hyacinths
(Scillas : Hispanica, Nutans and Patula)
were very lovely. They have nothing of
the Scilla about them in appearance, be-
ing like large Roman Hyacinths. They
come in various shades of mauve-blue,
pale pink and pure white, and are most
graceful and very well worth growing.
These are really the "Bluebells" of the
Rnelish woods, improved by cultivation.
Trilliums, Foam Flowers (Tiarella cordi-
folia), Mitre-worts (Mitella diphylla and
even the tiny Mitella nuda), and several
others of our "woodsy" things made a
flourishing little colony in a sheltered
nook under the trees.

A ROCK GARDEN

On one side of the wide stretch of
grass, which was commanded by the
house, lay a square, formal garden
some of the conventional beds of which
contained magnificent May flowering
tulips, others wallflowers, and others
polyanthi. Still nearer the house, a
path, passing through shrubbery to the
right, led to the rock garden, which was
a wonderful bit of color in its spring
freshness. This you could easily see was
the owner's chief delight. He pointed
out his treasures with all a connoisseur's
pride, and he knew the botanical name
and habitat of every one. Many he had
brought home himself from the Alps and
the Pyrenees and various other places,
some so minute that you might easily
overlook them, others of more imposing
growth.

From the rock garden we wandered
into the walled garden, where the daffo-
dils had held high carnival a few weeks
before in a long. border devotea to iheir
sole use. These must have been a glori-
ous sight, for the choicest new varieties
were here in all their expensive — and
therefore exclusive - - greatness, but
when we saw them they were at the very
unattractive stage of "lying down."
Nectarines, apricots and peaches were
p;rown on the walls, and strawberries
and other small fruits in beds.

Passing on, we came upon a woodland
path which led across the carriage drive
to the other side of the grounds and to
a wild garden where primroses and vio-
lets had erstwhile flourished and a

stream wandered in and out, finally
broadening into a good sized lily pond,
bordered with graceful hedges, bulrushes
ind iris, with bamboos nodding their
heads over them. Looking through the
trees, one could see the deer grazing
peacefully in Lord Biddulph's park,
which appeared to be part and parcel of

these grounds, the low lying stone wall,
which separated the two, not being not-
iceable from where we stood. Crossing
a rustic bridge, we came to the drive
once more which led past the little lodge
to the gate, and so back to the town after
a most enjoyable afternoon.
(To be continued.)

5 Winter Care of Evergreen Plants for Lavrns

Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph

THE class of plants that are grown
in large pots or tubs and are usual-
ly made use of temporarily in sum-
mer for outdoor decorative purposes
around the house, include many varieties.
Some of the most popular are the Japan-
ese Euonymus or Spindle tree, Nerium or
Oleander, Aucuba Japonica, Laurisitinus
(Viburnum tinus), Myrtle and Bay trees.
Orange and Lemon trees, and the Eng-
lish ivy.

Too often in winter these plants are
stood away in some hot dry room or in a
dark furnace heated cellar, where they
get very little attention. The soil in the
pot or tubs is often allowed to get dust
dry and remain so for a long period. This
treatment, if it does not kill the plant,
usually results in the foliage becoming so
withered and rusty looking before spring
that the plant is useless as a decorative
plant, until the top growth has been cut
back and allowed to start into fresh
growth.

The best place to keep the plants in
winter is in a cool part of the greenhouse,
or a greenhouse lobby, in a temperature
of about 40 degrees at night and 55 de-
grees in the day time. A shaded position
where the hot sun does not strike them is
best, as they do not require much sun-
light in winter, the hot sun — especially
toward spring — often burning or scald-
ing the foliage. Next to a greenhouse,
the vestibule or porch of a dwelling house
will suit them, or' a cool room or a light
basement or cellar, or even a light root
cellar.

IMPORTANT POINTS
The main point to consider in winter-
ing these plants is to keep them in about
the temperature before mentioned and as
far away as possible from hot, dry, arti-
ficial heat. Keep them where the foliage
can be sprayed occasionally with clear
water. Spraying the leaves every week
or two is of great benefit in keeping down
red spider and thrip that sometimes at-
tack these plants where the atmosphere
around them is of a dry, arid nature. The
cooler the temperature beyond actual
freezing, the less need there will be of
spraying. In spraying, the water should
be applied mainly to the under side of
the leaves, as this is the part of the leaf
they attack. The pests mentioned are
very destructive in a dry atmosphere and
will soon denude the plant of leaves if not

checked. Spraying under pressure is
the best remedy and preventive for their
attacks.

The soil in the pots or tubs should be
kept well moist but not soddened ; it
should never be allowed to get in a dust-
dry condition, or the foliage will suffer.
When water is given, give sufficient to
moisten all the soil and then withhold
water until the soil shows signs of dry-
ness again. This is better than applying
a small quantity of water more frequently,
that perhaps only moistens an inch or so
of the soil and quickly evaporates, the
lower roots getting no moisture at all.

INSECT PESTS

In addition to the red spider and thrip
before mentioned, the other pests that
trouble these plants are the scale insect
and the mealy bug. The scale is a small
white or whitish brown insect that at-
taches itself to the leaves and stems of
the plant. The mealy bug is of a whitish

Two Flowers

The smaller of these two flowers was grown by
Miss Helen Dargavel, Elgin, Ont., and wuighad
fourteen and one-quarter pounds.

lO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

color and, as its name implies, looks as
if it had been dusted with meal or flour.
The scale is the worst jjest of the two.

The best remedy for the scale is to
wash the leaves and the stems of the
plants affected with a strong soap solu-
tion. Soap suds made from common
soap will answer, or a solution can be
made by thoroughly dissolving an ounce

of whale oil soap in one gallon of water,
or in that proportion. It is best to dis-
solve the soap in a small quantity of hot
water, then add sufficient cold water to
make up the quantity. A moist atmos-
phere and a cool temperature are the
main essentials in keeping these plants
free from insect pests and in good con-
dition during the winter.

Insects that Attack Vegetables

L. Caesar, B. S. A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph

or bluish asparagus to the young plants just after they appear

THE common
beetle (Crioceris asparagi) and the
twelve-spotted red one (Criceris
i2-punctata), though comparativey new
pests, have already spread over most of
Ontario and are causing much loss to as-
paragus growers. The plants are at-
tacked throughout the whole season, and
not only the larvae or slugs but also the
adults feed greedily upon them. The
two species diflfer somewhat in their
habits, but as the remedy for both is the
same, we shall not go into details in
regard to the difference.

MEANS OF CONTROL

The best way to keep this pest in check
is to spray the plants carefully from both
sides after the cutting season is over with
three pounds arsenate of lead to every
forty gallons of water. The sticker
mentioned under flea-beetles should be
added and also two or three pounds of
freshly slaked lime, the lime being added
solely to insure that any excess of sal
soda may not act upon the arsenate of
lead and cause it to burn the foliage.
As this spray does not kill the eggs it
will have to be repeated two or three
times at intervals of a week or ten days
until the planta'.ion is entirely free of
the pest.

By this method of destroying the in-
sects the plants get a chance to grow
thrifty and to store up plenty of food in
the roots for the following spring and
fewer beetles will attack them during the
cutting season. Of course the poison
cannot be sprayed on plants that are
being cut, but new plantations which are
not cut the first year should be sprayed
quite early to protect them.

(2) Chickens and ducks. Where these
are allowed to run on the plantation dur-
ing the cutting season they seldom do
any injury to the plants and are very
helpful as destroyers of the beetles.

(3) Frequent cutting gives the eggs
in the early season no chance to hatch.

STRIPED OUCtTMBEE BEETLES

Every grower of cucumlaers, squashes,
pumpkins or melons is familiar with the
small beetles, about one-fourth of an
inch long, with alternate yellow and
black longitudinal stripes ori their wing
covers. They are often very destructive
and are very difficult to combat success-
fully. The chief damage is done in spring

and when they are least able to withstand
an attack. At this season the adult
beetles, which winter in the ground or
under any good protection are very
hungry and during one or two weeks feed
very voraciously. At the end of that time
mating begins and they become less de-
structive and more particular about what
they eat, often refusing to touch plants
with foreign substances on them. The
yellow eggs are laid in the soil near or
around the roots and if the earth is damp
the young larvae feed on the roots, vines
or fruit that may happen to be near them.
The new adults that appear later in the
season also feed ravenously upon (the
vines and fruit.

The best means of control are trap
crops and spraying. It has been found
that the beetles prefer squashes to other
kinds of cucurbits, hence before sowing
the cucumbers or the regular crop a con-
siderable number of squashes should be
sown around the outside of the plantation
to attract the beetles. As soon as they
appear they should be heavily sprayed

every few days with r.rsenate of lead,
three or four pounds to fcrtv gallons of
water. When the cucumbers or regular
crop comes up, spray it with Bordeaux
mixture and arsenate of lead of the above
strength, repeating the spray several
times until after the vines have begun to
run. The Bordeaux is added chiefly as a
repellant, since the beetles after the first
week or so usually refuse to eat plants
covered with it. Bordeaux also helps to
keep off' the mildew and gives vigor to
the plants. Later in the year squashes
should be planted and left to attract the
greedy new adults. These can then also
be sprayed with the arsenate of lead and
many of the beetles will be destroyed.

Advantage should be taken of the habit
of the beetles late in the fall to congre-
gate in great numbers on old cucurbit
fruits and vines, especially where these
are gathered into heaps. I have seen the
beetles in thousands in such places on
frosty mornings. If then the refuse be
gathered into heaps after the picking sea-
son and on some frosty morning, a cov-
ering of straw is thrown over them and set
on fire, countless numbers of beetles
would be destroyed and the number left
for the next season thus greatly lessened.

COVERINGS

A very satisfactory way of protecting
young plants in the spring on a small
scale is to cover them. For this purpose
cut a barrel hoop in two so as to form
two semi-circles. Then place one of these
over the other and at right angles to it,
and insert the ends of both in the ground.
Two bent wires will of course do instead
of the hoops. The frame thus made

Loadinj Vcfetables aiid Small Froit at Sania

Immense quaotitiee of early vegetables and small fruits are now produced each year on the
south shore of Lake Huron, and shipped by boat to Northern and Western ports. The shipment here
Shown consuted of 42 waggons of produce, or apprortmately 100 tens, all grown in Sarnia township

January, 191 i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

II

■'-^i^'.

7-.^'^

.'■>*; :jix-^.- ,.*i-

. > .'» ' I

^^-ii^.c ■-■■ "'*

y^f^

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EDglith Hot Hout Tamatoes, Evans No.^l- The Tiaei trew fifteen feet high and avenged 21 lbs. to tie vine.

I

I

should be covered over with gauze or
some such material and a little earth
thrown up around the edge so that no
beetles can get under. It must be on the
plants before the beetles get any chance
to attack them and can be left on until
the plants are too large for such limited
space. This affords a complete protection
but is hardly practicable on a very exten-
sive scale.

(To he continued.)

The Potato Blight

F. F. Reevei, Hnmber Bajr, Oat.

The question of how best to fight the
potato blight or mildew is a very difficult
proposition. During the past season I
tried Bordeaux mixture, using the form-
ula as given in Bulletin 122, issued from
the O. A. C, Guelph, 1902.

Copper .Sulphate (Bluestone) 4 lbs.

Quicklime (Fresh) 4 lbs.

Paris Green 4 ozs.

Water 40 gal.

The bluestone and lime were dissolved
in different barrels. I used an auto-
spray and started as soon as the potatoes
were nicely above the ground and spray-
ed every two weeks after till the pota-
toes were ready to dig.

On part of our farm celery has been
grown every year for over thirty years,
and the crops of late years have been as
good as any we have ever grown ; in fact
the celery seems to be better every year.
Every year, however, we apply as much
manure as can be plowed in.— George
Syme, ]r., Carleton West ,Ont.

Experiments with Asparagus*

Prof. C. E. Myeri, State College, Pa.

One acre of our experimental grounds
is devoted to experiments with aspara-
gus. On one half of this area we are
making a variety test of Bonvaletts
Giant, Connovers Colossal, Barrs Mam-
moth, Dreers Eclipse, Palmetto and
Argenteuil. Of these Palmetto has thus
far proved the most satisfactory, both
from the standpoint of yield and quality
and from its ability to resist disease.

The remainder of the plat is used for
testing the importance of grading the
crowns at the time of transplanting.
This experiment is being conducted with
the varieties Palmetto and Argenteuil.
At the time of planting, the crowns were
graded into three sizes and two rows of
one hundred nlants each were planted of
each grade, first second and third. At
the end of the first year the number of
plants which failed to grow were re-
spectively, thirteen, sixteen and thirty-
four of the test of Palmetto, nnd thirty-
eieht, forty-nine and eiehtv-five of the
test of Argenteuil. These fie'ures are
significant, and especially so when we
consider the expense entailed in making
replantings, as well as the year of time
lost and the accompanying diminished
growth.

I-ast year, at the end of the growing
season, the growth made bv each of the
tests was weiehed and was thirtv-one,
twenty-three and fourteen pourtfJs re-

spectively for Palmetto, and fifteen,
eleven and five pounds respectively for
Argenteuil. The first cutting for mar-
ket was made this year. The record of
the product harvested was twenty-two,
twenty-four, and twelve pounds respec-
tively for Palmetto, and thirteen, nine
and five pounds respectively for Argen-
teuil.

In each instance the difference is im-
portant. It is especially noticeable be-
tween the first and third grades, while
the difference between the fir.st and
second is less. In one case the yield of
the second grade has been greater. The
reason for this is unknown, but possibly
may be determined later. The experi-
ments seem to show that a person, when
establishing an asparagus plantation,
could well afford to carefully grade his
crowns and discard all except the very
best.

OTHER EXPERIMENTS

Some work is being done alrne the line
of seed selection. At present, attention
is confined to c.nbbnee and tomatoes.
We hooe to be able to show how good
seed may be produced. The work thus
far indicates that there are great possi-
bilities along this line. It is generally
conceded that iudicious selection offers
great possibilities in the improving of
our general farm crops. In pursuing
this work the important feature to be
borne in mind is that the entire plant,
and not the individual fruit, should be
considered the unit of selection.

To summarize briefly, we may say
that these strain tests have shown the
need of more care being exercised in the
selection of seeds. Whenever plantings
are made it is desirable to use several
strains from seedsmen considered reli-
able since in this way we may be reason-
ably sur^ of securing a fair crop. New
varieties should be tried, but it is unwise
to make extensive plantings until they
have proved satisfactory under your
conditions.

•An cTtracf from o paper read at the rpcent
convention, in London, Ont.. of tlje Ontajlo Vege-
tahle Qrowera' Anoclatlon.

Turnip-rooted Celery or
Celeriac

A. H. Ewing, Woodstock, O^t

The cultivation of this delicious vege-
table seems to ha^•e been neglected of
I.ite years it is seldom seen in gardens.
This is rather surprising as there is no
difficulty in growing it on any good soil.
It is no more trouble to produce than ca"--
rots or parsnips.

It is useful for soups, is very nice boiled
like artichokes and served with white
sauce, and there are various recipes for
fixing it up for salads and other dishes.
Try a row or two next .se.ison. Prepare
plants like other celery and plant on the
level, not in trenches; it does not require
earthing up.

12

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

PublUiaJ by Til* Horticnltaral
Publbhinc Cempanr. Limited

rKTKRBORO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine
in the Dominion

OmoTAij Oboan of thk Ontario, Quebec, New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bbonson Cowan, Manaering Director

t. The Canadian HortlcnltnrUt 1b pnblished on
the 25th day of the month preceding date of
issne.

2. SnbBcrlptlon price In Canada and Great Bri-
tain. 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For United
States and local snhscrlptlons In Peterboro. (not
called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a
year. Including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post OfBce
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than
$1.00.

4. The Law is tha.t subscribers to newspapers
are held responsible until all arrearages are pa4d
and their paper ordered to be dlscontinned.

5. Change of Address.— When a change of ad-
drPB«j is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given,

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application.
Cnpv received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

7. Articles and IHnstrations for publication
will be than1<fully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT.
The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December. 1909. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample copies,
from 11.000 to 12.000 copies of The Canadian Hor-
tlonltnrist are mailed to people known to be in-
terested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vege-
tables.

January, 1910 8,925

February, 1910 S,967

March. 1910 9.178

April, 1910 9,41(

May, 1910 9,i5n.'i

June, 1910 9.72S

July, 1910 9.30(1

Aupust. 1910 8.ra2

September. 1910 8.776

October. 1910 8.784

November, 1910 8.747

December, 1910 8.6B2

January, 1909 —

. . .9,486

February, 1909...

. . .9.310

March, 1909

...9,405

April. 1909

...9,482

May. 1909

. . .9,172

June, 1909

.. 8,891

July, 1909

...8,447

August, 1909

...8.570

September, 1909. .
October, 1909 ....

. . .8.605

...8.675

November, 1909..

...8.750

December. 1909. . .

. . .8,875

Total for the year .107,638

108,809

Avarass each iuue in 1907, 6,627

1908. 8,695

1909, 8.970

1910. 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY.

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in 'Tbe Horti-
culturist. Should the circumetanoea warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertieers as well.
All that is necessary to entitle yon to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that yon Include
in all your letters to advertisers the words,
"I saw your ad. in The Canadian Hortionltnr
ist." Complaints should be made to ns as soon
ae possible after reason for dissatisfaction has
been found.

Comronnloationa ihonld be addressed:

THB CAWADIAK HOETIOULTUEIBT,

PXTBBBOBO, OITTAJBIO

EDITORIAL

EASTERN NATIONAL APPLE SHOW

If the proposal to hold a national apple
show in Ontario next fall is to be acted
imon, action should be taken immediately.
From this time on every week of delay
will militate against the success of the
show.

To make this show the greatest that the
world has ever seen, the enthusiasm of the
citizens of Ontario and of the people of the
east must be aroused. From the first
stroke that is taken to the last this move-
ment must be handled with the boldness
that is inspired by the confidence of as-
sured success.

The directors of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, upon whom has been
imposed the responsibility of taking the
initiative, might well decide, as their first
.stpp, tc call a mass meeting in Toronto of
all who are likely to be interested. Re-
presentatives should be present from the
Dominion and Provincial governments, in-
cluding Quebec, the citv of Toronto, the
provincial and local fruit growers and co-
operative associations, the county councils
repre^'enting the fruit districts, the rail-
way and express companies, nursery firms,
commission dealers and other similar in-
terests. Reliable information snould be
laid bofore this gathering concerning tho
main features of the great national apple
shows that have been held at Spokane, as
well as of the recent show held in Van-
couver, what they cost to run, how the
money was raised and the effect they have
had in aronsine a grea;ter interest in the
growing of fruit and as an advertisement
of the fruit growing, resources and possi-
bilities of their sections of country. Ac-
companying this there should be a rough
estimate of the money that would be re-
quired to hold a distinctly greater show
next fall in Ontario.

Such a gathering would attract the at-
tention of the press all over the country.
The fullest possible publicity should be
given to the information brought out at it
so that the public might realize the im-
portance and extent of the unaertaking
and its support thus be obtained. To this
gathering should be left the responsibility
of selecting and appointing the main com-
mittee that would have charge of the ar-
rangements for the show, the members of
which cculd in turn select the executive
committee from among themselves. The
general committee should include repre-
sentatives from every lending apple dis-
trict in Ontario and from Quebec as well.

Should this gathering decide to proceed
with the arrangements, as we may pre-
sume that it would, the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor of Ontario might then be requested
tc issue an official call for the holding of
the proposed show, as did Governor Sha-
froth, cf Colorado, for the Apple Congress
held recently in Denver, Colorado. This
call could be sent tc the mayors of cities
and towns, the wardens of counties and
to every organization likely to be inter-
e.sted in advertising the resources of tho
province and in attracting immigration.

Following this local meetings should be
held in the centres mcst interested. Tor-
onto might well start off with the appoint-
ment of ;i committee from the city coun-
cil, board of Trade and horticultural so-
ciety with representatives from the fruit

comii.ission firms and other eitnilar in-
terests. Upcn this committee should be
imposed tho responsibility of raising
$15,000 to $2.5,000, of which $10 000 to
$15,000 should be contributed by the citv
council and the balance by private coi.
tributions. Spokane has regularly con-
tributed $25,000 a year tc its show.

A definite request for assistance should
then be made to the Dominion and pro-
vincial governments, after which the fruil
districts should be organized, the railway
and. express companies interviewed and
other similar arrangements made. Every
step of the movement should be freely ad-
vertised both at home and abrcad-

These suggestions are made in the hope
that a few at least of thom may prove ac-
ceptable to the directors of the Fruit
Growers' A.ssociation, who we expect will
improve upon them in many ways. In the
meantime we must all recognize that the
UTidortaking is a great one, that it is en-
tirely feasible and that its succes.sful com-
pletion will enthuse the fruit growers of
Ontario and Quebec as nothing else could.
At the same time it would advertise our
resources to the world and thus should
attract hundreds of thousands of capital
and thousands of settlers to the fruit dis-
tricts of eastern Canada.

INSULT TO INJURY

Ontario fruit growers of late have begun
to wonder how it is that ninety cut of every
one hundred well-to-do British settlers who
enter Canada to take up fruit growing pass
by the great fruit districts of the east, as
though they had never heard of them, and
proceed direct to British Columbia. There
they buy land at considerably higher values
than land equally as good can be purchased
for in Ontario. Eastern growers have even
felt rather aggrieved over the situation. But
now a worse thing is happening. During
the past few months the Central Okanagan
Lands Limited of Kelowna, B.C.. has ac-
tually conducted agencies in Montreal and
Ottawa. They have displayed excellent
samples of their fruit and illustrations of
their orchard land and are creditably stated
tc have sold some three hundred thousand
dollars worth of fruit lands to Canadians
in the east. They even ran an excursion of
ea.stern investors to the Pacific coast pro-
vince. We presume that the next we will
hoar is that they have opened branches in
the Niagara District and that they have
induced our leading Niagara District grow-
ers to sacrifice their fruit lands in order
that they might make investments in the
west.

The fact is that our eastern growers are
very, very much asleep. If they do not
awake soon they will have the boots stolen
off their feet. The Ontario government
also is dozing. The possibilities for a de-
velopment cf the fruit interests in Ontario
are enormous- And yet! practically noth-
ing is being done. Whv then should we
wonder over British investors passing us by ?

One of our prominent and best informed
government officials, who is acquainted
with conditions both in the east and in the
west, informed us recently that there is no
reason why large areas of land in the Ni-
agara District could not be irrigated from
the Welland canal. The expense would be
trifling compared with similar undertakings
in the west- Such an opportunity in the
west would have been seized long ago. We
venture to say that were lands in the Ni-
agara District developed in this and other
similar ways whole colonies of British set-
tlers might be located on them as is being
done in British Columbia. What has been

January, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

13

said applies with abcut equal force to the
other excellent fruit sections of Ontario.

The British Columbia growers deserve
their success. They have overcome great
lifBculties. They have good fruit lands and
'Mey are making the fact known to the
world. Their government is backing them
up energetically. In time our Rip Van
A^'ink'ps in the East will come tc life but in
the meantime it is a phame to disturb them.

A GREAT VICTORY

Fruit and vegetable growers especially
but many other classes of the community
as well may well congratulate themselves
over the great victory that has been won,
through the Board of Railway Commission-
ers, in regard to express rates. The de-
cision of the beard is the most important
it has ever issued. It supports practically
every contention made by the fruit grower.s
when they gave evidence before the commis-
sion. The tariffs are declared to be too high
and must be reduced, fruit rates between
Ontario and the west must he lowered, car-
load rates must be provided between all
points where fruit and vegetables move or
are likely to move, existing forms of con-
tract are unfair to the shippers, the gradu-
ated charges on express freight are unjust.
Both companies must fyle new tariffs within
the next three months.

Until the new tariffs have been settled it
will be impossible to decide how much this
victory is going to mean tc the fruit and
vegetable interests. The development of
the fruit trade with the west is certain to
increase greatly. Hundreds of thousand.s of
dollars a year more will remain in the hands
of the growers. Fruit and vegetable grow-
ing will be made more profitable and in
consequence a certain increase in produc-
tion will follow. Together with these bene-
fits must be considered the effect this victory
will have in encouraging growers to fur-
ther unite, even more effectively than they
have in the past, in pressing for additional
reform.s — not necessarily only in railway and
express matters btit in other directions as
well.

Quebec Fruit Growers Discuss Matters

I

I

Each year the directors of the horticul-
tural societies in Ontario have to face the
problem of how they can make their pre-
mium lists mo.st attractive, within the limit
of their funds, as well as how they can make
their meetings more interesting and their
exhibitions of greater educational value.
Valuable information bearing on these
points is brought out each year at the an-
nual convention of the Ontario Horticul-
tural Association but lack of time precludes
these matters being discussed as thoroughly
as their importance deserves. There is an
opportunity here for the performance of
good work by the superintendent of hor-
ticultual societies. Arrangements might bo
made with the different societies for the
purchase of enough additional copies of all
printed material they issue to make it pos-
sible to have a copy of each mailed to the
secretary of every horticultural society in
the province. The expense would be trifl-
ing. The benefit derived would be great.

The Briti.sh Columbia government, not
spasmodically, but regularly and persist-
ently exhibits large quantities of British
Columbia fruit at the leading Old Country
exhibitions. Its main object is not to pro-
cure more markets for its fruit but to se-
cure well-to-do settlers for its undeveloped
fruit lands. It is succeeding. The tide
of immigration to the we.st, past the fruit
lands of the east, proves this. By and by
the east will decide to do something. . ..

The annual meeting of thePomological and
Fruit Growing Society of the province of
Quebec was held at St. Hyacinthe, Que.,
December 6 and 7. It was attended by
many of the leading authorities on fruit
growing in the province. The general at-
tendance also was large. Among more pro-
minent people present were Prof. W. S.
Blair, of Macdonald College; Dr. C. Gor-
don Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist ; W.
T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist ; R.
W. Shepherd, Como ; N. E. Jack, Chateau-
guay Basin ; Robert Brcdie, Notre Dame de
Grace ; Rev. H. H. Dickson, Rectory Hill ;
J. C. Chapais, St. Denis en Bas ; Rev.
Fathers Leopold and Oliver and Brother
Ligouni, of La Trappe; J. M. Misch, M.
Byers, Geo. Roach, S. Crawfield. of Ab-
botsford ; Archie Ferguson, Montreal and
Peter Reid, secretary, Chateauguay Basin.

FRT7IT EXHIBIT

There was an excellent exniDltion of
winter fruit grown in the province, com-

Gratifying Results

"The results from our advertise-
ments in The Canadian Horticul-
turist during the past four years
have been most gratifying. The
success of The Canadian Horticul-
turist as an advertising medium is
essentially correlated with the excel-
lence of its reading matter, which
is appreciated by every intelligent
and progressive horticulturist." —
Dominion Offices of The Potash Syn-
dicato, Toronto.

prising a large number of cases and barrels
of apples and other fruit, as well as over
a hundred plates of fruit. There was a
large exhibit from the Dominion Depart-
ment of Agriculture, showing the products
of different districts of Canada, while the
Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa sent
thirty plates of choice fruits, most of which
had been grown from seedlings.

OFFICERS ELECTED

The following officers were elected : Hon.
patron, Hon. Sydney Fisher, Minister of
Agriculture ; hon. president, U. Keynaud,
La Trappe, Que. ; hon. vice-president,
Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College;
president. Rev. R. H. Dickson, Rectory
Hill ; vice-president. C. P. Newman, La-
chine Locks ; secretary-treasurer, Peter
Reid, Chateauguay Basin.

Directors :— G. B. Edward, Covey Hill ;
E. A. Russell, Abbotsford ; U. P. Hitch-
cock, Massawippi ; A. D. Verrault, Village
des Aulnaies ; Auguste Dupuis. Village des
Aulnaios; Robert Brodie, Montreal; Dr.
Grignon, Ste. Adele ; H. W. Thompson,
Hudson Heights and N. E. Jack, Chateau-
guay Basin.

Executive Committee : — -Prof. Blair and
Messrs. R. W. Shepherd, C. P. Newman, N.
K. Jack. Rev. R. H. Dickson and Peter
Reid.

In regard to the appointment of dele-
gates to the Dominion Fruit Conference,
next year it was decided that the president
and secretary of the association should be
delegates ex-officio, and that five others
should be sent, including Messrs. Chapais,
Dickson, Shepherd. Brodie and Jack. It
was also decided that the executive might
appoint Mr. Byers and others to attend
as representatives of the association apart
from the Government invitation.
- -The usual auranier meeting next year will

be held at Inverness during September.

president's ADDRESS

Prof. Blair of Macdonald College, in his
presidential address gave a resume of the
years' work in fruit growing. He dealt
carefullv with the surface cultivation, prun-
ing and spraying, and estimated that it
would cost at least $30 a year to keep an
orchard in good fruit producing condition.
With such treatment he computed that the
average profits during the first fifteen pro-
ducing years should be between $50 and $80
an acre, while after that when the trees
had reached maturity, the profits should
double that amount.

PEAR culture

Mr. W. T. Macoun gave an elaborate ac-
count of pear culture in Quebec Province,
reviewing efforts in this direction from the
earliest available data. These records show-
ed that' pear culture had not been a com-
mercial success in the province, mainly ow-
ing to climatic conditions, but also in some
degree to the choice of unsuitable varieties.
The only varietv which had been shown to
succeed to any marked degree was the
Flemish Beauty.

A paper was read by Mr. L. V. Per-
ron, a student at Macdonald College, on
"Orchard Spraying." He went into the de-
tails of machinery, spraying mixture,
pumps, nozzles and time for spraying, and
showed the great improvements that could
be made in the productivity of orchards
by such treatment.

Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College,
also read a paper on "Fruit Spurs," giving
a studv of twig life, and showing the effect
of such study on the proper pruning of dif-
ferent varieties.

At the night session an address was given
by Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dominion Entomolo-
gist, on "Insect Enemies of Fruit," in
which he enumerated the most common
pests, and gave advice as to the best meth-
ods of exterminating them.

Father Leopold, of La Trappe, read a
paper on how to set out an orchard, soil
preparation and pruning methods.

Mr. R. W. Shepherd, of Como, described
a trip through the Okanagan Valley, Kel-
owna, and other famous fruit growing dis-
tricts of British Columbia. Although the
results obtained were marvellous Mr. Shep-
herd did not consider the fruit of equal
quality to that produced in Quebec pro-
vince, although it was generally larger.
cooperation

The advantages of cooperation were point-
ed out by Mr. R. Brodie, of Montreal, who
showed what fruit growers in portions of
the United States and in other parts of
Canada had accomplished by united effort.
Mr. Brodie urged the adoption of coopera-
tive efforts in Quebec but after considerable
discussion it was decided that the apple
and other fruit growers of this province
were too scattered and too prosperous to
want any cooperative aid. Quebec, it was
declared, had several special advantages.
First, it grew such apples as the Fameuse
and Macintosh Red, which were famed all
over this country as well as in England, for
their unapproachable flavoi , ana as a re-
sult growers this year were able to get four
and five dollars a barrel for No. 1 apples.
And in addition to this the apple growers
of the province not only had tfie Montreal
market anxious to got their best fruit at
fancy prices, but had half a million people
along the lower St. Lawrence eager to buy
their second fruit, at prices which could he
secured nowhere else in Canada.
■ Mr. Shepherd reported that the exhibit
of F.ameuse and Maolnto.sh Red apple.? {^t

H

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

the recent Vancouver Apple Exhibition had
taken first prize as a wholfe exhibit while
all the Famouse exhibits had won first
prizes.

.Mr. Brodie claimed that owing to their
cooperative methods the apple growers of
the Okanagan Valley and rther fruit dis-
tricts of British Columbia had secured a
lot of good publicity, and it was time the
applo growers of Quoloc made it known
that they could grow fruit which was really
unrivalled, both fcr appearance and flavor.

Mr. W. T. Macoun stated that arrange-
ments were being made to cooperate with
the Maritime Provinces to secure a stan-
dard form of judging apples, ,so that in fu-
ture exhibitors would better know what
to send. There is. he said, toe much lean-
ing toward size on the part of growers. If
they knew the regular apportionment of
marks they would better know the kind of
apple to put on exhibition.

DEMON8TR.4TION ORCHARDS

The advisability cf taking steps to urge
the provincial Government to establish de-
monstration orchards, by taking over cer-
tain orchards in the vaious uiycriois was
discussed. It was considered desirable that
the orfchards should be taken over for a
period rf five years, in order to give a
thorough opportunity of showing what
could bo done.

A committee of three was appointed to
wait upon the Provincial Minister cf Ag-
riculture and urge that in addition to the
work now being done along this line sim-
ilar work be undertaken by the Depart-
ment at Covey Hill,' Ste. Hilaire, Abbots-
ford and two other suitable places.

In view of possible danger from the in-
troduction of insect pests the association
nassed a resolution approving of the Insect
Pest Act.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Annual Convention

A niimber of discussions and incidents of
unusual interest happened at the forty-
seventh annual meeting of the Nova Scclia
Fruit Growers' Association held recently
at Windsor, Nova Scotia. Compulsory
spraying, which is followed in British Col-
umbia, was advocated by Dr. C. Gordon
Hewitt, of Ottawa, Dominion Entomologist,
who gave an excellent address on "Insects
Injurious to Fruit in Nova Scoiia." He
spoke of the discouragement of a progressive
fruit-grower keeping his orchard free of
pests by spraying, which involved labor and
exnonditure cf money, while next door, on
either side were carel&ss and indifferent
farmers, with a few apple trees on their
land, in which to breed insects. He was of
the opinion that legi.slation wnich would
compel a man to eitlier spray or give up his
trees, would largely overcome the evil. He
advised an act for Nova Scitia which would
meet with the approval of the fruit-growers.

OFFICERS ELECTED

President — R. J. Messenger, Bridgetown.

Vice-President — A. C. Starr, Wolfville.

Secretar.y — S. C. Parker Berwick.

Messrs. S. C. Parker and M. K. Ells
were appointed delegates to Ottawa, to
meet the mammoth delegation of Western
farmers 'n the tariff question and ask for
reciprocitv with the United States.

IMPORTANT RESOLUTIONS

The following resolutions were passed :

1. That the Nova Scotia i?ruii^growers'
Association commend the action of the Fed-
eral and Local Governments in desiring to
remove restrictions on trade between Can-
ada and the United States, recommending
a free interchange of fruits, ngncultural
implements, fertilizers and insecticides.

2. That the Dominion Government be

urged to appoint at once a director, and
begin tests on the Fruit Experiment sta-
tion lately established.

3. That, in the opinion of the Associa-
tion the subiict of Agriculture be added to
the High .S<:hool curriculum — at least, as an
optional subject — with special teachers
trained at the Agricultural College.

4. That the Government take steps to
make the annua! exhibition more satisfac-
tory than at present.

Among the speakers were Mr. Alex. Mc-
Neill, chief of the Fruit Division, Ottawa,
who statde that the Nova .Scotja fruit grow-
ers have more trees en bloc than any placi
on the continent. Mr. McN^-ill urged great
er cooperation and more of the enthusiasm
and agressiveness of the west.

Some excellent specimens of apples from
the Vancouver Show were shown by H. K.
Lea, of Port AVilliams. They were beauti-
ful in color and appearance, but thase pre-
.sent felt that Nova Scotia could produce
applps equally as good if not superior. The
varieties shown were Jonathan, Delicious,
Winter Banana, Grimes Golden. Mammoth
Black Twip. Yellow Newton, Ben Davis and
Ring David.

Maritime Fruit on Exhibition

Although the year 1910 was an off season
for Nova Scotia fruit growers the exhibit
of fruit at the Maritime Winter Fair during
the first week in December was better than
ever before, and showed a vast improvement
over the fruit shown at the first Winter
Fair held nine years ago. Mr. A. G. Tur-
ney. Provincial Horticulturist for the pro-
vince of New Brunswick, showed a consider-
able quantity of excellent New Brunswick

Don't Wait Till Spring.
Buy Nov^.

We are already receiving large rjumbers of orders
for spring delivery of our Selected Northern Grown
Nursery Stock. Now is the time to send your order
while the assortment is complete. Orders received now
are filed in rotation as received and will be filled
accordingly.

Our stock has been used to plant some of the finest
grounds in Canada. It is chosen by those who demand
the best. It is hardy and will give satisfaction in all
localities.

Remember, you do not have to pay for the stock till
it is delivered. Send today for our large illustrated
catalogue and make your selections now.

Are you interested in improving the ap-
pearance of your home grounds ? Our
Landscape Architect Department is pre-
pared to offer suggestions and to draw
up plans free of charge. Write for our
illustrated booklet "More Beautiful
Homes and How to Get Them."

The Canadian Nursery Co., Limited

10 Phillips Place, MONTREAL, QUE.

Nur*erie* at Pointe Claire, Que.
A FEW REUA.BLE SALESMEN WANTED

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones : Main 2841

Residence Park 95!

H^-ntJon The danadiftn Hortipaltnriat when writlnft-

January, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST

15

fruit both in boxes and on plates that sur-
prised many who previouslv were unaware
KNew Brunswick's pcssibilities in the line
fruit production.
The Dominion Department of Agricul-
re made a display of boxed fruit from
i>ova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Col-
umbia and Ontario, to show the contrast
between the apples grown in the respective
provinces. This display shewed our Mari-
time Province men that the products of
their own orchards compare very favorably
with those from orchards in the more wes-
tern provinces .

The varieties shown from Briti.sh Colum-
bia were : Ben Davis. Gravenstein, Baldwin,
Northern Spy, Jonathan and Mcintosh
Red.

Ontario showed : King, Ben Davis, Mc-
intosh Red, Baldwin, Northern Spy and
Gravenstein.

The Nova Scotia collection consisted of
.Spitzenburg, King, Blenheim. Ben Davis,
Northern Spy and Gravenstein.

In the displav of Countv Collections, the
number of entries from the Nova Scotia
counties were as follows : Pictou, 3 ; Kings,
2 ; Hants, 3 ; Annapolis, 1 ; Antigonish, 1 ;
Cumberland, 4 ; and Colchester, a.

From Prince Edward Island came two
collections from each of the three counties,
Kings, Queens and Prince.

A sweepstake prize offered for the best
county collection was won by H. A. D'Al-
maine, Wolfville. Kings county with John
Dewar, Queens county, P.E.I., second.

Ncw^ Brunsw^ick Fruit Grow^ing Progressing

THE recent convention in St. John,
N.B., of the New Brunswick Fruit
Growers' As.sociation, as well as the
exhibition of friiit held at the same
time, has increased the interest taken in
fruit growing in the province. During
the convention W. T. Macoun, Dominion
Horticulturist, Ottawa, stated that New
Brunswick fruit is noted for its excellent
color and that it had long been his opin-
ion that the St. John Valley is destined
to become an important fruit producing
centre.

Prof. Percy Shaw, Horticulturist, Agri-
cultural College, Nova Scotia, in discuss-
ing "Points to consider in establishing an
orchard," stated that depth and drainage
of soil are more important than the type
of soil. Fruit can be grown on any well-
drained soil which possesses at least mode-

rate depth. Elevated sites are preferred
because of the better air and water drain-
age secured find also because of the fact
that they are livss likely to suffer from
late and early frosts. Fruit is success-
fully grown on all slopes, but westerly or
south-westerly aspects should be avoided,
if possible, because of exposure to winds.
Northerly slopes may delay the blooming
period until after danger of frost, but de-
lay also the ripening of the fruit. Sou-
therly slopes give earlier maturity, but
suffer also from prevailing westerly winds.
The be.st protection from wind is secured
with easterly slopes. Generally speaking,
land should be plowed and harrowed in the
fall and again in the spring before trees
are planted. Nursery trees should be
ordered early in order to insure getting
good stock. It is better to purchase from

a local nursery where possible, because
trees can be inspected before buying and
will suffer less in transit. It is better to
order direct from responsible firms than
to deal with agents. Spring planting is
considered better than fall planting in the
East, and should be proceeded with as goon
as possible after soil is fit to work.

NURSERY STOCK FOR THE NORTH

Mr. W. T. Macoun discussed the grow-
ing of nursery stock in northern climates.
The opinion was expressed by several in
the audience that the nursery business in
the north offers excellent opportunities.
Mr. Macoun suggested the offering of
prizes for nursery stock at the next fruit
show, stating that the competition would
be educational for farm,ers and would fur-
nish good advertising for nursery firms.
He had found it practicable to grow first
class nursery stock as far north as Ottawa.
and descrbied in detail his iiieTnod. Seed
of hardy varieties of hybrid crabs, such as
Martha and Transcendent, is sewn and
the seedlings are root-grafted at one year
of age. The first year the scion makes a
growth of from twelve to fifteen inches,
but is frequently so immature as to be-
come "black-hearted" during the follow-
ing winter. To overcome this defect, the
practice is to cut the young tree back to
the ground. Several shoots may start,
but one only is allowed to grow, and
usually reaches a length of from eighteen
to thirty inches. This growth of the
second year is considerably freer from
"black heart" than is the growth of the
first year, and is allowed to remain to
form the permanent trunk of the tree.

CROPPING YOTTNO ORCHARDS

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph, dealt
with the "Cropping of Young Orchards."

PEDIGREED TREES

PRODUCE^

"qUALITY FRUITS"

During the past month we have received
many complimentary letters from old Custom-
ers. We build our business on a solid founda-
tion—PLEASED CUSTOMERS.

Our line of CHERRIES is particularly fine
this season. The trees are large, smooth and
straight, well supplied with fibrous roots. They
are all PEDIGREED.

In PLUMS we have a splendid lot of year-
lings as well as two year olds. The yearlings
are large enough for the most critical buyer
and heavily rooted. They are cheaper than two
year olds.

Our ROSES contain all the newer sorts of
merit.

W'RITI': FOR OUR CATALOGUE.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

THE VEILCHENBLAU ROSE

BLUE RAMBLER

This Rose is a genuine Violet Blue. The best
Novelty that has been introduced in years. Plant is
very hardv, vigorous grower; nearly free from
thorns. $1.50 each; 6 for $5.00.

THE TAUSENDSCHON ROSE

(Thousand Beauties.)

This climbing rose is the most beautiful of them
all. P'lowers are borne in clusters of from ten to
fifteen blooms each, showing tints of bright rose,
carmine, white :md yellow, all in the same cluster.
Attracts immediate attention everywhere ; is strong
grower, hardy, free from disease. One of the great-
est roses ever introduced. $1.25 each ; $2.00 per pair.

Thos. W. Bowman Si Son

COMP.4NV, I-IMITEn

RIDGEVILLE. ONT.

i6

THE CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

markets are not available in the eastern
provincps for veRetables or canning fac-
Discussion brought out the fact that local

Tiffany's

ALL STEEL

TREE

Trimmer

Made on honor from start to
flnieh. Ju8t the pruner you've
been lookii'g for— one that cuts
all around the limb and doee not
bruiiethe bark. One that ha«
lei'ers of fori;e4 steel, which will
not fiplil, sprinK or pinch the
fliifirers It cuts close to the
trunk, cutsin n ■rrow places and
outs li-inch limbs easily with-
out any danger of the blades
cuttinif into each other, as the
hook blade is V shaped, and is
grou d off at tlie point. It is
madn of floe crucible steel and
has the draw cut principal.

Nothing is spared to make
this tool the best that can be
made. Gnartnteed against all
flaws or ifrperfections; length
28 inc'ies. Weieht 3} lbs. Prif e
$•2.00 H'.O.B. Satitfaotion Guar-
anteed. Send tor circulars.

Carroll R. Tiffany^

MANUFACTURER

FRANKLIN FORKS, PA.

fti

s

tory crops, as thoy are in Ontario. Crops
ftro'vn in young orchards in New Bruns-
wick will be potatoes, roots, hay, and
sometimes grain. No serious objection was
raised to the use of any of these crops,
prvoided a space of several feet on each
side of the tree is kept well cultivated
during the early part of the season. A
peculiar condition obtains, however, along
the St. John River on what are called the
"interval" lands. They lie at a uniform
level of about fifteen feet above the river,
but are flooded each spring and are con-
sequently very rich and moist. It appears
that these lands will stand continuous
cropping for years without requiring fer-
tilizers, and they will also grow apples
(especially of the early varieties) to per-
fection. The orchards, however, are al-
ways left in sod and are usually cropped,
because the land is rich enough and moist
enough tc grow two crops at one time
without suffering to any extent.

EASTERN VARIETIES

Mr. R. W. Starr, veteran fruit grower
of Wolfville, N.S., gave the following as a
list of most profitable varieties grown in
Nova Scotia: Qravenstein, Ribstcn, Belle-
fleur. Nonpareil, Baldwin and Greening.
Other varieties proving satisfactory are
Wellington, Cox's Orange, Charles Ross
and Newton Wonder.

Following is a list suggested by Mr.
Starr for New Brunswick, containing both
domestic and commercial varieties : Red
Margaret, Red Astrachan, Sweet Bough
(all early). Duchess. Gravenstein, Dudley,
Alexander, Ribston, Blenheim, Wealthy,
Baxter, Wagener. Ontario, Bishop Pippin,
McInto.sh, Spy, Baldwin, Golden Russet,
Stark, Nonpareil.

In Nova Scotia one cf the best early
prars is Marie (a native), followed by

Bartlett, Sutton (another native), Bosc,
Vermont Beauty, Boussock, Sheldon, Flem-
ish Beauty, and Howell. For the northern
sections of Now Brunswick, Mr. Starr sug-
gested Maria, Cl-ipp, Flemish, and Howell.
Prof. Crow discussed the "Pollination of
Fruit Trees," stating that some varieties
are incapable of fertilizing their own
blossoms and should not be planted in
large blocks. Almost all varieties, sc far
as known, are benefitted by cro.ss-fertili-
zation, such fruits being larger and bet-
ter in color. An excellent arrangement is
to plant solid rows of one variety, plac-
ing two rows of a kind together. It was
stated that wind plays very little part in
the carrying cf pollen, practically all of
this work being done by bees and other
insects.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT

Under "Orchard Management," Mr.
Maconn stated that a few years ago we
in Canada cultivated our orchards on lines
laid down by American authorities, and
often the results were disappointing. After
long experience, he had concluded that the
only cultivation needed in northern cli-
mates was to break up the land in the
soring in order to aerate the soil and then
to seed it down at once to a cover crop.
At Ottawa rape makes a good matting and
holds the snow well, but is. cf course, non-
leguminous. Summer vetch makes an ex-
cellent cover and supplies nitrogen as well.
It is killed bv the first hard freeze in fall,
but will stand some frost.

In cold districts light pruning is to be
nreferred, as there is much less danger of
injury to the tree. If large wounds are
made the.v cannot heal quickly because cf
the short growine season, and severe prun-
ing would be likely to result in the pro-
duction of immature wood. Mr. Macoun

PINKERTON S

SEEDS, PLANTS

=AND=

BULBS

OF PROVEN QUALITY

Arc giving satisfaction to the most
critical growers

Not one dissatisfied customer. TEN buyers now to
every ONE a year ago. My customers have done it all
by recommendation.

Catalogue will be ready soon and will be mailed on re-
quest. Write for one.

ROBERT T. PINKERTON

709 Eastern Townships Bank Building
MONTREAL

ORDER NURSERY STOCK

NOW

Thi.s i.s the time to order Nursery Stoclt. We sell Evergreens, Shade
and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs. Climbers. Rosee. Perennials
and Bedding Plants, Small Fruits, and Fruit Trees, including Apples,
Pears, Cherries and Plums.

Hardy and Reliable Stock Grown

Our Stock is grown in our own Nur-series. Everything put out is
thoroughly tested and developed. All trees and shrubs have been sev-
eral times transplanted. In consequence they are well rooted and
sturdy. We grow only hard.v stock, such as will stand the Montreal
climate. Consequently it will succeed in your locality, whether the
climate be mild or severe.

Why Order Now

Our line of stock is now complete. It may not be later on. There
is an exceedingly heavy dema.nd this year for nursery slock, particu-
larly fruit trees. It is doubtful if there will be enough of some lines
to go around. By ordering now, you are sure of getting what you
want and when you want it.

We would be glad to offer suggestions for the laying out and
planting of your grounds We will take charge of this work for you.
if you so desire- Let us know your requirements.

CATALOGUE giving full list of varieties of nursery stock in our
Nurseries, mailed f*ee on request. Write for it.

Reliable Salesmen wanted in some localities. Write for particu-
lars.

THE POINTE CLAIRE NURSERY

POINTE CLAIRE

Address P. O. Box 165, Montreal, Que.

OR

GEORGE MILNE, Manager

POINTE CLAIRE, QUE.

January, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»7

stated that the Ottawa orchards have been
prayed for eighteen sucsessive years three
four times each year with Bordeaux
Tnade according tc the old formula, 4-4-40.
For some time lead arsenate was used
alone as a poison, but of late the practice
harl been to combine Paris green and lead
arsenate, in order to secure the quick
action of the Paris green together with the
adhesiveness of the leed arsenate.

Many orchardists frequently use mere
fertilizer than is necessary. Trees do not
take a great deal from the soil and it is
safer to proceed slowly until experiments
have been made to determine the value of
fertilizers for each particular soil and
district.

BRIGHT PROSPECTS

Mr. A. G. Turney. Provincial Horticul-
tiinst, who was engaged by the New
Brunswick Department of Agriculture last
snring tc look after the fruit interests of
the Province, and who is in large mea-
sure responsible for the success of the
Fruit Show and Convention, expressed the
opinion that the outlook for apple grow-
ing in New Brunswick is extremely bright.
.Vpple raising is destined to become one of
its greatest industries. Splendid land is
available at a very low rate and within
easy reach of an excellent cold-storage
pUnt in St. John. Shipping facilities to
Clreit Britain are of the very best and
transportation rates are very moderate.

Mr. G. H. Vroom, Dominion Fruit In-
sr-pctor, added very -materially tc the feel-
ing of optimism which characterized all
the meetings of the Association when he
stated, as reported in our last issue, that
there is no possible danger of over-produc-
tion of apples. Increased plantings of
fruit trees may be expected in New Bruns-
wick during the next few years.

Arrangements are being made for the
holding of a siecia! school of box packing at
the same time as the short course in fruit
growing that will be held at the Guelph Ag-
ricultural College from January 23rd to
I<"'ebruary third inclusive. There will be a
thoroughly competent instructor and an ex-
pert packer from either British Columbia or
Oregon who will give several hours each day
during the two weeks tc personal instruction
of the individual student. The class will
be limited to thirty. Several hundred bush-
els of choice apules of different varieties
have been secured for the use of the class.
At the annual meeting of the Toronto
branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers'
Association held recently, George Syme, Jr.,
was re-elected president and Frank F.
Reeves Secretary-treasurer Messrs. Syme,
Reeves, Thos Delworth, J. W. Rush, W.
G. Carter, Ed. Eagle, James Dandrich, J.
W. Allan and J. Tizzard were elected to
act on the board of Vjthe provincial asso-
ciation.

Douglas Gardens

OAKVIUUE, ONTARIO

We offer to the readers of The Canadian
Horticulturist The Greetings of the Season.

We beg to announce that we shall occupy
this space in all the issues of this paper dur-
ing 1911. We shall endeavor to make it in-
teresting from month to month.

We grow HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS and
SUMMER FLOWERING BULBS, BPecializing
on Paeonies. Perennial Phloxes, Shasta Daisies
and Gladioli.

We want to build up a large Mail Order
Business, sending good sized, healthy plants
and bulbs all over the country, from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific. We give special attention
to the correct labelling and packing of al)
orders.

Our SPRING PLANTING LIST will be pub-
lished on the 1st of February. It will be mail-
ed to all whose named are now on our lists,
ind to all those interested wh^^ will send their
names and addresses on post cards.

.lOHN CAVERS, Address:

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE, ONT.

The Canadian Florist

Do you own or look after a greenhouse
or conservatory? You will be interested
in The Canadian Florist, the only Cana-
dian paper published for professional flor-
ists and gardeners. Any florist or private
gardener desiring to see a copy of The
Canadian Florist may receive one free

THE CANADIAN FLORIST

PETERBORO ONTARIO

Our New Free Book Tells
How. Send For It Today.

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Your Big Money is in Growing
Strawberries

No matter where you live or vphat kind of soil you have, Kellogg's Way will more
than double your profits growing Big Red Strawberries right between your rows of young
fruit trees, if you have no other place. You can'do it easily. Let us tell you how — we've
got ft all explained in a nut shell— in our handsomely illustrated 64-page book entitled

"Great Crops of Strawberries and How to Grow Them"

It explains why the Kellogg Way of growing big crops of Strawberries is the sure and easy
way. Tells how to prepare your soil; what varieties to set; how to care for the planis to get best
results; how to market the fruit. Many fruit growers are now making a net profit offSOO to $800
per acre each year while waiting for young trees to come into bearing. Besides all this, the
cultivating of the plants produces a healthy and more vigorous growth in the trees Just what the
trees require. Whether you have ever thought of growing strawberries or not, it is just the book
that should be read by

Every Frnif Grower and Fanner

What others are doing you can do right in your own soil. C. Harder, Twin Falls, Idaho,
is making as higli as $1000 per acre each season growing strawberries between the rows of his
young trees. Why don't you? It will more than double your income.

Kellogg's Thoroughbred Plants

The only strain of plants that are propagated from mother plants of high fruiting power.
That's why the Kellogg Strain of Thoroughbreds is so productive and bears such enormous crops
of big red berries. They have a record of 1.5.000 quarts per acre. Large yields are often reported
grown in young orchards. If you want to make some easy money, get our 1911 book. 1 T'S FREE.

R. M. KELLOGG COMPANY. Box 570 Three Rivers. Michigan

i8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

Revised Apple Rating

A number of important recommenda-
tions were made by the Canadian Ai>pl('
Growers who met in Vancouver, B.C.,
under the chairmanship cf Mr. Maxwell
Smith, during the First Canadian Nation-
al Show. It was recommended that the
meeting of the Pomclojripal Society of
America should appoint a committee to
revise the rating for apples, making it a
double rating consisting cf quality and
commercial value. It was also recommend-
ed that each district having a local pomo-
logical society be _requested to make re-
commendations to the parent body in re-
gard to the particular product cf the dis-
trict so that the Pomological Society would
have the necessary data to assist them in
the work of revision

The last recommendatin was to the effect
that the rating of apples be revised as
foUcws : Macintosh Reds from 5.6 to 8.9 ;
Winesaps from 7.8 to 9 ; Spies from 8.9 to
10; and Baldwins from 5.0 to 6.6; the
maximum to remain at 10. These recom-
mendations, which were unanimusly adopt-
ed, were brought forward by a committee,
consisting of Prcfessors Howe and Newell,
and Mr. Martin Burrell, M.P., all judges
at the Aople Show, and who had been ap-
pointed for the purpose.

CATTSE FOR CHANGE

The chairman pointed out that during
the twelve years since the rules of the
society were adopted, many changes had
taken place in the cultivation of the
apple. Many new varieties had been suc-
cessfully produced while many of the
elder species had been improved out of all
recognition. He gave it as his personal
opinion that the apple should now be grad-
ed only upon the degree of perfection to
which it could be grown in any given dis-
trict. That, he thought, was the only way
in which tc encourage the friiit growers
to produce the varieties which their cli-
matic environment enabled them to pro-
duce in the highest degee. If a certain
apple could be grown to better advantage
in British Columbia than in Nova Scotia

then be thought that that particular apple
should be rated upon the standard of ex-
cellence reached in this province and not

claimed as an infericr quality because its
cultivation was not successful in other
parts.

Ncv^ Brunsw^ick Apple Show

Prof. J. W, Crow, O. A. C , Guelph, Ont.

THE east is being rediscovered. "I
am clearing timber from my farm
and planting apple trees on land
which fifty years ago was growing
hay and grain." This interesting state-
ment was made by Mr. C. N. Vroom, of
St. Stephen, President of the New Bruns-
wick Fruit Growers' Association. The
conditions mentioned are not, of course,
prevalent over lage areas of New Bruns-
wick, but President Vroom's statement
throws, nevertheless, a good deal of light
on the present agriculttiral condition of
that deserted province.

New Brunswick has every natural advan-
tage which could be mentioned and lacks
only the people, without whom develop-
ment cannot be made. Land for fruit
growing purposes is available at prices
ranging from $10 to $50 per acre, and is
quite unlike the land of the eastern states,
such as Massachu.setts, in that it has net
been exhausted by continuous cropping.
New Brunswick land, comparatively speak-
ing, is good, and is still capable of pro-
ducing excellent crops of potatoes, hay,
grain, apples, and similar crops. So far
as the abilit.v to oroduce fruit of high
quality is concerned, the recent splendid
exhibition in St. John, N.B., has demon-
strated that New Brunswick has the cli-
mate as well as the soil.

Kew Brunswicker is apparently identi-
cal in every respect with Duchess, but it
is said positively to have sprung from a
seed of that varietv on the farm of the
late Mr. Frank Sharpe. Dudley's Winter
is a variety which would seem tc be of
particular value to Ontario planters. It
ripens with Wealthy, is above medium in
size, good to very good in quality, and
most attractively colored. The tree is

hardv and productive and the fruit with-
stands handling as well as any variety of
its season. Bethel is a dark red winter
apple of fair quality, and is probably the
hardiest good winter apple we have.

Other varieties which were in evidence
in considerable quantities, but which are
not recommended for commercial planting,
were Golden Ru.sset, King, Spy, Green-
ing, Baldwin, Bishop Pippin (Bellflower),
Tolman Sweet, Ben Davis, Gravenstein,
Ribston and Blenheim.

New Brunswick fruit growers claim to
have the be.st facilities for reaching the
British market of any point in Canada.
They are, of course, geographically much
nearer Great Britain than is Ontario, but
it must be borne in mind that until the
middle of November the better class of
fruit carrving vessels sail from Montreal.
.\fter navigation clo.ses in the St. Law-
rence, St. John is their winter port, and
so far as winter conditions are concerned
their claim is well founded. St. John has
a splendidlv equipped cold-storage plant,
and this will iirobably be made use of by
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia fruit
growers and will be of great assistance in
regulating shipments to the Old Country.

Considerable quantities of Ontario frnit
have been stored in St. John at various
times but this season en account of the
light crops in Ontario and in the east as
well, there are no apples in storage at that
point.

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia expect
in a few years' time to have the British
market very largely to themselves. They
are looking to the time when Ontario and
Western Canada will consume the greater
portion of the crop produced in Ontario
and British Columbia.

NO-MONEY-IN-ADVANCE.

PAY AFTER IT HAS PAID

FOR ITSELF.

LET US SEND YOU ANY OF THESE SPRAYERS-to try for 10 days, then

If you buy. you can pay us cash or we'll wait till you sell your crop* then

you can pay us out of the ''extra profit.** We pay freight Wholesale dealers' prices.

l&»;./"iii£^^

Uan>Fowor Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

Sprays ••anything:"— potatoesor truck, 4 rows at a
time. Also firat-clasa tree sprayer. Vapor spray
prevents blight, bugs, scab and rot from catting-
your crop la half. High pressure from big wheel.
Pushes easy. Spray arms adjust to any width or
height of row. Cheap in pricp. light, strong and dur-
able. GUARANTEED FOR 6 FULL YEARS.
Needn't-send-a-cent to get it '*on trial." You can get
one free if you are first in your locality. Write now.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

For big growers. Most powerful machine made.
60 to 100 gallon tank for one or two horses. Steel axle.
One-piece-heavy-angie-iron frame, cypress wood
tank with adjustable round iron hoops. Metal
wheels. "Adjustable" spray arms and nozzles. Brass
ball-valves, plunger, strainer, etc. Big pump gives
vapor spray. Warranted for 5 years. Try this

machine at our expense vfith "your money in your pocket."
See free offer below.

Vf%piHB — Get» sprayer FREE.— After you have tried the sprayer and
■I U pi k Bi^d satisfied that it is just as we recommend it, send us a list of
1^ II ^ k ^^^ names of your Neighbors and we will write them and quote
them price and have them call and see your machine work, and
for every Fltz-ALL Sprayer we S3ll from your list we will credit yoa with $2.00
Or send yoa obeck iC you have paid cash.

_ For every Man-Power Potato A Orchard Sprayer we sell we wUI credit you
with $3.50 or send check.

For every Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer we sell wIU credit
you $8.50 or send check.

We do aU corresponding and selling. All V"" need do is sTuyio the sprayer^ Many
havepaid for their sprayers in this way. This offer is good for onlv the first
order in •achlocatltv. Pnn't delav. Send the rnnpon or T>ost vftrti NOW,
Ontario Seed Coy, Succeasors, 138 King St., "Water loo, Ont.

Write today.

Fitz-All Barrel Sprayer.

Pits any barrel or tank. High pres-
sure, perfect agitation, easy to
operate, iirass ball-valves, plung-
er, strainer, etc. Automatio
strainer, ^o **cup lealhet-s or rub-
ber" about any of our sprayers.
Furnished plain, mount 1 on bar-
rel, or on wheels as shown. ' yor
guarantee. It don't coat you *'a cent"
to try it in your orchard. GH om
free. See below. Write today.

COUPOW— »!' out an" senJ today.

OtTAKIO SEED CO. SUCCESSORS iM'kioi St.;Waterioo,:Oiit

Send rae your C:ilalnp, Ppravinjr Gu?u, inti ■•special offer"
on the sprayer marked with an X below.

_^.Mnii-l'ower Potato & Orehnrd Sprayer.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

Fitz-All Barrel Sprayer.

Naub

AODRRSA

OUR PRICE LIST OF HOME GROWN SEEDS WILL BE SENT YOU ON REQUEST.

January, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»9

of Any of These

EDISONS

FREE

you for any deposit or any guarantee,
which of the magnificent Edison outfits

Your Choice

Yes, FREE. Shipped posi-

lively and absolutely free. You do

not have to pay us a single penny either now

or later. We don't ask you to keep the phonograph—
we just ask you to accept it as a free loan. We do not even ask
not even any C. O. D. payment to us. All we ask is that you tell us
you prefer so that we can send that one to you on this free loan offer.

Just Take Your Choice reu^i^ySSiS

Get any of the outfits shown above — your choice of records too. Simply get
the phonograph and the records and use them free just as though they were your own. Entertain your-
self, your famil}' and your friends too, if you wish, with everything, from the catchiest, newest popular
songs, side-si)litting minstrels and vaudeville monologues to the famous grand operas, Alllberols and other records
sung by the world's greatest artists. Hear all this to perfei'tion on the Edison Plionograph. After you have t.ad all this enter-
tainment absolutely free, then you may simply send the outfit right back to us at OUf expense. No«-, if one of your friends
wishes to buy such an outfit tell him that ho can get the rock-bot:tom price, and, if he wishes, on payments as low as $2 a month
without interest. But that's not what we ask of you. We just want to send you your choice of the latest style ]''.dison Phono-
graph free — your choice of records too, all free- — then we will convince you of the magnificent superiority of the new style Edison.
It will cost us a little in express charges to get the phonograph buck from you — that is true — but we'll feci amply repaid for
that, knowing that we have made you a friend and a walking advertisement of the new style Edison Phonograph.

Send Coupon for the New
Edison Books FREE Today

/ FREE
/COUPON

Get our handsome Free Edison Catalog and Hst of over 4f w^.^, p^n'^o^^bD°MMers

1500 records so you can select just the machine and the songs, reci- > "''';vm:oft\StionVon"me,'
tations, etc., you want to hear on this ultra generous offer. Rememlx:r, ^ pioiisc' •..nd mo your trreat EUi-

' ' / o ? ^f son C.ataloKS. and also full oxphuia-

there is absolutely no obligation on your iMrt. All you need to do is to return ^ tionsof your Free onvr on my choice

the outfit at our expense whi;n you are through with it. If you enjoy good music, and the ^r

finest and most varied entertainment that it is possible to imagine, or if you want to give ^r

your family and friends a treat such as they could not ix)ssibly g-et through any other ^F Name

means, then you should certainly send the Free coupon today. Don't wait — your name ^F

/■

F. K. Babson, EDISON PHONOGRAPH DISTRIBUTERS / '""""""'

Dept. 5151, 355 PORTACE AVE,, WINNIPEG, CAN. U. S. OFFICE, EDISON BlOC, CHICACO., ItL W

ol" a new .st\ le l-^lison i*hono*:rupli.

and address on a ptjstal will do but the coupon is handier
certain to write while tlie offer lasts. Better write today.

No letter necessary. Be

No letter necessary. Just sicn and mail Free Counon »<•«•

^o

THE CANADIAN HORTIC U LT U JlIST

January, 191 1

BIG FUB SCARF
and LOVELY WATCH

FREE

Just send us your name
and address, and wc will
mail you, postpaid, 30
packets of our quick sell-
ing Picture Post Cards.
to sell at 6 for 10c. Our
assortment consists of
Season's Greetinffa,
Florml Cards in Nature's
own coloring. Views,
and provokingly funny
Hiffh-Grada Comics.
Each set is done up in
a valuable coupon en-
velope, which will make
It easy to sell the whole lot in an hour. Send
us the meney you get for these and we will send
you. by Return Mail, this beautiful, warm Fur
Scarf, over 50 inches long, made from selected
skins of fine, soft, fluffy fur, with 6 full length
tails, and a secure chain fastener at neck.
This dainty Lady's Watch has warranted Swiss
\Vorks. is stem wind, and stem set. has solid silver
nickel case, fancy dial and gold hands. The case
is beautifully enamelled with roses, buds and
leaves, in natural colors, and we will give it to
you for selling only 36 packets of our beautiful
cards. Take yourchoice and write to-day. Address

COLOHIiL ART CO., Office X 2, TORONTO, ONT

Ask The

Housewife

She will tell you that
Windsor Salt does not get
"lumpy" — nor "cake" in
glass or silver.

In liomes <A refinement,

Windsor
Table Salt

hoi long been the universal
favorite for table and
' culinary use.

17

The San Jose Scale

Pro<. C. E. Subtra, Stillwater, Oldakoma

Duiiug the last two or three years Ihe
Oklahoma Agricultural Kxpenuieiit. Sta-
tion has been experimenting with a natural
enemy of the San Jose fcicale. This enemy
is a disease in the nature of a fungous
growth, in southern latitudes It has ueen
used even to a commercial extent for con-
trolling the scale, but bii account of the
neatlier conditions of the State it has
been supposed that such a disease would
either fail to propagate itself during the
summer or be entirely too delicate to witli-
stand the low winter ttoiporaturo. Uare-
ful experimentation, however, has proved
tho disease is very hardy and callable of
propagation to a very beneficial extent in
infested orchards.

Oftentimes diseases of a serious nature
are introduced and scattered by insects
and other agencies in general. This disease,
however, is not capable of doing any dam-
age tc anything except the San Jose Scale
and allied forms. Its use in orchards,
groves, and public parks, as shown by the
experiments, will be of a very great ad-
vantage in checking the local spread of the
San Jose Scale.

It is of the same nature as the chinch
bug disease but its appearance on infected
insects is not nearly as conspicuous as the
latter. Tc an ordinary observer it appears
to be no more than the mold which is
commonly present on damp bread a few
days old. It will live and propagate on
bread and is apparently just as harmless
to the higher animal life, but the micro-
scopic examination of an infected San Jcse
Scale reveals it to be fatal to the latter.

The experiments have been so conclusive
in regard to the practicability of checking
the San Jose Scale witk this disease that
the station is now propagating it to an
extent sufficient to enable it to supply
gratis all interested citizens of this State
who request it.

The party requesting it must first sub-
mit specimens of scale to the station for
identilication. If the submitted speci-
mens prove to be the San Jose Scale the
station will send a small package by mail.

The fungus is grown on a jelly-like ma-
terial which is of amber cclor in appear-
ance. The color of the fungus or aisease
IS white. This material may become more
or less disarranged in transit through the
mail, but its vitality will not Tie lessened.
Upon its receipt the applicant pastes small
portions of it to his infested trees. The
jelly-like substance adheres nicely. The
fungus gradually scatters frcm one tree to
another of its own accord, but accom-
plishes better results if artificially well
scattered when first applied.

Returns From Orchards

A statement has been issued by I. F.
Metcalf, the District Kepresentative of the
Ontario Department of Agriculture at
Collingwood, Ont., showing the cost of the
work done ip the demonstration orchards
conducted in that district this year and
their returns. A large part of the ex-
pense was for pruning, of which the or-
chards were in great need. This item of
expense should be divided over a number
of years.

Mr. W. Hamilton's orchard at Colling-
wood realized $405.45, as against a total
expense of $144.20. showing a net profit
of $261.20. Fifty trees owned by Jno.
Osborne, at Dunedin, produced twenty-two
and a half barrels of Duchess apples, which
sold for $56.25, eighty-two barrels of fall
and winter apples wnich sold for $246, and
fifteen and half barrels of culls which
brought $9.10, or a total of $311.35. The

The tone, touch and magni-
ficent wearing qualities of the
New Scale Williams Piano
are the logical results of the
faultless materials and superb
workmanship which enter into
its construction.

The Harmonic Tone Pro-
longing Bridge — Acoustic Rim
and Special Methed of Ribbing
— Grand Piano Scale and
Constructlon-*-and many other
exclusive features add musical
excellence and durability to

New Scale Williams

When you buy a piano, you
want the best. May we send you
our richly illustrated booklets, in
which we give some of the reasons
why the New Scale Williams Is
the universal choice of discrimin-
ating musicians and artists?

we also Invite your investiga-
tion of our easy payment plan,
full particulars of which will be
semt on request.

The Wtlliims Piano Co. Ualted,

OSHAWA. O^L

■RANCH •FFICES:

WInnlpef , Man., 323 Portifc Ave.

Montreal, Que.. 733 SI. Callitrbie St W.

London. Ont., 261 Dondas St. 11 2 A

USE FOSTER'S POTS

THEY ARE THE BEST ON THE MARKET

WE MANUFACTURE

STANDARD POTS

FERN PANS

AZALEA POTS

HANGING BASKETS

SAUCERS AND
STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading Pot
^""■^^^ Manufacturers

The FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited

Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont.

'"t BEST MAOf

, fOSTtB'S j

STANDARD ,

POT

January, 19I1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

21

Mount

Birds and Animals!

SportsmenI Flsbermen! Hunters!
Katuralists and otbeta eeeklng Co
better themselves by learning a
great prof ession. Thewondfrfulart
of Taxidermy, so long kept secret,
can now ea^-.iy be learned riciit in
your homo during your epars lioura.
Mo need toglvo up your business, ^
WE TEACH Br MAIL how to ciounl
-Jrds, B-nirualSi franiQ bea'ls, tan Ekiii»,
m^he tagn and Sluuat aU trupbii's. A de*
lightfuU entranciDg and moaey-makiDg
profession t-jr mea and womca. Decorate
year home with rare specimens of the hunt
orchasQ. 'Easilyand qaickly learned. Success guaranteed
or no tuition. Endorsed by Ihousanda of delightful graduates.
preat Book FREEi our beautiful, tllustrated book.
'How to Learn to Moant Birds and ADimals,**»nd our hand-
tome Taxidermy Magazine absolutely free to all who write
Stop dependinft on a job. "ive a prof essioa. Write today*
M. W. Schoot of TaxIdemiT "'MKhrood BIdg., Omaha, Neh,

Tree Surgeons ;
Attention !

You will soon be busy operat-
ing. HrtV« you modern up to-
duie insirumtiiu to do fa^t c.isy
and perfect work that -ave time
and money? If not, inve-.liffatc.
Our Kansas Hruninff Knife is
automatic. No hand levers to
bother. Just put the hook over
the limb and pull on the handle.
Made in Gnelph. Sold n\\ over
Canada. If you don't find it
writ e us for name of agent or f< t
agrency. We want live agents
where we have none.

INTERNATIONAL TOOL CO.

49-51 PORTER STREET

DETROIT, - - - MICH.

THIS IS A CUT OF THE

Spranvotor Nozzle

Fig. 56, made to apply Lime-Sulphur mix-
ture ar.d whitewash.

In br&ss or aluminum with braes or steel
lemovable discs. It has large liquid ways
which prevent clogging. Gives the most
perfect from of spray.

It has no equal. Guaranteed. Price by
mail, $1.00. Send for free Treatise on Crop
Djsesases.

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1397 King Street. London, Canada

BWfifiUli

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,909,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.606.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5.606.000.00

D. R. WILKIE. President
HON. R. JAFFRAY, Vice-President

th<

and AKttnclea throughout
Dominion af Can&da

Drafts, Money Order, and Letters of Credit

Utued available in any part of the world
Special attenti<»n riven to collection*

Saving. Department — Interest allowed on de-
posits from date of deposit.

cost of scraping the trees, pruning, two
sprayings, working the orchard and sow-
ing a cover crop amounted to $48.30. The
cost of barrels, picking and packing cost
$78.38. The profit on the fifty trees was
$184.67. The most this orchard had ever
produced previously in any one year was
ipoO.OO. The crop produced was clean and
free from worms, and comprised a high
percentage of numLer one apples.

Experiments with Cabbage

A series of experiments with cabbage
bave been conducted by the Maryland Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Bull. No. 133
of the station records the work that has
been done and gives much valuable advice
ou the culture of this crop. Conclusions
drawn from the results of experiments are
as follows :

Cabbage is subject to, and often dies
from, stem rot, black rot, root rot and oth-
er diseases. The spores of these diseases
are generally present in sufficient quanti-
ties to inoculate the crop and only need fa-
vorable conditions for development. If,
then, something could be done so as to do
away with any conditions favoring the de-
velopment of these diseases, farmers could
work with more assurance of a crop. The
conditions of soil and weather are import-
ant factors.

With a soil that is rich, spongy and full
of humus, a crop could not be grown in a
rainy season. It might be supposed that
if such a soil were thoroughly drained it
would insure a successful crop. This is
doubtful, however, as such soils hold water
like a sponge, and water drains very slow-
ly from a sponge, even if there isgood oppor-
tunity for it to pass ott below. Ihis amount
of water, however, is Ukely to dissolve and
hold in solution, enough soil salts to poison
the roots of the plants. The roots being
partly decayed cannot absorb sufficient wa-
ter to supply the needs of the plants at
this, the most trying season, of their
growth. This causes a check in the growth,
making favorable conditions for disease
germs to enter.

During the three seasons in which cab-
bage could not be raised on the experiment
plot, good crops were being grown on soil
quite similar when considering the amount
of sand, clay and silt in each. They were
totally ditterent, however, in their capac-
ity to retain water.

To be able to grow cabbage successfully in
this climate, in any season, the soil should
be in such condition that the water will
pass through it as Ireely as it would through
a piece of pumice stone or porous rock. As
a general rule the poorer the soil the drier
and more porous it is. Thus it is that on
the comparatively poor farms better late
cabbages are grown than in the market
gardens that are very rich.

A sod field broken early in spring and well
manuied has generally been found to grow
the best cabbage. This does not apply to
the early crops ; these do best on the soils
that are rich and full of humus.

Low priced fertilizers sometimes give as
good results as the higher priced goods, but
on the whole it will pay to be liberal with
nitrogen. The two experiments indicate
that it is profitable to use nitrate of soda
on the plant beds, at the rate of 450 to 600
pounds an acre.

In localities and on soils where cabbage
diseases are prevalent, it is safer to plant
the type of cabbage with the purplish green
(;rinkled leaves.

The crop generally seems to do better if
the field is marked off both ways and the
plnnts are set in the check and the cultiva-
t-(.'n is level.

R^\ibber Stamps

BRASS STEISCILS, Etc.

ALL KINDS— ALL PCRPUllKS

W. E. IRONS 113 BAY ST. TORONTO

Northern Grown Trees

Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach. Graphs, Small Fruits
Deciduous and Evergreen Ornamentals, Roses, Flower-
ina: Shrubs, Climbers, etc. Specialties: Mammoth I cw-
berry and Wismer's Dessert Aople. Catalogue Free:
It tells the whole Story.

J. H WISMER. NurgerymBn, Port Elgin, Ont.

FOR FEBRUARY

Special Spraying Number

The BEST issue in which to advertise spray-
ers, spraying supplies and spraying mixtures.
A GOO') issue for every advertiser.

SPRAY
THOROUGHLY

Thorough spraying is a crop insur-
ance of the sliongKst kind, but you
caiUKjt spray thoroughly lui-
^^^ less you use

GOUIDS

^ RELIABLE

StRAYERS

They are better
known, more wide' y used,
and in greater demand
than any other line —
because, correct d^siun.
perfect materia
and expert work-
manship — backed
by more than 62
years of exclusive
Pump making e.v-
periencc - are rep-
resenti d in
each Spray-
er we sell.

22

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 i

RELIABLE NURSERY STOCK AT FIRST COST

We have a grand assortmoiit of No. One Stock. Well grown. Sure to
please eustomers. Fruit, Ornamental and Shade Trees, Shrube. Vines, Koses.
Small Fruit Plants, Cal. I'rivet. etc For verity write to-day for new Price
List.

Deal direct for Profit and Satisfaction. Caji't beat our Montmorency Cherry
Trees, at the CENTRAL NURSERIES.

A. G. Hull 81 Son

St. Catharines, Ont.

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gooseberries, Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton. Currants,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's ProHfic, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria. — Raspberries, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry. — Garden Roots, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

Look at the H. P. Spramotor
spraying an acre of potatoes in 15
minutes. There are three nozzles to
a row and four rows, two spraying
from the sides and one from the
top. Adjustable as to height and
width up to 40 inch rows. Absolute-
ly non-clogging nozzles. 12 gallon
air tank, automatic and hand con-
trolled. 125 lbs. pressure guaranteed
with 12 nozzles open. Has agitator
clean-cut pressure relief into tank,
and nozzle protector, all under con-
trol of driver from seat. For 1 or 2
horses Fitted for orchards, vine-
yards and grain. Write for book-
let.

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1398 King St., London, Can,

THOROUGHNESS

IN

CONSTRUCTION

INSURES

mtk^ f\

unm

Against Loss of Tone, and tone is the
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oi its builders and tlie determination to use

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WRITE FOR CATALOGUE AND PRICES

GOURLAY, WINTER & LEEMING

188 Yonge St., Toronto

Horticultural Possibilities of
the West

The Doutimoa Horticulturist, Mr. W. l
-Uacouu, ruturtied home leceutly from „
two mouths trip to the W est ou liis nisi
tcur 01 inspection oi the horticultural worK
at the uraucli ii,xpei'imentul r'aims. lit
tiie prairie provinces he touiiU tliat lu
luust places the giu\viii)$ oi a^ipies uuu
proved a tailure, out alter careiuliy look-
ing into tiie couuuiuus lie lias coiue tc
tuu conclusion that tue lailure has oeeu
auo as much or more to the oouuition oi
tue soil as to the seventy of the climate,
xue prairie sells are lor tlie most part
iicu in humus, coutaiuiiig a large propor-
Liuu 01 nitrogen; the suusoil is lu most
places clay, and while the surface soil be-
comes very aiy at times, sencusiy injuring
annual crops, the roots of trees are in the
mcist, cooi soil below. ine richness ot
the soil and the moisture ot the sUtsoU
tavor a succulent growth, wtucli does not
as a rule ripen sumciently to be able to
withstaiiU the severe winters, with the re-
sult that tne trees are being constantly
Killed back.

Mr. j>f.acoun feels that he is correct in
his conclusions by what he saw in bcuth-
ein Manitoba at Morden and vicinity,
riere the conditions ot soil are quite Uiuer-
unt. Xhere is a gravelly suusoil which
cuuroughly drains the land, ana the soil
IS not sc rich as in most of the settled
parts of the prairies, tlere be saw apple
Lrees perfectly healthy and hardy, iwenuy-
oue years of age, quite as good trees ais
may be seen auout Uttawa. Xhere are
Ciiousauds of acres along the Pembina hills
m southern Manitoba where the conditions
appear as favorable as at this place. Mr.
maccun, theretoie, believes that while
hardy apples may be originated which will
withstand the adverse conditions of both
soil and climate, among sucti being the
hardy cross-bred apples originated by L)t.
JSaunders and found hardy m many places,
the commercial orchards of the prairies,
if there are ever such, will be situated in
those parts of the west where the sell is
lightest and the drainage best.

iSative plums and bush fruits succeed
well in many parts of the prairie pro-
vinces. Annual and perennial flowers do
particularly well on the prairies, the
colors appearing to be intensified by the
clear atmosphere and bright sunshine
there. Ornamental shrubs of many kinds
succeed well, as do a number of species of
trees, mcst of the shrubs grovving along
the driveway at Ottawa being hardy on
the prairies. In Mr. Macoun s opinion
there is no reason why the surroundings
of the farmer's home on the prairies
should not be made as beautiful as in the
province of Ontario.

While in British Columbia, he visited
the famous Okanagan Valley, where there
is a good crop of fine apples this year.
On his way home he went to see the Ex-
perimental Stations in North Dakota,
South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa, in
order tc learn what they were doing there
which would be of value in Canada.

After visiting many of the Experimental
Stations in the United States on this and
former occasions, Mr. Macoun believes
that the Experimental Station system con-
trolled by the Dominion Government and
extending, as it does, from Prince Edward
Island to British Columbia, is much pre-
ferable to a State or Provincial system
only where the influence of the work of
each station, good as it may be, is much
more limited than where the station in
every province or state is controlled by
the Federal Government. Mr. Macoun also
comes back believing that the Central Ex-
perimental Farm at Ottawa is the most

January, 191 r

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

23

beautiful, the best kept and the most use-
ful Experimental Station to the people
whom it was established to serve, namely,

Bam
Roofing

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Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Let us know the size of any roof
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Metallic Roofing Go.

Limited

MANUFACTURERS

TORONTO and WINNIPEG

Try the BISSELL iii your
orchard and aee what a
real orchard disc harrow
will do. Stays right down
to :ts work. Has a lever
for each gang, so that one
gang can be adjusted to cultivate more
than the other when required. Attach
wings and it extends over 12 feet wide. Ee-
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local dealer cr write Department N for
Catalogue.

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ELORA

ONT.

The

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Messrs. Hall and Bobinson. of Montreal,
state: "APHINE is superior and much
cheaper than any other insecticide we
have ever used."

Messrs. P. McKenna and Sons, of Mon-
treal, say: "We use APHINE in preference
to any other insecticide. One advantage
being that it is free from the disagreeable
odors of tobacco products."

APHINE is sold by:

Dupuy &. Ferguson

MONTREAL, QUEBEC

Thos. A. Ivcy &. Son

PORT DOVER, ONT. i-'mitbd
MANUFACTURED BY

Aphinc Manufacturing Co.

MADISON, N.J., U.S. A.

the farmers, of any station in America he
has visited. He also saw no city that
pleased him as well as Ottawa, which, as
a result of the work of the Dominion
Government Improvement Commission, has
been vastly improved and beautined dur-
ing recent years until now the capital is
a credit to Canada.

The Dominion Canners Combine

The Monetary Times prints full details
regarding the organization of Dominion
Canners, Liimited, with head olhce at Hamil-
ton. This combine embraces 45 canning
factories and also one-eighth interest in a
B«amsville factory. The capitalization is
as follows :

j^irst mortgage, 6 p.c. bonds $1,500,000

Preferred stock, 7 p.c 2,100,000

Common stock 2,100^000

The preferred stock was paid out for the
various properties. The bonds have been
underwritten by Messrs. C. Meredith and
company, of Montreal, while the Dominion
Bond Company of Montreal and Toronto, is
oliermg $100,000 of the 7 per cent, cumu-
lative preferred stock, with a 25 per cent,
common stock bonus.

The following are factories taken over
by the Dominion Canners, Limited.

Aylmer Canning Company, Brighton Can-
ning Company, Kent Canning Company,
Delhi Canning Company, Dresden Canning
Company, F. R. Lalor Canning Company,
Grimsby Canning Company, Simcoe Canning
Company, Imperial Canning Company,
Lakepcrt Preserving Company, Warehouses,
Delhi Canning Company, A. C. Miller, W.
Boulter & Sons, Port Hope Preserving Com-
pany, Ontario Pure Food Company,
Kent Canning Company, Strathroy Can-
ning Company, Lowery Bros., Miller
& Company. Bowlby Bros., Belle River
Canning Company, L. N. Sohenck
& Company, A. B. Taylor Canning
Company, Wellington Packing Company,
West Lome Canning Company, Leamington
Canning Company, Amherst Canning Com-
pany, Aylmer Condensed Milk Company,
Limited, Belleville Canning Company,
Bloomfield Packing Company, Farmers'
Canning Company. Limited, Burlington
Canning Company, Hillier Preserving Com-
pany, Jordan Station Canning and Preserv-
ing Company, ]Napanee Canning Company,
Niagara Falls Canning Company, Old
Homestead Canning Company, J. H.
Wethey, Limited, St. Thomas Canning Com-
pany, Tilbury Canning Company, Limited,
Lakeside Canning Company, Limited and
one-eighth interest in Beamsville factory.

The company controls more than 90 per
cent, of the output of canned fruits and
vegetables in Ontario, which produces 95
per cent, of the total quantity consumed in
Canada. The above-named factories are dis-
tributed over the fertile strip of southern
Ontario, commencing at Napanee, in the
east, and continuing to Sandwich, in the
west, a distance of more than 400 miles,
with both water and railway transportation
facilities from many of the factories. One
of the special lines of the company is gal-
lon apples for which there is a good export
demand for Great Britain.

The company owns its own can-making
factory and manufactures the bulk of the
cans required, purchasing the remainder
from the American Can Company. A litho-
graphing plant is also owned and operated
by the company, supplying all the labels
used.

There were marketed from the orchard
of W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, this
.year, 2,000 barreb of apples. The cull
stock sent to the evaporators did not
amount to over 250 bushels.

ALL FOR $2.00

You may secure tliese four leading Oana-
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THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PETERBORO, . . ONTARIO

At Home with the

KODAK

The Kodak pictures of the family, the home and
the intimate friends are prized highest. The Kodak
i8 a part of the home life, every change is re-
corded in picture form. The baby walking for first
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school, grandfather nodding over his paper, are
but a few examples of the home pictures.

"At Home with the Kodak" is an interesting
booklet, telling of the joy of picture making at
home and full of practical hinte to picture makers
everywhere. It explains Just how easy it is to
take good home pictures with the Kodak, and the
simple method of developing the film the "all by
daylight" way. It makes olear, too, how to get
good flashlight pictures, the safe sure way with the
Eastman flash sheets. There are many home pic-
tures you can get by flashlight which would be
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This Booklet, illustrated by futtntysiv home
pictures, ive %vill nend free on regue<it or it
can be had by asking- any Kodak dealer.

CANADIAN KODAK CO., LiBiieil
Toronto, Canada

H

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

January, 191 1

Ginseng Growers Meet

p. WiltM, Stertt«f7,, Toroato

The third annual meeting of the Ontario
Ginseng Growers' Association wag held in
the Y.M.O.A building, Toronto, recently.
In the absence of the President, Mr. D.
Menzies, of Kelso, occupied the chair. The
members present were Messrs. P. Menzies,
Milton; J. Leary, Whitevale; Mr. Nichols
and Mr. J. Moon, Mono Mills, Out.; Dr.

Baird, Uxbridge; Rev. Dr. Medd, God-
erich ; Rev. W. L. Martin, M.inswocd ; Dr.
McKendrick and J. Frazer, Gait, Ont. ; M.
Wilson, Vittoria; J. A. Austin, Toronto;
R. Lyons, Mens Mills; E. Baker, Good-
wood; J. A. Geman, S. O. George. The
present officers were re-elocted for .another
year.

Some American dealers are advertising
and selling roots and seeds far Lelow their
value. A resolution was passed that the

Free guide to lighter work.

The Planet Jr 191 1 illustrated catalogue is a

complete guide to lighter farm work, better

crops, and more money. Every farmer and

>-ardener should possess it as soon as the

mail can bring it. What's the sense

of drudging when you don't have to?

Write today, ^"d let this free book

help you select the labor-saving ^

mplements you need.

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1911 DEYO POWER SPRAYERS

=^

Buy the Origin:! I, and save trouble and expense. Others have copied. You can spray
properly with our two plunger detachable pump connected to either our 2 or 3 H. P. air-
cooled engine. It will give you the proper pressure, and will add to your bank account at
harvest time. Pulley furnished with each engine. In one minute's time you can disconnect
engine from pump, and the engine may be used for other work. Ten years of success.
The usere are our reference. Write for Catalogue 10.

DEYO-MACEY ENGINE CO., - Binghamton, N.Y.

CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES— St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co.,

St. Catharines, Ontario.

executive comniittee should take steps to
have a duty of 50 per cent, placed upon
seeds an4 green roots and that the secre-
tary be instructed to corrosixind with the
Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa to tiiat
end.

After recess the Hev. W. L. Martin, of
Mansewood, Ont., read a paper on the gin-
seng plant and its diseases and culture.
Mr. J. Frazer, of Gait, and Mr. N. Wil-
son, Vittoria. contributed to the program.

Items of Interest

Some eighty-seven business men and
ratepayers of Toronto recently presented a
petition to Property Ccnimissioner Harris
requesting the city to establish the propos-
ed civic fruit market in the neighborhood
of the St. Lawrence market, where it
would have a wharf nearby.

Immense quantities of vegetables are
grown in the vicinity of Saruia, Ontario,
ihese are shipped inland as uell as on
the large steamers engaged in traihc on
the great lakes. Photographs were secured
recently of a number of the leading grow-
ers with their wagons loaded with vege-
tables. The steamer Uuronic was shown
ready for her voyage for Port Arthuur and
J[<ort William with a hundred tons of vege-
tables. The photographs have been senv,
to a number of illustrated papers.

Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner J.
A. Ruddick sent a shipment of 150 boxes
of I'ameuse and Mcintosh Red apples dur-
ing the first week in October to Mr. Wm,
liutchinsou, the Canadian Commissioner at
the Brussels Exhibition. Mr. Hutchinson
reports that these apples have proved a big
advertisement for Canada. They have serv-
ed to saow the people the difference between
real Canadian apples and those ottered for
sale in Brussels as Canadian apples. The
public was so much impressed by these Can-
adian apple men in the fruit trade started
to advertise their fruit whether it was from
Canada or not, as being Canadian.

The report of the thirty-first session of
the American Pomological Society, held at
St. Catharines, Ontario, last year is be-
ing distributed. The report contains a
large amount of information of the great-
est value to present or future orchardists
and gardeners. In its 3oU odd pages, there
are chapters on the following subjects:
Orchard management ; the latest on lime-
sulphur sprays ; a discussion of the adapta-
tion of varieties to soils and climates;
gooseberry culture, with special relation
to methods of growing the English varie-
ties ; grape varieties of the east and west ;
and a very important chapter on co-opera-
tion in the marketing of horticultural pro-
ducts. The secretary is John Craig, Ithaca,
New York.

Mr. Jas. P. Murray, of Toronto, has
written to The Can.\dian Horiiculturist,
suggesting that as the Canadian NationaJ
Exhibition is visited each year by thou-
sands of people from all parts of Canada
and the United States the grounds, which
are spacious, or a large portion of them
should be converted into a park and used
for the growing of shrubs and flowers,
which could be grouped and laid out in
the most attractive manner possible. Lec-
tures might be given on gardnjn work. The
grounds could be kept in an attractive
condition throughout the summer months
and the plants grown be properly labelled
to educate the public. Mr. Murray be-
lieves that a floral park, such as suggested,
would make its influence felt in almost
every city and hamlet throughout Canada.

It pays to advertise. Try it.

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

FEBRUARY, 1911

No.

Large Profits from Spraying Old Orchards

DURING the past season some of the
finest apples ever produced in On-
tario, were grown in the district
about Burlington. An editor of The
Canadian Horticulturist who visited this
section recently, found that the growers
have awakened to the fact that it pays
to take care of their apple orchards. A
great interest has
been taken in spray-
ing. The growers
have learned how and
when to spray, and
the proper materials
to use. The results
these growers have
obtained have been a
great incentive to oth-
ers, and each year
many new growers
are following their ex-
ample.

Messrs. Porter Bros,
of Appleby, decided
last spring to take
care of their orchard
in an approved man-
ner They had been
spraying for some
years with Bordeaux,
but in an indifferent
way and their results were anything but
satisfactory. Their crop of apples for
several years had been very poor, and it
was with difficulty that they could find a
purchaser at any price. Last spring they
Started at their or-
chard early. They
pruned and scraped
their trees. They
plowed early, and ap-
plied about hall
of a ton per acre
of commercial fertiliz-
er. They discarded
their old hand pump
and purchased a gaso-
line power sprayer.
They used commercial
Lime-Sulphur, diluted
at one to eleven for
the dormant spray,
and commercial Lime-
Sulphur, diluted ;ii
one to thirty-five,
with Arsenate of Lead
added, for their sum-
mer sprays. Messrs.

power outfit, and they concluded that if
the job was worth doing at all it was
worth doing right. They applied their
spray at the proper time, and never stint-
ed the quantity. The results were very
gratifying to them. They produced the
largest and best crop they had ever
grown. Their varieties consisted of Spys,

Northern Spy Apples taken from lower limbs in Ray Clark's orchard, Woodville, N. S., having been
carefully sprayed with Niagara Lime-Snlphur

Greenings, Baldwins, Seeks, Russetts,
Snows and Ribston Pippins, principally.
Apple .Scab was entirely controlled, and
Codling Moth to over eighty per cent.
Their Snow apples had never been fit to

Apples taken from the tops of the same trees, being too high t > reach with the spray

trees. They were besieged with apple
buyers and succeeded in disposing of
their crop at a price double the best they
had ever received before. Messrs. Porter
claim that as an in\estment, this spray-
ing proved the best they ever made.

In the orchard of Long Bros, situated
one mile east of Burlington on the bank
of Lake Ontario, pro-
bably even better
results were obtain-
ed. This orchard had
never been sprayed.
It had the reputa-
tion of growing the
worst spotted apples
of any orchard in the
district. When other
orchards near it
would grow reas-
onably fair fruit, the
apples in this orchard
were always spotted.
This was accounted
for by some because
of its close proximitv
to the lake. Last year
Long Bros, decided to
spray. As they had
had no experience
themselves, nor any
equipment to do the work, they engaged
a man with a power outfit, who had been
successful himself. This orchard was
sprayed very thoroughly, twice with
Lime-.Sulphur and Arsenate of Lead.
Probably no orchard
ever received in two
applications a greater
drenching. It had
nearly all the diseases
that apple orchards
were affected with,
namely, San Jose
Scale, Oyster Shell
Bark Louse, Bud
Moth, Codling Moth
.-ind Apple Scab, so
great care was .taken
in the spraying. It
was the intention to
make an object lesson
of this orchard, as
some growers in that
district thought it im-
possible to make good
fruit grow there.

Porter sprayed pick before, and this year they were really The total cost to Messrs. Long Bros,

very thoroughly. They had gone to con- a sight to behold. Not one spotted or for Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead and
siderable expense purchasing fertilizer and blemished apple could be found on the labor, was $95.88. The results obtained

26

THE CANADIAN HORTIC U I. ! U IM sT

February, 191 1

were really marvellous Their orchard
was visitcci by hundreds of fruit growers
and was generally pronounced as the best
ihey had ever seen. It consisted of less
than six acres, and was sold to an apple
buyer for $1375.00 on the trees, and he
reports it was .1 orofitable investment for
him. Thus Me'-srs. Lone, with an invest-
ment of $95.88, realized in one year a re-
turn of $1375.00. This amount repre-
sents over three tirres more than was
ever realized from the orchard in any
previous year. As a test case, in this
orchard, one single tree that was situated
among Ijerry bushes, was left unsprayed,
with the result that the fruit was totally
unfit for even the evaporator.

A NOTED ORCHARD

Messrs. J. C. and M. C. .Smith produc-
ed last year a large and beautiful crop
of apples. It was in their orchard located
in Burlington that the government held
the fruit meeting on September 7th that
was fully reported in the October issue of
The Canadian Horticulturist. This meet-
ing was attended bv prominent fruit
growers from all parts of Ontario. This
orchard consi.sts of three hundred trees.
At the time of the meeting considerable
di.scussion was heard as to the probable
quantity of apples in the orchard and the
probable percentage of No. I's. At the
time of the meeting Messrs. Smith were
offered $2500.00 for their crop, which was
refused. Phis orchard packed out over
1050 barrels, and for which over $3500.00
was realized, .\pple Scab and Codling
Moth were almost entirely controlled. The
only No. 3's that were in the orchard
were those marked by hail.

This orchard is over^ fifty years old and
the trees large and hard to handle. The
most anproved care is given the orchard
in the way of pruning, cultivation, fertil-
izing and spraying. Probably no orchard
in Ontario receives more thorough spray-
ing than this one, and it is this thorough
spraying that produces apples so nearly
perfection. This orchard was .sprayed
four times with a power sprayer at a pres-
sure of one hundred and eighty to two
hundred pounds. At each application it
received about three thousand gallons of
soray. This orchard has had this sys-
t'^matic care for the last four years, and
has produced on an average of one thous-
and barrels per year. The soil in this or-
chard is very light sand.

Messrs. Smith have another orchard
situated close to the Mountain on hard
clay land. This orchard they have had
for two years oniv, and have succeeded
in producing two beautiful crops. The
crop this year consisted of over fifteen
hundred barrels, over twelve hundred of
which were Northern Spys. The same
care and attention was paid and the same
high results were obtained. This orchard
had been neglected for fifteen years, and
I he way in which it responded to treat-

OrcWd owa«d by Mr. J. C. Smith, Barliagtsn, Oat., wkere Spr.yiof bi» P«i<J

This orchard was thoroughly sprayed last year
fine fruit. It is mentioned in

ment was remarkable. Probably • the
most beautiful Spys that were ever grown
in Ontario were in this orchard this past
year.

OTHER GROWERS SUCCESSFUL

Many more instances could be given of
results obtained in this section. THle
above orchards are mentioned only be-
cause they had previously been neglected
and are quoted to show what can Ije done
in one year. The old fruit growers in
the district who have for years been tak-
ing care of their orchards, were again re-
warded with good crops of good fruit.
Particular mention should be made of
Mr. A. W. Peart, Mr. H. T. Foster, Mr.
Smith Freeman, Mr. W. F. W. Fisher,
Mr. R. C. Fowler, Mr. Leeman WiLson.
Mr. W. H. Easterbrook, and Bell Bros.

The only good apples in the district
were found in orchards that had been
thoroughly sprayed. It has been demon-
strated that spraying pays. There have
been many doubters in this section about
this question, but it is very hard to find
any of them now. It is generally predict-
ed that spraying will be almost universal
this year. The growers in this section
are using commercial Lime-Sulphur and
Ar.senate of Lead. They claim their re-
sults are most satisfactory.

There is probably no section in Ontario
where growers have had so many ob-
stacles to overcome as here. This is the
recognized home of the Codling Moth. In
the valley between the mountain and the
lake this pest has flourished to perfection.
Here they also have San Jose Scale, Oys-
ter Shell Bark Louse, Blister Mite, Bud
Moth, .\phis, and about every pest known
to affect the apple. That they have suc-

with lime-sulphur and produced exceptionally
the accompanying article.

ceeded in controling these pests, is credit-
able to them, and should be an object
lesson to fruit growers in other parts of
Ontario. Fruit growing has received a
great stimulus in this district, and Halton
county may be reckoned on in the future
as a producer of good apples. Several
new Fruit Growers' .Associations have
been formed in the vicinity, and their in-
tention is to grow apples for profit.

Experience in Spraying

HuniltoB Flenming, Grimibj, Oit.

I have always used the home-made
lime and sulphur mixture in almost equal
proportions, and applied while warm. My
spraving outfit consists of an ordinary
forty gallon barrel with hand pump, hose
rod and a double nozzle. I commenced
spraying operations last year on March
31st, and finished April nth.
RESULTS

In an orchard of one thousand one hun-
dred peach trees, I applied twenty-four
barrels of spray at a cost of ninety cents
a barrel. The trees were sprayed very
thoroughly. The direction of the wind
was carefully watched. The lime in the
mixture made it possible to see where
branches had been missed, and so made
a final touching up an easy task.

I had very little curl-leaf, except on
fifty "Triumph" trees, which, however,
yielded an average of nine eleven quart
baskets per tree. No thinning was neces-
sary. From eight hundred trees in bear-
ing, I marketed seven thousand two hun-
dred quart baskets, chiefly "selects" or
No. 1. My trees appear clean and in a
healthy condition.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

27

Intensive Fruit Grooving

A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

■P

TH E general practice in orcharding is
to have a larger acreage than is pro-
perly cared for. In order to make a
fair margin of profit in producing pork,
beef, milk, or dairy product, careful, sys-
tematic attention must be given to the
essential details. The same applies to
growing fruit.

When a person has a plantation lar-
ger than his capacity to care for it, there
is a loss of money in the land occupied by
the trees, and in the trees themselves not
working up to their normal level. It may
not be wide of the mark to say that in
this Province fruit trees are not giving
more than half results. There are, of
course, many exceptions to this. Some
orchards of apples, pears, plums, cher-
ries and peaches are managed on a busi-
ness basis ; but there is room for a wide
extension of the intensive system. There
is no good reason why an average apple
orchard of working age and ten acres in
extent, should not give in ten years 5,000
barrels of apples worth $8,000 to
$10,000.

ESSENTIALS

.4n intensive system seems to involve
at least the following factors :

First — The selection of a proper nat-
ural soil for the kind of fruit. Apples
appears to be the most profitable when
planted on sandy, gravelly and light clay
loams ; pears on clay loams ; cherries on
high, sharp, gritty, gravelly soils ; while
plums are similar in their wants to
apples.

Second — Planting the right varieties.
In setting out a young orchard one
should select those varieties of known
merit in the district where he lives, and
then not more than five or six standard
sorts to cover the season, thus avoiding
congestion in harvesting the fruit.

Third — Cultivation. When trees are
roperly planted it is important to give
them a good start. If you want to make
a good man you must begin when he is
a baby. There is a wonderful analogv
between the animal and the vegetable
worlds. Cultivation should be frequent
■ until about the first of August to pre-
serve the moisture and keep down weeds,
grasses and so forth, which also ab-
stract water. Your tree will then make
a good healthy growth. Throughout the
life of an orchard in most cases cultiva-
tion should be an annual portion of the
care.

Fourth — Pruning This begins with
planting. The head should be formed of
three or four main branches, and never
of two. Thence on, thin judiciously each
year with a tendency towards severity.
Too many are afraid of hurting a tree.
There is practically no danger of injur-
ing our ^rchards. The branches of

young trees growing too strong should
be cut back year after year, an'd old trees
going too high should be dehorned ac-
cording to circumstances.

Fifth — Fertilizing. This requires
careful, discriminating judgment. If
the requisite food is not in the soil then
it should be applied. Speaking general-
ly, stable manure is good for trees in all
stages of their life, especially on clay
.soils, when growth is usually slow but
productivity light. Green crops plough-
ed under are also economical, granulat-
ing the soil and retaining moisture. On
lighter lands, wood ashes, potash and
phosphoric acid in some form may occa-
sionally, be used to advantage.

Sixth. — Spraying. With the coming of
increasingly large numbers of injurious
insects and fungi, spraying has reached
the stage of necessity. This, in late
years, has been shown beyond a perad-
venture.

.Seventh — Picking. Fruit should be
picked carefully to avoid bruises and
consequent depreciation. Careless men
should not be sent to an orchard. By
the use of suitable extension ladders in-
stead of the old long ones, a man can
pick more apples in a day from a tree of
standard size.

Eighth — Marketing. The selling side
of the fruit business is of as great im-
portance as the producing end. Only in
recent years have growers begun to real-
ize the necessity and advantage of elimi-
nating as far as possible the intermedi-
aries between them and the consumer,
and thus increasing profits. Slowly but
steadily cooperative associations are be-
ing organized in various portions of the
Province. These are giving their mem-
bers a' distinctly increased margin for
their fruit, and at the sainc time stimu-

lating the "intensive" system in the
management of their plantations.

The attitude of a grower should be
that of a doctor towards his patient.
What is wrong with this tree or or-
chard? It is not giving results. Study
its symptoms, diagnose the case, then
apply the proper remedy.

In The Orchard

Feed the winter birds in the orchard.
They will destroy thousands of injurious
insects, and thus reward you next sum-
mer.

Prune out egg masses of tent cater-
pillars, scrape off loose bark from the
trimks and large limbs of trees with a
dull hoe. Destroy cocoons of fall web
worms and other hibernating insects.
While the ground is still frozen clear all
rubbish off the garden spot and give it a
dressing of stable manure, which is to be
spaded in later when the frost is out of
the ground.

The Maine Experimental Station
pruned, sprayed, and dug around an old
apple tree eighty years old, and last year
it yielded twelve barrels of fruit. Unless
your orchard is over eighty years of age
it is not too late to save it by thorough
pruning, grafting, fertilizing, and good
care.

In pruning, do not take out more than
one-third of the whole top in one year.
To do so would throw the trees out of
1^.-1 lance and cause an excessive growth
of water sprouts. Give the tree light by
cutting out fair sized secondary branches
;uid leave the small laterals.

One year wood should be cut to a bud.
Older wood to a branch. Stubs left on
are not only unsightly, but are good
footholds for insects and germs.

If the fruit grower has from ten to
twenty acres of fruit he will need some
make of a gasoline power spray outfit,
which will l:e found more economical.

A Mtitn (Huiit) Ptwer Sprtjer at Work » a Waitcra Orchard— N*t« the AdraDta|*>f.Ltw TtMi

A Home-made Soluble Oil for the San Jose Scale

OF mII the remedies thus far proposed
the lime-sulphur wash is the most
popular for .the San Jose Scale,
and the most generally used. That there
is a general demand for something more
convenient is evident from the activity of
the various experiment station workers
in proposing new remedies. Hydrocyanic
acid gas, whale oil soap, kerosene emul-
sion, undiluted crude petroleum, kero -
water (a mechanical mixture of kerosene
and water), and the kerosent-limoid (K-L)
mixture have all been exploited in their
turn. They all had their weak points and
limitations. Very few are now in use,
and these only in restricted areas.

In considering the relative merits of
"soluble oil" and the lime-sulphur wash
for the treatment of the San Jose Scale,
many important factors must be taken
int& consideration. Under ordinary con-
ditions, the oil spray is more efficient, is
as free from injurious effects upon the
tree, decidedly cheaper, decidedly more
convenient, and less destructive to spray-
ing equipment. In view of the absence of
coloring matter it is especially valuable
around home grounds or roadsides and in
parks. The various commercial prepara-
tions, such as Scalecide, Kill-O-Scale,
Sure-Kill and Target Brand Scale De-
stroyer, are very convenient for the man
with a few trees to spray. In view of a
"soluble oil" prepared according to the
formula herewith recommended, being of-
fered for sale by several firms at a much
lower figure, the cost of these prepara
tions may ultimately be reduced. The
chief advantage of the lime-sulphur wash
over oil sprays consists in its influence in
controlling the leaf curl, and its invigorat-
ing effect on the tree. Where leaf curl is
present, an occasional application, once
in two or three years is recommended.

THE EMITLSIFIBR

The value of crude petroleum as an in-
secticide has long been known. In its
undiluted condition it is injurious to vege-
tation, yeft under very favorable con-
ditions, it may be used on dormant trees
for the destruction of San Jose Scale. Not
only is the undiluted petroleum unsafe,
but it is decidedly too expensive. By
means of mechanical contrivances or
"emulsion pumps," attempts have been
made to supply oil in a diluted condition.
Such contrivances were a partial success,
but were not reliable and their use has
been practically discontinued. Chemical
reagents must therefore be depended
upon to bring the oil into such a condi-
tion that it may readily be diluted with
water. The combination of chemicals
used to bring about this condition is term-
ed the emulsifier; the resultant oil after
it has been acted upon by the emulsifier

C. D. Jarvis, B. S.A., Storrs, Conn.

is termed the "soluble oil," and the di-
luted "soluble oil' 'is called the emulsion
or spray mixture. The formula for mak-
ing the emulsifier is as follows : Carbolic
acid (liquid crude ioo%) two quarts; fish
oil (Menhaden), two and a half quarts,
caustic potash (granulated), one pound.
Heat to 300 degrees F., remove from fire
and immediately add : Kerosene, three
rmd a half quarts, water five and a half
quarts.

This formula is sufficient to make
slightly more than three gallons of the
emulsifier, fifteen gallons of the complete
"soluble oil," or two hundred and forty
gallons of the emulsion ready for spray-
ing.

The carbolic acid, fish oil and caustic
potash should be deposited in the kettle
before the fire is started. The mixture
should be slowly stirred for a few min-
utes after the fire is lighted, or until the
potash is dissolved, at which time the cov-
er should be placed on the kettle to pre-
\ent loss from steaming and evaporation.

The cooking, is best done in an iron

kettle. The ordinary caldron kettle com-
monly used on the farm for making soft
soap will an.swer the purpose. A large
kettle is not necessary for, as may bo
seen from the above formula, slightly
()\er one g.'illon of the cooked mixture
(carbolic acid and fish oil) is sufficient to
make two hundred and forty gallons of
spray mixture. The kettle should be sup-
plied with a close fitting .cover, through
which has been bored a small hole to
accommodate a perforated stopper, by
which the thermometer is held in place.
A thermometer about eighteen inches
long and graduated from two hundred
degrees to three hundred and ten degrees
Fah. , will be most suitable. The graduat-
ed portion should be restricted to the
upp>er end .so as to project above the cov-
er. Any good thermometer graduated to
about three hundred and ten degrees Fah.
will answer the purpose. If not long
enough to reach the liquid in the kettle,
it may be lowered tjirough the hole in the
cover by means of a string. The kettle
should not be more than half filled to al-

A'-*"'-!:

i-v •*

•r.: _

A Seedling Peach as Grown in • Toronto Garden

Mr. Roderick Cameron, Toronto, sends the fo lowing history of the peach shown in our illus-
tration. Mrs. B. L. Brereton, Toronto, saved the pit from the finest peaoh In a basket
bought at the Chicago Exhibition. The fruit is different in taste and appearance to any Mj-.
Cameron has ever seen although he is an auth ority on the subject. In color it is between
a yellow and white, medium in size, ripens after the yellow St. John and is a free stone.
Mrs. Brereton was so well pleased with her success in growing this peach that she continued
planting and now has trees al! around her City lot, which all bear the finest fruit. All the
peach seeds have produced fruit as sood and almost identical with the parents while the trees
fere productive. An a rule '< is only one out of a hundred seedlings that turn out to be
worth growing, Mr. Cameron then asks, can it be possible that peach trees grown from
peach stones planted where the tree is to stand are hardier, deeper rooted and longer lived
than a 'roe 'ranRplqrit"d from the nursery. He thinks that this would be an interesting
matter for the experimental station to decide.

28

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

29

I

low for foaming, and in view of the iiot
mixture being somewhat inflammable, the
fire should not be allowed to blaze above
the edge of the kettle.

W'hen the ter'inernture approaches two
h'ndred and sixtv de?vrees Fah., the
rooking requires close attention, and if
the mixture foams uo near the top of the
kettle, it may be advisnble to subdue the
fire for a time, or until the temperature
reaches two hu.ndred and se\enty decrees
when the foaming ceases. Under no cir-
cunist'mces should the cooking be done
in or near a building, unless of course, a
steam coil or jacketed kett'e is used. If
steam to a pressure of abo'.it sixty pounds
is available, a jacketed kettle will be
found most convenient. The operation
of cookinsr whether done over a fire or
by steam should not require more than
thirty minutes.

When the required temperature is
reached the kettle should in^mediately be
removed from the fire, or the fire quicklv
subdued by means of sand or drv soil.
The hot mixture should be transferred ti-
a larger vessel and the kerosene imme-
diately added then the water. Serious re-
sults may occur if the water is added be-
fore the kerosene. Both the kerosene and
water should be poured in slowlv while
the whole is being stirred.

The emulsifier when properly made and
at the ordinary temperature is quite
liquid, somewhat stringy, and when held
!n a glass to the light, of a clear, reddish-
brown color. It remains in good condi-
tion indefinitely — a sample at the end of
eic^hteen months was found to just as ef-
ficient as at the beginning. In view of its
keeping quality it may be made up during
rough weather or slack seasons.

THE "SOLUBLE OIL"

.'Mthough the "soluble oil" remains in
good condition for a long time, it seems
advisable to delay its preparation till
spraying time. It is readily made up
without the application of heat, .\fter
thoroughly stirring up the emulsifier, the
ingredients are simply brought together
in the following order: Emulsifier, eight
parts; crude petroleum, twenty-three
arts; rosin oil, four parts; water, onr
'part (more if necessary).

When the ingredients are brought to-
gether in the above proportions they
should be vigorously stirred. With large
batches, a garden hoe may be convenient-
ly u.sed for this purpose. At first the
mixture When stirred will appear thin and
sound harsh, but soon becornes thicker
.ind smoother. W'hen this condition is
attained the soluble oil is complete. A
test may be conveniently made by pour-
ing a few drops in a glass of water. .\
white or milk-like emulsion should be the
result.

In view of the variable character ol
crude petroleum the proportion suggested
occasionally fails to produce a .soluble

1

* •,;-\

w,

SjKfte ri^Jp:-''

Zt

M

^

1

1

01

">->,.

nfM

Pm

S^f^

W

llc ^^ *

V

■ :Z\/I

" f'~~'

1a^:

Winter PrnaiDf at the

(Photo sent by

oil. As a rule, a slight increase in the
proportion of water will produce the de-
sired effect. The quantity which may be
used depends greatly upon the quality of
the crude petroleum and to some extent
upon the efficiency of the emulsifier. With
a well-made emulsifier and a good quality
of crude petroleum, as many as forty-five
parts of the latter have been used with ex-
(X'llent results. The emulsifier and the
rosin oil being the more expensive items
in the production of a soluble oil, it is
important that they be made to carry as
much crude petroleum as possible. In
other words the cost per gallon of soluble
oil is reduced by increasing the proportion
of crude petroleum.

DIKEOTION8 FOR USE

The amount of spray material required
per tree varies from one quart for young
trees to five or six gallons for large apple
trees. For every 1000 gallons of emulsion
or spray mixture, approximately the fol-
lowing quantities are required :

Carbolic acid, two and one-quarter gal-
lons.

Fish oil, two and three-quarters gal-
lons.

Caustic potash, five pounds.

Kerosene, three and three-quarters gal-
lons.

Crude petroleum, forty gallons.

Rosin oil, seven gallons.

One gallon of "soluble oil" to fifteen
of water is recommended, although a
weaker sf>lution, one to nineteen, has pro-
dui'ed good results. If the "soluble oil"
has been standing long after being made,
it should be thoroughly stirred before us-
ing. \\'hen satisfied that it will readily
mix with water, three gallons may be
poured into a fifty-gallon spray barrel
which is afterwards filled with water.
This will give aproximately the proper
proportion.

It is extremely important that clean
utensils be used. .\ Ijarrel in which Bor-
deaux mixture has been used, is unsafe

CoUitrcam Ruck, B.C.

Mr. R. T. Boies).

for oil emulsion unless vtry thoroughly
cleansed. The small amount of copper
sulphate which clings to the inside of the
barrel is enough to cause a separation of
the oil and water. Lime and sulphur have
a similar influence, but this mixture acts
more slowly. Neither arsenate of lead
nor Paris green has shown any such ten-
dency.

The use of the agitator is not essential.
An occasional stirring with a dasher of
some kind will answer the purpo.se.

APPLY THOROUGHLY

Thoroughness of application is of ut-
most importance ; every portion of the
tree must be covered with a film of oil. In
the case of badly infested orchards, two
aplications are recommended, one in the
fall and the other in the spring. As a re-
gular practice, however, one thorough
application a year should keep the insect
in check. With the use of a fine nozzle
and abundant power, more thorough and
more economical work may be done.
Many insects hibernate under bud-scales
and among plant hairs, and will e.scape
the spray unless it is applied with suffic-
ient force through a fine nozzle. It is
more difficult to detect faulty work on the
part of the operator with oil than with
lime and sulphur, and for this reason, the
spraying should be delegated to trusty
men. With large apple trees, one man
should spray from the ground to cover
the lower parts of the branches and an-
other from a tower on a wagon to spray
the upper surfaces of the lower branches.

If a rain should occur within twenty-
four hours after spraying, or before the
water in the emulsion has evaporated, a
second application may be necessary.
.\fter the water has evaporated, the oil
is unaffected by the rain and will remain
until it al.so has evaporated.
TIME TO SPRAY

Like the limo-sulpluir wash, oil emul-
sion at regular strength must be applied

30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 1911

An Ontario Orchird with a Mile of Apple Trees

But few people have a true conception of the extent of the apple orchaj-ds in the leading
fruit diBtrict« of Ontario. The orchard here shown is owned by W. H. Gibson, of Newcastle,
Durham County, and comprises some seventy-five acres. There are thousands of acres of fine
orchard land in this district that should be properly axivertised and thus settlers be attracted.
The National Apple Show in Ontario next year will help to do this.
Let all Ontario take hold.

while the trees are dormant. The insects
that live over winter are those of the last
brood, which are born just before the
leaves drop in the fall. At first their scaly
covering is very thin and is not firmly at-
tached to the bark. From this it would
.seem that the insect is more susceptible
to treatment in the fall. However, so far
as killing the insect is concerned, equally
good results have followed spring appli-
cation. It is evident that badly infected
trees suffer from the presence of the

scale during the winter months, at least
during the fall and early in the spring be-
fore the spraying is commenced. In view
of this fact and because of its greater
convenience fall spraying is recom-
mended. It must not be understood, how-
ever, that this is the only time, for it may
be successfully done any day from the
^time the leaves drop in the fall until the
buds commence to swell in the spring,
providing the temperature is above the
freezing point.

Fertilizers for Fruit Growers*

Prof. R. Harcourt, O.

ARTIFICL-VL fertilizers will give
their best results only when used
along with farmyard manure. We
should never think of entirely replacing
stable manures with fertilizers ; rather,
they should be used in conjunction with
it. Furthermore, the full results of fer-
tilizers can be obtained only when they
are used in conjunction with the very best
of cultivation ; consequently, the presence
of humus and thorough cultivation
should always be associated with the use
of fertilizers.

So far as I am aware, very few con-
tinued experiments with fertilizers have
been carried out on the fruit crops in this
country. Numerous experiments have
been conducted in the United States and
in Germany. The German investigators
seem to have fairly well established the
fact that the mineral constituents re-

•Extract from an address delivered at the an.
nual convention in November of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Associatino

A. C, Guelph, Ont.

quired per acre for the full development
of fruit trees do not materially differ from
that required for root and vegetable
crops. Repeated extensive experiments
have also proven that hoed crops, such as
potatoes and sugar beets, make a better
use of farmyard manure than fruits.
Experiments carried out at the Diemitz
Experiment Station and at .Stassfurt in
Germany seem to clearly indicate that in
the case of core fruits, and especially with
apples, that fertilizers containing the
three essential mineral constituents, nit-
rogen, potash and phosphoric acid, can
be used with profit, and that potash aff-
ects the results more than any other one
constituent, nitrogen being assigned the
.second place and phosphoric acid the
third.

It has been repeatedly noticed that
when potash was not supplied, even
though light dressings of stable manure
were made every three or four years, the

trees assumed an appearance of those
grown under adverse conditions on poo.
soil; i.e., the growth of wood is arrest-
ed and the leaves are small and have an
unhealthy color and are covered with yel-
low spots. After the fruit is matured,
there is some growth of wood, and the
next spring there is put forth an abund-
ance of blossom, of which, however, few
develop, owing to the lack of proper
nourishment.

In spite of the fact that there is an
abundance of phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen in the soil, most of the fruit falls
off during the summer, and, in conse-
quence, the yield when potash is not sup-
plied will be very little greater than when
no fertilizer is used. However, these con-
ditions are not general ; some varieties
show a marked ability to thrive under un-
favorable conditions, particularly in the
fact that they are able to throw off the
superfluous fruit which the tree is not
capable of fully ripening. Lack of nitro-
gen in the soil has been shown to have
a somewhat similar effect upon the de-
velopment of the fruit, although not so
pronounced, while the absence of phos-
phoric acid is even less noticeable. At
.Stassfurt, in Germany, in an experiment
in which we are given the yields for ele-
ven consecutive years from an orchard,
we find that the total fertilizers u.sed on
the complete fertilizer plot during this
period were worth vSi66.fio. The increase
due to the use of these fertilizers was
worth $1,190.50, leaving a handsome
profit for the use of the fertilizers.

Where the potash was omitted the re-
sults were very much decreased. Ger-
man experiments have al.so fully demon-
strated that the use of fertilizers has a
very marked influence upon the yield of
plums. Their results in general .seemed
to indicate that the yield of stone fruits
is more influenced by phosphatic nitro-
genous manures than the core fruits. It
is possible that this is due to the fact that
"-tone fruits have a larger kernal which is
rich in phosphoric acid, and as the pro-
portion of kernal to fruit is much larger
in stone fruits than in core fruits, the
former have the greater need for phos-
phoric acid. These results have been fully
confirmed by fertilizer experiments on
peaches reported from the New Jersey
Experiment Station.

Spraving Pays. — Last season sprayed
orchards in nearly every case had very
much better fruit than those that had
not been • sprayed. The cultivated or-
chards also had more and better fruit
than those in sod. We find the growers
who have large orchards, and make it
their business to look after the fruit, are
getting it. Those who simply sell what
the trees produce without any care or at-
tention, will soon have to market their
apples at the evaporator. — R. J. Graham,
Belleville, Ont.

February, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

31

Dormant Plants in Winter

William Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph

PLANTS that are taking their winter
rest in a dormant or partially dor-
mant state must not be neglected, if
good results are to be obtained from them
next summer. The old adage, "Out of
sight, out of mind," is too often applica-
ble to this class of plants during winter.
The different kinds of plants that are usu-
ally kept dormant in winter can be divid-
ed into two classes, viz., fibrous-rooted

f

Dorout Facbtia Pit it in Pit in Jaonary

Note dead leaves on plant. Plant in good
dormant condition.— Fig 1.

and bulbous or fleshly-rootEd olants, each
requiring somewhat different treatment.

FIBROUS-ROOTED PLANTS
Plants such as fuchsias, abutilons
(Flowering Maple), pot hydrangeas,
roses in pots, Japanese Hibiscus, Aloy-
-ia citriodora (Lemon-scented Verbena),
.md even pot geraniums, find similar
plants of a shrubby, deciduous or .semi-
deciduous nature, must not be allowed
to dry out too .severely at the roots. The
roots of these plants, being of a fibrous
nature, will not bear the drying out pro-
cess that many of the more fleshy-rooted
or bulbous-rooted plants will.

The soil in the pots of the fibrous-root-
ed plants should be kept barely moi.st,
but not soddened with water or allowed
to go to the other extreme and become
dust dry. A cool temperature of about
;,5 degrees to 45 degrees suits these
plants very well. The .stems or growth
also should be sprinkled with water
.ibout every week or two to prevent the
growth from becoming dry and shrivel-
led. .\ fairly moist, cool cellar, ba.so-
incnt or room, or a cool window, will
suit these plants very well. It does not
atter if the leaves kll drop off, as this
one will not hurt thtem, unless this
ndition is induced by the soil becom-

ing dust dry or the atmosphere becom-
ing too hot and dry, conditions that are
not desirable for resting plants success-
fully.

BULBOUS AND FLESHY ROOTED PLANTS

Tuberous-rooted begonias, amaryllis,
gloxinias, fancy caladiums, tigridias,
and achimenes, can be allowed to dry
out at the roots to a greater extent than
can the fibrous-rooted plants named.
These should not, however, be kept in
a dust dry condition for too long a per-
iod. If the pots with the bulbous-rooted
plants named are stood away in a tem-
perature ranging from 35 degrees to 45
degrees in a fairly moist cellar or room,
they will require very little if any water
during the winter, and then only a
sprinkling once or twice so as to moisten
about an inch of the soil. A better plan
still is to sprinkle the outside of the pots
well every week or two as required.

The gloxinia and caladium roots re-
quire a little more moisture, and a slight-
ly higher temperature than that men-
tioned, as these are liable to suffer from
dry rot if the soil they are in is allowed
to become too dry and powdery. Gladi-
oli corms will require no water if they
are kept in a cool, not too dry, place.
Covering the corms of gladioli with quite
dry sand, sawdust, or soil will help to
preserve them better than water, if the
atmosphere is too dry where they are
kept. Canna roots should not be allowed
to become very dry, or the temperature
where they are kept to drop below 40 de-
grees or 45 degrees. Dahlia roots can
be kept very well in a cool, moist place
at a temperature only a few degrees
above freezing point.

In addition to the plants before men-
tioned there are one or two more easily
grown plants that can be kept over win-
ter in a partially dormant or resting
state. The Imantophyllum or Clivias,
and the Agapanthus umbellatum (Afri-
can Lily), and several varieties of the
Funkia or Day Lily can be kept very well
in a cool room, basement, or cellar in a
temperature of about 35 degrees to 40
degrees. These should not be allowed to
dry out too much, as they are moisture-
loving plants. The soil should always
be kept barely moist. The three last-
named species make splendid .specimen
nlants for outdoor decorative purpo.ses
in summer time, when grown in large
pots or tubs.

The two main factors to be consider-
ed in resting are temperature and moist-
ure. The temperature should be as low
as can safely be given above freezing
noint to keep them dormant without in-
juring them. A moist atmosphere and
not too much water at the roots, just
suHicicnl to sustain the life of the plants.

and not to sodden the soil to induce rot
or decay in the root system, are the con-
ditions that will best suit dormant or
partially dormant plants in winter.

Timely Suggestions

Spring will soon be with us. Have
you made due preparations for it? Have
you all the extras ready, such as labels,
stakes, seed baskets?

.Send for the seed catalogues advertised
in Thh Canadian Horticulturist. Make
up your list of .seeds and other necessi-
ties, and order them in good time. Un-
less you order early you may be disap-
pointed in finding that just the things
you want most have been sold out.

Make hot beds during February. Use
good stable manure, breaking it up fine-
ly and treading it down firmly.

During February thin and head back
ornamental trees and shrubs. All trans-
planted stock that was moved last fall
should be headed back before growth be-
gins. Flowering shrubs that bloom on
the new wood can be pruned back hard
now to make an abundance of bloom for
the spring.

Nothing is easier to grow than the
common petunias. In the last twenty-
five years plant breeders have so im-
proved them thiat their small red and
white blooms have given place to an al-
most inexhaustible variety of wonder-
fully beautiful flowers. If seed is sown
in January and the plants grown in a
night temperature of not less than forty-
five or fifty degrees, strong plants will be
had for use during the summer as porch
or window box material. Bulbs that were
bedded in the cellar can be brought into
light now and by bringing them in at
different times a succession of bloom can
be had until outdoor flowers begin.

DonntDt Fnchtia Plait Entirely Bare oi Foliage

The .young giowth shows slight bud develop,
ment. Plant in good dormant oondition. — Fig Z.

3*

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 1911

Gardening as a Profession for Women*

Emilia Houlton, Calgary, Alberta

WOMEN can be clever in different
ways — some by intuition, some
by education, and some by a sub-
lime audacity. Natural gifts are divided
among us in a curious manner. For in-
stance, a woman may have a great love
for flowers, yet be totally unsuccessful
in growing them. Again, while having
a keen artistic eye for their beauty as she
sees them growing, may have no sense
as to the artistic grouping of them, if
she should be required to lay out her own
garden. Hence we see at once how
necessitous it is to make sure that we
have the necessary combination of natur-
al gifts in order to be successful in what-
ever profession we may take up. Some
people would have us believe that women
cannot be successful as gardeners,
though why they think so it is hard to
say. There is no doubt that one of the
chief drawbacks to the pursuit of garden-
ing by women has its root in the expres-
sion: "To dig I am ashamed." A vis-
itor arrives and finds the lady of the house
doing her own gardening. Generally
speaking, an apology is offered, as if
there could be anything ignoble in doing
one's own digging, or any work needing
to be done in the garden.

A woman surely looks as well with a
hoe, or rake, or knife, scissors, nails and
shreds, nailing fruit, roses or other flow-
ers against a wall, as at lawn tennis, or
any other of those innocent games in
which she is expected to take part. In
fact, the very usefulness of the labor adds
a fresh charm to those who undertake it,
and Tennyson's "Gardener's Daughter"
could never have looked half so fascinat-
ing had she not been training and mak-
ing fast that rose shoot round the win-
dow. To the true gardener, the earth
is as sweet as a nut, and she feels not the
slightest repulsion in handling it. The
very smell of the fresh earth is an anti-
dote to disease, and most healthful to
those who dig it or stir it up.

SOME HARD WOKK. TOO.

In connection with the relation of
women to gardening as a means of a liv-
ing, very extravagant vjews exist. There
are many who would have us believe that
the work consists only of gathering fruits
and flowers, dressing vases, arranging
plants and such-like pleasant operations.
Let us then assure ourselves that such
work only represents the sunny side of a
serious occupation. We must be pre-
pared for the real hard work at the begin-
ning, scientific study as our work pro-
gresses, and watchful care ever. To be
a successful gardener a love for the sub-
ject is the first necessity, and a sufficient
knowledge of botany to understand the

peculiar properties of the organs of a
flower.

SOME SPECIAL LINES.

One department of gardening where
a woman can always be more successful
than a man, because of her more patient
nature, is in the improvement of a par-
ticular flower or vegetable, to do which
she must find out what has been done
with it by the trade growers, procure
seeds of the most approved types, and
work for an ideal, maybe enlarging the
bloom, making it bloom more freely, or
creating a new color, and, in the case of
vegetables, procuring earlier, larger or
finer flavored produce. Then again, for
woman's deft fingers is the taking up of

getic, intelligent woman, other possibil-
ities of adding to the income in connec-
tion with her garden would occur, such
as keeping bees and poultry. It may not
sound very feasible at first, perhaps. A
man would say, how about keeping the
varieties of flowers distinct? To a
woman gardener that would be easy, as
she would keep her choice blooms cov-
ered with a fine gauze to protect them
from the bees, and the poultry would be
kept in wire runs, say between the rows
of small fruit trees, allowing space suffi-
cient to prevent the birds reaching the
fruit, the poultry manure being benefi-
cial to the trees.

PHYSICALLY BENEFICIAL.

However, let us return to the question
in hand — "Gardening as a Profession for
Women." Surely everyone will admit

A Well Arrufcd Artistic Smill Garden that Promotes Health aad Gires Pleasure

such work as cross-fertilization, and of

The BQbstance of an address read by Mrs.
Houlton at a meeting ot the Calgary Hortionl-
tural Sooiety.

hybridising plants.

I know of one lady in England whose
sweet peas have not been raised by hap-
hazard methods, but with a fixed idea,
and a well considered purpose. The fine
form of the blooms, sometimes with dou-
ble standards, and the refined texture of
the petals from outdoor pickings, the
daintiness and the purity in the colors,
the delicacy of the tints and markings,
all show great enterprise on the part of
the grower. There are very many annu-
al plants that could be taken in hand in
a similar manner, but the work is too
delicate, and the patience needed too
great for the generality of men.

MAKING A GOOD LIVING.

Most professions open to women,
which are suitable to them both as wom-
en and workers, are, generally speak-
ing, overcrowded, so that the desirabil-
ity of breaking fresh ground is very ap-
parent. It is not a wild idea of my own
conception, but one which is drawn from
the facts that many women today, both
in the old country and also in Canada,
are getting a good living from the pro-
fession of gardening. Let us be quite
clear in our minds that while a good living
can be made, such a thing as a big for-
tune is a remote possibility. To the ener-

that the fresh air and sunshine which en-
viron those at work in the garden is
equally beneficial to women as it is to
men. Admittedly certain work is hard
in connection with the preparation of the
soil in spring. The woman who is mak-
ing gardening her profession must hire
some help ; therefore, man and machinery
can be brought to her aid for the heav-
ier work.

ADAPTED TO THE WOEK.

In floriculture woman is certainly at
her best. Her innate refined taste for col-
oring, her natural artistic sense of ar-
rangement, combined with the gift of
love for all that is most beautiful in na-
ture, peculiarly fits her for this niche in
the professions. Flowers need very care-
ful handling, gentle fingers are required
when picking out the faded leaves or
withered pruning or grafting. How suit-
ed, then, for these arts are women.
Some men will say — How will women
stand the rainy and cold days? My an-
swer is this — She would do as the gar-
deners do today. Wet days she would
employ herself with work needing atten-
tion in the greenhouse or potting shed ;
on cold days she would clothe herself
warmer and work harder, and so keep
herself warm.

It is not my purjjose in this paper to

ebruary, 19 11

THE CANABIAN HORTICULTURIST

33

suggest that women should hire them-
selves as men do, to work for others by
the month, but rather to show how eas-
ily a women with the ordinary business
capacity and the natural gifts necessary
for the success of horticulture can enter
a good profession, and be entirely her
own mistress. In these days when wom-
en go to college, and have agricultural
colleges open to them, there is nothing
whatever to hinder women from compet-
ing with the sterner sex, and becoming
experts in this profession.

The highest salary a woman sten-

ographer or teacher hopes to attain does
not exceed $100 a month, and it is not
too much to say that a good woman in
business for herself as a horticulturist
should at the least make $150 to $200
per month, as in addition to her regular
business she would soon be in great de-
mand for designing flower beds, and ad-
vising as to the laying out of grounds
generally, and for which part of her art-
istic work she can demand a fair re-
muneration, for brain work certainly de-
mands higher wages than mere manual
labor.

Our House Plants in February

H. E. Gould, Sussex, N, B.

PLANT life, like the human, during
February seems to feel the approach
of spring. The lengthening days,
the brighter sunshine, all speak of the new
growth and life to come ; and a little
extra care becomes necessary as regards
our plant friends. They require a little
more water on the soil and much more
on the foliage than during the past few
months, and some hardier sorts will
(•\en begin to call for pot room.

The palm during the darker months
has about stood still. The tips of the
lower leaves have browned a little. Clip
these to a point, following the natural
outline of the leaves, yet removing as
little of the sound leaf as possible. Wash
the foliage more frequently, once a week
at least, using plenty of Castile soap in
the water. (Don't use a cheap soap.)
If your palm is in a jardiniere scrub the
inside of the dish thoroughly with wash-
ing soda. Let it air out well in the sun-
shine before replacing the palm. This
treatment should be accorded to all your
jardinieres and other earthen receptacles
holding potted plants, about twice a
year, and more especially in February.
Look to the drainage of your plants.
.See that there are no worms in the soil
to cause that stagnant, wet condition so
fatal to plant growth.

Stir the surface of the soil in your
palm pot with a sharp stick, using care
not to break roots, which are, however,
m the case of this plant practically near
the bottom of the pot. If you find that
there are any signs of roots appearing
thro i;. n the drainage the plant had bet-
ter be repotted. Use a pot one size lar-
ger only. Pack the soil about the old
ball of roots with a thin flat stick. Do
not disturb the lower portion of the old
ball of roots as you are very apt to break
the tap root, a .serious injury to a palm.
OAEE OF PERNS

Your ferns, such as the small table
sorts, Pteris cristata, Polystichum, or
Hollyferns are beginning to look pretty
shabby, especially those on the dining
table. If they are very dry and forlorn
Jooking it is a thankless task to try to

resuscitate them ; but if there are a few
leaves with other new ones showing
themselves, wash off some of the old
soil in warm water and remove the very
bottom roots (in pot-bound plants these
are usually dead), and repot in fresh
soil in as nearly the original sized pot as
possible. Keep in a shady window and
water sparingly until new growth ap-
pears. Spray the tops as often as you
can. •

Your sword ferns must be watched
for insects. The scale and mealy bug
multiply rapidly from now on. Any good
scalecide, as advertised by seedsmen, is
of value ; or an old tooth brush, Castile
soap, and some spare time will soon
clean a plant. Cut off the runners that
appear over the edge of the pot. They
only sap the plant and do not add to its
ajipearance. Remove all unsightly leaves
and shower the plant as often as possible.

SOFT WOODED PLANTS

Geraniums, heliotropes, fuchsias and
soft wooded house plants should be over-
hauled during this month, straggling

branches pruned back and the plants
generally trimmed to a compact shape
as a foundation for the spring growth.
Unless very much root bound so that
watering becomes difficult, it is better to
wait until March for repotting with this
class of plants, as there is danger in
starting them too soon.

The daffodils should be at their best
from now on. These bulbs should be
saved if one has a garden. Just leave
them in the pots or pans after they have
flowered. Gradually withdraw water.
When dry put them aside in a cool place
until fall, when remove bulbs and plant
in the garden. They bloom the follow-
ing spring.

Primroses of the Chinese type are now
in the height of their flowering period.
Don't allow water on the foliage or in the
crown of the plant, but apply water to
soil near the edge of the pot. A tem-
perature of 50 degrees and good light,
no sunshine, adds to the richness and
color of both their foliage and bloom.

THE RUBBER PLANT

Should you have a large rubber plant
which is getting too large for your room
or which is becoming one sided, this is
a good season to prune it. As this is a
plant that loses sap when cut to such an
extent as to injure the plant, you must
make a few preparations before remov-
ing the branches. Have a little melted
paraffin wax ready, just hot enough so
that you can put your finger into it, and
a very sharp knife. Cut off the branch
just above and close to an eye or joint
of leaf. Apply immediately the wax,
smoothing it down over the wood with
your fingers, putting it on until the sap
flow is stopped. A few days later, if it
looks badly, it can be removed with a .
knife. After the operation the plant

Inctrnata Grudeflor* Bc|oai«> •> Giowa br an Amatcnr

These begouiaa were grown by Mrs. W. D. Swazle, St. Catharines. These beautiful
bloom for three to three and a half months every winter.

plaiiii

34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 1911

should be kept a little on the dry side
until sign.s of new shoots appear usually
dose to the wounds.

THE BED SPIDER

All plants liable to the attacks of red
spider, such as palms, rubber plants,
roses, calla lilies, etc., should receive

more and more frequent sprayings on
the under side of the leaves as the sun-
shine gets stronger. An old throat ato-
mizer is a splendid thing for this pur-
pose. With it plants can be well spray-
ed close to lace curtains without the cur-
tains being damaged.

Some Gardens and Gardeners in the Old Land

Miss M. E. Blacklock, Toronto, Ont.

THE next garden to be visited was
Anne Hathaway 's at Shottery,
where dear, old-fashioned things
such as Madonna Lilies, hollyhocks and
other old-time favorites, still grow in ar-
tistic confusion, as they are supposed to
have grown when Shakespeare was mak-
ing love to her. And then Shakespeare's
garden, where representatives of all the
flowers he mentions in his writings are
to be seen. To be frank, I must say
that they do not look as if they were
tended by a hand that loved them, but
perhaps I am mistaken.

KEW GARDENS

Kew is the objective point of garden-
ers, and, in truth, it is a delightful place.
The rock garden there lies in a little val-
ley with sloping banks of rocks so placed
as to give all varieties of exposure, and
filled in with soil with requisite charac-
teristics for the particular plant it con-
tains. Everything one ever heard or
read of in Alpines one finds there, sooner
or later.

My first visit was on the 27th of May.
The lilacs were nearly over, but the haw-
thorns were in perfection, a small weep-
ing one (Crataegus oxyacanthoides, var.
flore puniceo), a lovely single deep rose,
was a perfect fountain of bloom. Wis-
taria draped an arbor-like building with
its long racemes of mauve flowers.
Irises,, great beds of them, were just
beginning to bloom and the rock garden
was entrancing. Notes were made of
everything in bloom, to get an idea as
to how the succession was kept up.

.-\nother visit a week later, on the
3rd of June, found rhododendrons the
great attraction. Large beds, each of
one variety only, made wonderful mass-
es of color, the one named "Mrs. Wil-
liam .Agnew," an exquisite pale pink,
with edges of petals deepening into rose
and no hint of magenta about it, seemed
the most beautiful and was quite as effec-
tive in the distance as it was close to.

A FORMAL GARDEN

The formal beds were arranged rather
more tastefully than usual. For instance,
a bed of tall mauve tulips grew out of
a mass of blue forget-me-nots. Another
of brilliant crimson tulips had a white
saxifrage (Saxifraga Wallacei) as a
carpet, and so on. Later in the season,
a bed of Statice latifolia, blooming over
some small pink flowered Wedding plant
— what it was has slipped my memory —

had a pretty veil-like effect. Kew is the
spot to straighten out one's difficulties
in nomenclature, though even Kew is
not quite infallible. The Botanic Gar-
den, however, is a very interesting spot
and one can spend many hours there pro-
fitably studying the different species of
one's pet plants.

ROSES AT WISLEY

The Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens at Wisley are delightful. They
should be seen in early spring when the
Japanese Primroses (Primula Sieboldii)
are out. They grow there like weeds,
down by the water garden and in the
damp ground beyond it, where they are
shaded by trees and shrubs. TJiese
grounds are laid out naturally and are
very attractive.

On each side of a broad driveway, as
you enter, there are wide beds of roses,
backed by climbing varieties trained to
poles, placed tripod fashion. It was
mid July when I was there and there was
a splendid show of bloom. Three of the
showiest of the climbing ones were Ard's

Pillar and Ard's Rover, two lovely crim-
sons, the former strongly perfumed, the
latter perhaps the handsomer, but not so
sweet, and Mrs. W. Grant, an exquisite
glowing pink, tea .scented.

IRIS IN WATER

There is a charming wild garden,
which well repays a visit, and below it
is the water garden, consisting of a ra-
ther sluggish stream., which widens here
and there into pools on which water
lilies float lazily, great golden-hearted
flowers of many lovely tints. Clumps of
Japanese Iris (Iris laevigata, syn. Kaem-
pferi), Sagittaria and many other water-
side plants grew, partly in and partly
out of the water, as their habit is when
they are allowed to do as they please.
As one looked up the stream, a one
clump of firs, with a magnificently color-
ed Colorado Blue Spruce in the fore-
ground and a Gunnera with its colossal
leaves bending over the water, made a
picture well worth a journey to see. A
wide perennial border and many charm-
ing little bits of shrubbery, trial beds of
phlox, sweet peas and a particularly fine
lot of the various species of campanulas
made a two days' visit all too short.

STUDENTS AT KEW

Not the least interesting part of one's
stay is the coming in contact now an<i
again, as one wanders around, with the
students. Two of these with whom 1
fraternized were charming young men,
enthusiastic botanists and lovers of
flowers. They were most gentlemanly,
and gave me any help or information I

The Ltwa and Flowtr B«d< at the Grand Trank Station, Hamilton, Ont.

Gradually Canadians are beginning to pay more attention to the improvement of our public
places. In this movement our two leading railway companies are taking a prominent part.
Imagine what this station would be like were it not for this garden spot. The planting of
trees along the street to the left would effect a marked improvement by shutting off the
view from passing trains of the cheap buildings there to be seen.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

35

wanted, willingly. Both happened to be
Scotch. The younger of the two was a
brilliant scholar and had just carried off
the gold medal, and I forget how many
scholarships. I had lodgings where he
boarded, and his thirst for information
regarding our Canadian Flora was won-
derful. His ambition lay Kew-wards,
and there is little doubt he will make a
name for himself, if he does not ruin
his health by overstudy.

HAMPTON COURT

The big border at Hampton Court is
well worth seeing. It is a long, straight
border, very wide and a blaze of flowers,
chiefly perennials, but annuals are used
to fill up odd spares, probably where _
bulbs have been in the earlier part of tht
season. Amongst these a rich, crimson
Wistaria was the most brilliant thing
there, though some very rich colors in
Potentillas were very fine. To the left
of this border were large beds of various
showy things. One of Delphiniums made
a grand mass of blue against the green
background of the trees. There was
also a very fine bed of paeonies, just as
their prime. It was the 21st of June.

The trip from Hampton Court down
the Thames by boat to Richmonu is ii«>st
enjoyable. On each shore are picturesque
house boats, cottages and handsome re-
sidences, with beautiful grounds coming
to the water's edge, and as the little
steamer goes obligingly slowly, one has

First Prize Asters, from Mr. RobinsOD's GardcD

Here were grown the first prize Mikado pink asters shown at the exhibition of the Barrie Hor-
ticultural Society, a number of which measured seven inches in diameter.

ample time to enjoy the ever-changing
view.

(To he continued.)

Success With Asters

Mrs. A. C, Barrie, Oi\t.

IN The Canadian Horticulturist of April,
1910, there was an interesting letter
from Mr. G. A. Chase, of Toronto,
in which he gave part of his experience
with asters. It was so much like my own
former attempts that I determined that
at .some future time I would give my ex-
perience also, in the hope that it might
be helpful to someone.

Like Mr. Chase I petted and worked
with my plants each year, hoping that I
should have better success, and trying
everything I ever heard of in the way of
cultivation, fertilizers, and different var-
ieties of seed. Sometimes I bought
plants from the greenhouse. At the end
of seven years of patient work and hope
deferred, I could not .say that I had ever
grown a perfect aster. That was three
years ago that spring.

One year we were very busy and I had
not time to prepare a flower bed. As I
had purchased a full collection, Truflant's
Pccony Perfection, twelve colors, and
felt like giving them a trial, I sowed
them in drills between the rows of Dutch
sets, intending to transplant them when
they were ready into the flower bed.
They were never moved. The onions
were bunched as .soon as they were

ready. They got only one weeding, and
then the weeds were nearly as tall as
the onions. A lot of the asters were pull-
ed up with the weeds and were set in
again.

The ground had been dug the same
day that the seeds were sown, and had
not been touched the fall previous. It
was rather damp, and part of it was
under a large apple tree. Some common
stable manure had been dug in. No
other fertilizer was used. The bed was
not watered once during the season — but
such asters! Gorgeous was no name for
tiiem. Colors of the richest reds, purple
black, pure white, rose pink, like sheaves
of ro-ses. Each plant was an armful in
itself, and they continued blooming till
their dear heads were capped with snow.
We took two prizes with them that year,
and I was so tickled it nearly took my
breath away. No worshipper at any
shrine could have been more devout than
I at my bed of bloom.

ANOTHER SUCCESS

The folltwip".,' spring I sent across the
line and bought a collection of twelve
varieties, mixed colors of each variety.
We sowed them in the open, where wc
had dug up an old strawberry bed, and

did not manure them at all, and only
gave them a douche of soapsuds every
week, and the.se were, if possible, finer
in every way than those of the year be-
fore. There were so many varieties —
varying from the tiny Jewel or Ball to
the feathery Ostrich Plumes. When our
exhibit was ready for the exhibition, we
coimted thirty-three varieties and colors.
We captured two prizes with them. This
year the plants were as healthy as could
be under much the same treatment, but
a new enemy, a fly of some kind, destroy-
ed the bloom before we found the
remedy.

Perhaps some will think that I am ad-
vocating neglect and carelessness. Not
so, for nothing gives as much in return
for so little attention as flowers of all
kinds. I do think, however, that in the
case of asters, and some other hardy
flowers, one can easily be too attentive.
I do not consider it wise to work too
deeply around the roots after the flowers
bloom. A mulch would be much better,
and they need lots of ventilation, but not
hot winds, which leave the roots exposed.
.\ little kerosene in the weekly wash of
soapy water will kill most of the aster
enemies.

Cold frames and hot beds will be
wanted very soon. No garden is too
small for a cold frame. Lettuce, rad-
ishes, parsley, beets, carrots, beans,
can all be helped along as early crops,
by being grown in a cold frame.

36

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 1

Tomato GroMring Under Glass""

Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College, Que.

THE growing of tomatoes under
glass or "Forcing tomatoes," as
it is termed, has been carried on in
an experimental way on a commercial
basis during the past four years at Mac-
donald College. The object is to secure
information as to its value as a com-
mercial greenhouse crop.

The seed is started in flats. As soon
as the true leaf appears, or in about three
weeks' time, the plants are transplanted
into other flats, spacing the plants three
by three inches apart. Here they remain
for another two or three weeks, when
they are potted into three and one-half
inch pots, where they remain until plant-
ed into permanent quarters. The plants
as a general rule may be carried in the
pots for three to four weeks. The plants
should not remain in these pots too long
or they will become pot-bound and get
stunted. If it is necessary to carry the
plants longer before benching it is ad-
visable to shift them into a larger pot.

It requires from four to five months
to bring a forced tomato plant into bear-
ing. Seed started the first of July will
give good plants for benching in six
weeks' time, whereas seed started the
first of November will give equally good
plants only in ten weeks' time. It re-
quires a month longer to develop a plant
during winter for benching.

One house was planted with Living-
ston Globe tomatoes grown as follows :
Seed sown July 4th, transplanted to flats
July 15, potted into three and one-half
inch pots August ist, planted permanent-
ly August 24th, first ripe fruit harvested
November nth.

The plants were set 18 inches by 18
inches apart, with a space of two and
one-half feet apart between every fourth
row running lengthwise of the house.
The yield was 1.65 lbs. per square foot
of bench soil. The tomatoes netted
twenty cents per pound, giving thirty-
three cents per square foot of bench soil
occupied by the plants. The same bench
was planted January 19th from seed
sown November 6th. Transplanted into
flats November 26th, transplanted into
three and one-half inch pots December
rsth, and benched January 19th. The
first fruit was picked April 27th, and the
last was picked June 21st. The plants
were spaced. 18 inches by 18 inches apart
similar to the early planting. The yield
per square foot was 1.42 lbs., which
netted eighteen cents per pound, or 25.56
cents per square foot of bench area. This
gave a total of 58.56 cents per square

* Extract from a paper rea4 at the recent
second annual convention of the Province of
Quebec Vesetal)le Qrowera' Association. Fur-
ther information about these experiments was
published in the Canadian Horticulturist for
August, 1910.

foot of bench area from July 4th, 1909,
to June 2ist, 1910.

One house from seed .sown November
9th, transplanted into flats November
30th, potted into three and one-half inch
pots December 29th, and planted Febru-
ary 1st, produced ripe fruit .April loth.
The plants were spaced fifteen inches
apart and produced four pounds per
plant, equal to 3.1 pounds per square
foot, which at fifteen cents per pound
would equal forty-six and one-half cents
per square foot for bench space from
February ist to end of season.

WHEN TO START THE SEED

Experiments conducted at various
times would seem to indicate that the
seed for a profitable fall crop should be
started the first of July and for the spring
crop the latter part of October or early
in November. It would seem necessary
to get the fruit well set by the middle of
November for the fall crop for after that
date with the short days it is extremely
difficult to secure a satisfactory blos.som
cluster and the flowers do not set fruit
well even if carefully pollinated.

Plants started early in November
should be ready to bench early in Janu-
ary as soon as the July started crop is
finished. In this way two crops are taken
from the bench in one season. The yields
shown here are not as large as may be
expected, under average greenhouse
conditions for the reason that various
tests were being conducted, and the
yields are an average of the yield from
different plots. Four pounds per square
foot of bench area can be safely figured
on for the sea.son. In very few ca.ses
have we gone below that yield. The
yield will vary from three to five pounds
per plant according to the season. Green-
house tomatoes can be easily disposed of
at fifteen cents per pound for the season,
which would net the growers sixty cents
per square foot.

The cost of heating is much greater
than for lettuce. The houses have to
be maintained at a temperature of about
sixty to sixty-two degrees at night and
ten degrees higher during dull days.

SINGLE STEM SYSTEM

Tomatoes are usually trained to a
single stem. This represents consider-
able work, as all lateral growths have to
be pinched ofi^ as they start out at the
base of the leaves. If it is desired to
train to two stems one of the first lateral
branches are allowed to grow and it is
treated the same as the other branch, all
lateral growth being removed as it
forms. As already stated, 18 inches by
18 inches apart .seems to be a satisfac-
tory distance, providing a two and one-
half foot space tuns lengthwise of the
hoiise between everv fourth and fifth

row. Rows two feet apart east and west
and eighteen inches north and south
.serve well in a greenhouse where no such
space is given.

The plants must be supported. For
this purpose horizontal wires may be run
along lengthwi.se of the house at the bast-
of the plant and another placed directly
over this six feet or seven feet higher.
Between these, strong cord such as bind-
er twine, may be run perpendicular, one
string to each plant and the plant tied to
it with raflTia. Care should be taken to
wrap raffia once around the string to
prevent slipping and place it under the
leaf so as to support the plant as well
when carrying a weight of fruit. No. 10
galvanized wire may be used in place of
string, and it is much better, but the first
cost is greater. These seven and one-
half feet long cost about one and one-half
cents each. It is necessary to have small
wire along the top to support these wires,
one end being stuck in the ground by the
plant and the other fastened to the upper
wire. For the smaller upper support
wires No. 18 galvanized wire is best.

If attention is given to the pollination
of the tomato there will be a much less
number of small, medium-sized and
rough tomatoes. The most satisfactorv
way with us is to fasten a rabbit's tail
to the end of a stick and brush the plants
with it, going from flower to flower. The
pollen catches on the fine hair, and if the
brush is kept clean by occasional wash-
ing good work can be done.

THE POLLEN

Should there be a succession of sunnv
days and during approaching spring the
pollen may distribute sufficiently by tap-
ping the vine with a padded stick or
shaking the plant. The pollen is dis-
charged most freely in a hot, dry atmo-
sphere, therefore, to keep the house at
a high temperature during the day favors
the bursting of the pollen sacks even in
cloudy wather. The best time for pollin-
ating is between eleven and twelve
o'clock. The pollen is not discharged
from the anthers until after the yellow
petals have fully expanded and commenc-
ed to wither slightly. When pollen falls
upon one side of the stigma a one-sided
tomato results. The amount of pollen
supplied to the stigma within certain
limits determines to a very great extent
the size and smoothness of the tomato.

Tomatoes will not do at a low temper-
ature. Satisfactory plants cannot be
grown in a lettuce house temperature. If
plants are to be started some provision
must be made for this part of the house
to run at 60 degrees at least.

High, warm, sandy soil and nearness
to a large body of water to prevent late
spring frosts, is necessary to grow to-
matoes and cucumbers for the early mar-
ket.— W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

37

Growing Tomatoei iB the Greenhouse at McDoaaU College

(See article on page X.)

Insects That Attack Vegetables

L. Caesar, B. S. A., O. A. C, Guelph, Ont.

ROOT maggots are almost a cause of
despair to vegetable growers and to
entomologists. About one hundred
different kinds of remedies have been care-
fully tried against them, and only a few
of these found valuable, in fact I know of
no really satisfactory and economical
remedy for these insects. There are three
different kinds of root-maggots, though
they all look very much alike. The first,
Pegomva brassicae, attacks cabbage,
cauliflower, turnips, radishes and certain
closely allied wild plants like hedge mus-
tard and cress. The second, Pegomya
•apetorum, attacks onions, and the third,
I'ogomya fusciceps, attacks chiefly the
roots of corn and beans. This last species
is seldom very troublesome, so we shall
not discuss it.

The adults of the root-maggots are flies
ry like house flies. The life history s
ifiefly as follows : The flies emerge from
the .soil in spring, lay their little, white,
elongated eggs on the ground around the
base of the plants, or sometimes on the
stem itself. In four or five days the eggs
hatch and the tiny white maggots at once
attack the neighboring roots. When full
grown the maggots cease to feed and
change to a brownish pupal condition in
the soil close to where they feed. After a
few days adult two-winged flies emerge
from these cases, and lay eggs for a sec-
ond brood. These adult flies resemble
the house-fly but are smaller and more
slender. In some cases there seems to be

I third brood. The winter is spent by
e cabbage root-maggot in the pupal

^l5ri(

maggot in the adult stage. The species
that attacks the cabbage and closely al-
lied plants seldom does much damage
after the end of June, whereas the onion
root maggot continues to be destructive
all the .season.

A mean.-; of control is the destruc-
tion of weeds like mustard, cress and
shepherd's purse, which belong to the
same family as the cabbage and radish,
and some of which are host plants for the
insects.

Another means is the u.se of carbolic
emulsion or of white hellebore. The car-
bolic emulsion is made as follows. Boil
one quart of soft soap or one pound hard
soap in one gallon of water. When i.oil-
ing add one-half pint of crude carbolic
acid. Boil for a few minutes longer and
stir thoroughly until well emulsified. The
emulsion can then be stored away and will
keep for several days. When using, it
should be diluted by adding fifty gallons
of water to each gallon of the emulsion,
and sprayed directly upon the growing
plants and around the roots once every
week from the time they appear above
the ground or the cabbages are set out
until about the end of June. Onions may
require later treatment.

The hellebore concoction is made and
applied as follows : Steep two ounces pf
good fresh white hellebore in one quart
of water for one hour, then dilute with
water to make one gallon of the decoction.
Apply with a watering can with the rose
or knob removed a few days after the
plants are set out ; five days later apply
again, and again in five days after this,

and a couple of times afterwards at an in-
terval of a week until the plants have got
thoroughly established. About one tea-
cupful should be poured around the base
of each cabbage plant. In clay soil es-
pecially, it may be necessary to remove t
little earth first from around the stem
to prevent the liquid running ofl".

Each of these remedies has given good
results but only when thoroughly done.
Great care must be taken to do them early
enough to prevent the maggots from get-
ting a good start, for if this once happens
no known remedy can be relied upon to
destroy them. The hellebore decoction
is gaining in popularity of late years com-
pared with the other, and I have met sev-
eral men who have had good results from
it. Either of these remedies can be used
for onions as well as for cabbages or
radishes.

Tomatoes for the Factory

The Indiana Experiment Station at
Purdue has issued a bulletin, No. 144,
on growing tomatoes for the canning
factory. It may be summed up in the
following five points :

1. It is necessary that greater care be
exercised in the growing of the young
plants. Millions of inferior plants are
now set. They may be the result of poor
seed or unskilful growing. In any case,
they cut down the yield and profit from
the crop.

2. Prepare the ground more thorough-
ly, and give more time, labor and money
to drainage and fertilizing. Thousands
of farmers are failing in growing toma-
toes because thev do not realize the soil
and cultural requirements of the plant.

•^. Cultivate constantly and thorough-
ly. It is probable that neglect of culti-
vation is responsible for a greater pro-
portion of unprofitable tomato yields
than any other single factor entering
into the production of the crop.

4. Handle vines carefully during the
picking season. In many tomato fields
it was observed that careless picking and
rough treatment of the plants so cut
down the total saleable product that the
cash returns barely paid for the expense
of growing and marketing.

5. Plant smaller areas and practice
more intensive methods of culture.

Within certain limits, vegetable grow-
ing pays in proportion to the amount of
manure added to the soil. — George Syme,
Jr., Carleton West, Ont.

The green cabbage worm makes in-
roads on the cabbage and cauliflower
plants, but it is easily kept in check, eith-
er by hellebore or paris green. The best
plan is to mix these ingredients with land
plaster or lime and dust a little in the
' heart of each plant. The hellebore is
most satisfactory.

38

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February 1911

The Canadian Horticulturist §P^

PuUbhad br Th* Herticultwal
PublUiiiic C*mpwi7, Umitod

PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine

in the Dominion

Official Organ of thk Ontario, Quebec, Kew

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, Managing Director

t. The Canadian HorticnltnrlBt Is pabUshed on
the 2Sth day of the month preceding date of
isBne.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri-
tain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For United
States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not
called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a
year, including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post OtDce
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than
$1.00.

4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers
are held responsible until all arrearages are paid
and their paper ordered to be diacontinned.

5. Change of Address.— When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application.
Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
will be thankfully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT.

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December, 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample copies,
from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist are mailed to people known to be in-
terested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vege-
tables.

January, 1910 8,925

February, 1910 8.967

March, 1910 9,178

April, 1910 9,410

May, ■ 1910 9.505

June, 1910 9,723

July, 1910 9,300

August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8,662

108,809

AT«rase each iMue in 1907, 6,627

1908, 8.695

1909, 8.970

1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY.

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to onr columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfled with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the clraumstanoei fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in The Horti-
cnltnrist. Should the clrcumstanoeB warrant,
we will expose them through the oolnmns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
"aaers, but onr reputable advertisers as well.
All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that yon include
In all your letters to advertisers the words
. .?*'?, ^°"'' *''• '° '^^ Canadian Horticultnr-
Jst. Oomplaintg should be made to us as soon
ac possible after reason for dissatisfaction has
been found.

OommDnioationi should be addressed:

THl OANADIAN HORTI0ULTUBI8T.

PKTIBBOSO, oirrAitio

^

EDITORIAL

m

MONEY FROM SPRAYING

For some months past experionned re-
presentatives in Ontario of British capi-
talists have been leasing neglected or-
chards at a fair rental and for a period
of years from fruit growers who have not
appreciated the change that is coming ever
the apple situation in Ontario or the
earning powers of their orchards. The par-
ties interested in this movement propose
leasing some 6,000 acres of these neglected
orchards. Their intention is to introduce
modern methods in their management, and
their expectation is that they will obtain
a liberal profit on their outlay. The suc-
cess that has met pioneers in this move-
ment, such as Mr. Joseph Tweddle. of
Pruitland, is an encouraging cmen of
success.

Such a movement will have very far-
reaching effects. Aside from the fact that
several thousand acres of orchard in On-
tario are likely to be increased to many
times their present value, the value of
the educational effect on the owners cf the
orchards when they see other men mak-
ing mon.'V out of a part <>f their farms
they had considered not worth attention,
together with the influence on owners of
neighboring orchards, can hardly be esti-
mated. Each orchard will become a centre
of influence working for the advancement
of the fruit industry of Ontario

But why should owners of orchards leave
it for someone »lse to come along and make
profits out of their orchards when they
themselves might just as well do sc?
Practically every good sized apple orchard
in Ontario might be a regular gold mine
for its owner if properly handled. This
has been amply proven in the case of
scores of orchards during the past few
years. Many orchards which had been
condemned by their owners as worthless,
and in some cases were actually being
dug out, have been made to return a
yearly profit exceeding what the owner
would have originally considered a good
price for both land and orchard. There
are hundreds of orchards in Ontario and
in others of the older provinces where
equally good results may be obtained.

The first step necessary is to buy a
spraying machine and prepare to use it
this spring. In the case of owners of small
orchards three or four can often club to-
gether and buy one machine. The time to
consider the make and size of machine
is right now. In a few weeks factories will
be running overtime, dealers will be un-
able to secure the machines fast enough to
fill their orders, and there will be a gene-
ral rush that it is well to avoid. Decide
upon the make of machine that will suit
your purpose, and then buy it and use it.
The results will follow.

DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS

The British Columbia Government is
establishing some twenty demonstration
orchards. The methods might well be
studied by the Agricultural Departments
of the other provinces.

The object of this work is to demon-
strate the results to be obtained by means
of proper methods of culture for the first
five years. The government will bear the
cost of plowing, preparing and planting

the trees and furnish the stock free f.o.b
at destination. The owner will bear all
cost of .spraying and cultivation and
agrees to follow the instructions given by
the Department and allow the orchard to
bo u.sed for public demonstration at any
time. The agreement fs to be binding for
five y«iars. After that time it can be ter-
minated at any time by either party giv-
ing six months' notice.

The government of British Columbia is
doing more to develop the fruit interests
of the province than is being done by any
other provincial government. The Chief
of the Horticultural Division has under
him four assistants who each devote spe-
cial attention to the requirements of tli.
fruit intere.sts in specified districts of tli'
province. With such an organization ami
by means of its demonstration orchards,
box packing schools, spraying regulations
and in other ways, including the sending
of a market commissioner during the ship-
ping season to the markets of Western
Canada, it is doing invaluable service for
its fruit growers. Fruit growers in the
east should make their influence felt and
insist that their goTernraents shall do
more for them. The best way in which
they can do this is to tell their govern-
ments exactly what they want. They
should not only ask for aid, but they
should specify the form they would like
that aid to take.

OUR HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

The reports published elsewhere in thi
i.ssue of the work accomplished last ye.'i
by a number of the horticultural societies
of Ontario illu.strate clearly the elevating
and beneficial effect these organizations
have where ever they exist. As we leave
the pioneer days behind us the need as well
as the opportunities for such work become
more and more apparent.

The separation of the horticultural from
the agricultural societies has worked out
to the distinct advantage of the former.
Instead of confining their efforts mainly
to the holding of an annual exhibition in
connection with the fall exhibition of their
local agricultural society, as was done form-
erly by a number of societies, these societies
have broadened out in their work and have
thereby increased their usefulness. Direc-
tors of societies will do well tc look over
carefully the reports referred to with the
object of gaining suggestions for new lin(w
of endeavor.

There are special avenues of work that
as yet have net been followed as they might
have been. Much can be done to reduce the
bill board nuisance. Even if our towns have
not the power to regulate this matter, much
might be done to form a strong local senti-
ment against the erection of such offences
to good taste and in many cases good mor-
als as well.

Much more can be done to beautify school
grounds. Many schools still stand en
bleak lots unadorned by either a tree, shrub
plant or flower. Brought up among such
surroundings children cannot be expected
to love a taste for the beautiful when they
are older.

Towns and villages cannot have too many
breathing places for their citizens. Hor-
ticultural societies should urge the improve-
ment of present parks where possible and
also the piirchase of points of vantage such
as, triangles, hills or ravines that may be
obtained at a reasonable figure. Hew often
has a triangle between streets, a hill, ra-
vine or other wate place which could have
been bought for a reasonable amount been
sold for the erection of some mill cr factory

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

39

and thus the town has lost the opportunity
of having another play ground for the ben-
fit of its people. These are only a few sug-
gestions, the details of which can be worked
out to suit the local conditions of any town
or village. A number of societies have ac-
complished work of this character. More
might.

THE NATIONAL APPLE SHOW

The directors of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers Association have decided not to attempt
to hold a national apple show for the east
next fall. The intention is to hold the
show in the fall of 1912. In some ways it
is disappointing that the show will not be
held this year. British Columbia made a
success of its show with less than a year's
effort. On the other hand the people of
the east are not as familiar with the hold-
ing of these monster events as are the
people of the west, and therefore, may re-
quire more time to organize properly.

The delay means that mere will be ex-
pected of the show when it does take
place. For this reason preliminary or-
ganization work should be started forth-
with . Otherwise, much of what it is hoped
to gain by the delay will not materialize.
If the event is to be made a credit and a
benefit to the east it must be conducted
on very broad lines. This means that time
for preparation must be used carefully and
wisely.

From now on every fruit grower in On-
tario and Quebec should keep the holding
of this great show before him and plan
his work accordingly. He should study to
see what he can do to aid it and what bene-
fit can be made to him and to his section.
Our readers are invited to suggest through
The Can.adi.^n Hortictjlttjbist ways and
means of making this in every sense of the
term a National Apple Show.

tre

RETURNS FROM ORCHARDS

A recent bulletin issued by Cornell Uni-
versity shows that there are a million
apple trees in Niagara County, N.Y.,
which produce a net income cf $100 per
acre. Though this is not a large yield,
still it is away ahead of any apple county
in Canada. But few Canadian apple grow-
ers clear $1,000 out of a ten acre apple
orchard every year. More could and
should. The average, including that of
the good, bad and indifferent fruit grow-
er, is much less.

In Niagara county an average of forty
trees per acre would mean that there are
"■",000 acres which at $100 per acre would

^an the tidy sum of $2,.500.000 revenue

lat this county produces from its apple
orchards. The.se results are due to the
careful attention Niagara county fruit
-rowers give their orchards. Corrcsuond-
ing effots by our Canadian apple growers
"ould produce corresponding results in our
best apple districts.

f

At the last regular monthly meeting of
the Toronto branch of the Ontario Veget-
able Growers' A.ssnciation, the contract for
plant baskets and boxes for the sea.son was
.iwarded to Wm. Rennie & Sons; that for
Kundling twine and Paris green to Steele
liriggs and that for bushel boxes to Bar-
f liard & Co. It was decided to hold an At
Homo in the early )>art of February. The
.innual report of F. F. Reeves to J.' Lockio
Wil.TOn, showed a membership of 217 mem-
bor.i and a thriving condition of affairs.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

Our Cover Illustration

Our frontispiece represents what will be
a novel scene to many of our readers, as
in most parts of Canada the lowly ox has
been released from the bondage of the yoke.
An up-to-date spraying outfit drawn by ox-
en will look to a western man like the
meeting of the old and the new. In Nova
Scotia, however, there is a constant de-
mand for well trained ox teams for use in
the lumber trade so that orchardists can
always dispose of matured oxen at high
prices. One advantage cf working oxen in
an orchard is that there are no whiffletrees
to injure the bark and tools can be used
much closer and with more safety than
with horses. It will be noted that the yolk
is so attached that the oxen pull by the
forehead and not by the shoulder as is
the practice with Ontario oxen. Experi-
ments have shown that by this method the
team can develop greater strength than
where the shoulder yolk or a collar is used.
The oxen and spray outfit belong to Mr.
S. C. Parker, Berwick, N.S., Secretary

of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' As-
sociation .

Special Issues

As far as possible we aim to make the
contents of each issue of The Can.^dian
Hortict;ltitri8t timely and to the point.
In this issue special attention has been de-
voted to spraying. Next month the same
subject will be dealt with again and pro-
minence will be given to orchard planting
and kindred topics. The April issue will
be our "Garden Annual." In this number
interesting and instructive articles and il-
lustratons pertaining to the flower garden
will be emphasized.

We feel that there are many hundreds
and possibly several thousand readers of
The Canadian HoRTicuLTtraisT who could
write entertaining and helpful articles for
the benefit of their brother and sister
growers if they but would. Why do you
not do it? What we desire are letters from
our readers and sharp, clear photographs
when possible, giving the results of their
personal experiences in their gardens and
orchards. Will you not send us yours? We
may not be able to use all the material
we receive but we will at least use the best
of it and thus aid many beginners and
even older hands as well, to do letter.

Divergent Vievrs About the Tariff on Fruit

The reciprocity or freer trade negotia-
tions that have been in progress between
Canada and the United States, led during
January to the subject being discussed by
various organizations representing the
fruit interests in different parts of Canada.
There is a wide diversity of opinion on
the subject. When the monster deputa-

The Best Results

"I have received a greater per-
centage of orders through requests
for catalogues, which have come di-
rectly through my advertisement in
The Canadian HoRTicTJLTtjRiST, than
I have my advertisement in any
other paper. I was obliged to re-
duce my advertising space durfng
October, as I was almost sold out of
my selected Hyacinths, as well as
many varieties of Tulips, although I
had a large stock of both. I attri-
bute this largely to my advertise-
ment in the The Canadian Horti-
culturist."— Robert T. Pinkerton,
Montreal.

It pays to advertize. Try it.

ton of farmers waited on the Dominion
Government in Ottawa in December, a re-
quest was made for freer trade with the
United States in fruit. This request was
presented by representatives of the Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick Fruit Growers
."Association and by a leading officer of the
Ontario Cooperative Apple Growers As-
sociation. The request was made more
particularly as it applied to apples but cov-
ered all varieties of fruit and was pre-
sented in spite of a telegram of protest
received from growers in the Niagara Dis-
trict who fearefl that freer trade in fruit
might work injury to the Canadian growers
of tender fruit.

BRITISH COI.TTMBIA VIEWS

Early in .January the Central Farmers
Institute of British Columbia met in con-
vention in Victoria with forty delegates
i>rosont from all parts of British Columbia.
A resolution was passed stating that the

convention viewed with alarm the move-
ment of the grain-growers of the prairies
for reciprocity in natural products with
the United States, and asking on the oon-
tary that the duties on fruit entering
Canada should be raised so as to make them
equal to the duties now levied on fruit
entering the United States.

ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS

At a meeting of the directors of the On-
tario Fruit Growers Association held in
Toronto about the middle of January the
question was discussed for the better part
of two days. Opinions were much divided.
The apple men wanted a lower duty while
the small fruit and peach growers were
satisfied to let the tariff remain as it is,
the United States duty being only half
that of Canada.

In the end the grape growers agreed to a
reduction of one cent of their two cent
a pound duty in order to aid the apple
men in obtaining a reduction in the United
States duty of seventy-five cents a barrel
to one more on an equality with the Can-
adian one of forty cents a barrel.

RESOLUTIONS PASSED

The following resolutions were adopted :
Moved b.v J. E. Johnston, Simcoe; se-
conded by W. H. Gibson, Newcastle, that
the existing tariff on apples between the
United States and Canada is unfair, and
we the Fruit Growers' Association of On-
tario respectfully ask that our Canadian
representatives will endeavor in reciprocal
trade negotiations to have the United
States tariff on apples lowered to forty
cents a barrel or less.

Moved by W. H. Bunting. St. Cath-
arines ; seconded by Harold Jones, Mait-
land : That with regard to tender fruits we
would call the attention of the Government
to the fact that whereas, under present
tariff conditions the industry has prosper-
ed, population has greatly increased in
these districts, large areas of unproductive
land has been brought under a high state
of cultivation, many allied interests have
been established and placed on a firm basis;
an extensive transportation system has

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 1

been developed, ' which has had for its ob-
ject the distribution of these products all
over 0»nada,-^\ve firmly believe that any
change in these conditions would result
in very great injury to an industry that
if not disturbed will be of the greatest im-
portance to Canada as a whole. We would
therefore request that no change be made
in the present customs tariff en tender
fruits.

A committee composed of Messrs. W. H.
Bunting and R. Thompson of St. Cathar-
ines; Jas. E. Johnson. Simooe; D. John-
son, Forest ; and Harold Jones, Maitland,
was appointed to go to Ottawa and make
known the views of the fruit growers on
the tariff.

NIAGARA GROWERS APPROVE

At the annual meeting of the Niagara
Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association held
a few days later the matter was again dis-
cussed. Resolutions were passed practic-
ally approving the foregoing resolutions.

THE PRAIRIE VIEWS

From the prairie provinces a long mem-
orial was sent to the government signed by
all the wholesale fruit jobbers, at all points
west of the Great Lakes as far as Calgary
and by all the wholesale fruit jobbers of
Winnipeg : They claim that the present tar-
iff of thirty per cent, on both fruit and
vegetables is simply a tax on the prairie
consumers as climatic conditions are such
that their part of Canada can never hope
to produce sufficient fruit and tender veg-
etables for their own consumption. They
also say that reciprocity would be a benefit
to the producers of fruit and vegetables
in British Columbia, Ontario and the Mari-
time provinces as it would afford them
free access to the unlimited markets of the
United States.

Fruit Matters Discussed

The directors of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association met in Toronto in Janu-
ary and organized for the year.

The following officers were elected : Pre-
sident, D. Johnston, Forest; vice-presi-
dent, J. W. Smith, Winona; socy.-treas.,
Percy W. Hodgetts, Toronto.

NATIONAL APPLE SHOW

The directors were in favor of holding a
national apple show in Ontario, but felt
that there was not time to make the ne-
cessary arrangements for the holding cf
such a show this year. The general opinion
was that such a show should be held in the
fall of 1912, and that in the meantime ar-
rangements to that end should be made.
The following resolution was passed : Mov-
ed by H. Jones, seconded by Adam Brown
— In view of the fact that this A.ssocia-
tion thinks that it would add largely to
the value of a prospective National Apple
Show to be held in Toronto to have the
county councils of the fruit growing sec-
tions of the province vote grants towards
the expenses in connection therewith, and
to negotiate with the city of Toronto to
provide a suitable building for the same,
be it resolved that in the fall of 1911 the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition make a
special effort to induce the counties to
make large reiiresentative exhibits in com-
mercial packages of their fruit products
which will tend to increase the interest of
both growers and counties for a National
Apple Show in the near future, and fur-
ther, that we as an Association encourage
the growers in making individual exhibits
of packages and display in fruits by offer-
ing large prizes for five, ten, and one
hundred box lots ; also that the Association
again duplicate any grant made by any

county up to the sum of fifty dollars for
special displays and pay necessary trans-
portation charges on such exhibits.

.FREIOHT CHARGES

The transportation ommittee was in-
.structed to take up the unfair discrimina-
tion in freight charges from Winnipeg to
points further west and north, and if nf
cessary to take such action as might bi
needed to bring it before the Railway Com-
mission. FRUIT INSPECTION

Another important subject of discussion
was the inspection of apples at point of
shipment, when if they were not up to
standard the inspector could go to th'
orchards and notify the shippers of th<-
fact. This system has _ been tried to a
limited extent in the Niagara District
with satisfactory results. Mr. James F,
John.ston was appointed to confer with tli^
Dominion Government on this point.

Niagara Fruit Growers Convene

The annual meeting of the Niagara Per
insula Fruit Grower.s' Association wa
held at Grimsby, Ont., January 12th. ajvl
was followed later by a meeting of tin
directors in St. Catharines.

The recent decision of the Railway Com-
mission to the effect that express compan-
ies must revise their schedule of rates wa.«
hailed with delight when explained b.v
Past President Bunting, who produced
the full text of the judgment, stating that
it was a complete victory for the growers,
as every item presented by them in the
form of complaint had ben stibstantiated
bv the board. He had written to General
Managers Stout of the Dominion Express
Company and Bryce of the Canadian, sug-
gesting that they meet the growers an<l
shippers with a view to reaching an agree-

Don't Wait Till Spring.
Buy Noiv.

We are already receiving large numbers of orders
for spring delivery of our Selected Northern Grown
Nursery Stock. Now is the time to send your order
while the assortment is complete. Orders received now
are filed in ro'ation as received and will be filled
accordingly.

Our stock has been used to plant some of the finest
grounds in Canada. It is chosen by those who demand
the best. It is hardy and will give satisfaction in all
localities.

Remember, you do not have to pay for the stock till
it is delivered. Send today for our large illustrated
catalogue and make your selections now.

Are you interested in improving the ap-
pearance of your home grounds ? Our
Landscape Architect Department is pre-
pared to offer sugg^estions and to draw
up plans free of charge. Write for our
illustrated ' booklet "More Be'autiful
Homes and How to Get Them."

The Canadian Nursery Co., Limited

10 Phillips Place, MONTREAL, QUE.

Nurserie* at Pointe Claire, Que.
A FEW REUABLE SALESMEN WANTED

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND
GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile lemd most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951

Mention Th» Omnsdian Hortlooltnriit when vrltillf.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

41

ment upon the new schedule before sub-
mitting it to the Conimission. Both had
agreed . Later it was reported at the St.
Catharines meeting that Mr. Bryce had
refused to meet the growers. In a letter
to Mr. E. D. Smith he claimed that the
Railway Commission's ruling that a new
tariff mu.st be prepared applied merely to
business going to the Northwest.

The directors unanimously empowered
the committee on freight rates to expend
any necessary sum of money in its fight
for better rates from the Canadian and
Dominion Express Companies.

OFFICERS ELECTED

The following oflScers were elected : Pre-
sident, J. W. Smith. Winona; first vice-
president, Robert Thompson, St. Catha-
rines; second vice-president, W. B. Bridge-
man, Winona; third vice-president, G.
Brown, Fonthill ; fourth vice-president,
Frederick Hamilton, Louth; secretary-
treasurer, Carl E. Fisher.

Mr. Robert Thompson referred to the
recent frut growers' meeting in Rochester,
where it was freely admitted that Canada
and Ontario have the only desirable mode
of packing. This was different to state
ments made at Rochester some years ago,
when the Rochester men had found such
fault that the Ontario growers had to do
fend the Fruit !Marks Act, which was
then in its infancy.

Mr. Thompson stated that at the con-
vention it had been demonstrated that a
mixture of arsenate and lead with lime
and sulphur would render the spray con-
siderably more effective. Hydrometers
are being manufactured so that the pro-
per strength of the spray can be gauged.

The financial statement showed receipts
for the year of $580.14, and a balance of
?273.59.

Standard Fruit Boxes

The British Columbia Fruit Growers at
their meeting, held recently in Victoria,
approved the following sizes for fruit
boxes : Apple boxes, 20x11x10 inches ; pear
boxes, 18/^x11x8/^ inches ; plum boxes,
four basket crate, 15%xl5%x43^ inches ;
peach boxes, 18)i'xll%x4% inches; crab
apple boxes same as pear boxes.

These recommendations will be forward-
ed to the Dominion Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation which meets at Ottawa next De-
cember, with a request that they be ap-
proved and sent to the Dominion minister
of agriculture with a suggestion that they
be legalized. There is now no legalized
standard size for fruit boxes in Canada
except apple boxes for export.

The apple box endorsed is the same as
that set forth in the Fruit Marks Act as
required to be used when apples are pack-
ed "for export only."

of the Society for judicial settlement of
International disputes for an evening ses-
sion was a feature of the Convention. An-
drew Carnegie was particularly kind to
the Canadian delegates.

The headquarters of the Civic Association
and the International Arbitral delegates
was the New Willard Hotel where the
Canadian delegation had their home. The
Canadians bore home with them a vice-
presidency as a token of esteem from their
United States cousins.

Ontario Delegates to Wash-
ington

Rev. A. H. Scott, of Perth, writes The
Canadian Hortictjltttrist that he and se-
cretary J. Lockie Wilson, of Toronto, who
composed the delegation to the American
Civic Association from the Ontario Horti-
cultural Association together with Mr. Jas.
Wilson. Park Commissioner cf Toronto,
were given a fine reception in Washington
and held up the Canadian end of Civic
improvements. Mr. Lockie Wilson gave an
address on Ontario Horticultural Societies
and met the requirements of the occasion
well.

The convention lasted three days and
passed in review some forty subjects. An
amalgamation of the American Civic As-
sociation and the International Conference

Weights of Vegetables

Deputations from tlie Ontario and Que-
bec Vegetable Growers Associations waited
on Sir Richard Cartwright, Minister of
Trade and Commerce, in Ottawa recently
and asked that standard weights per bag
for vegetables should be established as fol-
lows, thus doing away with the lack of uni-
formity now prevalent : Potatoes, 80 pounds^
onions, 75; turnips. 70; artichokes, 75;
beets, 70 ; carrots, 70 ; parsnips, 60.

Sir Richard replied that he was in sym-
pathy with the changes asked and gave the
delegaton to understand that at the next
session of Parliament the requests they
made would be adjusted as far as possible.

Ontario Boxed Apples

An evidence of the success that is at-
tending the efforts of Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers to ship apples in boxes to Great Brit-
ain is furnished by a report received by
Mr. W. W. Moore, Chief of the Market
Division of the Department of Agricul-
ture, Ottawa, on a shipment sent to Glas-
gow by Mr. R. C. Fowler, of Burlington,
Ont. This report reads as follows :

"The box shipment by R. C. Fowler con-
tained some very choice fruit, and ship-

PEDIGREED TREES

=== PRODUCE

"QUALITY FRUITS"

We still have a nice stock of SPY and
WEALTHY APPLES, also Hyslop Crabs— the
sorts demanded.

Our Line of CHERRIES is particularly fine
this season. The trees are large, smooth and
.straight, well supplied with fibrous roots. They
are all PEDIGREED.

In PLUMS we have a splendid lot of year-
lings as well as two year olds. The yearlings
are large enough for the most critical buyer
and heavily rooted.

Our ROSES and EVERGREENS contain the
best varieties. We have a thrifty lot of eighteen
inch NORW.'W SPRUCE at $io.oo per loo.

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGUE.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

SMALL FRUITS

STRAWBERRIES.^I have the following new varie-
ties, which are very promising: Gill, Goree, Golden
Gate, Fendall, F.vening Star, and Battenburg. $1.00
per hundred, $1.25 by mail. And also the following re-
cent introductions, which are coming to the front as
standards :

3 W'S. — A variety of the same season as Senator
Dunlap, fully as large a berry, and a much larger
plant : will probably excel it in many soils.

CHIPMAN. — Of the same season, or a little earlier,
very large berry, healthy foliage, strong runner maker;
will run the other two very close.

MEADE. — A reliable mid-season variety, very
healthy foliage, large, round, firm berry, with a very
fine full flavor.

NETTIE.— An old variety, but still the latest;
should be grown with a late staminate. In soils and
locations suitable to late berries, this variety should be
profitable.

Also the old reliables— Senator Dunlap, William
Belt, Parson's Beauty, Sample, ITncle Jim, Steven's
Champion, and many others. 60 cents per hundred,
$4.00 per thousand. $1.00 per hundred by mail.

RASPBERRIES. — Eaton and Herbert, new varfe-'
ties. 60 cents dozen, $3.00 per hundred express. King,
Marlboro', Loudon, Baumfortb Seedlings, and Cumber-
land Blackcap. 50 cents a dozen, $2.00 per hundred.

SEND FOR CATALOGUE

C. p. NEWMAN

Box 51 - LACHINE LOCKS, QUE.

42

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 1

THE BEST

Vegetable SI Flower

In the "KEITH'S SELECTED STRAINS" will be
found what we consider to be the best varieties of
every prominent vegetable family. The varieties
are not necessarily "novelties," but are what we
consider after long years of experience the best var
leties in each respective class that it is possible to
produce. They are not only the finest type in them
selves, but the seed is of the freshest and best obtain-
able.

Select from the Following List : 3 pkts. for 16c.
12 for 60c. Postpaid.

Early Beet Lettuce (Head) Early Peas

Late Beet Musk Melon Pumpkins

Butter Beans Water Melon Radish

Early Cabbage Citron Summer

Late Cabbage Golden Globe Squash

Cress Onion Winter

Carrot Pickling Onion Squash

Celery Parsley Early

Early Corn Parsnip Tomato

Cucumber Lettuce (Curled) Turnip

Oz. pkts. of any of the above, 15c each. Postpaid.

Select from the Following List of Flower Seeds, 3

jiktf:.. 15c.; 12 for 60c. Postpaid.
Aster (Red, White, Blue or Mixed) Pink
Alyssum Larkspur Poppy

Balsam Morning Glory Portuiacca

Candytuft Marigold Salvia

Cosmos Mignonette Summer Cypres

Carnation Nicotiana Sweet Peas

Daisy Pansy Verbena

Hollyhock Petunia Zinnia

Oz. pkts. any of the following, 16c each. Postpaid.
Morning Glory, Sc?rlet Runner Beans.

Sweet Peas, Nasturtiums Tali, Nasturtiums Dwarf.
Oz. pkts. any of the following, 35c each.

Aster, Alyssum, Candytuft, Poppy, Mignonette
Lawn Grasses, 30c per lb Postpaid.

Send For Catalogue

Geo. Keith 81 Sons

SEED MERCHANTS SINCE 18S6

124 King St., E., TORONTO, ONTARIO

ments of similar quality are what are
wanted to place Ontario fruit on a level
with British Columbia and Western State.s
packs. The No. 1 Baldwins wrapped made
$2.00 to $2.50, No. 1 Spy wrapped $2.60,
unwrapped $2.3.5, Nc. 1 special wrapped
$3.00, No. 1 plain wrapped $2.60."

Mr. Moore writes: "These are splendid
prices. Too many of our Ontario apples
which are exported in boxes are not first
class, and should, therefore, only be pack-
ed in barrels. As a result of this mis-
taken policy the reputation of Ontario
boxed apples in the Old Country is not
very good."

SPLENDID REPORT

Private advices received by Mr. Fowler
from Glasgow state that this sale of boxed
apples has never been equalled.

Mr. Fcwler is also in receipt of a letter
from New York, in which, among other
things, the writer says: "I have inspected
30,000 boxes of California and Washing-
ton apples, and I did not find a car of
apples in the whole 41 that was graded
and packed better than yours, many not
so well. This is one of the reasons you
can beat the Western States box people
on prices."

At the first Annual Exhibition of the
newly formed American Gladiolus Society,
the exhibit cf the United States represen-
tative of Mr. H. H. Groflf, of Simcoe, Ont.,
was the outstanding feature of the whole
exhibition, not only being the largest ex-
hibit, but winning the greatest number of
prizes, including the most important one
for equality and vake in all shades cf
color.

Out of a total of twelve prizes seven were
won by Mr. Groff's productions. Out of
seven entries his representatives won five
first prizes.

Ontario apples will Boon be reaching the
far western apple consuming markets, in
attractive packages. Our possibilities as
apple growers, with our cheap land and
good soil and climatic conditions, are un-
('(niallpd in the world. — Jas. E. Johnston.
Simcce, Ont.

What Spraying Will Do

The Fruit Division cf the Ottawa De-
partment of Agriculture has issued a bulle-
tin which contains the following paragraph
dealing with insects and fungous diseases :
"A careful analysis of the reports with
reference to insects and fungous diseases
shows that if orchardists would spray care-
fully with the lime and sulphur mixture
before the leaves appear, and with pcison-
ed Bordeaux mixture three times after-
wards, four sprayings in all, 90 per cent of
the loss from insects and fungous diseases
could be prevented. It would Ce a very
moderate estimate to say that 50 per cent,
would be added to the value ot the crop
if this course were adopted." Reports that
are published in almost every issue of The
Canadian Horticulturist prove this state-
ment to be correct.

APPLE CULTiVATIONl

SPRAYED ORCHnRU
iDUCTtOW

No 2
4%

CULLS
IX

PRQDUCTVQM

%

No.l

tou.&

The above illustration shows the Irss
thnt new results from neglect of spraying
pnd whft would follow were 8prnvir!»
(generally followed. It will be noted thai
in the sprayed orchards — apples being,
taken as a basis — 95 per cent, of the fruit
may be classed as No. 1. In the unsprayed
orchards, when properly graded, only 15
per cent, would be classed as No. 1 and 50
per cent, would be culls. In practice,
though, many culls are improperly graded
as No. 2. Calculating No. 1 apples at
$1.75 a barrel. No. 2 at $1 a barrel, and
culls at 45 cents a barrel, the difference
in the market value of the crop, assuming
that the orchards ccmpared produce an
average of 100 barrels each, is about $87.
In other words, the sprayed orcnarfl would
vfpld $170 and the unsprayed $83 — more
thpTi 100 per cent, in favor of the sprayed
fruit.

NO-MONEY-IN-ADVANCE.

PAY AFTER IT HAS PAID

FOR ITSELF.

LET US SEND YOU ANY OF THESE SPRAYERS— to fry for 10 days, then
If you buy, you can pay us cash or we'll wait till you sell your crop, then
you can pay ns out of the "extra profit.** We pay freight. Wholesale dealers' prices.

Man-Power Potato St Oichard Sprayer.
Sprays "anything"— potatoes or track, 4 rows at a
time. Also flrst-class tree sprayer. Vapor spray
prevents blight, bug:s, scab and rot from catting
your crop in half. High pressure from big wheel.
Poshes tasy. Spray arms adjust to any width or
height of row. Cheap In pricp, lljrht, strong and dnr*
able. GUARANTEED FOR 6 FULI, TEARS.
Noedn't-send-a-cent to ^et it "on trial." Yon can get
onefreeif youarefirstmyourlocality. Write now.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.
For big growers. Most powerful machine made.
60 to 100 gallon tank for one or two horses. Steel axle.
One-piece-heavy-angle-iron frame, cypress wood
tank with adjustable round Iron hoops. Metal
wheels. "Adjustable" spray arms and nozzles. Brass
ball-valves, plunger, strainer, etc. Big pomp gives
vapor spray. Warranted for 5 years. Try thia
machine at our expense vrith *^ynur money ia your pocket.'*
See free offer below.

Mf^HH —Get li sprayer FREE,— After you have tried the sprayer and
k U b k are satisfied that it is just as we recommend it, send us a list of
r llkk the names of your Neighbors and we wilt write them and quote
them price and have them call and see your machine work, and
for every Pitz-ALL Sprayer we sail from your list we will credit you with $2.00
or send yon check If you have paid cash.

For every Man-Power Potato A Orchard Sprayer we sell we will credit you
With 13.50 or send check.

J For every Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer we sell will credit
yon $8.50 or send check.

We do all cnrrfitpfnuHnfj and seUintj. AU you veed do u show the svTayer, Many
have paid for their Hitrayrrs in this way. Thi.s off*'r i.-* ^-^K>d for nnlv the first
order in each locality. Pnn'l delay. Send th*" .-o-i... „ or in>«t fhrd NOW.
Ontario Seed Coy., Successors, 138 King St., Waterloo, Ont.

Write today.

Fitz.AU Barrel Sprayer.

Pits any barrel or tank. High pres-
sure, perfect agitation, easy to
operate. Brass ball-valves, plung-
er, strainer, etc. Automat lo
strainer. 2^o*^cnp teather-a or rub*
ber" about any of our sprayers.
Parnished plain, mount ion bar-
rel, or on wheels as shown. ' year
guarantee. It don't coat you "a cent"
to try it in your orchard. Get oni
free. See below. Write today.

COUPON— Fill out and send today, t i.', ronpon wai

O.NTARIO SEED CO. SUCCESSUKS i.M Kla| St. Walcrlm, Oat

Send me your Catalog, Spraying Guju. and "special offer"
on the sprayer marked with an X below.

Man-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer*

Fitz-AU Barrel Sprayer.

Nahb

Addkkss

OUR PRICE LIST OF HOME GROWN SEEDS WILL BE SE.NT YOU ON REQUEST.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

43

What the Horticultural Societies are Doing

During 1910 the Horticultural Societies
of Ontario enjoyed a successful and pros-
perous year. Owing to lack of space it is
impossible to publish as full a report of
each society's wcrk as we would like, but
from the following short reports will be
seen the wide scope of work the societies
undertook, and in some instances the work
already planned fcr the ensuing year :

STIRUNQ

The work of the Society was the beauti-
fying of the Park received from the Cor-
poration. During 1911 the Society antici-
pates building a wall about the lower cor-
ner and levelling the whole park. A prize
was offered fcr the best kept lawn in the
village. The secretary for the coming year
is Mr. G. G. Thrasher.

SPRINGFIELD

In the spring seeds were distributed
among the children and potatoes and seeds
among the adults. At the Fall Exhibition
prizes were offered for the results of these
seeds. Prizes were given for the best kept
lawn and garden among the members in
the village, as well as other prizes fcr the
country members. Mr. V. H. Chute was
again elected secretary for the coming
year.

BRANTPOBD

Last year was the second during which
the society held a lawn competition. Al-

ready this year many have signified their
intention of entering their lawns for the
1911 competition. R. W. Brooks, secre-
tary.

SMITHS FALLS SOCIETY

Mr. Wm. Keith, secretary, reports that
in addition to the premiums to members.
The Canadian Horticulturist being one,
the Society provided seeds to the school
children and prizes were awarded for the
successful competitors. Lawns were judged
and the results published. Other work
undertaken by the Society was the beauti-
fying of the grounds around public build-
ings, and the reclaiming of eleven acres
of waste ground into a park. Through
the courtesy of Prof. H. L. Hutt, of the
O.A.C., the ground was laid out by a land-
scape artist, and the transformation was
so great that the council and public ap-
preciated the work and contributed gen-
erously.

LINDSAY

Plants, bulbs and literature were distri-
buted. The society gave general informa-
tion to a number of people by aiding them
in their difficulties with plants and trees.
The society also kept an eye on the town
improvement in the shape of better care
to shade trees, and preventing short cuts
across corners of lawns where there were
no fences. The motto of the society is to

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVlLLE, ONT.

February is the month for planning gar-
den work. Fall— as well as spring plant-
ing, should now be carefully planned. For
spring planting, seeds, bedding plants, the
hall hardy bulbs and some of the Herbace-
ous Perennials should now be secured.
The hardy bulbs, such as Tulips and Daffo-
dils, and most of the hardy Perennials
should be planted in the fall.

Our China Aster ad. will appear here
next month.

Our Gladiolus announcement will be
made here in the April number.

Please send post card with name and ad
dess for our Spring— (issued Ist February)
and Fall— (issued Ist August) Planting
lAstft

JOHN CAVERS

Trees ForThc Lawn

A large assortment of Weeping Mulberry, Ash,
Willow and Elms, Ev. rgreens, also all kinds of

Shrubs, Fruit and Ornamental

Trees, Hedge Plants, Roses, Vines, Etc. All

stock in flrst-class shape. Order early for

spring planting. Prices 10 cents up.

CHAS. BAKER, Nurseryman

London, Ontario

Our New Free Book Tells
How. Send For It Today.

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HDD

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"Great Crops of Strawberries amd Hoi/v to Groi/v Them"

It explains why the Kellogg Way of growing big crops of Strawberries is the sure and easy
way. Tells how to prepare your soil; what varieties to set; how to care (or the plants to get best
results; how to market the fruit. Many frnit growers are now making a net profit of $.500 to $800
per acre each year while waiting (or young trees to come into beaiing. Besides all this, the
cultivating o( the plants produces a healthy and more vigorous growtli in the trees Just what the
trees require. Whether you have ever thought o( growing strawberries or not, it is just the book
that should be read by

Every Fruit Groover and Farmer

What others are doing you can do right in your own soil. C. Harder, Twin Falls, Idaho,
is making as liigli as $1000 per acre each season growing strawberries between the rows of his
young trees. Why don't you? It will more than double your income.

Kellogg's Thoroughbred Plants

The only strain o( plants that are propagated (mm motl]i-r plants o( high fruiting power.
That's why the Kellogg Strai[i o( Thoroughbreds is so productive and bears such enormous crops
o( big red berries. They have a record of l.'i.OOO quarts per acre. Large yields are o(ten reported
grown in young orchards. I( you want to make some easy money, get our 1011 book. IT'S FREE.

R. M. KELLOGG COMPANY,

BoxS70

Three Rivers. Michigan

44

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 i
.1

m

INVEST II\ A

Gerhard Heiatzmao

PIANO

and you will find your investment
gaining in value daily !

While the reputation of the GER-
HARD HEINTZMAN is already
well established, more and more peo-
ple daily are finding out the true
worth of this instrument — the de-
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Let us send you our latest descrip-
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signs— the styles may vary, the qual-
ity never.

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New Salesrooms:

41-43 Queen St , W., Opposite City Hall

TORONTO

1 THE [SIMPLE,
KODAKteWAY

DEVELOPING films in the Kodak Film Tank is eo
easy and so little apparatus is needed that you can do
all the work on the Ititchen table and have room lo
spare. The Kodak Film Tank can be used in any
light— no dark-room for any of the processes. The
experience is in the tank, so you won't waste any
time or materials in learning how.

The important part of it is that a beginner who
uses the Kodak Film Tank pets better results than
the veteran Kodaker who clings to the old dark-room
method. Developing films will make many a winter
evening pass quickly and will give you that satis-
faction which comes from doing every part of the
work yourself.

Ask your dealer or ivriie U! direct for a/rte
copy of the booklet " Tank Development"

CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited
Toronto, Can.

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ENFIELD, England

Grof f s Modern Gladioli

Groff's New Selections.

Groff's new named varieties, Peace,
"LaLuna", Blue Jay, Empire, Dominion,
War, Etc.

Special collections for Horticultural
Societies, now Izu'gely called for.

Also. Paeonies, Cannas, Dahlias and
general nursery stock.

Write Fok Catalogue

Ci: mpbell Bros. Simcoe, Ont.

"Keep en Trying. ' Mr. i'. J. Krainpti'M
the secretary.

WALEERTON

The eociety held a free lecture by Prof.
H. L. Hatt on beautifying lawns and
grounds around ro,sidences and j)':
building.s. A distribution of bulbs, \i\
and shrubs was made. In addition, ine
mombers had tho privilege of ordering
anything outside of the selections offered
at wholesale prices ,aud also received Th«
C.\N.\DiAN Horticulturist at the expense
of the Society. A free flower show wai
held. Prizes of window plants, annuals,
and bulbs were offered. The latter were
to be distributed in the fall for hanging
baskets and window boxes. The flowers
afterward were sold by auction, and th«
proceeds, plus $10.65 donated by the so-
ciety, was given to the County Hospital
for the purchase of the hanging baskets and
window boxes. Mr. Jas. ij'ulton is secre-

^^''y- ELMIRA

Flower beds were started in different
places by the society, and also by the coun
cil. Mr. Wm. Hunt, of the O.A.C., hai
consented tc give a lecture on "In Whai
Way VV^e Can Improve Public Placei
Along Horticultural Lines," which will n<
doubt help to boom the society, put extri
vim into the work, aud increase the inem
bership. C. Percy Bui^pel, secretary.

OAKVILLB

Mr. B. F. Sanderson, secretary, report
that the sfciety undertook the work o:
planting an oval shaped flower bed twenty
seven feet long and thirteen feet wide oi
the Town Hall grounds. In the centri
were caiiiias, next salvias, then filled il
with pink geraniums, with a border o
silver-leaft'd geraniums. During 1911 th
society intends to extend this kind of worl
as excellent results were received. Tb
premiums included The Canadian Hokti
CULTURIST and a distribution of plants
Flower seeds were also distributed amoi^
the school cliildren. ]

KINGSTON

The work of the society is confined priB
cipally tc holding an annual exhibition
Last year a high class concert was hel
each evening of the exhibition, whic
proved a great attraction. The exhibit
were so arranged that the people coul
promenade and inspect the many exhibit
of fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc., and a
the same time enjoy the musical \>vi
gramme. Tho problem of encouraging th
citizens to beautify their homes was take
up by the directors for the first time. Th
city was divided into two sections an
prizes were offered in each section for th
best kept lawn and most attractive froni
This year every effort will be put forth t
increase this branch of work and the con
petition will be thrown open to all citizen;
whether members or not, and in this wa
a friendly rivalry be created, which w»
e.\tend all over the city.

BERLIN

The organization meeting of the Berli
Horticultural Society last month was a1
tended by a large number of members an
others interested in the work which wi
be undertaken by the society during tl
j-ear. Those in attendance, on the inviti
tion of tho chairman, handed in thei
names and the necessary fee, and thus i
the meeting had a voice in the organizi
tion proceedings. Those present were el
thusiastic over the prospects of the socief
in Berlin, and the large number of ladii
present was a significant feature, pointil
to the fact that the society will have tl
assistance and hearty cooperation of tl
ladies of Berlin.

At a subsequent meeting of the Boari

February, tgii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

45

the following cflScers were elected : Presi-
dent S. J Williams; vice-president, H. L.
Janzen ; and secretary-treasurer, Geo.
DekleinLans.

MILTON

One of the new societies of Ontario
which is doing good work is the Milton
Horticultural Society, which was crgan-
zed about a year and a half ago. The
members were encouraged to improve their
home surroundings and much was done in
the way of civic improvement. A Toronto
gentleman who was formerly a resident of
Milton, recently donated three valuable
sterling silver cups for competition among
the members each year. This feature help-
ed greatly in arousing the interest cf the
members and in encouraging them to put
forth their best efforts to improve their

homes and to make the society a success.
The memberhip is increasing rapidly, and
the officers anticipate a successful year.

The Barrie society last year ranked
tenth among the societies of the provinces
and second among the societies in towns.
A feature which has done much tc build
up the society has been the interest taken
by the business men of the town, many of
whom contributed cash prizes for compe-
tition. The good work has consisted of
civic improvement and improving public
grounds. Encouragement has been given
towards the construction of lawns and
boulevards by the members. A grand chal-
lenge cup was donated to the society for
competition each year among the members.

Spray Mixture

Bordeaux Mixture. — The old formula
four-four-fifty is made by taking four
pounds of copper sulphate or blue vitriol,
four pounds cf stone lime, water fifty gal-
lons. Dissolve the copper sulphate by sus-
pending in a cheese cloth bag in a pail of
water. Use a wooden pail, as the copper
sulphate has a corrosive effect on iron or
tin. Pour the solution into a barrel or
tank used for spraying, half filled with
water.

Slake the lime by the addition of a small
quantity of water. When slaked add seve-
ral gallons of water and stir. Pour the
milk of lime thus made into the dilute
copper sulphate, straining through a brass
wire strainer of about thirty inches to the

n

U

We Pay
Delivery
Charges

n

COVERS

CANADA

Whether you live in Nova Scotia, British Col-
umbia, or anywhere between, your nearest post,
express or freight office is practically a branch
of Simpson's. Simpson's Will Come to You.

We Serve Every Citizen
of the Dominion on Equal Terms

You order from our catalogue at regular Toronto
prices. We Pay Delivery Charges. Everything we
sell, except certain heavy or bulky goods (which are
clearly specified in our catalogue) is Shipped Prepaid.

You don't have to go to Toronto to shop at
Simpson's.

You can have the benefit of our immense
stocks, our great variety of goods and our
low prices, right where you are.

All customers who buy at our store are privileged
— if they desire — to return the goods and get their
money back. You can have the same privilege, no
matter where yon live, and we pay transportation
charges both ways.

Send for our Mid- Winter Sale Catalogue. The

prices in it are special. It is filled with bargains,
such as Toronto shoppers wait for and snap up. This
catalogue gives you the same chance to save money.

Send for the Catalogue Now— It's Free :'.o'* f^'^'^'^'^^'f^. ^^^^o ^°^ 't , "^^ °.^

^^^w. .,w.. M.,. a m. .*,%, "Send me your Mid-Wmter Sale Catalogue."

TOEOMTO

□

46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Feb

ruary, ign

iThc confidence Iclt by larmcrs and
^gardeners in Ferry's Seeds to-day

I would have been impossible to feel in

[any seeds two score of years

1 ago. We have r-'de a

\ science of seed
1 growing.

alwi.;.'? do 1
exactly what you '
expect of them. For sale
everywhere. FERRY'S 1911 SEED I
I ANNUAL Free on request

Id. M. ferry & CO., Vi/lndsor, Onl.'

Tree Surgeons
Attention !

Have you the Kansas Prun-
ing Knife Improved? If not,
you should have, to be up to
date on Tree Surgery. Fast,
easy, perfect work, saves
time, and that's money to a
successful fruit grower.

Made in Guelph and sold
everywhere. Drop us a line
for circular, name of nearest
agent or for agency. We Uke
to answer inquiries.

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Manufacturers

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Messrs. Hall and Uobinson, of Montreal,
state: "APHINE is superior and much
cheaper than any other insecticide we
have ever used."

Messrs. P. McKenna and Sons, of Mon-
treal, say: "We use APHINE in preference
to any other insecticide. One advantage
being that it is free from the disagreeable
odors of tobacco products."

APHINE is sold by:

Dupuy 81 Ferguson

MONTREAL, QUEBEC

TKos. A. Ivcy & Son

PORT DOVER, ONT. ""ited

MANUFACTURED BY

Aphine Manufacturing Co.

MADISON, N.J., U.S.A.

mesh. Then add sufficient water to make
fifty gallons and stir thoroughly, when
the mixture is ready to use. Tliis mixture
should be made fre>sh and any left over
for any time should be thrown out. Care
should be taken never to pour the stronf;
■solutions together, but always dilute with
a quantity of water before mixing.

This is the standard application fcr ap-
l)lo trees and for peach and such other
trees as have foliage injured by the regulai-
bordeaux. The above should be diluted
with an equal quantity of water.

" STOCK SOLUTION

A solution of copper sulphate contain-
ing one pound of sulphate to a gallon of
water may be made and if no lime is add-
ed allowed to stand indefinitely in a
covered vessel. From two to four gallons,
according to the strength desired, is taken
for each fifty gallons.

SELF BOILED LIMK AND SULPHUR

Stone lime ten pounds, sulphur ten
pounds, water fifty gallons. Put lime and
sulphur together in barrel or tub and add
enough water to slake the lime, stir thor-
oughly and add more water to prevent the
mixture becoming sticky. As soon as the
lime is well slaked dilute immediately with
ccld water, and strain through a twenty
m©sh sieve.

LIMB SULPHUR

Stone lime fifteen to twenty pounds, sul-
phur fifteen pounds, water fifty gallons.
Slake the lime in a small quantity of hot
water, gradually adding and thoroughly
stirring in the sulphur. Dilute mixture
with twelve gallons of water and boil in
an iron kettle or cook by steam in a cover-
ed tank or barrel for one hour. Fill the
vessel with water to the required fifty gal-
lons. Strain though a fine mesh strainer
and apply hot.

KEROSENE EMULSION

Laundry soap chipped half pound, kero-
sene (coal oil) two gallons, water one gallon.
Dissolve the soap in the full amount of
water by boiling. Remove from the fire,
and add the kerosene. Stir the mixture
violently by driving it through a force
pump back in to the vessel until it be-
comes a creamy mass that will not separ-
ate. For use dilute one part of the emul-
sion with ten of water.

CONCENTRATED LIME SULPHUR

In making fifty gallons take sixty
pounds stone lime, one hundred and
twenty-five pounds sulphur, fifty gallons of
total product at finish. Put ten gallons
of water in kettle and start the fire. After
the slaking is well started add the dry sul-
phur and mix thoroughly, adding enough
water to maintain a thin paste which re-
quires about five gallons. After slaking
and mixing bring to fifty gallons and boil,
adding water from time to time to keep
up the volume. The time of boiling should
be until the sulphur granules are thor-
oughly dissolved. In general a period of
forty to sixty minutes of actual boiling
should be sufficient to put the sulphur into
solution.

The finished product may be immediate-
ly poured or strained into a barrel or set-
ting tank. The solution should be stored
in air-tight barrels or kept from the air by
means of a thin film of oil. This should
be diluted, one part of the concentrated
mixture to forty of water for summer
spraying, and one part to nine or ten for
spraying in the dormant stage.

INSECTICIDES

From two to three pounds of arsenate of
lead should be added to each fifty gallons
of lime-sulphur. AVhen Bordeaux Mixture
is used Paris Green should be added at the
rate of from a quarter to half a pound to
fifty gallons of the mixture.

At Last

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Our "Champion" is easily the champion
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All cogs and machinery coverea.

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OAt'IO MAXWELL ft SONS.

ST. lIAirS. ONI.

BLACK
KNIGHT

[STOVE POLISH

"Black Knight " Stove
Polish was made for women
— made to save them work,
worry and weariness.

"Black Knight" is the
easy-to-shine Stove Polish.
Just a few light rubs, with
cloth or brush, brings a
brilliantly black polish that
lasts.

It's ready to use — no
mixing— no soiling hands —
no dirty work— and cheaper
than any other because it
goes farther and you get a
bigger can for loc.

Get "Black Knight" at your
dealer's — or send loc. for a lar^e
can free postpaid.

THE F. F. DAUEY CO. LIHITED,

tUmlllon, OnL 19

tiaktn of the famous "2 In 1" Sho4 PolltJi.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

47

The Duty on Vegetables

M. T. Delworth, Weston, president of
the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association,
informs us that contrary to published re-
ports, that the representatives of the On-
tario and Quebec Associations, who waited
on the Dominion Government in Ottawa
recently, were of one mind on all matters.
Arrangements had been made to meet Sir
Richard Cartwright regarding the standard-
ization of weights of bags of a number of
varieties cf vegetables. The interview had
been granted for that special purpose. The
government not having been informed that
the tariff question would be brought up,
the Ontario men did not think it fair to
ask the government tc consider the matter
on short notice.

A private conference was held by the
Quebec and Ontario growers. The unani-
mous opinion was that the vegetable grow-
ers were satisfied with the present duty
of frcra thirty to thirty-five per cent., but
they wished it changed from an ad valorem
duty to a specific duty. AVhen vegetables
are scarce and therefore high in price the
Associations do not wish to force up the
price by a high duty which is the effect
of an ad valorem duty. When there are
plenty of vegetables in the United States
they do not want to have the Canadian
markets glutted with cheap vegetables. The
vegetable growers want the duty to be the
same whether the price is high or low or
the supply is scarce or plentiful. Mr. Del-
worth is satisfied that the changes asked
for in the weights of vegetables as men-
tioned elsewhere in this issue will be
granted.

The western jobbers and produce men
have sent a memorial to the Dominion Gov-
ernment in which they express the view
that instead of being an assistance to the
Canadian producer the duty is nothing less
than a tax on the consumer. When veget-
ables are imported they cannot be procur-
ed in Canada. When vegetables are plenti-
ful the duty is no benefit as the home pro-
ducer can grow them ju,st as cheaply as
United States growers with the additional
advantage of having no heavy freight
charges to pay.

Reciprocity in vegetables or even a low-
rate of duty would enable western people
to procure at all times of the year a supply
of vegetables at a reasonable cost while
it would open the United States market to
the Canadian producer, — a boon of almost
inestimable value.

Montreal

E. H. Wartnun. Dominion Fruit Inipeclor

Okanagan Valley, B.C., and North Ya-
kima, Wash., U.S.A.. have been shipping
quite largo quantities of fruit via this
port to England. For packing and large
bright fruit this stock has aroused the ad-
miration of the public. Ten cars of the
Yakima apples have gone forward on one
steamer from here; about 6,400 boxes,
beautifully packed, each apple wrapped in
soft paper. The boxes have handsome color-
ed fruit labels on their ends, which make
the packages very attractive. A number
of cars were sold here, price generally
S2.50 per case, which would be $7.50 per
barrel. 1 bought a few snecimens at 60
cents per dozen, and got the worth of my
monev admiring them. When we see this
beautiful fruit going forward all fancy
oualltv and compare it with Ontario No.
3's. I consider it is an advertisement for
and against these provinces.

Our barrels that went forward last sea-
son wore probably seventy per cent, eight-
hoop, which is the barrel after all.

Planet Jr.

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Planet Jr Combined Hill

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Planet Jr Single Wheel-Hoe

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_16J Planet Jr Single Wheel-Hoe. Cultiva-
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".''i.X Write today for 1911 illustrated
atalogue of all Planet Jr imple-
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S L Allen & Co

Box 1106 G Philadelphia Pa

This Model C. Spramotor was
awardad four Gold Medals, two at
National Horticultural Congress,
QUO at Dominion Kxhibition, St.
John, and one at Provincial Exhibi-
tion. Halifax, N.S,. 1909-1910. "There
are reasons."

Mr. J. 0. Harris, of Ingersoll, who
is using 4 Power Spramotors for
eight years, writes about the latest
Model 0.

"I have used your Model 0. Spra-
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almost every hour of fine weather
during the past four weeks, with
the exception of four days.

"We have had no break-downs,
practically no delays. It works per-
fectly, and so far ha« given the very
best satisfactio* in use in every
way. It is all you claim it to be."

We have been manufacturing
Spramotors for 15 years for spray-
ing purposes only, "That is the rea-
son," Particulars free,

AGENTS WANTED

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1386 King Street
LONDON, - ONTARIO

It Will Pay You

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148 VAN HORN STREET .... TORONTO, CANADA

4«

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 (

Here is the Spray Pump

that requires no repairs to the pis-
ton; works easier than any others;
has relief valve to drain the air
chamber, and many other novel and
useful features.

Write for further information

about " The Perfect Spray

Pumps" to the manufacturer.

R. B. Wcsthavcr

MAHONE BAY, N.S.

Agents Wanted

Fertilize Your
Lands

|l_

DO YOU KNOW

THAT WORN-OUT
LANDS MAY BE MADE
PRODUCTIVE AND PROFITABLE
BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF
THE RIGHT KIND OF

FERTILIZER ?

nJow if you have
A pie:ce of land that

WONT GROW ANYTHING
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WE FEEL VERY SURE THAT
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USE FERTILIZERS

WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO

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Consult us free.ly it is
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enquiries freely answered

AGENTS WAMTCO FOR
TERRITORY NOT TAKEN UP

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HAMILTON ONTARIO

*^^^^^^^^^^^^^s^^»^^^^^^^^fMWVW»'

Niagara District Notes

By "Wewjr Worm," Winona

This District is bojiinn.'ng to come into
its own and is beginninj; to be known
throiiKboiit the world for what it really is.
as the finest fruit vallev for producing the
non-tropical fruits in North America.

The Campbell's Early grape did well
last year, some exceedingly fine bunches,
weighing a pound and over, having been
nroduce'l. This variety does best on a good
loam, and requires to be liberally fed. I had
the pleasure of visiting the following fine
fruit farms : Messrs. J. Burgess, Niagara ;
W. -Armstrong and Fischer X- .Sons. Queen-
strn ; and W. H. Bunting. St. Catharines.
All these gentlemen had very fine crops of
neaches, runninc fro-u I-t 000 baskets I'p to
P.T.OOO. of excellent qu.nlitv a-d boautifu'
color. In addition Mr. Bunting hod a very
heavy crop of apples and very free from
worms .

In orchards that had been well carel
for, anples were a medium crop of — upon
the" whole— excellent quality, but of verv
poor quality and quantitv in unspra.xed
orchar;ls. An encouraging feature is that
mere growers are giving their apple or-
chards good care than ever letcre, am!
that they are well pleased wifi the res \i'~,.
Apples have proved themselves money-
makers foi- mo.st of those who took good
up-to-date care of their orchards, even al-
though the crop was not heavy. TTnder
such circumstances apples are probably to-
day— even in the Niagara District — as
profitable a fruit as any.

Prices have ruled high for apples here.
Spies having sold as high as $5 per bar-
rel and other winter varieties for $3.50 t«
$4 f.c.b. One of the co-operatives sold
their entire pack of "ones" and "twos" at
$1.50 per box, and their "threes" at .$2
per barrel.

In the neighborhood of Hamilton the
apple crop was pretty good. Messrs. J. C.
and M. C. Smith, Burlington, shipped a
carload early in November to Carl Bros.,
Chicago, at $4.50 per barrel f.o.b. From
Dundas, a town 5 miles west of Hamilton,
a car of apples was shipped to Regina,
and — mere curious still — a car was shipped
to Vancouver, B.C. Inspector Furminger,
of St. Catharines, had detained twc
carloads of apples at Grimsby Station, and
had them repacked, the grading not being
good enough to suit him.

The farm near Vineland, called the Mar-
tin Farm, has been recently bought by
Mr. J. W. Smith, of Winona, price
$21,000.

By conunand of R. H. Lewis, Provincial
Inspector of Yellows, Little Peach, etc., a
number of trees in the District were taken
out recenity.

R-K

LIGHTING
- SYSTEM

The annual meeting of the American
Pomolcgical S'jciety will be held at Tampa,
Florida, Feb. 9, 10, and 11th. The meet-
ing of the Society for Horticultural
Science, the official society of the horticul-
turists of the Colleges of Agriculture and
experiment stations of the United States
and Canada, will meet at the same place
on Feb. 9th. Low railway rates have been
given and an excellent program is offered.
Those interested may secure a copy of the
programme by writing to Prof. John
Craig, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

The Central Farmers' Institute of British
Columbia has passed a resolution asking
that the duty on fruit entering Canada be
raised so as tc make it equal to the duties
now levied on fruit entering the United
States.

FOR YOUR HOME

Will nukn yo'ir h'rn« attrvtivr nn I Invitin: at a
miwtl C'jtt. I>-*titl'iiI ftxtur- < :"v - • r» 1- ir»i wliito
brlUiunt liitht •m>-rior t-. ry at one

hiilf the cii^l. C-iii tw it ri> In tho

h .:n<'. itoff. church. eV'. hi, iti'mwnl'

III 'luly U!W. Wnto our n«ar'-i .n. - iir r.'>..|£!^t " '■'

KI('K-KM<;HT ETI».. Torrmto or Wlnnlf-::

R^vibber Stamps

BRASS STENCILS, Etc.

.»l.l, KINDS— ALL PUKI'<»4K8

W. E. IRONS 113 BAY ST. TORONTO

After being a reiidentof Okanagan, B.C. (or
for 17 years, I am piepared to givt- full in-
lormatiun regarding purchasinjj fruit lands,
prices, conditions, etc. My information guar-
anteed accurate. My fee is $i in advance.

J. F. SIMMONS,

Biw I04. Vrrnoii. I< «■

Northern Grown Trees

App!c. Pear. Plum. Cherry. Peach. Grapes. Small Fruit*
Deciduous and Evergreen Ornainentats, Rosea. Flower-
inR Shrubs. Climbers, etc. Specialties: Mammoth Dew-
berry and Wismer's Dessert Apple. Catalogue Free:
It tells the whole Story.

J. H. WISMER, NurserymaD, Port Eljin, Ont.

TREES! TREES!

Fruit and Oniamentrtl. Perpetual and Climbing
Ro8e=, Bsautiful Hardy Flowering Shrubs
Herbert Raspberry Perfection Currant

Descriptive Catalogue and Price List Free

A. W. GRAHAM, Nnrterymtti, St. Tbomni, Ont.

ARTICHOKES

For Sale, I to 300 Bushels
J.W. Hush, Humber Bay,Oi\t.

DAHLIAS

All the best and newest varieties. Many i
new ones imported this year. Write for illus- j
trated catalogue. Ready now.

H. P. Van Wagner, Stoney Creek, Ont.
STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Reliable and tested varieties, strong and well
rooted plants, carefully packed. True to label.
Including Williams, .-Senator Dunlap, Glen Mary.
Sample, New York, Clyde, Cobalt.

\\ rite for circular and prices.

J. E. McCOMBS, PELHAM CORNERS, Ont.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Harrvmc re. Hpriiage. Gill. Goref. Paul Joncf. iVoo-
ster. Diamond, Joe, Good Luck, Cbas. Newman.
King Edward. St. Louis Ozark, Taft, Orein. Kairdalc
Giant. BountifuLChipman. Three W's. and all the old
ralia hie varieties. Price list sent free on application.

E. B. STEVENSON, Maple Bank

270 Grange Street, - - Guelph, Ontario

Strawberry Plants

iO leadinfT varieties sold at
prices you can afford to pay.
Catalogue free. It will pay you
to secure it before you order
your plants. IW iilante ^ent
poet paid to any address in Can-
ada for Sl.iitl

JOHN DOWNHAM

STRATHRCY. - - ONT/RIO.

February, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

49

BIG FUR SCARF
and LOVELY WATCH

FR EE

Just send us your name
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m:iil you, postpaid, 30
packets of ourquiek sell-
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Each set is done up in
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COLONIAL m CO., Office X 2, TORONTO, ONT.

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SPR.AYERS

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OF CANADA
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Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 3,909,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5,687.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5,687,000.00

D. R. WILKIE, Franldent
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Brainchtts nnd AKOnclas throuKhout
th« Dominion of Canada

Drafto, Mon«r Ord*r« and Letters of Credit

isiued available ia any part of the world
Specwl attention civen to coUectiona

Sarinca Department— Interest allowed on de-
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when you spray with the stick-longest, kill-quickest, safest
and most economical of all insecticides —

ELECTRO Arsenate of Lead

(in Powdered Form)

It is tke only dry Arsenate of Lead in an amorphous (non-crystalline) form, hence

the only one that mixes instantly with water in such a finely divided state that every

drop of spray is equally strong in arsenic. It cannot be washed off by rain. Is death

to insects months after application, yet it is harmless to the newest, tcnderest foliage.

Electro is guaranteed to contain 33% arsenic oxide, or 50% more than other brands,

as proved by Connecticut and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station

tests. Write us for them.

If your dealer can't supply Electro, don't accept substitutes, but send to

us for'prices and proofs from successful fruit growers. We'll supply

Electro in paste form if you prefer it. Use Electro Lime

Sulphur for San Jose scale and suckinsr insects.

THE V^EELAND CHEMICAL CO.

46 Church Street, New York

FOR WINTER SPRAYING

VI Fluid is the Best and Cheapest

Otie gallon makes 100.
We pay the freight.

5 Gallon Can $10.00.
Send cash with order.

Remember Clean Trees Mean Big Crops .
WMJCOOPER 6l nephews, TORONTO

&1

The greatest labor-savers and time-savers ever invented for the farm
~i and garden ! A Planet Jr does the work of 3 to 6 men ; and does]
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ers. Thirty-five years' experience. Fully guaranteed.
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to sow all garden seeds, hoe, cultivate, weed, or plow. Pays for Itself quickly, eveu ,
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I No. 8 1 Planet Jr Horse-Hoe and Cultivator ''"' do more ^| things

[| iti iiitpFL' wnya tli.iii imy other horse-tioo made. Plows to or from the
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The 101 1 Planet Jr catalogue is free. It illustrates^
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Box 11"Sn. Philadelphia P*

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50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, igii

NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES

Prince Edward Island Fruit
Growers' Meeting

J. A. Moore, Hazel-wood, I'. E. I.
The annual meoting of the Prince Ed-
ward Island Fruit Growers' Association
was in every way a success. The attend-
ance was better than usual, and although
this has been a poor year for apple grow-
ing, a splendid display was on the tables.
The packing in barrels and boxes was
splpadidly done. The fruit compared very
favorably with that shewn from Ontario
and British Columbia. One thing though,
is evident — we cannot grow Ben Davis

with either of these provinces.

Wo are just now in an un.settlcd state of
mind . The Spy, Baldwin, and King are
tabooed. There is a feeling aj/ainst Ben
Davis, and our minds are not fully made
up as to which varieties to put in their
place. Stark, Baxter, Pewaukee, and
Wagner each have their champions, but
])ersonally I believe there will soon be a
Letter apple than any of these. I do not
think we grow enough Yellow Belle Flenr
here. The excellent lime-sulphur solution
and its efficacy in preventing scab and the
rpust-be-adopted system cf thinning on the
treo would make this variety a splendid

BAXTER

The Ring of Late
Fall and Early
Winter Apples

ane.

Cut sjiows the Pyramid of BAXTER
Apples that advertised CANADA at
the National Apple Show at Spok-

50 Apples that weighed 64 pounds.
They were grown in British Colum-
bia.

BAXTER is a variety of compara-
tively early maturity. It bears well.
The Fruit is handsomer than King,
and outsells it.

The tree is much hardier, and is a
splendid grower.

WE OFFER splendid grown
trees for Spring Delivery.

WRITE FOR PRICES
Agents Wanted

Stone & Wellington

The Fonthill Nurseries

Toronto, - Ontario

winter apple for us. The fine flavor would
create a market for it. Our apple par
excellence, the one most suited for our pro-
vince, is the Wealthy. I remember some
years ago hearing one new high in autho-.
rity, say when the Wealthv was being
praLsed that "it would be all right if we 1
wanted to produce vinegar." It was ro-i
frtjehing to hear him .say this year that
"we want nothing better than the Weal-
thy, and if I had planted tliom when T
.started I would be worth far more t'
I am now." This man's trees seven y
out produced this year a barrel per t
and were worth three dollars fifty cents
barrel, one hundred and thirty treee to an
acre. Is not this pretty good? But it has
been done. And while few can hope to
have the success of this splendid fruit-
grower, yet I think hundreds might try
the venture, for be it known that as yet
we do net begin to grow apples enough to
attract buyers to our land. No surer way,
no quicker way, and no more profitable
way could be devised to douhlo our popula-
tion in the next fifteen years than for each
of our farmers to plant and protect five
acres of fruit trees.

British Columbia

Mr. Thomas Cunningham, provincial fruit
inspector, is distributing 5,000 circulars
printed on calico, so that they will not
wash off with the rain These are to be
posted in conspicuous places in all districts
where fruit is grown so that the province
should be fairly covered. The posters state
that in order to prevent the spread of in-
sect pe.sts and diseases injurious to fruit
trees and frnit, it is found to be imper-
atively necessary to prune and thoroughly
spray all orchards.

If the owners or persons in possession
of infected and diseased fruit trees neglect
to apply the neces.sary measures for cleans-
ing them the orchard will be quarantined
or the trees must be destroyed at the ex-
pense of the owners as provided by the
British Columbia Horticultural Act and
amendments thereto. All burnings, debris
and other rubbish must be burned up at
the time of pruning.

The Dominion government iias greatly
enlarged its fumigation plant in Vancou-
ver. The immense increase in the quan-
tity of stock passing through the station
each season made this enlargement neces-
sary in order that the work of inspection
and fumigation might be dene expedi-
tiously.

Preparations are advancing rapidly fo.r
the location of the demonstration crchard*
provided for by the appropriation of
$10,000 included in the provincial esti-
mates last session. It is intended that
these orchards shall afford practical ob-
ject lessons in the management of orchards.
Two of the orchards will be located on
Vancouver Island, four on the lower main-
land, one probably in the Delta, one in
Chilliwack, and two in the Dewdney ridge.

The second orchards district will com-
prise Shuswap, Armstrong, Nicola, Sal-
mon Arm and Penneys (Wallachin), two
orchards going to the constituency of Yale
and two to that of Kamloops. Either three
or four orchards are proposed for the third
official district, which is to include Ver-
non, Kelowna, Summerland, Pentictcn and
Keremeos. The fourth district is Kcote-
nay and the Boundary county. East and
N. E. Kootenay. It is expected that two
orchards will be awarded to the Slocan
district, one being given on Arrow and
one on Slocan Lake, with one on thq Koote-
nay Lake in the vicinity of Nelson, one at
or near Cranbrook. one at Windermere,
one at Rossla&d and another at Midwar.

February, 191 j

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

51

Your Choice

Yes, FREE. Shipped posi-
tively and absolutely free. You do

not have to pay us a single penny either now

oi- later. We don't ask you to keep the phonograph —
we just ask you to accept it as a fi'ee loan. We do not even ask
not even any C. O. ]). payment to us. All we ask is that you tell us
you prefer so that we can send that one to you on this free loan offer.

of Any of These

EDISONS

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you for any deposit or any guarantee,
which of the magnificent Edison outfits

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Get any of the outfits shown above — your choice of records too. Simply get
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songs, side-splitting minstrels and vaudeville monologues to the famous grand operas, AmberOra and other records
sung by the world's greatest artists. Hear all tliis to perfection on the Edison Plionograph. After you liave l.ad all this enter-
tainment absolutely free, then you may simply send the outfit right back to us at Our expense. Now, if one of your friends
wishes to buy such an outfit tell hira that he can get the rock-bottom price, and, if he wishes, on payments as low as $2 a month
without interest. But that's not what we ask of you. We just want to send you your cluiice of the latest style Edison Phono-
grapli free — your choice of records too, all free — tlien we will convince you of the magnificent superiority of the new style Edison.
It will cost us a little in express charges to get the phonograph back from you — that is true — but we'll feel amply repaid for
that, knowing that we have made you a friend and a walking advertisement of the new style Edison Phonograph.

Send Coupon for the New
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the outht at our expense when you are through with it. It you enjoy good music, and the ^F
finest and most varied entertainment that it is possible to imagine, or if you want to give ^r

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F. K. Babson, EDISON PHONOGRAPH DISTRIBUTERS / '""'''"' ~"

Dept. 6152, 365 PORTA'E AVE., WINNIPEG, CAN. U. S. OFFICE, EDISON BLDO., CHICAGO., ILL. W

No letter necessary. Just slen and mall Frwf Cmm-

s>

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

February, 191 1

B— Hot Water Tank
C— Fire Box
D— A«h Pan
E— Smoke Pipe

GALVANIZED STEEL SPRAY COOKER

It is eaey to make home boiled lime sulphur if you have a
proper spray cooker. We manufacture two kinds of cookers, one
with a single tank and ono with a double tank, as shown in illus-
tration. They are designei especially for this purpose, and will
give the greatest efBoiency with the greatest saring of fuel. Can
be used for either wood or soft coal.

The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly
rivetted and soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satle,
faction, and are GUARANTEED.

Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 75 gals. Prices ajid full par-
ticulars on application. Write us to-day.

THE STEEL TROUGH & MACHINE CO., LTD.

TWEED, ONT.

Absolutely Reliable

NOT LIKE THE ORDINARY KIND

OUR CATALOGUE MAILED FREE

Don't place your order until you have
sicured a copy

OUR CATALOGUE contains 10 pages of
novelties and invaluable cultural dire<aion8

NEW COLORED FREESIAS

The mo^ intere^ing novelty offered this year.
No such colors have aa yet been seen in the
Sweet Scented Freesias, ranging, as they do
from pink, red, hlac, violet to yellow and
orange ; will flower seven months after sowing

DUPUY & FERGUSON

38 Jacques Cartier Square
MONTREAL

Got 98 Apples Out of

Every 100 Free From Worm Cuts

was only /2

In an orchard of 3,000 trees, the percentage of apples injured by codling moth
i only yi oi 1%. The Rose Cliff Fruit Farm, of Wanesboro, Va., also reported
that when the

ELECTRO Arsenate of Lead

reached th : apples in proper time, not a single worm escaped.

Orchardists and truck growers can depend absolutely upon Electro Arsenate
of Lead to protect trees and plants against all insect pests.

Our Electro process makes the only successful powdered arsenate of lead be-
cause no other is in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.

It is the most economical arsenate of lead — no water to pay freight on — can be
used as a dust or will dissolve instantly in water at any time — age cannot weaken
it — rains cannot wash it off — has 50% more arsenic oxide than any other brand,
yet it is harmless to most tender foliage as it contains less than '4 of i % arsenic.

SEND FOR INTERESTING AND VALUAB I.E FOLDERS on Electro Arsenate of Lead and
on Electro Lime-Sulphur (certain death to S.in Jose scale); also for report
of tests from N.J. and Conn. Agri. Exper. Stations.

THE VREELAND CHEMICAL CO..
46 Church St., New York

Northern British Columbia will constitute
the fifth rffioial division, to which two or-
chards will be given, one in the Kitsum-
k*lum, and the other at Lakelse.

Nova Scotia

B7 A. Ktliilj, WilBot, N. S.

The popularity of the Farmers' Short
Course, held annually at the Nova Scotia
Agricultural College, grows wi+h each suc-
cee<linK year. As might be exnected, how-
ever, the students of horticulture were less
in number this year than in the few pre-
ceding years, owing to the comparative
failure of horticultural crops during the
pa.st season.

Professor Shaw, the Nova Scotian horti-
culturist, was most ably assisted by Mr. A.
McNeil, of Ottawa, and by Mr. "Johnson,
Mr. Messenger, and Mr. Bishop, promi-
nent horticulturists of the Annapolis
Valley.

PLANTrNG j

Profe8.sor Shaw introduced a d i.scussion j
on the planting of an orchard, the sub- '
stance of which is as follows : Orchard land
in Nova Scotia in a condition ready to
plough costs from ten dollars to ninety dol-
lars per acre, the average nrice being pro-
bably thirty dollars to fortv dollars. Usu- 1
ally no returns are obtained until the or-
chard has been out from seven to n
years, though no regular substantial
turns are made until the twelfth >> ..1
from planting. If no barn manure is avail-
able and the orchardist relies entirely on
commercial fertilizer to supply the neces-
sary plant food, the total cost of growing
an acre of orchard until it is six years old
is two hundred and forty dollars. The
apples obtained during the next six years
that is until the orchard is twelve years
old. will pay for the entire expenditure on
the orchard until that time. An acre of
orchard in prime condition is worth from
five hundred dollars to one thousand dol-
lars per acre. Surelv the growing of an
orchard in Nova Scotia is one of the best
financial propositions of the present time.

Any land in Nova Scotia which is deep
and well drained, and will grow ordinary
farm crops, will grow apples. Many or-
chardists prefer a gravelly loam, and pre-
fer the site to be higher than the sur-
rounding land. Probably this is on account
of _ the superior natural drainage of such
soils. The desirable slope of an orchard
site depends a great deal on the locality.
A northern slope will retard the blossom-
ing and consequently lessen the danger of
injury through late spring frosts. A sou-
thern slope will produce earlier maturing
anples of a Letter color : while an eastern
slope i-; generally nroteotel from the pre-
vailing western winds.

The year 1910, in spite of the light
apple crop, has had advantages as well
as disadvantages in that many more
people are becoming interested in spray-
ing and the better care of their orchards.
— R. R. Sloan, Proctor's Hill, Ont.

While probably 99 per cent, of the spr.iy-
ing done in Nova Scotia has been with Bor-
deaux ; in the spring of 1911 probablv 00
per cent, will be with lime sulphur. — S.C.P.

British Columbia Pruit Growers
Association

At the annual meeting of the British
Colnmbin Fruit-growers A.ssociation held in
Victoria, January 6th and 7th, the chief

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

MARCH, igii

No. 3

The Planting and Care of a Large Orchard

W. H. Gibson, President Newcastle Co-operative Association

NEWCASTLE is situated in the
heart of one of the greatest apple-
producing sections of Canada. It
is estimated that in the counties of
Northumberland and Durham there are a
million trees. Of these 400,000 are in
bearing and 600,000 still to come into the
production of fruit. Orchards of fifty
and one hundred acres are common. The
orchards on the farms all through the
Lake Ontario apple belt will average at
least ten acres in size.

I have no fear of over-production, as I
have already seventy-five acres, and will
plant twenty-five acres more in the
spring. On my farm can be seen what
it will be hard to find even in the bonanza
apple ranges of British Columbia, or even
the States, that is, apple trees in rows a
mile long.

PEEPERS HIGH HEADED TREES

Ninety-nine per cent, of the trees in
this district are headed high. I see no
tendency towards changing to the now
popular form of low headed trees. Per-
sonally I am not in favor of the system
of low heading, as I think it is not prac-
tical, and that many men who are plant-
ing low headed trees will in a few years
regret their action. The hired man in
plowing will bark them with the har-
ness. The limbs will fly back and hit
him in the face, knock off his hat, and
cause him to swear, which will not aid
harmony on the farm. The limbs will
soon bend down with the weight of the
fruit, so that they will lie on the ground,
but my strongest objection is that in a
country where the snow is deep and
high drifts form, there is always danger
of the snow drifting up over the limbs
and breaking them down and destroy-
ing the tree. While I believe that a low
headed tree might do in a district with a
light snowfall, I consider it is a great
mistake to plant them in the northern
parts of Ontario. We must keep our
trees above the snow drifts.

H:JIL

A rich, clay loam or a sandy loam
make good apple soil. I prefer clay loam
myself with an open subsoil, but the ap-
ple will do on a variety of soils if it is
well drained and given proper culture.
There should be no permanent water
nearer than eight or ten feet of the sur-
face.

In laying out the licld I have a good

plowman open out a double furrow thirty-
five feet apart across the field. A good
man will run these furrows perfectly
straight. Then, with a measuring pole,
I measure the distance of twenty-six feet
apart in the row, and put up stakes, and
then take out the kinks by sighting along
the stakes.

I prefer the trees planted in squares
thirty-five by twenty-six feet. This gives
a wide rov.- for cultivation and I think
that in northern districts, where the
trees do not grow as large as farther
south and west, that they will be far
enough apart. In any case they will be
far enough apart as long as I have any-
thing to do with them, and then some one

Flowers Won Prizes

I would not be without your
most valuable paper. The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, under any
circumstances. At the last local
fair my flowers took seven prizes
and one honorable mention. I lay
the credit to the useful informa-
tion obtained from The Canadian
Horticulturist. — Constance H.
Royds, Rosedale, B.C.

else can cut them out if they want to
do so.

The trees are planted a few inches
deeper than they stood in the nursery. The
holes are dug a little larger than the size
of the roots and filled up with some good
surface soil, care being taken to shake
the tree, to work the soil around the
roots and tramp the soil firmly as the
hole is being filled. The filling is fin-
ished by turning the furrows back again,
when the trees are mulched with a fork-
ful of strawy manure to keep in the
moisture. I like to get the trees headed
at an average of three and one-half to
four feet, though many are planted in
this district headed at five feet as the
farmers feel that they must keep above
the snow line.

PRUNING

Very little pruning is done to the
roots, except to cut off broken ones and
straggling roots. In trimming the top I
cut out lower limbs and thin out the
branches, leaving three or four. These
are cut back to about two-lhirds then-

length. The main stock or leader is not
touched as my chief care is to have a
good strong leader, and it will start
more quickly if it is not cut back. The
upright pyramid form with a leader -p
the centre will make the strongest tree
with no danger of splitting at the crotcn
or other ills that open headed trees are
likely to have. I have a ten acre orchard,
seven years old, trained to this form
which gives every indication of fulfilling
the above predictions.

The varieties planted are Ben Davis,
.Stark, Baldwins, Spy, Russet and Green-
ing. The number of trees of each varie-
ty planted and also on my own farm will
run in rotation as named above. Also 1
believe that the profits obtained will be 'ji
the same rotation, the first named being
the most profitable, and so down the
list.

EARLY varieties PROFITABLE

For the past two years I have been
planting heavily of early varieties. Ow-
ing to the poor market facilities in the
early days, very few early varieties were
planted, and the few trees that were
planted have been grafted to winter vari-
eties. The best early varieties for this
district are Duchess, Gravenstein, Alex-
ander, Wealthy, Blenheim, Mcintosh
Red and Snow or Fameuse. The market
is improving for early apples, and their
growth lengthens the season greatly as
we can begin picking the Duchess by
August 23rd and continue picking a suc-
cession of varieties right through until the
winter apples are finished.

SPRAYING

I spray three times. Once when the
buds are .swelling, with the strong solu-
tion of a commercial lime-sulphur ; the
next two sprayings are made, one just
before the blossoms open, the other im-
mediately after they have fallen. I have
had good results from using the regular
4 — 4 — 40 Bordeaux, with one-third of a
pound of Paris green added for the last
two sprayings. Last year part of the
orchard was sprayed with the dilute com-
mercial limo-suiphur, one to thirty-three
with three pounds of arsenate of lead
to the barrel of the mixture. I am not as
satisfied as many others are that lime-
sulphur will entirely supplant the Bor-
deaux as a summer spray, but will give
them both a fair test again the coming
season.

53

54

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

Birdufc View of a ScTcnly-fiTc Acre Orchard

This fruit farm is the property of Mr. W. H. Gibson, Newcastle, Ont.

for description.

See preceding article

The application for the codling moth
should be thoroughly applied, using
plenty of force to drive the spray well
into the calyx of the blossoms. These
three sprayings will control ninety-eight
per cent, of the worms, as well as the

apple scab. If any sign of fungus is
seen or hot muggy weather comes on, I
would give another application of either
lime-sulphur or Bordeaux two weeks
later.

Select and buy your seeds early.

Notes on Spraying for Results and Profit

W. H. Bunting, St.

FOR many years I have been a believ-
er in the necessity of spraying in our
fruit orchards and vineyards. The
process of spraying has, however, been a
gradual evolution, and thus it has been
only in recent years that even the more
experienced advocates of spraying have
been able to satisfy themselves as to
methods and mixtures, and there is still
a great deal to learn in order that best
results may be secured.

My first efforts were directed towards
controlling the black rot of the grape.
This disease, which on sandy soils in
Pennsylvania and Ohio had wrought
great havoc, had gained a foothold in
.some vineyards in the Niagara district
in the nineties, more particularly where
the soil was of a light or sandy charac-
ter. For several years, although the
Bordeaux mixture was used, results
were more or less unsatisfactory. This
was largely because the efforts were not
so much directed towards preventive
measures as to effect a cure after the in-
jury was manifest. This was very much
like locking the barn door after the
horse was stolen. About the year igoo
it became evident that earnest efforts
mi'st be made to control this disease in
our vineyards, else it would be necessary
to devote the ground to some other kind

Catharines, Ont.

of a crop, as large quantities of grapes
of such varieties as the Rogers, the Nia-
gara, the Brighton, and even the more
resistant Concord were being entirely
destroyed and rendered unfit for sale.
Various spraying outfits had been em-
ployed. These were more or less effi-
cient, but all of them lacked in one or
more essential details, causing loss of
time and considerable annoyance owing
to their liability to get out of order at
a critical time. In consequence the
work was imperfectly or hastily per-
formed.

About this time also the San Jose
.Scale had made such inroads in many
portions of the district that it had be-
come a serious question as to whether
fruit P'rowing as a commercial activity
was likely to survive. This pest attack-
ed nearly all kinds of fruit trees and
multiplied with tremendous rapidity.
Our knowledge of suitable and effective
remedies was very meagre.

Thanks to the experiments and re-
searches of our experts and professors,
both in Canada and across the line to the
South — so many of whom have been
successfully engaged in this work thai
mention of a few names might be invid-
ious— we have obtained an effective spray
mixture. This is a compound of lime

and sulphur. It has proved itself so
valuable that it bids fair, in combinatii
with arsenate of lead, to be a specific !■
nearly all the ills that the fruit industry
is heir to, and they^are many and varied.

For the past few years we have bcfn
engaged in a campaign which has h.i<i
for its object the control and reduction
to a minimum of the pests to which 1
have referred, including also the cindlinj.;
moth, apple scab, peach curl, and other
fungus diseases. With this end in view
we have established a steam plant for the
economical preparation of our own home
made lime and sulphur mixture. We
have also .secured a power spraying out-
fit of large capacity by one of the most
reliable makers. We now feel that \
are fairly masters of the situation.

The past season has fully demonstrat-
ed that a careful spraying in the dormant
season with a strong solution of lime
;md sulphur will keep the San Jose Scale
in such subjection, that if looked after
each year it need cause no further anxi-
ety. This same spraying has also been
found a specific for peach curl, and will
greatly assist the operator in his subse-
quent work of controlling fungus dis-
eases.

For the apple orchard we followed this
up with a spray of dilute lime and sul-
phur or Bordeaux, with an addition of
ten pounds arsenate of lead to two hun-
dred gallons of the mixture immediately
the petals began to fall from the blos-
som. This was followed by a subsequent
spray about July ist. The result was a
beautiful crop of apples of excellent color
and quality, which were the admiration
of all who saw them, and which com-
manded excellent prices wherever offered
for sale.

In the vineyards we spray early. The
first spray is given with the Bordeaux
mixture, about 3-4-40, before the bloom
opens. We give four sprayings at in-
tervals of ten days or two weel-'s. The
result last year was a crop of almost
perfect grapes of all varieties.

Peaches up to the present have had
the spraying only in the dormant season,
but observations this year have brought
us to the conclusion that to ward off the
effects of damp and unfavorable weather
conditions in the ripening season a
thorough spraying with the dilute lime
and sulphur when peaches are about half
grown may prove time well spent.

I cannot too strongly urge that no
pains be spared in an effort to spray thor-
oughly and well. A man may do all the
other work in connection with an orchard
in the way of pruning, cultivating and
fertilizing, none of which should be neg-
lected, and if he falls down with his
spraying he will come far short of realiz-
ing the satisfaction and profit which
comes from a complete rounding out of
the work outlined.

March, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

55

Getting New Bearing Wood in Old Orchards

A. McNeil, Ottawa, Chief of the Fruit Division

IN renewing the wood of an old apple
tree, it is usual to cut away the top
more or less. The result is that nu-
merous suckers sprout upon the large
limbs and even upon the trunk. A few
of the most favorably situated suckers
are selected, and the rest are cut off,
and these growing suckers soon develop
the bearing wood.

A common mistake with the average
orchardist is to allow these suckers to
grow the second year unpruned ; the re-
sult is that the main growth is made
from the top of the suckers which pro-
bably have grown the first year four or
five feet. At the end of the second year
there has been a vigorous growth of say,
three or four feet. Unfortunately, this
growth is above three or four feet of
naked wood, .^n example of this is seen
in figure one. The suckers should have
been cut back when they were one year
old, leaving not more than five or six
buds. This would have taken probably
three-quarters of the length from the
suckers.

If all the suckers had been pruned in
this way, then the second year the same
growth would have been made as was
made without the pruning, but it would
have been located low upon the frame-
work of the tree. During the growing
season it might have been necessary to
have cut out some of the twigs not need-
ed to form the framework of the new-
head, leaving three, or perhaps four,
good branches growing in different di-
rections.

THE SECOND PEUNING

At the end of the second year the prun-
ing should not be quite so severe. Pro-
bably not more than half the growth
should be cut back, and during the fol-
lowing season some attention should lie
given to the branches to give those that
were growing in the right direction a
chance to fill the whole space about the
body of the tree.

At the end of the third year the head
should be fairly well formed. In all pro-
babflity a few fruit spurs will have form-
ed upon the second year wood, and the
wood growth not be so great as to re-
quire much cutting back. Usually no
cutting back is required, simply a little
thinning of superfluous branches. After
the tMrd year the pruning should not be
different from that of the ordinary apple
tree and fruit might be expected upon all
the previous year's wood.

THE CAEB OP GRAFTS

The same ^treatment should be given
to grafts. Nine out of ten of the trees
that are renewed by top-grafting, have
been distorted in shape by not cutting
back .se\erely the strong growth usually

made the first year. Of course, where
two grafts grow in one limb^ one should
be cut out after the first year's growth.

Figure two shows an old orchard
which i.s exceedingly picturesque, but
sadly in need of bearing wood coming
out from the large limbs within a few
feet of the ground. There would be
little diHiculty in getting a new growth,
even in an old orchard such as this is,
if the tops were cut back, encouraging
the suckers to develop.

The skilful orchardist is always on the
lookout for good new wood towards the

so that in practice the older limbs are
constantly being deprived of the fruit
spurs which once grew upon them, and
the bearing wood is being pushed out
farther and farther from the trunk and
from the centre of the tree. The apple
grower noticing this, is constantly on the
lookout to renew these fruit spurs by
means of new wood growing near the
trunk and t >watds the centre of the tree.

Experience in Spraying

.^t the short course in fruit growing
held at the Ontario Agricultural College
at Guelph, Mr. Robert Thompson, of St.
Catharines, and Mr. L. Caesar, of the
.\gricultural College, Guelph, gave their

P--i''^^-:X^' ,'

■if-

^^■

^^?*-'''-

m

An Example of the Neglect to Prone Dehorned Trees.— Fi(. 1.

The suckers should have been cut back severely when one year old. Neglect to do this results

in a tall, straggly top.

orchards last sea-

centre and lower part of his trees. Those
who are familiar with grape pruning
know that, in order to have a crop of
grapes, a growth of ten or twelve feet
must be cut off, leaving a spur of four
or five inches, with only two or three
buds. In this way the vine is kept with-
in reasonable bounds and large crops of
good fruit are produced.

Exactly the same principle should be
applied to apple trees, with this differ-
ence : If the grape grower looks for fruit
upon the wood which he leaves of last
year's growth, the apple grower looks
only for the formation of fruit spurs on
one year old wood and blossoms and fruit
the year after. The orchardist has thus
to look three years ahead at least. But
once formed the fruit spur continues to
give blossoms and perhaps fruit for
three, four or perhaps five years.

Fruil spurs, however, are exposed to
many accidents, the pruner and pick-
er break them ; wind and sleet have their
effects; and they deteriorate with age;

experience in sprayini
son.

The start in spraying, Mr. Thompson
said, should be made at the trunk, and
that it was better to waste some of the
spray material than not to use enough.
The majority of people put on too little
material. If the lime-sulphur is self boil-
ed or has sediment in it use a large noz-
zle; if commercial lime-sulphur or clear
home-made is used, two smaller nozzles
would give better results. Give the first
spray early for foar that press of work
or an early spring would prevent the ap-
plication. He would commence spraying
any time from February twentieth with
the strong solution for San Jose and Oys-
ter Shell scale and blister mite.

HOME BOILED OR COMMERCTAI.

He would use the concentrated in all
cases as there is economy in manufacture,
fuel and labor. He advi.scd those heav-
ing orchards of under ten acres to buy
commercial lime-sulphur and those over
that quantity to make their own. At the

56 THE

Rochester meeting, Prof. Van Slyke ad-
vised eighty pounds sulphur, forty pounds
of lime, forty-two gallons water as being
better than the formula which is generally
used, of one hundred and twelve pounds
sulphur, sixty pounds lime and forty-two
gallons of water. Then dilute the above
to six barrels for the dormant spray.

FOR SUMMER SPRAY

Use at a strength of one and a half
gallons to a barrel, practiclly one to thirty
of water. He had seen no burning in
using fifty-three barrels on two and a half
acre orchard, except in the case of one
barrel which the men had forgotten to
stir.

In the yard where one tree was not
sprayed there were no Nos i or 2 apples.
One Gravenstein tree had sixteen boxes
on the sprayed side and none on the
side not sprayed. Under one Snow ap-
ple tree on the side that was not sprayed
the ground was covered with apples,
while on the sprayed side the apples all
hung on.

Mr. Thompson is greatly in favor of
lime and sulphur, being satisfied that it
will replace the Bordeaux as being more
satisfactory, more economical and more
uniform in quality.

HOME BOILED CHEAPER

The cost of the home-boiled solution is
about as follows :

112 pounds sulphur $1.68

60 pounds lime 25

Fuel 10

Labor, at $2.50 per day 50

$2-53
This cost of two dollars and fifty cents
for what will make six barrels, is forty-
two cents a barrel.

The commercial brand will cost from
eight dollars to eight dollars and fifty
cents a barrel ; taking off the value of the
barrel at seventy-five cents, leaves it at
seven dollars and twenty-five cents to
seven dollars and seventy-five cents, say
seven dollars and a half a barrel, which
will make eight barrels, and costs ninety-
four cents a barrel, or more than double
the cost of the home-boiled material. It
is not safe to use commercial lime-sulphur
weaker than one to eight for San Jose
scale. He advised using home-made
concentrated lime-sulphur and putting
plenty on. A few cents saved in material
is nothing considering the risk taken in
not using a sufficient quantity. The solu-
tion can be boiled in barrels by steam.
He had boiled the solution in twenty min-
utes, but advised one hour. Many people
think that the material is boiling when it
is really not. A thermometer should be
used in order to test the heat.

Poor results in spraying are frequently
due to not having kept the material at the
boiling point sufficiently long. Boil one
hour after the water boils. If using
steam have it at a high pressure. In or-
der to spray his trees thoroughly he

CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

An Old Orchard in Netd of^Bearing Wood Lower Down. Fi{. No. 2

The tops should be cut back to encourage suckers to develop. Old orchards can be renewed
in this way. See preceding page for description.

pruned severely, bringing trees fifty years
old down to within ten to twelve feet of
the ground ; in a number of cases the
limbs where cut were six inches in diam-
eter.

OTHER VIEWS

Mr. L. Caesar, B.L.A, of the Depart-
ment of Biology, Ontario Agricultural
College, gave as his opinion that there
was no doubt that dilute lime-sulphur,
either commercial or home-boiled, or Bor-
deaux, will give equally good results as a
summer wash. The weakness of Bor-
deaux is that for some unknown reason,
especially in some seasons, it will rust the
fruit. One advantage is that either Paris
green or arsenite of lime can be used,
while with lime-sulphur the only safe poi-
son is arsenate of lead, which has been
proven to increase the efficiency of the
lime-sulphur fifty per cent. The lime-
sulphur will give a better color to the
fruit. Thorough spraying gives the best
results.

The old formula of twenty pounds lime,
fifteen pounds sulphur and forty gallons
of water, boiling one hour, gave good re-
sults, but the concentrated is more eco-
nomical and convenient, and will save
fuel, labor, time and money.

BUT OR MAKE CONCENTRATED

A co-operative company can save
money for its members by boiling for the
society. An individual with not more
than three hundred trees had better buy
it, while if the man has a large number
of trees he can make it much cheaper than
he can buy the solution ; but if he has
only a few trees, or is commencing to
spray, he had much better buy a commer-
cial brand.

There are a number of different formu-
lae, all very similar. As 'every pound of

good lime will unite with two pounds of
sulphur, he preferred the following,
which he uses himself: One hundred
pounds sulphur; fifty pounds lime, and
forty gallons water.

Bring the forty gallons of water nearly
to boil, put in the lime, stirring it well,,
then put in the sulphur, working it up
with the hands, or working through a
sieve. It is not necessary to mix it up in
a paste, as is frequently advised. Boil
about an hour, stirring with a hoe, when
it will be found to have boiled down to
about two-thirds of the original amount,
and will read about 1.305 specific gravity,
of .33 Baume, on the hydrometer. If
the above is diluted to forty gallons it will
be found to read about 1.275 on the hy-
drometer. If the mixture is boiled by
steam there will be no reduction in vol-
ume, and it will read 1.275 specific grav-
ity. To test, let it settle and cool.

To dilute it for San Jose scale requires
a specific gravity of 1.035 '^or good re-
sults. To find the dilution, divide thirty-
five into two hundred and seventy-five,
which will give 7.8, which means that
every gallon should be diluted to 7.8, or
that 6 4-5 gallons should be added to
each gallon of the mixture. The summer
wash is most successfully used at a speci-
fic gravity of i.oog, when by the same
process we find that it will need to be di-
luted to thirty and one-half gallons, or
that twenty-nine and one-half gallons
of water should be added to every gallon
of the mixture, .^s a rule, the manufac-
turers of the commercial brands claim a
specific gravity of 1.300, and advise a
dilution of one to eleven and one to thirty-
five, which is usually somewhat weak to
give good results. The commercial mix-

March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

57

ture will do the work equally as well as
the home-boiled if it is used at the same
strength. Lime-sulphur is cheaper than
Bordeaux.

SPRAY CALENDAR

1. .Before or as buds are bursting spray
with lime-sulphur without poison at about
one to nine or ten ; hydrometer test of
specific gravity, 1.030 to 1.03c, for scale,
blister, mite, canker, scab, and destroy-
ing the eggs or young larvEe of leaf-eat-
ing insects.

2. Just before the blossoms burst, lime-
sulphur, one to thirty-two, hydrometer
test i.oog specific gravity, add two
pounds arsenate of lead to each forty gal-
lons of the mixture.

Bordeaux, four, four, forty, with four
ounces of Paris green or two pounds of
lead arsenate, may be used. This appli-
ration is to kill all leaf-eating insects
just hatching, as caterpillars, case bear-
ers, canker worms, bud moths and can-
kers, and to ensure the setting of fruit by
warding off the scab.

3. As soon as ninety per cent, of the
blossoms have fallen, use same as num-
ber two, or slightly weaker. Lime-sul-
phur, specific gravity 1.008, or Bordeaux
three, three, forty, but the amount of poi- .
son should be the same. This is the most
important spray for codling moth, and
also destroys leaf eating nisects and pre-
vents scab and canker.

Spray thoroughly, forcing the liquid
into the calyx of the blossoms. The ar-
senate of lead doubles the efficiency of
lime-sulphur as a fungicide.

A fourth application of number three is
frequently necessary in about three weeks
to check the codling moth and scab.

For curl leaf of the peach, spray with
the strong lime-sulphur solution. For
the peach rot, spray with the self boiled
lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead at inter-
vals of ten days or two weeks.

Buy a pump of adequate capacity. It
should have sufificient power to go over
the orchard in three or four days. There
is only a week at most when the trees can
be sprayed for codling moth, and bad
weather or unavoidable delays will pro-
bably reduce this to three or four days.
Use a Friend style of nozzle for dormant
spray and force it into the calyx of the
blossoms.

Be sure and have good hose, as there
is much inferior hose on the market, and
a power outfit will give a pressure of two
hundred pounds. The higher the pres-
sure, the more material used and the
faster the trees will be sprayed. For
twenty acres or over use a power plant.
If the spraying is to be done at all, it
must be done quickly.

Starting an Orchard

Fr. M. Leopold, O.C

The fir.st thing to do about starting an
orchard, is to plan for it. A slow start
is. much better than a poor start. The
ideal spot for a proposed orchard is gen-
tly sloping land, somewhat higher than
its surroundings. When a frost or a del-
uge comes it quickly runs off on to the
lower lands. Proper frost drainage is
just as important as good water drainage,
even more so. Because water can be
tiled away ; frost cannot. Some growers
prefer a north or some other slope ; but,
says "Biggie," height of land is of more
importance than direction of slope.
SELECT PROPER SOIL

Carefully study the question of soil in
its relation to the variety of fruit to be
grown. Some kinds of fruit do best on
hcht soil, some do best on heavy soils.
The, difference between a sandy or a
clayey location may mean the difference
between success and failure.

Apples will do well on almost any soil,
provided that it be somewhat elevated
and sufficiently well drained. Very high
sand or swampy muck, would be least
desirable ; a loamy, clay soil most desir-
able.

Cherry trees do best in a light soil,
well drained, but not too dry ; sandy,
loamy or gravelly soil will do.

The ideal pear soil is a rather heavy
clay loam with a well drained subsoil.
Heavy clay does well if the under-drain-
age is sufficient. Light or sandy soils
are not so good for this fruit.

•Extract from an address delivered at the
annual meeting of the Quebec Pomological Ss-
i-ie.t.v hold in St. Ilyacinthe. Que.

,R., La Trappe, Que.

Plums do well almost anywhere, if the
ground is not to wet. This fruit, how-
ever, will stand much more moisture than
the cherry. A clay-loam, rather moist,
but without stagnant sub-soil water,
would be ideal for the European and nat-
ive varieties. The Japanese plum does
better on a light soil.

SETTING TREES

In the province of Quebec early spring
is the best season to set an orchard. The
farther north the safer it is to practise
spring planting and after all that may be
said about fall planting, the best rule thai
can be given to a planter who is not an
expert, is to stick to spring planting.

Most planters make the mistake of set-
ting their trees too closely together. It
seems to them no better than an extrava-
gant waste of ground to set little spind-
ling trees so many feet apart, and it re-
quires some imagination to think that the
trees will ever completely occupy the
ground. As the man stands off to sur-
vey his newly-set orcahrd, it actually
seems as if there were nothing there, but
if he could see that same orchard a few
years hence, in his mind's eye, he would
surely see the wisdom of giving each tree
plenty of "elbow-room".

On the other hand, I do not believe that
in Quebec, where our winters are severe
and trees do not profit comparatively as
fast as in Ontario, in planting trees too
far away.

Never cut a limb from a tree unless
you know just why you do it.

It is a mistake to neglect an orchard
when it is not producing a crop of fruit.
.An orchard neglected for a year virtually
puts it back three years.

AjHsrit Powar Sprajrar (Hurst) in Operatioi

58

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, igji

Planting a Peach Orchard

H. SI. Clare Fisher,

THIS is a subject noon which there is
a diversity of opinion, but in treating
it I simply relate my own experience,
which covers a period of about twenty
years. During the past ten or twelve
years I have been endeavoring to find out
by practice the best way to plant a young
peach tree, and I feel that I have had a
fair measure of success. At the very be-
ginning is where the majority of orchard-
ists fail, for on the proper placing in the

Fig. 1— Three Ye»r Old Pe«ch Tree Urprnneil

The property of Mr. H. St. Clare Fisher, Qeen-
Bton, Ont.

soil of a young tree depends the future of
that tree.

There are four essentials in the plant-
ing of a peach orchard :

1. Preparation of the soil.

2. Selection of the trees, being careful
to select the proper varieties for your par-
ticular locality.

3. Placing the tree in the ground in the
proper manner.

4. Fertilization and cultivation the
first season.

SOIL

The best soil in which to plant a peach
tree is a deep sandy loam with a gravelly
sub.soil and a rock bottom, probably four
to five feet from the surface. T would
suggest that the ground be plowed in
small lands and well drained in the fall
of the year. Do not attempt to plant a
peach orchard in a field unless it can be
well drained with surface drains or has a
good system of under-draining. Work
the land very thoroughly in the spring,
levelling the field as well as you can.
Stake the field, using a. triangle; never
plow furrows in which to set the trees.
Set your stakes eighteen feet apart, north
and south, and twenty feet apart east and
west, which is close enough to set your
trees. Have your holes dug with a long
handled pointed shovel and large enough
so as not to cramp the roots of the tree.
Trim your tree to a whip, place it in the
hole with the point of the bud towards the
south-west, and have the tree leaning at
cjuite an angle in that direction, or in

Queenston, Ont.

the direction from which the prevailing
wind comes. Be sure to put surface earth
around the roots of the tree, and tramp it
as hard as you can, gradually filling the
hole until it is about two-thirds full. Hav-
ing the earth well packed or tramped
hard around the tree is very important.
.\s .soon as possible after your orchard is
planted take a truck load of fine ground
bone and sprinkle about a quart around
each tree on the outside of the hole. Have
men follow up with shovels mixing the
bone with the soil, at the same time fill-
ing up the other third of the hole, being
careful not to pack the earth on the sur-
face around the tree. I use a grade of
bone with an analysis of three per cent,
ammonia and twenty-three percent, phos-
phoric acid. Do not put green manure
around a newly set peach tree, or in other
words, do not mulch it.

OXJLTIVATION

As soon as an orchard is set and fer-
tilized start cultivating around the trees
with a one-horse cultivator or use a drag
cultivator with shoes on so that it will
not jump and touch the trees. Do not
attempt to get closer than six inches to
the tree for fear of striking it, as great
care must be exercised at this time not
to dislodge the trees. Use a hoe to stir
the earth immediately around the trees.
Never use a disk harrow in a peach or-
chard if you can avoid it and do not cul-
tivate deeper than three inches. After
your trees have nicely started or about
the middle of August place carefully
around each tree three or four forkfuls
of well-rotted compost manure. By this

beside each tree, and cut tree off, leas-
ing each one in the orchard just thirt)'
inches high. During the season keep all
shoots rubbed so that the trunk of each
tree will be about fifteen inches high.
This, in my opinion, is low enough for .1
low-headed peach tree.

Fig. 2.— The same tree as represented in Fig.
1 properly pruned. There are eighteen hundred
in the orchard just like this one.

time cultivation should cease, but it must
be thorough up to this time, being care-
ful after every rain to go over your or-
chard with the cultivator and hoe, and
regularly, in any case, once every week.
In order to have your trees a uniform
size the following suggestions, if care-
fully carried out, will insure success.
Immediately after the trees are planted
take a stick thirty inches long, place

Fertilizers for Fruit Growers

Prof. R. Htrceari, O.A.C., Gaelpk, Oat.

(Continued from last usnc)
From a German .source we take the
following results of a long continued ex-
periment of fertilizers on plums: The
value of the fertilizers during the ex-
perimental [period of thirteen consecutive
crops was $193.50; increa.sed yield of
crop worth $1,709.05. Profit, 81,515.45.
When potash was left out the profit was
reduced to $140; without the phosphoric
acid there was $108.57 profit, which w'as
still further reduced to $69.03 when nitro-
gen was the constituent left out in the
experiment. In this particular ca.se it is
evident that the lack of nitrogen influenc-
ed the results more than the lack of
either potash or phosphoric acid.

Quoting again from German investiga-
tions on gooseberries, the following re-
sults are al.so very interesting: The total
value of the fertilizers used through thir-
teen continuous years of cropping was
worth $203.50; total value of the crop
due to the fertilizers, $2,035. J* '■'' ap-
parent that this would leave a profit of
$1,831.50. When any one constituent
was omitted the profit was very much re-
duced. With most of the varieties used
in the experiment potash had the greatest
influence, phosphoric acid next and the
nitrogen least. Evidence goes to show
th:it different varieties of the same kind
of fruit make use of the various mineral
constituents in different proportions.

Strawberries have been found to re-
spond very readily to the application of
commercial fertilizers. A study of the re-
quirements of this crop is not so difficult
as that of the other fruits in as much as
the strawberry crop does not occupy the
ground for so long a time, and therefore
experiments do not have to be continued
for such long periods. Experiments seem
to show that the complete mixture of the
fertilizers will give the largest yields, but
that on ground in good condition the plot
receiving no nitrosren gave nearly as
good results as where this constituent
was added, while if potash or phosphoric
acid were omitted the yield seriously
diminished.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN

One point particularly demonstrated
in all experiments with soft fruits is that
an excessive amount of nitrogen seems to
produce .soft fruit which will not ship well
and which decays early. This is particu-
larly true in wet seasons and with the
strawberry.

{To he Continued)

March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HO RTICUI/r URIS T

59

H. The Canna

^B Dr. J. Wjcliffe M»>hall

^B The canna is strictly a tropical plant.
^^There are over one hundred species, all
^B from the hottest climates, but as far as
I know America has contributed but
one. This one, Canna flaccida, is a na-
tive of the swamps of Florida.

.'Vll cannas are aquatic or semi-
aquatic, growing in wild, wet, swampy
places. It is well for those growing can-
nas to bear this in mind if they want
good cannas, as they have never left off
their original habits. They need heat,
sun, moisture, and a place as rich as
their old rich mud beds in their first
homes. All cannas in their natural state
are showy on account of their broad and
Idhg smooth leaves.

The flowers of all cannas originally
did not amount to much with the excep-
tion of the flaccida, which is said to
brighten up its dreary home with a pro-
fusion of light yellow flowers resembling
tissue paper flowers and equally as frail.
The bloom is of short duration and is
soiled by the slightest touch. For these
reasons it is not a desirable species to
cultivate alone. It was not the flowers
of any of the species, but the foliage that
first attracted attention.

But note the change which cultivation
and hybridization has worked with these
tall, stalky plants, with spare spikes of
dull red or yellow flowers to the beautiful
brilliant constant succession oF bloom-
ing cannas of to-day, before which all
other flowers (not excepting the gladi-
olas or geraniums) have to step aside.

CROZY HYBRIDS

In the Crozy hybrids we have the finest
strain of all the cannas. A Frenchman
named Antoine Crozy hybridized them
into existence about the year 1884. The
Crozy kept improving until 1890, when
the Crozy hybrids were known every-
where, and instead of one stalk with
flowers that wilted by the sun or were
injured by the rain, there were stalk
after stalk of big, full, bright flowers
that would

"Turn on her god when he sets,
The same look which she turned when
he rose."

From June until the frost cuts them
down in November, the Crozy hybrids
are a flame of those bright, big flowers.
At the end of the stalk the flowers will
come and when those are through a
.second and -often a third big cob will
open. When these are through another
stalk is up to take its place, and would
do so the whole year round were it not
for the frost. Where is there another
bedding plant that has so many good
qualities? Stately, beautiful foliage, a
perpetual bloomer, untroubled by dis-
ease or insect pest, and easy to grow.
Break a stalk off a little below the
ground, stick it in the ground and give
it water. It will live and flower. Nearlv

A Bed of Cuwas at Elmcroft, the residence of Senator F. T. Frost, Smiths Falls, Ontario

The Bed of Cannas shown in the illustration of Elmcroft is really very eflFective. It forms a
turn in the roadway in size, twenty-seven by fifteen feet. The shape is a pointed oval or egg
shape. The outside row is composed of Dwarf Gloriso, two and one half feet, the next Souvenir
de Antoine Orozy, three feet, with the centre of D ark Leaf David Harum, Green foliage. Presi-
dent Mcjvinley. (Jueen Charlotte, Dark Leaf Deep Red Mewoasal. The border is of Caladitlm and
the Dusty Millar. The bed has been planted f or several years with similar arrangement and
been both a pride and a pleasure.

all the cannas advertised are the Crozy
hybrids.

In 1896 Springer of Italy succeeded in
crossing the Madam Crozy and Flaccida.
The two were named respectively Aus-
tria and Italia. The former was canary
yellow, with crimson spots, with no re-
semblance to the Crozy. The flowers
were very large, resembling the Flac-
cida.. Italia was a curiously blotched
yellow and red. Neither were very de-
sirable for bedding.

I have seen some fine hybrids by
American florists. One I have. Madam
Haskins, I think was produced by a
Buffalo florist. I have not yet run across
a pure white, pink, or rose, but the scar-
let, yellow, and crimson are all fine
varieties.

Timely Work for Flower
Growers

Many of the winter bloomers have a
tendency to become root or perhaps pot
bound. The quantities of small rootlets
pressing against the sides of the pot be-
come baked and injured by the heat of
the rooms or hot sun. They should have
a covering of cardboard or paper or sim-
ply a thin board nailed to the outer edges
of the plant shelves which will keep the
sun from shining directly on the pots and
scorching the roots.

You can gain a great deal of time by
.starting nearly all the common flower-
ing plants now. If you have no green-
house or hot bed, a seed box can be ar-
ranged in the window, or in the cellar.
The plants can be removed to the garden
as soon as danger from frost is over, and
you will have flowers in the garden a
month ahead of your neighbors.

Begonias, Gloxinias, and Achimenes
are among the best house plants. They

are easy to raise and can be grown suc-
cessfully in the windows of any' dwell-
ing. The temperature should be about
sixty degrees and the plants shaded from
the bright sun. After the first of June
they can be successfully handled out of
doors in a sheltered and shady position.

Cannas should be started into life this
month either in the greenhouse or in
boxes indoors, otherwise there will be
no flowers until late in the season.

Hyacinths and other bulbs that were
potted in the fall can be brought into full
light in a cool place either in the green-
House or window garden.

For a shady corner in the garden the
surest plant, and also one very effective,
is the tuberous begonia. Get dormant
plants during March, placing them in
pots where it is warm enough to start
them growing. The growth will be
well started when spring opens and a
month will be gained in obtaining
flowers.

You may now sow seeds of the very
earliest hardy annuals such as Alyssum,
in boxes ready to be transplanted when
spring comes.

.'V few tuberous begonias may be put
in moss or sand to start them off before
potting.

To propagate Dahlias by cuttings, it
will be necesary to bring the dormant
plants up to fhe light now. Plant in a few
inches of sandy soil and they will soon
furnish choice cuttings which will root in
a few days.

Cut a few twigs of Japanese quince,
lilac, dogwood, maple, elm, willow, alder
and various fruits. Place them in water,
in a sunny window ; change the water
every three or four days, when you will
be rewarded by their bursting into bloom.

6o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 t

Some Gardens and Gardeners in the Old Land

Miss M. E. Blacklock, Toronto, Ont.

THE Royal Horticultural Society's
July Show is held at Holland
House, an historic old place, the
grounds of which are even now being
cut up into building lots, the land being
too valuable to be allowed to lie unused
any longer. Indeed, it is wonderful
to think it has escajjed this fate
for so many years — a bit of beauti-
fully wooded country right in the midst
of London's rush and wliirl Those at-
tending the show are permitted, by pay-
ing a fee of a shilling or two, which is
given to some charity, to go over the
grounds.

This was a chance not to be missed,
despite a drenching rain, as the gardens
are quite celebrated. A large stretch of
lawn, with flower beds here and there,
occupied one side of the house, the end
of which opened on a walled-in, formal
garden, good, of its kind. The wall on
one side formed a back to several glass-
houses or conservatories, and by mount-
ing a stairway in the one farthest from
the house, one came out on the roof,
which _ formed a wide promenade all
along, overlooking the formal garden as
well as the grounds in general. This
promenade ended in a flight of wide
steps down to the other side of the
house, not far from the front door. The
walks in the grounds were so arranged
that they seemed endlessly long — and
rather tedious, to be truthful — branch
paths leading- here and there to various
points of interest, such as the rock gar-
den, the rose garden, the Japanese gar-
den, and others. The last was pitifully
artificial and the whole effect very poor.
In fact, taken as a whole, the grounds
were badly laid out and nothing like as
beautiful as they might easily have been,
with such magnificent opportunities.
The trees and shrubs were lovely, and of
course no place could be ugly with them
for a background, but the garden it-
self was a hopeless jumble of beautiful
things, with no repose about it.

PROFESSIONAL GARDENS

Delightful visits were paid to Messrs.
Barr & Sons' Nurseries at Surbiton,
where one could wander around for
hours at one's own sweet will amongst
all their lovely things, getting valuable
information all the time. To the Messrs.
Perry at Fn field — Mr. Perry, Junior,
with a wide knowledge apparently of
the flora of the whole world, went around
their grounds with me and showed me
his best beloved treasures, specimens no
money could buy, as well as the grand
collection of herbaceous plants that they
have for sale. Their collection of del-
phiniums is superb and won the gold
medal at the Holland House Show. And
to Backhouse & Sons at York, whose
stock of Alpines of all kinds is wonder-

fully complete. Their place is beautifully
laid out, and their herbaceous borders
and rock gardens are extremely inter-
esting.

MALVERN GARDENS

The gardens at Maddersfield Court,
Earl Beauchamp's place near Malvern,
are very quaint and the trees magnifi-
cent. A beautiful stream runs through a
ravine in the grounds and full advantage
has been taken of it to plant waterside
things. A little island in it was devoted
to primulas of all kinds, some of which
were in bloom in August. The some-
what steep banks were clothed with
many beautiful things. There was quite
an imposing rock garden in which ferns
grew in riotous profusion, but, though
beautiful, it did not give you the idea
that Nature had had a hand in the mak-
ing of it.

A rose garden, enclosed with a hedge
cut into divisions with arms to them like
those of a bench, had a quaint effect, like
so many stalls. A moat surrounded the
mansion, the walls of which, on the
house side, were covered with roses
which were smothered in bloom. There
was a maze and also a small enclosed
garden, with a sundial at one end O' it,
which was very pretty.

A SCOTCH GARDEN

A charming garden up in Duns, Scot-
land, was as interesting as its owner,
a doctor, who is as great an enthusiast
as our president. His two special favor-
ites were primulas, of which he has all
the rarest varieties, and delphiniums. Of
the latter, Mr. Quick, of "The Garden
Magazine," spoke in most unstinted
praise, saying they were the finest he
ever saw, and he has ample opportunity
for judging. They were so nearly over
when I got there that it was unfair to
compare them with others seen in the
height of the delphinium season, but even
they were very fine. The doctor was
awarded a bronze medal at the great
Edinburgh Flower Show in September
for a stand of primulas he exhibited, at
which he would doubtless be much
elated.

The lovely Penstemon, "Newbury
Gem," made a wonderfully vivid bit of
color in this garden and the Shasta
Daisy, "Edward the Seventh," which is
not specially tall here, grew at least four
feet high there. He had a little bit of his
border devoted to the various varieties
of heather, and a very interesting and
beautiful group of plants they were. He
is a clever gardener, for his borders were
full of bloom, though it was September,
and we all know how hard it is to plan
for succession of bloom, when the sea-
son is nearly over.

The two Japanese gardens at the

Japan-Briti.sh Exhibition were (jerhaps
the most satisfying of any, despite the
fact that they contained very few flow-
ers. Their very names suggested
beauty and were not misleading, "The
Garden of the Floating Island" and
"The Garden of Peace." Anything more
artistic and beautiful than these two
gardens it would be difficult to conceive.
You left the noise and glitter and jostl-
ing crowds of the great Exhibition be-
hind you, and, the moment you entered
their precincts, the spell of their loveli-
ness fell upon you and you lost all sense
of weariness and just allowed the peace
and the quiet and the perfection of it all
to sink gradually into your soul. Grass,
rocks, a little bridge, a pagoda-like sum-
merhouse, a shimmering pool, a stone
lantern or two, some of the crimson-
leaved dwarf Japanese maples and a few
small trees, mostly evergreen and of

1

Cattlcy* Ltbiata

A variety of ornamental orchids, which iv
natives of tropical America.

tapering shape, these were the material
used, but an artist combined them.
Verily the Japanese are a wonderful little
nation

Insect Pests

Fir-tree oil soap is destructieve to the
apples. Dissolve an ounce of it in warm
water and syringe or wash the plant
.with it.

Red spider is readily routed by plain
water. The pe.st cannot endure moist-
ure. Its appearance is an indication of
too dry air.

The blue aphis, which works at the
roots of roses and other plants, and the
mealy bug, a small downy creature, gray-
white in color, thrives in a high tempera-
ture, and sorely troubles plants in an
ordinary living room. For the former,
pour liquid tobacco, strong and black,
about the roots. For the mealy bugs, use
fir-tree oil soap.

Mildew on leaves will yield if dusted
with flowers of sulphur or sprayed with
kerosene emulsion.

.A.zaleas will grow and flower for years
if proper care is taken of the plants dur-
ing the summer. The pots should be
placed in partial shade and sprinkled
every clear day with water.

March, igrr

THE CANADIAN TtORTlCtlLt UHlST

>i

The Cultivation of the Dahlia'

J. McPherson Ross, Toronto, Ont.

THIS handsome garden flower was
first introduced from Central Amer-
ica over a century and a half ago,
and was named in honor of Dahl, a Swed-
ish naturalist.

Speaking locally, the dahlia was the
most popular flower in Toronto forty
years ago, a popularity it enjoyed in
Scotland and England, and I have no
doubt in Ireland. For myself I have kept
the same love for the flower that was
first implanted and absorbed into my sys-
tem I am almost ashamed to tell you
how many years ago, and also let me say
that there were just as fine varieties, just
as distinct and glowing colors, as large,
perfect blooms in the show kinds and
jtist as diminutive perfect flowers of the
Pompom or dwarf types as any of to-day.
The same extensive range of color pre-
vailed then as now, from purest white to
purplish black, the same fiery crimson
and golden yellows, the same shades of
lilac, lavender and rose, but no florist has
as yet ever frightened the flower into
blue.

The fact that we have a great range
of color in this flower and that its culture
is of the easiest character may account
for its popularity, but it lacks one grace,
though it possesses many a grade. It
lacks one charm that many fine flowers
also lack, and one in which the rose
stands pre-eminent, that is perfume. If
the dahlia possessed this quality the rose
would have to look to its laurels.

The dahlia is eminently a fall flower
for it is generally September that we
have it in all its glory, and it is always a
source of regret to see it destroyed just
at its best, when the fall frosts come, and
to which it is particularly sensitive and
fender. To-day you may see a green col-
umn of thick strong stems and
opulent leaves crowned with gorgeous
prim flowers and to-morrow see a black,
dishevelled limped mass shorn of all its
glory. For this reason it is particularly
necessary to forward its growth as early
in summer as possible, but again we are
met with limitations as we cannot plant
out until the frosts are over unless we
cover it over with an upturned pot or
other protection.

PKOPAOATINO

The dahlia is one of the easiest to
propagate from cuttings, and in order to
have them the old tubers may be started
in a box in the house anywhere near heat
or sun, or in default of a greenhouse a
hotbed is the next best. By starting them
in March you will have plenty of shoots

tto make cuttings from. When two or
more inches high cut them off just below

^A paper read before the Toronto Horticultural

the leaf bud or eyes at the base, cut
leaves close to the stalk, leaving the top
leaves, and these may be nipped back one
half. Place them in moist sand, water
and shade for a day or so, and they will
soon root. If they have a little bottom
heat they will root much sooner. Leave
the cuttings in sand till well rooted when
they may be potted in inch pots. Many
put them in the pots at first in good soil.
Make a hole with the finger or dibble, fill
in a little clean sand then insert the cut-
ting, water and shade. These cuttings
form nice .tubers in the pots and they
may be left here till planting time. In
fact many growers prefer the pot grown
cuttings to bed tubers for bloom. After
propagating all you wish you may divide
the old tubers into as many plants as will
have good eyes or that you may wish 1;o
preserve or plant. When making cut-
tings be particular to make the cut be-
low two leaf buds in order that the tubers
will have eyes or buds at base of stock for
next year. If that is not done the tubers
will be blank.

SOIL

Dahlias thrive in any soil, whether
sandy, loamy or clay, if you will only dig
plenty of manure into the soil and give
plenty of water during hot weather. The
dahlia is a lusty growing plant and re-
quires a strong feed and plenty to drink.
Dahlias do better in rows by themselves
than mixed with other plants. They may
be employed to advantage with shrubbery,
which they serve to light up, as the shrub-
bery is usually without flowers when the
dahlia is in bloom. The yellow and white
sorts are best for this purpose.

In the border or row intended for the

dahlia after being thoroughly enriched
and dug up — good drainage, of course,
is supposed to exist, if not, it must be
provided — holes are dug eighteen inches
to two feet deep four feet apart for tall
varieties, and three feet for dwarf. Fill
these holes with one foot of manure ;
tramp down well, then cover with three
to four inches of soil on which place your
potted plant or tuber. Cover above root
top with two or three inches of soil, and
press firmly. Place good stakes two
inches square and four feet above the
surface. This is necessary to prevent
disturbance from wind, as the dahlia when
fully grown makes a large plant, some
five to six feet high, and presents a
bulky surface to the wind, so that the
staking is absolutely necessary.

When plants start pinch ofl' all shoots
hut two and when an assured leader is
growing, leave but one. I prefer to al-
low but one shoot, and this soon throws
out side shoots which can be kept in or-
der by pinching. Keep the soil loose by
constant hoeing and stirring, but as soon
as the top roots are thrown out by the
plant cultivation may be stopped. A
good plan is to have a shallow basin of
soil around the base of plant to save the
water, also to stimulate the plant when
blooming by a pinch of well rotted, rich
manure.

(To be Continued)

For gardening give me a spade that 1
can easily drive through the hard clod
and tough sod and a trowel that will not
break at the shank. Add to this a rake
and a hoe, with a good reach and rigid
handle, and I feel equipped for most uf
my garden work. — Dr. H. M. Speechly,
Pilot Mound, Man.

Easter Liliea, Azaleas, and a grand ooUeotlon
ory decorations. Photograph furnished by Thos.

A Caraer in the GoTcromut Hill Gr««nhoa<«, Ottawa

of winter blooming plants suitable for conserrat
Davis, Qovernment Florist. Ottawa.

F"'"

62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

Climbing Roses

William Hunt,

AMON(J the newer climbing or ramb-
ler roses recently introduced there
are several that apear to be worthy
of a place among the older and better
known varieties, such as the Crimson
Rambler, Queen of the Prairies, Baltimore
Belle, and so forth. Indeed, it is question-
able if some of theseolder varieties will not
Ije altogether superseded by some of the
newer kinds, although the Crimson
Rambler will doubtless continue popular
on account of the profusion of its glowing
crimson flowers and its comparative
hardiness. The tenderness of the Balti-
more Belle, except in the southern parts
of the province, detracts from the value
of this otherwise beautiful rose that is so
well adapted for a pillar or climbing rose.
Among about twenty varieties tested
here during the past two years, there

O.A.C, Guelph

or rose thrip than most varieties. The
Philadelphia Rambler also proved fairlv
hardy without protection. The flowers of
this variety are of a lighter and brighter
shade of crimson than the Crimson Ram-
bler.

Another good rose is the Wm. C.
Egan (Fig. 2). It cannot be classed
strictly as a climber or rambler rose, its
habits of growth making it more suitable
for a pillar rose, as the growth seldom
exceeds five or six feet in height. The
foliage is very pretty and attractive. The
flowers are of a delicate flesh pink, almost
white, double and quite large, often near-
ly four inches in diameter, with a rich
rose perfume. The following varieties
did not prove as hardy as those before
named : American Pillar, Ards Rover,
The Farquhar, Carmine Pillar, *Mme.
Albert Carriere, Debutante, Glory of
VValtham, *Prof. C. Sargeant, Hiawatha,
*Madalina Scalarinus. The new rose
Tausendschon has not yet been sufficient-
ly tested to report on.

The roses named had no protection
whatever during the three winters they
have been tested, the growth being left
upon the trellises. The varieties marked
with an asterisk were killed out entirely.
A test will be made of most of these varie-
ties with winter protection, when doubt-
less many of them will give better results.

Hardy Climbiag Rote Qacea Aleundra — Fig. 1

are only three or four varieties that have
proved to be really hardy. The "Queen
Alexandra," (Fig. i) has proved to be
one of the hardiest. It is a strong grow-
er, and a very profuse bloomer. Its huge
panicles of small pink, or pink and white,
single flowers, are very showy. The flow-
ers are a little stiff in texture, not quite as
dainty as the Dorothy Perkins. Its hardi-
ness and profuse flowering habit will,
however, ensure it a place among our best
climbing roses. The Dorothy Perkins,
while not quite as hardy as the rose in
question, is one of the daintiest and pret-
tiest climbers we have.
. Another useful and hardy climber is
the May Queen. It is very similar in
habit and growth to the old Setina rose,
known around Toronto some years ago as
Mansfield's Seedling. It is, however,
much more profuse in flowering than that
variety; the foliage is of a very bright
green, the leaves being large and dense.
The flowers are large, double and of a
bright rose pink- color, and have a delic-
ious rose perfume. The foliage is freer
from the attacks of the small white fly

You can secure a choice climbing rose
bush free in return for sending one new
subscription to The Canadian Horticul-
turist. See the offer on the inside back
cover of this issue.

The nasturtiums are the easiest an-
nuals that can be grown. They are
adapted to all kinds of situations and suit-
able for both foliage and flower effects.
Both the seeds and young plants are suf-
ficiently hardy so that planting can be
made early in the spring, as soon as the
soil can be properly prepared.

An'Arlistic andj[E«sily Mide Rock'ry

An Old Fashioned Rockery

.\ rockerv such as is shown in the ar-
rompanying illustration is an addition to
any garden, however modern and orna-
mental it may be. It is very ea.sily made
and is a source of pleasure the whole
season. The child pictured in the for
ground is Miss Betty Howell, the youn^
est member of the Gait, Ontario, Horti-
cultural Society.

This rockery is composed of split bhu
granite boulders heaped up almost indis-
criminately. There is a hollow in the
centre which extends nearly to the ground.
This space is filled with earth which is
renewed with fresh soil every spring. In
the centre of this earth, a round stick i^
driven which extends several feet abovr
the pile. A broomstick wmII answer for
this purpose very well. From the top
of the stick stout cords are run to the
outer edge of the earth surface, where
they are pegged down with little iron
rods with hooks on the upper ends.

In the centre around the small pole
nasturtiums are planted. Around the out-
side where each string comes down morn-
ing glory seeds are sown and the plants
trained up these cords. In the inter-
stices between the pieces of rock art-
planted semjjervium tectorum, popularly
known as hen-and-chickens in old-fash-
ioned gardens of fifty years ago. The
whole has a very pleasing effect, for
when in bloom the nasturtium blossoms
peek out here and there amid the dense
mass of morning glory vines and flowers.

Hardy Pillar Row Wm. C. Egan— Fig. 2

If Cinerarias are troubled with thrips,
dust with insect powder, or tobacco dust,
or spra)' with oil, soap or tobacco spra\ .
One pound of whaleoil soap to six or
eight gallons of water will kill all that
it comes in contact with, but as it is im-
possible to kill them all with one appli-
cation, it will be necessary to spray
se\eral times before the thrips will be
all destroved.

March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

63

Intensive Gardening on a Small
Plot

H. F. Ken»e<ly, Lyoni, Out.

QIJITK often enquiries are made by
amateurs and inexperienced gar-
deners as to inovv to manage a
small garden. I am writing this article
principally for this class of people, giv-
ing them the benefit of my own experi-
ence during the last six years. Many
people with ambition and a love for gar-
dening are placed in a condition similar
to myself, that is, they have but a limited
amount of land to exercise their gifts
upon, and to such some information in
regard to intensive gardening or inten-
sive cultivation would be of great impor-
tance, for it is only by such a system
that a good supply of all standard vege-
tables can be raised on a small garden
plot.

By intensive gardening, I mean such
a preparation and cultivation of soil and
arrangement of plants and successive
plantings as will ensure the maximum
• amount of vegetables. Last year on a
very small plot of rich clay loam I grew
an abundance of nearly every kind of
vegetables and flowers, which were of an
excellent quality, taking several first
prizes at the county fair. I believe that
by a better preparation of soil and cultiva-
tion it is possible to improve upon last
year's results, providing the weather
conditions arc favorable. The soil is in
better condition because of last year's
cultivation.

TILLAGE

'"•nrden soil should be plowed deeply
or spaded up as deep as possible in the
fall, as soon as the vegetables are all
gathered in. Good rich stable or poultry
manure to the depth of three or four
inches, should be worked well into the
soil. I find that plowing two furrows to-
gether, having the earth In high ridges
over winter, is an excellent plan. This
allows the water to drain off freely in the
spring and gives the frost a better chance
to pulverize the soil.

In the spring, as soon as the land is in
a fit condition. I plow it or dig it again
quite deeply and work it up as fine as
possible. There are many ways this soil
may still Ixj improved for vegetable grow-
ing. Last fall 1 sent teams to the woods
and hauled a quantity of black mould
and sand loam. This I intend mixing
with the garden soil. There are other
materials, such as ashes, lime and soot,
which will prove beneficial to the soil. If
these are not available, some good fer-
tilizer, such as potash, would do, or bet-
ter still, bone meal, muriate of potash
and nitrate of soda mixed into the soil at
different stages of the vegetable growth,
the two former before planting, and the
latter at intervals while plants are grow-
ing.

The first point I want to emphasize is

Prize VegeUblu Grown at Dtaphio, Manitoba

Mr. E. A. Sanderson, a progreesive gardener was successful in obtaining sixty-one first prizes
and twenty-one second prizes

his garden at Dauphin, Man.

that you can scarcely get your ground
in too good a condition for growing vege-
tables. The next thing of importance is
what to plant and how to obtain your
seeds and plants. I find it pays to pat-
ronize good reliable seedsmen. The best
seeds are none too good. I have a hobby
along that line. At present I patronize
three seedsmen, one in Ontario, one in
England, and one in the United .States.
The whole three send out good reliable
seed. Our Ontario firm is as good as
any. It also pays to raise your own
plants. .Any person who has a good sun-
ny window in his house can grow a few
plants, which, as a rule, give better re-
sults than greenhouse plants. .At present
I have in my windows three or four boxes
containing about six hundred onion
seeds, which I expect by the first of May
will produce fine stalky plants for setting
out in the garden. Later on, about the
end of March, I will make a hotbed for
sowing tomatoes, cabbage and other
vegetables.

For growing plants in window boxes
or hot beds, a good rich soil or compost
is necessary. I use a mixture of good
rich garden soil, well rotted manure brok-
en up finely, and a small quantity of
black bush soil and sand loam. A little
lime, wood ashes and soot mixed with
this completes a compost which I find to
give excellent results in forcing along
good healthy plants, with plenty of sun-
ligWt, moisture and a temperature of
about fifty degrees. Have your compost
in the cellar where you can easily get it

with vegetables grown

when the right time comes in the spring
for sowing the seed.

HEALTHY PLANTS

The second point to emphasize is that
it is very important to have good healthy
plants ready to set out as soon as the
ground is fit and the weather conditions
are favorable. It is not enough simply
to have ground in good condition and_
leave it to the sun, showers and Provi-
dence to do the rest.

If you want good large vegetables of
an excellent quality and early in the sea-
son, you must do more than prepare the
ground and sow the seed. The hoe must
be constantly in use, to keep the weeds
down and the surface soil stirred up. As
soon as the seed shows itself above the
ground, or as soon as the plants are set
out, cultivation should commence and
should be continued until plants fill up
the row. Occasionally it may be wi.se to
water the plants or to add a little mulch
or fertilizer around the plants. All this
keeps the ground moist and forces the
plants along, and makes them strong to
withstand the ravages of the blight, beetle
or fly.

(To be continued).

An occasional stirring of the surface
.soil in flower pots will give the plants new
life and increase their growth.

Fourteen packets of flower and garden
seeds in return for one new subscription
to The Canadian Horticulturist. See our
inside back cover.

64

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

What to Groiv and Hoiv to GroAv It*

A. G. Wolley Dod, Calgary

THE first work to be done in the
spring is to make up a hotbed, al-
though seeding plants of all kinds
can be procured very cheaply from the
florists. It is better to have your own
frame, as it can be utilized not only for
growing cauliflowers, cabbages, and
bedding out plants, but also for raising
a few early radishes and lettuces, and
after the plants and flowers so grown arc
all planted out, a few cucumber seeds
should be sown, which, with proper care,
will give the grower all the cucumbers
he will require until late in the fall.

The hotbed should be started about
the 2oth of March. Those who have a
stable will probably have enough manure
of their own, but it will well repay those
who have not, to procure a few loads and
make up a hotbed, which will take up
very little room, and the frame can be
made quite cheaply with a few boards
and storm sashes. The size required is
the next consideration. It costs very
little more to make a frame of moderate
size than a small one ; and I find that one
with three windows a very convenient
size, as it gives plenty of room for the
seedlings, and also when the time comes
for the cucumber plants, as these require
a eood deal of room. A frame of this size
will require from eight to ten loads of
manure.

In choosing the manure for your bed,
be careful to choose good, fresh horse
dung, which has not too much litter
mixed with it. If there is a small per-
centage of cow dung mixed with it, it
will do no harm, but for choice, horse
dung alone is pteferable.

CHOOSING THE SITE

In choosing the site for the frame, if
possible pick one so that you can have
the slooe of the glass either to the west
or north, as then rays of the sun will not
strike directly on the glass, and also
leave room to turn your pile of manure
over. Having now chosen your site,
have your manure piled loosely in a coni-
cal heap, and leave it for a week or ten
days.

If you find in hauling this manure
that it is very dry, wet it is you pile it,
about an ordinary sized water can of
water to a load of manure will be quite
enough ; this can be aoplied to the top
of the pile after each load has been put
on. It is not often necessary to add
any water, for, as a rule, there is suffi-
cient snow mixed with the manure to make
it moist enough. If, however, it is too
dry, it will not only not heat properly,
but will not retain the heat as long as it
would if it were damp.

After about ten days this pile should
be turned over, making a second pile
besides the first. In making up this se-
cond oile, shake it up well and leave it

'Extract from a paper read lj«foj-B th« Palfary

loose. It is during the process of turn-
ing and shaking up that you will find
whether water must be added. If it is
too dry the inside of the pile will have
a white appearance and' "will feel dry to
the touch. If this is the case add water
as before stated. This pile must remain
another week or ten days, when it should
have heated sufficiently to make up a
bed. Measure the length and width of
your frame and put some small pegs in
the ground where your frame is to be
built a foot bigger than the frame each
way. For instance, if the frame is six
feet by ten feet, your foundation must be
eight feet by twelve feet.

Now turn your pile back to where it
originally stood ; but this time, instead
of making a loose conical heap, make it
the size required for the frame and stamp
it down as firmly as possible, taking care
to keep the sides as square as possible,
or you will find that the top will be too
small for the frame. In finally building
this up, add a little more water if neces-
sary, as before. Having made this bed
UD, you can now put the frame in posi-
tion, but do not put your lights on yet,
as it will have to be left some days yet
for the heat to cool off — probably ano-
ther week or ten days. After this lapse
of time put about six inches of soil in-
side and tread it down firmly. If your
manure has heated nicely and has not
been left too long between the turnings,
your frame will be ready for seeding
about the 20th of April, which is about
the right time for sowing, as then your
seedlings will not be too big for trans-
planting when the time comes, which
will be from the 24th of Mjty to the 15th
of June.

BTHLDING THE FEAMB

Those who are handy with a hammer
and saw can make their own frames, but
those who are unfortunate enough not
to be able to make their own, will find
any carpenter will make them one very
cheaply. For the information of those
who have never had a frame, let me state
that care should be taken to have the
frame deep enough, and deeper at the
back than at the front, so as to let the
water drain off the lights. Eighteen
inches is not too high for the front end,
as you should have six inches of soil and
.It least a foot between the soil and the
glass.

The frame is best made so that it can
screw together. It can then be taken to
pieces in the fall and stored away until
the following spring. Having prepared
your frame, the next question is what
to sow.

This will depend a good deal on the
size of the garden, and whether the
grower requires flowers as well as vege-
tables. I will assume, however, that he
or she is going to grow both. It is al-
ways advisable to prpcure oil your seed'^

from .some reliable .seed merchant early
in the year, as if left too late one will
have to buy from the nearest store; and
this often leads to disappointment, as the
sort required may not be obtainable, and
one has either to wait till one can get
what one wants, or else take some in-
ferior variety. Every garden, no matter
how small, should contain a few cauli-
flowers and cabbage, and a few toma-
toes will always help to make a good
salad. But as one must be guided by
the size of the garden in what to grow,
I will give details for a large family gar-
den, and those who have a small one
must be guided by circumstances ; and
if space will not permit their growing a
large selection, they must be content
with a few of the choicest kinds.

For cauliflower, I would choose Early
Snowball and an extra early Eurfurt. A
small packet of each of these varieties
can be obtained for about twenty-five
cents, which will be more than most
people will require ; but it is quite easy
for one or two friends to club together
and divide the seeds when they arrive.

For cabbage, Early Jersey, Wakefield
and Flat Dutch are good, the former for
summer use and the latter for winter
use, as it is a good keeper.

A pinch of celery sown very thin will
give enough plants for most growers.
Paris Golden Yellow will be found a very
excellent variety.

For radish, French Breakfast is about
as good as any for sowing in a frame,
and a pinch of lettuce will give an early
salad, before anything in the open is
fit for use.

METHOD OF SOWING

Having obtained your seed, the next
question is the method of sowing. Do
not have the soil in your frame too
moist. It must be pulverized and pack-
ed tight. Put on your biggest boots and
tramp the soil down thoroughly in the
frame. Then get a short piece of stick
or a piece of shingle and smooth it over
again. Then with the end of the stick
draw parallel lines down the length of
the frame, about eight inches apart and
half an inch deep, for the bigger seeds,
but only just a scratch for fine seeds,
such as celery. Then take a saucer and
emptv what seeds you are about to sow
into it, and take a small pinch betw-een
your thumb and finger, and sow thinly in
the rows according to the amount re- Jt.
quired ; rake your soil lightly over the
seeds with the stick you used to make your
rows, and pat them down with the flat
of the hand, and then give a good water-
ing with the sprinkler and put on your
lights, but open a little in the daytime ac-
cording to the temperature. If your frame
is at the right heat most of the seeds will
germinate in a few days, but the celerv
will take from two to three weeks. As
{To be Continued)

Do not buy seeds because thev hnppei^
I0 be cheap. Get the b^st.

March, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

65

Experiments with Cabbage and Tomatoes*

Prof. C. E. Myers,

THE department of horticulture of
the Pennsylvania State College and
Experiment Station is making an
exhaustive study of the two leading truck
crops, cabbage and tomatoes. Several
acres of ground are devoted to this work,
which includes seed selection, methods of
culture, fertilization, variety and strain
tests. Of these the strain tests are con-
sidered the most important.

In the spring of 1908 seed of Jersey
Wakefield and Danish Railhead cabbage
was secured from twenty-five seedsmen
located at various places throughout the
United States and Canada, and of twelve
strains of tomatoes, including the varie-
ties Earliana, Chalk's Jewel and Match-
less. In 1909 a new lot of seed of eight
\arieties of cabbage, including the var-
ieties Jersey Wakefield, Charleston
Wakefield, Early Spring, Early Sum-
mer, Succession, Premium Flat Dutch,
Surehcad and Volga, and six varieties
of tomatoes, including Earliana, Chalk's
Jewel, Beauty, Globe, Matchless and
Stone were secured from fourteen to
twenty-nine different seedsmen, and are
now being tested along with the seed
secured the previous year.

Permit me to say that in general I be-
lieve seedsmen and seed growers to be a
leliable class of business men. In most
instances they have shown an apprecia-
tive interest in the work we are doing.
I feel sure that in the majority of cases
they are using their best efforts to supply
their customers with goods that will be
satisfactory. A few are indifferert, while
for unknown reasons some of the seed se-
cured from other seedsmen, whj appear
to exerci.se great care, does no' produce
satisfactory results. Why this i j the case
we are unable to definitely explain, but it

• Extract from a paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Ontario Vegetable
(i rowers' Association.

State College, Pa.

is with the hope of solving the problem, in
an endeavor to secure seed which will
yield the most satisfactory returns, and
the Pennsylvania Station is studying the
problem.

The grower, who uses only one strain
of seed for his plantings, may be unaware
of the fact that there is a difference be-
tween strains. If he has been fortunate
in -securing a good strain, and growhig
cChyittons are satisfactory, he may se
cure a good crop. On the other hand,
the crop may be a partial or a complete
failure, and he may ascribe the cause to
unfavorable soil or climatic conditions,
insects, or disease, and overlook the fact
that the trouble may be with the seed.

Ordinarily we are too ready to accept
seed for what it apears to be, not for
what it may be, forgetting the statement
that Dr. Tracy has well made, that "the
seed is the future plant packed for trans-
portation." We do not realize that up-
on it fully ninety per cent, of our success
in securing a satisfactory crop depends.

TESTING SEED

Sometime previous to the planting of
the seed a germination test is made. This
is important from the fact that it serves
as a guide to the thickness of sowing.
The test is comparatively simple and may
be made in several ways. One way is
to place the seed between pieces of blot-
ting paper kept moist on a saucer nearly
filled with moist sand, an inverted sau-
cer serving as a cover to prevent evapor-
ation. Or the test may be made under
normal conditions in the seed bed. Either
of these methods are satisfactory : In
tests which we have made we have found
the germination range from nothing to
ninety-nine per cent, within the same
variety purchased the same year. If
the percentage does not fall below sixty
or seventy-five per cent., the result is not
so serious, so long as the facts are

knows, but if it falls below this, and the
fact is not known, disappointment may
be the result.

In conducting the experimental work,
every effort is made to have conditions
as uniform as possible. The seed of the
early cabbage and tomatoes is sown in
flats in the greenhouse. Later the plants
are transplanted and placed in the cold
frames, where they are grown and hard-
ened until they are ready for the field.

Soon after the seeds have germinated
notable differences may be seen between
the strains. In some instances the stand
will be even and vigorous, while in other-
cases it will be uneven and weak. An
interesting feature noted is that in seve-
ral instances those strains which made
the best appearance in the seed bed later
proved to be the least desirable.

When the field planting was made of
the Wakefield varieties one hundred of
the best plants were taken of each strain
and planted in rows which were a uniform
distance apart, and at a uniform distance
in the row. For the test of each of the
other varieties fifty of the best plants
of each strain were used . The plantings
were made on fertile ground and were
given good care throughout the season.

MARKED DIFFERENCES

The most interesting differences are
not noticeable until the plants are nearly
mature. As the season advances the
plants of one strain will be notably uni-
form, while probably those of the adjoin-
ing row are decidedly irregular in type
and time of maturing, and in some in-
stances prove to be a variety other than
what is expected, or possibly a mixture
of several varieties. At this time the
plants of each strain are carefully stud-
ied and the important points concern-
ing each strain are noted and placed on
record. In this way we secure definite
knowledge of the relative earliness and
yield of each strain.

(To he Cantinued)

Part o! th« DeUfitUn of Frait nd Vei«Ubl» Gnwcrt' «t Ottawa F'braary lOih, 1911

This deputation was #ent by the tender fruit and Tegetable growers of Ontario and Quebw to PrOt?St 5i(fajOB^ t()!» prpp99e4 t»rifl' ajreeaicnt

with the United States^

66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Publbhad br Ths Harticult«ral
PubUahinc Company, Limited

PByrKRBORO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Masfazine
in the Dominion

OrricLAL Organ op the Ontario, Quebec, New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, Manasrinf^ Dtreotor

1. The Oanadlan Hortionltnrlst 1b published on
the 2Sth day of the month preceding date of
tssne.

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CIRCULATION STATEMENT.

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December, 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample copies,
from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Hor-
tiouiturist are mailed to people known to be in-
terested in the growing of fruita, flowers or vege-
tables.

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108,809
Avarmffc each iMue in 1907, 6,627
" " 1908, 8,695

1909. 8,970

1910, 9,067

Sworn detmiled statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY.

We want the readers of The Oanadlaji Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and Investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in The Horti-
culturist. Should the ciroumstanoes warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertisers as well.
All that is necessary to entitle yon to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that you include
in all your letters to advertisers the words
"I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticnltur
ist. Complaints should be made to ns as soon
ae possible after reason for dlssatlsfaatlon haf>
been found.

Oommnnloations should be addressed;

THB OANADIAH HOETIOULTUBIBT.

PITBBBOBO, OHTABIO

BUYING TREES

The comparatively few unprinciplod
agont.s who make a practice of buying job
lots of nur,si'ry trees and then peddling
them out to the public under any name
that they think will suit the fancy of the
ptucha.sers, have caused nur-sery men fre-
quently to be looked upon as an unprinci-
pled lot. Nursery men, as a rule, are as
honest as any other class of business men,
but owing to a great numl>er of factors
that enter into the case which are beyond
their control, they cannot guarantee their
stock true to name without being forced
to charfro prices that would be practically
prohibitive.

It would bo to the advantage of everj'
fruit grower if he would order his stock
early in the season. There would then be
plenty of time for the nurseryman to sort
the stock carefully, see that the trees are
true to name and free from disea.se. Later
in the season, when everything i.s in a rush,
it is not likely that sc much care will I,e
taken in sorting the stock, and the varie-
ties are more liable to become mixed.

Do not buy from any other than an au-
thorized agent of a reliable nur-sery. It is
wiser to buy direct, for even if an agent
is hcnest he is likely to become confused
in making delivery at some country hotel.
There is also great danger that with a
number of farmers pulling the bunches of
trees over in search of their own that the
different lots will become mixed, the labels
torn off or the bundles broken. IJnder these
circumstances there is a great temptation
for the agent to save himself by counting
out the right number of trees, even if he
knows that they are not of the varieties
ordered.

If the order is sent direct tc the nursery,
there is a separate bill made out giving
the number and names of all the trees sent
in each shipment. A nurseryman is only
human, and it can be easily understood
that when a separate bill is made up,
which .some time in the future may be
shown to him by an irate customer who
claims that his trees did not come true to
name, that the nurseryman will be mere
particular in sending out good stock and
true to name than he would be in making
up a job lot to be divided up by some
agent. Moral — Order early and only from
well establi.shed and reliable nurservmen.

PLANT EARLY APPLES

The market for early apples is increas-
ing steadily, and unless all signs fail it
will continue to do so. Our old orchards
of early apples have nearly all either been
grafted to later varieties or have died
from neglect. Our population is increasing
rapidly, and until the last year or two no
one had planted early apples.

In early days, owing to poor market fa-
cilities and lack of refrigerator cars, prices
were so low that early fruit was a drug
on the market. Conditions have changed
since then and cur most prosperous apple
growers are planting largely of early var-
ieties. What is the reason for this change?
Of late years out cities have increased
wonderfully in size, both from the influx
from the country and by immigration, and
at the same time the country population
has decreased so that there a less ntimber
to grow the apples and more to consume

thnni. A few years ago most city dwellers
had relatives who would send them in ;i
few early apples. In the mad rush for tin
city thtwe homo tie-i have been broken or
else the whole connection hag moved to
the city, and in raanv cases the early apple
trees have been cut down.

The people are using mor« apples of all
varieties than thev did in the past. The
settling of the great northwest and the im-
prove<l .shipping facilities opens up an al-
most unlimited market from the prairie
district and also from the northern parts
of Ontario and Quebec.

Our improve<l methods of spraying will
control the scab, which is usually worse on
early fruit than winter varieties. We
would advi.se a fruit grower to plant early
apples only where there was a good local
market or where there was a g(K)d, strong
cooperative as.sociation or in a heavy pro-
ducing district which would insure the
necessary refrigerator cars and proper
handling of the apples.

One of the chief advantages of the grow-
ing of early apples is that by planting a
proper rotation a succession may be had
from the early part of August through un-
til the late winter varieties are ready to
pick. By this means the picking season is
extenfled from a rush of a few weeks to a
period of from three to four months.

As .soon as the work of spraying and cul-
tivating is over and the cover crops sown,
the help may be steadily employed in pick-
ing and marketing the apples. Under such
conditions the work will be more cheaply
and more thoroughly done than is possible
when extra hands, many of them entirely
inexperienced, must be employed to rush
the work through before frost comes.

RENOVATE THE ORCHARDS

No one has as yet figured out the great
loss to Canada through neglect of her or-
chards. We hear and read much about the
conservation of our natural resources.
Here is a natural resource which is one of
the easiest to protect. Yet, but little has
been done in this direction.

Old orchards that had not produced pro-
fitable crops for years were taken ever last
season in Ontario as demonstration or-
chards. In the one season, with proper
care, they were made to yield from one
hundred tc three hundred dollars, net pro-
fit, per acre. This means a rate of interest
of from ten to thirty per cent, on a valua-
tion of a thousand dollars per acre. The
gain to our fruit growers would be enor-
mous if every acre of orchard would pro-
duce on an average only one hundred dol-
lars per acre per year.

How can this be done? By spraying,
pruning .and cultivating, but the most im-
I>ortant of these is spraying. The trees
should be thoroughly pruned. If they are
high cut the tops down even if the limbs
are six inches across when sawn off. It
will not injure the tree if care is taken
to kt>ep them painted. Where the varie-
ties are unsuitable for market they should
be top grafted by the ordinary method of
cleft grafting.

The trees should be sprayed while dor-
mant with a strong solution of lime-sul-
phur either heme boiled or one of the com-
mercial brands which give equally as good
results and are much more convenient.
Two later sprayings at least .should be
given, with either dilute lime-sulphur or
the ordinary Bordeaux mixed with a poi-
son.

The first thing to do is to buy a pump
of a good, reliable make. Get one larger
than you will need to go over your orchard

March, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

67

in three or four days, then if for any rea-
son you are delayed put on more power,
when the work will be done in less time.
There are only a few days when the spray
for the codlinp: moth is effective. If tlie
work is to bo done on time you must have
plenty of power. Have the working parts
all brass. A few cents saved in buying a
well made pump is poor economy. See
that the hose is strong and that there are
no worn or weak spots. Neglect tc look
after these simple details may cause delay
through breakage that may result in the
loss of practically the entire crop of apples.

THE OTTAWA DEPUTATION

The growers of vegetables and tender
fruits in Ontario and Quebec, who to the
number of twelve hundred waited on Sir
Wilfred Laurier and his Cabinet. February
tenth, to protest against the proposed re-
ciprocal tariff agreement with the United
Staes, have a very real grievance. While
it has l.^en proposed to remove the protec-
tion of the dutv from the Canadian prc-
ducer, this same agreement protects the
United States grower by the duty, aver-
aging about thirty per cent., which the
Canadian producer will still have to pay
for his supplies. The unkindest cut of all
is that the United States grower can ship
his boxes and baskets in free of duty when
Blled with vegetables or fruit, but the Can-
adian producer cannot import these same
containers empty without paying a high
duty. The protection on the finished pro-
duct fruit and vegetables, has been re-
moved, but it has been left on the raw
materiaLs such as coal, spray pumps, spray
chemicals, wagons, implements, boxes and
baskets. This will place our growers at a
great disadvantage.

The injustice of this proposal is readily
apparent. The government, when decid-
ing to remove the protection on fruit,
should have removed the duties on the ma-
teriaLs which the fruit and vegetable men
have to buy. The proposed arrangement
will place our growers under a serious han-
dicap. It should be amended immediately
accordingly.

li

APPLE PROSPECTS IMPROVING

In order tc learn if the yield of apple
trees had decrea.sed in North Eastern
United States as it has in Ontario, and to
find out what methods had been taken to
counteract this decline, we addres.sed let-
ters to the horticulturists at the different
experimental stations, and the answers
were pracicaljy the same from all. They
showed that owing tc neglect, increase of
insects, San Jo.so scale, and fungus dis-
eases the orchard interests had been de-
clining for fifteen or twenty years. In
fact, many orchards had been dug out and
the land used for other crops.

All the stations report that there has
been a great awakening during the pa.st
three or four years, and that a large
acreage is being planted to apple trees.
More attention is being paid to the culti-
vating, spraying and pruning of the old
irrbards. The outlook for the future is
'■right as the men who are taking up the
:ipple busine.ss at this time know the diffi-
lulties in the way and hew to overcome
them.

This better care of old orchards and the
planting of new ones will lead to a great
increase of choice fruit on the markets,
which at the present time are forced to
depend upon the western states for their
u|)|)Iy. Among the agencies menticne<l as
ie!i)ful in increasing an interest in the

campaign for better fruit are apple shows,
field demonstrations in planting, cultiva-
tion, pruning and spraying, extension
school and class room work in the agricul-
tural colleges.

Prof. PaddccTi. of Ohio, sa.vs that a
large Apple Show is the best single means
of arousing interest in orchards that has
.vet been evolved. Prof. Pickett, New
Hampshire, puts his faith in demonstra-
tion work, as means of improving the apple
business. Prof. Cumming believes in ex-
tension work and farmers' week meetings.
Prof. Jarvis, Connecticiit, reports that the
New- England fruit show has a great in-
fluence and marks the beginning of a new
era in apple production.

Persons desiring to secure a cop.y of the
Index for Volume 33 of The C.\nadian
HoRTicuLTtTiusT may secure same on appli-
cation to tho publishers.

The April issue of The C.mv-adian Hor-
•^luULTtTRiST will be the Garden Annual and
will contain articles by experts on the plan-
ning of gardens, their cultivation, the
plants to grow and how to grow them, also
photographs of vegetable and flower gar-
dens.

We would appreciate it greatly if any of
our readers who have photographs of their
gardens or those illustrating any opera-
tion connected with their garden would
send them to The Canadian Horticxjltur-
rsT, also if possible a short descriptive ar-
ticle explaining tho same.

Arrangements have been made whereby
readers of The Canadian Horticultxtrist
may secure, without cost, a supply of seeds,
plants and bulbs sufficient to plant out an
entire garden. The various collections in-
clude new varieties of climbing roses (Lau-
sendschon and Veilchenblau) , fourteen pac-
kets of flower and vegetable seeds, dahlias,
gladioli, begonias, cannas, caladiums and
tiger lilias. These are being offered as
premiums to tho.se of our readers who se-
cure new sub.scription.i for The Canadian
HoRTiCTJLTLRisT from amcng their friends.
Tliere are many people who are sure to be
interested in The Canadian HoRTicuLTtrRisT
if they were to see a copy. We do not
know their names though, and so cannot

send them a copy. Will you show them
your copy and offer to forward us their sub-
scription. They will be pleased to get the
paper, and you will receive your choice of
a number of fine premiums. Why not se-
cure several of those premiums for your
1911 garden .1^ You will be pleased with
them. Fuller particulars are given on the
inside Lack cover of this issue.

Farmers Willing to Help

In an interview with The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist, Mr. E. C. Drury, B.S.A.,
Crown Hill, Ontario, Secretary of the Na-
tional Council of Agriculture, said that
he felt that the fruit and vegetable grow-
ers have been place<? at somewhat of a dis-
advantage with the growers of the United
States by the prop «ed Reciprocity Agree-
ment, as the entire program of the farmers
composing the National Council of Agri-
culture had not been carried out. The
demands in their program included free
spray materials, free fertilizers, free imple-
ments, etc.

He stated that the National Council of
Agriculture would join with the fruit and
vegetable growers to impress the injustice
of this matter upon the Dominion Govern-
ment. They were willing to urge the Gov-
ernment to ah agreement that would place
these supplies on the free list.

Fruit Growing at the O.A.C

The short course in fruit growing held
at the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, from January 24 to February 3,
was an unqualified success. The class rooms
were so crowded that seats were at a prem-
ium, as all available space was occupied
by enthusiastic fruit growers who were in-
terested in obtaining the greatest posible
amount of knowledge in the shortest pos-
sible time.

The various problems of the fruit grow-
ers were dealt with by the professors cf
the college and also such well known au-
thorities as Robert Thompson, sec. of the
St. Catharines Cold Storage Co., D. John-
son Forest, President of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association ; P. W. Hodgerts, Di-
rector of the Ontario Fruit Branch ; and
C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agricul-
ture.

There was also a special class in box
packing under tho charge of Mr. A. B.
Campbell, an expert box packer from the
State of Oregon.

The Fruit and Vegetable Growers at Ottawa

The tender fruit and vegetable growers
journeyed tc Ottawa, Feb. 10, in three
i^pecial trains to protest against the pro-
po-sed tariff agreement with tho Unitetl
States. A preliminary meeting was held
in the Rus.sel Opera House, at which the
memorial to the Government was read and
passed unanimousl.y, after which tho depu-
tation marched over to the Parliament
Building and presented their claims for
consideration to Sir Wilfrid Laurier and
tho members of Parliament.

Mr. D. John.son, of Forest, president of
tho Ontario Fruit Growers' Association,
read tho memorial, which described the
great prosperity of districts represented,
and the rapid extension cf tho orchard,
vineyard, and vegetable growing businos.s
under the nre.sent tariff conditions, and
stated in part: Whereas the Government
proposes to admit American tender fruits
and vegetables free of duty, of the varie-
ties grown in Canada.

And whereas, we believe that such ac-

tion will most seriously upset present con-
ditions and compel Canadian growers to
seek other markets, to their great detri-
ment and ifinancial loss.

no combines

And whereas, there never has been, nor
from the conditions surrounding the in-
dustry, are likely to bo any combines of
tho scattered interests <if these fruit grow-
ers to advance prices, situated as they are
over a wide extent of territory, and num-
bering man.y teas of thousands of iieople.

And whereas, man.v millions of dollars
have been investe<l in this industr.v, in the
firm belief that tho present or equally sat-
isfactory duties would continue to be
charged upon imported fruits and vege-
tables.

ask reconsideration

Wo would, therefore, most earnestl.y and
respectfully retiuest that your Government
n;ay after due consideration of the points
we have ventured to bring to your notice,
and after full inquiry into all the condi-

68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

tions. reconsider the clauses referring to
the interchange of fresh fruits and vege-
tables and that you may then bo enabled
to place our industry on a footing com-
mensurate with its great importance tc the
development of this country.

Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines,
one of the largest fruit growers of the Nia-
gara district, followed Mr. Johnson in an
address, in which he shewed the import-
ance of the tender fruit and vegetable in-
terests in Ontario, by relating that there
were two hundred thousand acres of.: land
devoted to this purpose, at least fifty thou-
sand persons were engaged in the business,
and fortv millions of capital were invested
in the business. Under the proposed tar-
iff agreement, he believed that this great
industry would be paralvzed without great-
ly benefiting the Canadian consumer, for
instead of enjoying a regular and rapidly
increasing supply of Canadian fruits and
vegetables produced in his own country,
he will be to a great extent dependent on
the over production of Southern centres,
which cannot be counted upon for a regu-
lar supplv.

Mr. Thos. Delworth, Westcn, secretary
of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa-
tion, showed what a serious handicap
would be placed upon the eaj-ly vegetable
growers, for while they had been placed
upon an equality with the United Spates
as regards tariff on vegetables they would
still have to pay a heavy duty on ooal,
glass, greenhouse construction material,
boilers, and supplies. Mr. J. McEvcy, of
Montreal, upheld the claims of the Quebec
VeeetaWe Growers, while other speakers
were A. W. Peart, Burlington, E. D.
Smith, Winona, and Thos. Row'ey, Leam-
ington.

Sir Wilfred Laurier, in his reply, gave

the fruit growers very little encourage-
ment of a favorable decision.

He told them that they were too late
in coming, and reminded them of the diffi-
culties of legislating for a country of such
diverse interests. He quoted the words of
a number who wore with the other dele-
gations and who wished reciprocity in
fruits. Even if the United States fruit
was earlier, he believed that serious com-
petition was impossible, from the superi-
ority of the Canadian product when it did
come. My last word tc you, he said, is
that it is impossible that any tariff can in
the face of conflicting demands be made
acceptable to all, but all must be prepared
to make some concesions for the common
good.

Prices of Fruit and Fruit Land
in Niagara Co., N.Y.

H. St. Clare Fiikcr, QaecMton, Ost.

The fruit growers of western New York
are progressive — and by-the-way, are ex-
ceedingly hospitable, and do things on a
large scale . They state that the markets
over there are always well supplied, and
hail with delight the proposed trade agree-
ment with Canada as it just gives them
that much lamer market for their product.
Our markets hav in the past been a dump-
ing ground for their fruits such as peaches,
pears, plums, etc., much to the detriment
of the Canadian fruit grower.

They do things on a much larger scale
than we do simply because the area of
fruit land is very much greater. Their
farms are from fifty acres to five hundred
acres in extent, while the farms here arc
from ten acres to one hundred acres. First
cla.ss peach land can be bought over there
at seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-

five dollars per acre not planted. One
farm I saw of ninety-five acres, on which
there are sixty-five acres in peaches, over
nine thousand trees, and the owner values
this farm at only two hundred dollars per
acre. The same farm placed in the Grimst-
by or Niagara districts would have soM
for at lea.st one thousand dollars per acre,
and would be worth the price, too. The
owner of the above mentioned farm sold
his entire peach crop in 1910 for two cents
per lb, or about thirty cents per eleven
quart basket while peaches here sold for
three cents per lb., and are worth that
price.

Being a grower to some extent I know
what it costs tc produce peaches in this
country. The fruit grower in this country
cannot afford to sacrifice that one cent a
|x>und on peaches, which he will be forced
to do if the preisent duty is eliminated.
Plums scld over there in 1910 at an aver-
age of one cent a lb., over here at two
cents a pound. Bartlett pears at two
cents, over here at two and a half to three
cents a lb. ; cherries three and a half to
four cents, over here at five to six cents
a lb., and sc on. One prominent grower
voluntarily stated that the early vege-
tables from the south always glut their
markets. If the iiresent duty on vegetables
is eliminated the same state of affairs
must obtain hero. The producer in this
country must live as well as the consumer,
and when both are prosperous why dis-
turb them?

Just a word about apples. One promi-
nent commission man in the city of Tor-
onto bought about twelve hundred barrels
of apples from one grower in Niagara
County, Western N.Y., at $2..50 per bbl.
Why didn't he buy them in Ontario? He
bought them where he could buy them, the
cheapest. Our Northwest market will be

APPLE TREES

Hardy, Northern Grown Stock

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Our NORTHERN CROWN Nursery Stock gives best re-
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ORNAMENTAL STOCK

We have a very complete stock ot Ornamental Trees, Ever-
greens, Flowering Shrubs, Hedge Plants, Roses and Vines.
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Are you interested in beautifying your home surroundings ?
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THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Limited

10 Phillips Place, Montreal, Que.

Nurseries at Pointe Claire Que.

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We offer one free with every order of $2.00 worth of our
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Any of the following specialties by post :

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Copenhagen Market Cabbaue oz. 50c., pkt. 10c

High Grade Erfurt Cauliflower oz. $1.50, pkt. 25c

C( oper's Sparkler Radish oz. 20c, pkt. 5c

May King Lettuce oz. 20c, pkt. 5c

Graham's Royal Exhibition Asters oz. $2.00, pkt. 10c

Graham's Royal Exhibition Pansy K oz. $1.50, pkt 25c

Graham's Royal Exhibition Dwarf Nasturtiums, oz. 15c, pkt. 5c

Graham's Royal Exhibition Sweet Peas

lb. 75c, % lb. 25c, oz.lOc

Graham's Mixture of New Spencer Sweet Peas

K lb. 50c, oz. 20c, pkt. 10c

Graham's Central Farm Lawn Grass, composed of only

the highest grade grasses lb. 30c

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March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST

69

lost to Ontario and British Columbia
growers if the agreement becomes law. A
great injustice will be done if our market

is sacrificed to the United States growers,
as it most certainly wiU be if the trade
agreement becomes law.

IM

mi

mi

NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES

Nova Scotia

A. Kelitll, Wilmot

(Continued from lasi issue)
One or more years should be spent in
preparing the land for the young trees,
in order that they may make a rapid
growth from the start. A root crop may
be grown and the land receive a liberal
application of barn manure or green man-
uring may be practised. Any treatment
which will rot the sod and which will add
humus is excellent. It will probably pay
the orchardist to grow hs own stock while
he is preparing his land for the young
trees. If he is unable to do this, it is best
to secure his stock from a nursery in his
locality. The advantages of home grown
ever imported trees are: (1) The stock can
be inspected before buying; (2) the trees
are obtained with less exposure to the
roots; (3) there is less liability of the in-
troduction of insect pests.

A GOOD TREE

A first class tree is one which is straight,
healthy, clean, and well balanced, having
a gocd top and a good root system. The
diameter at the butt should be about
three-quarters of an inch, and the tree
should have plenty of vigor, which will be
denoted by the amount of growth made
during the preceding season. Most of the

orchards of Nova Scotia have been planted
as three-year-old stock, though it is
thought that two-year-old stock is super-
ior. The trees should be planted in the
early spring, sc that the roots can com-
mence growth before the foliage opens. The
method of pruning necessarily depends up-
on your ideal tree. Not more than four
or five good stems shculd be left on, and
these should be cut back to one half or one
third of their original length, in order to
prevent the tree from having toe much
foliage for the new roots. After planting
the land should be cultivated every ten
days or so until July, when a cover crop
should be sown.

PRUNING

Mr. Johnson outlined his method of or-
charding in a brief, pithy manner. With
regard to pruning he cut out all dead
wood, removed crossing branches, and
thinned the tree to a certain extent. He
recommended that coal tar instead of paint
be used to cover the wounds made by re-
moving large limbs. Cultivation was com-
menced as early in the spring as possible
and kept up until early in July, when a
cover crop was sown.

No stable manure was used. The
speaker recommended the following mix-
ture as giving excellent results : Acid phos-
phate, four hundred pounds ; muriate of

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE, ONT.
China Aster Plants

QUEEN OF MARKET, white, pink early,
40c per 100.

LAVENDER GEM, pale lavender, early.

ROYAL PURPLE, rich purple midseason.

VICK'S BRANCHING, white, late.

CREGO, shell pink, late, 10 for 12c; 100
for 50c, postpaid.

List of Balsams, Salvia, Stocks and other
Bedding plants will be 83nt free on re-
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Early orders, with postal note, are so-
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STRAWBERRY
PLANTS

For

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ol

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order from

ONTARIO NURSERIES

WELLINGTON, ONT.

LIST FHKK

H

GRASSELLI

ARSENATE OF LEAD

.'\rsenate of Lead is being- used more and more in the
fruit centres of the province of Ontario. The question
that interests every fruit jifrower is this :

Is there Difference in Arsenates of Lead?

Yes. There is a big difference.

Let us sujfijest some points which we beliicvc every
g-rower should consider before placing an order for Ar-
senate of Lead :

ist. You wish an Arsenate of Lead that will not burn
the foliage

2nd. It is desirable that an Arsenate of Lead mi.\ read-
ily, yet retain its adhesive qualities.

3rd. An Arsenate of Lead should contain the proper
killing power.

Crasselll Arsenate of Lead contains no free acids or
adulterant ingredients, contains a very low per cent, sol-
uble Arsenic, and we have yet to learn of a case where
it has burned the foliage, even though it may have been
used double strength. It will mix readily and has a
reputation for adhesiveness and high itiiilng power.

Crasselll Arsenate of Lead has been used in the Niag-
ara District for the past two seasons, and with every
success.

Write us for prices.

THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

Kf®W

is the tinvc to figure
on your wants for

IS)!!:

We are ready to supply Pedigreed
Stock in Fruit Trees, Vines, Shrubs
Roses. Our ^ock of Nor^vay Spruce

is large. Write for prices.

We are intere^ed in your gardening
plans. Let us assi^ you to decide.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

«:

7°

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, ic/i i

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potaiih, three liundred pounds; nitrate of
s<K]a. onp hundred pounds per acre, Mr.
Johnson prefers lime-sulphur as a funf^i-
fidal spray to h.irdeaux, his rea-sons for so
doing being (1) the greater efficiency of
liinL'-siil]ihiir, (2) the absence of bordeaux
injury, (3) its greater convenience. No
poison except arsenate of lead can be used
with absolute safety with lime-suly)hur.
The speaker had great faith in the keep-
ing of bees as a means of obtaining a
maximum set of fruit. The blossoms are
pollinated either by insect..; or by the wind
U is a nrticeable fact that Jiees and wild
insects ,seeni to be iiarticularly s<-arce at
the present time. The introduction of bees
■in Mr. Johnson's orchard was followed by
an increase of apples. The question of the
thinning of aples was also dealt with, Mr,
.Johnson considering it one of the best
financial propositions in connection with
orcharding.

TREE SURGERY

Mr. Messenger gave an excellent lecture
on tree surgery. He dealt to a large ex-
tent with the top working of old trees, a
method whereby de-sirable varieties may be
substituted for undesirable one.Sj either by
grafting or by budding. He described how
by severe pruning suckers could be made
to start from around the main trunk which
could be grafted to a desirable variety, and
at a later period the old limbs removed,
thus making a new and low head on an eld
and previously high tree. Cankers should
bo oit off with either a hatchet or chisel
until sound white tissue is reached, in or-
der to effectively exterminate them.

Mr. McNeil dealt in a masterly manner
with several orchard topics connected with
the pruning of trees. He advocated a sys-
tem of repressive pruning in order to keep
the fruit spurs at a low elevation, and to
have the least possible amount of bare limb.
His practical demonstrations of prunin::
were both interesting and instructive.

SPR.WING

The subject of spr.iying was dealt with
in a thorough manner. Recent and experi-
mental work has shown that lime-sulphur
is the equal if not the superior, of bor-
deaux as a fungicidal spray. The correct
method of making both these sprays was
described and the importance of mixing
the copper sulphate and lime in a dilute
form, in making bordeaux, was forcibly
illustrated. Two mixtures of bordeaux
were made, the one from dilute .solutions
and the other from concentrated .solutions.
The solid matter in the bordeaux made
from the concentrated solutions settled to
the bottom in a very short time, while the
other remained in suspension for an al-
most indefinite period. Any arsenical
poison can be used with bordeaux mixture,
but arsenate of lead is the only one re-
commended for lime-sulphur. On account
of the difficulty in making lime-sulphur cf
a known strength, it was thought best to
use the commercial product for summer
spraying.

Dahlias, begonias, gladioli, cannas, etc,,
free in return for new subscriptions to The
C.\N.\DrAN HoRTictJLTfBiST. Particulars on
cur inside back cover.

Superintendent of Institute G. A. Put
nam of Toronto, Out., has arranged for
a demonstration train of seven cars over
the Michigan Central Railway. One car
will be devoted to the fruit interest, in
charge of P. W. Hodgettis, Secretary of
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, In
this car will be .shown apples suited to the
districts covered, and there will be de-
monstrations in packing, spraying, etc.

March, I911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

71

KEITH'S

SPRING MAGIC

is in the air. Tlie wise are planning their gar-
dens. Geo. Keith & Sons have undertaken the
task of making the season doubly attractive
and productive to all those fortunate people
whose pulse quickens at the idea of spring in
the country — for instance our seed book for
191 1 is ready to stand at your elbow to tell
you what, when and where about seeds. We
want you to have a copy.

Keith's Selected Vegetable and Flower Seeds

PRICES QUOTED ARE POST PAID

Containinji" what we consider the cream of their respective classes, made up for the purpose
of those who are in doubt as to what to order, and are specially recommended to holders of small
gardens. These varieties will supply the family vvith fresh vegetables from earlv Spring- till .the
snow flies, and vvith plenty left over for the Winter months.

VEGETABLES: Pkt-

Keith's Selected Wax Beans 5c, lb. 25c

Green Beans 5c " 25c

" Early Beet 5c, oz. 15c

" Late Beet 5c " 15c

Early Cabbage 5c " 20c

Late Cabbage 5c " 25c

Carrot 5c " 15c

Cauliflower 25c "$3.0Q

Celerv 10c " 50c

" Early" Corn ^c, oz. 20c

Late Corn 5c " 20c

" Cucumber 5c., oz. 15c

" Cress 5c " 15c

" • Egg Plant 5c " 30c

" ■ " Endive 5c " 25c

Corn Salad 5c " 15c

" Kale 5c " 15c

Kohl rabi . 5c " 20c

" " Leek 5c " 25c

" " Lettuce (curled) 5c " 15c

" Lettuce (head) 5c " 15c

Musk Melon 5c " 25c

" " Onion, yellow 5c " 25c

" " Onion, pickling 5c " 20c

Early Peas 5c, lb. 30c

" Medium Peas 5c " 30c

Late Peas 5c " 30c

" " Parsley 5c, oz. 15c

" Pepper 5'c " 50c

" Parsnip 5c " 15c

" " Radish (round red) 5c " 15c

Radish (long white) 5c " 15c

" Salsify 5c " 25c

'■ " Spinach 5c, lb. 60c

" " Squash (for Winter) 5c, oz. 20c

" " Squash (for Summer) 5c " 20c

" " Early Tomato 5c " 25c

Turnip 6c " 10c

Dill, Thyme, Marjoram, Sage, Summer Savory,

5c

20c lb.

Herbs,

pkt.
Dutch Set Onions

FLOWERS

Keith's Selected Victoria ASTERS, pure White, Deep
Pink, Light Blue and Scarlet; Choice Mixed Sorts,
10c per pkt. Set of 5 for 30r.

Keith'"^ ANNUAL HOLLYHOCK pkt 10c

Keith's Selected Dwarf Mixed NASTURTIUMS

Oz. 10c, H lb. 20c, lb. 75c

Keith's Selected Tall Mixed NASTURTIUMS

Oz. 10c, M lb. 20c, lb. 75c

Keith's Selected Single POPPY, mixed colors

Pkt. 5c, oz. 35c

Keith's Selected Double POPPY, mixed colors

Pkt. 5c, oz. 35c

Keith's Selected Mixed PANSY, mixed colors Pkt. 25c

Keith's Sejected Giant Flowering SWEET PEAS, pure
White, Pink and Rose, Variegated, Scarlet and Crim-
son, Blues, or choice Mixed Sorts . .10c per oz., lb. 65c

CANNA ROOTS— Crimson, Pink, Cream, Yellow, Red..
Each 10c, per doz. $1.00

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS- Single, Yellow,

Rose, Scarlet, Crimson, White and Orange

Each 5c, doz. 50c, 50 for $1.75

TUBEROUS ROOTED BEGONIAS— Double (in sepa-
rate colors as above) . .each 10c, doz 85c, 50 for $3.00

CALADIUM— Large Bulbs 15c each, $1.50 per doz.

GLADIOLI— Keith's Choice Mixture

Doz. 35c, per 100 $2.50

GLAOIOLI— Keith's Fine Mixture, Doz. 25c, per 100. $1.50

DAHLIA — Blanche Keith, Pure Yellow Cactus; Gates
Ajar, Crimson ; Keynes White, Progenitor, Car-
mine; Strathlen Krone, Cardinal Red; Countess of

Lonsdale, Salmon Pink or Amber

20c each, or set of 6 for .$1.25

Select from the Following List of Flower Seeds,
3 pkts., 15c.; 12 for 50c. Postpaid.
Aster (Red, White, Blue or Mixed) Petunia
Alyssum Larltspur Portulacca

Balsam Morning Glory Pink

Carnation Marigold Sweet Peas

Candytuft Mignonette Summer Cypres

Cosmos Nicotiana Salvia

Daisy Poppy Verbena

Hollyhock Pansy Zinnia

Oz. pkts. any of the following, 15c. each. Post-
paid.

Morning Glory, Scarlet Runner Beans,
Sweet Peas, Nasturtiums Tall, Nasturtiums Dwarf.
Oz. pkts. any of the following, 35c. earli.

Aster, Alyssum, Candytuft, Poppy, Mignonette.
Lawn Grasses, 30c. per lb. Postpaid.

KEITH'S SELECTED SEEDS ARE SOLD DIRECT ONLY

GEO. KEITH & SONS

SEED MERCHANTS SINCE 1866

124 King Street, East, Toronto, Ontario

73

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUHIST

March, 191 1

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gooteberriet, Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downinjr, Pearl, Houghton. — CorraBtt,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prolific, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria. — Raipberriet, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry. — Garden Roots, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

Get 9896 or Better

Perfect Fruit ^

There will be no "off year" for your trees if you cultivate them
right and protect them against all insect enemies with

ELECTRO Arsenate of Lead

(in Powdered Form)
It is certain death to all leaf-eating insects. You can depend absolutely on dry
Electro Arsenate of Lead because it is the only one in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.
Mixes instantly with water and stays long in suspension — or can be used as a dust. Rain
cannot wash it off. We guarantee it to contain 32>^-33% arsenic oxide — twice the
strength of other brands— yet it will not harm the tcnderest foliage because it contains
less than ^ of 1% water-soluble arsenic. Prove it from tests at Conn, and N. J. Agri.
Exper. Stations. Write us for them.

Send for folder on Electro, interesting to all fruit growers. Folder on Electro Lime
Sulphur tells how to use this solution which is certain death to San Jose
Scale and sucking insects and the best fungicide for summer treatment.
Buy F.leciro brands from your dealer, but if he cannot supply, send to
s for prices and proofs and natne of nearest distributor ,

THEVR ELAND CHEMICAL CO.

46 Church ; Iretl, New Yoik

\«>»«^

, DEALERS EVERYWHERE SELL RENmE'SSEEDS'r
THE FWEST IN THE LAND.

WRtTg r^EARE&T AODRESS FOR CATAt-OG. _

W«RENH(ecoiiKtTEs>nroRONm Montreal WfNMiPEG;V^NCOu?^ERl

British Columbia

The Grand Forks Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation got a car load of lime-sulphur ear-
ly last winter and sold it to growers out
cf the Association at a price just slightly
above cost. This enabled our orchardists
to secure the material for spraying at a
reasonable price in spite of high freight
rates. A very large percentage of them
made purchases, and spraying throughout
the district was general. One gallon of the
concentrated sulrihur was used to ten gal-
lons of water.

During November a number of the or-
chardists sprayed with bordeaux mixture,
using eight pounds bluestone, eight pounds
lime to fifty gallons cf water, a few using
as high as twelve pounds bluestone, twelve
pounds of lime to fifty gallons water ; for
contrary to the conclusions of seme ex-
perts, the fungus known here as apple an-
thracnose has made its appearance. It has
usually been considered that in this dry
climate anthracnose, even if it made its
appearance, would not live, but it does.
The Canadian Horticulturist should be
in all orchardists' hands. — Ccoper Bros.,
Grand Forks, B.C.

W. S. Johnson, wholesale fruit merchant
of Brisbane, Australia, has written for
prices of apples and pears in the province
and for facts concerning the freight rates
and shipment. He states that he became
interested in British Columbia fruit re-
sources through reading accounts of the
recent Canadian apple show and believes
a good trade can be worked up with Bris-
bane merchants. He states he will probably
come personally to look over the field
during the year.

Alberta

A. G. Bcanett, EdmoBton District, Alberts

Will fruit of any kind grew in Northern
Alberta" This is the question a new set-
tler asks when he lands in the vicinity of
Edmonton. It is 100 chances to one that
the ans\ver is "No." especially if the one
he asks is an "Old Timer," as We class our
earliest settlers. Why is he so sure that
fruit will not grow in Alberta? Simply
because he has not had the time or is tco
much taken up in growing grain to pay
any attention Co his surroundings.

Take a look in our upland pastures.
What do we find? Strawberries c-ery-
where. Wander into our burnt timber re-
gions : Raspberries, blue-berries, saska-
tocns, pin-cherries, red and black cur-
rants, mountain-ash and so forth — all
growing and ripening iirofusely. This was
what struck me the first summer after 1
arrived from Denver, Colorado. Surely,
if such wild fruit will grow to perfection
without cultivation, why not try the cul-
tivated kinds under thorough cultivation?

PRODUCE HAltDr VARIETIES

Then came my first difficulty. To pro-
duce fruit one must bring his stock from
some district in the same latitude or bet-
ter still, from further north, to be suc-
cessful. This was impossible. The cnly
alternative was to get stock from the
south, and by careful nursing over the
first winter, cross-fertilize the blossoms
the following summer with the native
strawberry, and thereby produce a plant
tc stand our climate. The result has been
a complete success. The first northern
grown strawberries were sold in commer-
cial quantities in Edmonton this summer.

The same course will answer with rasp-
berries, gooseberries and currants. It
would seem, therefore, that before many
years the district between Edmonton and

March, iqil

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

73

Pinkerton' s

SWEET PEAS

HAVE NO EQUAL

If You Want Success Plant Early

Specialty Mixture— Contains only the best of the
Orchid Flowered Spencer Sorts, which are all grown
separately. 1-4 lb. $1.00 ; Oz., 30c. ; Packet lOc.

Monarch Mixture— Made up exclusively from
the best in the general list. 1 lb. $1.00; 1-4 lb. 30c.;
Packet lOc.

One customer who has been growing Sweet Peas for years, not
only in Canada but in England and has had seed from all sources,
w^rites the following: — "The blooptis produced from the Sweet
Pea Seed you sent to Mrs. Gibbs df Como. were the Finest,
Largest and Strongest we have ever had."

Signed, Lachlan Gibb.

If you want really good Vegetables and Flowers this
year, send for my catalogue. Prices nght and your success
assured.

ROBT T. PINRERTON

709 Eastern Townships Bank Building
MONTREAL

NO-MONEY-IN-ADVANCE.

PAY AFTER IT BAS PAID

FOR ITSELF.

lET us SEND YOU ANY OF THESE SPRAYERS— to fry for 10 days, then
If you buy, yon can pay us cash or we'll wait till you sell your crop, then
you can pay us out of the "extra profit." We pay freight, Wholesale dealers* prices.

Vk,

Man-Fowcr Potato 8t Ovchard Sprayer.
Sprays ••anything'*— potatoesor truck, 4 rows at a
time. Also tirst-ciass tree sprayer. Vapor spray
prevents biiglit, bugs, scab and rot from cutting
your crop ia half. High pressure from big wheel.
Pashoa easy. Spray arms adjust to any width or
height of row. Cheap fn prloe. ll^rht, strong and dur-
able. GrABANTKKU FOR 6 FULL. TKAKS.
Needn't-send-a-ceut to get it "on trial." You can get
onefreeif youarefirstinyourlocality. Write now.

FREE

—Get a «pray«r FRKE.— After you have tried the sprayer and
are Bati.^jfleifthat It is Juataa we recommend It, send us a list of
the names of yoar Neighbors and we will write them and quote
thera price and have them call and see your machine work, and
for every FItz-ALL Sprayer we s HI from your list we will credit yoa with $2.00
or send you chock If you have paid cash.

For every Man-Power Potato A Orchard Sprayer we sell we will credit you
with $3.50or send check.

» For every Hor.se-Powor Potato & Orchard Sprayer we sell will credit
you »8.50 or send check.

Wt do all a rrrem ponding and selling. All yon need do is bIiow the sprayer^ Many
have paitt for their gfrrayers in this way. This offer is prood for only the first
order Mi vmoh kifaiiiv n^n't fl«»lnv Send n»** ^'"nn'^n r*-r T>o«t r^nrti NOW,
Ontario 8ccd Coy., Successors, 138 King^ St., Waterloo, Ont.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

For bie growers. Most powerful machine made.
60 to 100 g-ailon tank for one or two horses. Steel axle.
One-piece-heavy-angle-iron frame, cypress wood
tank with adjnstable round iron hoops. Metal
wheels. "Adjustable" spray arms and nozzles. Brnss
ball-valves, plung-er, strainer, etc. Big pump g-ives
vapor spray, Warranted ifor 6 years. Try this
machine at our expense with **your money in your pocket.**

See free offer below.

Write today.

fltz-AU Barrel Sprayer.

Pits any barrel or tank. High pres-
sure, perfect agitation, easy to
operate. Brass ball-valves, plunjf-
er, strainer, etc. Automatic
strainer. 2io"cup leathe^-s or rtih-
ber" about any of our sprayers.
rurnished plain, mount i on bar-
rel, or on wheels as shown. ■' year
guarantee. It don't cost you *'a cent'
to try it in your orchard, OH one
free. See below. Write today.

T yts Cimpon ^vill
tavvear a^/ain.

C 0 U P 0 N— fill out and send today.

O.NTARIO SEED CO., SUCCESSORS 'iAKiat St. Watcriii

Send me your Catalof?, Spraying Quiu^ }nd "sxMoIaI offer'
ou the sprayer marked with an X below,

Man-Power IV»tato & Orchard Sprayer*

___ Horse -Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer*
n-tt^-Aii w«fcry«i Sproycr.

Our Price List of Home Grown Seeds will be Sent you on Request.

74

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 1911

Planet Jr.

"makes it only play to work a garden "

This is exactly what a I'lanet Jr ganJener says. And he
says what over a million farmers and gardeners think. They know
the time and labor their Planet Jrs save. Aren't you ready to
give up the drudgery of farm and garden ? Planet Jr implements
I are ready to lighten jMr labor, enlarge and better your crops,
and increase your profits. Made by a practical farmer and manu-
facture ivith over 35 years' experience. Fully guaranteed.

No. 2S Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Double- Wheel Hoe, Cultivator
and Plow opens the furrow, sows seed in drills or hills, covers rolls and marks out next row in
one operation ; and it has perfect cultivating attachments besides.

No. 8 Planet Jr Horse-Hoe and Cultivator will do more things in
, more ways than any other horse-hoe made. Plows to or from the row. A ,
splendid furrower, coverer, hiller. and horse-hoe ; unequaied as a cultivator.

The 1911 Planet Jr illustrated catalogue is in-
valuable to every progressive farmer and gardener.
56 ])ages brimful of helpful hints on
labor saving. Free and postpaid.

Write for it today.

S L AUen

^Box 1106-G.'
PhiUda

Co

Pa

^mn^

Write for the name of our Nearest Agency

vineyards, row crops, strawberries or grain crops.

The horse does all the
work, e.Kcept holding the
pole, with the Hi P.
Spramotor. It can be

operated by either horse or
hand. Has 8 nozzles at
175 lbs. pressure, which
practically smoke the tree
with spray. All automatic.
The number of nozzles can
be arranged to suit size of
trees. The largest tree
may be sprayed. Same
price for i or 2 horses.

The H. P. Spramot-
or can be arranged for
The nozzles will not clog.

Agents V^aivted. fret our Free Treatise on Crop Diseases.

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1388 KING STREET, LONDON, ONT.

The True Test of Fertilizer is
the Crop Test

Crops often double their yield when they
have the nitrogen they need.

NITRATE of SODA

Cheap Clean

Easy to Apply

We recommend Nitrate of Soda because its nitrogen is all available,
that is 100 per cent, of it, and at once. You don't buy filler and it acts in-
stantly. See us for prices.

CHEMICAL LABORATORIES, Ltd.

148 VAN HORN STREET .... TORONTO, CANADA

the liccky Mountains will be as good a

fruit producing country ivs that east of
the llockics in Colorado, and uith tin
advantage -»e do not need irrigation
have more hours of sunshine and as Ion
a growing season. Uur soil or all loca
tions are not suitable to fruit growTn;
The same may be said of the settlers; om
man will succeed where ten will fail on
account of neglect and inccmpetence.

Compulsory Spraying

I think ijrobably the j)r<!8cnt condition
of the apple industry will Ikj sooner recti-
fied by the farmers who own orchards and
who make them a secondary consideration
on the farm, turning them over into t!:
hands of the interested al)ple men, eithi
by lease or purchase.

I would also .suggest bringing into effect
compulsory measures and ccmpel careloK-
growers to give proi>er treatment to at
least control destructive insjicts and di.^
ca.ses, for instance, the codling moth lar\
and many others. Wo are taught that tli'
law is a schocl master, and so it will be in
this case. It will cause men "to sit up
and think" when nothing ©Ue will. Men
who will not try to learn for their own
personal profit, could in this way be ir
terested to attend the public demonstr.i
ticns and discussions re apple culture an
care ,if for no other reason than to g'
posted on how to evade the law, and one
within the charmed circle would be led t'
a better knowledge cf the subject and thu.^
have their interest awakened.

I have little hoi)o of otherwise helping
men who are only breeders of pests and
troubles for their neiyhbors. They have
no regard for their neighbors' welfare, and
the sooner we compel tliem to get inter-
ested or get out of the industry, the bet-
ter for themselves and all concerned. —
Joseph Tweddle.

Mr. W. Armstrong, Queenstcn, writes us
that he would like to be one of a party of
Canadian fruit growers to visit the chief
ports and markets of Great Britain, as
suggested in TuE Canadian Horticclturisi
last year in order to become familiar with
conditions there and boom the export trad©
in Canadian fruits. His opinion is that
eight or more leading fruit growers with
this object in view would be of immense
value to the fruit industry of Canada, be-
sides a most valuable medium of advertis-
ing the Dominion from a horticultural
point of view. We already know that the
various organizations in Great Britain who
are interested in the handing of fruit would
give such a party a warm welcome. Could
not the Dominion Fruit Division organize
and mak© th© necessary arrangements for
such a deputation l'^

Mr. Robert Thompson, vice-president of
the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' As-
sociation in commenting on the proposed
tariff changes pointed out the fact that
while all the duty on fruits had been remov
ed, there had been no corresponding redii
tion of the tariff on manufactured articli-.
such as baskets, pumps, fertilizers, and
spraying mixtures. That question, he said,
will be bronarht t^i the Government's at.
tention. Mr. Thompson pointed out that
growers of oherri^^i. ra=:;)berries and other
late berries will gain as much as they will
lose, but that the principal sufferers will
be the early peaoh and vegetable growers.
He added that in case the growers can get
no better therms the only chance of competi-
tion will be to grow a variety of later fruits
to sell after the United States fruit season
is finished.

March, igi i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

75

The Bissell

With wings attached
Bissell Orchard Disc Har-

ro« extends over 12 feet
wide. Detached it is com-
pact regular-size Harrow.
You can regulate gangs
to follow any slope of
ground. You can throw weight on outer
ends of gangs so that they will run even
and cut tough sod away from trees or
vines. It's reversible— Out-Throw to In-
Throw. Write Dept. N for catalog or con-
sult local dealer.

T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd. Elora, Ont.

ESTERS, <f^f.

WHY ARC YOU IMPORTING PHOSPHATE
• NO AMMONIA WHICH IS A BY-PRODUCT Orr
TOOR FARMS Or WHICH YOU ARE EXPORTING
MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY, BOHCS'
AND WHICH CONTAIN LARGE QUANTITIES Or
■N40SPH0RIC ACID AND AMMONIA

KINDLY ANSWER THE ABOVE

PORE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST

EERTILIZER

THIS PLANT rOOO IS ALL rROM OUR
CANADIAN SOILS AND SHOULD ALL CO BACK.
SEND rOR PRICES. ETC.

tiAMiLTON. Canada.

^HICHWAYAREYOU PAYING FOR"
AN IHC GASOLINE ENGINE?

THERE are two ways — a quick, easy way and a long,
costly way.
The first way is to go to the IHC local dealer, pick out
the style and size suited to your needs— pay for it— take it home
and set it to work. It will operate your cream separator, feed
grinder, thresher, fanning mill, turn your grindstone, saw
wood, etc.

The other way is to get along as best you can without it, and
pay for it over and over again in the time and money you lose
by not having it.

"Procrastination is the thief of time," and time is money. An
IHC Engine saves time — saves money. It's an investment that
pays big dividends, day after day, year in and year out, through its
capacity for doing work at less cost than any other power.

IHC Gasoline Engines

are made in all styles and sizes, 1 to 4S-H. P., vertical
and horizontal — stationary, portable, and tractor.
Their efficiency, economy, and dependability have
been proved by years of service. Thousands of
owners consider an 1 H C Gasoline Engine one of the
best paying investments they ever made.

If you want to know more about what an I H C
Gasoline Engine will do for you, and why it is that
IHC construction insures more power on less gaso-
line consumption than any other engine, you should

call at once on the IHC local dealer, or,

write for a copy of the IHC Gasoline

Engine catalogue.
While you're delaying you are paying,

so why not have what you're paying

for.

CANADIAN BRANCHES— IntinuUoiuI Hirrnter
Company of America at BrandoD. Calfary.
Edmonton, HamiltoD, Lethbridge. London.
Montreal, North Battleford, Ottawa, Retina.
Satkatoon. St. John. Wcybnm, Winnipeg,
Yorkton.

International Harvester
Company of America

(Incorporated)
Chicago USA

I H C
Service Bureau

Wliat Is Itl A clear-
ing house of agrlcnltur-
al data. What does It
do! Helps farmers to
lielp themselves. How
can It be used! By
sending your farm
problems and puzzling
questions to the Bureau.

We are co-operating
with the highest aj^rl-
cultural authorities and
every source of Infor-
mation win be made
available to solve your
difficulties. We shall
be pleased to have an
opportunity to assist
you. Write the I K O
Service Bureau.

MAIUED FREB

BEAUTIFUL SIX COLOR PICTURE OF

DAN RATCH l:SS

(ST2F. t6T22 INCHES)

AS LIFELIKE AS IF YOU SAW HIM ON THE TRACK HITCHED TO

^ SUL;;Y ANOREADY FOR A MILE IN It64 **^3

4Qr"Vou must name This Papcf and si. i1.; liow imich Livestock you own. '

. ^ _WRITE TO US FOR TK:3 PICTURE ^ . a

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO., i^^" •^<"'°"*°< ^^^

CASH CAPITAL Sa,000,SOO -:• . ;. LARGEST IN THE WORLD

M. W. Savasre, sole owner o{ "International Sloek Food.** and ahoot "Intrma-
tional Sloclc I-ood Farm," poaltlvoly (.uar.intccs th.it His World 1-anious Cham-
pron Stallions Drin Patch 1:55. Cresccus aiOaSi, Minor HrIt and Arion 2 :07^i
and his brood marcs and colts eat it every day. You are specially Inviletl to visit tins
Great Harness Horse Breeding Farm ten miles from Minneapolis, and sec the prac-
tical results o( the every day use ot the greatest purely veifctablo animal tonic ever
used on a fann It is constanilv used and stronffly airfirM* fcjf tvtr Tw* Millioa il
*hm mMt m»-U-4at» Sttekmaa tni H*rta Bmdirt o! the world.

^

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD
THE GREAT ANIMAL TONIC

l3 sold by over KKHKHi dealers on a spot ra^h (fiiarantt^e that the use of
one ti.m will Maka yea i n«l profit of $3SB over ilt BotI, or that 100
TKiumIs will luakti you $18 imt proliU It it cvor fails your money will
be promptly ret'iimled. lalornotional Stock Foorf is a Btroiii;lr con-
rfiitrat»-d medicinal preparation composptl of roots, herbs, bdmIa. l>arkH.
etc, and in equally good for nurses, colta. rows, oiilvos, buKi, plifs. nht-ep. jtoats,
et^. It is f.-d in small amouuts mixed with Eniln and i)uritiR8 the bloo.i, tom-g up
an<l BlTfugtlit^ns thft nystem and greatly aids dinu-ition and assimilation. «■) that
each aninial obtains more nutrition from all food tikm. It it nol INi anouiit of
iraia fori but tha omoant awimHitod ar taken iitta tha snlam that fattsns or keeps
your 8to<!k in good condition, and as Internatioiwl SUm-Ic f'oud Inirpascs asHlmllatlnn
it will Have youmoney. It will make you mure money than you can possibly m.iko
without Its use. It also cures and prevents many forms ot dlneasn, and is absolut^dy
bantdens, even If taken into the human systein. International Stock Kood it endorsed
by over two million fanners who havu used it for years. The editor of your farm
paper will tell yon ttiat we do exactly as we agree, and &s reference we give you the
Trailers Hank of Canaiia.

rj^ r . .. ,». .» .^ « ■•ItOVEO ITH l!VVALirABI.E WOKTH. . Kkho. Alta. ID-lO-iO.

J he lnt«m«Tlonai stock Food Co., Toronto. Ont— Oentlemen : I feid in honor Imund to ojfer you my testimonial In favor of your Stock Food. I haye used it faithfully this summer
and prove.i vh ii.valuahlo worth. It madi- my pi :h «row, the n-Nult-4 were simply Jiiarvel.ius, I wouffl not l«i without it for anything. My horscH got a very nasty distemper cough In
the spring, but. th-i food clean<id it .ompl.-tely ..iit ..f their system and th.-y wont thrr.u.'h the Sprlii,' work tine and came out of it rolling fat. I'U-ase duplicate my last unl-ir. Mrs.
Coe requests nu; to t^ll you that your I'oulfy 1' .,.d 14 excellent, that h-eding yi>ur Poultry Kood doubles the quantity of eggs. In fact, it oould not Iw l>ett«r for egg pr.»duction and
k.-eping the fowl h-althy.— Yours sino^rely (>^l-I-' Al.y. H. Vnv.. »* / / t j ti*

SEE OUR DEALERS, op WRITE US with regard to our FREE TRIAL OFFER

76

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

UO/fE
'DU'RA'BILITy

No matter how pleasing the tone of a piano
may be, unless that tone endures there cannot
be real satisfaction. This tone durability in

is secured through aa exact knowledge of
what to use, how and where to use it, and
a vigilant supervision over every detail dur-
ing construction. The name Gourlay is an
assurance of reliability, and the piano itself
a guarantee of its possessor's musical taste.

Ask for Booklet, "2500 Homes where
GourlaLy Pianos aro used."

GOURLAY, WINTER & LEEMING

188 YONGE STREET, TORONTO

NOT LIKE THE ORDINARY KIND

MEEHAN'S MALLOW MARVELS,
most brilliant new production of scien-
tific plant breeding. Immense flowers
from eight to ten inches in diameter,
in fiery crimson, rich blood-red and
soft shell-pink. Meehan's Marvels sur-
pass all other perennials in profuseness
of bloom, flowering propensities and
brilliancy of color. Colored plate and
full particulars free on request.

OUR CATALOGUE MAILED FREE

Don"t place your order until you have secured a copy.

OUR CATALOGUE contains 10 pages of
novelties and invaluable cultural dire(5tions

$40.00 For 8 Onions

Ask for particulars of Cash Prizes for 6 Onions

38 Jacques Cartier Square

MONTREAL

Book Review

"Catacombs of Worldiv Success," or
"History of Coarsellor Dell," is the title
of a bock issued by the Metropolitan
Church Association of Waukesha, Wis. It
gives a glimpse of the interior workings
of a large industrial concern, showing its
social and business sides with relation to
its business policies. The author is F. M.
Messenger, who claims that the incidents
described are drawn from real life.

Floriculture at the Ontario
Agricultural College

A pleasant call was made recently by a
representative of The Canadian Horticitl-
TUBiST to the College greenhouses. Under
the fostering care of Mr. Hunt, we found
everything in good shaoe. Our first visit
was to the large greenhouse laboratory,
where cculd be seen the work of about 130
students in plant i)ropagation from seeds
and cuttings, transplanting, and the pot
culture of bulbs. Each student has a small
flat or box, in which were three or four
dozen cuttings of different varieties of
plants suitable for window cr garden cul-
ture, as well as a box for seeds of hardy
border plants. In addition to these each
student had a pot of hyacinth and narcis-
sus bulLs. These last were in full flower,
giving an additional attractiveness to this
interesting work. The cuttings were evi-
dently well rooted and ready for trans-
ferring to small pots; very few failures
were to be seen. The uniform success of
each student's work was very noticeable,
testifying to the individual interest shown
in the work. The classes under Mr. Hunt's
tuition are the second year students, the
fourth year graduating class in Horticul-
ture, and a class cf twenty young ladies
from the Maodonald Institute. Outdoor
floriculture especially suited for heme sur-
roundings also receives considerable atten-
tion, even more so than the subjects men-
tioned. This is a most imryortant work,
and one which should prove to be a great
factor in the beautifying of farm home
surroundings throughout our country.

The various collections of plants in the
greenhouses were mostly geraniums, cal-
las, begonias, palms, primulas, fuchsias,
hyacinths, and narcissus and similar kinds
suitable for window culture. One batch of
a new Chinese primrose, '"The Duchess,"
was particularly noticeable. The foliage of
this variety is of a rich, bronzy green color
and of a vigorous habit. The trusses (f
bloom, as well as the individual flower
were ver.v large and conspicuous. The
centre of the flower was of a greenish yel-
low, heavil.v suffused around with rich car-
mine, the margin of the flowers being pure
white. The plants were raised from a com-
plimentary packet of seeds from Sutton &
Sons, Beading. England, the originators cf
the new variety. Some fine plants of giant
primulas and a Latth of showy cinerarias,
with the callas, begonias, freesias, and
other iilants made these houses look very
bright and attractive. All of the plants
looked clean, healthy and thrifty.

Our visit to this department was of ne-
cessity a very brief one. Sufficient, how-
ever, was seen to show that good work is
being done, work that is deserving of the
heartiest support possible.

Your choice of two of the newest climb-
ing rosee for one new subscription to The
Canadun Horticulturist.

J

Seeds and plants free. Read our Premium
Offer.

March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

11

There's No
Re-planting

— no seed wasted — no
crops lost — if you sow
Ewing's Seeds.

If soil, weather and
tilling are right

EWING'S

Reliable

Seeds

\v;!l do their part and you'll
be rewarded with splendid
crops.

Even under unfavorable
conditions Ewing's Reli-
able Seeds give far better
returns than most seeds,
because of their freshness,
vigor and vitality.

Why not make a bid for
the best crops grown in

1911 by insisting, when you
buy your seeds, on getting

EWING'S?

Write for our illustrated
Catalogue, and if your dealer
hasn't Ewing'» Seeds buy
from us direct.

Every artistic home should contain a

Gerhard Heintzman

PIANO

because this instrument presents the most up-
to-date features and improvements ; is, in fact,

the

Ideal Piano

for the home. This reputation has been gained
entirely through merit during the past half century
of honest endeavour. A demonstration at our
salesroom will convince you. Descriptive litera-
ture sent free on application.

Gerhard Heintzman, Limited

NEW SALESROOMS

41-43 QUEEN ST. W. (Opp. City Hall)
TORONTO

Hamilton Salesrooms: 127 King Street East

Trees ForThe Lawn

A l.irge usHortmenl of Weeping Mulberry. Ash,
Willow and Elms, Evi rgrcens, also all kinds of

Shrubs, Fruit and Ornamental

Trm's, Hedge Plants, Roses, Vines, Ktr. All

stock in tir.-t class shape. Order early for

spring planting. Prices 10 cents up.

CHAS. BAKER, Nurseryman

London, Ontario

No. 3 BROWNIE CAMERA

Pictures VA X 4^. Price $4.00.

This lateet addition to the popular Brownie family
meets the demand for a camera, which is equipped
with the essentials for a high-class of amateur work,
but is so simple that even the children can use it
with good results.

This camera has the first quality meniscus achro-
matic lens, Eastman rotary shutter, fixed focus, two
view finders, so that either vertical or horizontal
exposures can be made. It is a neat and attractive
camera, covered with handsome imitation grain leath-
er. It is a convenient shape to carrv, and weighs but
24 ounces. This Brownie takes four, six or twelve
exposure Kodak film cartridges and like the Kodak,
loads in daylight.

Ask your draler or write us for a free copy of
'At Home With the Kodak" otirnrtvest booklet.

CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited
Toronto, Can.

78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 1911

B— Hot Water Tank
C— fire Box
D— Ash Pan
K- Smoke Pipe

GALVANIZED STEEL SPRAY COOKER

It is easy to make liome boiled lime sulphur if you have u
proper spray cooker. We manufacture two kinds of cookers, one
tvlth a single tank and one with a double tank, as shown in illus-
tration. They are designeJ especially for this purpose, and will
give the greatest efllclency with the greatest saving of fuel. Can
be used for either wood or soft coal.

The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly
rivetted and soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satia,
faction, and are GOARANTEKD.

Made in Ave sizes, capacity 30 to 75 gals. Prices and full par-
ticulars on application. Write us to-day.

THE STEEL TROUGH & MACHINE CO., LTD.

TWEED, ONT.

AN IHC MANURE SPREADER MEANS
NEW LAND ON THE OLD FARM

nOHOUSANDS of people during the past year paid fabulous
bL prices for new land — gave up their savings and their homes
and moved into unknown country just for the sake of securing
more productive property.

Hundreds of farmers found a better plan. They stayed at
home and invested in an I H C Manure Spreader a small part of
what it would have cost them to move to the new country.

Now in leisure time during the winter they are returning to
the soil the rich fertility that has been drained from it — making
new land out of old — putting it into condition to yield bumper crops.

With an I H C Spreader the manure can be distributed in the
proper amount required by the condition of the soil. A light
coat, where land is good, a heavy coat where it is most needed.

IHC Manure Spreaders have many exclusive features which
you ought to know about. Years of successful service has shown
their superiority. In buying an I H C machine
you are assured satisfaction, for they are backed
by a company that cannot afford to risk its repu-
tation by offering you anything but the best.

IHC Spreaders are made in two styles —

Corn King— Clover Leaf

in varying sizes suitable for any size farm.

The Corn King is of the return apron type
— Cloverleaf Spreaders have endless aprons.
Lime hoods for spreading lime and drilling
attachments for distributing manure in rows
are furnished on special order.

Let the IHC local dealer tell you all about IHC
Spreaders and how you, too, can turn your manure pile
into money with one of these simple, efficient machines.
Catalogues can be secured from him, or, by writing
nearest branch house for them.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-InttnutioiuI HarreXer
Company of America at Braodon, Caigarr. Edmontoa,
HamiltoD, Lethbrid^e. London, Montreal, North Battle-
ford, Ottawa, Regina, Saskatoon. St. Jolin, Weybum,
Winnipeg, Yorkton.

International Harvester Company
of America

Chicaso (Incorporated) USA

IHC Service Bveu

The Bureau is a
center where the
best ways of doing
things on the farm .
and data relating
to its development,
are collected ano
distributed free to
every one interest-
ed in agriculture.
Every available
source of informa-
tion will be used in
answering q u e s-
tions on all farm
subjects. If the
questions are sent
to the I H C Service
Bureau, they will
receive prompt at-
tention.

Items of Interest

Mention has already been made in Thb
CANADIAN Hokticli,ti;ri8t of the very fine
exhibit of British Columbia apples '
wore shewn diiritu; November and I)i <
ber in Montreal and Ottawa by the Central
Okanagan Lands, Limited, of Kelowna,
BC, The apples shown were direct I:
the Canadian National Apple show at \
couver and were part of the famou.s . a-
hibit from the Kelowna District that won
the highest awards. The exceptionally fine
eclorinn of the apples, their uniformity
and the excellent manner in which they
were packed surprised all who saw them
and led many of the city peoi)lo who had
never seen such apples before to return,
bringing friends with them. The varieties
shown included : Hubtardston Nonsuch,
R. I. Greening, Ontario, Spitzenburg, Haas,
Canada Rod, Whit<.' Winter Pearmain,
Ribston Pippin, Black Twig, Belle de
Boskop, Mcintosh Red, .4kins Red, Bald-
win, Paragon, Lady Apple, Yellow New-
town, Gano, Wagener, Grimes Golden,
King David, Sutton Beauty, Stark, Rome
Beauty, Winter Banana, Salome, King of
Tompkins, Black Ben Davis, Talman Sweet,
Northern Spy, Snow, Delicious, Jonathan,
Black Detroit, Ben Davis, Kelowna Se<?d-
ling, and Rawle's Janet. The Central Ok-
anagan Lands Limited has met with great
success in its sale cf land, having sold over
$300,000 worth of British Columbia land to
parties in Ontario and Quebec since about
the first of September.

Prof. Wallace, the Cornell University
expert on lime-sulphur, makes the follow-
ing summary of the results of his investi-
gations last year on lime-sulphur injury :

First, that heavy drenching is a common
cause of foliage injury. Second, that
much of the burning of apple foliage last
year following the application just after
the blossoms fell was due to previous scab
infection of the leaves. Third, that arsen-
ate of lead is the only insecticide that w€
yet know which may be used in the lime-
sulphur with safety. It not only decreases
the burning but actually increases the
fungicidal value of the mixture by fifty per
cent. Fourth, that injury to the fruit and
foliage by lime-sulphur is much less serious
than that caused by bordeaux under the
same conditions. Fifth, that the addition
of lime or the presence of sediment does
not materially affect the burning qualitiee
of the lime-sulphur one way or the other.
Sixth, that cultivate<l, vigorous trees wiU
withstand foliage injury better than trees
in neglected orchards.

A meeting was held in Rochester, re-
cently, in connection with the New York
Fruit Growers' Association and approved
by the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
Michigan Pomological Society, New Jersey
State Horticultural Society, Adams County,
Pa., Pomological Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and the Western New York Horticul-
tural Association to secure legislation, both
state and national tending to raise the
grades and standards and improve the
methods of packing all fruits and to secure
uniform state legislation with regard to
size of packages.

I am very much impressed with The Can-
adian Horticulturist as I find some very
interesting information therein. — Leonard
Crooks, 68 Kenwood Ave., Wychwood Park,
Ont.

Seeds and plants free. Read our Premium
Offer.

March, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

79

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones : Main 284 1 Residence Park 95 I

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing

SPECIAL GLASS

FOR GREENHOUSES

C(Hi«erTatori«« of The Dale Estate. Brampton, Ont.
Glass supplied br our Toronto Branch

GOOD QUALITY. FLAT. EVEN
THICKNESS, AND WELL CUT

We make a specialty of supplying
Glass for vegetable forcing houses

PILKINGTON BROS.

Limited

Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver

Montion The Canadian HorticultnriHt whan writlni

S-

88 MAGAZINES FOR $2.00

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$2 00, or in different combinations with The Oanadiaji Horti-
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.*3.10.
I. — The Canadian Horticulturist and The Canadian Poultry

Review 90

2.— The Canadian Horticuturist and F rm and Dairy $1.10

3.— The Canadian Horticulturist and The Canadian Home

Journal 1.20

4. — All four Magazines (88 numbers in all) 2.00

Send Orders to

^ CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO, ONT.

BASKFTS

Wc are Headquarters for
all kinds of Splint Baskets

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^' '' na^^^^^^^^^^^

Veaem loppUoi ior the protection of traei irom mioe
durine winter

FRUIT PACKAGES A SPBOALITY
SEND FOR OUR PRICES

The Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont.

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing

8o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

March, 191 1

SPRAY
THOROUGHLY

Thorough spraying is a crop insur-
ance of the sUougcst kind, but you
cannot spray thorouglily un-
^^^ less you use

GOUIAS

^ RELIABLE

Sfbayehs

They are better
known, more wide'y vised,
and in greater demand
than any other lino —
because, correct drsiKn,
perfect mat< rial
and export work-
manship ~ backed
by more than 62
yeais of exclusive
Pump makinsj ex-
perience — are rep-
resented in
each Spray // q 1 1
er we sell. «jh; ji

OF CANADA

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $ 1 0.000.000.00
Capital Subscribed 5.912.000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.700.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5.700.000.00

I>. R. WILKIE, Frealdent
HOM. B. JAFFBAY. VIoe-PrMld^nt

Branches and Agencies throuarhoMt
th* Dominion O'T Canada

Draft*. MoiMT Orders and Letter* of Credit

iBBued available in any part of the world

Special attentioo ciTen to coUectieiie

Savinff* Department — Interest allowed on de-
posits from date of deposit.

Necessity of Spraying

There is no longer any certainty of a
crop without spraying with both insecti-
cides and fiuiKicides, no matter how fav-
orable the season or how fertile the soil.
In fact, there is a certainty of ultimate
loss. How great this may be was demon-
strated all over Canada the past year bv
the almcst total failure of fruit in un-
sprayed orchards, while sprayed orchards
have given bountiful crops.

Farmers conipiain that there is no
money in fruit growing. It is small won-
der when one cannot go into a fruit store
and buy a few apples that are fit to eat.
Thoy will he either wormy or covered with
.=oab. If a man will not spray he might
better dig out the trees by the roots and
grow srme crop that will make money, as
an unsprayed and uncared for orchard is
simply occupying good land and giving no
interest on the invest'nent, as hundreds
of acres of orchird? all over the country
testify. Many farmers think that grod
apples cannot be grown on old trees. This
is tinfortunate, as this erroneous opinion
prevents the spraying of unproductive or-
chards all over the county which could
easily be made dividend payers.

The barrel of Northern Spies which won
the first prize at the New England Fruit
Show was grown in an orohard forty years
old that previous to eight years ago was
neglected and had produced practically
nothing. Since that time it had been
properlv plowed, pruned, sprayed and cul-
tivated, with the result that it grew the
best barrel of apples in New England.
Nor need we go to New England for
examples of what can be done, as a num-
ber of the pririe^ won at the recent On-
tario Horticultural Exhibition were from
orchards that had been neglected for years
and only given proper care during the past
year.

This only illustrates what can be done
with the old orchards scattered all over
Canada. With a little care these would
produce high grade apples. Fertilize,
prune, cultivate, and spray thoroughly.
The old trees will then pay you well for
your efforts on their behalf.

Profits from Vegetable Growing

Wm. Clements, ClarkioD, Out.

•Although the consumer generally pays a
very fair price for fruit, it does not realize
any extraordinary profits to the producer.
A basketful of cucumbers may sell for 25
cents. More generally, however, 15 cents
a basket is the average price to the pro-
ducer. An eleven-quart basket costs three
cents, express charges five cents, selling
commission 10 per cent — 2% cents ; cartage
one cent, or a total of 11 X cents, leaving
at the 25 cent rate 1S% cents for the pro-
ducer— or at 16 cents, next to nothing.
Tomatoes often sell for as low as 15 cents
a basket. Last year, for the better part
of the season, they averaged 20 cents a
basket. The charges on tomatoes will figure
approximately the same as in the case of
the cucumbers.

The consumer pays at least 40 cents for
this same basket for which the producer
received 25 cents. The Express Company
gets about one quarter of the gross re-
turns received by the producer. It may
therefore readily be seen that ihere is not
so much money in the business even if
the consumers do pay fair prices. Reason-
able profits can be expected only where the
produce is shipped in quantities ; smaller
shippers have little left after deducting
charges.

Bam
Roofing

Fire, Uihtnind
Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Let us know the size of any roof
you are thinking of covering and we
will make you an Interesting offer.

Metallic Roofing Go.

Limited

MANUFACTURERS

TORONTO and WINNIPEG

Agents Wanted in tiume sections

STRAWBERRY
PLANTS

Following Desirable Varieties

z^AT=----

$4.00 per M. 60c per 100

Sample, Enhance,
Senator Dunlop,
Williams and Splendid

JAS. E. JOHNSON

SIMCOE, - - ONTARIO

FERRrS"

SEEDS

To prow the fin-
est fli)wpr.'5 and
most luscious
\'eL,'otal)le.«. plant the hoi^t
seeds. Ferry's Seeds are best
becau.'sethey never fiiil in yield
or quality. The best pnrden-
ers and farmers ever>'where
know Ferry's .seeds to be the
highest standard of quality
yet attained. Fur sale
everywhere.

I FERRY'S 1911 Seed Annual

Free on request
D. M. FERRY i CO.,

WUfUSOR,

The Canadian Florist

Do vou own or look after a greenhouse
or conservatory? Tou will be Interested
in The Canadian Florist, the only Cana-
dian paper published for prof essional flor-
ists and gardeners. Any florist or priTate
gardener desiring to see a copy of The
Canadian Florist may receive one free

THE CANADIAN FLHIST
PETERBORO - ONTARIO

I

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

APRIL, 1911

No, 4

AK\0WLKDC;K of this practice
is becoininf^ more and more im-
portant, for upon it depends
iarijely the success of the fruit
grower. The demand for good

fruit, especially apples, has increased
\ery much in the past few years on both
the home and foreign market, and there
is no reason why a greater number of
people in this province should not spe-
cialize in this branch of agriculture which
has proven to be so profitable to our
neighbors in the province of Ontario and
to the grower of British Columbia.

The argument that the growers of
Quebec cannot compete successfully with
those of the provinces just mentioned on
account of unsuitable soil and climatic
conditions is unfounded, for nowhere
else can some of the hardy varieties be
grown and produced so well as in this
province. A good many farmers pos-
sess fruit trees which yield fair returns ;
but to make fruit growing a profitable
business the trees must be properly
cared for, and if any one of the opera-
tions is more important than another, I
should say it is cultivation. The method
that has in principles been recognized to
be the best by all successful fruit grow-
ers and at Experimental Farms is the
following :

PREPARATION OF THE GEOUND

Where ordinary field crops, such as
cereals and hoed crops yield profitable
returns, then the soil will be rich enough
for an orchard generally speaking. The
required conditions are the same as for
these, namely, a good friable loam soil
of good depth, tilth, and drainage. The
required conditions, except the last, can
be obtained by thorough plowing and
subsequent tillage. Experience has
taught us that land in fine tilth has pro-
duced better crops than untilled land,
even if the latter did contain more plant
food. The reason is that tillage unlocks
plant food, makes it more readily avail-
able, and regulates the moisture holding
capacity of a soil which is a very im-
portant factor in fruit growing. If the
soil is not deep and the subsoil compact
it will be necessary to work the latter
also to some depth, and drainage with
tiles will ameliorate such soils most efifi-
ciently. .Should the chosen piece hpve
been in sod for .some time it will be

Orchard Cultivation'

W. Dreher, Macdonald College, Que.

found best to grow hoed crops on it for
a year or two, and this will give the far-
mer an opportunity to become acquainted
with it and make all necessary improve-
ments. It must be borne in mind that
the ground should give suitable mois-
ture conditions, and this capacity is in-
creased by adding humus to light soils
and draining waterlogged land. More-
over, it is of equal importance that the
roots shall be able to penetrate the soil
easily ; therefore, it must be friable and
well and deeply plowed. Heavy lands
are improved by the addition of vege-
table matter. Once a soil has been, so
to speak, transformed into suitable con-
ditions of food and moisture and the
trees have been planted, it remains to

Must Have It

"No use being in the fruit busi-
ness without The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist. One might as well
quit both as one. Please find en-
closed one dollar for two years'
subscription." — Watson C. Orr,
W^inona, Ontario

•Extract from an address delivered before the
Quebec Pomological Society.

maintain these conditions, and this leads
us to the question of subsequent culti-
vation or tillage.

OtTLTIVATE THE WHOLE AREA BETWEEN
THE TREES

Measuring the length of roots of
young trees and comparing that length
with the width of the crown it has been
found that the roots occupy an area
twice as large as the crown does, it fol-
lows that if the trees are planted the
usual width apart their roots will ulti-
mately occupy the whole area between
the rows ; moreover, the roots most ac-
tively engaged in taking up food are the
youngest ; those that are farthest away
from the trunk. The.se facts show that
in order to obtain the best results the
whole area occupied by the roots must
be cultivated, and this holds equally true
for a young orchard, because in that
case the ground must always be in such
a state as to allow the roots to expand
rapidly and grow at a depth when mois-
ture is always available, and where they
shall be protected more or less from the
plow or frost. The sooner and the bet-
ter cultivation is practised the better the
results obtained later — and that with
considerable less work.

The next important point to be kept
in mind is that all cultivation should be-
gin as soon as the ground can be work-
ed to advantage. The season of wood
growth begins early in spring and ends
in the middle of summer. Consequently
the ground should be in such condition
as to permit the trees to make a vigor-
ous early start and continue to furnish a
readily available supply of food and
moisture during the summer.

DEEP PLOWING

The first step in subsequent orchard
tillage consists in plowing deeply, dimin-
ishing the depth close to the trees. The
depth will vary also according to the
condition of the land at the start, heavy
lands will need deep cultivation, taking
precautions not to touch them while too
wet, as puddling would be the result.
On the other hand, lands already friable
need not be plowed deeply. If there is
sod on the ground, it is advisable to
plow it under early in the spring, for
this will cau.se its more rapid decomposi-
tion. If there is no sod, and the land
needs humus or manure, this is also a
good time to plow it under. In order
to get a level culture, plow one year to-
wards the trees and the next away from
them. Thus the first step consists in
improving the physical and chemical
condition of the soil, the second, how-
ever, is to hold the moisture in the
ground, or at least to prevent its rapid
evaporation.

The ground left expo.sed after plow-
ing begins to settle, becoming more or
less compact, and a .straight path is
thereby formed for the underground
water to pass into the air. This would
also exist if grass is growing for the
large leaf area would transpire a great
deal of water. Therefore, the remedy in
the first case is to form a dry soil mulch
on the surface, whereas the loss of water
in the second case can be prevented by
not growing grass, but following a sys-
tem of cultivation. The best mulch is
prepared by breaking up the surface soil
into very small particles to a depth of
not more than three to four inches after
plowing. This corresponds to the hoe-
ing of crops which checks this rapid eva-
poration, destroying weeds at the same
time. This operation must be repeated
in the orchard quite often, if possible,
every 10 days, or at least after every
rain.

8s

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

Regarding the tools used in the above
operations, there are several orchard
plows facilitating the plowing close to
the trees, but the ordinary plow with a
set over beam is recommended, and the
surface tillage can be done satisfactorily
by means of the various disc and
smoothing harrows. Even the culti-
vator or spring-tooth harrow may be
used when their teeth are so arranged as
not to go deeper than say four inches.

OBOPPING BETWEEN THE E0W8

For the first few years vegetable or
small fruits, such as strawberries, may
be grown between the rows of trees.
The advantages of such a practice de-
pend largely upon the judgment of the
grower. He must decide what kind of

crops will suit his purpose best and what
length of time they are going to occupy
the ground. Some crops take up the
water and food that the trees need, and
many would interfere with the care of
the orchard. In general, cropping be-
tween the rows is profitable, provided
following points are observed: ist, Three
feet of space must be left all around the
young planted trees and this space be in-
creased by a foot or so every year as the
trees grow. 2nd, The crops' should be a
hoed crop or crops, care of which bene-
fits the trees as well and in no way im-
poverish the soil. 3rd, This practice of
cropping should be discontinued after
eight or ten years and all the space given
up to the trees.

Peach Culture

J. W. Smith & Sons, Winona

PEACHES require a well drained
soil. If the land is rolling
and well drained, naturally it
is not necessary to underdrain.
Put in a hoe crop, such as po-
tatoes, tomatoes, or roots of some kind,
which will leave the ground in good
shape. The following spring work your
ground up well, then mark your field
out by commencing at the base of the
field, stretch a wire or cord alonsj the

grown the way you want them. I pre-
fer to have the main stem nipped back
eighteen inches above ground, and not
trimmed like a whip, but about ten
inches, as a tree makes a better collar
and root growth when their limbs are
left on.

PLANTING

In planting, we use a "T," putting
the trees down two inches deeper than
they were in the nursery, with two men
to dig the holes
and one man to
look after the
"T" and trim the
roots. If the roots
are long or bruis-
ed or broken, cut
off with a clean
slanting cut. Be
sure to dig the
holes large
enough. Place
your tree with the
heaviest side lean-
ing against pre-
vailing wind from
five to seven de-
grees. Shovel in
the earth with the
A Model Peach Orchard trimmer, holding

This properly pruned and well cultivated Peach Orchard is the property of Messrn the tree m place,
J. W. Smith & Sons, Winona. See accompanying article for description. .ind t r a m D i n ff

end, then use a pole the distance you
want your trees apart, and be very
exact, marking off the ground and line
at the same time, going across the base
of the field and up the side and across
the other end, coming back to starting
point measure off the other side. Then
with a man at each end of your line,
working towards each other staking
out, moving each time the distance you
want your trees apart, until you have
your field marked out. I consider twenty
feet each way a good distance for plant-
ing, or twenty-five by eighteen feet.

When getting your trees, buy from
some reliable man near by, and order a
year before setting out; have them

down the earth as it is thrown in, leave
two or three shovelsful of earth lying
loose around the tree to keep the
ground from baking or drying out.

I prefer to trim the trees after they are
planted, for when the ground is ready
we don't want the trees lying around.
When all are planted we go along and
trim back to four limbs where possible,
with two buds to the limb. Have the limbs
well distributed over the tree and never
leave the limbs so that they forma crutch.

The best varieties to plant are Yellow
•St. John, Leamington, Ely, Crawford,
Champion, New Prolific, Elberta, Yel-
low Rare Ripe, Niagara, Lemon Free,
Beers Smock and Smock.

We prefer a cultivated hoe crop of
potatoes, tomatoes, or a crop of straw-
berries, but leave a good space between
berries and trees for cultivation. After
second year have the orchard so it can
be worked both ways and keep the
ground in as good condition as it would
be for a hoe crop. When the trees begin
to bear give lots of manure and ashes
alternately, but not together. In the
spring, as .soon as it is dry enough,
work away from trees with a disk or
shallow ploughing. Harrow or disk
every week or ten days until the last
of July, when the earth is worked back
for winter. We get the trees ready for
winter before picking comes on, with
the exception of water furrows, and
banking around each tree about six
inches deep and two feet all around the
trunk of trees, which is done any spare
time between picking and after the fruit
is off. Oats make a good cover crop,
as it grows well under the trees and
makes a good growth, which holds the
leaves and is easily ploughed down in
the spring.

PRUNING

In trimming the young orchard, cut
out all limbs that cross and thin out
centres so as to throw the growth to
the sides and not in the top. In mid
summer thin out all limbs that cross
cut back the centre main limbs to one
half to throw the growth to outside
limbs, which lets in the sun to rif)en
the wood and make the buds stronger
for winter. We do not trim our bear-
ing trees until after February, when the
severe weather is past. If buds are bad-
ly hurt we do not tl^in much, just head
back enough to let in sun and air. If
buds are good, thin out and head back
so as to get shape to tree and size to
fruit.

I have been spraying for the past
twenty years with good results. I have
fourteen hundred Duchess pear trees
which I sprayed three times and con-
trolled the spot perfectly, while one tree
that was missed was black with the spot,
while with apples, plums, cherries and
grapes it was the same story — perfect
fruit when spra3'ed, almost unsalable
when spraying was neglected.— A. W.
Peart, Burlington, Ont.

I had an old orchard of Greenings,
which of late years had been so wormy
and scaly that I had decided to pull them
out, in fact had cut out about eighty
trees, but thorough spraying is bringing
back early conditions, in fact, one tree
one hundred years old produced twenty
barrels of perfect fruit, while a five acre
orchard .seventeen years old in rough land
that could not be sprayed did not produce
a single barrel of good apples. Lime-
sulphur has given the apple trees in the
Niagara district a new lease of life. — L.
L. Woolverton, Grimsby.

April, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

83

k

Root Pruning of Fruit Trees

Geo. W. Tebbs, Hespeler, Ont.

F the heart be right, then the re-

I

((f

I suiting life will be pure and good,
has been said often of men. It is
also true in the tree. The real secret of
fruitfulness lies at the root literally.
Let the root be right, and there will be
large fruit, beautiful to look upon, and
an abundance of it.

Further, it does not always follow that
if a man have a good head, his life will
be productive of the most good to others.
The tree may have ever so well shaped a
head, but positive benefit does not neces-
sarily follow unless it results in fruit
bearing; and this comes from an abund-
ance of fibrous rootlets.

INCREASE BOOT DEVELOPMENT

How often is root development gross-
ly neglected? From the time the nur-
sery stock is purchased, when only too
often the tree is rammed into the ground
in any old way, with
its roots frequently
doubled under it as
though it is to de-
velop into an acrobatic
contortionist. Little
care is taken of the
roots, the chief source
of the strength of the
tree. 1 think some-
times that our "nur-
ses" who dig the stock
from the "nursery"
forget the fact that a
young tree does not
have roots that run
down like a carrot to-
wards the Antipodes,
but that for a distance
of, say, three feet,
from the stem there
is a whole mat of
fibrous roots.

In a hurried filling of orders these are
occasionally torn away. At least, such
has been my impression when I have
examined them upon their arrival. It
is well if there are such webs of roots
around your young stock. .They will be
well nourished, being near the surface,
and the full influence of the air will keep
a constant supply of food ready. But
how may trees that are inclined to be
the reverse of this be made to form a
mass of roots? How may the roots be
kept near the surface? The lifting and
replanting once or twice will accomplish
this. This operation will break the
stronger roots and exuberant leaf action
is checked. Beyond paring the ends of
all broken roots with a sharp knife no-
thing more need be done. The tree is
simply taken out and put back. The
moving from the parent nursery to the
purchaser's orchard will effect this in
the first instance, and only occasionally
is a second removal necessary.

To create an abundance of surface
roots some people go round the town
buying up surplus paving stones from an
overstocked indigent corporation, and
build a pavement under the tree. This
is absolutely unnecessary. Mulch well,
pulverize well, and you will have a soil
full of air and moisture. The roots will
then multiply and will naturally remain
where there are so many good things to
be taken advantage of.

First of all then get the soil into good
condition for holding moisture through
long periods of drought, and let the roots
get plenty of air. If the trees have to
be lifted a second time, my experience
has been that showery weather in the
autumn, about the time the leaves are
ripe, is the best time. Begin at least
three feet from the tree, and spade to-
wards it.

Results of Rootpruning

An unproductive Duchess Apple Tree in the Orchard of Mr. G. W Tebbs,
Hespeler rendered fruitful by means of rootpruning.

But what about trees that are too
large to move? There are thousands of
trees in this Province that are not satis-
factory, and yet they are too good to
be destroyed. In these cases I would
advise root pruning. Make a trench
round the tree about one half of the way,
doing one half one year and one half the
next, preferably during the "off" years
of the tree or when fruit spurs are least
in evidence. Root pruning is not done
by a haphazard butchery of the roots
with the edge of the spade. A knife or
small pruning saw should be used. The
growing roots are much softer, and con-
sequently easier to cut than the branch-
es. As far as po.ssible make upward
cuts, as it will direct the new fibres to-
wards the surface.

Make an effort to get at the strong
roots which run down into an unproduc-
tive subsoil ; cut out some of them at
least, as they only produce wood. The
accompanying illustration shows a

"Duchess" apple on my place that was
absolutely unproductive, but which grew
wood by the yard each year. I tried root
pruning, with the result the first year
after, as seen by the blossom, and a
good harvest was afterwards gathered.

Value of Bees in an Orchard

J. W. Clarke, Csioiviile

From my experience as a fruit grow-
er and beekeeper I place great value on
bees as a reliable means of proper fer-
tilization of the blossoms. Some sea-
sons we have more or less damp, muggy
weather with little breeze to carry pol-
len. In such seasons bees have their
usefulness in fertilizing fruit blooms.
The undeveloped, one-sided fruit we
often see in such seasons is due to im-
perfect fertilization.

I believe that every one growing fruit
should have at least one or more hives
of bees, if for no other purpose than the
proper pollination of the bloom. Each
orchard should have a few hives in it,
as in cold or windy weather the bees do
not go far from home.

PEOFITABLE INVESTMENT

Not only will the bees prove a pay-
ing investment in distributing the pol-
len, but with very little care will make
honey enough for the family and some
to sell. Swarming can be controlled by
ventilation and modern methods of
handling.

Trees Injured by Mice

Considerable damage has been done
to fruit trees during the past winter by
mice. If attended to at once the injury
can be much lessened. Where the in-
jury is slight or even if the outer bark
is all eaten off, if there are strips of the
inside bark still left, cover with graft-
ing wax and bank up where possible
with earth to keep the bark moist and
to prevent drying. The hot sun will
soon destroy the life of the under bark.
Where these shreds of live bark are near
together, this will be all that is neces-
sary to be done.

TREATMENT OF GIRDLED TREES

Where the bark is entirely eaten off,
girdling the tree, paint the wood thor-
oughly with a good lead and oil paint,
and as soon as the sap begins to run.
cut scions and carefully insert them in
the live bark at top and bottom, wax-
ing thoroLtghly and tying firmly. A
scion should be put in about every two
or three inches around the damaged
part. In such cases it is wise to cut
back the top severely, as the evapora-
tion from the top will be greater than
the capacity of the scions to carry the
moisture from the earth. In this way
valuable trees can be saved that other-
wise would be a total loss.

Prune fruit trees regularly each year.

84

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

Starting an Orchard

Fr. M. Leopold, O.C.R., La Trappe, Que.

(Continued from last issue)

HIvRE we have to get the trees to
protect' each other ; so in consider-
ing all this, it is safe to say we can
plant apple trees at twenty-five to thirty
feet each way; cherries, fifteen to twenty
feet each way ; pears, twenty to twenty-
five feet each way, and plums, fifteen to
twenty feet each way. In Ontario, I
would say, plant apple trees at forty feet
each way.

CARE OF NTJE8ERY STOCK

Unpack stock immediately upon arrival
and dip the roots in liquid mud. In case
stock cannot be immediately set out, pre-
pare a place where it can be temporarily
planted, taking care to cover roots thor-
oughly, working the soil in among the
fibres. Dig generous holes and provide
good soil to fill them. Do not bend the
roots ; cleanly cut off bruised or broken
roots, and never let them dry. Dip them
in mud, place them in hole, throw good
soil in hole, tightly ramming it around
roots after each shovelful. Leave no air
pockets. After hole is filled, cover top of
ground thickly with good, well-rotted
stable manure as far as roots extend. Do
not let manure come in contact with the
roots of young trees ; apply manure as a
mulch. An assistant is very helpful when
setting trees. Two men, or a man and
a boy, can work together to good advan-
tage.

Trees s'lould be set in the ground a lit-
tle deeper than they were set when grow-
ing in the nursery : Deep enough so that
the joint between stock and scion is cov-
ered. As the tree setting progresses, it
is a good plan often to "sight" the rows
across from side to side, both ways, to
make sure that everything is exactly
straight. The eye is an excellent detec-
tor of unsuspected crooks in rows. In
exposed situations or in windy localities,
it is a good plan to incline the newly-set
tree slightly toward the point where the
strong winds come from. The trees will
straighten as they grow.

PBUNING

The newly-set tree must be pruned. As
it stood in the nursery there was approx-
imately a balance between the top and
the roots, the latter being just about
enough, under the condition of that soil,
to supply what moisture and nourishmenl
the leaves and branches needed. Evi-
dently, if half of the roots were suddenly
removed, this equilibrium would be de-
stroyed, and each leaf would show its
distress at the decreased sap pressure, by
wilting, and the weaker ones would pro-
bably die.

Now, this is essentially the condition
of the nursery tree. No matter how
carefully it was dug, many of its fine
feeding roots are sure to have broken off,
or have dried up ; and until it can re-

establish its relations with the soil, and
put out new roots to take the place of
those destroyed, it is totally unable to
support and nourish the original amount
of top. The fine root hairs, which appear
like fuzz near the tips of the smaller roots
and do most of the ab.sorbing for the
roots, dry out almost instantly on expos-
ure to the air, and are parctically all de-
stroyed in transplanting. It takes some
time to form these anew, and if the whole
top is left to "leaf out" during the pro-
cess, evaporation from so many points
will result in disastrous drying of the
whole tree. This can be avoided by cut-

ting back the lop to correspond with the
roots, thus diminishing the evaporation
to the point where they can supply the
loss.

Choose three, four or five limbs to form
the future frame work of the tree. These
should come out from the trunk in differ-
ent directions, distributed as evenly as
possible ; and if feasible no two branches
should come out exactly opposite each
other. Cut the chosen limbs back to six
or eight inches, remove all others. Cut
to a bud, making a sloping cut.

If the ground around your fruit trees is
not kept constantly cultivated, the trees
should be heavily mulched all summer.
Straw or strawy manure is a good mulch.
Newly-set trees have no depth of root and
dry out very rapidly.

Aa Old Tree Showiag the Retnlt •( Ne(I(ct.

The lower limbs should have been left on. Wounds from prunine and other canaes should have
been painted over and all cavities filled with cement.

Neglected Trees

A. McNeil, Ottawa

I have visited many hundreds of or-,
chards, old and young, and do not recall
ever having seen a dozen dead or dying
trees that were in this condition as the
result of old age. .Occidents, neglect,
mistakes in pruning and injuries of vari-
ous sorts, in nearly all cases preventable,
have been the cause. The above illus-
tration is an example. The tree was formetf
with a very sharp crotch near the ground,
the lower limbs having been destroyed.
The bark was injured on the left hand
limb ; the result of this was that the
wood was left naked. The tree evident-
ly struggled to repair the wound, but the
injury was so exposed that the bark never
formed over it. The pickers, no doubt,
travelled up and down on the tender
growth that was being made about this

wound ; the pruners found it a convenient
way into the tree ; canker spores found
a congenial lodging place here, and, in
the meantime, the naked wood was ex-
posed to the vicissitudes of sunshine and
rain, frost and snow. It soon began, to
decay, and the decay developed up and
down, and has rapidly overtaken the
newer growth on the outside, weakening
the limb so that in a year or two it will
fall entirely away. ,

Higher up on the right hand limb is a
wound caused by sawing off a large limb.
Nothing was done to protect the exposed
wood, and, as a consequence, decay set
in. This extended up and down the tree,
so that the right hand limb is only a
mere shell now, and a heavy wind will
likely break it near the ground.

Both these injuries could have been
readil}' prevented. If the wound on the

April, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

85

left hand side had been carefully painted
vvith pure linseed oil and white lead, on
fhe same plan as the clap-boards of a
house are painted, it could have been
preserved so that rot would not have af-
fected the wood. Of course, mechanical
means would have to be resorted to, to
prevent the pickers and pruners from
stepping- upon this part of the tree until
it had been thor'oug:hly healed over. It is
by no means a good practice to allow
pickers to wear anything but rubber boots
when they are permitted to climb upon
the trees. Of course, in recently set or-
chards the trees are headed low, so that
little or no climbing is necesary either
for pruning or picking.

The injury on the right hand side
might easily have beenf prevented, by sim-
ply painting the wood thoroughly and
keeping it painted until it had grown
over. This might take from five to ten
years in the case of such a large limb ;
but no harm will come if the wound is
always kept well covered with paint.

Notes on Small Fruits

Raspberries thrive best on sandy
loams, with a damp but not wet sub-
soil. The rows should be from four
and a half to five and a half feet apart,
according to the habit of growth of the
variety. They may be planted either in
hedge-row form or in hills. Many suc-
cessful growers are using the latter,
making the hills three to three and a
half feet apart.

In setting out a new plantation in a
solid row, the young canes should be
placed fifteen to eighteen inches apart ;
if in hills, plant two or three canes to
ensure setting. The hill system saves
a great deal of hand labor, as then you
may cultivate both ways.

VARIETIES

At the start a great deal of work
is saved by ploughing out a deep
furrow for the plants. The three
best varieties of red berries are
the Marlboro, Herbert, and Cuth-
bert. The former being a light grower,
the second a medium one, and the lat-
ter heavy. They also ripen in the order
given.

At the annual pruning remove the
dead and weak canes, leaving eight or
ten to the yard of the best ones in a
narrow row. Cut back the tips accord-
ing to the variety and growth. Cut-
ting off the tops is an advantage when
the young suckers reach a height of
three and a half or four feet in the sum-
mer. It makes a stouter tree-like cane,
which throws out lateral branches for
fruiting. We should plough towards
1 he rows in the fall for drainage and
cultivate away in the spring ; then keep
the cultivator going until the crop is

■"'P^' BLACK CAPS

Smith's Giant, Kansas, Older and

Hilborn are among the best black caps.
They are propagated by tips rather
than suckers, are handled in a similar
way to red ones, should be grown in
hills, and require cutting back more
severely. oueeants

Currants do well on light clay or
heavy gravel loams. They should be
planted about six feet apart each way,
and trained in bush form from several
shoots, not like a tree. Leading varie-
ties are: Red — Cherry, Fay, Victoria,
Wilder, North Star, and Prince Albert.
North Star ripens late and Prince Al-
bert very late ; the others from early to
medium. Black — Lee, Naples, Saun-
ders, Champion. White — Grape and
Imperial.

At the annual pri;ning thin out the
bushes to eight or nine of the best of
the older shoots, cutting away the very
oldest wood year after year. Currants
should also be finely cultivated until
the fruit is ripe.

Both raspberries and currants should
be fertilized with rich stable manure at
least every other year. They will give
a liberal response to good feeding. In
the above fruits, when properly man-
aged, there is a very fair margin of
profit.— P.

The Strawberry Bed

E. B. StcTeiiop, Gnelpk

The strawberry, when we have a good
market for it is a very profitable crop to
raise. In growing the strawberry the
varieties and methods pursued are large-
ly a local matter, and so it would be dif-
ficult to lay down hard and fast rules of
methods that we could take as being cor-
rect, or the variety that would be' the
best to groiv. The soil, the man and the

market are largely responsible for the
method and for a profitable crop of straw-
berries. Each grower should have a trial
plot and grow a few of each kind on his
own ground, discarding the kinds that
prove unprofitable for his location.
SOIL preparation

I have never had my ground too rich
for strawberries. I plant roots and man-
ure well for the two years preceding the
strawberry year, then give an extra coat
of well rotted stable manure, well work-
ed in before planting.

I plant rows three feet apart and two
feet in the row. When planting is over
I go over the ground with a fine toothed
cultivator and keep this up about once a
week through the growing season. After
the plants have stopped growing and the
ground is frozen in the fall, I cover the
whole bed with strawy manure to a depth
of two or three inches ; in the spring I
rake this into the paths for a mulch to
keep the berries clean. I then spray with
lime and sulphur, to kill the rust that
may appear before the blossoms open,
and again just after the fruit has set. I
grow the plants for fruit in the narrow
rows as I find I get finer fruit than in the
wide matted row.

NEW varieties

There are some very promising new
varieties being placed before the public;
others on trial and not yet offered for
sale. I have one sent me by Mr. How-
ard of Massachusetts, without name as
yet; came to me as "No. 17." I have
fruited it two years, and was delighted
with it. The plant is vigorous and
healthy, has a good root system, and pro-
duces large heart-shaped berries of good
color and excellent quality. The blossom
is staminate and the fruit firm, and will
make a good commercial variety.

Nine Year Old Irrigated Orchard

The Property of Mr. Martin Burrill. M.P.. Grand Forks, B. C.

86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

Orchard Pruning and Cultivation

W. H. Gibton, Newcutle

(Conti nufd frovi last issue)

IKKFvP six feet on each side
of the trees either cultivated or
planted to a cultivated crop such
as roots or corn. The land between
is worked in a general farm rotation of
corn, oats, wheat and clover.

.As soon as the trees require the whole
space, which will be at about ten years
from the time of planting, I seed down
the cultivated strip of about twelve fee!
and cultivate the centre strip. I plow :-^
early as possible in the spring, h irrovv
every week or ten days until the latter
part of May, and then sow the cover crop,
instead of doing, as many advise, contin-
uing the cultivation until July or
August. By stopping cultivation at
this time, I get a better color on the
apples, the wood is ripened earlier, and
by sowing the cover crop at that time
a much better catch of clover is assured
at that time of year than later in the sea-
son. The greatest advantage of this
system is that it is an almost entire pre-
ventative of winter killing. I have no-
ticed that in the majority of cases where
there has been loss from this cause the
trees have been cultivated late in the
season.

The grass strip is mowed each year
and allowed to lie on the ground. The
leaving of this strip in grass makes the
cultivation very much easier and does
away with the necessity of using exten-
sion harrows. I bought one several
years ago and have never attached the
extension wings as yet. Almost every
plant is used as a cover crop in this dis-
trict. The most common are buck-
wheat, oats, rape, barley, hairy vetch
and clover, or a combination of all five.
I prefer clover. The best manure for an
apple orchard is a clover sod turned un-
der. By sowing in May before the dry
weather comes, there is very little danger
of missing a catch.

THE TARIFF

The apple growers in this district are
well satisfied with the proposed tariff
changes, as they think that they stand
to make more than they will lose, for
the United States buyers will come over
and buy free on board cars here. We
may lose some of the western trade,
which has grown from one thousand
five hundred barrels in 1900, to two hun-
dred and fifty thousand barrels in 1910,
but I think our gain by obtaining an en-
trance into the United States markets
will much more than offset the possible
loss in the western markets, but rather
than see the peach and vegetable grow-
ers lo.se, I would say, let the duty re-
main as it is.

A Flower Garden at New Lowell, Ont.

The above illustrates an experiment conducted by Mr. A T. Stone, of Pentanguishene, in
the culture of asters stocks, verbenas, and other flowers. The plot was prepared a« follows:
In the fall a liberal quantity of leaves and fresh horse manure was applied and spaded un-
der, and the earth left in a roush state until spring. As soon as the soil was read;- to work
a compost, made as follows, wa^ applied— One bushel of hen manure one bushel of hardwood
ashes, quarter bushel air slack lime, quarter lb, bone meal. Where the soil is poor the above
amount of compost is usually sufficient for every twenty-flve feet SQuare of land. The soil
should be prepared ae above advised. A clay loam soil will jive best results where thc«e cul-
tural directions are complied with. Do not transplant plants until two weeks after the appli-
cation of the compost, but keep the sround well worked. Transplant the asters in rows run-
ning north and south in a sunny position about fifteen inches apart in the rows and two feet
between the rows. Keep well cultivated to keep out the weeds and to retain the moisture. Wa-
ter only in rare cases. Follow thse directions, planting first auality aster plajits of the choic-
est varieties, and a bountiful display of rare beauty will be yours.

Build suitable bird houses to entice in-
sectivorous birds to the orchard.

Culture of the Sweet Pea

H. J. Edwards, Winniprg, Man,

The reason that we so seldom see the
sweet pea at its be.st in this province
can be attributed chiefly to late sowing
and over seeding. This paper is writ-
ten for the purpose of advocating exact-
ly the opposite, i.e., "'Early sowing and
sparse seeding."

PLANT FAR APART

In planting, north to south is the best
direction, and an open space away from
trees and buildings is most desirable.
There should be at least four feet be-
tween the rows, five feet would be bet-
ter, for the purpose of attending to the
plants.

PLANT EARLY

.As soon as the frost is out of the
ground to a depth of 3 or 4 inches, the
seed should be sown, making a double
row, six inches between the rows, the
seed being planted four inches apart,
and one and a half inches deep. On
■ light, sandy soil the seed should be
planted another inch deeper.

Sticks should be provided early for
the plants to climb.. When these are
not obtainable, wire netting nailed on
to good stout posts will do nearly as
well. During the growing .season, the
surface of the soil should be kept loose,
and all weeds destroyed, care being
taken not to disturb the roots of the
sweet peas. In late spring and early
summer, keep a sharp lookout for that
abominable pest, the cut worm. He
can ' usually be found by digging four
inches around the plant he has destroy-
ed.

The seed catalogues sent out by the

various seedsmen contain a fairly com-
prehensive list of sweet peas, with a full
description as regards type and color.
It is generally a matter of personal
choice as to which are the best color.s.
The latest list available mentions over
seven hundred different named varieties,
but as a great many are included in .n
list of "too much alike" varieties (some-
have nearly twenty names) it would be
unwise to particularize in a paper of
this nature. However, there is one
variety which might be mentioned, and
that is Coccinea. The seed of this var-
iety is as a rule fine and plump, and
would compare favorably with the fin-
est samples of seed grown. Some years
not one seed from a packet will ger-
minate. This is not the fault of the
seedsman or grower, but is due to a
peculiar trait in the variety it.self.

DONTS FOR AMATEURS

The following "Don'ts for .Amateur
Gardeners" are taken from the special
sweet pea number of The Gardener of
Jan. 30th, 1909, and anyone who wishes
for the best results should bear them in
mind :

Don't forget the deeper (in reason)
the soil is cultivated the more vigorous
will be the plants.

Don't imagine that you can grow
.sw-eet peas v*ell on the same plot < "^
ground indefinitely.

Don't forget that early sowing is half
the battle in the successful cultivation
of the sweet pea.

Don't ignore the fact that it is pos-
sible to grow sweet peas with flower
stems eighteen or twenty inches long.

April, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

87

What Amateurs Can Do in April

i

EVERY amateur should have a hot
bed, while boxes set in a sunny
window may be used with fair
esults, nothing gives the satisfaction
hat a good hot bed does. By using a
ot bed to start young plants, a person
can have cabbages, tomatoes, lettuce,
cauliflower and other appetizing vege-
tables from two weeks to a month ear-
lier than his neighbors who wait for the
sun to sprout their garden seeds. Build
the hot bed in a shelter of a fence to pro-
tect it from north and west winds. Dig
a pit six by fifteen feet and two feet
deep, and fit over it a frame made of
boards', using two inch stuff for the
longer sides. Make one side of the
frame six inches higher than the other
and slant it toward the south. Fill the
pit with well tramped stable manure
which heats rapidly. After the violent
action has subsided, cover the manure
with six inches of rich garden soil, which
should be well raked before seeds are
planted. Bank manure around the frame,
which can be covered by five three by six
feet glass sashes. Cover the hot bed
with boards or blankets on cold nights.
Give the plants plenty of fresh air on
warm days by lifting the sashes.
Sprinkle the bed in the morning when
it needs watering. The bed should be
allowed to lay for about a week before
seeds are planted to allow the first heat
to pass off, when it will cool down to an
even temperature ; always allow for a
little ventilation to carry off the hot
steam. A layer of finely sifted coal ashes
spread on top of the manure and before
the soil is filled in will serve to hold the
heat.

Seeds of annuals should be sown in a
light sandy soil in shallow boxes placed
in the hot bed. Ver_y fine seeds do not
need to be covered ; sow on top of the
soil. The soil should be moist, and after
the seeds are sown press them in with
some flat object. Asters, balsams, and
zennias require to be covered in the soil
at about the depth of the size of the
.seed. A good rule in sowing all kinds
of seeds is to have just about the same
thickness of soil over the seed as the
seed is high. Large seeds may be
planted deeper. Plant in depth from one
to four times the diameter of the .seeds.
It is a good plan to darken the surface
with newspapers or some other covering
to get the seed to germinate quickly. As
soon as the shoots begin to show the
covering must be removed. Ventilation
at this period of growth should be closely
watched.

Now is the time to strike cuttings of
caleus, ageratum, geranium and lobel-
ias ; these will root in about ten days.
As soon as they are well rooted they
should be transplanted into small pots
in light sandy soil and placed back in
the hot bed again.

Canna roots should be divided and
cleaned and placed in shallow boxes
filled with sandy soil ; water slightly,
and expose to the light. Dahlias should
also be divided now for summer growth.
Mignonette, annual wall flowers, snapdra-
gons, and sweet peas may be sown out
doors as soon as the ground is dry
enough to work. Plant or transplant
perennials, such as peonies, dielytra and
German Iris, as early as possible.

Do not sow nasturtium seed too early,
as the young plants are liable to be in-
jured by late frosts . .Seedlings of an-
nuals started inside should be trans-
planted when the second pair of seed
leaves are in course of development.

Tulips in beds should be uncovered in
order that they may get all the sun and
light possible. As soon as the frost is
out of the ground and the weather fairly
dry, a little lawn grass" seed should be
sown on the bare spots in the lawn, and
the whole lawn rolled. A lawn roller
soon pays for itself in the satisfaction
obtained by having a smooth, velvety
sward. A liberal dressing of commer-
cial fertilizer, such as is known in the
trade as a 4-8-8 goods — four per cent, of
nitrogen, eight of phosphoric acid, and
eight of potash — should be given. The
results of this application will be seen all
summer, even in the dryest season, in
the deep green color of the grass. Bone
meal and wood ashes make a good lawn
fertilizer mixed in the proportion of one
part of bone meal to four or five of wood
ashes, but is rather slow for spring op-
eration. This mixture would be much
improved by th'e addition of two or three
quarts of nitrate of soda to a bushel of
the mixture. The nitrate of soda should
be finely pulverized and the mixture ap-

plied immediately upon the addition of
the soda. Trim the edge of the grass
off evenly. There is nothing that adds
so much to the appearance of walks and
driveways as clean, well kept edgings.

Pruning should be done now that dan-
ger from severe frosts is about over.
Hardy roses should have all weak wood
cut out and strong shoots shortened
back to within six inches of the stock.
Fork over the rose beds after pruning.
A little fertilizer, bone meal or rotten
stable manure, put around rose bushes
or flowering shrubs will help them ma-
terially.

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN

If seeds of early cabbage were sown
in the hot bed last month they will be
ready to transplant about the end of
April or early May. Seeds of late var-
ieties may be sown in the open ground
about the end of May and transplanted
about the first of July. Sow early var-
ieties of radish' as soon as possible, and
at intervals of two weeks for a succes-
sion. Do not forget a few early turnips.

One of the first pieces of work to be
attended to in the spring is to take the
covering of manure off the asparagus
bed and fork the soil over lightly around
and about the plants. If manure was
not applied last fall a light application
may be given now and worked in. Every
garden should have an asparagus bed ;
it is the earliest and most acceptable
vegetable. A bed may be started by
sowing seed, but the best way is to se-
cure two-year-old plants. Plant them
eight inches apart in rows three feet
apart. Have the asparagus bed in deep,
rich land, where the water will not stand
in winter or spring.

Among the first vegetable crops to
sow or plant are peas, spinach, lettuce,
parsnips, parsley and onions. Always

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Bed of Lilies in the Garden of the Late Senator Sir Jamei Gowan, Barrie, Ont

Mr. Eichard Bidwell the gardener. givoB the following information regarding their culture:
The lllips have been in the garden tor the last twenty-five years. In name they are the Annunci-
ation, very tall, and waxen in bloom. The beda are always made rich with stable manure.
The plan is to move the roots and separate them every three years from one bed to ano-
ther. 'ITiis is done aa early ae the 15th of August. The roots are planted six inches deep,
and the soil mulched for the winter. The carnations are raised from seed and are of seve-
ral colors. They also pass the winter with the lilies. The photo I sent you represented one
of the most artistic and lovely flower beda I have ever seen.— Fred Brooks, Barrie.

88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, igil

have the seed bed well prepared. A
little frost or snow after these seeds are
in the ground will not hurt them. A
week or two later beans, beets, carrots
and salsify may be sown. Never sow
when the ground is wet and soggy.

Many gardeners grow the same plants
every year. Buy some new plants this
season. Among vegetables not grown
are endive, Chinese mustard and cress.
Plant some Brussels sprouts. Kohl-rabi
is also good for a change.

IN THE FEUIT GARDEN

All pruning of both small and tree
fruits should be finished this month. If
you have not already done so finish the
work on your currant and gooseberry
bushes, as they break into bud early.

If you have any mummied fruits hang-
ing upon the peach and plum trees, re-
move them at once and burn. Spray the
trees with the spray solution for dor-
mant trees of lime sulphur . Cut out
all black knot in your plum and cherry
trees. Examine the peach and cherry
trees for the borers. These may be
found by looking for the little mound of
sawdust which is usually seen at about
the level of the ground, or lump of gum-
my substance higher up on plum and
cherry trees. Cut the borers out with
a sharp knife or crush them by forcing
a wire into boring. Look over the trees
for egg masses of the tent caterpillar,
also for the nests of tussock moth and
the dreaded gipsy moth and brown tail
moth.

As soon as the snow is off examine
the trees for injury from mice or rabbits.
Where the injury' is slight cover with
grafting wax, or if the inside bark is not
eaten through cover up with earth to
keep the moisture in, and the tree will
soon recover. If the tree is entirely
girdled put in several scions, waxing
carefully and tying carefully. In this
case it is well to cut the tree severely in
order to prevent too rapid evapora-
tion.

The mulch on the strawberry beds
should now be taken off and left between
the rows to conserve the moisture, keep
down the weeds, and also keep the fruit
from the soil. Dig out and remove all
perennial weeds, such as dandelion, dock
twitch grass, as .soon as they appear.
With all small fruits it is a mistake to
plant before the soil is well manured
and worked.

Have you a strawberry patch? Do
you grow raspberries or currants? Were
your gooseberries a success last season?
Write out your experience with either
vegetable or flower gardening, and send
it to The Can.^dian Horticultirist. If
you have photographs illustrating your
garden all the better — send them along.
The readers of this paper will be interest-
ed in reading of your success or failure,
and in turn your account will stimulate
others to write. We want our readers
to feel that they are part of the Maga-
zine, and that all are interested in each
other.

The Planting of an Amateur's Flower Garden

(jy'^AN you give me some sugges-
I tions as to how I can lay out

my flower garden to the best
advantage" is a question that The Can-
adian Horticulturist receives fre-
quently from amateur flower growers in
all parts of Canada. The following ar-
ticle by Mr. Roderick Cameron, Super-
intendent of Parks, Toronto, describing
what can be grown in a small city gar-
den is really an answer to one of our
subscribers in Hamilton who asked for

suggestions as to how to lay out and
plant his flower garden, a diagram of
which is f.urnished by him showing how
he planned to lay out the beds and walks
as here published. By printing this ar-
ticle we hope that many of our readers
will obtain hints that may help them.

I would first of all fasten chicken net-
ting lengthwise, round the garden fence
on to the posts of the fence. Presum-
ing that the posts are six or eight inches
through this would leave a space be-

Ororth.)6 ft. lioard fence.

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tween the net and the fence proper of
six or eight inches, or the thickness of
the posts.

tSouth)£ Ft. board fence.

Forcing Lilacs in Winter

These branches were cut from the bush and
placed in water, in the temperature of an oi-
dinary living room.— Photograph sent by Mrs.
W. F. Hardy, Oakwood. Ont.

On the north fence, which would be
facing the sun, I would plant tomatoes
to be trained up between the net and th<
fence. If trimmed and tied nicely the\
will cover the fence and look as well as
any vines, and be useful to those who
like this vegetable or fruit. If the in-
tention is to grow nothing but flowers,
then I would train up honeysuckle,
trumpet vines, or clematis, as they will
stand the hot rays of the sun better
than most vines, and in such a situation
are free from insects.

PLACE FOR K08E8

Climbing roses may be planted on the
cast and west sides of the fence, such as
Crimson Rambler, Dorothy jerkins, or
Pink Rambler. Be sure to have one of
Tousendschon, or Thousand Beauties,
a grand pillar rose. If the west side is
much shaded I would train up by prun-
ing some plants of Ruby Castle Currant-
They look well, and will supply the
table with late fruit.

BORDERS AND BEDS

As the south side is the most shaded,
I would plant my dahlias there, where
they will he cooler and freer from insects.
In between the dahlias may be planted
gladiolus, and various kinds of lil-
ies, and the border edged with alys-
sum saxitile or the arabis albida, and
llie double flore plenus. Plant them time
about in the row, as the double one'
blooms after the single one is done. This
will prolong the blooming season of the
row. Early Kidney beans, lettuce or
radishes may be grown between the
dahlias if desired, and be off before the
dahlias require the room.

The north border, since it faces the
sun will be very hot. This, and the re-
flection of the sun, causes insects, such
as red spider and thrips, to thrive. Do
not plant roses or sweet peas here. .A
choice may be made of any of the follow-

I

April, tgi f

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

II

ing named plants, all of which are suit-
able. I will give the height, color and
time of blooming :

PLANT DESCRIPTIONS

Sylphium laciniatum, compass plant,
6 to 8 feet, yellow, August and Septem-
ber.

Lythrum Salicarium (Purple Loose-
strife), 5 to 6 feet, July and August.

Liatris picnostachia, (blazing star), 4
to 5 feet, blue, July and August.

Penstemon barbatus Torreyi (Scarlet
Beard-Tongue), 3 to 4 feet, July to fall.

Liatris scariosa, 3 to 4 feet, blue, July
and August.

Saxifraga imbrosa (London Pride), 12
to 15 inches, pink, June.

Statice latifolia(Sea Lavender), 2 feet,
blue, July to fall.

Statice Besseriana, 2 feet, blue, July
to fall.

Thermopsis Caroliniana (False Lu-
pine), 4 to 5 feet, yellow, July.

Delphenium hybridum (Larkspur), 4
to 6 feet, in many colors.

Papaver nudicauly (Iceland Poppy), 18
mches, mostly shades of yellow, all sum-
mer if the seeds are kept off them.

Veronica spicata rosea (Rose Speed-
well), 2 feet, all summer.

Veronica spicata (Speedwell), 2 feet,
blue, all summer.

Veronica spicata alba (White Speed-
well), 18 mches, July and August.

Veronica incana (Hoary Speedwell)
18 mches, lavender colored blooms, July
distinct foliage.

Dianthus hybridus, or Scotch pinks,
'5 inches high, in all shades, June and
July.

PLANTS FOE AN EAST BOBDER '

The east border and any of the bed.'<
may be planted with the following
plants :

Erysimum alpinum (Alpine Wall-
flower), 8 inches, yellow, very sweet,
May and June.

Tiypsophila paniculata, 2 to 3 feet
white, July and August.

Heuchera Sanguinea ,2 feet, June and
August.

Asperula hexaphylla (Slender Wood-
ruff), 3 feet, white, July and August.

Agrostemma Coronaria (Rose Cham-
pion), 3 feet, rose to white, all summer.

Holtonia latisgnana, 3 to 4 feet, pink-
'sh, July to fall. ^

Campanula persicifolia humosa, 2 to -;
feet, semi-double blue, large, July.

Campanula persicifolia m'oorhemi, 2
to 3 feet, double white, July.

Coreopsis lanceolata grandiflora, -x
feet, yellow, July to fall.

The Chasta daisy, 2 to 3 feet, white,
all summer.

Cerastium Bosseri will make a good
edging plant for any of these borders.
Add to the above list a few of the per-
ennial Phlox, and there should be no
trouble in any person planting with good
taste to have a first class garden. A few
annuals may be added.

TULIPS AND NARCISSUS

There is no reason why this garden
and many other situated similarly should
not be beautiful in the spring as well as
in the summer and fall. There is no
scarcity of spring flowering bulbs that
are very hardy for this purpose, and they
may be left undisturbed for three years
if planted properly. They should be
planted between the perennials. The
perennials to be wide enough apart not
to interfere with them. I would plant
Darwin Tulips towards the back of the
border, as they grow to three feet high,
and have very beautiful self colors, and
can be got in twenty-five varieties nam-
ed. I would plant some of the ordinary
tulips beside these to bloom early, as
the Darwins do not bloom until about
the 24th of May generally. The Dar-
wins last well on to the end of June.

In case a few names may be desired I
here give them as follows :

Kaiser Kroon, 2 feet, red and yellow
bloom, loth May.

Potabaker, 2 feet, yellow, loth May.
Priosapin, 18 inches, magenta, very
good, loth May.

Vermillion brilliant, 12 inches, dark
red, dwarf to edge.

Tournsol, double, 12 inches, yellow
and red, 15th May.

Vuurback, 12 inches, the best double
red, 14th May.

Tulip Joosie Van Vondel, 18 inches,
is the best single white, 14th May.
The following are the Darwins :
Tulipa Flambean, brick red, June.
T. Dream, purplish, T. Pierre Lotti,
reddish purple, T. Popano, pink color,
T. Phihp de Comminet, almost black, T.
The Sultan, black, T. Wm. Goldring,
dark red. Next to the tulips may be
planted a few bulbs of each of the fol-

lowing narcissus, which are in bloom
with these Tulips:

Narcissus Von Sion, 12 to 15 inches,
double yellow, 15th April.

Nar. Sir Watkin, yellow, large, 15th

Nar. Emperor, 15 inches, yellow. 141,1
May to June.

Na . Glory of Leiden, 15 inches, one
of the best, yellow, 15th May.

Nar. Poeticus, 18 inches, white 14th

May- OTHER VARIETIES

We have also a number of Scillas and
muscarias beautiful for the edging. A
few of the best are as follows :

Scilla Nutaus, blue, 12 to 15 inches
I St June, Bluebells.

Scilla Nutaus Alba, 12 to 15 inches
ist June.

Scilla Siberica squills, 8 inches, the
earliest, blue. May.

The muscarias grow to about the same
size as the scillas, and are very pretty in
their season.

Muscaria racemosum (starch hya-
cinth), 10 inches. May.

Muscaria gussoni, 10 inches, May.

Muscaria Conicum (Heavenly Blue),
10 inches.

Muscaria paradoxum from Cascaslum.
This is the largest one, 12 inches, dark
blue. May.

There is no limit to the number of
plants that can be grown in a small gar-
den if the owner would only get a clump
of each. To the above list may be add-
ed several of the Alliums, Allium Azur-
eum, 12 to 15 inches, blue, June; Ast-
rowskianum of Turkestan is the best, z
to 3 feet, blue, June.

PERENNIAL PLANTS

The perennial plants can be procured
from any reliable nurseryman for about
the price of geraniums that perish every

Tulip Bed* in Major Hill Paik, Ottawa

90

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

year . The bulbs can be procured from
almost any seedsman for a small price.
I plant all my bulbs deep . Tulips about
a foot deep, the smaller bulbs in pro-
portion to their size. All will do much
better if the hose is not used continually
on the soil. Mulch well instead of us-
ing so much water.

Take them up, select, and replant
every third year. Keep your narcissus
well down also, say about 8 to 10 inches.
This deep planting will allow one to stir
the soil, fork over and manure. Before
beginning to plant put the soil in good
shape, trench it two spade deep, and
turn into it all the manure you can. If
the soil is light use all the wood ashes
and cow manure you can get.

If the soil is heavy use horse manure,
some lime, leaf mould, and always use
a mulch of tine manure or leaf mould
during the summer, to prevent heavy
soil from baking on the surface; it
keeps the roots cool and moist, which is
much better than using hose so freely,
as we often see done.

A Year's Work in a Calgary
Flower Garden*

In this paper I will merely give a re-
cord of my successes and failures dur-
ing the past year in gardening work un-
der conditions that were somewhat new
to me. For my display of annuals, I
depended mainly on those old and tried
favorites, which invariably give satis-
faction here — Asters, Stocks, Verbenas,
Petunias and Phlox. The varieties of
asters I grew were "Queen of the Mar-
ket" and "Comet," in various colors.
These were sown under glass the last
week in March, transplanted once in-
side, and then into the open borders
the first week in June. Queen of the
Market came into flower two weeks ear-
lier than the Comet, but was inferior
both as regards size of bloom, intensity
and clearness of color, and decorative
value generally. It is six or nine inches
shorter than the other variety, and
should, therefore, be kept nearer the
front of' the border. I grew two varie-
ties of petunias — the ordinary fringed
variety and "Giant of California." The
latter produces enormous blooms, but is
not nearly so floriferous as the com-
moner kind. If I desired to secure a
brilliant display of color in my garden,
and was confined to one kind of flower,
I think I should select the petunia. For
vigor and flowering qualities it is by
far the best annual I have grown in Cal-
gary. The ordinary double German ten-
weeks stock was the kind I grew, and
this was raised under glass in the same
manner, but owing to the fact that it
germinates and grows more rapidly, I
did not sow this till the second week in
April.

'Extract from a paper read by W. B. Beader
before the Calgary Horticultural Society.

ADVISE THE PTJEOHASE OP PLANTS

I would Strongly advise the purchas-
ing of plants, by which means the gar-
den will be bright by the beginning of
July. By sowing in the open, without
taking into consideration the risk of
late frost destroying the seedlings, one
cannot reasonably expect to see much
flower until the end of that month.

SWEET PEAS

I sowed Sweet Peas in the open bor-
der the first week in April. I also sow-
ed under glass about the same date, in
long boxes three inches wide and three
inches deep, made of ordinary laths.
When ready for planting out, I prepar-
ed drills as for sowing, removed the
laths from the bottom of the box, and
deposited the whole contents of box in
the prepared trench. In this way there
was no root disturbance, and the peas
treated in this manner flowered much
earlier and were altogether better than
those sown directly in the ground.

Easter Flowers

Plant Asters Early

C. Mortimtr Bczz*

Flower growers should place their
orders for aster plants with their respec-
tive dealers at as early a date as possi-
ble. Many people defer ordering until
June, which is a great mistake. To get
the best possible results from asters, es-
pecially the medium and ^ate varieties,
seed should be started in a cold frame
as early in the spring as the frame can be
brought into use. The reason for this
is as follows. The blooming period for
asters ranges from August ist to the last
of September, according to the variety ;
and each variety will bloom pretty close
to its respective season, regardless of
the date on which the seed was sown.

To illustrate, the writer conducted a
series of experiments of which the follow-
ing is typical. I planted seed of one vari-
ety on April 15, May 15 and June 15, of
the same year, and under the same con-
ditions, except as to date. Now, where

there was a month between each sowing,
there were only a few days between the
dates of blooming; but the difference in
the quality of the bloom was great. The
early ones had had a chance to become
vigorous and robust before the blooming
period arrived, consequently were able
to produce much better bkxjm.

If growers of plants sow seed early,
the plantg are much too large to send out
if delayed until the middle of June. If
orders are placed early the plants may be
sent out when at the best size for trans-
planting, and the results to both grow-
er and planter will be much more satisfac-
tory.

Remedies for Millipedes

Millipedes, or thousand legged worms,
have caused much injury to the tulip
beds on Parliament Hill and Major's
Hill, Ottawa; and as over one hundred
and fifty thousand bulbs are bedded
each year it becomes a very serious
matter. Mr. Thos. Davis, the florist,
states that he has been successful in
keeping them well under control by an
application of one and a half pounds
of Vaporite to each eight square yards,
together with a liberal dressing of wood
ashes. Mr. Fred Adams, Toronto, ad-
vises the mixture of sugar, bran, and
just enough Paris green to color the
same.

Mr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion
Entomologist, has the following to say
on this subject :

"^Vith regard to fertilizers as reme-
dies for these creatures, frequent light
dressings of nitrate of soda have been
recommended. Good results have some-
times been had by mixing in the soil
some tobacco dust or giving the soil
a good soaking with kerosene emulsion.
The millipedes can also be trapped by
leaving about slices of mangel, potato,
etc. These should be collected in the
morning and the millipedes destroyed."

It is generally supposed that commer-
cial fertilizers are obnoxious to earth
worms and insects of different kinds.
Many vegetable gardeners have obtain-
ed good results from an application of
kainit. The reason that kainit gives
better results as an insecticide than the
more concentrated potash salts is due
to its impurities, which are chiefly salts
of sodium and magnesium. We would
recommend that experiments be con-
ducted with a fertilizer mixed in the
proportion of four parts of nitrate of
soda, five parts acid phosphate, and
eight parts kainit. These materials
should be mixed at the time of applica-
tion, as the materials will form a sticky
mass if left in combination for any
length of time.

Liberal feeding is the best antidote for
weeds in the lawn. Moisture and plenty
of plant food will push up a growth of
grass that will smother all kinds of weeds.

April, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

91

The Cultivation of the Canna

Frank Wise, Pcterboro

|i

^H •"■"'HE cultivation of the canna is much
^H I easier than most people imagine.
^H •*■ In the first place you procure your
^V tubers from your seedsman, or bet-
^B ter still, the plants from your flor-
^H ist. If the former, take a box
^^P and place in the bottom some
rough soil such as decayed leaves
and sod about two inches deep. Over
this put a covering of coarse sand, on
which place your tubers two or three
inches apart, and cover with a mixture
of sand and rough soil to the depth of
two inches. watering

Water thoroughly with warm water
and place in a warm place in the house
if you have not a hotbed or greenhouse.
Do not water again until thoroughly
dry, as this is where a great many fail-
ures occur through the tuber rotting
instead of starting into growth, which-
should be in the course of a week or
ten days. When the plants are three or
four inches high, and are making the
first leaf, they will have formed ,a good
root, and can be potted in four or five
inch pots in two-thirds good loam and
one-third rotten manure, and if pos-
sible placed in a gentle bottom heat and
watered with warm water, as cold wat-
er gives a chill which is detrimental to
rapid growth.

If thorough watering is given it will
be a week or ten days before more is
needed, then water as before. Water
should be carefully applied, as too much
moisture in the hotbed will cause too
rapid fermentation and the heat is soon
lost. PIjANTING out

Do not plant out into your beds un-
til the first week in June, when you
must enrich your soil by digging in
three or four inches of good rotten man-
ure. I plant my cannas two feet apart
and leave a little bay or hollow around
the plant, which I fill up with water ;
then I leave them for a few days to
themselves. By this time they have be-
come established.

I then take a good fertilizer and place
in the bay that was left for the water
and hoe around the plant, and place the
sprinkler beside the bed and give a
thorough watering. This I seldom do
more than once a week, as I find you
^ get better results from your flowers,
which, if watered too often, become
soft and are more easily damaged by
the wind and heavy rains. It will help
the growth of your plants if you hoe
among them once a week. By follow-
ing the above cultural directions you
cannot fail to have good success.

After the sea.son is over and the first
frost has spoiled the plants, cut them
off two or three inches from the ground,
dig them up with all the earth that will
hang to them, and place them in a

warm, dry corner of your cellar. Water
them once or twice during the winter,

taking care that they do not dry out
too much. On about the first week in
March or earlier you can cut up the
clumps, taking the strongest eyes, and
start again.

A Bed of Cannas in Little Lake Cemetery

This beautiful bed of cannas was designed by Mr. Prauli Wise, Superintendent of the Little
Lake Cemetery, Peterboro. The bed is thirty feet in diameter and composed of three varie-
ties—Alphonse Bouvier. Beaute Portviene, and Queen Charlotte— and bordered with a snowy
growing red-follaged Achoranthus.

Window Boxes in Early Spring

R.L. Canniig, Eartlcoart, Oot.

We are all pleased in summer time to
see our window boxes look well and
pretty with their long trailers and deep
green leaves. Why not let us try and
have some beauty in spring so as to
help nature as she is bursting into bud
and leaf after her long winter's sleep?
When we have done with our boxes for
the winter and they are taken down,
why hot plant them with bulbs?

Either take away the old soil or top-
dress them ; a bulb will not require very
rich soil, as the bulb is rich in food it-
self. Plant a row of tulips at the back,
hyacinths in the centre and crocus in
front. Those who like narcissus daffodils,
or any other bulb, can have their
choice, for their names and varieties
are legion.

The boxes can be brought out in
March from their winter quarters. They
can be top-dressed with moss or cocoa-
nut fibre or even coal ashes, which will
keep them cool and retentive of moist-
ure. Where means and space will per-
mit, a succession of blooms can be sup-
plied by having pot plants take the place
of those which were planted in the box-

es. A cold frame and a little attention
is about all that is needed.

When the bulbs are over, they can be
taken out and the pot plants placed in
their stead, thus ensuring a steady sup-
ply right through to the summer bed-
ding. As the nights get warmer, a fine
supply can be maintained and at a small
cost. Primulas, cinerarias, spireas, and
deutzias can be placed in the boxes by
being placed in the pots as suggested.

Spring Care of Flower Beds

The protection should be taken off
flower beds about the , first or second
week in April or after the weather has
begun to get warm. Remove only a
part of the covering at a time, the wet
heavy part underneath first, replacing
the drier, lighter part back over the
bulbs for a week or so until the wea-
ther has become quite settled and warm.

This partial removal of covering at
first is desirable, so as not to expose
the top growth of bulbs to frost or hot
sun, the last named being quite as in-
jurious to top growth of bulbs in spring
as frost. Choose dull, showery wea-
ther if possible for removal of winter
covering from all plants. — Wm. Hunt,

92

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 I

How to Grow^ Eighty-Tw^o Varieties of Vege-
tables on a Small Lot

George BiUdwin, Toronto

T

O begin with, the writer is purely and with very little time on his hands
an amateur with four years' ex- for gardening, which has to be done be-
perience with city back gardens fore seven a.m., and after six p.m.

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Plan of Garden Twenty-Seven Feet Wide by Eighty-Six Feet Long

However, the principal thing to do is
to go at it with a will. The first thing
to do is in the winter when you have
more spare time, make a plan of your
garden, marking down what you intend
to grow (as is shown in the accompany-
ing sketch). Then along about Janu-
ary or February, get a seed catalogue
from the firm you intend to buy from,
and I want to say right here that my
experience with local seedsmen is that
you can rely with safety on any one of
them . It is all right once in a while
to try .some of the novelties which U.S.
seedsmen offer, but patronize local firms
for the hulk of your seeds and you will
not go far astray.

After you have procured your seeds,
look over your plan again and see which
.seeds need to be started in heat, and
about the first or second week in March
prepare your hotbed or greenhouse, and
sow the following seeds : Cabbage —
Family, Kohl Rabi, Peppers, Egg-
plants, Tomatoes, all varieties. Lettuce,
Onions, all varieties, but pickling;
Greenhou.se Cucumbers, Celery, Musk
Melons, and Citron.

SOWING THE SEEDS

If you use a hotbed, sow seeds right
in the bed, rows three inches apart ; if
in greenhouse, sow in seed pans and
keep as close to the glass as possible,
to keep the seedlings from getting leg-
gy . Put in lots of seed, because it is
easy enough to thin out, but do not
plant seeds deeply. The writer uses a
smooth piece of wood four inches long,
three inches wide, and one inch thick.
.Sprinkle the seeds in a line or broad-
cast, and press them into the soil with
the wooden block, and then sprinkle a
very thin layer of silver or fine sand
over the top, barely covering the seeds ;
then pat the sand down lightly with the
wooden block, dampen with a very fine
spray or rose, cover with paper or glass
to keep moist, keeping the glass sup-
ported by litle sticks about an inch from
the soil.

Do not let the seeds dry out or be
sodden. Watch continually, and as
soon as the second or third leaf of the
.seedling appears, transplant to berry
baskets, about six to a basket, and keep
them growing right along, until time
to put them out in the garden, keep-
ing down weed growth, stirring the
soil, watering and airing on warm days,
by opening windows in the greenhouse
or raising sash of hotbed.

Along about this time, the frost
should be getting out of the ground,
enabling you to start your digging. Of
course the garden should have been
manured and dug roughly in the fall.
If this was not done do the next best
thing, by getting some rotten manure
and digging it in deeply and levelling
the surface ready for planting out be-
tween the 24th and 31st of May.

April, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

93

Montreal Melon Grooving

Prof. Blair, McDonald College

THE foilowinsj briefly outlines the
method to adopt in growing Mon-
I treal melons : Usually we plant

r direct to three and a half to four
inch pots, putting about five seeds
to a pot. After the plants are fair-
ly well started, in about two or three
weeks time, we cut off the inferior plants,
leaving only two plants to a pot, and later
on one of these is removed. Sometimes
we start the seed in f5ats and transplant
in pots of the above size, using one plant
to a pot. We have given up the use of
strawberry boxes for starting plants in,
finding that pots are in the end cheaper.
The plants seem to do better in them, and
they are transplanted from them with less
difficulty.

CORRECT TEMPERATURE

The seed is germinated at a tempera-
ture not lower than sixty-five degrees at
night, which may run higher in the day-
time. -Avoid over watering at this time,
especially chilling by drenching with cold
water. As soon as germination is com-
plete, a night temperature not above six-
ty degrees is advisable. A high tempera-
ture with confined atmosphere forces
growth too rapidly and a plant that does
not stand transplanting well may result.

We aim to keep the soil in the pots
moist, not wet. Give full benefit of sun-
light, and all the ventilation that is possi-
ble without reducing the temperature too
much. We start the seed about the first
of the last week in March, about six
weeks before planting out into frames.

About the latter part of April or early
in May, the field is prepared by thorough
deep cultivation on the heavy types of
soil and shallower cultivation on the light-
er soils. The ground should be manured
with well rotted stable manure at the rate
of fifteen tons per acre, spread broad-
cast and well worked in.

PREPARING THE TRENCH

W^p run out rows ten feet apart with a
plow turning the furrows in opposite
directions, making a V-shaped trench.
.Some of the loo.se soil is shoveled out
and this filled with hot manure to a depth
of about six inches and twelve inches
wide, which is well tramped. The man-
ure is then covered with the plow crown-
uig the soil somewhat over the manure,
leaving the dead-furrow midway between
the frames when set. The ground is
harrowed and the frames placed evenly
over the furrows and fairly close together.

The frames are placed as early as pos-
banked slightly and closed tightly

siblf

to trap all of the heat possible. This is
important in order to warm the soil thor-
oughly for the plants. Towards the end
of the first week in May or in a week or
ten days time, the plant.s are set.

PliANTlNQ OUT

The plants are spaced in a row over the
manure eighteen inches apart. Eight

properly developed plants we consider
sufficient for a twelve foot frame of four
lights.

The frames require careful handling
to keep the plants well ventilated and
yet avoid chilling them. Watering may
be necessary, although every advantage
should be taken of warm rains. The
ground is given frequent shallow hoe-
ings to keep the surface loose and kill
weeds. Some growers follow the practice
of spreading a thin mulch of coarse man-
ure around the plant, thus checking evap-
oration. This may be advisable under
some conditions, but I prefer shallow sur-
face cultivation.

When the vines fill the frames the
frames are lifted and blocked up, allowing
the vines to run out under the frame.

well developed when ready to go in the
field. In any case, the seed should be
sown about four weeks before the plants
are required for the field, which time
will vary with the location and the state
of the weather. We formerly used sods,
but not finding them very satisfactory
discarded them in favor of berry boxes.
We formerly removed the plants from
the box at the time of transplanting in
the field, but have since found that this is
not necessary, as the roots will find their
way out through box, and the plants do
equally as well without this extra labor.

Growing Nutmeg Melons

F. Williams, Ottawa

I would not advise anyone to go into
the business of growing melons unless
he has open, sandy soil, with free
drainage. Provided soil conditions are
right and the land in good, fair condi-
tion. Our system is to give a fair
dressing of manure in the spring and
plow it in and then work thoroughly
with the harrow, leaving the field in
good condition. In the vicinity of Ot-
tawa the seed should be sown about the
middle of April so that they will make
good stockey plants with the first leaf.

Intensive Gardening

Last year I planted eight rows of pota-
toes across my garden plot on the tenth
day of April. In each hill I placed a cou-
ple of seeds of garden peas. In this
way the same piece of ground yielded a
splendid crop of both potatoes and peas.
After the potatoes were hilled up, I pre-
pared three of the furrows between the
rows for celery plants. I spaded the
ground and worked in a generous supply
of well rotted manure, .'llong with this
I shovelled in some good rich loam. On
the i5tb of June I set out my celery
plants, which up to this time had been
growing first in a hot bed and afterwards
in a cold frame until they were strong
and stalky. The potato vines partially
shaded the plants from the hot sun and
held the moisture around their roots, so
that in a week or ten days my celery
plants had settled down to do business.
— J.. W. Kennedy, Lyons, Ont.

Mr. Geo. Page grew this »pliTidid ooUection of
west part of Ontario

Vegetable Gardening in New Ontario

vegetables at Kcnora. in the extreme north.

94

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published by The Horticultural
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GROWERS

The offer of the National Council of Agri-
culture through Mr. E. C. Drury, its sec-
retary, to do all in its power to help fruit
and vegetable growers to obtain fertilis'/ors,
imploments, spray materials, etc., duty free,
should bo taken advantage of by the grow-
ers. In the matter of fertilizers the fruit
growers have been most unjustly dealt with
for while the protection has been removed
on their fruit and vegetables it has been
left on their mixed fertilizers and other ne-
cessities.

Canada is said to be the only country in
the world that taxes plant food in any form.
This country imnorted last year from the
United Stat&s fertilizer valued at $339,436
on which a duty tax of $33,944 was col-
lected. This is not the whole story for this
duty allowed the Canadian manufacturers
to charge approximately the amount of the
duty more on every ton of mixed fertilizer
that they manufactured. This fertilizer tax
alone is a considerable handicap in the
growing of fruit and vegetables in competi-
tion with the United States producer and
one that should be removed at once.

THE NECESSITY OF PACKING
SCHOOLS

Packing schools are the order of the day
all through British Columbia. Ontario and
Nova Scotia are waking up. Briti.sh Col-
umbia fruit growers evidently believe in the
old adage, that "what we have we will
hold." They hold the premier position in
apple packing and they do not intend to
let any other province take this honor away
from them.

A recent conversation with an apple deal-
er who spends part of each summer selling
apples in the prairie provinces shows how
far behind Ontario is in the race. As this
man expressed it : "You can gamble on Brii^
ish Columbia apples, you know that each box
in a car will be just like the first one. "With
Ontario apples you never know what you
will get. Not only are the majority of the
Ontario apples sent west poor in quality but
the packing is worse. Each barrel is diff-
erent from the one next to it and even the
barrel itself does not run uniform in qual-
ity. Is it any wonder that it is harder to sell
Ontario apples than British Columbia under
these circumstances? The West has the
money and will pay for good fruit and the
Ontario fruit grower s making a great mis-
take in sending his lower grade apples
west."

This is the manner in which a man on
the ground views the matter. His is good
advice. The day has gone by when dealers
could say that anything was good enough
for the Western farmers. If the Ontario
fruit grower is going to hold the Western
market he must learn to pack his fruit as
well as the fruit growers of British Col-
umbia and the Western States.

The high place given to British Columbia
fruit in the prairie market is due in a large
measure to the care taken b.v the govern-
ment in looking after the market end of the
business. Mr. Metcalfe, one of their inspec-
tors has been kept travelling through the
country visiting the markets of the central
West examining the conditions in which the
fruit arrived, the honesty of the packing and

rcixirting back to the government and the
fruit-growers in British Columbia both by
official reports and articles in the papers.
In this way the growers have been informed
just what changes should be made in packing
or what varieties of fruit the different mar-
kets required.

THE NATIONAL APPLE SHOW

We would like to know what preparations
have been made for the National Apple
Show? If those who were depended upon to
keep this matter before the public are not
doing their duty they will have only them-
selves to answer for if they are severely cen-
8ure<l for lack of attention to duty if when
the time comes we are not ready.

If Ontario is to have an apple show that
will be a credit to the east there is no time
to be \rst. Preliminary organization should
be started at once. Every fruit grower in
the east .should keep the holding of this great
show before him and think out ways in
which he can aid it.

WORK FOR THE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETIES

This is the time when those members of
the horticultural societies, who have not al-
ready done so, should get together and
plan out their work for the coming sum-
mer.

Arrange your lawn competitions in good
time so that the competitors will have
plenty of time to obtain earth for levelling
up the lawns, the cutting out of unsightly
trees or the removal of brush and rubbish,
also the reseeding of the lawn where neces-
sary, and the digging up of dandelions and
weeds before the rush of spring work be-
gins. Agitate against the unsightly bill
boards. The creating of a strong, healthy
sentiment is a great help in a campaign
of any kind.

Bring pressure to bear on the town
councils to give more care to the planting
and care of shade trees, the laying out of
flower beds, the care of parks and ceme-
teries, the levelling of unsightly dump
piles, and the burning of rubbish that usu-
ally collects in such places.

in many towns. and especially the
smaller places that do not employ a super-
intendent of parks and public ground.s,
much good work is done by obtaining the
consent of the council to a propo.sition giv-
ing the full control of the public grounds
into the hands of the local horticultural
society. AVhere this practice has been fol-
lowed good results and a greater interest
in horticultural questions have been ob-
tained. Appoint a committee to see what
terms can be made, and then if successful
lay your plans to make your home town the
most beautiful town in Canada.

THE BROWN TAIL MOTH

Fruit growers all over Canada and es-
pecially in Neva Sootia should be on the
watch for any evidences of the Gipsy or
Brown Tail moth which have done so much
damage in the New England States and
upon which hundreds of thousands of dol-
lars have been spent in an effort to keep
them under control. Two parties of inspect^
ors are working in Nova Scotia. The one in
the West have not found any nests as yet.
The other party, working in Yarmouth and
Digby counties, have found a large number.

In one week one of the parties in the East
discovered more nests than were found by all
the inspectors in the season of 1910. Fruit
growers and especially these in the infested
areas should make a careful search of their
own properties as well as of the trees along

April, iQii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

95

the roadside and notify the Department of
Agriculture of their province as well as the
Department at Ottawa of any strange de-
posits of egjrs, nests or caterpillars which
might be the Brown Tail moth. At the pre-
sent time the Brown Tail Mcth is in -the
caterpillar stage. The caterpillars are
housed in a nest formed of a cluster of
leaves fastened together Ly a web. The nest
is usually found on the new growth of the
tree, and is easily seen. The collection and
destruction of the winter nests is the best
and easiest method of controlling the insect.
This work must be done before the time the
buds burst or the caterpillars will have left
the nests to feed upon the young leaves.

could send each society a programme of ev-
ery other society.

The Thornbury society gives a total of
twenty-two ciitions which include such offers
as three roses of standard varieties, fourteen
geraniums in two and a half inch pots, three
flowering shrubs or climbing vines, eight
dahlias, ten begonias or cannas, one hun-
dred tulips, thirty gladioli, six house plants,
twelve lilies, four grape vines or two apple
trees.

BLOCK IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY

For .some time past there has been in sev-
eral United States and Canadian cities
what is known as the block improvement so-
ciety. The central idea is that the people
living in each b'.cck should organize an
improvement society to look after the beau-
tifying and betterment of their own dis-
trict.

This is a work that might well bo taken
up by the local Horticultural societies. The
Toronto Society already has done good work
in this direction. The idea can be carried
out in places of almost any size. A cross-
roads village if not too small might divide
itself into four groups. A smaller place
could organize in two groups, one on each
.side of the main street. Larger places would
have a greater number of block divisions.
By this means a friendly rivalry would be
developed between the different blocks and
the citizens would take more interest in the
improvement of their own block and in each
other than they would in a plan which in-
cluded the whole city. A few of the point-
ers which might help are given below.

Whitewash everything you can't paint.

Plant lawns, flowers and trees wherever
the ground .shows bear. Keep the ground
green.

Exerci<5e the same supervision over your
sidewalks as over your front yard.

Sweet peas, climbing nasturtiums, castor
beans, hollyhocks, or even sunflowers make
an effective screen to hide old fences, sheds,
or other unsightly views. For permanent
screens use hardy shrubs or quickly growing
vines.

If you cannot have a grand lawn filled
with choice roses you may at least have a
window box filled with geraniums.

AN INTERCHANGE OF PROGRAMS

The Secetary of the Thornbury Horticul-
tural society has sent us a copy of their
annual announcement which offers some very
literal options in flowers, plants and bulbs
in addition to The Canadian Horticultur-
ist which is sent free to each member. The
society distributes flower seeds to the school
children and as an inducement will give the
new crim.son rambler rose Thousand Beauties
and other plants as prizes. We would sug-
gest that some arrangement be made by
which a sufficient number of copies of the
announcement of each society be printed so
that one might be sent to each of the sister
societies.

By this interchange of programmes the
members of each society would know wbat
the others were doing and would obtain
valuable suggestion-s with regard to the
management of their own society. The dis-
tribution of these announcements is of .such
importance that we think that the Depart-
inent of Agriculture might well pay for the
printing of a sufficient number of extra
orogrammes from each society that they

A NEW LINE OF WORK

The Peterboro Horticultural Society have
undertaken a new line of work that might
be followed by other societies in towns which
do not keep a paid superintendent of parks.
The Horticultural Society has been given
full charge of the parks. The grants for
their maintenance are made in its favor.
The park committee of the Society appoint
the caretaker and supervise all work done.
In many town councils there are very few
members who are interested in horticultural
matters and even where they are interested
a still less number have the necessary know-
ledge of plants and flowers. This system
has given satisfactory results in Peterboro
and might well be worth experimenting with
in other towns.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

We often wonder if our readers realize
the high character of our contributors to
The Canadian Horticulturist. We endeav.
or tc have those who are recognized leaders
in their particular departments write for
our columns. In this issue Mr. W. H. Gib-
son of Newcastle continues the description
of his methods of cultivation, pruning and
care of an orchard. Mr. Gibson is presi-
dent of the Newcastle Cooperative Fruit
A.sscciation and is probably one of the larg-
est apple growers in Ontario as he has
seventy-five acres of bearing apple trees in
his orchard. He has revolutionized the
type of farming in his district until the
grain farmers of twenty-five years ago are
now nearly all fruit growers.

Mr. A. McNeil, chief of the Fruit
Division, Ottawa, gives seasonable advice on
how to get more bearing wood in old or-
chards. Mr. W. Dreher takes up the ques-
tion of early cultivation of the orchard.
His system of later cultivation and the
growth of cover crops will appear in our
May issue.

The well known peach growers, Messrs.
J. W. Smith & Sons, Winona, tell how to
plant and grow peach trees. This firm is
one of the largest and most successful grow-
ers of peaches and small fruit in Ontario
and their advice will be of great value to
those who contemplate embarking in peach
growing. Fr, M, Leophold, La Trappe,
who is known as an authority on the apjjle,
describes the planting and early care of the
apiile tree. Valuable short articles are giv-
en by cxiicrts in their line on root pruning,
the value of bees in an orchard and other
seasonable subjects.

This number being our Garden Annual,
.special attention has been paid tc the flower
and vegetable garden, Mr, Roderick Cam-
eron, Superintendent of Parks, Toronto,
gives very full directions for laying out an
amateur flower garden. Articles on sea-
sonable subjects such as the culture of as-
ters, cannas and the care of window gar-
dens also a iJage of seasonable hints for
Ajjril and a planting table are given.

In the vegetable department, Mr, Geo,
Baldwin, Toronto, who won two first, two
second and two third prizes on his vegetables
at the Canadian National Exhibition, gives
an elaborate plan of hew he grows eighty-
two varieties of vegetables on a city lot, 27
feet by 86 feet in size. Prof. Blair des-
cribes the growing of the Montreal melon
while articles are given on intensive gar-
dening and other seasonable matter.

Our next number will be devoted to Or-
chard cultivation and Home Improvement.
We have articles by the best authorities on
these subjects and would especially desire
notes of a couple of hundred words describ-
ing any special improvement which has been
made in the homes or grounds of our readers
be sent to us. We will publish as many oi
these as our space will permit. Our Garden
and Flower Department will be found full
of valuable information. The page on what
amateurs can do in May will be found right
up to date, giving advice for work which
can be started immediately.

Among the good things in store for our
readers is an article on the value of bees in
an orchard by Geo. W. Tebbs, Hespeler, who
is an authority on this subject. Mr. George
Baldwin will tell the amateur vegetable
grower what to do in the garden in May.

Mr. A. V. Main, Almonte, well known to
our readers, has sent us an instructive and
interesting article on the Care and De-
corative Use of Palms. Mr. Chas. L. Honey-
man, Toronto, sends us a description of gar-
dens seen in a trip to the Land of the This-
tle. Mr. S. C. Parker, secretary of the
Nova Scotia Fruit growers and one of the
most prominent and progressive fruit grow-
ers of the province will describe the Co-
operative Fruit Marketing in that province.
All departments will be filled with interest-
ing matter.

Have .you been reading the "Talks on
Advertising," that have been appearing on
the Index page of each isisue of The Can-
adian Horticulturist for the past several
months? Would you like to secure a com-
plete set of these "Talks" to look over or
to keep? If so, our Advertising Department
will be glad to send you a set on request as
we have printed a supply of extra copies
for those of our readers desiring them.
When writing us if you think of any article
or line of goods not now being advertised in
The Canadian Horticulturist that you
would like to see advertised, will you kindly
mention it? Suggestions from our readers
are always welcome.

Have any of our readers an extra copy
of the November, 1910, issue of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist.'' We desire two or
three copies for our flies as our supply of this
number has become completely exhausted. If
any of our readers have a copy of this num-
ber they can spare we would appreciate it
much if they would mail it to us.

Annual Meeting

The annual meeting of the Shareholders
of The Horticultural Publishing Co,, Limit-
ed, which publishes both The Canadian
Horticulturist and The Canadian Florist
was held in Toronto, March 17th. The
report of the Directors as presented by the
Managing Director, proved gratifying to
the Shareholders who passed a vote of thanks
commending the Directors upon the success
that had been achieved with the publica-
tions. The following oft'ioers were elected.

President, W. H, Bunting, St, Cath-
arines, Ont, ; vice-pres., John H. Dunlop,
Toronto; managing director and secretary,
H, B, Cowan, Peterboro.

Directors: Hermann Simmers, Toronto;
A, W, Peart, Burlington; Harold Jones,
Maitland; and P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto,

96

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

A Planting Tabic for the Flower Garden

Datc^ for sowing- depend upon local conditions. Tho se mentioned are for early districts

DISTANfE TO
TRANSPLANT

Ajjreratum June.... 5^

Alyssum April J4

Aster May %

Calendula May yi

TIMK TO DEPTH HEIOHT OF

PLANT OUT TO BBKD PLANT

nch 6 inches to 1% ft.. .Ifoot

nch 4 to 6 inches 6 inches.

nch 15 to 18 inches ..... 1 ^ feet . .

HEA8ON OP
BKOINNINO

Candytuft April.

Carnations May.

Chrysanthemums .May.

Cosmos May.

Dahlia June.

■ %

nch
nch
nch
nch
nch
nch

foot 8 inches. .

foot 6 inches. .

foot 6 inches. .

feet 1 foot

feet 18 inches.

feet 2 feet

July 3

July 3

July 3

June 3

June 4

Julv 3

Aug- 3

Aug 3

Julv 4

nch 1 foot 1 foot May 4

nch I'A feet

nch 6 inches

nch 1 H feet

. 1 to 2 feet 6 inches. ... June 3

Dianthus May 1-16

Gaillardia May H

Heliotrope May ]4

Larkspur May 'A

Lobelia April }i

Marig-old April.... M

Mipnonette April. . . -H

Nasturtium May 1

Nicotiana April.... ^

Pansies March... J^

Petunia May 1-16

Phlox May %

Poppies April.... H

Portulaca June 1-16

Salvia June %

Scabiosa . . . .April. .. .1-16

Stock May M

Sweet William . . .April 1-16

Sweet Pea Mar. 3 to 5 inches 6 feet 6 inches.

.2 feet July 4

. 1 foot July 4

.2 feet June.

nch .

nch 1 foot 1 foot June 3

nch 1 ft. to 15 in 6 inches. ... June 4

nch 5 to 6 ft Ifoot June 5

nch 2 to 3 feet 1 foot July 3

nch 6 inches 6 inches. ... May 5

nch 15 inches 1% feet. . . . June 5

nch 2 feet 6 inches. ... June 4

nch 14 inches 8 inches. ... June 4

nch 6 inches 2 feet June 4

nch 2 feet 2 feet July 3

nch 2 feet 4 inches. ... June 5

nch 1% feet 1 foot June 2

nch 6 in. to 1 ft 6 inches .... June 4

July.

BIOOM
LKNOTII

months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months.

months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months,
months.

Verbenas June % inch

Violas May H inch

Zinnias May % inch

.1 foot 1 foot June 4 months.

.6 inches 6 inches. ... June 4 months.

.1 foot 1 foot June 6 months .

rol^R OP BLOOM

.Blue.

.White.

.White, pink, red, yellow.

.Orange and yellow.

.White.

.White, pink, red.

.Yellow, white.

.White, pink.

.White, yellow, pink, purple,
maroon.

.Pink to red.

.Yellow and red.

.Violet, purple and white.

.Blue.

.Blue.

.Orange.

.White.

.Orange, yellow.

.White, red.

.Purple, white, mauve, violet

.Purple to white.

.Red. white, purple, crimson.

.Scarlet.

.Crimson, scarlet.

.Scarlet.

.Red, purple, pink lilac, white

.White.

.White, crimson, scarlet.

.White, purple, red, pink, vio-
let, maroon.

.Purple.

.Purple to white.

.Oranife, red, scarlet, salmon

Hardy Perennials for Your Garden

THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Limited

10 Phillips Place, -s^MONTHEAL.QQUE.

Nurseries &t Pointe Clairet Que.
(a:;few good salesmen wanted)

We have in stock readv for spring planting, a
particularlv choice assortment of PAEONIES.
IRISES, PHLOX. LARKSPURS, FOXGLOVES and
other varieties of hardy herbaceous perennials, such
as add so much to the beauty of the home surround-
ings. By judicious planting you can stock your gar-
den or perennial border with plants that will afford
a profusion of bloom from early spring till late in
autumn. We. send out only strong field grown
plants that will bloom the first year.

We have also a verv complete stock of orna-
mentals, including Deciduous and Evergreen Trass.
Flowering Shrubs, Hedge Plants, Vines and Hardy
Bush and Climbing Roses. Wc can in fact suppiv
you with everything you mav require for beautifvinr
your home surroundings this spring. Being orown
in our nursery near Montreal, our stock is hardv
and will do well in any locality. Let us send vou
our catalogue, which gives full particulars regarding
our Hardy, Northern Crown Stock.

LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT

In our Landscape Department we have men skilled
in the laying out and improvement of home or public
grounds. VVe will be glad to help you in the laying';
out or improvement of your grounds, in the arrange-
ment of a perennial border or any other work yon
mav be doing this spring. Write for a copy of ou''
booklet. "More Beautiful Homes and How to Get
Them."

HARDY FRUIT TREES

We still have a good supply of many of the lead-
ing varieties of apple trees and other hardy fruits
Write for list of varieties and prices.

April, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

97

Durham Northumberland Fruit

» Institute

A most successful series of fruit meetings
ive been held in the Counties of Durham
id Northumberland.
Both afternoon and evening sessions were
held which were attended by large numbers
of enthusiastic apple growers, who increased
the membership of the Northumberland and
Durham Apple Growers Association by two
hundred and twenty-five new members.

The Bowmanville meetings, addressed by
Mr. Caesar of the O.A.C., on spraying, and

y Mr. Carey, Dominion Fruit Inspector,
on orchard management, were undoubtedly
the largest attended cf any of the kind ever
held in the district.

The Newcastle meetings were well attend-
ed and many features of apple production
were ably discussed by Mr. Lick, Mgr. of
the Oshawa Fruit Growers' Association, and
Mr. Carey. The varieties of apples recom-
meiided for planting are those of high qual-
ity, of which the Mcintosh, Snow and Spy
are of special value, also the Alexander,
Blenheim and Greening are advised, and the
Gravenstein and Baldwin where the local
conditions are favorable. It is advised that
no more Ben Davis or Starks be planted, al-
though those who have these two varieties
should give them good care, as, nc doubt,
good paying prices will be obtained when
exported to European markets in the years
of scarcity. Our growers are now waking
up to the great possibilities cf this industry,
and are planting very extensively, and tak-
ing Mr. French's orchard survey as a basis.
It is a conservative estimate that there are
now a million and a half apple trees in
these United Counties, and with an acreage
greater than that in peaches in Southern
Ontario.

The meetings held at Orono were attended

by a large and interested audience, and all
were benefitted by the able addresses of Mr.
Lick and of Prof. Crew of the O.A.C, In
pruning a bearing orchard Prof. Crow ad-
vised keeping the trees down to a height of
fourteen or sixteen feet by removing yearly
a few leading branches, being careful to cut
at a junction with another limb so the
wound would heal readilv; also thinning
the out<'r branches to let the sunlight reach
the tearing twigs and fruit buds which
should be encouraged all through the centre
of every tree. By this s.ystem of pruning,
spraying, thinning and picking the fruit is
easily done, and bv judicious pruning of
lower side limbs, cultivation can be carried
en as close to each row of trees as desired.

Successful meetings were also held in Co-
bourt;, Trenton, Port Hope, Colborne, Wark-
worth and Brighton. The attendance was
large and the intere,st shown at all points
very gratifying.

THE BEST FLORAL OFFER OF THE YEAR
Ten fine Qladioli Oorms for^ZS cents

WANTED !

5000 readers of The Canadian Horticul-
turist to accept this ofFer NOW and prove
that it is the best spent quarter-of-a-
doilar of thelyear.

The Gladiolus is a favorite flower » lierever it is
known. It is free from rti-sease and it lias no insect
enemies. It is of tlic simplest culture. With such
care as is given to potatoes Gladioli will increase
and give bloom from jcar to year. Cultural dir-
ections are sent with each order.

Ten Gladioli (QrofTs Hybrids) sent any-
where in Canada, postpaid, for a 26
cents postal note. Address

John Cavers, - Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

Vegetable Growers Oppose
Rpciorocity

At the annual meeting of tlie Vegetable
Growers Association held in Toronto on
March 8, there were members in attendance
from branches of the Association at Brant-
ford. Dimnville, Chatham, Tecumseh, Sar-
nia, London, Stratford, Belleville. Picton,
King.ston and Ottawa.

The meeting was strongly opposed to reci-
procity. After a full discussion the follow-
ing resolution, moved by F. F. Reeves,
Humber Bay, and seconded by C. H. Weav-
er, was unanimously adopted.

"That we, the directors of the Ontario
Vegetable Growers' Association, represent-
ing branches in all parts of the province,
at this our annual meeting, wish to enter a
most emphatic protest against the pro,
posed reciprocity agreement. We reaffirm

STRAWBERRY
PLANTS

For

Choicest Plants

of

Well Selected Varieties

at

Reasonable Prices

and

Pron\pt Delivery

order from

ONTARIO NURSERIES

WELLINGTON, ONT.

LIST KREK

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones : Main 284 1 Residence Park 95 I

Mention The Canadian Ilorticiilturist when writing

NOW

is the time to figure
on your Avants for

13)111

We are ready to supply Pedigreed
Stock in Fruit Trees, Vines, Shrubs
Roses. Our ^ock of Nor'way Spruce

is large. Write for prices.

We are intere^ed in your gardening
plans. Let us assi^ you to decide.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTN, T.

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

Beautify Your Homes!

Vines, Roses, raoonit>

A start cannot be made too early. \Vc
liavc everything that is hardy and at-
tractive— Shivdc and Ornamental TrccK.
Flowering Slirul>s. Perennial and Iledding i'lanlK, Fruit Trees and Bushes, etc.,
all grown at our Nursery. Send for our free catalogue.

George Milne, Manager, Pointe Claire, P.Q.
Mail order addres*, P.O. Box 155, Montreal

The Pointe Claire Nursery

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I > Planet Jr 5f)-page catalogue. Free

and postpaid. Write today.

^ijL S L Allen & Co *4

&»^Box 1106 G Philada Pa -*?

Write fir the name of our Nearest Agency.

Get 98% or Better
Perfect Fruit

There will be no "off year" for your trees if you ciJtivate them
right and protect them against all insect enemies with

ELECTRO Arsenate of Lead

(in Powdered Form)

It is certain death to all leaf-eating insects. You can depend absolutely on dry
Electro Arsenate of Lead because it is the only one in amorphous (non-crystaUine) form.
Mixes instantly with water and stays long in suspension — or can be used as a dust. Rain
cannot wash it off. We guarantee it to contain 32)^-33% arsenic oxide — twice the
strength of other brands— yet it will not harm the tenderest foliage because it contains
less than % of 1% water-soluble arsenic. Prove it from tests at Conn, and N. J. Agri.
Exper. Stations. Write us for them.

Send for folder on Electro, interesting to all fruit growers. Folder on Electro Lime
Sulphur tells how to use this solution which is certain death to San Jose
Scale and sucking insects and the best fungicide for summer treatment.
Buy Electro brands from your dealer, biit if he cannot suH>ly. send to
s for prices and proofs and name of nearest distributor,

THE VREELAND CnEMICAL;CO
46 Cburch Street, New Yorli

Buy the Cheapest Form of Nitrogen

NITRATE OF SODA

Contains 1 5 1^% AVAILABLE nitrogen.

Get our Prices

on this necessary plant food. It is the most effective form of nitrogen be-
cause immediately available.

It Will Pay You

to use Nitrate of Soda both as a Top Dressing — 100 pounds to the acre, and
as a supplement to a complete commercial fertilizer.

CHEMICAL LABORATORIES, Ltd.

148 VAN HORN STREET .... TORONTO, CANADA

our belief in the memorial presented to Sir
Wilfrid Laurier and members of the ca-
binet by our deloKation at the joint meeting
of prot/(^st at Ottawa hv fruit and vejiftnlile
growers, and we heartily endorse the action
taken by the executive committee in bring-
ing the matter before the branches, and
pledge ourselves to use every legitimate
means through our members in the Dom-
inion house and otherwise to prevent the
said measure becoming law."

The election of officers re.sulted as follr"
President, Thos. Dehvorth, Weston; 1st V)
president, T. A. Newton, Woodstock;
retary-treasurer and editor, J. Lockie V
.son, Toronto; executive committee, Thf>s.
Delworth, J. Ix)okie Wilson. C. H. Weaver,
Dunnville ; P. F. Reevea, Huraber Bay : '■'
D. Dawson, Tamblings.

Barric Horticultural Society

Mr. A. Carson. Barrie, who paid The
Canadian HonTiCTiLTtjRisT office a nleas-nnf
visit reports that the members of Bai
Horticultural society are very enthusia
over the success of their society which .sim .
1907 has increased in membership fn m
thirty-two to two hundred and forty-fn . .
truly a phenomenal growth. Before the tii'l
of 1911 they hope to reach the five hun
dred mark.

Largely through the influence of the mem-
bers of the horticultural society the town
council has anpointed a park commission
with an annual grant of $1,500 for the
upkeep of the parks and boulevards. Mr.
Car.son says that the good effects of the
work of the .society can be seen in the in-
rrea.sed care and attention paid not only to
the beautifying of the hemes of the people
but also to the town as a whole.

Whitby Horticultural Society

We had a very pleasant call from the
Rev. J. Fletcher, President of the Whitby
Horticultural Society. He reports that
this society, though not large in numbers,
is flourishing, and that it is making its
influence felt in general civic improvement
and the beautifying of the town. This so-
ciety gives a year's subscription to Thk
Canadian HoBTicuLTUEiST free to each mem-
ber, and also a very desirable list of roses,
bulbs, and plants as options.

Toronto Horticultural Society

The Toronto Horticultural Society made
the following very generous offer to the
Board of Education, which was accepted :

The Society proposes to give seven sil-
ver and seven bronze medals, and twelve
first, twelve second, and twelve third pri-
zes in money, to be comi>eted for by the
pupils of seven schools, one in each ward.
Six first, six second, and six third prizes
will be given for Third Book pupils, and
six first, six second, and six third prizes
to Fourth Book pupils. The prizes will be
gfven for two vegetables, two bedding flow-
ers, and two climbing flowers. All the
pupils who compete for these prizes will
have tc use the same varieties of vege-
tables and flowers. The two vegetables se-
lected are beets (Early Model Globe), car-
rots (Chentenay). The two bedding flowers
are asters (Victoria) and larkspur (Double
Dwarf Rocket). The climbing flowers are
sweet peas and nasturtiums. All flowers
are to be mixed colors. Each exhibit must
be the product of the pupil's own garden,
and of his own efforts. The decision will
be made by considering the care taken of
the plot, the condition of the soil, the qual-
ity of growth, the general appearance, Ac.

April, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

99

1

THIS IS THE FIRST U-BAR CREENHOUSt ERECTED IN CANADA. IT WAS BUILT AT ST. ANNE DE BELLEVDE ^urt ivin. H. B. ANGUS

There Are Some Who Doa't Know
Construction Is, So We Want

To start with it is the actual combining- of the steel
rafter and the wooden sash bar in one. It's done by en-
casing- a small sash bar in a "U"-shaped steel shell. The
U-Bar is then no larger than the ordinary sash bar, but it
is many times stronger. These bars are placed 24 inches
apart, and run from ridge to sill, forming a beautiful,
curved eave line, doing away with the ugly shade casting
gutter and many lateral members.

What The U-Bar Form of Greenhouse
to Have a Little Chat About It.

U-Bar Greenhouses are the best greenhouses built, be-
cause every sash bar is really a rafter, making the house
equally strong at all points. Spacing the glass 24 inches,
while not making- the U-Bar any larger than the usual
wooden sash bar, gives the lightest house ma.de. Then
it is both the Strongest and lightest house.

Next month we will tell you more about how this house
differs from other houses. Send for catalogue.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON ^^Y U-BAR CO.

DISICKERS AND BUILDERS ^^ 1 MADISON AVE.N£W YORK.
Canadian Office, 10 Phillips Place, Montreal

URSTSPRAYERSoN FREE TRIAL

NO-MONEY-IN-ADVANCE.

i-AY AFTER IT HAS PAID

FOR ITSELF.

LET us SEND YOU ANY OF THESE SPRAYERS-fo fry for 10 days, then
If you buy, yon can pay us cash or we'll wait fill you sell your crop, then
you can pay us out of the "extra profit.** We pay freight Wholesale dealers' prices.

M^

Ji

'.,%

Man-Power Fotato & Orchard Sprayer.
Sprays **anythlng*'— potatoesor truck, 4 rows at a
time. Also tirat-class tree sprayer. "Vapor spray
prevents blight, bUKS, scab and rot from cuttinjf
your crop In half. High pressure from big wheel.
Pu.shes easy. 8pray arms adjust to any width or
helKht of row. Cheap In priee, ll(,-ht, strong and dur-
able. GrARANTEKO iOK 5 FULI., TKAKS.
Needn't-send-a-cent to get It "on trial." You can got
onofrceityoaarefirstinyourlooality. Write now.

■3?^

S;f''i

■i£'h.-'A

*■■%■■■■ —Get a sprayer FREE,— After you have tried the sprayer and
■i Upi b are satisfied that it ia Justaa we recommend it, Bend us a Use of
I llbb t^be names of yoar Neighbors and we will write them and quote
them price and have them call and see your machine work, and
for every PItz-ALJL Sprayer we a ill from your list we will credit yoa with $2.00
or Bend you check If you have paid cash.

-^.?*iS f/^"^ ^^°"?*^^.®^ Potato & Orchard Sprayer we sell we will credit yoa
with $3.50 or send check, ■- - ^

•« ^Z^-^""'^"^^ Horae-Power Po^to & Orchard Sprayer we sell wIU credit
you $H.;>0 or send check. ^ «• --

We do ull rorrr spoil tling and seUinfi. AH ymt need dn is shfAV the sprayer, Many
harf paid for thnr tiffiyers in this iruy. Thi.s offer in jrood for onlv the first
order in each locality. Don't delay. Send th«» #'ouim»ti or post card NOW.
Ontario Seed Coy., Successors, 138 Kins: 8t.,Waterloo, Ont.

Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer.

For big growers. Moat powerful machine made.
60 to 100 gallon tank for one or two horses. Steel axle.
One-pioce-hoavy-angle-iron frame, cypress wood
tank with adjustable round iron hoops. Metal
wheels. "Adjustable" spray arms and nozzles, Crass
ball-valves, plunger, strainer, etc. Big pump gives
vapor spray. Warranted for 6 years. Try thia
■machine at our expense with, "your money in your pocket.'*
See free offer below.

Write today.

Fltz-All Barrel Sprayer.

Fits any barrel or tank. High pres-
sure, perfect agitation, easy to
operate. Brass bail-valves, plung-
er, strainer, etc. Automat fo
strainer. Ao *^ciip leathers or rub-
ber'* about any of our sprayers,
Purnished plain, mount 1 on bar-
rel, or on wheels as shown. ' yiJir
guarantee. It don^t cost you "a oent'*
to try it in your orchard. QH one
free. See below. Write today.

COUPON— Fin out and send today, r^rouponwat

ONTARIO SEeO|CO.,SUCCESSORS iii'Kint St. Waterlo/, On'i!'"'*'' *""

Send me your Catalog, Spraving Guiu and "Special Offer"
on the sprayer marktMl with an X below.

Tvin».i*^^»on }>otato Jk Orchard Sprayer*
-Horse-Power Potato & Orchard sprayer*

.Fltz-AU Barrel Sprayer*

Nahb..

Our Price List of Home Grown Seeds will be Sent you on Request.

too

THE CANADIAM HORTICULTURIST

April, 191 1

Only thorough work with the best macliinery will
accomplish the best paying results from spraying.

You mujt spray if you would have perfect fruit, and it
doesn't pay to bother with a cheap outfit. It means no
end of trouble and it's too risky — you have too much
at stake.

Goulds Sprayers have proved their su-
periority by years of service. We make
the sprayer best suited to your condi-
tions. It will last for years because all
working parts are made of bronze to
resist the action of chemicals. "You
can depend on a Goulds" to work when
ever and as long as you require.

Send for Our Booklet:
"How to Spray— When to Spray— What Spr«yer» to Uie"

It discusst!S the matter thoroughly. It gives valuable
sprayin},' formulas and tells how and when to use them.

THE GOULDS HFC. CO.. 17 W. Fill St.. S«mci F>I1>. N.T

We Make-both Hand an J Power Pumps for Every Service

the roof that lasts
long and leaks not

IflondJ*'''-

the cheapest good roof
is one that

is so thoroughly locked to-
gether, unit by unit, that the
hardest windstorm cannot
budge ; the heaviest rainstorm
cannot penetrate; the severest
lightning cannot harm. And
that means Preston Shingles.

Write Now To

Manager W^f

Metal Shingle & Siding B

CompDny, Limited H ^^

Olive Street Factory I K

PRBSTON. CANADA M M

Possibly you may think wood
shingles are cheap. They are — in
the worst sense. Only metal
shingles should roof any building of
yours. And any metal shingle is
better than any other roofing. But
Preston Shingles excel — in every
practical way — all other metal
shingles. Shouldn't you know about
that? The book that proves is
waiting for your request. 17

No pupil may receive more than two
prizes, but a prize winner may also win a
medal.

The gardens of all competitors will h.
first examined by the teachers of the
school in each ward. A committee of the
teachers should reduce the gardens to the
best ten belonging to Fcurth Book pupils
and the best ten belonging to Third Book
pupils. Committees of the Horticultural
Society will be apjjointed to visit these ten
and award the prizes to the beet.

The Horticultural .Society has arranged
with the Davies Manufacturing Company
to have fertilizers delivered at the schools
for one cent per package.

Suggestions for Lawn
Competitions

II. W. Brooks, secretary Brantford Horti-
cultural Society, sends the following sug-
gestions to members to aid them in pre-
paring for lawn competitions :

In marking, the whole place is oonsidti
ed; the lawn and the garden is marked
on five points —

1. General effect or lay out, or ground
plan of the place, 30 points.

2. Neatness and order in keeping lawns,
walks and boulevards, 20 points. Keep
your lawn thoroughly weeded, and edges
neatly trimmed; mow as often as the
mower will cut it.

3. Care and taste shown in selection of
flowers, plants and shrubs, etc., 20 points.
In laying out ycur plantings as a rule
avoid straight lines and sharp angles.

4. Floral display, 20 points. Plant all
flowers you wish, but plant shrubs at theii
back to give a more pleading effect whili;
the annuals are out of season, as well as
when they are in bloom.

5. Difficulties overcome, 10 points. Some
allowance is made in new lawns or old fen-
ces covered with wires, or any drawback
the competitor may have. Try to plant so
as to make the whole place one single pic-
ture of a home, with the house its chief
feature, and the outside boundary line its
frame.

Major H. J. Snelgrcve, a representative
of the Ontario Horticultural Association on
the Board of the Canadian National Ex
hibition, put up a stiff fight for giving a
square deal" to amateur floriculturists, and
succeeded in inducing the Agricultural and
Horticultural (jommittoe to revise the prize
list so as to increase the prize money for
certain classes and bring others within the
scope of amateur growers. Professional flor-
ists will not have it all their own way this
year, as formerly. The prize list will be
issued in April. Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ot-
tawa was selected as judge in the floricul
tural department.

The growers and packers of oranges,
lemons, pine apples, and box apples are
endeavoring to put up each year a more
attractive and superior article. An attrac-
tive substitute ns taken in preference to a
scabby, ill appearing apple, and we must
at least keep posted or the King of Fruits
in the East will be compelled to take a
tion and declining popularity. — Jas. E.
tion and declinng popnlarty. — Jas. E.
Johnston, Simcoe, Ont.

Branch Office and Factory, Montreal, Quebec

We have still on hand a few copies of the
Index to volume XXX., which will be sent to
those of our readers requesting same. They
are free but are only sent on request.

April, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

IQl

STRAWBERRIES

Thirty-three selected varieties to
choose from — new and old, early, med-
ium and late. William Belt and
Meade for the garden ; Uncle Jim and
President for fancy market ; Gill earl-
iest and Nettie latest. Senator Dun-
lap and Sample, good anywhere. All
but the new varieties, $4.00 per thous-
and, express ; $1.00 per hundred, post-
paid.

Raspberries!

'HERBERT — the most vigorous and
productive raspberry grown to-day,
$3.00 per hundred.

I'.ATON — the largest berry and on
soil suited to it ,the heaviest bearer.
$3.00 per hundred.

KING — a splendid early berry, firm,
and a good shipper. $2.00 per hun-
dred.

.\nd other Hardy Varieties. Send for
Catalogue.

C. p. NcAvman

Box 51, Lachinc Locks) ^.,^

QUEBEa

A Garden*

of Delight

Is your garden a source of pride ard
pleasure, or simply of common "garden
truck?" Ihat will depend largely on
your choice of seeds. People who sow

EWING'S
Reliable Seeds

and give them proper care, get big crops — sure crops — crops
of superior quality. Whether you garden for pleasure, or
profit, or both, discriminate on the seed Question.
Get EWING'S, the seeds that have proved
their quality by over forty years of
bumper crops.

If your dealer hasn't Ewing's
write for our Illustrated Catalogue
and buy from us

direct.

10

Wm.Ewing&Co.

Seedsmen
'McGill SUMontreal.

Fertilize Your
Lands

DO YOU KNOW

THAT WORN-OUT
LANDS MAY BE MADE
PRODUCTIVE AND PROFITABLE
BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF
THE RIGHT KIND OF
FERTILfZER ?

nIow IF YOU HAVE
A PILCE OF LAND THAT
WONT GROW ANYTHING
BUT WEEDS, TALK WITH
US ABOUT IT AND LET US ;
' SUGGEST

^ THE RIGHT FERTILIZER

We FEEL very sure THAT
WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO
USE FERTILIZERS
WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO

YOUR LAND WILL PAY
Consult us freely it is
, our business to know
enquiries freely answered

agents wanted for
territory not taken up

■^"^W.A FREEMAN co. limited
HAMILTON ONTARIO

* ^*^'^'^^^^^^^^^^^^v^v^''w\i'\r\f\j\r\jxrKj'n

RENNIES

F YOU wmj

$11 Tnt

DEALERS EVERYWHERE SELL RENMJES SEEDS

THE FrNEST fN THE LAND.

VVRtre NEAREST AODResS FOR CATALOG.

1 Wi? RENHiEC?LiM!Ta>nroRONT0,MONTREALWlNNlPEG.VANCOUVERi

103

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April 191 1

The Hand Spramotor*. No. 1 and 2, with horse
drawn cart, can be used for orcahrds, vinoyards,
row crops, or weed Bpraying. As shown it is ar-
ranged for row crops and weeds, but all attachments
are Interchangeable. Has Steel Axle, 52 inch wheel
of best hardwood, adjustable width of track and
rows, all brass Spramotor, with braes ball valves,
mechanical agitator, compensating plunger. All of
the highes.. grade throughout; for one horse only.
Price $47.00 to $54.00.. Write for free treatise.
Two Gold Medals National Horticultural Congress.

Heard Spramotor Co.

1392 KING ST., LONDON, ONT.

r""DoYou Intend To
l^bandon Your Farm?

In New England there are hundreds o£ abandoned farms— abandoned
because the soil has been drained of its fertility. Had these farms been
properly fertilized they would still be producing bounteous harvests.

New England farms are not the only ones that are being depleted of
fertility. There are thousands of other farms which are rapidly approaching
the point where further cultivation will be unprofitable unless some means is
adopted to renew the fertility of the soil.

If you do not intend to abandon your farm, it will be necessary to sup-
ply fertilizer to the soil. It is not only necessary to apply manure, but it is
absolutely essential that it be applied evenly and in proper quantities.

Manure cannot be spread evenly by hand. Experience has demon-
strated that the spreader is the only method by which manure can bo
applied uniformly.

It is just as necessary to exercise judgment in
selecting a spreader as it is on any other subject.
There are many spreaders on the market. The 1 H C
spreader has proved its superiority by giving tje users
years of efficient service. With an I H C spreader you
can regulate the distribution of manure so as to make
every ounce count. Adjustments can be made to
spread a light top-dressing or a heavy covering. This
is possible because I H C spreaders have a wide range
o£ feed, and the long, square, chisel-pointed beater
teeth thoroughly pulverize the manure that is applied.
Wide tires and roller bearings insure light draft.

I H C spreaders are made in two styles —

Cloverleaf — Com

King

Cloverleaf spreaders have endless aprons. Com

King machines have return aprons. These machines

are made with capacity suitable for farms of any size.

Call on the I H C local dealer and let him show you

the style and size best suited to

your purpose, or, if you prefer,

write to nearest branch house for

catalogue and full particulars.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-lotenutioDal Harretter
CoHpaar of America at BrandoB.Calcary, Edmon-
k toa. HaimiltoB. Lethbridse, LondoD.Moatreal. North
Batdcford. Ottawa. Refioa. Saakateoo. St. Joko.
Wey^BTM. WiBDipcf , Yorkton.

IntMnational Harvester Company of
America Chicaso USA

(Incorporated)

1 H C Service Bareaa

The Bureau is q
center where the best
ways of doing things
on the farm, and data
relating to its devel-
opment, are collected
and di.stributed free
to every one interest-
ed In a g r i c u 1 1 u r e.
Every available
source of informa-
tion will be used in
answering questions
on all farm subjects.
If the questions are
B e n t to the I H C
Service Bureau, they
will receive prompt
attention.

Y

Fruit Growing in Prince
Edward Island

J. A. Moorr, Hiztlbrook,

When undertaking the profession of fruit
growing the first necessity is a soil not too
iujavy and good natural drainage. I do
not thinii the lay of the land matters much,
for I have seen as gotd fruit grown on land
sloping to the north as on land sloping
south. Land sloping north and west seems
to be the ideal.

A good preparation fcr fruit would be to
have a crop of clover or peas or buck-
wheat plowed down in tlio fall, then work
up the ground in the spring and lay off
the rows lengthwise and across the field,
and plant the trees where the lint's inter-
sect. This is a very convenient system, a.s
it facilitates working among the trees, en-
abling one to work at different angles.

If there is no natural shelter, a wind-
break should be planted when the trees are
planted. Two or three rows of spruce
Dushes, two yards apart and two yards
apart in the rows, set so that they would
break joints, as it were, would soon make
a splendid windbreak, and let it be right
round the field.

I think that five acres enclosed this way
would be about the right size for an or-
chard. Of course it need not all be plant-
ed at once.

VARIETIES

The varieties best suited for this climate
and the markets are : Early apples — Crim-
son Beauty, Red Astrachan, and Duchess ;
Fall— Wealthy, Dudley, and Alexander:
Winter— Belle Fleur, Baxter, and Stark.
Gravenstein also does weU, but not on its
own stalk. It must be top grafted.

There are many theories as to how to
treat an orchard, but I think that clean
cultivation is the best method, especially
for young trees. Vegetables may be grown
provided plenty of manure is applied to
keep the trees growing. If no cover crop
is grown — that will die down and protect
the roots in winter, such as clover, peas,
or vetches — then some manure should be
banked around the trees late in the fall or
early winter. White building paper wrap-
ped around the trunk will keep the mice
from girdling the trees. Preferably white,
because black or tar paper will attract the
sun in March and cause the sap to rise
and then sudden frost would burst the sap
cells and injure the trees.

SPRAYING

I think the reason we have had no scab
and no wormy fruit in ten years' apple-
growing is that every year, fruit or no
fruit, we have sprayed every tree in the
orchard. Aa orchard sprayed every year
just aft«r the buds open and again after
the bloom falls, will net be troubled much
with insect pests. So then, prepare the
ground ; set out your trees ; plant a hedge ;
give attention to cultivation, and then, as
the deacon said in church — "Let us
s(pray)!"

Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticul-
turist of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
advises the spraying of orchards with Bcr-
deavix four times with the old formula 4-4-
40 and the use of a combination of Paris
Green and arsenate of lead. In this way
the quick action of the Paris Green is se-
cured together with the adhesiveness cf the
arsenate of lead.

April, iQT I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

103

— SPECIAL 25c. OFFER —

of Vegetable and Flower Seeds of Proven Quality — Post Paid

1 PACKET EACH

sweet Pea Specialty, mixed 10c

Nasturtium, Dwarf, Mixed Sc

Pansy, IVIonarch, mixed 10c

Aster, Giant Comet, mixed lOc

Lettuce, May King Sc

Beet, Cheltenham Sc

Radish, Scarlet Globe Sc

Cucumber, Perfection lOc

60c

I will also include free I pkt. Esch-
scholtzia Carmine King (lOc) and I oz.
Spinach Triumph (lOc) to the first two
orders from each town.

E8CHSCHOLTZIA CARMINE KING

SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

This is an Actual Loss to me, but I
want two persons in every postal town in
Canada to try my seeds, for every trial
means a future customer. Note the fol-
lowing extract from a letter received from
one customer :

"Montreal, lOth Sept. 1910.

"All the plants grown
from the seed 1 had from
you^last spring turned out
magnificently.

(Signed)

Gustaff Gylling.

Zs^BlTB^aT. ROBT T. PINRERTON Montreal

-ESTABLISHED 1856-

SIMMERS' GREAT DOLLAR COLLECTIONS

= OF-

VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS

NOTE— They are free by
mail on receipt of price.

$1.00 Vegetable Seed Collection

Bean — Simmers' Giant Wax
Beet — Blood Turnip
Cabbage — Vandcrgaw
Carrot — Scarlet intermediate
Celery— White Plume
Corn, Sweet — Cory
Cucumber— Chicago Pickle
Cucumber— LonK Green
Lettuce — Simpson's Early

Pepper — Sweet Spanish QC
Peas — American Wonder ZJ
Peas — Stratagem PI^TQ

Pumpkin— Mammoth iM Ui

Radish — Scarlet Turnip, White
Tipped

Salsify— Mammoth Sandwich Is-
land

Squash — Summer Crookncck

Considering the extremely low rates we can-
not possibly permit any change in the varieties.

$1.00 Simmers' Flower Seed
Collection

Contains 30 Pkts. o{ Flower Seeds for $1.00

-Little Gem
-Mixed

-Mixed

M u s k m e 1 0 n — Montreal Green Squash — Hubbard

Xutmeg Turnip— Purple Top, Strap-

Watermelon — Cuban Queen leaved

Onion — Yellow Danvers Tomato — Early Ruby

Onion- Prizetaker And packet Wild Garden Flower

Parsley — Champion Moss Curl'd Seed Mixture. Also a copy of
Parsnip — Improved Hollow Simmers' Vegetable and Flow

Crowned cr Garden (New Edition).

Contains 25 packets of the best Vegetable Seed, sufficient to fur-
nish vegetables throughout the year, and one packet of Flower
Seeds, which we will send postpaid to any address in the Domin-
ion of Canada for the extremely attractive price of •'Pl.OO.

-Lobb's Mix-

Alyssum, Sweet-
Balsam, Double-
Calendula
Canarybird Flower
C-aniiytuft

Carnation — Marguerite
Castor Oil Bean
Chrysanthemum — Annual Sorts
Cosmos — Mixed

Double Japan Pink — Best Mixed Phlox Drummondl-
Eschscholtzla Mixed

Everlasting Flowers — Mixed Poppy — All kinds, mixed.

Oalllardla — Annual Portulaca — Mixed Sorts

Codotia — Mixed Scabiosa — Mourning Bride

Gourds, Ornamental Snapftragon

Marvel of Peru Sunflower — Many kinds, mixed

Sweet Peas

Marigold, Double-

Mignonotte

Morning Clory

Nasturtium— Tall Mixed

Nasturtium, Dwarf — Mixed col-
ors

Nasturtium, Tail-
ed

Petunia

-All colors

J. A. SIMMERS, Limited, TORONTO, ONT.

I04

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 1911

Strawbsrry Plants

Fine stocky well rooted plants. All tested
varieties. Neatly tied in bunches and care-
fully packed. Prices reasonable. Send for
free catalogue and price list.

S. H. RITTENHOUSE

Jordan Harbor, - • Ontario

. TBY.

J. W. CROSS

Old GrtmiDU Scboel
W1SBECH,ENGLAND
Wbtlttsic Fruit, Balb and Seed Potato Specialitt

101!

FRUIT TREES of nil (loKcriilliini, Gooteberry, Cur-
rants, Strawberrie>, Raspberry Canei, etc.
BULBS -DaKodib, Narciuiu, Tulipt, eic, English

(frown.
SEEDS of all deflcriptions, including all the best

variclicK in Potatoes.
NURSERY STOCK, such aa PriTet, Quick for

hedgCH, Herbaceous Plants, etc., etc.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS, all best varieties in stock.
State requirements, special quotation will be given
Send For List

Established 61 Years

SPECIAL OFFER. PRICES POSTPAID.

Bruce's Royal Nosegay Collection Sweet
Peas — 1 pkt. each of 8 superb sorts.
separate colors, for 25o.
Bruce's Peerless Collection Dwarf Nas-
turtium— 1 pkt. each of 7 finest sorts,
separate colors, for 25c.

frnfTI^ Our handsomely illustrated 104-page catalogue of
* ***-'*-'"Vegetable, Farm and Flower Seeds, Plants. Bulbs,
Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc, for 1911. Send for it.

Bruce's Peerless Collection Tall Nastur-
tium— 1 pkt. each of 7 grand sorts, sep-
arate colors, for 25c.

Bruce's Empire Collection Asters — 1 pkt.
each of 5 magnificent varieties, separ-
ate, for 2Sc.

I John A. Bruce 8L Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. |

^i^^^iaiurjs

THE PHENOMENAL
SUCCESS

OF THE

A^^t

x^xm

is not accidental, but the natural result of the
realization of a higher ideal in piano quality
than ever before recorded in the history of
Canadian piano building.

Musicians and all music lovers -who are
ready to acknowledge superiority have recog-
nized their superlative qualities and voluntarily
paid them unstinted praise.

Allow us to tell you more about them.
Ask for Catalogue and prices.

GOURLAY WINTER & LEEMING

188 Yongc St., Toronto

A Pica for the Observance of
Arbour Day in the Country

Much has been done during reci-nt years
towards the loautifying of Canadian cities
and town.s by the awakening of the people
to the importance of making their homes
more attractive by the planting of trees,
shrubs, vines, and hcrbac<?oU8 plants. Many
influences have been at work, chief among
which are the Horticultural Societie.s. which
through their organizations have been able
to do much to bring about the great itn-
prcvement which is already apparent.

In the country, unfortunately, it is quite
otherwise, and one fails to note any de-
cided improvement in the home surround-
ings during recent years. To us it seems
almost sad that in the older settled parts
'>f Canada a large proportion of farmers'
homes are bare and uninviting to the passer-
by. The contrast between the city and
country home in Canada becomes greater
every year, and greatly to the advantage of
the city. This should not be so. With the
greater room in the country and the abun-
dant sunlight, the country home .should be
a delight to all beholders, and we are glad
to say some country homes in Canada are a
great credit to their owners.

Can nothing be done to chanpe all this?
We believe that something could be done
if interest can be awakened in the right
quarter and it seems to us that the Wo-
men's In.stitut«s are the best organizations
to effect a change. Through organizations
plants could be ordered and distributed to
the members ; or as there are so many beau-
tiful wild trees, shrubs, and vine.s which
can easily be obtained in the woods without
cost expense need not be a consideration.
Then there should be a certain day or after-
noon set apart every year as Arbour Day
when the women would see to it that some
planting was done about the home grounds.
A vino one year, a tree or shrub the next,
a flower bed, a hedge, a flower herder, a well
kept lawn ; all these would gradually come
and in a surprisingly short time there would
be a great change. One can imagine Ar-
bour Day becoming a day looked forward to
in every community when each family would
vie with its neighbor in making the great-
est improvement in the shortest time.

Will net the women of Canadian rural
homes rise in their might and see to it that
their homes are made as beautiful as any
in the land? There is abundant informa-
tion about gardening that can be obtained
free for the asking. Which will be the first
Women's Institute to take this good work
in hand? Perhaps some have done so al-
ready.— ^W. T. Maooun, Dominion Horti-
culturist.

Fortune From One Acre

The possibilities of profitable gardening
on one acre of land are not confined to
France, where the system of intensive cul-
ture on such small plots has become the
most developed. An acre of land cultivated
on the French system near London yielded
last year £600 in gross returns, which is a
record for England. The nearest approach
to it is an acre of land between London and
Oxford, which has yielded in one year flower
seeds to the value of £260.

Make your Honie Attractive

K-K Lighting' Syst^-Mi will make your h.jiiip at-
tivM. cheerful and invitiuK. BeAutiful fixtures for
different rimms giving a pure white brilliant lif;ht
superior to pas or electricity at out-half
the cost* Can lie installed anywhf re, in
your residence-churrh-store. ttc En-sy to
operate-fully guaranteed. Wiite our near-
est offire for Buoklel f.
RI<E-KM4;HT 11MITED
Tonuilo or YVIniii|»eK

April, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

105

(fi

AUTOMATIC"

Hand Power Vacuum Cleaner

The Machine with the "Double Tank,"
Light, Powerful, Easy Running.

THE AUTOMATIC HAND POWEE VAOUM OLEANEE, has a valve and piston
pump action. The movement of the lever handle backward and forward forces
the air up through the hose nozzle bringing with it all the loose dirt, dust,
etc. The double tank device for separating the dust from the air catches 95
per cent, of the dust in the bottom of the tank without screens, baffles or water;
the remaining 5 p"r cent, is screened through a canvas covered cylinder. The
frame is made of malleable iron and steel, and is very rigid. The hose 12 feet
long made of rubber and interlined with spring steel wi e which prevents collap-
sing and kinking. Hose is 1 inch in diameter: tube for attaching tools 4 feet
long, made of brass tubing niokle-plated ; nozzle or motith piece is of aluminum and
has an opening of 7 by K inches. The machine is light, compact and easy to carry,
slip joints are used on all connections making them instantly detachable and in-
terchangeabli'. May be operated by one or two persons. Fully guaranteed or money
refunded. FREIGHT PREPAID TO YOUR NEAREST RAILROAD STATION.

ONWARD MANUFACTURING COMPANY, - BERLIN, CANADA

BloAvs

and

Sucks

Largest Builders of Hand and Electric
Power Vacuum Cleaners in Canada.

Agents Wanted.

KEITH'S

Vegetable and Flower

Your copy of our catalogue is waiting to be
mailed you. It tells all about our " Selected
Sfains " of seeds and much other useful in-
formation. Send for it. See our full page
advertisement in the March issue.

GEO. KEITH 8i SONS

Seed Merchants since 1866

124 Kinti St. East. - - TORONTO

"KODAK

99

Is our Registered and common-law
Trade-Mark and cannot be rightfully
applied except to goods of our manu-
facture.

If a dealer tries to sell you a camera
or films, or other goods not of our
manufacture, under the Kodak name,
you can be sure that he has an inferior
article that he is trying to market on
the Kodak reputation.

// It isn't an Eastman,
it isn't a Kodait

Canadian Kodak Co., Limited

TORONTO, CANADA

IVrttr /or Kodak caialo^ -

sk a Kodak di-alrr

THE "BUCO" CULTIVATOR

^

Handle

AYi Feet

long

No garden tool is so useful. Cleans
weeds out by root, keeps soil fine and
mellow, makea a clean healthy garden
and saves largely on labor.

The teeth,— the vital parte.— are of a
quality unrivalled. They arc all high grade
Steel Springs, tempered in oil. After a
severe strain in use which would ruin
ordinary teeth, they spring right back to
po.'ition. This is essential to get proi>er
life in work and durability.

The 'CUMA' CULTIVATOR

Length over all 18 inches.

Similar in quality to the "Uuoo" The
greatCHt little Tool in the world for
flower beds and fine work. Sold by
Hardware and Seed Trade. If yourdeal-
ers cannot supply you, write us direct

"V>

BAILEY-UNDERWOOD CO., Limited

NEW GLASGOW, N.S.

io6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April 191 1

FIRE, LIGHTNING. RUST
AND STORM PROOF

SiMCOE, Ont., April 9th, 1908
"We have handled your 'Eaatlako'
Shingles for nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury. They have been on the Court
House, Free Library, and other public
buildings of this town for 18 years. We
have used very large quantities during
the past 25 years, and they have always
given first-class satisfaction, and have
never required any repairs,'
(Signed) MADDEN BROS.

Tinsmitfas and Hardware Merchants.

Write for Booklet.

The Metallic Roofing Co.

Limited, Manufacturers

TORONTO & WINNIPEG

\ ':^/

Agents wanted in Some Sections

Strawberry Plants

40 leading varieties sold at
prices you can afford to pay.
Catalogue free. It will pay you
to secure it before you order
your plants. 100 plants sent
post paid to any address Ib Can-
ada for $1.00

JOHN DOWNHAM

STRATHROY. - - ONTARIO.

The Clipper

There are three things
that destroy your lawns.
Dandelions, Buck Plantain
and Crab Grass. In one seas-
on the Clipper will drive
them all out.

CLIPPER LAWN MOWER Co.
Dixon, Ulinvit

ARTICHOKE ROOTS

WHITE AND RED

$2.00 a bushel (50 lbs.) 50 cents a bushel
on ordering, the balance on delivery; ex-
press or freight charges at the buyer's
expense.

$1.50 a bushel lor farmers' clubs and
dealers.

We will accept orders till the 16th of
May.

Write for circulars. French and English,
which give you all necessary informa-
tion.

We have in culture seven acres of white
and' red artichoke roots.

We encourage all farmers to try that
easy, money making and very economical
cu'ture for feeding pigs.

Send your order early and as in the
past we'll give you satisfaction.

MARCOTTE & GOSSELIN, Prodacers
St. Roch de Richelieu

Dahlia Culture

L. W. B>rcl«7, Morriabnrg, Ool.

If all the readers of The Canadian
HoRTicuLTtTRiST knew, as many of them do,
the pleasure and beauty to be derived from
the planting of a few select dahlia roots,
there would be many more flowers to de-
corate their hemes this season.

The Dahlia is not very particular as to
kind of soil on which it is grown, but it
prefers a sandy loam and it wants it rich
and loose, and above all, well drained.

LOCATION

They should be planted in a position
where they will get the full sunlight the
greater part of the day. A shady situa-
tion causes too spindly a growth and poor
flowers.

It takes a Dahlia plant nearly two weeks
to get through the ground after planting,
therefore the season should be so chosen
that the young shoots will appear after all
danger of frost is past. Otherwise it will
he necessary to cover them on cold nights.
Plant the tubers on their side about flve
inches deep.

Do not crowd your plants. Give each
Diant a space of at lea.st two and a half
feet. A stake .should be .set at planting
time for securing the plant from winds.
If pushed in the ground later when the
plant is two or three feet in height, the
roots, or perhaps the tubers, will be
severely injured.

PINCH OFF SHOOTS

As soon as the first shonts are six inches
tall, cut off all but one. or .it least two. of
the strongest and keer) all shoots that
como out later cut off. This is one of the
main kinks in Dahlia culture, and one cer-
tainly not to be despised if fine flowers are
wanted. Some pinch off the top of the
sheets when they are a foot high to make
a more bushy plant, but I do not advise
this practice.

Cultivate and water well — not a sprink-
ling now and then, but at least two pailS
full every week. Give a good soaking at
each watering.

There is a color or combination of colors
and a type of Dahlia to suit almost any
fancy, but I prefer the shew Dahlia, and if
I have any particular choice it is the
Frank Smith, a purplish maroon, shaded
to almost black, each petal tipped white.
It is certainly a beauty.

WINTER CARE

When the green plants liave been frozen
by the first hard frosts, cut off the stalks to
six inches. Carefully lift the tubers, leav-
ing quite a lot of ground on the clumps.
Place where they will dry thoroughly for a
few days, when tliey can be placed in the
cellar until spring. A Dahlia root will
keep safely anywhere a potato will, but
they must be kept from frost or excessive
heat during the winter months.

BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS

Prize at New York State Fair, September, 1910

Vick's Vio'et King. Mikado White, Mikado (Rochester) Pink, Vick's Karly Branching, Rose and White,
20c per dozen, $1,00 per hnndred.

Viik's Branching Pink, White, Rose, Lavender Semple's Pink, Royal Purple. Daybreak and Purity,
truly the aristocrats of tl>e aster family; 15c per doz„ 7oc per hundred; packed and labeled separately in wet
moss. All plants sent by express and guaranteed to arrive in good condition. Express prepaid on orders
over $2.00. Remit by money order.
C. MORTIMER BEZZO, BERLIN, ONTARIO

HANDY GARDEN TOOL

lltr- s ,', |,r.-i' til al t'i'il fnr 1 lit- ffiriiit-r or
y:ar'l<ii. r ..iir No. 6 (.'omliitierf l)'Fiii,U. B,nd
.Sink'].- wt,.«l H'tf. Hill and I)ri;i s*M-der.
i''.iir x.<--\- for Ww price uf on*-, it planta
in hlil.~ •iv contiriuoU!* rows, foverh ttif ^»;ed,
rolls the Koil. inarks the neit r"Vk'. lioes,
weedK and ciiltivitUfu. Himple, f(ii.> i-. opt-r-
*t«, and due* a dar*s work lu 60 mliiules.

Farm and

Garden Tools

For 75 year« we liaTo
mode detK-ndnbletuols
of quality for the
Fanner, trucker and
to w n (fardeneriL We
make 33 garden tools
at r^.&O to $12.00 each.

IRQHAQE

Wrlle to-day for Anniversary Catalog
debcribinif our entire line including
potato planters, cultivators. Bprayers,
diggers, orchard and other tools.

BATEMAN M'F'G CO.
HQl 5162 GRENLOCH. N. J.

Stoelis rarriecl at many convenient points.
A«k fiiraililreBsiif luarfKt C'Miiaillan agency

You can cultivate be-
tween berry bushes when
the Bissell Garden Disc
Harrow is closed up, or
under fruit trees with
wings added. Adjustable— for single horse,
or light two horse harrow. IjOW or high
seat. Reversible— In-Throw to Out Throw.
Remember, no harrow is genuine without
Bissell name stamped on it. Ask local deal-
er about the Bissell or write Dept. N for
Catalog.

T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd., Elora, Ont.

The Bissell

GARDEN HARROW

Yoj can't sow Ihistle? and
reap ligs. If you plant
Ferry's Seeds you
grow exactly what
you expect and in
a profusion
and perfec-
tion neve
excelled.

'ifty

years of

study and

experience

make them re-

liable For sale

^everywhere. Ferry's

1911 Seed Annual

rce on request.

D. IH. FERRY S CO..
Windsor. Ont

R.\ibber Stamps

BRASS STENCILS, Etc.

ALI. KIND8-AI-I. PCBPOi«S

W. E. IRONS iia^v ". TORONTO

Since the resignation oi Mr. A. Mo-
Means from the sta£F of the Guelph Agri-
cultural College, the vegetable growers of
Ontario have net been represented by a
practical vegetable grower at the college.
What do our vegetable growers think
about it?

USE FOSTER'S POTS

THEY ARE THE BEST OH THE MARKET

WE MANUFACTURE

STANDARD POTS

FERN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanging BASKETS

SAUCERS AND
STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading Pot
^—^^—~ Manufacturers

Th« FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited

Main St. Wast, Hamilton, Ont.

'HtBEST MAD'

FOSTtR'S ,
STANDARD
POT

April, iqi i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

107

THIS MARK
ON A SEED
PACKAGE

Carries With it the Strongest
Assurance of QUALITY.

WE DELIVER POSTPAID TO ANY ADDRESS IN CANADA

per lb. Vi lb. oz.

BEANS, Round Pod Kidney Wax 25o

Pencil Pod Black Wax 25c

Waidwell's Kidney Wax 25c

Scarlet Flageolet Wax 25c

Improved Golden Wax 20c

BEET, Extra Esrly Egyptian 25o 10c

Crosby's Egyptian 25o lOo

Detroit Dark Red 25c 10c

Early Eclipse 25c 10c

CABBAGE, Early Jersey Wakefield 60c 20c

Clory of Enkhuisen 75c 25c

Copenhagen Mirket $1-25 40c

Danish Roundhead 75c 25o

Danish Ballhend 75c 26c

CAULIFLOWER, Danish Giant or Dry Weather... 7.00 2.00

Extra Early Dwarf Erfurt 6.50 1.90

Henderson's Snovball 6.50 1.90

CARROT, Model or Chantenay 70c 25c 10c

Danver's Half Lons 70o 25c 10c

Half liong Nantes 70c 25c lOc

CORN, Extra Early White Cory 2Cc

Golden Bantam 20c

Peep O'Day 20c

Kendal'i3 Early Giant 20c

TESTED SEEDS

MCDONALD'S SEEDS are produced
by the most reputable growers in the
world, consequently cost a little more to
buy than most seeds. Yet, Market Gar-
deners of long- experience will tell you
that they pay best, because they are ab-
solutely reliable — produce the best types,
and make results more certain and more
profitable.

Send us an order for some of the fol-
lowing, you'll not be disappointed in any
statement we make.

The Following Seeds all 5c per packet unless otherwise noted

per lb.
CUCUMBER, Everbest White Spine

Arlington White Spine

Davis Perfect

Improved Long Green

LETTUCE, Grand Rapids

Black Seeded Simpson

Big Boston

Improved Hanson

PARSNIP, New Maltese 50c

RADISH, Rapid Forcing 7fio

Early Scarlet Globe 60c

Scarlet Turnip White Tipped 60c

SPINACH, Carter's Victoria 30c

TOMATO, Spark's Earliana

Chalk's Early Jewel

Improved Acme

Beauty

Stone

60c
25c
45c
25c
40c
40c
40c
40c
20c
25c
20c
20o

2oz.

25c
25c
25c
25c

10c

50c 2Sc

20c
10c
15c
10c
15c
15o
15c
15c
lOo
10c
10c
lOc

25c
25c
25c
20c
20c
15c

FREE-SEEDS FOR ALL

ONION, Large Red Wev..drsfleld 175

ONION SETS. White Dutch Sets, per quart 30c

Yellow Dutch Seta, per quart 25c

Potato Onion Sets, per quart 20c

We want at least a email order from every reader of this advertisement.
Nothing convinces like results. We want^ you to know our seeds, hence this
offer. ,■•>.-«■'■ -* "^ "/■- ,,

Select seeds from the above list to the value of $1.00 or more, and we will
send vou without extra charge, the followi-ig Flower Seeds, one packet each: ASTER. Giant Comet Mixed; GODETIA Lady Satin Rose; N."^-
STURTIUM. Dwarf Mixed; MORNING GLORY. Imperial Japanese; SWEET PEAS McDonald's Rainbow Mixture.

Germination of the above seeds have all been thoroughly tested, and are sure to produce vigorous, healthy plants and are ex-
ceptionally good crop, providing soil and weather conditions are favorable. KCUUCTU MmnUAl R P Cflll? Market Square
Our Handsomely Illustrated SEED CATALOGUE Mailed Free on Request. NlHIIL 1 11 IVl^UUnALU 06 OURo OTTAWA

TheWorld's Most Beautiful Dahlias

SPECIAL OFFER

To introduce we cut the price in two, viz., any six, your choice, $1.00, any 13, $2.00, Field Tubers.

The first twelve are recommended (and priced) by the leading
American seedsman.

There may be a few other collections as good as these, but

there are absolutely none better.

Jacit Rose, Dec. The color is similar to the Jacqueminot Rose,
which lights up beautifully at night. Blooms in great pro-
fusion, on long stiff stems. 250. •

Jeanne Charmet. Flowers measure 8 inches across, borne on stiff
wiry stems, often 18 inches long. The exquisite flowers are
pink at edges, pure white towards centre and light yellow
at margins. 50c.

Madam A. Lumiere, Dec. Unique coloring ; pure white, violet
red points ; a fine contrast of colors. 50c.

Sylvia, Dec. Flowers 4 to 6 inches in diameter, of fine form, full
to center, which is white, shading to soft pink on the outer
petals. 25c.

Mrs. Roosevelt. Dec. Immense size, fine color, graceful form,
good stems, flowers perfectly double, 6 to 8 inches in diame-
ter, and ot a most delicate pink. 25c,

Mme. Van den Daol, Dec. Soft rose, with deeper markings,
shaded to creamy white in center. 25c.

Prof. Mansfield. Fancy. Grand flower; rich yellow tipped white,
rose red centres ; sometimes three solid flowers of different
shades on same bush. 25c. . Short stems.

Souvenir de Custave Douzan. The largest dahlia, 9J4 inches

across ; profuse bloomer, red. 30c.
Master Carl, Cactus. A gigantic dahlia of perfect form ; bright

amber color ; one of the finest dahlias in our collection. 35c.
Kriemhilde, Cactus. Delicate pink, shading white in center; fine

for cutting. 250.
Mrs. Geo. Stevenson. One of the best yellow cactus. 30c.
Mrs. J. P. Mace. The most beautiful dahlia for cutting. The

best and finest shaped blush pink cactus variety. 35o.
Cherub. Show. Rich amber, very distinct, very compact flower

of perfect form. 35c.
Modesty, Show. One of the loveliest, blush. 35c.
Progress. Fancy. Clear, soft rosy lake, spotted glowing ciimson,

valuable as a cut flower. 30o.
Queen Emma, Paeony. Soft lavender pink of refined form, and a

good keeper. 30c.
Duke Henry, Paeony. Rich brilliant deep crimson of good form

and habit. 35c.
Cermanja, Paeony. Bright, glowing crimson, very attractive

and showy ; long stems. 35c.

We have a few (not included in special offer) roots of Ruth
Forbes, pink cactus. Excels any other variety for large vase
purposes, stems, 3 feet; Delice, the finest pink colored decorative
dahlia, perfect form and color. 50c.

SEND FOR CATALOGUE

H. P. VAN WAGNER, - STONEY CREEK

ic8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

April, 1911

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gooiebcrries, Jo»»elyn. Red Jacket. Downine, Pearl. Houghton. Corr«nl»,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prohfic. Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria.— Ratpbcrries, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle a
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry. — G«rde» Rooti, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

Look at the H. P. Spramotor
spraying an acre of potatoes in 15
minutes. There are three nozzles to
a row and four rows, two spraying
from the sides and one from the
top. Adjustable as to height and
width up to 40 inch rows. Absolute-
ly non-clogging nozzles. 12 gallon
air tank, automatic and hand con-
trolled. 125 lbs. pressure guaranteed
with 12 nozzles open. ITas agitator
clean-out nri'SBUre relief into tank,
and nozzle protector, all under con-
trol of driver from seat. For 1 or 2
horses Pitted for orchards, vine-
yards and grain. Write for book-
let.

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1398 King St., London, Can.

yiulHply^ur Profits Wikh
This Proved Farm Power

YOU have invested a certain amount of money in your farm ma-
chines— your separator — fanning mill — ensilage cutter — pump.
To make that investment pay dividends, these machines must be
operated at highest efficiency and the least possible cost.

Years of splendid service have shown that the most efficient oper-
ator of farm machines is an

I H C GASOLINE ENGINE

All I H C engines are conservatively rated — each engine easily
developing 10 to 30 per cent more than its listed horse power.

The I H C is simple — its parts few and strong. This makes it
easy to clean and keep in good condition, and gives it lasting qualities not
to be found on more complicated engines.
I H C Gasoline Engines are built
in all styles and sizes, 1 to 45-H. P., verti-
cal and horizontal — stationary, portable,
or tractor.

No matter what work you want done there
is an I H C to do it. See the I H C local
dealer and pick out the engine you need. Get
it to work saving you time and money and in-
creasing your production. If you prefer, write
for catalogue and full itiformation to nearest
branch house.

CANADIAN BRANCHES— Intemalioiul Humtter Companr of
America at Brandon, Calvary, Eilraonton, Hamilton, Lethbrid^e,
London, Montreal, North Battleford, Ottawn, Recina. S**t'M"^'!i
"it. John, Weybnm, Winnipes, YorktOB.

I H C Service Biireaa

The purpose of this
Bureau is to furnish
farmers with infot-
mation on better
farming. If you
have any worthy
Question concerning:
soils, crops, pests,
fertilizer, etc . write
to the I H C Serv-
ice Bureau. and
leam what our ex-
perts and others
have found out
concerning those
subjects.

International Harvester Company of America

Chicago (Inoorporatod) USA

£f

|f

POULTRY DEPT.

Cooperation in Handling Eggs

A largo produce firm in Montr0.1l stato
that they throw out from two to four doz<i]
eggs out of each case that they handle. Wlm
pays for this I0.S8? The egg dealer is u
in the business for his health and he ba
his prices upon what he will get for his
whole stock, good, bad or indifferent.

It is estimated by Pref. Elford of M
Donald College that about twenty-five i>
lion dollars were paid out la.st year by ecu
sumers for eggs while the sum realized by
the producers did not exceed fifteen million
dollars. In other words t<-n million dollars
either went to the middle men or was lost
owing to the careless manner in which the
poultry men gathered their eggs. The ro
suits of this lack of system is that sni
seventeen per cent, are either broken .
tran.sit or are bad and have to be thrown
out by the produce firms which handle them
before they are sold to customers. Tli
alone means a loss of about two million (i
lar a year to the egg prodiicons of Canada
This ln.ss is made good by the men who sell
good eggs as the dealers protect themselves
against loss by paying enough less so that
they will make a profit on the whole. Thus
the men who sell good eggs really provide
the money to pay the careless ones for their
bad eggs.

Is it not about time that the poultry men
got together and decided on some plan
whereby they could place their product in
the hands of the consumers direct and save
this enormous loss. The man who lives near
a city or town can deliver his eggs two or
three times a week and guarantee them
absolutely fresh, and obtain the highest
price. There is always a market for first
quality eggs but there are so many low
grade eggs which null down the average
price paid to the producer.

Again too many men get a share of the
profits. The local dealer buys the eggs
all at the same price and makes very little
inquiry with regard to the degree of fresh-
ness, the local dealer sells to the commis-
sion merchant, the commission merchant in
town sells to the small grocery store from
which the consumer is supplied. Thus the
consumer pays a great advance in most cases
ever what the poultry men receive yet due
to the number of hands that the eggs have
to pass through and the length of time
taken the quality is usually very poor.

COOPER.\TION IN DENMARK

The Danes are leaders in cooperation and
in that country the producers are grouped
together in what is known as cooperative
egg circles. They go so far as to grade eggs
with regard to color and size making it the
aim of their association to supply the con-
sumer with exactly what he wants and of
course charge him accordingly. The co-
operative handling of eggs has been success,
ful for years in Denmark. This system is
also working satisfactorilv in several com-
munities in Canada and the United States.

CONDITIONS NECES8.\RY

The host results for the fresh egg circles
are to be had where the circle is of such di.
mensions as will enable it to supply a cer-
tain number of eggs the whole year around.
Some of the conditions necessary if the egg
circle is to be a success are given below and
will be found just as important for a circle

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

MAY, 1911

No. 5

Pollination of Apple Blossoms

Mr. George E. Sanders, B.S.A., car-
ried on some most interesting investiga-
tions in the College orchard in 1905 and
igo6. Mr. Sanders defines two distinct
conditions which have to do with imper-
fect setting of fruit. The first is self-
sterilitv. which means that an individual
or a variety is incapable of fertilizing its
own blossoms even though perfect pollin-
ation may take place. The self-sterile
varieties when planted in isolated situa-
tions or in large blocks do not bear well.
The same varieties when planted in mix-
ed orchards may yield abundantly. Some
varieties have invariably proven self-
sterile, while others consistently prove
completely or partially self-sterile. Self-
sterile varieties bear as much pollen as
self-fertile ones, and the pollen is as good
for fertilizing other varieties as is the
pollen from a self-fertile sort. The rem-
edy for self-sterility is mixed planting
with any variety which bears an abun-
dant supply of pollen and blooms at the
same date as the self-sterile variety.

IMPERFECT PEETILIZATION

This condition may arise even in the
case of varieties which are capable of fer-
tilizing their own blossoms, and of
course, may also arise in connection
with self-sterile fruits even when effic-
ient poUinizers are close by. The indica-
tions of imperfect pollination are small,
mis-shapen fruits. On examination, one-
sided apples usually prove to be fertilized
only on one side, possessing a small
number of well developed seeds. As a
rule, cross-pollenized fruit is found to be
larger than that self-fertilized. It was
noted that imperfectly fertilized fruits
are more likely to be attacked by scab on
the side on which the seed does not de-
velop than on the fertilized side. Also,
it was noted that imperfecly fertilized
fruit drops more readily than perfectly
fertilized fruit. Thinning of the fruit on
the tree causes imperfectly fertilized fruit
to stay on better and grow larger than
it otherwise would. This is simply be-
cau.se the individual fruits are better
nourished than they would be if they were
all left on the tree.

BEES THE EEMEDT

The remedy for imperfect fertilization
is the introduction of bees, as it has been
clearly proven that insects perform prac-
tically all of the work of transferring
pollen in the case of tree fruits. The
inter-planting of varieties which bear

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph

abundant supplies of pollen is also use-
ful as an additional means of securing
more perfect fertilization.

The above is a brief summary of Mr.
Sander's conclusions. These have, I be-
lieve, been verified by other investiga-
tors and experience also points out the
necessity of securing perfect pollination.

With regard to the question whether
frosf is likely to be more injurious in
cases where pollination is delayed through
wet weather and lack of insects, I can
only say that in seasons such as last
spring, when frosts were commonly ex-
perienced, the injuries were more serious

Results of Imperfect Fertilization

The above shows the neceasity of perfect pol-
lination. Photograph furnished by Prof. Crow,
O.A.O.

with those varieties or in those districts
where trees were in full bloom. Where
fertilization was sufficiently far advanc-
ed that fruit could be said to have "set,"
the fruit remained on ,the tree and ma-
tured, although in many cases apples
were disfigured by injuries due to frost
experienced in the early stage. With this
fact in mind, it would certainly be cor-
rect to state that the keeping of bees in
orchards is desirable for the purpose of
bringing about fertilization at as early a
period as possible. Bees, are of course,
necessary before pollination can take
place at all.

EFFECT OF PERFECT POLLINATION

The accompanying illustration shows
the results of work done by the writer

100

in following up Mr. Sanders' investiga-
tion. Five lots of fifty apple blossoms
each were made use of. From one lot
(No. 5) four pistils were removed ; from
the second lot (No. 4) three pistils were
removed ; from another lot (No. 3) three,
and from a fourth lot (No. 2) one pistil
was removed. One lot of fifty blossoms
was left in normal condition with five
pistils, or rather the entire five sections
of the pistil in their natural condition.
Pollination was performed at the same
time and under the same conditions in
the case of all five lots of blossoms. The
accompanying photograph shows the
quantity of fruit produced in each case. It
wil be noted at once that the largest
number of apples was produced by the
normal blossoms and the decrease in pro-
ductiveness is almost in direct proportion
to the number of sections of the pistil
removed. On examination, however, it
was found that the largest number of
good seeds per apple was in the case of
lot No. 3. It is not well, of course, to
draw conclusions hastily, but in so far
as this one experiment can be made use
of as pointing towards any definite re
suit, it would seem to indicate that a sur-
plus of pollen has the effect of producing
fruit regardless of the actual degree of
fertilization which may take place. This
may or may not be correct, and I wish
simply to suggest the question for fur-
ther investigation. You will note that
lots Nos. I and 2 have reached consider-
ably larger size than lots Nos. 3 and 4
and 5, and the inference is plain, of
course, that thorough pollination influ-
ences very materially the size of the
fruit. It was also noted in connection
with this investigation that the apples of
lots No. I and 2 were decidedly better in
color than those of lots 3, 4 and 5.

In planting I trim off all damaged roots
and a few of the longest ones, and cut
the stalk down to eighteen inches, leav-
ing four to five good buds to start the
head of the tree. I prune regularly, thin
out the branches so as to let in lots of
daylight, and keep the tree down, so that
the fruit can be easily picked. I picked
one hundred baskets from eight trees,
and could reach every peach from the
ground. I cultivate with some hoed crop
until such time as the trees need the
ground. — L. H. Robinson, Leamington,
Ont.

no

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

Orchard Cultivation*

W. Dreher, Macdonald College

Stop cultivating and sow a cover crop other tilled and seeded

before the season's growth stops in mid-
summer. From that time trees begin to
get ready for the winter by ripening
their wood, consequently all work tend-
ing to promote growth must stop so as
to allow the trees sufficient time to ma-
ture properly. By means of cover crops
the roots will be protected from frost.
The ground will better hold the snow
and allow its water to penetrate instead
of washing off the surface soil in spring
rains. These requirements, together
with that of checking the growth of the
trees in summer, are fulfilled by sowing
a crop about the middle or end of July,
which by winter will cover the ground,
forming a mulch of vegetable matter.
Besides these advantages it benefits the
trees by improving the physical condi-
tion of the soil and enriching it in plant
food when plowed under to form humus
early in spring.

WHAT KIND OF COVER CROPS

It remains to be determined what crop
to sow after cultivation has ceased.
This is a local question, and the fruit
grower wilt have to use his own judg-
ment for the choice. The experimental
farms, however, have experimented with
a number of crops, and can tell the ad-
vantages that each will give in certain
sbil.<s and undejr given climatic condi-
tions. From these the grower can
choose those he thinks will answer the
purpose best. He can also do that from
his own field crops of which he possesses
knowledge and with which he has had
experience. Clovers, peas, vetch, oats,
rye, buckwheat, or rape may be used.
The clovers, peas or vetch are to be pre-
ferred as they enrich the .soil in nitro-
gen. Crimson clover at the rate of
twenty-five pounds per acre or vetch at
the rate of one and a half bushels per
acre give two of the best cover crops.
These are sown broadcast and harrowed
in at the last cultivation early in July.

TILLAGE VS. SOD

It might at first glance appear that it
does not pay to give the orchard that
attention which involves all the afore
described operations and that satisfac-
tory results can be obtained by allowing
the trees to grow in sod. While some
growers in special conditions have re-
ceived fairly good retprns from ^;uch
orchards, the general experiments point
to the fact that tillage gives the best re-
sults. Just in what particular points it
gives better results can be best illus-
trated by quoting an experiment con-
ducted near Rochester, N.Y., by Mr.
W. D. Auchter in an orchard of nine
and a half acres of Baldwin trees.

The orchard was divided into two
plots, of which one was left in sod, the

• Extract from an address delivered before the
Quebec Pomologloal Society. •«»»"*o wo

with an annual
cover crop. The trees in both plots re-
ceived as nearly as possible identical
treatment as to pruning, .spraying, fer-
tilizing and all other orchard operations
except the system of culture.

The results after five years are sum-
marized as follows :

The average yield on the sod plat was
for the five years 72.9 barrels per acre ;
for the tilled plat 109.2 barrels; differ-
ence in favor of tilled plat of 36.3
barrels.

Actual count showed 434 apples per
barrel on the sod land, weighing 5.01
ozs. each, and 309 apples per barrel on
the tilled plat, weighing 7.04 ozs. each.
The advantage of tillage over the sod
mulch in the matter of uniformity of

trees and crops is marked. The trees
in sod showed abnormalities in foliage,
branches, roots and particularly in fruit
bearing and in fruit characters.

Among a number of other differences
in favor of the tilled plat was the dark
rich green color of foliage of the trees
in the latter, indicating that they werr
in the best of health. On the other
hand the yellow color of the leaves of
the sod trees told at once that something
was amiss.

The average cost per acre for the t\\ '
methods, not including harvesting, wa
Si 7.92 for the sod and S24.47 for tillage,
giving a difference of $6.55 in favor of
the sod. The average net income per
acre for the sod, was $71.52, for the
tilled plat $110.43, a difference of $38.91
in favor of tillage, an increase of 54 per
cent, for tillage over the .sod mulch
method of management.

A Typical Unpruned Tree. Fig. 1.

Training Neglected Suckers on Apple Trees

A. McNeil], Ottawa

An apple tree that has been pruned
back severely, and in consequence has de-
veloped a rank growth of suckers which
have not been properly pruned and
trained as they developed, forms after
three or four years a very serious prob-
lem in pruning. Merely to thin out the
suckers will not do, because those that are
left have long naked shanks with the
new growth and bearing wood if any has
developed, many feet in the air.

Perhaps the best general advice that
can be given is to thin the suckers, and
make grafts close back to the large wood
on those that it is desirable to use as the
foundation for the new head. In no other
way can we be sure of getting the bear-
ing wood low down and close to the
heavy supporting wood. When the grafts

have made a growth of one year they
should be cut back as previously describ-
ed and the remainder of the suckers mav
then be cut away altogether, and the
growth from the grafts will take their
place.

It is quite possible, too, if the suckers
are not too large, the new growth if cut
back severely, will develop dormant buds,
and a new top can then be developed from
these, care being taken to prune back the
new growth, and thus not repeat the
error that one is striving to correct.

Whether the method by grafting or
trusting to dormant buds would be the
better, can only be determined by actually
seeing the tree. But, speaking general-
ly, it can be advised that if the suckers
have grown to a diameter of three-quar-

May, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

III

m

^ters of an inch or over, grafting would
' te the surest method. If less than three-
quarters of an inch, it is quite likely if
cut back to within six or eight inches
of the larger wood, this stub would de-
velop new wood.

Pruning Trees

Much interest is being manifested in
the Georgian Bay district in the better
care of their orchards. This interest has
been caused largely by the great success
that attended the work of the demonstra-
tion orchards under the supervision of
Mr. J. F. Metcalfe, representative of the
Department of Agriculture in this section
last year. This year the Georgian Bay
Fruit Growers, Limited, and an English
syndicate, of which Mr. Metcalfe is man-
ager, are buyirig up and renting or-
chards, and the farmers are waking up to
the fact that their orchards are worth
taking care of.

The illustrations represent a sample
of the work done at Clarksburg by Mr.
C. Penrose, and his crew of pruners, for
the English syndicate. Fis:ure No. i is
a typical unpruned tree; Figure No. 2,
shows the same tree properly pruned. As
will be noticed, in thinning out the tree
care has been taken to take as few large
limbs out as possible. The small wood
has been thinned out around the outside.

The Tree Shown on the Opposite Page After Having Been Properly Pruned. Fig. 2.

and the centre opened up so that the
tree could be sprayed, and the sun get in
to color the fruit. Great care was taken
not to break off the fruit spurs and the
outside wood was all shortened back from
six inches to a foot. — G. F. M.

Orcharding in the Oshawa District

Elmer Lick, Mtnager Oshawa Froit Growers, Limited

Friming is one of the most important
onerations in the orchard in spring.
March is usually the month in which
most of this work is done, chiefly for the
reason that the orchardist has more time
at his disposal at that season, but where
this has not been attended to earlier the
old adage applies here, "Better late than
never," and this work can be continued
through to June with no injury to the
trees, but, on the contrary, with great
imnrovement to the fruit.

In this district there is very much
more interest exhibited in pruning than
ever before. Many of the old orchards
have been allowed to grow too high.
These have been cut back in order that
suckers may grow out from the main
limbs and be trained into new bearing
wood. Prune to get the head as large
as the distance between the trees, but no
larger, and then by annual heading in,
keep them down to this size. Clean out
the top and outside and keep the centre
full of bearing wood. In dehorning large
trees do not take out more than one-quar-
ter of the top in any one year, otherwise
the balance between the roots and the
branches may be destroyed. Paint all
cuts with the white lead and linseed oil,
using no turpentine.

SPRAYING

Spraying has been proved to be an ab-
solute necessity if we are to produce good
fruit, and lime-sulphur is the most con-

venient and effective method of combat-
ting fungus diseases and insect pests. In
this district the majority of farmers and
fruit growers are using commercial
brands of lime-sulphur. For the dormant
spray, use one of the mixture to ten of
water ;• no injury will be done to a tree
until after the leaves are about a half
inch long, athough it is more effective
in combatting the blister mite, if applied
just as the buds are beginning to burst.
I do not think that in this district we
can do without a second spray, as the
strong dormant spray could not in aver-
age seasons be applied later than May
first, while the second spray for blight
should come on about May 10 or 15. I
use this spray at a strength of one of lime-
sulphur to thirty-five of water, and mix
two to two and one-half pounds of ar-
senate of lead to the forty gallon barrel.
This prevents early infection of the scab
fungus and poisons any leaf eating in-
sects which may be hatching out. The
third spray should be of the same strength
and applied just as the blossoms are
falling. Plenty of power should be used
and the spray driven well into the calyx
of the flower. I am satisfied that three
sprayings a year for three years will en-
tirely control the oyster shell bark lice.
If, however, they are very numerous,
the quickest method is to apply a spray
of the dilute lime-sulphur, one to thirty
or thirty-five of water, just when the lit-

tle insects are hatching out, which is us-
ually about the first of June. Lime-sul-
phur at this strength is sure death to the
young oyster shell bark lice. In some
cases, a fourth spray about two weeks
after the blossoms fall, is advisable in
preventing infection of scab, but in the
majority of cases the three mentioned
sprays are found to be sufficient.

CULTIVATION

The orchard should be plowed as early
in the spring as the land can be worked,
and then cultivated every ten days or two
weeks until about the first of July, when
the cover crop should be sown. I do not
nractise cultivation close to the trees but
leave from one to three feet around the
trunk in sod, as I believe this sod is a
protection to the tree and a preventive of
collar rots. An additional reason is that
it takes money to cultivate close to the
trees, and as the feeding roots are some
distance from the trunk of the tree, it is
absolutely of no use except as an aid to
the appearance of the orchard, and when
a man is in the business from the dollars
and cents standpoint he cannot afford
to spend much money on appearances.

COVER CROP

Almost any crop may be used as a
cover croo. Clover has the advantage of
adding the expensive nitrogen from the
atmosphere in addition to its value as a
humus former. I prefer buckwheat, for
the reason that it is a sure catch, the
seed is cheap, and it will hold the snow
and leaves better than a shorter growing
crop like clover.

I firmly believe that twitch grass has
as many good points as an orchard cover
crop as any other plant, although I
would hardly advise sowing it for this
purpose. No seed is required, for as
soon as the cultivator is stopped it comes
in of itself, makes a good growth in the

112

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

f.ill, v\liich makes a dense mat of vege-
tation, which ticeps the apples clean. In
order to obtain high-class apples and es-
pecially of such varieties as Snows, Mac-
intosh Red, Duchess, Spy, it is absolutely
necessary to thin them. It is of no use
to grow culls and the fruit grower might
as well pick the fruit off through the
summer as to let it go until fall. In short
in order to obtain good apples it is nec-
essary to prune and spray thoroughly,
plow early in the season, cultivate regu-
larly until the first of July, then seed to
cover crop, and thin, out the apples.

OSHAWA FEUIT GROWERS. LIMITED

The above association, of which I am
secretary, has had a very successful sea-
son, last year having shipped 7,500 bar-
rels of apples, of which the farmers re-
ceived for the apples alone an average
of $2.69 for No. I, and $1.75 for No. 2.
These high prices were largely due, in
addition to the efficient work done by the
secretary and manager, to the thorougli
work in spraying as done by the members
of the Association. This success has had
its effect upon adjoining farmers as many
of those who a few years ago would not
think of spraying, are waking up to its
necessity, and buying spray pumps and
material. Up to the present the Associa-
tion has sold one htindred and fifty bar-
rels of Niagara lime-sulphur, three tons
of arsenate of lead, seventy-five bags of
sulphur and thirty spray pumps to its
members.

Pruning at Planting Time

J. H. Hare, B. S. A., Whitby

In this district many of our best grow-
ers have an erroneous idea of letting the
young trees grow a couple of years with-
out pruning. In planting, trees should
be selected that have the head formed
from two to two and one-half feet above
the ground; the new growth should be
cut off from six to eight inches from the
trunk, and the trees thoroughly cultivat-
ed for five or six feet from the trunk dur-
ing the summer.

In order to prove the benefit of prun-
ing the trees at the time of planting, an
experiment was conducted, in which part
of the trees were planted just as they
came from the nursery while the limbs
of the others were cut back to six or
eight inches from the trunk. On the un-
pruned trees there was almost no growth
of wood, the leaves were small and had a
dried up appearance and were only about
one-half the usual size. The trees ap-
peared to suffer greatly from drought,
and did not look healthy. In fact, the
owner feared that he would lose them en-
tirely, and the greater number of them
were pruned about the middle of August.
This seemed to revive the trees to a con-
siderable extent as they put forth new
growth. Thig growth, however, was
very soft, not ripening up well and it is
doubtful if it will stand the winter.

A Well cared for Orchard

The trees which were cut back made
a vigorous growth of fifteen to eighteen
inches, did not appear to suffer from
drought and went into winter quarters
with the wood well ripened up. From
one-half to one-third the growth should
be taken off each year in order to make
a good stout vigorous foundation for the
trees.

Spraying in British Columbia

W. J. L. Hamilton, Sooth Salt Spring, B.C.

The spring season is on us again with
all the work it entails. Disagreeable
work, too, for of all unpleasant things to
handle, lime-sulphur spray of winter
strength (one to ten) is the worst. Hence
it is well to see that it is effectively
done, so as not to require repeating.

Before spraying the trees should be
thoroughly pruned, and the prunings, to-
gether with as many leaves as possible,
should at once be raked up and burned,
whereby a great deal of scab and other
fungous infection, together with many
insect enemies, and their eggs, are de-
stroyed. Then each tree should be spray-
ed from four different points, the spray
being first directed against the small
twigs, and then against the branches and
stem. No portion of the tree, however
small, should escape a thorough dose of
spray, and then the ground under the tree
should receive its share, to kill fungous
spores.

After the trees are all thoroughly
sprayed, the orchard will take care of
itself until spring when the spraying
should be repeated just before growth
commences.

The ground should then tse thoroughly
disked and a few days afterwards re-

in the Grimsby Fruit District

disked crossways. From this on until
time for the summer growth to ripen,
constant cultivation should be given, the
different summer sprays being used from
time to time as directed.

In using the ready manufactured lime-
sulphur spray it should be used with nine
or ten times its bulk of water, and this
spray is rendered much more eflficient,
and at the same time more visible, if
twelve pounds of quick lime are added
to, and well stirred up in each barrel of
forty gallons of mixed spray.

A really efficient pump and nozzle arc
imperative, for the spray should not be
applied as a douche, but as a very fine,
misty spray, with force enough to pene-
trate everywhere.

Buy a Spray Pump

Even if you have no more than a dozen
trees it will pay you to buy a spray pump.
The barrel spray pump is what the aver-
age small fruit grower needs. It will be
cheaper to buy the pump and then mount
it on a good molasses or vinegar barrel,
than to buy one already mounted. Any
man handy with tools can easily mount
the pump on the barrel himself.

It is poor economy to select a cheap
pump. Get one with all the working
parts made of brass, for if made of iron
they corrode rapidly with the spray ma-
terial. A pump with the working parts
made of brass will cost more in the be-
ginning, but will be cheajjer in the end.

Any time after the leaves have fallen
and before the sap begins to flow, prun-
ing may be done. By making the prunl
ing an annual task the labor is lightene
and its efficiency increased.

What Amateurs Can Do in May

BEFORE good work can be done in
any occupation proper tools must be
provided. One can garden quite
satisfactorily with a garden fork, spade,
rake, hoe and trowel. A wheelbarrow will
also be needed. A few other con-
veniences that are necessary are a gar-
den line that can be bought for fifty
cents, a pair of pruning shears can be
obtained for seventy-five cents. A hand
weeder and a few feet of hose will also
be required.

When digging a plot of ground, al-
ways begin at one end and work back-
wards ; thus you will always have firm
footing on the unbroken surface. When
digging work in the manure or fertilizer
at the same time.

IN THE FLOWER GARDEN

Seed sowing and transplanting will be
the first work in the flower garden.
Plants that have sprung from seeds sown
earlier in the house should not be trans-
planted from the house to the open
ground without first" going through a
process of hardening-off. This is done by
gradually introducing the plants to the
changed conditions of outdoor life by
exposing them for a few hours a day at
first to outside influences. One of the
best places to harden tender plants is
a cold frame. This hardening can, how-
ever, be accomplished by setting the
plants outside where they can either be
lifted inside again or protected until
they become accustomed to the changed
conditions.

Nasturtium, balsam and portulaca
seed can usually be sown outside with
success about the second or third we-K
in May. Sweet peas can be sown enrly
in May. Do not sow seeds where the
plants will be shaded by trees. If pos-
sible have the rows running north and
south. The soil should be dug over
deeply and a liberal amount of well rot-
ted stable manure worked in sufficiently
deep so that it will not touch the seed.
Plant the seed in benches at first, cover-
ing with only one or two inches of soil.
More soil can be raked in as the plants
grow. If the soil is of a clayey nature
do not plant the seeds as deeply as if it
is more sandy.

Corms or bulbs of gladioli can be
planted towards the end of May and
even earlier in some localities. Plant
the bulbs three or four inches deep and
about six or eight inches apart, and
cither in clumps or rows. The ground
should be thoroughly prepared before
planting. Dahlias can also be planted
towards the end of the month. Canna
roots should not be planted until afte'-
the middle of June.

Cobea scandens is one of the best
annual climbers for covering trellis
work, fences or rockeries. .Sow a few
.seeds at once and keep them in the.win-
; dow or hotbed. About three seeds in a

three or four inch pot will be sufficient.
It is better not to repot before planting
out as they do not transplant readily ii
separated. Use rather light, sandy soil
and keep the soil in the pots moist and
they will be ready to transplant outside
early in June. Plant the whole pot of
plants together, whether there be one
or two or three plants in the pot.

If it is necessary to move spring
flowering bulbs when they have passed
their usefulness to make room for other
plants, the bulbs should be dug up and
heeled in just below the ground in some
out of the way place and left there un-
til July. The bulbs should then be lifted
and kept in a cool, dry shed until they
are required again for fall planting.

Secure and plant some new perennials
in the herbaceous border. This class ot
plants are easily grown and will provide
a succession of bloom the greater part
of the season.

LAWN MAKING

Repair the bare patches on the lawn
by seeding or sodding. Soil from ex-
cavations and cellars should be removed
and replaced with a rich loam. If the
lawn is uneven or has never been pro-
perly levelled, dig it deeply all over.
Work the surface thoroughly, filling all
the hollows by raking, and then roll
thoroughly.

Before sowing the seed have the sur-
face as fine and smooth as possible. The
creation of a good permanent sod de-
pends as much upon the preparation of
the soil as on anything else.

Kentucky blue grass is the mainstay
of a durable greensward, but the best
plan is to buy a ready mixed lawngrass
seed from a reliable seed dealer. Sow
liberally and evenly, then rake and roll.
Great care should be given to all the
details, as a lawn is the basis of the
whole scheme of decorative gardening.

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN

The soil should be thoroughly worked
and a liberal application of well rotted
stable manure mide at the same time.
Onions, peas, spinach and other hardy
vegetables may be planted as soon as
the ground is fit for them. Seeds of ten-
der plants, such as cucumbers, corn and
squash, should not be planted until all
danger of frost is past. Soak seeds of
beet, carrot, parsnip and beans over
night, when they will come up a few
days earlier. Care should be taken not
to plant the seeds too deeply in the
spring. If frost threatens, young seed-
lings should be covered with paper,
leaves, or soil. The cover should be re-
moved as soon as the danger is past.

Radishes will thrive in any good soil,
but to be crisp and tender, should be
grown quickly. Sow every ten days oi
two weeks to provide a continuous sup-
ply. Good varieties are Scarlet White-
tipped Turnip and French Breakfast.

A delicious plant for home growing is
salsify or vegetable oyster. Sow the
seed as early as possible. Handle the
crop the same as parsnips. Sandwich
Island is a good variety.

Lettuce should be sown early in May.

Palm Houae in Ailan Gardeni

This is a view of the caacade in the palm house in Allan Gardens, Toronto,
but it conveys a poor idea of the pretty effect produced by the falling water
among the tropical foliage and flowers. The Garden is hound to become a favor-
ite place for visitors, already large crowds of people have visited it and are
asking to have the extension put In so as to provide more space for promenad-
ing. There is at present a fine display of Azal&a«, Begonias, Cineraria Hy-
brida and Shelda, Cyclamen. Schizanthus, G«ni8ta8 and Primulas, Keweneia and
Sinensis, also Orchidfi, Oattleya Trianae, Sophronitis Grandlflora, and N<>penthe8
Amesiana, also a fine collection of Stove plants, well worth seeing. The bous«
is open the following bonra: 9 till 6, week days: 1 till 6, Sondays.

113

114

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

Among the best varieties are Big Bos-
ton and Black-seeded Simp*)rt. Two
of the best onions are Yellow Globe
Danvers and Red Wethersfield. A good
parsnip is Holland Crown. For early
squash plant the White Bush Scallop ;
for later varieties in the order given,
grow Summer Crook Neck and Hub-
bard.

Keep the surface soil stirred and cul-
tivate the soil around all growing crops.
It will kill the weeds as soon as they
sprout, saves moisture, and assists
plant growth in many ways.

AMONG THE FRUITS

Remove the mulch from the old straw-
berry bed and leave it between the rows.
It will help to save the moisture, protect
the fruit from the earth and make the
work of picking much pleasanter. If
your garden does not contain straw-
berries start a patch this spring. These

fruits are easily grown and deserve a
prominent place in every amateur's gar-
den. Plant in rows three feet apart,
with plants fifteen to eighteen inches
apart iii the rows. If the garden does
not already contain them, plant currant
and gooseberry bushes five feet apart.
Raspberries and blackberries also de-
serve a place ; if space is lacking they
can be trained up against the fence.

PRUNING ROSES

The best time to prune roses is just as
the buds are starting. Cut out all dead
and weak branches. Head back the re-
maining branches to within a few inches
of the old wood. Remove all dead and
weak wood from your climbing roses.
Cut back the remaining branches to
about five feet, unless you wish the bush
to cover the screen or fence more
quickly. By shortening each year a more
compact climber is secured.

should be kept close to the grass in front
and not come next to the structure itself.
Carpet bedding may be placed on ter-
races or in the angles of the paths or
near gateways. Vases or any other arti-
ficial work must never be placed in a
patch of lawn by itself.

Spring and Summer Bedding Plants

E. F. Collins, Toronto

FIRST and foremost, every gardener
should consider color arrangements,
in fact, it is really the chief point to
study. Cheap plants and bulbs well ar-
ranged as to color are always pleasing to
the eye of even the poorestcritic, while the
best of material forming poor combination
of color, is mean to look at, and a meaner
advertisement of the taste and ability of
the person planning the display. We
sometimes hear complaints as to the short
life of such plants as tulips and hya-
cinths. This is true in some seasons
when they are slow to open. I have found
that by planting combinations of bulbs
and plants that this objection is partially
overcome. Let us take a bed of red or
pink tulips when they are out of the
ground about six inches. Plant white
daisies between them. If there is not
room just plant the daisies as an edging
to the bed.

A mass of blue and white hyacinths
looks well edged with the different blue
shades of pansies, or a bed of any of the
single narcissi, such as Golden Spur,
Emperor, Empress, or bi-color Victoria
looks splendid with a groundwork of all
the dark shades of pansies. Plant the
pink and red shades of daisies as a back-
ground for white hyacinths or tulips. It
is surprising what a beautiful display can
be made with a few plants by a little fore-
thought and good judgment.

After the bulbs are over, if you want to
change the bed, the bulbs can be lifted,
and stocks, balsam, or any upright grow-
ing plants set between the pansies or
daisies. If they are kept well supplied
with water and the seed pods kept off
they will flower until frost.

SUMMER BEDDING PLANTS

The arrangement of summer bedding
plants is even of more importance with
regard to the color arrangement and the

point of view the plants will be seen from.
I find all pink shades look best when
seen with a background of trees and
when looking away from the sun. Other
white or light color combinations also
look best in the same position and in
partial shade. Reds, bronzes, yellows,
and all rich, bright colors appear at their
best when seen looking towards the sun.
It will be seen that it is of much import-
ance which side of the walk or the loca-
tion in the pleasure grourrds that the
different colors are placed.

SCREENING OF FENCES AND BUILDINGS

All fences and buildings should, if pos-
sible, be grouped together with tall plants
and tropical foliages, with bright splashes
of colors here and there. These colors

Arrangement of Lawn and
Flowers

R.E. R6we, BrantUrd

Running down the west side of the lawn
shown in the illustration is a wood fence,
which divides my lot from the neighbor-
ing one, and against which was planted
half way along assorted sweet peas,
which grew and flowered in great pro-
fusion, almost covering the fence. From
where the sweet peas left off petunias be-
gan, assorted colors, which continued to
the end of that side of the fence, the
whole making a very striking and pleas-
ing border.

On the north the lawn was bordered
by a deep row of various colored asters,
and behind which was a row of dahlias,
the whole hiding from the casual obser-
ver's eye a beautiful bed of tomatoes.

On the east side, which is partly bor-
dered by a brick building, verbenas and
nasturtiums grew and made a very ef-
fective border.

In the centre of the lawn, in a small
diamond bed, was a profusion of red
geraniums, which stood out in striking
contrast to the green of the lawn. Close
up against the side of the house were
several perpetual blooming rose bushes.

In closing, I might mention that I ob-
tained first prize for the best kept lawn
in this ward in the year 1909.

Repair the lawn and re-seed if neces-
sary. Dig out dock, dandelion and per-
ennial weeds.

First Prize Lawn
The property of Mr. R. E. Eowe. Brantford, Ont.

See above article by Mr. Rowc.

May, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

115

The China Aster and Gladiolus

John Cavers, Oakville

ieties must be separated from the later
ones for planting in the sections of
country referred to.

The Gladiolus is one of the plants

THE China Aster, which, by the way, The corms may be planted in rows and that make a flourishing growth in these
is not an aster, is one of the flower- grown like vegetables — the rows a foot newer sections, and it is well calculated
ing plants that has been greatly im- apart and the corms four or five inches to brighten the homes of the pioneers ;
proved in the past ten years ; and its pop- in the row— or they may be planted in but only early varieties should be sent
ularity has kept pace with the improve- groups or beds, the corms five or six there. If the Gladiolus is to take its
ment of the plant. This improvement has inches apart. They may be planted any legitimate place in the gardens of this
been brought about chiefly by the selec- time in May or June and at intervals of country dealers must give attention to
tion of the best plants for seed-producing ten days if a succession of bloom be the season of blooming of the varieties
purposes. There is perhaps no flower- desired. For late planting only large sent into the more northerly portions,
ing annual so dependent on the quality corms should be used ; small corms
of the seed for success in its growth as should be planted early. If the soil be
the China Aster. Quality in the seed and light the corms should be planted four
continuous growth are the two chief fac- to six inches deep, the large corms
tors in China aster cultivation. The deeper than the smaller sizes; if the soil
best soil is a strong loam ; the best loca- be heavy, planting at three or four
tion is a sunny exposure ; and one of the inches will give better results than deeper
best fertilizers is wood ashes. planting. A frequent stirring of the sur-

Work in a Calgary Garden*

W. R. Reader, Calgary

Annuals I have grown include Ager-
atum, sown under glass middle of April,
Antirrhinum or Snapdragon, Tom
Thumb, the ordinary tall variety, and

Queen of the North. The two former
The chief improvement that has been face soil will repay for the time and varieties were not satisfactory, flower-

made in the China Aster in late years
is in the form and size of the bloom —
not only in circumference but in depth
also. The tendency appears to be to-
wards a more ball-like form. This ten-
dency, if persisted in, will have the

labor, but it must be shallow working,
for the roots are near the surface. A
steel rake shortened to about eight
inches is a good tool for this purpose,
if the corms are planted in rows.

There is a feature about the culture

ing too late to be of much service.
Queen of the North is a white inter-
mediate strain, and was most satisfac-
tory, flowering very early, and continu-
ing a mass of bloom till destroyed by
frost . It grows about nine inches high.

effect of giving a larger proportion of of the Gladiolus that has not been given and makes a good second-row plant, but

much attention either in the United is a little too tall as an edging plant.
States or in this country, but which is Anchusa succeeded well sown directly in

11

blooms without the yellow centre, which
is the bane of aster growers for cut-
flower purposes. Another tendency is
to bring the later varieties in earlier in
the season. The terminal buds of aster
plants should always be removed, and
the number of the lateral buds should be
reduced to eight or twelve, if large
blooms be desired.

The China .-Xster plant, if it is well
rooted and is carefully packed, is one
that carries well, and no serious check
in its growth takes place even when
several days are required for its journey.
It is known that these plants have been
successfully shipped from Ontario t(i
points in Cape Breton on the east and
in Saskatchewan on the west. The
plants are inexpensive, and they are
well calculated not only to give immedi-
ate pleasure, but to further that finer
taste for floral beauty that is a growing
asset in our national life.

THE GLADIOLUS

The culture of the Gladiolus is ap-
parently on the eve of a great expan-
sion. Many acres are now devoted to

Its cultivation and increase, but the • especially important in our country,

supply is not equal to the demand. And viz., the time of blooming of the diff'er-

this demand is based on substantial rea- ent varieties. There is a range of six

sons. The simple planting and easy weeks or more between the very early

culture of the corms, the annual repro- and the very late sorts. In newer On-

duction and increase of these corms, the tario and in the Northwest Provinces,

size, beauty of form, and gorgeous the early frosts which usually occur in

loloring of the blooms, the absolute the end of August or early in September satisfactory. It seemed to suffer badly
freedom from injury by insects and al- will cut off many varieties before they from the heat and lack of atmospheric
most immunity from disease are surely have bloomed. It is cruel treatment on moisture, and the flowers became very
good reasons for its popularity. the part of dealers to send corms into poor and open-eyed as the season ad-
Good corn or potato ground will suit these sections of the country that will vanced. It might be more satisfactory,
the gladiolus. It should have a sunny only be a disappointment to the grow- perhaps, if planted in .shade. The corn-
exposure, and if a plentiful supply of crs. There are earlv varieties that will mon Marigold succeeded from sowings

moisture can be given when the buds are give abundant bloom before the time

well advanced good results will follow. of these early frosts, but these early var- garf'^H^liouTtura'l s^^ifty."'"' ^'°^ *''* "'""

A-

1 ■4^''.> _. "

w

^ »•<• "-iWWBWWS' T" _^^^

Artistic Ground* af Judfc Klein, Walkerton, Ontario

A silver spruce and cut leafed weeping maple cedar hedge may be seen in the foreground

and a spruce hedge in the rear.

the open the first week in May. It is
one of the purest blue annuals we have;
height, 18 inches. Bellis Perennis, the
common English double daisy, though
only a perennial, is like the Snapdragon,
for all practical purposes, an annual in
this country. This I did not find very

ii6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

made in the open, but this annual is
not, to my mind, worth growing when
there are so many better things. The
annual Marguerite Carnations, though
not so desirable, perhaps, as the peren-
nial species, produced an abundance of
exquisitely scented flowers in many
shades of color.

Annual Chrysanthemums proved valu-
able both as bedders and for the window
boxes. They were, however, somewhat
rank and weedy, and possibly would
have been more satisfactory in poorer
soil. Clarkia I sowed in the open, but
for some unknown reason this failed to
come. This year I am sowing under
glass. Coreopsis tinctoria grew luxuri-
antly, but did not flower till late in the
season, though sown inside in March.
Coreopsis Drummondii, however, under
the same treatment produced a profusion
of its rich, golden yellow flowers during
the whole of the summer months, and
was exceptionally useful for cutting.
Collinsia bicolor, an annual with lilac
and white pea-shaped flowers, was very
satisfactory from sowings made in the
open. I tried Convolvulus or "Morn-
ing Glory," but the blossoms faded al-
most immediately on opening, owing to
the bright sunshine.

The Indian and Japanese Pinks were
a great success, and are ,in my opinion,
worthy of more general culture here
than they at present, receive. They vary
in color from pure white to richest crim-
son, while many are beautifully laced
and striped. They remain in full beauty
over a long period. They are not so
quickly affected by dryness at the root,
as are many other annuals. The Cali-
fornian Poppy succeeds in almost every
garden . I grew a variety last year call-
ed "Rosy Queen," the flowers of which
exhibited two very pleasing shades of
pink.

EDGING PLANTS

The variety of Golden Feather known
as Sutton's Golden Ball made an excel-
lent edging plant. This variety has an
exceedingly compact habit, with finely
cut moss-like foliage, its great recom-
mendation being that it does not re-
quire pinching. Jacobea proved a really
beautiful free-flowering annual, produc-
ing dense heads of double flowers in
white, rose, purple, and crimson shades
for a long period. It succeeded in both
sunny and shady situations. The Afri-
can Marigolds grew vigorously and
flowered profusely. I found a small
single flowered kind, known as "Legion
of Honor," very useful as an edging
plant. Malva rosea was excellent as a
dot plant, growing into a compact bush
2 feet high and covered with large pink
flowers. The white Tobacco Plants
were very miserable looking objects dur-
ing the daytime, the flowers closing, and
the plant putting on a drooping, de-
jected and woe-begone appearance gen-
erally. This was compensated for, how-

ever, by the delicious fragrance they
diffused during the evening and night.
I tried Nemesia, a well known and pop-
ular annual in England, but it did not
prove very satisfactory.

I think I need say nothing about pan-
sies, for everybody that has a garden
knows how well they succeed here.

Success in Vase Filling

Fred. W. Aduu, Toront*

A good compost, with lots of fibre,

makes an ideal soil, and the rougher it

is packed in the bottom of the vase the

better. The best centre piece is Dra-

caena indivisa. Use a size that will
throw its leaves well above the rest of
the plants. Le Cid and Mme. Barney
geraniums have been found to be the
most profuse bloomers. Never use but
the one variety in a vase, no matter what
quality is required. For use around the
centre the following are useful ; Achy-
ranthes lindenii, coleus fuchsias, abuti-
lons and Marguerites, and anthuricum
(Var.). For trailers or creepers around
the edge we use Var. Vincas, Ivy ger-
aniums, double Petunias, Fuchsia,
"Trailing Queen," Mesembryanthe-
mums (dew plants)), Var. Tradescantia,
Lobelia, Alyssum and German Ivy. As
much as possible use propagated plants
in preference to seedlings, and above all
strive for a "riot of color." A va.se that
has a green appearance is a poor seller,
and anything but attractive.

If your garden soil is heavy clay, cold
and late, you can lighten it greatly by
adding ashes or sand. Coal ashes,
though of very little fertilizing value, will
aid greatly in this respect. A dressing of
lime, five to ten pounds to the square
yard, will also lighten up heavy lands.

Growing Sweet Peas

Mrs. H. C. NickoUra, St. Calbariaet

The sweet peas shown in the accom-
panying illustration were grown as fol-
lows : F"irst, I manured the ground well,
and then harrowed it thoroughly. I then
took some well rotted manure and forked
it in where the rows were to be planted.
I worked it over and over to the depth of
over one foot, so that I had the soil per-
fectly pulverized. I then made shallow
trenches, about four inches deep, planted
the .seed about three inches apart, zig-
zag, which made two rows, and as they
grew I drew the soil up to them till the
soil was level. I then drove two by two
inch stakes at each end and the middle,
and corded from stake to stake.

At intervals of two weeks I gave three
sowings of nitrate of soda broadcast be-
tween the rows.

Instead of spraying water over the
top of the peas, I thought that I would
try another method of watering. I had
five rows, thirty feet long, four feet
apart between the rows. I then made a
ditch between each row, and turned the
hose into each ditch, and filled full of
water. I found that way kept the soil
cool, and the water seeped through to
the roots easily. The peas grew well.
You can see the luxuriance by the photo.
Why. I had peas galore, the finest that I
ever had. A few days before our July
exhibition, I covered them with cotton,
for the sun scalds the bloom badly here,
which spoils them for show purposes.

I may say that I always grow the Spen-
cer type of sweet peas, as I think they
have the most delicate colors and the
largest blooms. They generally have
three and four blossoms on strong stiff
stems.

Plants for spring blooming should be
generously fed with liquid manure and
top dressings of fine bone meal.

Sweet Pea*
Orown br Mrs. H. 0. Nicholson, St. Oatharinee

May, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

117

RThc Care of Lawns
J. T. Rote, Braitford
In the first place, I will take it for
ranted that your ground is in good con-
dition in regard to drainage. If you
have any low spots be sure and build
them up by cutting the sod into strips
and then rolling them back to the pro-
per level. Your next move is to get
some good, rich soil and fill up the open-
ing made until it will be a little higher
than the surrounding ground, as it will
settle.

For fertilizer, take very rotten horse
or cow manure and apply to the depth
of an inch or more. Every few days
take a rake and stir or spread the man-
ure about so that it will not bleach the
grass. When you find the grass get-
ting long and white remove the most of
tHe manure, but do not be afraid of
leaving some on, as the grass will soon
eat it up.

Some seasons I only apply rich loam,
to which I have added some bone meal
and wood ashes. This I scatter over the
lawn so that you can just see the grass.
Every few days I take an iron rake and
work it through the grass. I keeo my
lawn cut very close all season, as I find
it grows more compact and has a deep
green color. Apply plenty of water and
use the lawn mower constantly until the
frost comes, so that there will be no
brown grass in the spring to spoil the
appearance of the lawn.

If you are just starting to fix up your
lawn around your new home, by all
means secure some good rich top soil,
and after spreading it apply some well
rotted manure and have it ploughed or
dug in — for like everything elsie, you
must have a good foundation to start on.
Then level off and sow your lawn seed.
When it has grown to the length of say
two or three inches, I would start and
cut It with the lawn mower to make it
stool out.

Fertilizers for the Garden

G. M. Frederick, Peterbor*

Fertilizers are being used in increas-
ing amounts each year, and have given
good results in spite of the large
amount of low grade goods sold the
gardener and fruit grower. A good
standard formula, useful for all vege-
tables and flowers, is a 5-7-10 goods,
which means five per cent, of nitrogen,
seven of phosphoric acid, and ten of
potash.

If it is thought better to mix the ma-
terials at home a mixture of five parts
acid phosphate, five parts bone meal,
three parts sulphate of potash, two parts
tankage can be used with good results.
This should be applied at the rate of
from half a ton to a ton to the acre.
Work the fertilizer thoroughly Jnto_ the
surface soil at the opening of the sea-
son, then make several applications of

nitrate of soda at intervals of two or
three weeks.

Nitrate of soda can be sown broad-
cast at the rate of from seventy-five to
an hundred and twenty-five pounds to
the acre. There is usually very little
danger of burning the foliage ; but as
the leaves of some plants are tender it
is safer to scatter along the rows or
around the plants.

Where early fruit or vegetables are
desired u.se acid phosphate and potash,
with no bone meal, tankage, or stable
manure. Bone meal is too slow, and the
tankage and manure will decay and
provide nitrogen later in the season,
thus inducing growth of stock and leaf
at the time the plant should ripen up.
Apply one liberal dressing of the soluble
nitrate of soda early in the season to
force the srrowth of stnlk and leaf. Af-

ter this time the mineral fertilizer, po-
tash and phosphoric acid in the soil will
mature the crop. By this method a gar-
dener may place his vegetables on the
market a week or two ahead of his
competitors. Good judgment is neces-
sary to get the best results, as if too
much nitrate is applied or an applica-
tion is made too fate in the season, the
plant will rim too much to stock and
leaf and the ripening of the fruit and
vegetables will be deferred.

The above fertilizers can be used with
good advantage on flowers, increasing
the vigor of the plant and deepening
the color of the blossoms. On all
foliage plants use nitrate of soda liber-
ally. Where wood ashes can be obtain-
ed conveniently use from ten to fifteen
pounds in place of each pound of potash
advised.

■ 1

j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BTV

A Beautiful Display of Roses

In the garden of ^V. J. Smith, Toronto

What to GroAv and How to Grow It*

A. G. Woller Dod, Calgary

AS soon as the cabbage and cauliflow-
er plants have grown about four or
five inches high, the soil around the
roots should be carefully loosened with a
kitchen fork', and then they should be pull-
ed up and transplanted again in the frame,
about four or five inches apart, care being
taken, however, to see that the soil is
good and damp before doing so, as if too
dry it will all fall away from the roots.
Make a hole with a blunt stick and press
each plant firmly into the soil slightly
deeper than it was before, and give a
good soaking of water. You may find
that all your plants will not be ready to
transplant at the same time, as some will
be bigger than others, but pull out the
biggest all the time so as not to let them
get too crowded or they will grow weak
and .spindly. Cabbages in this way will

'Extracc from a paper read betora the Calvary Hor
ticultural Society.

very rarely wilt when finally put out in
the garden, if the same care is used in
having the soil around the roots good
and moist. If the weather is very hot
when doing this transplanting it is a good
plan to whitewash the glass, so that the
sun will not wilt the plants. A handful
of lime mixed with a little glue or size in
a basin is enough for this, and it is best
to whitewash inside the glass, as if done
on the outside it will get washed off in
heavy rains.

Your radishes should be fit foj use in
about three weeks time but the lettuce
will be longer before it is ready to use. If
your frame is big enough, sow some more
radish seed at intervals of a fortnight, as
then you will have a succession for the
table.

When your celery plants are big
enough, prick them out in the frame
about four or five inches apart, or they

it8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 1911

may be pricked out in shallow boxes,
and when they are ready to transplant
outside dig a trench about a foot or eight-
een inches deep, leave the soil in the bot-
tom loose, put about three inches of well-
rotted manure in the bottom, and tread
down firm, and cover this with about
three inches of soil. Now transplant your
celery and apply plenty of water. As the
plants grow, draw the soil around the
stalks, taking care not to cover the tips
of the leaves ; when doing this hold the
tops well together with one hand and
draw the soil well around the plants with
a small hoe or other suitable instrument,
continue this operation at intervals as
long as they continue to grow, banking
up the plants after the trench is filled.
Some people plant their celery on the flat,
but by planting in a trench and banking
up in this way one will find that the cel-
ery is much more crisp and tender. I
find a good way to do the final planting
out, is to get an old baking tin and lift
each plant separately with a kitchen fork,
with as much soil adhering to the roots
as possible, place carefully in the tin,
and carry to where they are to be plant-
ed. The ground to be planted should
have been previously marked out and
holes dug with a trowel about eighteen
inches apart.

TRANSPLANTING CABBAGE

In planting out your cabbages, if pos-
sible choose a dull day, and press them
firmly down again, slightly lower than
before, and leaving a small hollow
around the stem so that the water will
drain down to the root. After planting
give a soaking of water, even if it is rain-
ing at the time. The time to transplant
cabbage and cauliflowers is from the 24th
May to the middle of June. As soon as
the cabbages have been planted out,
plant a few seeds of cucumber in different
parts of the frame, and shut the frame
up or very nearly so, as in the first stage
of growth cucumbers want plenty of heat,
and never let them get too dry. As soon
as the plants have made two or three
leaves, thin them out to not more than
two plants together, but it does not mat-
ter if the seeds have not all come up as
one in a place and four in a frame is quite
enough. If you have chosen a good frame
variety, such as Telegraph, you should
have all the cucumbers you will require
after they begin to bear. Those, how-
ever, who have room for a separate frame
from the start, will obtain cucumbers
much earlier by sowing in April.

To obtain cucumbers it is necesary to
propagate the flowers, or the young cu-
cumbers will not start. I have often been
told by people that their cucumbers vines
have plenty of flowers, but that they
never can get any cucumbers. This is ow-
ing to the fact that they produce two
distinct kind of flowers, one which will
never produce a cucumber at all and the
other which will grow into a cucumber if

properly propagated. The floivers aie
easily distinguished, as one g'ows an a
thin stalk, and the other grows out of
the end of a very small cucumber.

In order to make these latter grow, get
a small camel's hair brush and insert it
in the flower with a long stalk, and twist
it around. This will collect all the pollen.
Now insert the brush in the centre of the
flower with a small cucumber on it, and
twist it around again. The pollen from
the first flower will adhere to the second,
and a few days later it will begin to grow.
These flowers should be gone over every
day as they soon die if not propagat-
ed. One will often find that the first
flowers that come out are the barren ones,
and sometimes these continue for a week
or more before any of the others appear.

I always like to make my frame in two
distinct sections, as I use one for vege-
tables and one for starting a few flower
seeds. By making your frame in sections
in this way you can keep the flower side
closed more or less according to the
weather, whereas the cabbage side will
require as much ventilation as possible or
the plants will become too spindly. These
flower plants will want transplanting in

is enabled to sow them so much earlier.
I should recommend a few seeds of the
following, the choice of the variety
being left to the grower: .Aster, Dian-
thus. Lobelia, Pansy, Snapdragon, Ribis-
cus, Tobacco-Plant, Petunia, Phlox,
.Stocks, Verbena, Zinnia.

These should all be started in a frame.
There are of course many others, but
these are all favorites and comparatively
hardy, the last in the list being perhaps
the most tender. These will all require
plenty of room when transplanted to give
the plants an opportunity of spreading.
The Lobelia, however, is the exception
in this case, as being an edging plant it
can be planted fairly close together.

Intensive Gardening

H. F. KenneJj, Ljrcu, Oat.

fContinurci from last i.s,s-uf)

The third point then is constant culti-
vation and attention to growing plants.
Now, a word about arrangement of
plants and successive plantings. Remem-
ber, no theories but practical experience.
During the first week in July I dug the
potatoes and the balance of the potato
ground was worked up and enriched. On

Young Tomato Plants

Grown by Mr. i-oarcc Smith, Grimsby, Ont.

the frame in the same way as the cab-
bages in order that they may make
stronger plants for finally planting in the
garden. This section of the frame may
also be used as a cucumber frame after
the plants are all transplanted.

FLOWERS FOR BEDDING

We now come to the question of what
to grow in the way of flowers for bedding
out. Of course a great deal will depend
upon the tastes of the individual grower.
There are a great many annuals that
must have an early start in moderate
heat, as if sown in the open border they
take too long before they reach the flow-
ering stage, and by utilizing a frame one

this strip of ground I sowed turnips and
winter radishes, resulting in an excellent
crop of both.

In another part of the garden I planted
early in April, lettuce, radishes and spin-
ach. These were used up by the first
of June. Then in the same ground I
planted Golden Bantam sweet corn, which
yielded excellent ears about the end of
.August. Around the fence which en-
closes the garden I have a row of straw-
berries, which yield us all the fruit we
require, both for table use and also for
canning. Besides these, I have cucum-
bers growing up on trellises like grape-
vines, thus taking up scarcely any room

May, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

119

in the garden. I also find room for a few
choice tomato vines, wonderberries, pea-
nuts for the children, a couple of hills of
musk melons, a few summer squash (bush
squash take up no more room than a
tomato vine), a few lima beans, some
growing on poles eight feet high, others
on bushes (the Fordhook strain) and some
garden wax beans besides.

I always sow some lettuce seed in the
row, along with the parsnips and vegeta-
ble oysters and parsley. These latter are
slow in coming up, and often the weeds
get the start of them. The lettuce ger-
minates quickly and shows the row so
you can get after the weeds long before
the other seeds are up. The lettuce
grows rapidly and can be pulled and used
before the room is needed by the other

vegetables. I always find room for a few
rows of carrots, beets and mangels for
my hens. Here and there along the rows
I plant a cabbage or cauliflower which
seem to do extra well and get along very
peaceably with their neighbors.

Besides all this, last year I had a
beautiful bed of crocuses, tulips and nar-
cissi, regular spring beauties, and later
on a magnificent hedge of sweet peas,
and a bed of exquisite asters, with here-
and there another flower of rare beauty.

All this goes to show that even on a
very small plot of ground, with careful
planning, a good selection of seed, and
constant cultivation, an abundance of the
useful as well as the beautiful can be
grown.

Eighty-Two Varieties of Vegetables
on a Small Lot""

Geo. Baldwin, Toronto

HAVING hardened off your plants,
start at the top end of your gar-
den by planting according to your
plan, either the plant which you have
raised in the hotbed or the seeds which
did not require raising in heat. If the
ground be very dry, give each cabbage
and tomato plant a half pint of water,
and shade from the sun for a day or two
until they get acclimatized.

Plant the seeds of your squash, mar-
rows and garden cucumbers in hills that
have already been prepared, three feet
apart each way, by digging out the hole
about fifteen inches and putting in well
rotted manure, covering same over to
the depth of four inches, leaving the
mound about one and a half inches high-
er than the level of the ground. Press
your seeds in edgeways about one-half
inch deep and firm down, and scatter-
ing a few radish seeds in each hill for
the insects to feed on, otherwise they
would eat off the young leaves of

» squash or melons.
PEEPAEING THE CELERY BED
The celery bed should be prepared ir,
the following manner : Mark off with
string the size of the bed required. In
this instance three feet six inches wide
by twenty-one feet long. Trench north
and south and shovel out all the earth
to a depth of six inches, throwing earth
along each side of the trench. On top
of these ridges is an ideal spot for rad-
ishes, provided you keep them moist.
Then fill up to level of earth again, with
good rotten manure, digging it in deep
and mixing it up thoroughly. Then
throw up two inches of fine sifted soil
on top of this, leaving your trench four
inches deep, planting your three kinds

I of celery in rows nine inches apart and
six inches apart in rows, leaving twelve
inches on each outside of rows.
* ( Conhnued from last issue)

Prepare the hills for your tomato
plants in exactly the same manner as
you did for squash, marrows, etc., put-
ting the plant in deep. Sow seed of
pickling onions in the open, on June
2oth, very thickly, and do not thin out,
but let them push one another out of
the way. All your planting is now done,
excepting the ornamental tomatoes,
which, by the way, are the best flavor.
Plant these up against your north fence
where they will get the sun as much
as possible, training them up the fence
(Chicken netting is a good material to
train them up against.) Give each plant
about four feet of space and they will
cover your fence entirely and will grow
to a height of six or seven feet, pro-
ducing fruit up to the top, and look very
pretty, besides covering up an unsight-
ly fence.

The above is mostly play in my esti-

mation compared with the work that
follows to make a success of the crop.
Get your hoe sharpened, repair the hose
and all garden tools, and I will give
further directions for caring for the
garden in the next issue of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist.

Onion Culture

To grow onions from seed for profit
you should have good ground — a sandy
loam with loam predominating. It should
be made rich by a heavy coat of man-
ure, or plowing under a crop of red clov-
er. Keep the ground well worked with
cultivator or disc the rest of the season,
so as to kill all grass roots and foul
weeds.

In the fall or early spring cover the
ground again with a fair covering of
well rotted manure. As early as possi-
ble in the spring plow very shallow 01
work the manure in with disc or culti-
vator. By so doing you will preserve
moisture.

PEEPAEING THE SEED BED

Prepare your seed bed by using a
heavy roller, harrow well, then use the
plank scraper or light roller. I prefer the
scraper as it gives a nice mellow, smooth
seed bed. In choosing seed, select noth-
ing but No. I seed, even if the price is
somewhat hfigher, for you will receive
better results. Yellow Globe and Dan-
vers are the favorites for market, al-
though there is a growing demand for
red onions.

Do not sow until the ground is thor-
oughly warmed up. Sow in drills from
twelve to fourteen inches apart, as that
is sufficient space to work in.

CULTIVATION

When the onions make their appear-
ance use the hand harrow ; by it you
break the crust that sometimes forms,
and you allow the air to work through
the ground, and it also kills a great num-
ber of small weeds. — A Grower.

Intensive Cultivation

Qrowing potatoes between the rows of trees on th«

Grand Porks, B. 0.

fruit ranch of Cooper Bros.,

I20

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published hj The Horticultural
Publishins Company, Limited

PBrrERBORO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine
in the Dominion

OrrioiAL Oroan op the Ontario, Qukbeo, New

Bkunswiok and Prince Edward IsiaND

Fruit Orowers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, Managing Director

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published on
the 26th day of the month preceding date of
issae.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri-
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7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
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CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December, 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample cop-
ies, from 11.000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian
Horticulturist are mailed to people known to
be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers
or vegetables.

January, 1910 8,925

February. 1910 8,967

March. 1910 9'l78

April. 1910 9'410

May,1910 9,505

June, 1910 9723

July, 1910 9[300

August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 ...!!! !8'747

December, 1910 ,,', '8|662

108,809

Average each Issue in 15*7, 6,627

" " " " 1908, 8,695

" 1909, 8,970

" " I9I0, 9,067

Sworn detailed etatements will be mailed
upon application .

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even In the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in The Horti-
culturist. Should the circumstances warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertisers as well.
All that ia necessary to entitle you to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that you include
in all your letters to advertisers the words,
i ?.*^ ^""^ *^- '" '^^ Canadian Horticultur-
ist. Complaints should be made to us as soon
as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has
been found.

Oommnnioations should be addressed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETBSBOBO, ONTASIO.

EDITORIAL

MOTHERS' DAY

Three .veais ago a movement was s1>arted
in Philadelphia to observe the second Sun-
day in May oach year as Mothers' Day.
The movement was taken up with much en-
thusiam through the United States and
rapidly spread all over the country, but
as yet it has received but little support in
Canada. The object is to set apart one day
in each year for the special honoring of
your Mother. To show such honor and
sentiment in a material way the plan is to
induce all persons to send boxes of flowers
to their mothers as pref^^nts and to wear
flowers as a token of respect. Nc special
flower is needed although the white carna-
tion has probably been the most popular
one.

The Horticultural Societies can aid this
work by inducing the Mayors of their town
to issue proclamations that the second Sun-
day in May will be kept as Mother's day.
The clergymen of all denominations should
be interviewed and asked to preach sermons
on this subject on that day. The Women's
clubs and fraternal societies should also be
appealed to for aid in this work.

IMPROVE THE COUNTRY HOME

In our last issue Mr. W. T. Macoun.
Dominion Horticuturist, made an eloquent
plea for the better observance c,f Arbour
Day and compares the appearances of the
town and city home with the country home
much to the disadvantage of the country-
He gives the chief credit for the improved
appearance of the town homes to the horti-
cultural societies-

To u-5 the remedy for this st?te of affairs
is very simple, just extend the horticultural
societies out through the country when the
same agents that have workel improvements
in the town horres will do the same for the
country home. Through the liberal premiums
offered one year a vine is planted, another,
an ornamental shrub. The next year flower
seed, bulbs and rose bushes are obtained.
These plants together with the plain and
simple instructions given in The Canadian
Horticulturist which is furnished free to
members by the majority of the Horticultur-
al Societies have worked wonders in the
changed appearance of the town home and
will do the same in the country if the mem-
bership is extended to include all country
districts.

RENTING ONTARIO ORCHARDS

Several companies composed of English
capitalists have rented a large number of
orchards in Ontario for terms varying from
seven to ten years. On the whole this
new departure will probably be a benefit to
the fruit industry as the education which
will be given by having a number of or-
chards properlv pruned, spra.ved and cul-
tivated in a district will be of great value
to the community.

Orcharding, owing to the great increase
of insect pests and fungous diseases has of
late years become a business by itself.
Where a farmer has not sufiicent executive
abilit.v to manage two businesses he had
better let one go. In many cases he would
be better off to rent the farm and attend
to his orchard himself but if he wishes
to keep the farm in his own hands it is
certainly a wise move for him to rent his
orchard, for a neglected orchard will not

produce as largo a reveinue per acre as a
well worked farm.

But it seems a i>eiuiy wise and pound
foolish policy for men to rent out good or-
chards of from six to ten aeree becaus<
as they say they would have to buy »prav-
ing outfits and hire another man to do tin
work. Counting time lost by going to and
from work and from unfavorable weather
it is a safe stat<;jiH'nt that the farmer could
care for his orchard for one half the money
it will cost the apple companies. If th<-
companies can pay two and three dollars a
day for men to ijrune the trees and give i
the owner from thrt-e and a half to four
and a half dollars per day for cultivating
surely it would pay the farmer to keep the
orchard in his own oontrol and hire the j
men himself when he would have them on
the farm ready to take hold of farm work
when needed.

If the farmer will not care for his or-
chard properly he had better take the first
chance that he can to rent as in this case
he will receive a revenue each year and
have the orchard given back to him at ;
the end of seven to ten years in a much
better producing state then when be rented
it.

PROTECT THE BIRDS

Birds are of groat value to the fruit
grower, as they live almost entirely on in-
sects, and thus keep them in check and
prevent great loss. A few birds cau.se some
damage to fruit and other crops, but the
injury is trifling when compared with the
good that is done.

It is a great mistake to sacrifice a hun-
dred birds for the damage that one may
do. Any man who grows fruit or vege-
tables, or even has a kitchen garden,
should have a common knowledge of the
habits of birds. If a blackbird is seen in
a grain field it does not neces-sarily follow
that he is doing harm. Woodpeckers are
often shot in orchards when a careful in-
veetigation would show that they are de-
stroying injurious insects.

There are many iiiitanoes where birds
have been killed for destroying fruit when
an examination of their eitomaohs has
shown that they were eating more injur-
ious insects than fruit. Even though some
birds may eat a little fruit it is a small
part of their diet. During the breeding
season they live and rear their young al-
most exclusively on insect food.

Birds are the most \aluaUe asset of the
orchard or the farm. Protect them.

THE VALUE OF SPRAYING

The demonstration orchards conducted
by the Department of Agriculture last year
proved beyond the shadow of a doubt the
value of pruning and spraying of orchards.
One of the most striking illustrations of
the gain produced by spraying was in the
orchard of Mr. John Osborne, Dunedin.

This orchard had never produced over
fifty dollars worth of apples but by the ex-
penditure of forty-eight doUaxs and thirty
cents in pruning, spraying and cultivat-
ing the orchard, and paying seventy-five
cents a barrel for picking and packing, the
apples sold for two hundred and thirty-two
dollars and ninety-seven cents, nearly five
times the highest amount that was ever
received for the orchard in previous years.

Surely after evidence such as this every
fruitgrower and farmer will invest in a
spray pump and see that his orchard has
proper attention. Not only is spraying
necessary for the best results, but it must A
be reinforced by proper pruning, thorough ^]
cultivation and .some system of oo-opera-
tive disposal of the fruit.

May, 19U

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

12

GARDENING FOR CHILDREN

Ohildren are always greatly interested
in seeing things grow, especially if it is
some plant or animal that they can take
full care of. Interest the children in the
work of improving their school grounds.
As far as possible let each child have a
garden for himself. Nothing will make a
child like school more than beautiful school
surroundings, especially if he has had some-
thing to do with the making of them.

The influence of this work will be far-
reaohing. The children will make better
citizens and later in life when they have
homes of their own. the results of this
early training will be -seen in beautiful
flowers., well arranged lawns and tasteful
homes. Resolve this spring to have the
school grounds in your district the best in
the vicinity and the grounds around your
own home even better.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

ESSAY COMPETITION

In ajiother column will bo found partic-
ulars of the essay romnetition conducted
bv the Ontario Horticultural A.ssociation .
This competition has been rendered pos-
sible by the generosity of Messrs Herman
Simmers, Toronto, and Mr. R. B Whyte,
Ottawa, who have each donated $25.00 to
be given in prizes and medals for the four
best essays on "My Favorite Garden Flow-
er and How I Grew it." Such liberal
prizes should bring out a great number of
essays, and those who do not win prizes
will be well repaid for the work involved
by the pleasure obtained from writing
down all the work done in the garden,
which will act as a record for future years.

THE VALUE OF BEES

Articles in this and previous issues have
shown the great value of bees in an or-
chard. The transfer of pollen is due al-
most entirely to insects, and of these bees
are the movst important.

Even under the most favorable circum-
stances great numbers are required to do
this work in localities largely devoted to
fruit growing. During wet, cloudy, or
other unfavorable conditions of weather,
the bees do not travel far from the hive,
and if the nearest bees are several miles
away, very little good will be obtained from
the bees, and a large proportion of the
bloom will be unfertilized and either drop
or form mis-shapen or cull fruit.

The fruit grower who has hives in his
orchard will profit most in unfavorable wea-
' ther and will have the most perfect fruit.
In addition to the gain in the yield and
quality of the fruit, there is an added
profit from the honey produced, which is
always saleable. It pays to keep bees.

TREE PLANTERS

While in many ways we think that we
are ahead of our cousins to the South,
still in some respects we might profit by
their example, one of which is in copying
the organizaton of boys, called The Tree
Planters of America, which has Ix-en
fitarted in the United States to promote
systematic tree planting in profitless pas-
tures, nooks, ravines, on useless or worn
out plcts, or partly denuded forest areas,
and in every place where the .soil is not
yielding a reasonable contribution to the
general welfare.-

Canada has thousands of jiist suoh
places, many of thepi near towns and vil-
lages. A little time ispent in planting
trees would change unsightlydump grounds
and Hee<l patches into beautiful groves.
Let us have a lodge of the tree planters
of Canada in every town and village and at
every country school.

The illustration on the cover of this issue
shows a peach orchard in bloom in the
vicinity of St. Catharines, Ontario, the
noted fruit and truck district, which the
citizens proudly call the Garden of On-
tario. We are indebted to the courtesy of
the Grand Trunk Railway Co., for the priv-
ilege of using this photograph.

We should be pleased to receive good
.sharp and distinct photographs showing
fruit or garden scenes for publication in
The C.\n.\dian Horticulturist, the best of
these to be u.s*'d on the front cover, the
others that would make good reproductions
to be used on the inside pages. Send us
the best photographs you have. If you
wish them returned write the word return
on the back of the photograph together
with your name and address.

Many new subscribers commence receiv-
ing The Canadi.\n Horticui.utrist with
this number. We extend to them a hearty
greeting, and our only regret is that we
were unable to commence all of these sub-
scriptions with our Garden Number. We
printed what we thought was an ample
supply of copies of this number but the
demand was so great thpt the issue was
practically exhausted within a few days
after it was off the press. The subscriptions
still continue to come in at a rate to keep
our circulation department busy. A large
number of our readers are takin.g advan-
tage of the splendid premiums ofifered for
the securing of new subscriptions. Have
you secured one of the«e premiums? We
are unable to give a full list and descrip-
tions of them in this issue but will mail you
a premium list bv return mail if you write
for it. It includes two splendid climbing
roses, a collection of flower and garden
.seeds, and several colleotions of flowering
bulbs which are sent free of cost to per-
sons who F-ecure new subscriptions to The
Canadian Horticulturist at 60 cents for
each suKscription. This is an exceptional
offer. Time is pasising and you .should take
advantage of it quickly. Write for our
premium li.st and while you are waiting for
it show your copy to your friends and get
them to subscribe. They will readily do so
when they .see the good things it contains.
Be sure and get a premium.

In this issue we are inaugurating a new
department, which we have called "Society
Notes." This will be devoted to short
pithy reports from the officers of the dif-
erent Horticultural Societies, throughout
Canada. We want to make The Canadian
Horticulturist more truly fully the organ
of the Horticultural Societies, and with
this end in view would be pleased to have
the Secretaries send us brief notes of what
they have found to be of the greatest bene-
fit to them in their work. Let us have
particulars of how you manage your lawn
competitions. Do you give the school child-
ren .seeds and plants and later give prizes
for the best cared for gardens? Do you
take an interest in the establishment of
gardens in the school grounds? What in-
fluence has the Society had in beautifying
the town generally, such as the proper care
of parks and cemeteries and .sohool grounds
and the planting of vines around churches,
public buildings and factories.

We would suggest as a topic for the June
Horticulturi.srt. that .vou writ<> on "The
Benefit that the Horticultural Society Has
Been in Beautifyijig our Town." Make
your letters short and to the point .

SOCIETY NOTES

We invite the secretaries of Horti-
cultural Societies to send in short,
pithy reports of work that would in-
terest members of other Horticultu-
ral Societies.

Pctcrboro

Peterboro is in the midst of an ener-
getic campaign to increase their member-
ship. Mr. Frank Wise, the Supt. of Little
Lake Cemetery, the genial Secretary, has
taken a great interest in the matter and
is working for three times the present mem-
bership before the end of next montJi. The
Society has made great use of a publicity
campaign in the local papers, who are very
friendly and will publish anything written
up with regard to the improvement and
beautification of The Electric City. Asi a
means of obtaining this obiect they have
books of tickets printed which will be given
to a large corps of canvasers who will call
on practically every citizen. In this matter
Mr. Wise ha.s. enlisted the assistance of a.
committee of interested ladies, who will
take charge of the membership campaign.
A set of attractive window cards exolaining
the object have been printed and placed in
the windows of all the tusiness houses. The
society is making a special offer of plants
and bulbs to members who join before the
end of May. as every member obtained now
adds just that much more to the Govern-
ment grant next vear. They have adopted
as their slop-an "Beautify Peterboro," and
would a,sk the Societies in other places to
watch them grow.

Guelph

Mr. Jas. Anderson, the president reports
that they have had a very successful season.
Thev have over 150 members which is an
increase over last year but as Guelph has
a population of about fourteen thousand
there is room for a still larger increase the
present .vear when the membership will
probably be more than doubled.

The society is doing a good work in giv-
ing prizes for the best lawns as well as kit-
chen gardens including the production of
fruit and vegetables.

It also gives prizes for .school children's
lawns and gardens and where they do their
own work supply them with seeds, geran-
iums and other plants in pots- The society
also ffilled window boxes for the windows of
the Citv Hall, the Post OfiBce and other
public buildings.

The members of the Horticultural Society
are furnished with The Canadian Horti-
culturist as well as a valuable list of
plant, bulb and seed premiums.

Thornbury

Mr. Geo. Wright, the energetic Secretary
of the Thornbury Horticultural Society, has
in.stittited a new department which might
be copied by a number of other societies.
For a very small fee he .sees that the collec-
tions for the member.ship tickets are made
and that the nlants and vines chosen as
options are promntly delivered when re-
reived. Before this owing to carelessness
or lack of time these nlants were frequently
allowed to remain on hand for daysi or even
weeks so that when the member eventually
called for them they were badly dried up
and often gave very i>oor satisfaction. By
the present svstem, they are planted imr
mediately. The members are better satis-
fied and are more likely to renew their mem-
bership ticke1» the next year.

122

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

Barrie

Mr- (\co. Vickors, Prwt. of Barrie Society,
althoiiRh busy with the cares of a lar(j« store
at Easter time had time for a short descrip-
tion of the benefits oonferrod upon the
town of Barrie by the Horticultural So-
ciety. He promiaed to write an article on
the place The Canadian Horticulturist
should occupy ns the official organ of the
Societies in the Province.

Whitby

Mr, H. W. Wilcox, Sec. of the Whitby
Horticultural Society reports that the in-
terest in their work is steadily growiiig.
Since he has resided in the town he ha.s seen
much improvement in the homes and sur-
roundings of the people and much of the
credit for the improvement can be given to
the Horticultural Society. Last year vines
wore given to the factories, schools and
ohurchee which in a few years will add
greatly to their appearance.

When societies are willing to incur an «x-
Dense of ten or twenty dollars or more send-
ing delegates to a convention some effective
method of distributing their report should
be adopted even if it does cost a few dollars
more. The annual government report can-
not take the place of a special report by
local delegates.

Perth

We are in receipt of a printed copy of
the report of the convention of the Ontario
Horticultural Association as given to the
Perth Horticultural Society by its delegate
the Rev. A. H. Scott, M.A. This is a meth-
od of presenting reports which might be
followed by other Horticultural societies.

Frequently valuable reports of meetings
prepared by delegates after an expenditure
of considerable time and trouble, are prac-
tically wasted, owing to unfavorable weath-
er or other competing meetings causing a
small attendance at the meeting when the
report is jiresented. Thus very few obtain
any benefit from the report. By having the
reports printed all the members can be made
familiar with the contents of the report.

Essay Competition

Through the generosity of Mr. Hermann
Simmers of the firm of J. A. Simmers,
Limited, of Toronto, who was the first to
make the suggestion, and Mr. R. B. Whyte
of Ottawa, the President of the Ontario
Horticultural Association, each of whom
has donated $25.00, it is proposed to offer
prizes for the best essavs submitted for
competition through the Horticultural So-
cieties on the subject of "My Favorite Gar-
den Flower and How I Grow it." In con-
nection with the proposed competition the
following rules have been decided upon : — ■

1st. — That the essays shall not exceed
one thousand words in length.

2nd. — That they shall be written by mem-
bers of Horticultural Societies, or their sons
and daughters who are twenty-one years of
age or less.

3rd. — That the essays shall be written on
one side of the page only and forwarded
through the Secretary of the local Horti-
cultural Society to H. B. Cowan, The Can-
adian HoRTicuLTTjRiST, Peterboro, Ontario,
not later than Augu,st 1.5th, 1911.

4th. — That the local Horticultural Societ-
ies shall have the privileges of reading the
paper submitted through it at any 01 etieir
regular meetings prior to August 10th, 1911.

5th. — That four cash nrizes shall be offer-
ed as follows, $10, $7, $5 and $3. In addi-
tion to the four cash prizes four medals will
be given to the foui winners.

Beekeeping for Fruit Growers

Geo. W. Tebbt, Hespeirr, Oat.

The question has often been asked,
"Will it pay to buy bees simply for
benefit to be derived from fertilization
the flowers, and where it is not intende
either for lack of time, or because of lackl
of interest to properly care for them?" I
would reply at the outset that it is bad for
the beeA. They deserve better treatment
at our hands, for no other little creature
gives such abundant appreciation of, Bay,
ordinary care than do our litle pets, the
honey bees.

As an apiarist "crank," of course, I am
.strong on prc.per attention for therm, and
see no rea.son why the people who simply
want to use them for fertilizing blossomB
.should not raise instead bumble bees, or
some of the many types of flies, which would
not prove to be so determined in their
efforts to make one see and feel the point
of interference with their business.

Let our fruitgrowers note that the "sea-
son" is often controlled not so much by
the pre,sence of frost or not, as by th«
fact that dull, blossoming days, when little
or no cross fertilization takes place by th«
aid of nature's carriers, the bees.

I would go just a step further and say
to the man who wants to get the very
best from his orchard, that bees are not
only helpful, but are indispensable. Don't
s]>ray your tree^ when in full blossom and
.so kill your best friends. Besides, it is a
crimina-l offence in thLs province. But if
you keep bees take care of them, and
your wife will say that jars of fruit and
jars of honey look very nice on her pantry
shelves, side by side.

Send fruit crop prospects for publication

ANNOUNCEMENT

WE DF.SIRE TO THANK OUR M.\NY CUSTOM-
ERS FOR THE SPLENDID SUPPORT THEY
HAVE GIVEN US THIS SEASON, AND TRUST
THAT THE NURSERY STOCK WE HAVE SUP-
PLIED PROVES SATISFACTORY. LAST YEAR
WE DID BUT A SMALL BUSINESS, AND DIS-
TRIBUTED OUR TREES AMONG THE MOST
CRITICAL BUYERS IN THE COUNTRY. THIS
YEAR THESE PEOPLE CAME BACK TO US,—
THEIR FRIENDS BOUGHT PEDIGREED TREES
TOO. TO-DAY WE HAVE THE BEST CONNEC-
TION IN CANADA. WE STRIVE TO GROW
PERFECT TREES. OUR YOUNG STOCK HAS
COME THROUGH THE WINTER IN FINE CON-
DITION, AND WE SHALL HAVE A LARGE
STOCK ON HAND FOR FALL TRADE.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

GRASSELLI

ARSENATE OF LEAD

Arsenate of Lead is being used more and more in the
fruit centres of the province of Ontario. The question
that interests every fruit grower is this :

Is there Difference in Arsenates of Lead?

Yes. There is a big difference.

Let us sugijest some points wliich we believe every
grower should consider before placing an order for Ar-
senate of Lead :

1st. You wish an Arsenate of Lead that will not burn
the foliage

2nd. It is desirable that an Arsenate of Lead mix read-
ily, yet retain its adhesive qualities.

3rd. An Arsenate of Lead should contain the proper
killing DOwer.

Crasselli Arsenate of Lead contains no free acids or
adulterant ingredients, contains a very low per cent, sol-
uble Arsenic, and we have yet to learn of a case where
it has burned the foliage, even though it may have been
used double strength. It will mix readily and has a
reputation for adhesiveness and high l<iliing power.

Grasselil Arsenate of Lead has been used in the Niag-
ara, Oshawa, Picton, Wellington and other districts
for the past several seasons, and with every success.

Write us for prices.

For Sale by ROBERT THOMPSON, Proident

St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co.

St. Catharine*, Ontario

THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

May, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

123

II The Gladiolus

I CampbeU Bros-, Simcoe, Oat.

I In drawing up plans for planting the
garden, space should be provided for gladi-
oli, ever increasing in popularity. This is
largely due to the work of the hybridist
in improving the quality of the flower, and
lowering the cost at which good varieties
or strains can be procured. For table
decoration during its season, nothing equals
the gladiolus, and it possesses the addi-
tional merit that large quantities of bloom
can be gathered from a small piece of
ground. Canada formerly imported all her
corms, but new a good many acres are
grown in this country, largely for export.

PLANTING

They may be planted quite early, as scon
as the soil is dry; the earlier they are
planted the earlier they will bloom, and
the conns will have a longer season to
mature. They may be planted in succes-
sion up to June, thus prolonging the sea-
son.

Mature corms should be planted not less
than 4 inches deep, and on light soils ; some
plant 5 or 6, the effect of this being to
give support to the stem and lessen the
danger from wind storms. Always plant
in full exposure to the sun; they do not
thrive in the shade. They do fairly well in
any kind of soil, but prefer a rich, sandy
loam.

As with all garden crops, fertility is best
maintained by working into the soil well
decayed stable manure during the fall.
Commercial growers plant quite thickly,
ten to thirty to the foot, but where fine
spikes are wanted, they should be given
more' room by planting in a row, say three
to six inches apart.

SUMMER OtJLTURB

Summer culture consists simply in keep-
ing the soil well stirred, and in continued
dry weather artificial watering must some-
times be resorted to, as they are impatient
of hot, dry weather. The spikes should be
cut when the first flower opens and placed
in water. By shortening the stem and re-
newing the water daily, the spikes will last
a week or more.

Dig the corms in October, cr as soon as
the plant is ripened up, dry a little and
store in trays in a frost proof cellar. They
can be cleaned up any time during the
winter, and prepared for planting in
spring.

New Regulations Regarding

the Destructive Insects

and Pests Act

The number of ports at which nursery
stock may be impcrted has been increased
and the time limit extended in a nummer
of instances.

The amended regulations governing the
importation of nursery stock under the act
to prevent the introduction of insects, ^^ssis
and diseases destructive to vegetation pro-
vide that nursery stock, which is not ex-
empted entering Canada, shall be imported
only through the ports and during the per-
iods mentioned below.

Vancouver, B.C., from 1st October to 1st
May; Niagara Falls, Ont., from 1st October
to 15th May; Winnipeg, Man., and St.
John, N.B., from 15th March to 15th May,
and from 7th October to 7th December ;
Windsor, Ont., and St. Johns, Que., from
15th March to 15th May, and from 26th
September to 7th December. At these

MAY

Is the busiest month of the year" with
Garden-makers. We shall be glad to help
these busy men and women by sending,
carriage prepaid.
Asters: Queen of the Market, White and

Pink at 40c per 100: Lavender Gem, Royal

Purple, Branching White and Crego Pink

at 50c per 100.
Bnlsnms at 60c for 10.
Antirrhinum (Snapdragon) Arctotis Gran-

dis (African D.iisy) Salvia, Scabiosa. and

Stocks at 75c for 10.
Gladiolus (Groff's Hybrids) 10 for 25c; 25

for 55c; 100 for $2.15.
Knipliofia (Flame Flower) Var. Pfitzeri,

each 20c: 10 for $1.50.
Yucca var. Filamentosa, each 25c.
Shasta Daisies, blooms 4 to iV, inches

across, 2Sc each.

Please send postal note with ^rder.

John Cavers, Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE. ONTARIO

STRAWBERRY
PLANTS

For

Choicest Plants

of

Well Selected Varieties

at

Reasoitable Prices

and

Pron\pt Delivery

order from

ONTARIO NURSERIES

WELLINGTON, ONT.

Happy Out Door Hours Arc Spent in the

STRATFORD LAWN SWING

_

II

tine for the younffsters and a source of enjoyment for the grown-
ups too. Jufit the thing for your lawn or garden.

Inexpensive and certainly a pleasurable poesession,— helps you
to get the beat of a Bummer's outdoor comfort

Made in three eizes at three prices. Built solid and strong in
neat design and handuome finish.

If your dealer does not handle the "Stratford" write us for cat-
alog F. It tells all about Summer Furniture.

The Stratford Mfg. Co., Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951

Mention The Canadian UorticiiltJirist when writing

124

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

j'N^S/XOSi

t>VW^^WWWV .'VM^VM^^^^W^^K^^^IMAA^AA^

i^^WV

Just Six Minutes

toWashaTubful!

This is the greatest washer the world has
ever knovTn. So easy to run that it's al-
most fuo to work it. Makes clothes spot-
lessly clean in
double quick
time. Six
minutes finishes a
tubful.

Aaj woman can

have a
1900 GRAVITY

WASHER

On 30 days' free

triaL

Don't send money.
I If you are respon-
Isible, you can try it
first. Let us pay the
fr i:;ht. See the
wonders it performs. Thousands being
used. Every user delighted. They write
us bushels of letters tellin how it saves
work and worry. Let the 1900 Washei
pay for itself. Just send us 50 cents
each week out of the money it saves you.
Write to-day for our Free Washrr Book. It ex-
plains the "easy payment plan." Tell us your
nearest f'^ip^T station Adtires!" me oersonall*
C. H.D.BACH. Manager, The 1900 Wash-
er Co.. 357 Yonge Street Toronto, On-
tario. The above offer is not good in
Toronto, Winnipeg or Montreal and ,
Suburbs— Special arrangements made for ;
these districts

HANDY GARDEN TOOL

Here's a practical tool for the farmer or
Kardener -our No. 6 Combined Double and
MniTle Wheel Hoe, Hill and Drill Seeder.
Four tools for the price of one. It plants
in hills orcontinuoiiM rows, covers the seed,
rolls the soil, raarlcs the next row. hoea,
weeds and cultivates. Simple, easy to oper-
ate, and iloea a dar*s work in 60 minutes.

Fann and

Garden TooU

For 75 years we have
made dependable tools
of quality for the
farmer, trucker and
town gardeners. We
make 33 garden tools
at 13.50 to 912.00 each.

mMdE

[Write to^lay for Anniversary Catalog
describing our entire line including
potato planters, cultivators, sprayers,
diggers, orchard and other tools.
BATEMAN M'F'G CO.
Bo* 5162 GRENLOCH. N. J.

Stocks carried at many coDTenlent poiots.
Ask for address of nearest Canadian agency

USE FOSTER'S POTS

[IHEY ARE THE BEST OH THE MARKET

WK MANUFACTURE

, STANDARD POTS
PERN PANS
AZALEA POTS
Hanging BASKETS

SAUCERS AND

STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading Pot

Manufacturers

Tht FOSTER POTTERY CO., LImltsd

Main St. W«8t, Hamilton, Ont.

'^*t BEST M/^Ot

^OSTEIB'S ,
' STANOARO

POT

The Clipper

There are three things
that destroy your lawns.
Dandelions, Buck Plantain
and Crab Grass. In one seas,
on the Clipper will drive
them all out.

CUPPER LAWN MOWER C«.
Dixcn.' Uliaoii

points of entry the importations shall Le
fumigated. Importations by mail shall be
subject to the same regulations.

All nursery stock originating in Japau
rr in any part of the States of Vw-
mont, New Hampshire, Maine, Mas.sachu-
setts Connecticut and Rhode Island, shall
after fumigation, be subject to inspection a.s
provided by the regulationa of the Destnic-
tive Insects and Pests Act.

Nursery stock not exempt under the fol-
lowing regulations and originating in Eur-
ope, shall he imported only through the
ports and during the periods mentioned
above with the addition of the ports of
Halifax. N.S., Sherbrooke, P.Q., and Mon-
treal, P.O., through which ports such Euro-
pean stock may enter from Sentember 15th
to May 15th.

In the case of nursery stock from Europe,
Japan or the states of Vermont, New Hamp-
shire, Maine, Massacku'etts, Connecticut or
Rhode Island passing through the ports of
Vancouver or Winnipeg, the inspection is
made at the port and not at the destina-
tion as is the case with stock passing
through the eastern ports.

The following vegetation and florists'
stock is exempt from fumigation and may
be imported at any season of the year and
through any port without inspection : — ■

Greenhouse grown plants, including roses
in foliage which have been grown in pots up
to three inches in diameter. A certificate
that the plants have been grown under
glass must accompany the invoice and shall
be signed by the consignor.

Herbaceous perennials, herbaceous bed-
ding plants, Cottonwood or Necklace Poplar
(Populws deltoides) when shipped from and
grown in Dakota or Minnesota.

The port by which it is intended that the
nursery stock shall enter must be clearly
stated on each package. All persons im-
porting nursery stock, except such stock as
is exempt from fumigation and inspection
under the above regulations, shall give no-
tice to the Dominion Entomologist, Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, within five
days of despatching the order for the same
and they shall again notify the Dominion
Entomologist on the arrival of the shipment
in Canada.

The full text of the Act may Le found in
issue of The Canadian Horticultitrist for
July, 1910.

Items of Interest

There is not much doing here as good fruit
is scarce. Home grown fruit nicely packed
brings good prices to those fortunate
enough to have it. Alexanders bring one
dollar per box. Baxter one dollar fifty
cents in Charlottetown from our own mer-
chants. Alexanders keep well here and
pack nicely. The Baxter is specially good
in flavor this year. — J. A. Moore, Hazel-
brook, P.E.I.

There has recently been organized in
Tibonburg a Fruit Growers' Association
with a membership of about fifteen which
number is likely to be largely increased in
the near futuj-e. We are fortunate in se-
curing for president, Mr. A. L. Soott, a
gentleman of great influence in the com-
munity and one who has had large ex-
perience in municipal matters.

He has recently purchased a farm and
intends to plant 40 acres to fruit, apples,
cherries and peaches. We are also for-
tunate in securing for Secretary Treasurer
a graduate of Guelph Agricultural College
in the pereon. of Mr. G«orge EUio*. — R,
H, McDowell, Tilsonburg.

Quality Butter

That's the kind you
make with Maxwell's
"Favorite" Churn.—

Maxwell's "Favorite" Is used all over
the world— In Denmark, the butter cou-^try
of the world— in the United States. In spit^
of high tariffs -and In eveiy Section of
Canada. Our Agricultural Co'.'eges ard
Govt, Inspectors recommend It. because it
Is the finest butter-maker In the world.
Write for catalogue If your dealer does

not handle It.

DAVID MAXWELL & SONS.

ST. MAHY'S, ONT. 94

Vou can depend on it for positive re-
sults, without fear of failure or dissat-
ifaction.

It destroys green, black and white fly.
red spider, thrip, mealy bug-, brown
and white scale without the slightest
injury to the tenderest flower or fol-

iage.

FUNGINE

-An infallible remedy for mildew, nisf
and other fungus diseases. A clean,
safe and easily applied spraying mater-
ial, particularly adapted for the green-
house. FOR SALE BY

Dupuy 81 Ferguson

38 Jacqaes-Cirtier Square, MONTREAL, Can.
Send for Descriptive Circular.
MaiiDfactnred by APHINE MANUFACTURING
CO., Madisoti, N. J., U. S. A.

JW rOn^^ ^''' ^'"^" School
. W. V>tlUt3<J W1SBECH,ENGLAND

Whelctale Fruit, Balb ud Seed Potato Spccialitt

FRUIT TREES of .tU descripiion. GooMberry, Cur-
rant*, Strawberrie*. Raspberry Canes, etc.

BULBS — Daffodils, Narcissus. Tulips, etc.. Kngli^h
grown.

SEEDS of all descriptlong, including: all the beet
varieties in Potatoes.

NURSERY STOCK, .''uch as Privat. Quicic for

hedges. Herbaceous Plants, etc.. etc.
CHRYSANTHEIVIUMS, all best varieties in stock.
State requirements, special quotation will be given
Sand For List

May, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

125

EWING'S
Reliable
Seeds

Every seed you sow
tries to reproduce its
ancestors, in size, shape
and flavor But examine
the seed as closely as
you will, you cannot tell
whether these parent
plants were good or bad.
You have to trust your
seedsman for it.

You'll never go astray
if you trust Ewing's
Seeds. They

Stand On
Ewing's Record

For ever forty years we
have been selling Field,
Flower and Garden
Seeds here in Canada,
so people have had
plenty of chance to prove
Ewing's "Reliable"
Seeds.

The result Is that last
year we sold far more
than ever before. Could
for a better i

COMMON KILLS RATS.MICE.R0ACHES1
SENSE .BED-BUGS a moths

Inquire 0/ /bur dialer

■ (yommoaSenseMfd Go, .

NOCHXXl
Thni^it

them

Increase the Profits ^^^i^l"'" [^''thc

Planet Jr. Tools. IlliiKlrated catalosuo free.

Write t«-*lay.
8. L. Allen &Co. Ilox IIINU; Philadelphia, Pa.

All out-doors

invites your Kodak

Every day there are pictures right at home that are worth the taking —
jictures of the family that will always be cherished, pictures of stock and
crops and buildings that will always be of interest and value.

And when you are away from home there are pictures that are not only
of interest but of value too ; pictures that mean dollars and cents to you.
Every progressive farmer to-day is a student of the methods of those who
are making the biggest successes in agriculture. A Kodak makes the most
effective note book.

Our Catalogue explains how simple picture taking is by the Kodak method
and how inexpensive. It's free at the Kodak dealers, or by mail.

CANADIAN KODAK CO., LIMITED,
TORONTO, CANADA

BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS

Prize at New York State Fair, September, 1910

Vick's Vio'et King, Mikado Wliile, Mikado (Rochester) I'iiik, Vick's Early Branching:, Rose and White,
20c per dozen, $1.00 per hundred.

VickV Branching Pink, White. Rose, Lavender Semple'ri Pink, Royal Purple. Daybreak and Purity,
truly the aristocrats of the aster family; 15c per doz., 75o per hundred; packed and labeled separately in wet
mos's. All plants sent by express and guaranteed to arrive in good condition. Express prepaid on orders
over %'IS^, Remit by money order.
C. MORTIMER BEZZO, BERLIN, ONTARIO

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

' Gooteberriet, Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton.— Cnrranti,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prolific, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria. — Ratpberriei, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry.— Girdeo Rooti, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

Beautify Your Homes!

A start cannot be made too early. \Vc
have everything that is hardy and at-
tractive—Shade and Ornauiontal Trees,
Vines, Roses, Paeonies, Flowering Shrubs, Perennial and Redding Plants, Fruit Trees and Bushes, etc..
all grown at our Nursery. Send for our free catalogue.

The Pointc Claire Nursery '',^2ZT:':^.^:^^1:T:S:^1:^^

lafi

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, ign

Wrlag pian0s

THE PRIDE OF
OWNERSHIP

To own a Gourlay Piano is to be proud of your piano.
If you are a musician, the sympathetic bond between
you will be strong indeed, for a Gourlay piano responds
to every mood of the player. There is a crispness and
delicacy of tone for the daintiest improvisation and a
richness and volume for the most exacting bravura
passages.

If you are not a player, but a lover of music, the
pleasure of your friends' enthusiasm will more than
repay you for the amount of your investment, to say
nothmg of the extra years of service over an ordinary
piano. Write for Catalogue and prices.

GOURLAY, WINTER & LEEMING

188 YONGE ST., TORONTO

You Can't GroMr Crops
without Nitrogen

You've got to give it to them in some way, and the
Quickest —Cheapest Cleanest

way is to use

Nitrate o! Soda

Because: The Nitrate willjact at once. It is the form of nitrogen the plant may
take up without.previous or delayed soil nitration, All it.s nitrogen is available. It is
pure plant food.i It is as clean to handle as sand. .'l.

It will pay you to top dress your meadow withJilOO lbs. per acre, and to add some
Nitrate of^Soda to^our complete fertilizer.

Get Our Prices

CHEMICAL LABORATORIES, Ltd.

148 VAN HORN STREET,

PULTiVATE OFTEN

and you hold the moisture
in ttiti ground. Culcivute
■baltow or deep as the crop
need* it and you release the
forgotteu or unknown soii
propertits which are needed
to make the crop grow prop,
erty. We have been niakin,
farm tools for 75 years am
think we bavo m good a line
of Hiding CultivatorB us yoo
need to choose from.

TORONTO, CANADA

mONAGE RIDING CULTIVATORS

are long lived machinea— B'ljustfllili' f t rnwa 1^ to 50
tucbea. while in motion — teeth adjustaljli' for dfiah iind
angle— pivot or fixed wlieel.oiie row or tw,>— higii or low
wheeU— work well on blllsides — farm close
and true. A complete line. Our Anniver-
sary Cntfllog will show you — also, potato
itiHchtiH-ry. garden wheel boes and drillfl^
I'tc. Address

BATEMAN M'F'G CO.
_Bpx 5 1 67 GRENLOCH.N.J.

Stocks carried at many coaveDieut point*. Ask
for address of nearest Canadian Agency.

LOOK, READ, ACT !

stock Guaranteed No. 1

Roses two year, strong, H. P. Moss
.ind Climbing, 12c; Flowering Shrubs,
large assortment, 5c, 10c and 15c; Dutch
Pipe and large flowering Clematis, all
colors, at 30c; Perfection Currant, strong,
two years, $10; other currants, $6 per 100;
Cherry, Pear, Plum and Spy Apples, 30c;
other apples 25c; Cuthbert Easpberries
$7 per thousand; Peach trees at 20c: Hon-
eysuckles, 15c: Boston Ivy, 15c; Wistaria
20c; German Iris 10c; Paeonies, all colors,
15c; Liliee, 10c; Tree Boses, Hardy Bho-
dodendrons ajid Azaleas, Blue Spruce.
Write your wants. All must go.

Eastern Annapolis Valley

E. W. Backaaaii

The weather in Nova Scotia during the
past winter has be«n the most severe ever
rcmen,bere<l, but so far March has been fine
and frosty with brilliant sun. The apple
orcliards look promising ; the wood ripeneH
well last season and now there are to 1
seen a fine lot of fruit buds.

When we left Scotland in February, the
trees there were exceptionally advanced,
the white buds on the pears were almcst
ready to burst into blossom, while rhodo
dondrons, primroses, crocus and snow dro]
were in full blcom. Vegetation was ju,
as forward in England where the winUi
has been unusually mild, however, if a
spring frost occurs it will do a lot of dam
age in the Old Country which may in-
directly affect Canadian fruit returns" next
fall.

Nursery stock, home grown and importe'l
is now being root gri'fted. While in Fraiu
we walked over several of the famous Oi
leans nurseries (there are two hundred ci
them which supply the world with root
stocks of various kinds). Owing to the
rains and floods, the quantity and in some
instances the quality of these stocks is not
so great or so good as ether years and it i.s
hard to supply the demand, owing to this
scarcity; this too will probably affect the
Canadian orchardist.

Ar W. GRAHAM

ST. THOMAS

ONT.

Money in Apples in P. E. I.

I know a man who stated in public last
December that he had harvested a barrel a
tree from Wealthys seven years plajited
and it is not impossible for others to do
likewise. These trees can be set out 16
by 20 feet or closer, making 162 tsrees to
the acre. At a barrel a tree and $3.00
per barrel this would give $456.00 per acre.
Of course this is an exceptional case but
just cut it in two and for your five acre or-
chard you have a revenue of $1140.00 in
seven year's time.

Is this not worth trying for." Cultiva-
tion, fertilization and thinning the fruit
will do it. Then the work is very light
compared with other farm work.

NO LIMIT TO THE MARKET

Some one may say that if every on©
started this work the market would be
glutted. The same was said when we start-
ed the cheese industry. Why we have not
half enough apples on Prince Edward Is-
land to attract a buyer to come here. The
City of Glasgow, Scotland, consumed last
year more apples than we will produce for
export in the next five years. And just
think of the markets opening up in Western
Canada. No, no, the market will not be
glutted. I hope I have been able to pre-
sent some points in fruit growing that
will lead you to give this phase of agricul-
ture more attention.

I do not say that we are getting all out
of our orchard tliat we could have got with
better care. I am forced to admit that I
have not at all times practised what I
preach, but I am fully persuaded that the
orchajd will give more returns for the time
and money expended than any department
of farming unless it is strawberries and
these could be grown between the trees.

But growing good fruit is only one part
of the business, we must have a market for
the fruit. The old way of knocking the

May, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

1-27

SWIFTS' ARSENATE of LEAD

The acknowled.-fed standard in Canada and United States.

The aim of all manufacturers has been to reach the standard of SWIFT'S.

More SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD is made and sold than that of all other manufacturers combined.

THERE IS A REASON. SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEADcarries the highest analysis of Arsenic oxide. It is free from im-
purities. It mixes readily with water. It sticks and lasts. It positively will not burn foliag-e.

SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD is used by nearly every Fruit Growers Association in Ontario, and by the Department of
Ag-riculture.

SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD combined with NIAGARA LIME-SULPHUR is the spray that gave such wonderful results
in this province last year.

.A.11 sized packages. Reasonable prices. We can make immediate shipments. ORDER NOW.

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited, - Burlington, Ont.

MAILED FREE

BEAUTIFUL SIX COLOR PICTURE OF

DAN PATCH 1:55
and MINOR HEIR 1:58

(SIZE 22x28 INCHES)

M UFEUKC M IF TOU SAW THEM OH THE TRACK HITCHED TO SUUICS GONG
A FAST MiLE

^^ You must name Tliis Pappr ami st:ito liow much live stock you own.

WRITE TO US FOR THIS PICTURE

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO., l'o*t°"(""°- ""

M. W. Savaijp. sole owner nf "International Stocfc Food." and also of "Iiitt^rna-
tlonil Stock Ft>oi1 Farm." positivelv Guaraiit<;e3 that Hia World Famous Champion
StalUons. DanPatoh 1:S5. Minor Heir 1:5H. Hedgewood Boy 2;01. Goo. Gano2:02J^.
ami hi3 brood mares and colts cat it every day. You aro specially invited to
visit this Gr^at Uampss Horse ISreedtnjr Farm ten miles from Minneapolis, and
sea the pra-'tical resTilta of the every day use of the trreatest purely vegetable
animal toiii'' ev^r used on a farm. It is constantly useti and strongly •ndsrntf ly
t»Br Twi Millioas of tlie me»t up-to-date Stoclimea ind Hone Braeder* of the world.

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD
THE GREAT ANIMAL TONIC

Is sold by over 100,000 dealera on a spot cash gruaiantee that
its use will cost you nothing unless you get paying- results.
If it ever fails your money will be promptly refunded. Inter-
^ nsttonal Stock Food fs a strongly concentrated nu-dicinal pre-
paration composed of roots, herbs, seeds, barks, etc., and is equally
good for horses, colts, cows, calves, hogs, pigs, sheep, goats, etc
It is fed in small amounts mixed with grain and purifies the blood,
tones up and strengthens the system and greatly^ aids digestion and as-
similation, so that each animal obtains more nutrition from all food taken.
It is not amount off grain fed but the amount assimilated or taken into the sirstem
that fattens or keeps your stock in good condition, and as International
Stock Food increases assimilation it will save you money. It will make
you more money than you can possibly make without its use. 1 also
cures and prevents many forms of disease, and is absolutely harmless^
even if taken into the human system. International Stock Food is en-
dorsed by over two million farmers who have used it for years. The
editor of your farm paper will tell you we do exactly as we agree, and as
reference we give you the Traders Bank of Canada.

PROVED ITS IKVALtlABlE WORTH. Krho. Alta. 10 10-10

The International Stock Food Co..Toronto, Ont— Gentlemen : I feel in honor bound to ofTer you my testimonial in favor of your Stock Food. I liava used it faithfully this summer
and proved its Invaluable worth. It made my pi^ca ^ow, th") ri'sults were simply marvelous. I would not be without it for anything. My horses got a verv iiaaty disttraper couj:h in
the spring, butth-^ fond rlean^dit completely out of their system and they wont throush the Sprltig work fine and came out of itroIliii£r fat. Please duplicate my last order. Mrs.
Cne requests mo to t*-n yon that your Poultry Pnod is excellent, thatfeedlng your Poultry Food doubles the quantity of eggs, in fact, it could not be better for egg production and
keepinir the fowl healthy.— Ynurft ^incprelv fs'j-d.l Ai.F. R. ToK^ _^ ^

SEE OUR DEALERS^ op WRITE US with regard to our FREE TRIAL OFFER

This Model C. Spramotor was
awardad four Gold Medals, two at
National Horticultural Congress,
one at Dominion Exhibition, St.
John, and one at Provincial Exhibi-
tion, Halifax, N.8.. 1909-1910. "There
are reasons."

Mr. J. 0. Harris, of Ingersoll, who
is using 4 Power Spramotors for
eight years, writ«8 about the latest
Model 0.

"I have used your Model 0. Spra-
motor, )910 Gasoline Power Sprayer
almost every hour of fine weather
during the past four weeks, with
the exception of four days.

"We have had no break-downs,
practically no delays. It works per-
fectly, and so far has given the very
best satisfaction in use in every
way. It is all you claim it to be."

We have been manufacturing
Spramotors for 16 years for spray-
ing purposes only. "That is the rea-
son." Particulars free.

AGENTS WANTED

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1386 King Street
LONDON, - ONTARIO

STRATFORD

EXTENSION
LADDER

It is the lafeit and best en the
market. Fitted with automatic
hooks that lock at everjr runs
and unlock betwe«n the runss

LIGHT, STRONG

EASILY OPERATED
AND DURABLE

IF Interested write for Catalogue F
THB

Stratford Mfg. Go.

Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

Makers of Ladders for ev ry con-
ceivable pnrpose

tiS

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

Spray and Make
Your Crop a Success

You can practically determine in advance the amount of perfect
fruit or vegetables if you spray regularly with

ELECTRO Arsenate of Lead

(In Powdered Form)
Its (guaranteed) 32^ -33% arsenic oxide — twice the strength of other brands — kills
all leaf-eating insects at once, but the newest foliage will not be harmed because Electro
contains less than yi of 1% water-soluble arsenic. Electro is the only successful dry
arsenate of lead because it is the only one in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. Mixes
instantly with water and remains long in suspension ; or can be used as a dust. Rains
cannot wash it off.

Tests by Conn, and N. J. Agri. Exper. Stations prove its value — send for these.

Write, too, for our folders on Electro Arsenate of I^.-id and on Lime-Sulpl'.:ir
Solution — of greatest interest and value to all orchardists and truck
growers.

If your dralrr cannot sifptfly, iittte us for prtces, proofs and
name of nearest distributor,

THH VKHKLAND CHE.MICAL CO.,
46 Church Street, New York

A K-nce 01 t;;is knia only 16 to 23c. per running foot. Shipped in rolls. Anyone can put
it on the posts without special tools. We were the originators of this fcnce._ Have sold
hundreds of miles for enclosing parks, lawns, gardens, cemeteries, churches, station grounds,
etc., etc. Supplied in any lengths desired, and painted either white or green. Also, Farm
Fences and Gates, Netting. Baskets, Mats. Fence Tools, etc., etc. Ask for our 1911 catalog,
the most complete fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

St. John. 37 Dock Et.
506

Brmnehes— Toronto, Cor. King and Atlantic Ave. Montreal, 605-617 Notre Dame St. W.
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada.

WM» «NK rOU IMPORTING PHOSPHATt
• NO AMMONIA WHICH IS A BY-PRODUCT Off
YOUR FARMS OF WHICH YOO ARC CXPORTINC
MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY. BONCS
AND WHICH CONTAIN LARCC OUAHTITICS Of
PHOSPHORIC ACIO AND AMMONIA

KINDLY AN8WCR THC ABOVC

PURE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST

FERTILIZER.

THIS PLANT rOOD IS ALL TROM OUR
CANADIAN SOILS AND SHOULD ALL CO BACK.
5CN0 rOR PRICES. CTC.

•Hamilton. Canada.

FIRE, LIGHTNING, RUST
AND STORM PROOF

SiMCOE, Ont.. April 9th. 1908
"We have handled your 'Eastlake'
Shingles for nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury. They have been on the Court
House, Free Library, and other public
buildings of this town for 18 years. Wo
have used very lar^e quantities during
the pastl'5 years, and they have always
given first-class satisfaction, and have
never required any repairs.
(Signed) MADDEN BROS.

Tinsmiths and Uardware Merchants.

Write for Booklet.

The Metallic Roofing Co.

Limited, Manufacturers

TORONTO & WINNIPEG

Agents wanted In Some Localities

apples off the trees, patting them in bags
and i>eddling them about town won't do.
J will show you a more excellent way. Hand-
pick the fruit before it is too ripe, have '•■
neatly packed in boxes or barrels — I pi
for the boxes — and ship it to the best mar-
ket. Boxes cost about twelve oents each,
barrels almost forty oents and three boxes
will bring more money than one barrel.

Lots of people would buy a box of apples,
who would hardly think of buying a barrel
at a time. I believe, too, tJiat it would
pay to wrap — in paper specially made for
the purpose — our fancy apples. That i-
medium sized red apples, sucih as rameu^'
Wealthy or Mcintosh Red, and of the eai
apples the Crimson Beauty. — J. A. Moore
P.E.I.

Cranberries in Nova Scotia

A. Kelull, Wilmttt, N. S.

Probably one of the most interesting feat-
ures of the Short Course in agriculture at
the Nova Scotia Agricultural College was
Mr. Bishop's lecture dealing with cranberry
culture. Any bog or meadow land can be
made to grow cranberries, the one and only
essential point being that it must be free
from standing water for at least one foot
below the surface. The sod or turf should
be removed. This is usually done by hand,
at a cost of from fifty to one hundred dol-
lars per acre. Sand should then be hauled
on to the land and spread over it to a
depth of four or five inches. The fine red
sand so common in Nova Scotia is not re-
commended as it is impregnated with iron,
and greatly favors the growth of fire moss.
A rather coarse and gravelly sand is found
to be best, the common white sand being
excellent. The plants are set in rows about
eighteen inches apart and pressed in with
a dibber, generally about the last of May
or the first of June.

Barn manure is of no use in cranberry
culture, but on very poor soil an applica-
tion of six hundred pounds of a potato fer-
tilizer to the acre is often beneficial. The
bog must be weeded by hand, a rather la-
borious, and sometimes an expensive, pro-
ceeding. The vines commence to bear the
third year from planting, but it is not un-
til the fifth year" that they are in a prime
bearing condition.

At intervals of a few years the bog must
be resanded to a depth of about one inch
in order to keep down the fire moss.

INJURIOUS INSECTS

There are tJiree insects which are injur-
ious to the cranberry — the fire worm, the
span moth, and the berry worm — all of
which can be kept under control by means
of arsenical sprays. About fifty barrels per
acre is an average crop, and from five to
seven dollars per barrel is an average price.
The principal market at present is Mon-
treal. Shipments have been made to Eng-
land and elsewhere with success. There is
a continual demand for cranberries, and
tlie market is practically unlimited. Cran-
berries are stored in boxes holding about
a bushel, in a dark, well ventilated place,
which need not be as cool as that desired
for apples. The yearly exi>enditure on an
acre of Log is, according to Mr. Bishop,
about as follows :

Weeding $10 00

Sanding 15 00

Picking, marketing, and

extras 35 00

Total $60 00

It will be readily seen that if the ber-
ri€« fetch $250, cranberry culture is, as
Mr. Bishop considers it, an extremely pro-
fitable occupation.

May, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

129

Gulf Islands B. C.

W. J. Hamilton, Sooth Salt Spring, B. C.

There are two horticultural lines whicti
should prove great money makers in our
district of British Columbia. (Gulf Islands).
The first is the growing cf hardy bulbs.

For purely ornamental, not commercial
purposes, I have round my hotse at least
50,000 bulbs of common hardy varieties,
such as snowdrop, scilla, chionondoxa, cro-
cus, hyacinth, daffodil and narcissus, tulip,
gladiolus, etc., whilst anemone, iris, lilies
of sorts, lily cf the valley and other quasi-
bulbous plants grow like weeds. All these
multiply most freely with little care, large
numbers growing through the grass where
they look their best. We have much light
well drained sandy loam, and I believe that
anyone who gave to this line the care and
att-ention it requires could make this busi-
ness mcst remunerative.

The other line, which as the profits in it
are long delayed, might well be combined
with bulb culture is the growing of holly
berries for the Christmas market. Buyers
from the American side come to Victoria
every year and clean up what holly they can
get, paying high and yearly increasing
prices for it. It is true it takes many
years for holly to bear profitably, but might
not shelter belts of it be planted round the
bulb fields to protect the bulbs from the sea
breezes P The holly trees would thus serve
a useful purpose whilst they were growing
to a bearing age.

Montreal

E. H. Wartman, Dominion Frait Inspector

During my inspection season in Ontario
from December 5th to March 18th, princi-
pally in county of Notrthumberland, al-
though the quantitv of apples .stored was
small compared with other years, yet ship-
pers packed slowly, lengthening out season.
Good, well packed apples brought long
prices all through the season. One thing
that was quite evident in most of the pack-
ing houses visited were that apples of the
most inferior quality were stored. Even
(juite a percentage of windfalls were put in
storage, and these conditions, of course,
made a large per centage in shrinkage.

It appears to me that in March, when
temperatures in oellai's cannot be controll-
ed and apples rotting fast, the air is thor-
ouglily polluted in the barrels to the detri-
ment of all, and when re])acked at a tem-
poraturo of 40 degrees F. we oould not
look for good results for future keeping.
^.Choice apples of winter varieti<« packed in
"ctol)er and November and kept at a tem-
perature of 31 to 33 degrees F. will not
refiuire repacking in February and March,
but in some cases may require a cushion
jiad to replace natural shrinkage. In my
ox]>erience I have found only one per cent,
of apples handhxl as above rotten in April.
Prices of apples being very high, the
orange and l)anana trade is booming-
Think of $1.25 being asked me for a 11
quart basket of poor Spy apples, or over
$12 per barrel. In 1886' I bought far bet-
ter Spy apples for 50c. per barrel by taking
a two hundred and fifty barrel lot I's and
2's, It seems to be a very poor year for
our most coveted apple, the Spy. The
Stark seemed to be generally good when
the Spy failed.

The Ben Davis apple eeems to be a favor-
ite, even to the reptile kingdom. A good
size<3 specimen of this variety was given to
me, which a garter snake cf about fifteen
inches in length had hollowed out and
curled inside the cavity and died there.
Till! snake had been in some way hoad(H]
up in a barrel in the orchard and after

THE"BUCO" CULTIVATOR

Handle

4K Feet

long

No garden tool is so useful. Gleans
weeds out by root, keeps eoil fine and
mellow, taakes a clean healthy garden
and saves largely on labor.

The teeth.— the vital parts.— are of a
qualit/ unrivalled. They are all high grade
Steel Springs, tempered in oil. After a
severe strain in use which would *uin
ordinary teeth, they spring right back to
position. This is essential to get proper
lite in work and durability.

The 'GUMA' CULTIVATOR

Length over all 18 inches.

Similar in quality to the "Buco" The
greatest little Tool in the world for
flower beds and fine work. Sold by
Hardware and Seed Trade. If jourdeal-
ers cannot supply you, write us direct

*v^;^.

BAILEY-UNDERWOOD CO., Limited

NEW GLASGOW, N.S.

Defy lightning

as well as storms

You can defy lightning, so far as it affects your build-
ings, when you roof with Preston Shingles. For with
them you get a GUARANTEE against harm to any
building they cover from the thunderbolt. And they
protect you against all kinds of weather as well.

YET these better-gal-
vanized (therefore
longer-lived) metal
shingles cost you not a
cent more per hundred
square feet than you must
pay for the ordinary kind.
And even that ordinary
kind is worth far more

than wood shingles — or slate — or
the (so-called) patent roofings.

You should be well-advised about roofings

Allow us to send you a book
that tells the mere truth
about every sort of roofing
material there is. It is free.
You would gladly pay for it if
you know what it would save
you — in money, bother and
time. But it's yours for the
asking.

Manager Siding

Olive St. Factory, Preston,

Please ask
for that book.
Do it now. It
tells, among
other things.
why the all-
square lock
means bigger
roof value.
Write and

Ask Questions 1

Shingle and
Co., Limited

Ont., and Montreal.

I30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, igii

five weeks had elapsed was turnod out on
a table for repacking. The part of the
apple surrounding the hole of the snake
apple was in sound condition and bright
in ooIcr.Tbo snako had partaken of the only
food available, which was not healthful to
one of his kind.

I hope fruit exporters do not think it a
profitable thing to ship No. 3 apples to
England. Let them average up returns
for the nast ton years and then as.k them-
selves the question, How much more would
I have received for mv No. I's and No. 2'8
if I had shipped no No- S's?

WmScc Ontario First

To th« Editor, The Canai^ian Horticul-
turist,— I hope you will allow me to ex-
nress to you personally my opinion on your
leading article in the January issue under
the heading, "Insult tc Injury." During
the last eight years I have very closely fol-
lowed the development of Canadian fruit
growing. I have rend tho literature issued
by the different Provincial governments
■ .-..rlv everv year. I have also watched the
display of Canadian fruit at the office,? of
the Canadian Pacific Raihvny, the Canadian
■Emigration offices, the Ontario Grovern-
ment office and the Grand Trunk Railway.
T think Ontario is just as well up-to-date as
British Columbia as regards the advertise-
ment and display of fruit.

The only reason why so many English
settlers go direotlv to British Columbia is
''n my oninion the climate. For the Eng-
lishman seems to be afraid of the snow and
cold weather as yon have it in Ontario,
while in British Columbia he happens to
find a climate more like the South of Eng-
land has.

Further, the Province of British Colum-
bia has many Land Companias offering land
in small lots of five and ten acres, while
Ontario has none as far as T know. So the
averasre Englishman thinks there is a certain
difficultv of acquiring land '"n Ontario. Then
some of the li+/erature on fruit growing in
British Clumbia says that there are no in-
sects and pests, which are usually met in
older districts as Ontario and the United
States. I have lately received a lot of in-
formation on fruit growing in Nova Scotia.
Ontario and British Columella and I mu.st
admit, that I would prefer British Columbia
to any other part of Canada.

1 am not quite sure whether I shall oome
cut this spring or next year, but I shall cer-
tainly not pass Ontario without having a
good look in. My intention is to work one
year in Ontario before going to British
C.)liimbia. I have just received pamphlets
from a land company in wMch a fruit farm-
er writes that he was engaged in fruit grow-
ing in Ontario nearly all hi.s life but for the
la.st .seven years ho has been in Kootenay
and says that one acre of bearing fruit trees
in Kootenay is worth ten acres in Ontario.

Statements like the above are certainly
no advertisement for Ontario and if the
average Englishman reads such testimonials
he does not care to inquire any further
about Ontario. — Martin Winkler, subscrib-
er to Thk Canadian Horticuiturist, Lon-
don, England.

Co-Opcration In The Niagara
District

Mr. F. G. Pattison, of Winona, is greatly
interested in the development of the fruit
industry and very favorable to fruit in-
spection. He says that the town.ships of
Saltfield and Grimsbv are the be-st inspected
in the province. This is due to the fact that
the growers uphold the council in this work
as they realze that it is their only salvation
from the little peach and yellows as well
as scale. The inspectors for these townships
are the best paid of any in the province.
There are three for each town.ship while
other townshins have only one or in many
cases none. He thinks that it ifi a weak-
nos.s to have them appointed by the Council
and that they should be provincial appoint-
ments. Mr. Pattison is enthusi.Tstically in
favor of the adoption of a system of co-
operative selling for the entire Niagara Dis-
trict. He says that the large dealers who
were formerly atrainst this method are be-
.-;.iT.'nrr t." realize that it is the only way
in which they can keep a uniform price, a
.steadv market and prevent gluts. A com-
bination of 25 men would do it. He does
not expect a general combination of the
Cooperative Association and larcje dealers
as yet. But some style of a Board composed
of one man from each concern to meet
weekly to set prices to keep outside dealers
from coming, in shipping out inferior goods,
then cutting prices and thus demoralizing
tbp trade. They could thus keep up qualitv

of fruit, prevent the shipping of green
grapes and plan a better distribution, so
that gluts would not occur in one market
while another would have no fruit. As evi-
dence of the middleman's profit he cited a
case that while attending a fruit meeting
in Toronto he i)laced some grapi« in a fruit
stand at thirty-five cents per basket when
the same grapes oould be bought in Grimsby
for twelve and a half cents to fourteen centa
and two cents would pay the freight. In
this case the grower received very little
more than thirty per cent, of the consun
er's dollar.

Oyster Shell Bark Louse

Lime siilphvir ha.s not been as successful
in the subjection of the oyster shell bark
louse as the advocates of its use had desire<l .
From experiments conducted at the Experi
mental Farm, Ottawa. Prof. Macoiin woiild
advise the addition of twenty pounds ot iiuie
to the barrel of lime sulphur as mixed
ready for application. He reporte that the
use of this mixture has been very success) n I
in controlling the oyster shell bark Ion .
during the past season. The caustic natu;
of the lime dissolves the glutinous matter <
the scale and allows the lime sulphur to
work under the scale and kill the insect.

Enforce the Fruit Marks Act

The only roinedv that I can see for the
betterment of this industry is the strict
enforcement of the Fruit Marks Act, and
this can only be done right at the point
of shipment and by educating our fruit
packers what apples are to be packed. By
the enforcement of this Act at the point of
shipment the buyer will soon find it not
policy to buy unsprayed orchards. .\s long
as the grower can sell his apples at ordi-
nary prices without spraying it is certain
that he wll not take much care of his
orchard. The summary in a few words is
the enforcement of the "Fruit Marks Act"
at the point of shipment by competent
inspectors, who can also act as instructors.
— Jas. E. Johnson, Simooe.

Fresh peaches are to be exported from
the Delaware and Georgia orchards to Eng-
land as the result of the successful experi-
ments made from the Niagara district.

BRUCE'S FLOWERING BULBS

GLADIOLUS

CHOICE MIXED, 10 for 25c; 25 for 60o; $2.00
per 100. post paid.

GROFF'S HYBRID SEEDLINGS. MIXED, lU
for 30c; 25 for 60c: $2.00 per 100. post paid.

BRUCE'S WHITE AND LIGHT SHADES, 10 for
40c; 25 for 90c; $3.50 per 100. post paid.

CHILDSI. MIXED, 10 for 50c; 25 for $1.00; $3.75
per 100. post paid.

BRUCE'S SUPERB MIXED, made up by our-
selves from all varieties the best, 10 for 60c:
25 for $1.25; S4.50 per 100 post paid.

GROFF'S WORLD'S FAIR COLLECTION. No-
velties in all colors, grand, 12c each. 10 for $1.00;
25 for $2.25, poet paid.

NEW GRAND NAMED VARIETIES, almost any
color. 18 9ort«, 20c ea«h; 18 for $2.75. post paid

DAHLIAS

Splendid Named Sort«, all colors. Show, Cac-
tus, and Pompon Varieties, 22c ea«h: $2.20 per
doz., post paid. Ordinary varieties, mixed, 12c
each; SI. 20 per doz., post paid.

TUBEROSE

The Pearl, double white flowers, each 5c:
per doz. 40c: per 100 $2.50, post paid.

Single Orange Scented. be,iu1ifnl orange-like
blossoms each 5c: doz. 50c; 100 $3.50, poet paid.

LILIES

Auratum, Lancif. Album and Rubrum. Ele-
gans, Pardallnum. Tigrinum, Umbellatum,
Tenuifolium and Wallace!, each 20c: per doz.,
SI. 80, poet paid.

Write for our kandtomely illntlrattd 104 page Catalogne of Vegttablr, Farm and
Flower Seeds, Bolbi, Plants, Poalt'y Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. FREE.

JOHN A. BRUCE & CO.,

SEED MERCHANTS
ESTABLISHED 1850

LIMITED

Hamilton, Ont.

=1^

May, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

131

Growthy Chicks at a Minimum
Cost

J. W. Cl.rk, Br«Bl Co., Onr.

Good growthy chickens ready for the
market in late summer or early fall can
bo raised at a minimum cost when fed

om hoppers and allowed to range in the
rchard. My chickens have the run of my
oiohard, which is kept well cultivated so
that there is lots of green food provided
•-iich as a chicken can eat. I sow a little
clover for them. Since the orchard is
( iiltivated. say once a week, the soil is in
splendid .shape for the chickens to dig and
scratch and thus secure much animal food.
Tlio different ycung weeds and clover that
ki-pT) popping up makes tlie ideal green
food for them.

The chickens also do a world of good in

i(> orchard. It is ino.st interesting to
atch them in the early morning out under
I ho trees. Codling worms, canker worms,
and so forth, which let themselves down to
the ground by means of their silken ropes,
are quickly snatched up and converted in-
to chickon. The shade which the trees
provide is a necessity of chick life in hot
weather ; hence it is an all round benefit
to have them in the orchard-

Mv chicks are fed wheat screenings and
cracked corn, all they want, as the" take
it from the hoppers- They are watered
from a barrel, the water from which drops
.slowly into a drinking pan beneath. A
ma.sh feed of ground oats and corn mixed
with sour skim-milk, is fed once a day.
Sweet milk should never be given, as it
iiropagates disease so readily. Buttermilk
is even better than -sour milk, and may be
led liberallv to great advantage.

If fruit growers generallv will feed their
chicks in this way, thev will raise the best
<liirkens thev ever did. Their chickens
will be much hotter than thev have been,
and they will have such chickens as they
will get off to market early — chickens that
will not need crate fattening, and there
will be but little labor in raising them-

Grit is Essential for Poultry

1^ E. F. EatoD, Colchuter Co., N.S.

iThe grit in the food of the hen performs
le same function in preparing the food
[fr the a.^similation as do teeth in the
as© of other farm animals. In the gizzard
of the fowl, the strong muscles in the walls
keep the food and the grit grinding con-
tinually against each other, and in this
way coarse food is rendered fine and put
in the proper condition for assimilation-
Without grit, bowel trouble is sure to re-
sult in fowl as the food will not be di-
gested-

Very fine grit should form the first food
of the young chicken- As scon as the
dhicken is taken from the incubator, it
should Iro given a chance to pick at grit so
that it will have the means whereby it can
make u,se of its food. Failure to observe
this rule is a most frequent cause of loss
in the brooding o,f voung chicks-

Fino sand, oy.stor shells, broken crockery,
and mortar from old walls are all deeiir-
ahle forms of grit. Old mortar serves a
double purnose of .supplying grit, and the
lime to make the shell of the egg. If lime
in some fcrm is not fed, soft-shelled eggs
result. Where hens have free range in the

Peerless Fences cost the least
per year ot service

^HE longer a fence lasts the less it costs you.
That is why Peerless Fence is the cheapest
you can buy. It is made right in the first place.
Heavy steel wire, well galvanized so that it
cannot rust. Each intersection is held firmlj*
together by the Peerless lock. Peerless Poultry|
Fencing is made to give long and satisfactory
service. It is strong enough to keep the cattle
out and close enough to keep the chickens in.
It requires few posts, because it stands stiff
and taut. Peerless Lawn Fence will add to
the appearance of any property. It is attractive
and strong — will last for years.

1 have compared some of year Peer- Comparing your fence with other
less Fencing that 1 p'.t up the malces it is not hard to tell which is
first year with other tences put the best. There isnosign of ruston
up the same year r.nd I find that the first Peerless Fencing I put up
Peerless Fjncing shows no sign liere,andtherearesomeolhermakes
of rust and the galvanizing looks that were put up about the same
as pood as when erected, and I time that are rusted in spots now.
think you have been successful Where 1 have sold fencing once 1
in turninvt out a good fence. can go back and sell to them again.

—Mack Lillii, Gltnbumic. —G. A. Fitafieci, Oxford Milli.

We manufacture a full line of farm
a?id ornamental fencing and gates.

Tat BANWELL HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO., Ltd.

Dept 0, Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamliton, Ontario

57

BUSHELS MORE
POTATOES
PER ACRE

WHERE PLANTED WITH

JMiMi

(Improved Robbins)

Potato Planter

Average results obtained in a careful,
thorough test against a "picker" planter by
Maine State Experimental Station, in 1910.
Ahk »B quick for the proof— we will Bend you
novt' bona fide copy of their report in Bulletin
No. 188, which will be ready
about March 15th. Shows
exact results. Also, conipar
Ison of level culture, high
and moderate ridiiing,
100 per cent, perfect
planting is what you
want — no doubles, no
misses, no injury to
seed. Addrchs

BATEM/NK'F'GCO.i

BoxSie.p
GRENLOCH.
• N. J. jrry>^- ~

.^. . /^ ''

. oil rciir Ftrui mnkes
(■orrt'ctloiis ouly.

Stocks rarrit^d at luuiiy coiivriilent points-
AHk for }i<l<lr*!BHof n«iarest <^?nna.<liitii agency

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA
HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized. $10,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5.913.000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.737.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5.737.000.00

D. R. TriLKIE, FrMldant
HON. R. JAVFRAT, Tloe-FrMldamt

Brainche* and Asenciea throughout
th* Dominion of Canada

Drafts, Mon*7 Orders and Lattara of Cradit

issued available in any part of the world

Spacial attaotioo siraB to coUactions

Savings Departmant-^Ioterest allowed on de-
poBits from date of deposit.

Strawberry Plants

40 leading varietleB aold at
prices you can afford to pay.
Catalogue free. It will pay you
to Hecure It before you order
your jilanls. UW plants sent
post paid to any address in Can-
ada for $1.00

JOHN DOWNHAM

STRATHROY. - - ONTARIO.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Reliable and tested varieties,
strong- and well rooted plants,
carefully packed. True to label.
Includinsr Willian^s, Senator Dun-
lap, Glen Marv, Sample, New
York, Clydo, Cob.ilt.
WEITK POK 0IE0T7LAE AND PRICES

J. E. McCOMBS

Pelham Corners - Ontario

i3»

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

summer no provision neod be made for sup-
plying grit, but it should be constantly in
front of them when housed for winter. I
have found that the most convenient way
to feed them is by moans of a small feed-
ing hoppor, divided into two compart-
ments. In one keep oyster shells, and in
the other old mortar poiindfHl fine.

Variety Strain in Cabbages

From bulletin No. 96 of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Statr. College, Pa., the
following extracts are taken :

"Faithfulness to name and type, is per-
haps of greater importance- than any other
phase of the seed question. At the same
time it is a factor about which there ia
probably the least known. Unless seed,
purchased for a certain variety, produces
plants reasonably true to the general con-
ception of that variety, even though all
cultural conditions be perfect, a satisfac-
tory crop will be very uncertain.

"The fact that varieties of plants vary
in character to a greater or less degree has
long been known, but comparatively little
experimental work has been done to deter-
mine the extent of these varieties or to show
their importance in the production of profit-
able crops.

"In order that some definite information
may be secured on this question, a number
of experiments were instituted hy the De-
partment of Horticulture to determine the
influence of varietal variations as related
to the production of cabbage and other
vegetables.

"The experiments with cabbage include
strain tests of four varieties, viz. : Jersey
Wakefield, Charleston Wakefield, Early
Spring and Early Summer. In the present
bulletin we shall consider only the results

of strain tests of tlie variety Jersey Wake-
field. The work has been in progress two
years, and the present report is submitted
as a btiUetin of progress rather than a re-
port of comi)loted experiments, and while
the figures given should not be considered
as conclusive, yet they may be regarded as
a fair criterion of the variations as they
are found to exist within this variety and
of the relative importance which they bear
to profitable crop production."

The results of the experiments are sum-
marized as follows :

"1. The experiments with twenty-five
strains of Jersey Wakefield cabbage, cover-
ing a period of two years, indicate that
marked variations occur within the vari-
ety.

"2. These variations have a direct bear-
ing upon profitable crop production. There
are great differences in earliness, yields,
form and solidity of heads, and each of
these factors is important in determining
profits for the season.

"3. The degree of vigor of the young
plants in the seed bed is of no value in in-
dicating the size or character of the result-
ant crop.

"i. The percentage of germination of
some strains was much too low, and it is im-
portant for seedsmen to give ty:s matter
closer attention,

"5. The wide variations and lack of uni-
formity in this variety show the impor-
tance of exercising the utmost care and
skill in producing and selecting cabbage
seed.

"6. While the results of the two years'
tests show wide variations in strains of
Jersey Wakefield cabbage, the investiga-
tions will be continued several years to de-
termine more definitely the full importance
and significance of such differences."

Fertilizers for Asparagus

The Maryland Experiment Station, i
ducted experiments with fertilizer.s on as-
paragus in order to test the following fer-
tilizers applied in different quantities and
times of application.

1. Commercial fertilizer ver.sus barnyard
manure.

2. Different sources of potash.

3. Light and heavy applications of kainit.

4. Heavy applications of nitrate cf sod»J
in .spring. i

•5. Heavy applications of salt.

6. Manure in different amounts with,
and without commercial fertilizer. '

7. Different times of applying manuiea
and fertilizers.

During the six seasons of this experiment,
from 1905 to 1910 inclusive, the manure'
and fertilizer were applied broadcast ac-
cording to the outline above. As soon as
the spring applications were made, two
furrows were plowed from each side over the
rows and a harrow was run crosswise and
then lengthwise of the rows to level the
ground so as to produce green shoots insteau
of white ones. Once during the cutting
season this same treatment was given, and
then again when the fertilizer and manure
were applied after the cutting season. In
1909 and 1910 a double disc cultivator was
used instead of the plow and only one nar-
rowing was necessary to level the ground.

- BtTMMARY OF EXPERIMENT

Kainit at the rate of 2,000 pounds per
acre applied in mid-summer gave the high-
est net gain per acre of any of the plots.

Dissolved rock 400 pounds, kainit 400
pounds and nitrate cf soda 200 pounds per

^

Galvanized steel U-
Bar. Every two
feet it is screwed to
core.

Cypress core which is
chemically treated
against decay.

PERHAPS EVEN YET

U-BAH

The U-Bar complete.
This is half-size.

You haven't an absolutely clear idea of just how the
U-Bar is made — what it actually consists of — so we have
taken it apart, showing the steel U-Bar shell; and right be-
side it is the cypress sash bar core.

The shell after drilling, cutting and bending for curve
at the eave, is galvanized with our special hot process.
The core is chemically treated with an absolute preserva-
tive, then it is pressed tightly into the steel core and held

securely at alternative points on opposite sides by strong
countersunk screws. This gives a combination of sash bar
and rafter in one, having wonderful strength, while still
being so small as to cast the least possible shade. For
durability it makes a greenhouse that you can plainly
see is bound to have an extra long life because of the
careful protection of all vital parts. Tfs not only the best
growing house but it's the most attractive. If you would
know more, send for our new catalog.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON ^fV U-BAR CO.

DtSICNERS AND BUILDERS ^S5/ I MADISON AVE,NEW YORK
Canadian OHice, 10 Phillips Place, Montreal

May, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

vu

acre applied in early spring gave the next
best net returns.

Kainit at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre in mid-summer gave the third best re-
turns.

Muriate of potash gave better results than
sulphate of potash..

Nitrate of soda alone in early spring re-
duced the yield.

Dissolved rock alone in mid-summer was
not beneficial.

Salt seemed to increase the yield slightly
but had no effect in keeping down the weeds.

Manure is too expensive to apply year
after year. In seven manure plots only
two produced any profit.

Dissolved rock 400 pounds, kainit 400
pounds, and nitrate of soda 200 pounds
per acre used in early spring gave a profit
of $352.76, while the same fertilizer plus
10 tons of fresh manure in early spring
yielded more asparagus but the profit was
only $68.36, the high cost of manure making
the difference in profit.

Manure and fertilizer combinations are
desirable in moderate amounts, but are too
expensive in the heavy applications made in
this experiment.

The best time to apply manure or fertil-
izer is not settled by these tests, but leav-
ing out the two kainit plots the early
spring applications were followed by the
heaviest yields.

In arriving at these figures fresh manure
was valued at $2.00 per ton, rotted man-
ure at $3.00 per ton, kainit at $10.00, sul-
phate of potash at $45.00, muriate of pot-
ash at $42.00, nitrate of soda at $45.00, dis-
solved rock at $12.00 and salt at $8.00 per
ton. The price of asparagus is averaged
at eight cents per pound for the six years.

See our premium offer in this issue.

Niagara Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation

( Continued from last issue)
Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticul-
turist, Ottawa, described the varieties of
strawberries and raspberries that have
proven hardy and most productive in
various sections. Strawberries should be
planted on land that could hold the mois-
ture, but waS still loose and rich. He
thought that irrigation of strawberries and
other small fruits in dry seasons would be
adopted in the Niagara District. Barn-
yard manure well worked in was the best
fertilizer. The plants should be covered
in winter, marsh grass makes a good cover,
while oat straw came next. On the Domin-
ion farm they raked it off, cultivated the
ground and replaced the covering. To
overcome rust, spray just before blossom-
ing and after the crop was en. It was
best to grow varieties that kept up the
size to the end of the picking season. He
also delivered an address on the Lest var-
ieties of apples, pears and plums fcr com-
mercial plantings .

Mr. Elijah Rogers stated that early var-
ieties of peaches in Connecticut ripened at
almost the same time as those in the Nia-
gara District. Elberta is their standard
yellow peach. There is more money made
out of this variety than any other. Late
cultivation, however, has a tendency to
cause it to drop from the tree. Their best
late varieties are Iron Mountain and Foxes
Seedling. Late Crawford is a shy bearer
with them . They are not as svire of a crop
of peaches in Connecticut as the Niagara
District, as they can depend on only about
two crops out of every five years.

In Connecticut they plant Wagner, Weal-
thy, Mcintosh Red, Gravenstein, Duchess,

Williams Red, and Baldwin. The apple
trees are grown with the peach trees, one
apple tree to three peach trees. He uses
Bordeaux for the bitter rot, but has found
no remedy for the Baldwin spot. He uses
a fertilizer liberally, chiefly potash and
phosphoric acid, as he depends on re'd
clover to suply the nitrogen.

sow COVER CROP EARLY

He plows the orchards early in the spring
and sows the clover the latter part of
April or first week in May. He sprays
every apple tree, young and old, with lime
sulphur and the peach trees with the lime
sulphur early and with the self-boiled lime
sulphur in the summer for peach rot.

The fruit growers in the Niagara Penin-
sula are preparing to spray to even a
greater extent than in previous years.
Those who are fortunate enough to have
cared for their apple orchards in past years
are enthusiastic over the future outlook
of the apple industry. In fact, many feel
that with proper care apples will pay bet-
ter than peaches.

A deal has practically been consummated
by which Woodstock, Ont., secures a branch
of the big pickling firm of Libby, McNeil
& Libby, of Chicago. A representative who
was in the Woodstock district states that
his canvas among the farmers resulted in
contracts for about two hundred acres of
cucumbers for the proposed factory which
it is estimated will employ about seventy-
five hands.

I ©njcy reading The Canadian Horticul-
UTRI8T exceedingly, having been a constant
reader of it for years. It is very helpful
to anyone interested in hoirticultural
pursuits. — Mrs. W. D. Swazye, St.
Catharines.

THE

Ideal' Hot Water Circulator

'I'hc' "lUPjAL" i.s the simpJest and most efficient circulator on the market,
requiring less power to operate than any other.

,,.-INLET

THRUST BALL

BEARINGS

Sectional Cut cf Improved Circulsitor NOi 6

Some Advantages of the "Ideal" Circulator

(1) Improves to perfection the circulation in hot water plant*
that are defective .

(2) Enables present hot water systems to be extended to a very
large extent without increasing the size of the pipes or the height
of the circulating head

(3) Enables prasent boiler to heat a larger area of glass.

(4) Owing to the reduced size of the main piping required, it
considerably reduces the first cost of installation.

(6) Gives an even temperature In the pipes throughout the
system

(6) Reduces the amount of radiating pipes required.

(7) Enables smailer piping to be used.

(8) Piping may be placed below boiler level as well as above.

(9) Effects a large economy in cost of fuel.

(10) Bequires a very small amount of power to operate (1-10
of one horse power is sufficient for 5.000 sq. fe«t of heating surface.)

(11) Can be used as an auxiliary to gravity system and does
not impede the flow of same at times when forced circulation is
not required

For Prices and Further Information, write to

A. E. CROWHURST, ""%%". ?rN.-°

,\fiF,NTS WANTED

Make More Dollars

From Your Apple Orchard

Everything in connection with the growing of apples, from the
planting of the tree to the harvesting and selling of the fruit is
covered in the new book.

THE CANADIAN APPLE GROWERS' GUIDE

By L. Woolverton, M. A.

The information in this book is invaluable to every person
who has an apple orchard. It will give you just such information
as will help you to make your apple orchird produce more dolla,rs
tor you. It is a OaJiadian book and deals with Canadian condi-
tions. Below is a brief review of its contents.

Part 1.— A Complete Guide to the Planting, Culture, Harvesting
and Marketing of Apples.

Part 2.— Descriptions of Varieties of Apples, which are grown in
the various Provinces of the Dominion of Canada, made by the
author from personal study of both the trees and the fruit
with full size photogravures of the fruits themselves made under
his personal supervision .

Part 3.— Varieties of Apples recommended for Planting in the
various sections of the different Provinces of the Dominion.

The price is $2.00.

We make a special offer of the book and a year's subscription
to The Canadian Horticulturist.

Both For $2.00

Either new or renewal ftubscriptions. Write now while this
olfer is open.

The Canadian Horticulturist

PETEHBORO, - - ONTARIO

VUl

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

May, 191 1

Special Li -Sulphur ll'-/;;j,"S

SPHAYOMETER «c'aTe^'ue'y'
— ular $1. Men-
tion this advertisement, send 8Uc. and we will
send one postpaid.

PARKE & PARKE HAMILTON

FOR SALE AND WANTED

Advertisements in this department in-
serted at rate of two cents a word tor each
Insertion, each flgrure, sign or single letter
to count as one word, minimun cost, 25
cents, strictly cash in advance.

READ BEZZOS* Famous Prize Aster advertise-
ment on page 125.

HARDWOOD ASHES— Best Fertilizer in uae.—
George Stevens, Peterborough, Ont.

WANTED — Persona to grow mushrooms for us
in waste space in gardens, ynrds, sheds or
cellars, $15 to $30 per week. Send for illus-
trated booklet and lull particulars.— Montreal
Supply Oo'y, Montreal.

FARMS FOR SALE

FRUIT FARMS sold and exchanged. List with
us for quick sale. See us if you are thinking
of buying a fruit farm. — P. J. Watson & Co.,
1275 Queen Street W.. Toronto, Ont.

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.-Before

buying, it will pay you to consult me. 1 make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvin
Gayman St. Catharines.

H. W. DAWSON— Ninety Oolborne St., Toronto.

A GOOD FARM— Hundred acres. County of
Kent, brick house, two barns, cheap at thirty-
five hundred.

NINETY ACRES COUNTY HALTON— Twenty
miles from Toronto. House, bank barn,
orchard, seven thousand five hundred.

UP TO DATE FARM— Hundred axjres. County of
Peel, Seven Thousand.

IF GOING TO ALBERTA, Saskatchewan or
Manitoba I have farms both improved and
unimproved. It will pay you to see me.

FRUIT, STOCK, GRAIN or Dairy Farms to suit
you in Old Ontario. Consult me.

H. W. DAWSON. Ninety Colborne Street, phone
Main 6990; nights or hoUdays, 272 Wright
Avenue, phone Park 527.

SALMON ARM, Shuswap Lake, B.C. has the
flnest fruit and dairy land in B.C. No irriga-
tion necessary mild winters, moderate sum-
mers, no blizzards, or high winds; delightful
climate; enormous yields of fruit, vegetables
aJid hay; good fishing; fine boating amidst the
most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm
fruit hag ralized 25 cents per box more than
other fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderate,
and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock,
Salmon Arm, B.O.

BRITISH COLUMBIA fruit growing. Send one
dollar for two hundred page beautifully illus-
trated cloth bound book, entitled "Fruit £anch-
ing in British Columbia," written by T. J.
Bealby, a competent and well known authority
on the subject. British Columbia Fruit. Mol-
son's Bank Bldgs., Suite 1 Vancouver, B.C.

IF YOU WOULD LIKE to purchase a site for
a home and fruit farm on good, suitable soil
situated in the most favorable and dependable
climate in Canada, get Louth.Clinton Peach
Area free information and ground floor prices
for properties in the coming locality for most
profitable fruit growing. Don't miss present
bargains — forty thousand mansion and farm
for only thirty thousand, a fifty acres for ten
thousand; others large and small. Enquire
about them. State what you want. W. H.
Brand, Jordan Station. Ont.

YOU CAN TALK to the members of 10,000 homes
for a few cents by placing your advertise-
meot in this column. If you have anything
to sell, or want to sell or buy a fruit farm
try it. It will pay you.

Leasing Orchards

Some idea of the extent of the opora-
tions of the oompany that is leasing or-
chards throughout Ontario and part of
Quebec may bo gained from the fact that
already it has 14,000 trees, representing
about 4,500 a^ires of orchard, under lease.
Upwards of 1,000 acres of additional land
is being purchased outright. Most of the
orchards have been leased for periods of
ten years. The majority cf them are lo-
cated in the counties of Prince Edward,
Grey and Huron, although oiierations are
being conducted in some eighteen counties
all told. Interests have been secured also
in two of the largest orchards in the
province cf Quebec. Mr. 1. F. Metcalf,
formerly the district representative of the
Department of Agriculture at Collingwood,
is in charge of the operations- The com-
pany has appointed representatives in the
different districts. Mr. J. E. Anderson, of
Melville, being its representative in the
county of Prince Edward. Mr. Anderson
has at work under his direction several
parties of three cr four men, each in charge
of a foreman. These parties reijort, both
to Mr. Anderson and to the head office in
Toronto. They have charge of the prun-
ing and spraying operations in the or-
chards as well as of all of the work re-
quired to maintain the crcnards in a good
thrifty condition.

PREMIUM OFFERS

Show your friend* thi» number. Get them to
subscrib«, anii earn a valuable premium.

Methods oi Packing Compared

White & Co., Commiition Merckanti, Toreato, Ont.

It is difficult to make a comparison of the
methods of packing Canadian and Cali-
fornia fruits, as the existing conditions
are very different.

Our Canadian fruit is intended mostly
for immediate consumption, and the pack-
ages used are suitable for the purpose in-
tended, they not being called upon to stand
any long distance or delayed shipping.

A great improvement has taken place in
the packing of Canadian fruits during the
past year or two. Shippers have become
aware that the public are willing to pay
fcr a well packed package of fruit, so that
aside from the moral aspect of the ease,
it is financially profitable.

With the California fruit a great deal
more trouble has to be taken to ensure uni-
form and proper packages, and proper load-
ing of cars as the fruit is shipped from
5,000 to 8,000 miles. Nevertheless it in-
variably opens up at its destination in
perfect condition. The shippers are exact-
ly informed as to the carrying qualities
of the different varieties, and they in turn
inform the pickers as to the exact stage
of ripeness at which the fruit must be taken
from the trees. Furthermore, the cars are
iced thoroughly in transit and kept in
sound condition.

We are not noticing so much waste this
season in California fruit as we have in
previous years, owing to the fact that the
United States Government has established
pre-cooling stations at most of the large
shipping points, i.e., they have a large re-
frigerator shed into whch the cars are run
after loading, and all the vegetable heat is
extracted from the fruit inside each of the
cars. The temperature is brought down
to about 40 degrees, and the ice bunkers
are filled. Cars prepared in this way do
not require continual icing in transit. The
result of this test is that such stations are
being established as fast as the apparatus
can be installed in the various sections.

While this system would be of no use to
Ontario shippers using Ontario markets, it
would be of vast benefit to them in ship-
ping to the northwest or to the far east.

Speak Quick !

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the splendid premiums offered by The
Canadian Horticulturist for the secur-
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culturist at 60 cents, which will entitle
you to the choice of the followinK
splendid premiums mailed U> your ad-
dress free of all cost.

One Climbing Rose

(Thousand Beauties). .

This is the rose which Mr. W. G.
MacKendrick of Toronto, the noted
rose grower, places at the head of the
list of climbing roses. It blooms pro-
fusely from the beginning of June to
the last of July. The flowers are
borne in clusters of from ten to fif-
teen blooms each, and show tints of
bright rose, carmine, white and yel-
low, all in the same cluster. It is a
strong rapid grower, free from mil-
dew or disease of any kind, and is
very hardy.

A number of subscribers who have
secured one of these roses state that
they are delighted with them. The
plants are strong and vigorous, witli
excepionally fine roots. They would
cost much more than the price of a
year's subscription to The Canadian
Horticulturist were you to buy them.
But you can secure one FREE by tak-
ing advantage of this offer. Nothing
could be more beautiful than a well
trained climbing rose. Be sure and
get one.

To those who prefer seeds, we offer
for each new subscription to The Can-
adian Horticulturist secured at 60 cts..
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Flower and Garden Seeds

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The CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PETERBORO - ONTARIO

TTie Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

JUNE, 19(1

No. 6

The Grape— Its Cultivation and Care

UNDOUBTEDLY the best method
of pruning the grape in Ontario is
the true or four arm Kniffen sys-
tem, possibly excepting the weaker grow-
ing varieties as Delaware and Moyer.
The canes for the season's crop should
spring from short spurs on the main up-
iLfht trunk having the connecting base
list below the supporting wires. This
..'ikes the ideal form of vine. The en-
deavor to equalize growth on the lower
arms by growing these canes as a divis-
ion of the main trunk, is in my opinion a
fallacy. I have not found that it gives
any advantage in this way. It is not ob-
ligatory to select the new canes for the
season's crop from those found nearest
to the main trunk, but it is highly de-
sirable to do so, provided they are strong
and well ripened. It is also desirable to
bring out new canes from the main trunk
every three or four years to renew the
spur in order to eliminate the sprawly
growth and the undesirable long knotty
old wood forming these spurs. The up-
per canes should carry three to four more
buds than those on the lower wires, and
the total number of buds allowed to re-
main will depend entirely upon the var-
iety and the strength of growth.

These four pruned canes should be tied
securely to the wires before the buds
.swell in the spring and the. best method of
procedure is to twist each cane care-
fully around the wire tying the outer end
securely with grape twine, two wrap-
pings and a secure knot. This permits
the weight of the entire crop to be carried
by the trellis wires and not by the canes
themselves or the main trunk. It is
seldom necessary to support the main
trunk where this method is used, but
when found advisable to do so, use a
short piece of wire shaped like a U, plac-
ing the same around the trunk and giving
the ends a half turn around the trellis
wire. Never encircle the trunk with
twine; if you must use twine thus, tie to
the wire, carry around the trunk, and tie
to the wire again. This will prevent
strangulation.

The shoots from the horizontal canes
grow out obliouely, but soon fall and
hang down with the weight of the fruit
and foliage. Any tendency on their part
to cling to the trellising must be checked
by tearing off, so that they may hang
free. There is no necessity for summer
pruning, excepting the removal of sprouts
and suckers, and the rutting off of the
ends of the bearing wood when this

A. Bonar Balfour, Pilrig Fruit Farm, Port Dalhous

reaches the ground and hinders cultiva

tion.

FERTILIZATION

The fertility of the vineyard is an im-
portant consideration. The land must be
rich to produce a good quality of grape,
though an over-abundance of barnyard
manure is not advisable. A moderate al-
lowance, together with such commercial
fertilizers as are necessary to supplement
those elements most required by the
grape is essential, nor must th re be any
stint. The practice of manuring only
around the base of the main trunk, where
the feeding roots are erroneously sup-
posed to be, is bad. The fertilizing ma-
terial must be spread or scattered broad-
cast over the whole surface rf the ground
to produce the best results.

Large crops of the finest quality of
fruit may be grown without the use of
barnyard manure provided cover crops

Will Recotntnend it

I congratulate you upon the
great improvement I notice in The
Canadian Horticulturist, especial-
ly along the line of caring for the
apple orchard. I will recommend
it to every fruit grower. — J. G.
Jarvis, Black River Bridge, Ont.

are grown to maintain the proper me-
chanical condition of the soil together
with the liberal use of commercial fertil-
izers of such composition as is suited to
start and maintain growth throughout the
season. Nitrogen, in any of its special con-
centrated forms, is not adapted to the
grape and its use especially by those not
versed in the matter of these special fer-
tilizers, has a tendency to delay ripening
of the fruit and canes, whereas bene and
potash salts will hasten the maturing of
both in a marked degree — under proper
conditions.

SULPHURING

Few growers in Ontario sulphur, or
if they do they do it so imperfectly as to
be of little value, and it is a pity that sul-
phuring is not given the same careful at-
tention as is given the pruning.

Mildew, the oidium of Europe, is re-
sponsible for much of the poor fruit which
may annually be seen on our markets.
This can absolutely be controlled by the
proper application of sulphur. It is true
that cultural methods help the control to

133

ie, Ont,

a limited extent, but that alone is not suf-
ficient.

Sulphur to be efficacious must cover
the whole vine. Throwing sulphur over
the vines or dusting on the same by means
of perforated tins or through sacking is
improvident of substance and imperfect
in application. Sulphur acts by means
of the fumes it gives off when the tem-
perature is sufficiently high. These
fumes destroy the mycelium and summer
spores of the fungus, but in order to ob-
tain this desirable end the sulphur must
be in close contact and must therefore
cover the vine in its entirety. The nearer
a spore or a piece of mycelium is to a
particle of sulphur, the more quickly it
IS killed. Practice has shown that sul-
phur placed on the ground under the vines
is wholly useless, though one might
reasonably suppose otherwise, when it is
considered that there we find the warmest
air.

Several forms of hand sulphur dusters
are to be found on the market, though
the best I know of is manufactured in
France, by M. Vermorel, who has an
agency in Montreal. The sulphur from
this machine is thrown out with violence
by means of a current of air produced by a
valve bellows. The result is to cover the
whole vine with minute particles. This
machine, which is cheap, may also be
used to dust air-slaked lime on asparagus
or poisons in dust form on such plants as
require such application.

The time of day to apply sulphur is of
little moment provided the weather is
suitable. It is less effective when applied
to vines wet with dew as the tendency of
the moisture is to gather the sulphur into
patches. Nor can sulphuring be done in
a high wind, though a light breeze will
aid the sulphur to penetrate to all parts
of the vine.

the treatment should first be given
when the vines begin to open their blos-
soms— this seems to ensure a thorough
fertilization and consequent fine bunches
— and again when the fruit is the
size of buckshot. Two applications seem
to suffice as a rule, though some seasons
may be exceptional. I have always found
that these two applications are ef-
fective and will produce a fine quality
grape.

SPRAYING

Unless grapes are sprayed with Bor-
deaux, one must expect annual losses
from the rot, some seasons, and in some
varieties, to a serious extent. Spraying
with the 4-4-40 formula is effective if the

»34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 r

application is made with care — one appli-
cation will usually do if the vineyard h'js
been well treated in the past, and this
should be made when the grapes are of a
fair size. Though some specialists advo-
cate at least three, I have found these
additional sprayings unnecessary. Poi-
son may be added, preferably in the form
of lead arsenate, and the spray must be
applied, not only to both sides of the
vines, but also through the interior. Such
application can only be given by hand.
Driviftg a power machine between the
rows is not good business, though more

speedy. Speed, however desirable, is not
everything. Thoroughness and care in
the work, combined with timeliness, is
the essence of success.

It must he borne in mind that some var-
ieties of grap)es are more susceptible to
disease than others, that the location of
some vineyards invite disease to the vines
in a greater measure than in other locali-
ties. Accordingly the treatment found
effective in one vineyard may require mod-
ification in another. It therefore de-
volves upon the vine-dresser to use judg-
ment for his own salvation.

Orchard Observations

J. H. Hire, R< prucntativc of the Departmeit of A|ricDltnrc, Wbilbf, Oat.
NTEREST in fruit growing has been

appearance of small crescent shaped cuts
which are made by the female hopper in
depositing her eggs.

CULTIVATION THK REMEDY

One of the best methods for its control
is the practice of clean cultivation. Th<
insect does not feed upon the leaves of
the trees. Its only means of sustenance
is the grass and weeds found in and
about the orchard. The logical remedy,
therefore, is to deprive the insect of its
food supply by keeping down weeds and
grass in the early part of the season.
Where this is done, attacks seldom oc-
cur. The cultivating need not be con-
tinued so late as to prevent the practice
of cover cropping.

I greatly aroused in this district bor
dering Lake Ontario. The practice
of scraping and pruning has been much
more general than heretofore. While
the most of this work has been perform-
ed to good advantage, a few comments on
improper methods might be of value to
the readers of The Canadian Horticul-
turist. One of the chief mistakes noticed
has been the pruning of large trees so
as to leave the limbs to some extent bare
of branches and fruit spurs, leaving sim-
ply a small bunch of branches at the ends
of the limbs. In this case what fruit is
produced is borne on the ends of the
limbs, which renders picking and .spray-
ing difficult and expensive, and where
high winds occur much of the most valu-
able fruit is readily blown off. Such trees
should be headed back severely, in order
to produce new branches or suckers,
which may be trained into new bearing
wood, and in order to lower the tree so
that spraying and picking of the fruit
may be done more economically.

In many places fruit growers have a
mistaken idea of the purpose of scraping
of trees. Their efforts seem to be direct-
ed to getting off as many of the scales of
the oyster bark louse as possible.

SOEAPING TREES

In waging war against these unnum-
bered foes the combattant effects many
wounds which not only injure the vital-
ity of the tree, but subjects it to the at-
tacks of fungous diseases, chiefly the
Black Rot or Canker Trees should only
be scraped sufficiently to remove the out-
side rough bark, which will prevent in-
sects obtaining protection under the bark
and allow the various spray mixtures to
completely cover all of the trunk and
branches, so that no part of their suf-
face will be left open to the attack of
disease, and that not a single scale of the
bark louse will miss being covered with
the application.

During the spring and early summer
both young and old orchards should re-
ceive thorough cultivation. For the first
two or three years in young orchards a
single cultivator strip, worked up fre-

quently on each side of the row is suf-
ficient. The width cultivated should
of course widen as the branches
of the trees extend. It is as a result of
this practice, together with more liberal
applications of fertilizers that British
Columbia and Nova Scotia growers are
aiile to get a much more rapid growth in
their young trees.

A further observation is the finding
of young trees in uncultivated orchards
badly infested with the Buffalo Tree Hoo-
per. In many cases is the injury so seri-
ous that the trees have been almost ruin-
ed. These insects do little or no harm
by direct feeding but utilize the twigs
and branches of the young trees as places
of deposit for their eggs in such a way as
to kill or severely stunt its growth. The
work of this pest can be identified by the

In cold climates the cover crop should
be sown much earlier than in southern
latitudes, so as to ensure the proper rip-
ening of the wood. While it is probable
that the latter part of July or the first of
August would be early enough for south-
ern Ontario, in northern Ontario and
Quebec, the land should be plowed as
early as possible in the spring and the
cover crop sown at least a month earlier,
by the end of May or the middle of June.

I have had excellent results from two
sprayings with lime-sulphur, one with the
strong solution, when the trees are dor-
mant, the other dilute, when the blos-
soms have fallen. I obtained ninety per
cent, perfect fruit, when other years the
apples were largely unmarketable.— L.
Wolverton, Grimsby.

An Orchard Meeting in a Nova Scotia Orchard

The system of instruction that is proving so euccossful in other provinces, that of holding
meetings in orchards for the consideration of matters relating to fruit growing and where
they can best be illustrated, has been followed with much success in Nova Scotia. The illus-
tration shows those who attended an orchard meeting in the orchard of Mr. Frank Fowler,
near Bridgetown, N.S. Mr. Fowler and his children may be seen in the centre. Now that an
increased interest in the growing of fruit is manifest throughout Canada, more of these
meetings might well be held.

June, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

A Succcful Vineyard in a North-Eastern Portion of Ontario, where the Seasons are Cold

west''o^OUa;r^nd''d^si""o'La'^eirita^,nia"''T^^ °' »""■« Corners, a short distance

incident to it. location, he succeeded Ir^^owTn^^ rcefs",^ff. Sr;iriSL\!Trlp'^^^^^^^^^^^^

Co-opcratioi\ in Fruit Marketing in N. S.

I

S. C, Parker, Berwick, Secretary of the

THE export of apples from the Ann-
apolis Valley of Nova Scotia, has
grown from 35,000 barrels in 1893-
1894 to 750,000 in 1909-10. This is
only a beginning- of what is to come. Ten
years will see this output doubled and
twenty years will mean an annual output
of from two to three million barrels of
apples from this section of country, one
hundred miles long and from four to ten
miles wide.

Situated as this valley is, its extremity
about one hundred miles from Halifax,
an ocean port with many steamship lines
making it their winter terminus, and with
good harbors for small steamers at
Kingsport, Annapolis and Port Wade,
right in the orchards, a system of ship-
ping has grown up that is unique in the
history of apple marketing. In the early
years of the industry there were few if
any buyers. The district was removed
from the great centres of population, and
the quantity of apples was so small that
outside buyers did not come in to look
after them.

London was the principal market and

the early growers individually picked,

[packed and usually consigned their fruit

ito that market. It was all very easy;

a dozen English commi.ssion houses had

csident agents making their headquar-

!rs here for the fruit season. These in

turn had local agents at every shipping

[station, and the farmer handled his crop.

Nova Scotia Fruit Groweri' Asiociatisn

be it large or small, in his outhouse
or cellar, hauled them .in small lots to
the shipping station,, where the agent
combined them in carload lots and for-
warded to the consignee. The consignor
heard no more of his goods for about
four weeks when he received his account
sales with a check for the net proceeds.
This was a species of cooperation but the
profits were all on one side. The trans-
portation companies took a generous
slice. The general agent took all his
conscience would allow, and divided the
pot among his sub-agents. They in turn
provided for their subs.

"The greater fleas had lesser fleas upon

their backs to bite 'em ;
The lesser fleas had smaller fleas, and so

ad infinitum."

Then the consignee charged commis-
sion, insurance, brokerage, wharfage,
lighterage, cartage, porterage, and half
a dozen other 'ages, or sometimes lump-
ed them all in a lot as "our charges." The
growers fretted long under this burden,
but individually were helpless.

MORE STORAGE NEEDED

Ten years ago the export reached 300,-
000 barrels, and a new system was in-
augurated to meet the increased output.
More storage room was needed, and the
erection of frost-proof warehouses on the
line of railway was begun. These were

built in some cases by English commis-
sion houses, some by local dealers, and
some by the growers combining. Here
large quantities of apples were collected,
packed and shipped under a more uni-
form system. This, too, was a species of
cooperation, but still did not put the pro-
fits in the right place. Once inaugurat-
ed., the warehouse system grew with as-
tonishing rapidity. The farmer who a
few years before was growing a few
score or possibly a few hundred barrels,
was now getting a thousand or thous-
ands. He needed more frost proof stor-
age and expert help for packing. In
1910 every station on the Dominion At-
lantic Railway between Annapolis and
Windsor had from one to six of these
buildings, from 75 to 150 feet in length,
and with storage capacity of from 5,000
to 15,000 barrels each. To these ware-
houses the fruit is brought as picked
from the trees, and here gangs of skill-
ed packers work by day, and in the rush
sea.sons often by night, turning out car-
loads of straight lots uniformly and skil-
fully packed.

Another revolution quite as remark-
able, has come in the past decade. Before
the warehouse system was established,
and farm packing was the rule, individual
consigning was also the rule. In 1900
probably 75 per cent, of the output was
consigned by the grower in small lots to
the commission men. Now the universal
tendency is to sell as picked, "tree run,"
as it is technically called, and in 1909
probably 75 per cent, of the crop was sold

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1911

to buyers. Buying apples in the Annapo-
lis Valley, however, is a precarious pro-
position. The man who can make money
buying apples from the Nova Scotia
growers must be brighter than they are,
and that class of men are scarce. The
grower knows too much about the busi-
ness ; he is receiving daily quotations
from foreign markets, he knows how to
pack and market his own product, for he
has been doing this for years, so if he
cannot get his price ,he handles his own
stuff. Only a few men of the many who
have bought apples in the Valley have
amassed wealth, more have been finan-
cially ruined than those who have got
out with a whole skin. Buying apples
here is no get-rich-quick game. One On-
tario man who entered the field in 1909,
is reported to have left $30,000 behind
him when he pulled out.

CO-OPERATION OF THE GROWERS

Cooperation has been talked for years,
and attempts were made some years ago
to organize the whole district on a com-
prehensive scale. This scheme though
good in theory, failed through being too
large, and attended with too much initial
expense. Three years ago the first suc-
cessful attempt was made at Berwick.
Twelve men organized the Berwick Fruit
Company', Limited, incorporating under
the Nova Scotia Joint Stock Companies
Act. The idea expressed by the organiz-
ers was to commence on a small scale,
put up a good pack, gain the confidence
of the market, sell for cash f.o.b. cars,
or if sales were not quick ship on consign-
ment to good houses. The organization
was a success from the beginning. The
first year this concern handled 7,000 bar-
rels, getting better prices than the aver-
age grower and earning enough in com-
missions, etc., to practically pay working
expenses. In 1908 some more good men
were taken in and the output was about
15,000 barrels; more members came in,

and in iQog, 22,000 barrels passed
through the packers hands, netting some
$45,000.

The Berwick Fruit Company, in its
first year's operations, consigned about
one half of its output; a uniform and
square deal have gained for their brand a
reputation that will sell thousand barrel
lots by cable just as readily as by personal
interview. Last year the output was
practically all sold f.o.b. cars at the
warehouse ; and cash or draft attached
to Bill of Lading are the usual terms.

The company sells over a wide range ;
three cars of Gravensteins were sold in the
Canadian West, going as far as Moose
Jaw. Five cars to South .Africa buyers
at $4.50 per barrel, was a satisfactory
deal for both buyer and seller/, and a fea-
ture of the business is that both these ex-
tremes want more of the same stuff. In-
spired by the success of the pioneer com-
pany, others are being formed. A gen-
eral cooperation act of the Nova Scotia
Legislature makes the process of organi-
zation easy and inexpensive. Five co-
ojjerative companies operated last year,
handling about one-tenth of the crop. This
year ten are at work, all owning their
own packing houses and controlling
probably 25 per cent, of this year's crop.

As a means of getting nearer together
a central organization has been formed,
composed of representatives of all the
tributary companies. This central or-
ganization has a board of directors, and
general manager, and we look forward to
a not distant day, when the central com-
pany will sell and buy for all the sub-
sidiary companies. This central com-
pany in 1909 chartered three steamers,
and shipped 25,000 barrels to London in
their own ships, saving fifteen cents per
barrel freight to shippers and incidentally
making $1500 clear money, which is
laid aside for the rainy day which is lia-
ble to come some time.

The day of small things in the apple
business has passed, and the prospect
now is that in a few years cooperative
associations will practically control the
output of millions of barrels from the
famed Annapolis Valley.

Practical Experience in Fruit
Growing

AlexMder Smilb, Eafitid, Oat.

I go over my orchards every .spring
and prune regularly. We then have no
large limbs to cut off, as I think a little
each year is much better than to miss
two or three years and then give a severe
pruning.

I have generally had root crops of
.some kind or beans in the orchard. VV»
would not advise sowing barley or oats
in an orchard unless one wished a sickly
light colored foliage on their trees.

.As we work a large farm we do not
need to sow clover to plow under, as
we usually have plenty of good farm-
yard manure. I believe in cultivating
an orchard early in the spring to start
the trees off quickly, but would plow
early in the fall, as late cultivation will
start a growth of wood that would b?
injurious to the trees. Plow or disk the
orchard the last thing in the fall, as it
will be found a great help in the hurry
of spring work and help with the early
cultivation of the orchard.

DOTTBLE PROFIT FROM BEES

As an apiarist, I find that we obtain
double profit from our bees. We pro-
duce tons and tons of honey each year.
Aside from this, the bees are invaluable
to our orchard and alsike clover. They
are double croppers. Through their
work in pollinizing the blossoms they
ensure us a good set of fruit and an
abundant crop of alsike seed. All
scientists are agreed that bees and in-
sects are much more efficient agents of
pollination than the wind ; and of the

Gathering the Strawberry Crop on a Farm near Streetsville, Ont.
Notice the building provided to etielter the berries when picked.

June, TQTi

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

137

Intensive Fruit Cultivation

Pear Orchard of Mr. Jas. E. Johnson, Simcoe, with strawberry plants between the trees

insects, laees are of the greatest impor-
tance in this work. Thoroughly fer-
tilized blossoms produce larger and bet-
ter shaped fruits.

As bees are quite a study in them-
selves, if the fruit grower does not
understand their care, it might be more
satisfactory to get some beekeeper to
place a few hives in the orchard. Bees

will travel two or three miles from the
hive in good weather, but their greatest
benefit is obtained in wet, cold and
cloudy weather, when it is probable that
they will not venture far from the hive.
In this district, wherever bees are
kept they have good crops cf well shap-
ed apples and heavy yields of alsike
clover seed.

Fertilizers for Fruit Groovers

Prof. R. Haicaart, 0. A. C, Gatlph, Oat.

I

^^B Regarding the influence of fertilizers
^^Bn quality and flavor of fruit, experi-
P^Rnents seem to show that an abundance
of phosphoric acid and potash in the food
and plant is extremely important, and
that, on the other hand, where nitrogen
is somewhat deficient the effect on the
quality is scarcely perceptible. Consider-
able work has been done in determining
the influence of the several ingredients,
that is, the nitrogen, potash and phos-
phoric acid on the size of individual fruits.
With core and stone fruits the experi-
ments are not far enough advanced to
warrant definite conclusions, but with
berries a greater number of results have
been obtained, and these appear to indi-
cate that the lack of phosphoric acid did
not materially decrease the size of the ber-
ries, as compared with those grown
where a complete mixture of fertilizers
was used, but when potash was not sup-
plied the berries were small, and where
nitrogen was left out they were still
small.

There is very little definite data to show
that color in the fruit is influenced by the
nature of the fertilizers used. It is sup-
posed by many that the use of potash
nd phosphoric acid will influence the

color, and it is quite probable that they
do, but I fancy that the influence of these
may \je very easily overshadowed by the
effects of excessive quantities of nitro-
gen in the soil. It is quite possible, and
even probable, that too late in the season
there is apt to be so much leaf growth
that the fruit is too much shaded, and
the leaf and stem growth once strongly
started is not easily checked, and as a
result we have fruit lacking in color and
often really lacking in maturity. It seems
likely that if cultivation was stopped ear-
ly in the season, and cover crops sown,
that better results would be got. The
cover crop will use up a great part of the
moisture and thus check growth and
cause ripening of the fruit.

If this be true, cultivation in the or-
chard cannot be stopped at any set time
from year to year, or in one orchard as
compared with another. The time to
cease cultivation is dependent upon con-
dition of the growth, which will be in-
fluenced by the nature of the weather and
the richness of the soil in plant food.

It is our intention this coming year to
place a number of experiments which we
hope to continue for a series of years.
We wish to .see what elTect fertilizers will

have on the fruits and also to study the
influence of fertilizers and other factors
on the color of fruit. I shall be very glad
to co-operate with anyone who wishes to
take up this matter seriously, in order
that we may get the experiment started
on some really good basis. It is useless
to .start experiments on orchard fruits un-
less they are to be continued over a num-
ber of years, so that the full effects of
the fertilizers on the trees and fruit can be
definitely studied.

Spray Injury

In many instances the omission of the
spraying just befcre the blossoms open-
ed permitted the scab on the pedicles to
cause a serious dropping of the young
forming fruit, resulting in a poor set
and consequently in a light crop. This
early fungous infection of the young
fruit and pedicles was, we believe, the
main cause of the generally light crop
of apples throughout western New York
last season. This early infection also
occurs on the leaves and is responsible
for many mysterious cases of lime-sul-
phur injury. Infection of apple leaves
by the scab fungus previous to applica-
tion is one of the most common causes
of spray injury. The injury caused by
the fungus admits the spray material to
the inner tissues of the leaf more readily.
Probably insect injuries also play an im-
portant part in spray injury. — Prof. E.
Wallace, Cornell University.

Treatment of Evergreen Plants

Wm. Hont, O.A.C., Goelph

As early in the spring as possible, the
plants should be placed outside in the
day time on warm days. Avoid putting
them out on cold windy days, or placing
them in a too sunny position at any
time. Often they could be set outside
early in May in the day time, and lifted
in at night, or covered up if the weather
should be frosty. This would shorten
the time in their undesirable winter
quarters.

About the end of May the plants could
be placed where they are to stay for the
summer. A too sunny position is not
advisable ; they should never be exposed
to the hot mid-day sun — very little sun
is best for them.

Spring or early summer, immediately
after the flowering season, is the best
time to repot these plants. An applica-
tion of some kind of fertilizer during
the summer will often obviate the ne-
cessity for repotting, thus helping to
keep the size of the pot or tub reduced

A liquid solution made from one part
cow or sheep manure in ten or twelve
parts of water and allowed to stand
twenty-four hours and sufficient given to
about moisten half the soil, and applied
every week or ten days will be beneficial.
The fertilizer should be applied when the

138

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

soil is moist, not when it is very dry or
very wet. This will stimulate the growth
and give the foliage a bright green,
glossy appearance, one of the main at-
tractions in these plants. It is scarcely
possible to make this solution too strong
for these plants, if the plants have ex-
hausted the soil they are in, and have
good root development. Discontinue the
use of the fertilizer about the end of July
to allow the growth to harden before
winter. The plants should be watered
liberally during the summer and sprayed
frequently with "water.

Herbaceous Borders

Arlhor E. Thatcher, ArneU ArboretDii Btslon

In making a herbaceous border, if it
is to be permanent, it should first of all
be seen that the drainage is good, as
few except semi-aquatics will succeed
under water-logged conditions. The
border should be not less than six feet
in width, but much finer effects can be
produced if from eight to ten feet can
be allowed.

A good background is always desir-
able, and two excellent subjects for the
purposes are climbing roses or a row of
sweet peas, but, of course, what to use
must be decided by the situation of the
border. Trench the soil in the fall to a
depth of two and a half to three feet,
incorporating plenty of decayed manure
or other enriching material, and leave
I he surface in a rough condition till
spring, so that the climatic effects may
sweeten the soil and render it in good
condition for working.

Early in spring is the best time to
plant if the frost is out of the ground
sufficiently, and it is advisable, if one is
not well acquainted with the subjects, to
make a plan of the border beforehand,
showing whare each variety is to be
planted. Harmony of color is of great
importance and can only be obtained by
making a plan or having a good know-
ledge of the plants, and of equal impor-
tance is the arrangement.

Tall-growing plants must, of course,
find positions at the back of the border,
but the mistake is not infrequently made
of carefully graduating the heights so
that the tallest are at the back and the
lowest at the front, just as one would
arrange geraniums on a greenhouse
bench. In this way plants lose their in-
dividuality, for much of the charm of
the border depends on seeing each sepa-
rately. The most effective arrangement
is obtained by planting some varieties in
groups and others as single specimens.
By having plants of medium height near
the front of the border, much greater
depth results and the general effect is
altogether more pleasing.

Early flowering varieties should not
be too near the edge of the border, un-
less they retain good foliage till the fall,
and others which flower at a later sea-

son should be in front of them, so that
no bare places are apparent. By a
judicious selection a succession of blos-
soms may be had from spring till late
in the fall, but to obtain such a desir-
able condition it is necessary to be well
informed about the large number at our
disposal and then they can be ordered
from the catalogues.

r^i^^

The Crimson Rambler Rose

Dr. Kalbfleisch, President of the El-
mira Horticultural Society, gives the
following information regarding the
cultivation of the rose shown in the ac-
companying illustration. "This rose was
planted in 1906. The hole was dug
large in order to go through the layer
of clay which had been thrown out of
the cellar some years previously. Good
garden soil was then filled in around the
plant, and it was mulch-
ed with strawy manure
and sprinkled well with
wood ashes.

"On washdays the
whble plant is given a
supply of soapsuds, this
together with a liberal
use of cold water from
the waterworks hose
keeps the green aphis in
check. The rose bush is
taken down each fall
when the snow comes
and covered with about
four inches of coarse
manure. In the spring
I cut the last season's
wood back two feet, as I
find that I get better
bloom when the rose is
severely pruned than if
left to itself.

"I consider the Crimson Rambler as
easy to grow as any vegetable ; any good
soil will do. Apply plenty of cold water
in dry weather, cover with a mulch in
winter, and prune severely in the spring.
The above is all th'at is necessary to
secure a good showing of flowers in
July and August."

The Velvety Lawn

In order to have a nice even lawn,
the most important thing is to prepare,
the soil thoroughly. Plow deep and
cultivate thoroughly, then plow, roll
and harrow again after having let the i
ground lay for a week or ten days.

If the space is too small to plow,
work just as thoroughly with hand im-
plements. If rough, the land should be
fevelled with a .scraper and float drawn
with a team or else with a shovel and
hand rake.

The ground should be covered with
a coat of well rotted manure and well
worked in. Before sowing, go over the
surface with a rake and pull off all
stones or lumps of dirt that cannot be
broken . Rake and roll until the ground
is perfectly firm. The easiest method

-'^

■m. ^-■

>^'^

Crimson Rambl
dent

Grass for a Shady Lawn

A mixture of seed which is very satis-
factory for a shady lawn can be made
by using Kentucky bluegrass two parts.
Woodland meadow grass two parts,
various leafed fescue one part and crest-
ed dog tail grass one part. This mix-
ture makes about the best all around
grass for shady places that can be ob-
tained, and one \yhich will remain green
throughout a muoh longer portion of
the year than either the Woodland Mea-
dow or Kentucky blue grass.

Trim the evergreen hedge just before it
starts in the spring. Never prune back
of the growing twigs. A hedge should
be clipped regularly each year.

er Rose and Residence of Dr. Kalbfleisch, Presi-
of the Elmira Horticultural Society.

of seeding is to buy the best mixed lawn
grass seed from a reliable seedsman.
Kentucky bluegrass alone will make a
good lawn. A good mixture is Red Top
Kentucky Blue Festuca Ovina and a
little White Clover. If the lawn is
shady use more Red Top. Sow broad-
cast on some very calm day. Earl\
morning is generally the best time. Sow
it thick enough so that you can see it
scattered thickly on the ground, forty
pounds to an acre is none too much, but
the above guide will do for all practical
purposes. Rake the seed in as early as
possible. Many obtain the best results
by sowing a little barley with the grass
seed, but most people get best results
from sowing alone.

Do not cut very low the first year.

A lawn will respond readily to heavy
fertilization. It is a good plan when mak-
ing the lawn to apply five parts bone
meal, five parts acid phosphate, three
parts muriate of potash and two parts
tankage at the rate of five pounds per
square rod and work well into the
ground at intervals of three or four

June, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

139

weeks. Dress with nitrate of soda at
the rate of half a pound per square
yard. If preferred use the same quan-

tities of a good mixed fertilizer, such
as is known in the trade as a 5-8-8
goods will give good results.

Among the Floivcrs in June

Wm. Hunt, O.A,

THl'] month of June is usually the
crowded month of the year in the
flower garden. Late seed sowing,
thinning and planting, hoeing and weed-
ing, trimming and edging walks and
borders, will all crowd in during the
next few weeks and unless attended to
promptly, poor results, and a lot of ad-
ditional labor later' on will be the out-
come. The increasing warm weather
will also start the many insect pests
and enemies of the flower lover into life.
In respect to these last named, the old
adage, "An ounce of prevention is better
ihan a pound of cure," applies with in-
creased force in connection with work
generally in the flower garden during
June. Spray the plants for insect pests
early and often.

SEED SOWING

Quite a few of the more tender annuals
(;an yet be sown that will give good re-
sults during the later months of sum-
mer and the early months of autumn, al-
though the main bulk of the annuals
should have been sown a week or two
ago, or earlier. Among the annuals that
usually succeed very well when sown late
are the Nasturtiums, Annual Poppies,
Portulaca, Candytuft, and even Zinnia
and Phlox Drummondi will often give
good results if the weather is not too
hot and dry. If you have a hot dry cor-
ner of the border not yet sown, dig, and
then rake the surface very fine, and sow
broadcast some Portulaca seed. A very
light raking after sowing is all that is
needed as the seed is small and fine, and
it must not be covered deeply. Poppies
succeed well similarly dealt with. The
other kinds mentioned require a less hot

|^_^and sunny position.
^B All of these seeds would germinate
, more quickly if given an occasional
sprinkling with water, if the weather is

C, Guelph, Ont.

hot and dry. It is too late to sow asters,
stocks, sweet peas, and most other an-
nuals, to expect good flowering results
from them.

SOWING SEEDS OF PERENNIALS

If a new perennial border is contem-
templated, or new kinds needed for an
old perennial border for planting next
season, June is the best month to sow
the seed for most of them. Columbines,
Campanula persicifolia, Campanula car-
patica, Pyrethrum roseum. Perennial fox-
glove. Yellow Marguerite, Shasta Daisy,
Veronica or Speedwell, Perennial Lark-
spur, Gaillardia grandiflora. Sweet Wil-
liam, Cerastim tomentosum. Oriental
and Iceland Poppies, Garden Primrose
and Cowslip, English Daisy, Forget-me-
not, hardy sweet scented garden Violet,
Lychnis chalcedonica, the Japanese lych-
nis (L. Haageana), the Chines;e Bell-
flower (Platycodon), and Heuchera san-
guinea, are a few of the best hardy per-
ennials that can be grown easily from
seed. Biennials, such as Canterbury
Hells and Hollyhocks, can also be sown
now.

Paeonies, Dicentra (Bleeding Heart),
German Iris, Lemon Lily and Lily of the
V^alley, are best grown from divisions of
the roots, and are best planted late in
September or very early in October. Gar-
den lilies, such as Lilium elegans, Lilium
candidum (Madonna lily) and the Tiger
lilies, should be planted in August or
early in September. The bulbs of these
should be planted in clumps about six
inches or more under the surface of thte
soil. Do not' disturb lily clumps if they
still flower well. Lilies should not be
disturbed very often, and should never
be dug up and transplanted in spring or
early summer.

The seed of the varieties of perennials
before named as growing readily from

'0

JitiBL : liiiitiiiir ^ ill

%

^y^^

seed, are best sown in shallow boxes or
in a small specially prepared seed bed.
Boxes are best, as they are easily moved
about if needed, unless a large number
of plants are wanted. A light box 10 x
24 inches, and three inches deep, with
holes through the bottom for drainage

A Grcup (f leeUnd Poppiit in the PereuBitl Border

A Clomp •! Ptrcnnial Larktpnrs

will do very well. Haddie fish) boxes
are good for this purpose.

After the seed is sown they can be
placed under a tree or some slightly
shaded place where they do not get the
hot sun in the middle of the day. Good
loamy soil not too rich in fertilizers, with
about one-sixth part sand, is about the
right soil for seed sowing. It is best to
sow the finer seeds in drills about one-
quarter of an inch in depth, the coarser
seed, such as Sweet William and Lark-
spur, nearly half an inch in depth.

If a seed bed is made the soil should
be of a light nature and be shaded from
the sun in the middle of the day until the
seedlings have three or four leaves show-
ing. The seedlings should be trans-
planted about the end of July or early in
August, into deeper boxes, or into nur-
sery beds. The plants should be plant-
ed about an inch and a half apart. They
can be planted out in the perennial bor-
ders in groups at this time, if a perennial
border is in existence. I prefer trans-
planting them into boxes or nursery beds
as they can be better looked after and
protected in the winter, and put out in
the border the following spring. It
takes two or more years from the time
they are sown before they produce much
flower. The perennial varieties will,
however, flov.er for years when once es-
tablished.

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1911

If divisions of roots of these plants can
be obtained they give the best and quick-
est results, and are true to type to the
parent plant, which seedlings sometimes
are not, but roots are more expensive
when purchased. Plants or divisions of
roots can usually be obtained from nur-
serymen and florists, or from some neigh-
bor perhaps, who already has a border

Fsrly in May is the best time for di-
vidirg the roots of most of the peren-
nials I have named as growing easily
from seed. It is too late to disturb theni
now. One plant named requires sper!al
mention, viz., the Oriental Poppy. These
are best sown in boxes, or in the border
where they are tp grow permanently.
They require careful sowing and shading
from the hot sun until four or five leaves
have grown, when they can be hardened

off to the sun gradually. A few minutes
hot sun when the plants are very small
will be fatal to them. When once well
started, they are among the hardiest and
showiest of border perennials, but they
do not transplant as well as most varie-
ties from the open ground.

A perennial border is one of the most
satisfactory features pertaining to any
flower garden. A very good collection
of plants can be obtained from seed as
mentioned, at little cost and labor. With
the addition of a few clumps of spring
flowering bulbs planted here and there
in October, such as Tulips, Narcissus,
Hyacinths, Crocus, and so forth, and
some of the kinds before named, a display
of flowers can be had from the time the
snow melts in the spring until it comes
again in the fall.

What Amateurs Can Do in June

THE lateness of the season this year
has left garden crops backward.
Sometimes young vegetable plants
that have started find it difficult to break
their way through the soil, and are either
delayed in appearing, or are killed. Wat-
ering will soften the soil and help the
plant push its way through. Do not
allow any plants to suffer frcm dry
weather.

Warm weather this month will bring
plants on rapidly. Watch the weeds and
cultivate frequently. Stirring thle sur-
face, even if it appears to be clean, will
destroy many young weeds which are
just starting and save much labor later
in the season. It will also conserve the
moisture by preventing evaporation.

The garden should be cultivated and
hoed as soon as the young plants appear.
Do not wait until the weeds get a start.

The only way to secure satisfactory
results in the flower garden is by giving

the details careful study. Many pleas-
ing effects can be obtaintd by the exer-
cise of a little forethought. Even tropi-
cal effects can be had by the proper se-
lection of suitable plants. One of the
best of these is the castor oil plant. It
can be grown from seed and will grow
eight or ten feet high. It branches free-
ly. The plant makes an excellent centre
plant for a circular bed.

The canna is a sub-tropical plant,
which may be conbined with others with
excellent effect. In addition to the fine
foliage, it bears brilliant flowers 'that
give color to the assortment. For beds
of this kind there are other plants, such
as palms, screw pines, ficus, caladiums
and aspidistras, which can be put out of
doors in summer with advantage.

Plant gladiolus bulbs in full exposure
of the sun. Plants for bedding may be
placed in the open early this month.

In color schemes, harmony should be

the first consideration. One of the best
general purpose hardy border plants is
the perennial phlox. It gives an almost
solid mass of color for many weeks.
Give it good, rich .soil and keep the
grass and weeds away from it. This is
about all the attention it requires.

Have plenty of hollyhocks, but do not
plant them singly. They are more ef-
fective when grouped. Dahlias planted
now will usually give better results than
if planted earlier.

FIGHT THE INSECTS

Keep ahead of the insects on rose
bushes. (;i\e the leaves a good sprink-
ling of hellebore now, if it has not al-
ready been done. Sprinkling the leaves
once a day with water alone will keep
down many pests. The size of pansy
blossoms can be kept up by watering
occasionally with weak liquid manure.
Get your window boxes ready and put
them in position as soon as danger r)f
frost is past. If you want the best n -
suits in the flower garden, do not n(
gleet the four chief operations, namel;
thinning, weeding, cultivating and wat-
ering.

CARE OP THE LAWN

In a newly-made lawn, keep a watch
for the weeds, and do not let them get a
start. Fertilize with about one pound of
a good potato fertilizer to every ten
square feet of lawn. This will keep the
turf thick and velvety, and the weeds
will be smothered out. Keep the mower
going. Frequent mowings increase the
body of the sward. Do not mow too
closely, but often.

WITH THE FRUITS

Weed the strawberry patch and keep
the surface soil well stirred, or else cov-
ered with a thick mulch of straw. If
you are growing strawberries on the hill
.system remove the runners. Larger and
better berries may be secured by this
method, but not so many of them.

If you want to grow larger and better
fruit on your trees than you have done
in the past, thin out t+ie fruit trees this
month. Fruit trees and bushes should
be sprayed if clean fruit is the object. If
the home orchard is small a barrel spray-
er will be a profitable investment. Gum
or sawdust near the base of the peach or
plum trees indicates the presence of bor-
ers. Dig them out with a knife or long
wire, or they will weaken or kill the tree.

A Flower Garden by the Eastern Sea

The garden of Dr A. Bell, in Cape Breton, is here shown. Note the terraces and the en-
trance to the Pargola walk on the left hand side. Flowers grow in this garden in great
profusion. It is a source of much pleasure to Dr. Bell, inventor of the Bell Telephone, and to
his numerous Tisitors.

It is best to get the hydrangea out
of doors as early in the spring as pos-
sible (about the end of April), protect-
ing them in a temporary way or carry-
ing them in the house if the weather
turns cold, but they should stay out
doors from at least the end of May un-
til the middle of October. — Wm. Hunt,
O.A.C., Guelph.

Apples are an antidote for drink and
tobacco.

June, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

141

Another View in Dr. Bell's Garden

A nearer view of the south entrance to the Pargola walk may here be seen. The pathway
is made of large flat stones. Notice the border of flowers on the right and the natural
effect of the whole scene.

June Planting Notes

Wm. Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont

DURING June harden off all plants
gradually from indoor to outdoor
condition. This is done by stand-
ing the plants out when safe to do so, in
a partly shaded place away from the hot
sun and sweeping winds for a week or
so before planting, and where they can
have temporary protection from frost as
well. Remember the hot sun is often as
injurious to tender plant life as frost when
they are brought from indoor to outdoor
conditions. Do not plant out very ten-
der plants such as Coleus, Salvia, Iresine
and Cannas until all danger of frost is
over, they are very tender and easily
touched by frost. The ground should be
quite warm before planting.

TRANSPLANTING SEEDLINGS

Transplant seedlings before they get
too much drawn up and spindled, or when
about four leaves have developed. Choose
dull, showery weather for this work, if
possible, or do the work in the early
morning or evening. The plants in the
seed box or seed bed should be well wat-
ered several hours before transplanting:
the soil should be moist, not very wet nor
du.st dry. Take only a few plants from
the seed box at a time.

Never allow the roots of any plant,
especially seedling plants, to be expos-
ed to the hot sun, or to dry winds. Keep
the roots covered with a little soil or a
dainp piece of paper or cloth until plant-
ed. Get the plants back into the soil
again as quickly as possible. Plant the
roots a little deeper than when in the
.seed box. .See that the roots are not
pointing end upwards. Press the .soil
firmly around the plants. Water the soil
well at once, and in such a way as not
to lay the seedlings down flat.

Go o\'er the plants a few hours after
planting and lift up any leaves out of the
soil tTiat may be partially buried, pressing
the soil around any stems or roots of
plants where needed. Shade the plants
from the hot sun, in fact the whole oper-
ation of transplanting should be done in
the shade if possible, especially in hot,
sunny weather. .'Vvoid giving the plants
too much water after the first watering
for a day or two, until growth has well
started. Carefully shading for two or
three days, not too dense, and a gradual
introduction to more sun each day after
that — until the plants have got a good
root-hold — and a Spraying with water
over-head, is much better than soaking

the plants too much at the roots after the
first watering. After a few days stir the
surface soil around the plants with a small
hand cultivator to prevent the surface
from becoming hard. Surface stirring is
better than the application of too much
water.

The best implement for transplanting
small seedling plants is a small dibber
made of a small hardwood broom handle.
The dibber should be about five inches
in length and pointed to a not too fine
point. For large plants the top, or eye
end, of a spade or fork handle about
twelve inches long, and pointed, will do
for this purpo.se. For large plants there
is nothing better than a regular garden
trowel. The latter is an implement that
should be among every collection of gar-
den tools.

BULBS IN FLOWER BEDS

If you have spring flowering bulbs,
such as tulips, hyacinths, crocus, and so
forth, in a flower bed, and you wish to
plant the bed with plants such as ger-
aniums, salvia, coleus, canna, or large
plants of any kind for summer effect, the
bulbs should be dug up just before it is
time to plant out the summer plants. It
is possible, if the bulbs are planted too
thickly, to put the plants named in be-
tween the bulbs. It is, however, very
seldom that bulbs are planted wide
enough apart, the ground cannot be thor-
oughly dug and cultivated with them in
the border, so as to give the summer
plants the best conditions possible, so it
is best to take the bulbs out. The bulbs
should be left as long as possible before
digging them. Then dig up carefully,
with all the soil possible attached to the
roots ; the leaves and tops should be left
on.

Take a small trench in some out of the
way corner of the garden about four or
five inches deep with a sloping side. Lay

The Pargola Walk in Dr. Bell's Garden

A vista in the Pargola walk is here shown
flowers are in full leaf and flower the effect is
Davidson, Baddeck, N.S.)

At seasons of the year when the vines and
moet charming. (All photographs by J. Q.

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

the bulbs thickly three or four deep in
this trench so that the top leaves are
above the soil. Pack some soil well
around and over the bulbs so as to fill
the trench, then stick a good sized stake
or large label up to mark where they
are, so as not to forget the spot when the
leaves have dried up. Leave the bulbs
here until the end of July; then dig and
spread them out on the ground for a
week or so to dry.

CAEE OP THE BULBS

When the bulbs are dry, put them into
shallow boxes and put them away in a
cool, fairly dry basement, cellar or room,
until planting time in October, when they
can be sorted over and planted. Digging
the bulbs up again and drying them at
the end of July prevents them from start-
ing into growth. Bulbs do not like to
be disturbed after they have started to
root. Treated in this way, a good per-
centage are good to plant again for sev-
eral years.

It is sometimes possible in good, rich
loamy soil to cut off the tops of the bulb
stems down to the ground after they are
through flowering, then cultivate the sur-
face and put in small, quick-growing
plants, such as Petunias or verbena
plants, or sow some seeds of phlox drum-
mondii, aster, mignonette, candytuft,
portulaca, sweet alyssum, or some dwarf
growing annual, but none of these are
a success as a rule unless the ground is
well cultivated first.

Delphiniums (Larkspur)

Mrs. Anni* L. Jack, Chateaofuay Batin, Que.

Just behind a flower border, where
white roses run riot during June, there
grows up a clump of tall Delphiniums
that make a fine background, with their
spikes of heavenly blue, brilliant as the
skies. Their height can be judged by the
height of the gardener as shown in the
illustration, and when their wonderful
beauty is seen it is cause for surprise

that more attention is not paid to this
old fashioned perennial, so grateful for a
little attention, yet able to live with-
out it.

There are about sixty species of this
plant we know best as Larkspur, that are
natives of the north temperate z(#ne, and
yet the old favorite "Formosum" can
hold its own among the dark blues,
while Beauty of Langfort is a creamy
white. "Belladonna" is considered one
of the finest varieties, and has the quality
of constant blooming from June until
autumn. Some of the newer hybrids are
especially beautiful in various shades ol
blue, and are sure to blossom all through
the summer.

The Siberian Larkspur are noticeable
for the lustre of their flowers, resembling
silver that has been tarnished by fire, and
the old Bee Larkspur is interesting on ac-
count of the curious manner in which the
petals are folded up in the centre of the
flower, so as to resemble a bee, or large
blue bottle fly. The name "Delphinium"
is derived from Delphin, in reference to
the supposed resemblance in the nectary
of the plant to the imaginary figure of a
Dolphin.

HOW TO PLANT

The plants can be easily grown in June
from seed, or by a division of the roots.
Given a good locality, for it revels in sun-
shine, there will be for two months a
steady bloom if plants are chosen of such
varieties as come in succession.

The soil must be rich and deeply work-
ed, with good drainage, in order to give
the best results, with plenty of water in a
dry season.

Under these conditions if the flower-
ing stalks are cut down as soon as faded,
and not allowed to go to seed, new fol-
iage and flowers will start and give some
later spikes of bloom when they have be-
come rare. New perennials come to our
notice every year but among blue flowers
the Larkspur easily stands first for hardi-

ness, beauty and continuous flowering,
while the newer shades of pink and laven-
der are a very interesting addition.

Dclpkiuumi (Larlupor). Sec Adjoining Article

Advice about your Garden*

E.F. Cellint, Toronto, Oat.
To have a good lawn it is necessary to
thoroughly rake out all the dead grass
and refuse so as to admit air and light
to the roots. Do not cut the grass too
short or close to the earth for the first
time or two. This allows the bottom
growth or cushion of grass to get fairly
strong first. This is the grass which
makes lawns soft and velvety in appear-
ance.

If sowing grass seed, sow during a
rain or just before if you are sure it is
coming. Sow the seed thinly, and then
sow a scattering of fine soil over the seed.
This will assist a much more rapid ger-
mination.

Do not make walks and paths in big
sweeps and curves purely for landscape
effect. In the average city, walks in
small gardens are for practical use and
should be placed beside the flower beds,
or running around the sides and a small
square or oval, whichever suits the for-
mation of the garden best.

The best material for a cheap path is
ashes or cinders about eight inches deep.
If kept well rolled it makes a firm, clean
surface for a permanent walk. Second
hand brick laid flat makes an excellent
walk, provided it is laid by a skilful per-
son. The edges should be bricks laid on
their edges.

Never plant all your tall plants at the
back of your beds and borders, and so
shorten them down to the front. It is
too artificial. Nature never does any-
thing like that. Instead, let some of
your taller plants stand out boldly from
among the shorter ones. Then curve the
edges of your borders slightly outward
opposite them and you will be surprised at
the different effect that will be produced.

Notes on Vegetables

Sweet corn can be sown at any time
during June. Now that the danger of
frost is past, sow seed of such tender
vegetables as cucumber, pumpkin, squash
and melons. Sow plenty of seed and do
not thin out thfc seedlings until after
the insects have had a chance to do all
the damage they will do. Late cabbage
and cauliflower can often be planted be-
tween the rows of early tomatoes before
the latter are done.

To secure early tomatoes train them
to a trellis or stake. Pinch off the side
shoots and allow all the strength to go
to one stalk.

Hand weeding is necessary in the onion
patch. The young plants are easily
choked by weeds.

If the squash bug is troublesome, lay

* Extract from an address given at the May
meeting of the Toronto Horticultural Society.

June, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

143

Onion Grawing at condnctcd on the fann of Donald Ckalmen, Eitex Covmtj, Ont., where a

small pieces of board near the plants as a
decoy. The bugs can be killed under
the boards every evening.

Thin out onions, beets, carrots, par-
snips and such plants that require it. The
more space given to these plants the
larger they will grow, but better quality
is obtained by allowing them to stand

fairly close together, thereby keeping
them on the small side.

The best time to water the vegetable
garden is in the evening. When this is
done the water soaks into the soil dur-
ing the night and the surface soil is not
baked hard as it would be if the watering
was done while the sun was shining.

Success Grooving 82 Varieties of Vegetables

Gcorie K. Baldwin, Toronto

(Continued from previous issues.)

IT is time to get your hoe sharpened, re-
pair your hose and other tools, and
start right in at the top of your garden
by pinching out superfluos runners and
leaves of the musk melonS|, cucumbers,
squash and marrows, etc., keeping the
hoe going constantly, killing the weeds
and loosening the soil, watching for in-
sects of all descriptions, sprinkling a little
sulphur around the turnips, powdering
the young cabbage and cauliflower plants,
with a mixture of pyretherum powder
and common flour in parts of four of
flour to one of pyretherum powder.
Meets want nothing but the hoe. Toma-
toes want attention, now that they have
started to throw up laterals and suckers.
The latter should all be taken off, pinch
out head of plant and allow four of the
strongest of the laterals which are to be
trained up four sticks, about four feet
above the ground, and stick into the
ground at an angle of about seventy-five
degrees, allowing each of these to run
up the sticks until the third set of fruit
flowers is formed, when the tips should
be pinched out,, which will tend to throw
the sap back into the fruit which is now
forming, all of which fruit will ripen be-
fore frost sets in. You may then let one
more lateral come on each branch so as
ito form more later fruit if you want green

tomatoes for pickling. Pick all the fruit
as fast as it ripens to give the rest a
chance to fill out.

In reference to the hose, do not spray
the foliage of any vegetables, in fact do
not use the hose at all, unless there is
about a two weeks dry spell in the grow-
ing season ; you may then give the ground
a good soaking once or twice a week, es-
pecially the celery. Carrots want noth-
ing but the hoe, onions need a little sul-
phur or lime sprinkled around them for
onion maggot, and keep ground well
stirred and friable. Stake up the peas,
if of a climbing variety, as soon as need-
ed. You may feed onions, celery, mar-
row and squash, with a little nitrate of
soda once a week, either dry, or prefer-
nbly by dissolving a quarter pound to two
and one-half gallons of tepid water. As
soon as celery has grown up about eight
or ten inches, tie up loosely with raflfia,
and three weeks before required for table
use, start your bleaching operations by
putting a ten inch or twelve inch board
along each side, keeping them up close
to the celery by driving in stakes at each
end. For the winter celery I prefer to
bleach by earthing up gradually to with-
in three inches of the top of the leaves,
taking care not to let any of the earth
get down in the heart of the plant. Beans

Specialty it made of thit Crop.

need only the cultivating act and keeping
the beans picked off as fast as they ma-
ture. Leeks require to be treated exact-
ly the same as celery, only the bleaching
must be done with earth. Leeks are also
partial to nitrate of soda. Salsify needs
nothing but the hoe. Cucumber should
have the earth constantly stirred and the
leaves sprinkled with sulphur. The same
applies to winter radishes.

Great attention must be paid to the egg
plant from the time it is transplanted to
the garden until the fruit is well formed,
as if your neighbors have a patch of
potatoes the potato bugs will leave your
neighbor's garden and perch themselves
on the egg plant, and they will not be
long there until the foliage has disappear-
ed, so fond are they of this plant. Treat
citrons the same as melons.

My reason for using the word success
in the heading of this paper has a two-
fold character, first, because my wife
never has to spend a cent on vegetables
for the table, and we frequently have
three or four varieties on the table at the
one time, growing suflficient in the garden
to do us the year around, by storing in
the cellar for winter, with the exception
of potatoes, the art of which I have not
yet acquired, also from the fact that I
was successful in securing the following
prizes at the National Exhibition at Tor-
onto, cpmpeting against market garden-
ers and others. First prize for collection
of tomatoes, containing twenty-two varie-
ties ; second, for greenhouse cucumbers ;
second for vegetable marrows ; third
prize for Kohl Rabi ; and last, but not
least, third prize for a collection of vege-
tables containing no less than sixty varie-
ties. I might incidentally remark that the
gentleman who took fourth prize in this
was a market gardener of repute who
has as many acres as I have feet, from
which to select his collection.

144

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published by The Horticultural
Publiahinr Company, Limited

PXrrKRBORO, ONXj^RIO

EDITORIAL

The Only Horticultural Magazine

in the Dominion

OrrioiAL Okoan or the Ontario, Quebec, New

Brukswick akd Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, Managingr Director

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published on
the 25th day of the month preceding date of
issue.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri-
tain. 60 cents a year; two years. $1.00. For United
States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not
called for at the Post OfBce) 25 centfi eitra a
year, including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Express Money Order, or Regestered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amounte less than
$1.00.

4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers
are held responsible until all arrearages are
paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued.

5. Change of Address— When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dressee must be given.

6. Advertising Bates quoted on application.
Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
will be thankfully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December. 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample cop-
ies, from 11.000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian
Horticulturist are mailed to people known to
be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers
or vegetables.

January, 1910 8,925

February, 1910 8,967

March, 1910 9,178

April, 1910 9,410

May ,1910 9,505

June, 1910 9,723

July, 1910 9,300

August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8!662

10S.809

Average each Issue in I9C7, 6,627

" " 1908, 8,695

" " " " 1909, 8,970

" " " " 1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed
upon application .

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in 'The Horti-
culturist. Should the circumstances warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertisers as well.
All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that you include
in all your letters to advertisers the words,
"1 saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur-
ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon
as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has
been found.

Communications should be addressed.

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUEIST,

PETBEBOEO, ONTARIO.

A SIGN OF THE TIMES

The aiinoiinooment that the fruit growers
in Durham County, Ont., as well as in
several other tli-itricts, have formed a co-
operative fruit growers' as.sociation, and
will give careful attention to their orchards
and apple pack i.s a sign of the times. Co-
operation is extending in Ontario and
throughout Canada. We venture the pre-
diction that more 00-operative a.s.sociations
will be launched among our fruit growers
during the next three years than have been
during the la-st fifteen, and that a larger
proportion of them will prove a success.

The statement has been made frequently
that the farmers and fruit growers of
Canada are too independent to work to-
gether. This has never been true. Were
it true it would mean that we are not in-
telligent enough to see that we can ad-
vance our interests best by working united-
ly rather than as individuals. The fact
is we possess as large a degree of intelli-
gence in these matters as the fruit growers
of any other nation. The trouble hitherto
has been that conditions in Canada have
not been ripe for the launching of co-
operative enterprises. Now that railways
are opening new stretches of country, pop-
ulation increasing, telephones becoming
general in their use, i-oads being im-
proved and new markets being opened up
at distant points the era of co-operation
is dawning.

Failures there are Ixjund to be. Here-
after, however, instead of being taken as
signs that co-operation cannot be exiKx;ted
to succeed in Canada, they will be searched
for the object lessons they teach. Each
failure will help other organizations to
make greater successes. The favorable re-
ports from Great Britain this year con-
cerning the consignments of apples from
the Simcoe and Newcastle Fruit Growers'
Associations are only another evidence
that the day is here when fruit growers
must co-operate before they can attain the
greatest measure of success.

THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH

As the fearful character of the ravages
of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths in
Massachusetts become better known we may
well give our warm support to the com-
mendable efforts of the -Dominion Depart-
ment of Agriculttire as well as of the Pro-
vincial Departments of Agriculture in the
Maritime Provinces to prevent these pests
from becoming established in our ejistern
provinces. Ten years ago Massachusetts
had the matter well in hand, but the in-
difference of the public to the danger re-
sulted in a relaxation of the effort to con-
trol the pests, and now the state is spend-
ing tens of thousands of dollars a year with
a greatly lessened praspect of success. In
the affected districts of Massachusetts real
estate has fallen in value about twenty-five
per cent, during the last five years.

The bodv of the moth is covered with
split hairs which are barred like a quill of
the porcupine and exude a poison. These
hairs, blown on the wind or falling from
the trees, as the mcth itself very frequent-
ly does, on coming in contact with the
human flesh, will sometimes poison the sys-
tem so that the afflicted on<i has freqtiently
to take to bed. It is b'To:i ing known that
the Brown-tail Moth has been found ni
Nova Scotia, and already tourists in writ-

ing to hotels for accommodation, are be-
ginnin'.; to ask if th© Brown-tail Moth
exLsts in the locality.

This is the time for every possible step
to be taken to control this pest and to
prevent its fiiither introduction into our
eastern provinces. A dollar expended care-
fully now may save the necessity of spend-
ing several thousand dollars a few years
hence.

BRITISH COLUMBIA ENTERPRISE

The Fruit Division of the British Colum-
bia Department of Agriculture is not likely
to be accused of lack of enterprise. Last
year it had its special representative visit
the leading fruit markets of the prairie
province during the summer months and
report weekly the condition of these mar-
kets, the character of the demand likely to
prevail during the ne.xt few weeks, the
style of pack desired and furnish other
similar information. These reports proved
of great value to the fruit growers of the
province.

This year a still more comprehensive sys-
tem of market reporting is being adopted.
Agencies are being established in the prin-
cipal distributing markets of the west and
these will forward regular telegraphic re-
ports to Victoria of local conditions which
will be revised and a summary wired to the
affiliated fruit growers' associations of the
province. In addition a man will be main-
tained across the United States border to
the South who will rejjort on market con-
ditons there, and thereby keep the fruit
growers of British Columbia in" touch with
what their principal rivals to the South are
doing. By telegraphing these reports the
department expects to save at least five
days in the transmission of this news.

While, except in the Niagara District,
there is not the same need for such prompt
reports here in the ea.st, an effort might
well be made to distribute more general
information and more promptly in regard
to fruit conditions. We now have a var-
iety of reports, but none that are fully
satisfactory.

"A CLEAN-UP HALF-HOLIDAY

On the editorial page of a recent issue
of the Summerland (B.C.) Review appear-
ed the following notice :

"MtJNICIP.\LITY OF 8rMMBRL.\ND.

"I hereby proclaim THURSDAY,
"May, 18th, 1911, a Civic Holiday, and
"call upon all Summerland citizens to
"observe the same by participating in
"a general clean-up.

JAS. RITCHIE, Reeve."
While the foregoing notice has son:.
amusing features, inasmuch as it leaves us
in doubt as to the character of the clean-
up needed, and gives reason for us to coi
elude that the citizens of Summerland mw>
have been in great need of a "clean-up'
when a full day off was required to attend
to it, it also has its commendable side. I1
too many of our smaller towns and citi<
such an annual "clean-up" is needed. Tin
announcing of a public holiday in order
that the work might be attended to wouM
not only lead to an improvement in tli
appearance of the municipality, but al.^^
lead the citizens to take a greater interest
in maintaining the surroundings of their
homes in a more neat and attractive con-
dition.

Last year the experiment was tried in
Goderich, Ont.. of having the scrapings
from the lawns and gardens of the town
left in front of the hou.ses on a certain day
where they were collected by vehicles sent
around by the municipality. It proved 4

June, 19 1 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

145

success. Sumtncrland has set an example
which some other municipnlities might well
imitate, altlioimh perhaps a half-holiday
might be sufficient for most.

MOTHERS' DAY

Reports received by The Canadian Hor-
TtcuLTURisT show that Mothers' Day this
year was more widely observed in Canada
than ever before. In sucli leading centres
as Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Winni-
peg the demand for flowers was so great
many florists were bought out and a large
number of people who desired to observe
the day were disapijointed on account of
their inability to obtain the flowers. In
Toronto especially the ministers seem to
have given the movement their hearty sup-
port. A number of them t)reached appro-
priate sermons and a large proportion of
the members of their congregations attend-
ed the services wearing white or colored
carnations.

The movement has so many commendable
features it should continue to grow in pub-
lic favor. The view is frequently expressed
that the young people of to-day do not show
the same reverence for their parents that
was once common. The growth of our
modern cities with all their facilities for
t;ratifying the love of the exciting is
blamed to some extent for this condition.
.\nything, therefore, which will serve to
draw the attention of the careless public
to all that we owe to our Mothers and lead
us to show our appreciation, in a simple
yet pleasing manner, should be supported.

The fact, too, that the observance of the
day has a strong tendency to create a love
for flowers in the minds of thousands of
people who otherwise might never pur-
chase a flower for any other reason is to
be commended. Buying flowers for the ob-
servance of such a custom will be likely to
soon develop into a habit of buying them
for the celebration of other occasions as
well as for their natural beauty. Their
cultivation in the home will then follow.

One of our subscribers in Hamilton ha«
called our attention to the fact that the
celebration of Mothers' Day, the credit for
launching which is generally credited to
Miss Anna Jarvis, of Philadelphia, is really
a revival of "Mothering" Sunday, as ob-
served for many centuries in the Old Land.
On Mothering Sunday, the Mid-Sunday of
Lent, it was the practice to go and see one's
parents, especially the Mother, taking to
them some little present such as a cake or a
trinket. A youth engaged in this duty was
said to go "a-mothering," and thus the
day itself oame to bo called Mothering Sun-
day. This custom is one of great antiquity.
While she cannot be given credit for origi-
nating thi.s practice. Miss Jarvis is en-
titled to credit for having introduced the
use of flowers in connection with it. Next
year we feel that the Horticultural Socie-
ties throughout Canada should take hold
of the movement energetically and lead to
its more general observance.

For many years the Montreal Witness has
.st<Kid for all that was best in daily jour-
nalism in Canada. Its rigid adhesion to
the highest principles and its refusal to
eater to special interests has won for it
many friends and made it strong enemies.
For years it has been known that it has
refused to carry all liquor or qu<'stionabIe
advertisements of any kind. Its stand in
this respect has generally been admired,
but to onl.v a limited few was it known
that its action was costing it hundreds of
thoasands of dollars. It came, therefore,
as a shock rec^ently when it was announe(Hl
by its publishers that for sonu' years the
VVitne-ss has been losing money steadily,

and that unless its subscribers gave it cer-
tain definite support it would have to sus-
pend publication. Readers of the Witness
were asked to help double its circulation
within a limited period. The response that
this appeal has received from one end of
Canada to another must be most gratify-
ing to the publishers. Thousands of people
throughout Canada are uniting to main-
tain this excellent publication. Readers
of The Canadian Hortictjlttlrist who
would like to assist may do so by subscrib-
ing for the Daily Witness for $1.00 a year
or for the Weekl.v Witness for 65c. a year
as well as by getting their friends to do
the same.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

lye

The illustration on the front cover or
this issue of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist is from a photograph taken by G. H.
E. Hudson in the strawberry patch and or-
chards of Mr. Dymau, Upper Flats, Kel-
owna, B.C. The scene is one that is tyju-
cal of the fruit districts of that great pro-
vince. The enthusia.sm of the fruit grow-
ers of British Columbia concerning their
industry and their province is now becom-
ing more general in the other fruit sec-
tions of Canada, and this is going to prove
to the advantage of all.
« « *

Mention was made in this department
last month of the rapid increase of the cir-
culation of The Canadian Horticulturist.
Thi>, is might be expected has been due
to the increased interest being taken this
year in the work of our horticultural so-
cieties as well as in fruit and vegetable
growing generally. Not only has the num-
ber of new subscriptions received to date
from individuals shown a marked increase
as compared with these obtained during the
corresponding period last year but the sub-
scriptions forwarded by various organiza-
tions have also shown a large increase. The
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association this
year has sent us over 1,200 subscriptions as
comjjared with about. 900 last year. New
horticultural societies have been formed at
Berlin, Weston, and other points which
have either taken The Canadian Horticul-
turist for all of their members or have
sent us nice lists of subscriptions. Socie-
ties which have not taken The Canadian
Horticulturist during the last year or so
have commenced to take it again, includ-
ing the London and Walkerville societies.
Other societies which have stood by The
Canadian Horticulturist for years are
sending us larger lists than ever before.
All this we find most encouraging. It
means that if it will continue but a little
longer we will soon be able to still further
enlarge and improve The Canadian Horti-
culturist. We have numerous plans for
the betterment of The Canadian Horticul-
turist, but their introduction depends
largely upon the support we receive from

our readers.

* * *

The September issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist promises to be the largest
and best we have ever published. A special
design in colors i.s being prepared for the
front cover. It will be a combined Exhibi-
tion and Packing Number. Copies of this
issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will
be distributed at the leading fall exhibi-
tions throughout Canada. Every depart-
ment of the |)aper will be unusually strong,
and in addition w© will have a number of
special features. Leading authorities in

Canada will contribute articles dealing with
the picking, grading and packing of fruit,
and these will be profusely illustrated. The
issue will be much enlarged in size. When
our readers receive it we expect that they
will see how rapidly we are succeeding in
our aim to give them a paper, everything
considered, second to none of its class on

the continent.

* * *

Elsewhere in this issue appears an an-
nouncement of our new premium offer.
We have just comjileted arrangements
whereby we can ofi^er one of these excellent
fountain pens delivered free of cost to any-
one sending a list of five new subscriptions
to The Canadian Hortic iJlturist taken at
60 cents a year. This pen is guaranteed
by the manufacturers, and a copy of the
guarantee goes with each pen. Tell the
boys and girls about this offer. A fountain
pen is just the thing they need for examina-
tion time, and they will be glad of this
opportunity to get one. The pen is so at-
tractive that anyone will be pleased to
own one. See a few of your friends and
get them to subscribe. You will be doing
them a good turn by getting them in touch
with the valuable information contained in
The Canadian Horticulturist, you will be
helping extend the influence of The Can-
adian Horticulturist by increasing the
number of its subscribers, and you wiU re-
ceive a handsome premium in return for
the time spent in securing the subscrip-
tions. If some of your friends are too far
away, sit down and write them a short
note suggesting that they subscribe to The
Canadian Horticulturist. Ask them to
enclofee your note when sending their sub-
scription to us and we will credit you with
the subscription I6fe same as if you sent it
yourself. Try it. You will find it easy to
get one of these splendid fountain pens.

SOCIETY NOTES

We invite the officers of Horti-
cultural Societies to send in short,
pithy reports of work that would in-
terest members of other Horticultu-
ral Societies.

Two New Societies

Two strong horticxdtural societies have
been organized at Sudbury and North Bay
b.v Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, Superintendent
of Agricultural and Horticultural Societies.
Each starts out with a membership of more
than a hundred. They have been formed
too late to enable them to draw a govern-
ment grant this year, but they will partici-
pate in next year's grant. Mr. J. F.
Black, of Sudbury, is the secretary of that
society, and Mr. A. C. Casselman, the
secretarv of the North Bay society. Prof.
H. L. Hutt, of the O.A.C., Guelph, gave
his illustrated lecture to the members of
the North Bay society which was much ap-
preciated.

Wcstoiv

The Weston Horticultural Society w^s
org mizod last January with a full list of
officers and eighty members. The societjy
arranged to supply the members ■with sorte
bulbs, and these were distributed a short
time ago. The society meeta on the secona
Friday of each month. At the May meeting
it was decided to ort^er The Canadian Hoft-
ticui.turist for each member for the bal-
ance of the year.

Arrangements are also being made to
supply bulbs to the members in the fall.
The society will hold an exhibition in 4he
fall, when prizes will be given for the best

146

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

kept lawns and for flowers grown by the
members. Seye'ral of the officers nnd mem-
bers are entlnisia.stic gardeners, and it is
expected that the society will increase its
membt'.rship in Wfiston .which is sure to be
a growing place in the near future. —
Joseph Nason.

Winchester

A horticiiltural society was formed in
Winchester last January, known as the
Winchester Horticultural Society. The
President is Mr. J. F. Ault. Already the
membership is one hundred and four. For
this year the society is planning to im-
prove tho grounds of the Public and High
Schools and the Town Hall and churches by
planting trees, shrubs, and flowers, and the
streets of the town by planting trees nnd
cutting down all weeds. — James Thomson,
secretary.

Caledonia

This society was organized last year with
52 members. This year we have 75 mem-
bers. Much private work is being done that
hitherto was never accomplished. We are
beautifying the town park by planting
trees, shrubs, and flower beds in the Town
Hall square. The ladies are assisting us,
and the society is booming. — A. T. Mitchell,
secretary.

Tillsonburg

The prize lists are being distributed for
the fruit and flower exhibiton that the Till-
sonburg Horticultural Society will hold in
the rink on Friday, September 1st. The
exhibition will be open from 2 until 5.30
and from 8 until 10.30 p.m. There will be
a promenade concert orchestra with good
music. The rink is to be brilliantly lighted
and decorated, and the ladies of the so-
ciety will have ice-crdftm and other re-
freshments on hand. The admission to

other than members will be 15c and children
10c.

I'rizes varying in value from 25c to a
dollar are ofiFerod for such flowers as asters,
Ijegonias in pots, Canterbury bells, candy-
tuft, cannas, carnations, goranium.s, fuch-
sias, dahlias, balsams, any kind of hang-
ing baskets, and many other varieties. Tlio
members this year are given their choice
of three different oi)tion8. The secretary
is W. W. Livingstone.

Picton

The Picton society are offering four
prizes this year for the best kept lawns.
ExixM-ience with this form of comjM'tition
(luring the past four years has shown it to
bo productive of pinch good. Prizes are
offered for. the best kept lawn and boule-
vard, wh^re the work is entirely in the
hands of the owner or the members of his
family and other prizes for where the lawn
is kept by either the owner or the tenants
of the property or by paid laborers. The
prizes will be given for tlus greatest vis-
ible improvement in the premises since last
.vear. The prize winners of other seasons
will not be allowed to compete this year.

Members of the society are supplied with
The Canadian Horticulturist and with 24
of Groff's Modern Gladioli Bulbs. The
secretary has issued a little circular to the
members of the society giving instructions
as to the best methods of growing this
lovely plant.

Toronto

A free flower show was held by the mem-
bers of the Toronto Horticultural Society
early in May. Arrangements were made
for an exhibition of spring flowers such as
narcissus, tulips, daffodils, nyacinths, and
other spring flower.s including some varie-
ties of wild flowers. The object of the ex-

hibition was largely to help those interesLi<i
with their S|)ring gardening operations, and
to show them what to grow. The public was
admitted free.

St. Catharines

The St. Catharines Horticultural .Societ >
expects this year to have a membership ■
over 700. The rapid growth made by tli
society is duo almost entirely to the it
terest taken by the officers and director
who use every oi)portiinity to interest their
friends and aeriuaintances in becoming
members. Onlv one regular c.invas-ser ha.s
been emiiloyed, and this person worked only
part of the time.

The society this year is distributing aster
seeds free to school children of the city,
and intends also distributing gladioli bulbs,
but making a small charge for them. For
each spike or bloom shown at the fall exhi-
bition it is pro|)(;sf'<l to give the children
a number of tuli|) bulbs.

Port Hope

W. T. Greenaway, secretary of the Port
Hope society, reports that the membership
of the society is increasng rapidl.v. Much
more interest is being exhibite<l in arrang-
ing lawns and shrubberies and beautifying
the town generally. The influence of the
society is shown in the interest taken in
civc improvement, laying out of parks, and
beautifying of public buildings, schools,
etc. The funds are chiefly used in giving
a liberal list of premiums.

Henry Foreman, secretary of the Colling-
wood society, states that the chief work of
the society, in co-operation with the Town
Council, is the laying out of Victoria
Park, and the improvement of parks and
squares and the beautifying of the town
generallv.

Proves Its Merits In All Climates

Selected .NORTHERN GROWN Nursery Stock, supplied from our Nurseries near Montreal, was used in the planting of tJie^Grounds shown in the above iilustration.
at Manor Richelieu, Murray Bar, Que, It has succeedci splendidly, even in thit extreme climate. Our hardy Stock gives satisfaction under the most exacting condi-
tions. Let us tell you more about it. Seni a post card for our finely illustrated catalogue. It is free.

THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Ltd.,

0 Phillips Place. Montreal, Que. Nur..ri«:, pointe .claire,. Que.

Few Reliable Salesmen Wanted

.1

SWIFTS' ARSENATE of LEAD

The acknowledjfcd standard in Canada and United States.
The aim of all manufacturers has been to reach the standard of SWIFT'S.

More SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD is made and sold than that of all other manufacturers combined.
THERE IS A REASON. SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEADcarries the hicrhest analysis of Arsenic oxide. It is free from im-
purities, it mixes readily with water. It sticks and lasts. It positively will not bum foliage.

SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD is used by nearly every Fruit Growers Association in Ontario, and by the Department of
Agriculture.

SWIFT'S ARSENATE OF LEAD combined with NIAGARA LIME-SULPHUR is the spray that gave such wonderful results
in this province last year.

All sized packages. Reasonable prices. We can make immediate shipments. ORDER NOW.

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited, - Burlington, Ont.

June, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HOETIC U LTU RIST

H^

Fruit Shipments to Glasgow

Reporting to the Dominion Department
ot Agriculture, Jas. A. Fiudlay, cargo in-
spector at Glasgovv, lias the following to
say regarding shipments of Canadian fruit
to that i)ort for the year ending March
31st last :

"The Canadian apple trade with Glas-
gow this season has been of an unsatisfac-
tory nature, the importations being the
smallest on record for a considerable num-
ber of years; the qualty also was disap-
pointing. At moment of writing barely
81,000 barrels and 15,330 cases have arriv-
ed, as compared with last year's totals of
312.165 barrels and 31,843 boxes from On-
tario and 38,601 barrels and 189 boxes from
Nova Scotia. There were no direct ship-
ments this season from Nova Scotia, though
a few hundreds arrived in Glasgow via
London by rail and coasting steamer.

"This shortage from Canada was partly
met by increased arrivals from other
sources, but not in sufficient quantities to
supply the demand, consequently prices
ruled higher on the average for all var-
ieties than during the 1909 season. The
shortage mentioned resulted in larger im-
portations of barrel stock from various dis-
tricts of the United States, viz., Virginia,
Maine, and the Western States. The
Virginia fruit was of excellent quality;
Maine Baldwins very fair, but "Western
State apples poor in size and quality. Lar-
ger quantities of box fruit from Califor-
nia, Oregon, Washington, etc., arrived;
the Oregon Newton and Spitz have been of
excellent quality and pack and received
universal praise.

CONDITION

"The condition of Canadians on arrival
throughout the season was generally very
fair ; a few parcels among the early sum-

mer fruit arrived over-ripe and towards
the end a small percentage indicated frost
effects. With these exceptions arrivals
were in sound order as a rule. The quality,
as stated, was unsatisfactory; the high
prices conduced to shipment of somewliat
inferior grade and generally the pack was
irregular, very few choice parcels of fruit
arriving.

"Good winter stock was very scarce;
Baldwins generally lacked color. Spys
throughout lacked color and keeping qual-
ity, and were also scarce. The feature of
the Ontario shipments was the pack of the
Norfolk fruit growers, several of their
shipments being of choice grade and qual-
ity. The Newcastle fruit growers also
placetl one or two good parcels on this mar-
ket; these with a limited few smaller ship-
pers forwarded reliable fruit.

BOXES

''The box apple trade in Glasgow is one
of increasing dimensions, and this year's
trade indicates that Glasgow offers an out-
let for a large proportion of high class
boxed fruit at all periods of the recognized
apple sea.son ; boxes containing apples char-
acterized by uniformity of size and color,
with skins free from blemish and clean for
the variety, fairly bold in size — but not
exceedingly so nor irregular in shape so as
to be deemed coarse — -will return to shippers
a much enhanced price over the barrel
equivalent.

"The barrel, I presume, will always re- .
tain its place as the popular commercial
package, but very large quantities of boxes
were shipped here from United States dis-
tricts this season, influenced no doubt by
the scarcity of Ontario and Nova Scotia
barrel supplies. Buyers are becoming in-
creasingly discriminating regarding value

PAEONIES

June is the month of Paeony bloom; Sep-
tember is the month for planting Paeonies.
We do not sell cut flowers at retail, but any
reader of The Canadian Horticulturist who
purposes buying Paconiea for planting next
Setpember may have specimen blooms, while
they last, of any of 40 varieties that we shall
offer in our Fall Planting List to be Issued
Ist of August next— not more than 2 blooms
of any variety, correctly named, to any
buyer and not less than 10 blooms in any
order at 25 cent« for 10 blooms, to cover
cost of packing and postage. Stems will be
about half the usual length. This offer is
good until 15th June, and not longer.
Postal note with order, please.

JOHN CAVERS

Douglas Gardens, Oakville, Ont.

Established 1890 Long Dlitaoce Telepboae M 3102

H. J. ASH

(Member Toronto Board of Trade)

WHOLESALE
FRUIT MERCHANT

44 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

SPECIALTY: Fancy Home Grown
Fruit and Vegetables

SEND FOR STAMP AND PAD

Get the PLANET JR. Guaranteed Farm and

Garden Implements and make more money.
Write today for 1911 catalogue free.

8. L ALLEN & CO.,
Box 1106 G., Philadelphia, Pa

UNUSUAL PEACHES

WE HAVE A BLOCK OF OVER

125.000 PEDIGREED PEACHES

FOR THE COMING SEASON'S TRADE

Every one of these trees is propagated from a select bearing tree
loaded with ripe peaches when the buds were cut and they are
budded on transplanted seedlings. ^ Such ^ock must be true to
name and the best obtainable. We believe that this block of trees
is unique in the fact that not one bud was cut from the nursery
row. We cannot sell this stock at low prices. It costs too much
to produce, but consider the trees cheap at the reasonable prices
at which we offer them. ^ Every tree is guaranteed. Orders
should be sent in at once as over 25,000 are already reserved.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

14^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, igu

Best Prices For You

in a poBitlon to realize tbo best prices for your produce. Send us a trial shipment..

sliipping stamp, vvhlcli we furnish free.

The Dawson Elliott Co.

\V'e are in close (xiuch
wilh llic best miirViet for
all kinds of early vegeta-
bles and fruit. \\'e are
Write us to-day for

Cor. West Market and
Colbornc Sts., Toronto

BOXES

HAVE YOU ORDERED YOUR
FRUIT BOXES?

We make a specialty of fruit and apple boxes, and are prepared to supply you
with any quantity on .short notice. Place your orders now for the packing season
Write to-day for prices.

Correspondence solicited for Co-operative Associations

BARCHARD &. CO. Box Manufacturers

151 DUKE STBEET,

TORONTO.

This Model C. Spramotor was
iwardod four Gold Medals, two at
National Horticultural Congress,
one at Dominion Exhibition, St.
John, and one at Provincial Exhibi-
tion, Halifax. N.8., 1909-1910. "There
are reasons."

Mr. J. 0. Harris, of IngersoII, who
is using 4 Power Spramotors for
eight years, writes about the latest
Model 0.

"I have used your Model 0. Spra-
motor, 1910 Gasoline Power Sprayer
almost every hour of fine weather
during the past four weeks, with
the exception of four days.

"We have had no break-downs,
practically no delays. It works per-
fectly, and 80 far has given the very
best satisfaction in use in every
way. It is all you claim it to be."

We have been manufacturing
Spramotors for 15 years for spray-
ing purposes only. "That is the rea-
son." Particulars free.

AGENTS WANTED

HEARD SPRAMOTOR GO.

1390 King Street
LONDON, - ONTARIO

SPRAY FOR PROFITS

Big, sound, juicy apples are the only ones that bring big profits,

VANCO LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION

ineans sound fruit that brings the top price. "Vanco" destroys Scale, Scab,
Aphis, Mildew. "Vanco" keeps the trees clean and the buds healthy.
You couldn't possibly get a greater amount of Sulphur In Solution than you get
in the Vanco barrel. It is better In every way than home made mixtures.

Because it is uniform in strengtli and quality

Specific gravity is plainly stencilled on every barrel^

'Vanco" Lime Sulphur and Arsenate

of Lead — strongest when

you eet them and go

furthest when using.

Write for prices
and free Booklet
on Spraying.

FERTILIZERS-

We also sell Nitrate
of Soda, Muriate of
Potash, Sulphate of
Potash and Acid
Phosphate.

Chemical Laboraiories Limiied
28-138 Van Horat street Toronto.

of appearance and if Ontario orchardists
are Ko'ng to capture and retain a portion
of this high class box trade, decidedly more
scientific care of orchards and more careful
selection of fruit in packing is essential.
I am satisfied that an increased quantity
of boxed Ontario apples can be absorbed
here, and it lies with the Ontario packers
to cater for the Scotch consumer's ey« as
well as his palate. The popularity of the
King, Spy and Baldwin on this market is
admitted on all hands and, granting the
excellence of flavor in those varieties, buy-
ers are influenced by uniformity of size,
evenness of color and cleanness of skin. The
mcst popular size of Oregon Newton Pip-
pins hero is from 96 to 112 apples per 40
pound case, the latter size preferred.

BRITISH COLUMBW FRUIT

"There were direct shipments of 1,G53
boxes of apples this season from British
Columbia. These arrived in good condi-
tion and participated in the high prices
ruling. One parcel from Kelowna district,
composed of Jonathan, Spitz, Newton Pip-
pin, Mcintosh Red, and Grimes Grolden,
was of excellent quality and condition.

PBAR8

"The importations of Canadian pears to
Glasgow indicate a growing demand, as
7,885 cases and half cases and 69 barrels
were imported this year as compared with
about 5,000 packages last year. Unless in
seasons of very plentiful crops in France
and southern England (whence a large pro-
portion of the Glasgow supply comes) in-
creased quantities of Dears can be absorbec
from Canada. Of the total receipts all,
with the exception of 225 packages, were
carred in refrigerator round 35 to 38 de-
grees, and all arrived in good condition,
except a few barrels of Anjou, which were
decaying.

"The half case package is the favorite
package for all varieties except Keiffers,
which may safely be packed in the 40 pound
box or even in barrels. Very large quanti-
ties of Keiffers are marketed here from tiiu
United States, the bulk of which are sold
to north and north-east coast of England
buyers who attend the Glasgow market;
and indications point to an increased de-
mand for pears, both of Keiffer and more
choice varieties, in coming seasons."

Recent Bulletins

Valuable bulletins that have reached Thi
Can.\di.\n Horticulturist recently iucludt
the following : Insects Injurious to Peach
Trees in New Jersey, No. 235, issued by the
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-|
tion ; Spraying Peaches for the Control oii
Brown Hot, Scab and Curculio, Farmers:
Bulletin 440, issued by the United Stateti
Department of Agriculture, Washington
Planting the Commercial Orchard Bulle-
tin 201, by the University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin; Some Insects ant
Mites Attacking the Peach in Colorado an<
Two Plant Lice of tlie Peach, Bulletin 169
Thinning the Winesap and Winter am
Frost Injuries of Fruit Trees, Bulletin 170
The Colorado Raspberry Industry, Bulleti)
No. 171 ; Notes on a Dryland Orchard, Bui
letin 173 : and the Potato Industry in Colo
rado, Bulletin 175— all published by the Ex
periment Station, Fort Collins, Col. ; I'h
Potato Eelworm, Bulletin 76, University o
Nevado Reno, Nev. ; and Orchard and Gai
den Spraying, Bulletin 121, Universit
Farm, St. Paul, Minn.

Your splendidly selected articles on oi
charding are most encouraging and edT
cative. — W. G. L. Spaulding, Toronto.

June, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

149

GRASSELLI

ARSENATE OF LEAD

Arsenate of Lead is being- used more and more in the
fruit centres of the province of Ontario. The question
that interests every fruit grower is this:

Is there Difference in Arsenates of Lead?

Yes. There is a big difference.

Let us sug-.Lfest some points vvhicli we believe every
grower should consider before placing an order for Ar-
senate of Lead :

1st. You wish an Arsenate of Lead that will not burn
the foliage

2nd. It is desirable that an Arsenate of Lead mix read-
ily, yet retain its adhesive qualities.

3rd. An Arsenate of Lead should contain the proper
killing power.

Crasselli Arsenate of Lead contains no free acids or
adulterant ingredients, contains a very low per cent, sol-
uble Arsenic, and we have yet to learn of a case where
it has burned the foliage, even though it may have been
used double strength. It will mix readily and has a
reputation for adhesiveness and high Itiiling power.

Crasselil Arsenate of Lead has been used in the Niag-
ara, Oshawa, Picton, Wellington and other district.s
for the past several seasons, and with every success.

Write us for prices.

For Sale by ROBERT THOMPSON, President

.St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co.

St. Catheurines, Ontario

THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY

CLEVELAND, OHIO

SELL YOUR FRUIT

AT

THE BEST PRICE

^ Good Boxes do not necessarily mean
good fruit, but poor boxes always mean
poor fruit. Place your fruit on the mar-
ket in the best selling condition possible,
by using the best boxes obtainable.

^ Hundreds of progressive fruit pack-
ers use our boxes. They recognize their
money-making value in helping to place
their fruit before the buyer under the
most favorable selling conditions.

q FRUIT BOXES of every descrip-
tion are a specialty with us. Write for
prices.

The First brook Box Co.

TORONTO, ONT.

LIMITED

VERMOREL

Sole Agents lor Canada:
MANUFACTURER AT Dg VIGAN & Du LAILLANT

viLLEFRANCHE, FRANCE qq 5^ Gabriel, MONTREAL, QUE.

Vcrmorcl's Sprayer
$12.00

Our Sprayer is entirely
made of Red Copper,
and will last a lifetime

Sprayers,

Sulfur Dusters

France is undoubtedly the fir^
country in the world for growing

Fruits and Grapes

VERMOREL Machines are the
Standard in France

Now is the season to buy a VER-
MOREL Machine and be sure to
get a good crop

Insist on getting the name of

"Villefranche" on each Machine.

It is the only genuine

Vermorel Sulfur Duster
No. 1, $10.00

With Double Action
$12.00

Our Dusters will make the
work of a dozen hand blow-
ers and do it better. Try it !

ISO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS

Prize at New York State Fair, September, 1910

VIok'fl Vio'ot Kiiii,', Mikftdo White, Mikiido (Kothesier) Pink, Vick's Karly DranchliiB, Kone and White,
20c par dozen, tl.OO per hnndred.

Vink's Branching Pink, White, H08O. Lavender Sonii)le's Pink, Uoyal Purple. Daybreak and Purity,
truly the ariHt<)i:ral9 of the aster taniily: l.te per diz., 75c nor hundred; packed and labeled separately In wet
moB8. AU plants Kont by express and guaranteed to arrive in good condition. Kxprena prepaid on orders
over $2.00, Ucinit by money onler.
C. MORTIMER BEZZO, BERLIN, ONTARIO

OF VANCOUVER, B.C.

Will publish a Special Copyrighted
Article in the Issue of May 20th, on

"The Timber Lands of British Columbia
from a Commercial Standpoint."

To those interested in B.C. Timber a copy will be
sent on request, as long as the supply lasts

The Commercial Revie^r

543 Hastings Street, - VANCOUVER, B. C.

Some History

about Typewriters

Modern and Ancient

CHAPTER I

-TYPEWRITER HISTORY is making fast.
■»• Real action commenced 1 4 years ago —
with the Underwood.

POR 20 years the typewriter has been evolving and

finding its place in business.
■yHE Underwood was the first present-day typewriter. It was
radical. It violated all old-time ideas about typewriter con-
struction.

[N the face of sneers, jibes, ridicule, and opposition from other

makers it gave the public the first writing in-sight typewriter.

"pHE Public applauded---and bought. Naturally they preferred

to see what they wrote as they wrote it.
J-JEKETOFOf^ typewriters had been built on the simplest plan
mechanically, but up-side-down with the writing out of sight.
It was time for something better.

United Typewriter Co.

Limited

TORONTO

Returns from one Crab Apple
Tree

Miss Stewart, near Homer, Lincoln Co.,
Ont., had one crab apple tree in her gar-
den which received no particular care, but
gave a net return in 1910 of $2.5.80. If
the real estate men who have acreage for
sale in Lincoln county would emulate the
methods of Oregon or British Columbia real
estate men, there would be a photograph
of thi.s tree, together with a photograph
of the leaded wagons tliat took the fruit
to the station, all duly certified to as be-
ing ju.st what could bo done on this par-
ticular property which was being offered
for sale. Great is the possibility of adver-
tising!

Successful Market Gardener

Mr. F. Williams, proprietor of the
Rideau Gardens, Ottawa, has a property of
forty acres in the suburbs of the city all
used as a market garden. He is a large
asparagus grower, having ten acres devot-
ed to this crop ; he has also five acres in
strawberries. His crop of cauliflower for
the past year consisted of between fcrty
and fifty thousand. He grows a large

amount of celerv between 125.000 to
150.000 bunches, the larger quantity being
of the Golden self l)lanching variety, the
remainder being winter celery. Last win-
ter he stored almost his entire crop for
winter sale, and made good profit. He has
been known for forty years as a successful
melon rai'sr. He has one thousand sash
that is used in the production of Montreal
nutmeg melons and also raises a large
quantity of field melons. The above crops
along with earlv tomatoes and other var-
ieties of vegetables tend to keep his time
fully occunied during the growing season.

Mr. Williams also has a large greenhouse
plant with storage and Itoiler pit in connec-
tion. There are two modern houses one
hundred and seventv-six feet bv thirty feet
each. Also one of the same length forty
feet wide, with sash roof. One of the best
houses is devoted to the growth of potted
plants. The other two being used exclu-
sively for the growing of vegetables.
Tomatoes are raised during the latter part
of the summer and the crop is sold im-
mediately following the finishing up of the
outdoor crop. .4fter the tomato crop is
over the houses are devoted to lettuce for
the remainder of the season. The total
crop of lettuce amounts to on© hundred
and fiftv thousand plants. Mr. Williams
gives his method of lettuce culture as
follows :

LBTTtrCE GROWING

I SOW the seeds in flats or in the benches,
and when the first true leaves appear prick
them out and transplant into rows two
and a half inches apart and one-half inch
apart in rows. As soon as they grow suffi-
ciently to make good sturdy plants, they
are transplanted int-o the permanent beds
six inches apart each way. I keep sowing
seed ever,v few days so that I shall have
plenty of seedling plants, so that if any-
thing should happen to one batch there
would be others ready. It is a mistake
man,v make net to have a sufficient number
of plants. So to be on the safe side sow;
plenty of seed.

The soil should be a light sandy loam
of a coarse sharp nature, made as rich as
possible. I depend almost entirely on stabk
manure. Sometimes if plants are not,
making sufficient growth I use a littl
nitrate of soda, and after the first crofj

June, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

i5i

(□

Fertilize Your
Lands

DO YOU KNOW

THAT WQkN-OUT
LANDS MAY BE MADE
PRODUCTIVE AND PROFITABLE
BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF
THE RIGHT KIND OF
FERTILIZER ?

nIow if you have

A PIE.CE OF LAND THAT
WONT GROW ANYTHING
BUT WEEDS,TALK WITH
US ABOUT IT AND LET U5
SUGGEST

THE RIGHT FERTILIZER

We feel VERY SURE THAT
WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO
USE FERTILIZERS

WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO

YOUR LAND WILL PAY
Consult us freely it is
, our business to know ,
, enquiries freely answered
agents wamted for
territory not taken up
"^W.A. FREEMAN co. limited
HAMILTON ONTARIO

i M

D

' t^^^^^^^^^^^^^h.^

Happy Out Door Hours Arc Spent in the

STRATFORD LAWN SWING

Fine for the youngsters and a source of enjoyment for the grown-
ups too. Just the thing for your lawn or garden.

Inexpensive and certainly a pleasurable possession,— helps you
to get the best of a summer's outdoor comfort

Made in three sizes at three prices. Built solid and strong in
neat design and handsome finish.

If your dealer does not handle the "Stratford" write us for cat-
alog P. It tells all about Summer Furniture.

The Stratford Mfg. Co., Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

In the manufacture of

;G0URLAY PIANOS

NO LIMITATION OF COST

HINDERS ACHIEVEMENT.

r//?Sr WE BU/LD AN

/DEAL P/ANO,
THEN WE RECKON
^^ THE COST.

GOURLAY, WINTER & LEEMING,

J 188 YONGE STREET,

\-^ TORONTO^X^?''

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST., T0R0^4T0

Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing

152

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

Poultry Fencing that is

Stronger tlian Seems Necessary

We make our poultry fencing close enough to turn small fowl —
then we make it extra strong, so it will last for years and keep
the cattle out. The heavy, hard steel top and bottom wires
hold it taut and prevent it from sagging.

POULTRY FENCE
SAVES EXPENSE

It IS well galvanized so as to protect it from rust. It makes
such a firm, upstanding fence that it requires less than
half the posts needed for the ordinary poultry fence, and
that means a big saving to you. Write for particulars
We make farm and ornamental fences and gates of

exceptional quality. Agents wanted where not now represented.

The Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Dapl. O,

Winnipeg, iWan.

Hamilton, Ont,

A fence of this kind only 16 to 23c. per runnine foot. Shipped in rolls. Anyone can put
it on the posts without special tools. We were the originators of this fence. Have sold
hundreds of miles for enclosing parks, lawns, gardens, cemeteries, churches, station grounds,
etc., etc.. Supplied in any lengths desired, and painted either white or green. Also, Farm
Fences and Oates. Netting. Baskets. Mats. Fence Tools, etc., etc. Ask for our 1911 catalog,
the most complete fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

Bnuches- Toronto, Cor. Kin^ and Atlantic Ave. Montreal, 505-517 Notre Dame St. W. St. John, 37 Dock St.
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada. 507

VANCO LEAD ARSENATE

Kills Codling Moth and Leaf-eating insects every time,

VANCO contains a guaranteed amount of Arsenic Oxide. Simply
mix VANCO LEAD ARSENATE with water and you have a spray,
that is sure death to Codling Moths, Potato Bugs, Cabbage Worms,
Asparagus Beetle and all other leaf-eating insects.
Easy to spray — will stand two or three rains without washing off—
and will not burn the foliage.
Absolutely guaranteed in quality
and strength. Madein Canada.
.Factory near at hand, means
low prices andless freight.
Write for prices
1 and free book
on spraying.

FERTILIZERS—

We also sell^

Nitrate of Soda,

Muriate of Potash.

Sulphate of

Potash and Acid

Phosphate.

Chemical Laboratories Llmiied
128-138 Van Korne Street, Toronto

has been taken off if ground is not very
rich I use a high grade commercial fer-
tilizer, but if the land is in good condition
it will carry the lettuce through without
further fertilizing. It talces on the average
about twelve weeks to make lettuce from
the seed to the market head. The proper
soil is most imjwrtant. It should be of a
sharp, open nature, and if not so naturally,
should be made so by the addition of man-
ure and coarse sand.

It is also necessary to have good bottom
drainage, otherwise the constant watering
will make the ground soggy. If not natur-
ally well drained, tile or stone should be
put in and the bottom of beds filled in
with porous material as coarse gravel. The
temperature shculd Le kept at about forty-
eight to fifty for night and sixty for day
temperature. I prefer the Grand Rapiffp
variety as the best for winter forcing.

Melon Crates

J. L Hilborn, Leaouii(toD, Oaf.

I have been growing from six to ten
acres of musk melons annually for some
twelve yearsj and have used many different
.siz<\s and styles of jjackages. I now prefer
the slatted crate, 12 by 12 by 20 inches,
for general use, 1 had 2,000 of these made
up last winter, but on account of the hail
storm of August 10th destroying most of :
our crop will not require half of them this ;
season.

We formerly used a much larger crate,
but experiments x^roved that express hand-
lers broke many melons by rough band-
ling. Since adopting this crate we are
using now, we have much less complaint
of broken melons.

We like this crate for any size of melon
that we grow, but there is a growing ten-
dency tc use baskets for the smaller varie-
ties of melons, using the ordinary 11 quart
fruit basket for the smallest melons, also
for the large ones and the 16 quart melon
basket for the medium sized ones.

The best growers here are now turning
their attention more and mere to the
growing of the smaller and better quality
of melons. These are likely to be much
more grown in the future than in the
past, in this locality. ihe smaller ones
sell well in baskets. — -3. L. Hilborn,
Leamington.

Dwarf Apples Pound Wanting

Every few years the question of planting
dwarf apples comes up. The advantages
of tiheir growth such as ease of picking,
pruning and spraying, are worked for all
they are worth, a few trees are planted,
and that is usually the last that is heard
of dwarf apple trees for some time.
Dwarf apple trees occupy a very smjall
place indeed in the production of ocimimer- 'M
cial apples. fl

The Geneva Experiment Station six
years ago established three dwarf apple
orchards in different parts of the state.
Prof. Hedrichs, the horticulturist, makes
the statement that the dwarf orchard
holds out no promise of being a feeder in
commercial apple growing. Though, as he
says, a few trees may be of use in the sub-
urban home garden.

I received the fountain pen in good con-
dition that you sent to me as a premium
for securing two new subscriptions to Thb
Canadian Horticulturist. I did not soli-
cit the subscriptions merely to get the pen,
but in order that others might be bene-
fitted by the useful information that Thb
Canadian Horticulturist gives. Every
gardener should take your publication as
it will help him out of many difi5culties.-
W. T. Pulley, Wentworth Co., Ont.

June, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

153

PROVINCIAL NOTES

Annapolis Valley West N. S.

li. J. Messenger, Bridgetovm.

Everything points to a banner crop of
apples in the Annapolis Va'ley. Though the
trees grew late last fall the first part of the
winter was so mild the season's growth was
well ripened before the severe weather of
February and March.

At this writing, May 15th, the buds are
well opened and the pink of the blossoms
of the early varieties beginning to show.

There will certainly be a full bloom, and
if the weather during pollination is favor-
able we should have a good set of fruit.

Nova Scotia orchardists are just begin-
ning to wake up to the value of their posi-
tion and opportunities. Trees are being
set out in greater quantities than ever.
The feeling that our province should lead
the world in the production of prime apples
is growing and we are not satisfied with a
second place.

Lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead are tbe
popular spray materials this year. Gaso-
line engines and power pumps are replac-
ing the hand pumps. We hope to have a
director appointed and real work begun
on our recently purchased experiment sta-
tion at Kentville this summer.

Eastern Annapolis Valley N. S.

Eonice BnchinaD, A.R.H.S.

After a protracted spring, with the frost
slowly coming out of the ground and snow
lingering on the hills, the weather has
turned warm, and in the second week of
May the apple trees have suddenly leaped
out. There is every prospect of a large
crop of all kinds of fruit.

The spring work seems more rushed than
usual, owing to the long winter. For this
reason some orchardists were too busy to
put on the first dormant spray, but the
second application will go on about the
third week in May. Lime-sulphur is all the
rage, and power sprayers are becoming
fashionable.

IF YOU HAVE A
HEATING PROBLEM
TO SOLVE.
GET THIS BOOKLET

IT TELLS ABOUT THE SANE
HEATING OF HOMES

"Comfort & Health" tells about a heating system.

It goes into the question of healthful heating- and shows how
important a part the furnace plays in the health of your family.

fl It explains the principle of warm air heating- ;
how the furnace draws in fresh air, warms it
and circulates it moist and pure to every room
in the house.

Q Then it tells about the perfect warm air

furnace — the " Hecla." The furnace that
cannot leak gas. The furnace that gives
heat without dust. The furnace that is easy
to run, and what is most important, how that
furnace — The " Hecla " — saves you one ton of
coal in seven.

"HcclaFucaacc

CANNOT LEAK GAS

Gas in the house is dis-
agieeable. Often it proves
dangerous to the health. The
" Hecla " is so constructed
that gas cannot get into the
living rooms. The places
where gas leaks occur in the
ordinary furnace are fused in
the "Hecla" so that gas
cannot possibly find an outlet.
These fused jOlntS are made
by welding the parts at a white

heat and have proven absolute-
ly gas and dust proof even
after 20 years of service.

SAVES 1 TON IN 7

The "Hecla" uses only six
tons of coal where others use
seven. It is the steel ribbed
fire pot that makes this saving,
ill! fire pots have corrugations
or cast iron flanges to increase
the radiating- surface of the
fire pot, but on tie ''Hecla"

these flanges are of steel plate
placed close together and
welded into the fire pot.
Three times the ordinary
radiating surfaceisthus obtain-
ed and by actual test a saving
of 13?% in coal is effected,

INVESTIGATE
THE "HECLA"

Get the Booklet " Comfort &
Health." It is yours for the
asking.

CLARE BROS. (Q. CO., LIMITED.

PRESTON, Ont.

PLANS

Send a rough diagram of your house and ive will
send complete plans and estimates for heating It.

FREE

•54

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1911

8«n(l for

75th

AnnlveritfU7

MODERN GARDENING'S-'"'"'

'Our No, 1 Who'l Hot! providps 0 wny to
' pluw. furrow, rultivatf and vivvd yuur (jardcM-
I wftliout tftkiiiKvaluftljIctim*,- from other wijfk ]
. With lliii tool « buy can tnke core of a tiift j
^ gftrdPn.providinKfrt-flli veijctoblci alt ruiii
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umM/^

Farm and
Garden Tools |

|'Wliytryt0 8etfllongtln:()hl%/ny wh

lyou run buy tlicsa light, dumb

ItiBnilytooIa? Write for Aunivpraaryjfe

^Catalog thnwiiig entire line. In-

1 eluding potato mftrhinery, etc.

BATEM.VN M'F'O CO.

Box 5161

BUSIN£

'*%^

"Stocks carried at many convenient points.
Ask for address of nearest Canadian agency."

STRATFORD

EXTENSION
LADDER

It is the safest and best en the
market. Fitted with automatic
hooks thai lock at every runs
and unlock between the rungs

I LIGHT, STRONG

EASILY OPERATED
AND DURABLE

IF Interested write for Catalogue F

-^t-*^ THE

Stratford Mfg. Go.

Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

Makers of Ladders i'or ev ry con-
ceivable pnrpose

You can depend on it for positive re-
sults, without fear of failure or dissat-
isfaction.

It destroys g:reen, black and white fly,
red spider, thrip, mealy bug-, brown
and white scale without the slightest
injury to the tenderest flower or fol-
iage.

FUNGINE

An infallible remedy for mildew, rust
and other fungous diseases. A clean,
safe and easily applied spraying mater-
ial, particularly adapted for the green-
house. FOR SALE BY

Dupuy 81 Ferguson

38 Jacqaes-Cartier Sqaart, MONTREAL, Can.
Send for Descriptive Circular.
Maaafactoreil by APHINE MANUFACTURING
CO., Madisn, N. J., U. S. A.

Hoot grafts, which have been stored in
snwdust are now boinp; planted in the
field. The demand for fruit trees is lar-
ger thin ever; the largest fruit grower in
Berwick has planted seven thousand young
trees, while nearly all the leading farmers
are adding to their orchards.

Peas which were planted early in April
rotted in the ground, but those planted
after the last snow-storm in the third week
of April are doing well. Many people lost
their house plants, and several garden
plants were winter killed.

Nitrate of Soda, dried blood, basic slag,
bone meal, and other fertilizers are being
applied. Vetches have been sown as cover
crops.

Quebec

The Pomological Society of the Province
of Quebec is planning to encourage the
apple-growing industry by the establish-
ment of experimental orchards. A com-
mittee of the society having charge of the
scheme have completed arrangements by
which four experimental orchards will be
established in the province. The Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Quebec will grant
$800 to each of these on condition that a
co-operative fruit growers' association is
formed in the district, and the money is
to be expended in pruning, fertilizing, and
spraying operations in the orchards select-
ed for the purpose.

At Ste. Hilaire and Abbotsford, organiz-
ation has been effected through the efforts
of Prof. S. B. Blair, of Macdonald College,
and Mr. Reid of Chateau^uay. Efforts are
now being made to interest the farmers in
the Covey Hill and St. Joseph du Lac dis-
tricts to form similar associations. At each
point Fameuso orchards of eighty trees will
be selected and tests made with different
fertilizers and spraying mixtures to deter-
mine their value. Two men will be ap-
pointed by the Pomological Society to
superintend the work and report results.
Owners of the orchards will be guaranteed
against any loss on the trees under treat-
ment and all gain in increased yield goes
to them.

The society is encouraging the enforce-
ment of the new provincial law, which for-
bids the spraying of fruit trees with ar-
senical mixtures when in bloom.

Montreal

E. E. Wartmav, Dominion Fruit Inspector.

Still the big sales of fruit continue. On
May 8th, eight cars of bananas arrived, re-
presenting 3,300 bunches, which would
make if placed end to end touching, a string
two miles long. The stalks if piled would
equal several cords of wood.

On May 11 three cars of North Carolina
strawberries arrived. The be,st quality sold
by auction for 20c. a box by the crate.
This day's sale of this class of fruit alone
amounted to over $3,000. Even of this
amount of berries, however, how few people
got a taste! To supply each family in a
city like Montreal with a box of berries
would take 28 car loads.

The crate the North Carolinians ship
their berries in is a very complete one ;
four layers of eight boxes each making a
convenient parcel to handle. These when
shipped in good order, carry well to our
market after several days in transit. I
consider our wholesale fruit men who tackle
full cars of these perishable berries are
heroes in the trade — as these berries are
bought for cash at the station, and it is
not an uncommon thing for a car to be a
day late, which sometimes means a $300
los^. ! f

Some buyers have said many crates of

This Handsome

Fountain Pen

For You

Every reader of The Canadian
Horticulturist may have one of
^i, these handsome,

\ high grade Fountain
J Pens. Do You Want
*' One?

The illustration is an exact
full size reproduction of this
pen. It i» pearl mounted,
with two handsome gold
bands, filled with a solid
14 kt. gold pen and safety
pocket clip. Every pen is
guaranteed by the manufac-
turers to give absolutely satis-
factory service in every par-
ticular, and will be replaced
or satisfactorily adjusted in
the event of any dissatisfac-
tion within one year. A
guarantee certificate goes with
each pen.

Those Who
Will Get One

Everyone who secures Five
New Subacrtption* to THE

Canadian horticultur-
ist at 60 cents each, and
sends them to us together
with the $3.00, will get one of
these pens by return mail.
There are at least five of
your neighbours or acquaint-
ances who would like to take
a paper such as THE CANA-
DIAN Horticulturist if
you were to suggest it to
them, and tell them about
the helpful information it con-
tains. You will feel well re-
paid for the short time spent
when you receive this hand-
some pen. Why not see
some of your friends to-day?

The Boys and Girls
would be tickled to
earn one of these
Pens. Tell them about
this Offer.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PETERBORO

ONTARIO

Common Sense
Exterminator

KIUs Rats C Mice— Kucbes < Be4 MrngB.

m --,..., / 1— For Rata and >Ilce,

TWO Kind, , .,_p„j goKhea Uid Bed Bap.

250. — 50c. and $x.oe. All dealers or

Common Sense Mfg. Co. 381 Queen St. W.Torontt.

June, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

1 55

borries have been dishonestly crated. I
raiididly siiy that I have found many crates
ill which the bottom berries were far su-
lierior to those on the top. The man who
buys these crates cheap finds no fault, but
u lien he gets a crate a little misrepresented
oil top so he cannot make a five cent per
box profit, he makes a terrible howl.

It is not easy for a man to get rich rais-
ing strawberries at six cents a box, after
paying for cultivation, picking, and other
expenses. The man, however, who just
turns the boxes over for five cents a box
profit, seems hurt if he has to sell a few-
boxes at cost once in a while. Again, the
man who buys berries at a reasonable iirice
and expects a big profit by holding them
for high prices to get this big profit check.s
sales, and berries spoil. Who then is vo
blame but himself, and not the man wno
sells them.

Niagara District Notes

The bloom througliout the Niagara Dis-
trict, especially on apple trees in most dis-
tricts and peach trees, has been most en-
couraging. There is more enthusiasm
among tne fruit growers of this district
than ever before. New moves of one kind
and another intended to advance the in-
terests of the section are being made in all
directions. The future of this great fruit
district becomes brighter every day.

Arrangements for the erection of a
$50,000 cooling plant at Winona are being
made by Mr. L. A. Koy, of Chicago. A
cooling system will be used by which fruits
and perishable goods can be cooled quickly
and much more satisfactorily than by tno
old system. Several meetings of the local
growers have been held. It is claimed that
car cooling saves handling fruit, and that
as much can be cooled in four or five hours
by this method as in two or three days by
tile storage system. Mr. lloy states that
strawberries have been sent from the Pa-
cific to the Atlantic in perfect condition,
and that seventy thousand carloads of fruit
and vegetables are sent out of tne south
every year now, under this system. A whole
train of oars may be run under a shed and
the cooling process accomplished in hair
the time required by the icing method.
The cost is placed at $25.00 per car. The
Southern Pacific Railway Co. is said to have
over a million and a half dollars invested
in these plants.

There was a considerable drouglifc
throughout this district for several weeks.
Some of the growers were becoming alarm-
ed, but recent showers have altered condi-
tions greatly.

In the Jordan District new orchards and
ry patches are being set out in large
_ mbers. Land that only recentlv was uri-
"ultivated has been transformed . It is esti-
mated that many hundreds of acres have
been brought into cultivation. Large farms
are being broken up into smaller ones and
the value of the land is steadily increasing.

British Columbia

Three years ago it was said that the
C.P.B. was preparing to handle an annual
output of 1,200 cars of fruit from the
Okanagan valley by 1911. When the state-
ment was made it was received with scoffing
by some, doubt by many, hesitancy even by
those most enthusiastic over the capabilittea
of the favored district.

In the light of developments in 1910, the
strong probability is that the Canadian
Pacific will have to provide transjiortaton
ipr more than 1,200 cars of fruit from the

^anagan valley in 1911.

From Vernon and Okanagan Lake points
the grand total of fruit for the 1910 crops

|i Fai

m

WEEDS

DISFIGURE YOUR LAWNS
AND WALKS

"CLIMAX" LAWN SAND

KILLS WEEDS ON LAWNS, fertilizes
the finer grasses; it has transformed
thousands of weedy lawns.

PRICES

Sample Tin 50

7 lbs Tin 80

14 lbs. Tin 1.50

Z8 lbs. Wood.:n keg 2.50

66 lbs. Wooden keg 4.00

112 lbs. Wooden keg 6.50

Sole Manufacturers:

BOUNDARY CHEMICAL CO., LIMITED,

LIVERPOOL, ENO.

Agents for Canadfi;

DUPUY & FERGUSON

3S Jacques Cartier Square, MONTREAL.

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $1 0,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,913,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.775,000.00
Reserve Fund . 5,775.000.00

D. B. WILKIE, Fraddent
HOM. R. JATrBAT, Tloe-Prmldamt

Branch** and Acenciaa throuarhout
th* Dominion of Canada

Drafta, Money Ordan and Lattan of CraiKt

isiued available in any part of the world

Spacial attantioa ciTon to coUactiona

Savinra Dapartmant— Interest allowed on de-
posits from date of depoait.

MASSEY- HARRIS

FOR
ORCHARD

IMPLEMENTS

FOR

VINEYARD

Orchard Disc Harrow^s

REVERSIBLE

To throw the dirt to or from
the trees or vines.

ADJUSTABLE
Gangs can be adjusted as required.
Extension can be furnished for
working under branches.

Cultivators

A great variety — for cultivating small fruit — for vineyards — for orchards

Complete Spraying Outfits

Driven by the Famous OLDS Engines

Spring Tooth Harrows

With or Without Handles

Vineyard Plows

Both Walking and Riding Plows especially built for Orchard
ann Vineyard work

Grape and Berry Hoes, etc.

Masscy-Harris Co.

Limited

Toronto, Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg,

Regina, Saakatoon. Calgary,

Edmonton

'56

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191 1

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was approximately 636 cars. Of this total,
it is estimatoti that there were 10 cars of
small fruits, principally cherries, with a
few strawberries and raspberries. Plums
and prunes ai)proximated 44 cars, apricots
7 cars, crab apples 36 cars, pears 18 cars.

PEACHES 77 CARS

The peach crop returned a total of 77
cars approximately. This total includes as
well as the actual exports from the valley,
the surprising quantity of 110 tons put uj>
by three canneries, Kelowna, Peachland,
and Summerland.

To the Big Bed Apple of the Okanagan,
however, must be given place of honor, for
the total export production is closely esti-
mated by the experts engaged directly in
the supervision and handling of the ship-
ments, at 344 cars, much the largest re-
turn on record, and due in large degree to
much of the acreage of young plantations
now first beginning to yield an appreciable
quantity.

VEGETABLES

There is to be added to the export busi-
ness from the Okanagan Valley the very
large total of 386 cars of vegetables and
other pi-oduce (excluding hay) for the 1910
season.

The grand total, estimated for the Okana-
gan Lake points and Vernon is approxi-
mately 925 to 930 car loads, or very close
to 1,000 cars. Considering these totals, it
is readily seen that the estimate of 1,200
car loads for 1911 may very easily be
reached and passed.

Prompt Market Reports ,,

The British Columbia provincial govern-
ment is taking steps for a most compre-
hensive system of market reporting for the
benefit of the fruit growers this season.
Last summer, L. A. Metcalfe, the govern-
ment's market commissioner, was alone in
the field, and his reports to Victoria were
distributed throughout the fruit districts by
mail. This season the government has
promised to have agencies in the principal
distributing markets of the prairie and
from the telegraphic reports sent to Vic-
toria bulletins will be wired out of the
affiliated fruit as.sociations.

This will cut at least five days from the
time required to get market information to
originating points for fruit and will, in
fact, keep the associations posted within
twenty-four hours of the actual market. In
addition, one agent will be maintained in
the competitive valleys just across the
United States border to advise on market
conditions there, for with reciprocity loom-
ing up, it is considered to be important to
keep in close touch with United States
conditions, methods and organizations.

The fruit growers of Durham county held
a meeting at Newcastle, Ont., on May 15th,
and formed The Durham Co-operative Fruit
Growers' Association. The following oflioers
were elected : President, G. H. Martyn ;
Vice-President, Dr. H. C. Leslie; Secretary-
Treasurer and Manager, W. J. Oke; Direc-
tors, A. G. Maybee, J. A. Rae, B. F.
Peters, R. A. Westington, A. J. Runnalls,
W. H. Symons, M. G. Welch, M. Osborne,
W. A. Meadows. It was decided to admit
no members who would not take good care
of their orchards by pruning and spraying
and who would not agree to pack apples of
the highest quality, above rather than be-
low the required standard. Mr. P. J.
Carey, Dominion Fruit Inspector, and R.
S. Duncan, of the Ontario Department of
Agriculture, assisted in the work of or-
ganization.

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The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

JULY, 1911

No.

Suggestions for the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition

T. G. Bunting, B. S. A., C. E. F., Ottawa, Ont.

THE Ontario Horticultural Exhibi-
tion, which is held in Toronto
every fall, is probably without ex-
ception the finest of its kind in
America. The Spokane Apple Show may
rival it in extent and magnitude of the
display of apples, because it devotes it-
self to the display of the apple alone ;
but for quality and variety of exhibits
the Toronto Show stands alone. The
Horticultural Exhibition has grown and
increased in attractiveness from year to
year until last year there was a finer
and better display than ever. Still there
is room for the innovation of special
features which would add greatly to the
interest taken in the exhibition.

In October, 1909 at the First New Eng-
land Apple Show, held at Boston, there
were two features that were attractive
and educational. There was in operation
a small yet complete cidef mill, and the
product of the apple in this form was sold
to the visitors. This not only provided
an attractive exhibit but also a source
of revenue. Next to the Horticultural
Hall there was a first class restaurant,
which most of the fruit growers in at-
tendance chose to make their dining head-
quarters. The management of the res-
taurant made a specialty of the apple
as an article of diet during the week of
the exhibition. Their pies were not the
kind usully served in the hotels and res-
laurants, and, I believe, in too many of
the homes of the apple growers them-
selves. ,/ instead, they were the kind
"mother used to make" — the big, deep,
juicy and luscious kind that always meant
a second helping if father wasn't there.
To lend variety to the apple you could
secure a most beautifully baked apple,
probably one of the most delicious forms
in which an apple can be served, yet how
seldom do our appetites make the ac-
quaintance of any kind of a baked apple
to say nothing of a properly baked one.

Even these two forms did not nearly
begin to exhaust the cook's modes ot
preparing the apple, for we had served
to us apple sauce, prepared and served
in different ways, apple butter, and jel-
lies. The very best of high colored
apples, such as Mcintosh, Wealthy and
Spy, were always on the table. Pure,
fresh apple cider was usually served in-
stead of milk, tea or coffee, because as

a beverage it offered a very desirable
change. Twelve or fifteen forms of the
apple were always on the menu card.

To me it seems that this should be-
come a very strong feature of the Toronto
Exhibition, because the apple holds a
pre-eminent place among the fruits, flow-
ers and vegetables. A large booth pro-
perly decorated and with appropriate
placards displayed, and in the hands of
competent persons, whose business it
would b- to prepare and sirve in all ts
different forms and uses the "I-ving ot
Fruits," would add a great interest and
enthusiasm to the exhibition, and in it-
self would be an education to the thou-
sands of people who pass through the
arena and admire the beautiful yet "for-

IT IS THE BEST

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States for the past forty years. It
is "certainly an ideal horticultural
paper. — K. J. Mackenzie, Picton,
N. S.

bidden fruit." It is always impossible
to obtain for eating purposes, even with
money, anything that looks like an apple
within the arena or within several blocks
of it.

"EAISIN DAY"

Some months ago 1 received through
the mail an invitation to attend "Raisin
Day" at Fresno, California. Accompany-
ing the invitation was a little pamphlet,
neatly gotten up, giving facts concerning
the raisin, its growth, marketing, food
value and also nearly a hundred differ-
ent recipes for preparing the raisin for
the table. These little pamphlets, which
were sent broadcast over the country,
must have had an influence on some, at
least, of their readers in causing them to
take an added interest in the raisin as an
article of diet, and it is needless to pre-
sume that the pamphlet fulfilled its mis-
sion by tending to increase the consump-
tion of raisins.

Why should not the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, in connection with

157

the exhibition, prepare a pamphlet set-
ting forth the advantages that the apple
has as a breakfast food over the orange,
grape fruit, and other fruits, and, in fact,
its advantages as a food to be served on
the table three times a day. The public
in general do not know the difference
between most of the standard varieties
of apples. Information in regard to the
eating, baking, cooking and keeping
qualities could be given in such a man-
ner that it would be appreciated by those
into whose hands the pamphlet fell.

All the known recipes for making pies,
apple sauce, baking apples, apple but-
ter, and jellies should be given. In fact,
such a pamphlet or booklet should give
all the information that would help to
stimulate and increase the consumption
of the apple, and in particular the Cana-
dian apples. It should be distributed
freely from the exhibition hall and from
the booth where, during the day and even-
ing, visitors could obtain the apple in all
its forms frc-n the fresh fruit to cider
and jellies.

After such a practical and appetizing
demonstration of this nature the Toronto
housewife or her daughter might be
expected on going home to call up the
fruit store and cancel her order for
oranges and bananas and order instead
a dozen each' of Mcintosh Reds and R.
I. Greening apples, the former for eat-
ing fresh and the latter for baking. What
would be the effect if a thousand homes
in Toronto switched over from oranges
and bananas, which are used so plenfi-
fully, to Canadian apples and pears?

Another feature that could properly
be added is one that was taken up last
fall at the First Canadian Apple Show
for the finest and most attractive display
of apples in the store windows during
the week of the exhibition. In Toronto
during the exhibition we see lots of at-
tractive fruit store windows, with fine
fruit displayed, but sad to say, nearly
always it is foreign fruit. For every
box of foreign fruits consumed in our
markets there is that much less of our
own consumed.

It is not higher duties on foreign fruit
that we want ; but our own fruit to meet
competition fairly on our home markets.
In order that it may meet it successfully
wc must put it up just as attractively or

158

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 1

a little more so, and then advertise it
extensively. It is well known that the
quality of our fruits, and tJie apple in
jparticular, cannot be excelled anywhere.
What need we fear then from competi-
tion if we meet that competition not by
higher duties, but by the finest quality
fruit, properly put up and displayed and
advertised ?

We should be more enthusiastic over
our own fruits and take a greater pride
in them than we do. If we did there
would not be such a big demand through-
out the entire year for California fruits.
Canadian fruits of the same standard or
grade are in every case, with the excep-
tion of the grape, superior to the Cali-
fornia fruits of the same kind.

Black Rot Fungus

Prof. W. S. Blair, Mudandd Collcic, Que.

This disease appears on the leaves
. in the form of brownish spots, appear-
ing somewhat like the burning from us-
ing too strong a mixture of paris green.
The black rot fungus, Sphaeropsis mal-
orum, attacks the fruit usually when
nearly mature. Apples attacked decay
quickly, becoming brown at first with
blackish discolorations under the skin,
and as the disease progresses, the whole
fruit becomes blackened. The apple re-
mains firm at first, but gradually dries
out and becomes wrinkled and shrunk-
en. Under the skin of such apples small
black dots or pustules may be seen,
which are the spore-producing bodies of
the fungus, and from these the .spores
escape. The fungus may gain an en-
trance through cracks or wounds, and
generally attacks the larger branches or
trunk, producing canker spots in the
bark. Spore-producing bodies may form
also in these diseased areas.

AH diseased fruit should be destroy-
ed, and Bordeaux mixture as applied for
apple scab fungus will do good in con-
trolling the black rot. The diseased
spots should be carefully cut around to
good healthy bark and washed out with
a copper sulphate solution, using one
pound to five or ten gallons of water.
After this has dried, cover the wound
with a thick white lead paint. I do not
think the corrosive sublimate is advis-
able. Copper sulphate solution as above
can be applied to the bark at any time,
but it will of course injure the foliage.
Double strength Bordeaux will not in-
jure the bark. — W. .S. Blair.

Common Foes

Tent and forest caterpillars have been
very numerous this year in parts of On-
tario and have caused much damage.
They are two different species of hairy
caterpillars, and are found on fruit and
shade trees. If a grower is spraying his
fruit trees faithfi^lly with arsenate of
lead in any shape, this of itself will pre-

vent injury from tent caterpillars, since
any internal poison is fatal to them.

The tents may be crushed with the
gloved hand, when they can be reached
at a time when the caterpillars are in-
side; or they can be burned by a torch
on the end of a pole; or they can be
twisted out of their reach by means of
a wire brush made for the purpo.se at-
ta'ched to the end of a long pole. The.se
remedies are effectual only when the
caterpillars are in their tents, early in
the morning, or in stormy, wet weather.
Even on trees which are not ordinarily
sprayed, a single spraying of arsenate
of lead, when caterpillars are observed,
would probably stop their depredations.

W^hen full grown, these caterpillars
spin cocoons, whitish or yellowish in
color, from which emerge brownish
moths that lay their eggs in a ring
around the small twigs of fruit and shade
trees. These eggs .go through the win-
ter, and frequently in pruning a farmer
or orchardist will observe them, and can
prune off the twig holding the eggs, and
destroy the same.

CUTWORMS

Cutworms have been very injurious
this year. Poisoned bait, made of bran
mash, sweetened with cheap sugar, or
molasses, and made decidedly green with
a liberal application of Paris green, is
a very good remedy in a garden. A
tablespoonful of this should be put at
frequent intervals among the plants sub-
ject to attack, not, however, nearer than
twelve inches to the plant ; for, in 'case
of rain, the Pans green might be washed

against the roots, and would injure or
kill the plant. Thorough cultivation is
an aid.

Pieces of shingle or board, placed at
intervals over the garden, serve as traps
under which the cutworms hide toward
morning, and where they can be found
and killed. Frequently the depredator
will be found within an inch or .so of the
plant rut, buried an inch under the soil.

THE GEEEIf CABBAGE-WOEM

Give children a few cents to make nets
of mosquito bar and catch the white but-
terflies flitting over your cabbage and
cauliflower fields, since the female butter
flies deposit the eggs from which thv
cabbage-worm comes. Children might
well be paid, aLso, for picking off the
green worms before they have done much
injury.

Spraying with Paris green is quite
commonly practised, and cabbage will
stand a strong application. A spray as
strong as five pounds of Paris green in
a fifty-gallon barrel of water has been
used with success. Cabbage may be
sprayed up to within a week or so of
being gathered, when necessary, with-
out any damage whatever, or ' any
danger.

To carry on co-operation successfully,
it is absolutely necessary that you have
good ofiicers, men who are willing to
devote themselves to the interests of the
company. To my mind co-operation is
the only solution of the fruit growing
problem. — A. E. Dewar, Charlottetown,
P. E. I.

A Peach Orchard in Lambton County, Ont., where it was thought Peaches

could not be Grown.

The peach orchard here shown Is that of Johnson Bros., Frest, Lambton Co.. Ont. The trees
shown are three years old. Year by year it is being discovered that the tender fruit districts of
Ontario are much more extensive than was formerly supposed. Mr. D. Johnson may be seen in
the foreground. An experiment will be tried this year of marketing the i>eache8 from this or-
chard direct to the consumer.

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

159

The New Cherry— The Early
Rivers

Linn> WoolvertoD, Grimtby, Ont.

Among the many novelties furnished
me for testing while I was doing experi-
mental work in fruits for the Ontario
Department of Agriculture, there was
one new variety of cherry, recently origi-
nated by Thomas Rivers, the celebrated
nurseryman of Sawbridgeworth, in
Hertfordshire, England. I had almost for-
gotten the high value set upon this cherry
by Mr. Rivers, until one day this month
(June 15th) when walking through the
cherry plot, I was attracted by three
trees of remarkably fine looking fruit.
On looking up my records I found that
they were the Early Rivers, planted in
1904. As I sampled them I thought to
myself, "No wonder Mr. Rivers gave
the cherry his own name; he may well
be proud of it."

Here is a cherry beginning to ripen
about the middle of June out of doors in
Canada, fit for use along with our Early
Purple, and superior to it, and continu-
ing in season for a month, according to
Mr. Rivers. At first it is a rich dark red
in color, but it becomes darker and
darker the longer it hangs on the tree.

Of course, my remarks on the value
of this cherry for Ontario must be taken
"cum grano salis," until it has been
longer under test; but from its showing
this sea.son, I should expect it to become
a very valuable commercial sort for us.
It appears to be resistant to monilia rot,
it is plump and roundish, heart-shaped in
form, the stems are long, an inch and
a half, and hang in clusters, making
them ea.sy to gather, and the pits are very
small .

The largest samples I have grown this
year measure scarcely one inch across,
but have not yet swelled to their fullest
size. I may report further about it
later, for the cherry may develop faults
that do not yet appear. It should be
tested on a larger scale than I have done
before we can advise our growers to buy
it, especially at the extravagant price
asked for it. In 1904, I think the price
was a guinea.

Summer Pruning

Among horticulturists the summer
pruning of fruit trees has become a com-
mon practice. If it is done judiciously
the plants are sure to be benefited.

The well managed fruit garden re-
quires very little trimming at any season
of the year, and the work can probably
be more advantageously done now than
during the early spring. Neglected trees
often require the removal of very large
limbs, and the thinning out of numerous
interlocking branches. Such extensive
pruning in summer would be a disadvan-
tage to the trees. Peach and plum trees

Gathering Elberta Peaches in the Orchard of J. W. Smith & Sons Winona, Ont.

The troes in this orchard averaged ten baskets of peaches each. The ground is a deep, black
earth. The trees have never failed to give a crop since they were planted four years ago.
Mr. Smith likes the type of ladder here shown they being strong, light and durable. They
are three legged and can be stood on any kind of a hill without toppling over.

have a habit of making a rank growth,
and if this is not checked, the plants tend
toward wood rather than fruit. Cut-
ting back the leading shoots immediately
has a tendency to throw young trees in-
to earlier bearing.

The black knot appears on plum trees
at this season, and should be cut out in
its earlier stages. At first it appears as
a swelling of the branch. Later it bursts
through the bark, and shows a greenish
color, which next ■ turns to brown, and
then black. Remove and burn all sus-
picious looking branches.

Apple and pear trees should have all
interfering branches cut away, and all
diseased or dead wood removed. Do
not, however, cut off large limbs from
these trees at this time. Dwarf fruit
trees should have some of the more rapid
growing shoots pinched back to make
them acquire the desired form, and to
keep them within bounds. Trained fruit
trees need constant attention to prevent
the side shoots and fruit spurs from de-
veloping wood. Allow the leading shoots
to grow. The plants are sustained prin-
cipally through these branches.

(jrape vines growing in rich soil often
run to vine and leaves, and if they are
not summer pruned the fruit is of an in-
ferior quality and quantity. Check the
wood growth by cutting back the lead-
ing shoots and remove some of the rank
foliage that prevents the sunlight from
gaining admittance to the fruit. All sum-
mer pruning should be done now if it
has not been accomplished before.

Peach Growing and Diseases of
the Peach

A. G. Pettil, Grimsbr, Ont.

After prpcuring the best soil possible,
the three most essential things for grow-
ing peach trees are manure, cultivation
and pruning. The best soil is deep,
sandy loam. I have never seen a suc-
cess in growing peach trees on a shal-
low soil, or on land that has water close
to the surface. You can underdrain such
land, and grow good crops of grain, but
to grow peach trees on the same land,
about the fourth year, the fibres from
the roots will completely fill up the tiles.
Then look out for dead trees. I have
had as many as ten or twelve trees killed
adjoining an underdrain. I have taken
out the trees, and used the land for
other crops.

PREPARATION OP THE SOIL

In the preparation of the soil for
planting, do as you would in preparing
land for a crop of corn. After it is mark-
ed, my method is, use a board with a
hole in each end and a notch twelve
inches from the centre. This does away
with sighting.

F"or preparing trees for planting, cut
off broken roots, shorten long ones, and
I prefer to trim trees after planting. I
also, prefer to have the stocks of trees
from two and a half to three feet long.
Some make objection to this and say
that one foot to one and one-half feet is
the correct thing. We shall leave this
for growers to decide. If the branches
come oi^t cjose together at the right

i6o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1911

distance from the ground, cut them
back. If not, trim to a whip Avoid
crotches when possible . In trimming
the year after planting, cut out wood
that is growing perpendicular from the
centre of the tree and thin the tree thor-
oughly. Cut back one-third of the new
growth on the side, and one-half on the
top. As the trees grow older, cut less.

One of my neighbors has taken out
trees that would have yielded 5,000
baskets of fruit. He tells me one-fourth
of them had the Yellows, the remainder
what I call the new disease.

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Tree Before Pruning, No. 1.

The tree here shown is in the orchard of Mr.
H. W. Bumstead, Meatord. Ont., and shows how
it looked before pruning for a demonstration
meeting held in the orchard under the direction
of J. F. Metcalf. the district representative of
the Ontario Department of Agriculture, at Ool-
lingwood.

Be sure to keep the centre open and the
tops shortened every year.

Cultivate as one would for a good
crop of corn, well and often.

Fertilizing is very necessary. In
the past, I have been using ashes and
stable manure, light dressings and often,
rather than heavy, which stimulates to
rapid growth. I have used crimson
clover and hairy vetch for cover crops.
Crimson clover is rather uncertain, as
it winter kills too frequently.

DISEASES

Yellows, no cure ; dig out and burn
as soon as possible.

Little Peaches, the same treatment.

Curled Leaf, sulphur and lime.

Our fruit inspectors have marked a
great many trees for Yellows. I claim
that not one in ten that they have mark-
ed has the Yellows. The fruit on the
trees with Yellows will color from ten
days to two weeks before they should
if they are not diseased.

This other disease, if it is a disease,
is ten days to two weeks later than the
same variety on healthy trees. I have
been called to some orchards to ex-
amine the trees and found them yellow.
Peaches, small, well colored, sweet, and
firm, without spots. Water s(prouts
have not the appearance of Yellows.

How to Grow Grapes

Wb. Waraock, Goderich

. I approve of the horizontal system of
pruning vines, that is to plant ten feet
apart in the row and cultivate until it
produces two strong canes which ought
to be made the second year from plant-
ing. These are to be cut off at pruning
time five feet from stump, which should
be low enough so that the canes will tie
easily on wires ten inches from the
ground. At this height it is very easy
to let them down to the ground every
fall for winter covering, and as the fruit
is always near the ground it has the
benefit of more heat than if it were
higher, which is of great advantage in
ripening grapes. I use four wires for
trellis, fastened on posts put half way
between plants, and the spaces between
wires dommencing at the bottom are
twelve to fourteen and sixteen inches.
The first year the vines are tied to wires
a cane grows up from each joint. Each
one of these canes will bear three or
more bunches of grapes. I prune off all
but two, leaving the best or two lowest
and pinch off the top of cane three leaves
above the upper bunch ; also keep all
laterals pinched off.

ptJLTIVATION

We must give particular attention to
cultivation and the keeping up of the
fertility of the soil. If the vines are
making a satisfactory growth of wood
they need only a light dressing of good
wood ashes every fall. For instance,
my land is very gravelly and porous and
I give a good coat of stable manure
every three years, and the other years
I apply a light dressing of ashes — about
four shovelsful to the vine, evenly scat-
tered over the whole surface between
vines. I also use dissolved bone with
my ashes every third year, and cultivate
thoroue'hly up to the 15th of August,
when I stop so as to allow the new wood
to ripen better, and by these methods of
pruning, fertilizing, and cultivating I
grow as fine grapes as are produced any-
where in the Northern States or Canada.

A little girl was greatly interested
watching the men in her grandfather's
orchard putting bands around the fruit
trees, and asked a great many questions.
Some weeks later, when in the city with
her mother, she noticed a gentleman with
a mourning band around his left sleeve.
"Mamma," she asked, "what's to keep
them from crawling up his other arm?"

Oats are our preference as a cover
'crop, as they die down in the winter and
are easily cut up with a disk harrow in
the spring. — J. W. Smith & Sons,
Winona.

Perliiizing Fruit Trees

Very little attention has been paid as
yet in the majority of fruit districts to
the fertilization of fruit trees. Too many
growers are satisfied to take a crop
year after year without returning to the
land, except perhaps a small amount
of stable manure every three or four
years.

With the present system of plowing
leguminous cover crops we are wasting
valuable nitrogen when we apply man-
ure to an orchard'. Though, if no clover
or vetch cover crop has been grown for
years it is well to give a good applica-
tion of stable manure at first.

What is known as a 10-8 fertilizer
is largely used in New York State.
This means a mixture containing ten
per cent, of phosphoric acid and eight
per cent, of potash, but this brand is
rather lacking in potash. Many good
growers are using equal parts of acid
phosphate, bone meal and muriate of
potash. In Nova Scotia their regular
yearly application is three hundred
pounds of bone meal and two hundred
pounds of muriate of potash. Liberal
feeding not only increases the vigor of
the tree, but increases the yield and
lessens the tendency for the orchard to
have off years in bearing. In addition,
the potash in the fertilizer improves the
quality of the fruit and deepens the
color. Spraying, cultivation, fertiliza-
tion, is the secret of successful fruit
growing.

The fruit that is grown in the interior
of the tree is not so liable to blow off as
if it were allowed to grow on long branch-
es, and the tree is more easily sprayed
and the fruit more easily picked.— J. O.
Duke, Ruthven, Ont.

i

1

■^^"^r'^lsS&Jl

■vr* fw mr

-.;-*S

gwg^i

Tree After Pruning No. 2.

The same tree after it hail been pruned. Dem-
onstration work of this nature is of great value
to the farmers in the districts in which the
demonstrations are given.

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

161

House and Window Plants in Summer

Wm. Hunt, O.IA. C, Guclph.^Ont.

weeks during- the summer

House plants should have a season of
partial rest during the hot days of sum-
mer. This can be given them by stand-
ing them out of doors in a partially
shaded position where they get very
little sun. Two or three hours' sun in
the early morning or late evening is
beneficial to them, but there are very
few pot plants that are benefited by be-
ing exposed to the hot sun of mid-day in
summer.

The north side of a fence or building
is a good place for house and window
plants during hot weather. The plants
should not be stood on ordinary soil or
even on gravel. The best plan is 10
stand them on coal ashes spread an inch
or two in depth so as to form a bed of
ashes. This will prevent earth worms
from getting into the pots, as worms
will not work up through the covering of
ashes. A sprinkling of air slaked lime
on top of the soil where the plants are
to stand will also keep away earth
worms. Standing each pot on a piece of
slate or flat stone will answer the pur-
pose if coal ashes or lime cannot be had.

EAETH WOEMS

Earth worms are very injurious to pot
plants. They are often the cause of the
drainage choking up, causing the soil
to become sour and waterlogged, a con-
dition that will soon kill the plants if not
remedied by re-potting and giving the
plants fresh drainage.

Earth worms are sure to congregate
where the soil is kept moist, as it would
be by watering the plants every day or
two. A good remedy for earth worms in
flower pots is to slake about half a pound
of fresh lime with about a quart of warm
water, then add cold water sufficient to
make a gallon. Allow the solution to
settle and 'clear. Enough of the solu-
tion can be given each plant to just
moisten all the soil. This will drive out
the worms, when they can be easily
destroyed. The only plants, usually
grown by amateurs, that are injured by
the application of the lime solution are
azaleas and rhododendrons. The lime
' solution should not be applied to these
plants.

POT PLANTS

Plunging the pots in a bed of coai
ashes several inches in depth is a good
plan to adopt with pot plants in summer.
The pots should be plunged or sunk into
the ashes at least two-thirds of the depth
of the pot, or even deep enough so that
only about an inch of the top of the pot
is above the surface of the ashes. By
plunging them in this way they require
far less attention in watering, as the
water docs not evaporate as quickly as
when the plants are stood on the sur-
face of the ashes. The latter is an im-
portant point, especially as the owners
of the plants are sometimes away from

home for
months.

A collection of plants plunged in ashes
or even in soil with some ashes placed
at the bottom of each pot will require
very little attention. They will almost
take care of themselves in summer if

mentioned during the hot months of sum-
mer than kept in the house. An occa-
sional spraying with clean water in addi-
tion to the rains will benefit the plants
and keep down insects.

Another plan that can be adopted with
a small collection of plants is to stand
the pots in a window box and pack them
around with moss, or even sawdust or
excelsior packing material. If the two

i

1,

m

1 w^./- ^-"^.\^"**^cV /

^^c

m

A Profusion of Asters in the Garden of Mr. Wm. Robinson, Barrie, Ont.

placed in a partially shaded place. There
are very few house or window plants
that would not be benefited by this
method of treatment during the hot
months of summer. Such plants as
palms, aspidistras, ficus elastica, be-
gonias, calla lilies, hydrangeas, fuchsias,
and pelargoniums, and summer plants
are much better put outside in the way

last-named materials are used, a layer
of moss should be placed on top so as to
produce a more natural appearance. If
a box of plants treated in this way is
placed outside in a north window, or
where it is shaded from the hot sun, it
will not only be useful as a decoration,
but the plants will be materially bene-
fited by treating them in this way.

Sun\mer Care of Last Winter's Plants

Mrs. Annie L. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que.

WHEN the windows must be shaded
from _the fierce sunlight, and the
rooms darkened for comfort, the
plants that have been such a source of
pleasure through the winter months be-
come rather a white elephant on our
hands. It is quite likely, too, that in
spite of care the mealy bug and aphis
have found a home on some of them, and
lack of sufficient water has afTected
their growth.

If we are so fortunate as to have a
garden we go out with a pan of coal
ashes ,and make holes in which to plunge
some of the pots to rest, putting the
ashes at the bottom to prevent worms
from crawling into the draining hole.
Here can rest the Chinese primroses,
the spent azalea, the poinsettia, and any
other plant that has had its season of

blossoming, and requires to recuperate
and grow fresh buds for another win-
ter. But they must not be forsaken al-
together. Sufficient water should be
supplied to keep them in health.

A heliotrope that has been in flower
should be cut back and given two
months' rest in a shaded place. The
same method will answer for the pelar-
gonium. There is no window plant that
has so many varieties of treatment as
the calla in summer. One authority will
advise to turn the pots on their side out
of doors through the hot months, paying
no attention to them, lifting up in Sep-
tember, and giving warm water. This
plan has proved successful with some
amateurs. Another authority lets the
leaves die down by simply withholding
water, and repots the next month. AH

t62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1911

agree that the calla, being at home in
marshes, requires plenty of water, but
ihe fact is, the plant has wonderful
powers of endurance to survive these
various treatments. It should have rich
soil and a midsummer rest.

BEGONIAS AND PAUCS

The flowering begonias and palms al-
ways seem to me suitable plant*. lO re-
main on the verandah where they can
have some shade, and yet plenty of air.
Palms are a special care unless one is
willing to devote a little time every morn-
ing to giving the leaves a sponging off
on both sides. If this is done there will
not be a chance for the tiresome scale to
find lodgment, but stems and ribs must
be washed as well as leaves. The aspi-
distra requires the same treatment, and
so does the ficus (rubber plant) : nor do
the above-mentioned require frequent
repotting.

The abutilon will do well on the ver-
andah if attended to in like manner, but
if there is an aphis, scale or mealy bug
.•mywhere, it will find its way to these
charming bells. A spray, from a fine
nozzle, of warm water over the foliage
in the evening will keep the plants in
g(K)d condition and discourage depredat-
ing inse'cts.

What to do with the geraniums is often
a query, for we cannot ignore them after
their cheerful winter blooming ; and they
have the merit of not requiring extra care
because of insects, and being very ac-
commodating to the amateur. Let the
old plants grow tall and blossom through
the autumn to brighten the days beside
the kitchen door, while cuttings can be
taken off to make young plants for win-
ter blooming.

The Holland bulbs that bloomed in
pots can be turned out into the border,
and get a summer's growth and winter
rest ready for giving flowers in the gar-
den another spring.

ORANGES AND LEMONS

There is a great deal of pleasure in
growing the little orange and lemon
trees that are willing to blossom in early
spring in a sunny window, but it is rather
provoking to have the lemons drop off
half grown. This may perhaps be
avoided by setting them out on the ver-
andah after giving them a top dressing
of fresh earth and regular watering.
After fruiting it can be plunged beside
the azalea until September.

A good plant for a permanent place
on the verandah is Cyperus alternifolius,
the very graceful and charming "um-
brella plant." A pot of asparagus spren-
geri. if lifted down every evening and
set in a pail of water for a while, will
continue to grow, and so will plumosus
nanus, the feathery foliage keeping fresh
a long time if given this immersion.

In fact, it is the life of plants when
they are kept in this very unnatural posi-

tion through the hot months to give the see a batch of ill-cared for, thirsty, and
foliage regular sprinklings, and to apply dusty plants, and the attention that i.«
liquid manure occasionally to such :is necessary, if given, brings its own re-
are growing. It is a pathetic sight to ward.

An Amateur's Famous Half Acre Garden

THE half acre garden of Mr. R. B.
Whyte, of Ottawa, and the me-
thods of its owner, afford interest-
ing and valuable object lessons for those
who have a desire to learn things horti-
cultural. It is one of the most noted gar-
dens on the continent. In a description
he gave of it recently, from which most
of the following is taken, Mr. Wilhelm
Miller, the editor of Country Life in
America, stated that during the fifteen
years in which he had been hunting good
gardens he had never seen one that nad
as many points of interest.

In his garden, Mr. Whyte grows six

hundred kinds of flowers, including one
hundred and fifty varieties of peonies,
ninety of late tulips, seventy-five of nar-
cissus, sixty of sweet peas, fifty of pnlox
and forty of lilies. There are one thou-
sand gladiolus plants in it, and one thou-
and Shirley poppies can be cut daily for
two weeks.

Mr. Whyte does not maintain his gar-
den primarily for cutting. Nevertheless,
no visitor ever goes away empty-handed,
and the family supply two churches
every .Sunday with flowers. But they
take care not to spoil the garden effects
by cutting too much in one place. On

An Effective Border of Bedding Plants in Mr. Whyte's Famous Garden.

In the front of this border are daisies, Bellis perennis, and Mimulus tigrlnus. next (reraniums and
cannas In the centre. The border is in bloom from early June until frost.

J ily igi I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULT UEIST

163

A Profusion of Bloom, Another Lovely Effect in Mr. Whyte'» Garden

German Iris are favorites with Mr. WJiyte. Some of these as they grow in his garden are
here shown with Crimson Paeonies in the foreground.

words, he uses permanent material wher-
ever possible.

The only annuals Mr. Whyte uses
largely for garden effect are sweet peas
and Shirley poppies. The only tender
plants he uses largely are dahlias and
cannas. For April effect he has to de-
pend chiefly on small bulbs. To keep
his bulb beds from looking shabby he
grows California poppies, nasturtiums,
and annual phlox, sowing the seed right
on the permanent bulb beds. September
is still not quite full enough, and so he
grows some asters. The whole plan is
simple, sensible, and economical.

THE FRUIT GKOWN

Nine varieties of apples are grown
that sometimes produce twenty barrels

one occasion, however, some neighbors
picked for a wedding 4,200 sweet peas
in one day.

OTHER PEODUOTS

The garden has supplied a family of
nine the year round with all the fruit de-
sired, including thirty-five varieties of
English gooseberries, twenty-five varie-
ties of grapes, and two hundred and
ninety-nine quarts of preserves. It pro-
duces a fair quantity of fresh vegetables
in season. The garden is so productive
that three wagon loads of plants are
given away each year to start new gar-
dens. The soil is so mellow that the
gardener never touches his foot to the
spading fork, but simply sets it in and
turns the earth over.

FLORAL FEATURES

A good idea of the main floral features
of the garden may be obtained from the
following table :

of apples. The varieties ripen in about
the following order: Yellow Transpar-
ent (A^igust), Peach, Whitney, Duchess
of Oldenburgh, Wealthy, Fameuse,
Scarlet Pippin, Mackintosh Red, and
Wolf River. The last two keep till Jan-
uary, but winter apples are not sufficient-
ly hardy, e.g.. Spy, Greening, and
Spitzenburg. Six kinds of plums yield
about three barrels a year.

Mr. Whyte grows twenty-five varie-
ties of grapes — and prefers training them
on arbors rather than trellises. He has
three arbors, which are pleasant places
in which to rest or read. On one of
them are seven varieties of grapes. Mr.
Whyte thinks that small gardens should
have few trees and many vines. Grapes
take up less room, give more convenient
shade, and are highly ornamental.

Gooseberries are Mr. Whyte's speci-
alty. He grows the European varieties,
which are about as large as plums and
are eaten out of hand when ripe. He
has never failed to get first prize for his
collection of varieties, which is the larg-
est in Canada — thirty-five varieties and
twenty-five unnamed seedlings. They
are grown on a heavy, clay soil. He
gives them a little shad^ by putting them
near the fence, and supplies plenty of
moisture so that the roots are alway.s
cool and moist. Five to eight quarts is
a fair crop, but sometimes a bush will
yield eleven quarts. A bush lasts ten or
twelve years. Mr. Whyte then layers
it and starts anew. The fruits are one
and a quarter to one and three-quarter
inches in length. None are tart when
ripe. The plants are bought in Europe.
The most _ wonderful fruit in Mr.
Whyte's garden is* the Herbert rasp-
berry— the one he produced and for
which he got five hundred dollars. This
is believed to be the finest flavored, big-

MONTH

April

May

June

July

Alirpixt
and

CHIEF FLOWERS AND NUMBER OP
VARIETIES

SnoH<irops, crocuses, scilla.
Tulii)s (100). Narcissus (70).
Peonies (150), Rosas (20). Ger-
^ man iris (20).
/Swp«t pea (60). Jap. iris (30).
(^ Oriental poppies (20). Other

poppies (12). Spirea (15).

"I Glaflioli (5,000 plants). Dah-

f lias (40). Phlox (50 to 70).

Spptrmbfr' A.sters(12). Cannas (15 1x3 20)!

Mr. Whyte cares more for variety than
for show ,and values continuity of gar-
den effect more than cut flowers. He
wants plenty of flowers every day for five
months, and, therefore, has given a great
deal of thought to continuity of bloom.
To fill the gaps in the foregoing plan he
uses about forty kinds of lilies and one
hundred perennials with .scattering per-
iods of bloom, including twenty kinds of
yellow and orange day lilies. In other

One of the Rich Effect* in Mr. Whyte'* Garden

The flowers shown are White Poppy— Snowdrifts- in the foreground with sweet peaB, grown on

wire cylinders, behind.

164

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 19 1-

Another View in Mr. Whyte's Famous Half Acre Garden

Shirley poppies may here be seen with Blue Larkspur and apple trees in the background.

Mr. Whyte in his wholesale office.

gest yielding, and hardiest red raspberry
in the world."

HIS OWN GAEDENER

Mr. Whyte, who is the president of
the Ontario Horticultural Association, is
his own gardener. Each day he works
in his garden from about six until half-
past eight in the morning. The rest of
the day, from nine until six, is spent by

He

does not go home at noon. The even-
ing is reserved mainly for rest and en-
joyment of the garden. It is to be won-
dered at that a garden such as this has
nttracted such wide attention, or that
it has been much admired from time to
time by the representatives in Ottawa of
our King and Queen

July Work With The Flowers

Wm. Hunt, O.A

KEEP the flowers of sweet peas
picked at least every second day
after they start flowering, to pre-
vent them from seeding. If allowed to
seed the flowering period will be of short
duration. If the weather is very hot and
dry, spray them with cold water at least
once or twice a week on the under side
of the foliage to keep down aphis and
red spider. If they require watering at
the roots, remember that a good soaking
once a week is better than giving them
a little water every day. Sweet peas are
deep rooted plants : light surface water-
ing is no good to them.

Spray the tops of dahlias every day in
hot weather and keep them moist at the
roots. Cut off the small weak shoots
close to the ground and allow only two
or three main stems at the most to each
plant. One stem only is best if large
blooms are required, unless the plants
are very robust and strong. Be sure to
put a strong stake to each plant and tie
it up before the stem gets broken off by
windstorms or some other cause. It is
a good plan to drive a stake in by the
plant when it is planted, as it is often
left too late.

Watch out for the small tarnished
plant bug that spoils the aster buds when
they are quite small. The tarnished plant

,C., Guelph, Ont.

bug is a small, brownish-grey insect
about half an inch in length, very like a
small fly. This bug can be easily re'cog-
nized when examining the plants from
the fact that it disappears quickly on the
plant being touched, usually darting
underneath the leaves out of sight, or
dropping to the ground where it cannot
be seen, or perhaps flying away. The
best time to catch these pests is in the
very early morning.

A good remedy is to sprinkle the plants
a few times early in the morning with
wood ashes, pyrethrum powder, helle-
bore, or tobacco dust. This is the same
bug that destroys the terminal growth of
chrysanthemums, causing blindshoots,
from which no flowers develop. It was
the main cause of the discontinuance of
growing chrysanthemum plants out of
doors in the summer time. They some-
times attack these plants in greenhouses.
The best remedy for them in the green-
houses is to fumigate with potassium
cyanide, using about one quarter of an
ounce of cyanide per thousand cubic feet
in the usual way. This remedy cannot
be used in a dwelling-house on account
of the deadly nature of the fumes.
OALLA lilLIEB

Do not allow the roots of calla lilies
to become too dry. It is a mistake to

dry these plants too severely^ especi?/iy
for window culture. If the pots they are
in are plunged in the ground in a par-
tially shaded place, and the soil kept
barely moist, they succeed Aiuch better
than when they are dried out too severely.
Complaints are often made of the calla
lily not flowering. This is often caused
from drying out the roots too severely
during the resting period. I have taken
them out of the pots early in July and
planted them out in a light, rich soil in
the open garden, and kept them well
watered. When the growth was about
twelve inches in height they were lifted
carefully and potted. The results, both
as to quality and quantity of flowers,
well repaid the extra trouble taken with
them.

1

Culture of the Sweet Pea

H. J. Edwardi, Wiaeipeg, Mu.

When sweet peas begin to bloom, it
is best to cut all the fully developed
flowers daily. .See that no seed pods
are allowed to form ; if this is not done
the plants will cease to bloom.

In dry weather give a liberal supply
of water, and occasionally a little weak
liquid manure. If the above directions
are followed the plants should be in
bloom from the first week in July until
fall. The grandiflora type will with-
stand the wind far better than any
of the Spencers. When named varie-
ties are grown, all rogues should be
carefully removed ; and leaving one
strong plant to every three or four
sticks (about 12 inches) is a secret to
success.

SUCCESS CERTAIN

I am confident that anyone who
adopts the method of cultivation, I have
here suggested, will be fully repaid
by the result ; not only will there be a
considerable increase in the length of
the stems, larger and finer flowers, but
also a greater profusion of blooms com-
pared with the average sweet peas we
usually see in Manitoba.

When there are more flowers than are
needed, I would like to mention that we
have a number of institutions in this
province where the sick and injured are
being cared for. The majority of pa-
tients in these institutions are always
pleased with the gift of a few flowers
and no flowers are more highly appreciat-
ed than a well grown bunch of what is
said to be the sweetest and most indis-
pensable of all the annuals, Lathyrus
Odoratus.

For aphis, take four ounces of quas-
sia chips, boil ten minutes in a gallon
of soft water ; strain off the chips and
add four ounces of soft soap, which
should be dissolved in it as it cools,
stirring it before using. This decoction
of quassia chips and soft soap is the
least offensive and the most efficacious
of all aphis remedies.

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

16=

Summer Care of the Lawn

Milt Fl*rtnce A. Decks, Toroito Ost.

When the ground for the lawn has
been well prepared and thoroughly en-
riched— it can scarcely be too rich — and a
desirable turf established by seeding or
careful sodding, it is advisable to mow
it regularly while the grass is short
enough to be left lying after it is cut.
This gives that soft, velvety appearance
and supplies valuable mulch for the soil
without taking anything out of it. But
the cutting must be done while the grass
is quite short, for it is an injury rather
than a benefit to leave long grass lying
on the turf. Moreover, a brown or sun-
burnt spot or a weedy patch calls for
immediate attention.

Of all weeds that infest the lawn, the
dandelion excels for persistent and lux-
uriant growth. Numbers of blooming
dandelions might awaken admiration for
the moment, were we unmindful of the
millions of beautiful tender blades of
grass starved and smothered by them,
but the dandelion so greedily absorbs
food from the soil and carbonic acid gas
from the atmosphere, and spreads its
thick mass of leaves over so large an
area, depriving the soil of the heat,
light, air and moisture, so greatly need-
ed by the" grass, that it ought to be
eradicated. So, although
"The face of nature smiles serenely gay,
.And even the motley race of weeds en-
hance
Her rural charms, yet, let them not be
spared ;

Still as they rise unconquered

crush them.
In wood and field there let them grow
Hy haunted streamlet"

Nothing can be used on the dandelion
to kill it, that will not kill the grass also.
The only means of exterminating it is
to cut it out about an inch or so below
the point where the leaves sprout. It
is better to do this before the flower
matures and the seeds become scattered,
for the dandelion multiplies wholly from
the seed and blossoms more or less
throughout the season.

The most effective little implement
for the purpose is the "Ideal" Dandelion
and Weed Extractor, which is much
more easily handled than a knife, and can
be procured at leading hardware estab-
lishments. By the repeated use of it,
this most troublesome of all lawn weeds
can be effectually overcome.

The First Prize Lawn and Boulevard, Barrie Horticultural Society's Competition, 1910

Residence A. Carson.

pear from that place; or the ants' nest
can be destroyed, using tobacco dust in
abundance around the roots of the plants
to be protected ; or make a hole in the
soil near the roots of the plants and put
in a little carbon bisulfide and close the
hole. The carbon bisulfide fumes will
kill the pests, while the tobacco dust will
fertilize the plants and also repel the
pests. Wood ashes will also repel them,
as proven by us in personal experiments
for aphids on roots of pear trees. — Prof
H. A. Surface.

Ants on Roots of Asters

>v'hat can I do to get rid of red ants on
the roots of my asters. The ants seem to
attack the roots of the asters by means of
a white aphis. The aphis sucks the life out
cf the plant and the ants live on the aphis?
— C. F.

This aphis or root louse gives forth a
sweet secretion or excretion, called honey
dew, upon which the ants feed. If the
plant lice are killed, the ants will disap-

The Dahlia and its Care

J. McPkcrson R*ss, Toraoto, Ont.

The dahlia is usually a free bloomer,
but to have good flowers for exhibition
purposes, it is well to thin out all im-
mature buds by pinching them off. Only
allow perfect flowers to develop.

For a long time the dahlia has been
immune from insect attacks, but of re-
cent years an insect preys on the small
buds, causing them to wither and dry
up and fall off. For one season I had
hardly any dahlias, but a liberal sprink-
ling of Hellebore quite early in the
plant's growth has warded off the pest.
I also recommend Kerosene Emulsion —
enough to saturate the soil around the
stem. This is a good remedy. In very
dry weather the red spider is apt to be
a nuisance. Liberal syringing of water
is the cure for that.

If your dahlias seem to be at a stand-
still, a liberal watering of liquid manure,
which can hardly be made too strong,
will produce surprising results.

The dahlia has lately come into new
favor by the introduction of the cactus
and quilled varieties. The.se are de-
cidedly decorative types, useful for bou-
quets. The fantastic flowers in rich

'colors make them especially desirable
for home adornment. Every year adds
some new variety, so that it is hardly
necessary, for me to specify any kinds
when all are so good.

Watch Your Amaryllis

Th«s. Jackson, M. A. C, Winnipeg

When the Amaryllis is developing the
flower scapes a weak solution of man-
ure water or any good fertilizer given
occasionally will help to bring out the
flowers to perfection, .\fter flowering,
the greatest care should be taken of the
plants, as it is from that period till the
end of the summer that the principal
growth is made. I might mention here
that the Amaryllis is not like the hya-
cinth or narcissus, which after the first
year or two have their course and have
to be thrown away. With good treat-
ment "the Amaryllis will keep for years
and flower every year. In fact, you can
increase the stock by taking off the
young bulbs which grow on the side of
the old bulb. The best time to do this
is during the resting period, and to get
the best results it is advisable not to
take them off until they have made some
roots, and then pot them off separately
in small pots.

.About the middle or end of Septem-
ber the plant will have finished grow-
ing, and from that time until about
January give them very little water,
keep theni on the dry side, for this their
resting period, and by doing this the
bulbs will flower better the following
year. There are a number of varieties
to select from, but all of them are beau-
tiful. The price is a little higher than
for most other bulbs, but they are well
worth it. With good treatment they
will keep for years, giving great plea-
sure to the grower.

i66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 1

The Cultivation of Celery

A. Mclaui, LoBdoa, Oat.

Where celery is planted in single rows
it will be necessary to maintain shallow
cultivation between th^ rows. At no
time should deep cultivation be practised,
as the roots are to be found near the
surface of the soil. If a mulch is used,
no cultivation will be required, either
along the side or between the plants in
the row, exc|ept to pull any weeds that
may spring up. Where a mulch is used
it will be necessary to stir the surface
lightly with a wheel ho'e or iron rake, to
prevent a crust forming after each rain
or watering. Keep the surface of the
soil smooth and in no case allow lumps
of earth to remain near the plants.

The Planet Junior is desirable for
working b'etween the rows, while the
wheel hoe is especially useful in cultivat-
ing a small area of celery or for stirring
the soil close to plants. When a crop
of celery is in good growing condition
the roots will be near the surface. Dur-
ing a dry season the roots will go deep
into the soil in order to secure moisture.
This can be prevented by keeping the sur-
face of the soil well stirred to a depth of
not more than two inches forming a sort
of dust mulch, beneath which the mois-
ture will be drawn upward and prevent-
ed from passing into the air by the pres-
ence of the loose soil on top. Under thtese
conditions the roots will work near the
moisture line and consequently a larger
growth and better quality will be ob-
tained.

The effects of a drought may in most
cases b'e met by frequent shallow cultiva-
tion, supplemented by the use of water,
if available. When the water is sprink-
led over the entire surface it should b"
done late in the day, so that th'e soil may,
during the night, absorb the moisture
and prevent a crust being formed, as
wotild be the case were the water applied
imder the direct rays of th'e sun.

Potatoes in Saskatchewan

G. T. P*rler, Prince Albtrt, Saik.

I had occasion to ask one of my far-
mer friends for the privilege of planting
a few potatoes on his farm, and went to
work to plant the way we used to in On-
tario— that is to say, by throwing out
the furrow in ridges and splitting the
furrow to cover the potato. Had the sea-
son been wet enough this would have
been all right, but dry weather came and
I found I had no soil between the rows
to bank up with, and as a consequence I
had only a small crop of potatoes.

My farmer friend went at it rather
differently. He planted his potatoes
every fourth row and kept his sets well
apart in the row. When the vines were
large enough he threw up a good furrow
on each side of the row at a time when
the ground was damp. This mound of

earth kept the ground moist and he had
potatoes larger than a man's hand.

I met another man who had a nice
patch of potatoes. He claimed that jx)-
tatoes should not be cut in this country,
but I could see no difference on that ac-
count, as the principal thing is to have
a good heavy mould for a dry season.

The Kitchen Garden

E. G. Cooper. Alberta

Any one wishing to get large results
from a kitchen garden must invariably
practice the following rules :

In the first place, good seed must be
secured of the very best quality; second,
the best kinds of the different vegetables
and small fruits must be secured, and
next to this good soil is needed ; in fact,
even if the soil is rich, one must make
it more so in order that the strain on
the soil can be sustained. You cannot
have the ground too rich for close culti-
vation.

There shuld not be any waste ground.
Every foot of soil should be made to
produce something that will be of use to
the family.

NAMES OF COMMON WEEDS

Then again no weeds of any descrip-
tion should be allowed to start. It
may be useful just here to name some
of the weeds in question. I will only
give the common names. The red root
or pig weed, lambs quarter, chickweed,
shepherd grass, foxtail ,blue grass, car-
pet weed, sour grass, cockel, Canadian
thistle, Scotch thistle, milk thistle, milk
weed, wild ferns, burdocks, tall dock,
twitch grass — this is the most injurious
of grasses. Then there is the pursley or
flat weed. This is an uncommonly bad
weed that cannot be subdued without
the utmost vigilance. It does not ap-
pear until the warm weather comes, and
the ground becomes warm. Not even
one plant should be allowed to seed as
that one would produce some thousands
of seeds. The weeds should be carried
off the ground to the compost heap. No
weeds should be allowed to run to seed,
and if it is possible that any one should
be missed and allowed to go to seed it
should be immediately burnt, as this is
the only way of destroying weed seed.
All weeds not ready to seed can be put
in compost heap.

As soon as the onions are large enough
to follow the rows, start cultivating,
using the wings, and work as close to
row as possible. Start hand weeding
immediately after cultivating the second
time. Use the cultivators or diggers as
long as possible, for by so doing you re-
tain moisture and keep weeds under con-
trol.

Pollinating Cucumbers

S. Clark, St. Cathtriaet, Oat.

I would like to correct a mistake con-
tained in the extract from Mr. A. G.
Wooley Dod's paper, published in the
May issue of The Canadian Horticul-
turist. He advises growers of cucum-
bers to propagate the flower (I conclude
he means pollinate.) My experience leads
me to advise quite the opposite. In com-
mon with many successful growers, I
have always done my utmost to prevent
pollination, by pinching off the male
flowers, before they have opened and
also by keeping out bees in case any
male flowers had been overlooked and
allowed to open. It is a strictly enforced
rule amongst the large growers for the
English market, that pollination be
avoided.

Mr. Dod mentions the Telegraph var-
iety. I may say that I have grown that
particular sort with success. Two years
ago I cut 1,667 perfectly shaped cucum-
bers from thirty-eight plants of that
kind.

I hope that readers of The Canadian
HoRTiCLLTURiST, instead of pollinating
the flowers on their cucumbers, will do
all they can to avoid pollination, unless
they wish to secure seed for another
year.

In case seed is required, I advise pol-
linating a few flowers after securing fruit
in the early part of the season. Plants
do not possess the same vigor after a
few flowers have been pollinated and
the seeds are forming.

Fertilizers can only give their best re-
turns when good cultivation is carried
on at the same time — they cannot take its
place.

Intensive Gardening

H. R. Franklaad, Toronto

I thought I would like to give an idea
of what a man can do in vegetable and
flower gardening if he makes up his
mind to do it. Last year, as my wife
and daughter were going to Europe I
thought to keep myself employed, 1
ploughed up a strip one hundred feet
wide by two hundred feet long, and
planted two bags of potatoes, one pound
corn (early), one pound Stowell's ever-
green corn (late), two hundred cabbages,
two hundred tomatoes seven thousand
celery, one ounce carrot seed, one ounce
beets, one ounce parsnips, two hundred
cauliflowers, forty hills cucumbers,
twenty hills muskmelons, besides pack-
ages of sage, thyme, etc. I also planted
one pound beans, and kept all of this
free from weeds, and hoed up the pota-
toes and celery myself.

Besides the vegetables, I had a quar-
ter of an acre of flowers, two beds of
perennials, two hundred dahlias, gladi-
olus, asters and other plants and bulbs
that go to make a home look beautiful.
I worked early and late from .April until
the middle of August with no help, and
never had such a good crop of vege-
tables, and never did the flowers look so
well, nor the grass so green.

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

167

It is wonderful what can be grown in
a back yard if you have proper ground.
I noticed one man with only a piece of
ground eighteen by ione hundred and
ten feet, on which the house stood, and
around it he was able to grow all the
tomatoes, beets, lettuce, parsley, cab-
bage and flowers that he could use ; this
all goes to show what can be done if one

tries. I started all seeds in hot beds,
as well as most of the bulbs, and raised
about one hundred chickens .

Around the house I have many kinds
of fruit trees, apple, cherry, pear, plum,
also black currant and raspberry bushes
and grape vines.

This, too, is one of the ways to keep
from growing old.

Grow^ing Tomatoes in the Greenhouse

A. H. MacLennan, B, S. A.

HOTHOUSP: tomatoes take four
months to first ripe fruit and five
to produce a full crop in fair wea-
ther, but will take longer if weather is
dull and unfavorable.

For the Christmas crop we sow our
seed the first week in July. These plants

Transplanting Tomatoes into 2 1 2 in. Pots

should be ready to go into the bed the
third or fourth week in August. The
seed for our second set of plants for the
spring crop in March and April is sown
the first week in October and should be
ready for the bed by the end of January.
Many florists are using tomatoes to fill
in the greenhouses in summer. These
should be started the first week in March
and will be ready to transplant into the
house the middle of .April, giving a crop
in June and July.

RENEWING THE SOIL

We renew our soil each year from a
compost heap made up each October as
follows : Plow sod about three inches
deep, then haul to a well drained spot
near the house. Then place two layers
of sod, grass sides together, then a
layer of four inch'es of manure. Alter-
nate these two up to the required height
of pile. This gives the fertility in the
manure a good chance to penetrate into
the soil. Many, however, renew their
old soil with manure. This, if well rot-
ted, may be immediately dug in, but if
fresh is placed on top and kept watered

for three or four weeks, in this way
washing the fertility down into the soil.
Then the rough manure is raked off and
the bed dug over. Between each crop we
dig in a fair quantity of well rotted
manure. Some growers use wood ashes
or muriate of potash and bone meal on
alternate crops. The soil should be
limed at least once a year to keep it
sweet.

The seed is sown in flats in soil, one
sand and one compost. When seedlings
are showing the first true leaves we
transplant them into two-inch pots in a
soil made up of one of sand to three of
compost. The plants should be carefully

atered and shaded when necessary if
the sun is shining. The plants should
l>e set fairly deeply. When the plant
has filled the two-inch pot with roots and
your bed is not ready you should trans-
fer to four or five inch pots, so as to give
no check. This is especially necessary
with the second crop since weather "con-
ditions may hold back the crop. Never
wet plants too much, as it causes them
to turn yellow and grow spindly. A
little dryness will produce a larg'ier root
system and sturdier plant.

In setting plants for the Christmas
crop, we set them two feet apart each
way, diagonally. For the spring and
summer crops, eiehteen inches each
way. Set the plants at least one inch
lower than they were in the pots.

METHOD OF PRUNING

We prune the plants to one stem,

breaking off all side shoots as soon as
they appear. One wire is run the length
of the house above each row of plants on
a level with the gutter. To this one up-
right wire is run from each plant, fasten-
ing to the top wire with a clip and plac-
ing in the soil next the plant. The plants
are tied to the wire with rafiia or soft
cord, care being taken not to tie too
tightly. When the first fruit begins to
color all leaves below them should be cut
from the stalks. When all fruit has set
that you wish to ripen, nip off the tops.
Tomato plants like a dry atmosphere.
Dampness breeds disease and hinders
pollination. The temperature at night
is best at 60 degrees, with 10 to 15 de-
grees higher during the day. Keep the
ventilators open whenever possible when
weather is suitable, around noon being
the best time.

WATERING

Two methods of watering are in use
in Ontario in tomato greenhouses — sub-
irrigation and surface watering. Sub-
'rrie-ation is simply laying tile just be-
low the surface of the bed two feet apart,
with a filling pipe coming above the soil
at one end. Surface watering is accom-
plished either with the watering-can or
hose.

Sub-irrigation gives a larger yield, a
stronger plant, prevents much tip rot,
and keeps the soil open and porous like
a sponge. Its only disadvantage is the
cost of installing. Surface watering
causes the soil to pack, prevents much of
the water from getting to the bottom of
the bed, excludes air, and has a tendency
to cause fungous disease from dampness.

Mulching with strawy manure will
give very similar results to sub-irriga-
tion. Apply as soon as plants are set
permanently. Its only defect is the
chance of disease.

Comet, Industry, and Queux Clipper
are good varieties for winter use. To
these add Bonny Best and Earliana for
a spring crop.

Hothouse Tomato Vines Pruned Below the First Fruit Stems

i68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 I

The Canadian Horticulturist

Publithed by The Horticultural
Publishing Company, Limited

PBTTBRBORO, ONTA.RIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine
in the Dominion

OFrioiAL Oroan of the Ontario. Quebec. New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, Managing Director

1. The Canadian Horticolturist is published on
the 2Sth day of the month preceding date of
isene.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri-
tain. 60 cents a year; two years. $1.00. For United
States and local subscriptions in Peterboro. (not
called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a
year. Including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Express Money Order, or Hegestered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amount« less than
$1.00.

4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers
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5. Change of Address— When a change of ad-
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6. Advertising Bates quoted on application.
Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager. Peterboro. Ont.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
will be thankfully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December. 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample cop-
ies, from 11.000 to 12.000 copies of The Canadian
Horticulturist are mailed to people known to
be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers
or vegetables.

January, 1910 8,925

February. 1910 8,967

March.1910 9,178

April.1910 9,410

May.1910 9,505

June,1910 9,723

July. 1910 9,300

August. 1910 8.832

September. 1910 8,776

October. 1910 8.784

November. 1910 8.747

December. 1910 8,662

108.809

Average each Issue in 1987, 6,627

" " 1908, 8.69S

" " " " 1909, 8,970

" " 1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed etatements will be mailed
upon application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
snbscriijer. therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertisers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in The Horti-
culturist. Should the circumstances warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertisers aa well.
All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that you include
in all your letters to advertisers the words.
"1 saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur-
ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon
as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has
been found.

Commanioations should be addressed.

THE CANADIAN HOETTOULTURIST.

PBTSBBOBO. ONTARIO.

EDITORIAL

THE SITUATION IS SERIOUS

We arc in roceipt of a letter from Dr.
C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entoraolog-
isfc, in which, after dealing with certain
other matters, he congratulates ws upon the
timelines.s of the editorial published in our
Juno issue, dealing with the Brown-tail
Moth situation in Novii Scotia, Dr. Hew-
itt visited Nova Scotia recently and
found the situation more serious than ever
this year. The infestation has spread into
Maine, which means that that province too
must now exert itself more than ever if
conditions are to be controlled.

The winter nests or webs that have been
found in Nova Scotia this year are of an
unusually large size. In several cases over
one thousand of the young caterpillars have
been fotind in a single winter weL. In one
case a web contained over one thousand
eifjht hundred. Not only should tho local
governments of Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick ptit forth every possible effort to ex-
terminate this pest while yet there is a
{Missibilitv of doing so but the cooperation
of the public should be enlisted aad especially
of the school children. Were the public
properly informed in regard to the seriou.s-
ness of tho situation more might be accom-
plished than can be by the necessarily com-
oarativel.v limited number of government
inspectors that are available for the work.

OPPORTUNITIES LYING FALLOW

There are tl'ousand.s of acres of the very
best fruit land in Ontario and in Quebec,
and in portions of the Maritime provinces,
that are waiting to make fortunes for the
first enterprising land companies that se-
cure their control and make their possibili-
ties known to the public. A few of these
land companies are much needed here in the
east. The succe,s.s a British Columbia com-
pany met with last winter selling western
fruit lands to people in Montreal and
Ottawa proved that there is a good market,
even in our eastern cities, for such lands.
The ignorance prevalent in our cities con-
cerning the possibilities of nearby fruit land
is not a credit to the ea.st. A campaign of
education, if conducted by the provincial
governrrents, would moot with a hearty re-
sponse l.y the metropolitan and local press,
and immense benefit would result.

For several years the advantages enjoyed
by portions of certain counties in Ontario,
adjoining the Georgian Bay, and the great
lakes, and the S. Lawrence River have been
pretty generally knovn. Government offi-
cials have been investing privately in this
land, and in some cases have resigned their
positions in order that they might the bet-
ter develop the orchards they have pur-
chased. Private companies have been form-
ed also to operate orchards in their
districts on a business basis. One company
that has h.ad considerable experience in the
Georgian Bay District is increasing its capi-
tal from twenty-five to one hundred thou-
sand dollars. Another company, controlled
mainly by English capital, has attracted
much attention recently bv leasing and pur-
chasing a large number of orchards in the.se
sections in the expectation of obtaining
handsome returns upon their investment.
In one .section of Ontirio the residents are
going to extremes in the planting of new or-
chards. These facts make it all the more
difficidt to understand why it is land com-

panies, such as operate everywhere '■.<•
the west, have not made their appearance
in those sections more quickly.

One of the fir.st signs of improvement haa
come from New Brunswick. As noted else-
whore in this issue, a company has been
formed which has s<'Curod control of 1.200
acres of fruit land in the St. John river
valley which it is planting out to trees with
the purpose of reselling the land in small
blocks to Knglish settlers and others. Pro-
perly managed, this comi)any, especially if
its efforts are encouraged by the provincial
governments, as they well might be, should
prove a success. Small companies might be
formed in the fruit counties <if Nova Scotia
and Ontario to boom their local lands in
the same manner.

One explanation of the hick of more enter-
prise in this direction is furnished by the
comparative apathy of our provincial
governments in encouraging immigration to
these lands. Once business men see that
the local go ernment intends making a
vigorous and sustained effort to encourage
such immigration thev will be more ready
to seize the opiK)rtunitie.s the situation will
offer.

A CLEARING HOUSE FOR IDEAS

The unselfish devotion of the leading
ofiioers and many members of the horticul-
tural societies of Ontario to all that is best
and most beautiful in nature is the secret
of the success of these organizations. As
their membership has increased and new
lines of work thereby Leon made possible
there has been an awakening of interest in
the work of the societies that augurs well
for the future. The splendid work that is
being accompli.shed through the Ontario
Horticultural Association in the dissemina-
tion of ideas concerning methods of work
that have proved successful in different
localities has shown the benefit of a cen-
tral organization to act as a clearing house
as it were, for ideas of this kind.

There is a greater search to-day on the
part of the officers and members of the
societies for information that will help
them in their work than ever before. The
CAN-^m.-vN Horticulturist has felt this
pressure. It has led us to establish a de-
partment devoted to the work of the horti-
cultural societies. As the majority of the
horticultural societies of Ontario subscribe
for The C-*n.adun Hortici-lturist, for all
their members we feel that The C.\naw.\n
Horticulturist can be made a means 01
greatly assisting them in their work.

As far as possible we desire to confine
the information published in this departs
ment to items that will be likely to be of
value to other societies by showing them
what certain organizations have under-
taken or have accomplished. We trust that
the officers and even the members of the
horticultural societies will assist us to make
this department a great success by contri-
buting freely suggestions pertaining to tBe
work of the societies and items of interest.

DISCRETION REQUIRED

The Simcoe Ontario Reformer has ren-
dered public service locally by drawing at-
tention to the fact that many people are
sure to be dL^aopointed as a result of a
craze that has set in to ijlant orchards in
portions of Norfolk county. The remark-
able success that has attended the operations
of the Norfolk County Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, as well as those of several individ-
ual growers, has led to land being set out
I in orchards wholesole. The Reformer esti-
mates that hundre:Is of thousands of trees
have been planted in the county, and well

July, 191

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

169

asks: "Can twigs stuck in sand and left to
strangle, be expected to turn the economy
of nature upside down and make fortunes
for men without effort on their part?"

We are informed by one of our corre-
spondents in this section that some people
seem to have gone wild over the situation,
and are buying almost anything that looks
like soil. Excellent returns may be obtain-
ed from good fruit land i^ronerly managed.
Those people, however, who forget that even
in the best fruit districts there is much land
entirely unsuited for fruit culture and that
orchards when planted require constant,
careful attention, will pay dear for the les-
sons their experiences will teach them. In-
tending inexperienced investors in fruit
land, no matter where it may be located,
will invariably do well to first consult tx-
oerienced and responsible parties in the sec-
tions where they purpose investing. By
taking this precaution many an investor
has been saved from heavy loss in both
time and money.

Canadian fruit growers should be protect-
ed this year from the competition of berries
and fruit from the United States that are
annually sold throughout Canada in baskets
and packages that do not conform with the
regulations of the Fruit Marks Act. These
consignments of fruit are not marked, as
they should be, with the name of the im-
porter, the name of the variety, and a
designation of the grade, nor are the con-
signments protected as they should be by
the package.4 being marked "short" to show
that they do not comply with the require-
ments of the law. The staff of fruit in-
spectors has been increased and this matter
should be given immediate and thorough
attention.

How pitiful is the extent of the efforts
that have been put forth so far in Eastern
Canada to give in.struction in the proper
packing of fruit is shown by a mere state-
ment of what has been accomplished in this
direction by the provincial government of
British Columbia. In a letter to The Can-
adian HoRTic L'LTi'^RisT, Mr, R. M. win-
slow, the provincial horticulturist, states
that last year his branch conducted thirty
packing schools over the province from which
were graduated nearly four hundred pupils.
Diplomas are to be given to thase who be-
come successful packers. Mr. Winslow will
deal quite fully with this subject in the
September i.ssue of The Canadian Horti-
CTiLTiTRiST, which will be our special pack-
ing number.

Last fall the fruit growers of British Co-
lumbia invited — we might say dared — the
fruit growers in Eastern Canada, particu-
larly Ontario, to hold a National Apple
Show and promised to made exhibits at such
a show. The directors of the Ontario Fruit
Growers A.s,sociation decided not to attempt
to hold such a show next fall but to consider
the advisibility of holding one during 1912
Could it be that that was only a nice way of
shelving the matter? That decision was
reached several months ago. Since then
the whole question appears to have dropped
(lut of sight. This is not the way to make
a success of a National Apple Show in 1912.

It has been announced that the second
Dominion ^ ruit Conference will be held in
Ottawa next fall. What subjects are to bo
(liscus.sedi' What arrangements are being
made for the programme P How is it that
we are not hearing more about it?

Thk Canadian Horticulttrist is always
deeply interesting and most valuable as a
timely reminder of the many things to be
attended to at the proper season. — W. H.
Leacock, Toronto, Ont.

Our front cover illustration this month
shows some striking, carpet-bedding work
in Mount Royal Park. Montreal, Que. It
can readily be seen from the illustration
that the gardener in charge has done his
work well. The photograph was furnished
us by Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College,

Que.

* * *

Our proposal to make the September is-
sue of the Canadian Horticulturist a special
Packing and Exhibition Number is meeting
with a most gratifying response. Promin-
ent authorities in horticultural matters
have written congratulating us upon our
decision and expressing the view that spec-
ial numbers in which certain important sub-
jects are treated fully, are of great value to
the readers of a paper as the information
they contain is generally complete and it is
furnished at a time when it is of the most
benefit to the reader. Fruit and Cold Stor-
age Commissioner J. A. Ruddick, Ottawa,
has furnished us already with an, important
well illustrated article de;iling with the pre-
C(X)ling of fruit for shipment. This is a sub-
ject which already is assuming great im-
portance in certain of our leading fruit dis-
tricts. Thisi article will be timely and in-
structive. Mr. Alex. McNeill, Chief of the
Fruit Division, will contribute a special ar-
ticle. Dominion Fruit Inspector, P. J.
Carey will describe the best methods of har-
vesting and handling the apole crop. An
Jirticle on packing pears for the home mar-
kets will be furnished by Mr. W. E. Bea-
man. of Newcastle. Ont. Mr. R. M. Wins-
low, Provincial Horticulturist for British
Columbia, will describe the great work that
is being done to improve the fruit pack of
that province while a somewhat similar ar-
ticle, but dealing with Nova Scotia's meth-
ods will be contributed by Mr. G. H.
Vroom, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Middle-
ton. N. S. Within the next few weeks we
expect to go to press on the cover of the
September issue which is to be printed in
several colors and which will be unusually
pleasing and attractive in its effect. In
fact, it will be much the /finest cpver that has
ever been published on The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist, Other special features of this
number will be announced in our August
issue. Tho.se advertisers who desire to se-
cure special positions and extra space in
the September i.ssue will do well to speak
early as alreadv many of the best positions
have been taken.

* « «

"The Canadian Apple Growers' Guide,"
explains the best methods of planting, cul-
ture, harvesting and marketing apples. It
also gives careful descriptions of varieties
suitable for Canada written from a Cana-
dian .standpoint and from fifty years qi per-
sonal experience. It is altogether the best
authority for Canadian apple growers. The
net price is $2.00. but by special clubbing
arrangements wo are offering this valuable
book postpaid and The Canadian Horticul-
turist for one year, both for $2.00.
Those of our readers who do not tkisspss a
copy of this book will do well to take advan-
tage of this offer.

ft • «

A considerable number of our readers
have taken advantage of the offer we made
through this department la.st month to give
an exceptionally fine fountain pen to every
person who would send us five new sTib-
scriptions at sixty cents each. We have

given fountain pens for less than five sub-
scriptions— good ones too — Lut this pen is
of extra q:'ality It is p::."i'l mounted, has
two handsome gold bands, filled w-ith a solid
14kt. gold pen. Every pen is guaranteed by
the manufacturers to give absolute satis-
faction. This offer is still open for accep-
tance by our readers.

SOCIETY NOTES

We invite the officers of Horti-
cultural Societies to send in short,
pithy reports of work that would in-
terest members of other Horticultu-
ral Societies.

PHOTOGRAPHS WANTED

A considerable number of the horticul-
tural societies in Ontario, including Wind-
sor, Guelph, Smiths Falls, Peterboro and
.several others, are doing excellent work im-
proving public grounds and buildings by
the planting of flower beds and vines and
the placing of window boxes. As we desire
to make this department of The Canadian
Horticulturist of the utmost value to the
various horticultural societies we will ap-
preciate it if these societies will furnish us
with illustrations of the improvements they
have effected.

We purpose publishing in an early issue
an illustration of one of the Public Parks
in Peterboro that has been under the care of
the Peterboro Horticultural Society for ser-
eral years. An illustration gives a far better
idea of what a society is doing than can be
conveyed in any other way. We trust,
therefore, that the societies will aid us in
encouraging more of this work by forward-
ing as many photographs of this nature as
possible.

ST. CATHARINES

Early in June, bags, each containing four
gladiolus bulbs, were distributed among the
school children of St. Catharines together
with a circular giving the names of the
bulbs and cultural and other directions.
The bulbs that were given included one
each of the following varieties : Attraction,
a dark, rich crimson with a large white cen-
tre ; Ceres, white, spotted rose ; Isaac Bu-
chanan, an extra fine yellow and Pactole, a
creamy-yellow, blotched carmine.

The children were advised to plant the
bulbs during the second week in June, in
order that blooms might be ready for the
exhibition which it is proposed to hold dur-
ing the second week in September. The
society will give, for every bloom exhibited
by each scholar, four mixed single tulip
bulbs which will be supplied in the fall in
time for planting to bloom next spring.

OTTAWA

A magnificent display of roses and
paeonies was made by the members of the
Ottawa Horticultural Society in St. John's
hall at an exhibition held about the middle
of Juno. The paeonies carried all before
them, although the roses also were remark-
ably fine. The weather before the exhibi-
tion had been most favorable with the result
that the flowers were the finest that had
been shown in Ottawa for several years.
The principal disnlay of paeonies was made
by Mr. R. B. Whyte. a description of whose
garden is nublished elsewhere in this issue.
Mr. Whyte" displayed a considerable number
of vaneties and succeeded iii capturini.;
most of the first prizes. Other close com-
jjctitors were Messrs. W. H. Cooper and W.
J. Kerr.

In roses, as for many years past Mr.

170

THE CANADIAN . HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 1

W G. niack was tho principal winner al-
thouRh D. C. Chamberlain, G. A. Whito,
Ambrose Duffy, and several others captured
nunioroiw awards. An exhibit of Sweet
Williams and pardon flowers by Mrs. Fenn
was an attractive feature.

TORONTO

The early June exhibition of the Toronto
Horticultural Society was held in a large
tent in tho Allan Gardens. The display of
flowering shrubs, azaleas, and rhododen-
drons was especially fine. It showed that
these shrubs will stand the winters in To-
ronto when properly protected. Owing to
the earliness of tho season the lilacs were
not quite equal to those shown last year but
some fine specimens were on hand.

A feature of the exhibition was a display
of palms and flowering plants by Mr. E. F.
Collins, Superintendent of the Allan Gar-
dens and of eremulus by Mr. D. O. Cam-
eron. These were not for competition.
After the exhibition the flowers were dis-
tributed among the hospitals.

The year book for 1911 has been distrib-
uted among the members. It is a remark-
ably attractive publication and the ofiBcers
of other societies wiTi do well to write to
the Secretary. Mr. O. St. George Freer. 103
Bay St.. Toronto, for any extra copies that
may be available for distribution. Of
course there will not be enough copies for
distribution among the general public. The
book is printed on high-grade paper and is
handsomely illustrated. Among the articles
it contains is one entitled "How to Grow
Eighty-two Varieties of Vegetables with
Success in a lot 27x86 ft. by Geo. Baldwin,
that was published in The Canadian Horti-
culturist; an article by the President W.
G. MacKendrick, entitled "Roses for To-

ronto;" one dealing with the cultivation
and characteristics of the Dahlia, bv Mr.
J. MacPherson Ross, a planting table for
vegetables by A. B. Cutting and one on
Hardy Plants for Permanent Borders by
Miss M. E. Blacklock.

SMITH'S FALLS

The Smiths Falls Horticultural Society.
witJi a large increase of membership, has
started the season in a vigorous manner.
The spring premiums have been distributed,
seeds for the school children's floral competi-
tion have been given out, the lawn and
garden competition committee have com-
pleted their arrangements, and further
work has been commenced on the park.
With generous grants from the government
and Municipal Council, together with pri-
vate subscriptions, the society expects to
have a record year.

The East Asleep

A. G. Tornej, Provincial Horticnitaritt, St. John, N. B.

New Brunswick's premier apple land.s
are to be found in the Lower St. John
Valley between St. John and Fredericton,
and are only from twenty to eighty miles
by river transportation from St. John, the
national winter port. The valley is one of
great scenic beauty and fertility and is a
great natural apple belt. To the man who
desires to grow apples commercially, I do
not know in all Canada of a country where
the prospects and markets are better or the
environment more ideal.

Were it not a regrettable fact, I should
have believed it impossible that British
Columbia of late years should have attract-
ed so much capital and so many people from
the Old Country fruit lands. Yet, in the
face of the great geographical, social and

natural advantages possessed by Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario, she
has accomplished it. In the east we have :i
less rugged, a more beautiful country; wt-
are within a week's journey from the best
market in the world, and the old home of
(lur immigrants. We do not have to re-
.sort to artificial methods such as irrigation
and frost fighting appliances, and our
apples are better flavored.

There is only one explanation. British
Columbia is awake and the east is asleep.
The signs of the times are, however, not
without hope — the east stirs uneasily in its
sleep — presently it will rub its eyes — and
then let us hope that it will open one and
with just one eye open and its great natu-
ral advantages, British Columbia, wide
awake as it is. will have to look on.

To my mind British Columbia with its
lands already at fancy prices, with its
higher cost of production and enormous
transportation expense, can never seriously
compete with the Maritime Provinces on
the European market, if we exert our-
selves at all. Now is the time for the Pro-
vince of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
each keeping to the production of the var-
ieties for which they are best adapted, be-
tween them to take a large and command-
ing place in the supplving of the European
apple market from September to May of
every year.

It is a matter of great satisfaction to be
able to say that companies to develop our
fruit lands are already being organized and
will soon be in active operation, and I am
confidently expectant that the develop-
ment of fruit growing in the St. John
Valley will be the most remarkable feature
in the next ten years of Canadian horti-
culture.

Visitors Welcome

Call at our' Nurseries' Avhilc
plants arc in bloom andfe^nvakc
selection for fall planting.

Magnificent display of

Paeotvies and Roses

200 Varieties of Hardy Perennials,
100 Varieties of Flowering Shrubs.

SOMETHING ALWAYS IN FLOWER

Canadian Nursery Co.

LIMITED

10 PHILLIPS PLACE

MONTREAL

Nurseries at Pointe Claire, P. Q.

A FEW [RELIABLE SALESMEN|WANTED

BOXED APPLES

COMMAND BETTER MONEY

We make the Proper Box at the
Right Price.

Send your order large or small,
early, and assure prompt delivery.

Be first in the market w^ith the
most saleable fruit.

Write us To-day.

THEIFiRSTBROOKBOXCO,

UMITED

TORONTO

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

17.

The Better Care of Orchards

A marked feature of the apple industry
particularly in Ontario this year will be
the number of orchards that are being
worked on rentil. A large amount of Eng-
lish capital has been invested through two
or three companies in this enterprise. In
addition to this, many local apple dealers
have changed their methods, and instead
of buying the fruit in the orchard as in
former years, they have proceeded to rent
the orchards. This has been done on so
large a scale that it cannot fail to ma-
terially affect the ouantity and quality of
apple.5 produced in Ontario orchards. Near-
ly all these rented orchards will be thor-
oughly sprayed and many of them have been
pruned. In most cases there is a stipula-
tion for cultivation of the ground as well.

It is safe to say, therefore, that there
will be several thousand trees this year re-
ceiving cultivation, pruning and spraying
that did not receive treatment in former
years. The immediate effect of this good
treatment will be to increase the crop ma-
terially the first year. In estimating the
apple crop of Ontario for this season,
therefore, liberal allowance will have to be
made, over and above the usual estimates,
for the increased quantity and quality of
the apple crop as the result of this feature.

i CO0PBR.\TIVB ASSOCIATIONS

Another important feature is the forma-
tion of a large number of new co-operative
a.=sociations ; in all probability the number
will be double that of last year. Many of
these of course, are small and may not do
effective work the first year. The ten-
dency, however, is towards a better quality
of fruit, and a larger quantity of it from
the same number of trees.

It would be an easy matter, by only ordi-
nary good care, to double the merchantable
quantity of Ontario apples. This co-oper-
ative movement is not confined to Ontario.
The development in Nova Scotia is even
more noticeable, and it is not at all im-
probable that the larger portion of the crop
will be handled co-operatively there, if not
this year, in the very near future. A

large increase in the number of associations
is also noted from British Columbia. —
Biilletin of The Dominion Fruit Division.

The Cold Storage of Apples*

J. A. Roddick, Cold Storafe Cemmii(oner, Ottawa

Cold storage may be applied to the apple
industry in two or three ways : In the first
place it is useful for the cooling of the early
varieties for immediate shipment. Then
it is also useful for the preservation of the
later or winter varieties which may be
kept for several months ; and it has a fur-
ther use in extending the season for certain
special varieties. The earliest varieties are
not wanted for long keeping; it is not ad-
visable to try to keep them.

It is inadvisable to try to keep the ear-
liest varieties into the season for other
later and superior varieties. Then it is
important to get the apples out promptly
to secure the early market. These early
apples ripen rapidly ; that is the reason
they are early apples, because their life
processes are short and proceed much more
rapidly than in the later varieties. That
means that the earlv variety ripens as much
in a day as some of the later varieties will
in a week or even in a fortnight, and per-
haps even more than that. A day or even
a few hours at high temperature makes a
great difference.

It is of the very greatest advantage to
be able to chill these early apples before
.shipment. They will carry very much bet-
ter, because being firmer and harder when
chilled they do not bruise so readily, and
they will reach the consumer in much bet-
ter condition and with less waste. That is
the one way in which we need cold storage
for apples of this class.

BOXES vs. n.\RRELS IN COLD STORAGE

The box or the package is of some im-
portance in this connection, because apples
packed in boxes may be cooled more quickly
than if they are put in barrels. If you pack
apples in barrels during warm weather
when the ripening process is proceeding

• Extract from evidence given before the House of
Commons Committee on Agriculture.

P^

\T XHJi^tk Lead Arsenate Will Kill
V/\I^V/i/ Potato Bugs Every Time

Better than Paris Green because it will never burn the leavea and
wtll stand two or three rains without washing off.

It never fails to kill Potato Bugs, Cabbage Worms, Codling Moths and
other leaf eating insects. It is easy to spray and does not settle In the
tank like Paris Green.

Simply mix "VANGO" LEAD ARSENATE with water, four pounds

to forty gallons of water. "VANCO" LEAD ARSENATE contains IS

per cent to 16 per cent Arsenic Oxide, one of the most effective poisons

for leaf eating insects. "VANCO" LEAD ARSENATE is made in Canada.

There is no duty to pay on It. You get the best

quality at lowest prices.

Write for our Price List and Book on Spraying.

FERTILIZERS

We also sell Nitrate of
Soda, Muriate of Potash,
Sulphate of Potash and
Acid Phosphate.

Chemical Lab«rilories
Limited, - Toronto.
128-138 Taa Icme Street.

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE

ONT.

PAEONIES

40 Varieties. Very early to very late.

Beautiful colours. Delicious fragrance.

Elegance of form.

Plant in September

Fall Planting List to be published on IstAuguat
will contain descriptions of 40 varieties. It will
be sent to all names on our mailing list and to
all others interested, on receipt ol name and
address.

JOHN CAVERS

Esiabllshed 1890

Long DIstaace Telephoae M 3102

H. J. ASH

(Member Toronto Board of Trade)

WHOLESALE
FRUIT MERCHANT

44 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

SPECtJtLTY: Fancy Home Grown
Fruit and Vegetables

SKND FOR STAMP AND PAD

Increase the nrofit-s from your farm or garden.
Get a PLACET JR. POTATO DIGGER. Illus
trated catalogue free. Write to-day.

8. L. ALLEN & CO.,
Box 1106 G., Philadelphia, Pa.

WHITE

Fruit Wrapper

PAPER

Recommended iy Gtr.'erninent Inspectors
I'sed with perfect results by largest growers

TAKE NO CHANCES WITH

UNTRIED PAPERS

Large Stock, FollowiDg Siiei, Always on Hand :
10 I 10 10c per ream (500 sheets)
20.1 30 55c "
30 x40 $1.00 "

In addition to Fruit Wrapper, following
supplies necessary to the modern Fruit
Export Business are carried in stock at our
Hamilton warehouse. Pri-es supplied on
application.

Wrappiof Papers Twines Pnip Board
Box Linings Manila Tissue Lace Papers

Buntin, Gillies & Co.

LIMITED ■

HAMILTON

CANADA

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist

172

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191

TKaUC MAn*-
Adams & Tnnton, 113 Kini; St., London, Ont.

Kenneth McDonald, Ottawa, Ont.

A. E. Cameron, Brockville, Ont.

J. A. Simmers, Seedsman, HS-l'tS King St.,
East, Toronto, Ont.

V/m. Smith. lOth Line East, Petrolea, Ont.

Darch & Hunter Seed Co., 119 Dundas St.,
London, Ont.

Wm. Ewing & Co., 142-144 McGlll St., Mon-
treal, Que.

Robt. Kerr, 10 Alnslee St., Gait, Ont.

SLUG-SHOT

USED FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN for 30 y««r.

SOME SEEDSMEN WHO FOR UPWARDS OF 20 YEARS
HAVE SOLD SLUG-SHOT IN CANADA :

Chas. E. Bishop, 31 Bridge St., Belleville, Ont.
Steele Briggs Seed Co., 130 King St. East,

Toronto, Ont.
Jas. B. Hay, Brantford, Ont.

Patrick Bros., Market Square, Wodstock, Ont.
George Keith, 124 King St., East, Toronto,

Ont.
Graham Bros.. 53-55 Sparks St., Ottawa, Ont.
Wm. Rennie & Co., Winnipeg, .Man.
J. A. Bruce & Co., 47-49 King St., Hamilton,

Ont
Dupuy & Ferguson, 38 Jacques Cartier Sq.,
Montreal.

Wm. Rennie & Co., Adelaide and Jarvis Sts.,
Toronto, Ont.

Wm. Rennie & Co., 190 McGill St., Montreal,
Que.

SAVES CURRANTS POTATOES, CABBAGE, MELONS, FLOWERS, TREES AND SHRUBS FROM INSECTS

Put up in popular packages at popular prices. Write for tree pamphlet on Hufjs and Blight, etc.. to
B. HAMMOND, FISHKILL-ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK

A fence of this kind only 16
to 23c. per running foot.
Shipped in rolls. Anyone
can put it on the posts with-
out special tools. We were
the originators of this fence.
Have sold hundreds of miles
for enclosing parks, lawns,
gardens, cemeteries, churches,
station grounds, etc., etc.
Supplied in any lengths de-
sired, and painted either
white or green. Also, Farm
Fences and Gates, Netting,
Baskets, Mats, Fence Tools,
etc., etc. Ask for our 1911
catalog, the most complete
fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

Branches— Toronto, Cor. King and Atlantic Ave. Montreal, 505-517 Notre Dame St. W. St. John, 37 Dock St.
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada. 505

INTERNATIONAL COLIC REMEDY

SOLD ON A SPOT CASH GUARANTEE

Wa Refund Your Money If It Ever Fails.

COLIC MAY KILL YOUR HORSE or Cow within one
hour unless you have this remedy ready for instant use.
Colic kills more horses than all other diseases com-
bined, and when you need a remedy you must have it
at once, for if you wait for a veterinary or make a trip
to town you may find the animal dead when you return.
If International Colic Remedy ever fails we will refund
your money. It is the only Colic Remedy ever sold on
such a strong guarantee. Put up in a regular drench-
ing bottle.

SAVED HIS FILLY

St. Jovitb, Que, March 3rd, 191 1.
International Stock Food Co., Limited.

Gentlemen, — I am glad to say I used International Colic
Remedy on what seemed to be a hopeless case and saved a
beautiful filly— she was cured in a few minutes. (Sig-ned) CHARLES ST. AUBIN.

PRICE BOc. AND SI. 00 PER BOTTLE. FOR SALE BY DEALERS EVERYWHERE

'NTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO.. Limited. TORONTO. CAN,

rapidly there is a great deal of heat gon
ated in the apjilo itself, and in a tij-i.^
package like a barrel the h«'at is confiiit-d.
The high temperature c;ntinues the ripen-
ing proce&s and tlio ripening process gener-
ates more he.it and tha a)>ple8 doteriorato
rapidly under thos-e conditions. In a 1
wli'ch is more or less open, the heat escai-
the cooling is effeeted more rapidly, and
there is not the same amount of deteriora-
tion in a given time. I have s<>en experi-
ments r('port<?d with eirly varietes of apples
that had been placed in a constant tem-
perature for several days and then when a
thermometer was pushed into one of those
apples the temperature was found to be as
much as two degrees higher than the con-
stant temperature in which they are stor-
ed. That is the heit generated by the
ripening processes Chemists tell us that
they can by analysis determine exactly how
many heat unit* have been generated in
the rii)ening process.

Genera'ly speaking the more matured
apple hiis the better flavor, and there is this
to be said : that the fairly well matured
apple, which of course is not over-ripe, will
keep longer and better in cold storage than
a green one will. That is contrary to the
opinion that is held by a great many
people. An apple ripens more rapidly after
it ia picked than it does on the tree.

Fruit Reports

Tent Caterpillars have been reported in
several districts. This is nothing unusual,
nor are there any indications that there is
anvthing like an extraordinary infestation
at any point. Nevertheless, indications are
not wanting that in the neighborhood o:
Ottawa there will be many trees defoliated
this year unless active measures are taken
to repress the Tent Caterpillars. Their
food plants are distributed so widely in
fence rows and neglected bush lots, that
the mild infestation of last year may pos-
sibly result in a serious invasion this year.
Orchards that are well sprayed with the
poisoned Bordeaux mixture will in all pro-
bability escape any serious injury.

8PR.\TING

Perhaps the most noticeable feature in
the reports of correspondents for this month
is their universal testimony to the preval-
ence of spraying. Everywhere orchardists
appear to be impressed with the necessity
of spraying ; and spray pumps, Bordeaux
mixture, and lime-sulphur mixture have
been used this year where they never were
before. It would be less remarkable if
these reports came from one or two sections
but froin Prince Edward Island to British
Columbia, there is a universal revival in
connection with combating insects and
fungous diseases. — Bulletin Dominion Fruit
Division.

The Norfolk Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation sold last year some 36,000
barrels of apples. In addition it boxed a
few pears. It paid to its fruit grower
members over $100,000 on the barrel stock
alone as well as $25,000 on their cull stock.
Who will sav that apple growing in the
Norfolk district does not bring handsome
returns ?

At the meeting of the Western Associa-
tion of Nurserymen at Kansas City, Mo.,
A. J. Brown gave the following definition
of a nurseryman, which the Association
approved : "A bona-fide nurseryman is
one who propagates and grows trees,
plants and shrubs from seeds and cut-
tings, or by budding and grafting, or by
transplanting small stock for growing in-
to large shrubs, regardless of the number
of acres so grown."

July, 1911

PROVINCIAL NOTES

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

n3

I^yj^PQJJ'p YOUR BULBS send with me; I import every year and get only the

highest quality of spring flowering bulbs. Write for

C. MORTIMER BEZZO Larticulars and prices.
Bulb Importer <• Berlin, Ontario

Eastern Annapolis Valley

Eunice Bacbanan

The apple crop promises to be one of the
biggest ever seen in Nova Scotia. The
young fruits have set well and there were
no frosts to destroy or injure the blossoms.
The month of May was very dry, but a
heavy shower fell on June 1st and then
came a dry period until June 13th when
there was another heavy rain; till then
things were beginning to look serious.

Small seeds have been very slow in ger-
minating, and those put in early have suf-
fered from the attacks of cutworms, which
are very plentiful. A ne.'t of the brown tail
"^oth containing caterpillars was found in
Waterville and sent to Truro College for
identification.

Strawberries looked in fine condition unr
til the drought, even now there may be
more than expected. Frost is reported to
have damaged them in Yarmouth County.

Plums do not seem as plentiful as other
fruits. Cherries, pears, blackberries, rasp-
berries and currants are loaded with fruit.

In spite of the late spring, the warm
weather hurried the aople blo.s.soms out
about a week earlier than usual, so that
by June l.st there was hardly a blossom to
be seen. The lawns have a dried up, August
appearance, and the hay crop is almost a
failure. The power sprayers have proved
to be rapid and more economical than the
hand pumps, and probably will soon put the
old-fashioned spray rigs out of business.
Canker worms are in some orchards in
Waterville.

i

New Brunswick

Apples promise a good crop. The trees
came through the winter well, bloomed heav-
ily, set a good proportion of the bloom and
have escaped any injurious frost. Many
new orchards were started this spring.

As an instance of the development in ap-
ple growing that is coming, may be cited
the formation last winter of the St. John
Valley Fruit and Farm Land Company.
This company holds some twelve thousand
acres of fir.st-class apple land with a beauti-
ful frontage on the St. John River, at Bur-
ton, seventeen miles below Fredericton.
The company is developing a large orchard
on the unit system and planted two thous-
and trees this spring and proposes planting
itween five thousand and ten thousand
irees next year. The balance of the prop-
irty will probably be developed in ten, fif-
n and twenty-five acre lots, planted to
irchard and with suitable buildings erected,
reat progress has already been made and
le work of clearing land, making roads,
c, is going forward rapidly. The newly
t orchards are composed mainly of Fam-
luse, Mcintosh Red, Wealthy, Alexander or
olfe River, Duchess and Bethel.
More illustration orchards have been
lanted in the counties of Queens, West-
oreland. Kent and Northumberland.
Demonstration orchard work on trees of
learing age, after the manner conducted in
ntario, has been taken up in York, Sun-
•ury and Albert counties. Tent caterpillars
many sections have completely strippe<l
nsprayed orchards, but in the demonstra-
ion plots they were completely wiped out
by the limo sulphur 1-40 and lead arsenate
two pounds solution. In one plot of on<'fl
undred trees sprayed only onco with lime]

BARCHARD & CO., LIMITED

% APPLE BOXES

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS

135-151 DUKE STREET,

^ TORONTO

QuibDoin^This-v<^
Get a GOOD Spreader

EVERYONE knows that if soil
is not fertilized it will soon
wear out. The barren con-
dition of thousands of farms
in this country proves this state-
ment. A large percentage of this
number could be improved if ma-
nure were spread judiciously.

Field experiments prove that
eight tons of manure evenly spread
are as good as twice that number

r^'

4s

fi 1^^

,><>:

fV

■iv^^

spread in a haphazard way. Hand spreading requires at least twenty loads
to cover an acre. With a manure spreader, eight loads will cover the same
amount of ground more evenly, but —

Your problem of soil fertility is only half solved when you decide to get a
manure spreader. The other half — of equal importance— is in deciding just
which spreader is best for you to buy.

If you investigate thoroughly and decide carefully, you will select a
spreader that thousands of other progressive farmers are having great
success with — one of the

I H C Manure Spreaders

The simple design and unusual strength of all working parts of I H C
Spreaders account for their long life and light draft.

The method of transmitting power from the wheels to the beater is
simple and direct. There are no unnecessary parts to wear. The beater is
large in diameter and the teeth are long, square, and chisel pointed. By
using this style of tooth, the manure is thoroughly pulverized and is
thrown out before it wedges against the bars. By using
a square tooth, rimming of the bars is overcome.

The apron is supported by steel rollers and the slats
are placed close together, so that manure does not sift
down and interfere with the movement of the rollers.
The steel wheels have ample strength to carry many
times the weight they will ever be called upon to bear.
The rims are flanged inwardly to prevent cutting and
rutting of meadows and accumulation of trash.
Z-shaped lugs give the wheel a practically continuous
ground-bearing surface and do not jar the machine to
pieces. There is no reach to prevent short turning.

In the I H C line, you have choice of
these two famous styles —

Qoverleaf Corn King

All are simple, strong, and durable —
all are easily and instantly adjustable to spread light or heavy,
as the soil requires, and all three are made in sizes suitable
to any size farm. See the I H C local agent— and get cata-
logues from him, or, write nearest branch house.

CANADIAN BRANCHES— Inleraational Himeitfr Compmr of America at
Brandon. Calfary, Edmonton. Hamilton. LetlibriilKe. London, Montreal, North
BatUeford, Ottawa, Reiina, Saskatoon, St. John, Weyburn, Winnipei, Yorkton.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA

ChicaSO (incorporated) USA

I H C
Service Bureau

The Bureau is a
clearing: liouse of
agricultural data.
It aims to learn
the best ways of
doing things on
the farm, and then
distribute the in-
formation. Your
individual experi-
ence may help
others. Send your
problem to the
I H C Service Bu-
reau.

'74

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 I

r,-

='^

THE WESTERN FAIR

LONDON CANADA

SEPTEMBER 8th to 16th

GOOD CASH PRIZES FOR

FRUIT AND FLOWERS

The interior of the Horticultural
Building all changed this year

Special Railroad Rates for Exhi-
bitors and Visitors

^=

Send for Prize Lists and Entry Forms to the Secretary
W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary

Take a

Kodak with you

Make the most of every outing by taking pictures of the people and
places that you are interested in It will add to the joy of all the party at
the time and give the added pleasure of pictures that you and your friends
will always cherish.

And it is all simpler than you think. Ther*s no dark-room required by the Kodak
system of photography, and every step has been made so easy that the mere beginner can
readily grasp every essential.

You can do every part of the work yourself or, if you prefer, may simply "press the
button" and let some one else "do the rest. '

And picture-making is not expensive now-a-days. Kodaks from five dollars up and
Brownie Cameras (they work like Kodaks), at one to twelve dollars, offer a wide variety
from which to choose. The Kodak catalogue, free at the dealers or bv mail, tells all
about them.

// it isn't an Eastman, it isn't a Kodak

CANADIAN KODAK CO., LIMITED : TORONTO, CAN.

sulphur one-ninth in April, practically n
oKg8 hatched though the ore ohiKters wert-
aLundant on thi.s block and it was badly in-
fested the previous year. The Bud Moth
and Leaf Roller are very common and do-
ing a lot of harm.

Mr. R. P. Oorham, a graduate in Horti-
culture from MacDonaM CoIIpko, Queb<'<-
and a native of Kin^s Co., will conduct (ir
chard survey work in selected portions •i\
the province during the .summer months. It
is planned to hold the Provincial Apple
Show again in St. John from November Ist
to 3rd. While last year's show was the first
of the kind held in the province and proved
a groat success, it is expected to be much
improved on this year. The prize money in
the box and barrel classes is being more
than trebled and the prospects for a good
apple crop, together with the exiwricnce
gained last vear. shotdd greatly improve the
qual'tv of the exhibits.

A Bulletin on "The Establishment of Ap-
ple Orchards and Their Care un to the Tenth
Year" by A. G. Turner, the horticulturist,
has recently been issued by the Department
of Agriculture.

Niagara District Notes

The advance in land values in this dis-
trict still continues. A few years ago, when
Major Roberts paid $10,000 for twelve acres
of peach land near (irimsby, every one said
"What a high price!" But now such sales
are everyday occurrences, and some young
peach orchards are valued at $1,200 per
acre. Nor does a cherrv orchard command
less money, if planted with such varieties as
Tartarians or Windsors. The prices these
fruits bring seem to justify these values,
quite aside from the .shipping conveniences
and the beauty of location to which some
give the credit. 5Iy first shipment of cher-
ries, sold on June 13th at $1.75 per eleven
quart basket! They were Early Purples,
and were allowed to hang until fully ma-
tured and well rounded : and last season
Tartarims brought $1.50 and one lot of
AVindsors $1.90! These are, of course, the
gross sales, from which expenses of express
and sale charges must be deducted.

T dn not remember such fine loads of all
kinds of cherries for thirty years. Every
tree carries all it can support, and Rich-
monds are already (June 19th) a mass of
red. And what is best of all, there is no
rot, espe<-ially on trees sprayed with lime-
sulphur. Of course the dry May is death
to fungus, and has been a great favor tf)
cherry growers. Nobody need pick his fruit
half green to save it. as sometimes, but can
let it hang till fidly ripe and then market
it at its best.

Tomatoes are being grown verv exten-
sively in this district this year, in view of
the slight advancs> in price by our factor-
ies, from 2.5 cents to 30 cents per eleven
quart basket full, basket returned. — L.W.

Montreal

E. H. WartiBU, Dominion Fruit liup«ct«r

We received our first strawberries from
Ontario on June 6. They were the Early
Michael variet.v, a very small variety.
Every fruit merchant seems to be looking
for size and dark color in berries. Why is
this the case? The merchant does not like
to hear the remarks of passers-by. "What
miserable little berries,' but would rather
hear them say, "What beautiful berries.'
vSize often makes a difference of five cent.^
a box.

Why people crating strawberries do not
go over every box and see that it is pro-
perly filled before shipping I cannot under-
stand. The berries in the boxes lianded in
by pickers to be crated are very loose, and

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

'75

when expressed three or four hundred miles,
with a continual jolting, they settle down to
two-thirds or three-quarters of a box full^
and dealers have to fill them before they can
sell them. There is also this otlier feature
that slack filled boxes have so much more
room to play that when they are handled
roughly or jolted in a car they are mucli
more bruised than the well filled boxes.
1 will stick to my old text; The man who
will pick a qu.mtitv of surplus leaves and
put them in his ice house and when crating
any kind of small fruits will put a layer of
leaves between every layer of fruit, will find
that it will retain freshness in the berries
and help to prevent bruising.

What a wonderful trade and consumption
of bananas in our city! Seventeen cars
arrived May 23rcl, and still there is a good
chance to extend the trade. To place a
small bunch in the hands of each family in
Montreal would take two hundred cars,
which would mean four large train loads.

The man who puts in the bottom of a
crate of berries a layer of berries that are
covered with sand and two or three layers
of nice, clean berries is liable to a fine of
ten dollars. Sandy berries closed up twenty-
four hours in a crate in hot weather, even
if washed to get the sand all off the berries,
will ne.er have the nice flavor found in
clean mulching. It pays to take a little
extra pains, even when you are hurried in
trying, hot weather.

British Columbia

This year promises to establish new re-
cords all along the line as regards the fruit
industry of this province. The Horticul-
tural Department of the Provincial Govern-
ment, under the guidance of R. M. Win-
slow, i.s very active in the assistance it is
giving our growers. The province has been
divided into four districts, in each of which
Mr. Winslow has an assistant. It is the
duty of these assistants to study their
sj>ecial districts and to report their needs
and possibilities to the provincial deparl^
ment. The assistants are : Messrs. M. S.
Middleton, C. C. Clarke, J. F. Carpenter,
1J..S.A., and Ben. Hoy.

The experimental orcharcU that have been
established throughout the province have
been placed under the control of one man,
who will have charge of the planting and
growing of the fruit. Speaking about the
work of these orchards recently, Mr. Win-
slow said :

"After we get the demonstration orchards
in good shape we propose to do some experi-
mental work — in spraying, pruning, fertili-
^ zers, and in some districts in irrigation.
j Wo will also issue a complete set of buUe-
[tins on fruit growing and marketing."

It is the intention of the Government this

^year to confine its exhibition activities to

the Dominion of Canada. It will not bo

officially represented at the Old Country

shows during 1911, although numerous

board.s of trade and co-oi)erative fruit

growers' asociations will make private and

semi-official exhibits of British Columbia

fruit. Government exhibits will be made in

Canada at AVinnipeg, Brandon, Regina,

Kdmonton, Toronto and London. Mr. W.

J. Brandrith has been appointed Exhibition

Commissioner. Daily shipments of the finest

(British Columbia fruit in their season will

»be forwarded to the exhibitions mentioned,

ISO that the exhibits may be kept fresh.

The fruit crop report of the Uritish Col-
umbia Fruit Growers' Association for the
f month of .June is very complete. It deals
with the prospects of all the different var-
ieties of fruit in each of the different fruit
districts, and includes rejjorts from Europe,
Ontario, Nova Sootia, as well as from the

SANITARY. ARTISTIC and FIREPROOr is the verdict
of the critic concerning

Metallic Ceilings and Walls

and they are moderately priced and so easily laid. A splendid
•• Metaliu Ceiling, a,id WaU> are a range of new and standard

designs to select from.

Write us for artistic booklet tell
ing all about them. Phone Park. 800,
MANUFACTURERS

ffreat protection agairist Jire-algo do away

wiCA the dunt and falling hits of plaster. "

—The Philosopher 0/ Metal Town,

.\gents wanted in some sections. Write for purticulars.

like tare 0(6 Xiiofins
possess a tone that
improxies uiith use.

w\\v boes a 5tra6i\janu5 occmjy
5urn an exaft^b pface among
liiofins.luhen oihers maj) be
bou^m for so much less.

because oC its purity of tone.

5o,Qfso, it is the purity of
tone in ^ourfaj) pianos that
has ujon for them such an
exafteb "pface in the esteem
of C!Iana6ian musicians anb
music-foxiers.

Coxier -^00 (§ourfQp owners
are reaby to tesfifj) that
the tone improves mith use.

>ourfQ\) HUinter t JeeminQ

180 Jjon^e St. -~ (Loronio.

176

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1911

Hood River Valley. The report indicates
that this will be a record year in the fruit
production of the province, although a frost
in January had a disastrous effect on a
number of orchards as a result of which
apples may be a somewhat short crop.

The provincial government is distributing
'bulletin No. 26. This is an elaborate pub-
lication printed on high grade paper and
profusely illustrated. It gives an excellent
idea of the fruit prospects of this province,
as well as of openings in other lines of
trade. It is a credit to the Department of
Agriculture, and should assist greatly in at-
tracting immigration and capital to this
province.

The Board of Directors of the British
Columbia Fruit Growers' Association held
a meeting at Kamloops on June 3rd to con-
sider the proposed reciprocity agreement. A
resolution was unanimously carried stating
that it was the opinion of the directors that
the agreement, if carried, would have a
detrimental effect on the fruit industiy,

and, therefore, that it should be opposed.

A new industry is being established near
Nelson where Mr. T. M. McFarland, a re-
cent arrival from Mexico, proposes to go
in extensively for raising tropical flowers,
particularly orchids, of which he is import-
ing some 3,000.

The nurseries of the province have been
completely drained of good varieties this
season through the great demand. One
good result is that no old stock remains,
with the minimum liability to pests. A
disadvantage of this condition is that the
nurserymen are tempted to dispose of
undersized trees. The system of the
ranchers of a locality pooling their orders
and sending one man to select the stock is
increasing in favor.

A remarkable proof of the interest which
large and small investors at the coast are
taking in Kootenay fruit lands is shown by
over fifty recent sales to prospective
ranchers in Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle,
Tacoma, and Portland.

=^

MASSEY-HARRIS IMPLEMENTS

FOR FRUIT GROWERS

Reversible Disc
HARROW

Especially adapted for orchard and
garden u.se as it will thro* the soil in-
ward or outward as desired.

Nine Tooth
CULTIVATOR

For vineyard or general farm use
Can be fitted with extensions for
cutivating under overhanging
branches.

Spring Tooth
HARROW

The lo-Tooth size is furnished
with or without handles. The
15 and 1 7 -Tooth sizes are in two
sections and are intended for
general use on the farm.

Massey- Harris

Co., Limited.

Toronto, Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg,

Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary,

Edmonton

Herr Otto Becker of Hamburg has pur-
chased a block of land near Wardner where
he will start an ostrich farm.

Two years ago the British Columbia Fruit
Growers' Association did not have any local
associatins affiliated with it. One year ago
there were four affiliated aasociations. To-
day the following marketing bodies are
affiliated : Creston Fruit and Produce ex-
change, Kfwtenay Fruit Growers' union,
Okanagan Fruit Growers' union, Kelowna
Farmers' exchange, Salmon Arm Farmers'
exchange, Hatzic Fruit Growers' associa-
tion, Hammond Fruit association, Victoria
Fruit Growers' exchange. In addition to
these marketing as.sociations there are also
affiliated the Armstrong Fruit Growers' as-
.sociation, vSummerland Fruit Growers' asso-
ciation, and Queens Bay Fruit Growers'
association, which are not yet shipping as-
sociations.

THIS HANDSOME

FOUNTAIN PEN

FOR YOU

Every reader of The
Canadian Horticultur-
ist may have one of
these handsome, high
grade Fountain Pens.
Do You Want One?

The illustration is an exact
full size reproduction of this
pen. It is pearl mounted
with two handsome gold
bands, filled with a solid
14 kt. gold pen and safety
pocket clip. Every pen is
guaranteed by the manufac
turers to give absolutely satis
factory service in every par-
ticular, and will he replaced
or satisfactorily adjusted in
the event of any dissatisfac-
tion within one year. A
guarantee certificate goes
with each pen.

Those Who
Will Get One

Everyone who secures Five
New Subscription* to THE

Can.\dian horticultur-
ist at 60 cents each, and
sends them to us together
with the $3.00, will get one of
these pens by return mail.
There are at least five ot
your neighbours or acquaint-
ances who would like to take
a papr.T such as THE CaN.A-
DIAN HORTICULTURIST if
you were to suggest it to
them, and tell them about
the helpful information it con-
tains. You will feel well re-
paid for the short time spent
when you receive this hand-
some pen. Why not see
some of your friends to-day?

The Boys and Girls
would be tickled to
earn one of these
Pens. Tell them about
this Offer.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

FEIEBEOFO

ONTARIO

igi 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

177

POULTRY

Summer Feeding

J. H. Callender, Peterboro, Ont.

Summer feeding of poultry is apt to be
allowed to take care of itself, rather more
than during the winter months, because it
seems to have become a simple matter. The
necessity for providing the fowls with every
item of their diet when housed up closely,
keeps the attendant watchful all the time,
and often this is the season when the best
results are obtained.

When spring opens up, however, the close
attention is relaxed, until one naturally
falls into a careless haphazard way of feed-
ing the birds. Possibly, where free range
is provided this method might be followed
without noticeable evils resulting. But the
penned up city flock is no better situated
in relation to foraging ground than it
was in the winter.

Many poultry yards in the city are just
as small a corner as the owner feels like
sparing from his little garden, and the
chicks are kept confined closely to keep
them within bounds also. These small spots
have long since forgotten how to produce
grassi or other green feed. How necessary
then to be just as careful with the summer
feeding as we are in winter.

Make the feeding ration a varied on<'.

grain of some kind, meat of some kind, and
green food of some kind, with lots of fresh
clean water.

PREPARING GREEN FOOD

For the benefit of those who may not
have learned the method of supplying green
food by sprouting oats, not only doing this,
tut increasing the bulk of the fold, the
following- directions might be useful :

Soak the oats for twenty-four hours anJ
tiien turn them into a box or basket which
will not hold water. Moisten the oats
night aL'd morning, turning them over witn
the hand until the sprouts appear. They
will very soon throw out roots if set in a
warm place near the stove. When this
happens spread them out about an inch
thick en trays of any kind that are easiest

Yo\i cannot expect good work from a^

furnace unless it is
properly installed

YoM cannot buy a.
Fvirnace like yo\i do
a Stove — send it home
and have the "Handy-
Man" put it up— not if
yo\i expect to get all
the heat out of your
coal.

^ If you have a heating- problem to solve — new
building- or old — send us a rou^jh diagram of
your building, showingf the location of doors
and windows. fl We will prepare for you
complete plans and specifications for heating
that buildinsj, give you an estimate of the cost
of the heating system, and also the advice of
our experts on every detail.

Your heating- system must be planned.
The registers must be properly placed.
The warm and cold air ducts must be
a certain diameter. The furnace must be located
in just the right spot — and it must be just the
right size. We supply plans to you absolutely
free and you do not need to buy a furnace to
get them either.

ff

Hecla'Fuimace

The plan is essential, but it is also
essential to have a furnace that will
({ive you ample heat — one th.it will
supply pure, fresh air without a
taint of gas, and, for the lady of
the house, heat that will be free
from dust and smoke.
The "Hecla" is such a furnace.

^ You cannot get g-as in the house
with a '* Hecla" because every
joint where experience has shown
that g;,s could possibly escape is
fused — that is, th^; parts are welded
together at a white heat — by our

patent process. No other furriace
has, or can have, this Fused Joint.
Then, the "Hec!_ gives you as
much heat from six tons of coil as
any other furnace ever got out of
£e /en.

How do we do it?
By adding steci ribs to the fire-pot
and thus giving three times the
usual radiating surface. This in-
creased surface heats the air more
quickly and by actual test makes a
saving of 13^% in the amount of
fuel used.

Get this
Booklet.

It will give you

in for m a tio n

about heating

til at everyone

fihould have. It

is yours for the

asking*.

At tne same

time, if you need

expert adviceon

any h eating*

question or a complete set of plans fc

HeatiiiL" a building — ask for theiik

CLARE BROS. (Q. CO.. LIMITE-D,

PRESTON, Ont.

PLANS

Send a rough diagram of your house and we «vlll
send complete plans and estimates lor heating It.

FREE

178

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 191 1

You can depend on it for positive re-
sults, without fear of failure or dissat-
isfaction.

It destroys green, black and white fly.
red spider, thrip, mealy bug, brown
and white scale without the slightest
injury to the tenderest flower or fol-
iage.

FUNGINE

An infallible remedy for mildew, rust
and other fungous diseases. A clean,
safe and easily applied spraying mater-
ial, particularly adapted for the green-
house. FOR SALE BY

Dupuy 81 Ferguson

38 Jacqeet-Carticr Sqnire, MONTREAL, Can.
Send for Descriptive Circular.
Mannfactared hj APHINE MANUFACTURING
CO., Madito>, N. J., U. S. A.

V

" WindsorTableSalt is
the salt for us. We pay
our money for good salt
— made right here in
Canada — that every one
knows is absolutely pure.

We certainly won't
pay fancy prices for an
imported salt with a
fancy name."

Windsor salt is all salt
— pure, dry, dissolves in-
stantly, and lends a de-
licious flavor to every
dish.

to mr.kt.. After that do not disturb the
oats, but keep them well moistened. In a
short tiiVie there will be a sod about three
inches thick, that will be relished by the
hens in a way that will do your heart good
to see. Feed only what they will eat up
clean, and by starting a new lot every few
days, the green food question is solved,
and the cost reduced at the same time.

If meat foods are hard to get, try breed-
ing maggots : Mix bran and water to a
sloppy condition, and let it stand in the,
sun for a day or two. It does not take it
long to turn into a pailful of lively white
maggots that will start biddy singing the
song we all enjoy to hear.

The whole matter resolves itself into the
question of making nature's conditions as
near as possible available for the hens and
chicks that are shut up, and the attention
to detail is almost invariably well re-
warded.

Care for the Chickens

Jali> Shaketpeare, Englud

A common cause of chicken mortality is de-
rangement of the bowels, and the chief
causes of bowel troubles are sour and taint-
ed food and a faulty water supply. Often
chicks are over-supplied with soft food, and
that which is uneaten is allowed to lie about
and get soured by the sun, with the result
that when consumed by the birds it sets up
bowel troubles. Tainted food, that is, food
thrown on to unclean ground near the brood
coops, or on the tainted litter of the
brooders, is at the root of many bowel ail-
ments among chicks. When chicks are be-
ing fed on mash the food should be placed
either on pieces of board or in shallow
troughs, and no more should be allowed the
youngsters than they can greedily clear up.

Foul water is equally as bad as tainted
food. If the water vessels are placed where
dirt can be scratched into them, or where
the sun's rays can reach them, their con-
tents will account for bowel troubles, and
the slow but sure poisoning of the chickens.
I am a great believer in a plentiful supply
of pure, cool drinking water for chicks,
as such is nature's drink.

Chickens injudiciously fed sufEer more
with constipation than is generally imagin-
ed. The feeding of too much dry food and
too little vegetable matter is often at the
bottom of this ailment. The voidings in
some cases become so hard as to cause much
abdominal straining and the vent becomes
entirely blocked up with the excreta that
adheres to and around it, and unless speedo?
assistance is rendered the sufferers soon
succumb. — Poultry Advocate.

Farmers along the St. Lawrence River,
as far east as Cornwall, are waking up to
the fact that there is more money in the
growing of fruit than in the dairy busi-
ness, to which most of them have devoted
nearly all their attention. D. A. Mcin-
tosh of Harrison recently set out 525 fruit
trees, 600 of which are Mcintosh Red,
M&na, Monroe, and Ben Davis apples, and
25 Montmorency large cherres. The demon-
strations of fruit culture carried on by re-
presentatives of the department of agri-
culture in this district are having good
results in causing farmers to pay more at-
tention to fruit growing.

Horticultural Gentlemen:— I notice in
this article of yours, that you have culti-
vated hothouse lilac bushes that have at-
tained the height of over fifty feet." Liter-
ary Man: "Yes, why.'"' Horticultural
Gentleman (musingly) : "Nothing; only 1
wish I could lilac that."

i

The Clippef

Thc-n- an* thru*' tliinj,:-^
that dfslroy your la
Dandt^'Iions, lUick Pla
and Cr»tb (Jras-i. In one
on the flipper will dn\c
them all out.

CUPPER LAWN MOWER Co.

USE FOSTER'S POTS

. 'OSTER-S j

POT

THEY ARE THE BEST OH THE MARKET

WE MANrKAfTC'KK

STANDARD POTS

FERN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanging BASKETS

SAUCERS AND
STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's LeadinK Pot
Manufacturers

The FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited

Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont.

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA
HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,913,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.775.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5.775.000.00

D. R. WILKIK, PrMldant
HON. B. JAVFRAT. Tlee-PrMldamt

Bhaa and Aarencia* throuaheut
th* Dominion of Oanada

Draft*. MofW7 Ordan and Lattan af Cradt

istued availabU ia aojr part of th« world

Spaaial attaadoa draa ta callaetMna

Saving* Dapartmant— lotcrett allowed an d*-
po0it« from dat* of depoiit.

STRATFORD

EXTENSION
LADDER

It is the safest and best on the
market. Fitted with automatic
hooks that lock at every runs
and unlock between the runys

LIGHT, STRONG

EASILY OPERATED
AND DURABLE

IF Interested write for Catalogrue F
THE

Stratford Mfg. Co.

Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

Makers of Ladders tor every con-
ceivable purpose

July, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

179

A British Importer's Suggetions

Aidrew Cbalmers, Glasgow, (Per W.R.G.)

Last season was an exceptional season in

e apple trade. Owing to the scarcity ot
'" all kinds of fruit all over the world, prices
were realized then that could not be taken
as a guide in an ordinary year. Big prices
were made throughout the season for good
stuff, and even inferior apples did well.
Some Canadian shippers took advantage of
this, and shipped apples that would not
pass as first quality in another year. The
weather, of course, which prevailed in Can-
ada last year was detrimental to the crop,
and I hope this year it will be very
different.

Large quantities of box apples arrived
here from Oregon and the Yakima Valley
districts, and made good prices. These
would not have done so well, however, had
it not been for the shortage of Canadian
apples. I don't see why Canadian shippers
do not pack some of their selected fruit in
boxes, as some buyers jirefer box fruit.

Now that there i& an established demand
for apples, they are wanted in October, and
the most popular fall varieties are Snows,
Fameuse, Mcintosh Red, etc., and the win-
ter varieties which sell best here are Spies,
Kings, Baldwins, Russets, Starks, and good
clean Greenings.

There is every prospect of a good season
ahead for apple shippers and if a man
packs sound, well graded apples, he neea
have no fear that they will not do well.
Once buyers come to know that a certain
brand is good, they will wait on mis brand
coming in, and refuse all others. Then,
of course, it is necessary for a shipper to
maintain the good reputation gained for
his apples by supervising the packing care-
fully. If the fruit lands here in good con-
dition, satisfactory prices will be returned.

Bulletins and Reports

During the past month a number of ex-
tremely valuable bulletins have reached the
Canadian Horticulturist as well as some
books for review. The latter include a new
book entitled "Weeds of The Farm and Gar-
den," by L. H. Pammel, Professor of Bot-
any of the Iowa State College. I'his book
comprises some three hundred pages, is pro-
fusely illustrated and is one of the most
complete treatises on weeds that has yet
been issued. It is published by the Orange
Judd Co. and may be purchased through
The Canadian Horticulturist.

A second book, entitled "The Canadian
Garden," is by Mrs. Annie L. Jack, who has
been contributing recently to The Canadian
Horticulturist including this issue. This is
an attractively printed book land deals sim-
ply with the best methods of planning and
caring for the garden and lawn, considerable
attention being given also to the growing
of fruit. It contains much valuable infor-
mation, especially for amateurs.

The bulletins include one entitled "Hardy
Apples for the Canadian Northwest," by
Wm. Saunders, until recently the Director
of the Experimental Farms. It is bulletin
38 and d<>al8 with the progress being made
in breeding hardy apples for the West.

Most useful information for beginners in
apple culture and even for experienced
growers is contained in Bulletin No. 4 by
A. G. Turney, Horticulturist of the De-
partment of Agriculture for New Bruns-
wick. It is entitled "The Establishment of
Apple Orchards and Their Care up to the
Tenth Year." The subject is dealt with at
considerable length, numerous illustrations
being used. This bulletin is printed on
rather inferior paper and when compared
with the other bulletins we receive from all

WHY Ant YOU IMPORTING PHOSPHATE
AND AMMONIA WHICH IS A BV-PROOUCT OFF
YOUR rARMS OF WHICH YOU ARE CXPORTINC
MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY. BONtS<
AND WHICH CONTAIN LARCC OUANTITICS Of
PHOSPHORIC ACID ANO AMMONIA

KINOIT ANSWCn THC ABOVE

PURE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST

FERTILIZER.

THIS PLANT FOOD IS ALL FROM OUR
CANADIAN SOILS AND SHOULD ALL CO BACK
SEND FOR PRICES. ETC.

Hamilton. Cani\da.

HIS 15 THE

The Bar That Makes
U-Bar Greenhouses
The Famous Green-
houses They Are

THE U-BARS are the vital part of the frame work of
U-Bar Greenhouses. The steel bars g-ive the supporti.ig'
strength needed. Galvanizing protects them against rust.
Aluminum coating gives them an endurin^■, brilliant finish.
The chemically treated cypress core bar and galvanized
steel U-Bar is no larger than the smallest wooden roof bar
used in other constructions. The gflass is two feet wide.
Buy a U-Bar Greenhouse — own a U-Bar Sunshine Shop of
your own.

I

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE. NEWVORK.
CANADIAN OfflCt. lO PHILLIPS PLACt. MONTRBAL

i8o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1911

Bam
Roofing

Fire. Lli{htiilnf{
Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Lit n know tke lize of anj raof
|M m thinking of covering and wo
«IH Dwkt jfou an Interesting ofTer.

Mfltalllc Roofing Go.

Limited

MANUFACTURERS

TOROIO-Q and WINMIPBO

Agents wanted in some sections,
for particulars.

Write

FOUNTAIN PEN FREE

Send Five New Subscriptions to The Can-
adian Horticulturist at 60 cents a year, and
receive Free a handsome guaranteed Foun-
tain Pen. See illustration of pen and offer
on another page.

O.K. Canadian 4'-Row Sprayer

No liandpumpliifj to
do; wheels and nozzles
adjuslableforwlde and
narrow rows and high
and low vines. Fur-
nished with Broadcast
vineyard and Tree
Spraying Attachments

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOG

Canadian Potato Machinery Co., Ltd.

124 stone Road, Oa.lt, Ontario

CACHES AND
BED BUGS DIE

After their first meal of

COMMON SENSE
EXTERMINATOR 25

25c,, r^)r, (Hid $1.00 at dealers or from

COMMON SENSE MFG. CO.
381 Queea St. W., • Toronta.

FALL PACKING NUMBER

Remember the combined Fall Packing and
Exhibition Number with its colored front
cover and its special articles on the picking,
handling and marketing of fruits. It will be
worth dollars to every fruit grower, and will
be kept where it can be referred to often. A
splendid issue for ADVERTI8ERS. WILL
YOU BE IN?

Some History

about Typewriters

T

Modern and Ancient

CHAPTER 2

THE UNDERWOOD was an original Type-
writer, radical in design.

HE NEW principle met with instant popularity.
For years other makers fought against the inno-
vation. They died hard, but the demand for visible
writing could not be successfully combated.

g UT YOU cannot make a silk purse oiit of a sow's ear, and they
could not successfully incorporate the new principle into their
antique machines.

I N THE attempt they sacrificed the mechanical excellence
resulting from 20 years' experience, and at the same time fell
far short of the Underwood Standard.

A LL TYPEWRITERS now manufactured are visible writers.
There have been a score of near-Underwoods placed on the
market during the past three or four years.

United Typewriter Co.

Limited

TORONTO

parts of the continent is inferior looking,
u number of the illiuitrations being quite in-
distinct. The Js'fw Brunswick Government
should use better paper.

"Spraying Experiments with Peaches" is
the title of Bulletin No. 230, by Maurice A.
liluke and Arthur J. Farley of the New Jer-
sey Agricultural Experiment Station. It
sets out some valuable information dealing
with the control of peach scab and brown
rot.

"Orchard Spraying Demonstrations" are
described in Bulletin No. 189, by W. W.
BonnSj B. S., of the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station. It contains a discus-
sion of spraying experiments in the past,
the problem of "spray injury" or "Bor-
deaux Injury" and the substitution of lime-
sulphur preparations for Bordeaux as fung-
icide. Directions are given for the prep-
aration of stock solutions of lime-sulphur
and for their dilution for use. A discussion
of proper time and methods is included.
This bulletin costs 10c.

Advice on "The Purchase and Home Mix-
ing of Fertilizers" is given in circular No.
12, by F\ W. Taylor, of the New Hamp-
shire Experiment Station. The subjects
dealt with include how to interpret a fer-
tilizer guarantee, high-grade versus low-
grade fertilizers, advantages of home mix-
ing fertilizers, directions for home mixing
and fertilizer formulas for different crops.

"Horticultural Information, How to Ob-
tain It" is the title of circular No. 11, by
D. S. Pickett, of the New Hampshire Sta-
tion. It gives a list of leading books and
bulletins dealing with fruit culture, vege-
table gardening, llui u'iltui>- aiiU gnuii-
house management and landscape garden-
ing. The New Hampshire College of Agri-
culture is also issuing bulletin No. 151 being
its 21st and 22nd Annual Reports.

Harvesting Raspberries

ChM. F. Sprstl, Baruby Lake, B. C.

In harveiting the raspberry, too much
care cannot be given to make the package
attractive. The crates should have the
name of the grower and his address printed
on them, if possible.

If the crate be clean and the boxes well
filled with sound ripe fruit, the grower will
find that his fruit will alivays sell, probably
before the day s shipment arrives in town the
dealer will have orders booked ahead. In
all likelihood the fruit will command a
higher price than that of other people, who
do not take any particular care. As soon as
the fruit is finished, clean up the patch, cut-
ting out all useless wood, new and old, and
burning it at once.

Nova Scotia Apple Invports

The total apple export from Halifax dur-
ing the season of 1910-1911 was 246, 513 bar-
rels, 885 half barrels, and 3,161 boxes, equal
in all to 248,009 barrels. In addition to
this there was an estimated local consump-
tion of 75,000 barrels making a total out-
put of 323,009 barrels for the past season.

Of the apples exported, 10,948 barrels
went to Newfoundland, 1,324 to the West
Indies; 2181 barrels. 396 half barrels and
562 boxes to South Africa. The rest found
a market in Great Britain. London took
209,472 barrels; Liverpool, 20,223, and Bris-
tol, 2365.

During the last three years the output
has been: — 1908-09, 710,733 barrels, 2547
half barrels, 3052 boxes; 1909-10, 832,207
barrels, 628 half barrels, 4,885 boxes; 1910-
11, 321,513 barrels, 885 half barrels, 3161
boxes.

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

AUGUST, i9£i

No. 8

The Apple Orchard During August

August is a month during' whicli little
orchard work can be done to advantage
by the apple grower. The time for clean
cultivation, spraying and summer prun-
ing is past, the thinning season is about
over, except where trees of winter varie-
ties are heavily laden, and neither should
cover crops be sown this month where
orchards are carrying fruit.

This breathing spell, however, affords
the orchardist an opportunity to do one
or two things that are generally, and I
may say sometimes unwisely overlooked
in orchard practice. Suckers that have
grown from around the root crowns of
the trees should be removed and branches
diseased with the blight should be cut
and destroyed. The handiest tools for
accomplishing the former work, are a
mallet, a two-inch chisel and a spade.
Roots that are sources of suckers are
bared with the spade and the suckers are
removed close to the roots with the
chisel.

In August blighted portions of the
trees are readily discernible. The dis-
eased leaves and branches have a wilted
and fire-fanged appearance and in some
cases the branches are devoid of leaves.
Also, the bark appears shrivelled and
cracked, and is darker in color than
healthy stock.

If removed now these infectious por-
tions will not act as a source of con-
tamination to the rest of the orchard next
spring, nor during the winter pruning
operations. There is always danger of
carrying the disease germs in the saw,
consequently it is furthermore advisable
to disinfect the saw each time it cuts a
diseased branch. A ten per cent, form-
alin solution gives satisfaction and does
not corrode nor in any way injure the
tools. This disinfecting material is most
readily carried in a bottle. A swab is
made by pushing a wire through the cork
into the bottle and cotton wrapped around
the wire.

HOW TO OPERATE.

In every case the incision should be
made at least from six to twelve inches
below the diseased parts of the branch,
so as to insure the removal of it all. All
these prunings should be destroyed at
once by burning. If allowed to lie around
the orchard, borers, especially the shot-
hole borer, will work in them and con-
sequently carry the disease to the trees

Grant S. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

again. Thus it is very important that
the prunings be burned.

When cultivation is discontinuied at
the beginning of August, the result is
greater maturity, both in young wood
and the fruit. The trees suffer less win-
ter injury from frosts and a more highly

A Yard of Louth Clinton Peaches

colored, better quality of fruit is obtain-
ed. Scientists develop this still further
by maintaining that it checks the hiber-
nation of plant food. This, they claim,
becomes available to plants indirectly as
a result of cultivation. It is soluble in
water and thus washes away rapidly with
rain when the trees are not in a condi-
tion to utilize it. In short, August and

Five Baskets of Louth Clinton Peaches

fall cultivation of the orchard and sum-
mer-fallowing the land for winter wheat
are considered at par as practices that
impoverish a soil.

THIN WHERE NEEDED

There is still time to thin apples on
trees of winter varieties, where they are
carrying a heavy set of fruit. They have
before them yet quite a lapse of time in
which to mature so that the remaining
apples, if the apples are thinned now,
will have an opportunity to develop into
number ones. If thinning is done, it is
advisable to remove all sun-blistered
fruit — the result of excessive July heat.
These apples can never hope to be any-

181

thing better than culls or number threes,
and thus will be worth but little. These
sun-injured apples are located chiefly at
the western quarter of the tree, and in
exposed positions and can be readily
recognized.

DO NOT sow COVER CROPS

Cover crops should not be sown in
orchards bearing apples during August.
This statement is the result of experi-
ence among apple growers. Legumin-
ous crops, such as clovers, vetphes and
so forth, if sown this late cannot get
growth enough to be of any material ad-
vantage to the orchard, while it is con-
ceded out of the question to sow cer-
eals, including rye, wheat, and so forth,
and also field peas, during August. They
attain too much growth, and thus act as
a veritable nuisance during the apple
harvest, while moving about the orchard
with the ladders and other appliances.

Louth-Clinton Peaches

The peaches shown in the accompany-
ing illustrations were found in the No. i
and "Fancy" grades being packed by
their grower, Mr. S. H. Rittenhouse, of
Jordan Harbor, in the Louth-Clinton
peach area, Ontario. They show Elber-
tas among which few No. 2s were found.
The three-feet-of-peach samples were
taken from the center one of the five
baskets of Louth-Clinton peaches.

Mr. Rittenhouse practises severe head-
ing-in of young trees until they begm to
bear fruit when this is not so necessary
excepting after a season during which a
greater portion of the strength of the
tree may have gone to wood because of
a light fruit crop. The proper amount
of fruit for each tree to mature is con-
trolled chiefly by judicious pruning,
hand thinning being resorted to only
when conditions demand it on varieties
which commonly set too heavily.

LIBERAL FERTILIZATION

Mr. Rittenhouse is a firm believer in
the old, reliable barnyard manure for a
general feeder and uses it liberally.
Hairy vetch and red-top clover are used
for cover crops and to augment the sup-
ply of nitrogenous matter and commer-
cial fertilizers when necessary to furnish
a greater amount of nitrogen, phosphic
acid and potash, all of these being dis-
covered by a close study of the requis-

l82

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 1

ites for the crop and the evident condi-
tion of the soil to supply them.

Thorough cultiv.-ition is practised un-
til the crop is well filled out, then it is
totally discontinued except in an ex-
tremely dry season when a brush with the
straight-tooth harrow may be necessary
for a proper retention of moisture for
finishing up the sample. This permits
of the wood becoming ripe and hard as
it should be to withstand the cold of
winter.

Peaches are given only one spraying
and this of lime-sulphur so thorousjlily
applied that every particle of wood left
on the trees after pruning is completely
coated. Mr. Rittenhouse aims at doing
this during March.

Of course, one obvious condition is al-
ways understood to form a part in all the
requirements for profitable peach culture
— one must have peach-producing soil on
which to plant in a peach-producing cli-
mate, the two being inseparable if best
results are to be realized.

One may have the right soil in the
right climate, plant only the very best
varieties for profit, thoroughly feed,
prune, thin, cultivate, etc., and yet lose
his total remuneration therefor because
of just one neglect or failure — that of
leaving out the thorough spraying.

The Raspberry Twig Girdlcr

Prof. C.J.9. BethnBe, O.A.C., Gnelph Ont.

"I am sending you a beetle that has at-
tacked our raspberry plants. I never saw
it before this year or saw the plants in-
jured in this way. About five or six inches
from the end of the sucker are two girdles
and then the end dies. So far I can dis-
cover no further damage, and in every case
it is the suckers which are attacked, not
the fruit-bearing canes. These beetles do
not seem to work very quickly, nor are there
great numbers of them, though they are
difficult to find and capture unless actually
at work. Can you tell me what they are,
and if there is any remedy? — H. I. G. Fer-
gus.

The insect referred to is called the
Raspberry Twig Girdler and has been a
familiar insect for a long time. The
beetle which is long and slender, with
black wing covers and yellow thorax, is
called the Oberea bipunctata. It bites a
girdle around the twig six inches or .so
from the extremity, and then it turns
around and bites another girdle at the
distance of its own length from the first.
Between the two it makes a little hole
and inserts in it an egg ; from this there
soon hatches out a yellowish maggot,
which bores down through the stem and
feeds on the pith. The effect of the gir-
dles is to cause an almost immediate
wilting of the twig so that the injury is
readily observed.

The only effective remedy is to cut off
the affected twigs two or three inches
below the lower girdle and then to burn
them at once so as to prevent the mag-
gots attaining to maturity and providing
for an attack next year. Like many

other insects, it has its periods of abun-
dance. Last year was a very favorable
one for it, its attacks having been not-
iced in many widely scattered parts of
Ontario.

of the plant. Spraying is useless. Re-
move and burn all affected plants. They
are of no value, and a great nuisance to
all healthy plants.

Orange Rust

E.M. Slrufht, MtcDtuld Callcfc, Qm.

Some sections have been badly struck
with orange rust this year. Where prev-
alent it is the worst enemy of the black-
berry and raspberry. It is widely dis-
tributed and is known in localities all
over the continent.

In early spring the under sides of the
leaves of blackberries and raspberries
often present a red or orange color. In

Cannot Do Without It

We do not know what we would
do without The Canadian Horti-
culturist, and it gets better with
every issue. — W. P. Powe & Son,
Sunnyside Gardens, Cainsville,
Ont.

every case it will be found that plants so
attacked are much retarded in growth.
The leaves are distorted, tend to curl,
and take on a languid appearance.

Another stage of the same disease is
often overlooked by the casual observer.
It precedes the red rust by some weeks,
and appears on the upper side of the
leaves, and may be found about the time
the leaves unfold.

When a plant is once attacked no-
thing may be done to save it. The my-
celium is within the tissue, and lives
there from year to year during the life

BUckbtny Leaf, udertide coTcrcd with nit.

Reasons (or Pruning

To give proper form to the tree.

To remove all dead branches and limbs
that cross each other.

To thin out the top, .so that the tree
can be readily sprayed, and the fruit easi-
ly picked.

Prune when the tree is dormant to in-
crea.se wood growth and thus renovate
the tree by inducing it to bud and new
wood growth.

Pruning Cedars and Raspberries

Prof. W.S. Blair, Mtcdoiald Collc|e, QoebK

When is the proper time for pruning or
clipping a cedar hedge, and the proper time
for cutting back red and black raspberries.''
Last year after the berries were all picked
I took out all old wood and all new except
four or five canes. The canes were cut back
to about four feet. I cleaned the ground
up generally. This was done about August
15th. Several of the hills later showed dead
canes turned dark as if blighted. Was it
caused by the pruning, or should I have
left them .-ilone until spring.' vSeveral of my
black cap berries are completely gone — no
life left. What is the cause?— H. W., Whit-
by, Ont,

Mv experience goes to show that it
matters little when cedar hedge is prun-
ed in so far as vigor of the hedge is con-
cerned. The aim should be to have a
good looking well trimmed hedge for the
longest possible time and in order to ac-
complish this I have followed trimming
about the middle to the last of June and
again the last of July or early in August.
The June pruning is made principally
to shorten shoots that are making ex-
cessive growth.

The killing of the raspberry canes may
have been due to sun injury, .Anthracnose,
or to root-gall. Where a thick growth
has surrounded canes during the early
season the canes are as a result sus-
ceptible to injury from exposure to di-
rect sunlight. Bright sun for a day or
so following the pruning out may cause
the injury, on the other hand a few days
dark weather following the pruning may
result in a gradual hardening of the tis-
sue and no injury result.

The pruning out has a tendency to less-
en liability to Anthracnose, although it
may have been well established by thedate
mentioned, and the thinning out has re-
sulted in a more rapid drying out of the
cane ; the Anthracnose checking the sap
flow through the plant. Whether or not
Anthracnose is present would be indicat-
ed by irregular black blotches along the
cane in some cases completely encircling
them.

Whether or not root gall is the cause
of the trouble with your black cap ber-
ries could be determined by digging up
the dead plants. If it is it will be indi-
cated by knotty growths on the root.

Aug'ust, iqii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

183

An Irrigated Orchard

M. Barwell, Grand Forks, B. C.

We grow largely apples, but some
plums and pears. Flemish Beauty is our
best pear commercially and the fruit is
learly always good size and free from
|any blemish. We also grow to a limited
extent Bartletts. Anjou, Clairgeau, and
:iapp.

In plums, we grow Burbank, peach
plum, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg, and
'ond's Seedling. Pond's Seedling sel-
dom or never rots with ys, and it and
the peach plum are two of the most pro-
fitable.

In apples we grow Mcintosh and
Wealthy chiefly for fall, both of which
do extremely well. For winter we have
King, which turned out a fine crop of
clean, highly colored and large fruit
this year . Grimes Golden did well and
was loaded heavily. Wagener also did
well, and we have a block of six year
olds,, which this year averaged three
or four cases to the tree of an excellent
sample. In addition we grow Spy, Red
Cheek Pippin, Jonathan, and a sprink-
ling of other varieties.

Amongst those varieties which are
now most hi<jhly regarded in British
Columbia I should place Mcintosh Red,
Wealthy, Gravenstein, and Cox's Or-
ange for fall; and for winter, Jonathan,
Spy, Wacener, Spitzenburg, Grimes
Golden. Winesai), and Rome Beauty. It
shoi'Jd be said, however, that the be-
haviour of varieties differs very much
in the various districts, a mountainous
country such as British Columbia lack-
ing the uniformity of condition which
obtains over large sections of other por-
tions of the continent.

Our rainfall here is usually light, and
we aim to cultivate very early in the
spring and very frequently, and usually
irrigate two or three times a season.
This is done bv the furrow system, the
water being run down the furrows for
twenty-four or thirty-six hours, and cul-
tivation following as soon after as pos-
sible.

Heading Back Young Trees

R. R. Wadillr, Ontario

Finding several growers with the opin-
ion that young trees should not be head-
ed back th<' first year, or not at all, which
in the majority of cases, is a great mis-
take, I am giving you the results of :n'
experiment which we carried out in On-
tario County last season. Probably aboui
two himdred trees were cut back at time
of planting. Later in the season the
unprunod portion suffered so greatly th.-il
we were compelled to prune some of them
in order to save the trees, as so many died
back further than thev should have been
cut.

This season, the foliage of the trees,
which were cut back at the time of plant-
ing, is in the very best condition. The

The Orchard of J. D. Honsberger, Grand Forks, B. C, Irrigated.

Six carloads of prunes were shipped from this orchard in 1909.

trees stand erect and have made a won-
derful root and body growth. The dy-
ing trees cut back late in the season ate
locking equal to those not cut back,
which all show a sickly condition.

The remainder which were cut back

have made no body growth and appear
to be a year l>ehind the portion headed
back. During the winter the trees suf-
fered very little from freezing back, all
portions being equal in this respect. The
loss in trees seemed to be sustained bv

this spring show the effect of having loo the unpruned portion, which goes to
heavy a top for the roots. They have prove trees are better cut back at time
been whipped back and forth by the wind, of planting.

Pick Over Trees Twice

W. H. Gibson,

We have always been able to get
local help for picking. Thus we get an
hour's start of the gang that is sent out
by dealers, who have to drive out often
from six to twelve miles from town. I
make two pickings and with such apples
as the Wealthy, go over the trees three
times. Pick the top and south side first,
when the strength of the tree is turned
into what is left ,and they color up. I
am satisfied that the improved quality of
the apples pays well for the extra ex-
pense in picking.

I have a rough shed in each orchard
with light roof and boarded up on three
sides, which is very convenient for stor-
ing barrels and machinery. The drops
are all hauled into this shed, when in a
few days any bruises will show ; then
when a wet day comes they are sorted
over. The strip of grass under each
row saves a great many apples that other-
wise would be wasted. I use the ordinary
cradle shaped basket for picking and
light ladders, and pick entirely from the
outside of the tree.

The early varieties are packed in the
orchards, the winter varieties put in bar-
rels just as they come from the tree.

Newcastle, Ont

pressed lightly and led to the storehouse
in a spring wagon to prevent bruising.
Our co-operative store house will hold
nine thousand barrels. The apples are
all inspected at the station they are
shipped from. At Newcastle the inspec-
tor comes twice a week through the sea-
son. The Newcastle association has not
had a bad mark against it in four years.
I prefer a small association to a large
one as it is easier for the growers to get
together, and there is no danger of fric-
tion. I am growing both cherries and
pears extensively, and have found them
both profitable. In cherries the Early
Richmond and Montmorency give best
results. In pears, fifty per cent, are Bart-
lett, the balance are Clairgeau, Anjou,
Duchess and Wilmot. The Wilmot is a
native seedling, medium sized, very pro-
fitable and hardy, but scarcely as fine in
quality as the Bartlett. Dr. Farncomb
had two trees of this variety, from which
he sold five barrels at eight dollars per
barrel. The f)ears from this district come
in just after those of the Niagara penin-
sula, thus missing the usual glut, and
realized last season from .seven dollars to
ten dollars a barrel.

1 84

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 19:1

Peach Trees From Stones

MUt A. Mtyle, Rickarad HiU, Oat.

In the February issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist, there appeared a picture
of a peach tree grown from a pit planted
by Mrs. R. L. Brereton, of Toronto. This
statement was made: "As a rule only
one out of a hundred seedlings turn out
worth growing."

When King Edward, as Prince of
Wales, was in Toronto, my mother was
visiting at her old home there. While
waiting to see the prince she bought a
dozen (Deaches. The pits were saved and
taken home to the farm, which is situated
on the gravel road between Paris and
Brantford. My father, the late Mr.
Henry Moyle, of Paris, planted them in
the garden. They all grew. The trees
were never sprayed or pruned, but year
after year they were loaded with the
choicest fruit, similar to the original
peaches. The branches had to be sup-
ported with props to prevent their break-
ing off. They were a yellow peach,
firm flesh, very juicy, free stone, and the
skin had a beautiful bloom.

One year my father picked eleven
peaches, measuring seven by nine inches,
.nnd took them to the Toronto Exhibition.
They were "highly recommended," but
as there was not a full dozen they did not
receive a prize. All the pits planted pro-
duced the same peach.

I remember
one day after
coming from
school, eating
six peaches and
putting the
stones in the
ground in the
back yard on the
south side of the
house. In the
spring six trees
made their ap-
pearance. Fath-
er said, "Bless
the child, whv
did you put
them there?"
because they
were in a very
i nconvenient
place. I replied,
because I want-
ed "to see them
grow." They
were allowed to
remain ; many
a basket of lus-
cious fruit was
picked from
them.

If I remember
correctly, the
trees did not
bear till they
were six years
old. The orig-
inal twelve trees

were so large and strong, we children
of twelve and fourteen years of age
climbed up and out on the branches to
pick the jjeaches. They were not for-
bidden fruit. Many baskets of choice
fruit were given to friends with the in-
struction "be sure to plant the stones."

18 EXPEEIMENTING

So convinced am I that the finest
peaches can be grown from the stones, I
am experimenting at our summer home
at Richmond Hill, Ont. Last September
the parings and stones from several bas-
kets of choice Crawford peaches bought
in Toronto, were buried in the kitchen
garden, as we had no other way of dis-
posing of the garbage. This year a num-
ber of peach trees came up. Some are
where they can remain, while others are
too close and will need to be transplanted.
I am an advocate of fall planting and
will have them moved in November, and
watch the result with interest. We are
told "it is too far north here, the peaches
will not ripen," but we. have succeeded
in doing a number of things people said
could not be done, and it is worth trying.

I have successfully packed my apples
in boxes for a number of years. The only
way to do this profitably is to produce at
least ninety per cent, number one. — Earl-
and Lee, President Stoney Creek Farm-
ers' Institute.

Remarks by Fruit Growers

Whenever a large limb is sawed from
a tree the wound should be at once cover-
ed with wax or thick paint.

Neglected fruit trees are not worth
the land they occupy. They are an eye-
sore, and when pest infested are a posi-
tive menace to the neighborhood.

Peach trees are headed at about eigh-
teen inches from the ground and are not
allowed to get over ten feet high. In
order to hold them there they prefer
cutting back in the summer. — J. W.
Smith & Sons, Winona.

In my opinion fruit growers will have
to change their ideas of pruning in order
to meet the changed conditions. The old
idea of thinning out the centre of the
trees to let the sunlight in has resulted
in many orchards, apple especially, be-
coming too tall for the care that a tree
now has to receive. — J. O. Duke, Ruth-
ven, Ont.

In the spring of 1910 a blight attacked
many of the apple trees in Huron County.
This, with other cau.ses, led to the
lightest crop of apples known in the
county for twenty years. It was notic-
ed that from the trees that were spray-
ed nearly all produced some apples and
seemed to get over the effects of the
blight sooner than the unsprayed trees.
— R. R. Sloan, Porter's Hill, Ontario.

A Well Managed Orchard that U Productive and Profitable

ICany hundreds of apple oTcharda in Ontario that have been neglected for years have this year been pruned, sprayed

and oultiTated. There are thousands more which only require the same treatment to realize handsome returns

for their owners. The fine orchard here shown is owned by Mr. W. V. Hopkins, Burlington, Ont. It is only

one of many in that splendid fruit district.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

185

Floral Notes For August

Wm. Hunt, O,

DAHLIAS must be given plenty of
water at the roots during the hot
August weather. The growth
should also be sprayed every evening
with clear water. A mulch of about an
inch in depth of partly rotted barnyard
manure placed on the surface of the
ground, about twelve or fifteen inches
all around the plant will help them.
About the same quantity of lawn grass or
short grass clippings spread around the
plants will also benefit them, and con-
serve the moisture. The mulch should
not be placed too close to the stem of the
plant , an inch or two from it is best.

An application of liquid manure to the
roots of the dahlias once a week will
also benefit them at this time when the
buds are swelling. Apply the liquid
manure when the soil is moist, not when
it is very dry or when it is very wet. When
the soil is dry the plant cells and tissues
are too hard and contracted to get the
best results, and when the soil is wet the
plants are already charged with suflficient
moisture. The best time to apply liquid
fertilizers is when soil conditions are of a
normal nature.

The seepage from barnyard manure or
from stables, diluted with an equal quan-
tity of water, makes a good liquid fertili-
zer for almost all out-door plants. A
pailful of fresh cow manure put into ten
or twelve gallons of water in a tub, di-
luted with half water, is one of the best
liquid fertilizers for garden plants gen-
erally. An application once a week will
invigorate all growing garden plants.
One ounice of nitrate of soda dissolved
in two gallons of water is also a good
fertilizer for all garden plants, or for
window boxes. Window box plants re-
quire a little fertilizer at this time, as
the soil usually becomes exhausted to-
ward the end of the season.

Bonora is one of the best commercial
fertilizers sold for pot plants or for win-
dow boxes.

GLADIOLI

Keep the seed heads of the centre or
terminal spike of gladioli cut out when
the flowers have become withered. If
seed heads are allowed to develop it will
lessen the growth of the young corm or
bulb, as well as retarding or perhaps
preventing altogether the lateral spikes
of bloom from developing on the side of
'tie main stem as they often do.

If the spikes of gladioli are cut when
I'lie or two flowers have opened, the bal-
ance will develop if the spike is placed in
a vase of water. The water should be
changed every day or two, and about half
an inch of the bottom of the stem cut
nfT when the water is changed.

Hyacinth, tulip and cropus bulbs that
were lifted from the flower beds in early
June or when the summer decorative

A. C, Guelph

plants such as coleus, gfianiun. ani
canna, were planted, should be lifted
early in August from their temporary
quarters where they have been heeled in
to ripen off. The bulbs should be laid
in shallow boxes or spread out on the
ground for a few days after digging to
dry, when they can be placed away in a
cool room or cellar until planting time in
October. Dig the bulbs that have been
heeled in now at once, and dry them.

from frost, usually until the end of Sep-
lembei or later.

Towards the end of August or early
in September, many of the early flower-
ing varieties will require disbudding.
This is done by picking off some of the
smaller buds, leaving two or three of the
largest and best buds only at the top of
each shoot or branch. By removing or
thinning out some of the buds, larger
flowers are produced from the buds left,
and fewer of them. If very large blooms
are wanted, leave only one large, perfect
bud on each stem, usually the crown or

Plants That Show the Effect of Disbudding

The plant on the left was not disbudded at all. The centre plant waa partly disbudded, two
or three buds being left on each shoot or branch. Only the crown bud waa left on each
branch of the plant on the right.

About the middle of the month is the
best time to take cuttings of coleus, ger-
anium, iresine, ageratum, pelargonium,
and so forth. Set the cuttings in sand
or half sand and half soil, in shallow,
well-drained boxes. Under a tree or on
the north side of a fence or building, is a
good position in which to root cuttings in
the hot weather.

Chrysanthemums that have been plant-
ed in the ground during the summer
should be dug up late in August and
potted into good rich soil in large, well
drained pots. Pack the soil firmly around
the roots, ['"irm potting is an important
point in potting these plants. A short
piece of an old broom handle pointed a
little at one end, makes a good "potting
styck" for this purpose.

Water the plants thoroughly at the
roots at onre after potting. Stand the
plants in partial shade away from the
hot sun for a day or two. Keep the roots
moist but not too wet for a week or so.
.Sprinkle the top growth every day until
the plants are in flower. Keep the plants
out of doors as long as they are safe

topmost bud being left to flower. The
Pompon or small flowering types do not
require disbudding. The Pompons make
good window plants as they are usually
dwarf and compact growing, and very
free flowering.

Save seeds of all desirable varieties of
plants. Dry the seeds well before put-
ting them away for the winter. Save
seed only from the best type of flowers.
Label the best blooms when the plants
are in flower so as to secure best types.

If large plants of pansies are wanted
for early spring flowering, about the m'd-
dle of August is the best time to sow the
seed. Sow the seed in a shallow, well-
drained box in soil four parts rich loamy
p)otting soil, one part leaf soil, one part
sand. Transplant them into a cold frame
or a nursery bed in soil with two parts
more loam than before. A little coarse
garden rubbish should be thrown over
the plants about the first week in Novem-
ber, and a light sprinkle of strawy man-
ure or leaves over the coarse rubbish.

Seed sown now should produce good
plants that will flower in April or May

1 86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 1

The Summer Care of House Plants

E. F. Collins, Toronto, Ont.

THE care of such plants as are usu-
ally found in the home, is some-
times a source of much worry to
the amateur gardener or housewife, es-
pecially when the said housewife wishes
to go away for one or two weeks-end
excursions. It is then either a choice of
letting the plants die or getting a neigh-
bor to take care of them.

Many plants will keep moist long
enough to go even a week without atten-
tion if treated in the ri^t way. In the
case of the ficus or rubber plant, aspid-
istras or ferns, dig a hole in some shady
spot in the back garden, plunge the pot
into the ground a little below the sur-
face, pack the soil lightly around, and
then thoroughly saturate the plants and
surrounding soil with water. Should the
water drain away too readily, place three
or four inches of decayed leaves or moss
over the top, and around the plant, close
to: the stem, and you will find that it will
not need watering for a wee'< or more.
All palms can be treated in the same
way. In fact, they will be greatly bene-
fited by the outside treatment.

EB-POTTING

If any of the plants mentioned are pot-
bound or full of roots, repot them into
pots two sizes larger. That is, if they
are in a four inch pot, place them in a
six inch pot, or from a six inch into an
eight inch, and so on. In this way there
is no danger of over-potting. When re-
potting, be sure to use plenty of drain-
age in your pots. Place one piece cf
crock over the hole, then about one-half
inch depth of small broken pieces or clean
cinder, and then a thin layer of moss or
rough pieces of leaf soil. Then your
pot is ready for the plants. Be sure to
pot fairly firmly by ramming down the
soil with a piece of stick so as to leave no
vacant space between the ball of soil.

All the begonias usually found in the
house can be treated in this way except
that in potting use more decayed leaves
and do not make the soil quite so firm
as for palms or rubber plants.

Many plants on balconies and veran-
dahs suffer from lack of moisture by the
pots being exposed to the drying winds.
This can be avoided by placing the pots
into larger pots, vases, jardinieres or rus-
tic stands, and packing the space between
with spagrum moss, and then keeping
it thoroughly saturated with water.

GIVE SOME FEETILIZEE

Plants require some stimulant during
the summer, when they should be grow-
ing. If they are not re-potted during the
season they ought to have some fertilizer
twice a week, such as a top dressing of
sheep or cow manure, and then frequent
watering. Clay fertilizer dusted on the

surface and then watered is most bene-
ficial. The amateur gardener should al-
ways remember that during the hot dry
weather the tax on the strength of
plants is like it is on the human system.
Evaporation is so rapid through the
lungs of plant life that unless plenty of
moisture and food can constantly be sup-
plied through the roots, plants become
stunted, they show a poor color and
growth and eventually die.

How to Destroy Them

The common little red ant, which
makes tiny hills on cur walks and in the
grass, can be destroyed by pouring a
little gasoline in each hole. Half a tea-
cupful to a teacupful will suffice for from
three to six holes. Do not be afraid to
use plenty of gasoline, in order to reach

the queen or queens which lay the eggs.
This liquid, however, will kill grass or
plants where it comes in direct contact
with them.

The large mounds out of doors, each
of which is occupied by hundreds of ai.
can be easily treated with bisulphide
carbon Make eight or ten holes with ■■■
cane or croquet stick, about eight inches
deep, in each mound. Into each hole
pour a good tablespoonful of bisulphide
of carbon, closing each hole with earth,
and then throw a couple of wet burlap
sacks over the hill, leaving them over
night. One might have to do this twice,
or until the queens are killed.

While ants, when seen climbing up
apple trees, or shrubbery and plants,
generally do not directly injure the plants,
since they are for the most part after the
lice, which give up to them in response to
their caresses, some honey dew, of which
ants are very fond, nevertheless the black
ant sometimes girdles and kills shrubs
like the lilac and snowball. When ants

MifBolia SoaUngtua in BI*om at St Catkariact

This beautiful tree stands in the grounds of Mr. E. A. Lancaster, M.P., St. Catharines. Some

idea of its size may be obtained by comparing it with the photograph of Mr. Lancaster.

Jr., who stands beeide it and who is six feet tall. This Magnolia wae planted by Mr. G. W.

Hodcette, Vice President of the Horticultural Society, who formerly owned the property.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTURIST

187

are found at this work, we first have re-
course to strong tobacjco water to see
whether we can drive them away. If they
still persist in eating the bark, we ad-
vise uncovering the crown and larger

roots, mixing up arsenate of lead with a
little water, and applying it as thick
whitewash to these parts. Arsenate of
lead is a poison, which, however, applied
in that way, would not injure the bush.

Everybody's Flow^cr

By Mrs. Annie L. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que.

The peony has been called "Every-
body's Flower," being of easy culture,
and able to adapt itself to any soil and
situation, while having the reputation of
being immune from insect pests that de-
stroy so many of our garden treasures.
It is par excellence the flower for the am-
ateur, and if selected with a view to
lengthening the period of blossoming,
will continue to give flowers from the
first red "Piny Rose" of our grand-
mother's day, full of tonic scent, and
opening in May, to the latest of the
beauties that remain sometimes after
Dominion Day.

Enduring neglect wtihout repining,
the plant responds to good culture and
enjoys being nurtured in good loamy
soil that will show an increase in the size
of the flower. Some of the newer varie-
ties are very fragrant, which is an added
charm, and a peony fancier will tell you
that if you inhale their perfume with
closed eyes, it is easy to imagine that
it is a Glorie de Dijon rose, while a pale
pink beauty called "Lyde," has a more
powerful, yet delicate scent, similar to
pure rose attar, resembling the essence
that has its home in the gardens of
Persia.

The blossoms of a new variety called
".Summer Day," remind one of a mag-
nificent La Marque rose, with the same
soft yellow tint in the centre that shades
into white.

There is a lovely peony called "Arc-
thusa," that is a revelation to those who
only know the red, pink and white, for it
has outer petals of peach color shading to
delicate lilac and creamy white, and one
of the latest flowerings is a delicate lav-
ender, flesh colored, named "Lady Gwen-
dolin Ce<-il." There is no place in the
garden where herbaceous peonies appear
to <"ich advantage as in the shrubbery
bordc. , planted in masses, the fine leaf-
age, healthy and vigorous, being very
satisfactory.

There is a beauty in this plant even in
.^pril when the red shafts come throueh
the ground, and grow so fast that they
become budded folinge before we are
aware of their haste. It is very easy
going, and vet dislikes interference, be-
ing sntisfied with an annual mulching,
and watering in a dry time, for it is a
thirsty plant, in a drought, and the buds
may refuse to fulfil their promise through
lack of water. But if borders are dug
find planted deep this is not so likely to
happen, and a plantation of peonies is
so adaptable that in bed or (sorder

the ground may be filled with scarlet
tulips or golden daffodils that will finish
blooming early and not intrude.

The month of August or early Septem-
ber, is best for dividing and transplant-
ing this perennial, after the season of
flowering is past. However small the
plant, so long as it has a sprout or eye,
it will grow, but the smaller the plant
the slower to blossom. Being impatient
of removal they should be left in their
glory to come to perfection, as they re-
sent indis-
criminate
changes and
hacking
pieces from
the roots.

There is no
question of
hardiness and
for this rea-
son it is es-
pecially suited
to our clim-
ate, "P."
officinal-
is" being a
native of the
Alps, and "P.
albiflora" of
.Siberia, and
from these two
the present race
sprung.

The new single peonies are very un-
like those we know so well, but for beau-
ty they hold their own, displaying a tuft
of golden anthers set in the centre of a
flower that may easily be mistaken for
an immense single rose.

There is nothing more eff^ective than
an arrangement of one variety of peony
in a less frequented corner of the lawn
and they will thrive in such a situation
if given a mulch of coarse manure in thie
autumn that will furnish nutriment in
the spring, and winter protection.

This question has put more would-be
gardeners out of business through dis-
gust over the failure of their efforts, than
possibly any other one thing. I have
gathered many a good thought from the
columns of The ; Canadian Horticultur-
ist, and if I can assist through past ex-
periences in helping other lovers of
flowers, I shall be happy.

To me a perennial border is an absolute
necessity for a home garden. I take the
most pleasure out of it, and I grow vege-
tables and annuals to my heart's content.

In April my bulbs begin to appear, and
right welcome they are. Chionodoxia,
snowdrops, crocuses, jonquils, narcissus,
hyacinths and tulips show a riot of bloom
that lasts until the first of June. Then
follow in quick succession sweet rocket.
Sweet William, pansies, buttercup, col-
umbine, perennial poppies, irises, peonies.

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Squash Vine Growing on Fence. Garden of C. B. Hamilton, Toronto, Ont.

of garden species ismenes, foxgloves, roses and the vari-
ous lilies.

This brings us up to about the first
week in July. In the perennial border
this is the crucial time. All I have in
full bloom now are the hollyhocks, Shasta
daisies, galliardias, and platycodons.
Happy is the man who hath his quiver
full of them, for by a judicious arrange-
ment of these flowers distributed through
his border he can counteract to a meas-
urable extent the gloom cast over the
border by the passing of the grand old
lilies, both white and colored. With these
four he can bridge the short space of
time till the hibiscus, perennial phlox,
golden glow, caliopsis, the late lilies and
red-hot poker arrive.

In the interstices in the border I sow
or plant as thickly as desired gladiolus,
phlox Drummondi, eschscholtzia. Rose
of Sharon and zinnias, which will make

Continuity of Bloom

A. J. Elliott, Aylmer, Ont.
After reading the article in the July
issue of The Cnnndian Horticulturist de-
scribing Mr. R. B. Whyte's garden at
Ottawa, one phrase in it caught mc, and I
have taken it for the caption of these few
thoughts. Continuity of bloom has
caused many a florist, amateur and oth-
erwise, manv serious thoughts and arriv-
ing at the desired end has been accom-
plished pnly after -many 3 brain twist.

As long as people depend upon the
cheap five cent packets of mixed flower
seeds and bargain counter lots of bulbs
for their supply, their flower gardens
will remain extremely common. — D. W.
Mardep, Pilot Mound, Man.

1 88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1911

their presence felt in the continuity of
bloom.

This programme gives me flowers the
season through. If any one will follow
out this course they will have no reason
to complain of the lack of bloom. Aside
from this of cour.se I have my annuals,
but my heading refers more especially
to perennials.

Florists will sometimes get disappoint-
ed in experimenting with new flowers.
This year I tried the arctotis. I will not
grow it again. With me it is no good.
Its flowers and foliage are too much of
the same color, and its length of blos-
som is ridiculously short. It is open
when I get up and at noon it shuts up,
and does not open until the next morn-
ing. We have no use for it.

Hedges

Barlow CDmberludk Port Hope

Planters of hedges and of Spy apples
are akin. They are kindly people who
"do unto others as they would be done
by." Hedges are not for'a day, nor for
a year, but are a permanent beauty and
adornment. They evidence love of home.

Cedar seems best adapted to our lati-
tude. Being born of swampy ground it
needs moisture. The hedge represented
in the accompanying illustration is mulch-
ed every other year with stable manure,
and in very dry seasons, occasionally
watered at the roots.

Cedar hedges should be trimmed in

cone form,
not straight
sided, bui
wider at bot-
tom and tap-
ering to the
top — the
natural form
of a single
tree, but
trimmed
closer. The
tops must
not be left
flat, else the
snow will
lodge and in-
i u r e the
fronds with
ice.

A privet
hedge is of
quicker

The Back Garden of T. D. Dockray, Toronto, ,Ont.

growth, but is liable to frost and not so
permanent. In its later years, just when
its presence has become most accustomed,
it may get ragged and may have to be
pulled up.

A speedy and convenient hedge ef-
fect can be produced by posts, painted
green, planted six feet apart, with strong
wire fence four feet high, between. Plant
Virginia Creepers at foot of each post,
and at two feet centres between.

An Artistic Gate to Kitchen Garden

Oedar hedge at Dunnain, the residence of
Mr. Barlow Cumberland. Port Hope. Ont.

Flowers for Winter Flowering

Wm. Hant, Oat. Airicnltoral College, Gnelph, Ont.

House and window plants, such as
palms, Ficus elastica (Rubber Plant),
Cordyiines, or Asparagus plumosa (some-
times wrongly called Asparagus Fern),
Asparagus Sprengerii, Boston Ferns,
and similar plants, should be re-potted
about the end of August if the pots have
become full of roots and the soil exhaust-
ed. Nearly an inch of drainage matter,
such as broken flower pots, coarse grav-
el, coal cinders or lump charcoal, should
be placed in the bottom of a six or seven
inch pot.

A good potting soil for these plants
can be made by mixing one part fine
clean pit sand, one part leaf mould or
black soil from the bush, one part dry
cow manure powdered fine, and five or
six parts of light loamy soil. Soil taken
from loamy soil that has been allowed to
rot, with one-fourth part of dry cow man-
ure, one part sand, and one part leaf
mould, would be still better for the plants.
In repotting about one-third of the old
soil should be removed from around the
roots.

After potting, water the plants well
once, then keep the soil only just moist
until growth has commenced. Shade the
plants for a week after repotting, and
sprinkle overhead with water daily. Stand
them in partial shade in hot weather.
Take the plants into the house after the
first week in September.

Bulb roots in the mixed or perenni.il
border or where planted among shrubs
for permanent occupation, do not need to
be moved or transplanted until the clumps
have become matted and the flowers they
produce small and poor. It is best to
dig, divide, and transplant these ciumps
early in .\ugust, before they start to root
much and grow. Do not leave them un-
til bulb planting time in October. Bulbs
do not like to be disturbed after the roots
have well started, hence the necessity
of digging the permanent kinds up so
early. The seed heads should be cut off
all bulbs down to the first leaf as soon
as the flowers have dropped. This ap-
plies particularly to tulips and hyacinths.
Scillas and chionodoxa are often let go
to seed as they self-seed and produce lots
of seedling plants in that way.

Prune in summer to check the growth
of the tree and throw the strength of the
tree into producing fruit, thus increasing
not only the yield but also the quality of
the fruit.

Imutophjllnm Plaat (Clivi*) io Sammcr Time

This is an eaeilv irrown plant, the leavce ol
which should bo kcnt fresh and green during
the winter by holding at a temperature of thirty-
five or forty degrees in a cool room or cellar.
The soil should be kept slightly dampened aa it
is a, moisture liTing plant.

August 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

189

\

Landscape Gardening

Linai Woalrerton, Grimsbr, Ont.

Landscape gardening is a compara-
tively new profession in Canada. Quite
recently the teaching of the main princi-
ples of the art have been undertaken .\t
the Ontario Agricultural College at
Guelph, and two experts have arisen, one
in Ontario and another in Quebec, but
these have appeared almost before th^
public were prepared for them. The
beautiful parks of Great Britain, of Ger-
many, and of France, speak volumes in
praise of the landscape gardeners who
have made them famous, and the charm-
ing gardens, parks and boulevards of
Boston, Massachusetts are an everlasting
credit to the memory of Frederick Law
Olvestead.

Prof. Sargeant of Boston, speaks very
decidedly regarding the important field
of study which is covered by this inter-
esting art. "Parks and city squares,"
he says, "cemeteries and large country
places, must be laid out and planted by
one who has studied design, and the ef-
fects and needs of trees, shrubs and flow-
ers. Small country places and even villa
plots, if they are to be made the most of,
must be entrusted, too, to competent
hands."

THE FIRST TO CONSULT

Professor Sargeant further asserts that
the landscape architect should be con-
sulted even before the house architect for
the selection of the most effective site,
and for suggestions regarding the archi-
tectural design best suited to the locali-
ity. "Send for him," he says, "first of
all, even though it is a villa on an acre
of ground that you mean to build ; ask
him where your house had better stand,
where is the best place for the main en-
trance, the piazzas, the stable, the gates,
the dog-house, even ; if the grounds are
larger, ask him what architectural style
seems to him most fitting, where on the
plan the chief rooms should stand, what
views their windows should command ;
then send for your architect, let them de-
vise and decide together and work to-
gether until the work is done. In this
way you will run a far better chance
of getting a good house and a good place
than if they had worked separately —
the architect building his house without
knowing where it might best be placed,
or how best surrounded ; and the land-
.scape gardener coming in afterwards to
find, perhaps, that no chance was left
him to assist the house, or to do his own
work well."

I commend to the readers of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist these remarks of Prof.
Sargeant ; they are particularly apropos
just now in Canada, when so much in-
terest in the beautifying of towns, vil-
lages and home grounds is being taken
by our local horticultural societies.

11 ii j<i

.%.^^**^

A Geranium Bed on the Grounds of the Presbyterian Church, Goderich, Ont.

Many churches might greatly Improve their grounds by planting more flowers. The bed
here shown is composed of scarlet geraniums in the centre bordered by silver-leafed geran-
iums, with an outer border of the carpet plant. This bed was planted by Mr. D. S. Stoddart.
who states that he has found geraniums most successful plants tor such beds owing to their
well-known hardiness and their prolonged season.

Old Country Flower Beds

E. F. CoUiot, Toronto

Last summer the writer saw many
beautiful color combinations in Hamp-
ton Court Palace Gardens, not that the
plants used were costly or rare, but the
effect was gained by the coloring (knd
point of view from which the visitors
could see them. There were two beds
which were beautiful beyond anything
like the idea that I can convey in writ-
ing. First, a square shaped bed with the
ends concaved, filled with a groundwork
of equal numbers of plants of sweet
alyssum and dwarf blue lobelia, with
dot plants about twenty inches each
way of a white and pink tinted tuberous
begonia, and above that a few dot plants
of eulalia Jiaponica variegata, standing
up two feet high, the effect was, as I
said, truly beautiful.

The second bed, which was placed away
back from the nearest point of view, and
had a background of trees and shrubs and
extensive buildings above that, was a
combination of salvia Zurich, with tbll
dot plants of Gnaphalium, tied loosely
to one centre stake, and the bed edged
with the golden fuchsia, Sunray, rich
and gorgeous in the position where it
was, but if pBaced close under the eye or
near brick walls, it would have looked
crude and vulgar. Other beds were form-
ed of blue violas, with dot plants of helio-
trope, soft and pleasing to the eye, while
the angles of walls and terraces were oc-

cupied with medium sized carpet beds in
simple design, and the flatness relieved
by the liberal use of various grasses. I
consider that color arrangement and posi-
tion ,are the two most important subjects
to be considered by gardeners. Much
can be done with poor material, if these
two important points are considered.

"Sweet Lavender"

A. H Ewini, Woodstock, Oat.

Everyone from the Old Country,
whether horticulturally inclined or not,
knows the Lavender. Even Londoners
remember the "Sweet Lavender" cry of
the peddlers, and have probably indulged
their olfactory organs by buying a "pen'-
orth." Every garden here might have
a plant of this sweetest smelling herb by
planting it in some situation where it
would be well covered with snow dur-
ing the winter and protected from the
strong rays during the earliest days of
spring. For the last four years the writer
has grown some outdoors which have
pulled through the winter with more or
less success and it is safe to say that no
plants in the garden have given so much
pleasure or brought up so many pleasant
remembrances of days gone by to the
many visitors who frequent the place.

The Lavender flowers have the most
refined scent in the garden and the leaves,
too, have a very refreshing perfume. Al-
together it is the sweetest, quietest and
most grand-motherly plant that grows.

190

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1911

Diseases of Celery

A. McUnU, Leidra, Oat.

There are several diseases which at-
tack celery, but only a few may be men-
tioned. "Damping" is caused by a fun-
gus which follows careless w.tering
while the plants are very small. It at-
tacks the stems of the seedlings at the
point where they emerge from the soil,
bringing about decay. This disease may
be avoided by starting the plants in
trays in a shallow trough containing
about one inch of water, allowing the
water to enter through th'e drainage holes
in the bottom of the trays. In this way
the surface of the soil will remain slightly
dry, while the roots will receive plenty of
moisture. It will always be necessary
to water very carefully and to avoid ex-
tremes of drought and moisture, also to
provide plenty of heat and ventilation.
During extremely dry weather it is best
to prevent too rapid evaporation by par-
tial shading with lath screens of thin
muslin.

The disease known as "blight" or
"leaf spot," is caused by a fungus. It
is very prevalent and destructive. It
makes its appearance at any time, usual-
ly after the plants have been set in thle
open field. The first visible indication of
the disease is in the form of grayish spots
upon the leaves, changing to a brown or
burned appearance in a day or two. If
conditions continu'e suitable to the de-
velopment of the disease, it will spread
to all parts of the plant, the stems will
droop and the entire plant assume the
appearance of having been scalded. The
h|eart of the plant will continue to throw
up new leaves, but when once badly in-
fected, it never sufficiently overcomes the
disease to produce a marketable product.
When this disease makes it appearance,
it is already too late to attempt to eradi-
cate it, as much of the injury has been
done before the existence of blight is
perceptible.

CBLERY BLIGHT

Celery blight generally appears during
or immediately after a period of sultry
weather, when the atmosphere is fillcl
with moisture and the nights warm
Bright sunshine and a clear atmosphere
during the day, with cool nights, are
favorable for the prevention and control
of blight. Any check in growth will
so weaken the plants that they are liable
to be attacked by disease. On the other
hand, if the plants can be kept in a vig-
orous growing condition during unfav-
orable periods, they will be in a much
better condition to withstand disease.
Owing to close selection and constant in-
breeding, the self-branching varieties
have become constitutionally weakened,
and suffer more from disease than the
hardier green sorts.

Under favorable conditions spraying
has in many instances proved beneficial
in checking blight. Severe loss from

blight is noted only where large quan-
tities of celery are grown and handled
together. Growers will not be greatly
troubled if the plants are kept in a vigor-
ous condition throughout tht' growing
period.

This may be greatly helped by partly
shading the plants up to the time when
they are set out into the open field and
by planting th. crop on land that is rich
enough to keep up a rapid and uninter-
rupted growth The most satisfactory
shade for the plant bed consists of a
screen made of plastering laths. The
size of an ordinary hot bed sash is the
most convenient for these screens.

on at a pressure of twenty pounds for
twenty minutes.

To use formalin, the following is the
strength : Eight pounds formalin to one
gallon water; one and a half quarts of
mixture to fifty gallons of water. Then
use one gallon to every square foot of
surface and leave for ten days. Then
dig over and plant.

Growing Tomatoes

A. H. MacLeonaD, B. S. A.
When growing tomatoes in the green-
house pollination should be carefully at-
tended to, as insufficient pollination
causes misshapen fruit. When the flower
is mature the stamens are the longest.
But as the flower opens to be pollinized,
the pistil gradually elongates until it is
much longer. Being longer, and the
stigma larger than the style, it lends to
ward off pollen. Pollen grains adhere
and germinate easily. The more pollen,
the more perfectly shaped fruit. Pollin-
ization is effected by tapping flowers,
jarring uprights, or using a brush. Us-
ing a spoon and stick and tapping care-
fully each flower is the best method. It
should be done at least every other day.
The pollen is most abundant on bright
days. The plants and atmosphere must
be dry.

DISEASES

Leaf blight or scab (Cladosporum ful-
vum) appears as rusty brown spots on
the under surface of the leaf. It is
caused by too damp atmosphere. Give
better ventilation and allow less water
on the leaves. As soon as noticed, use
Bordeaux mixture, spraying thoroughly
both sides of the leaf. If the disease is
well established, it is best to remove the
crop, then sterilize or renew the soil.

Blossom End or JBIack Rot is caused
by insufficient moisture at roots as the
plant matures. The plant has become
dry and when watered the sudden filling
of the cells of the fruit causes the skin
to burst and allows the entrance of bac-
teria. Mildew appears as purple or
brown spots on the leaf, which wilts
where attacked.

The best remedy is to vaporize sulphur
in the house.

STERILIZATION

There are two methods of sterilizing
the soil — steaming and formalin. If you
have sub-irrigation, you can simply -con-
nect your steam pipes by hose to the
upright and force steam through the
soil until it rises in a cloud. Another
method is to make a pan, which is forced
down over the soil and steam connections
made on top. The steam is then turned

Possibilities of a Greenhouse

I have a small greenhouse, 16 x 35 feet.
It is heated by hot water. I want to run
it this winter, and as I am only an amateur
1 would like to knew what may be grown
in it most profitably and what are the pos-
sibilities of such a house. I have four acres
of land one and one-half miles from what
is considered a good market, but as I have
to hire a man to keep a horse. I find the
expense greater than the returns and would
appreciate a few practical suggestions.''
— Mrs. Amateur, Ontario.

It is very difficult to reply to a ques-
tion of this k-nd where .so many factors
have a beari:.g on the matter. In the
first place, the small greenhouse men-
tioned would not be sufficient to occupy
one person's time and give remunerative
results. As a side line to some other
business it might be useful. As to what
could be grown in the house mentioned,
a great deal would depend upon the
market for the produce. That could be
decided only by someone who knows the
requirements of the place.

To go into the plant and cut flower
business to make any kind of success it
would require at least three or four
houses of the capacity of the one men-
tioned, as there is not room enough for a
collection of plants and flowers for a
general florist's stock. If there is a good
market for cut carnations, these could
be grown. It would be necessary at this
late season of the year to purchase plants
from some large firm growing these
flowers, such as the John Dunlop Co.,
Toronto, Gammage & Co., London, or
other large firms, as it is too late now to
start the plants for winter flowering.
Field grown plants could be secured and
planted about the end of August. It
is too late to think of growing Chrysan-
themums for the present season. Let-
tuce, radishes, and onions could be
grown during winter. All of these, if
properly handled, are good paying crops.

As to the foui acres of land mentioned,
it is a useful property to have in con-
nection with greenhouses ; but as you
say you cannot run it to make returns,
it would be better to dispose of it, al-
though if properly run and suitable for a
market garden it should work in very
nicely for early vegetables from plants
raised in the greenhouse in early spring.
Much depends, however, upon the ability
of the person running a greenhouse or
garden as to the success attained.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

19.1

The Skinner System of Irrigation

E. E. Adams, Leamington, Ont.

I have been using the Skinner sys-
tem of irrigation on some two and a
quarter acres of my ground for about a
year, and have obtained very satisfac-
tory results. Last year it gave me great
satisfaction with my cabbage during a
drought when rains were few. The cost
of installing the system was about $550.

I have not as yet enough water supply
to obtain the best results, but with what
I have I am able to carry over through a
dry time a considerable quantity of truck,
and thereby increase the profits. I use
a gasoline engine and pump combined
on one base for pumping the water
through the pipes. It goes out of small
nozzles with a hole in them about the
size of a pin, and with forty pounds
of pressure the water is broken into a
fine mist which, falling on the soil does
not pack it as rains do.

IT IS USED IN FLORIDA

Before installing the system, I looked
over considerable ground at Tampa and
Bradentown, Florida, where it was being
used. I have since looked over some
ground at Grand Rapids, Michigan,
where lettuce was being grown. In
Florida, I found twenty acres of cel-
ery in one block covered by this system,
and when the water was being applied
(after four o'clock in the afternoon) the
sight was grand. We could see just about
what was going to happen to that crop.
Almost no rain falls in Florida during
January and February vi-hen celery, let-
tuce and other truck crops are growing,
and when they need la-ge quantities, of
water. Some of the finest celery grown
in Florida comes from Manatee County,
near Bradentown.

I found in Florida that the system is
installed under contract to firms who
make a business of selling systems. The
cost is said to be about three hundred
dollars per acre, which is too much
money. My plan was to purchase r.ll
my galvanized pipe at wholesale, and
also all valves and other fixtures, except
some patent unions and nozzles which
must be procured from the manufactur-
ers. These nozzles are very small, ha\'-
ing a small hole, about the size of a pin,
so that under the pressure the water is
broken up very fine in passing out. I
purchased a combined gasoline engine
and pump at a cost of two hundred dol-
lars, and galvanized pipes, three-quarter,
one inch, one and one-quarter and two
and a half inches, and fittings.

WATER IS PUMPED

Not having a running stream or lake
to draw water from, I am forced to pump
from a deep well to a storage tank, con-
taining nine thousand gallons, which cost
about eighty dollars set up, made of
southern cypress. Water is pumped into
this tank by a windmill, but I cannot say
that this is the best method, as the wind
does not always blow. In prd^r to over-

come this, one should have a small en-
gine to attach to the pump when no wind
is blowing, in order to keep the water
coming into the storage tank for emer-
gency use. The water is forced into a
two and a half inch main, which runs
down the centre of my field. Laterals
are taken from the main and can be
placed fifty-four feet apart. With the
patent union previously mentioned, the
lateral pipes may be turned to throw

Many berry growers this season alone
lost enough on their berry crops to pay
for a small system. For vegetables we
must have water, and plenty of it, when
cabbage are heading, when roots are
making also we must have it, in order to
get the best results from our labor.

Fertilizers for Potatoes

Does it pay to use fertilizers for pota-
toes, and if so, how much and what
analysis? The above questions are fre-
quently asked, and the answer is more

The Irrigation System of Mr. E. E. Adam* of Leamington as it appears in his Pepper Field

Mr. Adams, whose system of irrigation is described in the adjoining article, grows about
one and one-quarter acres of green and red peppers each season. An illustration of his crop
last season is here shown. The peppers are sold mostly in Ontario, Quebec and New Bruns-
wick. Mr Adjuns finds a market for his product by sending out circulars containing quota-
tions of the different goods he has to offer. As yet he has never grown enough to supply
his trade.

water— say, east or west — twenty-seven
feet, thus covering the ground complete-
ly by turning to any desired angle. The
nozzles are placed in the lateral pipes
about four feet apart. My system has
mains running east and west, with later-
als running north and south. It is used
to water early cabbage, cucumbers, pep-
pers, and this season some Gibraltar
onions. The results are most marked.
When we have a dry spell we turn on the
water, and one watering in some in-
stances is all that is necessary, as we
have at times quite sufficient rain. For
cucumbers we must have water at least
twice a week, as the crop is forced, in
order to have cucumbers when the price
is high, which is usually three weeks in
July, although this year we shipped from
the ground during the last week in June.
This system should be used by every
vegetable or small fruit grower. Take
strawberries, for instance, this season in
some parts of Es.sex county, as well as in
the Niagara district, where owing to a
dry spell in May the crop was practically
ruined, it would have been a great thing
to have had a rain to apply when needed.

easily given by learning what is used
in the great potato growing districts.

On Long Island there is a co-opera-
tive association of farmers who buy
about 6,000 tons of fertilizer, and the
analysis they demand is 5-8-8; the fact
that they grow very largely early pota-
toes accounts for the high per cent, of
nitrogen in this mixture. This is also
true of the truckers of the Norfolk dis-
trict, who grow potatoes for the early
New York market, and who use as a
standard a 'J-'J-'J — seven of nitrogen,
seven of phosphoric acid, and seven of
potash.

The Ohio Experiment Station in some
recent fertilizer experiment^ obtained
the largest yield from an application of
160 pounds of acid phosphate, 100
pounds muriate of potash and 80 pounds
of nitrate of soda. This material would
be equal to about 340 pounds of a .^n.-
6j/^p.-iSk. goods, which is about the
same analysis as Mr. T. E. Martin,
West Rush, used, 1,800 pounds to the
acre, to produce his yield of an average
of 418 bushels on 18 acres — a yield
which has probably never been equalled.

193

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, ign

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published by The Horticultural
Publishing Company, Limited

PETKRBORO, OVITAJtlO

The Only Horticultural Ma^zine
in the Dominion

OrrioiAL Organ or the Ontario, Quebec, New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H, Bronson Cowan, Managing Director

1. The Oanadlan Horticulturist ie published on
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CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December, 1910. The fig-
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copies. Most months, including the sample cop-
ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian
Horticulturist are mailed to people known to
be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers
or vegetables.

January, 1910 8,925

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April, 1910 9,410

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August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October,1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8,662

108,809
Average each issue in 19(7, 6,627

' 1908, 8,695

" " 1909, 8,970
" " " " 1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed
upon application.

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We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
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Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
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we will expose them through the columns of
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All that ia necessary to entitle you to the bene-
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Oommunioations should be addressed.

THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTUEI8T,

PITVBBOSO, ONTABIQ,

INVESTIGATION REQUIRED

The suggestion that has boea advanced
on different occasions that arrangements
might readily Le made to irrigate from Lake
Krie and the Welland Canal thousands of
acres of the low lying lands in the Niagara
Divtrict suitable for fruit growing but not
now used for that purpose, has been en-
dorsed recently by the Toronto GlcAe. In
this connection the Globe says :

"The fruit growers of the peninsula should
"organize and present to the Dominion
"Government a well-considered proposal to
"make the now Welland Canal, .soon to be
"built, an irrigation canal as well as one
"for navigation. Tens of thousands of
"acres within reach of the canal could be
"doubled in value by the use of irrigation
"ditches, and the fruit industry, instead of
"being constantly subject to the risk of
"failure from drought, could be placed upon
"a basis of reasonable certainty. What
"the Moors made of Granada and the Egyp-
"tians of the Delta of the Nile the Niagara
"fruit growers could make of their won-
"derfully rich and favored region by the
"wise use of the Lake Erie irrigation
"dam."

The fruit growers of the peninsula will
serve their own best interests if they fol-
low the Globe's advice. They might well,
also, invoke the assistance of the Ontario
government. What is ifirst required is a
careful examination by experts of the possi-
bilities of the whole scheme. This should
be undertaken by the provincial govern-
ment. In British Columbia during the past
month the local government brought from
Oregon an expert in irrigation practises,
and had him visit different sections of the
province and consult with and advise the
growers in regard to irrigation possibili-
ties and methods. The Ontario govern-
ment should not wait to be urged to under-
take similar work in the Niagara District,
but should make the move of its own .
volition.

COMBAT INSECT PESTS

The entomological department or division
of the Dominion Department of Agriculture
has never received the attention or assist-
ance that its importance deserves. It is
sadly undermanned, lacks funds, and alto-
gether is neglected in a manner that re-
flects sadly on the Dominion Government,
as well as on ourselves as a people. Did
we but understand more clearly how im-
portant it is that we should have a better
knowledge of the insect pests that thwart,
rob and annoy us each year we would long
ago have seen to it that the Entomological
Division was given the support that the
needs of the country require.

Government authorities have estimated
that the Codling Moth, or Apple Worm,
causes a loss exceeding twelve million dol-
lars a year in the United States. This
estimate does not include the expenses of
labor, spraying apparatus, and poisons used
against this pest, which amount to three or
four million dollars a year more. The Plum
Curoulio causes likewise a loss running in-
to the millions of dollars. In Canada the
loss is prooortionately as great. These, how-
ever, are but two of scores, even hundreds,
of insects that might be mentioned. The
fruit, flower and vegetable growers have
their special insect foes to combat, and
they need and should have at their disposal

all the helpful information that the grern-
ment can provide.

But the people interested in horticulture
comprise only one class in the community.
\Vhat about our farmers who each year lose
iriillions of dollars through the ravages of
insect pests in their grain and other crops?
What, also, about our forests? A report
recently issued by the government states
that fire and insects between them have
caused untold loss in the forests of Canada.
The bark beetle alone has killed practically
all the tamarack, and is now at work on
the mature spruce in the timbered sec-
tions of the west that it was hoped might
be drawn on in connection with the con-
struction of the James Bay Railroad.

Commendable assistance has been granted
to the seed division of the Dominion De-
partment of Agriculture. The expenditures
that have been involved have Ijcen shown to
have been justified. Equal importance
might well be given to the work of the en-
tomological division. This branch of the
work of the Department of Agriculture
should be given more attention immediately.

A GLANCE AHEAD

This is a day of mergers and combines.
The Monetary Times is authority for the
statement that during the past ten years
the number of boot and shoe factories in
Canada has declined from 5,398 to 138; the
carpet factories from 557 to 5 ; carriage and
waggon establishments from 3,336 to 368;
agricultural implement concerns from 221
to 88; and furniture factories from 1,286
to 181. The reduction in other lines of
manufacture has been about equally strik-
ing.

Combines of this character do not always
result injuriously to the consumer or to
the producers of the raw material. There
are instances where they have effected econ-
omies in manufacture that have resulted in
a reduction of the retail price of the ifinish-
ed article. As a rule, however, they are
dangerous. They lead to the concentra-
tion and control of great wealth in the
hands of a few and generally have for their
object the control of prices in a manner
almost invariably inimical to the best in-
terests of the consumers and often of pro-
ducers as well. The canning combine in
Ontario has not benefited the producers to
any extent and has increased prices to the
consumers.

Is there a possibility that the production
of fruit may be working in the same direc-
tion.' The purchase and leasing of over
nine thousand acres of fruit land in On-
tario and Quebec during the past year by
a company capitalized at a million and a
quarter of dollars has been followed by a
rumor that it is proposed to organize a
somewhat similar company to be known as
The Nova Scotia Fruit ' Estates Limited,
with a capital of one million dollars, to ac-
quire and work fruit land in the fruit dis-
tricts of Nova Scotia. While ventures of
this character hitherto have generally prov-
ed disastrous, leading financiers are moving
in this direction. They have the benefit of
the knowledge gained from previous under-
takings of the same nature. Never before
has the movement reached such proportions
as it has this year in Ontario. The fact
that the best fruit lands are limited in
area has an important bearing on the
situation.

Fruit growers who lease their orchards
to these large concerns and bind themselves
to care for their orchards in a stipulated
manner become little more than employees
on their own places. Where they have
neglected in the past to take proper care

I

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

193

of their orchards sudi a fate is little bettoii
than thev deserve. It is a working out of
i the great law that leads the less able to be-
( come dependents on others more intelligent
and capable than themselves. Nevertheless,
what is the outcome likely to be.^ What is
wanted is not a few large concerns with
many employees working the land for them,
but numerous small orchards managed by
independent owners. These small owners
must, of necessity, cooperate, but they
should not sacrifice their rights to the soil
in so doing. This may be looking ahead
for trouble, but the tendency referred to
should be watched carefully.

A NARROW MEASURE

Some montlis ago there cume into our
po.?session two photographs that had been
taken in the packing rooms at Grimsby,
Out., of one of the largest tomato growers
in the Niagara District. A polite request
was sent by us to this party for some gen-
era] information about his methods that
might be ixsed in connection with the re-
production in The Canadian Horticulturist
of these views. No response being received
to our first letter, we later sent a second.
To this we recently received the following
reply :

''Do you think for one minute that we are
"asleep? Don't fool yourself. If the peo-
"ple want to grow tomatoes let them get
"busy and find out for themselves. We are
"not 'learning' other people at our expense.
"We do not allow people through the green-
"houses and will not give any information
"on the subject whatever."

Once or twice before we have come across
misguided men of this type, but we had
hoped that in this year of grace the last of
them had found by now the error of their
way. What a fortunate thing it is for us,
and for them, that there are not more of
them ! Were this view of life and business
to prevail we might expect to find men
guarding their establisbments with shot-
guns for fear others might learn something
from them by peeking over their high-board
fences. We would have to discontinue our
farmers' institute meetings, fruit and vege-
table growers' conventions, packing schools,
and so forth, for no one would care to ad-
dress them on account of the danger that
they migbt let slip some priceless secret. We
might as well, also, clo.se our churches, as
somebody might learn from us how to be-
come Christians, and then there mightn't
be room for us all in Heaven.

Such men deserve our sympathy and tol-
erance. They are their own worst enemies.
Their mistake arises from the fact that they
have failed to comprehend the working of
that Divine law which has declared :

"Give, and it shall be given unto you :
good measure, pressed down, and shaken
together, and running over, shall men give
into your bosom. For with the same meas-
ure that ye mete withal it thall be meas-
ured to you again."

The Dominion Government is to be com-
mended not only upon having decided to
investigate the extent and the possibilities
of the fruit growing interests in Canada,
but also upon having placed this work in
charge of Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Cath-
arines. No more capable man for the work
could have been obtained. Besides having
a practical experience, extending over years,
in the growing of all the leading varieties
of fruit, including not only apples, p«ach(is
and pears, but small friiit.s as well, Mr.
Bunting has time and again shown his
ability in other matters that have involved
hundreds of thousands of dollars to the fruit
growers of Canada. Upon biin devolved th©

duty of preparing the main case for the
fruit growers in their fight before the rail-
way commission, first against the railway
and more recently against the express com-
panies. How splendidly he succeeded was
shown not only by the important conces-
sions gained, but by the compliments paid
him by two different chairmen of the rail-
way commission upon the manner in which
he submitted his arguments and presented
his facts. We have long needed such a re-
port as Mr. Bunting has been deputed to
prepare. It may be safely predicted that
this report when presented will be thor-
ough and authoritative and a credit to the
Department of Agriculture.

Can any readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist furnish us with information con-
cerning Charles Arnold, late of Paris, who
originated the Ontario apple? One of our
subscribers in British Columbia, who has
been seeking information on this subject,
has written us recently as follows :
"A fruit that bears the proud name of
your province, and that is among the very
.first cross-bred apples, as years go by, and
the importance of cross-bred varieties in-
creases, will be hunted up for the veriest
detail of its origin, which then may not be
obtainable owing to those who know having
passed on. There must be some among Mr.
Arnold's descendants or friends who could
give a detailed account of the origin of
this apple." Our correspondent is right.
It is to be hoped that already it may not
be too late to obtain the desired informa-
tion about this great variety of apple.

As the society reports in this issue of The
Canadun Horticulturist show, a number
of horticultural societies in Ontario have
held successful rose shows during the past
few weeks. This is an excellent line of work
for societies to undertake. It involves con-
siderable work for the ofiicers, but nothing
worth while can be accomplished without
effort. The rose is a popular flower with
the public, and a rose show for that reason
generally draws a better attendance than
can be obtained for other exhibitions of the
same class. Societies which have not at-
tempted to hold exhibitions could not do
better than to start next year with a rose
show.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

Our front cover illustration this month
shows cherry pickers at work in Hillcrest
Orchards, Kentville, N. S. The trees are
Montgomery variety six years old. In 1909
two thousand trees of this orchard produced
one thousand three hundred boxes. Indi-
vidual trees yielded as much as sixty pounds
each.

A circulation statement, showing the
actual paid circulation of The Canadian
HoRTicui.TiRiST b.v provinces, and Vy coun-
ties in Ontario, has just been prepared.
This is given, along with other information
that will prove of interest and value to ad-
vertisers, in an attractive little folder which
we have just issued. Copie-s of this folder
will be mailed on request. The number of
paid subscribers to The Canadian Horticul-
turist is but a few short of ton thousand,
which number we expect will soon be ex-
ceeded. This great gain in circulation de-
monstrates the rapid progress that is being
made by T«E Canadian Horticulturist,

Subscribers sometimes write to us for in-
formation, but neglect to sign their names
to their letters, using a nom de plume in-
stead. Their expectation evidently is that
we will publish their question and an answer
to it in The Canadian Horticulturist. To
all such we would say "DON'T." It fre-
quently happens that our space does not
permit us to publish such an article, and
as we do not know our correspondents'
names we are unable to write to them di-
rect giving them the information they de-
sire by letter.

For the illustrations of Toronto gardens,
published on pages 187 and 188 of this issue,
we are indebted to the officers of the Toronto
Horticultural Society, who used them re-
cently in their excellent year-book for 1911,
mention of which was made in our July
issue. A number of other equally fine il-
lustrations apnear in their year-book, some
of which may be used later in The Canadian
Horticulturist.

Next month will appear our Special Ex-
hibition and Packing Number of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist. It will be all that we
have said about it in previous issues and
more. The manner in which our leading
government officials, both Dominion and
provincial, and prominent fruit growers in
all our fruit growing provinces, have ral-
lied to our a.5sistance has been most gratify-
ing. This issue of The Canadian Horticul-
turist will be a distinct improvement over
anything we have ever before attempted.
The illustrations will be a feature that will
be certain to please. The colored illustra-
tion on the front cover will be both striking
and attractive. Many extra copies of the
issue will be printed for distribution at the
Toronto and other leading exhibitions. Ad-
vertisers will do well to reserve large space
and soon, as the forms will start going
to press early this month and the best posi-
tions still loft cannot be held open long.

SOCIETY NOTES

We invite the officers of Horti-
cultural Societiee to send in short,
pithy reports of work that would in-
terest members of other Horticultu-
ral Societiee.

^iM^iyiiy^iy!

MITCHELL

Our society, which has a membership of
over one hundred, has been the means of
improving the many homes in this town.
There is a healthy rivalry amongst its mem-
bers to see whose place can be made to look
the best. The fences are taken down be-
tween the houses, and the boulevards in
their fronts, making altogether one of the
prettiest inland towns of Ontario.

We keep the grounds beautified around
the new Carnegie Library, and we are con-
templating building a dam below the gates
at the waterworks, from the Thames River.
There are spring waters running into this,
and it is the intention of tho society to
clean out tho bed of the river, and have a
constant flow of pure running water, with
.seats arranged along its sides. At present
tho place is an eyesore from the Main
Street. The citizens have promised to ooit
tribute the larger part of the outlay.

There is always a looking forward to tho
next i.s.sue of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist, of which each member gets a copy. lou
as well as our.selves are endeavoring to do
a good work, and we wish you every suc-
cess.— A. J. Blowes, sec.-trea«.

'94

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 I

ST. CATHARINES

The oighth annual show held by the
St. Catharines Horticultural Society, the
latter part of June, was an imnieii.so suc-
-cess. There wore several hundred exhibits,
and the hall in which the exhibition wai
held was filled with a wealth of exquisite
blooms, that delightrd the hearts ami charm-
ed the eyes of the sjjectators. By 1 he testi-
mony of one of the judges, such a display of
amateur grown roses could not be found in
anv other city on the continent.

Witli a membership of over six hundred
pledged to make St. Catharines the most
beautiful of cities, the local horticultural
society has abundantly justified its exist-
ence. But it required work to achieve this
measure of success. Eight years ago when
the first rose show was held, Mr. W. B.
Burgoyno. who has been president for some
years, had to drive around the city the day
before to find exhibitorR and prevent the
show from becoming an ignominious failure.

GRIMSBY

The Prau Carl rose was given our mem-
bers as a premium by our society several
years ago, and now it is showing up at its
best. It is the purest white and the most
nerfect form of any white rose in my col-
lection. I do not find sandy knolls suit-
able for my roses. I have transplanted
all mine to soil of heavier texture with very
marked results, both in vigor of plants and
in profusion of bloom.

Our rose show was held during the latter
part of Jiine at Dr. Clarke's private
grounds. There was a fine show which, with
music and conversation, made a delightful
evening for a village society. This year we
gave our members Gruss an Peplitz, a new
hvbrid tea rose.

TORONTO

The ro«i show held recently b,y our society
was the most successful in the series of ex-
hibitions that are being held. There were
numerous other exhibits besides roses, how-
ever, although the popularity of the roae
was .shown by its predominance over that of
the other flowers exhibited.

An exhibit of rare orchids and ferns by
Mr. Thomas Manton attracted many ad-
mirers. An exhibit of hardy perpetuals,
hybrid teas and climbing ro.ses of Mr. W.
G. MacKendrick, jiresident of the society,,
was very fine and one of the features. The
great variety of roses which may be grown
in Toronto was shown by an extensive ex-
hibit from Alexandra Park. There was a;
fine display of fruits and vegetables.

Bronze medals were awarded to Miss M.
B. Blacklock for spiraea venusta, to T. D.
Dockray for perennials, and to T. W. Armi-
tage and AV. J. Smith for Japanese iris.

LINDSAY

Our society held a nice meeting in the
spiing and afterward distributed to our
members seventv-five clematis and seventy-
five climbing roses in variety. To those
who received them we have given a lot of
personal instructions in regard to methods
of cultivation. Our membership is now sev-
enty.— F. L. Frampton, Secretary.

MacDonald College Appoint-
ments

The Board of Governors of McGill Uni-
versity, Montreal, have confirmed Prof. F.
C. Harrison, B.S.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.C, in
ftiU status as principal of the affiliated in-
stitution of Macdonald College. Quebec, in
which he was appointed bacteriologist and

later as acting principal upon the retire-'
ment of Dr. James W. Robertson, in the
early part of 1910. Since assuming the
difficult duties of acting principal Prof.
Harristm has shown administrative abili-
ties of a high order, which have now been
recognized.

Professor Harrison wag born in 1871, and
was educated at W(«tminster and other Eng-
lish schools. From a scholastic standpoint,
he is eminently qualified to hold the posi-
tion he has been appointed to, having ob-
tained degrees and honors from the On-
tario Agricultural College, Toronto Univer-
sity, McGill. the Royal .Society of Canada,
and other hading educational institutions
and societies. Mrs. Harrison, who has been
a devoted associate of Professor Harrison
in his life work, is the daughter of Dr.
James Mills, formerl.y president of the On-
tario Agricultural College, and now a lead.
ing member of the Canadian Railway Com-
mis-sicn.

Mr. E. M. Straight has received the ap-
|K)intment of a-ssistant professor of horticul-
ture. Mr. Straight is a New Brunswick
man. He was born at Cambridge, Queen's
count.v, where he received his education.
.\fter teaching in the public schools for a
number of years, he was engaged in inten-
sive market gardening, until he decided on
an agricultural college training. This he
secured at Truro, the Agricultural College,
Guelph, and at Macdonald, Quebec. It
may be added that he is one of Macdonald's
first graduates.

The summer meeting of the Pomological
and Fruit Growing Society of the province
of Quebec will be held at Inverness, Me-
gantic Co., August 29 and 30.

NORTHERN GROWN NURSERY STOCK

All Standard Varieties and Leading Novelties in Fruits, Orna-
mental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Eoses. and Herbaceous Perennials—
well-rooted, free from scale and disease, true to name — grown in
our Nurseries. Stock grown in this latitude is exceptionally hardy,
and can be relied upon to give the Best Satisfaction for All Pur-
poses, and under All Conditions.

Scene in Assinabolne Park. Winnipeg, where our Stock haa
Proved its Hardiness

BEAUTIFY YOUR GROUNDS

We have the finest and most complete Stock of ORNAMENTAL

PLANTS in Canada from which to secure your needs. Consult our

Lajidsoape Gardening Department for Pointers on Planning and

Planting. The results will please you. Sketches and Estimates FEEE.

LET US KNOW YOUR NEEDS

A FEW RELIABLE SALESMEN REQUIRED

The Canadian Nursery Co., Limited

10 PhUlip* Place, MONTREAL, QUE.

Nurseries at Pointe Claire. Que.

BOXED APPLES

COMMAND BETTER MONEY

We make the Proper Box at the
Right Price.

Send your order large or small,
early, and assure prompt delivery.

Be first in the market with the
most saleable fruit.

Write us To-day.

THE FIRSTBROOK BOX CO,

LIMITED

TORONTO

August, lyir

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

195

Demonstration Orchards in Quebec

G. A. Gigault, Quebec, Deputy Minister of Agriculture

tl

TilE Minister of Agriculture for the
Province of Quebec has given a grant
of $800 to certain co-operative socie-
ties on tile condition that sucli money
shall be expended in doing orcliard work to
demonstrate how existing orchards may be
made to produce more and better fruit, and
show how the fruit may be marketed in the
best possible way. The grant cannot be
secured excejjt through the formation of
an agricultural co-operative society pro-
perly organized according to law. Any
Funds of the society, outside of the govern-
ment grant, may bo expended as thought
advisable by the society. The government
grant, however, can be expended only as
directed by a joint committee, made up of
three persons representing the said society,
three persons representing the Quebec Pomo-
logical Fruit Growing Society, and one per-
son representing the Department of Agricul-
ture of Quebec. It is required that all ac-
counts relative to the expenditure of the
$800 grant be countersigned by the secre-
tary-treasurer of the Quebec Pomological
Fruit Growing Society before payment is
made. The committee representing the Que-
bec Pomological Society is composed of Pro-
fessor W. S. Blair, Macdonald College, Rev.
Father Leopold, La Trappe, and Robert
Brodie Esq., Westmount.

It is the duty of the joint-committee to
formulate a line of demonstration work as
thought advisable for the districts to outline
in detail methods of proceedings, to select
the orchard where the work is to be done,
nd appoint a capable man for carrying on
(he work. All travelling and other expen-
les incurred by the committee in connection

with the demonstration orchard work will
be paid from the grant of $800.

The work to be done will be confined U.-
pruning, spraying, cultivating and fertiliz-
ing bearing orchards, and to the packing
of the fruit. The work to be undertaken
will benefit the whole community by demon-
strating proper methods of carrying on the
above oiJerations. The work will be con-
fined to one or at the most two orchards in
a district. The intention is to do thorough
work in one orchard rather than spend the
money in doing a little in several orchards.

METHODS OF WOhK

It is not the intention of the committee
to rent an orchard or orchards for this
work. It is thought that orchards can be
secured in which to conduct the work by
the committee agreeing to pay all the ex-
penses of spraying, pruning, fertilizing, cul-
tivating, harvesting and marketing, the
owner receiving all the money obtained for
the fruit, and in case the returns are not
as great as in adjoining similar orchards,
the shortage will be paid by the committee
from the grant for demonstration orchard
purposes.

The work is to be done, as far as possible,
by hiring men and horses and wagons, as
well as such implements as are necessary,
from the owner of the orchard. The rates
for labor are fixed by the commiti>ee. Pro-
per spraying outfits, ladders, scales, buckets,
measuring dishes and so forth will be se-
cured and paid for from the government
grant and remain the property of the co-
operative society to be used or disposed of
as directed by the joint-committee.

The owner of the orchard cannot in any

DOUGLAS GARDENS I

OAKVILLE =

= ONTARIO

PEONIES

Tlie following collections are aelections from
the General Ijist of U varieties described—
with other pood things- in our Fall Planting
List now ready, viz :

One Dollar Coll., 3 varieties . . $1 00
Norlake Coll., 10 varieties . . 3.50
Douglas Coll., 10 varieties . . 6.00
N. W. Special $5 Coll., 7 varieties, 5.00

Send n.anic and address if your name is not
now on our mailing list.

JOHN CAVERS

^ >-♦♦++♦♦>

J. O. SIMS

FRUIT BROKER AND AUCTIONEER t

For SIXTEEN years I ha\e received i
enormous consignments ot APPLESfrom -J

Nova Scotian growers and Associations, T
always giving complete Satisfaction to ^
senders. -*•

Your Consignments Arc Solicited |

Best Sales, Persona! Attention and
Promptest Returns Guaranteed

OfHces, Warehouses and Wharf:
IS StoDfy St, Borough Matket, L'ndon, S.E.
Salt! Rooms: 18 Pudding Lnne, Lopdt n, E.C.

APPLES

If you have Apples to Sell
and want the highest cash
price and a satisfactory deal

WRITE OR PHONE

BETTER FRUIT DISTRIBUTORS

McKINNON BUILDING
'TORONTO

LIMITED

A WELL KNOWN FACT

That Land Values have advanced,
and Orchard Assistance is High
Priced. The wise planter will
therefore demand the Best Grade of
Nursery Stock Trees True to Name
and of strictly High Grade Quality.
He cannot afford to use cheap trees
and run the risk of failure. The
experienced growers use Our Trees.
Our PEDIGREED TREES are
the best obtainable. We advise Fall
Planting of most lines. Write for
estimates on your Fall Requirements.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

196

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1911

D

Dl

PHENOMENAL ^
REPUTATION

OF THE I

i GOURLAY PIANO

I IS DUE ENTIRELY TO THE
jn CHARACTER OF THE
1 GOURLAY PIANOS

m AS AT PRESENT MANUFACTURED

Jj /T DOES NOT REST UPON THE
■ WORK OF AN EARLIER. GENERATION
I OR DEPEND UPON THE CHARACTER
^^^F INSTRUMENTS MADE TI/\^ENTY-
''^^^F/U'E OR MORE YEARS AGO.

^ GOURLAY. WINTER & LEEMING

""' 188 Yonqe St, TORONTO.

X

D

^t^^t^^^fc^fc^^^^^^^^^M^^MMM^IMMMM^MMM^

Fertilize Your
Lands

DO YOU KNOW

that wqrn-out
lands may be made
productiveand profitable
by the judicious use of
the right kind of
FERTILIZER ?

nIow if you have

A PILCE OF LAND THAT
WONT GROW ANYTHING
! BUT WEEDS, TALK WITH
US ABOUT IT AND LET US
SUGGEST

THE RIGHT FERTILIZER

WE FEEL VERY SURE THAT
WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO
USE FERTILIZERS

WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO

YOUR LAND WILL PAY

I Consult us freely it is

OUR business TO KNOW

ENQUIRIES FREELY ANSWERED

AGENTS WAMTED FOR
TERRITORY NOT TAKEN UP

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HAMILTON ONTARIO

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Used •with perfect results by large'it groivers

TAKE NO CHANCES WITH

UNTRIED PAPERS

Large Stack, Following Sizet, Always on Haad :
10 X 10 10c per ream (500 theeti)
20x30 55c
30 I 40 $1.00 "

In addition to Fruit Wrapper, following
supplies necessary to the modern Fruit
Export Business are carried in stock at our
Hamilton warehouse. Prices supplied on
application.

Wrappiof Papers Twines Pnip Board
Box Liniags Manila Tissne Lace Papers

Buntin, Gillies & Co.

LIMITED ■

HAMILTON

CANADA

Mention The Canadian Hcrticulturist

way interfere with the work to he done in
the ci chard. The Superintendent does only
rurh orchard work as directed by the secre-
tary of the joint-committee, Mr. Peter
Reid. He is given instructions in detail re-
garding the demonstration work, and «s
held responsible for the proper carrying on
of the work. Monthly orchard meetings
may Le arranged as thought necessary by
the joint-committee, and the expenses will
be paid from the $800 grant.

Should tho co-operative society wish to
secure spraying materials, commercial fer-
tilizers or fruit packages in a wholesale
way, arrangements will be made, if con-
sidered advisable, for the Superintendent to
procure and take pay for such material at
some central place, twice a week. The
Superintendent is to kfeep a careful report
of all the time spent in the various opera-
tions, and the date on which the work was
done. Tho Superintendent is paid $70 per
month from April to November 1st.

Kighty trees of fairly uniform size and of
one quality are required, and two plot* of
cultivated area and two plots of uncultivat-
ed area, or forty trees, are to be manured
in the spring at the rate of twelve tons of
good stable manure per acre. One plot of
cultivated and one plot of uncultivated
areas will not bo fertilized. All of the grass
on the uncultivated area will be cut when
six inches high and allowed to remain on the
ground as a mulch.

All of the trees will be sprayed in the
spring before the buds break with lime-
sulphur. Bordeaux mixture wil be used on
all plots except two, one being the culti-
vated and the other the uncultivated man-
ure plot, where lime-suplhur only will be
used entirely. The trees will all be sprayed
with arsenate of lead except on one-half of
the unfertilized cultivated and one-half of
the unfertilized uncultivated plots, where
Paris green will be used.

Four demonstration orchards and co-
operative societies have been organized,
namely the St. Hilaire, Albotsford, St.
Joseph du Lac, and Havelock.

A Big Orchard Concern

The advertisement of the National Land
xTuit and Packing Co., Limited, has ap-
peared in some of the English horticultural
and other publications offering for sale
160,000 seven per cent, preference shares
and 100,000 ordinary shares of £1, or ap-
proximately $5 each. The company is
capitalized at $1,250,000.

In its announcement the company stales
that it was formed in 1910 chiefly for the
purpose of producing and marketing apples
grown in the province of Ontario, and that
for this purpose it has acquired established
orchards containing over 140,000 bearing
trees, constituting what is believed to be
the largest apple producing property in the
world under one ownership. The company
owns 9,115 acres, of which 5,377 are free-
holds and 3,738 are leaseholds, situated on
or near the shores of the Great Lakes. The
company proposes to acquire further speci-
ally located freehold orchard lands from
time to time, and during this and several
succeeding seasons to plant upwards of one
thousand acres per annum with selected
standard apple trees, of which a large num-
ber will be early varieties.

The company proposes also to establish a
number of manufacturing plants close to
each group of properties, and all apples
which are not marketable in the ordinary
manner will be sent to these factories and
treated by evaporation or other processes.
It is estimated that upwards of 12,000 tons
of apples will be treated in this way this
season.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

V97

The president of the company is H. Poll-
man Evans, of Toronto, the President of
the Union Life Insurance Company. The
directors are Thos. T. Rolph, Hon. Geo. E.
Foster, M.P., and D. A. Burns, of Toronto,
AVm. M. German K.C., M.P., of Welland,
E. L. Taylor, K.C., Winnipeg, Man., and
G. L. Campbell Dauncey, London, England.
It is to he presumed that this is the com-
pany that has been leasing and buying or-
chards throughout Ontario during the last
year, reference to which has previously been
made in The Canadwn Horticultttrist. It
is to be hoped, if the expres.sion is per-
missible, that for the sake of its share-
holders the company has not bitten off more
than it can chew.

PROVINCIAL NOTES

Eastern Annapolis Valley

Eunice Buchanan

The dry weather still continues except
for a heavy thunder shower on July 12.
Strawberries have suffered considerably, but
the apple trees look remarkably healthy.
More npples have dropped than wa« at first
expected, but the fruit is unusually clean,
verv few spotted or wormy apples in evi-
dence.

There has been quite a plague of green
aphis on tlie young apple shoots, and the
weather, warm and muggy, has been con-
ducive to their increase. Gardens have had
much with which to contend in the way of
cutworms and dry weather, so that seeds
have been unusuallv long in germinating.

It is estimated that during the season of
1910-11 Nova Scotia exported apples equal
to 248.009 barrels and used 75,000 barrels at
home. The principal markets were in Great
Britain, South Africa, Newfoundland and
the West Indies,

Quebec

Aointte Dapa!s, Director of Fmit Stitiont

Insects of all kinds have committed
much damage to fruit and ornamental trees.
Sugar maples and soft maples in the hills
and mountains, spruce and pines have all
their particular insects, who destroy their
foliage. Acres and acres of fine sugar maple
trees have been defoliated. Small, green
caterpillars which did not find any more
loaves to devour hung by millions under tlie
trees. Probably a second brood will hatch
soon and will continiie its work of destruc-
tion till autumxi.

In Kamouraska, L' Islet, Montmagny , Belle-
chasse, Levis, and Lotbiniere Counties the
cldast inhabitants never s^iw such a ; Isgue.
In^ectB hatched in May one month earUe-
than usual. The plum Curculio, Codling
moth and two other green caterpillars were
very numerous in the ap.jl-3 and )ihini or-
chards on the shores of zhe St. L.Twren^e.
Apple-'j are eaten from ins do and outside.
Spraying is practised by few. The Honor-
able Mr. Caron, Minister of Agriculture,
sent experts with outfits to spray the or-
chards east of Quebec where insects were
doing the most damage. The trees will be
thoroughly sprayed three tiuies. Lessons
are given to orchard owners in .sp.'-aying well
and in the right time, in the cleaning, of
the bark and in pruning of trees. We hope
that the work will be efficacious and that
the contrast between orchards sprayed and
those that have not been sprayed will in-
duce fruit growers to spray in future and
to cooperate with the members of the horti-
cultural societies of Kamouraska and L'ls-

BARCHARD & CO., LIMITED

APPLE BOXES

135-161 DUKE STREET,

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS

TORONTO

THE WESTERN FAIR

LONDON CANADA

SEPTEMBER 8th to 16th

GOOD CASH PRIZES FOR

FRUIT AND FLOWERS

The interior of the Horticultural
Building all changed this year

Special Railroad Rates for Exhi-
bitors and Visitors

Send for Prize Lists and Entry Forms to the Secretary
W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary

Some History

about Typewriters

Modern and Ancient

CIIAPTEK 2 (a)

GEORGE Carl Mares, of London, England,
has just published an elaborate book, "His-
tory of the Typewriter." In the preface he says :

""THE greater portion of this volume was put into print
in 1907, but the constant stream of new mach-
ines placed upon the market about that time made it
necessary to defer publication.

CINCE this work viras undertaken, the structure of the typewriter
has undergone a complete revolution. Probably nothing in
any mechanical art has been more marked than the progress of
the front-stroke visible writing machine.

IN this respect the Underwood typewriter would seem to deserve
all the honors which naturally fall to the successful leader of a
revolution."

United Typewriter Co.

Limited

TORONTO

198

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 1

E. J. NEALE 81 CO.

8MITHFIELD MARKET

MANCHESTER, ENG.

Cablt' AddreHH: "Nealo's, Aianchusler"

WarchouwrH: 10 Hanovrr St,,Sliu(lehill.Maiicheflter

Bankers: Parr's Hank Ltd., Hydes CrosH,

Mancliestor

Rogrular Consiernmonts Solicited

Correspondence invited

The Clipper

There are throe tilings
Miat destroy your lawns.
l>aiidelionK, Huck Plantain
and Crab Grass. In one seas-
on the Clipper will drive
them all ouU

CLIPPER LAWN MOWER Co.

Diion, lllinoU

Bam
Roofmg

Fire. Ll|{htiiintf
Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Ut H Ieimw th« siza of anf Ptof
|N v« tklnklni of covering and wo
wUt main you an Interectlng oflbr.

Metallic Roofing Co.

Llmlt«4l

MAirCFACTURBRS

TOBOlfTO aud WINNIPBG

Agents wanted in some sections.
Write for particulars.

INTERNATIONAL

Gall Cure

SOLD
ON A
SPOT
CASH
GUAR-
ANTEE
CURES While Horses Work or Rest

International Qall Cur* is a certain, sure,
qaiok and infallible cure for Galls, Sore Necks,
Sore Backs, Sore Mouths, Cuts, Bruised Heels,
etc. Will not melt and dissolve from the ani-
mal beat, bub stayi right wbeie it is applied.
Possesses extraordinary healing; and soothing
qualities. International Qall Cure is the
cleanest, most antiseptiCi purest and best Gall
Cure on the market. We will refund your
money if it ever fails to cure. Keep a box on
hand as It is almost a daily need on the farm.

26c. and 60c. ^^ all dealer*.

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO.,Ltinlted

TQRONTO, OWT»

let Counties in the purchase of good spray-
ing outfits, insecticides and fungicides.

CROP PROSPECTS

The apple crop is promising, but the plum
crop will be very liglit. Cherries are a fail-
ure, small fruits abundant The orchard
area has greatly increased. Better and
more suitable varieties adapted to our
northern latitude have been planted. On-
tario nurserymen who advertise in The Hor-
ticulturist instruct their agents to sell only
varieties which mature their wood quickly
and forbid them to sell Baldwin, King of
Tombkins, R. I. Greening. Nowton Pippin
trees all of popular varieties but needing a
longer season of vegetation than ours. Un-
scrupulous jobbers a few years ago sold in
our districts a great number of those varie-
ties which have all died. It was a great loes
which discouraged the farmers who lost con-
fidence in nursery grown trees. Nursery-
men advertising for agents mentioning that
"no experience in fruit culture is required
of salesmen" should not be trusted. The
sales of fruit and ornamental trees of flow-
ering shrubs by nurserymen of Quebec and
Ontario provinces have doubled this year.
The V^illage des Aulnaies has increased its
area considerably and being the most north-
ern nursery of Canada can fill orders for
dormant trees much later in spring than
the western nurseries.

The multiplying of Damson and Reine
Claude plums on own roots (not grafted) is
a speciality here and deserves the extensive
propagation it has acquired on account of
the delicious quality of their fruits and the
hardiness of the trees which once planted
la«t eighty to one hundred years.

Georgian Bay District, Ont.

The fruit growers of the Georgian Bay
District are making a big effort to grow
clean apnles this year. Although some few
growers have sprayed for some years, last
year was the first year spraying was under-
taken on a large scale. It was so success-
ful that this year a larsre quantity of ma-
terial has been used. Four cars of lime-
sulphur, besides some home boiled, have
been used by the Georgian Bay Fruit Grow-
ers, Ltd., and four tons of arsenate of lead
so we expect neither scabby nor wormy
apnles.

The orchard of Mr. Wm. Reekie, the
president of The Georgian Bay Fruit Grow-
ers, Ltd.. has been properlv sprayed,
pruned, fertilized, and is well worth a
visit. It is likelv to have one hundred and
fifty to two hundred bbls. per acre. It con-
tains principally Gravenstein, Snow, Spy,
Baldwin, and Spitz.

Thp manager's orchard. J. G. Mitchell,
will likelv average four to five barrels per
tree of thirteen-year-old Sp.vs. Some fruit-
ed at eight years, and have been bearing
everv year since, showing the effect of good
cultivation and proper pruning. Mr.
Mitchell believe\S in early training. The
old orchard is also well worth a visit. The
writer was particularly struck with the
appearance of a young orchard of 1 .140
trees planted on the filler system one hun-
dred trees per acre. The main orchard
will be Baldwin, fillers, chiefly Wealthv and
Duchess. The orchard has been fertilized
with nitrogen, ohosphate and potash, and
the growth of the trees has been extra.

The Georgian Bay Fruit Growers, Ltd.,
have about one hundred and fifty acres in
bearing, and expect to plant one hundred
to one hundred and fiftv acres next. spring.

There are a lar^e number of sm.aller or-
chards here in Thornbury. orobably two
htindred acres more. We also have a branch
of The National Land Fruit and Packing
Co., Ltd.. here. Cant. Ferguson, who is in
charge, tells me th^'t tliey pruned and

Daisy Apple
Press

Used by all leading
apple packers in Can-
ada, United States and
England.

Write for prices and
complete information
to

J. J. ROBLIN & SON

Maniifacturer.s

Brighton, Ont.

Canada

BULBS

Plant Now For

SPRING FLOWERS

There is no season of the yearw-hen
Flowers are enjoyed more than in the
Spring. Bulbs planted this Fall will
flower almost as soon as the snow is
gone. Planted in pots they can be
llo" ered in the house during the winter

Send to-day for our Beautiful Bulb
Catalogue. It gives a list of Special
GlTers.

Mention this paper and it will be sent
free.

Dupuy (Ei Ferguson

38 Jacques Cartier Square

MONTBEAL, P.Q.

i*^

Aug-ust, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

199

sprayed over four thousand trees in this
neighborhood. They are renting orchards,
and they have made a big improvement in
orchard work.

Altogether we expect to open your eyes
at the Horticultural Exhibition in Toronto
next November, especially as we justly claim
to have the best home of the Spy, and no
better place than the Beaver Valley for the
other good kinds. — G, W., Clarksburg, Ont.

lJV\PORT YOUR BULBS send with me; I import every year and get only the

highest quality of spring flowering bulbs. Write for

C. MORTIMER BEZZO particulars and prices.

Bulb Importer

Berlin, Ontario

k

Lambton County Openings

S. E. Todd, B. S. A., Petroiia, Ont.

One of the anomalies of the history of
agriculture in Ontario is the circumstance
that the development of many of its in-
dustries is the result of accident rather
than intelligent design. A section of
country, which happens to have as pioneers
men of more than ordinary intelligence, or
that by some other accident has had plant-
ed crops peculiarly fitted to its climatic
soil and market conditions, will be found to
develop rapidly, whereas another section,
equally well adapted, will lie waste.

This peculiarity is well exemplified in this
county of Lambton. The region around
Arkona was the first in the county to be-
come well known as a fruit producing dis-
trict. A study of the cause of this condi-
tion shows that some years ago a number
of people of the Niagara District emigrat-
ed and settled around Arkona, bringing
with them the ideas of fruit growing in-
culcated by their experience in their former
homes.

Around Sarnia an extensive vegetable
trade is growing up, and again you will
find that the nucleus of the growers was
drawn from the vegetable gardening class
around Hamilton. Forest, on the other
hand, has become well known as an apple
producing district, mainly due to the
superior intelligence of the old Scotch pion-
eers, of whom Mr. James Johnson was the
most far-seeing. The great development
there is largely due to the care and fore-
sight exercised by this splendid old settler,
who planted and cared for the orchards that
are now so well known as those of Johnson
Bros.

PEACH GROWING

The first attempt to grow peaches in a
commercial way was in the region of Ar-
kona, and partly due to lack of knowledge
of conditions and of the more advanced
methods of cultivation, and it may be partly
due to climatic conditions, the attempt was
only fairly successful. In the region around
Forest in the early days, peaches succeeded
perfectly, but were never grown commer-
cially. Later the "Leaf Curl" completely
wiped out the peach(«, and because no one
was sufficiently interested in them, the
disease was not studied, and until within
the last few years no attempt at control
was made. Thus it will be seen that de-
velopment in the past has been largely
accidental.

To-day, however, a new situation is not-
iceable. The subject is being taken up in a
more intelligent manner. A study is being
made of climatic, soil and market conditions
and the particular classes of fruit best
suited to the individual sections are largely
being planted. The result is that very great
t-.id rapid development is taking place, ow-
ing to the confidence with which the in-
vestor can look to the future. A man who,
having investigated the climatic conditions,
.studied the soil, and examined the outlook
for market, finds all of these favorable
when intelligent selection is made, moves
forward to the development of his particu-
lar property with a confidence that is un-
known to the haphazard investor and
planter. This condition is the answer to the

A fence of this kind only 16 to 23c. per running foot. Shipped in rolls. Anyone can put
it on the posts without special tools. We were the originators of this fence. Have sold
hundreds of miles Tor enclosing parks, lawns, gardens, cemeteries, churches, station grounds,
etc., etc. Supplied in any lengths decired, and painted either wliite or green. Also, Farm
Fences and Gates, Netting, Baskets, Mats, Fence Tools, etc., etc. Ask for our 1911 catalog,
the most complete fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

Branches— Toronto, Cor. King and Atlantic Ave. Montreal, 505-617 Notre Dame St. W. St. John, 37 Dock St.
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada, 506

^

Cut Down ExpensesWith
An I HC Gasoline Engine

SAVING time and work on the farm cuts down expenses — makes
farm life more pleasant and more profitaljle. Of all modern work
and time savers — an I H C gasoline engine stands first. It operates
the many machines that now mean hard, disagreeable, expensive
hand labor. It solves the "keep-the-boys-on-the-fatm" and "hired-
help" problem.

Wouldn't you like to have a simple, economical, efficient, durable I H C
— the engine that thousands of other progressive farmers are using with
such great profit and satisfaction.'' Wouldn't you like to have it run your
cream separator, feed cutter, pump, fanning mlL, saw, grindstone, thresher,
clover huller, electric light plant, washing machine, and do the other odd
jobs around 3'our farm?

An I H C engine costs less than any other if you measure by the years
of service. And you can get just the I H C you want. There is

A Style and Size For You

1 H C Gasoline Engines are made in the following styles and sizes:
Vertical type— 2, 3, 25, and 3S-H. P.; horizontal— 1 to 25-H. P.; semi-
portable— 1 to 8-H. P.; portable— 1 to 2S-H. P.; traction-
12 to4S-H. P.; sawing, pumping, spraying, and grinding
outfits, etc. Built to operate on gas, gasoline, kerosene,
distillate, or alcohol. Air-cooled or water-cooled. Don't
buy any engine till you investigate the I H C line. Learn
all the facts about the design, materials, and workman-
ship that go into the construction of I H C engines —
then decide. See the I H C local agent at 'once, or,
write nearest branch house today for our new catalogue.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-Intenialionil Har-
vester Ccmpanr of America at Brandon, Calgary,
Edmonton. Hamilton, Lctbbridge, London, Mon-
treal, North Battleford, Ottawa, Regioa. Salkatooo.
St. John, Werhurn, Wiiuipeg, Yorkton*

I H C Service
Bureau

The Bureau is a
clcarintr house of
agricultural data.
It aims to learn the
Ijcst ways of doing
things on the farm
and then distrihute
tlie information.
Your Individual ex-
perience may help
others. Send your
problem to the
I 11 C Service liu-
reau.

INTERNATIONAL

HARVESTER

COMPANY

OF AMERICA

(Iiioorporated)
Chicago USA

200

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 1

%TJklkir*i\ Lead Arsenate WUl Kill
VAIMCU Potato Bugs Every Time

Better than Paris Green because it will never bum the leave* and

wtU stand two or three rains without washing off.

It never falls to kill Potato Bugs, Cabbage Worms, Codling Moths and
other leaf eating Insects. It is easy to spray and does not setUe In the

**"''simphrmix^''VANCO" LEAD ARSENATE with water, four pounds
,0 forlySlbns of water. "VANCO" LEAD ARSENATE contains 15
tier cent to 16 per cent Arsenic Oxide, one of the most effective poisons
forleai eating insects. "VANCO" LEAD ARSENATE Is made in Canada

There Is no duty to pay on It. You get the best

quality at lowest prices.
V/rlte for our Price List and Book on Spraying.

enTheCow

Has Done
Her Part

OF COURSE it's important that the cow do her
part. But after that, it's up to your cream sepa-'
rator. If it doesn't get highest quality cream—
if it doesn't skim to a trace — you are robbing your-
self of the profit that your cows have produced.

1 H C Cream Harvesters get full value out of the
milk, not for a few months only, but through years of
constant service. They have proved their durability,
close skimming, easy cleaning, and easy running
advantages.

I H C Cream Harvesters

Dairymaid and Bluebell

are the only separators with dust-proof and milk-proof
gears, which are easily accessible. The frame is
entirely protected from wear by phosphor bronze bushings.
These separators have large shafts, bushings, and bearings;
the flexible top-bearing is the strongest and most efifective found in any
separator. The patented dirt-arrester removes the finest particles of
dirt from the milk before the milk is separated. I H C Cream Har-
vesters are made in two styles— Dairymaid, chain drive; and Bluebell,
gear drive — each in four sizes.

The I H C local agent will be glad to point out the above features
and many others, or, write to nearest branch house for catalogues and
other information.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-InteniaUonal Harvetter Company of America at Bran-
don, Calnary, Edmonton. Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, North Battleford,
Ottawa, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Weybum, Winnipeg, Yorkton.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA Chicago USA

(Incorporated J

I ^i C Service Bureau

The Bureau is a clearing house of aericnltural
data. It aims to learn the best ways of doing
tbines on the farm, and then distribute the informa-
tion. Your individual experience may help others.
Send your problem to the I H C Service Bureau.

rapid development in the regicu along the
lake shore from Sarnia east to Thedford
and Arkona.

This year about 70,000 trees of various
clas.ses have been planted m this d^iirict.
A large proportion of these are peaches, al-
though the apple is predominant. The early
apple, to supply the western traae, is com-
manding considerable attention, owing to
the advantage in climate for tlie proauction
of these varieties enjoyed by the county,
and to the great and growing demand for
these apples. A notable feature is the fact
tliat practically the same varieties of the
different classes of fruit are being planted
throughout the district. This will mean
uniformity of product.

Cherries are beginning to demand con-
.siderable attention, and pears are being
planted to a limited extent. This fruit
will be planted much more extensively in
the near future, because of the ideal soils
and climatic conditions that generally pre-
vail here. Plums have long been grown
oommercially, and the tendency in this dis-
trict is perhaps to somewhat overdo the
planting of plums.

It Pays Them

We find Thb Canadian Hortictjl-
TURIST one of the best advertising
mediums published in Canada for our
goods. It reaches the most progres-
sive people in the land who are in-
terested in agricultural pursuits. You
may depend en our continuing to use
your columns for a good many years
in the future. — Brown Bros. Co., Nnr-

That the astute bu.siness men of the Do-
minion look to great development in the
future in this di.strict is evident from the
fact that two very large canneries have
been established in the county this year,
one in the town of Sarnia and the other at
Petrolia, having a capacity of about 2,000
acres of crops each. The production of vege-
table crops by this means has been given a
great impetus. In the region around Sar-
nia and north of Thedford, some of the very
finest land in Ontario is being developed
into celery and other vegetable gardening
crops. The tomato crop has increasea aooui
700 acres, while cane berries and straw-
berries are being planted extensively to
supply the demand for the canning fac-
tories.

A GENERAL DEVEIX)PMENT

It will be seen that the development is
along very general lines. The co«n»y, m a
few years, \\'\\\ be producing not one class
of fruit only, but practically all of the
valuable fruits and vegetables grown in
Canada. This must mean that this county
will have a great advantage over many sec-
tions that are specializing in only one or
two branches, in that in case of failure in
a single crop or possibly two crops the
others will be left to insure something for
sale each year. The importance of this
fact can scarcely be over estimated.

When we consider that geographically this
fruit district is situated on the southern
shores of the great body of water of Lake
Huron and somewhat south of the Niagara
fruit belt, and is climatically on a par with
it, we may look forward with confidence to
the successful and rapid development of this
new district. As yet it is in its infancy.
The new plantations, considerable though
they are, are almost swallowed up m the
stretches of fertile country yet awaiting the
investor. Opportunity and success awaits
the intelligent investor and worker in this
region.

August 1 91 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

201

Still More Points
for the Few Who
Have Not Gone
Thoroughly Into
U-Bar Greenhouse
Construction

Last month our chat was particularly about the way
these houses are bound to outlast others, because of no
joints at the eaves, and the complete protection from de-
cay of the wood in the steel encased U-Bar, but we
stopped talking just as we were about to mention the
question of heat.

They are easy houses to heat, because of the abso-
lute tightness of their construction. They keep the
weather out and the heat in. Heat leakage means money
leakage. The U-Bar is the lightest, strongest, tightest
house built.

Send for catalogue.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

PIERSON U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE, NEW YORK.

OlNADIAN OFFICt, lO PHILLIPS PLACE. MONTREAl

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES, FRUIT GROWERS AND
GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST., TORONTO

Telephone* : Main 284 1 Residence Park 95 I

Mention The Canadian Horticulturiat wlien writing

SPECIAL GLASS

FOR GREENHOUSES

CanMrratoriM of The Dale EMate, Brampton. Ont.
Glaae (uppliad by our Toronto Braach

GOOD QUALITY. FLAT. EVEN
THICKNESS. AND WELL CUT

We make a specialty of supplying
Glass for vegetable forcing houses

PILXINGTON BROS.

Limited

Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing

202

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Auj>'USt, l-y M

USE FOSTER'S POTS

"•C BEST K^"'
'OSTtfS j

POT

rHEY ARE THE BEST ON THE MARKET

WE MANUKACrrUKB

STANDARD POTS

PERN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanging BASKETS

SAUCERS AND
STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading Pot
Manufactarers

The FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited

Main St. West. Hamilton, Ont.

EstablliKciJ IWO LoD( DlitHU Telephone M 3102

H. J. ASH

(Member Toronto'Board of Trade)

WHOLESALE
FRUIT MERCHANT

44 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

SPECIJtLTY: Fancy Home Grown
Fruit and Vegetables

SKNI) I'OIi STAMP AND I>AU

i^ Ihe First Step In
|# Scientific Farming Is
|[^ An I HC Manure Spreader

You will never get the most out of your sofl until it is properly
fertilized. And it will never be properly fertilized until you
use a good manure spreader, because the use of a spreader
will enable you to overcome the practice of spreading on one acre
what should be used on two. Why delay the profits that are right-
fully yours? Why not look into this manure spreader proposition
at once? Learn the many reasons why thousands of other progressive
farmers are having such great success with 1 H C Manure Spreaders.
When you examine one of these spreaders, note the extreme sim-
plicity and great strength of the working parts; note that the beater
driving gear is held in a single casting, thus there is no binding nor
cutting of parts caused by the gearing springing out of alignment.
Notice the roller bearing support for the apron which reduces the draft
of the machine; operate the convenient levers; notice how quickly and
easily the feed changing device can be shifted, and the wide range of
adjustment.

Corn King Cloverleaf

Each of these famous I H C Spreaders is sim-
ple, strong, and durable in every part. Each is
instantly adjustable to spread light or heavy as
your judgment tells you is best for the soil.
Whether you have a large or small farm, or
whether you want a spreader for orchard use — •
there is an I H C that will suit your requirements.

Why not see the I H C local agent at once?
Let him tell you why I H C Spreaders are so re-
markably successful. Get catalogues from him , or,
if you prefer, write nearest branch house for any
information you desire.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-InternaHonal Harrett r Companr of America
at Brandon. Calgary. EdmootoD. Hamilloa, Lethbridge, LondoD, Montreal,
North Battleford, Ottawa, Regiaa, Saskatoon, St. John. Weyburn, Winni-
peg. Yorkton.

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COIHPANV OF AlWERICA

Chicago (Incorporated) USA

IHC

Service Bureau

The Bureau is a
clearing: house of
agricultural data.
It aims to learn
the best ways of
doing- things on
the farm, and then
distribute the in-
formation. Your
individual experi-
ence may help
others. Send your
problems to the
IHC Service Bu-
reau.

CORN i KING

N« 3 ' I PATENTtD

•!S'

mi

f-mi^

Last Year's Peach Shipments

Thb Canadian- Horticulturist is in ro-
ceipt of Bulletin 27, of the Dairy and Cold
Storage Series, issued by the Dominion De-
partment of Agriculture, entitled " Trial
Shipments of Peach<>.s in 1910." It is by .7.
A. Ruddick and W. W. Moore. This biillr-
tin gives complete information about t!)'
peaches shinped to the Briti.sh market la'
Reason, with an addenda dealing with tip
South African export peach trade. Amon;
tho general conclusions given in the bulle-
tin are the following :

That Canadian peaches can be delivered
in Great Britain in good marketable condi-
tion, provided proper care is exercised in
preparing them for shipment.

That onlv pearhes of good quality, of
large size, and with a touch of color should
be shipped.

That every detail of packing must Le at-
tended to with scru|)ulous care.

That if peaches can be pre-cooled befort^
shipping they may be picked in a more
mature condition, which would add to their
flavor, size and appearance.

That shipment by fast freight in a well
iced and nr'-nerly loaded refrigerator car i
better than by express.

That in the ocean steamers any tempera-
ture between 3-5 and 40 degrees will carry
tho peaches safely if they have been de-
livered to the steamship in right condition.

That it is important to have the tempera-
ture gradually raised to about 55 degrees
during the last thirty-six hours the fruit i
in the shin's refrigerator so that when i
is landed there will be no condensation oi
moisture from the warmer outside air.

That it would be an advantage if during
the next few years all the Canadian peaches
shipped could be sold bv one broker in each
of the principal markets so that undue
competition might be avoided.

That only a comparatively small qnantitv
of our peaches can be disponed of in Great
Britain at the prices realized for our ship-
ments the past season, and that if our
growers desire an outlet for a considerable
quantity a much lower price will have to be
accepted, and finally.

That the number of growers who are in a
position to successfully cater to this export
trade is limited, and that if it is gone into
by the average grower, or shipper, following
the average slipshod methods, nothing but
disaft'>r may be anticipated.

The renorts show that the shipments of
South .\frican peaches which reach the
British market at a different season, have
increased from 7.612 cases in 1906 to 23,646
ca.ses in 1910. The estimated average cost
of shipping South African peaches, includ-
ing the co.st of packing material, freight
and the London charges, is forty-eight cen;
a case with an average price obtained oi
one dollar and forty-four cents a case.

Items of Interest

A correspondent of T-te Canadian Horti-
culturist, R. R. Sloan, of Porter's Hill,
reports that the fruit crop prosoects in
Huron county, Ontario, are that there wiU
not be a heavy crop of apples this fall, as
the blight that affected the trees last year
has not expended its full effect. Baldwins
made hardly any showing. Spies had less
than one-third of a normal bloom. Kings,
Greenings and early fall apples, pears,
plums, and cherries made a good showing.
There has been more activity in orchardingj
in the county this year than ever before.

Mr. J AfaoPherson Ross, of Toronto, wBO '
has frequently contributed with accep1>ance
to the columns of The Canaomn Horticul-
turist, announces that he is open for en-
gagement as a landscape gardener.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

203

APPLE BARRELS

AV/E can furnish you with
Staves, Hoops and
Heading of the Be^ Quality
for making Barrels, or arrange
with our cooper friends to
supply you w^ith the Barrels
ready for Packing. ^AU our
^ock is ^andard grade, war-
ranted up to the requirements
of the Fruit Department.

The Sutherland. -Innes Co.

===== LIMITED =

CHATHAM,

ONTARIO

R. & W. Davidson

LIMIT

9 Virginia St., GLASGOW

LIMITED

Principal Branches :

49 Tooley St., London, S.E.
19 Mathew St., Liverpool

Also at :

MANCHESTER, LEEDS, BIRMING-
HAM, BRISTOL, NEWCASTLE-ON-
TYNE, and LEITH

Consignments of Canadian Apples, selected
winter varieties, in boxes, distributed direct to
buyers — not auctioned

Correspondence Invited

Make More Dollars

From Your Apple Orchard

Everything in connection with the growing of apples, from the
planting of the tree to the harvesting and selling of the fruit is
covered in the new book.

THE CANADIAN APPLE GROWERS' GUIDE

By L. Woolverton, M. A.

The information in this book is invaluable to every person
who has an apple orchard. It will give you just such information
as will help you to make your apple orchard produce more dollars
for you. It is a Canadian book and deals with Oanaxlian condi-
tions. Below is a brief review of its contents.

Part 1.— A Complete Guide to the Planting, Culture, Harvesting
and Marketing of Apples.

Part 2.— Descriptions of Varieties of Apples, which are grown in
the various Provinces of the Dominion of Canada, made by the
author from personal study of both the trees and the fruit
with full size photogravures of the fruits themselves made under
his personal supervision.

Part 3.— Varieties of Apples recommended for Planting in the
various sections of the dilTerent Provinces of the Dominion.

The price is $2.00.

We make a special offer of the book and a year's subscription
to The Canadian Horticulturist.

Both For $2.00

Kither new or renewal subscriptions. Write now while this
offer is open .

The Canadian Horticulturist

PETEHBORO, - - ONTARIO

BASKETS

Wc are Headquarters for
all kinds of Splint Baskets

Veneer supplied for the protection of trees from mice
during winter

FRUIT PACKAGES A SPECIALITY
SEND FOR OUR PRICES

The Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont.

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writlHC

204

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191 1

9 GOLD MEDALS IN 2 YEARS FOR

DELPHINIUMS

Largost collection in Europe, 100,000 plants ready
to sell. Seed 25c per pkt. ListH free.

PERRY'S HARDY PLANT FARM

Enlleld, Middlesex, England

PLANET JR. POTATO DIOQERS Kave time
liibor, money- andlaBt a. lifeliiiie Write to-day.
for mil cjitalogue free.

8. L. ALLEN & CO.,
Box 1106 Q., Philadolphia, Pa.

N CANADIAN r
ATIONAL t

XHIBITION

TORONTO

AUG. 26th to SEPT. 11th, 1911
$60,000 in Prizes

For Products of the Farm the
Garden and the Home

LIBERAL PHIZES FOR ALL
CLASSES 0/ HORTICULTURE

AUWfMES^CloiE AUGTiS

For Price Lists and Information, write

J. O. ORR, Exhibition Office

City Hall, Toronto

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $ 1 0,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,913,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5,775,000.00
Reserve Fund . 5,775.000.00

D. R. WILKIE, Franldant
HON. B. JArVBAT, Vloe-Prmtd«Bt

Branohoa and Asencias throughout
tha Dontlnion of Canada

Drafts, Monar Ordars and lj»H»n of Cradit

iMued availabla ia any part of the world

Spaoial attantion (iTan ta collactioiu

Savinss Papartmant — Interest allowed on ds.
posits from date of deposit.

RELIABLE

ENGINES

I=OR THE I=KR7V^

4

From 1|^ Horse
Power Up,

^

For Gasoline,
Gas, Kerosene
or AlcohoL

Jump Spark System op Ignition — Simple — Effective.
The Water Jacket, Cylinder, Valve Chamber and Main Frame
are four entirely separate castings.

The Cylinder Head is cast solid with the Cylinder — no packing

to blow out — no ground joints to leak.
Speed Changed at will while engine is in operation.
The Governor is of the hit and miss type — the most economical

known.

The Pistons and Cylinders are made of the very hardest iron
and are ground to a perfect fit — each piston being ground to
fit the cylinder into which it is to go.

The Patent Seager Mixer ensures a perfect mixture of gaso-
line and air, and works without a gasoline pump.

The Bearings are large, well oiled and lined with genuine anti-
friction babbit metal.

The olds combines simplicity and quality in every detail of
its construction.

MASSEY'HARRIS CO.. Lid.,

SOLE AGENTS FOR CANADA.

Toronto, Montreal, Moncton, Wumipeg, Calgary,

Saskatoon, Regina, Edmonton.

POULTRY DEPT.

Give, Green Feed

Chickens running ott grass should b«
given plenty of finely chopped vegetabl<
matter between other meals. Fine lawt
mowings, onion tops, lettuce and cabbagt
leaves, thinnings trom the seedling beds,
or any other garden produce that is frosli
and wholesome is good for chickens ant
they should have all they will eat.

A common cause of constipation in chicks
is traceable to indigestion brought about
through lack of grit. Unless the food fed
to chicks is, by the aid of grit, properlj
dealt with in the gizzard, a great strain is
put upon the other digestive organs, with
the result that they become debilitated,
and, consequently, the bowels become loaded
with unassimilated matter. Not only should
the chicks have a constant supply of fin«
grit, but they should have a little finely
powdered charcoal added to their soft food
occasionally to sweeten their crops and tone
up their digestive systems. A sprinkling
of sulphur also will have a beneficial eftect
upon the liver, and assist the bowels to
properly perform their functions.

Chickens failing to feather up properly
often cause anxiety to the attendant. Such
a condition is traceable either to low vi-
tality, inject pests, or lack of animal mat-
ter in the rations. Such chickens as fail to
produce feather should be examined for
lice, and if they are found to be free from
these pests they should be given a liberal
allowance of milk and a little sulphur in
their soft food. A little linseed meal in
the food will also do good, as will also a
daily allowance of well cooked and finely
chopped lean meat. Finely chopped cab-
bage is a good feather producer, and this
should be fed as much as the chicks will
eat. — The Poultry Advocate.

Fruit Investigation

The Minister of Agriculture has author-
ized a special inquiry to be made into the
fruit growing industry of Canada, under
the direction of Mr. J. A. Ruddick, Dairy
and Cold Storage Commissioner. The well-
known fruit grower, Mr. W. H. Bunting,
of St. Catherines, Ontario, has been en-
gaged to conduct the inquiry, and it is safe
to say that no man in Canada is better
equipped to undertake this important work.
The officers of the fruit division will coUab.
orate with Mr. Bunting in this work, as
far as their other duties will permit them
to do so. He will be assisted also by local
officials of the different provinces and dis-
tricts. The report, which should be a very
valuable one, will be available for the Do-
minion Conference of Fruit Growers, that
is to be held at Ottawa some time next
winter. The investigation will be conducted
with a view of securing some reliable data
respecting :

1. Area and extent of land adapted to
fruit growing in the various provinces.

2. Varieties of fruits which have been
found to be most profitable and successful
in the several provinces or subdivisions of
the same.

3. General trend of the industry towards
concentrating the production of large quan-
tities of standard varieties.

4. Difficulties which are likely to be en-
countered.

5. Methods of production.

6. Facilities of distribution and market-
ing.

August, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

7. Possibilities of over production, and
other similar information.

Mr. Bunting has commenced work in the
Maritime Provinces, accompanied by his
secretary . It is expected that it will re-
quire three or four months to complete the
inquiry.

Fruit Crop Prospects

The improved weather conditions and
rains during July have improved the crop
outlook generally throughout Canada. Not
for many years has there been so little
fungous disease reported by orchardists in
Eastern Canada. In Nova Scotia it is ex-
pected that the crop will be the cleanest
ever harvested. In Ontario and Quebec
nlso there is an unusual freedom from
fungous diseases.

Pears will be a light crop everywhere.
Plums promise a fair to medium crop in
Ontario and Nova Scotia and in Prince
Edward Island. On Vancouver Island and
ill the lower mainlands of British Columbia,

plun:s and prunes will be only about 20 per
cent, of a normal crop. In the dry belt of
British Cf'^ambia a 40 to 50 per cent, crop
is expected. Plums dropped in Ontario
quite heavily during the early part of July,
c:iusing quite a shrinkage in the crop, but
later the weather conditions improved and
improved the prospects.

Early and late peaches will be a good
crop. The quality will be good as a whole.
Grapes promise a medium to full crop in
the counties north of Lake Erie and a light
to medium crop throughout the rest of west-
ern Ontario.

APPLE PROSPECTS

The prospects for apples have diminished
slightly during July, except in British Col-
umbia, where they rather improved. It is
now estimated that shipments from British
Columbia will be 85 per" cent, of last year's
crop, which was very heavy. Nova Scotia
expects the greatest crop on record, due in
part to an increased acreage, but also to a
heavy yield.

SANITARY. ARTISTIC and FIREPROOr i> th« verdict
of the critic concerning

Metallic Ceilings and Walls

and they are moderately priced and so easily laid. A splendid

••ir,t<aii<,c.iling, and WM, ar*. range of new and standard

grtcuprotectumaiaimtfire-altodomvay designs tO •elect from.

wOA the dutt andfallingHtt of plaittr.' -vrrUe tu for artistic booklet t«U

—The PhUotopher o/Mttal 'I own. jng ^11 about them. Phone Park. «oo.

MANUFACTUREIIS

Agents wanted in some secfons. Write for particulars.

In the counties bordering Lake Erie early
and fall apples promise an average crop.
Throughout the rest of western Ontario,
winter varieties will be short, early varie-
ties light to medium. A light to medium
crop is expected in the counties along Lake
Ontario. In the St. Lawrence Valley early
and fall apples will be a fair crop.

A full crop of early apples is expected in
New Brunswick and northeastern Quebec,
and a medium to full crop of fall and win-
ter apples. A medium to full crop of practi.
cally all varieties is expected throughout
Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

FOREIGN REPORTS

The early promise of abundant crops in
Great Britain will not be fulfilled, as the
crop will only be fair to medium. In New
York State winter apples will be 55 to 60
per cent, of a full crop. Dry weather has
lessened the apple crop in Arkansas, but the
best orchards will bear heavily. A fair crop
is expected in Maryland and Kansas and a
Kood crop in Oregon. — (Extracted from Do-
minion Fruit Crop Bulletin for July.)

Standard Baskets

The Dominion Fruit Division states that
it has received reports that some of the bas-
ket manufacturers are turning out baskets
under the standard capacity of eleven or
six quarts, and they claim that they are
importuned to do so by certain growers who
think that they can sell these small bas-
kets of fruit for as much money as the full
sized basket, even though it may, in com-
pliance with the law, be marked ten quarts
or five quarts as the case may be. The
object aimed at in the law which fixed the
dimensions and capacity of fruit baskets,
was to provide a standard package so that
the honest grower should not be placed at
a disadvantage by those less scrupulous in

of the St, Catharines Horticultura
Society at St. Catharines, Ontario,
TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY

AMATEUR EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS

Second Competition of Horticul-
tural Societies for valuable Silver
Cup.

IN THE DOMINION

Intending visitors 10 tue Canadian National Exhibition having availed themselves of single fare, from
oil points to Toronto, may also visit this exhibition by taking the new Steamer Oalhouaie City, of the
Niagacw, St. Catharine* and Toronto line, at 11 o'clock a. in. or steamer Garden City at 2 o clock p. in.,
Tuesday and Wednesday, att'ording ample opportunity to see this now widely known Floral Exhibition
and return ihe same evening.

Horticultural Society Competition for Valuable Sterling Silver C<ip

(Donated by The St. Catharines Horticultural Society.)
Under conditions adopted by The Ontario Horticultural Association, revised at

Annual Convention, 1910.
Exhibits to comprise the following::

ASTERS: 50 blooms, 5 vases.
GLADIOLI: 50 spikes, 10 vases.
HYDRANGEA: 3 spikes, 1 vase.
STOCKS: 12 spikes, 3 vases.
PHLOX DRUMMONDi: 50 stalks,

vases.
GERANIUMS: 20 blooms, 4 vases.

PANSIES; 24 blooms.

SWEET PEAS: 100 blooms, 10 varieties.

DAHLIAS: 12 Show, 12 Decorative, 12
Cactus,

ANTIRRHINUM: 12 spikes, 6 varieties.

PERENNIAL PHLOX: 6 spikes in var-
iety.

W. B. UllUiOY.Nl;, I'rcsident.

Exhibits must be comprised of contributions from the (?ardens of amateur mem-
bers of the Society making- the entry, and must be .set up by an amateur.

JUDGING

VARIETY: Best to count for 40% of total number of points.

QUALITY: Best to count for 40% of total number of points.

ARRANGEMENT: Best to count for 20% of total number of points.

Vases will be provided. Cup to become the property of the first Society winninff
it twice. Present standing of this competition : 1910— Won by the Toronto Horti-
cultural Society. ....„• .. .u .u c. r- .u

Open to all Horticultural Societies in the Province, other than the St. Cathar-
ines Society. Notice of Entry should be given to the Secretary by August 22nd, 1911.

C. A. HESSON, Treasurer. MISS. !,. A. RADCI.IFF, Secreta.ry.

VI

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1911

HOT
l!f HOUSE
HEATING

Now is the time to equip your
hot house for winter heating.
The "Sovereign" hot water boiler
will give you the best satisfaction
— more reliable — more economi-
cal. Write us for our Catalogue
and Booklets.

TAYLOR-FORBES

COMPANY, Limited

GUELPH, CANADA

FOR SALE AND WANTED

Advertisements in this department in-
serted at rate of two cents a word for each
Insertion, each figure, sign or single letter
to count as one word, minimun cost, 25
cents, strictly cash in advance.

READ BEZZO'S Import Bulb Advertisement on
Page 199.

WARDWOOD ASHES— Best Fertilizer In use.—
Cteorge Btevene, Peterborough, Ont.

PIPB FOR SALE AH size^ for steam, hot water
heating, posts, green house construction work,
etc., very cheap. Send for price list stating
your needs.— Imperial Waste and Metal Co.,
7 Queen Street, Montreal.

GARDENS AND PARKS. Charles Ernest Wool-
verton, expert landscape designer. Parks and
pleasure grounds made by contract or day
work. Gardeners furnished. Phone 22, ring 12.
Grimsby, Ont.

FARMS FOR SALE

FRUIT FARMS sold and eichanged. List with
UB for quick sale. See us if you are thinking
of buying a fruit farm.— F. J. Watson & Co..
1275 Qneen Street W.. Toronto, Ont.

.NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.-BefoPe

buying, it will pay yon to consult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvin
Gayman St. Catharines.

ASK DAWSON. He knows.

IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me.

IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me.

I HAVE some of the best Fruit, Stock, Grain
and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices.

H. W. DAWSON, Ninety Oolborne Street, Toronto.

SALMON ARM, Shnswap Lake. B.C. has the
finest fruit and dairy land in B.C. No irriga-
tion neoessary mild winters, moderate sum-
mers, no blizzards, or high winds; deUghtful
olimat«; enormoQS yields of fruit, vegetables
Bind hay; good fishing; fine boating amidst the
most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm
fruit has ralized 25 oenta per box more than
othsr fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderate,
and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock,
Salmon Arm, B.C.

IF YOU WOULD LIKE to purchase a site for
a home and fruit farm on Kood, suitable soil
situated in the most favorable and dependable
climate In Canada, get Louth-Clinton Peach
Area free information and ground floor prices
for properties in the coming locality for most
profitable fruit growing. Don't miss present
bargain*— forty thousand mansion and farm
for only thirty thousand, a fifty acres for ten
thousand; others large and small. Enquire
about them. State what you want. W. H.
Brand, Jordan Station. Ont.

You can depend on it for positive re-
sults, without fear of failure or dissat-
isfaction.

It destroys green, black and white fly,
red spider, thrip, mealy bug, brown
and white scale without the slightest
injury to the tenderest flower or fol-

iage.

FUNGI NE

An infallible remedy for mildew, rusi
and other fungous diseases. A clean,
safe and easily applied spraying mater-
ial, particularly adapted for the green-
house. FOR SALE BY

Dupuy 81 Ferguson

38 Jacqaei-Carticr Sqasre, MONTREAL, Can.
Send for Descriptive Circular.
Mtnnfactared hj APHINE MANUFACTURING
CO., Madi.o», N. J., U. S. A.

J. D. McGregor & CO.

64 Waller Street Phone 3062

OTTAWA, ONT.

Fruit Brokers and Com-
mission Merchants

YOUR CONSIGNMENTS
^= SOLICITED ==

No quantity too great or small for
us to handle. We are a strictly Com-
mission House, and never have any
bought goods to put in competition
with your consignment. Shipping,
Stamps furnished or application.

References : Our Shippers all over
Western Ontario, The North Crown
Bank, Ottawa, or the Union Bank,
Grimsby, Ont.

Bank Money Orders or Cheques pay-
able at par mailed to all our Patrons
every Monday.

J. D. McGregor, manager

such matters, and that the consumer should
receivo fnir trfatment by all. The fact that
a basket may be marked ten quarts does not
convey much to the average consumer who
is not, as a rule, aware of the legal standard
size.

The fruit inspectors will watch this mat-
ter carefully and prosecutions will surely
follow if under-sized baskets are not marked
according to the provisions of the law. The
jniblic should be thoroughly educated in this
matter so that they may know when they
are being imposed upon. It is in the in-
terest of fruit growing that all baskets
should bo of the same .size.

The Toronto branch of the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association will hold its an-
nual excursion this year to Niagara Falls
via Lewiston on August 2nd.

Messrs. R. W. Bartmann and W. F.
Kydd, of the Ontario Department of Ag-
riculture, had charge of the large exhibit
of fruit made at the Winnipeg Exhibition
last month by the Ontario Government.
Cold storage apples were shown and ex-
hibits of fresh fruits such as cherries, cur-
rants, gooseberries and tomatoes, shipments
of which were received daily. The exhibit
was a creditable one.

Renew your subscription now.

It Works Like a Kodak

The 2^ Brownie

For Pictures 2k x 4J inches

DETAIL — Meniscus Achroma-
tic lens, Eastman Rotary Shutter,
with set of three stops, for snap-
shots or time exposures. Two
finders. Loads in daylight with
Kodak Film Cartridges. Covered
with fine imitation grain leather and
has full nickelled fittings.

QUALITY— Made in the Kodak
factory by Kodak workmen under
Kodak superintendence.

PRICE, $3.00.

Other Brownies $i. 00 to $12.00

CANADIAN KODAK CO.

LIMITED

TORONTO. CANADA

Catalogue free at the dealers or bymail

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

SEPTEMBER, 1911

No.

The Prc-Cooling of Fruit

J. A Ruddick, Ottawa, Ont., Dominion Fruit and Cold Storage Commissioner

TUl'^ iDenctirial results of pre-cool-
ing fruit, especially for long-dis-
tance shipment, are now so gener-
ally admitted I'.nd understood that very
little needs to be said on that point. For
early quick-ripening
apples and tender
fruits, the import-
ance of having the
temperature quickly
reduced after the
fruit is picked and
packed, cannot be
over - estimated. If
warm fruit is loaded
into an ordinary re-
frigerator car, it is
several days beiore
the temperature is brought down to the
minimum, no matter how much ice is
used. For that reason, the fruit must
be picked in a green condition and be-
fore it has reached its full quality, to
allow for the ripening in transit.

Even though the fruit may arrive at
its destination in a sound condition, the
quality will not be as good as it would
have been if it had been allowed to have
become more mature before picking.
Xo matter how green certain fruits may
be harvested, the distance which they

J. A. Roddick

can be sliipjied in iced cars without pre-
cooling is very limited, if they are to
arrive in perfect condition. Pre-cooling
increases the distance for safe shipment,
and thus extends the market enormously.

The term "pre-cooling" has been
somewhat erroneously applied almost ex-
ck'sively to the method worked out in
California for the cooling of loaded cars
of fruTt and vegetables. Strictly speak-
ing, pre-cooling includes any method of
cooling or chilling before shipment, and
while there are two or three large car
cooling plants in California, there are
some half-dozen smaller plants where the
pre-cooling is carried out in the packing
house. There is no difference in prin-
ciple, or in the results obtained, other
factors being equal, between car-cooling
and cooling in a warehouse, but cooling
in cars has some decided advantages
over the other method, where the condi-
tions permit of its being adopted, or the
volume of the shipments warrant the
necessary expenditure.

The pre-cooling of fruit in cars is car-
ried out in the following manner. As
soon as the cars are loaded, or at least
as soon as possible after loading, they
are brought to the refrigerating pl.mt
and connected to the svstem with flex-

ible ducts which provide for the passtpg
of a current of cold air through the car.
The duct which carries the inlet, or cold
blast, is attached to a false door which
exactly fits the open door of the car, as
is shown in the illustration on page 206.
The outlets, or suction ducts, are fitted
in the same manner into one of the
hatches of the ice bunker at each end of
the car. Fans are used on both, the
inlet and the returns to promote a rapid
Cj'rculation of the cold air. Canvas
baffles are hung temporarily in the car
to deflect the air current so as to force
it between the packages of fruit instead
of passing merelv over the surface.

The number of cars which may be
cooled simultaneously is limited only by
the capacity of the refrigerating plant
and the number of connections. The re-
frigeration required per car as equal to
about twelve tons of refrigeration for
twenty-four hours ; that is to say, if five
cars are to be cooled at once, and within
a reasonable limit of time, it would re-
quire a refrigerator plant of a capacity
of sixty tons of refrigeration in twenty-
four hours.

WHth sufficient refrigerating power,
cars should be well cooled in four or five
h"urs, including the time required for

A Large Pre-cooling Plant in California Where Twenty-four Car* Can Be Cooled at the Same Time

2o6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, i 91 i

connecting' and disconnecting the air
ducts, and filling the bunkers with ice
after cooling is finished. The California
plants use what is known as the "Inter-
mittent Vacuum System," which is
covered by Canadian patents. In this
system, there is an arrangement of
valves in the air ducts, the operation of
which is supposed to create a partial
vacuum in the car from time to time, but
the writer is of the opinion that a direct
current of cold air would be quite as
effective in cooling the fruit.

Pre-cooling in cars has the advantage
that it saves handling, and the fruit is
not exposed to changes of temperature,
as It is in being transferred from ware-
house to cars. With plenty of refriger-
atmg power, a low temperature can be
employed in car-cooling to extract the
heat rapidly from the fruit. It is quite
safe to employ temperatures below the
freezing point while the heat is still in
the fruit. A pre-cooled car will carry
very much farther without being re-
iced than one started with warm con-
tents.

The only difficulty in the way of adopt-
ing the pre-cooling of cars in Canada is
the cost of equipping the necessary
plants. This will be prohibitive except
in districts where there will be a large
number of cars to be cooled.

We must not forget that cold storage
Of pre-cooling will not do everything, or
remove all the difficulties met with in
long distance shipment of tender fruit,
or in long keeping of the hardier varie-
ties. There has been infinitely greater
waste caused by fungus and insect pests
than by lack of cold storage, and there
is much improvement yet to be made
through the exercise of greater care in
preventing injuries, such as skin punc-
tures and bruises.

Picking and Packing Pears

W. E. Beman, Newcastle, Ont.

BY way of making conversation, I
once said to a man with whom I
was talking: "How would you
go about picking and shipping a lot of
pears?

He looked at me in surprise for a
minute, then replied: "Why, I'd pick
them or shake them down; then I'd put
them into barrels, nail the head down
good and tight, and send them to the
nearest market. How else would any-
one do it " I laughed and changed the
subject, for I did not have time to go
into details just then ; but I thought that
he surely must be an Irishman, and only
accustomed to growing "apples of the
earth," as the French call potatoes.

There is no fruit which requires more
careful handling in every particular
than the pear. In the first place I al-
ways instruct my men how to pick, for
I have often seen the fruit pulled from
the branch and tossed into the basket.
This is almost as bad as the Irishman's
way of shaking the tree.

Pears should always be turned up, in-
stead of pulled off, and then laid care-
fully into the basket ; for a pear is much
easier bruised than an apple, and being
very juicy will start to rot much more
quickly.

WHEN TO PICK.

Perhaps one ot the most difficult
things in the handling of pears is to
know just when to pick them. It is
said that you can tell by turning a pear
up, and if it parts readily from the
branch it is ready to pick ; but I have
found that this is not always [correct,
for some varieties, if left 'until then,
would be too ripe for shipping. In
order to reach the market in good con-

Cooling a Car, Showing the Method of Attaching the Cold Air Blast to the Car

dition, a pear must be picked green.
This is especially true when shipping in
barrels, fbr pears ripen 'more quickly
in barrels than - in small ventilated
packages.

It would be very difficult to give an
infallible rule with regard to the cor-
rect time of picking pears. Some var-
ieties need to be picked much greener
than others. Experience is the best
teacher on that point. In our orchards we
judge a good many of the earlier varie-
ties by their changing from a dark green
to a lighter shade, but I know this is
a very indefinite rule, • and one would
hardly become an expert in one season.
Winter pears may be left on the tree
as long as there is no danger of frost.

BAEREIi PACKING

While picking is in progress, when
the baskets are full, they are emptied
into bushel boxes made of slats. It is
a good idea to plane off the sharp edges
of these slats before making the boxes
up in order to prevent the pears from
being cut by them.

.As soon as a load is ready, I draw it
into the packing house and unload it,
but I let the pears remain in the boxes
until they cool off. If pears are packed
as soon as they are picked, they will
sweat. This will cause them to ripen
far more quickly than they otherwise
would.

L.'iter, they are emptied on the table
'ind sorted into three grades. The di.Ter-
ent grades are then put into barrels,
boxes or baskets, according to the mar-
ket to which they are to be shipped. A
market where the fruit is all consumed
at home usually calls for the smaller
packages, while a market which re-
ships to smaller points generally prefers
the three-bushel barrel.

BARREL PICKING

In facing a barrel, pick out pears of
uniform size, avoiding extra large ones,
as these would spoil the appearance of
the barrel when opened. Starting at
the outside edge, lay the pear on its
side, with the stem pointing to the
centre, and continue in this way until
the barrel is faced. Empty the pears
in carefully out of the baskets, and
shake the barrel gently every few min-
utes. When heading up the barrel, do
not press as tightly as for apples. The
pear is a firmer fruit than the apple, and
will not give quite as much.

With regard to the grading of pears,
it is very important that each grade
should be as much as possible of uni-
form size, for if a few large ones are
■ put into a barrel marked No. i, it gives
the buyer the impression that the pears
are not a good sample, the large ones
making the others look smaller by com-
parison.

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

British Columbia Apple Packs

R. M. Winslow, Vucoarer, B.C., Proy. Horticnltaritt

The four accompanying illustrations
furnish an idea of a number of the most
common commercial packs of apples
used in British Columbia, which has be-
come noted for the high quality of its
boxed fruit. They are not intended to
show prize-winning or exhibition fruit,
but simply to illustrate the different
packs.

Illustration number one shows the
common three and a half tier packs. The
box on the left contains seventy-two
apples, packed two and two with
five apples in two longitudinal rows and
four in the other two. This pack is,
therefore, styled a two and two, four and
five, seventy-two. The centre pack is
exactly the same, but the longitudinal
rows are five and five. This gives eight
apples more to the box, making a total
of eighty. The pack is styled two and
two, five and five, eighty. In the pack
to the right, two of the rows have six
apples instead of five, giving an addi-
tional increase of eight apples, making
eighty-eight. This is the largest pack
styled three and a half tier.

The box to the right in illustration
number two is one size smaller than that
of the eighty-eight in number one. It
therefore contains ninety-six apples, run-
ning two and two, six and six. The
apples in the centre box are again one
size smaller, and run therefore two and
two, six and seven, containing one hun-
dred and four. The apples in the left
box run still one size smaller, with seven
in each longitudinal row. The pack is
therefore a two and two, seven and
seven, one hundred and twelve.

The box on the right, it will be noted,
shows a very neatly finished wrap, which
will open out, giving the best impres-
sion. The shiny appearance of the paper
[.results from putting the smooth side
outwards. This should always be done.
The two and two, seven and seven, one
hundred and twelve, is a usual and de-
Birable size in dry belt apples. The car-
load of Jonathans which won sweep-
ptakes at the National Apple Show in
■Vancouver was very largely this size.
The packs in figure two are all styled
pFour tier.

The packs on the right and left in
figure number three are the famous two
and three open packs, containing one
Nndred and thirteen and one hundred
Bnd twenty-five apples respectively.
rhese packs are displacing the straight
lour tier one hundred and twelve and
3ne hundred and twenty-eight to the box
pack throughout the entire west. They
contain practically the same number of
apples, and while some objection is
raised over their open appearance, this
IS not so serious with wrapped fruit as
with unwrapped, and the carrying

quality of the fruit is much superior.
Both of these two and three packs have

five layers of apples,
four tier because of

207

but they are styled
the number. That

nmon Three and a Half Tier Packs. -Fig. 1.

Variations of the Two and Two, Four Tier Packs.— Fig. 2.

Variations of the Famous Two and Three Open Pack.— Fig. 3.

208

THE CANADIAN HORTTCU I.TURIST

September, 191 1

Four of the Principal Four and a Half Tier Packs.— Fig. 4.

on the right is read as a two and three,
four and five, and that on the leli -is
two and three, five and five. The pack
in the middle is the smallest two and two
— two and two, seven and eight, one
hundred and twenty, being a size inter-
mediate between those on either side of
it. With very flat apples of the same
diameter, it is possible to pack a two
and two, eight and eight, one hundred
and twenty-eight, but this is very rare
in the Canadian box. All the apples in
figures two and three are rightly styled
four-tier, despite the fact that they run
both four and five tiers deep. This
makes the absurdity of designation by
tiers apparent. The general adoption ol
diagonal packs is hastening the day
when on all boxes will be marked the
number of apples they contain.

The two and three pack on the right
in illustration four is a five and six, and
runs one hundred and thirty-eight apples
to the box. It is the next step above
the one hundred and twenty-five in fig-
ure three. The second box from the right
is a two and three, six and six, which
has thirty apples on the top layer, and
therefore one hundred and fifty in the
box. The next one to the left is one size
smaller, it being a two and three, six
and .seven, containing one hundred and
sixty-three apples, while that on the ex-
treme left is a two and three, seven and
seven, running one hundred and seventy-
five. The.se are the principal four and
a half tier sizes. The two and three
pack, running seven and eight, contains
one hundred and eighty-eight, and the
two and three, eight and eight, contains
two hundred, the two and three, eight
and nme, two hundred and thirteen, and
the two and three, nine and nine, two

hundred and thirty-five. All packs one
hundred and eighty-eight and over are
styled five tier. All between one hurv-
dred and thirty-eight and one hundred
and seventy-five are four tier. All from
ninety-six to one hundred and twenty-
eight are four tier, and all from fifty-six
to eighty-eight are styled three and a
half tier, while fifty-four down to thirty-
six are three tier.

It will Ije noted that in the two and
two tier packs, there is a uniform in-
crease of eight apples per box, as the
sizes decrease. In the two and three
packs there is an increase in the number
of apples of twelve and thirteen alter-
nately. A study of these packs and the
comments on them will make plain thi
principle of the diagonal pack.

Commercial Box Packing

Uobert Thompson, Manager St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwrarding Co.

IN dealing with this subject I shall en-
deavor to do so from the commercial
standpoint. We read and hear a great
deal about the fact that in Ontario no
great quantity of our fruit is packed in
boxes . While this is true, there are rea-
sons to account for it, the main one be-
ing that our people in Ontario and (Que-
bec are not prepared to pay the extra
cost of packages and packing. Another
reason is that they get such large quan-
tities of the best fruit in baskets and

barrels that they do not require the boxes
except on rare occasions. The fruit
dealers as a rule do not encourage pack-
ing and shipping in boxes.

We must remember that western fruit
has to be transported long distances,
that it must be securely packed in strong
packages, and that it is of such a nature
as will stand longer delays. Ontario
tender fruits, on the contrary, have to
be placed in the consumer's hands in the

POQO
OOOO

OQPQ

QQOO
DOOO

The "Straight Pack." Figs. 1 and 2

These packs give 128 and 144 apples lo the pack

The "Offset" Pack. Figure 3

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

209

shortest possible time from the orchard.
Of course, in the case of pears and apples
this does not hold good.

For packing peaches in boxes the
four and a half by eleven by eighteen
inches is the standard size of box. The
peaches are wrapped and packed in two
tiers, the diagonal pack being the only
pack that should be used.

APPLE PACKS.

In packing apples there are three well
defined styles of pack used, viz., the

The "Diagonal" Pack. Figures 4 and 5

These figures represent 107 and 120 apples to
the box.

Straight pack, the offset, and the dia-
gonal. The straight pack should not be
considered a commercial pack. Every
apple is placed directly over another, and
there can be no give to the package with-
out more or less bruising. The apples
must be almost shaped alike to pack and
fill each row and tier. This pack is
shown in Figures one and two. The
apples can be placed either on their side
or on end.

The offset is shown in Figure three.
Any sized apple can be packed in one of

the many variations of this pack. Apples
carry well and it is a good commercial
pack for new beginners. The pack, how-
ever, that shows off the best and also
fcarries the fruit in as good shape as any
is the diagonal, as shown in Figures
four and five. The first layer is placed
as in Figure six and the second as in
Figure seven. Each apple rests on the
three below, and there is considerable
give without any bruising. These three
styles will allow of variations ranging
into the hundreds.

The straight packed box will hold the
least number of apples of a given size,
and the diagonal the largest number,
there being less space wasted. Figures
eight and nine will show how the dia-
gonal pack is started.

SECURING THE CROWN.

One important feature of a good pack
Is the crown or bulge in the centre, '"^iiis
is a bugbear for the beginner, as it is
difficult to make the end rows come flush
with the ends of the box, or slightly
above them, and yet have the centre
about an inch and a half higher. To
secure a proper crown it is often neces-
sary to turn part of the apples in the
middle layer, or layers, flatwise, if being
packed on cheek, or vice versa ; yet skil-
ful selection of the larger apples for the
centre will usually make this unneces-
sary.

In the case of very large apples it is
sometimes impossible to bring them low
enough at the ends. It then becomes
necessary to lay a cleat at each end under
the cover. Frequent resource to this,
however, is strong evidence of faulty
packing. A crown of an inch and a half
gives a bulge at top and bottom, when

the hand is placed upon them and an
attempt made to move them back and
forth there should be no perceptible
slackness. Yet If there is no bulge, an
otherwise perfect pack will soon become
slack from handling and shrinkage.

TWO ESSENTIALS

Two essentials of a perfect pack are
honesty and uniformity — that is, the

Start of the "Diagonal" Pack. Figs. 8 and 9

The diagram on the left shows the start of a
2-2 diagonal pack, and that on the right a
3-2 pack.

apples in the nilddle or bottom of a pack
should be just as good as those on top,
and all perfect.

In packing pears the offset pack is
the one usually adopted as shown in
Figure ten. The box that should be
used for wrapped pears is eight by eleven
by twenty inches. The boxes should be
made of one piece material and prefer-
ably of spruce or basswood, free from
knots, using coated nails, as these do
not draw out easily.

Pears should always be wrapped, as
they carry much better. The time con-
sumed in wrapping and packing the box
of pears illustrated, containing about
forty pounds net, will vary from eight
to fifteen minutes according to the size
of the pears and the skill of the packers.

A Fine "Commerciar' Pack pf Pears. Fig. 10

The "Diagonal" Pack. Figs. 6 and 7

The upper diagram (6) represents the first and
third layers, and the lower (7) the second and
lourth. This pack gives 88 apples to the box.

the cover is nailed on, of three-quarters
of an inch, which experience has shown
to be about right.

A greater bulge than three-quarters of
an inch means too severe a pressure on
the fruit; a less, too great danger of its
becoming slack. In a properly packed
box the apples in each layer should be
so snugly fitted into each place that when

To succeed in obtaining fancy prices,
the shipper must cater to special mark^'ts
and be prepared to give careful atten-
tion to sending out good fruit and al-
ways well packed. Too many of our
grow I > think that as long as the fru'i
Is placed in a box that it is packed. The
fruit in a poorly packed box would sell
better in baskets or barrels.

iid

THE CANADIAN HOUTICULt URIST

September, ici i

of packing in boxes over barrels or bas- over unwrapped in baskets or boxes fifty boxes for eight seasons, using as many

kets should not exceed in apples unwrap- per cent, to seventy-five per cent. — this as eleven thousand packages in one sea

ped twenty-five per cent, to forty per estimate includes cost of paper. son. The demand is increasing ana we

cent and in pears or peaches wrapped Our company has been packing in are getting belter returns each year.

NcAV BrunsM^ick' s Best Varieties Essentially Box Apples

A. G. Turney, Provincial Horticulturist, Fredericton, N. B.

NOW that the possibilities of apple
growing in New Brunswick are
being brought more prominently
before the public, and a new and increas-
ing interest in our apple lands is being
created, it is of in-
terest to note what
we expect to be
salient features in
the coming develop-
ment of the fruit in-
dustry in Canada.
Our hopes of build-
ing up a large and
profitable trade
must be based upon
the adoption of the
A. G. Taraij box as the most pro-

fitable and suitable method of marketing
the varieties in which we excel.

Our three leading varieties, as far as
the export trade is concerned, are the
Dudley, Fameuse and Mcintosh Red.
The edible and selling qualities of the
last two varieties need no comment.
With a projjer system of distribution,
hundreds of thousands of boxes of these
famous and essentially Candian apples
can be profitably grown in this province.
The Dudley is an apple as yet com-
paratively unknown outside of New
Brunswick. In that excellent work,
"The Apples of New York," it is de-
scribed as a seedling of the Oldenburg,
originating with J. W. Dudley, Aroos-
took County, Maine. .'\ few years ago 't
was introduced by a Rochester nursery
under the name of the North Star, and
it is commonly known under that name
in this province. It was afterwards

found that the name had previously been
given to another variety, and thereiore
the name Dudley Winter was retained
for it. This latter name is misleading,
as with us, even this far north, its limit
of season is the end of December or a
little later, and it is at its best from the
first of October to the middle of Nov-
ember.

Between two and three thousand trees
of Dudley are in bearing in the province
and have proved to be quite hardy,
vigorous growers and early and heavy
bearers of medium to large fruits, prac-
tically immune to scab and most attrac-
tively striped and splashed with bright
carmine and covered with light bloom.
The flavor and eating quality is very
good, and as an October and early Nov-
ember apple on the English market the
Dudley should prove a big success and
create a large demand. Hardly any
trees of this variety are to be had from
the nurseries to-day. As, however, every
apple grower in the province is asking
for them and enquiries have been receiv-
ed by the Department of Agriculture
alone for over 10,000 trees, the nui .ser-
ies are now making preparations to meet
the demand. It is reported that m sv^me
sections of Nova Scotia the Dudley is
replacing the Gravenstein.

EAELY VARIETIES

Many people are inclined to ignore the
earlier season apples, pointing out that
their perishability and poorer selling
value do not class them with the winter
varieties as money-makers . We must,
however, consider that a variety like the
Duchess or the Wealthy can be produc-

ed for sixty or seventy per cent, of the
cost of some of the winter varieties, and
surely this cojit of production is as power-
ful a factor as the selling price in de-
termining which varieties are most pro-
fitable.

The experience of the past few year-
entitles the earlier varieties to more at-
tention. In New Brunswick I believe
that their production for the European
market will bring us, acre for acre, jusi
as large: if not larger profits than the
winter varieties are producing elsewhere.
Since Red Astrachan and Duchess apples
sold last autumn in Winnipeg for two
dollars twenty-five cents to two dollars
fifty cents a box, which is equivalent to
one dollar twenty-five cents or one dollar
fifty cents f.o.b. St. Catharines to the
grower, and Number Two Duchess sold
at five dollars a barrel, we may well con-
sider that with our all-water transporta-
tion Irom orchard to consumer and our
pre-cooling facilities in St. John there
may yet be many thousands of dollars
brought in here in exchange for New
Brunswick grown Duchess and Wealthy.

Ribston Pippin grows to perfection in
the best apple sections, preferably top
worked on some other stock, and may
be WTorth growing extensively for the
export box trade. Bethel, a winter apple
of very fair quality and exceedingly at-
tractive appearance, is finding favor here
and may also prove useful for export.
For the local trade, in addition to the
varieties already mentioned, are the
Bishop Pippin and the Alexander.

It will be seen that our best varieties
are essentially box apples. The adoption

Sample of New Brunswick Applei

A Prize-winning Plate of Monster Bishop Pippins, at the Apple Show held in St

Ayerage Size Blue Pearman Apple in Front.

Notice the Yard Measure.

John, N.

B., November, 1910

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTlCULTURISt

ill

The Orckud of Joseph GilberUon, Simcoe, Ont., which l«<t year produced tome 800 bblt. of 85 to 90 7o No.il Applet. The Applet ore Graded asd Packed io the Orchard

I

I

of the box as the apple package for New
Brunswick will be easier, I expect, than
it is proving to be in some other sections.
We have never really got into the barrel
trade, and consequently will have no
prejudices of custom to overcome. vAir
newer plantings are being made with
the full expectation of marketing their
products in boxes. By the time these
new commercial orchards are in bearing,
it is more than probable that the box
package will have gained steadily in
favor and the tendency to use the barrel
be correspondingly lessened.

The packs used most in boxing the
apples for the last year's exhibition were
the two and two and three and two dia-
gonal face, the straight, and the two and
two and three and two diagonal side
pack, all but the latter being shown on
the cover of this issue of The Canadian
HoRTiciLTURiST. I think that with the
proper growing and thinning of the fruit
on the trees, followed by careful grading
we shall find that most of our apples will
lend themselves to some form or other
of the diagonal pack.

In conclusion, I would like to quote
the opinion of Prof. J. W. Crow, of the
Ontario Agricultural College, wno, aitcr
attending our apple show last year, said
in part in the December issue, igio, of
The Canadian Hortici-i.tukist: ''A
most striking feature was the lemuiK-
ably high color of the fruit. If the fruit
exhibited at St. John is a fair sample of
what New Brunswick can grow, it is
safe (o say that Ontario comes in second
in the matter of color. Of course it must
be borne in mind that the varieties prin-
cipally grown in New Brunswick are the
highly colored fruits, but even in these
varieties New Brunswick fruit would
compare very favorably with anything
produced in Ontario." The exceedingly

high color and natural beauty of appear- greatly enhance their value as box
ance of our most successful varieties apples.

Harvesting and Marketing the Apple Crop

p. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Toronto

A great awakening has taken place
among the fruit growers of Ontario
along the line of the better care of or-
chards. Many now realize, after an ex-
perience covering nearly half a century,
that the methods of both growing and
handling their fruit have been faulty in
the extreme. Not until this late day,
however, has it dawned upon them that
the fruit industry of Ontario is really
the business of the growers after all .
As a result of the pronounced movement
that is taking place in general orchard
management, there will be a vast im-
provement in the quality of the fruit
hereafter packed. A few suggestions,
therefore, along the line of the proper
harvesting and packing of the grown
product should be timely. A large pro-
portion of the fruit is in the hands of
cooperative asociations. Growers are
interested, therefore, in picking their
own fruit, and hence the necessity of a
little schooling along that line.

PICKING FROM THE TREES.
The part of the work most objection-
able to the grower is the picking ot the
fruit. This objection could be overcome
to a large extent if the proper facilities
for doing the work were at hand, Huch
as good ladders and baskets. In the
past this work was done entirely by the
outside dealer, and the grower not only
did not assist in the work, but in many
cases did not even visit the orchard'
where the packing was being done. This
has helped to cause the distaste for the
work.

The proper ladder calls for two re-
quirements, strength and lighitness.
There are many makes on the market,
including some good ones . Perhaps the
most popular, in sections where apples
are largely grown, is the split cedar.
The ladders should be painted and kept
under cover when not in use.

There are a number of different styles
of baskets, but it is generally conceded
that the half oval wicker basket, with
solid handles, is the best all round bas-
ket. The picking bag is used in some
sections. It is the most rapid method
of gathering the fruit, but it has the
fault that it bruises the more tender var-
ieties, unless great care is taken by
the operator.

PACKING.

Where central packing houses are not
used, and where the packing is done by
the growers or travelling gang, much
the better way is to pack in boxes or
crates. Later, remove these to some
building, and there re-pack and finish
for shipment. I hope that the tmie is
not far distant when every orchard of
any importance will have in or near it
a good-sized building (a cheap one will
answer the purpose) where the fruit can
be taken and properly packed in dry,
clean packages. This method has the
advantage of allowing the fruit to cool
off before it is packed. Besides being a
storage tor empty packages and picking
and for packing utensils, such a build-
ing can be utilized for other purposes.

Perhaps the greatest abuse in the art

212

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

A BritUh Columbia Packing Hou.e, The Farmer.' Exchange, Kelowna, B.C. -Notice the Chinese Packer, on the Right.

of apple packing is that of over-tilling.
It has taken us years to discover that
perhaps seventy-five per cent, of our
apples have been damaged more or less
by over-pressing. The exporters having
the fear of "slacks" before them, hoped
to meet the trouble by heaping up the
fruit in the barrels and then crushing
it down, until in many cases every speci-
men in the barrel was either split open
or bruised out of shape. This method of
packing makes the worst form of slacks.
The west is now taking a large per-
centage of our Ontario apples, and the
dealers are crying out against bruised
apples. It will be hard for the export
packers to get away from their old
habits, but the trade is now demanding
it. If the fruit in the barrel is well
settled down by thorough shaking and
filled level with the top of the barrel, or
even a little lower, it will carry safely
to any market where our apples are
offered for sale.

Over-filling should also be avoided in
box packing. A bulge of from one-half
to three-quarters of an inch is quite
enough for a box of apples. Solid fill-
ing in box packing is the first require-
ment, so that there will be no falling-in
of the face apples when the box is
opened.

QUALITY OF PACKAGES.

Growers should never endeavor to
make a saving by buying poor packages.
It does not pay. Fancy fruit never looks
fancy in a dirty old barrel or box ; a
good, well-made, clean package is to
the fruit what good harness is to the
horse or a good suit of clothes to the
man.

Nova Scotia Growers Improve Their Methods

G. H. Vroom, Dominion Fruit

A GREAT improvement has taken
place during the past twenty years
in the fruit industry in the little
but noted fruit-growing province of
Nova Scotia, down by the eastern sea.
The annual output
of apples has in-
creased from less
than fifty thousand
to over eight hun-
dred thousand bar-
rels. This increase
is attributed by most
people to the in-
creased acreage of
mature or beai ing
trees. This is only
G.H. Vream. partially the case.

Improved methods of care and cultiva-
tion must be taken into consideration.
There are orchards in Nova Scotia, pro-
ducing large crops of choice appi>.;s,
which were thought worthless, or nearly
so, twenty years ago. This has been
brought about by careful and proper
pruning, thorough spraying, and intelli-
gent cultivation. Thus while many thou-
sands of young trees have been planted
and have come into bearing, it is not
fair to say that the whole increase in pro-
duct is due to young trees alone.

Spraying is practised in a great ma-
jority of the orchards. There still re-
main a few who do not believe in spray-
ing, but their number is rapidly growing
less. Every year sees new converts to
spraying.

Lime and sulphur was the spray most

Inspector, Middleton, N. S.

generally used in the Annapolis Valley
this year. It proved fairly satisfactory.
Bordeaux has been in general use for
some years, and it has given general sat-
isfaction where it has been intelligently
and thoroughly applied. Experience has
proven that lime and sulphur does not
injure the fruit by russetting, and that
it is a good fungicide.

FOEMEE METHODS.

When a car of fruit was to be loaded
twenty years ago, the custom of the
country was to run it on a siding. The
apples were then drawn by teams from
the farmers' cellars. The operation
took from ten to twenty-four hours, ac-
cording to circumstances.

To-day we find frost-proof fruit houses
all along the railway, numbering in all
eighty. These houses are built beside
the railway siding. To load a car with
apples is a matter of twenty minutes to
half an hour. In less time than it for-
merly took to Ipad a car the apples are
now placed at the ship side on the wharf
at Halifax. These fruit houses have a
capacity varying from six to twelve
thousand barrels.

OOOPEEATITE METHODS SPREADING.

One of the greatest steps in advance
is the organization of cooperative fruit
packing associations. Of these there
are twenty-two, about half of which own
their own fruit houses. Fully one-quar-
ter of the entire output this year will be
controlled by these cooperative associa-
tions. A central association has been

September, 191

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST

2l3

organized, and all the business will be
directed by this association.

PICKING AND PACKING.

In the matter of picking and packing
the fruit there has been a marked im-
provement. The up-to-date careful or-
chardist will not allow hired help to
handle his fruit roughly at any stage of
procedure. Ladders long enough to
reach to the top of any tree in the or-
chard and light enough to rest on the
outside of the branches are used. Bas-
kets constructed especially for the pur-
pose are u.sed for picking. Some of
these are made of canvas and some of
splints. In either case the rim at the
top is placed on the outside so that the
apples will not be bruised when the bas-
ket is emptied.

The barrels are filled and the head put
in just tight enough to ensure safe de-
livery at the fruit house without bruis-
ing the fruit.

The packing is carried on in the fruit
house by a gang of men, and in some
cases by women, who are employed to
do the grading or sorting. These people
are under a foreman, whose duty it is
to have a general oversight of all that
takes place in the fruit house. This
staff of help is divided to suit conditions.
One .man faces the barrels, another puts
the heads in, another nails and brands
them.

The modern fruit house has a room
especially for packing. The apples are
brought in from the main building and
packed and put back into the main build-
ing again read for shipment. The ad-
vantage in having a separate room is
that the help can work comfortably and
consequently turn off more work than
they could if they were obliged to work
in a very cold room.

The fruit is carefully dumped on a
packing table and then the grading be-
gins. This table is padded on the bot-
tom and sides to prevent bruising the

apples. These tables vary in capacity
from five to ten barrels, and are just
high enough to pertnit a person to stand
and work comfortably. They are wide
enough to allow the apples to be easily
reached by the people who do the sort-
mg. As each basket is emptied the bar-
rel is carefully shaken, and when level
full a false head, padded, is put on and
the barrel well racked down. This gives
room for a layer of apples to be put. on
or in other words, the barrel is tailed
up before the head is put in.

Care is taken in nailing the barrels.

The bilge hoops require small nails, and
if these go through the staves they are
clinchted on .the inside. 'Barrels are
nailed before they are filled. Liners are
used for the heads, the same as are used
for flour barrels, only enough nails are
driven in to the hoop to hold it in its
place. MORE BOX packing

Box packing is on the increase. A
few orchardists are packing their high-
class and more tender apples in boxes,
and find that it pays, as the increased
prices realized more than overbalance
the cost and labor of packing in boxes.

Floral Notes for September

Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.

THE first light autumn frosts that
usually make their appearance
about the first or second week in
September, are but the heralds that warn
the plant lover to prepare for the heavier
and more damaging frosts of later aut-
umn. It is well to make sure of any
very tender plants out of doors by plac-
ing them in safe temporary quarters be-
fore the appearance of even the early
light frosts mentioned.

Cuttings of plants such as coleus. ire-
sine, ageratum, salvia, lobelia and hel-
iotrope should be taken before the nights
get chilly and cold. Cuttings of geran-
iums can usually be left a week or two
later. Even these, however, are better
when taken as early in September as
possible, so as to get good root devel-
opment before cold weather sets in.

Sharp, clean pit or lake sand is the
best material to root cuttings in. Good
drainage is also very essential to be suc-
cessful. A temperature of from sixty-
five to seventy-five degrees with partial
shade from hot sun are good conditions
for rooting cuttings in. A window fac-
ing the east or west is better than a
window facing directly south, unless the

cuttings in the last named are shaded
from the hot sun at noon day.

Petunias, these popular summer bor-
der plants, make splendid pot plants for
the window in winter, if managed pro-
perly. About the first or second week m
September after the plants begin to look
shabby in the border, cut the top growth
well back, leaving about from four to
six inches of the lower part of each
shoot near the root. If the weather per-
mits, leave the plants in the border for a
week or ten days until the young growth
starts, or they can be dug at once. A
slight frost does not injure petunias.

Dig up the plants carefully, with a
little soil attached to the roots if possi-
ble. It is a good plan to water the
plants well a short time before digging
them. Pot the plants carefully into
small three or four inch pots, according
to the size of the plant, in rather sandy
potting soil. Water them well once and
set them in the window. Keep the soil
moist but not soddened until they start
into growth.

In five or six weeks' time, when the
top growth is about six inches in length,
repot the plants into a two or three size

An Apple Warehouse adjoining the Railway at Berwick, Nova Scotia. One of about Eighty in that Province.

914

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, igri

Ptloaia is Flower Six Wcekt tftcr Pottiog

larger pot, being careful not to disturb
the roots when repotting them. Give
them good, rich potting soil f6r this pot-
ting, and nearly an inch of broken flower
pot, coal cinders, gravel or lump char-
coal in the bottom of the pot for drain-
age. Shade the plants from the hot sun
for a day or two, and then place them
in a sunny window, temperature from
fifty degrees to sixty-five degrees, awav\
from dry, artificial heat. Spray the
plants once or twice a week with clear
water on fine days, and keep the soil
well moist but not soddened with water.
Petunias do not require a high tem-
perature to grow in, and they strongly
object to very dry, over heated atmos-
pheric conditions. Plants treated as de-
scribed should be in flower before Christ-
mas and continue flowering on until quite
late in the spring, or they will make good
stock plants to furnish a supply of cut-
tings during the winter.

PETUNIA PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS

.'\lthough petunias are usually grown
from seed and treated as annuals, they
are perennials and can be grown easily
from cuttings. Cuttings of petunias can
be taken any time now about the middle
of the month, or whenever young soft
terminal growth can be obtained. In
taking cuttings, the .soft young shoots
that have few if any bloom buds on
should be made use of. It is of no ase
taking the hard part of the base of the
flowering growth for cuttings. If these
root at all they take a long time to de-
velop roots, and even then they never
make as good thrifty plants as do cut-
tines of softer growth.

The best kind of cuttings are obtain-
ed from the young, soft green shoots
that can usually be found down at the

ba.se of the growth near the roots. The
single and double flowering types can be
grown from cuttings. Place the cuttings
in .some sharp clean pit or lake sand —
or even wash sand from the road side — in
pots or shallow well-drained boxes, and
place them in the window in partial
shade. Keep the sand well moistened.
In five or six weeks they should be ready
to pot off singly into small two and a
half or three inch pots. If repotted into
larger pots later as required, they will
make fine large flowering plants by early
spring, and also furnish a supply of cut-
tings for rootings in March and April
to make plants for flowering out of doors
in the summer. The old plants of petun-
ias cannot, as a rule, be kept over suc-
cessfully for the second summer, so it
is best to raise young plants from seed
or cuttings each year.

CAKE OF EOSE BUSHES

Care should be taken to remove en-
tirely all briar or manetti growth from
rose bushes before the leaves drop, as it
is very difficult to detect the wild sucker
briar or manetti growth from the real
rose growth after the leaves have drop-
ped. If this growth is cut away now, it
is not so likely to injure the plant as it
would if done in early summer when the
bushes are just coming into flower.

The method of detecting the briar
growth from the real rose growth is to
examine the leaves. If the leaves have
only five roundish lobes or sections on

PctDoia Plut iln( op aid Potted

them as shown in figure one, it is true
rose growth. If, however, there are
seven or more lobes or sections on each
leaf {figure two) and the lobes are long
and narrow, it is a sure indication that
the growth that produces these leaves is
either wild briar or manetti.

It must be borne in mind, however,

ROSE LEAK FIG. 1

IlKIAK I.KAK PI(i.2

that a few of the Rugosa or Japanese
roses as well as many of the moss roses
have seven or more lobes to each leaf.
On the ordinary hybrid perpwtual ro.se
growth, however, there are seldom
more than five lobes to each leaf. It is
very difficult even for an expert rose
grower to detect the difference some-
times, unless a close examination is made
as suggested. As most roses are budded
or grafted low down on the briar or man-
etti stock, it is absolutely necessary to go
right down to the ba.se of the briar or
manetti growth to cut it off. Cutting
off the top is only a temporary and partial
relief, and results in an increased stock
of wild growth the following season.
Many people allow this briar growth to
grow on until it eventually kills out' the
rose growth proper, leaving only a wild
briar instead of a ro.se bush.

If rose leaves start to drop from black
spot or rust the leaves should be raked
or picked up every day and burned. This
will help to prevent the recurrence of
this disease another season. Spraying
the bushes with Bordeaux mixture is a
good remedy for black spot or rose rust.

Stop watering roses after the first week
in September unless the weather is ex-
ceptionally dry and hot. Deep cultivat-
ing should be also discontinued. Cul-
tivating only to keep down weeds is all
that is necessary at this .season. With-
holding water and discontinuing culti-
vation helps to check growth, and has-
tens the ripening of the wood. Well
ripened wood withstands the severity of
the winter much better than green sappy
growth. Much can be done in the way
mentioned to assist the proper ripening
of the wood.

If a white mildewy substance appears
on the leaves dust them in the early morn-
ing or late evening with fine flowers of
sulphur, or spray with a weak solution
of Bordeaux mixture, diluted with about
double the quantity of wnter usually used
for the potato blight. Mildew unless it
is unusually bad, does not injure roses
much at this sea.son of the vear.

.Always get the advice of an experi-
enced florist before engaging a carpen-
ter to build a conservatory.

Cut off all flowers from house plants as
soon as they begin to fade.

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

215

Indoor Culture of Dutch Bulbs

Rev. Jas. Fletcher, Whitby, Ont.

I

DUTCH bulbs possess many advan-
lagcs for indoor culture. They arc
inexpensive and of less trouble
tiian other house plants, as they can be
stored away in the cellar when not in
bloom. Thffy stand cold which would
destroy other plants. They can be de-
pended upon to bloom when other plants
are scarce, and in beauty and fragrance
they are not excelled by flowers of any
other class.

CULTURE

Their culture is simple, but there are
certain principles which must be observ-
ed, or failure will be the result. They
must have suitable soil if you wish to
have bulbs for future use. Some of them
as hyacinths and narcissi, when grown
in water give good bloom, but the bulbs
are of no use afterwards. The soil us-
ually recommended for potting bulbs is a
compost consisting of leaf mold, sand,
and well rotted cow manure in equal
parts. Good garden soil, well enriched.
answers the purpose very well, but ther<r
must be no fresh manure in it or it will
rot the bulbs.

After blossoming is over the ibulbs
may be put away in some retired place,
secure from frost, and sparingly watered
until the foliage has died down, after
which they had better be planted in the
flower garden, and fresh bulbs used in
the house for next year's bloom.

Tor the window, tomato cans in which
holes have been made, or boxes, are bet-
ter than earthenware pots, as they give
more root room, and are not so likely to
dry out rapidly in our heated rooms.

nRAINAGE

To ensure good drainage, place an
inch of broken crockery, pebbles or sim-
ilar material at the bottom of a five inch
pot, cover with moss or other material to
keep the earth from clogging the holes,
fill up with potting soil, and place the
bulbs in the soil, so that the crowns are
about level with the top. Eight or ten
crocus, four or five tulips, two or three
hyacinth or narcissus bulbs may be placed
in such a pot. Then water well and let
drain before putting away.

The most important part of the treat-
ment is to place the pots in a cool, dark
cellar, and keep them there until the
roots have completly filled the pots.
This will be from six to ten weeks for
crocus, tulip and Dutch hyacinths.
Roman hyacinths and narcissus do not
take quite so long. Do not try to hurrv
them by bringing them to the light or
heat, as they will resent it by giving
you poor bloom, or none at all. When
roots appear at the bottom of the pot
they are ready to be taken up.

If the cellar is moist, they will not pe^d

watering again until taken up ; if dry,
water sparingly. If the cellar is damp,
it is not suitable, as they are likely to
rot. The coolest place you can find is
the best place for them. They will stand
light frost without serious injury.

Wherever kept they must be gradually
accustomed to the light, placing then
for several days in partial shade, and
not bringing them to the sunlight until
the foliage is strong enough to endure
it. Most living rooms in the winter are
too warm for the successful growth of
bulbs ; our sleeping rooms suit them bet-
ter. The cooler they are kept the finer
will be the bloom and the longer it will
last. I.nte planted bulbs do not require
so long a time in the cellar, as roots are
formed more rapidly. By careful man-
agement a continual succession of bloom
may be secured from Christmas until
Kaster.

A Wild Flower Garden

R. S. Haod, Gait, Ont.

I enclose you a snapshot of my wild
flower garden. It is situated on the north
side of the kitchen. The house projects
eight feet past the kitchen, which makes
a very suitable place for it as it gives a
north eastern exposure. The bed is eight
feet wide by sixteen feet long. It is filled
with plants brought from the woods and
swamp, and planted by myself. It has
taken some years to get the collection
together. It is and has been a source of
pleasure to others and to myself, and
not by any means the least of the pleas-
ure is the fact that it makes a nice corner
at our home.

Mr. Hood's Wild Flower Girden

All the plants are strong and healthy,
and have large foliage. They have taken
very kindly to their new home. Occas-
ionally during the summer I give them a
treat in the shape of a little stimulant,
to which they respond very generously.

There are over two hundred trilliums.
Their blooms were exceptionally large
last spring. Included also are five varie-
ties of ferns (one fine specimen of the
maiden-hair variety), three varieties of
lady slippers, thirty-five of the large yel-
low slippers, twelve of the small yellow
variety, and twenty one of the tall or
showy slipper. The top of the rack or
slip of several was a beautiful shade if
pink, others white. One of the showy
variety had three flowers on one stem,
six had two, and the rest one each.

There are thirty-eight lilies, ranging
in height from two feet to six feet. One
has twelve dear little graceful blooms on
it. Others have from one to ten. I have
also several plants of Jack-in-the-pulpit,
blood root, violets, hepatica, false Solo-
man seal and May apple. Every one to
his or her own taste, but the little wild
flower garden is my favorite.

When spraying, do it thoroughly.

Horticultural Poisibiliti^i of the Far North. A Yukon Qorden Photographed in August

2l6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

An Unappreciated Flower

Bj Mri. Aani* L. Jick, Ckateurair Buia, Qm.

A good many years ago the editor of
The Rural New Yorker gave me seed of
Pyiethrum that he valued very much as
a perennial. In spite of ill usage and
overgrowth of shrubs near by, so ten-
acious are they that plants from this seed
continue to blossom, and give their flow-
ers in June in profusion. But the newer
varieties, and careful treatment, have
been a revelation to me, for they are per-
fectly hardy and invaluable for cut flow-
ers, while greatly improved in texture
and shades. Nearly every year sees some
new development, the result of skilful
raising, and they have the advantage of
growing well in shaded places, if the soil
is kept fertile.

The pyrethrum grows in any good gar-
den soil, thought a rich loam is preferred
in order to secure size and brilliance of
bloom. The flowers are bright and
showy, and being borne on long stems
are very suitable for vase decoration,
while the foliage is finely cut and deep
green. The beautiful double varieties
that have been developed of late years
remind one of a chrysanthemum, and
they are at their best blooming dur-
ing the months of May and June. As
they require no winter protection, and if
cut down in June, and kept watered, will
make new growth and blossom again in
autumn, they are sometimes called the
"poor man's chrysanthemum."

Surface rooting plants, and liable to be
injured by hot sun, they are materially
aided by a mulch of anything that tends
to conserve moisAre. In early spring
the plants may be propagated by divid-
ing into small pieces and planting out in
prepared soil, or if grown from seed will
give plants that will flower the following
year, but from this method the quality
and color cannot be depended upon.

Among named double varieties for the
amateur who cares only for a small col-
lection of the best we have "Aphrodite,"
pure white; "Lord Rosebery," carmine
scarlet, a most dazzling color; "Magic-
ian," bright pink — yellow tipped; "Reg-
ulus," purple carmine, and "Solfaterre,"
a creamy yellow.

Of single sorts, sometimes called "col-
ored Marsfuerites," there is "Lord Mil-
ner," a cherry rose color; "Langport,"
scarlet; "Decoration," a flesh pink;
"Devonshire Cream," as its name would
indicate, is a rich cream color ; while
"Princess Marie," "Gwendoline," and
many others are pure white. In fact
among a hundred varieties now adver-
tised, it is difficult to select the best half
dozen for a limited border, but good seed
will increase the variety of coloring and
give some choice sorts.

The flowers of the pyrethrum will
stand storm and shade better than many
other perennials, as the stems are stiff

and yet wiry, but as a safeguard a mulch
in summer and a covering of coarse man-
ure after hard frost in late autumn, will
ensure against sudden changes of tem-
perature so detrimental to our perennials
in this climate.

If planted in a border among other
tall growing herbaceous plants, ^he
pyrethrum does well near the front, plac-
ed at even distances, and in this way,
when the flowering season is over, it can
be trimmed off, and even if not giving
a second supply of bloom there is a neat
elegance in the finely cut foliage.

Tulips From Seed

Can tulips be grown from seed to advan-
tage, and if so, when is the beet time to
use the seeds? I have some fine seed pods
saved from my best purple, tall growing
etalk. I had some nearly three feet high,
far above all other sorts. Would a new
kind be apt to spring from the .seed? — H. L.

Tulips can be grown from seed, but
not to advantage, as our climate here is
not suitable for the propagation of the
tulip, either from seeds or offsets.
Tulips grown from seed usually give
some variation in color or habit from
the original type. It is not wise to
allow tulips to seed. The seed head
should be cut off as soon as the blooms
have dropped. Allowing them to pro-
duce seed weakens the bulb. — Wm.
Hunt.

with provision for temporary heating to
suit our more rigorous climate could
easily be made where a Collection of
the.se plants are grown, as they occupy
a lot of useful space in an ordinary
greenhouse.

It is not generally known that the
growth of the Oleander is of a very
poisonous nature, flreat ca^ should be
taken to prevent any person from eating
the leaves or growth of the plant. This
objectionable feature detracts from the
value of this popular decorative plant.

Fall Care of Evergreen Plants

Wm. HoDt, O.A.C., Gielpb, Ont.

About the middle or end of September,
according to weather conditions, ever-
green plants, such as Japanese Euony-
mus, Oleander, Aucuba Japonica, Myrtle
and Bay trees, may be stood under the
shelter of a verandah or under trees, or
in an open shed. The early white frosts
do not injure these plants, as they are
almost hardy in their nature. By giv-
ing them the shelter mentioned, it is
quite possible to keep them out of their
winter quarters until quite late in the
fall, thus giving the growth a chance to
harden — a very necessary matter in the
successful wintering over of these
plants. Do not hurry them into their
winter quarters too early, and do not
go to the other extreme and expose them
to more than five or six degrees of frost
without some slight protection.

These plants are very largely used in
Holland, Belgium, Germany, and other
countries, for temporary outdoor decor-
ative purposes in summer. Deep pits,
or greenhouse pits, are sometimes built
expressly to Keep these plants in during
winter, and are usually built without
facilities for artificial heating, as only a
few inches of the structure, beyond the
covering of glass and boards, is exposed
above the ground level. This part of the
structure is covered with thick mats in
severe weather. A structure of this kind

Trouble With Hydrangea

Last s))ring I had a i)rfcSont of a very fine
house hydrangea which was covered with
bloom. In two or three weeks it began to
wilt and all the bloom dropped oft. Was
it for the want of more water, or more
fresh air? We kept it in the parlor after
the bloom fell off, and then I planted it
out in the garden. The plant seems quite
healthy now. I have repotted it. Please
say how to keep it through the winter so
that it will bloom in the spring. — W. E.,
Toronton, Ont.

The house or pot hydrangea is of a
half-hardy nature, and should be kept
partially dormant during the winter.
The plant mentioned should be kept out
of doors during nice weather until there
may be possibly five or six degrees of
frost. It should then be taken into the
cellar or into a cool room in the house,
temperature 40 to 45 degrees, and kept
there during the winter. If the cellar
is dry, it may require two or three slight
waterings during the winter. The soil
should never get dust dry. The top
growth should be sprayed or sprinkled
with water about every two weeks to
keep it fresh. I have known some people
to wrap the top of the plants slightly
with burlap and sprinkle the burlap oc-
casionally. This sprinkling is to keep
the growth from shrivelling or drying
up. I am inclined to think that the
cause of the plant you mention drop-
ping its flowers and foliage was due to
gas fumes or to the dry atmosphere of
the house. — Wm. Hunt, O. A. C,
Guelph, Ont.

Hollyhock Leaves

Can you tell me wbnt to use to prevent
the leaves of hollyhocks drying and falling
off?_W. B., Windsor, Ont.

The plants mentioned are probably
attacked with what ijs known as the
Hollyhock Disease. The disease is of
a fungus nature (Puccinia malvacearum).
The best remedy or preventive is to
spray the plants early in the season
with Bordeaux mixture the same as used
on potatoes. As a preventive all dis-
eased leaves should be picked oft' and
burned, also the stems of the old plants
in the fall. It is best to plant in a fresh
place in the garden, if possible.— Wm.
Hunt.

Annual flowers are easily grown.

September, 191 1

THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTURIST

217

The Vegetable Garden of Mr. Justice where Two Crops of Celery are Grown

Harvesting Vegetables*

A. G. Wooly Dod, Calgary, Alta.

ABOUT the beginning of September
the tops of onions should be
broken down with the foot. This
will assist the bulbs to ripen. In
about three weeks pull them and
place them in double rows, stalks
outward, and leave them to dry.
If the ground is dry they will not re-
quire turning, but if the ground is wet,
or there is any rain, it may be necessary
to turn them. On frosty nights a few
sacks should be thrown over them to
protect them from frost. These should
be removed in the daytime.
SORTING

' As soon as the tops are dry sort out

all those with thin necks and tie them in
bunches and hang them up in a cool, dry
place. If care is taken to bang up only
1 those with thin necks, they will keep
in good condition all winter.

It will be found that there will be a

I good many bulbs with big necks. These
should be cut off, and the onions laid
on a rack in heaps to dry a little longer,
and then stored on a dry floor, not too
thickly, or they will heat. These big-
necked ones will not keep very long, and
should be used as .soon as possible. If
stored in a cool, dry place, however,
they will keep for some time.

PULLING CARROTS.

Carrots can usually be pulled, but if
they arc very firm in the ground, it may
be necessary to loosen them up first with
a fork. Take as big a bunch as you can
hold in your hand and cut off the leaves
with a sharp knife close to the crown : if
you happen to cut the carrot in doing
this it will not do any harm, as it will

I keep just as well. The roots may .low'
be piled in a cool, dry place, wherv, if

•Extract from a paper read before tile Calgary
Horticultural Society.

they are not too warm, they will keep
well into next summer. If kept in a too
hot or light a place they will sprout and
spoil. A little frost will not hurt them,
as they are better kept too cold than
too warm.

Beets require handling with more care.
Cut off all the leaves, but do not trim
the roots. Be careful not to cut into the
crown, or they will bleed and become
soft. Store them in a cool, dry place,
but they must not be allowed to freeze

Parsnips are about the hardest vege-
table to pull, as their roots go very deep.
I find a good plan is to dig a trench with
a spade as close to the crown as pos-
sible, and then bend them over towards
the trench. When pulling, wring with
both hands. Pull a good many at once,
and lay each one on the ground till you
have enough to collect in bunches. Then
take a bunch in one hand and cut the
leaves off in the same way as with the
carrots. The roots should be piled, and
covered with sand, or they will soon be-
come limp and useless. If preferred,
thev may be left in the ground all win-
ter, as no amount of frost will hurt them,
and they will be found in much better
(-ondition in the spring than those that
have been stored.

I would not attempt to store 01 angary

turnips, as they never keep well, but

Swedes can be kept a long time in a

cool place. These should have all the

small roots trimmed off with a sharp

knife, and the leaves removed. Clo.se

trimming the roots will not damage

;hem in the least, as they will not bleed

like beets do.

CELERY.

Celery is better not trimmed at all. It

should be stacked, heads and tails, and

each row covered with sand, which will
keep it from wilting. These vegetables
should be stored before any danger of
severe frost, with the exception of the
parsnips, which, as stated, may be left
out all winter. If your corn and mar-
rows are all picked before they freeze,
the)' will keep several weeks in a cool
place.

Growing Two Crops of Celery

Mr. J. Jaitice, Barrie

The process is very simple, and also
very profitable. The soil is well manured
with thoroughly rotted stable manure in
the fall, dug deeply and left rough. In
the spring it is well pulverized with a dig-
ging fork and nicely smoothed. This is
done just as soon as possible in the spring
and drills of spinach sown four feet
apart. I make the drills with an eight
inch hoe drawing it fiat so as to get as
wide a drill as possible. The seed is
scattered in this and raked in. This crop
is immense.

Between the spinach rows I sow a lit-
tle fertilizer and work it in with a narrow
scuffler, going over the ground twice be-
fore setting out the celery, which isplant-
ed on the level, about the middle of May,
or later, oftener later than otherwise.
This crop is blanched by hilling up, and
is ready for market about the middle of
July. The trenches formed by hilling the
early celery are fertilized, prepared and
planted with late celery. I had some loss
this year by the celery running to seed,
but it does not often happen. I would
be very grateful if some one would tell
me how to prevent this.

As soon as the spinach is cut the roots
and remnants are dug in and rotted be-
fore the earth is needed for hilling.

Insects Not Injurious

I am sending you a bug that has been
very numerous this summer. The Gnelph
insect experts call it Lady-bird Beetle and
say that it is a very harmless bug, feeding
on aphis . I find it extremely destructive,
feeding on plant life, sweet peafie and even
grass, and would like to know what to do
to prevent their destructive inroads. They
may feed on aphis, which is invisible, but
there are plenty which tbey do not destroy.
They even go way out to the ends of the
tendrils.— G. M C., St. Thomas, Ont.

The insects in the envelope from your
subscriber at St. Thomas are specimens
of two conunon Ladybird Beetles of the
genus Cbccinella, namely, C. 9-notata
and C. trifasciata. These insects, of
course, were not in any way destructive
to the plants. They are extremely bene-
ficial . It is probable that plant lice were
present and were the cause of the in-
jury. Sweet peas this year have been
attacked in certain districts by the de-
structive pea aphis, and where this in-
sect has been present, Ladybird Beetles
have been numerous and have done ex-
cellent srvice in reducing the miinbers
of the aphids. — A. Gibson, Assistant
Entomologist, C. E. F.. Ottawa.

2l8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

The Canadian Horticultnrist

PublMhsd by The Horticultural
Publishinc Company, Limited

PBrrSBRBOXtO, ONTiLRIO

EDITORIAL

The Only Horticultural Magazn«
in tbe Dominion

OrnoiAL Oroan or the Ontario, Qukbko, New

Brcnswiok and Prince Edward Island

Fbuit Qrowers' Associations

B. Bronson Cowan, Manaaring Direotor

1. The Canadian Horticolturist Is published on
the 2Sth day of the month preceding date of
issne.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Qreat Bri-
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CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December, 1910. The fig-
ures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled
copies. Most months, including the sample cop-
ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian
Horticulturist are mailed to people known to
be interested in the growing of fruits. Sowers
or vegetables.

January, 1910 8,92S

February, 1910 8.967

March,1910 9,178

April.1910 9,410

May,1910 9,505

June,1910 9,723

July.1910 9,300

August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8,662

108,809
Average each Issue In 1917, 6,(27
" " " " 1908, 8,S9S

" " " " 1909, 8,»7»

Sworn detailed atatements will be mailed
upon application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Hortl-
oultarist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the advertis-
ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns
only the most reliable advertisers. Should any
subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be
dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from
any of our advertlBers, we will look into the
matter and investigate the circumstances fully.
Should we find reason, even in the slightest
degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub-
lication of their advertisements in The Horti-
culturist. Should the cironmstances warrant,
we will expose them through the columns of
the paper. Thus we will not only protect our
readers, but our reputable advertisers as well.
All that is necessary to entitle yon to the bene-
fit of this Protective Policy is that you include
in all your letters to advertisers the words,
"I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur-
ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon
as possible after reason for disaatUfactlon haa
been found.

Commnnioatlons should be addressed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PSTUIBOBO, ONTASIO.

OUR NEW NATIONAL NOTE

There has never been a time when we
could have issued jast such a special pack-
iiiK number of The Canadian Horticulturist
as this. A basic change has taken place in
the condition of our fruit industr.v within
the past one to two years. Its influence
may be noticed in the fruit district* from
the Atlantic to the' Pacific.

Within that period, as Mr. Vroom's ar-
ticle shows, cooperation has taken a great
leap forward in Nova Scotia. Its. beneficial
effects are being felt. Better methods of
packing are being introduced, new apple
warehouses are going up, box packing is
increasing, salesmen representing the co-
operation movement have been .sent to the
western provinces for the first time, and
more rapid progress is expected during the
next two or three years than has ever be-
fore been known.

New Brunswick is just discovering herself.
Within the past year she has held her first
provincial horticultural exhibition, at
which her growers amazed themselves by
the display of exceptionally fine fruit they
made. They now have a vision of the great
fruit growing possibilities of their province
and are setting to work in a systematic,
careful yet enthusiastic effort to develop
them properly.

Quebec is progressing more slowly, but
none the less surely. The new. well planned
nurseries that have been established within
a few miles west and south of Montreal are
an outcome of the rapidly increasing de-
mand for hardy trees suitable for the cli-
mate of Quebec province. The growers are
beginning to concentrate their efforts on
the growing of two or three of their best
varieties of apples. For these the use of
the box is becoming increasingly popular.
The provincial government and Macdonald
College are conducting educational work on
a more comprehensive scale than ever be-
fore attempted, and their efforts are being
appreciated.

In Ontario there has been almost a trans-
formation. Work conducted in demonstra-
tion orchards within the past year revealed
the fact that there were man.v thousands
of neglected orchards that might be made
extremely profitable. Farmers have taken
hold with a will. Hundreds of orchards
have been renovated, a million-<lollar com-
pany has leased and bought outright sev-
eral thousand acres of the best orchard
lands, the membership of the provincial
fruit growers association has increased by
fifty per cent, within the past nine months
— it numbering now over one thousand three
hundred — and many hundreds of thousands
of apple trees have been planted in new
orchards. The victory of the fruit growers
over the railway and express companies,
which has forced the latter to reduce their
rates and to grant numerous other much
needed improvements in their service, has
helped to encourage more extensive ship-
ments of tender fruit to the west and thus
to increase production. Trial shipments
have demonstrated the possibility of devel-
oping a trade in peaches with the Old Coun-
try. New tender fruit districts, more par-
ticularly adjoining the southern part of
Lake Huron, have been further developed
and tested. Cooperative methods have been
greatly extended. The future is pregnant
with promise of better and greater things
to come.

British Columbia fruit growers have

never lacked optimism or aggressivenesR.
These excellent qualities have justified
thom.selves within the twelvemonth by the
holding of a national apple show that sur-
passed even the great apple shows that had
been held during the previous few years
across the provincial border to the south.
The fact that the chief award was caj)tured
by Briti,sh Columbia fruit in open competi-
tion with the best that the fruit world of
America at least could prtxluce has given a
stimulus to fruit growing in that province
that nothing else could.

And thus the whole country has been af-
fected. As a result of their increased pro-
duction the fruit growers of the different
provinces have been brought into an open
competition with each other, particularly
in the markets of the west, never before
known. This has forced them to discard
antiquated methods in favor of the Lest
used by their competitors. The resultant
evolution is still in progress.

Now national i.ssu<» are forcing them-
selves to the front. An investigation of the
extent and possibilities of the fruit indus-
try is being made by the Dominion Gov-
ernment and arrangements for another Do-
minion fruit conference are being made.

These evidences of progress, with their
promise for the future, have led us to en-
deavor to do our part by publishing this
our first Sp-K-vl Prckina Number. Wo hoi)e
that our readers will like it. We thank
those who have a.ssisted us, both our con-
tributors and our advertisers, and we trust
that the year to come will .show even greater
progress and that a year from now The
Canadian Horticulturist will be privileged
to celebrate it by the publication of another
and still better special packing edition.

A NEEDED IMPROVEMENT

Times change. It is only a few years
since the announcement by the Dominion
government that it proposed to establish a
fruit marks act, and to prosecute those
found guilty of fraud in the packing of
fruit created bitter opposition. So vig-
orous were the ])rotests made, the gov-
ernment did not dare to extend the prin-
ciple be.vond fruit packed for export, its
main defense of its action being based on
the claim that the standing of Canadian
fruit on the British markets needed to be
protected. This argument did not apply
to fruit packed for consumption within
Canada, and therefore nothing was done to
protect the home consumers from frauds
that were declared to be a crime when per-
petrated on the buyer* abroad.

And now, within the past few months,
the government has amended the Inspec-
tion and Sales Act. which includes the Fruit
Marks Act. so as to cover all fruit packed
and offered for sale, either wholesale or re-
tail, in Canada as well as for export, and
we have yet to hear the first serious murmur
of protest. This, of itself, furnishes excel-
lent proof of the success that has attended
the enforcement of the Fruit Marks Act.

This amendment has long been needed.
Fruit that unscrupulous packers feared
might not get past the fruit inspectors, if
shipjjed for export, has been unloaded on
the home markets, including the west, with
the result that the cries of protest by the
Canadian consumer have been steadily in-
creasing in volume. The happy days of the
dishonest packer in Canada are drawing to
a close. The end cannot come too soon. It
is unlawful now to mark or cause to be
marked a wrong name, or the name of any
person or firm, other than the one who ac-
tually parked the package. Thus are the
opportunities of escape from detection be-
ing closed.

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

219

PRE-COOLING FRUIT

Commissioner Euddick's contribution in
this issue, on the pre-cooling of fruit, calls
attention to an improvement in our meth-
ods of handling fruit that the future still
has in store. Its day is fast coming. There
are sections already in British Columbia
where the growers, being forced to ship
their fruit long distances, already recognize
the need for some such system.

Already growers in the Niagara district
have been gathering information with the
view of installing a pre-cooling plant. The
time for such action may not yet be ripe,
but the necessity will become so great ere
long that further delay will not longer be
advisable.

Our request in our last issue for informa-
tion concerning the late Charles Arnold,
who originated the Ontario apple, has borne
fruit. We now have the address of a son
and daughter of Mr. Arnold, both of whom
are familiar with his work and one of whom
has kindly consented to furnish an article
concerning the same for an early issue of
The Canadian Horticulturist.

A reader of The Canadian Horticultiirist
who resides in the Niagara District, and
who has had some experience with irriga-
tion problems, has written us heartily com-
mending our suggestion that the Ontario
government shovild investigate the possibili-
ties of irrigating portions of the Niagara
fruit belt from the Welland canal. More
on this subject will be published later.

As far as the holding of a national apple
show is concerned Ontario apple growers
seem to have forgotten the motto, "Nothing
venture, nothing win," or have they got it
twisted into nothing venture nothing lose?

PUBLISHER'S DESK

This Issue

While not the largest in number of pages,
we believe that this issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist is the strongest from an edi-
torial and news standpoint, and in its edu-
cational character, that we have ever is-
sued. We venture to say that numerous
bulletins have been issued under govern-
mental auspices. Loth in the United States
and Canada, dealing with the packing of
fruit, that do not contain the same amount
of helpful, valuable, timely information as
does this issue of ' The Canadian Horticul-
turist, nor are they as profusely ilhi.strated.

Nevertheless we are sorry that this num-
her is not still better. Some of our best
articles, unfortunately, have been crowded
out. These include one on "Cooperation in
Ontario," b.v P. W. Hodgetts, provincial
director of horticulture, which we purpose
running as the introductory article in our
next i.^ue. Another strong article, "Edu-
cational Work in Fruit Packing," by R. M.
Winslow of British Columbia, has also had
to be held over although it was Mr. Wins
low's main article, the information on fruit
packing, given elsewhere in this issue, hav-
ing been sent by him merely to illustrate
the photographs. However, these and some
other good ones will be published later when
thev will probably be all the more interest-
ing for having been kept over.

Should any of our readers who love flow-
ers best feel that their departments have
been somewhat overshadowed in this issue
we trust that they will forgive us this time.

We are planning to more than make it up
to them. Next year we purpose publishing
a series of twelve articles in The Canadian
Horticulturist, one in each issue, describing
some of the best amateur gardens we know
of in Canada. These gardens are now being
selected with a view to the interest of their
special features. This much we can say.
Some of them are located in Ottawa, To-
ronto and Hamilton. We expect to choose
the others in smaller places. If you know
of any gardens that you would like to see
described we invite you to write to us. Bach
article will be profusely illustrated. Al-
ready three well known authorities on gar-
dening subjects have kindly consented to
assist us in the preparation of these arti-
cles. They will be the most interesting
series of artices that have ever appeared in
The Canadian Horticulturist.

Do you ever stop to think of the splendid
value we give you when we furnish The
Canadian Horticulturist once a month for
only sixty cents a year ? As far as we know
there is no other horticultural publication
on this continent or in Great Britain of the
same class as The Canadian Horticulturist
that charges less than one dollar a year.
Don't yon think that we deserve your assist-
ance, and won't you help us by showing
this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist
to some of your friends who are interested
in horticultural subjects and obtaining their
subscriptions? For your trouble we will
send vou a fountain pen or some other nice
premiiim. One gentleman, a lawyer in To-
ronto with onl.v a small garden, recently
11 fid for five subscriptions to The Canadian
Horticulturist, they to be sent to five of
his friends.

It pays to advertize. Try It.

NORTHERN GROWN NURSERY STOCK

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well-rooted, free from scale and disease, true to name — grown in
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and can be relied upon to give the Best Satisfaction for All Pur-
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Scene In Asslnaboine Park. Winnipe;!. where our Stock ha&
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-BEAUTIFY YOUR OROUNnS

We have the finest and mo,st complnte Stock of ORNAMENTAL

PI-ANTS in Canada from which to secure your needs. Consult our

Landscape Oardening Department for Pointers on Planning and

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LET US KNOW YOUR NEEDS

A FEW RELIABLE SALESMEN REQUIRED

The Canadian Nursery Co., Limited

10 Phillips Place, MONTREAL, QUE.

Nurseries at Polnte Claire, Que.

BOXED APPLES

COMMAND BETTER MONEY

We make the Proper Box at the
Right Price.

Send your order large or small,
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Be first in the market with the
most saleable fruit.

Write us To-day.

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LIMITED

TORONTO

220

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

J. D. McGregor & CO.

64 Waller Street Phone 3062

OTTAWA, ONT.

Fruit Brokers and Com-
mission Merchants

YOUR CONSIGNMENTS
=== SOLICITED ==

No quantity too great or small for
us to handle. We are a strictly Com-
mission House, and never have any
bought goods to put in competition
with your consignment. Shipping
Stamps furnished on application.

References : Our Shippers all over
Western Ontario, The North Crown
Bank, Ottawa, or the Union Bank,
Grimsby, Ont.

Bank Money Orders or Cheques pay-
able at par mailed to all our Patrons
every Monday.

J. D. McGregor, manager

Notes on Britain's Apple Markets

Grant S. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

Autumn coming in the near future, it is
again time for apple growors and dealers
to study the inarkots. It is probable that
some of Caniida's apples will be sold on
British markets this season as of yore. A
little discussion on these markets may then
not be out of place.

The following are a few conclusions taken
from an accvtmulation of opinions that have
resulted through experience of British and
Canadian apple men on Britain's apple
markets. These I ha<l the good fortune to
collect during the past winter. Readers
must remember, however, that the best of
information on the subject of markets is
misleading sometimes. The object of this
article is to give a line of ideas (which may
or may not be facts) but which will prob-
iiblv be of interest to Canadian shippers.

The British consumer distinctly demands
three cbi.sses of apples, the dessert type for
a limited fancy trade ; No. 1, cooking and
dessert apples for the general trade and
large qnnntities of inferior stock, No. 2's,
for culinary purposes alone. With refer-
ence to varieties of a strictly dessert type,
say Mcintosh and Fameuse, only the
"Fancy" and "No. 1" grades .should be ex-
ported. The inferior surplus can be mar-
keted at home to better advantage. The
same remarks may be said to apply to No.
3 stock of all other varieties. When placed
on these markets tHev tend to depreciate
the values of higher grades of fruit and to
hurt rather than build up our apple reputa-
tion. The demand for our standard vari-
eties is practically unlimited, and manv
other kinds are accepted, sometimes at
good prices, but only when required for a

special trade or at a time when there is a
shortage in standards.

Six apple shippers, representing different
parts of Ontario, when asked to name the
best paying varieties of apples, taking one
year with another from the exporter's point
of view, gave the following list. The vari-
eties given are placed approximately in the
order of their selling value :

Four exporters named the King, three the
Snow, one the Mcintosh, five the Spy, one
the Ribston, all the Baldwin, four the G.
Russet, all the R. I. Greening, three the
Stark and one the Ben i^avis.

Onlv apples of a fancy and No. 1 grade
should be packed in boxes. Relative net
prices received by shippers, for No. 2*8,
per box and barrel, are about the same.
While as a general rule better sales are
accounted for high grade fruit in boxes
when free from competition with inferior
grad"s in boxes.

The dessert trade demands apples of me-
dium size. Such fruit is retailed by the
number, .so much a dozen, or by weight, so
manv to the pound. Thus the handling of
very large apples reduces the retail mer-
chant's profit and renders him a less ready
customer. With the staple sort* apples
medium to large in size are desired.

It is extremely difficult to determine the
individual markets to which various sorts
of apples should be shipped to secure the
beet returns. The markets change from day
to day according to supply and dexiand,
so that a variety that goes begging in 'Glas-
gow might be somewhat eagerly sought
after in London, while a week later the
positions may be reversed. In a general

R. & W. Davidson

LIMIT

9 Virginia St., GLASGOW

LIMITED

Principal Branches :

49 Tooley St., London, S.E.
19 Mathew St., Liverpool

Also at :

MANCHESTER, LEEDS, BIRMING-
HAM, BRISTOL, NEWCASTLE-ON-
TYNE, and LEITH

Consignments of Canadian Apples, selected
winter varieties, in boxes, distributed direct to
buyers — not auctioned

Correspondence Invited

APPLE BARRELS

"YY 7E can furnish you with
Staves, Hoops and
Heading of the Be^ Quality
for making Barrels, or arrange
with our cooper friends to
supply you with the Barrels
ready for Packing. ^All our
^ock is ^andard grade, war-
ranted up to the requirements
of the Fruit Department.

The Sutherland -Innes Co.

= LIMITED =

CHATHAM,

ONTARIO

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

221

way tlie markets of the Midlands, the North
of England and Scotland handle Ontario
apijles to better advantage than the South
of England and Ireland. The latter are the
apple growing districts which keep the Lon-
don market and those of Ireland compar-
atively well supplied. However, these ap-
ples are largely of cooking sorts, so that
even in these markets little competition
can be feared with dessert varieties.

Tiien again the Midlands, typified by Bir-
mingham, are very strong purchasers of
Russet apples of all sorts, including the
Hibviton, Roxbury and Golden Russets. The
north of England and Scotland also seem
to want red apples, wiich means that the
Spy, Baldwin, King and Ben Davis are pre-
ferred by the Northern consumers. For
large quantities of box apples Glasgow ap-
pears to be one of the best markets, while
i.iiverpool is equally as good for large ship-
ments of barrels. Both these places are
lieavy distributing centres, buyers from
other towns and cities purchasing their
.supplies in them. Bristol is developing into
a good market, but nothing should be sent
there before November first, since it is in
the heart of an apple growing district. Hull
has an export trade with the continent of
Rurope, and for this requires Baldwin,
King, Ben Davis and Golden Russet in
boxes. The important factor in their trade
is that the fruit must be capable of long
shipments.

I want to express my appreciation of
"The Canadian Horticulturist." I have
been reading it for three years and find it
very helpful. — Miss A. Moyle, Richmond
Hill, Ont.

Room for Improvement

E. M. Straight, Macdonald College, Qne.

_ Some days ago we visited the fruit auc-
tion rooms in Montreal. The display of Cal-
ifornia fruit was large and very fine. The
thing which struck us as being the most
remarkable was the way in which it was
packed. We have a long way yet to go, in
Quebec, before we may successfully compete
with the California packer. Care in placing,
care in grading, care in the arrangement of
color characterized every package. The
package goes farther than we think — much
farther. We could point you out stuff that
(lay that the farmer, used to first-class fruit
and vegetables fresh from the fields, would
not eat ; yet, largely because of its pack-
age, it Bold.

Not only beauty of package must be con-
sidered, but strength is equally important.
In every case the Western fruit man did
not give sufficient attention to this, al-
though he usually did. In car lots the
weight on the bottom layer is very great.
Any breakage in these packages or others
means much loss to the grower.

Renew your Subscription now.

A gentleman from Canada, travelling in
Egypt, writes to the Department of Trade
and Commerce to say that apples in Egypt
cost two shillings each. He recently had
eaten some which were of a very fine var-
iety. He states that there is a splendid
opportunity for Canadian apples in the
Levant, and adds: "These wealthy princes
and people of Egypt who own half the Bos-
phorus pay any price when they want any-
thing. My friend seemed not the least
concerned that apples should cost him 50
cents a-pieoe." If an attempt were made
to ship apples to Egypt, the correspondent
of the department believes that a harvest
would be reaped.

>^» ♦ M M ♦♦ M ♦♦♦♦ H »♦ M ♦♦♦♦»♦*♦ ♦

DOUGLAS GARDENS I

OAKVILLE =

ONTARIO

PEONIES

The foUowine collections are eelcctionR from
the General List of U varieties described—
with other good things— in our Fall Planting
List now ready, viz :

One Dollar Coll., 3 varieties . . $1.00
Norlake Coll., 10 varieties . . 3.50
Douglas Coll., 10 varieties . . 6.00
N. W. Special $5 Coll., 7 varieties, 5.00

Send name and address if your name is not
now on our mailing list.

JOHN CAVERS

J. O. SIMS t

FRUIT BROKER AND AUCTIONEER

For SIXTEEN years I have received
enormous consignments of APPLES from
Nova Scotian growers and Associations,
always giving complete satisfaction to
senders.

Your Consignments Are Solicited

Best Sales, Personal Attention and
Promptest Returns Guaranteed

Offices, Warehouses and Wharf :

15 Stoney St, Borough Market, Ltndon, S.E.

Sale Rooms: 18 Podding Lsne, London, E.C.

Ball Farm, Niagara-on-the-Lake,
August 1st, 1911.

"Regarding the large blocks of Pedigreed Cherries,
Peaches, Pears, Plums and bush fruits we planted last
fall, am pleased to tell you the results are in every way
satisfactory. The few trees put in this spring do not
compare with the fall plant, either in growth or take.
We lost considerably more of the spring planted trees,
and the growth is much shorter. In future we plant in

*^^ ^^"- D. A. R. RODGERS

Pedigreed Cherries, planted November 1910, 99 per cent, thrifty July, 1911
The property of D. A. R. ROGERS, Darr Farm, Niagara

We strongly recommend the fall planting of all fruits excepting yearling plum.s, which are inclined to freeze
back, and should be planted in the spring. Where the land is suitable and the work well done, fall planting has in
every case proved more satisfactory than spring planting. Particularly is this noticeable this dry season. The land
is usually in fine planting condition in the fall, the trees quite dormant, the weather cool, and more time can be given
to plant carefully. Fall planted trees are well established by spring, and make a much heavier growth than spring
planted orchards. These arc a few reasons why fall planting pays.

Orders should be sent in early, and we are prepared to make quick delivery as soon as stock Is thoroughly matured.

AUBURN NURSERIES, Queenston, Ont.

233

THE CANADIAN TTORTTCULTURIST

September, 191 1

e«tibllihcd 1890 Loll Dlilucc Tclephoic M 3102

H.J. ASH

(Member Toronto Board of Trade)

WHOLESALE
FRUIT MERCHANT

44 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

SPEClJtLTY: Fancy Home Grown
Fruit and Vegetables

SKND FOB STAMP AND PAD

Cold Storage Fruit
Warehouse

FiiM'st Apple Rooms in the Dominion for

EXPORT AND LOCAL TRADK

Special Koonis for All Kinds of Perishable
GoodH.

THE CANADA COLD STORAGE CO.

LIMITED
53 WILLIAM STREET, MONTREAL

You cannot expect good work
from a. furnace unless it is

properly installed.

You cannot buy a. Furnace like you do a>. Stove —
id it home and have the " Handy-Man " put Jt up —
not if you expect to get all the heat out of your coaL

fl Your heatings system must be
planned. The reg^isters must be
properly placed. The warm and
cold air ducts must be a certain
diameter. The furnace must be
located in just the rijfht spot — and
it must be just the right size, fl We
supply plans to you absolutely free
and you do not need to buy a
furnace to gfet them either.

fl If you have a heatings problem to
solve — new building or old — send
us a rough diagram of yourbuilding,
showing the location of doors and
windows. ^ We will prepare for
you complete plans and specifica-
tions for hpating that building, give
you an estimate of the cost of the
heating system, and also the advice
of our experts on every detail.

"HcclaFutnace

The plan is essential, but it is also
essential to have a furnace that will
give you ample heat — one that will
supply pure, fresh air without a
taint of gas, and, for the lady
of the house, heat that will be
free from dust and smoke.

The " Hecia" is such a furnace.

GET THIS BOOKLET.

" Comfort & Health " tells how
you can get heat without gas. It
tells how to get the same heat from
six tons of coal as you ever got
from seven. Write for it to-day.
And at the same time ask for any
information you may require regard-
ing the heatings of your home. 147

CLARE BROS. «* CO., LIMITED,

PRESTON. Ont.

PLANS

Send a rougb diagram of your house and

we will send complete plans and

estinaates for heating it«

FREE

Packing Apples in Barrels

The maiiaKemont of the Norfolk Fruit
Growers' Association (Ont.) Hjik sent a cir-
cular letter to its members Kiviiig the fol-
loning sugRfstions in regard to the pack-
ing of fruit :

Get your ladders, picking baskets, pack-
ing table, steiniuer, press, leveller and plank
on hand, also engage your pickers and pack-
ers so that when your apples are ready to
pack you are in a f)osition to do so.

Picking should be done with care. Handle
the apples so that they will not be bruised.
Never pick apples off the ground and p'l*
in the barrels with Handpicked No. 1 or >'
2 apples.

Drive all quarter hoops down firmly and
nail with three nails in each upper quarter
hoop. Then drive hoops well down on the
end of the barrel with poorest head and
nail four nails. Then head line by using
four nails in each headliner. Exercise care
in headlining and drive nails slanting, li
nails show through to outside of barrtl
don't clinch but take out and drive right
so it does not show through. Now, take
out the other end ot the barrel and clinch
the quarter hoop nails. Use one and a
quarter-inch wire naibi. Next stencil your
barrel.

PACKING

Get everything ready for packing.

If using paper, place this in the end of
the barrel. \\ ith great care pick out and
stem your facers, not the largest but aver-
age size of grade you are packing, tsee that
every apple is a perfect one with the very
best color you have to chooso from. You
should not have any ditterence in size in
your facers, but if you should have, place
your smaller applet to the outside row and
the larger ones to the centre. A good many
inexperienced packers do the opposite.
Always place steins down, with the excep-
tion of long, shapely varieties, as Gilliflow-
er and Bellllower, which lay red cheeks
doivii. The sorting must be done caretuhy
and reject all wormy, fungus spot, bruised
ana unsnapely apples both for A'o. I's anU
No. 2's. Now, place your barrel on a plank
and after each basket ot apples emptied
give the barrel several quick, short shakes.
You will have to be governed according to
the size of the apples you are packing now
full to fill the barrel before using the lev-
eller. At all times level so it will take one
row, blossom end up, on top and leave your
apples about one-haJf inch above staves.
Care must be exercised in rackiug down
very carefully. Nail and headline your bar-
rel and same is ready for shipment.

Size for Snows, Golden Russet and kin-
dred sized varieties, 2 1-4 inches and over,
of good color, for No. I's. and 2 18 inches
and over showing some color for No. 2's.

Size for Baldwins and kindred sized va-
rieties, 2 1-2 inches and over, of good color,
for No. I's, and 2 1-4 inches and over
showing some color, for No. 2's.

Size for Spies, Greenings, Kings and kin-
dred sized varieties, 2 5-8 inches and over,
of good color, for No. I's, and 2 3-8 inches
and over, showing some color, for No. 2's.

Don't pack any No. 2's in Talman Sweets
or early fall apples, such as Jenneting, Col-
verts, St. Lawrence, Maiden Blush, etc.
Pack very few No. 2's in odd winter vari-
eties. Let No. 2's chiefly consist of Kings,
Snows, Greenings, Spies, Baldwins and Pus-
sets.

The number on every barrel is the grow-
er's name, and each grower will be paid
for his fruit according to varieties and
quality, and it is the duty of each grower
to see that his apples are packed according

September, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

223

If it isn't
an Eastman,
it isn't
a Kodaks

KODAK

means more than a mere vacation ac
cessory. It means home pictures,
portraits of one's family and friends,
intimate pictures that become priceless
as the years go by.

And picture making' is very simple by the
Kodak system. Ask your dealer or write us
for "At Home with the Kodak, " a beauti-
fully illustrated booklet about home picture
making, that not only shows the pleasinjj;
results that can easily be obtained, but shows
hoTv they are made.

CANADIAN KODAK CO. LIMITED

TORONTO. CANADA

The second ^
edition of the
"Dictionary
of Heating" is
now ready for

distribution

mJL^

Write for it. Postpaid
to any address in Canada

Taylor- ForbesiS'

239 Kiker. of

**Q«,»r«,«.r»I«,~'^ Hot W»te

sovereign ud r.

Water Boilen
diators

GUELPH, CANADA

USE FOSTER'S POTS

THEY ARE THE BEST ON THE MARKCT

WK MANUKACTURK

STANDARD POTS

PBRN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanqinq BASKHTS

SAUCERS AND

STRAIGHT PANS

Canada'" Leading Pot
Manufacturers

Tht FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited

Main St. West, Hamilton. Ont.

. 'OSTER'S i
' 5TAN0AB0
POT

(iTarefuf construction

insures

Bianos

In the manufacture of
eVerjj (^ourfajjJSiano
the betertnination to use
nothing but the best,
an exact knotJufeige of
holD an6 \phere to use it,
at\6 a \)igifant superXjision
o\)eT eDfr^ betaif of construction
produces o sjimpathetic
richness of tone, anft insures
that the tone mU fast.

$ourfaj)tJWinter g^Xeeminq
leSYonge St. C^oronto.

\ J»s)^M';n»rdij

A 24

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 19: 1

Important and Useful Book

THE CANADIAN
APPLE GROWERS' GUIDE

This is the latest and most up-to-date
work on Apple Culture now before the
public. It has been prepared by Linus
Woolverton. so long secretary of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association and Ex-
periment Station, from a lifelong experi-
ence in (crowing and shipping apples.

Profusely and beautifully illustrated, a
book which should be in the hands of
every person interested in Apple Growing.
The best book on the subject ever issued.

ORDER NOW. Cloth and gold, $2.00, or
postpaid. $2.25.

WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher

29-31 Richmond Street, Weit, TORONTO, ONT.

And of all Booksellers

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA
HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized. $ 1 0.000.000.00
Capital Subscribed 5.913,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.775,000.00
Reserve Fund 5.775,000.00

D. R. WIL.KIE, PrMlden*
HON. R. JAFFRAT, Tlee-PrMldaat

Br«noh»B and Aarenclea throucheut
th« Dominion of Canada

Drafto, Monay Ordan >nd Lattan ef Cradil

iaiued availmbla ia any part of tb« world

SpacUI attaBlioo ciraB la eoUacMaiu

Savinffs Dapartmant — Interest allowed en de-
poeitifrooi date of deposit.

BARCHARD & CO., LIMITED

APPLE BOXES

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS

135-151 DUKE STREET,

TORONTO

Somc^History

about Typewriters

Modern and Ancient

CHAPTER 3

MANY typewriters look something like the
Underwood, but that does not give them
Underwood excellence. The vital features of
the Underwood's superiority are fully protected
by patent rights.

ITOR example, take the adjustable guide, which con-
trols the type bar and holds it rigid at the printing
point, insuring positive and permanent alignment.

|T is a mechanical impossibility for a front-stroke

machine to write in alignment without such a guide

No other machine has it; no other machine can have it.

)^irH the Underwood every character must appear
in exactly the right position. On this account the
work of an Underwood is distinctive, and recognis-
able at sight.

United Typewriter G).

Limited

TORONTO

to the foregoing instructions, as you are
personally responsible.

Don't allow your barrels to get wet either
before or after packing. When apples are
packed either load on cars or place in a
sheltered cool place with plenty of ventila-
tion.

All members should help build up our
reputation in honest p.neking of apples.

British Columbia Notes

Superintendent R. W. Allen of the Ore-
gon Agriucltural College Experiment Sta-
tion at Umatilla addressed British Columbia
fruit growers in a three weeks' series of lec-
tures held during July. He began at Kam-
loops and travelled south through the Okaa-
agan district, giving field demonstrations
in the afternoons and stereopticon lectures
in the evenings on orchard irrigation.

Mr. Herbert Garaway, the manager ol
the Okanagan Fruit Union, one of the
largest fruit-handling companies in British
Columbia, has expressed the opinion that
within the next few years the Okanagan
will be transformed into a great apple-
gi owing country with peaches and other
tender-skinned fruit almost entirely elim-
inated. In the north end of the valley no
poaches or apricots have been produced at
all, but in the district south of Kelowna,
which has only recently been given up to
fruit ranching, peach orchards have been
laid out in a very generous style. Peaches
Ua»o, however, proved to be a most unde-
pe:idablo crop, while on the other hand ap-
ples are a certainty, can be grown at less
cost and are much easier to handle and
ship. This year the peach crop will be
small. Practically every order that has
gone into the big nurseries this year has
been for apple trees. The entire irrigated
zone in the dry belt bids fair to be covered
with apijle orchards.

The proiincial nursery inspectors this
year have condemned seventy thousand six
hundred and sixteen trees shipped into the
province by outside nurseries. The major-
ity of the importations were from the Unit-
ed States, but there was also a good num-
ber from continental Europe and from other
parts of the world.

The provincial fruit inspector, Thomas
Cunningham, reports that in certain east-
ern sections of the province insect pests
have been much more in evidence than in
recent years, as well as black knot on plum
and cherry trees.

In spite of the fact that the output of
the home nurseries in British Columbia is
increasing by leaps and bounds, the impor-
tations from other states and provinces
never were so large as at present. The in-
crease in importations — 1911 over 1910 —
was more than 40 per cent. The total num-
ber of trees and plants imported up to
April 30th for the present year was over
3,000,000.

The directors of the British Columbia
Fruit Growers' Association have made a
number of important recommendations to
the provincial government. They urge the
government to take immediate steps to have
reliable reports made on new and untried
districts which are now being exploited as
fruit districts, in order that new, ignorant
settlers may not be led into worthless in-
vestments by ignorant or unscrupulous
agents or land companies ; that a plant
pathologist and entomologist be engaged
and given facilities for conducting labora-

1^.

September, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

225

toiical work on the broadest lines ; that the
services 'he engaged of Prof. B. E. Etohe-
verry, head of the irrigation department of
the University of California, to investigate
and roport. with recommendations, on the
distribution and use of water in the irri-
gated districts of British Columbia, and
that an assistant be engaged for Mr. R. M.
Winslow to assist in the general secretarial
work of the horticultural branch of the De-
partment of Agriculture.

Western Annapolis Valley, N.S.

R. J. MfHfng>r

One of the best things that has hapnened
in the fruit belt this season was the heivy
rain that fell August 16. The unusual hot
weither began to affect the apple crop both
in retarding the growth and also in caus-
ing a drop. The rain freshened vegetation.
and by Augu-t 19 the apples were showing
up better. This is Nova Scotia's record-
breaking vear. Some place the number at
one and a quarter mil'ion barrels of export
fruit. True it is that the fruit will almost
all birrel, for it is the exception to find
spot or wormy fruit.

Another sign of improvement and encour-
agement is the rapid growth of cooperative
shipping associations. In April of thi.s
year there were nine societies. Now twenty-
three are working, the greater number hav-
ing their own warehouses either built or in
course of construction. There is also a
central association formed to amalgamate
the individual associations. A man has been
sent to the West to negotiate sales of ap-
plet and has already placed some 20,000
} barrels of Gravensteins at good prices, as
t-well as later fruit.

The Gravenstein crop is simply immense.
Every tree in Nova Scotia seems to have
a full load. The crop of this variety alone
promises from two hundred and twenty to
three hundred thousand barrels.

The great problem facing the people of
Nova Scotia this season for the first time
is the handling of the fruit, not only in
picking but also in warehousing and trans-
portation. Prices are a thing of the future,
ns onerators arc not in a hurry to quote.
R. .1. Graham of Belleville. Ontario, who
has a number of evaporators through the
vall(\v and who expects to have these all run-
ning in full blast this season, is also buy-
ing apples for export. He is offering $1.50
tree run, or an advance of twenty- five cents
for packed fruit.

Eastern Annapolis Valley, N.S.

Eunice Buchanan

The very dry season has caused the ap-
ples to ripen much earlier than iLsual, and
fears are entertained as to their keeping
qualities. Gravensteins, which as a rule
are not picked until after September 10th,
will be ready about August 25. Duchess,
Astrachan and Crimson Beauty were har-
vested oirly in August. One dollar and a
half has been paid for Nos. 1 and 2 Duchess.
The continued dry weather has lessened the
expectations of some orchardLsts, as growth
was arrested and there are more small ap-
ples than was at fir.st anticipated. However,
so far we have not bad bad winds or storms,
although quite a lot of apples are dropping
from lack of moisture. Still, peonle are
thinning, and there are plenty of fine ap-
ples left which have never been so free from
spot and worms.

Wasps ate large quantities of raspberries,
while many blackberries simply dried up.

ICittle have had to leave the i)a.stures be-
cause the brooks are ejiipty.
Blueberries (wild) have been fuOIing from

IMPORT YOUR BULBS

C. MORTIMER BEZZO
Bulb Importer - Berlin, Ontario

Send with me; I import every year and get only the
highest quality of spring flowering bulbp. Write for
particulars and prices.

A fence of this kind only 16 to 23c. per running foot. Shipped in rolls. Anyone cap put
it on the posts without siccial tools. We were the originators of this fence. Have sold
hundreds of miles for enclosing parks, lawns, gardens, cemeteries, churches, station grounds,
etc , etc Suopl'-d in any lengths desired, and painted either white or preen. Also. Farm
Fences and Oates, Netting. Baskets. Mats, Fence Tools, etc., etc. Ask for our 1911 catalog.
the most complete fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

pranrhes- Toronto, Cor. Kinc -itid Atlantic Ave. Mcrtrca!, rOi-.^lT Notrn DcmoKt. V/. St. John. S7 Dock SI,
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canar;i. 507

[her€ is Work foran I H
^fiasoline Lngine Lveri|

Day^

It win soparp.te ycr.r cream, .grind or cut feed, run your wood-
sp.v/ — pump — fannTng mill — thresher — electric lif^ht plant — washing
macliine — save yf i! time and money on all ihe thousand and one
jobs around the place.

A few cents' worth of: fuel — a turn of the wheel — and it will work
for hours— without watching or bother— taking oare rA its end of the
work and leaving you free to do yours.

An I H C Engine is not only wot?.derfully serviceable and economical, but
with oroper care it will last lor years. Its construction guarantees smooth,
steady running— its few simple parts make it mo.'jt durable. The perfect
accessibility of every part makes it easy to clean and keep in perfect
condition. And, just as important, our line guarantees

An I H C Engine for Your Individual Need

of just the right size and style to do vourspecial work to the best advantage.
Vertical type — 2, 3, ?5. and 35-H. I'.; horizontal— 1 to 25-H. P.; serai-
portable— 1 to 8-H. P.; portable— 1 to 25-H. P.; traction— 12 to
4vH. P.; sawing, pumping, s^rav'.ng, and grinding outfits, etc.
— built to operate on gas, gasolint,. kerosene, distillate, or alco-
I'.ul — air cooled or water cooled. See the 1 H C local agent,
or, write today to nearest branch house for catalogue, or
any information desired.

CANADIAN BRANCHES— IntcmaKonil Hanreste Company of Americr at Brao-

doc, Calgary. Edmonton. Hauiillon. LethbridKC. Londoa. Montreal. North

Biillleford. Ottawa, Re(ina,Saakatoon,St. John, Wtyburn, Winnipeg. Yorkton.

International Harvester Company of America

(incoiporatcd)
Chicago USA

I H C Service Bureau

The purpo.iie oi" this 3ureau is to furnish farm-
ers -witli information on better farming. If you
have any worthy questions concerning soils, crops,
pests, lertilir.er, etc., write to the I 11 C Service
Knrc:>u. and learn what our experts and others have
found out concerning those subjects.

226

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

Qrini^l>v Ont«ar*io

f/,tntu§MUlunutMaMwaiUltUUUit»ltaitmMnaaamawmmtmmm»mummmmmmmmms

Paeonies For Fall Planting

New French Hybrid Paeonies of Delicious
fragrance, in a ^vonderful variety of color

Write for Catalogue and Prices

STONE & WELLINGTON

PHONE— MAINE 1109

TORONTO, ONTARIO

usual price. Many barrels of apples are
goiriK to Western Canada, where packing
comoany agents are opening now markets.

Silver leaf disease is reported in Berwick
orchards.

The quality of the tomato fruits is ex-
ceptionally good, though green ones are
dropping.

Montreal

E, H. Wsrtain Donlnioa Froit IiipccUr

The large cities draw from far and near
to supply their wants. To-day (August
15) a car of applfis arrived from Woodstock,
N. B. The variety, Crimson Beauty,
graded No. 2. It is a nice, clean, bright
red apple of small size — about the same tex-
ture as the Astrachan. but not so good in
quality. Their cleanness and brightness sold
them well.

Thi.s apple, if thinned well on the tree,
ought to make a good box apple for Eng-
land. Bright re<l apnles are always in de-
mand, and to date this vear they are very
scarce. I am of the opinion that the hot
waves lasted too long to give color on early
varieties. There are many orchards in which
you could have hung a thermometer on the
sunny side of the tree and it would have
gone up to one hundred and ten degrees
Fahrenheit. As an old French lady on Bon-
secour Market said of her apples, "They be
baked."

Eight cars of California fruits were sold
at the fruit auction on Augu.st 14th. There
were peaches, pears, plums, grapes and nec-
tarines. All were sold in an hour and a
half at fair prices. The packing and qual-
ity of the fruits were both good.

The first shipment of apples for England
sailed from this port on Aucust 13th This
is the earliest I can rememb»r. Bright col-
ored fruit, well graded and landing in good
order, ought to do well. Fruit has been
selling at high priceis all season here — too
high for many to fill up all their cases.

Quebec Province Notcs5

E. M. Straight, Macdoiald Colltge, Qae

The exceeding dry and hot weather condi-
tions, general throughout Eastern Canada,
have been much in evidence in this prov-
ince. Some sections have not suffered so
much, but in the vicinity of Montreal crops
have .suffered greatly. Small fruits were not
at all plentiful. Raspberries were particu-
larly short. Thev sold in Montreal at
twenty cents, and it is reported that they
Hrought much more at retail.

Apples are looking well. There is the
prospect of a f-ir crop.

The experimentil orchard at Abbotsford
was visited by me recently. Mr. Richard-
son, the superintendent, had everything as
it should be, and the public demonstration
in the orchard in the afternoon was attend-
ed by many farmers of the section and by
a number of representatives from other lo-
calities. The trees, bv their clean bark and
healthy foliage, spoke louder than words.

Just now the farmers are excited over
"fire blight" and "melon wilt." These are
not new enemies, bu'' some way there are
always localities where it makes its appear-
ince for the first time, and others where
it is noticed for the first time. Fire blight,
or twig blight, is well known and should be
readily identified on apples. The young,
succulent twigs are brown and dead at this
season. The dead leaves adhere to the twig.
The disease is internal, bacterial in origin.
Sprays are of no avail. Cutting out the
affected tissue is the only praet-'cal method.
"Melon wilt" is also a bacterial plant dis-
ease. It attacks melons, cucumbers and

September, 1911

TFTE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

227

I
I

squash. Striped cucumber beetles are re-
sponsible for its spread, and in dry, hot
weather it spreads rapidly. The affected
plants wilt and eventually die. By break-
ing an affected vine and rubbing the ends
together, a certain ropiness will be noticed,
when the parts are pulled apart, if the true
wilt is present. Pull up diseased vinos and
burn. Kill the squash beetle. That is all
you can do.

The truck farmers around Montreal surely
know their business, and it is one not easy
to learn. Lmd is worth twenty-five cents
a foot for market garden purposes. These
men bv their strict application to business
have become independently wealthy and are
known all over the countryside. Melons —
well, we won't say the Montreal melon —
speaks for itself. Here is where you may
find acres of cold frame. Beside that, we
have some ten or twelve acres under green-
house clars on the i.sland. On the whole
the siffht is good to look at and not to be
forpotten soon.

Macdonald College is offering some special
inducemeuts to farmers and farmers' sons
to attend the college this coming session.
Under present arrangement the cost of a
colleee education is slight indeed, and the
opportunity for the young man is great. A
card to the Registrar brings full informa-
tion.

Niagara District Notes

L. WoolyertoB, Grimiby, Ont.

A succession of disa.sters has visite-l the
fruit growers of this usually favored section
thii^ season. The long extended drought
of M'iy, June and part of July made straw-
berries and raspberries a very short crop.
The very bushes of the latter were withered
and dried up before their time. Then canio
high wind storms, which played havoc with
plums, peirs and apples, covering the
ground with immature fruit, too green for
marketing; and, to cap the climax, there
followed about August fir.st such an electric
and hail storm as nobody living remembers
the like. Now a large portion of our apples,
plums and peaches escaping the wind are
cut and bruised by the pelting hail, so that
they are rotting on the trees and are so
blemished as to be unsalable. Pears, espe-
cially the later kinds, are least injured,
their form appnrentlv having caused the
hail to glance off without cutting the skin,
but grapes have suffered most of all fruits.

I?'it worse than wind or hail or drought
is a comparatively new evil known as "Lit-
tle Peach." Akin to Yellows, but different,
and if anvthing, more disi.strous. It has
alarmed Canadian peach growers le.st it
f^hould become in Ontario the scourge which
it has nroved in Michigan, where whole or-
chards have bpen destroyed and the trees
thrown on the flames lest it continue to
spread. In some Ontario orchards hundreds
of trees have been alreadv destroyed by
command of the inspectors, who claim to
diagnose the evil by the color of the foliage
and the incnrl of the leaves. The chief
proof to the grower, however, is the small
size of the fruit; peaches that .should grow
to a large size ripening up prematurely, al-
most as small as marbles.

Noticing some of my Japan plum trees
affected in a very similar way, I am won-
dering whether this foreigner, which
lirought to us San Jo.se scale, is not also to
blame for spreading Little Peach, a disease
unknown before these were introduced. Pos-
siblv tho pollen of this plum carries the di.s-
ea.se to the peach. Anyway I am ordering
my men to cut out those plum trees with lit-
tle, undersized plums, which give ri.so to my
suspicions. I would like to hear from our
Michigan peach growers as to whether they

SANITARY. ARTISTIC and TIRCPROOr it th* Terdict
of the critic concerning

Metallic Ceilings and Walb

and they are moderately priced and so easily laid. A splendid
"MttaliicCHlifvi <md WM, art a ^ange of new and standard

fTfotproteetionagainitJtre-altodoaway designs tO select rrom.
with the diut and /ailing biti of plotter.' ^rite n» for artistic booklet teU

—The Philoiopher of Metal Town, jng jn about them. Phone Park. 800.
MANUFACTURCRB

^gftfitii wanted In Home nections. Write tor partlculari.

FOR YOU-THE BEST
CROP INSURANCE IS

lUNIHC MANURE SPREADER

To secure the best results, manure must be spread with
a machine, because fork-spreading wastes manure,
wastes time, wastes energy, and wastes opportunities
for increasing the income which a farm is capable of yielding.

In progressive communities you will find that most of the
manure spreaders in use bear the I H C trade-mark.. Pro-
gressive farmers take no chances on their crop insurance.
They want absolute assurance before they decide.

Before they bought I H C manure spreaders, they found
that they were simple in design— unusual in strength— and
remarkably efficient.

They found the power transmitting mechanism the most
durable used on any machine, because the beater gear was
held in a single casting which prevented the gears from spring-
ing out of alignment and cutting the teeth. They found that
the long, square, chisel pointed teeth insured positive pulver-
izing of all manure; that the teeth were long enough to tear
the manure to pieces before it wedged against the bars; that
the teeth did not rim the bars; that the beater was large enough
in diameter so it did not wind. They found that the rollers
which supported the apron were large, that the apron moved
easily; and that self-aligning roller bearings on the main
drive axle not only reduced the draft but prevented the axle
from binding, and cutting the axle brackets, a fault not un-
common to spreaders.

Corn King Cloverleaf

You have choice of these two styles. Each
style is made in several sizes to meet every
condition.

Don't plant another crop before you see the
I H C local agent. Let him tell you all the
facts. Let him point out the many advan-
tages of an I H C spreader. Pick out the
one that suits you best. Get catalogues from
him, or, if you prefer, write nearest branch
house for any information you desire.

CANADIAN BRANCHES -IntenuUon.l H.r»e.ter ComnnroF
America at Brandon, Calgary. Edmonton. Hamilton, Leibbridx*.
London, Montreal, North Battleford, Ottawa, Reiina, Satkatooa,
St. Jobn, Weybnro, Wianipec, Yorkton.

International Harvester Company of Americe

Chicago (Incorporated) USA

IHC
Service Bureau

The purpose of
this Bureau is to
furnish farmers
with information
on better farming.
If you have any
worthy question
concerning soils,
crops, pests, fer-
tilizer, etc.. write
to the I H C Serv-
ice Bureau, and
learn what our
experts and others
have found out
concerning these
r.ubjects.

228

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

♦♦•♦"♦-♦-♦"♦-♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ♦»»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

SPECIAL NO. 26

Sent to your Kxprrns Offit-e
carefully packci!. for $5.00

I

8 BEAUTIFUL HOUSE PLANTS

AND

100 Choice Win er Flowering Bulbs
All for $5.00

We stake our reputation on thl« Special
. Bargain. Tile mo«t careful buyer cannot
select better quality or get more for the
. money. The plants are all thrifty and
. healthy ; of full blooming gize. and such
■ only as will do well in the ordinary home
atmosphere. The bulbs are those that
are sure to bloom and thrive and give de-
light to the inmates of the home all
through the long Canadiin winter. Send
us $5.00 and we will express to you as
follows:

PLANTS
1 Choice Ostrich Plume Fern.
1 Pine Boston Fern.
1 Splendid Chinese Primrose.
1 Beautiful Cyclamen.
1 Rare Begonia.
1 Fine Cinerari-a.
1 Strong Asparagus Fern.

1 Large Kentia Palm.

Our regular selling price of these plants
will average 50c e^ch. and some of them
we retail at One Dollar each.

BULBS

12 Early Narcissus Paper White.

12 Early Roman Hyacinths.

12 Freesia Mammoth size.

(The above are for early Xmas bloom)

12 Dutch Hyacinths (all colors).

12 Choice Single Tulips (all colors).

12 Superb Double Tulips (all colors).

12 Double Daffodils a choice assortment.

12 Single Daffodils a choice assortment.

2 Chinese Sacred Lillies.

2 Bermud.i Easter Lillies.

Cultural directions for these Plants and
Bulbs are found in our Catalog, which
we mail free.

The above bulbs will give continuous
bloom until Easter. Catalogue prices of
the«e bulbs is $4 00.

This Order is Not Good after December
15 th.

THE HAY FLORAL AND SEED CO.,

Seedmen and Florists
BROCKVILLE - - - ONT.

-M-^M-M-M-f-M-f ■♦■■♦■ -f4-M-M--M-4^-»-M-H-f

You can depend upon it foi positive re-
sults without le^i of failure or dissatisfact-
ion.

$2.50 per Gallon — $1.00 per Quart

, FWItiiE

An infalliable remedy for mildew, car-
nation rust and other fungus diseases.
$2.50 per Gallon — 75c per Quart
We will lead with reciprocity by placing
our products on the Canadian market at
the same prices as sold in the United States.
For Sale By

Dupuy SI Ferguson

MONTREAL
Minnfsctared by APHINE MANUFACTURING
CO., Maaiio", N. J., U. S. A.

We will be gl.ad to negotiate with responsible firms
^ip^Canada to handle our products.

have been growing many Japanese plums
and whether thev have nny reason to think
they are in any way blaraahle for Little
Peach.

The whole di-strict between Boamsville
and Hamilton along the line of the H. G.
& B. trolley is being devoted to fruit grow-
ing, but not in largo frnit farms as for-
merly. The one hundred-acre farms are be-
ing cut up into ten and fifteon-acrc plots
and being better cultivated and letter
nriinod and sprayed, and thus several fam-
ilies are bettor sujmorted than the one origi-
nal owner, who had more than he could cul-
tivate.

The Benefits of Cold Storage

J. A. Raddack, Cold Storsgc Csmmittioser, Ottawa

If I were asked why I think cold storage
is useful in handling late fall or wint<'r
varieties of apples, I would put the ca.se
something like this: A large percentage of
all apples become more or less wasty and
over-ri'ie before they reach the consumer.
Now. that is riartlv the result of injuries
wliich the apples receive in the picking and
handling, and it is partly because they are
held for a few weeks at too high a tempera-

tre. Even our latest varieties are expo.s-
fe ' to temperatures which are not sufficient-
ly low to check these life processes in time,
and in consequence a large percentage of
the anples become over-ripe and wasty be-
fore they reach the limit of their season —
the season that they may be expected to
be good in.

Cold storage will not prevent all this
waste. There is as much room for improve-
ment in the handling of applas so as to pre-
vent bruises and sk-'n punctures of one
kind and another, as fhere is in the appli-
cation of cold storagft If you have your
apples perfect, sound in the skin, with no
bruises and no punctums of any kind so
that the moulds cannot find entrance, win-
ter varieties will keep a long time even
without cold storage; but with the aid of
cold storage you can ext-nd their season,
and those whicli are not quite so perfect
will be p*-eserved in better condition.

Apples keep very much better some sea-
sons than they do in others. I am speak-
ing of the winter varieties. In 1909 it was
found that the Northern Spy kept very
badly, it turned out badly early in the
season. There was reason for that, and I
think it was simply this : that at the time
of harvesting and after the apples were
packed, while they were still in tho barrels
Iving round, the weather was unusually
warm, and that meant of course that there
was a very rapid deterioration. Now, if
these apples oould have been chilled, and
without any delav, at the time they were
harvested, it would hive meant a consider-
able saving to the apple growers and deal-
ers, many of whom suffered great lasses in
that year, and the warm weather would
have been an advantage rather than a
detriment.

It is not easy for t^e individual farmer
to provide himself with a good cold storage
warehouse, but it is possible for the indi-
vidual fruit grower to have small ice stor-
aaes. If I were a fruit grower or was
handling apple=i or tender fruits, 1 should
certainly provide a plice of that kind. Of
course I think the ideal way would be to
have these apples removed at once from
the orchards to the cold storage ware-
hotises. In the State of New York — where
they need cold storage a little more than
we do because their season is somewhat
earlier in som-^ districts — ilong the Falls
Branch of the New York Central Railroad

Extract from evidence given before the House of
Commons Committeo on agriculture.

Daisy Apple
Press

Used by all leadiuK
appb- packers in t^an-
adii, Inited States and
Knirland.

Write for prices and
complete information

to

J. J. ROBLIN & SON

Maiiufacturer.s

Brighton, Ont.

Canada

You can cultivate be-
tween berry bushes when
the Bissell Oarden Disc
Harrow is closed up, or
under fruit trees with - -

wings added. Adjustable— for sinirle horse,
or light two horse harrow. Low or high
seat. Reversible— In-Throw to Out Throw.
Remember, no harrow is genuine without
Bissell name olamped on it. Ask local deal-
er ab'jiu ihe Bissell or write I>ept N for
Catalog.

T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd., Elora, Ont.

The Bissell

GARDEN MARROW

See advertisement of Bissell Orchard
Disc, page xiv.

WEBSTER'S

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^

& C. Merriam Co,

Springlield, Mags.lSi

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

IX

from the Bridge to Rochester, joii will find
every little village has one or more big cold
storage warehouses for apples. The fruit
is taken right from the orchards into these
places and stored there. These apples are
mostly for the home trade and they are kept
in storage until they are required.

We invite the oflicers of Horti-
cultural Societies to send in short,
pithy reports ol work that would iii.
lerest members of other Horticultu- ^n]
ral Societies.

mm

KINGSTON

D^^^,^^

The Kingston Society has issued a hand-
some prize list for an exiiLition to be held
in the armories, September 13 and 14.
There will be an admission charge of twen-
ty-iive cents for adults and fifteen cents tor
children. A charge of ten cents is made for
each entry, fifteen entries for a dollar. Any
additional entries over fifteen cost five cents
each.

Prizes of as high as three, two and one
dollar are offered in some erf the fruit sec-
tions. Most of the prizes are on a basis of
one dollar, seventy-five and fifty cents each.
This basis ii& followed in the vegetaDlo, plant
and cut flower sfctioiis. There are fifty-nine
classes for fruit, forty-seven for vegetables,
thirty-seven for plants and forty-three for
cut flovvers. The society has held an annual
exhibition for several years. The secretary
is A. W. McLean, 91 Clarence street.

TORONTO

Tie invitation of the president of the To-
ronto Horticultural Society, Mr. MacKen-
drick, to visit his gardens at his island
home, 7 Chippewa avenue, on Saturday,
August 19, from three to eight, was largely
taken advantage of by the members and
their friends. The Toronto Horticultural
Society is fortunate in its president. His
constructive policies and i^ersonal magnet-
ism have brought new life to the faithful
organization that hits labored so long in the
public interest, and his enthusiasm has nx>w
given to this society the strength necessary
to cope witli the problems ahead iu the can.-
paign — "Beautify Toronto."

Many amateurs grow too many kinds of
plants; they crowd their beds, borders and
rockeries with heterogeneous a.ssembly of
genera, many of which are of no special
value, but at 7 Chippewa avenue the society
found gardening interesting and effective.
The great flowers had been selected which
have been developed by florists, their- habits
and requirements studied, the bods treated
and the plants labelled. The artistic blend-
ing of color, the grouping of plants, in fact
the general lay-out gives the owner the
voice of authority in our councils.

The front grounds were found to consist
of a spacious lawn divided by a stone walk
to the house, the flowers bordering the
front, right and left. A rustic pergola shut
out the vegetable garden from the street
view, joining the house an<l running to the
south limit of the grounds. The south beds
were filled with dahlias, sweet peas, while
attractive bloom was admired in the north
and west beds, the phloxes coming in for
much prai.so. On the east side of the house
a dainty little rose garden in good oondi-
tion gave evidence of a beautiful perfumed
retieat. The writer's vLsit was made addi-
tionally interesting by meeting Mr. KIgin
Sclioff'. an amateur botanist of merit, whose
parents were known to him as the floral

^:

BULBS

Plant Now For

SPRING FLOWERS

There is no season of the year when
Fluwers are enjoyed more than in the
Spring. Bulbs planted this Fall will
rtower almost as soon as the snow is
gone. Planted in pots they can be
flowered in the house during the winter

Send J,oday for our Beautiful Bulb
Catalogue. It gives a list of Special
Offers.

Mention this paper and it will be sent
free.

Dupuy (^ Ferguson

38 Jacques Cartier Square

MONTREAL, P.Q.

=^^

APPLES

Representing

J. & H. GOODWIN

M.inchester, Liverpool and Hull

THOS. RUSSELL

GLASGOW

E.H. LEWIS & SON

LONDON

Will be pleased to keep you advised
regarding the condition of the European
Markets. If you have any Apples for
Export, call or write: —

FRED. BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Can.

r

RELIABLE ENGINES for the FARM

RELIABILITY is the first consideration in the selection of a Gasoline
Engine. You want an Engine which will give you good service in Winter and
Summer- -Wet Weather and Dry — an Engine which will always respond when
you want it.

OLDS ENGINES are famous the World over for Reliability and Economy.

They are so Simple that anyone, no matter how inexperienced, can, with a
little care, operate them with perfect success.

They cost next to nothing for Maintenance, and so little to Operate, that
anyone who has use for Power cannot afford to be without one or more of these
Engines.

T

OLDS ENGINES MAY BE SKEN IN OPERATION
AT THE TORONTO EXHIBITION

L.

For
Sale

,y MASSEY-HARRIS AGENTS

Every-
where

J

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

WE WANT YOUR FRUIT

We have a splendid market for the best grades of Cana-
dian fruit. The demand is increasing every year. We
art? in close touch witli the best buyers and can secure for you the highest prices obtainable
for your fruit. We sell direct to buyers on a commission basis only. Correspondence and
consignments solicited. We can make money for you. Highest references.

WM. BAMFORD 81 CO., 93 Hope St., GLASGOW, Scotland

GINSENG

While you are thinking to order your Gin-
sang for fall plantetion, drop ui a card and
get our prices. Choicest plants and seeds.

The

Eastern Townships Ginseng; Garden

CONSTABLE, N. V.

E. J. NEALE &! CO.

SMITHFIELD MARKET

MANCHESTER, ENG.

Cable Address: "Neale's, Manchester"

Warehouses: 10 Hanover St.. .Shudebill. Manchester

Bankers: Parr's Hank Ltd., Hydes CrosH,

Manchester

Regrular Conslgrn merits Solicited

Correspondence Invited

GINSENG

Choice Roots and Stratified Seed
For Fall Planting

WRITE FOR PRICES AND ORDER
EARLY

Send two cents postage
for Illustrated Booklet

E. A. RUSSELL & CO.

Box 102 BRANTFORD. ONT.

Send your consignments of -APPLES
to the Home Country to

RIDLEY HOULDING & CO.

COVENT GARDEN
LONDON, ENGLAND

Who specialize in Apples and Pears
during the Season. Personal attention
Prompt account sales and remittances

Correspondence invited

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gsoteberries, Jogselyn, Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton. — CnrraDtt,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prolific, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria. — Raspberries, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry. — Gardes Roots, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

WHITE

Fruit Wrapper

PAPER

Recommended by Goz-eTmrnent Inspectors
Used wiih perfect results by largest growers

TAKE NO CHANCES WITH

UNTRIED PAPERS

Large Stock, Following Sizes, Alwajs on Haad :
10 X 10 10c per roam (500 shtcts)
20x30 5Sc "
30 x40 $1.00 "

In addition to Fruit Wrapper, following
supplies necessary to the modern Fruit
Export Business are carried in stock at our
Hamilton ^varehouse. Prices supplied on
application.

Wrappiof Papers Twines Palp Board
Box Liniogs Manila Tissue Lace Papers

Buntin, Gillies & Co.

UMITED •

HAMILTON

CANADA

Mention The Canadian Horticulturist

APPLES

Bought, Sold and Handled on Consign-
ment for

ENGLAND, GERMANY AND
WESTERN CANADA

I Represent the Old Firms of

Ph. Astheimer & Son, Hamburg, Ger.

Thomson & Mathieson, Glasgow

North of England Fruit Brokers,
Manchester

W. Dennis & Sons, London

D. Crossley & Sons, Liverpool

Also Firms in

Winnipeg, Brandon, Regina, Saskatoon
and Edmonton

For Information Call or Write

A. S. CHAPIN

APPLE BROKER

75 Yonge St., TORONTO

Phones— Main 3547, College 3307

pioneers of rural Middlesex. — A. K. Good-
man.

THE AUTUMN EXHtBITION

About twenty-fivo hundred people visited
the autumnal exhibition of the society in
the Allan Gardens. An enormous marquee
had been pitched, tastefully decorated with
plants from the Allan Gardens, and lit with
festoons of hydro-electric lights, while an
excellent orchestra was in attendance.

Over four hundred exhibits were rti^i*-
tered, a very large increase over the pre-
vious exhibition in the early summer. There
was a considerably larger number of names
in the prize-winners' list. Mr. T. D. Dock-
ray, the society's representative on the On-
tario Horticultural Association, secured the
special silver medal for August perenniais.

Ol lAWA

A successful exhibition under the aus-
pices of the Ottawa Horticultural Society,
was held during August, when the monthly
meeting was also held. In view of the back-
ward season the exhibits were nut so numer-
ous as they might have been, but tne qual-
ity was of a high standard.

The feature of the flower section was a
display of sweet peas. Some rare specimens
of fruit were staged, both as regards size
and formation.

A paper was read by Mr. R. B. White on
"Lilies." Mr. Whyte dealt with twelve dif-
ferent varieties which he said he had found
to be the best in his long experience. He
explained fully the peculiarities and gave
some interesting hints as to the time of
planting and rearing, emphasizing the ne-
cessity lor having them as short a time as
possible out of the ground. This, he said,
was the chief cause of failure because the
bulbs got dry and were rendered useless.
There was a long list of prize winners.

In Ottawa professional florists are allowed
to compete with amateur florists at the ex-
hibitions held by the Ottawa Horticultural
Society. Mr. R. B. Whyte, one of the di-
rectors of the society, told The Canadian
Horticulturist recently that this arrange-
men has caused very little trouble, in as
much as the amateurs generally win because
they have more time to give to the grow-
ing of their flowers for exhibition than the
professionals have. As professionals do not
like being beaten by the amateurs they do
not compete as often as they otherwise
would.

Ontario Apples Won

Ontario apples won a great victory during
August, when they captured the "Presi-
dent's Cup" offered at the International
Apple-shippers' Convention, held at Detroit,
for the most comprehensive display of ap-
ples. The Canadian exhibit met with keen
competition from displays made by the nu-
merous apple-producing districts of the
United States.

The principal points on which the Cana-
dian apples won were "fine quality" and
"commercial value." The collection com-
prised thirty leading commercial varieties,
selected from carefully-sprayed orchards.
Mr. William Dixon, Hamilton, vice presi-
dent of the association for Canada, repre-
sented the exhibit, and Mr. P. J. Carey,
Dominion Fruit Inspector, of Toronto, rep-
resented the "Fruit Division" of the De-
partment of Agriculture at Ottawa, in the
work of collecting and installing the dis-
play.

THB CONTRIBUTORS

From Mr. Carey The Canadian Horticul-
turist is informed that a number of our
leading apple growers assisted in the prep-
aration of the exhibit. A fine lot was con-
tributed by Mr. J. C. Morgan, of the Inde-

September, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

XI

pendent Order of Foresters' Home, Oak-
ville. Mr. J. C. Smith, Burlington, fur-
nished many varieties besides assisting to
set up the display. As also did Mr. J.
Breckenridge, Watertown. Another con-
tributor was Mr. W. C. McCalla of St. Cath-'
erines, with apples grown from four-yeai-old
trees. Mr. J. C. Harris, Ingersoll, fur-
nished some splendid specimens from his
well cared for orchards. Mr. R. R. Waddell
of Simcoe and Mr. W. J. Furminger of St.
Catherines. Dominion Fruit Inspector,
rendered splendid assistance in the way of
collecting suitable specimens for the dis-
play.

Comments by British Importers

During the past few weeks The Canadian
Horticulturist has received a number of in-
teresting letters from British apple import-
ers and commission men, containing com-
parisons of the various packs of fruit they
receive from different fruit sections. Rid-
ley, Houlding and Co., of London, Eng.,
write in part as follows: "The apples that
come from California, Oregon, and Wash-
ington are of the dessert variety, and are
packed in boxes. There is no getting away
from the fact that the best apples should
pay to come in boxes. The size whicli finds
most favor here is that which allows of being
packed from 150 to 200 in a box. There are
some Canadian growers who ship the finest
of their apples to this country in boxes, and
we are sure that they find it pays them well
to do so. Apples packed in this way seem
to escape damage from bruising, far more
than those which are sent packed in barrels.

"When packed in boxes, the apples should
be carefully graded, wrapped in paper,
packed evenly in layers and a piece of corru-
gated cardboard put at each end of the box
to prevent the outside apples from sustain-
ing any bruises should the boxes be subject
to any severe handling whilst in transit.

"In barrel packing, the main thing is for
the quality of the fruit to be the same
throughout the whole barrel. We strongly
advise against sending mixed samples in
one barrel. In past years this abuse was
very prevalent but there has been a marked
improvement, and the cases of complaints as
regards the method of packing are now few
and far between. Growers who pack their
iriiit fairly, so that it is quite reliable, will
find it pays them best on a full market.
There will be a good market on this side
this year for high-class apples, which are
well packed."

r

Fruit Crop Prospects

The fruit crop report for August of tne
Dominion Fruit Division reports but little
change in the prospects from previous re-
ports. Hot, dry weather in Ontario has
caused varieties of apples to mature about
ten days earlier than usual.

In the counties north of Lake Erie the
prospects for early and fall apples fiavo
somewhat improved. Winter apples prom-
ise a medium crop. Along Lake Huron and
inland the crop will be even lighter than
previous reports indicated, owing to dry
weather and wind storms. Lambton county
will have about one-half of an average crop
and Huron county a light crop of good
quality in the best cared for orchards.

North of Lake Ontario a medium crop is
expected. The crop is of good quality.
Along the St. Lawrence Valley Snow apples
will be light, Mcintosh an average crop
and Ducliis.-,, Wealthy and Transparent a
fairly good crop.

A bumper crop is expected in Nora 8oo4
tia and New Brunswick. The fruit is large
»nd free from blemish.

Any little glr! can do tbe
churning with

WAXWELCS

Favorite Clium.

It makes th« imoothest, richest, most
delicious butter you over tasted.

The roller bearings — and hand and
foot levers -make churning: an easy task,
even for a child.

All sizes from }i to 30 eallons.

Write for catalogue If your dealer does
not handle this churn and
Maxwell's "Chan.vion"
Washer.

David Maxwell S Soni,
S(.liary'i.OnL

1

INTERNATIONAL

Gall Cure

SOLD
ON A
SPOT
CASH
GUAR-
ANTEE
CURES While Horses Work or Rest

International Qall Cure is a certain, sure,
quiok and infallible cure for Galls, Sors Necks,
Sore Backs, Soia Moulhs, Uuti, Bruised Heels,
etc. Will noD melt anddissulvefrom the ani-
mal beat, but stays right wheie it is applied.
Possesses extraordinary bealing and soothing
qualities. International Oall Cure is the
cleanest, most antiseptiCi purest and best Gall
Cure on the market. We will refund your
money if it ever f^ils to cure. Keep a box on
hand as it is almost a daily need on the farm.

25c. and 60c. At all dealer*.

IKTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD Ca.,Llmlted

TORONTO, ONT.

^^^ez^ ^ream^ (S^ee^ d^i^
<5^ ^/ea^ cTcr (Some

^pi

Just because a separator skims close is not sufficient

reason for buying it. Equally important is the question

of durability.

An I H C Cream Harvester was put to a year's test at the

factory — running steadily for 10 hours every working day. This is

equivalent to 20 years o£ ordinary use, figuring on a basis of half

an hour's daily service. Yet in all this time there was no perceptible

wear. What better proof of 1 H C durability can you ask?

I H C Cream Harvesters

Daiiymaid and Bluebell

have been paying cow owners big dividends for years. Their skimming
qualities are unequalled — their ease of turning — ease of cleaning — and
durability are easily proved by the testimony of owners. Why not investigate?
You will find that I H C Cream Harvesters are the only separators with
dust-proof gears, which are easily accessible. The frame is entirely protected
from wear by phosphor bronze bushings. The I H C has large shafts,
bushings, and bearings. The patented dirt-arrester removes the finest
particles of dirt from the milk before the milk is separated.

I H C Cream Harvesters are made in two styles — Dairymaid, chain
drive, and Bluebell, gear drive — each in four sizes. The I H C local agent

will be glad to point out the above features and many others, or, write

nearest branch house for catalogues.

CANADIAN BRANCHES-Inlcmalioaal Harvuler Compai; of America ai Bruden, Caliarr,
EdmoDtoo, HamittoD. Lethbridge, London, MoatreiJ, Nortb BattlefonI, Ottawa, R^ioa*
Saskatoon, St. John, Weyburn, Winnipeg, Yorkton.

International Harvester Company of America

(Incorporated)

Chicago USA

I H C Service Bureau

The Bureau is a clearlntf house of afifrlcultural
data. It aims to learn the best ways o( doingr
things on the fa.-m. and then distribute the informa-
tion. Your Individual experience may lielp others.
Send your proble u to the I H C Service Bureau.

XI 1

tfl£ CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

Ornamental Wire Fence

Orunning rUUI

We pay the freight on this extra heavy p R £ I G H1
salvanized, guaranteed fence to any nnrriAin
part of Canada. PRtPAlU

FROM LOOM ^^Sal fc'^ci"8i*'^(>ven on our own looms.

Tn I A Uf U ^* *"^^ ""^^ °^ *^*^- '^'^sest buyer* on the
U LAWN Canadian fence wire market, our buying
price ii 20 per cent, lower than that of any other manufac-
turer. We employ no agent* nor iobben. but »ell direct to
the consumer, saving you the dealer's commission. Cost of
raw materia) plus the cost of labor plus our one small profit
equals our inside price of 8 cents per foot and up.

EXTRA RECAL "^ ««>' O"' T°P Orn«^cnlal

FC A T II D C C Wire rence marks a new epoch m the
C A I U n C w Canadian fence industry. Never be-
fore has any firm made a fence as good as we make the Regal
and sdd it at the sacrifice prices we ask. The Regal is beau-
tiful, artistic and durable; it will protect and increase the value
of your properly; it will enhance the •Itractiveness of the
grounds of any mansion, cottage, farm-house, church, school,
public building or park; it won't rust, corrode, sag nor require
propping. No matter where you live, it will cost you from
25 to 65 per cent, less than the fence sold through your local
dealer. It embodies thefollowing: Uprights, No.9 wires that
are three inches apart and crimped from end to end; line
wires, each embrace two No. 1 2 wires twisted alternately
between each stay; special feature, both upright and line
wires are doubled at the top. Made in any length desired.
ASTONISHING By the introduction of new methods,
I nUI D D I P C C up-to-date machinery and the em-
LUrV rnluCO ploying of skilled wire experts, we
have cut the cost of manufacture lower than that of any
other fence factory. This economy added to our low buying
cost enables us to quote the very best inside prices and at the
same time offer a much superior fence than you can buy
elsewhere for double the money. Prices :

36 inches hish — 8 cents per running foot
42 " ^ — 9

48 " " —10 "

Notice— These prices are for Old Ontario only. For
New Ontario, Maritime Provinces and Quebec, add 1 cent
per foot. For Manitoba and Saskatchewan, add 3 cents
per foot. For Alberta and Brirish Columbia, add 4 cents
per foot. This increase over Old Ontario prices is due to
the additional freight rates which we pay.
3 foot Walk Gate $2.75; 10 foot Drive Gate $5.00
PROTECTION ^^ guarantee every foot of Regal
f*IIADAIJTCCn '^"*^^' iicluding its galvanization for
uUAIiAN I ECU 12 years. We challange comparison.
Simply figure out the price of the quantity of Regal fence
you require and fill out the order blank below. Upon
receipt, we will ship your order, freight prepaid. If
your purchase is not entirely satisfactory, return wire at our
expense, and we will refund your money in full. The satis-
fied customer is our best advertisement and bunness asset.
'* Independent ; not connected with any Trust.'*

ORDER BLANK M

Recal Fence & Gate Co.

Samia, Canada.

Gentlemen: —

1 enclose herewith purchase money to the amount of
d<^]ars cents (state whether cur-
rency, P. O. order, express order or draft) for which you

are to ship to me (freight prepaid) feet of Resal

Ornamental Wire Fence inches high. If it is not

satisfactory 1 am to return the fence to, and at the expense of,
the Resal Fence & Ciate Co., and get my entire purchase
money hack accoiding to the terms of the Regal Guarantee^
Yours truly

Nmie

Sliipping Addreat

Proyince

Ill iii'itiHk Columbia the outluok is tliut
iiiiiu >• 111 uo it, uieuiuiii lu luu crop lu wiu
v^ivuiia^aii aiiu Jvouiouay uifii.ricu>. x/uny
auu lau appltstt wiU 0« a uiouium crop iii
L.nj io>. er duuiiiiuud, and winter applw* iigiii.
lu iimaium.

PEAKS

ill Ontario there »iii be a good crop oi
jvieueib, a meuiuui crop ui \jia^iy o ...u.ui-
ite ai.u a liglit crop ol all otlier varieties.
Ill ilritisii UoiuiiiUia cue crop will Do iiie-
uium.

P/.UM8

The Ilium croj) lias somewhat iiuprovcU
in ontaiio during tno pa&i, montii, anu a
medium crop is uo>v looked lor. iiaii biorms
worKetl t«,i.,iaeraule havoc ill a tew ioc«..i-
ties. Ill the other proviuces the crop wm
oe light to medium,

PJSACUES

Peaches generally wiii t,e a fair crop, out
Karly Urawtords will be very light. amocK
and Elberta snow tor a tairiy good crop,
leliows and Liittle I'each are reported prev-
alent in tlie ^Niagara District.

GRAPES

Grapes are looking splendidly in the >ii-
;ifeara ju/istrict and promise to be a lull crop,
although in the sections attected by the hail
storms considerable loss is reported.

Standards for Judging Fruits

The foUouing standards for judging fruits
bavt been approved by the (Jntario i'ruit
tJrcwers' Assoei.itiou for use during 19'! :

APPLES ANU PB.\RS

yingle liates — Jrcim, 15; size, 15; color,
2-j , uuif Ji nity, 2-5 , freedom from blemish,
20 Total. ](.U.

PEACHES

. Single Plates — Form, 16; size, 20; color,
25: uniformity, 20; freedom from blemish,
20. Total, 100.

PIUMS

Single Plates — Form, 10; size, 25; color,
15; uniformity, 25; freeaom from blemish,
25. Total, 100.

CHERRIES

Single Plates — Form, 10 ; size, 20 ; color,
20 ; uniformity, 25 ; freedom from blemish,
25. Total, 100.

SEEDLINGS AND "ANY OTHER VARIETY"

Single Plates — Form, 15; size, 15; color,
20; uniformity, 10; freedom from blemish,
10; quality and texture, 25; season, 5. To-
tal, 100. GRAPES

Single Plates — Form of bunch, 10; size of
bunch, 15 ; size of berry, 10 ; color, 10 ;
bloom, 5; freedom from blemish,' 20; qual-
ity, 25; firmness, 5. Total, 100.

COLLECTIONS OF APPLES, PE.\RS, PLUMS,
PEACHES, CHERRIES AND GRAPES

On Plates — Form, 10; size, 10; color, 15;
uniformity, 10; freedom from blemish, 20;
quality, 10; commercial value, 10; nomen-
clature, 5; arrangement, 5; season, 5. To-
tal, 100.

BARRELS : APPLES

Fruit — Size, 10; color, 20; uniformity,
15 ; freedom |rom blemish, 15 ; texture and
flavor, 15 ; total, 75. Package — Material, 4 ;
finishing, 6. Total, 10. Packing — Facing,
6; tailing. 2; racking, 3; pressing, 4. To-
tal, 15. Grand total, 100,

BOXES : APPLES, PE.\RS, PEACHES

Fruit — Size, 10; color, 20; uniformity,
15; freedom from blemish, 15; texture and
flavor, 15, Total, 75 Package and Pack-
ing— Material, 3 ; finishing, 4 ; fulness or
bulge, 4 ; solidity or compactness, 5 ; attract-
iveness and stvle of pack, 5; alignment. 4.
Total, 25. Grand total, 100.

EXPLANATION OP TERMS^FRUIT

Arrangement. — Taste and skill in staging
so as to attract attention and add to the
general appearance of the exhibit.

Special No. 25. Sent by Express for $2.50

A Collection of Six Desirable
HOUSE PLANTS

Send U8 $2.50 and we will forwaril by
t'Xpre«8, to your express office, this very
choice collection of House Plants, We
select these aa the most desirable plants
for you to buy, chosen from our large
a«8ortment; they are full grown planti^,
now In their flowering pots, healthy,
thrifty and beautiful. Our regular selling
price ol these plants is S3. 60. To make
a targe number of sales we give this lot,
an exceptional bargain, for .$2.50,

1 Choice House Fern. Ostrich Plume.
1 Choice House Fern, Bofltonensis,
1 .Splendid Kentia Palm.
1 Large Asparagus Fern,
1 Xmas Cherry (in fruit).
1 Fine Cyclamen.

Cultural directions for these plants will
be found in our Catalog, which we mail
free with this order.

THE HAY FLORAL AND SEED CO.

Seedmen and Florists
BROCKVliXE - ONT

Most people already nse
— and always will tise —
Windsor Salt. They know
— from years of experience
— that Windsor Salt won't
get damp or lumpy. There
is never even a suspicion of
grittiness about it.

Its clean taste — its crystal
purity and recog^nized econ-
omy— make Windsor Salt
the prime favorite in every
home where it is used.

Don't pay fancy prices for
imported salt, when Windsor
Salt costs so little, aad Is so
high In qtulity.

/WINDSOIR

I TASXX I

^ SALT -U

September, igri

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

xm

[Color. — Bright, clear, well developed col-
I, characteristic of the variety.
fCommercial Value. — Standard known
tarket varieties, a.s grown in and Buited

the district, preferred.
■Form. — In all cases, except seedlings, re-
fers to the normal type or shape of the va-
riety, but in the case of seedlings it refers
to shape as desired in a commercial variety.
A roundish apple is of the most desirable
shape, and oblate and oLlong apples least
desirable.

Freedom from Blemish. — Any injury by
insects, fungus, bruises, loss of stem, or
other causa, lessening the value or appear-
ance of til 3 exhibit .shall be called a blem-
ish.

Nomenclature. — Exhibits must be correct-
ly named according to the nomenclature
adopted by the society, association or ex-
hibition at which they are shown. The use
of the standard of nomenclature adopted
by the American Pomological Society is rec-
ommended to such bodies.

Polishing. — Fruit on exhibition shall have
as much of the natural bloom as possible.
Judges should discourage polishing.

Quality and Texture. — To be considered
in collections, seedlings, new varieties on
trial, or other sorts in competition.

Season. — In collections it is desirable to
have as long a season as possible represent-
•ed by the varieties .shown. Varieties pasit
condition shown for the purpose of length-
ening the season will not, however, score
as high as apples in condition though Of
later season.

Size. — "While size in some cases indicates
care and skill in production, it is not usual-
ly found with the highest color and with
freedom from blemishes ; and as large size
is not as important as high color and free-
dom from blemishes, the largest fruit should
not take the first prize unless it is equal
or better in other respects than those in
competition with it.

"Uniformity. — Specimens should be as
nearly alike in size, form and color as pos-
sible.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS — PACKING AND PACK-
AGES

Alignment. — Alignment refers to the rows
of fruit in the box— the straighter and
more regular the rows the better is the
alignment.

Attractiveness and Style of Pack.— When
the box is opened the fruit should look at-
tractive. The skill and good ta.ste of the
packer is shown in the appearance of the
fruit and the .style of the pack. .There are
many styles of pack, but the one should be
used which lends itself best to the variety
and size of fruit preferred. The fruit should
be as nearly alike in size and color as pos-
sible. The box also should be clean and
attractive looking.

Bulge. — A bulge or swell in the top row
of fruit is necessary in order to ensure the
fruit carrying well. Before the top is put
on there should be a bulge of one and one-
half inches in the centre of the top row and
the fruit should be one-quarter of an inch
above the top of the box at the ends. When
the cover is on there should be a bulge of
three-quarters of an inch at the centre, at
both top and bottom.

Facing. — When facing a barrel, or when
beginning to pack a barrel, the apples for
the fir.st row should be put carefully in with
the stem end down, the stems having been
first cut off so that they will not injure the
fruit when pressed. If slightly smaller ap-
ples are used in the outeide rows and larger
ones in the centres it improves the appear-
ance of the face. A second row is now put
in, in the same manner as the first, and
these apple.s .should bo arranged so they
will show through the spaces between those

in the first row. These two rows constitute
face of the barrel. The fruit used for the
face should fairly represent the fruit
throughout the barrel, but the apples in
these two rows should present as attractive
an appearance as possible. The law in re-
gard to facing, as defined in the Inspection
and Sales Act, is as follows : "No person
shall sell or offer, expose or have in his pos-
session for sale any fruit packed in any
package in which the faced or shown sui--
face gives a false representation of the con-
tents of such package, and it shall be con-
sidered a false repre.entation when more
than fifteen per centum of such fruit _ is
substantially smaller in size than, or in-
ferior in grade to, or difi^erent in variety
from the faced or shown surface of such
package. Apples in barrels for exhibition
should be packed as required by law.

Finishing. — By finishing is meant the
heading, lining, cleating and marketing of
the box or barrel. The heads of the barrel
should fit snugly into the chine. For bar-
rels, six rosined nails in each head are
usually sufficient. They should be skilfully
driven through them and through the top
or bottom into the ends of the box. The
sides of the boxes should be nailed with
four nails at each end of each side of the
box. The nails used should not be smaller
than those known as five-penny.

Marking. — The marking of barrels and
boxes should be distinct and attractive. It
should comply with the regulations of the
Inspection and Sales Act, which call for the
initials of the Christian names of the
packer, his surname and his address; the
name of the variety of fruit, and the desig-
nation of tfie grade, whether it bo "Fancy,"
"No. 1," "To. 2," or "No. 3." Such mark
may be acco;.ipanit-.I by any other designa-
tion of grade or orand if that designation
or brand is not inconsistent with, or marked
more conspicuously than, the one of the

COMMON SENSE EXTERMINATOR

Kills KaU. Mice, Roacket, B«d Bugs,
Two Kinds

-For Rats and Mice.
'I — por Kijai-hes and
Bed Bugs.

26

25c.. 50c. and tl.OO. At dealers or mailed direct from

COMMON SENSE MFC. CO. 381 Queen St, W., Toronto.

9 GOLD MEDALS IN 2 YEARS FOR

DELPHINIUMS

Largest collection in Europe, 100,000 plants ready
to sell. Seed 25c per pkt. Lists free.

PERRY'S HARDY PLANT FARM

Enfield, Middlesex, Eng:land

m

iPll

THIS HANDSOME

FOUNTAIN PEN

FOR YOU

Every reader of The
Canadian Horticultur-
ist may have one of
these handsome, high
grade Fountain Pens.
Do You Want One?

The illustration is an exact
full size reproduction of this
pen. It is pearl mounted
with two handsome gold
bands, filled with a solid
14 kt. gold pen and safety
pocket clip. Every pen is
guaranteed by the manufac-
turers to give absolutely satis-
factory service in every par-
ticular, and will be replaced
or satisfactorily adjusted in
the event of any dissatisfac-
tion within one year. A
guarantee certificate goes
with each pen.

Those Who
Will Get One

Everyone who secures Five
New Subscriptions to THE
CANADIAN HORTICULTUR-
IST at 60 cents each, and
sends them to us together
with the $3.00, will get one of
these pens by return mail
There are at least five of
your neighbours or acquaint
ances who would like to take
a paper such as THE CANA'
DIAN HORTICULTURIST if
you were to suggest it to
them, and tell them about
the helpful information it con-
tains. You will feel well re
paid for the short time spent
when you receive this hand'
some pen. Why not see
som; of yaur friends to-d ly.-*

The Boys and Girls
would be tickled to
earh one of these
Pens. Tell them about
this Offer.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PETERBORO

ONTARIO

IRON PIPING BARGAINS

Wo have over 450,000 feet of sH,rj:htly used piping just as good as new and
first class for water, steam, heating greenhouses, construction, fencing, posts,
etc., at 25% to 50% of less than regular value.

NOTE THESE PRICES
DIAMETER 1-2 in. 3-4 in. 1 in. 1 1-4 1 1-2 in. 2 in.
Price per ft. 2c 2 l-2c 3c 4c Sc 7c

Also other sizes up to 10 incheR.
Send us a list of the lengths you need and we will give you a special low
price on the lot, cut and threaded, r 'ady to put together. We nlso have enor-
mous quantities of

Wire Fencing:, Bel-tinsi Pulleys, Cable Raits, New Roofing:, Saws, Vices, Forces, etc
at 26 per cent, to 7S per cent, less than regular value. Cataloeue on roquest.

The IMPERIAL WASTE 81 METAL CO.

"The HoDie for Bargains nnd Satiifaction'

99 QUEEN ST., MONTREAL

XIV

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

September, 191 1

I

Try Ihe BI8SELL in your
orchard and see what a
real orchard disc harrow
will do. Stays right down
to Its work. Has a lever
for each gang, so that one
gang can be adjusted to cultivate more
than the other when required. Attach
wings and it extends over 12 feet wide. Ile-
versible— In-thiow to Out-throw. Call m
local dealer cr write Department N for
Catalogue.

T. E. BISSELL CO.

ELORA

The
Bissell

ONT.

ORCHARD
DISC

See advertisement of Bissell Garden
Harrow on page 228.

FOR SALE AND WANTED

READ BEZZO'S Import Bulb Advertisement on
Page 199.

HARDWOOD ASHES— Beet FerUUzer In nae.-
Qeorge Stevens, Peterborough, Ont.

PIPK FOR SALK-AU sizes for steam, hot water
heating, posts, green house construction work,
etc.. very cheap. Send for price list stating
your needs.— Imperial Waste and Metal Co.,
7 Queen Street, Montreal.

GINSENG SEED, 1910, for sale, from five-year
plants free of blight. Supply limited.— N. Wil-
son, Yittoria, Ont.

CHARLES ERNEST WOOLVERTON, Landscape
Gardener, Grimsby. Deeigns parks, house
grounds, lawns, fruit and flower gardens, ad-
vises patrons on suitable fruit and flowering
trees and shrubs either from forest or nursery,
and furnishes gardeners to carry out his plans.

WANTED — Position as packing foreman
for apple harvest. Elxperienced in Box and
Barrel Packing. References if desired. Apply
stating wages, etc., to Box B. Canadian Horti-
culturist, Peterborough, Ont.

FARMS FOR SALE

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.-Before

buying, it will pay you to consult me. 1 make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.- Melvin
Qayman St. Catharines.

100 ACRES ADJOINING LIVE TOWN with Col-
legiate Institute, good shipping facilities, sixty-
five acres apple orchard in splendid condition;
soil well adapted to fruit growing; large house
with furnace, bath and electric light, two good
barns. Would subdivide into two parts if de-
sired. Price, twenty thousand.— F. J. Wat-
son, 1275 Queen W.. Toronto.

ASK DAWSON. He knows.

IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me.

IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me.

I HAVE some of the best Fruit. Stock, Grain
and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices.

H.W. DAWSON, Ninety Oolborne Street, Toronto.

SALMON ARM, Shuswap Lake, B.C. has the
finest fruit and dairy land In B.C. No irriga-
tion necessary mild winters, moderate sum-
mers, no blizzards, or high winds; delightful
olimate; enormous yields of fruit, vegetables
uid hay; good llebing; tine boating amidst the
moat beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm
fruit has ralijied 2& cent^ per box more than
other fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderate,
and terms to suit. Apply to F. C. Uaydock,
Salmon Arm, B.C.

IF YOU WOULD LIKE to purchase a site for
a home and fruit farm on good, suitable soil
situated in the most favorable and dependable
climate in Canada, get Louth-Clinton Peach
Area free information and ground floor prices
for properties In the coming locality for most
profitable fruit growing. Don't miss present
bargains— forty thousand mansion and farm
for only thirty thousand, a fifty acres for ten
thonsand; others large and small. Enquire
about them. State what you want. W. H.
Brand, Jordan Station. Ont.

said four marks which ig used on the Baid

p.Tckage."

Material for Barrels. — The standard bar-
rel must bo large enough to contain at least
96 quarts of fruit. Smaller barrels should
not be exhibited. The barrel in general
use in Ontario has staves 30 inches in
lonsrth. In Nova Scotia the staves are 28
inches loni^. The dimensions called for in a
standard ba'ul of minimum size are: Be-
tween heads, j6J^ inches wide, inside meas-
urement; head diameter, 17 inches, inside
measurement ; middle diameter, 18/^ inches,
inside measurement. The barrel generally
used in Ontario is 27!^ inches between the
heads, 17 inches in diameter at the head,
and with a middle diameter at the bilge
of 19% inches. A good barrel should have
sixteen staves and averaging 9-16 jointing,
cut five to two inches and averaging four
inches in width at the bilge, and be free
from large knots or shakes. The head should
not be less than one-half an inch in thick-
ness, dressed clean and sound. The hoops
should be about 1 3-8 inches in width and
eight in number. The barrel should be new
and clean.

Material for Boxes. — The box should be
made of material strong enough to with-
stand handling in transportation. The
heads or end pieces should be each of one
piece of wood and not less than three-quar-
ters of an inch thick. The sides also should
be each of one piece and not less than three-
eighths of an inch thick. The top and bot-
tom boards may be one or two pieces, pref-
erably two. but not more than one-quarter
of an inch in thickness. They must be thin,
so that they will bend readily when the box
is closed. There should be two cleats each
for the top and bottom. Dovetailed boxes
are not desirable. The standard box must
be used. This is 10 inches deep, 11 inches
wide, and 20 inches long, inside measure-
ment.

Pressing. — Apples are often over-pressed.
If the barrel is racked well there need not
be much pressing. The proportion of fruit
thit ii injured by pressing will be evident
when the barred is opened. The less fruit
that has been injured by pressing the bet-
ter the barrel has been packed, provided,
always, that the pressing given has been
sufficient to secure the required firmness.
Barrels loosely packed frequently show more
injury to the fruit through shaking than
barrels over-pressed.

Racking. — All barrels of apples should be
racked when being packed, so that the fruit
will settle, and the- packer thus be able to
tail his barrel so that the fruit will carry
well. When the barrel is opened the fulness
or slackness will indicate how well the fruit
has been racked. Over-pressed fruit is
usually found when apples have not been
racked well.

Solidity. — This may also be expreseed by
the terms firmnes, and compactness. The
more solid the pack the better the fruit will
carry.

Tailing. — By tailing is meant the putting
and placing of the last fruit into the bar-
rel. All that is necessary in good tailing
is to have the surface as level as possible
with the stem end down when the apples
are pressed. The care in tailing will be
known when the barrel is open by the inan-
ner in which the fruit has been bruised
when pressing.

Items of Interest

The fourteenth annual convention of the
Canadian Horticultural Association was
held in Ottawa August 9 to 11. This asso-
ciation is composed of professional garden-
ers, flower growers and retail florists. The
convention proved most successful, delegates

being present from numerous points
throughout Ontario and Quebec and even
from Winnipeg. Mr. John Connon of Ham-
ilton, the pre.,ident, presided. The follow-
ing officers were elected : President, A. C.
Wilshire, Montreal ; first vice president, W.
Muston, Davisville ; second vice president,
H. B. Cowan, Peterboro; secretary, J.
Luck, Cote des Neiges, Que; treasurer, C.
H. .Janzen, Berlin, -Ont.

The annual meeting of the Ontario Gin-
seng Growers' Association will be held
the Y.M.C.A. hall. 1087 Queen street W.
Toronto, on September 6, at 10 a.m. It is
expected that addresses will be delivered
by Rev. D. E. Medd of Goderich, P. Men-
zies of Milton, W. Kilgour of Peterboro, J.
Fayer of Gait. J. Nichols of Mono Mills and
Chas. Leggatt of Kingsville. Growers of
ginseng are invited to attend. The secre-
tary is P. Wilson, 283 Evelyn avenue, To-
ronto.

It is reported in Nova Scotia that the
•Colonial Corporations, Limited." a Lon-
don and >i:ontreal company, proposes to or-
ganize a subsidiary company to be known
as "The Nova Scotia Fruit Estates, Lim-
ited," with a capital of one million dollars,
for the purpose of acquiring fruit lands and
engaging in the business of raising apples
and other fruits, in Cornwallis Valley. It
is stated that this company is now in com-
munication with the shareholders of the
Hillcrest Orchards, at Kentville and other
property owners in the valley, for that pur-
pose.

A New Hydrangea

(Snowball Hydrangea— HilU of Snowi

The Hydrangea has always been a favorite
garden shrub. We offer a new one which
possesses, in addition to its well known quali-
ties, the merit o\ Jiowenng all summer and is
perfecllv hardy. Catalogue containing descrip-
tion of it and the best Trees, Shrubs and
Hardy Plants free on request.

DUPUY & FERGUSON

38 Jacques Carticr Square

MONTREAL

Bam
Roofing

Fire, Lidhtnind
Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Let us know the size of any roof
you are thinking of covering and we
wiii make you an Interesting offer.

Metallic Roofing Go.

■ LimKod

I MANUFACTURERS

I TORONTO and WINNIPEG

Agents wanted In some sections. Write
lor particular!.

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

OCTOBER, 1911

No.

10

Cooperation in Ontario

p. W. Hodgetts, Toronto, Ont., Provincial Director of Horticulture

CO-OPERATION in fruit growing is
appealing strongly to-day to the
Ontario farmer. Success has at-
tended the efforts of the men at St.
Catharines, Simcoe, Forest, and other
points in the joint
marketing of their
fruit products under
one manager and in
the purchasing of
those supplies which
are so Jessential to
the production of
the best quality of
fruit. Urgent ap-
peals have jbeen
made to both the
federal and provin-
cial departments of agriculture for aid
in the organization of local associations,
and to-day forty-one of these are at work
that will handle this year fruits valued
at from three-quarters to one million
dollars, besides thousands of dollars'
worth of spraying materials, packages,
fertilizers, and other materials. The
future of co-operation seems brighter
than for some years, and with care in the
selection of suitable officers and man-

P. W. Hodgetti

agers, and a still higher standard of
grading than we have yet had, very few
failures should result.

TWO ESSENTIALS

Two points at least seem to be essen-
tial in the proper organization of any
farmers' co-operative company. tirst,
the selection of the best man possible as
business manager and the payment to
him of a good living salary ; and second,
the growing of high quality fruit that
can safely be marketed under the brand
of the association. Numerous instances
have occurred in Ontario where organi-
zations have come to grief on one or
other of these points. One company in
Southern Ontario, successful the first
year, and with splendid prospects before
it, changed managers the second season
to effect a saving of a few dollars in the
salary. To-day the company's packing
house is for sale, and co-operation is not
very popular. Three small organiza-
tions in one of the northern counties
came to grief in one year through at-
tempting to pack and sell apples from
orchards that were neglected, unpruned,
unsprayed and generally dilapidated.

The greatest encouragement to those

engaged in the promotion of fruit grow-
ing in this province is the active interest
being taken on all sides by farmers and
others in their apple orchards. No pre-
vious year in our history has shown such
a demand for spraying machinery and
spray materials for demonstrations in
pruning and spraying and for other in-
formation relating to the apple industry.
Companies both large and small have
been formed to lease and buy apple or-
chards already in bearing and to set
out young orchards. One of these con-
cerns has taken over one hundred and
forty thousand bearing apple trees tiom
parties who in the past have iar£,eiy
neglected their orchards. Farmers them-
selves are everywhere leasing their
neighbors' orchards where these can be
procured on reasonable terms.

This activity means that during the
present season and in coming seasons
there will be a tremendous change m the
quality of the fruit sent out trom tnis
province. With the improvement in the
quality naturally follows co-operation in
the selling. The expense of securing a
high grade apple is naturally much
greater than for the low grade product.

The Box Packing of Fruit in Ontario it Increasing Steadily. Students in a Short Course in Box Packing at the Guelph A. C. are Here Shown.

230

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191

'M'il' ' I ' ff!'l

-ap^.:sT'

NEW BRUNSWICK FRUIT LANDS

•'""■■ ''0 "'"■««' '" 'w W'-"; >^ I bj nm tni4ni| .■

Are closely conredeil by the Canadian Pacifk. Allan n^p : , Are "i«!t( t«im«W ijfctln ->

CanafaHorlkern and olher Sic '■..lahtcttaoil «r:

to all the principal ports and m.. _. -may syslens _ j

— mmtS^.i'^j^,

■■.-•,■■'

A Section of the Exhibits at the Last New Brunswick Provincial Horticultural Exhibition

The above illustration eerves to ebow tbat the fruit Brewers of New Brunswick are

awake to their possibilitiee in the line of fruit growing. Possibly no province in Canada
offers better opportunities for profitable fruit growing than New Brunswick. Strawberries and
certain varieties of apples do particularly well.

and a better price should be obtained for hiouse the buyers are able to get together

the fruit. With the exception of isolat- mixed carloads much easier than hereto-

ed cases this can only be procured fore, and on the whole they can pay a

through co-operative selling, and the higher price for the fruit, knowing that

growers very soon find this out. With they run very little risk of loss such as

quality fruit to pack and with a good they frequently had to look forward to

manager, success will follow. under the old conditions.

In view of the increase in the number That the co-operative movement has

of associations already manifest the On- assumed fairly large proportions can be

tario Department of Agriculture is issu- best understood by stating that this year

ing this month an exhaustive bulletin on probably one-quarter of the entire ex-

the subject of agricultural co-operation, port of apples from Ontario will be pack-

with particular reference to fruit grow- ed by co-operative associations. With

ing. This bulletin has been prepared by continued activity along this hne, such

S. E. Todd, ot Petrolia, who has made as has shown itself during the present

a special study of the subject. In addi- season, three-quarters of the apples

tion, the Department Representatives, grown in Ontario will soon be picked,

who are now placed in about twenty of packed and sold by these farmers' co-

the counties, are prepared to furnish in- operative organizations. When that

formation respecting this subject, and time comes it is not too much to expect

are capable of aiding in the organization that a central organization of these local

of associations. Most of the newer or- associations will be largely instrumental

ganizations are taking out charters in looking after the sales. At present

under the special clauses of the Ontario the provincial organization, known as

Companies' Act relating to co-operative the Co-operative Fruit Growers of On-

associations. The charter fee is fixed at tario, is formed from representatives of

ten dollars for associations without two-thirds of the existing fruit g-iowcrs'

capital or with capital to the extent of associations. While it is most largely

ten thousand dollars. All of the requi- interested in the purchase of supplies, it

site papers can be obtained from the is arranging for the marketing end of

Provincial Secretary's Department, Par- the business, which will be likely to soon

liament Buildings, Toronto. follow.

CHANGED CONDITIONS Rather interesting is the following

At the beginning ol the co-operative financial statement of one of our large

movement the fruit buyers, who had co-operative concerns. This shows some-

practically control of the apple situation ^^- ^f ^^^^ ^^jg^j ^j the business at one

in Ontario, were very much opposed to -^^ j„ ^^^^ province. With similar

the organizations, These men feared gj^^^g organizations in other centres

that if the apple business was formed on ^j^^ f^^^-^ growing industry will soon oc-

co-operative lines that they would have ^ j^^ position among agricul-

to go out of business. This has now j^^^, ■ guits in Ontario,

changed, and the most successful apple beoeiipts

dealers are those who are purchasing O. S. accounts $ 97' -65

from co-operative companies. Ice and shipping accounts.. 2,633.56

The pack of fruit which they now ob- Storage and sundry accts.. 155.13

tain is more uniform and superior to iTiterest 71-94

that which they were able to put out Load and and com. charges. 1,886.06

themselves under the old system of pack- Packing house charges .... 395.08

ing the fruit by separate gangs in the Fruit sold 63,321 . 16

orchards. With the central packing Supplies sold 451855-89

Stock sold 425 .CO

Balance 2,656.48

$118,371.95

EXPENDITURES

Deficit of 1910 $ 795-73

Power and light 343.68

Supplies and repairs 98-97

Sundries 884.68

Printing, posting and sta-
tionery 135-23

Telegraph and telephone... 251.36

Insur. taxes and interest .. 594.97

Ice and teaming 1,119.72

Foreman and" assistants. .. . 2,356.50

Manager 1,500.00

Fruit paid for 62,832.80

Supplies paid for 45,003.63

Refund on supplies, &c 1,749.68

OlTicers and directors 205.00

Building purchased 500.00

$118,371-95

Irrigation Advocated

A. Boiar Bslfoor, Pert DalkoDtir, Oat.

The item in the editorial column of
the August issue of The Canadian Horti-
culturist, entitled "Investigation Re-
quired," interested me immensely. Dur-
ing the past ten years I have made a
study of irrigation in both the humid
and dry climates, and in my several vis-
its to Canada the feasibility of irrigating
limited areas adjoining the lake shoie
always appealed to me. Unfortunately
for my pet scheme, when I came to re-
side in Canada I could not procure a
place suitable to me near enough to the
lake to put my ideas into practice.

We have here, however, to the east ol
Port Dalhousie something better — indeed
one of the easiest propositions in irriga-
tion it has been my good fortune to run
across : that is, irrigation from the pre-
sent Welland Canal by means of gravi-
ty. It would not be necessary to cut into
the bank — the water can be syphoned
over and carried in an op>en flume or
through pipes. The land has a compar-
atively easy fall north to the lake, in
which direction the flumes could run
with lateral distributing flumes east and
west. The better system would be to
irrigate each unit from a reservoir, so
that the volume of water carried by the
flumes would be comparatively small.

To carry the water across a road 01
other obstacle, the system in vogue on
the Craigenterry Meadows, near Edin-
burgh, could be used, namely that water
rises to its own level. Over there water
is carried under streams and across road-
ways through pipes, the water bubbling
up on the other side to continue its
course down the open ditch.

I trust that this may meet the eye of
those interested in developing our re-
sources, and that a practical demonstra-
tion of the value of the proper applica-
tion of water to land may be made at a
date not far distant.

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

231

Educational Work in Fruit Packing

R. M. Winslow, B. S. A., Provincial Horticulturist, Vancouver, B.C.

IT is a commonly accepted and true
statement that the packing of British
Columbia fruit is superior to that of
any of the other provinces of Canada.
This is due to a number of factors, the
first of which is the influence of the high-
class packing in Oregon and Washing-
ton, while the long distance to market
centres, and the absence of the know-
ledge of poorer methods of packing,
have had a great share in giving British
Columbia this pre-eminence. This posi-
tion has been attained only by a large
amount of hard work on the part of her
people, and not less so on the part of
the Department of A^griculture.

The seasons of 1909 and 1910 have
witnessed a tremendous advance in
methods of packing, and so of grading,
even in British Columbia. In that time,
the fruit growers of the province have
strengthened their packing and market-
ing organizations tremendously, and the
output of fruit, coincident with this, has
increased very largely. This has made
possible the importation of the best class
of United States packers, and has per-
mitted a still higher standard of pack-
ing than previously attained.

The most notable advances since 1908
have been along two lines — the discard-
ing of the square packs and the adop-
tion of the diagonal, and the use of
wrapping paper for practically all grades
of market apples. The advances which
we will next see are the marking of the

number of apples on the end of thie box
and a still higher standard of grading
than we have yet had.

THE MOEAIi STANDARD.

Perhaps the greatest factor in creat-
ing a high moral standard among fruit
growers in the matter of fruit packing,
has been the influence of the Packing
Schools conducted by the Department of
Agriculture. This work was inaugurat-
ed two years ago in the Okanagan Val-
ley, at which time the Department open-
ed classes under the instruction of the
two most proficient packers, at which a
limited number of pupils received twelve
practical lessons of three hours each, for
a fee of one dollar for the course. These
schools immediately met popular favour
in that district, and in all, an attendance
of one hundred and twenty was en-
rolled.

In the fall of 1910, the exceptionally
large apple crop on new orchards
doubled the number of men who had
fruit to pack, but did not know how to
pack it. The applications for packing
schools from all districts of the province
rolled in to the department, and despite
the fact that the fee was raised to three
dollars, and that a local corporate body
in each district was required to guaran-
tee a minimum attendance of twelve, and
to provide many of the requirements, the
demand did not at all slack off. The
department insisted on employing only
apple packers of undoubted qualifica-

tions, and, on this basis, was enabled to
discriminate, holding apple packing
schools only where they would be most
urgently required. In all, thirty pack-
ing schools were conducted, at which the
total attendance of pupils was three
hundred and eighty-four.

The attendance at each school was
limited to fifteen. The fee of three dol-
lars prevented the attendance of any bul
genuinely interested fruit growers. The
rnstrfuctors were of the highest class.
The enthusiasm of the people was all
that could be desired. Under the cir-
cumstances, it is not surprising to learn
from the reports of the instructors that
at least seventy-five per cent, of thepupils
would, in their opinion, make satisfac-
tory packers.

THE STANDARD EEQTJIEED

Diplomas will be given to the pupils
of packing schools who attain to the fol-
lowing standard :

(i) Are given a score of 75 per cent,
for efificiency by the packing school in-
structor.

(2) Make a display of five boxes of
packed apples at their local fair, to be
judged by an assistant horticulturist of
the department, gaining a score of
seventy-five per cent.

(3) Pack for one season with a reput-
able packing house, which certifies to
their speed and efificiency as practical
packers.

Only eight diplomas were given for
the season of 1909-10. It is the iuien-
tion of the department to make these
diplomas valuable certificates of compe-
tency, and it is not likely that any

^.^^^

■f.-f ■■ - ^^jo^A'- awaajgrimiaMfi rm t TinrmnrB

■ocfi.'ttfcasa-MMFBSfr ^t*»5->gr -»■•■■

The Kclowna DUtrict Exhibit that Won th« First Prize cf $500 at the Canadian National Apple Show, at Vancouver, B.C^ Last November.

Notice all the different "packs" that are Bhown.

332

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

greater percentage will be given for the
year 191 1-12.

It is the policy of the department to
encourage a type of packing that will
produce a remunerative pack for the
markets supplied by the district. We
have never, for instance, used a packer
from Hood River, because the Hood
River pack is put up in two distinct
grades. About fifty {)er cent, of their
fruit is destined for the high-priced mar-
kets of the great eastern cities. The
other fifty per cent goes to a low class
of trade in Texas, Oklahoma, and Coast
markets.

The pack of British Columbia, on the
other hand, goes principally to the Can-
adian prairie markets, which will not pay
the price for the exceptionally fancy
quality which finds favor in the eastern
cities of the United States, but yet want
something better than do the central and
southern states. On this account, the
packers who come here are mostly from
the Yakima and Wenatchee Valleys,
which aim to supply fruit packed in
medium grades, to the profitable but not
fancy prairie markets. It is my own
opinion, from actual observation of the
fruit, the prices received, and other fac-
tors, that our grade in the Okanagan
Valley runs higher than that of the
Yakima, though possibly not equal to
the average high-class pack of the Wen-
atchee, which district has an advantage
in the exceptionally high color of ite
fruit.

We aim for a Number One grade,
however, which is practically one hundred
per cent, free from defects of any kind.
There have been very few apples packed
in British Columbia under the designa-
tion "fancy," though a big percentage of
our Number One in consequence of our
standard could practically be ranked
under this head.

In some districts the grading is not
so good, but our department is endea-
voring to raise the whole standard of the
province to the highest possible level
consistent with the best returns. It
speaks well for our fruit, that our higher-
class Okanagan brands have already an
assured market in the prairies.

IMPROVEMENTS DESIRED

The following are the principal im-
provements in packing being worked for
by the Department of Agriculture :

The standardization ot the grades in
the various districts to make all equal to
the best ; the encouragement of the
wrapping of practically ' all grades .'f
winter fruit sent to market, and all sum-
mer fruit except the earliest and the
green cooking apples ; the standardiza-
tion of packages, other than the apple,
so as to simplify packing and popularize
our product in the market ; the adoption
of the most efficient packing tables and
general packing house equipment ; the
elimination of the straight and oflFset

packs, and the adoption of the diagonal
packs altogether, in the long box ; the
reduction of the cost of grading, packing
and wrapping ; the most careful handling
at all stages ; the marking of the num-
ber of apples on the end of the box, as
well as the grade number ; and thts re-
duction of costs throughout by scientific
management, and high-grade, conscien-
tious work by every packer.

The Department of Agriculture will
continue this work while the need for
it exists. The production in the province
is increasing so rapidly, and so Uiany
new districts are being opened, that the
packing school will be a popular insvitu-
tion for a number of years yet, and when
we have outgrown the packing school,
there will be other problems in connec-
tion with the handling and marketing of
our fruit which will call for continued
missionary work.

This article is not intended to be cf
an educational character, but it is hoped
that it will indicate, to at least a small
extent, the spirit of strong enthusiasm
and high ambition behind the fruit in-
dustry of the province of British Col-
umbia.

Marketing the Apple Crop

P. J. Car«7, Dtmiaion Fruit htpector, Taronio, Ont.

The branding of packages is not the
least important point in the art of pack-
ing. A striking brand gives a good im-
pression to the intending purchaser, and
often will make a difference in price of
twenty-five cents a box and fifty cents
a barrel.

The Inspection and Sale Act calls for
the face or shown surface to be a fair
representation of the contents of the
package. This should be the aim of
every packer. A package can be neatly
and attractively faced with fruit of uni-
form size, and at the same time meet all
the requirements of the law. It is only
fair to the grower, as well as to the
different dealers through wht)se hands
the fruit passes before it reaches the
consumer, that it should be neat and
attractive in order to meet the competi-
tion which is becoming more keen every
day.

It is in the hands of the growers of
Ontario to either mar or make the great
fruit trade of this province. Quality in
the fruit and proper packing are the two
great essentials to aim at. With com-
mon sense and careful application these
are easily within our reach. Having
accomplished this we need not fear com-
petition from any part of the world.

Varieties of Grapes

Wm. Wariock, Gadtticb

With regard to the most suitable
varieties for this district, I would say
that I have had a fair experience with
over thirty varieties, and can recommend
a great number of them ; but I will only
name three of the very best : For black
(Rog. 4), for red (Vergennes), for white
(Moore's Diamond). These are sure
croppers, and of excellent quality.

The three I recommend have the fol-
lowing qualities : Moore's Diamond, a
heavy cropper, a most beautiful grape,
and a little earlier than the Concord, and
quite as hardy in the vine. Rogers 4,
is more prolific than Concord, with a
larger and better flavored berry and a
longer keeper. Vergennes, apparently
as hardy as the others, producing regu-
lar crops of splendid fruit, which I can
keep till late in the spring by packing
in sawdust. The grape requires to be
planted in well drained land, deeply
worked.

Celery should be dug before severe
frost. Store it in a cool, well-ventilated
place. The stalks should be packed up-
right with the roots bedded in good gar-
den soil. The roots should be kept
moist and the tops dry. — G. W. Hack,
Norwood, Man.

Nursery Stock in the Fall

Fr. M. Leopold, O.C.R., LtTnppe, Qac.

It is usually good policy to purchase
trees in the fall. "Heel" them in, near
the proposed orchard and thus be ready
for instant action when the ground gets
in workable shape in the spring. The
fall buyer gets first choice of trees, and
runs no danger of delayed spring ship-
ments. Or, buy the trees in the fall,
and let the nurseryman keep them for
you until the winter is over.

To "heel in" trees, dig a trench a foot
and a half deep, the same in width, and
as long as may be necessary. If pos-
sible, choose a high, sheltered, \rtell-
drained spot. Untie the bundles of trees
and place them loosely along the trench
— each variety by itself, properly labeled.
Half a dozen trees to a running foot is
close enough. Of course, put the roots
in the trench ; then incline the trees
backward, until they are "half lying
down" across the excavation. Now
shovel in fine dirt, carefully firm it into
place, and pile the remainder of the dirt
well up around the roots and lower por-
tion of the trunks. In Quebec, where
the winters are very cold, and mice are
often feared, earth can be piled still
higher up around the trunks.

THE VARIETIES

The right varieties to buy is a very
important matter. Even if it requires a
year of preliminary study and inquiry
to decide the matter rightly, it will be
time profitably sp)ent. The choice of
varieties depends upon whether you in-
tend to plant for market or family pur-
poses. Talk with practical fruit grow-
ers in your locality and consult with
your market buyers and with your
family's taste.

In Quebec do not forget to plant

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

233

Fameuse, Macintosh, and Wealthy
I apple trees. Also before buying, plan-
ning an orchard or ordering trees, study
'the facts relating to the pollination of
blossoms. Much of the unsatisfactory
fruiting of orchards all over the country
' is due to self-sterility. A tree is self
sterile if it cannot set fruit unless plant-
ed near other varieties. An indication
of self-sterility is the continued drop-
ping of young fruit from isolated trees
or solid blocks of one variety ; also,
fruit from a self-sterile tree is apt to be
imperfectly formed. Self-sterility is not
a constant character with any variety.

The loss of fruit from self-sterility
may be prevented by planting other var-
ieties among self-sterile trees. Duchess,
Fameuse, Scott Winter and Tetofsky
are early bloomers, while Alexander,
Ben Davis, Fallawater, American
Golden Russet, Macintosh, Peach, Pe-
waukee, Greening, St. Lawrence,
Salom, Stark, Wealthy, Winter St.
Lawrence, Wolfe River, and Yellow-
Transparent blossom relatively at a later
period. Therefore, we must avoid plant-
ing large blocks of the one variety. But
on the other hand, remember that large
uniform lots can be sold to better ad-
vantage than an assortment of many
varieties. "Carload lots" always com-
mand attention. The carload lot of
Jonathan apples was the attraction at
the Canadian National Apple Show at
Vancouver.

Getting the ground ready for the tree

setting is another important part of
"starting an orchard." If possible,
plow it deeply in the fall. At least, it
should be plowed previous to planting.
Harrow it until the field is fine and level.

If the ground was in sod last year, it is
better to grow potatoes and subdue the
grass previous to setting the trees. If
necessary, spread barn manure over
your field before plowing.

Floral Notes for October

Wm. Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph, Out.

PLANTS of geraniums that have
been doing duty as decorative
plants in flower beds or borders
can by proper treatment be kept over
the winter very easily. The plants
should be dug up befoie the stems have
been frozen. A slight freezing of the
leaves only does not injure them. Dig
the plants with as much root as possible.
Cut the roots well back, removing about
half their length. Then cut back the
top growth well to where the main stems
are of medium or rather hard texture.

Usually, each large stem can be cut
back to within a few inches of its base
where it springs from the main stem
near the root. All of the leaves may be
removed from the plant. The plants can
be potted singly in sand or sandy soil —
half sand and half soil — in small pots.
Three and a half or four inch pots are
usually large enough. The plants can
be put rather thickly in larger pots, or
in small well-drained shallow boxes in
sand or sandy soil. A small box about
ten by twelve inches, and four inches in
depth, will hold ten or twelve good-sized
plants.

A Portion of the Exhibit of Ontario Fruit at the Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, La(t Month

The sand or soil should be well water-
ed once and the pot or box stood in a cool
window, temperature about fifty de-
grees, or they can be stood away
in a light basement or cellar until spring.
The sand or soil should be kept barely
moist, not too wet, during winter. To-
ward spring, or whenever convenient
during the winter, after the plants have
developed new roots and some top
growth, they can be potted singly into
good potting soil in four inch pots and
placed in a warmer window, temperature
about sixty to sixty-five degrees. Old
geranium plants treated m this way
make splendid plants for growing on as
pot plants for early spring flowering, or
for window boxes or flower beds for the
following summer. By cutting the
plants back in the manner described and
placing them in sand, new roots and a
new top growth are developed and the
whole plant practically renewed.
A POOE PEAOTISE
If the plants are dug out of the bor-
der in the fall and potted just as they
are dug up, without being cut back, very
poor results are usually obtained.

Gene rally
speaking,
when geran-
ium plants
are dug up in
the way last
mentioned ,
the leaves
commence to
drop, leaving
an unsightly
looking plant
in a very
large pot,
with only a
few leaves to-
ward the top
of the stem,
a great dis-
appointment
to its owner,
and a plant
that is of no
d e corati ve
value what-
ever. By ren-
ovating the
plant as first
d e scribed,
good sturdy,
bushy plants
can be ob-
tained by
spring, much

234

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

better plants often than ran be produced
from cuttings taken in fail.
PAEONIES

Early in the month is the time to
divide and transplant old roots of
paeonies that require dividing and trans-
planting. Dig up the whole root, and
divide it with a sharp spade or a large
strong knife into divisions, so that each
division has at least two or three crowns
or buds. These should be planted about
three to four feet apart in rich loamy or
clay loam soil. In planting, pack the
soil well around the roots. The crowns
or buds should be nearly an inch under
the surface of the soil when the plant-
ing is finishied. A good mulching of
rather short barnyard manure put over
the plants before severe frosts set in will
help them. This should be forked in
around the plants in spring. New plan-
tations of paeonies should also be made
now.

Six good paeonies, not high priced,
they being worth thirty to fifty cents
each, include the following:

Festiva maxima — White with slight
crimson blotch on a few petals.

Queen Victoria — White.

Edulis superba — Violet pink.

Jeanne d'Arc — Soft pink, changing to
white.

Alice de Julvecourt — Rose shaded
cream.

Felix Crousee — Dark red.

Six newer paeonies, higher priced,
50c to $1.00 each, are:

Agnes Mary Kelway — Rose, with yel-
low petaloids.

Madame Geissler — Sivery pink-shaded
rose.

Modeste Guerin — Deep rose.

Duchesse de Nemours - — Sulpfiur
white.

Virgo Maria — Pure white.

Mons. Jules Elie — Glossy flesh-pink
shaded deep rose.

DIELTTEA OE BLEEDING HEART

Dielytra (or Dicentra) spectabilis, the
old-fashioned Bleeding Heart, is also
best transplanted and divided in the fall.
Much the same method should be adopt-
ed as in that given for paeonies. It is
best to divide old plants of this favorite
border plant every seven or eight years.
Young plants in two or three years give
finer growth and flower more profusely
than do old plants that are left too long
without being divided.

Where only one or two plants ot
either paeonies or Bleeding Hearts are
grown, it may be best not to dig the old
plants up entirely, but to cut off a small
section or two from them and trans-
plant in a fresh place, leaving the balance
of the plant for another year or two be-
fore digging and replanting it. By
adopting these methods, a continuous
supply of the pretty red coral-like
flowers of these plants can be had almost
the whole summer.

Outdoor Culture of Daffodils

John Gall, Weston, Ont

EW flowers have taken such a hold
on the public during recent years

as the modest daffodil. Many
flowers can show a much greater range
of color and diversity of habit, but this
bulbous plant has a .something about it
that appeals and its cultivation is now
almost universal. While the daffodil is
by no means fastidious as to soil and
situation, like most other plants, it well
repays any little trouble incurred in giv-
ing it suitable quarters.

LIFTING THE BULBS

It is a mistake to imagine that daffo-
dil bulbs must be lifted every season, for
the truth is that if planted properly and
at reasonable distances apart, they may
remain for a dozen or more years, and
be all the better for being undisturbed.
The daffodil takes only a short period
of rest, as almost immediately the foliage
has died down the bulbs begin to form
fresh roots. If any lifting has to be
done, therefore, the sooner now it is
seen to the better; many of the tender
young roots would be destroyed if dis-
turbed later. Of course it is possible to
lift the roots, even after top growth has
begun, if extra care is taken not to
break the roots and replanting is done at
once.

DETING THEM
If lifted at once the bulbs will be im-
proved by a few weeks' rest before be-
ing replanted. After being dug up with
a fork they should be spread in shallow
boxes and set in a cool, airy shed (never
in the sun). After drying thus for ten
days or a fortnight the bulbs ought to
be gone over and the smaller off-sets
removed. Grade the bulbs, reserving
the largest and plumpest for pot cul-
ture, while those of a medium size will
be well suited for out-door culture. The
smallest roots may be planted in some
out-of-the-way corner, so as to gain
strength for flowering in some future
year.

PEEPARINQ THE GEOUND

A change of soil is very beneficial to
the majority of plants, and the daffodil
is no exception ; so if a fresh site can be
given there is more chance of fine flow-
ers. A border from which potatoes have
been dug is probably the best of all po-
sitions for the daffodil. On no account
add any fresh manure to the soil, as this
acts like poison on all the finer sorts.
Should the ground be very poor a small
quantity of well rotted manure may be
dug in, but must be quite eight inches
below the surface.

HOW AND TTHEEE TO PLANT

Daffodil bulbs vary considerably in
size, and in planting allowance has to
be made for this. The rroper depth to
plant, therefore, depends on the size of
the bulb of the variety. The small
kinds should not be deeper than four

inches, while the largest may lie six to
nine inches. Perhaps it would be better
to say that the tops of the bulbs should
be from two to four inches below the
surface. Plant with a trowel, .setting
the bulbs upright, and pressing the soil
gently all round it with the fingers. The
proper distance apart to plant depends
on circumstances. If good clumps be
made in the garden to give a capital dis-
play the first year, set the bulbs not
more than two inches apart, but for
large plantations on grass three to six
inches asunder will be found a suitable
distance. Of course, there is no reason
why wider planting should not be prac-
ticed, but a thin sprinkling will take
several years to provide a good show.
• November is decidedly the best time to
plant.

Preserving Dahlia Roots

Will you kindly tell me how to preserve
the roots of dahlias over winter and the
best time to take them up from the garden !'
I have three crim.son dahlias with a lot of
small buds and only one large flower. It
appears to me that it is through lack of
nourishment. The soil is a rough sandy
soil. Would you advise cutting ofiE thi
suckers as they start to shoot, or let them
have their natural full bloom? — I. H. L..
Belleville. Ont.

Dahlia roots should be dug out of the
ground before the roots or tubers arc
frozen. As a rule, the early part of
October is late enough to trust them
outside. I would dig them up at once,
cut the tops off about six inches from
the ground, dig the roots carefully with
some soil attached. Place them in a
shed or under the verandah away from
frost for a week or ten days so that they
may dry out a little. Then place them
in a cool rather damp cellar for the win-
ter, temperature abut forty to forty-five
degrees. If the cellar is not available,
put them in a box. Put dry earth around
them and put them in as cool a room in
the house as possible.

The rough sandy soil spoken of where
the dahlias are growing is not the right
kind of soil. A rich sandy loam suits
dahlias better. Some loam should be
obtained and dug into the soil with well-
rotted manure if the soil is sandy.

Not over three, or at the most four,
main shoots should be allowed to grow
on each dahlia root. One or two shoots
are better if large flowers are desired.
The suckers or small shoots should be \
cut off except those that are wanted for
flowering purposes. — Wm. Hunt, 0..\.
C. , Guelph.

Seeds and bulbs are just like any other '■
work of nature, as it greatly depends
upon their breeding whether they are of
any use or not. — D. W. Marden, Pilot
Mound. Man.

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

235

Fall Preparation for the Perennial Border

A. J. Elliott,

rT will be generally conceded that the
perennial flower is fast coming into its
true position in the affections of flower
growers, and that never before was
there greater demand for it than at the
sresent. Everyone who has a flower
Igarden to-day must have a border of
iperennials, not single specimens dotted
there and there, but a whole border, to
I get the very best effects of these excel-
lent plants. This is only a matter of a
few dollars, the will to spend them and
enough land to make the affair a satis-
factory success.

-TB-

"^

_

•^*^.,..tj.-yz^ ..J

I

Perennials in Mr. Elliott's Garden

More than ever are experts writing
about the perennial or herbaceous plant
and more and more are their writings
read and copied and their instructions
filled. There is so much more pleasure
from very early spring to late tall
through all the phases of the peeping
appearance out of the ground in the
spring till the sere and yellow of autumn
that it pays far more than the gaudiest
bed of annuals in this short summer sea-
son. Foot for foot, I do not contend
that the border is grander than, say,
a bed of asters. But as a whole if
properly planted with a view to contin-
uity of bloom, the tout ensemble is far
lietter.

It is claimed by some that the border
should be of uneven width to give what
is called an "undulating" appearance.
If for a border of shrubs, to a fine stretch
of lawn, all right, but if for a garden
with walks around, my plan is to make
the border geometrically straight. It is
always best to place it along a fence o^
division line behind or at the side of
the house, and if two neighbors can
agree as to procedure and expense the
effect is delightful, no fence then being
needed. The tallest plants would be set
in the centre and each could do as he
liked on his own side.

PREPABINO FOR THE BORDER

Having decided, however, to have a
border, dig it four feet wide, good and
deep now. If it was well manured last
spring, you need not heavily manure it.
I do not like fresh manure around roots.
Then, after raking it down to a fine

Aylmer, Ont.

bed, set your line a foot from the fence
and plant in this, the back row, any of
the following. Hollyhocks, golden glow,
tiger lilies, tea larkspur, hibiscus, ram-
bler, thousand beauties or Dorothy
roses, planting nothing closer than
three feet.

This done, come in with your line
eighteen inches, and set as before, but
do as a carpenter says in shingling a
roof "break joints"; that is, do not let
any two plants be directly opposite
across the bed. Also do not let the holly-
hocks and phloxes be any closer than
possible, because the former will rust
the latter.

In the second row, plant perennial
phlox, paeonies, lilies, coreopsis, sweet
rocket, foxgloves, iris, chalcydonica,
yucia and poppies. Do not plant any-
thing closer than two feet in the row.

Now come in with your line another
sixteen inches, and plant the final row of
columbine, galliardi. Sweet William,
platycodon, pinks, and so forth.

MTJLOHING THE BED

This having been done you will have
nothing more to do till frost comes. As
soon as the ground is frozen cover the
whole with four or five inches of rough
manure or leaves, and you can pat your-
self on the head with thoughts of the
flowers you will have next year. I have
given a list of desirable plants, but there
are many others, perhaps, that the
reader would prefer. All can be reason-
ably procured at our nurserymen.

One thing I might add is tiiat 11 there
is no tulip or bulb bed near the border a
few dropped in here and there, but
enough to show well, might be done.
For my part, as my bulbs are only
across a path,
I do not put
any in the
border.

When spring
at length ar-
rives, in the
latter part of
March, take
your rake
and pull off
the mulch,
and let the
border lie.
A red spjke
here and a
yellow one
there and
signs of life
everywhere
push up
through the
ground in
quirk succes-
sion. About Border of Shmbt and Ptrenniali

the middle of April put on some good
rotted manure, and dig in, always re-
membering that one of these borders de-
vours a pile of food. This done, you will
find several spaces leftwhichlattershould
be filled, not crowded, with gladioli,
asters, zinnias, and plants. These in-
,structions followed you will have a joy
garden all summer and will never regret
the pains and expense taken to secure
it.

The Care of Dahlia Roots

J. McP. Rots, Toronto, Oit.

Saving the tubers of dahlias from frost
is not difficult. Any place where you can
keep potatoes will keep dahlias. After
the frost has cut the foliage down leave
the plants stay so for a week as it helps
to ripen the tubers. Then on a sunny
morning dig them up with the earth
sticking to them as much as it will.

Cut the stalks back to six or eight
inches, and let them stay out in the sun
all day. If there is no danger from frost
leave them out two days. Be sure and
fasten the names by wire labels on the
stalks and then pile them in a heap in
some dry spot in the cellar out of the
draft. If the cellar is hot and dry it
will cause the tubers to shrivel ; a liberal
sprinkling of water will restore them.
Packing them in boxes with dry sand
over them is a good plan. Too much wet
causes them to rot. My usual practice
is to pile them in a corner on top of one
another, and then forget about them till
spring approaches when I overhaul them
and put them in shape.

"The best is none too good." This
old saying applies most forcibly to the
selection of bulbs and flower seeds. — D.
W. Marden, Pilot Mound, Man.

in the Garden of Sir H. M. Pellatt, Toronto, Ont.

236

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

Garden Cultivation in the Fall

Dr. H. M. Speechly,

IN the fall the use of the spade is par-
ticularly important as it secures the
proper preparation of the various
beds and plots of ground under cultiva-
tion and that useful stirring of the soil
around perennials so essential to their
welfare. There is nothing like good
spade work throughout a garden whe-
ther of vegetables or flowers. Dig deep
whether you want to grow celery or sweet
peas. In fact, no effort of gardening
can be really successful unless the soil
is deeply dug and turned not once nor
twice.

Loosen the soil thoroughly. Break
up the clods. Allow no solid masses of
earth to exist when you prepare a bed.
What a splendid exercise, too, is this
digging. How it warms up the blood
and opens the pores of the skin in heal-
thy wise. Accustomed as I am to vigor-
ous spading it seems strange to see able-
bodied men just spooning the ground
with a long-handled spade and an injured
air as who should say, "After all, why
not do this with a plough?" Quite a
number of men seem to think that dig-
ging for the purposes of a flower-garden
is not the part of a man at all. But our
gardener who digs well and truly is no
dude nor dandy. He rise.« early and
thinks, as he digs, deeply ; stout boots
and rough clothes are his choice.

DISCOVER THE WORMS

If you know anything of such roots as
the paeony or perennial phlox, ;< ou will
know that worms entwine themselves so
securely between the roots and the ad-
hering soil that the worms will sooner
break than allow themselves to be pulled
forth from their retreat. Fall digging in
October reveals these worms as dried-
up reddish objects quite shrivelled and
still, and not more than a foot to 18
inches below the ground. Thus they
will remain frozen solid until spring re-
turns when from the end of May they
swarm in my garden — preferring the
clayey soil rather than the black humus
common to our prairies. The American
robin will follow the spring digging to
catch the worms though with less friendly
confidence than the real robin of the Old
Country, which will often stand on the
very clod just about to be turned in its
eagerness to catch the worms thrown
up by the spade or fork.

USE OP THE RAKE

After careful digging it may or may
not be desirable to use the rake. Per-
haps you desire to leave the soil rough-
cast and open to the cleaving action of
the frost or to help to hold the desirable
snow-blanket, and therefore you do not
rake. But perhaps you have planted
tulips and other bulbs in the fall and
intend to leave a prepared surface well

Pilot Mound, Man.

pulverized. Then the rake comes into
use, and so you rake the surface thor-
oughly both before and after planting
your bulbs, knowing that such doings
will save part of the spring rush of work.
Or perhaps you are aware that the seed
of annual poppies, sown in the fall, will
spring and bloom nearly two weeks ear-
lier than if cast in the spring. Say you
wish to have a nice bed of the Shirley
poppy. You pulverize the bed thor-
oughly in the fall and allow it to settle
well. Then you broad-cast the seed all

White Heither, Grown in Picton, Ont.

White heather is said to be very difficult to
transplant. Nevertheless the roots of the plant
here shown were dug up from the hills in Scot-
land, in the Highlands, near Nairn, and sent
to Mr. Walter T. Ross, the secretary of the
horticultural society at Picton. Ont.. by mail.
That Mr. Ross has been successful in grovfing
it is shown by the fact that the plant wa« in
bloom when photographed last July. Mr. Ross
has had unusual success In growing numerotis
novelties, especially tropical plants.

over the prepared surface and holding
the rake vertically pack the surface with
moderate firmness. For a spring sowing
of seed such as mignonette I use both
the rake and the sole of my foot to press
the seed firmly into a well-raked sur-
face. For the edges of my beds, which
are always a little raised, I use the rake
as a firm packer and to rub off the weeds
which are inevitable.

The Asparagus Beetles

My young asparagus plants have been at-
tacked by speckled beetles, which have
caused considerable damage. What are they
and what will destroy them? — H. M., Lon-
don, Ont.

The "speckled" beetles are probably
one 'of the well-known Asparagus
Beetles. The common asparagus beetle
is about a quarter of an inch in length,
and is conspicuously marked with six
white blotches on the back. This species
appears in early spring and eats into
the young shoots, upon which it lays

its eggs. The twelve-spotted asparagus
beetle often occurs with the above, and
is about the same size but broader, and
of a reddish-orange colour. On the
wing cases it has twelve black spots.

A remedy which has given probably
the best satisfaction in destroying the
grubs of these beetles is to dust the
plants frequently with fresh air-slaked
lime. This adheres to their slimy bodies
and kills all with which it comes in con-
tact. A simple remedy which has often
given satisfaction is to simply brush
the grubs from the plants with a stick,
in the middle of a hot day. When the
beetles first appear in spring, chickens
and ducks, if allowed to run in the beds,
will destroy large numbers. — A. Gibson,
Assistant Entomologist, C.E.F., Ot-
tawa, Ont.

Doorweed for Dry Places

Mr>. Anaie L. Jack, Cktteaifaay Batia, Qie.

During the past summer, so trying to
lawns on account of the excessive heat
and drought that caused the grass to
shrivel and turn brown, a strip of
ground along the north side of the house
was the admiration of all comers, being
vividly green, and showing the line
plainly where it ended and other grasses
began. It is "Polygonum aviculare," a
small leaved perennial, properly named
a weed, that grows along walks, and in
dry hard soil where it makes a mat-like
appearance, if kept regularly cut with
the lawn mower.

It is a plant closely allied to .the
"dock" family and also to the buck-
wheats. So, though of humble origin,
it is well connected. It proved this sum-
mer a friend in need, and has gained the
name of "Doorweed." The object of
bringing it into notice is that it might be
useful where other plants cannot resist
the dry hot weather, but it must be kept
regularly and closely cut and not be al-
lowed to straggle. Properly managed, it ■
presents a velvety appearance that was *
very interesting by contrast this sea-
.son.

In the good old days it was the custom
of merchants to advertise their wares
"by the power of man." The lungs of
apprentices were developed, and the ears
of passersby were deafened by strident
cries. The apprentice boy has made way
for the bill board. The ear is relieved,
but the eye suffers grievously owing to
these monstrosities. We must not only
wipe out the bill board with all its hid-
eousness, but we must get after the man
who owns the vacant lot on which it is
erected. If we cannot prohibit, we can
at least put them under proper taxation
and restriction. — Major H. J. Snelgrove,
Cobourg, Ont.

Geraniums should be firmly potted to
promote strong growth ; loose potting
has the opposite effect.

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

237

Winter and Spring Flo\vcring Bulbs

W. Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont.

OCTOBER is the month for potting
bulbs for indoor flowering, also for
planting them out of doors for
spring flowering. A few pots of white
Roman hyacinths, Dutch hyacinths.
Paper \'\'^hite narcissus, as well as some
of the Trumpet and Double Flowering
narcissus, will help to keep the window
bright from Christmas until Easter. Pot
the bulbs in good potting soil with a
sprinkling of sand mixed in it. Water
them well, put them in a cool cellar, and
cover them an inch in depth with sand,
fine soil, or coal ashes. Water this
covering also, if dry, sufficient to well
moisten it. Let the bulbs stay in the
cellar for three or four weeks, or until
they have developed a good root system.
Bring them into the window as required
before top growth is over two inches in
height.

By making two or three pottings at
intervals during the month and bring-
ing them into the light gradually as
wanted, a succession of these useful
flowers can be had all the winter. In
potting bulbs, the top or apex of the
bulb should be just under the surface
of the soil. The bulbs can be placed
almost close together in the pots, half
an inch of space between them being
sufficient. Dutch hyacinths can be plant-
ed singly in a five inch pot.

The main points in the successful pot
culture of bulbs are to first develop a
good root system before top growth
starts, and to keep the soil moist from
the time they are potted until they are
thrniif?-h flowering.

Tulips, Dutch hyacinths and narcissi
should be planted about four inches deep
in good garden soil. Avoid digging in
strawy manure when digging the
ground. Well rotted barnyard manure
should be used if any. This is best dug
in below the bulbs so as not to come in
direct contact with them. Roman hya-
cinths are of no use for planting out of
doors as they are too tender to endure
the winter frosts. They are, however,
excellent for pot culture indoors.

Crocus, Scilla, Chionodoxa, Leucojum
vernum. and Snowdrop are dwarf grow-
ing bulbs. These are useful for plant-
ing near the margins of flower beds.
All of them can be planted about three
inches deep, and be put only an inch or
so apart. No flower garden should be
without a few of these useful pioneers of
spring flowers to brighten up the sur-
roundings before the summer flowers
appear.

Home of R. H. Gould, Spadina Ave., Toronto

Uedal Winner in the 1910 Street Improvement Competition held by the To-
ronto Hortioultural Society.

Wintering Roses

W. G. McKendrick, Terent*, Ont.

I used to tie up each rose in the beds
m the fall in a bundle of straw or bul-
rushes and heavily manure the bed. I
tried one fall four beds without manure
or straw but drew the earth up around
the stems of the roses from four to six
inches, and they came through the win-
ter in good shape. Since then I have not
used manure as it holds a soggy mass
around the roots of the roses that win-
ter better if they are kept dry and well
drained. A little loose straw or strawy
manure ji'st enough to keep the ground

shaded so that
it will not thaw
and freeze off
and on through
the winter,
would help the
roots.

The compar-
atively modern
plan of earth-
ing up roses
from four to
six inches is a
simple and ex-
cellent one.
The non-con-
ducting proper-
ties of this
slight covering
are surprising
in a very se-
vere winter,
when no sound
wood is to be
seen above the
earth covering ;
beneath it the
shoots will
nearly always

be found uninjured.

I tie the stem of each climbing rose
in a bundle to the fence a foot or two
above the ground and shade from the
sun with a little straw, though some that
are left quite exposed for years are in as
good condition as those I tie up. Climb-
ing roses that are planted or transplant-
ed late in the fall should have straw
tied to them to keep off the hot sun in
the spring as the sun will evaporate the
sap in the shoots before the feedikig
roots can get to work to replace this sap
and the roots shrivel up as a result.

The Lovely Phlox

A. K. Geodmta, LL.B., Ttronto, Ont.

Abundant and familiar, beautiful and
magnificent the phlox (meaning a flame
in allusion to its brilliant flower), a weed
in the untrodden wilds of North Amer-
ica, in the days of good Queen Bess, is
now grown generally in our gardens.
With good culture and good varieties
the flower heads may be a foot long and
nine inches through, the individual
flowers being as large as fifty cent
pieces. The annuals are grown from
seed as asters, though they may be pro-
pagated by cuttings in the autumn.

It is best to plant the phlox a foot
apart. The perennial phloxes, both
early and late blooming, are propagated
by division in winter and spring, cut-
tings or seed. They thrive in ordinary
soil, but do not like a cold, adhesive,
undrained clay ; they favor light soil and
Hve water in summer. The flowers are
borne on the top of stems, but to insure
large panicles it is necessary to have
strong shoots, consequently the use of
liquid manure is advised. By judicious
arrangement, bloom may be had from
July to November with growth possibly
three to four feet high.

The following is a list of phloxes re-
commended for suburban gardens, ex-
perience seems to point to the fact that
phloxes are not suitable for small city
gardens, as they take up too much
room.

"EAELT SUMMER"

Attraction, white with a crimson eye;
Fantasy, pink, suffused crimson ; James
Hunter, rose.

"LATE SUMMER"

Atala, rose with a white centre ; Co-,
quelicot, orange; Etna, scarlet, all three
feet high.

"DWARF"

Vivid, brilliant ro.se; Grandiflora,
pink, crimson eve ; Newry Seedling,
white, rose eye.

The uncertainty of next season's
blooming, and the care required during
the surnmer, make it unprofitable to
carry primrose plants over. Start new
plants or purchase new ones from your
florist next season.

Ginseng and Its Culture

THE ginseng family is an interesting
one to the student of nature. There
are, at least, five different members
of this family found in our Canadian
woods. Some are very common, others
are rarely found. Aralia Trifolia oi
groundnut is easily found in the early
springtime in rich woods. Aralia Nudi-
caulis or Wild Sarsaparilla, is also com-
mon to most woods, while Aralia Race-
mosa and Aralia Hispida, the former
commonly known as Spikenard, and the
latter as Hirsute or Bristly Sarsaparilla
(cf. Wild Elder) are not so common, and
therefore, not so generally known.

It is with Aralia Quinquefolia or Gin-
seng that this paper deals. It grows in
rich, dry, shady woods. The leaves are
in a whorl of three at the top of the stem,
the latter being from twelve to eighteen
inches high. Each leaf stem has five
leaves, in the fully developed plant. The
flowers are dull in color, small, and in-
significant. When ripe the berries are
a britjht red in color and are not un-
pleasant to the taste. They are borne
in a cluster or bunch upon a stem in the
centre of the whorl of leaves. This is
by far the most interesfij^g member of
the ginseng family.

It is generally conceded that the root
has certain therapeutics. However,
in America, its use in medicine is com-
paratively new, but in China and other
eastern countries it is extensively used.
As far as I am able to learn its medi-
cinal qualities are soporific, anodyne,
nerve tonic and slightly laxative.

Historically speaking it may be said,
that this plant was first discovered in
Canada. In the early years of the
eighteenth century, some Jesuit priests
in eastern Ontario, in their earnest and
self-denying labors among the aborigines
of this country, are credited with dis-
covering the plant and gathering large
quantities of its root. It is now known
to have been found scattered over a large
area of the American continent.

There is no better strain of ginseng
known than that found growing in our
Canadian woods. At the present time,
it is well nigh exterminated. Sometimes
one may search for days and not find a
single plant. Rightly or wrongly the
Indians are charged with exterminating
it from our forests. As a rule they dig it
when and where ever it is found. I
am of the opinion, that the Ontario Gin-
seng Growers Association, might, do
well to seek legislation protecting this
valuable plant from the ravages of men.
If a law were enacted, making it lawful
to dig the root only in the month of
October, it would be certainly a step in
the right direction. By the end of Sep-
tember, as a rule, the seeds have ripen-

By Hugill Barr, Box 614, Forest, Ontario

ed and have fallen and thus a chance is
left , at least, that new plants will start
into existence. Only a very few white
men gather the wild root, for very few
know it as it grows amid.st the profusion
of plant life usually found in our Can-
adian woods.

The Chinese and Koreans, almost, if
not quite, venerate the ginseng plant.
It is small wonder that they do. Speci-
ally is this true, if the root be in the
shape of a miniature man, as indeed
many of them are. Full oft the Korean,
who is successful in his search for the
wild root, is considered to have found
favor with the gods. It is not an un-
known thing for a Korean, anxious to
find this wonderful plant and equal-
ly anxious to find the favor of
the deities, to continue his search until
overtaxed nature gives up the game and
he lies down to die, on the hillside of
his beloved Korea.

GINSENG OTTLTtTRE

In the cultivation of ginseng there are
really few secrets to be known. The
plant, being indigenous to Canada, is
perefctly hardy. Nature is a wise
teacher, and the ginseng grower will do
well to observe her suggestions and laws
with reference to the natural conditions
of the life of this plant, as it is found in
the woods. The writer invariably makes
a study of the soil, situation, conditions
of growth and general surroundings of
every wild plant he finds. To keep near
to nature is safe procedure.

The wild plant is not always found to
be thrifty. Sometimes the shade is too
dense, and the ground is too hard and
unyielding or perhaps too moist. Ano-
ther thing to be considered is the ex-
posure of the plant to injury through
accident. All these things, and many
other considerations, will appeal to the
ginseng grower. Given a rich, deep,
alluvial soil, well drained, and in a loca-
tion where the air, unhindered, circu-
lates freely, and all that follows is easy.
Cultivate deeply and finely in preparing
the ground, being careful to remove all
stones, sticks, and roots. By all means
have the ground sufficiently rich — as
rich as needed for onion growing — be-
fore planting begins.

The best way to make up the prepared
ground is to shape it into beds five feet
wide, with a two foot walk between.
The edge of the bed can be kept in shape
by running a narrow board along the
sides, and staking it securely in its
place. Of course, no weeds should be
allowed to grow either among the roots
or in the walks.

PLANTING

In planting a good way is to set the
roots about eight inches apart each way,

being careful to place the root two or
three inches below the surface of the
ground. A plan that works well is to
dig a narrow, deep trench across the
bed, and place the roots in the trench
with the hand, straightening out, as far
as possible, all fibrous roots before fill-
ing around with earth. If a crop is de-
sired for drying, the best result will be
obtained by maturing the rt>ot where the
seed is planted. A better, marketable
root is obtained by not transplanting.
Of course, in some instances, it is found
necessary to plant the seed thickly, and
later transplant, say, when plants are
a year old. Budless roots, in live con-
dition, take a year to form new buds,
during which time the grower will look
in vain for the stems. To protect the
buds, do not allow any scratch-of, or
walking upon the planted beds.

SHADING

Shading is perhaps the most expensive
part of ginseng culture. Of course,
every one knows that it grows in the
shade. Some growers, who possess
suitable woodlands, grow their ginseng
there in the natural shade and do well.
This saves the time, labor and expense
of artificial shade. However, if shading
must be built place the posts that sup-
port the shading in the centre of the
bed. Place scantling or straight poles
from post to post, fastening each end
securely to the top of the posts. MaKC
the shade sufficiently high that men can
walk under it without danger or diffi-
culty. Use lath, or any kind of strip to
make the shade. Make it into sections
of convenient size for you. Plan the
overhead work so that the shade sec-
tions will fit — no overlapping is neces-
sary. Lath placed one half inch apart
will make shade dense enough. Pos-
sibly, on the south and west sides of
j'our garden, you might have to place
shade to protect the edges of the beds
from the sun.

Surround the garden with woven wire
fencing six feet high. Be sure Ithe
meshes are small enough to keep out
chickens, cats and other animals. Keep
all animals out of the ginseng garaen
except toads. They are the friends of
the grower. As soon as the seed is ripe
in the autumn the shading can be re-
moved and piled awaj- under cover.
Some growers use wire to anchor the
sections of shade in their places on the
overhead work. Old gas pipes, cut the
right length, make good posts. Use a
flat stone or a square of cement for a
base.

In the culture of ginseng attention to a
few things will often work wonders. If
your garden is surrounded by a close

October, 191 1

THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTURIST

239

board fence take it away and put it to
a purpose more worthy. For a ginseng
garden use, as we have said, woven
wire. This gives the maximum of breeze
and ventilation. Let the breezes blow
upon your plants and through your gar-
den. Get all the air and light you can
under the conditions of shade described.
Everybody knows that dank, ill-ventilat-
ed nooks and corners are the breeding
grounds of plant diseases. Small won-
der if seedlings damp off in such places
— it would be a wonder if they did not.
Get the air. Get the breezes. Exclude
the hot sun.

Do not hoe the beds ; if you do there
is danger of destroying some root bud,
or cutting a plant, that the frost has
heaved too near to the surface. Better
pull out the weeds, and cast them into
the fire.

In the spring, just as you see the
plants begin to break the ground, sprav
with Bordeaux mixture. It is possible
that there might be some spores on the
ground waiting to destroy yur plants.
The writer has not used pyrox, and
therefore will not speak of it now. No
doubt it will do all that is claimed for it.

ATTTCTMN OARE

Mulch in the autumn with clean, rich
alluvial earth. It is not likely to be a
culture for disease germs. A top dress-
ing of such earth, one inch thick upon
the beds every fall, will prove to be a
great benefit to the roots. A word or
two about .seeds. As elsewhere stated,
the seeds when ripe are a bright red.
Indeed, a healthy ginseng plant with its
bunch of red berries is a thing of beauty.
It is generally conceded that the best
way to deal with fresh, ripe seeds is to
stratify them in moist sand for a year.
A seed requires one year and a half to
germinate ; hence, if the crop be strati-
fied for a year almost absolute protec-
tion is obtained. When seeds are re-
quired for planting, they can be sifted
out of the fine sand very easily.

All seeds, whether planted in rows or
broadcasted, should be covered with
earth one inch and a half deep. If seeds
are to be sown broadcast, sprinkle them
with flour before sowing, so that an idea
of the quantity on a given space may De
obtained. If whitened with flour they
are readily perceived on the surface, and
can be covered with earth the desired
depth. One thousand seeds to one yard
of a five-foot bed will be sufficient. For
Ontario, October is the best month lor
planting seeds and roots.

THE PROFITS

Does it pay? That depends largely
upon the man. There are people grow-
ing ginseng who will never make it pay.
Nevertheless in the hands of the right

I man it pays. At Blyth, Ontario, in the
Hurnia Gin.seng Gardens, with whifch
the writer is well acquainted, careful
tests have been made and results have

been obtained that warrant the state-
ment that there is no more profitable
crop grown than ginseng. The facts are
in the concrete. Ginseng speculators
have advertised in a most extravagant
way the enormous profits to be realized
from an acre of ginseng. Of course,
such speculators have ginseng stock for

sale at exorbitant prices, and the ad-
vertisement has but one object — to find
"takers." All of which we can well
afford to pass by. The writer has no
disposition, no time for, and The Cana-
dian HoRTiciLTURiST has no room for
overstatements.

Celery Storing

Geo. Syme, Jr<

CELERY storing is an occupation
which is rather uncertain. Much
depends on the condition of the
celery at the time of storing and also on
the weather during the winter. Good
healthy celery stored about the middle of
October or to the first of November
should keep to the middle of April or the
first of May. There are three ways of
storing celery, which according to my
experience, have worked out satisfactor-
ily, namely, trenching, housing and pit-
ting. .

To keep celery in trenches, the out-
side leaves should be pulled off, the
tops trimmed lightly and the celery
packed firmly in the trenches, one spade
wide and deep enough so that the tops
come on a level with the ground. When
the weather becomes cold cover the cel-
ery with boards laid flat on the top sup-
ported with braces to keep them from
pressing too heavily on the celery. It
should be watched and aired until the
weather becomes severe. Then, cover
the boards with a litter of straw. If
you can have a little frost in the leaves
at the time of covering with the litter of
straw the celery will keep better.

HOUSING CELERY

Housing, or packing, celery in houses
made for the purpose, is the most com-
mon method. The celery house should
be built about fifteen feet wide, with a
gable roof high enough to put in a top
bench. This makes it comfortable to
work in. Trap doors or air holes should
be placed not further than eight feet
apart. A door is necessary at each end so
that a current of air can be allowed to
pass through when necessary to dry up
moisture. Trim the plants the same as
for trenching and pack firmly in stand,
standing the stocks on end after two or
three rows have been packed. It would
be well to bank up a little dirt to the
stocks, cutting square down with the
spade so as not to take up too much
room. Repack once or twice during the
winter.

PITTING

Pitting is the easiest and latest
method of storing celery. It can be done
on the ground where the crop is grown.
No trimming is necessary. Piles are
made by placing two rows, butt to butt,
with the leaves turned out The pits
should not be longer than about eight
feet and about three feet high.

for Winter Use

, Toronto, Ont.

Cover the top of the pile with a little
dirt until the weather becomes severe,
then cover completely with dirt and
afterwards with a little straw. Allow
frost to get down to the celery before the
last covering. It is better, if this
method is adopted, to grow the celery
far enough apart, so that it can be
ploughed up to and banked. Leave the
celery in banks as long as the weather
will permit or until about the middle of
November or the first of December.

Planting Rhubarb

Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald Colleg«, Qaebec

Ground for rhubarb should be worked
deeply at least six to eight inches, and
well fertilized. The richer the ground
the better the rhubarb. Four or five
inches of manure worked in will not be
excessive. This plant will, of course,
grow on moderately rich ground, but as
a rule the one thing lacking in most
cases is abundant food material. A
friable loam will give the best results.
For early rhubarb a southerp slope is
advisable.

Every five years at least the plant
should be divided, otherwise the crown
gets dense and many small stalks will
be formed. The old plant may be lift-
ed and split up with a spade, leaving
two to three eyes to a piece. Care
should be taken not to break the roots
of these pieces any more than possible.

Seedling plants may be planted, but
as a rule these are very variable ; and
if you have a good strain I would ad-
vise division of the roots. Seed of the
desired variety may be sown in rows
three feet apart early in spring, and
thinned to six inches apart, and if the
ground is rich these will make fair plant
for the next spring planting, or good
plants for the following spring.

The plant may be set in the fall or
early spring. We set the plants in ro\ys
four feet apart and four feet apart in
the rows. It is a good plan to mulch
the plantation with 3 to 4 inches of good
rotted manure in the fall, which is
worked in the following spring. Grass
should not be allowed to grow, and .shal-
low cultivation should be continued
right up to fall, keeping the surface
ground loose and friable.

Strip off the asparagus seeds before
they ripen and burn them.

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published by The Horticultural
Publishins Companr, Limited

PKTKRBOItO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine
in the Dominion

OrFiciAL Organ of the Ontario, Qckbbo, New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bbonson Cowan, Manacing Director

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THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTURI8T.

PETBSBOaO, ONTABIO.

THE ELECTION AND THE FUTURE

Since the election those fruit and vege-
table growers who wore alarmed, and with
reason, in regard to how they might be
affected by the passing of the reciprocity
measure, have been breathing easier. There
is little chance now of such a measure being
adopted for another nine or ten years at
least, and therefore all immediate cause for
anxietv has been removed. Nevertheless
the election has its lessons which should
not be overlooked.

The inherent weakness of all industries
built up behind the walls of protection is
that they are subject to constant alarms.
Every election is Halle to bring on a clamor
for the lowering or removal of the protect-
ing tariff. This creates uneasiness in the
minds of all connected with these indus-
tries and tends to unsettle trade. In Can-
ada, hereafter, in spite of the immense
vote polled against reciprocity this condi-
tion is likely to be most apparent.

As long as the United States was opposed
to free trade there was practically no agi-
tation in Canada for it. This accounts
for the relief, in this respect, that we have
had in the past. Now, however, that the
United Statas has shown its willingness to
enter into a free exchange of natural prod-
ucts the agitation in Canada for the ac-
ceptance of the offer is not likely to subside.
The urban population of the United States
is growing rapidly. Its rural population
is remaining stationary or decreasing.
Thus year by year the value of the United
States markets to our farmers will steadily
increase. In Canada, because of our mil-
lions of acres of free farm lands, our rural
population, for years to come, is likely to
increase more rapidly than the population
of our towns and cities. Thus our surplus
of farm products for export will grow in
proportion. This being the case, the de-
mand for free trade is moro likely to in-
crease from year to year than it is to sub-
side.

It seems altogether likely that the Lib-
eral party will continue freer trade as a
plank in its platform, including even many
lines of manuactured products and an in-
crease in the British Preference. This
would make the question of freer trade an
issiie at each election here-'fter. Thus the
battle may have to be fought all over again
with its consequent disturbance to busi-
ness conditions. The indications ar4 that
there lies before us a long period of tariff
unrest.

ESSAY COMPETITIONS

This year, through the generosity of
Messrs. R. B. Whyte of Ottawa the presi-
dent of the Ontario Horticultural Associa-
tion, and of Mr. Hermann Simmers of To-
ronto, a member of the well known firm, J.
A. Simmers, Ltd., seedsmen, of Toronto,
prizes aggregating fifty dollars in value
were offered to members of the Ontario
Horticultural Societies contributing the
best essays on the subject "My Favorite
Garden Flower and How I Grow It." A
number of excellent essays have been sub-
mitted in this competition, but not nearly
so many as there might have been had the
competition been more widely advertised by
the local horticultural societies. The re-
sults of the contest will be announced short-
ly and the winning essays printed.

This is a line of work that the Ontario
Horticultural Association might well take
up next year and extend. A condition of
the contest might be that oomnoting essays
must first be read at meetings or exhibitions
of the local societies before being eligible
to compete for a provincial prize. Later
the successful essays could be road at the
annual convention in Toronto of the On-
tario Horticultural .Association and pub-
lished in its annual report, thus receiving
wide distribution. There is a great demand
for such information as these essays could
be arranged to provide. By conducting
competitions of this character regularly
each year the educational value of our hor-
ticultural societies could be much increased
without involving the expenditure of more
than a trifling sum.

EXHIBITION SUGGESTIONS

The fruit growers of Eastern Canada are
making rapid progre."*, but much still re-
mains to be accomplished. Our greatest
need is a broader vision of the possibilities
of our industry, more enthusiasm and a
spirit of hearty cooperation in efforts 10
bring them to pass. In the light of what
we might do if we would, what we arc do-
ing often seems sadly inadequate.

This year, for instance. Nova Scotia will
export over a million barrels of anples. The
fruit is of unusual qiinlity. The bulk of it
will grade high. It will bring into the prov-
ince several million dollars. This month
the Nova Scotia Horticultural Exhibition
will be held at Wolfville. It will open on
October tenth and last for three days. The
prize list amounts to two thousand dollars.
Think of it! Two thousand dollirs. It
should be twenty, or still better, thirty
thousand dollars. But no ! it is two thou-
sand dollars.

Last year British Columbia, which im-
ported twenty-eight thousand, one hundred
and three barrels of apples and exported
onlv one thousand nine hundred and twen-
ty-three barrels, held a national apple show,
at which fifty thousand dollars was offered
in prizes. Five thousand dollars was offered
as one prize for the best carload of apples.
This year they are holding a provincial
show at which the prizes offered will be
equally liberal. What, let us wonder, would
thpir prize list be if they had an apple crop
like that in Nova Scotia ?

The trouble in Nova Scotia does not rest
on the shoulders of the directors of the ex-
hibition. It cannot be blamed against the
provincial government. It rests with the
people of the province as a whole and par-
ticularly with the rank and file of the grow-
ers themselves. Did they but realize that
there is nothing to prevent them from hold-
ing a show equal to that held in British
Columbia, that doing so would advertise
the fruit growing possibilities of the prov-
ince to the world as nothinc else could, that
it would tend to double and treble the
value of the good orchard lands of Nova
Scotia, which are ridiculously low, thus in-
creasing the prosperity of all the growers,
we would soon see Nova Scotia holding an
apple show that would be a credit to the
East.

Ontario is but little if any better. It
grows the great bulk of the fruit produced
in Canada. Each vear it holds an excel-
lent provincial horticultural exhibition, but
its prize list of less than five thousand dol-
lars, a large proportion of that being of-
fered for flowers and vegetables, is not
what it should be. This year the directors
of the Fruit Growers' Association had an
opportunity to arriinge for the holding of
a national apple show in Ontario next year,

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

241

Jbut the proposition seems to hare overcome
them, as we hear nothing more about it.

From a horticultural standpoint one of
the best things that could happen in Can-
ada would be the making of arrangements

Why which each of the provincial exhibitions

|now held annually in Nova Sootia. New
3runswick, Ontario and British Columbia
vould follow each other in consecutive or-
These could then be advertised. In-

Itending well-to-do settlers could be encour-
aged to make a tour of all the provinces,
taking in each of the exhibitions; apple
buyers could be attracted, and a healthful
rivalry created between the provinces that
would prove beneficial to all. The sugges-
tion might receive attention at the next
Dominion fruit conference.

I

Prom time to time we have drawn atten-
tion to the need that exists that the work
of the entom logical division of the Do-
minion Department of Agriculture should
be extended and strengthened. In this con-
nection we would like to see the division
furnished with the funds that would enable
it to publish a bulletin or book, profusely
illustrated by colored plates, describing and
giving the life hLstory and characteristics
of the more important injurious insects of
the orchard, garden and farm. There are
numerous bulletins giving this information
in part, but none seems ever to have been
attempted that would deal with the sub-
ject at all comprehensively. The educational
value of the weed bulletin issued a few
years ago by the Dominion seed division
has been so great as to justify the expense
";hat would be involved in the publication
f a similar volume dealing with insects.

Compulsory spraying has frequently been
advocated in Ontario and elsewhere in the

II

Clean Advertising

"He must go." That is what two
thousand representative advertising
men from Canada, the United States,
and England said at a great conven-
tion held recently in Boston, when
discussing the advertiser who pub-
lishes dishonest, unclean or untruth-
ful advertising.

Publishers recognize that they can-
not allow the dishonest advertiser to
use space in their publications if they
are to retain the goodwill of their
readers and the patronage of reliable
advertisers. It Is as much their duty
to protect their readers from unre-
liable information In their advertising
columns as from misleading articles
in their reading columns.

The Canadian Horticulturist was
one of the first Canadian publications
to adopt this principle In regard to
the advertisements It prints. For
years Its publishers have refused to
publish any advertisements they felt
to be unreliable or objectionable in
any way, or that they felt doubtful
about.

This attitude, while it has cost the
publishers a great deal in loss of ad-
vertising which they might have ac-
cepted and published, has earned the
confidence of readers of The Canadian
Horticulturist. They intend to con-
tinue to nierit that confidence.

We believe thai every advertise-
ment in this issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist represents n reliable
individual or firm and one which our
readers need have no hesitation in
patronizing.

East, but the proposal has never been treat-
ed seriously by those in authority. Such
a law prevails in British Columbia. If a
grower refuses to spray, government oflS-
cials have power to enter his orchard and
do the work for him, and he has to pay the
bill. Had there been such a law in Ontario
the San Jose Scale would never have made
the progress that it has. One of the worst
agencies, probably the worst, in the spread
of this pest were the orchards so far de-
stroyed by the scale that their owners neg-
lected them and left them to infest sur-
rounding orchards. Some townships have
appointed inspectors in an effort to deal
with the situation and much good work has
been accomplished by them. The situation,
however, has never been entirely satisfac-
tory. We can hardly wonder, therefore,
that we still meet those who favor compul-
sory spraying.

From the outset the Ontario government
has acted as though the Jordan Experiment
Station was a sort of unwelcome infant that
had been forced upon it against its will. It
has never granted any more funds than it
could well help to develop the work for
which the station was established, and now
it is stinting these. An improvement in this
respect is over due.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

Our front cover illustration this month
shows a partial view of the celebrated
Prairie Valley, near Summerland, B.C. It
conveys a good idea of the beautiful nature
of the country in this favored fruit grow-
ing section.

ing columns. We are always pleased to
furnish any such information as may be
desired by our readers.

From time to time we are asked why we

do not publish more news from British Co-
lumbia in The Canadian Horticulturist.
The same mail that brings such a letter
may bring similar letters from subscribers
in Nova Scotia and Quebec who feel that
the fruit interests of their sections do not
receive adequate attention in our columns.
To all such letters we reply that The Cana-
dian Horticulturist is national in scope.
The territory covered by The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist is so broad it makes it impossi-
ble for us to publish as much information
and as many special articles relating to
each section as we could were this paper
local in character. As far as practical we
endeavor in each issue to publish some
notes from each of the leading fruit grow-
ing provinces and also articles that will be
of equal value wherever they may be read.
Within the next year or so we expect to
be able to enlarge The Canadian Horticul-
turLst sufficiently to enable us to give more
attention to each province than we now do.
Thus, while we will give more local news
connected with each province, The Cana-
dian Horticulturist will still remain na-
tional in scope and in usefulness.

Quite often we receive letters similar to
the two mentianed in the advertising talk
in our September number, asking for in-
formation as to where a certain class of
goods may be purchased. There are prob-
ably many of our readers who wish to se-
ca?9 some such information, but who hesi-
tate to write us. As our advertising de-
l)artment is in touch with the leading man-
ufacturers and dealers handling goods and
as readers of The Canadian Horticulturist
may wi.sh to buy, we can usually furnish the
desired information to inquirers, where they
fail to find what they want in our advertis-

Plans are being laid for next year's issues
of The Canadian Horticulturist which will
insure our publishing the strongest num-
bers of the magazine our subscribers have
ever received. Experts are being engaged
to furnish timely articles for each issue
throughout the year. Everv issue will be
filled with the most helpful class of in-
formation, and it will all be furnished by
well known Canadian authorities on the
subjects dealt with. The illustrations in
each issue will also be of special merit. Ex-
pert photographers have been at work this
year securing photographs for publication
next season when their appearance will be
most helpful. Attention is being given to
each department of the paper, including
the fruit, flower and vegetable sections.
We expect to have our plans sufficiently
complete to enable us to tell you more about
them in our November issue.

SOCIETY NOTES m

We invite the oCBoers of Hortl- ^S

cultural Societies to send in short, afl

pithy reports of work that would In- (UH

terest members of other HorticuHn. ani

ral Societiee. njH

The Ontario Association

A meeting of the directors of the Ontario
Horticultural Association was held in the
tent of the Ontario Department of Agri-
culture on the Exhibition grounds, Toron-
to, September 5th. There was a full at-
tendance, with the president, R. B. Whyte,
in the chair. An excellent programme has
been drawn up, which will make the ap-
proaching annual convention a most inter-
esting one. Flowers, small fruit and civic
improvement will be discussed. The selec-
tion of the date for the convention was left
to the president and secretary. It will bo
held during the week of the Ontario Hor-
ticultural Exhibition in November next.

LET ITS HAVE DISCUSSIONS

In establishing this department in The
Canadian Horticulturist our desire has
been that officers of horticultural societies
would discuss through it methods, of work
that they found most successful. We would
like to see discussions on such siibjects: for
instance, as whether or not it is advisable
for societies to hold regular exhibitions.
Some societies that have been holding ex-
hibitions for years claim that by means
of the exhibitions they interest the _ jjub-
lic in their work and that the competitions
lead their members to put forth greater
efforts to produce the highest quality of
fruits and flowers. Against this it is con-
tended that almost invariably the prises
at these exhibitions are captured by the
same growers month after month and year
after year, that not over five per cent, of
the members of the average society draw
any of the prize money offered and that
more good would be accomplished were the
monev that Ls spent for prizes given for
lawn "and gar.len competitions and for the
purchase of more liberal premiums for a>*-
tribution among all the members. Officers
of societies who have had experience in
both lines of work are requested to fur-
nish us with statements giving the reenlts
of their experience.

OAtT

The September exhibition of the Gait
Horticultural Societv was held in the Mar-
ket Hall, which was filled with unusually
attractive exhibits. An entrance fee of flf-

242

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Octobei, 191 1

teen cents was charpied. It was feared that
the dry season would interfere with the
Exhibits, but such did not prove to be the
case. The display of gtTiiniums was un-
usually fine, while asters and gladioli were
shown in profusion. Ferns proved a fea-
ture of the exhibition. A novelty was a
Reranium three feet in diameter havinc
over sixtv blooms. Some splendid speci-
mens of fuchsifis were shown, including one
"Rose of Castile" that was over fifty years
old. Other novelties were a plant of Tre-
tonnia Avaria, commonly known as red
hot poker, and a specimen of the Jerusa-
lem cherry. The exhibition wa.s onen af-
ternoon and evening for two days.

ST. CATHARINES

3^6 aster and gladiolus exhibition of
the St. Catharines Horticultural Society
was held August 29th and 30th in the arm-
ories. It proved to be one of the best of
the many successful shows that have been
held by this enterprising society. As usual
one of the most prominent and striking
exhibits w,as that furnished bv Queen Vic-
toria Park. Niagara Fnlls. It occupied a
stand in the centre of the floor and was
thirty feet in length by about twelve feet
in width. Somewhat similar exhibits, but
on a smaller scale, were shown from the
gardens of Charles Riordan and Robert
Dunn. One of the most important fea-
ttires from an educational standpoint com-
prised ten kindergarten tables which had
been decorated by children from six to eight
years of age. The character of the exhibits
throughout was high class, and as the ex-
hibits were well arranged the exhibition
proved enjoyable to the many who attended.

A movement is on foot to form a horti-
qultural society in Fort William. The
Canadian Horticulturist is in receipt of a

letter from Mr. W. J. Hamilton, principal
of the Collegiate Institute, in which he
states that a meeting for organization pur-
poses was to take place on September 29th.
Residents of Fort William are said to be
enthusiastic over the proposal.

MONTREAL

The Montreal Horticultural Society, in
conjunction with the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation of the province of Quebec, held an
exhibition of flowers, fruits and vegetables
in the Victoria Rifles Armories during
September. There were over two hundred
.sections and cut blooms and plants were
especially in evidence. Numerous wealthy
residents of Montreal, such as Messrs. R.
B. Angus, Senator MacKay, C. B. Gordon,
Mortimer Davis and others, made large ex-
hibits through their private gardeners.
The prize for the best garden within the
city limits was awarded to Mr. Ruben-
stein. Mr. A. H. Cook secured the prize
for the best kept suburban garden. The
ofiBcers of the society are Honorary. Secre-
tary, Senator MacKay ; Honorary Vice
President. W. M. Ramsay; president. R.
Wilson-Smith ; Vice President, James Mor-
gan.

CALGARY

The Canadian Horticulturist is in re-
ceipt from the Calgary Horticultural So-
ciety of their remarkablv handsome book-
let comprising over one hundred pages. It
contains full copies of the different ad-
dresses and papers delivered and read be-
fore the society during the past year. The
report is printed on high grade paper and
deals with the cultivation of various kinds
of flowers and vegetables, trees and shrubs.
It reflects great credit on this society,
which although only four years old, has
plready accomplished very valuable work
for the whole province of Alberta.

The Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition

The prospects for exhibits of fruit at the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, which
will be held in Toronto November 14-1^
were never better than the present seasoi
The counties of Northumberland and Dm
ham, Norfolk. Elgin, Lambton, Ontari.
Prince Edward, Leeds and Grenville, Hhs
tings and Dundas all will be represented h
magnificent displays of boxed fruit runnin
from a carload in one cage down to fifi
box displays in one of the eastern oountic-
which makes a specialty of Mcintosh. In
addition there will be a splendid showinf:
of boxed fruit from the, demon.stration or-
chards of the Ontario Department of .Agri-
culture. The secretary, Mr Hodgett';.
states that t'"' display of package fruit will
be likely to onen the eyes of most of th>
Ontario growers.

Three new sections have been added in
the boxed annle clas=o= "for the best ten
boxes of Snow, Mclnt-osh and Rnv.
wrapped." the prizes being $i\0. $20 anrl
$10 in each case. •

Another section calls for twenty boxes of
Spy, wrapped, with prizes of $60 $40 and
$20. whilp there is a sweepstakes prize of
S20 for the beet box of apples of any vari-
etv entered in any section of the show. All
of the additions of last year to the prize
list will stand, so th<<t the exhibition offers
a splendid opportunitv to the up-to-date
grower t-o show the best fruit that he can
grow, packed in either boxes or barrels,
with a chance also of winning one of the
large prizes offered for specimen apples of
the .standard winter sorts. Prize lists with
full information may be obtained from the
secretary, P. W. Hodgetts, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto.

THE

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TORONTO

October, 191 1

Suggestions from British Importers

I^B& number of interesting letters from
l||Bitish fruit importers have been received
P^y The Canadian Horticulturist during the
i past couple of months. Among these have
been the following :

James Adam, Son and Co., of Liverpool,
have the following to say: "It is hardly fair
f to make any comment on the packing of
Canadian apples during the last two seasons
as, owing to the unfavorable crops, shippers
were tempted to put in apples which at
other times would have been discarded. At
the same time we must admit that the
standard of packing leaves something to be
desired, as very often small, ill-shaped
apples are found in the No. 1 grade, mxich
to the detriment of prices here ; while it is
a matter of regret that No. 3's are shipped
at all, as small apples are rarely appre-
ciated, and what is more, when it is remem-
bered that the cost of transport and hand-
ling is the same as on the No. 1 grade, the
results cannot leave much to the shipper.
Indeed, we are inclined to think that more
could be realized at home ; while their pre-
sence on this side prejudices the sale of the
finer fruit.

"Californian and Washington apples are
well packed, the fruit being mostly of uni-
form size, nicely pap'ired, and carefuUy
packed in tiers. This we know can be done
when packed in boxes and where there is
a xjlentiful supply of unifo m sized fruit of
one variety, but with so md>iy mixed varie-
ties, such as are grown in Canada, oi
varied sizes and shapes, then this style of
packing does not lend itself to the same ex-
tent

"For Canadian apples we much prefer the
b?jrel, as it is a convenient package to
handle and one that is favored bv the trade

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

243

here. We would suggest, however, that the
eight-hooped barrel should be used in pre-
fhi'-nce to the six-hooped barrel, as the
package is then much stronger, and there is
more possibility of it arriving here in good
sh8))e than when six hoops only are used."

INTERESTING COMPARISONS

One of the largest fruit importers in
Great Britain,. Andrew Chalmers, of Glas-
gow, makes the following interesting com-
ments: "The season just finished was our
first big year of box apples from the Pacific
Coast. We heard many complaints from
the British public regarding the lack of
flavour in the Californian apple. This of
couiise cannot be said of apples from On-
tario, and as apples in boxes are a coming
feature, I would recommend shippers and
grovveii, in Ontario to box a portion of their
apples.

"British Columbian and Californian
shippers grow apples of good size and fair
quality, and I would suggest that shippers
in Ontario box only ' fancy ' and No. 1
stock. The latter have the advantage of
shippers on the Pacific Coast in regard to
freight, and if shippers in Eastern Canada
pack their apples as they do in British
Columbia and California, the 'wise men of
the east' would soon hold the export trade.

"It is foolish to ship No. 3 stock ; this size
of apple never pays to export. No part of
the world can grow such quality as is grown
in Ontario. No. 2 stock in barrels is al-
ways wanted, and has a big sale among a
certain class of buyers here. No. 1 stock,
honestly packed and graded, always com-
mands a good price.

"Fruits of all kinds, and apples particu-
larly, are sold more and more every year

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE .= ONTARIO

PAEONIES AND SHASTA DAISIES I

Belated orders for these may slill be given,
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PER. PHLOX

Now i.s the best time tor ordering and plant-
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HELENIUMS

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Postal Note with Order Please

JOHN CAVERS

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LIMITRD

244

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

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TORONTO. CANADA

This furnace is built to keep
gas, dust and smoke out of
the house.

^TT No matter how cosy your
^ home, an odor of gas, how-
ever slight, is unpleasant and
sometimes dangerous.
The health of your whole house
demands a furnace that will give
pure warm air without gas or
dust.
Gas cannot escape from a

THE FUSED JOINT

In the " Hecla " the steel s Ides
of the radiator are fused by our
patented process to the cast
iron plates at the top and
bottom. This i)rocess welds
the steel and iron into one
piece, making an inseparable
joint— ono that cannot spread
with the beat, and one that has
proven perfectly gas and dust
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service.

"Hecla" Furnace. Every place
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that gas might otherwise find
an opening has been made
absolutely tight by our Patent
Fused Joint.

The constant expansion and
contraction of the steel and iron
parts cannot break this joint.

"Hecla
Furnace

^TT The " Hecla " has other safe-
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Iron Combustion Chamber will not
burn through and allow fumes from
the fire to pass into the house.
The air }et* in the door assure
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There is a special dust flue to carry
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The "Hecla" Saves One
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How steel ribs add-
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148

CLAR.E BROS. & CO., LIMITED,

PRE5TON, Ont.

PLANS

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we will send complete plans and W* K r.r.

estimates lorliealing It. * ■■■»*-J*J

according to the brand. The day of putting
large apples on top, and small ones in the
centre of the barrel, is past, and shippers
who want to make money in the apple busi-
ness should pack and grade apples honestly.

"Private sale is coming more into voguo
with lnyers in England and Scotland. We
are the only private sale house in Glasgow.
The English buyers who attend here every
week during the apple season prefer to see
the top and bottom of the barrels, so that
they will not buy 'a pig in a poke,' as apples
bought at auction very often turn out.

"We are handling a large quantity of
apples this year from Australia, which, of
course, come in boxes. Only the large sized
apples have a ready sale.

"The applet we handled from Ontario last
year gave cause for very few complaints,
and if packers and shippers would be care-
ful in huying and packing, it would be a
great pleasure handling apples compared to
what it has been in past years."

A Western Buyer's Views

The Regina (Saskatchewan) Trading Co.,
Limited, which handles onsiderable quanti-
ties of United States, British Columbia and
Ontario fruit, has written The Canadian
Horticulturist as follows : "The pack of
Washington fruit is far superior in many
instances to British Columbia fruit. The
early pack of peaches from British Columbia
are often short in weight, the ca.ses not be-
ing filled to their full capacity. Custom-
ers, therefore, are dissatisfied, and in some
cases we have to fill the cases at our own
expense. We would suggest that the cases
should be either made smaller or the present
sized cases filled. Plums in four basket
crates, in the early season, are also lacking
in this particular. We never have this
trouhle with fruit from Washington. The
shape of the Washington fruit last year was
much better than that from British Colum-
bia, and the weight of the cases was always
heavier, in some instances (peaches in par-
ticular) five pounds a case. The best way
to ship plums, is in four ba.sket crates.

"Boxes are preferable to barrels for
apples for easy shipping and quick sale, and
they give our customers a greater variety of
apples for the same outlay, or practically
so. A customer can get three varieties of
apples in boxes, while they must take all
one kind by the barrel, for the same quan-
tity. We would suggest a uniform weight
of about fifty to the box.

"Washington anples are better packed
than most of the British Columbia stock. If
all British Columbia fruit was shipped and
packed as was the fruit at the exhibitions
last year, it woitld be second to none in this
country, or in the States, but there is no use
having good fruit poorly packed, for the
good packing of fruit does as much towards
soiling it as the fruit itself.

"We receive some very poor samples of
apples from Ontario in barrels, especially
No. 2. This, to a great extent, would be
avoided by following the box system, as we
can open a box on every side if necessary,
and see the quality of fruit we are buying
and selling. We do not mean to say that
wo do not receive good anples from Ontario,
as Spy's, Greenings, Russets and other
kinds are second to none, but we would sug-
gest that all grades should be up to the full
standard.

"Ontario plums and peaches are in great
demand, but we very seldom receive shin-
ments that are in Al condition, and usually
they are high in price compared with the
Briti.sh Columbia and Washington fruit.

"We have a great demand for small
fruita, such as raspberries, strawberries,

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

245

etc., but the price is very high. Good
strawberries this year have been $4.00 and
$4.50 a case, and all other small fruits cor-
respondingly high. We cannot help but

• think that with proper packing and selec-
tion of fruits, there will be no fruit grown
that can excel in quality that grown in our

J own country."

Standards for Boxes

The following resolutions will be submit-
ted for the consideration of the Third Do-
minion Conference of Fruit Growers, which
will meet in Ottawa next winter, by the
delegates from the British Columbia Fruit
Growers' Association :

"That this British Columbia Fruit Grow-
ers' Association adopt as a standard apple
box for all purposes the box 10x11x20
inche.s, and that we instruct our delegates
to Ottawa to use every endeavor in their
power to have the words, 'For export only'
expurgnted from the Canadian Fruit Marks
Act, Section 325.

"That the Association recommend that
the four-basket plum crate be lS%xl5%x
4>i inside.

"That the present pear box, 18J<xllx8>^,
be the legal size.

"That the peach crate be 18)^x11 %x4%.

"That the pear box, 8>$xllxl8>i, be
adopted by this Association as a standard
box for crab apples."

Eastern Annapolis Valley

Eunice Bachuan

The long drought is ended. In some places
farmers had to carry water. Several maples
died from lack of moisture. Here and there
the sun baked apples on the trees.

Apples are still clean and exceptionally
free from worms. Never has there been
such a large crop in Nova Scotia. The trees
are breaking down under the load of fruit,
which is being propped up in all directions.

Peaches are scarce, and there is quite a
demand for plums.

The fruit evaporator was destroyed by
fire in Berwick at the end of Ausust.

The Kings. Hants and Annapolis Horti-
cultural Exhibition is to be held on October
10th. 11th and 12th at Wolfville.

The big apple buyers in the Canadian
Northwest did not seem inclined to buy
Nova Scota fruit until thev knew the re-
sults of reciprocitv.

The first big frosts to destroy tender
vecetfibles occurred here on September 14th
and 15th.

All the men in the apple warehouses are
very much rusherl. Barrels are .scarce at
thirty-five cents, having gone up tPn_ cents
since the beginning of the season. It is now
fashionable to head apples for warehouse
by removing a hoop and covering with a
sack, then replacing the boon. This saves
a lot of unnecessary hammering.

I

Western Annapolis Valley

R. J. MeiieBger

Contrarv to expectations. Gravensteins.
of which there is a crop of almost 300,000
barrels in Nova Scotia, are moving off
without anv trouble and prices are advanc-
ing slightly. 'Kinors have sold as high as
S2 2.'5 a barrel. The T) A. Rv . the prin-
cipal road through the fruit belt, ia to car-
ry off the apples.

The weather has been ideal for i^rowth.
and apples are largo and snlondidly col-
ored for this early period. September IH^
The hot, dry weather of July and August

BULBS

FOR FALL PLANTING
Prices below POST PAID

Bach Doz.
Hyacinths, our best for pot culture,
Red, Pink, White, Light and Dark

Blue lOc $1.00

Hyacinths, our best for bedding,
Red, Pink, White, Light and Dark

Blue 5c .50

Hyacinths, Roman. White 5c .40

Doz. 100
Tulips, Single Early, White, Red, Yel-
low, Pink 20c $1,W

Tulips, Double Early, White, Red,

Yellow, Pink 25c 1,25

Tulips, Darwin Late, White, Red, Yel-
low, Pink «c --

Tulips, Parrot Mixed 20c 1.25

r> «„,iii. r Large single, Yellow — 40c —
Daffodils I gjjj^j. Single, Yellow .... 15c 1.00
« ., .1 Large Double, Yellow .... 30c —

Narcissus I ^^^^^ p^^p^j. -vyiiites 25c 1.50

Chinese Sacred Lilies .. 10c each $1.10 per doz.
Anemones, Grape Hyacinths, Freesias,
Crocus (Yellow, White, Purple,
Scllla Siberia. Any of ihe above, 10c iier di z.

GEO. KEITH & SONS

124 KING ST. EAST. TORONTO. CANADA
Seed Merchants since 1866

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,913.000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.775,000.00
Reserve Fund . 5,775,000.00

D. R. WII.KIK, FrMldent
HON. R. JAFFRAT, Tloe-Fruldcmt

Branohea and AKanclas throughout
tho Dominion of Oaniul*

DrafU, Menajr Orden and Lattcn of Cradit

iisued available ia any part of the world

Spacial attantion fivan to coUactioiis

Savinffs Dapartmant — Interest allowed on de
positsfrom date of deposit.

WE WANT YOUR FRUIT

We have a splendid market for the best grades of Cana-
dian fruit. The demand is increasing every year. We
are in close touch with the best buyers and can secure for you the highest prices obtainable
for your fruit. We sell direct to buyers on a commission basis only. Correspondence and
consignments solicited. We can make money for you. Highest references,

WM. BAMFORD 81 CO., 93 Hope St., GLASGOW, Scotland

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gaoseberries. Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton. — Cnrrutt,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's ProHfic, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria. — Raspberries. Herbert, Cuthbert. Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry. — Garden Roots. Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ontario

WE BOTH WANT

THE BEST

YOU WANT

RETURNS

/ WANT

CONSIGNMENTS

LETS GET TOGETHER

Being in touch with the best
apple buyers in the west of
England and selling direct 1 am
always able to obtain the highest
prices. Correspondence invited
either through my representative
G. C. Williams, 83 Annette St.,
Toronto, or direct to

H. C. Williams

Nicholas Market, BRISTOL

Also at Walcot St., BATH

ENGLAND
Bankers : Union of London and Smith's

Cable Address "Apples" Bristol

APPLES

Bought, Sold and Handled on Consign-
ment for

ENGLAND, GERMANY AND
WESTERN CANADA

I RcprcBent the Old Fiima of

Ph. Astheimer & Son, Hamburg, Ger.

Thomson & Mathieson, Glasgow

North of England Fruit Brokers,
Manchester

W. Dennis & Sons, London

D. Crossley & Sons, Liverpool

Also Firms in

Winnipeg, Brandon, Regina, Saskatoon
and Edmonton

For Information Call or Write

A. S. CHAPIN

APPLE BROKER

75 Yonge St., TORONTO

Phone.— Main 3547. College 3307

2^6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

IRON PIPING
BARGAINS

We have over 450,000 feet of slightly used
piping-just as good as new and first class for
water, steam, heating greenhouses, construc-
tion, fencing, posts, etc., at 25% to 50% of
less than regular value.

NOTE THESE PRICES
DIAMETER 1-2 is. 3-4 ii. 1 in. 1 1-4 Id. 11-2 2io.
Price per ft. 2c. 2 l-2c. 3e. 4c. Sc. 7c.

Also other sizes up to 10 inches.

Send us a list of the lengths you need and
we will give you a special low price on the
lot, cut and threaded, ready to put together.
VVe also have enormous quantities of
Wire Fencing, BeltlnK, rulleye, Cable Rails,
New Rooflns. Saws, Vices, Forges, Etc , at as
per cent, to 75 per cent, less than regular value

CATALOGUE ON RKQUE8T

THEIMPERIALWASTE&METALCO.

99 QUEEN ST., MONTREAL

"The House for Bargains and Satisfaction"

9 GOLD MEDALS IN 2 YEARS FOR

DELPHINIUMS

Largest collection in Europe, 100,000 plants ready

to sell. Seed 25c per pkt. Lists free.

PERRY'S HARDY PLANT FARM

Enfield, Middlesex, England

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE OF

TREE TUBS AND BRASS

BOUND JARDINIERES

J. A. SIMMERS, Ltd.

Distributors
TORONTO - - Ont.

Special No. 25. Sent by Express for $2.50

A Collection of Six Desirable
HOUSE PLANTS

Send us $2.60 and we will forward by
express, to your express ofBce. this very
choice collection of House Plante. We
select these as the most desirable plants
for you to buy, chosen from our large
aesortment; they are full grown plants,
now in their flowering pots, healthy,
thrifty "nd beautiful. Our regular sellmg
price of these plants is $3.60. To make
a large number of sales we give this lot,
an exceptional bargain, for $2.50.

1 Choice House Fern. Ostrich Plume.
1 Choice House Fern, Boetonensis.
1 Splendid Kentia Palm.
1 Large Asparagus Fern.
1 Xmas Cherry (in frnit).
1 Fine Cyclamen.

Cultural directions for these plante will
be found in our Catalog, which we mail
free with this order.

THE HAY FLORAL AND SEED CO.

Seedmen and Florists
BROCKVILLE - - ONT.

FOUNTAIN PEN FREE

Five new subscriptions to The Canadian Horti-
culturist at 60 cents each entitles you to a
handsome fountain pen tree. Write for fuller
partienlars and illustration of pen.

has hnd the effect of making the seafion
earlier by two weeks than usual.

The provincial exhibition at Halifax, ow-
ing to its early date, August 28, and also
to the request of the Fruit Owners' Aeeo-
ciation, offered no priste li.st for fruit this
year, and for the first time fruit was con-
spicuous by its absence.

The Horticultural Show at Wolfville Oct.
9th, 10th and 11th should, if a splendid
crop of fruit is anv indication, be the most
successful ever held in Nova Scotia. The
prize lists are tempting, the management
energetic and if the orchardists are not too
busy to bring the fruit we should have a
banner exhibition.

Apples are being packed more in boxes
than ever before. Barrels are, of course,
usd bv the packers for all 1/Ut a few choice.

Barrel-i and barrel stock are very high.
Barrels have reached thirty-two cents, and
stock is very scarce.

Montreal

E. H. Wartmtn, Montre*!, Oar.

After having inspected a number of crates
of Canadian peaches recently from the Jor-
dan Harbor Peach Ranch, and other nf-aeh
sections of the Niagara Peninsuli. I felt
nrouder th-^n ever thit T was a Canadi.in
The=e peaches were put un svstematicallv
and carefullv in one-layer crates, wranned
and nadded with . wood wool and nicelv
stencilled. The parcel was most attractive.
Rome soecimens showed bright red cheeks.
They were still very firm and I could not
think otherwise than that these specimens
would attract much attention and that the
sales should return handsome profits.

On August 21st at our auction fourteen
cars of California fruits, peaches. oliim«.
pears, grapes, nectarines, in all 12a)08
packages, were sold bv Mr. J. J Calachan
in less than three hours. This is a marvel
for speed. Of the lot four hundred and
ninetv-four packages were open for inspec-
tion " It mnde a very pretty sight. The fruit
was most beautifullv packed and landed
here in perfect order We on this side of
the line have much to learn on packing
anrl loading cars . , , ^ i.

Several cars of plums in baskets have
landed here from Ontario loaded seven or
eight baskets high, causing so much weignt
on the lower or floor layer that the bas-
kets gave way and large quantities of friiit
on the car had to be scooped into barrels ,
ns the baskets were completely demolished^
This was the result of a lack of judgment
which will cost someone quite a loss. Al-
though some well basketed and graded
peaches are coming, yet a very large per-
centage are hail pecked and very wasty.
This class, of course, sell low

Manv barrels of beautiful Bartlett pears
when packed arrived in very wastv condi-
tion. It seems too bad, as pears are not a
full crop. I would consider *"«»»"" ,*':
together unsuitable for pears. The basket
or box would be far safer. „„„i„,

A word once more to those who shiP apples
in cattle oars, placing the ^^^-^^ o| J^« °^l;
rels +0 the outside. A car arrived here
a few days ago with five heads knocked
^utTnd a^go<S part of each barrel gone^
There should be more Protection f*"L t^«
.shipper, as these cars are reported so many
short and where w a shipper to get re-
dr^V He would gladlv see the thief go
t^^W for three months, but how is he to
get' pav for his apples? There should be
Something done along this line^

%ru^??J^vi7yroneSr^ha1

C p?^va^ «-: rhfpping com^enc^l
as nearly all have landed in good condi-

October, 1911

TRAPPING PAYS BIB

if you know the inside pet T< I >■ of tht busi-
ncHH. Kur Newn MajfuzUie. published
monthly, $1 a year, tells all about Irappin^. huntinir.
raw furn, hutitiiiK doK^. (Cuns, tra|)H, cnnipe and all
pureuilHfor profit in the woodHand fields. Cijod Ktorien.
too. Special Offer. Seiul 25c' for .'f aionthn' trial aod

iii.\. Free valuable f>i-pat:« Tnippers' (Juide.
pUR HEWS PUB. CO.. 46 W. 24TH STREET, HEW YORK. ROOM 609

CDCC THIS ALADDIN LAMP

1 llfciW BURNS COAL OIL. K.r

l> Ell

■ elwtrk-ity

ity. hlrnplo.

■ nolr.*-:*---. ^"l"rl^■^.■'. Ci'ftti. h;i't:, Iii'in>-y h»V-
ItriB (.laraiilt-td, WfjIc ij.nrfT-t •.flui- for
\c9^Xn\f>vui; M aii'l learn l.'-w t.. gtt &a
lAbuhliii Mamie ljiinplUi:i:.
lACPNT^ T. II. ItAri> K>LI> H.'M)
IHUtniw on iiKiiuy \jar\t |[uarantc«.
I not out' ret 11 met. St »*.■>■> tJo.d I-.; in oue tiour.

■ NewM.in t-oul \\> in 10 .tin.-. (.lUt^n n,A i8
■lnr)(l«> :-. S.;i>i itM-'f. Nt-«fie(t lne»«-rv Lome.
■Our Siititx'ani JtiirtHT (Hh otln r lamps.
ICompletelino for Imriies. ptorvr. etc Ask
I for onr libera] Acencj proponttlon.
IfliXTI" t.^WP ifi. of AM.. Ini"., Ui-|rt., 97J

Offices at Winnipeg! and Montreal.

Daisy Apple
Press

Used by all leading
apple jjackers in Can-
ada, X, nitcd States and
England.

Write for prices and
complete information
to

J. J. ROBLIN & SON

Manufacturers

Brighton, Ont.

Canada

ss

"V^EBSTER'S
J NEW

INTERNATIONAL
DICTIONARY

THE MERRIAM WEBSTER

The Only New unabridged dic-
tionary in many years.

Contains the pith and essence
of an authoritative library.
Covers every field of knowL
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The Only Dictionary with the
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6000 Illustrations. Cost nearly
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Let us tell you about this most
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Write for sample
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ticulars, etc.
Kame tbis
paper and
we will
send free
a Bet of
Pocket
Maps

G. &C. MerriamCo.
SpriDgiield, Mags,

October, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

247

SIMMERS' BULBS

For IMMEDIATE
PLANTING

WE WANT every reader of The Canadian Horticulturist
to have a copy of our AUTUMN CATALOGUE, in which
is offered the most complete and comprehensive list of bulbs to be
found in Canada. It's free for the asking. To keep up-to-date
fioriculturally your name should be on our mailing list, and our
various Catalogues will be sent as issued.

BULBS. — Thousands of people overlook the planting of Spring
Flowering Bulbs in the Fall, and have many regrets when they
see them blooming in the gardens of their neighbors in the spring.
Send for our Catalogue now, make, your selection and plant your
Bulbs out before hard frost comes, or selection of sorts may be left
to us.

HARDY PENENNIAL PLANTS.— No better time to set these
out than now. They quickly take hold and invariably make finer
and stronger plants than when planting is done in the Spring.

J. A. SIMMERS, Limited, ^^TA^^k^^ TORONTO, Ont.

ife

1

APPLE BARRELS

VV/E can furnish you with
Staves, Hoops and
Heading of the Be^ Quality
for making Barrels, or arrange
with our cooper friends to
supply you with the Barrels
ready for Packing. ^All our
^ock is ^andard grade, war-
ranted up to the requirements
of the Fruit Department.

The Sutherland - Innes Co.

= LIMITED =

CHATHAM,

ONTARIO

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST., TORONTO

Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951

Mention The Canadian HorticuUnrist when writing

24^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 i

SANITARY, ARTISTIC and TIREPROOr ii th« Terdlct
of the critic concerning

Metallic Ceilings and Walls

and they are moderately priced and so easily laid. A splendid

•• M^Mic C«ti,v, and Walt. .r. . ™ng« <>/ ^^7" ^■^^ standard

gnat vrole«tionaaain$t^Te-altndoam^y designs tO select from.

with Oit dutt and/aUingbiti ofplatttrr Write tu for artistic booklet teU

—Th* PhiloiopluT 0/ Mttal Town. jng all about them. Phone Park, 800.

MANUFACTURCNS

Agents wanted in some sections. Write for particulars.

A fence of this kind only 16
to 23c. per running foot.
Shipped in rolls. Anyone
can put it on the posts with-
out special tools. We were
the originators of this fence,
Have sold hundreds of miles
for enclosing parks, lawns,
gardens, cemeteries, churches,
station grounds, etc., etc.
Supplied in any lengths de-
sired, and painted either
white or green. Also, Farm
Fences and Gates, Netting,
Baskets, Mats, Fence Tools,
etc., etc. Ask for our 1911
catalog, the most complete
fence catalog ever published.

THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.

Branchea-Toronto, Cor. King and Atlantic Ave. Montreal, 5(fo-517 Notre Dame St. W. St, John, 37 Dock St.
The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada. 505

6ourlqpJian0

^ are ^

If;s beaufiful sin^ittig fone,
It^ evenne^^ of ^cale,
If^ re^ponpiven^^^ ot aciion,
If^ beauf^ of ^e^ign anh
It^ capacity ^o luifh^ton^ harh
u^aae luifhouf becominq
' rli tinn£.

liilHilynTTiii iiiH^V^wi

jik

.ij -..

K. I. Greenings are arriving in good size
and well matured for so early a date. Th<
market is well supplied at present witli
fruits. The banana trade is still increas-
ing. Seventeen cars landed here a short
time ago in one day.

British Colun\bia

The British Columbia Department of Ag-
riculture is making arrangements to send
a thoroughly representative collection of po-
tatoes from the various farming districts of
the province to the American Land and Ir-
rigation Exposition at Madison Square Gar-
dens, New York, from November 3 to 12
next, where the exhibit will be entered in
competition for the Stillwell trophy and
$1,UU0 prize. An official of the department
will accompany this exhibit.

Peach growing does not seem likely to
prove as successful in this province as wafc
anticipated a few years ago. l-'rosts on the
low lands have forced many growers to
abandon peach growing and to go in for
the production of more hardy fruits in-
stead. Speaking on this jHjint recently
Mr. Thos. Cunningham, the Provincial
Fruit Inspector, said: "There has been a
noticeable falling off in the number of
peach trees imported into the province,
not nearly as many came in this year as
last year, and in my opinion it is a good
thing, as we shall do better to confine our-
selves to cherries. There has been a great
increase in the number of apple trees im-
ported."

The Provincial Department of Agricul-
ture this year operated five power sprayers
which were used to instruct growers in
their use.

Some interest was aroused at Vernon,
B.C., by a consignment of strawberries
from the ranch of Andrew Sutherland, near
One MUe Point, which were ottered for
sale about the middle of September. The
variety was the well known English berry
Givonne, which was introduced in the Koo-
tenay a few years ago. It has proved a
successful late variety. The berries were
thorouglily ripe, of good size and excellent
in color and flavor.

Notes from Niagara District

Lians WoaWertan

The ill effects of the hail storm referred
to on page 227 in the September number
of The Canadian Horticulturist are just
being measured up. In apples I find about
one-half the crop hail pecked so badly as to
be classed either as culls or as No. 3; while
the other half is classed as No. 2. The
fruit as it hangs is a sorry sight, so much
of it was cut through by the hail so badly
that rot has set in to finish its destruction.
This is also very disheartening when one
considers what beautiful clean fruit it all
was the day before that hail storm. I am
told that a grower near Grimsby was offered
$1,500 for his apple crop on a Saturday
and refused it. The hail came the next day
and so changed the prospect that he could
not sell for $300.

Peaches and pears, especially the later
ones, do not show as much loss as apples;
but the early varieties were mostly de-
stroyed.

The grape crop has suffered more than
any other fruit. I had the pickers go over
and pull off the bad berries from a part of
the rows, but found it a very slow job ; the
rest I left till picking time, and really it is
quicker done, for the berries fall off more
easily, being dried up. But at best the
bunches are left very straggling, for nearly
half of every bunch was destroyed. Some
ten years ago we had a similar visitation
of hail. One begins to wonder whether the

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

249

Cold Storage Fruit
Warehouse

Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion' for

EXPORT AND LOCAL TRADE

Special Rooma for All Kinds of Perishable
Goods.

THE CANADA COLD STORAGE CO.

LIMITED
S3 WILLIAM STREET, MONTREAL

Send your consignments of APPLELS
to the Home Country to

RIDLEY HOULDING & CO.

COVENT GARDEN
LONDON, ENGLAND

Who specialize in Apples and Pears
during the Season. Personal attention
Prompt account sales and remittances

Correspondence invited

GET IN TOUCH

WITH THE RETAILER

We sell mainly to the best Re-
tailers, consequently can make the
highest prices for your consignments.
Prompt Returns. Correspondence
invited. References.

A. A. AYER & CO., Montreal
MITCHELL & SMITH

DUNDEE - - SCOTLAND ^

iiiiiiiiiif
iiiiiiiiiij
iiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiii

■■■■■■■■■■nn

'>I<i>I'i>^i>T»D>I<g3»I<

Kli i5 ^<i 'Si ^ *2 ^ ^

^4 C-l C*! I'll >^ ^I^ >I<i ^-l

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Kiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Better, Cheaper, Stronger
Than Wood

You can't put a better fence around
your property than the Peerless Lawn
Fence. It is neat and attractive —
strongly and staunchly built. Made
from heavy, No. 9 steel wire, well gal-
vanized and coated with white enamel
— will stand for years and cannot rust.

Peerless Lawn Fence

is handsome cnouch for city properly and is
strong and cheap cnouEh for the farm. It will
keep cattle out and stand up under the heaviest
snow drifts.

Peerless gates are made with an electrically-
welded, solid frame — last a lifetime and always
lool( and work well.

We make a full line of poultry

and farm fences and gates.

Agents wanted. Write for partlcalars.

THE BANWCLL HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO., Ltd.

DtpLO , Winnipeg, Man.. Hamilton. OnL

PROTECT YOUR TREES

Against Rabbits, Mice and other Vermin

'^^k^Ez^^^^^Bhb

Many young orchards are greatly
injured each year by these pe^s.
Wrap the trunks with

Wooden Vcnccrs

and damage will be prevented.
These veneers will protect also
against sun-scald.

SEND AT ONCE TO

THE OAKVILLE BASKET CO.

:" OAKVILLE, ONT.

Tree Protected by Wooden Ven
and banked up with earth to prev
entrance of pett* at bottom.

Sonxe History

about lypewriters

Modern and Ancient

CH.4PTER 4

SCIENTIFIC Typewriter operation was made
possible by the Underwood.

"THE Underwood w^as the first typewriter with the
standard keyboard which made scientific and
invariable fingering practicable.

jT'S mechanical perfection is shown by the fact that
it holds all records for speed; has won the World's
Championship in I 4 successive contests. It has been
operated at a rate of 1 7 strokes a second and 1 30
words a minute for an hour's continuous writing.

fHE Underwood has been the most effective agency in fostering
encouraging and developing scientific typewriting, ana in in-
creasing the efficiency of typists generally.

^LL the best schools which teach typewriting use the Under-
wood exclusively.

United Typewriter Co.

Limited

TORONTO

Tl\c Canadian Apple Growers' Guide .$2.00

The Canadian Horticulturist. One Year ^60
BOTH FOR $2.00 $2.60

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS OFFER WHEN RENEWING YOUR SUBSCRIPTION

A BARGAIN

aso

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, igit

•J- CDFflAI K(\ O/i Sent to your Express Office
, . jrLl^l/lL n\J. £.\t carefully packed, tor $5.00

1 8 BEAUTIFUL HOUSE PLANTS

AND

100 Choice Winter Flowering Bulbs
All tor $5.00

We stake our reputation on this Special
Bargain. The moet careful buyer cannot
select better quality or get more for the
mouey. The plants are all thrifty and
healthy; of full blooming eize, and such
only as will do well in the ordinary home
atmosphere. The bulbs are those that
are sure to bloom and thrive and give de-
light to the inmates of the home all
through the long Canadian winter. Send
us $5.00 and we will express to you ae
follows:

PUANTS

1 Choice Ostrich Plume Fern.

1 Fine Boston Fern.

1 Splendid Ohiuese Primrose.

1 Beautiful Cyclamen.

1 Bare Begonia.

1 Fine Cineraria.

1 Strong Asparagus Fern.

1 Large Kentia Palm.

Our regular eelling price of these plants
will average 50c each, and some of them
we retail at One Dollar each.
BULBS

12 Early Narcissus Paper White.

12 Early Iloman Hyacinths.

12 Freesia Mammoth size.

(The above are for early Xma.s bloom)

12 Dutch Hyacinths fall colors).

12 Choice Single Tulips (all colore).

12 Superb Double Tulips (all colors) .

12 Double Daffodils a choice assortment.

12 Single Daffodils a choice assortment.

2 Chinese Sacred Lillies.

2 Bermuda Easter Lillies.

Cultural directions for these Plants and
Bulbs are found in our Catalog, which
we mail free.

The above bulbs will give continuous
bloom until Easter. Catalogue prices of
these bulbs la ^1 00.

This Order is Not Oood after December
15th.

:: THE HAY FLORAL AND SEED CO,

Seedmen and Florists
BROCKVILLE - - - ONT

BLACK
KNIGHT

3T0VE POLISH

saves the tired house-
keeper work and worry.
It is a convenient paste
in a large can. A gentle
rub with brush or cloth
brings a beautiful,
mirror-like shine that
is not affected by the
heat. For stoves, pipes,
grates and ironwork.

If your dealer does not carry
"Black Knight" Stove Polish in
stock, send us his name and loc,
and we will send a full size tin
by return mail.

m F. F. DALLEY C*., LIMITED

UmLTOR. MT. JO

Mmiert nftht/amout "tint" Shoe PoUsh.

iitsurauce against hail is not after all worth
paying for.

The fruit industry has developed ,to such
au extent hereabout as to exclude almost
any other line of agriculture, especially on
all garden soil such as we find to prevail
just below the famous Niagara Escarpment
between Niagara and Burlington Heights.
Our wagon makers are making a specialty
of a class of strong fruit drays, some light
ones for one horse, carrying about a ton,
others heavy two-horse, carrying t>vo or
three tons. One iirm has made up hundreds
of these useful vehicles, which have now
become almost indispensible to the fruit
grower.

The canning factories here are obliged
to compete with shipping oonnjauies over
Iruit prices. There are two large factories
at Grimsby, for example, ana several siiip-
ping companies, of which the largest is the
Ontario <k Western. This comijany ships
in car lots all over the Ooniinioii and espe-
cially throughout the Northwest. This sea-
son they paid forty-five cents for eleven-
quart baskets of Bartlett pears, and the
factories about the same, and 1 thought it
best to take this certainty rather than to
export to Scotland with the hope of getting
more.

1 began picking and packing apples on
the eighteenth of September this year, just
as soon as I finished with Bartlett & Kl-
Lerta peaches. They have ripened a little
earlier than usual. I have just sold one
carload to go to Manitoba and I believe that
before many years almost all our fruit will
be going to our great Northwest.

Items of Interest

Prize lists are being distributed for the
second annual New Brunswick Apple Ex-
hibition, which will be held in St. John,
N.B., from October 30th to November 2nd
under the auspices of the New Brunswick
Fruit Growers' Association and the New
Brunswick Department of Agriculture. The
first exhibition, held last year, proved such
a success the fruit growers of the province
were much encouraged, and it is expected
that this year's exhibition will show a still
further improvement.

The first consignment of peaches ever
received in London, England, from the
United States was sold there last month.
It comprised two thousand cases of peaches
from the Wenatchee Valley, Washington.
The Ontario peaches were the only peaches
that had previously reached London from
thl? side of the Atlantic.

The Dominion Government has instruct-
ed its fruit inspectors in Western Canada
to see that all United States fruit boxes
that are below the Canadian standard in
size must in the future be stamped "short."
Many of the United States boxes have false
bottoms and are considerably smaller in
other ways than the Canadian boxes, but
peddlers and dealers in the past have made
no distinction between them and the larger
Canadian boxes.

The fruit inspection service of the Domin-
ion Government has been organized for the
present season. Two additional inspectors
have been appointed, one to be located at
Saskatoon, Sask., and the other in Western
Ontario. Mr. W. W. Brown has been made
senior inspector and will give special at-
tention to the work at Montreal and the
Lake Ontario section. Mr. P. J. Carey,
in addition to his duties as fruit inspector,
will devote a part of his time to demonstra-
tions and instruction in box packing. Ar-
rangements are being made for him to visit
Nova Scotia in that connection.

r

Any Utile girl can do tk«
ctaurnlBg wlUi

MAXWELL'S

Favorite Chum.

n iTuJcea th« imoothest, rtchesl, most
dsUclous butler you ever tasted.

The roller bearinja — and hand and
foot levers -rruke churning an easy tuk.
even for a child.

AU sizes from M to 30 callons.

Write for catalogue If yaw dealer doe*
not handle thl« churn and
MaiweU'i "Champion"
Washer.

DavM Maxwell < Smi.
SLIivy-a.«>l.

?S

SHOOT?

If you do; if you ever hunt, fish or
trap, you ought to know tiixidermy, and be
able to save your line trophies.

Let us teach you BY MAIL to

H _ - ■%■ I Animals* Heads and

iViOunL uiros aiidmav^"e<> ^^^

Robes. You (Tin k-am
easily and quickly right in your own home. Extremely
interesting and (ascinating. and I'ery profitable. We
leach you all the secrets of laxidcnny. You will sim-
ply be delighted with the work, and with the fine spec-
imens you mount for yourself. Our course of 40 les-
sons will make you an expert. Don't neglect this op-
poriunity, but write today for fro* book and
fi**l particulars.

\Vc* will send to every roan, woman

and boy who writes to us at once a

on TAXIDERMY and a

copy of THE TAXIDER-
y MAGAZINE. No
ligation, no cost, lut
ABSOLUTET.Y FREE. Send for them RIGHT NOW
— TODAY, and leam all about our school and t!ifs
great art of taxidermy. Ever>- hunter, sportsman aiid
nature lovei should get these books w'thoul delay.

Northwestern School of Taxidermy

51.S7 Elwood BIdK.. Omaha, Neb.

FREE BOOK ^

COMMON KIU-S RATS.MICE.ROACHES,
SSJSE BED-BUGS aMOTMS

■ Common Sense M^&tj .

^K dries
them

October, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

25 »

SPECIAL GLASS

FOR GREENHOUSES

ConserratorMs of Th« I>aJe £Mat«. Brampton, Oat.
GI««s supplied by our Toronto Branch

GOOD QUALITY, FLAT. EVEN
THICKNESS. AND WELL CUT

We in2dce a specialty of supplying
Glass for vegetable forcing houses

PILKINGTON BROS.

Limited

Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver

Mention The Canadian HorticoHutiat when writinE

Greenhouse Men!

You who wish to reduce Coal Bills,

You who have trouble with your Hot Water Heating Sys-
tems,

You who wish to increase the Capacity of your Heating
Systems without adding new boilers:

IT WILL PAY YOU to learn more about the "IDEAL
HOT WATER CIRCULATOR" here illustrated. It is a de-
vice which can readily be attached to any hot water heating
system, and by causing- a more rapid circulation of the water
in the pipes will greatly increase its efficiency.

It Saves 25% to 40% of Fuel

THRUST BALL
BEARINGS

Sectional Cut of Improved Circulator No. 6

Greenhouse men from Nova Scotia to British Columbia
are using our Circulator with splendid results. We would
like to tell you more about it. Write for our illustrated
circular and prices.

A. E. CROWHURST,

A FEW GOOD REPRESENTATIVES WANTED

HUMBER BAY P. O-
ONT.. CAN.

Fruit! FloAvers! Vegetables! Honey!

CANADA'S GREATEST HORTICULTURAL DISPLAY

THE EIGHTH ANNUAL

Ontario Horticultural Exhibition

ST. LAWRENCE ARENA, TORONTO, ONT.
^November 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1911^

$4,000.00 OFFERED IN PRIZES

Many New Features have been added to the Prize Li^ that should draw out some splendid
exhibits. Write to the Secretary for full particulars and a copy of the Prize Li^.

Entries Close November 7th, 1911

SPECIAL EXCURSIONS FROM ALL POINTS IN ONTARIO

President: H. R. FRANKLAND

A«k jour local railway agent for particular*

Secretary: P. W. HODGETTS. Parliament Bulldingi. TORONTO, ONT.

^52

THE. CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 191 1

Fruit Crop Prospects

The pr<xs])Oct for upi)I('s as a whole in
Canada depreciatej slightly during the
past montli. The report of the Dominion
Fruit Division, under date of September
1.5th, states that all Duchesa and other
early varieties yielded medium crops which
were harvested in good condition and sold
at fair prices. Spys are reported scarce
except in the counties adjoining Lake
Huron and Lake Ontario, in Ontario, and
in Nova Scotia. Baldwins will not be quite
a medium crop. Greenings will be abun-
dant.

In the United States the apple crop will
be somewhat larger than it was last year.
Tlie Crop Reporter, issued by the United
States Department of Agriculture, esti-
mates the yield of apples this year at 56.2
per cent, of a full crop, compared with a
yield of 46.8 per cent, of a full crop la&t
year for the whole United Stutes. Maine
and New York have a medium crop. This
is a Greening year in New York as well as
■in Ontario. Michigan has a much heavier
■crop than last year. The middle and south-
ern .states will produce less, as will also the
Pacific coast states.

Though the weather conditions have im-
proved there is no chance for moie than a
medium apple crop in Great Britain. Up
to date, local markets have been well sup-

plied with home-grown apples, clean and
much better colored than usual. The short-
age in plums will help the demand for ap-
ples only slightly. The Continental crop
will be fairly good except in Germany.

In the United States the crop will per-
mit of the usual quantity being exported.
It is not probable, however, that the apples
from the Pacific Coast will affect the east-
ern markets this year as much as last year.
There is a fairly good demand from Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. A single firm in
Seattle is sending 50 carloads to Australia
via Vancouver, B.C. There will also be a
demand for western apples from the south-
ern and middle states.

Cold storage space in the east is nearly
all taken up, though large quantities of
apples still remain in the hands of the
growers, and eastern buyers are reported
to be holding off for lower prices.

The commercial outlook in the United
States is slightly depressing, and large
■operators are moving cautiously. In Can-
ada, the demand from the Northwest is
even brisker than last year, and facilities
•have ojiened up for supplying a much larger
demand.

Cooperative associations in Ontario and
■Nova Scotia are now in a position to maKe
their influence felt. Both Nova Scotia and
Ontario cooperative associations have rep-

resentatives in the Northwest who m
greatly facilitating the movements of a;
pies, the result of which will be a lar(;<
increa-sed consumption. In Ontario tl
crop is largely in th© hands of operate,
or cooperative .associations. This con'i
tion will go far to regulate shipments
that gluts are lees likely to occur either
in Great Britain or at distributive points
in the Northwest.

Greneral conditions are such as to demui
caution on the part of holders of largi-
quantities of apples, but there is no rea-
son to doubt that the present crop ca"
readily go into consumption at reasonal
prices.

In Ontario, prices to individual grou
ers ranged from $1.00 to $1.50 on the tr<-'
and as high as $2.00 was received in t;
case of special varieties. The cooperate
associations are holding winter apples at
from $2.00 to $2.50 for less de,>iraLle vari-
eties and $2.50 to $3.00 for Kings, Bald-
wins, &c. Spys appear to be in demand at
■a. higher price than this.
, In Nova Scotia, Gravensteins. Ribstons,
&c, are leaving the growers' hands at $1,50
for No. I's, Kings, Blenheims, &c., at $2.00
per barrel.

In Nelson and Grand Forks, B. <
Wealthy and Gravensteins are selling a -
$1.50 to $1.75 per box to the grower.

BULBS Pla.nt now for Spring Flowers

There is no season of the year when Flowers are enjoyed more than in the Spring.
Bulbs planted this Fall will flower almost as soon as the snow is gone. Planted in
pots they can be flowered in the house during the winter.

Send to-day for our Beautiful Bulb Catalogue. It gives a list of special offers.
Mention this paper and it will be sent free.

A NEW HYDRANGEA

f Snowball Hydrangea — Hills of Snow)
The Hydrangea has always been a favourite garden shrub. We offer a new one
which possesses, in adjition to its well known qualities, the mtnt oi flowering all
summer 2inA \s perfectly fiardy. Catalogue containing description of it and the best
Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants free on request.

DUPUY & FERGUSON

38 JACQUES CARTIER
SQUARE

MONTREAL

s?

Growers and Shippers
should consign direct to

HnbrewCbalmers

(Blasgow, Scotlant)

The only private sale house in Glasgow

Fruit not slaughtered at auction

Highest Prices for Honest Packing

Call or write

A. H. CHALMERS

Room 243

Confederation Life Building

Phone Main 100 TORONTO

The second
edition of the
"Dictionary
of Heating" is
now ready for
distribution

^^^:s=^

Write for it. Postpaid
to any address in Canada

Taylor-Forbes^fr

JB» Makers of

Sovereign la R>di.t.»

Boilers

GUELPH. CANADA

J

1

« THE

STRATFORD

EXTENSION
LADDER

It U the safest and best on the
market. Fitted with automatic
hooks that lock at every rung
and unlock between the rungs

LIGHT, STRONG

EASILY OPERATED
J AND DURABLE

sM IF Interested write for Catalogue F
J THE

4 Stratford Mfg.Co.

1 Limited

3 STRATFORD, CANADA

,^1 Makers of Ladders for every con-
ceivable purpose

October, 191 i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Excellent Fruit at Canadian
National

"The display of fruit this year is with-
out doubt the best which has ever been
shown. The quality is excellent, and it is
remarkably clean and free from defects."
Thus, in a few words. Prof. J. W. Crow
summed up the situation when discussing
wth the Horticulturist the display of fruit
this year at the Canadian National Exhibi-
tion.

The display of apnles was particularly
noticeable. Loth in the number and vpri-
ety of the exhibits, and the quality of the
fruit shown. Some very fine Duchess and
Alexanders were seen. The fruit was very
large, smooth and well colored. In crabs,
the entries were few, but the quality was
very superior, the fruit being of high color,
large and exceedingly smooth. Pears were
a good simple, with the exception of a few

plates of Clapps Favorite, which were over-
ripe. Peaches were exceptionally good,
both in size, color and uniformity of sam-
ples, and in number and variety of exhib-
its. The displav of grapes was much ahead
of last year. Thev were more fully ripened,
and the bunches were large and well
bunched. Plums were hardly as good as
last year, a larger percentage of the fruit
being over -ripe.

While the general quality of the fruit
was so good, one or two exhibitors left
themselves open to criticism for their ap-
parent lack of cure in selecting the .speci-
mens for the exhibits. A elate of Mcintosh
was noticed that contained samples showing
worm spots, and several specimens in this
class had the stem lacking. It is impor-
tant, especially in plate collections, that
the fruit be perfect in every particular.
In the cone exhibits of Wealthys, the col-
lection, which was easily the best shown,

contained wormy apples, and the prize was
accordingly awarded to another collection.

COMMBRCUL DISPL.\Y

An outstanding feature of the commer-
cial display was the exhibit of boxed fruit
put up by the St. Catharines Cold Stor-
age and Forwarding Co. The fruit was
of splendid quality, well packed and at-
tractively displayed. This exhibit con-
tained several boxes of peaches as they are
packed for shipment to the British mar-
ket. Exhibits such as this should be en-
couraged. They would have a tremendous
advertising value to the different districts
represented, and would arouse much in-
terest on the part of visitors. Were lib-
eral cash prizs offered, as is done for the
large floral displavs, it would do much to
encourage the different associations to
undertake the expense necessary to collect
and send a commercial display to the ex-
hibition.

245 BIG 'CASH PRIZES

• One Good Idea May Win $360 or More'

For the Best Phrase to

Advertize' 1 {!!r^*

Canadian Home Journal

'ST

Kind of Phrase

Every man or woman can think of a sentence that would at-
tract him or her. It may be something about the quality of the
Jcurnal, some reason why every home should have a magfazine
of this kind, some appeal for Canadian support. We will select
the one that we think will make the strongest impression on
women. Only common sens^ is needed :

Here are three examples of phrases that have been used :

"THE ONE MAGAZINE THAT CAN SATISFY CANA-
DIAN WOMEN."

"EVERY CANADIAN IS PROUD OF OUR OWN MAGA-
ZINE FOR WOMEN."

"MOST HELPFUL, MOST ENTERTAINING MAGA-
ZINE TO ALL WOMEN."

Time, of Contest

All entries must be in by Jan. 31st, and prizes will be
.i-,v,idcd within Two Weeks. But if two Or more contestants
send winning phrase, prize wiii be awarded to first received.

How to Enter

Send One Dollar for a year's subscription to Canadian
Home Journal and Veterinary Chart, and a phrase to be en-
tered in contest. No phrase may be longer than ten words.

24 Cash Prizes

Fifteen per cent, of all money received by Canadian
Home Journal from this contest shall constitute the prize
money, to be divided as follows: 1st Prize, 40%; 2nd Prize,
20% ; 3rd Prize, 10% ; 4th Prize, 5% ; 10% divided into 5th,
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Prizes; 15% divided into 15 Prizes, 15-24.

Judging from the returns in other similar contests, and
the wide amount of publicity given to this offer, the prizes
should be at least .^900. If it amounts to this sum,

1st Prize would be $360 3rd Prize $90.00

2nd Prize would be $180 4th Prize $45.00

5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Prizes, each $ 18.00

Fifteen Prizes, 9-24, each $ 9.00

Canadian Home Journal

is needed by every progressive woman — helpful, interesting,
entertaining. It has a splendid selection of styles in the well-
illustrated fashion dept., many serial and short stories by the
best writers in Canada, music, recipes, menus, home decora-
tion; children's page; helps for wives, mothers, housekeepers,
hostesses ; articles on Canada and Canadians. Published
monthly, 50 to 80 pages, splendid illustrations, pictures and
covers. The Finest Gift to any Woman.

Wonderful Veterinary 'Chart

given free with Canadian Home Journal in this contest. The
Farm Stock Veterinary Chart covers over 80 diseases of Horses,
Cattle, Sheep, Pigs an*! Fowls. It fills the demand for a veteri-
nary adviser where symptoms and proper treatment can be
seen AT A GLANCE. ONLY PROMPT TREATMENT IS
USUALLY EFFECTIVE. Hang the chart where it is always
handy. Offered for the first time in Canada, it is having im-
mense sale. Every owner of stock realizes from experience
that in manv cases a veterinary will not be needed, and in
other cases "prompt first treatment is all that will save the
animal till the veterinary arrives. Every remedy has been
selected by tke best veterinarian knowledge. It is well bound
and glazed, and will last a lifetime. One use will more than
save the cost of this offer.
Canadian Home Journal $1.00 \ BOTH

$1.00 / $1.00

Farm Stock Vet°rlnary Chart

Our Guarantee

Send One Dollar for the Journal and Veterinary Chart
and a phrase to enter contest. If you are not satisfied with
Chart and Journal, return Chart in 10 days and we will refund
your dollar, but leave you in the contest.
Send order and contest phrase to

CANADIAN HOME JOURNAL,

59 John Street, TORONTO.

CUT OUT OR COPY THIS FORM FOR EACH ORDER.

GENTLEMEN,— Enclosed find $1.00, as per your offer. Send

Canadian Home Journal to Address

Farm Stock Veterinary Chart to Address

Enter this phrase in contest

Send all orders to Contestant's Name

CANADIAN HOME 'JOURNAL, 89 John street, Toronto. Address

VI

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

October, 1911

FOR SALE AND WANTED

Advertisements In this department in-
serted at rate of two cents a word for each
insertion, eacli figure, sign or single letter
to count as one word, minimum cost, 26
cents, strictly cash in advance.

HARDWOOD ASHES— Best Fertilizer In use —
George Bteven», Peterborough, Ont.

PIPK FOK SALE -All sizei for steam, hot water
heating, posts, green bouse construction work,
etc.. very cheap. Send for price list stating
your needs.— Imperial VS'aste and Metal Co.,
7 Queen Street. Montreal.

WALNUTS. FOR FALL PLANTING-$2.50 per
bushel, boxed and f.o.b. express or freight.
Apply Geo. W. Beall. Lindsay P.O., Ont. Ap-
plication and remittance should be miade at
once to ensure delivery.

FOR SALE, 10000 CEDAR POSTS— Running from
iy, inches to AVi inches top, 8 ft. long, suitable
for grape growers. We want to move these at
once to make room tor other stock. Will
make the price right for quick sales.— The
John Oarew Lumber Co., Ltd., Lindsay, Ont.

FARMS FOR SALE

•y3

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.— Before

buying, it will pay yon to ooneult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvin
Oayman St. Oatharlnea.

FARM FOR SALE— Oonsista of 200 acres In good
etate of cultivation, well fenced and wat«red,
only one mile north of town of Oobourg. Eight
acres of orchard and eight of good hardwood.
Some excellent pasture. Two sets of farm
buildings in good repair. For particulars ap-
ply to C. N. flare, Cobourg, Ont.

100 ACRES ADJOINING LIVE TOWN with Col-
legiate Institute, good shipping facilities, sixty-
flve acres apple orchard in splendid condition;
soil well adapted to fruit growing: large house
with furnace, bath and electric light, two good
barns. Would subdivide into two parts it de-
sired. Price, twenty thousand.— F. J. Wat-
son, 1275 Queen W.. Toronto.

ASK DAWSON. He knows.

IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me.

IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me.

I HAVE some of the beat Fruit, Stock, Grain
and Dairy Farms- on my list at right prices.

H. W. Dawson, Ninety Oolborne St., Toronto.

SALMON ARM, Shuswap Lake, B.C. has the
finest fruit and dairy land in B.C. No irriga-
tion necessary mild winters, moderate sum-
mars, no blizzards, or high winds; delightful
climate; enormotui yields of fruit, vegetables
sind hay; good fishing; fine boatiug amidst the
molt beautiful scenery, and the tialmon Arm
fruit has ralized 25 cents per box more than
other fruit in B.O. Prices of land moderate,
and termi to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock,
Salmon Arm, B.O.

IF YOU WOULD LIKE to purchase a site for
a home and fruit farm on good, suitable soil
situated in the most favorable and dependable
climate in Canada, get Louth. Clinton Peach
Area free information and ground Uoor prices
for properties in the coming locality for most
profitable fruit growing. Don't miss present
bargains — forty thousand mansion and farm
for only thirty thousand, a fifty acres for ten
thousand; others large and small. Enquire
about them. State what you want. W. □.
Rrand, Jordan Station. Ont.

Bam
Roofing

Fire, Lldhtnind
Rust and Storm Proof

Durable and
Ornamental

Let us know the size of any roof
you are thinking of covering and we
will make you an intereitlng offer.

Metallic Roofing Co.

Limned

MANTTFACTURBRS

TORONTO and WINNIPEG

Agents wanted in some sections,
for particulars.

Write

E. J. NEALE SI CO.

SMITHFIELD MARKET

MANCHESTER, ENG.

Cable Addresb: "Neale's, Manohofiter'"

Warehouse--*: 10 Hanover St.. Shudehill, Manchester

Bankers : Parr's Bank Ltd., Hydes Cross,

Manrhosfor

Regrular Consigrnments Solicited

Correspondence Invited

GINSENG

While you are thinking to order your Gin-
seng for fall plantation, drop us a card and
get our prices. CKoicest plants and seeds.

The

Eastern Townships Ginseng; aa.rden

CONSTABLE, N. Y.

GINSENG

Choice Roots and Stratified Seed
For Fail Planting

WRITE FOR PRICES AND ORDER
EARLY

Send two cents postag^e
lor Illustrated Booklet

E. A. RUSSELL & CO.

Box 102 BRANTFORD, ONT.

The Best Farm Locations

Prodnctive lands, favorable climate, and abundant rainfall make farm
locations tn the southeast the most proti fable.

Land from $ 1 0 to S>30 nn acre closo to the best markets. Wheat.com,
hay, all trucK crops, give best returns. Conditions unsurpassed for d.air>-ing
and live stock, faog and poultry raising. Beef and pork produced at 3
to 4 cent.s a pound.

Five to six crops of alfalfa per season grown. Good fanners make 60 to 100
busliels corn pi>r acre. Home markets near at hand p<iy highest prices for
daiiyprodui'ts and demauii is undersupplied. Apple orchards pay 8100
to $.100 an acre, and orchard lauds cost only afrac.ion of thuae in other
seetiuns.
Tbe Soatbeast Has Locations for Every Kind of Farming

The climate assures the finest results from intellicent agriculture, and makes
the region unsurpassed as a pleasant and healthful home location. It is an ^pen
wtntercountry, and itssumniers are enjoyable. You can locate where there are
good schools, churches, roads, rural delivery, and all other advantages. Th.>
Southern Rail^nv and associated lines -will help you find the location yon desire.
Oar several publications, free on application, give full information. Address
M. V. RHIIAKl)*, I.iind and IiiitnstHal Accnl. Ronlbern Railway,
Itoom 30 I.tan rcniiRylvaniu Ave., ^\ a!«hln(rton, !►. <'.

The individual exhibits of fruit in oom-
mercial packages were good, but the ar-
rangement oould have been improved
Boxes and half boxes of pears were plac<';
together, and there was no uniformity in
the style of boxes used. While the differ-
ence in the dimensions of the boxes used
was not usually more than from half to
three-quarters of an inch in the length or
height, it was still enough to detract con-
siderably from the general appearance of
the exhibit. Poor judgment was aJso ahown
in placing .some of tho boxes where it was
impossible for spectators to see what the
box contained. A first prize box of peaches
was placed where it was impossible to see
more than the sides and bottom of the box
without the aid of a chair. A number of
box covers piled on top of the commercial
display was an eyesore which could easily
have been prevented.

ONTARIO EXHIBIT

The display of fruit was the best ever put
up by the province. This exhibit was well
located and displayed to excellent advan-
tage. The only county exhibit was tJiat of
LamLton county. The quality of the fruit
in this exhibit was splendid. Some of the
finest peaches seen at the exhibition
formed part of this display. It was a
good exhibit of the fruit growing possibil-
ities of Lambton county.

Ginseng Growers Meet

The fourth annual meeting of the On-
tario Ginseng Growers' Association of Can-
ada wa.s held in Toronto on September 6th
1911. The president, Mr. James Matthew^
of Acton, Ont., presided. Seven new mem-
bers were accepted.

The ebetion of oflScers resulted a* fol-
lo.vs: President, Jas. A. Austin, 1483
Queen .street west, Toronto; first vice presi-
dent. Dr. McKendrick of Gait • second vice
president, F. S. Sayers of Nassagawega,
Ont. : secretary trea.surer, P. Wilson. 283
Evelyn avenue. Toronto, Ont. The execu-
tive committee consists of the president,,
first and second vice presidents, secretary-
treasurer, Rev. Dr. Medd of Gotlerioh and
H. S. Watsen of Newmarket.

Vegetable Growers' Executive

A nueting of the executive of the On-
taro Vegetable Growers' Association was
held in the tent of the Ontario Department
of Agriculture on the Canadian National
Exhibition grounds, on Thursday. Septem-
ber 7th. The following officers were pres-
ent : The president, Mr. Delworth : secre-
tary, Mr. Wilson, and Messrs. Reeves,
Weaver, Newton and Dawson.

The report of Mr. Raynor regarding the
northern Ontario potato experiments was
read and filed. The programme for the 1911
convention was arranged.

It was moved by Mr. Reeves, and sec-
onded bv Mr. Dawson, that the president
secure W. B. Fullerton as a speaker for
OUT convention, if possible. Carried.

It was moved and seconded that the Ex-
ecutive unanimously endorse the action of
their President, Mr. Thos. Delworth. in
opposing, through the press and on the plat-
form, the recinrocity agreement, which will
work incalcuLible injury to everyone en-
gaged in the production of vegetables in
the Province of Ontario, and that a copy
of this rsolution be forwarded to the press.
Carried.

The annual autumn catalogue of J- A..
Simmers, Ltd., Toronto, dealing with bulbs
plants and seeds, is heine distributed. It
contains much useful information. A copy
of it may be had by application to this
firm.

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIV

NOVEMBER, 1911

No. II

Grow^ing Nursery Stock in a Cold Climate'

W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, Ont.

I

THE question of nursery stock is one
of much importance to the fruit
grower. If he does not get the
right kind of stock, no matter how
closely he follows everything recom-
mended, he will not have good success
with his orchard.

It is sometimes unfortunately the case
when a man orders trees, that the order
is not filled by good stock and he is not
able to get redress. There are several
advantages, therefore, in ordering nur-
sery stock from home nurseries. One
advantage is that you can go and see
the trees you are going to plant. If
the trees are not satisfactory when you
get them, you can return them and de-
mand redress. This is a much more
difficult process, when the man is a thou-
sand miles away. If your trees prove
to be diseased or are affected by insects
it is also easier to get redress. These
are some of the advantages of getting
stock from a local nursery. On the
other hand there are disadvantages.

The range of the native trees north to
south has been determined by probably
thousands of years of acclimitization.
Our experiments at Ottawa for over
twenty years show that native ornamen-
al or forest trees from the south might
fruit at Ottawa, but some years would
be tender and kill back and not be vigor-
ous and hardy. It has probably taken
thousands of years to acclimatize those
tender trees to their present northern
I limit. They might be hardy enough to
produce seed, but the wood of individual
trees keeps killing back. When we
J come to such apples as King and Bald-
Ewin, Rhode Island Greening, and some
■of the tender varieties, tender for cer-
tain parts of the province of New Bruns-
wick, we find the same thing happening.
These trees originated in a much milder
climate than the province of New Bruns-
wick. Their range has been determined
largely by the relative degree of hardi-
ness that is inherent in them, and it has
been found by experience that if one in-
troduces these trees and tries to grow
them in northern nurseries, tries to grow
Rhode Island Greening or King or Bald-
win or any of these apples that require
a long season's growth and are what we

•Extract from am address delivered before the
New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Agaociation, No-
vember, 1910.

call tender, they prove a failure, they
kill back, the bark splits. We cannot
grow these trees in northern nurseries
profitably. A tree that is tender will
not be made hardier by growing it in
cold districts.

How is This for Apple Bearing?

This short stalk contained twenty-one full
grown apples when it was taken from the tree.
'ITiree were lost on the way to the studio.
Grown in the orchard of Hobert Bell, SackviUe,
N. B.

COMPARATIVE HABDINES8
You might ask : Will the average
apple originated, say, in the province of
New Brunswick be necessarily hardier
than the apple which is originated, say,
in the stale of New York or Rhode
Island? No, it might not be hardier if
originated there. If I sow the seed of
the Wealthy apple in the province of
New Brunswick, the seedling of that

253

apple is not necessarily hardy. Some
may be hardy and some may be tender,
and it will require a great number of
years before one will find out which
seedlings are going to be hardy in New
Brunswick. When one has a seedling,
• say, the Merrit, which originated in the
province of New Brunswick, an apple
tree that has been able to withstand the
cold climate year after year, you cannot
say that variety is hardy because it is
able to withstand the cold climate.
Seedlings from a hardy tree, however,
are much more likely to be hardy than
seedlings from a tender tree. We have
found that in our experience.

Which, you may ask, is the better.
Northern or United States grown stock,
local grown New Brunswick stock or
stock grov/n, say, in the province of On-
tario? Which is the better stock for us
to use? Are there great advantages in
growing home-grown stock, or are there
not such great advantages?

CLIMATIC DIPFEEENOES

In the warmer parts of Canada and
the United States they have a much
longer growing season than you have
here. The result is that they can plant
nursery stock on much richer soil than
you can and have the trees ripen thor-
oughly. If you plant nursery stock in
Northern New Brunswick, for instance,
on your richest soil, your trees will not
be properly ripened and will be almost
certain to winter kill.

There is danger in getting nursery
stock, even from a southern district, in
getting it not properly ripened because
trees are dug which are not thoroughly
ripened. For instance, it has been the
practice — I won't say it is the practice
now — to dig trees in large nurseries
while the leaves are still green and strip
the leaves off so as to give the tree the
appearance of being thoroughly ripened.
You can easily see that if such trees are
planted in another district they are liable
to be too tender for the first winter.
So that you see from my standpoint
there is not sufficient evidence in regard
to the quality of the trees from the
southern nurseries and the northern nur-
series to warrant the statement which
has been made that northern stock is the
best stock. For instance, I believe you
can get hardy stock properly ripened in

254

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

southern nurseries and secure just as
good results from them as from stock
from the home nursery.

DISADVANTAGES

Some of the disadvantages of growing
nursery stock at home and in colder dis-
tricts include the following : There is a
temptation at home to grow nursery
stock in rather rich soil in order to get
a strong growth and a strong tree. If
you plant your trees on a clay soil or a
heavy soil there will come certain years
when the fall is favorable to late growth
when you will lose a large proportion
of fine, hardy varieties such as Mcin-
tosh Red and Fameuse. So if one wants
to have home-grown stock one must
grow it on soil which is not too rich.
If your soil is well drained and warm
your stock should be thoroughly ripen-
ed before the winter sets in.

Another disadvantage of growing
trees at home is that one loses one year
very often in the growth of trees if one
wants to get good stock, because no mat-
ter whether you grow your trees on light

soil or heavy soil, we have found in
some winters in a cold climate the trees
become what is known as "black heart-
ed." This is due to the fact that the
trees have made too late a growth, not-
withstanding the greatest care. It may
be also that trees have ripened their
wood all right and a very severe winter
follows while the trees are quite young,
and the result is the pith and wood of
the trees are damaged, but the cambium
being alive the tree goes on growing
next year, and unless one treats the tree
the way I have described one is liable to
have black-hearted trees. While black-
heart may not be a very serious injury
to a tree in its early history, just as
soon as they begin to lose the branches
disease will begin to work on the trees,
and eventually the tree will decay and
break down. After a very severe win-
ter, we have found that black heart oc-
curs in trees set out in the orchard three
or four years. As a rule, I think I am
safe in saying it occurs in the nursery.
We want to avoid this black heart in
trees.

The Silver Leaf Disease of Fruit Trees

Dr. H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, Ottawa

I desire to make an appeal to the fruit
growers of Canada for cooperation in
preventing the spreading of this alarm-
ing disease, the "Silver Leaf" of fruit
trees. Already this disease has been lo-
cated in several provinces.

As the name indicates, this disease
may be recognized by a silvery or milky
gloss on the upper surface of the leaves
of apples, plums, peaches, cherries, cur-
rants and gooseberries. In Canada
authentic cases have occurred only on
apples and plums, but in Europe this
disease has often been found in the other
kinds of fruits. It is somewhat difficult
to recognize the silvery appearance of
the leaves, which, however, may become
so pronounced as to completely whiten
with a kind of bluish white tinge, the
foliage of one or more limbs, or often
the whole tree.

The use of sprays like Bordeaux or
lime-sulphur results in the covering ot
the leaves with a bluish or yellowish
white film. This may give the tree an
appearance not unlike "silver leaf" but
on wiping the leaves, this covering is of
course easily removed, while in the real
"Silver Leaf" the color will remain.
Hence, it is important to distinguish
carefully between these two facts. In
()rder to be sure of the disease specimens
will gladly be examined and reported
upon by the Division of Botany, Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Growers should try to become familiar
with the appearance of this disease which
is by no means a new trouble in this
country, but which has unfortunately es-

caped detection until the discovery of
undoubted cases of "Silver Leaf" in

Silver Leaf Disease in Apples

The top branch shows the silvery appearance
of leaves when compared with the healthy twig
below. The twiss towards the right show the
fructification of the oasual fungus.

Nova Scotia, a few months after I took
up my duties there. No doubt every
reader is familiar with the silvery foliage
of some of our native willows and pop-
lars. From a distance these trees may
be easily recognized on account of the
bluish white appearance of their foliage.
If you bear in mind the appearance of
this color when examining your orchards
if you find that it is not due to any milky
film of sprays, there exists the probabili-
ty of the presence of this "Silver Leaf"
disease. I again solicit samples of fol-
iage, for we cannot be too careful in tak-
ing every possible step to prevent this
disease from becoming a source of real
danger to one of the country's most im-
portant industries.

NATtTRB OP THE DISEASE

The "Silver Leaf" is injurious to the
life of the trees that have been enumer-
ated. The trees maj' at first show only
one limb affected, gradually another falls
a victim, until the whole tree becomes
involved. The disease works slowly, and
it may take from three to five years be-
fore the disease has involved a whole
tree. This depends naturally upon the
size of the tree. During the first few
years the affected branches bear some
fruit, but bearing soon becomes a thing
of the past and the tree dies limb after
limb. It may be said that a tree once
attacked nearly always dies. It is our
experience that it bears little or no fruit
previous. Protection practically amounts
to immediate destruction of the trees
which show this disease.

WARNING TO GROWERS

The "Silver Leaf" disease has been
recorded and has been personally ob-
served in the following provinces : On-
tario (Ottawa only). Nova Scotia (sever-
al records). New Brunswick, British
Columbia, and in the experimental or-
chards in Manitoba. No case has yet
been received from Quebec, the Niagara
district, or from any of the other
provinces where fruit is grown. This
must not be taken as an indication of
its non-existence. I have reason to be-
lieve that the disease is very widely
spread. The disease is very serious.
Growers in this country are advised to
examine their trees very carefully and
give the disease no chance of establish-
ing itself firmly all over the country. The
fruit industry is in real danger. With-
out wishing to be an alarmist we cannot
afford to neglect the lessons taught us
by this disease in other countries, and
every fruit grower should unite with tho
government in the efforts which are be-
ing made to arrest and control the spread
of "Silver Leaf."

Stereum purpureum, the fungus which
causes "Silver Leaf,' is a wound para-
site. The fungus is liable to gain en-
trance through any wound in the bark
or root. It produces its fructification or»

November, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST

255

i

Nova Scotia this Year will probibly have a Million Barrel Apple Crop, mostly High Grade

The interior of a Nova Scotia packing house at Middleton is here shown.

dead wood only, hence its true nature
has not at once' been recognized. The
fructification appe"rs as more or less oe-
pressed or horizontal brackets of a aull
crimson color. Remove at once all trees
that are wholly involved — do not allow
the stump to remain in the ground. It
is generally on the stump, in, or lying
on the ground where the fructification
of the fungus is produced. The whole
wood of any "Silver Leaf" tree should
be destroyed by fire. Take the trees
out any time before fall.

In the fall the fructification appears
more generally. Cut away and burn any

silver leaved branches, and watch the
tree ; if after cutting away a branch
"Silver Leaf" re-appears in others,
throw the tree out. When removing a
tree the roots should lae dug out also,-
then fill in the hole with stone lime mixed
with soil and allow three months before
planting another tree in its place. Local
infections of single limbs may take place
and the inoculation experiments have,
shown that such a limb may recover, but
it is best to remove an infected limb as
soon as noticed. The disease is liable
to spread from limb to limb, so do not
take any risks.

Fall vs. Spring Spraying

L. Caesar, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont,

OUR eastern fruit growers sometimes
ask why fall spraying of apple or-
chards, which is being largely
practiced, I believe in British Col-
umbia and the western states and
to a small extent in some of the
eastern states, has neither been recom-
mended nor practised in Ontario. it
is because we have found in Ontario
that our present method of spraying, if
thoroughly done, gives us almost perfect
control both of insect pests and of dis-
eases. Therefore it is not necessary for
fruitgrowers to make an extra applica-
tion in the autumn after the leaves are
all or nearly all off. To do so would
mean a good deal of inconvenience, and
would greatly increase the cost and labor
of spraying, thereby lowering the profits
of apple growing and discouraging the
growers. Our aim is to secure the best
results in the easiest, most practical and
economical way.

If the fall application could take the

place of our first spring application just

before the buds burst, any person who

found it more convenient to spray in the

jfall than in the spring might do so. But

Uve cannot see how it is possible to do

this, because the application is not made
until the leaves have nearly all fallen,
and by this time it is usually so cold that
all growth, both of the trees and of the
diseases that attack them has ceased ;
n;iture is, so to speak, dormant, or near-
ly so, and remains this way until the
warm days of spring renew activity.

Fall spraying cannot destroy all the
spores of disease, for many of them are
enclosed in little protected pustules on
the bark or leaves or fruit, and these
often do not open until spring ; more-
over, in the spring the wind will bring
spores for long distances, and these will
lodge on our trees. By this time all the
fall spray will have been washed off the
trees, hence the early spring application
will be just as necessary as ever to keep
off our Ontario diseases. This is espec-
ially true of Black Rot Canker, which
spreads in spring to a very large extent.
To ward it off it is very important that
before growth begins in the spring the
bark of the trunk and main branches be
thoroughly covered with lime-sulphur so
that any wounds or winter injured areas
may not afford lodging places where this
fungus can germinate and establish it-
self.

So far as Apple Scab is concerned,
neither the fall nor the early spring ap-
plication seem necessary for control,
though they might help slightly. The
important sprays for it are (first) the
one just before the blossoms open, and
(second) just after the blossoms have
fallen, and in very moist districts or in
v/et or foggy weather a third one about
two or three weeks later.

INSEOT CONTROL

From the standpoint of the control of
insects it is probable that fall spraying
would give fairly good results though I
do not see how it would be quite so ef-
fective as the early spring spray Ijefore
the buds burst. The main insects con-
trolled by this spray are of course oyster-
shell and San Jose scales and Blister
Mite. A numljer of other insects are
partially controlled by it but not entire-
ly. In my experience it is a very de-
sirable matter in the control of scale in-
sects that the spray should remain on
the tree as long as possible in the spring
so that it will be there when the young
insects appear. In this way, it .seems
to destroy a large number of these deli-
cate little creatures. This could not
take place if the application had been
made in autumn as it would be washed
off. Some claim that fall spraying is
more effective than spring spraying
against scale insects, but ihey have not
been able so far as I know to demon-
strate this, and the very opposite .seems
to be the case. We should remember,
too, that winter iself destroys over fifty
per cent, of most of our hibernating in-
sect enemies, so that they are weaken-
ed greatly by the time the spring appli-
cation is made.

WESTERN CONDITIONS

Why then is fall spraying practised
and advocated so strongly in the Pacific
States and British Columbia? It is, so
far as I can discover, chiefly to keep
under control a very troublesome fun-
gous disease known as Apple Anthracnose

256

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191

which cau& s numerous destructive can-
kers on the smaller branches and twigs.
The spores of this disease spread in the
autumn and germinate during or short-
ly after the fall rains. Therefore to
prevent their germination the plant
pathologists recommend that the trees be
sprayed about the time these rains are
due, which seems to be early in October,
and again as soon as the leaves fall or
the crop is oiT. We have no Apple An-
thracnose disease in Ontario. It is be-
lieved that the earlier of these applica-
tions helps to prevent fresh attacks of
apple scab in autumn, but it is not
claimed by such a reliable authority as
Prof. Cordley, of Oregon, that this alone
will control apple scab for the rest of
the season. He practises the same
spring and summer sprayings as we do.

Thus, the main reason for fall spray-
ing in the west, does not exist in On-
tario. We should, moreover, remember
that the climate of the Pacific coast is
much different from ours, and what may
be necessary there may not be either nec-
essary or desirable here. No harm, of
course, could come from fall spraying
in Ontario and anyone desiring to test it
is running no risk. It certainly des-
troys many of the insects that a spring
application would kill, and where an or-
chard is badly infested with Blister Mite
or San Jose Scale or Oyster-shell Scale,
it could be practised with much benefit
until these were brought under control,
but its proper place, in my opinion, is to
supplement in this way and not to dis-
place the. early spring application. The
proper mixture to use is lime-sulphur of
the ordinary spring strength, without
any arsenate of lead.

We should not forget that any sys-
tem of spraying can be made more effec-
tive by proper pruning of trees and by
careful cultivation of the orchard in the
early part of the season, followed by a
cover crop to prepare the wood for win-
ter. These things help to make the trees
themselves healthy, and allow a free cir-
culation of air and plenty of sunlight,
all of which are important in the con-
trol of insects and diseases. The de-
struction of fallen fruit by hauling it to
the evaporator or in any other way, is
one of the best things that can be prac-
tised if we want clean apples.

Locating Little Peach

A Niagara district fruit grower wrote
recently to the United States Department
of Agriculture at Washington to find if
it is possible to determine the presence of
little peach on trees planted out last year.
In its reply the department states it is
possible, though the identification would
not be very positive. The difficulties in
a positive identification come from the
presence of other diseases, such as the
black peach aphis, eel worms on the

roots, borers, sour soil, nitrogen starva-
tion and other weaknesses. If none of
these troubles are present, or, if upon
examination one can make reasonably
certain of their absence, then the little
peach cases stand out pretty clear.

"We have," writes the pathologist,
Mr. M. B. Waite, "used the buds from
trees affected with little peach more than
the one-year nursery trees which show
the symptoms a little but not very de-
cidedly. These were transplanted on to
rich ground here at Washington, where
they developed the symptoms, though in
rather moderate degree, during the first
year's growth in the orchard. The trees
lived along for several years, becoming
more and more marked. This is equally
true of peach yellows. Of course to be
absolutely positive one would perhaps
have to wait for the fruit, as the leaf
symptoms of little peach are somewhat
similar to yellows, and not always easily
distinguished from the symptoms caused
by the other diseases named."

Apple Packing in British
Columbia*

In British Columbia every man owns
his own packing house. When ihe
pickers are started in the morning one
man goes down with a load of bo;es,
scattering them along the trees as he
goes. On his return he picks up the
filled ones, takes them to the storehouse
and returns and comes back with an-
other load of empty ones. By this means
there is no waste time.

The apples are picked in galvanized
iron buckets with canvas bottoms. The
bottom is held together with a draw-
string which is loosened and the apples
come out the bottom of the bucket, thus
preventing any bruising. Low truck
wagons are used for drawing the apples
to the storehouse. The apples are grad-
ed in three grades — -culls, fancy, auj
choice.

No man is allowed to pack his own
apples. The packer who is sent by the
association is solte judge of what should
go in the box. In this way the grower
has nothing to say about the grading,
and to this factor is very largely due the
high reputation of British Columbia
apples for their uniform grade.

The organization of the Hood River
Apple Growers has increased the price
of the apples to $2.10 per box f.o.b. The
price has not been less the last five or
six years. The apples are sold f.o.b.
station. The association formerly ad-
vertised for buyers, but now each grow-
er estimates his yield and signs up his
association for his entire crop. Last
year 80,000 boxes were sold to one man.
The stamp on the boxes guarantees the
Hood River reputation, wherever the

•Extracts from an address given at the Quelph
Agricultural College Short Course by Mr. A. B.
Campbell.

apples are eaten. The association gives
an absolute guarantee that every box or
package is honestly packed.

The number of apples in the boxes
vary according to the size of the apples
from one hundred to one hundred and
fifty. A car will hold six hundred and
forty boxes. Everything that goes east
is wrapped in paper. The spring in the
box amounts to a half or three-quarters
of an inch on both the top and bottom.
Experience has shown that the best
pack is where the stem comes imniedi-
ately above the calyx of the apple below.
In this case the paper forms a cushion
between the apples.

Many eastern people obtain a wrong
impression of the apple when they see
the exhibition packed boxes. The
growers estimate that an exhibition will
cost them from fifty cents to seventy-five
cents each, while the regular rate paid
the packers for putting up the commer-
cial boxes is seventy-five cents apiece.
Mr. Campbell produced eight thousand
boxes, of which seventy-five per cent,
were fancy, the balance choice, with the
exception of about seventy-five boxes.

DEFINITION OF GRADES

The grades are as follow: Fancy,
seventy per cent, good color, free from
blemishes, no fungus, good shape ;
choice, two fungus spots, or two stings,
not open, are allowed, no limit in color.
Mr. Campbell obtained by spraying
three times an almost perfect crop of
apples, as only one-tenth of one per cent,
were graded as culls.

The trees were sprayed three times:
Once in the fall, as soon as the apples
were picked, with the Bordeaux mixture,
6-6-50. In the spring they were again
sprayed with the same application, and
then again with lime-sulphur and
three pounds of lead arsenate to the bar-
rel of the mixture.

PACKING

On British Columbia apple ranches,
everything moves like clockwork. The
apples are brought in to well lighted
sheds and emptied out on a packing
table, four feet wide by six feet long.
Four packers are at each table and
sort the different sizes out at the same
time. By this means there is much less
bruising than there is where a less num-
ber are working and where the different
sizes are not all packed at the same
time. The packers are held responsible
for the work, and are paid thirty-five
cents an hour and their board. The
grower gets the entire produce of the
apples, with the exception of ten cents
a box, which is deducted to pay ex-
penses.

In grapes I grow the Concord and Ni-
agara, and spray twice with Bordeaux to
prevent the rot. — L. Wolverton, Grims-
by, Ont.

November, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

and Ferns

257

The Decorative Use of^Palms

A. V. Main, Almonts, Ont. .

WHEN selecting house plants of an
evergreen nature and of the
most graceful and elegant form,
palms and ferns stand out pre-eminent-
ly. However lavish a mansion may be
in other adornments, plants of this ever-
green habit are indispensable. On the
other hand nothing is more disgusting
than half-dead, sickly plants.

inch is ample,
inch, nine inch.

Palms occupying eight
and ten inch pots are
permanently settled down, as it were,
and benefit from an annual top-dress-
ing in the spring. To do this remove
two inches of the surface soil and in its
place pack in some fresh compost.

When in need of water the pot will
give out a clear sound when rapped on

Street Improvement by the Windsor Horticultuial Society.

IJwNo special care is required to keep
palms and ferns healthy and green, but
like most other things a few points must
be given attention. In their proper cul-
ture three factors are essential — suitable
soil, judicious watering, and cleanliness.

Kentia Belmoreana is, possibly, the
best house plant. Others are Kentia
Forsteriana and the fan-leaved palm,
Lartania Borbonica. Cocos Weddelli-
ana has fine delicate foliage and is adapt-
able for a table plant, but it is rather
difficult to grow. Palms dislike root dis-
turbance, particularly when in their arti-
Ih in! homes. That warns us to have
.;ood drainage and soil, for a larger pot
is rarely needed before two years. Reck-
less potting and fine soil collected from,
well, any odd place is not good enough.
An excellent soil may be made from two
parts fibrous loam, one part of fibrous
peat, with sand and charcoal to shine
through it, and half a cup of bone meal
fertilizer. Mix thoroughly and you have
a good, lasting compost.

When potting, use clean pots. Put
in several pieces of broken pots, slates,
or tile, and then some fibrous pieces of
sod. Next set in the plant, straight,
first removing the loose soil from it.
•Any unruly roots can be cut. Have the
brown base of the leaf stalk just clear of
the soil. Pack it firmly around the
plant, using a blunt stick for the pur-
pose. Avoid large pots. When repot-
ting, a change from a six inch to a seven
inch or from a seven inch to an eight

the side. A vigorous plant in a warm
position will want water about every
second day. If the surface is fairly dry
and the weight of the pot light, it is
safe to give water. By attending 10
their daily wants you soon know when
water is wanted.

One of the worst evils of palms is to
have the plant sitting in a jardiniere or
other ornamental dish. This water gets
sour and in time is absorbed by the
soil, much to the detriment of the plant.
Use a small block of wood or small pot

inside the jardiniere for the pot to rest
on. This is applicable to all house
plants. The surplus water thus is clear
of the pot. It should be emptied out
periodically. The correct idea is to get
the water to pass through the pot
quickly. This necessitates the use of
drainage, charcoal, and judgment in
watering.

Bone meal or raw crushed bone in the
soil is beneficial. It is a lasting man-
ure, which it is wise to use with slow
growing plants. Soluble manures are
practically lost on palms. We find a
weak solution of soft coal soot is the
best stimulant for green leaves.

WASH THE PLANTS

Dust settling on the leaves often re-
sults in a leaf turning yellow. A couple
of such leaves will disfigure a well-
balanced palm. At the least, the palm
requires a monthly wash or sponge, and
oftener if time permits. All sorts of
dirt will accumulate on the leaves, which
encourages the inse(-ts that feed on the
plant to its disfigurement. A small piece
of sulpho tobacco soap dissolved in tepid
water or ordinary soap makes a good
cleanser. Preventatives to insect life are
better than fighting them after their un-
welcome intrusion.

Be sure and wet all parts with the
sponge on either side of the leaves, par-
ticularly the under side. Sprinkle or
SI. I ay with clean water after the use ol
the soap wash. Nothing benefits this
class of plants more than a wash and
spray overhead, especially in hot, arid
rooms. The large, graceful leaves ot
glossy green hue are suggestive of mois-
ture.

Scale and red spider are the worst
enemies of palms. They gradually eat
the fibre and turn the leaf into splatchcs
of yellow. Persistent cleaning with soaf)
and water is the remedy, but remcmbei
that unhealthy conditions at the roots
give place to attacks of insects.

A First Prize Lawn and Garden at Brantford.

The home ot Mr. F. Simmona ia here shown which won first prize for a workingnia<n's lawn
and garden in the competition b«ld last year by the BranUtord Horticultural Society.

258

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, igii

Practical Plant Breeding

H. J.'Moore, Queen Victoria

IN writing this article, 1 feel that I
am treading on dangerous ground,
seeing that my profession is not that
of plant breeder entirely, but that of
horticulturist. However, I may be able
to overcome the difficulty by approach-
ing the matter from a practical stand-
point and dealing: only with that phase

Fig. 1

connected with practical horticulture.

No matter whether we are intefested
in the subject for practical or scientific
purposes we must approach it systemati-
cally. We must discriminate in order to
get the best results from our labors, or
much valuable time wil be lost in beat-
ing around the bush. There is no rea-
son whatever why every trained horti-
culturist should not become a practical
plant-breeder, and the pleasure he would
derive from associating himself more in-
timately with and understanding more
fully the fundamental laws on wnich me
science is based would amply repay him
for the time sp)ent in its pursuit. There
is something indescribably fascinating
about plant breeding, as one never
knows what to expect; although, if we
understand Mendel's Law of Inheritance
and its relation to the particular group
of plants with which we are working,
we can predict pretty closely as to re-
sults.

The life of the man who is engaged
in plant breeding is full of hope. This
has a tendency to make him look more
cheerfully upon the sterner duties which,
as a horticulturist, fall to his lot. Even
for the amateur, plant breeding has its
charm, and there is no occupation more
edifying, more instructive, or more
worthy of man's best efforts than the
production of something better than al-
ready exists, or the creation of some-
thing new, which will either aid in the
beautifying of our home surroundings
or be of some utility in the economy of
life.

Although it is impossible to make two
blades of grass grow where one grew
hitherto, it is quite possible to produce
a better blade of grass, a better ear ol
corn, or a sweeter-scented flower, which

Park, Niagara Falls, Ont.

will occupy only the same space as its
less worthy progenitor. There is room
for improvement not only in our fruits,
but also in our flowers and vegetables.

There are essentials which are neces-
sary in order to become a skilled breeder
or improver of plants, the chief of which
is an intelligent mind to grasp a know-
ledge of the subject to be dealt with.
Before a doctor can diagnose the case
of a patient he must have a thorough
knowledge of human anatomy and
physiology. He must know the various
organs which constitute the body, and
understand their functions. Thus it is
with the hybridizer. He must know at
least something about the other branch
of biology, viz., botany, without which
it is useless to attempt any discriminate
work, because the operator, although
having eyes, sees not; that is, he lacks
the knowledge to intelligently carry out
his desires.

EEQUIEBMENT8

A good course in First Stage Botany
is the first requirement. When a per-
son has studied the morphology, and
physiology of plants, he or she under-
stands at least what the various organs
of the flower, the calyx, cololla, stamens
and pistil, were intended for. Secondly,
a course in Systematic Botany will be

Fig. 2

found invaluable, because of the know-
ledge of the families or natural orders
of plants that is obtained. Why is Sys-
tematic Botany necessary? Because it
has been long known that plants of
different natural orders will not hybrid-
ize, but plants of the same order may.
Thus, when a person knows the charac-
ters of the plants which constitute an
order, his chances of success in plant
breeding will be greatly enhanced. It
would be absolutely useless to attempt
to hybridize a plant belonging to the
natural order Ranunculacae with ano-
ther belonging to the order Compositae.
Different species of an order may cross ;
species of different genera ot tne same
order occasionally cross, but rarely ; bi-
generic hybrids are uncommon. From
the above remarks the value of Syste-

matic Botany will be readily undcrstooil
Where is it possible to obtain thesr
courses of instruction? At the agricul-
tural and various other colleges of the
country and at high schools. As some
idea of the requirements of plants is
great value to the hybridizer, the pr;..
tical horticulturist has the advantage
over his less fortunate neighbor who has ,
never had facilities for work in this di- I
rection. A knowledge of soils, tempera- '
ture, humidity, and other environmental
conditions is essential in order that we
may bring any class of plants to full
maturity by giving them conditions as
nearly natural as possible; otherwise ;
our chances of success will lie limited :
to the extent of our knowledge in this <
respect.

OHOIOE OP BTTBJECTS
Now, suppose we are through with all
preliminaries, the next step is the selec-
tion of suitable subjects for hybridizing
The operator must have some defin;
purpose ; there is very little to be gained
by indiscriminately pollinating every-
thing which appears likely to hybridize.
The inevitable result of lack of fore-
thought is disappointment. Some sp>e- '
cial type of plant should be selected, ^
such as the primula, the lily, or any
plant with flowers easy to manipulate at
first, as plants possessing flowers more
intricate should he left severely alone
until the simpler flowers are mastered.

It would be well at this stage to men-
tion the intruments which are required
for plant breeding. They are not
numerous, but should be of good quality.
A pair of forceps, a sharp scalpel, a
good pocket lens, a camel's hair brush,
and a quantity of alcohol, or other steril-
izing medium, in a bottle, alone are re-
quired. The forceps, brush, and scalpel
must be kept scrupulously clean, and im-
mediately after use should be sterilized
It may be found necessary to cover all
pollinated flowers, and for this purp>ose
small paper sacks are used, the dimen-
sions of which will depend upon the size
of the flower operated upon.

POLLINATION

Not having space in this short article
to give the details of pollination, I may
say that it simply consists in transfer-
ring pollen from the anthers or male
organs of one plant to the stigma or
female organs of another. As flowers
are in most cases perfect, that is, pos-
sessing male and female organs, it is
sometimes necessary to pollinate a
flower with its own pollen or with pollen
from another flower of the same plant.
The primrose is a good example. In
the case of "monoecious" plants, which
possess both staminate and pistillat'
flowers, the only course to pursue is to
transfer the pollen from the staminate
flower to the pistillate one, or, if the
staminate and pistillate flowers are

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

259

The Winning Garden in the St. Thomas Lawn and Garden Competition

The first prize garden of W. R. Rewbotham, of St. Thomas, Ont., is here shown,
botham has developed it in only two years A fuller deecription will be given later.

Mr. Rew-

borne on different plants of the same
species, the pollen must of necessity be
transferred from the staminate flower of
one "dioecious" plant to the pistillate
flower of the other. After the act of
pollination is performed the flowers are
covered with the paper sacks, and the
operation completed by affixing a small
tag- bearing essential data.

Nearly everyone knows the beautiful
Primrose, Primula obconica, a plant
commonly grown in a great many
homes. I have chosen this plant as an
illustration on account of that fact, to
show the possibilities of practical plant
breeding.

It is plainly evident from Figure i
that great improvement has taken place.
The small flower represents the original
species ; the medium one, that of an
improved variety called gigantea; and
the large flower that of a cross between
Primula obconica and Primula megasae-
folia. Although the flowers of the hy-
brid were not larger than tho.se of the
variety gigantea originally, this enor-
mous size has been attained by selection
through several generations, plants pos-
sessing the largest flowers having been
.selected for seed. Up to date each suc-
ceeding generation has given us larger
flowers than its progenitor.

The plant is very floriferous, and the
umbellato inflorescences, which are re-
markably large and borne on long, rigid
stems, measuring in some cases 18
inches, are most desirable as cut flowers.
In this respect a new feature is intro-
duced. Figure 2 speaks plainer than
words.

{To he continued)

Fall Care of Roses

Wn. Hoot, 0. A. C, Gnelph, Ont

Bush roses should have a banking of
earth placed around them toward the
end of the month, or early in November
before hard frosts set in. The earth
should be banked up in a conical form
eight to ten inches high around the plant
and patted down firmly with a spade,
so as to pitch off the moisture. Late in
November or early in December some
straw or strawy manure, three or four
inches in depth, should be placed on top
of this. This latter covering should not
be put on too early. It can be left until
the first light snow has fallen. By leav-
ing the covering off until late, the wood
or growth becomes thoroughly ripened.

T'^a roses or Hybrid Teas require
rather more darfe in prtotectihg them
during winter than do hybrid perpetuals.
Instead of putting the loose strawy
covering over them, it is best to tie
the growth up in a bunch rather closely,
and then thatch it wiith long straw,
binding it around with strong twine.
The straw should be put on in such a
way as to exclude and pitch off all
moisture. Putting dry autumn leaves

around the plants and then covering them
with an inverted sugar or flour barrel is
a good method of covering tender roses.
This method is, howevet, very un-
sightly on a lawn.

OLIMBINQ E0SE8
Climbing ro.ses should be taken down
from the trellis they are trained on, and
the canes laid down as close to the
ground as possible without breaking
them. About the end of October is a
good time to lay them down. Strawy
manure, or straw, may be used for a
covering for climbing roses. This
should not be put on until quite late in
November, for the reasons before men- .
tioned. The covering should be about
two or three inches in depth. Dry
leaves may be used first with a light
covering of strawy manure over them to
keep them in place. There is some ob-
jection to leaves on account of harbor-
ing mice. Corn stalks should never be
u.sed for the same reason.

Green pine or spruce boughs make a
good covering for roses. A light cover-
ing of soil can also be made use of. The
latter sometimes causes damage to the
canes from the weight, and if the sea-
son should be mild and wet, soil often
induces mildew, and keeps the canes too
green and soft by the exclusion of air,
and the retention of too much moisture.
Some material that will aff'ord a slight
protection, admit air, and help to hold
the snow around the plants is the best
material for protecting climbing roses in
winter.

Planting Roses

W. G. McKeadrick, Toronto, Ont.

November in Toronto, is the best month
to plant or transplant roses, as the
wood is well ripened and the roots take
hold and start off quicker than if planted
in April, when most of my planting has
been done. If you cannot plant in No-
vember, April or even May will give
splendid results and lots of flowers if two
year old roses are purchased. If budded
roses are planted, place the joint from
one to two inches below the surface and

^Klo

Plants should have a rest, and that is

accomplished by withholding water,

lowering the temperature in which they

row and not giving them any stimu-

nt. — E. F. Collins, Toronto.

Sweet Pea*, Seven Feet High, Grown by Arthur Walker, Cobourg, Ont.

26o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 1911

compact the soil firmly with the foot.

When planting roses cut off any in-
jured parts of roots and cut back the tops
to from three to seven inches above
ground. The second year prune in the
spring as soon as the buds begin to
show. If you want good roses cut them
ruthlessly down to within a few inches
of the ground and just above an outside
bud, as inside buds will spoil the sym-
metry of the plant and not let the sun
and air into the centre of the plant. The
weaker the plant the harder it should
be pruned.

Climbing roses need little pru/ning,
except to cut off the dead wood. After
a main shoot of these climbers has

bloomed for say two seasons, it is ad-
visable to cut it off close to the main
root immediately after it has bloomed,
so that a new shoot or two will be grown
to take its place with fresh flowering
wood to give the next season's flowers.
Each variety should have a good, per-
manent label of wood painted white and
the name legibly written with an indel-
Tble pencil and wired with good copper
wire, and it will last for years. An ordi-
nary wood label with ordinary wire will
become weather-worn in one season, and
the wire will rust off during the winter,
and unless you have a plan of your rose
bed you are at a loss to know what your
roses are the next spring.

Growing Bulbs in Fibre

John Gall

AS large numbers of flower lovers are
practically unable to procure suit-
able soil for the planting of bulbs
in pots, a few articles regarding the new
method, known as "culture in prepared
fibre," may be of considerable interest to
dwellers in towns and Qthers. This meth-
od, if carefully managed, gives excellent
results, and as there is nothing difficult
about it, every one may give it a trial.
Any kind of bowl or dish will suit, pro-
viding it is not less than three or four
inches deep. In mostly all seed stores
may be purchased vessels made spec-
ially for this method of culture, and the
prepared fibre may be got at the same
place.

PEE PARING THE FIBRE

It is often found that the fibre has got
into rather a lumpy state, so it should
be pulled or rubbed with the hands so as
to get it into a nicely usable form. After
the mass has been thus prepared, take a
fine-rosed watering pan and sprinkle
lightly with water; then mix with the
hands, and if necessary add a little more
water. What is to be aimed at is to get
the fibre just nicely moist, but not soak-
ing wet. This is of the very greatest
importance, so if by any chance the ma-
terial is made too wet spread it out for
a day or so to dry somewhat.

PLANTING THE BULBS

Having got the fibre in proper shape,
fill the bowls or other dishes to about an
inch and a half from the tops, and then
gently press the bulbs into this, but on
no account make the material hard by
unduly pressing it with the fingers. Fill
in a little more of the fibre, so as just to
cover the tops of the bulbs, leaving of
course, a little space for watering. A few
smart taps on the table will settle the
material nicely around the bulbs without
the necessity of pressing much with the
fingers. If the potting material is in a
nicely moist state, as described above,
then no water should be given.

The bowls should be placed in a per-

, Weston

fectly dark but rather airy place. Those
having a garden could set the bulbs out-
side and cover them over with sand, and
when so treated no further attention will
be necessary for about six weeks in the
case of tulips, hyacinths and crocuses,
and twelve weeks in the case of daffo-
dils. If kept indoors the dishes must be
examined about once a week, so as to
ascertain the condition of the potting
material. If it appears to be getting dry
give a little water, but do not soak it.
If at any time it should chance that too
much water has been given, tilt the dish
gently, holding one hand over the mouth
to prevent the bulbs from falling out,
and so allow all the surplus moisture
to escape.

If these few simple details be followed
success is almost certain. The chief
point to bear in mind is to keep the fibre
just nicely moist from the time of pot-
ting until the flowers fade.

SUITABLE BULBS

While the bulk of bulbs will succeed
partially, there are a few that give very
best results if fair treatment is meted
out. The following may be relied on and
should be used by the beginner until he
sees how he succeeds :

Hyacinths — White Roman, Schotel,
L 'Innocence, Jacques, and any of the
miniature varieties fancied.

Tulips — Vermilion, Prince of Austria,
Yellow Prince and Brilliant.

Daffodils — Sir Watkin, Empress,
Queen of Spain, Emperor and Henry
Irving.

Crocuses — Sir Walter Scott, May and
John Bright.

Early potting gives best results, and
I would advise that all be got in not later
than the third week in November.

Sweet Pea Culture

W. T. Macoun, C. E. F., Ottawa.

The Sweet Pea is the most popular
annual grown at Ottawa. Its popular-
ity is well merited for it possesses mo^t
of the qualities which are desirable in
flower — grace of form, delicacy and vri
iety of coloring, long stem for cuttin^
and a profusion of bloom from early
summer until late autumn.

The soil should be prepared for sweet
peas in the autumn to obtain the best
results. Soils dug in the spring with
the seed sown immediately, in man
cases remain loose when there is n<
much rain during the spring, months, an<l
they dry out much easier than they would
if they were more compact. My advi'
would be to prepare the soil for sw( .
f)eas in the autumn, thoroughly spadin;,'
a trench about two feet wide and a foot
deep, and working through it some well
rotted manure. This soil w'ill become
thoroughly pulverized by the frost of
winter and by planting time in .spring
will settle down sufficiently to make a
fairly compact, though by no means
hard, bed.

Of almost equal importance to a cool
soil is abundance of sunlight. Sweet
peas do not do well in shade, and just in
proportion to the amount of sunlight the
plants receive so will be the success, all
other things being equal.

The sweet pea requires moisture and
coolness in order to develop a good
root system and a good root system
means good plants and good flowers.
Therefore, where it is possible a site for
sweet peas should be chosen where the
soil is naturally cool.. A natural cool
soil is usually one where there is a con-
stant supply of moisture during the sum-
mer months. No amount of surface wat-
ering can make up for the lack of a cool
soil, although good results are obtain-
ed by artificial watering even in dry,
warm soils. While the soil should be
cool and retentive of moisture it should
be well drained as sweet peas like most
garden flowers will not thrive in water-
soaked ground.

Sweet peas do not require as rich soil
as is generally supposed. The sweet pea
belongs to the family of plants known
as the leguminosae, which are noted for
the vigorous growth they make on land
which is what is known as light soil.
Clover, beans and garden peas are all of
this nature. They obtain much of their
nitrogen from the arr, hence highly nit-
rogenous soils are not necessary for
sweet peas.

Roses are particularly impatient of
stagnant water about their roots, and
no manner of treatment will ensure suc-
cess till the ground is thoroughly
drained.

No gardener can dispense with the use-
ful hoe in his endeavor to keep down
the weeds and to loosen the surface of the
soil, especially when heavy rains pack
the ground. — H. M. Speechly, Pilot
Mound, Man.

November, igii

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

261

Exhibit af Ottawi Branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growtri' AiiccialicB at Ccatrai Canada Fxhibitioo, Ottawa

Screening Cabbage Seed Beds

I

EXPERIMENTS have been con-
ducted for four years by the Gen-
eva, New York, Experiment Sta-
tion, in the use of cheese cloth for the
protection of cabbage seed-beds against
insect injuries. The results of the ex-
periments are set out in Bulletin 334.
The bulletin says in part :

The experience of farmers during the
past four years, has shown conclusively
that the use of tight frames, covered
with cheesecloth, will entirely prevent
injury by the cabbage-maggot. The use
of certain grades of cheesecloth will help
to prevent injury by the flea-beetle.
Plants raised under cloth grow fafeter
during most seasons and attain the size
desired for transplanting about ten days
or two weeks sooner than plants grown
in open beds. The extra cost of screen-
ing plants in these trial seed-beds by
ten different growers, ranged from six
to twenty cents per thousand plants.
These figures are based on very conser-
vative estimates of the number of plants
produced, with full allowance for the
various items of expense. In the opin-
ion of many of the growers who have
u.sed screens for several years, the extra
cost of the cheesecloth is more than met
by the saving in seed.

The plants grown under screens have
good roots so that they start quickly
when transplanted, while plants grown
in the open are liable to suffer a varying
amount of root injury, even in years
when there is only a mild infestation of
maggots. In addition some cabbage
growers prefer to screen their beds be-
cause they may obtain sets earlier than
can be grown in open beds. Usually

the cabbages that are set early are the
first harvested, and it happens frequently
that the first sales in the fall bring a
better price than the regular crop.

The screened plants are more tender
than those not screened, but experience
has shown that by removing the cover
a week or ten days before transplanting
the seedlings become sufficiently hard-
ened so that there is very little difference
in the growth of the .sets in the field.

SCREENING SUGGESTIONS

The seed-bed should be located on a
fertile, well-drained soil, where there can
be no accumulation of water or washing
under the frame by rains. It is also de-
sirable to locate the bed on land known
to be free from v.eeds, anc* injurious in-
sects such as wire worms and white
grubs. The ground should certainly be
free from the disease known as club-
root. The soil should be thoroughly cul-
tivated so that it is in good physical
condition at seeding time. It is custom-
ary to apply liberal amounts of high-
grade commercial fertilizer. The .seed
should be drilled rather thickly, in rows
six or eight inches apart.

When the early varieties of cabbage
are to be grown, the seed should be
planted during the first part of May, or
even earlier, whereas such varieties as
Danish should be planted about May 15.
Before the seed is drilled, the crrners
of the bed should be staked, so that the
frame can be built and the cheesecloth
applied before the plants come up. This
is important as the cloth prevents the
soil from baking and conserves the
moisture ; also if the screeing is delayed
until after the plants come up, the plants

are subject to injury by the flea-beetle..
Six-inch boards will serve for the frame,
though some growers u.se eight and ten-
inch boards with satisfaction.

The cloth should not sag and rest on
the plants. This may be prevented by
stretching several lengths of wire from
end to end of the bed. The wires
should not be more than four or five feet
apart. The wire can be supported on
stakes to which it is held by staples. It
is preferable that galvanized wire and
staples be used as rusty wire wears holes
in the cloth at the point of contact. All
openings under the frame, due to un-
evenness in the soil, should be filled by
banking the earth against the boards.
To harden the plants so that they will
not wilt beyond recovery when set in
the field, the cheesecloth should be re-
moved a week or ten days before trans-
painting.

It is well to examine the soil about the
plants at intervals of .several days after
they have been uncovered to ascertain
if eggs are being deposited. If the
eggs are numerous the plants should be
transplanted as soon as possible, the
earth being shaken from the roots, which
will dislodge most of the eggs or young
maggots. When the plants have reach-
ed a desirable size they should be trans-
planted, as they are liable to grow too
long and spindling.

Keeping Tomatoes for Seed

What is the method of keeping- tomatoes
for seed and also the best way of preserv-
ingf the seeds during- the winter? — R. C,
Montreal West, Que.

To keep tomato seed all that is neces-
sary is to have it perfectly dry to start
with and keep it in a dry place and not
within reach of mice. To secure the
seed, select typical, well-ripened ."speci-
mens and crush them up by placing the
mass in a dish to undergo fermentation.
This will take from two to three days,
depending upon the temperature and the
ripeness of the seed. The riper the seed
and the higher the temperature the
quicker the fermentation. This process
is necessary in order to easily separate
pulp from .seed. It is well to stir the
mass two or three times during fermen-
tation. After this the seed may be thor-
oughly washed through a sieve, and
after all of the pulp mass is removed
they are thoroughly dried in the sun. —
Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College.
Que.

A good roothouse can be made by dig-
ging a cellar four feet deep and con-
structing over it a house well roofed with
cedar. Around the sides, bank with
earth about two and a half feet deep,
using sods as the first tier, next to the
wood. Keep the house dark, but venti-
late every twelve feet. — Jas. Guthrie,
Dixie, Ont.

262

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist

Published by The Horticultural
Publishing Company* Limited

IPBM^KRBORO, ONTARIO

The Only Horticultural Magazine

in the Dominion

Official Organ of the Ontario, Qubbrc, New

Brunswick and Prince Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronbon Cowan, Manatring Director

1. The Camadlan Horticulturist is published
on the 25th day of the month preceding date of
issue.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great
Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For
United States and local subscriptions in Petcr-
boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents
extra a year, including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amounts le«s than
$1.00.

4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers
axe held responsible until all arrearages are
paid and their paper ordered to be discontin-
ued.

5. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

6. Advertising Bates quoted on application.
Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
will be thankfully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist for the year ending with December. 1910.
The figures given are exclusive of samples and
eipoiled copies. Most months, including the
sample copies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to i>eo-
ple known to be interested in the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetables:

January, 1910 8,925

February, 1910 8,967

March, 1910 9,178

April, 1910 9,410

May, 1910 9,505

June, 1910 9,723

July, 1910 9,300

August, 1910 8,832

September, 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8,662

1O8.809

Average each issue In 1907, 6,627

" " 1908, 8,695

" " 1909, 8,970

" 1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed

upon application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advextisers with our assurance of the adver-
tisers' reUabiUty. We trv to admit to onr col-
umns only the most reliable axivertisers. Should
any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to
be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives
from any of our advertisers, we will look into
the matter and investigate the circumstances
fully. Should we find reason, evem in the
slightest degree, we will discontinue im-
mediately the publication of their advertise-
ments in The Horticulturist. Should the cir-
cumstances warrant, we will expose them
through the columns of the paper. Thus we
will not only protect our readers, but our repu-
table advertisers as well. All that is necessary
to entitle you to the benefit of this Protective
Policy is that you include in all your letters to
advertisers the words. "I saw your ad. in The
Canadian Horticulturist." Complaints should be
made to us as soon as possible after reason for
dissatisfaction has been found.

Communications should be addressed,

THE CANADIAN HORTICUITTURIST,

PETBEBOEO, ONTARIO.

OUR NEW MINISTER

The ai)poiiitmeiit of Martin Burroll,
M.P., of Grand Fork.s, B.C., as Dominion
Minister of Agriculturo, should mean much
to the fruit interests of the Dominion. The
former Minister of Agriculture, Honorable
Sydney Fisher, repr&sented a dairy con-
stituency and a dairy province. Under his
administration the dairy industry was pro-
moted in many ways. The fruit indu.stry
was materially helped also, especially by
the parsing of the Fruit MarkJs Act, but
many felt that possibly it did not receive
the attention in some other ways that it
might have been given.

Our new minister of agriculture repre-
sents a constituency and a province in
which the fruit interests are the chief agri-
cultural factor. While we may expect that
all branches of agriculture will receive their
full fhare of attention at his hands, we may
rest assured that the fruit interests of the
Dominion will be given every consideration
under his administration. At one time
Honorable Mr. Burrell was favorable to the
fruit division being separated from the
dairy division and placed under the man-
agement of an independent commissioner.
This possibly may be done. We may expect
also that conferences of fruit growers from
the different provinces will be held more
frequently hereafter than they have been
in the past. Should these be held regular-
ly, even only every three years, they would
lie a great " benefit to the fruit interests.
The holding of national fruit shows may
also be encouraged. There is much that
may be done for the fruit interests, and
Hon. Martin Burrell may be depended upon
to give them every consideration.

LOOK OUT FOR FRAUDS

This is a season of the year when we
should be on the lookout for fraudulent
nursery agents. Almost every year some
new method of gulling some at least of the
public seems to be devised by sharpers who
represent themselves as agents for known
and unknown nursery concerns. These
agents frequently come to Canada after
having worked their game successfully in
the United States. Only last week the Ohio
Experiment Station found it necessary to
issue a warning against agents who were
selling one year seedling nursery stock.

The public should be on its guard against
men who pretend to have some new and
wonderful variety of vegetable or fruit, and
.should in.'ist on being shown reports by ex-
Deriment stations showing that the stock
has been tested and proved to be worthy.
Onr reliable nurserv firms make it a point
to equip their agents with credentials which
may be seen upon request. There is no
reason Why any person, other than those
unduly anxious to get rich quick, should
be gulled by these frauds.

PREMIUM LISTS

Each year many of the horticultural socie-
ties in Ontario distribute lists of premiums
among their members. The preparation of
these lists envolves much labor and thought
on the part of the officers of the .societies.
Some societies which are fortunate enough
to have experts and enthusiasts among
their officers, who are willing to devote con-
siderable time to this work, issue much bet-
ter lists than are distributed by other

societies. The different societies would Iw
greatly helped each year did they have the
privilege of seeing the lists issued by other
societies. How would it do for the seer?
tary of the Ontario Horticultural As,'Ocia-
tion to collect a number of the»>e lists and
I)ublish them in connection with the annual
report of the association.

The horticultural societies of Ontario will
be holding their annual me<!ting8 in Novem-
ber. Many of them will ajjpoint delegates
to attend the annual convention of the
Horticultural A'sociation that will be held
in Toronto this month. Were any consider-
able number of the societies to make a
recommendation to this effect we fe<d sure
that their recommendation would be acted
upon. Here is an opporunity for the tak-
ing of action that should prove helpful to
all our .societies.

STARTING A LIBRARY

. Last month we suggested that the Ontario
Horticultural Association might well under-
take the offering of prizes for the best
essays by members of horticultural societie.s
on the growing of flowers as was done this
year through the private efforts of Mr
Hermann Simmers, of Toronto, and Mr. R.
B. Whyte, of Ottawa. In the event of this
proposal being acted uiK)n, we would like
to suggest further that the competition
should l)e made an annual event.

Prizes could l>e offered one year for the
best essays on the growing of roses. The
prize-winning essays could then be pub-
lished in the annual report of the Horticul-
tural Association. The next year prizes
oould be offered for the best essays on the
growing of some other variety of flowers,
such as sweet peas, bulbs, geraniums or any
one of many others. By publishing the
prize-winning assays each year in the re-
port of the association, these reports would
become very valuable, and members of the
horticultural societies would be encouraged
to pre,serv6 them. Tn the cotirse of a few
yeans the reports would become valuable a.*
a reference library that would contain full
directions in regard to the best methods of
culture of practically all the leading varie-
ties of flowers. The expense connected
with such a competition each year would be
light. We trust that the association will
decide to act upon this suggestion and to
improve upon it in such ways as its officers
may suggest.

TIME TO PROTEST

A vigorous protest should be lodged in
connection with the management of the hor-
ticultural building of the Canadian Nation-
al Exhibition, Toronto. This building was
erected at the request of the fruit, flower,
and vegetable growers. ^Tien it was com-
pleted it was understood that it would be
used solely for their purjioses. At first this
was done. During the past couple of
years, however, the management of the ex-
hibition ha.s located the provincial exhibits
in this building, with the results that this
year the vegetable and much of the fruit
exhibits had to be displayed in tents ctut-
.side where thousands of people who visited
the horticultural building did not see them.

Some years ago a dairy building was
erected to accommodate the dairy exhibits.
Year by year, however, the exhibitors of
dairy appliances and dairy nroducts have
been forced to show their exhib-ts in other
buildings, while space in the dairv building
proper has been given over to the sale of
ice-cream and to other concessions not en-
titled to such consideration. The dairy
building in consequence has lost much of its
value to those intere-sted in the dairy in-
dustrv. Unless our fruit, flower and vege-

November, 191 1

THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTUEIST

263

m

table growers take concerted and vigorous
action immediately the- are likely to lose
the use of the horticultural biiilding for the
purpose for which it was intended. They
should refuse to be put off with promises,
and insist on being granted their full rights
in connection with next year's exhibition.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

OUR ISSUES FOR 1912

Last month we told our readers that we
were planning a series of articles on the
growing of fruit, flowers and vegetables for
each issue of The Canadian Horticulturist
during 1912. Our plans in regard to these
issues are now practically completed. Lead-
ing growers in all parts of Canada have
promised to contribute the special articles
for which we have asked, and thus we are
assured, that the various issues of The
Canadian Horticulturist next year will bo
incomparably the best we have ever pub-
lished. , • 1_ J.U

During the year we will publish three
special issues. These will include the Feb-
ruary number, which will be devoted to
spraying, both in the orchard and garden.
The April number will be our first garden
annual, and the September issue our second
special packing number. Space does not
permit of our giving an outline in this issue
of all the special articles which will bo
published in the various departments of all
twelve issues next year. Suffice it to say
that timely articles on fruit growing will

I

Why Do They Pay It?

A single full-page advertisement in
some of the leading magazines costs
anywhere from $1,000 to $7,000, "f
more. A one-inch advertisement in
these magazines costs as high as
$140 for a single issue.

Numerous firms in Canada and the
United States spend annually from
$100,000 to several times that amount
for the sole purpose of telling people
abo\4t their goods, through different
forms of advertising.

A concern must have a lot of con-
fidence in the goods they sell v*(hen
they will spend such sums of money
to let people know about them. Well
they know that people will not con-
tinue to buy their goods if these
goods do not give satisfaction. Can
you imagine shrewd business men
continuing to spend large sums of
money to advertise their goods if they
did not KNOW that these goods were
the very best they could produce,
and that they were giving satisfac-
tion to customers.

When an advertiser CONTINUES
to use good-sized advertising space
to promote the sale of his goods, it
is the best possible guarantee we
can have that his goods are reliable.
The loss to the individual purchaser
is not to be compared to the loss to
the advertiser, if his goods do not
please his customers.

Advertisers in The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist are paying their money
for the privilege of telling you about
their goods, or the service they have
to offer you. They believe in their
goods. We believe in them, too, else
these advertisements would not be
appearing in The Canadian Horticul-
turist.

and by a number of successful amateur
flower growers will appear from month to
month. Among these special articles will
be some devoted to the fighting of insect
pests, the use of fertilizers and timely
planting tables.

Special articles have been arranged also
for the vegetable department for each issue
of the year. These will deal with the use
of fertilizers, methods of cultivation, the
growing of special crops, spraying and
fumigating for insects and other timely and
valuable subjects.

This year some fiftv horticultural socie-
ties in Ontario subscribed for The Canadian
Horticulturist for all their members. We
can assure these societies and any others
which may decide to follow their example,
that if tiiey decide to subscribe for The
Canadian Horticulturist again next year
they will give their members unusual value
for their money. In spite of these and
other improvements, we are planning for
1912,thesubscription price of The Canadian
Horticulturist will remain as at present
only sixty cents a year, or two years for one
dollar, with special rates for horticultural
societies and fruit growers afsociations.

Htiorable Martio Bnrrell

Dominion Minister of Agricnilure

Canada's new Do-ninion Minister of Agricul-
ture is a practical fruit-grower. Born in 1858
at Farington, Berks. England, he came to Can-
ada in 1883. A horticulturist in vocation, he
tried farming in the Niagara Peninsula, and did
considerable work as a farmers' institute lec-
turer, but later the productive areas of south
ern British Columbia attracted him. In 1899 he
became associated with the fruit industry
around Grand Forks. B. C. where he conduct-
ed a large fruit ranch that has been looked
upon as being a model. An illustration of this
orchard appeared in our April issue, and an
article by Mr. Burrell. describing it, in our
August number. He also established a nursery,
and is a member of the British Columbia
Board of Horticulture, and has frequently acted
as a judge at fruit fairs, including Vancouver s
big apple show.

be published from the pens of fruit growers
in all the leading fruit provinces and from
government authorities, practically all of
whom have national reputations.

In the floral department there will be a
series of twelve articles, one appearing in
each issue, describing leading gardens in
various cities and towns. The first of
these articles will appear in our January
issue. It will describe the garden of Lady
Grey at Ottawa, now the garden of the
Duchess of Connaught. It will be written
by Mr. 'W. T. Macoun, of the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, who helped Lady
Grey to plan and arrange it. Gardens
owned and conducted by amateurs will be
described in later issues by such well-known
contributors, among others, as Miss M. E.
Blacklock, of Toronto, and Mr. Buck, of
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

In each issue throughout the year will ap-
pear a page of timely suggestions for
amateur flower growers. This material will
be furnished during the first six months of
the year by Mr. E. I. Mepsted, of Ottawa,
a past president of the Ottawa Horticul-
tural Society, during the following three
months bv Mr, H. E. Gould, of Sussex, New
Brun.swick, one of the best known writers
on floral subjects in Canada, and during
the last three months of the year by Mr.
J. McPherson Ross, of Toronto, whose
ability as a writer is well-known to readers
of The Canadian Horticulturist

In addition to the foregoing article.s,
special articles of a timely nature by such
well-known contributors as Mr. Wm. Hunt,
of the Ontario Agricultural College; Mrs.
A L Jack, C1iate<iuay Basin, Que.; John
Cavers, Oakville; E. F. Collins, Toronto,

SOCIETY NOTES

lut^ We invite the officers of Hortl- [yp

SS cultural Societies to send In ehort, ag

IU5 pithy reports of work that would In- mc.

^ terest members of other Hortlcnltu- 3^

[US ral Societies. ^

Horticultural Convention

Each year the annual convention of the
Ontario Horticultural Association grows in
interest and importance. This year's prom-
ises to be no exception. It will be held in
the City Hall, Toronto, Thursday and Fri-
day, November 16 and 17. At the opening
session Thursday afternoon ^'11 ■'e ffi^fn
the address of the president, R. B. Whyte,
Ottawa; the report of the treasurer, U.
B Cowan, Peterboro, and the report of
the superintendent of horicultural societies,
J Lockie 'Wilson, Toronto. Addr^ses will
be given also on "Sweet Peas, Varieties
and Cultivation," bv T. D Dockray T<^
ronto, and on "The School Garden, by
Harvey Gayman of Jordan Harbor.

Thursday evening addresses will be given
by Hon. J. S. Duff. Minister of Agricul-
ture, and by Mr^. Dunnington-Grubb of
London, Eng., on "The Modern Home and
the Ga;den City Movement." This addreps
will be illustrated with ^^^^'^^'i^XlcIro
There will be an address also on "The Care
and Arrangement of Lawns, by J. a.
Thorne of New York. .

The Friday morning session will be d^
voted to the nomination of officers, tne
Orientation of reports and to »<^dress<ss on
•'tJniraea^ " by "W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, ana
on'^-^'Broldview Boys' Institiite and
Tte Field of Work." by the superintendent
C J. Atkinson. Toronto. 'The concluding

sessfon Friday ^««'-"«°" /■" "^Jr^ C
the election of officers and addr^ bv C. C

James, C.M.G., I>?P«*y ^'"'f "..cLrants
cultur4, Toronto. An address on ^""""^
and S^seberries" will be pven bv R^ B^
Whvte, and one on "Gladiolus," . by John
Cav^ Oakville. There will be sing e fare
ra^ to the convention from all points in
Onttrio A large attendance, especially on
Sie part of members of horticultural so«-
eties, is expected.

Nomenclature Committc

A meeting of the Nomenclature Commit-
tee of Se Ontario Horticultural As»oc.ation

(Continued on page v)

264

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

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THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

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266

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

Notes on the Old Country Markets

W. A. MacKinnon, Canadian

IN no other market of the world isthoques-
tion of packing and packages so impor-
tant as in Englnnd, where purchasers of
all classes of goods are accustomed to
soG them pvit up attractively as well as sub-
stantially. This is particularly the case
with fruit, whether it be the package used
in transit or that in which it is displayed
for sale, and it is on this .^ide that compe-
tent observers declare Canadians to be be-
hind some of their competitors.

A few words, theroforo. on the various
packages seen on the British market may
not he amiss, even though it would not be
desirable in every case for Canadians to
copy the methods of the Old Country or of
other competitors.

SMALL FRUITS

Taking first small fruit, such as straw-
berries, raspberries and currants, the pop-
ular package used in the home market is
what is known as the "chip," an oblong
basket commonly measuring twelve inches
bv six .and one-half inches and holding
about six potmds of fruit, provided with a
handle of wood or metal. These are, in
fact, very similar to Canadian ten-pound
grape baskets, but slightly wider, shallow-
er and shorter. Strawberries are picked
direct into these baskets, and are some-
times shipped away without any covering.
At tthe most a piece of thin pink or white
paper is placed over the fruit, the edges
turned down and tied with string running
round the outside of the basket.

The old mf<thod consisted of ipacking and
shipping the fruit on wooden trays, holding
twelve pounds each, which trays were re-
turnable bv the railways. The "chip" is
considered in every way superior to the

Trade Comn\ission, England

tray, whether for berries or for currants.

Frentih shippers send to this market large
quantities of strawberries packed in small
wooden boats, which consi.st simply of a
flat bottom with sides and ends sloping out-
wards, barge-like. These are -filled with
fruit and (then tied together in pairs, each
forming, an it were, & cover for the other.
The "boat" holds from three to four pounds
of fruit, and owing to its .solidity and the
ease with which the double package can
be tossed from hand to hand in trans-ship-
ment (there being no vacant space to allow
play for the fruit) this style of package
seems quite popular, and was s<trongly sup-
ported at a recent meeting of fruit grow-
ers, convened to consider the question of
improvements.

PLUMS

English plums are usually sent to market
in round .and rather shallow wicker bas-
kets. They are called "half-sieves" or
"half-bushels," and hold about twenty-four
pounds of plums. They usually have the
najne of the dealer printed on the outside,
and are called "retturnables," as they have
to be sent back to tha dealer, having cost
him about one shilling each. This kind
of package is also very popular for goose-
berries, best pears and cherries.

Choice plums have been shioped some-
what extensively from South Africa here,
with success. They have been packed in
shallow wooden cases about three inches
deep, well protected with wood-"'.vool at top
and bottom of case, each fruit being
wrapped in paper.

The package considered most suitable for
peaches is the shallow wooden case about
four inches deep. The bottom should be

covered with a thick pad of fine wood-wo'
on which the peaches are placed, ea.
wrapped in paper, and separated from on.
another by little pads of the packing ma-
terial. Another layer of wood-wool shon'-'
cover all.

Holland has been sending peaches to t)
mirket, and on the whole the experim* )
was proved successful. They also adopt<
the single layer package now so popular,
but used a different kind of packing. In-
stead of wood-wool, cotton-wool was uti-
lized. The boxes were first of all lined mitb
this material ; then each peach was wrapp<- '
in it, and wads of the same placed betwc.
as a protection againsft bruising. Tli
packing material, however, is consider,
here to be much too "heating," and tl..
wood-wool is declared to be superior in
every way.

PEARS

Home-grown pears are packed in the
same way as plums — in round, shallow
wicker baskets — and it is said thait it will
be difficult to improve on this kind of pack-
age.

French pears come to England packed in
two-layer wooden cases, commonly made of
.slat-wood, holding ahout twelve pounds of
fruit. The pears are placed on a bed of
wood-wool and covered with another layer
Afore pears, are placed on top of this, and
a further pad of wood-wool covers all.
These pears carry very well, but some re-
ceivers would prefer that each fruit should
be wrapped in paper.

As is very well known to Canadian ex-
porters, quite the most familiar package
for apples in these markets is the barrel,
which occurs in three types — the flat-
hooped Canadian barrel, the Nova Scotia
spruce barrel with half-round hoops, and
the Tnited States barrel, which is simi-

THE

CANADIAN NURSERY CO.

Hardy Northern Grown Nursery Stock

10 PHILLIPS PLACE, MONTREAL

LIMITED

Ornamental Trees
Deciduous Shrubs
Evergreen Shrubs
Fruit Trees

Strawberries and

Small Fruits
Vines and Hedges
Hardy Roses
Conifers, etc., etc.

Only those Plants sufficiently robust for
our northern climate are grown. All
Stock guaranteed. Full directions given.

NURSERIES: POINTE CLAIRE, 14 MILES FROM MONTREAL

On main line of Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways

Over Fifty Trains Daily ensure unsurpassed
shipping facilities. Private siding. Plans and
Estimates submitted for Gardens, Grounds
and Landscapes. Catalogue on Application

A Pew Reliable Salesmen Wanted

Good Supplies Wanted For

CHRISTMAS TRADE

And Likely to Command a Good Market

YOUR CONSIGNMENTS of good fruit
in boxes and barrels solicited.
Every shipment receives personal
care so as to yield the utmost cent.
Proceeds remitted by mail immediately
goods realized, or sent by cable if
desired. Ship via GLASGOW, LIVER-
POOL or LONDON, or direct steamer
of THOMSON LINE.

JAMES MARSHALL

12 REGENT QUAY

ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND

CABLES— HALCYON Use A. B. C. Code, 5th Edition

November, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

267

lar to that used in Ontario but. like the
Nova Sootia barrel, slightly smaller. Of
tlm package little need be said beyond the
fact that for the great bulk of the ordinary
crop of every year it is perhaps the best
that can bo devisod. The u.se of eight hoops
instead of the ordinary six is well worth
the extra cost, both as producing a firmer
and more rigid barrel and as providing
most effective insurance against collapse of
the package through the breaking of a
single hoop.

BRITISH-MADE P.4CKAGES

By way of contrast, the homo-made pack-
ages found in this market may be men-
tioned. They vary greatly in size, shape
and material, but for the most part are of
the hamper type, being closely woven,
.■•quare-cornered wicker baskets, unprovided
as a rule with covers. These hampers are
lined with straw or other soft material, and
the fruit appears to be poured in without
any attempt at arrangement or packing,
though indeed it is sometimes the case that
the best fruit is reserved for the last, "top-
ping off" the package most effectively.

In such packages as these some of the
best home-grown fruit is offered for the
markets. Even Ireland, which is beginning
to produce some excellent varieties and to
make good profits, does not seem to have
seriously considered the desirability of
adopting a package which will show th«
fruit at its be^t. There is no possible doubt
that English and Irish apples would bring
a much higher price if growers took the
same trouble to grade and pack them as
they do with smaller fruits.

THE FORTY-POnND BOX

At the other extreme from the careless
style and methods of English packers, is
the product of those who have adopted vari-
ations of the standard forty-pound box as
known in Canada. Many of Canada's

keenest competitors use this package to
the oxclusion of all others. Beginning near
home are the shippers of the Oregon New-
town Pippin, looked upon by many as the
finest dessert apple that can be purchased
in this country. These are never sent in
anything but the box, neatly packed in rows
and tiers, the number of the latter being
indicated on the outside of the package.
California Newtowns, inferior to those from
Oregon and bringing shillings less per box
in the market, are also carefully put up,
each fruit being wrapped in paper, and the
box exactly filled with specimens of a near-
ly uniform size. Australia has a somemhat
similar package though frequently of
rougher and harder wood, making not so
good an appearance, and South Africa has
followed suit to such good purpose, that
many consider the South African packing
to be the best in the world.

As pointed out in a recent report by the
Acting Trade Commissioner for Manches-
ter, the trade in boxed apples is visiblv and
vastly increasing every year, and yet Can-
ada has almost no uart in this increase.
Wliatever may be said for the fact that im-
porters here are accustomed to and there-
fore prefer Canadian apples in barrels, it
is obvious that the same fact holds good for
United States fruit in general, yet this has
proved no ob.staclp to the Oregon and Cali-
fornia packers who find ready market for
their goods, though never put up in harrels.
It may be said at once that the difference
lies in the fact that the .latter ship nothing
but choice fruit, and therein does indeed
lie the secret, though it caJinot be truth-
fully asserted that Californian consignments
contain no inferior lots. Still, in the main,
it is true that the British storekeeper or
consumer likes to find in a box only care-
fully selected first quality fruit.

No Canadian who knows the conditions

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE : ONT,

Paeonies

Iris

Perennial Phlox

. Delphiniums

Shasta Daisies

Kniphofia

Heleniums

Etc. Etc. Etc.

JOHN CAVERS

-f-M-M-H-M-H

J. O. SIMS

:: FRUIT BROKER AND AUCTIONEER ::

For SIXTEEN years I have received
enormous consignments of APPLES from

Nova Scotian growers and Associations,
always giving complete satisfaction to
senders.

: : Your Consignments Are Solicited ] [

Best Sales, Personal Attention and
Promptest Returns Guturanteed

Offlcee, Warehouses and Wharf :
IS Slon«7 St, Borough Market, Ltndog, S.E.
SaU Roomi: 18 Puililing'Lane, London, E.C

i

PEDIGREED PEABS

If you do not believe there is any difference between
scrub livestock and thoroughbred animals, you will never
appreciate the difference between AUBURN PEDIGREED TREES
and ordinary trees Our trees are bred up from paren-
tal stock, which have proven that the faculties of both
quality and quantity are in them, and are sure to repeat
quality and quantity for you in your own orchard. Such
trees as these are worth buying and growing, because
you know that you are going to get great crops of quality.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

R. & W. Davidson

LIMIT

9 Virginia St., GLASGOW

LIMITED

Principal Branches :

49 Tooley St., London, S.E.
19 Mathew St., Liverpool

Also at :

MANCHESTER, LEEDS. BIRMING-
HAM. BRISTOL, NEWCASTLE-ON-
TYNE, and LEITH

Consignments of Canadian Apples, selected
winter varieties, in boxes, distributed direct to
buyers — not auctioned

Correspondence Invited

2b8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

WE BOTH WANT

THE BEST

YOU WANT

RETURNS

/ WANT

CONSIGNMENTS

LET'S GET TOGETHER

Being in touch with the best
apple buyers in the west of
England and selling direct I am
always able to obtain the highest
prices. Correspondence invited
either through my representative
G. C Williams, 83 Annette St.,
Toronto, or direct to

H. C. Williams

Nicholas Market, BRISTOL

Also at Walcot St., BATH

ENGLAND
Bankers : Union of London and Smith's

Cable Address "Apples" Bristol

APPLES

Bought, Sold and Handled on Consign-
ment for

ENGLAND, GERMANY AND
WESTERN CANADA

I Represent the Old Firms of

Ph. Asthelmer & Son, Hamburg, Ger.

Thomson & Mathieson, Glasgow

North of England Fruit Brokers,
Manchester

W. Dennis & Sons, London

D. Crossley & Sons, Liverpool

Also Firms in

Winnipeg, Brandon, Regina, Saskatoon
and Edmonton

For Information Call or Write

A. S. CHAPIN

APPLE BROKER

75 Yonge St., TORONTO

Phones— Main 3547, College 3307

would deny for a moment that Canada has
annually an immense quantity of strictly
first-class fruit to export. When it is urged
that she should take advantage of the in-
creasing demand for hoxed apple-s and se-
cure- her riRhtful share of this trade, it is
alH'ays and only intended that she should
adopt the small package for finest varieties
onlv and for carefully selected specimens
of these varieties.

It is only fair to state that British Co-
lumbia has~set an example which the rest of
Canada would do well to follow. The boxes
of British Columbia fruit are beautifully
pa'ked, and as the fruit itself is always
most carefully selected, these boxes have
established a reputation second to none in
Great Britain. The only complaint ever
heard is that so few of them are put up.

There may be many reasons whv British
Columbia, is not able to export larger quan-
tities of choice fruit packed in box&s, one
of which is the lucrative market offered in
the nearby Provinces of Alberta and Sas-
katchewan, but such reasons do not apply
as obstacles to Eastern Can.adian shippers
adopting the methods of the West. Obvi-
ously it will be quit« easy to lose money
through lack of care in selection or in pack-
ing the frtiit, but there is every reason to
suppose that any who undertake the matter
seriously and ship to this countrv forty-
pound boxes neat and attractive looking on
the outside and containinc nothing but
choice fruit, will undoubtedly reap a rich
reward.

REVIEW tm .4PPI/B SEASON

The following extracts from the first ap-
ple report of Messrs. Woodall & Co., for
the sea.'^on 1911-12, deal with the receipts
of last season and the prospects for that
which is beginning :

The receipts last season at Liverpool,
which lasted to the end of April, have been,
including boxes calculated at three to the
barrel, 638,373 barrels, as against 870.168
barrels during 1909-10. the total arrivals
into the United Kingdom being 1,642.202
barrels. The past season must be consid-
ered satisfactory to .shippers, as there was
a high range of prices, and towards the
close some record sales were made for bar-
rels.

The increased qumtitv of box apples,
mostlv California and Oregon, was again a
noticeable feature, beinrr approximately
.360,000 boxes, as against 170.000 boxes in
the season of 1909-10. The quality was gen-
erally satisfactory, the condition, with the
exceptions of a few occasional cars, were
good. There was an active demand tlirough-
out, and results should meet the approval
of shippers.

The prospects for the coming season may
be considered about an averac The early
marketing of English apples ri-iav perhaps
cause a loner opening range of prices, but
their quality doei? not compete when Amer-
ican and Canadian begin tn arrive, and
this season they will be probably less at-
tractive than usual.

Extensive Operations

On several occasions this season we have
drawn attention to the extensive opera-
tions beinor conducted in Ontario and to
some extent in Quebec by the Agency Land
& Securities Company. Ltd.. and the Na-
tional Land. Fruit k Packing Company.
Ltd. These companies have leased and
purchased several thousand acres of fruit
land and have been managing them in a
manner that has attracted wide attention.
They have had at work co-istantly through-
out the spraying season forty power spray
outfits ajid have applied thousands of gal-
lons of spray material. They had at work
during the pruning season over one hun-

BULBS

FOR FAI.I, PLANTING
Prlcci below POST PAID

„ , Bach Do».

Hyaclnthii, our beet for pot culture.
Bed, Pink. White, Light and Darlt

„Bluo l(c SI.M

nyacinthi, our beet for bedding.
Hod. Pinlf, White, Light and Dark

Blue Sc .50

Hyacinth*, Roman, White 5c .4(

Doz. 100
Tulips, Single Early. White. Bed. Yel-
low. Pink 2«c $1.08

Tulipn, Double Early, White, Bed.

Yellow, Pink 25c 1.25

Tulips, Darwin Late, White, Bod, Yel-
low, Pink <0c —

Tulips, Parrot Mixed 2»c 1.25

nntfndils rl'arge single. Yellow .... 40c —
Uanodlls Jsnjall Single, Yellow .... 15c 1.00
Narcissus M-"-eP Double, Yellow .... 30c -

.narcissus V fjjj^^j Paper Whitea 25c I..W

Chinese Sacred Lilies .. lOc each SI.IO per doz.
Anemones, Grape Hyacinths, Freeslas,
Crocus (Yellow, White, Purple,
Scilla Siberia, Any of !he above, 10c )ier d' i.

GEO. KEITH & SONS

124 KINO ST. EAST. TOnO.V TO. CANADA
Seed Merchants since 1866

^

4^ O

Growers and Shippers
should consign direct to

Hnbrew Chalmers

(Blasgow, Scotland

The only private sale house in Glasgow

Fruit not slaughtered at auction

Highest Prices for Honest Packing

Call or virrite

A. H. CHALMERS

Room 243
Confederation Life Building

Phone Main 100 TORONTO

^ STRATFORD

EXTENSION
LADDER

It is the safest and best on the
market. Fitted with automatic
hooks that lock at every runs
and unlock between the rungs

LIGHT, STRONG

EASILY OPERATED
AND DURABLE

IF Interested write for Catalogue F
THE

Strafford Mfg.Co.

Limited

STRATFORD, CANADA

Makers of Ladders for every con-
ceivable purpose

November, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

269

dred and fifty men. The value of this work
may be more fully realize-d when it is stated
that in this way one hundred and fifty
thousand formerly neglected apple trees
have had their first season of attention.

The assistance that work of such magni-
tude will give to those who want to improve
their own orchards, and to others who are
operating properly, is inestimable, and
this Ls but a start for this company, wihich
intends to lease as many more trees dur-
ins; the coming winter. In fact they state
that were it not for the unreasonable at-
titude of the owners of npHected orchards
they would have been renovatiii'i- t!:is year
two or three times as many trees.

This type of man (the owner of a neg-
lected orchard) does not rea.dilv lease at a
rate which is profitable to the operator,
a,r\i the would-be operator is compelled |to
stand by and see the neglect continue its
rnvages. knowing that next year he must
offer even loss and knowing full well that
the owner will take less if he only waits
long enough.

On the other ha"d. many, of course,
have been stimulatal to improve their own
orchards, and thereby withdraw 1;heir prop-
erty from the list of leasing orchards, but
they are few in proportion, and so the
company expects to very materially increase
iits acreage next year.

In operating the companv works through
district superintendents, who have charge
of a definite list of orchards in one local-
ity and under whom are working foremen
anl their gangs. This vear the compay
has selected >the best men available and
further improved them by instruction. Next
wint.^r it is planned to have these men
take a course in special instruction on the
renovation of old apnle orchards, so that for
next year's work this company will have
a corpji of instructed and trained men who,
when turned out to operate on 300,000
treP6. will make a wonderful increase in
the total apple production of Ontario. One
of its officials states thait this company, in
addition to making a monetary success of
its undertaking, will be the greatest single
fadtor up to date in the improvement of
the apple industry of Ontario.

$5,000 Prize for Sweet Peas

The prize of $5,000 offered by the London
Daily Mail for the best bunoh of sweet peas,
shown at the Festival of the Empire,Crystal
Palace, London, Eng., was won by Mrs. D.
D. Fraser of the Manse. Sprouston, Kelso,
Roxburghshire: the second prize of $500
went to Mr. H. W. Richards of Ryde, Isle
of Wight, while the third prize of $250 fell
to Rev. David Denholm Fraser, the husband
of the winner of the first prize. The blooms
in the winning bunch were carmine, pink,
and maroon, and they won because they were
the best grown, best in size, color and con-
dition, and because there were four blooms
on each stem. Of the 38.000 bunches re-
ceived 10.000 were on view .nt the Festival
of Empire. The awards were made by ten
judges. In the first prize Lunch the award
went for length of stem and size of bloom.

The winning bunch comprised a group of
eleven stalks — one beneath the maximum
number allowed, and the blooms ranged
from pale pink, through shades of rose,
do%vn to the darkest purple. Another in-
teresting collection was that of artificial
sweet peas, done in vnrious ipatcnal.s.
frilled paper, silk, muslin, and so forth, all
marvellous imitations of the real flowers.

The Canadian Horticulturi.st is a No. 1
O.K. magazine and is growing better all
the time.— Dr. W. F. Hool, North Coa*-
cook, Qu«.

Poultry Fencing that is

Stronger ttian Seems Necessary

We make our poultry fencing close enough to turn small fowl

then we make it extra strong, so it will last for years and keep
the cattle out. The heavy, hard steel top and bottom wires
hold it taut and prevent it from sagging.

POULTRY FENCE
SAVES EXPENSE

It is well galvanized so as to protect it from rust. It makes
such a firm, upstanding fence that it requires less than
half the posts needed for the ordinary poultry fence, and
that means a big saving to you, Write for particulars.
We make farm and ornamental fences and gates of

exceptional quality. Agents wanted wbere not now represented.

The Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Dept. O, Winnipeg, IMan. Hamilton, Onl.

Buy an IHC Cream
Harvester Instead
of Another Coaa^

FIGURE up the profit per year and the total profit your aver-
age cow pays during her lifetime. Then get the facts
about the profits an I H C Cream Harvester makes —
in extra butter-fat, in extra hog-profits from skim milk, in
work and time saved, and in the many other ways, all
shown in our catalogues. It won't take you long to see
how you could profitably buy an I H C Cream Harvester
instead of another cow. The total profits paid by an
IHC Cream Harvester will amount to much more.

Keeping cows without a separator is like harvesting
wheat without a binder. But you must be careful what
you buy. If you want to be sure of getting the closest
skimming, easiest turning, and easiest cleaning separa-
tor made — choose one in the IHC line —

3airMmaid and Bluebel

These are the only separators with dust-proof and
milk-proof gears, which are easily accessible. The
frame is entirely protected from wear by phosphor
bronze bushings. These separators have large shafts,
bushings, and bearings; the flexible top-bearing is the
strongest and most effective found in any separator.
The patented dirt-arrester removes the finest particles of
dirt from the milk before the milk is separa-
ted. IHC Cream Harvesters are made in
styles— Dairymaid, chain drive; and
drive

The purpose of
this Bureau is to
furnish farmers
with information
on better farming.
If you have any
worthy question
concerning soils,
crops, pests, ferti-
lizer, etc., write to
the IHC Service
Bureau, and learn
what our experts
and others have
found out concern-
ing these subjects.

I

two
Bluebell, gear
each in four sizes — to meet every condition and I
need of every farmer. Whichever IHC you select, it will
make more money for you per year, and will last longer
than any other separator you could buy. The IHC trade
mark should be your guide in buying a cream separator.
The IHC local dealer will be glad to point out the above
features and many others, or, write nearest branch house
for catalogues and other information you desire.

CANADIAN BRANCHES: Inttrnational Harvester Company of AnKrica at Bnu-
don. Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, North Bat-
lleford, Ottawa, Regina, Saikaloon, St. John, Weyburn. Winnipei, lorktSD, "
International Harvester Company of America
Chicago (lucort>oriitu(i) USA

U/C U/AftiT VnilD CDIIIT We have a .splendid market for the best grades of Cana-
IIL nAUl lUUn rnUII diannuit. Xhe demand is increasing every year. We
are in close touch witli the best buyers and can secure for you the highest prices obtainable
for your fruit. We sell direct to buyers on a commission basis only. Correspondence and
consignments solicited. We can make money for you. Highest references,

WM. BAMFOHD & CO., 93 Hope St., GLASGOW, Scotland

270

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

Quality Butter

That's the kind you
make with Maxwell's
"Favorite" Churn.—

Maxwell's "Favorlts" Is used all over
the world— In Denmark, the butter country
of the world— Inthe United States, In spite
of high tariffs -and In every Section of
Canada. Our ABricultural Colleges and
Govt, Inspectors recommend It, because it
Is the finest butter-maker In the world.

Write for catalogue If your dealer does
not handle it.

DAVID MAXWELL & SONS.

ST. MARY'S, ONT. 94

Ask The

Housewife

She will tell you that
Windsor Salt does not get
"lumpy" — nor "cake" in
glass or silver.

In homes of refinement,

Windsor
Table Salt

has long been the universal
favorite for table and
culinary use.

17

Ottawa Vegetable Growers

The Ottawa branch of the Ontario Vege-
tablo Growers' Association has carried out
an interesting programme during the pres-
ent season. In June they held their regu-
lar moptMy meeting in the gardens of Mr.
Conrad McO>nnelI, and the president, I. A.
Farquharson, on the Avlmer road, during
the strawberry season. Both gardens pre-
sented interesting subject matter for dis-
cussion. The feature of Mr. McConnell's
garden Tvas his extra choice !)lot of straw-
berries and a large field of promising to-
matoes. The feature of Mr. Farquharson's
garden was his large fiell of early cab-
bage, and a promising plot of Herbert
raspberries, which later yielded him at
the average of $25.00 a row of about one
hundred feet.

The July meeting was held at tJho Ex-
perimental Farm and the Ottawa Nurser-
ies, the Herbert raspberry being the fea-
ture at both places. At the Experimental
Farm the visitors were shown several seed-
ling apple (trees, that promise to be valu-
able for commercial pLnnting.

In August the gardens of Jas. Cox and
J. McMullen on the Montreal road were
visited. Melons and high-class apples were
a strong feature at both places.

The September meeting took place in the
gardens of W. Trick. Ottawa South, and
W. Hull. Herb Bailie and H. P. Carsiteeen,
all of Billings Bridge. Excellent onion
crops were seen in all four of these gar-
dens ; the tomatoes were fair, but some
large cauliflower fields, like all oithers in
the district, were poor, the dry, hot sum-
mer having ruined all the cauliflower in the
district.

The Ottawa branch received a grant of
twenty dollars from each of the three town-
ships of Nepean, Gloucester and South
Hull, and fifty dollars from the city of Ot-
tawa. This money has been granlted in
prizes for exhibits at the Central Canada
and Aylmer, Que., shows and for field crop
competitions in onions, cauliflower and to-
matoes. Mr. T. G. Bunting, assistant hor-
ticulturist at the Central Experimental
Farm, acted as judge of the field crops
and made awards as follows : Block of five
hundred or more tomatoes — First prize, C.
MoConnell; second, W. Hull. Block of
one thousand or more cauliflower — First,
W. McCurrie; second, H. P. Carstesen.
Block of five hundred square feet of onions
— First, Herb Bailie; second, \V. Trick.
The judge recommended that a third prize
of two dollars be given H. P. Carstesen for
onions, as his field was very creditable, but
hardly good enough to win against the two
above named. The first prize in each case
WA?, six dollars, and the second prize four
dollars. The association made a special
demonstration exhibit at the Central Can-
ada Exhibition, consisting of specimens of
practically everything grown by the local
gardeners This exhibit was later given
the cit" hospitals.

Cooj.erative buying of supplies, and the
excellent and instructive meetings held
have been a great incentive !to new mem-
bership, and the branch has nearly doubled
its membership this season. Addresses
were delivered at the June meeting by
Alex. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division
of the Department of Agriculture at Ot-
tawa; at the July nmeting by Rev. A. H.
Scott of Perth, vice president of the On-
tario Horticultural Association, and by R.
B. Whyte, president of that association.
The August meeting was addressed by Mr.
G. P. Marsh of the Ottawa Valley Journal,
and the September meeting by R. B.
Whyte, W. Graham of Graham Bros., seeds-
men, and Mr. Buck of the Experimental
Farm.— W. J. Kerr, Sec'y, Woodroffe, Ont.

TRAPPING PAYS BIG

if youknowLheiiiHiduHC'trotwof Llitbiihi-
ness. Kur .S'cwh Maifuzine, publlnhed

monthly, $1 ii jear, tclln all about trapping, liuntiiigr.

raw fuFK, huntinK iIokk, guns, trapB. camps and all

purauitsfor profit In the wooiisand fields. Gowl stories.

too. Special Offer. Heiid 25c. for .'I monthV trial and
e(\. Free valuable 'il-paKe Trapperii' Huide.

FUR NEWS PUB. CO., 46 W, 24TH STREET, NEW YORK ROOM 609

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE OF
. TREE TUBS AND BRASS
j BOUND JtRDINIERES

J. A. SIMMERS, Ltd.

^^^^ Distributor*

■•*|| TORONrO - - Cm.

$2.50 per Cxallon ; $1.00 per Quart.
Dupuy & Ferguson, Montreal, Can.

FREE

THIS ALADDIN LAMP

BURNS COAL OIL 'Kcroirnc

■ OutBhlnesciiy gas or electricity. Simple,
Inoiseless. odorless, clean, safe. iDoneT-BftT'
ling. Guaranteed. Write nearest office for
I catalogue M and learn boK- to get an
I Aladdin Mantle Lamp FRi:£.

SrMTC T. H. BALL SOLD 850

BCnlv on monef back guarantee.

j not one returned. Staeey »oldl2monehour.

■ Newsomsold 12in 10 calls. Gibson w>!d 48
lin^days. Sells itself. Needed in every borne.

■ Our Sunbeam Burner fits otlierlampB.
ICompleteline for homes, »toreP.etc. AJak
Ifor ourllberalagency proposition. --^^
|M.4NTrK LAMP K^^. of AM., Inr,, l>f|rt.,97B

Offices at Winnipeg and Montreal.

USE FOSTER'S POTS

THEY ARE THE BEST ON THE MARKET

WK .MANUFACTUKK

STANDARD POTS

FERN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanging BASKETS

SAUCERS AND

STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading Pot

Manufacturers

Tht FOSTER POTTERY CO., Llmlttd

Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont.

^^i BEST t^"'

•,.'oste:r'S ^

POT

Imperial Bank

OF CANADA
HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Authorized, $1 0,000,000.00
Capital Subscribed 5,913,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5,775.000.00
Reserve Fund . 5,775,000.00

D. B. WIL.KIE, President
HON. R. JAFFKAT, Tiee-President

Branches and ABsncles througrhout
the Dominion of Oanadai

Drafts, Moaer Orders and Letters of Credit

issued available in anj part of the world

Speeial attention viven to coUeclxoiis

SaTinvs Dopartment — Interest allowed on de
positsfrom date of deposit.

November, 19 ti

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

271

WHY U-BAR GREEN HOUSES EXCEL

There is the downright practical side of U-Bar houses, the side that means more flowers, more vegetables of finer quali-
ty, with less care and expense than in any other house constructed any other way. The reason for this is, — mord light.
You see, there is no gutter at the eaves — no heavy framing members — the glass is spaced 24 inches. Every structural
detail has been reduced to the smallest possible point. Still, with all the extreme lightness of construction, there is not a
more rigid, enduring house made— and it is the U-Bar thatdoesit.

The catalogue, although filled with U-Bar houses, both exteriors and interiors,
also shows plans, sections and all the interesting structural details that you like so
well to know. Send for it.

U-BAR GREENHOUSES

P1ER50N U-BAR CO

ONE MADISON AVE, NEW YORK.
CANADIAN OFFICE. lO PHILLIPS PLACE, MONTREAL

Bm

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO

NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST., TORONTO

Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951

Mention The Oanadian Horticultnrist when wiitinc

SPECIAL GLASS

FOR GREENHOUSES

CooMrratoriM of The DaW Eatate. Brampton. OntJ^
GlaM suppliad by our Toronto Branch

GOOD QUALITY. FLAT, EVEN
THICKNESS. AND WELL CUT

We make a specialty of supplying
Glass for vegetable forcing houses

PILKINGTON BROS.

UmitMl

Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver

Mention The Oanadian HortlcnHari«t wh»n wrltins

iTi

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

Some pianos have maiiif c|Ood features
Most pianos have some good features

Gourlay pianos have aii

features known to modem

PROVINCIAL NOTES W

Eastern Annapolis Valley

Eanice Bochtian

The apple crop in most orchards far ex-
ceeded the early estimates of the growers
and everywhere barrels are scarce. From
twenty-five cents they gradually rose to
forty cents and forty-five cents, and even
then were hard to secure. Hundreds of
barrels of apples are being emptied into
bins to await the barrels. Iji tbe orchards
dropped fruits are piled in heaps ; the ware-
houses have not enough room, neither is
there room in farm buildings, consequent-
ly the barrels are headed up and rolled on
to planks under the trees. Barrel makers
now cbarge eight cents for making.

By the beginning of October all the
Gravenstoins were shipped. From reports
of the ifirst boats they did not carry very
well and one man received fifty cents each
for one hundred and twenty barrels; others
have had nine shillings for No. 2's and
twelve shillings and sixpence for No. I's.
Ben Davis are being exported to Denmark ;
cider apples are going to Quebec. Tlii:5
year, owing to the excellence of the fruit,
the sorting and grading is done rapidly.
On the whole, good prices are expected.

The potato crop is short. One man plant-
ed twelve bushels of seed and dug eighty-
seven bushels. The tubers are unusually
large, there being very few small ones, and
only a few big ones in a hill. The price
began at fifty cents a bushel.

The evaporator at Berwick, which was
burned, is now rebuilt and again at work.
The vinegar factory has all its tanks full.
Some orchardists finished picking the fruit
by October eleventh, others a week later,
but the scarcity of barrels has hindered the
majority.

Montreal

E. H. Wirtmao, Dominioi Frait Utpcclor

We had a wonderful fall to the eight-
eenth day of October on account of free-
ness from frost. I could have picked a
nice bouquet of tender flowers from my
garden on that date not injured in the
least by frost.

1 am more and more impressed as years
go by inspecting fruits tliat the proper
condition of fruit packing is to be perfect-
ly dry. Apples packed wet in barrels do
not dry out for a long time, and when
opened they have a dull color and in many
cases a mouldy appearance. Barrels that
get a drenching rain never look so well
again and when piled in cars in that con-
dition when unloaded many a head comes
out which is re-coopered with the loss of
apples, that makes a slack barrel. A six-
hoop barrel especially will flatten on the
bottom of the car and never regain its
normal shape.

Mcintosh & Fameuse apples coming to
the city from the Province of Quebec are
particularly fine, high colored and spotless.
They command a high price, in some cases
as high as $5 a barrel.

In the ten years of my stay here I never
saw grapes bring so high an average price.
New York State Keiffer pears are shipped
Ly Montreal to Glasgow in barrels in car
lots. Their condition is good and sound,
but the fruit is ungraded. The barrel for
pears seems to me a good way to give away
a large parcel for little money. If prop-
(erly (handled in boxes they bring good
money in Ireland.

1 am glad to see some beautifully packed
apples and pears going forward to Eng-

November, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

273

land that will suroly bring good money
back. There is not enough supervision here
yet over the handling of box fruits. I
think placards with the words, "Box
Fruits," must be laid down carefully in
every instance. These placards in French
and English placed in steamship sheds
would be a great benefit to the fruit trade.

British Columbia

Our provincial government has adopted
a policy of placing power sprayers at
various points in the province for demon-
stration purposes. One has been installed
recently at Creston for the Kootenay dis^
trict, and another has been ordered for
Grand Forks. The government has two of
these power sprayers in the Okanagan ; two
on the Lower Fraser ; one at Salmon Arm,
and one on Vancouver island. Three more
are to be obtained in addition to the one
ordered for Grand Forks. They will be
placed in the Okanagan and on Vancouver
islnad. The experts in charge of these
machines will teach the growers what sprays
to use and how and when they should be
used. No charge will be made Ijut the
growers will be expected to supply the
spraying material and a man to hold the
spraying rods.

The government this year will continue
the same policy as was followed last year
in regard to the continuation of the pack-
ing schools. They have been productive of
great benefit in many districts.

The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway have
procured .samples of apples grown in the
Kitsumkalum Valley, ninety miles east of
Prince Rupert. These apple? are of dif-
ferent varieties, beautiful in their coloring,
and the flavor is said to be equal to the
best brands grown in Ontario, and entirely
unlike the inferior flavored fruit grown
under irrigation in the more southerly
regions and in practically all of the Pacific
Coast states. The specimens came from the
orchard of Mr. D. Stewart, who has about
fifteen acres under cultivation. They re-
present the first grown on the operated line
of the Grand Trunk Pacific. In the valleys
of the Kitsumkalum, Lakelse and Copper
rivers with other areas along the Skeena
River, there should be approximately
300,000 acres of ideal fruit lands placed uii-
der cultivation in comparatively few years,
and much of this land can be procured by
pre-emption in 160-acre lots, the only
charge being one dollar per acre, in addi-
tion to the residence requirements of the
law. It is predicted that this territory will
become the centre of a new and greater
fruit district in British Columbia.

At Prince Rupert this summer straw-
berries grown along the Skeena River and
in the valleys of the Kitsumkalum, Lakels©
and Copper rivers- came into market for the
first time in considerable quantities, and
the fruit was reported to be superior in
quality and extremely high colored.

"The Australian market is ready to-day
to take 100,000 boxos of British Columbia

The best stove polish on the
market— and the biggest can for
tlie money. "Blacli Knight" is a
paste— no mixing- no trouble —
no dirt. Convenient, economical
— sliines quick as a wink— anil
the shine stays on. Just as good
<or pipes, grates and ironwork as
for stoves.

If your dealer does not carry
"Black Knight" Stove Polish,
send us his name and 10c. and we
will send a full size tin by return
m^^l.

THE F. F. DALLEY CO., Limited.
Bamllf on. OnL

Makers of the famous

"2 in 1" Shoe i-olish. 33

^DIRECT FROM FACTOHYto KITCHENS

mmi///.

SAy£0y£R$2S=
WHEN BUYING YOUR
RANGE
THIS FALL.

$41^

TO

$49^

'^/jTmW^^^^'^ EAYthe FREIGHT

You Can Buy "DOMINION PRIDE" RANGE At Factory Price

Direct From The Largest Malleable Range Works In Canada

IF you want to save from f 25 to J30, and at the same time get the mo.st satisfactory kitchen range made, vprite
for our Catalogue and look into the merits of the "DOMINION PRIDE," at from I41 to $49.
If we sold you identicallv the same range in the usual way, through a dealer, you would have to pay
from I69 to ^78 for it. You would be paying two extra profits — to wholesaler and retailer — which would add

J25 to J30 to the cost of your range, but absolutely nothing to
its value.

Besides costing much less than other ranges in its class, the
"DOMINION PRIUK" is much more satisfactory It is made of touch,
Itrong, malleable iron and the beat blue poliihed steel— materials which will
not warp, crack or break.

The polished steel does not need blacking— simply rub it over with a
cloth. With its cold rolled steel plate oven— sectional iron (ire-box lining,
with air chambers — and double-walled flues lined with asbestos— the
"DOMINION PRIDE" is the mo.st economical rangf you can buy. Actual
tests have proved that it saves over 309b of fuel, burning either wood
or coal.

WE PAY THE FREIGHT

A "DOMINION PRIDE ' Range, with high closet shelf and elevated
tank or iiush reservoir, with zinc sheet to go under range, 8 sections
blue polished steel pipe and two elbows, will be delivered to any station In
Ontario, Quebec or the Maritime Provinces for 541. or to any station in
the four "Western Provinces for f 49— *,t to be sent with order and balance to
be paid wbt-n the Kange is deliverf il at your station. If not convenient to
pajr cash we will arrange to accept your note.

Canada Malleable & Steel Range Mfg. Co., Limited, Oshawa, Ont.

When writing it will be a distinct favor to us if you will mention this paper. 7

**Tfae Evolnlion of
the Cook Stove**

TKI,LS about
cooking' from
the time the
Cave Dwellers
dropped hot stones
into thcpot to boil
it. It also tells all
about "Dominion
Pride " Ranges.
Whether you tieed
a Ranf^e just now
or _ not you will
enjoy reading this
book.

Write lor Free Copy.

274

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, igi i

SHOOT?

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AVEBSTER'S

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DICTIONARY

THE MERRIAM WEBSTER
The Only Ne-w unabridged dic-
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y";y'>STg=:r= k 'Write for sample

pages, f till par-
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Ifame this
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send free
, set of
Pocket
Maps

I. &C. MerriamCo.
SpringHeld, Maes.

api)Ios. with tho one proviso that th«y ar*"
free of disease.," faid Fruit Pests Tnsp<H;tor
Thomas Cunningham recently. "That they
are I can guarantee," continued Mr. Cun-
ningham, "and it will not be very long be-
fore thi.s province will be able to meet the
requirements of the gr«at Australian mar-
kets, because the production is increasing
very rapidly. Recently I signed certifi-
cates of inspection of twelve shipments of
apples in th© Okanagan which were con-
signed to Australia."

Nova Scotia

Mr. Hay, Canadian Trade Commissionor
at Birmingham, Kngland, writing on Sep-
tember 21, said that during that week a
consignment of 200 barrels of apples from
Nova Scotia, shipped two or three weeks
before contracted time, had b<^en declined
on account of their inability to oomijete
with the home product. The imports of
applies during the month of August were
valued approximately at $.^70,000, being
$913,000 less than the corresponding montn
of 1910. Nova Scotia uravensteins were
then commanding. No. 1, $2.67 to $3.40;
No, 2, $2 to $3.50 per barrel, respectively.

The total shipment of apples from Hali-
fax up to October 16 for -the present season
has been 352,000 barrels, compared with
205,000 barrels for the entire season last
year. During the present week there will
bo at least another 50,000 barrels shipped.

One of the finest and best packed consign-
ments of apples that has ever been sent out
of the province was shipped recently by
the Hillcrest Orchards at Kentville. It
comprised 218 boxes. Half-tone reproduc-
tions of scenes in the orchards were placed
in each box for advertising purposes. Up
to October 12th this company had harvett-
ed between 8,000 and 9,000 barrels, includ-
ing about 2,000 barrels of Gravensteins,
\\ hich is probably the largest crop harvested
this year in Eastern Canada. On that date
picking in the orchards was not completed.

Notes from Niagara District

Linos WoolTerton, Grimsby

Autumn work is beginning earlier than
usual. Many of our fruit growers have al-
ready begun plowing their fruit orchards,
having finished their fruit harvest by the
middle of October. The drouth in early
summer hastened the ripening of all our
fruits, so that even winter apples were
ready by the end of Sptember.

Apijles have graded number two and
number three, instead of number one and
number two. Had it not been for the hail
storm the crop would have been chiefly
number one, thanks to lime sulphur and
arsenate of lead. The effect is noticeable
in my orchard, trees bearing enormous
loads on the sprayed half and no fruit to
speak of on the other. I think the apple
scab weakens the little stem of the blos-
som and causes it to fall, and when sprayed
it becomes healthy and holds for fruiting.

I like having my whole orchard fall
plowed for two reasons first, the improving
effect of the frost on the exposed soil, and
second, the advantage of having it done
before beginning the pruning ; otherwise
one must clear up so much rubbish in early
spring before beginning to plow, or to
plant trees. Of course here we do not need.
wint>er protection for trees; and if we did,
the mulch of plowed ground would be pro-
tection enough.

This whole district is being devoted to
fruit. A trolley ride from. Hamilton to
Beamsville is an eye opener to strangers.

Send your consignments of APPLES
to the Home Country to

RIDLEY HOULDING & CO.

COVENT GARDEN
LONDON, ENGLAND

Who specialize in Apples and Pears
during the Season. Personal attention
Prompt account sales and remittances

Correspondence invited

GET IN TOUCH

WITH THE RETAILER

We sell mainly to the best Re-
tailers, consequently can make the
highest prices for your consignments.
Prompt Returns. Correspondence
invited. References.

A. A. AYER & CO., Montreal
MITCHELL & SMITH

DUNDEE - - SCOTLAND

Cold Storage Fruit
Warehouse

Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for

EXPORT AND LOCAL TRAOB

Special Rooms for All Kinds of Perishable
Goods.

THE CANADA COLD STORAGE CO.

LIMITED
53 WILLIAM STREET, MONTREAL

Special No. 25. Sent by Express for $2.50

A Collection of Six Desirable
HOUSE PLANTS

Send us $2.50 and we will forward by
express, to your express office, this very
choice collection of House Plants. We
select these as the most desirable plants
for you to buy, chosen from our large
aasortment; they are full grown plants,
now in their flowering pots, healthy,
thrifty jind beautiful. Our regular selling
price of these plants is $3.60. To make
a large number of sales we give this lot,
an exceptional bargain, for $2.50.

1 Choice House Fern. Ostrich Plume.
1 Choice House Fern, Boetonensis.
1 Splendid Kentia Palm.
1 Large Asparagus Fern.
1 Xmas Cherry (in fruit).
1 Fine Cyclamen.

Cultural directions for these planta will
be found in our Catalog, which we mail
free with this order.

THE HAY FLORAL AND SEED CO.

Seedmen and Florists
BROCKVILLE

ONT.

Renew your Subscription now.

^<-x-><-x->^<-^^^>*-^><<-><-*-»<"*-*-fr^->

November, 191 1

r

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

POTASH MEANS PROFIT

27s

1

A Well-kept Orchard in the Famous Annapolis ValleyJ
Owned by J. ELLIOTT SMITH, Wolfville, N.S.

For many years Mr. Smith has been fertilizing his orchard with Bone Meal and Muriate
El of Potash. The Nitrogen is supplied by growing and plowing in cover crops of clover

Dominion Agricultural Offices of the Potash

Manager : B. LESLIE EMSLIE, P.A.S.I

While in general farm practice. Potash is ap-
plied to the land in the Spring, numerous experi-
ments have demonstrated its greater effects on
the succeeding crop, when applied in the Fall.
Especially is this true of Orchards.

Potash and Phosphatic Fertilizers do not leach
from the soil, but, aided by moisture are gradu-
ally rendered available to the feeding roots of
the plants.

If you neglect to fertilize your Orchard you
cannot expect large returns.

Try an application of :

200-lbs. Muriate of Potash and
400>lbs. Acid Phosphate or fine-
ly ground Bone Meal

These materials are stocked by all leading
Fertilizer Dealers and Seedsmen.

Visit our stand at the Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition, 14th to 18th November, in St. Law-
rence Market, Toronto, or write us for free ad-
vice and copies of our publications, including :

"Fertilizing Orcliard and Garden,"

"Artificial Fertilizers, Their Nature and Use."

"A Farmer's Field Tests," etc., etc.

r\ <• J 1102-1105 TEMPLE BUILDING

dynaicate, Toronto, Ontario

,, F.C.S.. C.D.A.

\l AJ^r^t\ LIME SULPHUR
V /\ 1 1 \^ CF ARSENATE OF LEAD

The Norfolk Fruit Growers Association use VANCO Exclusively.
See their Exhibit at the Horticultural Show, November 1 4th to 1 8th

Then Sec Us and Ask WHY

FERTILIZERS :

NITRATE OF SODA

MURIATE OF POTASH

SULPHATE of POTASH

ACID PHOSPHATE

Everybody Looks
to US for These

CHEMICAL LABORATORIES

LIMITED

148 Van Home St., Toronto

376

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

This Food-Tonic Quicldy Restores Strength

After a serious Illness, ordinary food should
be supplemented by a strenethenlne tontc
For this purpose

NA-DRU-CO Tasteless
Cod Liver Oil Compound

Is recommended very highly. In Its prepara-
tion the disagreeable flavor of the natural
Cod Liver Oil is entirely removed, while Its
well known nourishing and tlssue-bulldlng
qualities are retained. Then we add Hypo-
phosphites to build up the nerves, Extract of
Wild Cherry (for the Lungs and Bronchial
Tubes), and Extract of Malt (a food Itself)
which aids in the assimilation of other foods.

Children In particular enjoy the pleasant
flavor of Na-Dru-Co Tasteless Cod Liver Oil
Compound, and quickly regain health and strength
when Nature Is aided by this natural food-tonic.
Your Druggist has It In SOc and $1.00 Bottles.

Natioual Drng and Chemical Co.
of Caaada, Limited.

FOR EVERY AILMENT THERE'S A
NA-DRU-CO (PCCIFIC BEARING THIS
TRADEMARK. SEE THAT YOU GET IT,

:05

Some History

about Typewriters

Modern and Ancient

CHAPTER s

A Typewriter is not worth much without an
efficient Operator.

IT is a conservative estimate that 90% of typists in
this country are trained on the Underwood.

A ND the machine an operator learns is the machine
she is going to have. The day is past when
a typist can use several makes of machines equally
well. Scientific operation made it impracticable.

IT is a matter of considerable difficulty to get a competent oper-
ator for any typewriter except an Underwood.

'T'hrough our Employment Service we insure Underwood users
against any difficulty of this kind.

United Typewriter Co.

Limited

TORONTO

A BARGAIN

The Canadian Apple Growers' Guide $2.00

The Canadian Horticulturist. One Year . . .60

BOTH FOR $2.00 $2^60

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS OFFER WHEN RENEWING YOUR SUBSCRIPTION

Books and Bulletins

During the past few weeks The Canadi;r
Horticulturist has received a number <
books and bulletins, a number of which ai'
of more than ordinary interest and valu'
Three books from Doubleday Page and Co
t'ublishers, of Garden City, N.V., includ
the following: "Vines and how to Gro
them," by Wm. C. McCoUum. This volun<L
deals with all kinds of climbing and trailing
plants for garden effect, including not only
hardy annual and permanent woody vines
but many of the beautiful exotics, it is
well illustrated. "Garden Planning," by
vv. S. Kogers, is especially designed to help
the maker of small gardens. The auth< ■
writes from actual experience in helpin,
amateurs on city lots and on the averag'
suburban plot. There are many oth<
sketches and plans "Chrysanthemums and
how to Grow them," by I. L. Powell, is a
complete manual of instruction on the grow-
ing of chrysanthemums. It pays special at^
tention to the opix)rtunity of the amateur
who has only an outdoor garden. Several
excellent illustrations add to the value of
the volume. The foregoing books contai:
from two hundred to four hundred pag'
each, and may be purchased for $1.10, witli
postage 10c extra.

"Cooperation among fruit growers" is the
title of bulletin No. 27, issued by the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Columbia,
Missouri. It gives the constitution, by-laws
and rules of a number of the most suc-
cessful cooperative associations on the Con-
tinent, and explains the reasons for their
success.

The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion at Wooster has issued bulletin No. 228,
dealing with "Two recent important cab-
bage diseases of Ohio " One of these is the
wilt or the yellows of cabbage and the other
black-leg or foot rot. The bulletin is well
illustrated and handles both subjects at
length.

Commercial fertilizers are dealt with in
bulletin No. loi, issued by Perdue Univer-
sity, Lafayette, Indiana. It gives the full
text of the law governing the sale of fer-
tilizers in Indiana, and tables showing the
results of inspections of samples.

"Commercial Apple Orcharding in Ohio"
is described in circular No. 112 of the Ohio
Station at Wooster. The results of experi-
ments in spraying are given.

The value of birds in the destruction of
injurious insects is shown in Farmer's Bul-
letin No. 456. entitled "Our Grosbeaks and
their Value to Agriculture," issued by the
L nited States Department of Agriculture,
Washington.

INJURIOUS INSECTS

One of the best bulletins of its class we
have seen for some time is bulletin No. 110,
issued by the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Centre County, Pennsylvania, entitled
"The Control of Insects and Diseases affect-
ing Horticultural Crops." It gives concise
descriptions of methods for controlling the
principal insect enemies and fungous dis-
eases of fruits and vegetables.

"How to combat the Melon Apis," is dealt
with in press bulletin No. 34 of the Experi-
ment Station, Lincoln, Neb.

"Cut Worms, Army Worms and Grass-
hoppers" are described in bulletin No. 123
of the Division of Entomology of the Ex-
periment Station University Farm, St.
Paul, Minnesota.

"The Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm" is
the title of circular No. 14 of the Experi-
ment Station, Durham, New Hampshire.

"Winter Vetch as a Cover Crop in Michi-
gan Orchards" is dealt with in circular No.
J.3 of the Agricultural College, East Lan-
sing, Mich.

November, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Nomenclature Committee

(Continued from page 263)
was held in the tent of The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist at the Canadian National Ex-
hibition in Toronto. Those present were
Mr. R. B. Whyte of Ottawa, Prof. H. L.
Hutt and Mr. Wm. Hunt of Guelph, Mr.
H. B. Cowan of Peterboro, and the secre-
tary Mr. John Cavers of Oakville. Methods
of dealing with the difficulty that arises
from the different pronunciations of such
common words as vase, gladioli and dahlia
were discussed. It was decided to request
the public to offer suggestions in regard to
the pronunciation of common words of this
class, and the members of the committee
were asked to submit a list not exceeding
twenty-five names, the correct pronuncia-
tion of each name and to quote authorities
for their opinions. These are to be sub-
mitted at the annual convention of the
Canadian Horticultural Association in
November .

Mr. Hunt agreed to submit a list of
twelve good chrysanthemums and Mr.
Whyte of twelve good begonias. It was de-
cided to give any person who so desires, an
opportunity to submit a list of twenty good
varieties of sweet peas. The list should be
sent to the secretary, and will be considered
at the annual convention in November.

PRIZE ESSAYS

In the May issue of The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist we announced that through the
generosity of Mr. Hermann Simmers, of
the firm of J. A. Simmers, Limited, of To-
ronto, and of Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa,
the president of the Ontario Horticultural
Association, each of whom had donated
twenty-five dollars for the purpose, four
cash prizes and four medals would be given
for the four best essays written by members
of horticultural societies on the subject,
"My Favorite Garden Flower and How I
Grow It." The competition closed in
August. The judge, Mr. W. T. Macoun,
of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
has announced the awards as follows :

First prize, A. V. Main, Ottawa, who
cho.se the geranium ; second prize, James M.
Hull, Hamilton, whose subject was the rose;
third prize, J. H. Wills, Mitchell, whose
favorite flower is the sweet pea ; and fourth
prize, E. C. Kilmer, Brantford, whose
essay was on the gladiolus. Two other com-
petitors took part in the competition. One
selected the lily and the other the violet.
It was a somewhat remarkable feature of
the contest that no two of the competitors
selected the same flower. The prize-winning
essays will be published later in The Cana-
dian Horticulturist.

SMITH'S FALLS

Notices for the annual meeting of the
Smith's Falls Horticultural Society have
been distributed. It will be held in the
Public Library Hall on November 2nd. The
officers of the society are certainly up-to-
date, inasmuch as in the notice of the meet-
ing, which is in the form of a four-page
circular, they announce the premiums mem-
bers of the society will be free to select
during 1912.

The notice contains thirty groups of dif-
ferent varieties of plants, ferns, palms,
bulbs, bushes, and small fruits. The mem-
bers of the society are notified that they
will be free to select any four of these
groups and, in addition, they will as usual
be sent The Canadian Horticulturist free
by the society for the year. The president
is Mr. T>. M. Cobourn and the secretary-
treasurer Mr. W. M. Keith.
LONDON

The London Horticultural Society each
fall offers three prizes for the best display
of asters at the Western Fair, held at Lon-

don in September. The display of asters
this year was exceptionally fine. The flow-
ers were almost all colors and bloom excel-
lent. This year as usual the amateurs ex-
celled the professionals in their exhibits of
dahlias, pansies and all cut flowers, taking
all the first and second prizes. This

feature of the exhibition is much enjoyed by
the public and generally brings out a large
number of entries from a considerable num-
ber of exhibitors. The large number of
amateurs who make exhibits adds greatly to
the value of thii^ feature of the exhibition
and of the work of the society.

The sympathy of members of our society
went out recently to Mr. R. W. Rennie,
who was for many years the secretary of
the society, over the death of his wife.

A Great Exhibit o? Fruit

"We expect to open the eyes of the peo-
ple of Ontario to the kind of fruit we can
produce," writes Secretary P. W. Hodgetts
in regard to the Ontario Horticultural Ex-
hibition, which will be held in Toronto No-

vember 14-18. The fruit promises to be of
unusual quality.

Already two thousand two hundred boxes
of apples have been promised and a num-
ber of fruit growing districts are trying
to secure space.

A row of boxed apples, seven high, will
be run around the building from the en-
trance on the west side through to the
further end and across the building. This
could have been extended to take in the
whole building, but to have done so would
not have left space for the exhibits of
spraying machinery and other supplies
which are of great value. Exhibitors, in-
cluding those in charge of county displays,

E. J. NEALE 81 CO.

SMITHFIELD MARKET

MANCHESTER, ENG.

Cable Address: "Neale's, Manchester"

Warehouses: 10 Hanover St.,Shudehill.MancheBtei-

Bankers: Parr's Bank Ltd., Hydes Cross.

Manchester

Regrular Consigf'^'vients Solicited

Correspondence Invited

KEEP YOUR STOCK WELL AND
THRIVING ALL WINTER

With -INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOiy—

The best known and most rel iable Stock Food on the market.
Farmers, Stockmen and Breeders all use it and praise
it because it gives animals new strength and endurance —
purifies the bl>od— improves their appearance — and at the
same time, saves corn and oats, and only costs you

3 FEEDS For ONE CENT

For sale by Dealer^ everywhere, and the price will be
refunded if it don't save you money.

Write for copy of our "83.000 Stock Book"— the most
helpful Book ever published for the Farmer and Stockman.
Sent free.

INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO.. LIMITED.

TOKONTt.

Berc !■ What One Stock
Raiser Says

Dai-ksville. Que.
Tba International Stock
Food Co., Toronto, Ont.

Qfntiemen :~~
FleaM find enclosed postal
Botoa for $15,00, tlic amount
of my account. lUavofound
International Stock Food
excellent for my liorsea and
cattle, and pUjs. It baa
flTen roe every satiafartlon,
and I would not bo witbout
it As soon as my present
■apply is tlnisbea I aliall
HdDd a further order.

(Signed) J. V. SMITH.

59

PROTECT YOUR TREES

Against Rabbits, Mice and other Vermim

Many young orchards are greatly
injured each year by these pe^s.
Wrap the trunks with

Wooden Vcivccrs

and damage will be prevented.
These veneers will protect also
against sun-scald.

send: AT ONCE TO

Tre« Protected by Wooden Veneer
and banked up with earth to prevent
entrance of pests at bott-^m.

THE OAKVILLE BASKET CO.

OAKVILLE, ONT.

VI

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

November, 191 1

FOR SALE AND WANTED

Advertisements In^thls department In-

serted at rate of two cents a word for each
Insertion, each flfjupe, sign or single letter
to count as one word, minimum cost, 26
cents, strictly cash In advance.

PIPK Fop SAI-K All Bizo« for steam, hoc water
ncatlng, poHtB. .green hoiiBo ooriHtruetloii work
etc.. very cheiip. Send for price list staling
your needs.-Iinperial Waste and Metal Co:,
7 Queen Street, Montreal.

FOR SAI.n. 10,000 CEDAR POSTS-Running from
i/2 inches to 4% inches top, 8 ft. long, suitable
for grape growers. We want to move these at
once to make room for other stock. Will
make the price right for quick sales.— Tha
John Carew Lumber Co.. Ltd.. Lindsay, Ont.

FARMS FOR SALE

NIAOARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.-Before

buying, it will pay yon to oongult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Uelvln
Qayman Bt. Oatbarines

FINE NIAOARA COUNTY. NEW YORK, FRUIT
FARM TO LET— Exceptional opportunity for
reliable, experienced, hustling fruit farmer.—
Farm, care of Canadian Horticulturist.

FARM FOR SALE— Oonsista of 200 acres in good
state of cultivation, well fenced and watered,
only one mile north of town of Cobourg. Eight
acres of orchard and eisht of good hardwood.
Some excellent pasture. . Two sets of farm
buildings in good repair. For i>articulars ap-
ply to 0. N. Hare. Cobourg, Ont.

LOCATE IN THE FAMOUS NIAGARA DISTRICT

for Dependable, Annual crops of High Class
Fruits and Profit-making. I have all sizee
Choice Fruit Farms fer sale: the Very Best of
PEACH LANDS. Learn about them before
making a purchase. State what you want.
Information free.— W. H. Brand, Jordan Sta-
tion, Ont., Can.

100 ACRES ADJOINING LIVE TOWN with Col-
legiate Institute, good shipping facilities, sixty-
five acres apple orchard in splendid condition;
soil well adapted to fruit growing: large house
with furnace, bath and electric light, two good
barns. Would subdivide into two parts if de-
sired. Price, twenty thousand. — F. J. Wat-
Bon. 1275 Queen W.. Toronto.

ASK DAWSON. He knows.

IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me.

IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me.

I HAVE some of the best Fruit, Stock, Grain
and Dairy Farms on my list at rieht prices.

n. W. Dawson. Ninety Colborne St.. Toronto.

SALMON ARM. Shuswap Lake, B.O. has the
finest fruit and dairy land In BO. No irriga-
tion necessary mild winters, moderate sum-
mers, no blizzards, or high winds: delightful
climate: enormous yields of fruit, vegetables
ind hay: good fishing: fine boating amidst the
most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm
fruit has ralized 25 cents per box more than
other fruit in B.O. Prices of land moderate,
and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock,
Salmon Arm. B.O.

Lands in the Southeast, cost-
ing from $1 5 to $50 an acre, net
profits on apples ranging from
$100 to $500 an acre.
Abundant rainfall and special soils
^ve color and flavor unequalled by
fruit grownin any other climate. One
Southern tree last year yielded $ 1 24
worth of apples; another tree $57.
Peaches, pears, plums, berries and
pecan nuts yield prolifically. Elx-
cellent transportation to profitable
markets.

Write for full particulars to

M. V. RICHARDS, Land & Indus-

tria! Agt. Southern Ry..Room 18

,1320 Penn. Ave. , Washington, D.C.

have been notified that the spaoe available
is limited.

Tho other exhibits will all be away ahead
of anythinR previously shown. The demon-
stration or<^hards of the Department of Ag-
riculture will have over four hundred boxes
in their di.splay from the Georgian Bay,
Dundas, Hastings, Northumberland, Dur-
ham, Prince Edward and Wentworth coun-
ties. The counties of Norfolk, Brant, El-
gin. Prince EMward. Northumberland and
Durham, Ontario, Lincoln and Simcoe will
have exhibits outside of those from the
demonstration orchards.

Fruit Growers' Convention

The program for the annual convention
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
had not reached us at the time of going to
press, and we are therefore unable to give
the date of the convention which will be
held in Toronto during the week of the On-
tario Horticultural Exhibition, November
14 to 18. Programs may be obtained from
the secretary, P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto.
Mr. Hodgetts writes us that arrangements
have been made for a special session devot-
ed to peaches with particular attention be-
ing paid to peach diseases. The speakers
mil include a couple of exports from across
the line, who have been fighting the Little
Peach particularl.v in recent years.

Another session will be devoted to profits
in orcharding with paii;icular reference to
apples. Mr. W. F. Kydd of Simcoe will
speak on the neglected orchards of Ontario,
while Prof. J, W. Crow of Guelph will take
up the resufe of the orchard surveys which
show very distinctly the profits that can be
made and the methods that are being
adopted by the most up-to-date growers to
sectire these profits.

Another session will be set aside to dis-
cuss matter that are likely to be taken up
at the Dominion Fruit Conference to be
held next winter.

Vegetable Growers' Convention

The seventh annual convention of the On-
tario Vegetable Growers' Association will
be held in the Citv Hall, Toronto, on
Wednesday, November fifteenth. The pro-
gram is an interesting one. The morning
session will open at nine o'clock with the
address of the president, Thomas Delworth
of Wefeton. It will be followed by the re-
port of the secretary treasurer, J. Lockie
AVilson, Toronto. Among the subjects that
will be discussed will be that of "Organiza-
tion," by C. W. Baker of Tamblings, Ont.;
"Tomato Growing for the Market," by Geo.
Cooper, Grimsby, Ont., and "Good Seed
for Vegetable Growers," by L. C. Corbett
of the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C.

The subjects for discussion at the after-
noon session include "New Methods in
Small Fruit Culture," by W. J. Kerr, Ot-
tawa; "What the Central Experimental
Farm, the Ontario Agricultural College and
the Jordan Harbor Experimental Station
are Doing for Vegetable Growers," by W.
T. Macoun, Ottawa, A. H. Macl.«nnan of
Guelph and A. I. Logsdail of Jordan Har-
bor: "New Ontario for the Production of
Seed Potatoes," by T. G. Raynor, Departs
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa^ and an ad-
dress bv Dr. W. W. Tracey, Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The main address at the evening session
will be on "Marketing Problems," by Paul
Work of Cornell University, Ithaca,' N. Y
Addresses will be given also bv Mr. C. C.
James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, To-
ronto, and by Hon. J. 8. Duff, the provin-
cial Minister of Agriculture. There will be
single fare rates to the convention from all
points in Ontario.

KODAK

meant
photography
with the
bother
left out.

No dark-room for any part of the work ; load
irig, unloading, developing, printing, nil by dai/-
hiiM VOL' can readily make good picturen by
the Kodak .Systeni. It's inexiJcnHive too.

Illustrated catalogue of Kodaks and Brownies
(they work like Kodaks) free at dealers or by mail.

CANADIAN KODAK CO., LIMITED
TORONTO, CANADA

A PROPHECY

Made in the year 760 B, C.

Isaiah II, tv.

From that period until the

present but little Improvement

has been made in Pruning

Hooks.

A. D. 1907 a practical Tree man

in a vision and with mind gifte of

the age, brought out the now fa^

mous and unexcelled KANSAS

PRUNING KNIFE Improved.

This knife is automatic in ac-
tion, fast and easy to operate. It
doee heavy as well as light work.

Space here limited. Story con-
tinued in our circulars. Please
send for them. Manufactured by
Taylor Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph,
NTCRNATIONAL TOOL CO.
49-51 Porter Street, Detroit, Michi.ui

"People who place their
dependence upon glass
house should use only
"Sovereign" Hot Water
Boilers."

Suppose that in
the depth of winter
something went
wrong with the boil-
er in your hothouse
— w^hat would you
do if the fire had to
be let out while re-
pairs were being
made ?

In the fir^ place
there would be
small chance of
anything going wrong with the " Sov-
ereign," and in the second place, if am
accident should occur, repairs could
be made without cutting off the heat.

'* The Dictionary tf Heating" is a book'
let that deals -with heating generally.
Write for it. Post paid to anv address.

TAYLORFORBESSr

Toronto Office and Shovir Rooms :

1088 KING STREET WEST

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. xxxiy

DECEMBER, 1911I

'.No.

12

Care of the Peach Orchard

IT is generally considered in Ontario
that peaches can be grown only in
the Niagara peninsula, in a limited
section in Lambton county, and in the
Leamington district, but this is not so.
Norfolk county is fast showing the pub-
lic that it is entitled to a place, and along
the sihore and on a number of the gravel
ridges through Elgin and Essex coun-
ties are to be found to-day some excel-
lent orchards. I believe, too, that in the
very near future these counties, that is
Norfolk, Elgin and Kent, will be com-
petitors with the counties in which the
industry is already established. In these
sections they have no injured reputations
to overcome. I do not mean that in lihf
established sections they have a poor re-
putation, but they have sometimes sent
out fruit that is not up to the standard.
This year there came to my notice n
shipment of fruit from the Niagara pen-
insula, that had been soH on order,
whidh on being opened caused the dealer
to remark: "I do not want any more
fruit from there;" and the next orders
went to the west, where there had been
no hailstorm, instead of to the east.

SELECT GOOD VARIETIES

The first essential in the orchard is to

•Extract from a, paper read at the annual
convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' A^so-

ciatifiii. lif^ld in Toronto in November.

F. M. Clcnvcnt, Dutton, Ont.

have good varieties ; it is very difficult
to give a list that is suited to all sec-
tions of the province. It is much bet-
ter to go to some neighbor, who is mak-
ing a success of tihe business, and sec
what he is doing. The varieties that are
doing best for him will probably do best
for you.

We find growing to-day in large num-
bers such varieties as Longhurst, Sneed,
Rivers and Alexander. While I do not
say that these varieties should not be
grown, still they should have no large
place in the commercial market. There
are many other varieties that ihave no
place there also. In every orchard that
I visited in the Niagara peninsula two
varieties at least are grown, and I did
not visit a single orchard in which both
varieties were not to be found. These
two are Yellow St. John and Elberta.
The Smock stands, perhaps, as next
choice.

It is surprising how little a great
many prospective growers know of
peach culture. Tlhere came under my
notice this summer an orchard of about
four acres, now three years of age, in
which the owner had grown his own
trees from pits selected in the neighbor-
hood from trees that were producing fruit
of fairly good quality. He expected to

get varieties true to name. When ask-
ed why he did not bud them he stated
that the trees purchased from the nur-
sery usually seemed to contract a dis-
ease at the junction of the bud and the
root stock. The disease was really the
bore working where he stated because
he had not planted the trees suificiently
deep.

SOIL REQUIRED

The kind of soil on which the trees
are planted is not so important as the
drainage of that soil. There are a large
number of orchards doing exceptionally
well on a very heavy clay, and some are
doing equally well on a light sand, but
in every case where they are doing well
on the clay it is well underdrained. On
a soil, with an impervious subsoil, the
roots cannot take their natural course
and spread out deep down in the soil .
I dug up a number of dead trees on a
soil of this nature last summer, and in
every case the roots spread out horizon-
tally and were very near the surface.
They had not in any case entered the
cold wet subsoil.

In a soil to which the trees are adapt-
ed naturally tIhe roots go down very
deep much the same as the pine or chest-
nut ; in a soil to which they are not
adapted it is often necessary to bank
them up considerably to get enough soil

An Idea oi the Extent of the Exhibits at the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, held in Toronto last month may be obtained from this illustration

277

378

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

to cover the roots. This latter method
is very noticeable in some orchards
where they believe that by leaving the
trees on the ridge on tihe land they can
get suiricient soil and sufiicient drainage
to make them thrive.

Some practical instances of lack of
knowledge in pruning are also seen
through the country. In some orchards
the trees have been planted just as they
came from the nursery without being
headed back or shortened, and to-day
they stand as monuments of some one's
folly with trunks from four to six feet
in length and with brandhes coming out
all along it. Another instance that came
under my observation is that of quite a
large orchard in which the nurserymen
had instructed the grower to cut back
all to fourteen inches, and the grower
had obeyed him implicitly without the
slightest consideration for tthe size of
the tree or bud growth on it. The ques-
tion of cutting back young stock and
heading in severely at one, two and
three years will admit of a great deal of
discussion.

In sections like Kent and Elgin and
parts of Lambton, heading back too
severely does not do, as the growth is
too tender to stand the severer winter.
In these sections very little cutting back
should be practised. In the Niagara
peninsula we have the two extremes,
that in which Bhe grovk^er does not thin
out or cut back his tree until three years
of age and that in which the tree is sys-
tematically pruned summer and winter
to produce a head according to the
grower's idea. There is more danger
from freezing when the tree is cut back
than when it is not, and it requires much
more skilful orchard practice to bring a
severely pruned ordhard through a.
severe winter. Many claim that on an
average more fruit is produced on the
unpruned tree at three years of age than
on the pruned tree. I am not prepaied
to say whi(-h is better, but I do say that

if you are cutting back in any section,
except the Niagara peninsula, cease cul-
tivation in early July and sow a cover
crop to harden and prepare the fruit
buds for winter.

Our best growers differ a great deal
in their opinions as to what is the best
method of cultivation. A large number
plow twice in the year, some plow only
in the fall, some only in the spring, and
some do not plow at all, and a large
number have no regular system. In the
eastern townships of the Niagara penin-

sula to twenty who plow both sprii
and fall, fifteen plow in the spring on
and seven in the fall only, and thr.
do not plow at all, and .seven plow wh>
they are ready, not when the trees an..
Tho.se figures are given relatively. I
believe thougth that the tendency is to
plow less and that the use of extension
orchard implements is gaining ground.
Three or four of our best growers do
not plow their bearing orchards. Thr
use the extension disc and the spriut,
tooth harrow.

The Railroad Worm or Apple Maggot*

W. A. Ross, Bowmanville, Ont.

THE Railroad Worm or Apple Mag-
got is not, as many suppose, a
new pest in Ontario. Its occur-
rence in Lennox county in eighteen hun-
dred and ninety-five was recorded by the
late Dr. Fletdher in the Central Farm
Report for eighteen hundred and ninety-
six. Since then it has extended its
range considerably and has gained in
notoriety every year. I have now re-
cords of it having been found in the fol-
lowing counties : Prince Edward, Len-
nox, Hastings, Frontenac, Northumber-
land, Durham, Ontario, Wentworth,
Lincoln, Welland, and Norfolk.

Fruitgrowers from the eastern coun-
ties are all more or less familiar with
the work of this destructive pest — it is
responsible for what is commonly called
"railroaded" or "woody" apples. The
flesh of sudh fruit is characterized by
the presence of winding^ brownish
streaks, which are the burrows or tracks
of Railroad Worms or tiny maggots,
who lead a parasitic life within the fruit.
These maggots or worms are the larvae
of a two-winged fly, whose handsome

*A paper read at the annual convention of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, held in
Toronto, November. 1911.

exterior somewhat belies its evil charac-
ter. It is somewhat smaller than the
house or typhoid fly, is of a general
black color, with yellowish head and
legs, prominent greenish eyes and bar-
red, pictured wings (each wing is cross-
ed by four dark bars). In the female
there are four, in the male three, white
bands across the abdomen.

LIFE HISTORY

The insect passes the winter as a
pupa in the soil. The pupa somewhat
resembles a kernel of wheat. In eastern
Ontario adult flies first begin to put in
an appearance during the second and
t'hird weeks of July, and they continue
to emerge from the soil over a period of
four or five weeks. The female, by
means of a sharp instrument, an ovi-
positor, punctures the skin of the apple
and makes a minute, cylindrical passage
in the flesh, into which the egg is laid.
The egg puncture app)ears at first as a
minute brown speck, but later it be-
comes the centre of a small depression.
The egg hatches in about six days'
time, and the young maggot, which at
tihis stage is not visible to the naked eye,
then proceeds to burrow here and there

A View of the Plate and Boxed Fruit Exhibits at the Recent New Bruncwick Horticultural Exkibition. Notice the Splendid Display of Boxed Fruit.

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

279

I

II I

I

through the flesh of the apple. It may
wander near the skin and work just be-
neath the cuticle, giving rise to tihose
external grooves so commonly seen on
infested Spy apples. It is very interest-
ing to know that the rate of growth of
the larva keeps pace with the maturing
of tftie fruit. When the maggot is full
grown, the apple is almost invariably
in an over-ripe to a rotten condition,
and is usually, of course, on the ground.
The full grown larva leaves its apple
abode and works its way into the soil
to a depth ranging from one-half to two
inches, and pupates there. A few larva;
may go deeper than this and others may
pupate immediately beneath the decay-
ing fruit. The insect then remains at
this stage in the soil over winter, and
emerges as a fly the following summer.

SPREAD

The sluggish nature and stay-at-home
tendencies of the fly make it a very poor
immigrant — it spreads very slowly on its
own initiative. It may confine its attack
to a single tree in an orchard for a few
venrs before spreading to the neighbor-
ing trees. As to how the insect has ex-
tended its range in Ontario, I can only
offer theories. A considerable amount
of Apple Maggot infested fruit is bar-
relled and shipped every year. Maggots
emerging from such fruit naturally pu-
pate in the barrels r>nd so most probably
the pest has been disseminated to a very
arge extent as pupae in barrels.

Housewives may be held responsible
for the introduction of the Railroad
Worm in some orchards in the follow-
ing way: Infested apples are bougtht at
tihe market, taken home, many of them
on account of their "woody" nature
prove to be worthless and are thrown
into the back yard and there they b ■-
come a source of infection to the trees
in the neighborhood. Strong winds may
be instrumental in the spread of this
est, but I can only base this belief on
urely circumstantial evid.ence, wihich I
ave not time to give now.

METHODS OF CONTROL

The most reliable remedial measure is
the gathering and destroying of the
fallen fruit. This does not mean that
drops ha\e to be picked up every day .
If the summer apples are picked up
twice every week, the fall apples every
week, and the later varieties once every
two or three weeks an infested orchard
will be freed from this pest. 1 ha'vc
found that a very higth percentage <f the
larva- in early anples mature and leave
the fruit, and also that an exceedingly
high percentage of them in the winter
varieties perish in the fruit, so my ad-
vice to ail who are troubled with this
pest is to attend very carefully to the de-
struction of summer and fall "drops."
In the eastern counties this work need

: • ,' Z ^ •

Lambton's Great Exhibit at the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition

The fruit growers of Lambton County, Ontario, proved their claim that Lambton is one of
the best fruit growing counties in the province by the display of fruit they made last month at the
Horticultural Exhibition in Toronto. The fruit, which was of excellent quality, was arranged to
show the map of the county. The exhibit attracted general attention, and was highly praised by
all who saw it. It contained 350 boxes of fruit.

not be commenced until about the second and convert it into a poultry run.
last week of July. Shallow cultivation has often been re-
This control work can, of course, be commended as a remedial measure. It
done by keeping ihogs, sheep or other was given a trial this year, but did not
stock in the orchard, but now, when , yield very satisfactory results. How-
evaporators are paying as much as forty ever, I shall give it another trial before
to sixty cents per hundred for "drops," I lo.se faith in it altogether.

even fallen apples are too valuable to be
given to stock — pick them up and take
them to the evaporator. In this connec-
tion I might say that I believe that the
owners of evaporators are unconsciously
doing a magnificent work in the control

SPRAYING

A certain investigator in the United
States puts forward the claim that he
has had splendid success in controlling
this pest with a sweetened poisonous
spray mixture ; Ihowever, I do not want

of Shis pest. Fruit growers are finding t,, advocate spraying until it has been

thoroughly tested. The department
hopes to try several spray mixtures next
year, and its success or failure in this
connection will be found in the Railroad
Worm Bulletin which Mr. Caesar hopes

that the trade in ".drops" and "culls"
is sufficiently remunerative to mere than
pay for the time and labor expended in
picking up apples. The result is that
thousands of infested apples, which

othcrwi.se would have propagated and to publish next season
spread the trouble are being destroyed
every year. I have on different occa-
sions gone into evaporators in Durham
and Hastings coimties and have found
"railroad" apples.

USE OP POULTRY

Chickens are remarkably fond of Rail-
road Worm pupa'. In the ca.se of a
small infested orchard, it would be an
excellent plan to cultivate the orchard

In regard to the varieties attacked
and their degree of infestation, I would
say that Harvests, Tolman Sweet, Sep-
tember, .Snows and Spies are probably
the worst attacked in Ontario. I have
listed over thirty varieties wlhich I have
found pest-ridden, and I am inclined to
(hink that no variety is exempt from at-
tack. Any insect that would feed on
Hen Davis, as this one does, is liable to

a8o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

than sub-acid and sweet apples.

In my season's 'work I noticed that all
I he infested orchards with which I came
in contact were in that class known as
tihe "Neglected." This has also been
Mr. Caesar's experience, so we are al-
most forced to the conclusion that in
some way not clear to us, good orchard
practice keeps the "Railroad Worm"
out of the orchard.

Growing Nursery Stock*

W. T. Macoon, Dominieo Harticoltaritt, Ottawa, 0»f.

In cutting back the trees that have
made one years' growth, we cut back
the following spring almost to the
ground, and in that way we get the sec-
ond year a very strong, healthy growth,
which usually matures well before the
winter. At Ottawa we get the most sat-
isfactory results from root grafting our
trees on crab apple stock. This is be-
cause in the cold parts of the country,
as well as in New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Eastern Ontario, we find that apple
trees will not succeed on as cold soils as
they will in the south of Ontario or the
.Annapolis Valley, hence it is most im-
portant, if we cannot have the soil as
well drained as we desire, to have roots
which will withstand such as nearly as
possible. Crab apple trees will succeed
in cold soils much better than apple
trees ; you will find them growing in wet
land where apples would not stand. We
believe for our conditions it is well to
have our apple trees grafted or budded
on these hardy roots, as being able to
withstand the colder condition of the soil
the tree will do better. After twelve
years experience, I am more and more
confirmed in this opinion.

SOW IN THE FALL

We sow the seed of the Martha, Whit-
ney or Hyslop in the fall, and make nur-
-sery beds ; the first thing in the spring
these seeds will germinate and almost
every seed will come up. We leave the
seedlings in the beds for that winter; the
following spring we set them out in the
nursery, putting the trees six inches
apart in rows three feet apart. You can
either leave these trees for budding or
use them for root grafting. We prefer
root grafting, for the reason if the farm-
er is going to have a small nursery it is
much easier to graft in the winter than
in the summer, when one is usually very
busy. The .second year we dig up these
young trees and heel them in in the cel-
lar, and during the months of February
and March we root graft on these stocks.

We allow the stock to grow two
years before we graft, and sometimes
put them in hotbeds and force them to
be seedlings. About the first of June,
after danger from frost is over, they are
transplanted to nursery rows. In that
way you can get very fine trees, large
enough the first year.

'Conolnded from November isstie.

In the spring, cut back one-third of
the top of a three year old tree. The
lirst buds to start in the spring are the
top buds, and if you cut back too .severe-
ly you will delay the budding some time
and the tree will make about one-half its
growth in the year, and sometimes just
loaf out. It a severe winter follows it is
.-ilmost sure to die. JJuring the last few
years with trees from our nursery I pre-
fer to leave almost the whole top on, but
I take out the unnecessary wood. You
should cut back to the bud which is on
the outside of the branch so that your
branches will not run inside the tree. In
getting trees from a distant nur.sery, or
where you do not know how long they
have been out of the ground, I think it
is necessary to head back the trees quite
severely when planting so as not to ex-
haust the moisture. You had better
head back nursery stock about one-half
of the growth all over the tree. Leave
all the roots on, except broken or dam-
aged ones. Do not put old manure in
the hole, as you are liable to burn the
roots. The best land on which to grow
your nursery stock is a rich, well drain-
ed, sandy loam, a soil with possibly a
gravel sub.soil. Use .soil which will not
encourage a late growth of the tree.

Ontario vs. British Columbia

There seems to be n sreat deal ot adver-
tisinsr done, promoting: fruit growing- and
fruit lands in British Columbia. Thev
quote fruit lands at from three hundred
dollars to three hundred and fifty dollars
an acre. At what age do trees come into
bearing on this irrigated land? Is the
quality of the apple ahead of the central
Ontario grown fruit and the production per
acre any greater? I have about seventy-
five acres of young orchard in Northum-
berland county, and a friend of mine is
thinking about purchasing some orchard
land in the Okanagan Valley. I have been
persuading him to set out an orchard here,
in Ontario, where land can be purchased
for seventy-five dollars an acre. Please let
me know how the two propositions com-
pare.—W. W. F., -Northumberland Co.,
Ont.

As regards the possibilities in apple
culture in British Columbia as compared
to Ontario, we will discuss the question
only from a financial standpoint and as
a business proposition. Ontario posses-
ses many advantages as an apple pro-
ducing section all of which are possess-
ed to a greater or less extent by British
Columbia. British Columbia is at pre-
sent importing far more apples than she
is exporting, the figures for last year
being twenty-eight thousand one hun-
dred and three barrels imported, and
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-
three barrels exported. Consequently,
prices are much higher in British Col-
umbia than they are in Ontario. This
may be changed considerably when Brit-
ish Columbia begins to export large
quantities of apples, as she will in a
few years' time. The price may then
drop to meet the lower prices prevail-

ing in Oregon and Washington States.
British Columbia claims an advantage
in the superiority of the color and size
of her apples, while Ontario claims a
superiority in quality. This may be
true and the apples may differ consider-
ably in the two provinces, but the apples
of either province, when well grown, can
compete successfully on any market of
the world against the apples of any
other country. There need be no fear
of the apples of either province begging
for a buyer.

COST OF LAND

As our correspondent states, lands are
quoted as high as three hundred dollars
to three hundred and fifty dollars an
acre in British Columbia, while good
lands suitable for apple growing in On-
tario can \x purchased around seventy-
five dollars an acre. This should be
the deciding factor in locating an or-
chard. The mere cost of the land at
three hundred dollars per acre in British
Columbia will buy the land, pay for the
trees, and bring an orchard into bear-
ing in Ontario. One must consider that
cost of living, labor, material, and sup-
plies are higher in British Columbia
than they are in Ontario, consequently
the returns should be proportionately
high.

In British Columbia young apple trees
come into bearing at a very early age.
It is supposed that they require a longer
period in Ontario. This is largely due
to the lack of method in Ontario in the
past rather than to climatic or other
disadvantage which she may possess.
The writer has seen four-year-old apple
trees in Ontario producing a heavy crop
of fruit under the proper methods of
culture and general care. Of course, all
varieties will not produce at this age,
neither will they do so in British Colum-
bia. The best orchards in Ontario will
warrant the statement that trees will
produce as regularly, as heavily, and al-
most as early as they do in British Col-
umbia. But. we must remember that a
variety suitable for British Columbia
may not prove suitable for Ontario, and
care should be taken to choose varie-
ties that have proved satisfactory in tfie
section in which it is intended to plant.

THE C30NCLrSI0N

If our correspondent makes a good se-
lection of apples, using early bearing
varieties as fillers for the later bearing,
larger growing varieties planted as stan-
dards, and buys land in a good apple
section in Ontario, he should never re-
gret it. Let him adopt good methods
of culture, fertilizing, pruning, and
spraying, as many growers in Ontario
are doing, and he has a safe and sound
investment. True there may be many
difficulties in either province to over-
come, but the progressive growers of
both provinces have demonstrated that
all difficulties may be successfully over-
come.— G.B.

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

281

I

A Ship of Apples that was Highly Praised at the Recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition

One of the features at the recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition held in Toronto was the ship of apples and a display of boxed fruit, only a
small part of which is here shown, that wa« made by the united counties of Northumberland and Durham. Notice how apples are arranged m
the foreground to represent waves. Exhibits of this nature tend to greatly Increase the value of the fruit lands in the^ Munties that are enter-
prising enough to make them. This ship was about twenty feet long
boxee of apples were shown on each side.

Fifteen barrels of apples' were required for this exhibit. About six hundred

Garden Grown Decorations

Mrs. Annie L. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que.

A holiday appearance is given to a

dining and living room in winter if the
decorations for that season are leaf and
fruit that have the association of being
grown in garden or woodland. The
".\merican Holly," as the "Mahonia
.\quifolia," is often called, is a member
of the Barberry family, but its shining
green leaves have the same prickly
points and appearance as the Engli.sh
holly so prized at that season by tradi-
tion.

The mahonia is a handsome summer
shrub if well established. The flowers
are yellow, resembling the barberry, but
there the likeness ends, for the fruit is a
blue berry tihe size of a large pea, and
for this reason the plant is sometimes
railed "Oregon grape." Sprays laid
against a wall are effective, mingled here
and there with red barberries or "Phy-
salis Francheti," called "Chinese lan-
tern" plant. This is an easily grown
perennial that was taktn to England
frf)m Japan by James Vcitch, and culti-
vated by M. Franchet in the Jardin des
Plantes.

The fruits somewthat resemble a husk
tomato and are a brilliant orange red.
They will last for years as a decoration
if put away carefully from the light, and
look well mingled with sprays of hem-
lock or pine.

The flower is rather insignificant and
the plant of straggling growth, but well
worth cultivating for its fruits, for color
is needed among the greenery, and the
real always prove more attractive than
the artificial. The "Lanterns" turn red in
-September and can be picked with long
stems, and dried in a warm airy place,
ready for use. On a bracket, under a
picture or in the centre of a mantel a
Doinsettia can be placed, its terminal
bracts of fiery scarlet leaves being very
effective.

It can be grown during the summer in
the garden in pots sunk in the ground,
but does not endure frost, being a native
of Mexico, in fact it was named after
Joel R. Poinsette, the American minister
to that country, who first discovered it.

Fortunate are they who have been
forehanded enough to gather in the woods
some ground pine and hemlock, for it
makes decoration easy. The crimson and
yellow and variously tinted leaves of the
maples are utilized by one decorator,
who presses and varnishes them, and
forms them into some simple design.

.\ pretty decorative plant is "Ardisia
crenulata," with its glossy green leaves
and vermilion berries that are .so accom-
modating as to remain all winter on the
plant.

By preparing through the summer

these decorative plants can be made to
do their share towards bringing the gar-
den to the living room and so, "Make
things pleasant in one little place."

The Care of Tulips

Wra. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.

Can you use the same tulip bulbs for sev-
eral yeans? Is it best to raise them every
spring? Can you have the ground too rich?
— M. L. P., Mono Mills, Ont.

Tulip bulbs can be used for successive
years if treated properly. It is not nec-
ary to lift or disturb the bulbs for sev-
eral vears unless the ground has to be
dug and cultivated, to plant in other
kinds of plants for summer decoration.
Where tulip beds are planted in a mixed
or perennial flower border or among
shrubs, it is not advisable to disturb
them until the bulbs have become too
crowded. This condition is shown when
the bulbs begin to produce an inferior
type of flower.

About once in every six or seven years
is often enough to lift and divide tulips
when planted permanently among other
plants or flowers such as I have men-
tioned. I have known tulips and nar-
r;issi to flower every year for twenty-five
years without being disturbed. The best
time to lift, divide and transplant these
is towards the end of July or early in
August before the bulbs start to take
root. Bulbs should never be disturbed
after they have started to root and grow,
until after the flowering period.

282

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 1911

It is possible to have the, soil too rich
in fertilizers for bulbs. It is best to fer-
tilize the ground when digging it for
the summer decorative plants in June :is
before suggested. If the ground is of
good garden soil quality, no more man-
ure should be required for the bulbs. If
manure is used at the time of planting

bulbs, it should be well rotted, almost
the nature of soil itself, and be dug in
deeply so as not to come in direct con-
tact with the bulbs. If the soil is of a
heavy clay nature it should be lightened
by digging in some sand as well as the
fertilizer. A rather light loamy soil
suits tulips best.

Practical Plant Breeding

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont.

(Convluclcd from the November i.isue)

The Chinese Primrose, Primula sinen-
sis, affords another striking illustration.
The flowers of the species as originally
introduced were insignificant and of poor
color. Now we have flowers rjinging
from white to deep crimson, including

Figure 3

a beautiful blue, while the foliage is so
attractive, as to render the plant orna-
mental even when not in flower. This
process of development has been slow,
but the results of careful hybridizing and
selection are sure, and who can say that
the result is not worthy of the labor as
he looks into the face of any one of thiese
beautiful flowers? Surely such results
as indicated in Figure 3 are encourag-
ing.

Horticulturists generally are aware
that a great number of the beautiful
greenhouse flowering plants have been
introduced from the older countries.
.Some of these have been satisfactory,
while others have proved decidedly the
reverse. In many places it is almost
impossible to grow the herbaceous Cal-
ceolaria, which is so highly prized as a
decorative flowering plant. This is due
to the excessive heat, which checks
growth during the late summer and fall
months when the plant as a seedling
should be growi;)g strong and vigorous.

Figure 4 is a photograph of a plant
belonging to the genus and 4a the hybrid
with both parents. The parent plants
were crossed with the object of produc-
ing a more hardy heat resisting variety.
The female parent is C rugosa and the
male parent a variety of the herbaceous
greenhouse type.

C rugosa was cho.sen on account of
its hardy nature. The hybrid has in-
herited that character, and has proved
a valuable ornamental plant as is shown
by the photograph.

Selective work also has been carried
on to .some extent with the genus Cal-
ceolaria. Through eight generations
seeds have been selected from the plant
with the most desirable habit, and the
largest flowers. The result is shown in
Figure 5, which represents a specimen
of the herbaceous type. The plant was
grown in a 7-inch pot, and measured
three feet in diameter.

The genus Begonia also affords op-
portunity for experimental work. Figure
6 illustrates the results of crossing the
ordinary tuberus bedding variety with
the species Dregei (The hybrid is in the
centre), while Figure 7 illustrates a
batch of the seedlings of the first gener-
ation. The cross was made in the hope
of producing an improved bedding var-
iety, but as the seedlings cannot be
planted out during the present year, it
will be impossible to say whether the
object has been attained until next sea-
son. In any case the hybrid is a most
satisfactory greenhouse plant.

Space will not permit of further illus-
tration, but it will be obvious to anyone

E

m

mtij ''fJ^rT^^^^^^^B

with a knowledge of plants that what
can be done with one natural order or
even genus can nearly always be done
with another, and there can be no
greater reward than the realization of
having created with the help of nature
something different than already existed.

In the above experiments many of the
hybrids ha\e followed Mendel's Law of
Heredity. Of this Law there is no tim^-
to sf)eak here except to say that this
great discovery has taught us not to dis-
card hybrid plants as worthless. They
may have inherited some desirable qual-
ity which in succeeding generations will
appear and amply repay months and
even years of assiduous toil.

\Vhat is true of flowers is true also of
vegetables. .Strange as it may seem, a

Figure 4

Figure 4 A

good edible variety of carrot has been
produced by selection through seven
generations from the common wild
species Daucus carota. The parsnip has
a similar history, and that delicious
vegetable asparagus has been produced
by judicious selection combined with
careful cultivation from the wild, saline
loving seaside plant .Asparagus offici-
nalis.

There is not only an unlimited field for
the scientific investigator, whether he be
studying to throw light upon some cyto-
logical problem, or to substantiate some
existing theory, but there are also un-
limited possibilities for the practical
plant breeder. Science and practice are
inseparably wedded, therefore it is the
duty of one to aid the other for the sake
of the good which can only accrue fro'n
mutual cooperation. S<-ientists have ob-
tained many ideas and much of th^ir
knowledge from the. trained practitioner,
and it is to him they look for material
for scientific investigation.

Let us then not .scorn the efforts of the
men who do the work ; rather let us
encourage the improvement of our
beautiful flow-ors and useful fruits and
vegetables. The difference between the
scientist and the practitioner is only that
of degree, and in either case let us en-

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST

283

Svvcct Peas and Their Culture*

Thomas D. Dockray, Toronto, Ont.

Figure 5

courage the one whose efforts testify to
an intelligent appreciation of the works
of nature.

Amaryllis

TkM. Jackira, Agricalturil College, Winnipeg

These are beautiful bulbous plants
from the Cape of Good Hope. They grow
remarkably well as a house plant, pro-
ducing under the simplest conditions
one, two or even three spikes from eigh-
teen to twenty-four inches in height,
with from three to six large tiumpet-
shaped blooms, which last a long time
in good condition- They can be secured
from any good nui sery or seed house dur-
ing the winter or early spring.

As soon as the bulbs are received,
they should be planted in pots an inch
or so larger than the diameter of the
bulbs. Plant them so that the widest
part of the bulb is covered with soil and
the top part or neck left exposed. For
soil, use two parts of good fibrous loam,
one part of well rotted manure or [eaf
mould a little sand, and a sprinkling of
flour well mixed together.

After potting put them right in the
window, and water sparingly at first,
and if they are well matured bulbs ii
will not be long before the flower scapes
appear, and after that the leaves.

It will then be necessary to water
more freely as the plant develops. When
in bloom a medium temperature with a
light shade will prolong the flowering
period.

Why don't they keep the streets a little
cleaner?
You ask with deep annoyance not
undue.
Why don't they keep the parks a little
greener?
(Did you ever stop to think that they
means you?)

For the decoration of the home and
the garden no flower is more popular
than the sweet pea. More seed of it is
sold than of any other flower and to cre-
ate a new variety is the dream of every
hybridist.

To produce the largest and earliest
blooms, sweet peas should be grown in
full sunliglht. If the slanting shadcw of
a tall tree or building should happen to
fall upon them for an hour or so in the
afternoon it will help to prevent them
from burning in the sun, but more shade
than this will make them weak and in-
effective. Heavy clay soil is said to be
the best for them, but in Toronto we
have had fair success on clay loam and
even on sandy soil.

Prepare the ground in tihe fall by dig-
ging the earth out of the place where the
sweet peas are to grow to a depth of
three or four feet. Then mix this earth
thoroughly with about the same amount
of manure, the older the better, and
fill tihe hole dug with this mixture to
within six inches of the top. Break up
some decayed sod fine and mix some
bone meal and soot with it, also some
wood ashes and a little lime, and fill up
the remaining six inches. It the soil is
not prepared until spring, then use only
the manure, at least one year old, and
bone meal.

CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

Superphosphate is recommended as a
dhemical fertilizer, or a mixture of three
pounds of superphosphate, one pound of
bone flour, one pound of nitrate of pot-
ash, one pound of sulphate of potash and
one pound of nitrate of soda. This mix-
ture should be lightly dug in early in
March, and is sufficient for a patch six-
teen feet square or a strip three feet wide
and eighty-five feet long.

•Extract from a paper read at the annual
convention of the Ontario Horticultural Asso-
ciation, held in Toronto, November, 1911.

Here in Toronto sowing in the fall is
useless. About March twentieth is the
earliest one may venture to sow here.
From tihe fifth to the tenth of April is
usually safe. Some seeds should also b<;
sown in boxes or pots under glass or in
the house so that the young plants
may be transferred to the places in the
row where seeds have failed to germin-
ate. Plants should not be grown closer
than six inches together. A birdscare
of some kind should be put up at once,
or the sparrows will ^et the seeds.

HEDGES

For hedges, only varieties well mixed
and of about the same iheight and vig-
or, should be grown. Sow in two rows,
leaving a space from eight to twelve
inches or more between the rows. Plant
stout posts painted or stained green
along the rows with cross pieces on them
to which to fasten the wire. When the
plants are up say a couple of inches,
place a slender twig about eighteen
inches long by each for support. Then
string the first wire eighteen inches from
the ground. Tie the plant loosely to the
twig and tie the twig firmly to the wire.

Some varieties have very few tendrils
until they are over a foot high and aH
seem to shrink away from the wire dur-
ing the earlier stages of growtlh. The up-
per v/ires should be supplied only as
needed. Use the finest galvanized wire
that will stand the strain. The object
of this method ot stringing is to get the
best decorative effect in the garden by
making the support as nearly invisible
as possible and by keeping the tops of
the plants all the time just above the
support. If wire netting is used, it
sihould be put up before sowing and be
at least six feet high and with a six inch
mesh or larger.

The advantage of brush as a support

i

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IT' -■• ■^Pm.

'hA

jg

i^^^^m

1^

: ^^/.

^

4^

me

^HP

^^■■IHHi

«K.

Practical Plant Breeding, Figure 6

284

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

Practical Plaat Breeding, Figure 7

is that it does not burn the tendrils and
permits the plants to put out their
branches naturally in all directions, as a
t ee does, instead of only to the tight or
to the left, as when trained on wires.
Hut, until heavily covered by the vines,
l)rush is very unsightly.

Sweet peas may also be planted to
lun over the lower branches of a climb-
ing rose or vine. It will thus escape the
scorching Iheat that is reflected from a
bare wall or fence. The sweet peas will
begin to flower just as the other climber
is fading. But the ground must be made
very rich, otherwise the sweet peas will
not be able to compete with the woody
climber.

THE TJSE OP TUBS

Even for formal decorative effect sweet
peas may be grown in large tubs and
placed like clipped box trees, along walks
or on terraces. The tubs sihould be of
wood, painted green, deep rather than
broad, and with some holes bored in the
bottom. Some broken flower pots
sihould be put in and then a mixture of
old sod, roughly torn up, and old man-
ure, to within a few inches of the tlop,
then some fine soil. An early start may
be obtained by planting the tub in a
greenhouse and removing it to the kit-
chen garden or some other inconspicu-
ous position when all danger of frost is
past.

When the plants have come up, they
should be thinned out until they are
about three inches apart. Some strong
support such as galvanized wire rods'^
fastened together here and there, or a
■cylinder of wire netting, should be oro-
vided at once and the vines carefully
trained up it. When the plants are about
to flower, the tub may be removed to the
terrace, lawn or other position for which
it has been specially designed. Liquid
manure and other stimulants should be
used, but not too much lest the leaves
wither.

Varieties that do not grow very high
are the best to plant in tubs as they flow-
er early in the season. Mount Blanc, a
white, does well in quite small tubs, or
large flower pots, as it grows only about
eighteen inches high. It is also splendid
for bare spots here and there in the per-
ennial border. I have found Cupid
sweet peas to be utterly useless in pots,
in tubs and in the open ground.

IN CIRCLES

A favorite way of growing sweet peas
in the Old Country is in circles in the
middle of beds of annuals. A little tent
of brush or wires is set up first and tied
at the top. Then the seeds are sown. If
the plants show a tendency to stretch
away from the support, a light twig or
wire can be so worked as to encourage
tJhe tendrils to take hold. Here this has
the disadvantage that the support is un-
sightly until midsummer.

WATERING

.Sweet peas require a great deal of
water here in Toronto. The best way is
to give them, say, half an hour with a
very fine spray at sundown two or three
times a week rather than a hasty splash
every evening. But soft water that has
stood in the sun is better than the
chilly water from the hose. The fine
spray, however, is most useful in knock-
ing the green flies off the plants.

CULTIVATION

After watering the ground must be
stirred up around the plants and always
kept from looking smooth. Or a mulch
of dried grass clippings may be laid upon
the ground, but not too close to the
vines. In this case not so much watering
will be required and the ground need not
be stirred so frequently, as the mulah-
will prevent it from baking hard and
will keep it moist. A constant watch
must be kept on the mulch itself lest it
become mildewy or pasty and afl^ord a
pleasant rendezvous for injurious in-
sects.

The foregoing methods of culture m.r,
appear extremely difficult and possibi
lorbidding. But we have only to turn to
the horticultural magazines and books of
the Old Country to see what we consider
tender care of sweet peas here would
there be looked upon as rank neglect,
f'or they only get their magnificent suc-
cesses with sweet peas after persistent
vigilance against rabbits, cats, moles,
mice, blackbirds, slugs, snails, stripe,
mildew and a number of fancy fungous
diseases that we are not troubled with
here.

Floral Notes for December

Wm. Hut, O.A.C., Gulpk, O.L

It is not yet too late to plant a few bulbs
of hyacinth and narcissus if the bulbs
have been kept in a cool place and are
good and firm. It should be remember-
ed that the main point necessary to suc-
cess in pot culture in bulbs is to see that
a good root system is developed before
they are brought out into Hhe light. If
the pots are plunged or buried in sand
or soil in the cellar they should be taken
out from the sand before the top growth
is much over two inches in height. Do
not leave them in the sand too long.

CACTUS AND SUCCULENT PLANTS

Cactus, Agaves, Aloes and plants of a
like nature should not be given too much
water during the winter. The soil should
be kept only barely moist. The Christ-
mas or Lobster cactus (Epiphyllum trun-
catum) and winter flowering cactus may
be watered a little more liberally. The
summer flowering Cereus, especially the
night flowering type should not be wat-
ered too heavily during the winter.

The different varieties of cactus,
agaves, and so forth, and succulent
plants generally grown in greenhouses
and windows, are usually natives of
countries where decidedly wet and dry
seasons prevail. About half of the year
very wet weather is tfhe rule, the balance
of the year being very hot, dry and arid.
By keeping these plants moderately dry
at the roots, it induces the season of par-
tial rest that they get naturally in their
native environments.

A Good Root Growth

J

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

285

The spring or early summer is the best
time to re-pot cactus and succulent
plants generally. Sandy soil not too rich
in fertilizer with a liberal amount ot
drainage material such as broken flower
pots and old mortar should be used for
drainage. All of this class of plants
dislike to be kept soddened with water
at the roots. This last named condition
often proves fatal to them.

Forcing Lilacs in Winter

Mri. W. F. Hardy, Oakwecd, Ont.

Last winter I tried growing lilacs in
the house, as I 'had heard that they
could be made to bloom indoors quite
easily. As it will soon be the time of
year when branches should be brought
indoors for this purpose, I thought that
readers of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist would be interested in learning of my
success last winter.

I brought two good-sized branches in-
to the house on the last day of Decem-
ber. These branches were about five
feet long and about one and a half
inches thick at the base. I set each of
them in a bucket of water and placed
one near a window in the hallway and
the other some distance back from the
window in a warm corner of the same
hall, which was near a stovepipe. In
about three weeks' time nearly one hun-
dred buds were showing, and by the
middle of February they began to open
into flowers. The one near the window
did not come out as fast as the one
which was in the warmer situation, but
the flowers looked healthier and stronger

Lilacs Blooming in Winter

as they came out. The illustration shows
a few of the sprays which were cut
when tihe bloom was at its best. These
were cut just about two months after I
brought the branches indoors. They
would have doubtless been considerably
better but for the fact that some of them
were slightly frozen on a very cold night
when the fire happened to go out.

A Pleasing Portion of the Floral Exhibits at the Recent Horticultural Exhibition in Toronto

My Favorite Flower and How I Grow It*

A. V. Main,

In spite of the great increase of flow-
ers of recent years, the geranium has
kept its ground. It is to-day more pop-
ular than ever, and I designate it my
"favorite" flower, for my garden with-
out it would be incomplete. It justly
deserves its place. As a bedding plant
for borders, boxes, vases, and flower
beds it is practically unbeatable. It is
a perpetual bloomer and free of insect
pests or disease, easily managed, simple
to propagate, greenhouse accommoda-
tion is not essential, and it is within the
compass of all to grow. I find Septem-
ber the most satisfactory month for pro-
pagation.

PROPAGATION

I would like to emphasize here that
we do not propagate enouglh. To keep
our plants in a young condition is the
secret of massive bloom and healthy
foliage. The cuttings or slips should
be good, sturdy, ripened growths that
have been made through the summer and
between three and five inches long, gen-
erally possessing three joints. With a
keen edged knife trim off the bottom
pair of leaves close to the stem, then
make a clean cut below tihe joint. Allow
the cutting several hours in which to
heal over the wound. Prepare some soil
put through a quarter-inch sieve, one
part leaf soil, one part loam, one part
sand, mix together, and fill two-inch
pots fairly firm with it, with a layer of
sand on the surface.

The Chinese sacred lily is an easy
plant to handle, either in water or soil. It
will bloom in six weeks.

•Rxtra-ct from the essay that wou first prize
in tlie competition held during the past summer
for prizes offered by Mr. B. B. Whyte, of
Ottawa, and Ur. Hermann SimmerB, of Toronto.

Ottawa, Ont.

First of all put some rough leaves or
fibrous turf in the bottom of the pot.
Before inserting the cuttings give the
pots a good sprinkling, using a fine rose
can. Put one, two and three geraniums
in a pot and about an inch and a half
deep. Have a small wood label in each
pot with the name of the variety, date
of insertion, and other useful informa-
tion.

Set the pots rutside in a cool frame
on a bed of ashes, and use a glass sash
or window over them in case of rain
coming too early. Keep them moist and
shaded from sunshine, and also let them
have air to avoid decay, or the cuttings
becoming damp. In four to six weeU's
roots will be formed and repotting into
two and three inch pots, according to
their vigor, will be necessary. Use the
soil recommended for propagation. Put
the little plants, all nicely labelled, into
individual pots in a sunny window and
shade for several days till the roots be-
come active.

WINTER TREATMENT

In winter the best treatment is to give
them all possible light, water them about
once a week and clean off any bad
leaves. Turn the plants occasionally.
The temperature should not go below
thirty-eight degrees. In March pinch or
break off the top of the plant, to induce
side growths and then obtain a bushy
geranium. Repot into four and five inch
pots. Keep the plants well watered, and
admit air when possible at mid-day.

Manure for hot beds should be uni-
form in composition and texture.

286

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 1911

The Ontario Vegetable Growers' Convention

Pretidtnt Dclworth

THE best interests ol the vegetable
growers of Ontario are being pro-
moted in many ways by the On-
tario Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association. This
fact was made mani-
fest at the seventh an-
nual convention of the
association held Nov-
ember fifteenth, in
Toronto. The attend-
ance was much the
largest in the history
of the a s s o c i ation .
Growers were present
from almost all parts
of the province and from the province of
Quebec as well. As usual, however,
there was not as large an attendance of
market gardeners from around the city
of Toronto as there should have been.
The growers present were manifestly
there with a purpose. The discussions,
therefore, were to the point and instruc-
tive. Each year a gratifying increase
in the influence and importance of this
association is noticeable.

Since tihe formation of the association
one of its most efficient officers and
workers has been the present president,
Thos. Delworth, of Weston. In his re-
marks as president, Mr. Delworth laid
emphasis on the importance of the use
of a system of irrigation in connection
with the growing of vegetables where
there is a suitable supply of water avail-
able. The necessity for eliminating the
middleman wherever practical was
pointed out. Mr. Delworth also advo-
cated tlhat the new government at
Ottawa should be urged to reintroduce
and pass the measure establishing stan-
dard weights by the bushel and by the
bag for vegetables that was introduced
in the last session of the Dominion Sen-
ate, but which did not receive its third
reading because of the dissolution.

SECRETARY TREASURER'S REPORT

The report of the secretary-treasurer,
J. Lockie Wilson, of Toronto, described
the savings tlhat had been effected by
several branches of the association
through cooperative buying and lines of
work the branches were carrying on suc-
cessfully. The need for a greater supply
of labor was touched on, it being stated
that in the vicinity of St. Thomas alone
one thousand more laborers than arc
available are needed.

The success of the experiments con-
ducted in New Ontario under the direc-
tion of tihe association was mentioned.
The possibility and desirability of
specializing in potato growing in New
Ontario was urged. If this is done,
however, it will be necessary to secure
a readjustment of freight rates, as it
now costs mor^ to ship potatoes from

.Mew Liskeard to Toronto, a distance of
three hundred and thirty-four miles,
than from St. John, N.B., to Toronto,
a distance of one thousand miles.

ORGANIZATION

The necessity for being Ijetter organ-
ized and the tjenefits that would follow
were described by C. W. Baker, of Tan--
bling, Ont. Mr. Baker declared that
t!he association might increase its mem-
bership to five thousand if the present
members would take hold of the work
with the necessary enthusiasm . Th;it
the convention appreciated the points
that were made by Mr. Baker was
shown by the passing of a resolution ap-
pointing Mr. Baker to represent the as-
sociation this winter for several weeks
in the organization of new branches of
Uhe association. Mr. Baker's paper will
be published in an early issue of Thk
Canadian Horticulturist.

tomato growing for export

One of tihe best papers ever presented
at a convention of the association was
read by George Cooper, of Grimsby,
Ont., entitled "Tomato Growing for the
British Market." This report will be
published practically in full in The Can-
adian HoRTicti.TURisT. Mr. Cooper
dealt not only with the matter of ihe
varieties of tomatoes now grown, but
also with the varieties demanded by the
British consumer, the best methods of
shipping tomatoes, of distributing them
to tIhe Old Country markets, the me-
thods of handling tomatoes followed in
other countries, and many other points.
The paper was most comprehensive and
instructive. The conclusion reached was
that at present tomatoes cannot be ship-
ped with profit to the Old Country, but
there are great possibilities for increas-
ing the production of tomatoes in On-
tario, and no reason why in time,
through the adoption of proper and sys-
tematic metihods a profitable market can-
not be developed in Great Britain. To
accomplish all this, however, will be a
matter of years.

SMALL FRUIT CULTURE

An entertaining, instructive talk on
new methods in small fruit culture was
given by W. H. Kerr, of Ottawa. Mr.
Kerr dealt with the methods of growing
varieties of small fruit that he has found
most successful, and touched a little also
on the matter of varieties.

WORK OF THE STATIONS

The work being done at the Ottawa,
Guelph, and Jordan Harbor Experiment
Stations was described respectively bv
W. T. Macoun of Ottawa, H. H.
MacLennan of Guelph, and A. T. Logs-
dail of Jordan Harbor. Mr. Macoun
and Mr. MacLennan told the growers
present quite plainly that they were not
taking the interest in the work of the
stations that they should. Growers sel-

dom visit them and almost never offer
suggestions concerning experiments
they would like to see tried and do not
do what they might to induce the local
and Dominion Governments to extend
the work being carried on in the interest
of vegetable growers. Mr. MacLennan
had samples of tomatoes and potatoes
with him whicfh he used to illustrate the
results of experimental work he had con-
ducted. He stated that the horticultural
department at Guelph was handicapped
through not having more greenhouses in
which to prosecute experimental work,
and that he realized Chat the most valu-
able experimental work that could be
carried on was in relation to the grow-
ing of crops under glass.

The members of the association show-
ed that they realized that the criticism
to which they had been subjected was
justified by passing a resolution, moved
by Mr. Eraser, of Leamington, and
seconded by Mr. J. W. Rush, of Hum-
ber Bay, urging the Government to pro-
vide more greenhouse accommodation at
Guelplti. The directors were requested
to press this matter upon the Govern-
ment and to place themselves in touch
with the work being conducted at the
college. Further reference will be pub-
lished in The Canadian Horticulturist
to the reports of Messrs. Macoun and
Logsdail. Mr. Wm. Dreher spoke
briefly in regard to the work being done
at Macdonald College, Quebec, and by
the Quebec Vegetable Growers' .Associ-
ation.

SEED POTATOES

An address on the importance of pro-
per seed selection was delivered by Dr.
W. W. Tracey, Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D.C. , mention of
which will be made more fully in later
issues of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist.

A paper entited "New Ontario as a
Place to Grow Seed Potatoes," was read
by Mr. T. G. Raynor ,of the Ontario
Department of .Agriculture. This will
be published in The Canadian Horti-
culturist in full.

EVENING SESSION

At the evening session a valuable ad-
dress, entitled "Marketing Problems,'
was given by Paul Work, of Cornell
L'niversity, Ithica, N.Y. This address
was illustrated by a large number of ex-
cellent steriopticon views. The views
showed packing houses, market garden-
ers' wagons loaded with vegetables, me-
thods of picking and packing vegetables
in the field, and other similar subjects.
This address, as w-ell as some of the il-
lustrations used, will be published in
The Canadian Horticulturist. Ad-
dresses were also given at this sessio 1
by Mr. C. C. J imes. Deputy Minister of
.Agriculture ,a»id by Hon. J. S. Duff,
Minister of Agriculture, Toronto. Mr.

December, 191 j

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

287

The Exhibit of Vegetables was One of the Features of the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition held in Toronto Last Month.
A Portion of the Exhibit is here shown. The Quality of the Exhibit* was Excellent

ames gave an interesting account of the
difficulties people living in rural sections
in various parts of Europe, such as Swe-
den, Ihave to contend with in the culti-
vation of the soil. He believed that
were these people to be given informa-
tion about conditions in Ontario they
could be induced to emigrate to this
country.

Before the convention closed a resolu-
tion was passed urging the Ontario

Government to reserve fifty acres of
ground on the Monteith Experimental
Farm in New Ontario for the growing
of potatoes and to place a suitable man
in charge of the work. The Dominion
Government was also urged to establish
an experiment station in the middle of
the clay belt in New Ontario for th'^
growing of grain and vegetables and to
distribute the products of tlhis farm to
farmers and gardeners at cost prices.

New Ontario For Seed Potatoes*

T. G. Haynor, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa

THE question has been raised by
your association of the possibility
of New Ontario proving a good
place for growing seed tubers. In order
to test the matter, I believe arrange-
ments were made through your secre-
tary this spring to supply half a dozen
farmers, three of whom lived in the
vicinity of Charlton and the other three
in the neighborhood of New IJskeard in
New Ontario, witih seed tubers of the
Early Olive and Green Mountain varie-
tits. When the potatoes arrived some
disappointment was expressed in the
varieties, and, in two cases, in the qual-
ity of the stock ; the farmers thought the
potatoes very small to send out for seed.
However, all six tried the seed and the
results were varied.

•Extract from a paper read at the annual
convention of the Ontario Vegetable Orowers'
AsBociation, held in Toronto, November IS.

Such an experiment should prove suc-
cessful. Many farmers, when changing
their seed, procure it from districts
located north of them, and if possible
from a different soil. Local grown seed
is usually better for tihe locality produc-
ing it than .seed imported from southern
districts. Northern grown seed tends
to early maturity. Acting in accordance
with this principle, a number of prtato
growers in England send to Scotland
for their seed. Mr. Macoun, the Domin-
ion Horticulturist, has found that seed
tubers from the Maritime and western
experimental farms, tested at the Central
Experimental Farm with their own seed,
do much better even the first year.

It is a common practice among far-
mers to change their .seed potatoes fre-
quently. Their idea is flhat the seed
runs out, and so it does, more especially
when the small tubers are used. Hut

when a variety does well and becomes
acclimatized, frequent changes are un-
necessary. In northern Sweden, for in-
stance, some varieties of potatoes have
been grown for over one hundred years,
and are good yet. It may be observed,
however, that some experiment stations
have found that in working with the pro-
duct of one tuber, the strain will begin
to deteriorate in about twelve years and
will not be profitable to grow for more
than twenty years at the most. It is
different with varieties wlhere the tubers
are selected indiscriminately. For in-
stance, I have met in Ontario at least
six men who have grown one variety of
potato for over twenty-five years, and
to-day the tubers are as good if not bet-
ter than at first. This was done in
selecting large uniform tubers for seed.
Among the varieties so tested were
Hebron, Empire State, White Elephant
and Early Rose. At the experimental
farm at Guelph, Prof. Zavitz has been
testing several varieties, with ordinary
selection, for twelve or thirteen years,
and he finds that they continue to im-
prove in both yield and quality.

Since the organization of the Cana-
dian Seed Growers' Association, a sys-
tematic effort has been made by potato
growers in different parts of Canada to
improve the crop by the hill system of
selection, either from individual tubers
or by selecting them collectively.

As a supplier of potash, the oldest form
of fertilizer in use is hardwood ashes.

288

THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

The Canadian Horticulturist ^^^^^i^^!^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Published by The Horticultural
Publishinc Compuijr, United

PBTTSRBORO, OI^XiLRIO

EDITORIAL

the pri'Kunt urant of two thousand dollai.s
to at least five thousand dollars a ;«>br.

The Only Horticultural Magazine

in the Dominion

OrriciiL Oroan op thk Ontario, Qukbko, New

Brunswick and Princk Edward Island

Fruit Growers' Associations

H. Bronson Cowan, ManaKing Oireotor

1. The Oanadiaji Horticultnrist is published
on the 25th day of the month preceding date of
issue.

2. Subscription price in Canada and Great
Britain, 60 cent* a year; two yeare. $1.00. For
United States and looa.1 subecriptions in Peter-
boro (not called for at the Poet Office), 25 cent*
extra a year, including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Poet Office
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.
Postage Stamps accepted for amounts lees than
$1.00.

4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers
are held responsible until aU arrearagee are
paid and their paper ordered to be discontin-
ued.

5. Change of Address— When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dressee musrt be given.

6. Advertising Rates Quoted on application.
Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad-
vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad-
vertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication
will be thankfully received by the editor.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Oflnadian Horticultur-
ist for the year ending with December, 1910.
The figures given are exclusive of samples and
epoiled copiies. Most months, including tie
sample copies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to bo interested in the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetables:

January, 1910 8,925

February, 1910 8,967

March, 1910 9.178

April, 1910 9 410

May, 1910 9.505

June, 1910 9.723

July, 1910 9,300

August, 1910 8,832

Septermber. 1910 8,776

October, 1910 8,784

November, 1910 8,747

December, 1910 8.662

UI8,809

Average each Issue In IM7. 6.(S77

" " " " 19(18, 8,6SS

" " " " 1909, 8,978

" " " •' 1910, 9,067

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed

upon application.

OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY

We want the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist to feel that they can deal with our
advertisers with our assurance of the adver-
tisers' rebabi'lity. We try to admit to our col-
umns only the most reliable advertisers. Should
any subscriber, therefore, have good oause to
be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives
from any of our advertisers, we will look into
the matter and investigate the circums'tancee
fully. Should we find reason, even In the
slightest degree, we will discontinue im-
mediately the publication of their advertise-
ments in The Horticulturist. E^ould the cir-
cumstances warrant, we will expoee them
through the columns of the paiwr. Thus we
will net only protect our readers, but our repu-
table advertisers as well. All that is necessary
to entitle you to the benefit of this Protective
Policy is that you include in all your letters to
advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The
Canadian Hortioulturistt." Complaints should be
m.ide to us as soon ae possible after reason for
dissatisfaction has been found.

Communications should be addressed,

THE CANADIAN HORTIOUI/TURIST,

PETBRBORO, ONTARIO.

A REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT

If the development of the fruit industr.y
in Ontario may be judged by the improve-
ment that has taken place during the past
seven years in the number and quality of
the exhibits of fruit at the Ontario Horti-
cultural Exhibition, and we may believe
that it may, then it has been extraordi-
nary. Seven years ago, when the first ex-
hibition was held in the old Granite Skating
Rink, Toronto, less than twenty boxes of
fruit were shown. A larger number of bar-
rels of fruit were exhibited, but the pack-
ing, both of the boxes and of the barrels,
was very inferior. At that time the art of
proper packing was practically unknown in
Ontario. So discouraging was this feature
of the exhibition that the then Minister of
Agriculture, the late Hon, John Dr.yden,
publicly expressed the view that Ontario
woald have to bring expert packers from
the Pacific coast states to show our On-
tario fruit growers how to pack their crops.
At that time no one anticipated that there
wouM so soon be such a wonderful improve-
meat as has since taken place.

Last week over three thou.sand boxes of
fruit were on view at the exhibition. Many
more would have been shown had space
been available. Almost all of this fruit was
splendidly packed, the pack of most of it
being close to perfect. In addition the
fruit was of better color, size and quality
than ever before. While this was due in
part to the dry season, which enhanced the
color of the fruit, it was due even more to
the more thorough spraying, pruning and
cultivation now practised in the orchards
of Ontario. The exhibition made it mani-
fest that Ontario is now about able to hold
its own with any other apple producing
section on the continent. This means that
the time has come when we should under-
take the holding of a national apple show.
The members of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association did not endorse this pro-
posal «t their recent convention, mainly
beca'ise of the fear that Ontario could not
compe.'o in an average season against the
better colored fruit of British Columbia.
What of that? We should not be afraid
to take a beating if we have to. We have
other advantages, such as nearness to mar-
kets, the lower price of our fruit lands,
and a more uniform rainfall, that more
than offset any present advantages in the
coloring of our fruit and which cannot be
advertised as they should be by anything
l^s than the holding of a national apple
show. Such a show would serve to draw
the attention of the world to our great
fruit possibilities. It would also give us an
opportunity to compare our fruit and our
methods of packing with the fruit and
methods of other noted fruit districts. Thus,
while we might lose some of the important
awards at the first exhibition, we should
leani where we are still weak and thus be
enabled to do better in later efforts, On-
tario needs the stimulus and enthusiasm
which such an undertaking would provide.
This matter must not be allowed to drop
hut must be kept to the front until such a
show is held.

For the present it ig evident that the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition has out-
grown Its present quarters. A strenuous
effort should be made next vear to secure
the use of the armories. The Ontario gov-
ernment should be urged ajso to increase

SHOULD GRANT APPLICATION

Ai the convention of the Ontario Horti-
cultural Aiisociation, held in Toronto last
month, i', was decided to ask the Ontario
government to increase the antwal grant
to the horticultural societies of the prov-
ince from ten thousand dollars to twelve
thousand five hundred dollars a year. The
goveruu'enr should grant this request. Dur-
ing the past five years the membership of
th^ hciticiltura' societies in Ontario has
almost doubled, having increased from
around six thousand to almoi^t eleven thou-
sand.

In the fall of nineteen hundred and nine,
l)ecause of the great increase that had taken
place in the membership of the societies up
to that time, the government was asked to
increase the grant from eight thousand dol-
lars to thirteen thousand dollars a year.
This request was not granted. Instead,
the government increased the grant by two-
thousand dollars, or to ten thousand dol-
lars. Since then the meraber.ship of the
societies has increased by approximately
3,000, or about one-third. The government
grant in consequence is proving quite in-
adequate and does not enable the societies
t-c carry on the work that they otherwise
might. After the first of the year some four
new societies are to Le organized. Each
new society that is formed decreases the
amount of the government grant available
for the other societies. Thus conditions
are steadily growing worse.

In asking that the government grant
should be increased to twelve thousand
five hundred dollars. the societies
are asking for even less than they did two
years ago. The excellent results that are
following the work of the horticultural
societies are so apparent in almost every
city or town of the province the govern-
ment will be amply justified in increasing
the grant to the extent desired.

WOULD HELP FRUIT INTERESTS

The fruit growers of Ontario mav be par-
doned for hearing with interest "the pro-
posals of the new leader of the Ontario Lib-
eral Party, Mr. N. W. Rowell. in regard to
fruit growing. On the whole thev show
an acquaintance with the fruit interests of
the province not commonly met with in a
political leader not actively in touch with
agriculture.

After criticising the government for not
realizing more clearly the immense possi-
bilities of the fruit interests of Ontario,
which produces over 70 per cent, of the
fruit grown in Canada, and drawing atten-
tion to the vastly increased returns that
have been obtained from fruit growing
where improved methods have been intro-
duced, Mr. Rowell calls for greater ex-
penditures by the government on behalf
of the fruit industry. In this connection
Mr. Rowell advocates the estahlishment of
demonstration orchards in practically ev-
erv leading fruit growing section of the
province. He then proposes that packing
schools should be established in the fruit
districts and that certificates be granted to
those packers who succeed in passing such
tests as may be arranged by the govern-
ment, on much the same basis as has been
done in connection with the packing schools
which have proved so successful in British
Columbia.

Mr. Rowell then touches a point of vital
interest in many of our leading fruit dia-

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

289

tricts. He criticises the government for
not having done more to prevent the spread
of injurious insects, such as the San Jose
scale, and. of fungous and other diseases of
fruit treeSj-by taking the responsibility for
this work and placing it in the hands of
thoroughly competent . provincial inspect-
ors to be appointed by the government.
This is a reform which has long been need-
ed. Both this proposal and the one in re-
gud to the establishment of packing schools
were indirectly endorsed last week by the
members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
.sociation, who passed resolutions aavocat-
ing the provincial government to aaopt
such measures.

Finally Mr. Rowell claims that immigra-
tion into the fruit districts of Ontario, and
the fruit interests of the province as a
whole can be best promoted by the holding
of a national apple show which, he pointed
out at Guelph, would serve to draw the at-
tention of the world to our great fruit dis-
tricts. In this connection Mr, Rowell points
out that while at the Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition only $1,500 is offered in prizes
for fruit. British Columbia, which does not
produce one-quarter the amount of fruit
grown in Ontario, offered $50,000 in prizes
at the National Apple Show held in that
province a year ago. From this we may
presume that Mr. Rowell is in favor of not
only increasing the grant to the Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition, but in making

Why You Pay Less

"How can advertisers afford to sell
their goods cheaply when they pay
so much to advertise them?" is a
question that must occur to many,
when they read of the large amounts
spent by different firms to tell the
public about their goods. It is a fact
that, quality for quality, advertised
goods are usually cheaper. Why?

The selling price of any commodity
is made up of three things — cost of
production, cost of selling, and profit.
Anything which will reduce one or
more of these will allow the goods to
be sold at a lower cost to the ultimate
buyer — you.

SUCCESSFUL ADVERTISING RE-
DUCES ALL THREE.

Goods can be manufactured, grown
or otherwise produced in large quan-
tities much mare cheaply than in
small quantities. Advertising lessens
the cost of production by creating an
increased demand for the goods adver-
tised, and enabling them to be pro-
duced in larger quantities.

Advertising lessens the selling ex-
pense in many ways. The printed
advertisement can talk to thousands
or even millions of persons at once,
while the personal salesman or agent
can only talk to one, or at the most,
afew people at once. Advertising makes
a line of goods well known, and peo-
ple ask for them instead of having to
be urged to buy them. Advertising
lessens transportation charges. It is
cheaper to ship goods in carload lots
than in smaller quantities.

Advertising enables the dealer to
reduce his profits on individual sales
by increasing the number of sales.

This explains why firms which ad-
vertise extensively and coi'sequently
do a big business, can alwys give
better value than the firms wh"ch say
they do not advertise, because it costs
too much.

a substantial grant towards the holding of
a national apple show.

Whether the party Mr. Rowell represents
is elected to power or not the stand he has
taken on these questions will prove of ben-
efit to the fruit industry. His proposals
are timely and applicable, and the Con-
servative party, which has aided the fruit
interests materially during the past few
years, will do well to pay attention to them.

Fruit growers in various sections of
British Columbia have adopted a novel
method of creating a market for their fruit
in the Old Land. They unite in putting up
car loads of high-grade fruit and consign-
ing it direct to friends and private patties
in Great Britain. In some cases this fruit
is accompanied by a representative of the
growers. As great care is taken in the
packing and selection of the fruit the first
car load paves the way for further .ship-
ments. Owing to the success that attended
a car load of apples that was sent by resi-
dents of the Okanagan valley to friends in
the Old C-ounty last year, the Vernon Board
of Trade has made arrangements to forward
two cars thi.s year. The cost of sending a
box to a specified address at any point in
Great Britain is a dollar and a half, and
to points in Belgium, France or Holland,
two dollars. Fruit growers in the east
might well follow the example which has
thus been set.

?nlSnl5nl?iJ\l5nl5ni3niajTl m

Christmas is .still three weeks and a half
away — a very long time to the little people,
if not to us adults — but as there is noth-
ing like being forehanded we want you. our
readers, to know that our best wishes for a
hanpy Christmas and a New Year full of
spiritual and material prosperity are yours.

The January issue of The Can.vman Hor-
TictrLTTTRiST will be full of timely, interest-
ing articles for the fruit, flower and vege-
table grower. In addition to containing
extracts from paners read at the recent pro-
vincial fruit and vegetable growers and hor-
ticultural conventions that were held dur-
ing the past month and that will he held this
month by the fruit growers of Quebec, pro-
minence will Le given to an article by pro-

minent authorities on fruit growing in the
leading fruit provinces of Canada dealing
with the varieties of fruit best adapted for
growth in the different provinces. This
article will be valuable for those of our
readers who are planning to purchase nur-
.sery .stock for planting next spring. In ad-
dition, there will be an article by Mr. H. S.
Poart, of Burlington, dealing with the best
varieties of small fruit for Ontario. The
feature of the floral department will be the
special article by Mr. W. T. Macoun, of
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
describing Lady Grey's garden at Govern-
ment House. Ottawa, now the garden of the
Duke and Duchess of Connaught. This ar-
ticle will be profusely illu.strated by photo-
graphs taken specially for The C-\nadian
Horticulturist. Mr. E. I. Mepsted, an
officer and a past president of the Ottawa
Horticultural Society, will give the first of
a series of articles, to be contributed by
him. each of which will contain timely sug-
gestions for the amateur flower grower on
the care that should be given their flowers
during the month that is to follow. There
will be a special article also by Mr. Wm.
Hunt, of Guelph, entitled "Plants and
Flowers for the Window." The issue
throughout will be well illustrated, and
.should furnish a treat for our readers.

The past year has been the most success-
ful in every way in the history of The
Canadian Horticulturist and its small
sister The Canadian Florist. Our total
receipts from advertisements and from sub-
scriptions have been larger than ever be-
fore, and during 1912 we anticipate a still
further improvement. The circulation of
The Canadian Horticulturist is to-day
larger than ever before, and is steadily
growing. All this means that we are going
to be able to give our readers better and
.still better value for their money in spite
of the fact that the subscription price of
The Canadian Horticulturist is lower than
that of any other similar magazine of its
class on the continent.

Owing to the numerous conventions and
exhibitions held during the past month and
the consequent pressure on our editorial
columns, a number of valuable articles had
to be crowded out of this issue of The
Canadian Horticulturist. These will be
published as rapidly as space permits.

The Ontario Horticultural Convention

THE four sessions of the sixth annual
convention of the Ontario Horticul-
tural Association, which was held in
Toronto, November 16 and 17, were
crowded full of interesting addresses and
discussions on the growing of flowers and
with the consideration of matters relating
to the advancement of the horticultural in-
terests of the province, more particularly as
they relate to the management of our hor-
ticultural societies. The attendance of
delegates was the largest in the history of
the a.ssociation. From one to three or four
delegates were present from societies in all
parts of the province from Vankleek Hill
and Ottawa in the east to Windsor and
Goderich in the west

More and more the association is becom-
ing a means of promoting the interests of
the local societies. In consequence, much
of its attention has to be given to matters
of policy relating to the societies. One
of the most important resolutions passed at
the recent convention was one moved by W.
n. Burgoyne, of St. Catharines, and second-
ed by J. P. Jaffray, of Gait, urging the

Ontario government to increase the grant
to horticultural societies from ten thousand
dollars to twelve thousand five hundred dol-
lars a year. This increase has become ne-
cessary as a result of the increase in the
membership of the horticultural societies,
which now amounts to almost eleven thous-
and, and by the fact that a number of new
societies are to be organized after the first
of the year. This resolution will be laid be-
fore the government, which will be urged
to give it favorable consideration.

In view of the splendid work being done
on behalf of the individual societies by the
Central Organization, it was decided to
make a special effort this year to induce the
former to affiliate with the latter. In this
connection and in order that there may be
no unfairness in the affiliation fee charged,
as well as with the object of increasing the
funds of the provincial association, it was
decided to change the amount of the annual
fee charged the local societies by increasing
the fee to the larger societies. Hereafter
the societies with a member,ship of three
(ContiJiued on page HOii)

290

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 1911

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292

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTTtrist

December, 1911

hundred or loss will bp chHrtied a fee of two
dollars each. For each a<l(litiona! luindrwl
members a society has, it will be charged an
extra dollar until a maxinniin fee of five
dollars is reuched.

OFFICERS BLBCTF.n

The following officprs were eli-cted : :

Honorary Directors — W. B. Bnrgoyno, St.
Catharines; AV. T. Macoun, Ottawa; Prof.
H. li. Hutt, Onelph; Major H. J. Snelgrove,
Toronto; R. B. Whvte, Ottawa.

President, Rev. A. H. Scott, Perth; First
"Vice-President, J. P. Jaffray, Gait; Second
Vice-President,, W. Jeffers Diamond, Belle-
ville; Trensurer, H. B. Cowan. Peterboro ;
Secretary and Editor. J. Loekie Wilson,
Toronto.

District Directors — F. B. Bowden, Van-
leek Hill; W. S Moorcraft. Bowmanville ;
J. ]l. Bennett. Barrie : J. O. McCulloeh.
Hamilton; T. Cottle, Clinton; G. W. Tehbs.
Hesneler : W. W. Garamage, London; H. J.
McKay, Windsor.

. Delegates to American Civic Association,
Washington, Messrs J. IxM-kie AVilson and
W. B. Bnrgoyne; Representative to Cana-
dian Exhibition. Major H. J. Snelgrove.

THE SESSIONS

In his presidential address Mr. R. B.
Whyte. of Ottawa, de'^cribed the excellent
results that have attended the work of the
Flower Guild in Ottawa. What ho said
was of more than ordinarv interest to the
delegates. The sv.stem introduced to edu-
cate the children in the cultivation of plants
by the distribution of biilbs and .seeds, the
holding of meetings in private gardens, the
distribution of helpful literature and the
holding of exhibitions was outlined in a
practical manner. Stress was laid on the
necessity of providing school children with
attractive surroundings.

The treasurer, H. B. Cowan, of Peterboro.

Rev. A. H. Scott, Perth, Ont.

The new president of the Ontario Horticul-
tural Association has long been active!.v identi-
fied as an officer with the Perth Horticultural
Society and with the provincial organization
atnce about its inception. He is a great lover
of flowers and last year acted as a delegate
from the Ontario Horticultural Association to
the convention of the American Civic Associa-
tion held in Washington, B.C.

read his report, which showed total receipts
of $177.68 and expenditures of $84.35, and
a balance on hand of $93.33.

StrPERINTENDENT's REPORT

Superintendent J. Loekie Wilson dwelt
on the strength of the association. There
are now seventy-five societies in the pro-
vince with a membership of about eleven
thousand. The spirit of home and civic im-
provement is spreading throughout the

length and breadth of Ontario through the
efforts of the members. Only about two-
thirds of the .societies have affiliated with
the central as.sociation. This is not as it
should be, Suj)erintendent Wilson said, be-
cause this central association is working
continually for the benefit* of the local asso-
ciation.s.

The annual report of the horticultural
societies is in greater demand than ever, and
the Department of Agricu'ture was unable,
this year, to supply the demand therefor.
A large number of the ))ublic school teachers
in the province are now utilizing this re-
port in the rural schools. Lawn and gar-
den competitions have been successfully con-
ducted by many of the societies in the pro-
vince where prizes are offered for the dif-
ferent classes of citizens, viz.. those who
have their gardens cared for bv employees,
and those who do the wijrk within their
own families. Prizes have also been offered
for the best kept front and back yards. The
distribution of plants, bulbs and seeds is
also work that is proving invaluable to
many sections. The decoration of school
buildings with window-boxes is adopted by
.several societies, and the school garden idea
is being taken up by others with the best
possible results.

A SCHOOL GARDEN

Mr. Harvey Gayman. principal of the
Rittenhouse school, at Jordan Harbor, gave
an interesting address on "The School Gar-
den." Mr. Gayman has the reputation of
having the finest school garden in Canada.
A fuller report of this address will be given
later in The Cax.adun Horticultxirist.

Mr. T. D. Dockray, of Toronto, gave a

splendid address on "Sweet Peas. Varieties

and Cultivation." which brought out con-

■ siderable discussion. A portion of this

{Coniinued on page S02)

CANADIAN NURSERY CO.

■ iKat-rK-rk

Hardy Northern Grown Nursery Stock

10 PHILLIPS PLACE, MONTREAL

LIMITED

Ornamental Trees
Deciduous Shrubs
Evergreen Shrubs
Fruit Trees

Strawberries and
Small Fruits
Vines and Hedges
Hardy Roses
Conifers, etc., etc.

Only those Plants sufficiently robust for
our northern climate are grown. All
Stock guaranteed. Full directions given.

NURSERIES: POINTE CUIRE, 14 MILES FROM MONTREAL

On main line »f Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways

Over Fifty Trains daily ensure unsurpassed
shipping facilities. Private siding. Plans and
estimates submitted for Gardens, Grounds
and Landscapes. Catalogue on Application

A Few Reliable Salesmen Wanted

APPLES

APPLES

APPLES

Now we are looking ahead for a good

CHRISTMAS TRADE

Most articles of produce are dear. There
is every prospect of a good trade for
Choice Apples. Send along what you
can for CHRISTMAS Trade. Send good
varieties of reliable quality. Everything
that personal attention can accomplish
will be done to get you best results.
For quickest transport now, ship via
Liverpool or Glasgow. Nett proceeds
sent by Mail or by Cable if desired.

JAMES MARSHALL

Apple Consignee

ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND

CABLES— HALCYON Use A. B. C Code, 5th Edition

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

293

The Ontario Horticultural Exhibtion

BI&GER, better and more popular with
fruit growers than ever before, the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition held
in Toronto, November 14 to 17,
truthfully reflects the
progress that is be-
ing made in the
industry of fruit grow-
ing in the province of
Ontario. There were
almost three times as
many entries as last
year, and the quality
of the exhibits was su-
perior to anything be-
fore .seen at an Onta-
rio fruit show. This
exhibition has worked
wonders during the
past seven years in ad-
Prei. Fruklaod vancing the standards

of Ontario fruit grow-
ers as regards not only the quality and
proper coloring required in first class fruit
but in the matter of box and barrel packing
as well. Seven years ago only about eleven
boxes of apples were exhibited, and they
were poorly packed. This year over three
thousand boxes were shown, and practically
all were splendidly packed, while still more
would have been shown had space been
available.

The exhibition wa,s essentially a provin-
cial apple show. Due to the dry, hot sea-
son growers had found it almost impos-
sible to keep peaches, grapes and pears for
exhibition at this fair, and the entries in
these classes were small. The flower show
has never been excelled, but no other de-
partment has made the same progre.ss as
has the apple show. There were almost
three times as many apples on exhibition

as there were last year. So numerous were
the exhibits in the apple classes that several
counties had to cut down the size of their
exhibits. The dry season, so unfavorable to
other classes of fruit, gave to the Ontario
apples a higher color than they would have
in an ordinary season, and so increased the
attractiveness of the exhibits.

BOX PACK POPULAR

The popuhirity of the box as a package
for fancy fruit was much in evidence at this
show. Three years ago there were on ex-
hibition three hundred and twenty-one
boxes and one hundred and thirty-seven bar-
rels. This year there were almost three
thousand boxes and only seventy-three bar-
rels. The barrelled fruit was almost all
entered in the competitive classes, Brant
county alone having barrels of apples in
their display exhibit.

The packing of the boxed fruit showed
great improvement. Last year loosely pack-
ed, and much bruised fruit, was in evidence.
This .vear the packing was uniformly good
and only in a few cases was the fruit bruis-
ed. Looseness of packing in the case of one
or two countv exhibits was the most serious
criticism heard. Prominent among the
winners in the clftsses for boxed fruit were :
W. G. Watson. Dixie: W. L. Hamilton,
Collingwood ; th.<- Norfolk Fruit Growers'
Association, and -J as. E. Johnson, of Sim-
coe, Ont. The iweepstakes box of apples
grown by Jas. J. Johnson were Northern
Spys of uniform size, high color, and per-
fectly packed in lhe 3-2 style.

Barrels of. appks did not have the same
relative importanoe as in former years, but
the competitive c asses were well filled, the
most of the prizii-money going to fruit
growers' associations or their members.

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE : ONT.

Pacorvics

Iris

Perennial Phlox

Delphiniums

Shasta Daisies

Kniphofia

Heleniums

Etc. Etc. Etc.

JOHN CAVERS

CONSERVATION

A much mooted question these
days which applies a« well to
one's eelf as to that ot the
Forests or the. Orchards.

Then, why not, eave your
time, strength and possibly
your life by using the up to
date KANSAS PRUNING KNIFE.
Improved, the knife that saves time
by its fast work, the knife that
saves strength by its Automatic ac-
tion, the knife that saves life be-
cause you stand on the ground to
do all the work away from danger,
and where only a tree can be pro-
perly shaped.

We would like to mail our circu-
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our HAPPY THOUGHT KNIFE, as
well as what owners think about
them.
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49-51 Porter Street, - Detroit, Micbiian

PEDIGREED CHERRIES

THIS is one of our Specialties. We have
a large stock for spring: sales and they
are the finest we ever offered. Our Sour
Cherries are budded on Mahaleb Seedlings, our
Sweets on Mazzard, insuring long life and thrifty
growth. The stock we offer is all bred from
Selected Bearing Trees, and we guarantee it
true to name and of superior type. We can
offer attractive prices on all varieties.

AUBURN NURSERIES

QUEENSTON, ONT.

GOOD CROPS

ARE OBTAINED BY USING

THE BEST MANURE

AS SUPPLIED TO
NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND

GARDENERS

SURE GROWTH COMPOST

makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer-
tile land most productive. Supplied by

S. W. MARCHMENT

133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO

Telephones : Main 284 1 Residence Park 95 I

Mention The Canadian Hortionltiirlit when wrltlnc

194

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

The ONTARIO FRUIT SPRAYER

Kig. 73 No. 1 A, l^li Model

This cut illustrates our 1912 MODEL FRUIT SPRAYER, a marvel of simplicity,
streng^th and durability, 2}4 H. P. engine, water cooled and always ready; can be quickly
cut off from pump jack and used for other purposes. This outfit represents all that first-class
machinery, material and skill can produce at a moderate price. Write for detailed description
and price. We manufacture a full line of Apple Evaporating Machinery.

Initalling Power Evaporators a Specialty

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

Ingcrsoll, Ont.

Arc You Setting Out Your Trees as Econom- ^
ically as Possible and are the Trees when /
Planted Giving The Best Results Obtainable •

Let Us Send You FREE OF CHARGECour Pamphlets on the use of

STUMPING POWDERS

USED FOR

Planting Trees

Cultivating and Rejuvenating Orchards
Breaking Hard Pan, Shale and Clay Sub-
Soils
Removing Stumps and Boulders
Digging Wells and Ditches, Etc., Etc.

Write us in regard to arranging

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CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited

MONTREAL, P.Q.

Amongst the larger winners of firsts were
the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association ;
Elmer Lick. Oshawa ; Jas. E. Johnson. Sim-
coe; P. C. Domjjsey, Trenton; Isaac Rush,
Norwich ; and the Brant County Fruit
Growers' Association.

In th« plate classes the names of W. H.
Bunting, W. G. Watson. F. G. Stewart.
Homer, and the Wentworth Fruit Growers'
Association appeared frequently on first
prize plates. On the cones, W, G, Watson
Kot eight firsts on the twelve varieties
shown.

THB COUNTY EXHIBITS

The greatest attraction of the fair, was
the numerous and excellent county exhibits,
most of which were put up through the in-
strumentality of cooperative fruit growers'
as.sociations working in conjunction with
the district representatives of the Ontario
Department of Agriculture, A particularly
K00<1 exhibit was that of Lanibton county.
On a slanting stage three hundred and fifty-
two boxes of apples were erected in the form
of a rectangle, sixteen boxes high and
twenty-two boxes wide. On the face of the
boxes a map of the county was shown in
red apples, the words "Lambton County"
appearing in Greenings, Lake Huron and
the St, Clair River were shown in green
apples with red lettering, and the adjoining
counties were shown in apples wrapped in
white paper.

One of the most attractive exhibits at
the fair was that of the fruit growers of
Northumberland and Durham. The central
attraction in their exhibit was a ship
twenty feet long, fully equipped with decks,
masts, smoke stacks and rigging — and all
made of apples. Green apples were ar-
ranged around the base to give a wat^r
effect. In all there were eighteen barrels
of apples in the ship. Arranged around the
ship were six hundred boxes of apples of
stiindard varieties grown in the two coun-
ties.

Along the west side of the St Lawrence
.\rena were arranged the exhibits of Nor-
folk. Elgin, Ontario and Prince Edward
counties. In these four exhibits were over
one thousand boxes of apples. Ontario
county leading with four hundred and fifty-
seven boxes. Prince Edward and Norfolk
had over two hundred boxes each. The
exhibit from Prince Edward was unfortu-
nately wrecked through a scaffold falling
when being put in place, and did not make
the display that it otherwise would.

Two of the best packed exhibits in the
building were from Wentworth countv and
the Georgian Bay district, the first with one
hundred and nineteen boxes, the second
with one hundred and forty. The latter ex-
hibit was of particular educational value,
a.s all of the apples in the exhibit had been
grown on what three years ago were re-
garded as worthless orchards and utterly
neglected.

The most easterly provinces of Ontario
had on exhibition fiftv-six boxes of their
favorite variety, the Mcintosh Red, An
exhibit put up by the Brant County Fruit
Growers' Association — an attractive ar-
rangement of boxes, barrels, plates and
cones — proclaimed to visitors the splendid
fruit growing po-ssibilities of that county.

New Brunswick was the only other pro-
vince having exhibits. Fifty well packed
boxes of such fancy dessert varieties as
Fameuse. Dudley and Mcintosh showed the
kind of fruit that is being produced in New
Brunswick.

EXHIBIT OP FLOWERS

So attractive was the flower show that
f\irther decorations were not needed to or-
nament the Arena. The arrangement of the
exhibit was most pleasing, especially as one
entered by the main door. Banks of flow-

December, 1911 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 295

I 15 17 V i

LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION

AND

ARSENATE OF LEAD

REX LIME -SULPHUR SOLUTION IS GUAR-
ANTEED TO BE CLEAR ALWAYS: TO
CONTAIN NOTHING BUT WATER, LIME AND
SULPHUR AND TO HAVE 35% OF LIME AND
SULPHUR IN SOLUTION.

REX ARSENATE OF LEAD IS GUARANTEED TO

CONTAIN 15% OF POISON (ARSENIC PENTOXIDE)

OUR 32 PAGE "BULLETIN" OF FRUIT AND
VEGETABLE PESTS AND THEIR CURE FREE IF
YOU WILL WRITE US. GIVING YOUR ACREAGE.

THE NEW CANADIAN INDUSTRY

CANADA REX SPRAY CO,

BRIGHTON, ONTARIO

2g6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

Lands in the Southeast, cost-
ing from $ 1 3 to $30 an acre, net
profits on apples ranging from
"{ $100 to $500 an acre.

Abundant rainfall and special soiU
give color and flavor unequalled by
fruit grown in any other climate. One
Southern tree last year yielded $ 1 24
worth of apples; another tree $37.
Peaches, pears, plums, berries and
pecan nuts yield prolilically. Ex-
cellent transportation to profitable
markets.

Write for full particuUrs to
M. V. RICHARDS, Land & Indus-
trial ARt, Soutliern Ry..Rooin T_8
.1320 Penn. AveMWashinjfton.D.-*.

USE FOSTER'S POTS

THEY ARE THE BEST OH THE MARKET

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STANDARD POTS

PBRN PANS

AZALEA POTS

Hanqinq BASKBTS

SAUCBRS AND

STRAIGHT PANS

Canada's Leading: Pot
Manufacturers

Tht FOSTER POTTERY CO., LImlttd

Main St. Wnst, Hamilton, Ont.

' sVanoabB
POT ,

era to the left of the entrance were especial-
ly fine. The cut chrysanthemums made a
particularly good showing, most of the
a\vard.x going to Jennings, of Brampton-
The bush plants were by all means the best
ever seen at a fair in Toronto, Sir Henry
I'ellatt being the principal winner. The
awards for the Lest tables of cut flowers
decorated by society ladies of Toronto were
made as a result of public ballot. The
winner was Mrs. G. A. Reid, of Toronto,
with Miss Shanlv second and Mrs. E. F. B.
Johnson third. Exhibits of carnations,
roses and made-up work were all veij fine

THE VBCETABLB DISPLAY

Only passing mention can bo made of the
\-eg(>tables. In quality, if not in quantity,
thoy compared favorably with exhibits in
other classes, and were a credit to their
growers.

Attractive and interesting exhibits were
made by several prominent firms handling
commodities that are necessary in horti-
cultural work. Among these were the Spra-
motor Company, of London : the Flanders
Manufacturing Co., Pontiac, Mich. ; Goold
Manufacturing Co., Senaca Palls, N.Y. ;
and the Specialty Manufacturing Co. of
Grimsby with spraying outfits. The Chemi-

cal Laboratories of Toronto had an exhibit
of their spray mixtures, as had also thi<
Niagara Brand Spray Co.. of Burlington,
and the Canada Rex Co., of Brighton. The
two latter had spraying machines as well.
The Harris Abbatoir Co., of Toronto, and
the Dominion Potash Co. had fertilizer ex-
hibits.

It is regrettable that Toronto people do
not patronize the fruit show more than they
do. This year the attendance was larg»r
than ever before, hut the increase was due
to more visitors from outside ijoints. The
majority of those who attended were from
outside Toronto. On Thursday fifteen hun-
dred outsiders presented railroad certificates
for exchange, and Saturday's number was
believed to be several hundred in excess of
Thursday's. The fair is growing, however, and
growing rapidly. In 1910 there were twice
as many exhibits as in the previous year,
and the fair this year showed a correspond-
ing growth over last. It showed also that
Ontario is ready for the holding of a
national apple show. If the fair continues
to grow in the future as it has in the pa.st,
larger quarters will have to be found than
the St. Lawrence Arena, as this year there
was not room for all the exhibits.

Ontario Fruit Grow^crs' Convention

Confident and optimistic was the note
that was struck by President D. Johnson,
of Forest, in his opening address at the
53rd annual convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association held in Toronto, Nov-
ember fifteenth and sixteenth. In an ex-
cellent address he traced the history of fruit
growing in Ontario from the small side lii.o
that it was fifty years ago to the prominent
position that it now occupies as one of the
most important branches of agriculture in
Ontario. Fruit growing was never so pro-

fitable or fruit growers so prosperous as to-
day. Over production, the bug-a-boo of the
early growers, does not worry fruit men
now. They are going ahead and planting
at a rate never before dreamed of. Presi-
dent Johnson claimed that the development
of the west would afford a market for all
of the fruit we will ever produce. The
leasing of neglected orchards, a practice
that has become quite common in the last
two or three years, the speaker viewed as a
good thing for the industry.

M FONTHILL NURSERIES

ESTABLISHED 1837

Our Trees are noted for their QUALITY. Visit
our Nurseries and inspect our APPLE, PEAR, PLUM
and CHERRY Stock for Spring Planting.

PLUMS TO PLANT for PROFIT

Bradshawr

Coe's Golden Drop

Duane's Purple

Field

Geuii

German Prune
Grand Duke
Glass
Klondyke
Lombard

Maynard
Monarch
Pond's Seedling
Reine Claude
Yellow Egg

PLUM TREE IN BEARING

Our LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT

is at your disposal in planning the Home Grounds.
No property is too small to dispense with the ser-
vices of our Landscape Designer. No charge made
for advice. Write for information.

Send, for Catalogue and Prices

STONE & WELLINGTON, Toronto

Decembef, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

297

Mr. Johnson dwelt strongly on the need
of more progressive legislation for the en-
couragement and regulation of the fruit
growing industry. Inspection at point of
shipment, provincial inspection of insect
pests and diseases, more thorough instruc-
tion in apple packing and a special fruit
branch in the Department of Agriculture,
were urge<l by the president.

PROPOSED LEGISLATION

Much dissatisfaction with our present
method of inspecting fruit was expressed by
the members of the association. The follow-
ing resolution moved by E. D. Smith, and
seconded by L. A. Hamilton, met with the
approval of every grower present : " We
urge on the Dominion Government that at
the request of a shipper, an inspector be
sent to inspect cars of fruit at point of
shipment, and that the inspector sign cer-
tificates as to grade." It was pointed out
that at present the shipper is at the mercy
of the buyer, and it is often difficult and
expensive to secure redress when the com-
mission merchant claims that the fruit
shipped was not up to the grade marked on
the box or barrel.

A strong resolution was passed request-
ing that the appointment of inspectors of
insect and fungus pests be taken out of the
hands of the township councils, and that in-
spectors be appointed by the Provincial

(Jovernmont. Some of the insp(H;tors now
appointed are doing excellent work, but in
many cases the so-called inspection is worse
than useless.

The Ontario Government will be asked
also to establish a school in fruit packing
at the Ontario Agricultural CJollege, and
that all inspectors be required to have a
certificate from that school ; also, that box
l)acking courses be given in each county of
tlie province. Another resolution was pass-
ed to impress on the Government the im-
portance of working for new varieties at the
Jordan Harbour Experiment Station. It
was also requested that a man be sent to
Europe for a period of six months, if neces-
sary, to study the mai'kets and secure in-
formation about cooperative methods. It
was recommended that a committee be ap-
pointed to secure information on the best
styles of packing.

DOMINION LEGISLATION PROPOSED

Owing to the differing ideas of inspectors
and packers, there is not sufficient uniform-
ity within the various grades. A resolution
was passed proposing that the Fruit Marks
Act be amended to establish minimum sizes
for each variety of appies for the various
grades. To ensure uniform small packages,
another resolution suggested that all forms
used in manufacturing establishments
should bo of a type decided on by the

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Chemical Laboratories, Limited

148 VAN HOHNE ST., TORONTO

2y8

The CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, igi

^g^^^^S

1

i

possessioiv of a

C5 outplay
|Jtano

is aiv irvdicafioiv of

a^rv educated rrvusical

appreciafion^.

ff you Rave a Gourlaij

Piar\o irv your hprrve

LjOuryriei\ds kr\ow you

Kave tke besf .

G ou rl aif , Wi r\ter X. Leerrvi r\g ,

188 Yorvge Streef,

r^^Tororvto.

Dominion Government, and should bear the
.stamp of that government.

Further resolutions re<(uasted that the
trade commissioners in Great Britain re-
port to our daily papers prices realized on
sales of Ontario fruits that the railway com-
mission be urged to force transportation
companies to cull out defective cars used
for fruit, and that it be necessary for them
to guarantee refrigerator cars on all fruits
shipped west of Port Arthur after November
1; that the Minister of Agriculture appoint
a committee of three fruit authorities in
each fruit-growing province to examine and
recommend for appointment fruit inspect-
ors. Finally, the association heartily com-
mended the action of Premier Borden in his
choice of Mr. Martin Burrell. a fruit grow-
er, as Minister of Agriculture.

DIRECTORS ELECTED

The election of directors for the various
districts resulted as follows: 1, Wm. Alford,
Ottawa; 2, W. C. Bevin ; 3. W. H. Demp-
sey, Trenton; 4, W.J.Bragg, Belleville; 5,
Wm. Stainton, Osliawa ; ti, L. A. Hamilton,
Lome Park; 7, J. W. Smith, Winona; 8,
A. Onslow, Niagara-on-the-Lake; 9, Jos.
Gilbertson, Simcoe ; 10, D. Johnson, Forest;
11, R. R. Sloan, Blythe; 12, F. M. Lewis,
Burford ; 13, Adam Brown, Owen Sound;
O.A.C., Professor J. W. Crow,

The control and extermination of the rail-
road worm was the subject of an address by
Mr. W. A. Ross, now of the Dominion De-
partment of Agriculture, who this past sum-
mer conducted a si)ecial investigation into
the ravages of this pest in the Lake Ontario
district. Picking up the wind falls was the
simple method proposed by Mr. Ross for
combating the worm. Mr. W. H. Dempsey
and other growers had found this method
effective. Chickens and hogs in the orchard
help to keep down the pest.

This paper is published elsewhere in this
issue.

Mr. W. F. Kidd, who has had charge of
the demonstration orchards in the Georgian
Bay district, emphasized strongly the neces-
sity of better fertilization, cultivation,
pruning and spraying of the orchards in the
province. He gave figures showing the re-
sults that had been secured in their demon-
stration orchards to show how profitable are
better methods in orchard culture.

In an excellent address on "Orchard
Methods that are Bringing Results," Prof.
J. W. Crow, of the Ontario Agricultural
College, told of the methods that are giving
Ontario fruit men the best results. Prof.
Crow was not enthusiastic over the results
that have been obtained from the use of
commercial fertilizers. "Many," said he,
"get the idea that they can feed an orchard
certain things and get certain results. Only
recently Professor Harcourt, of the Chemi-
cal Department, received a box of soil with
the request that it be analysed, and the
sender told just what fertilizers to apply to
get large crops of apples." The speaker
went on to show that no chemist could de-
termine the requirements of the soil. In
the average Ontario soil there is plant food
sufficient to feed an orchard for several
hundred years. Proper cultivation was the
method recommended for liberating this
plant food. It is time to study the fer-
tilized question when cultivation fails to
bring results.

Professor Crow believes that the imports
ant time to cultivate the orchard is early
in the spring, when it is making leaf and
wood growth and setting the fruit. In
order to get on the orchard as early as pos-
sible, thorough underdrainage and fall plow-
ing were recommended. All of the fruit
growers present did not agree with the pro-
fe.ssor as to the advisabilitv of fall plow-
ine, and several experiences for and against
the practice were recited. Low-headed

December, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

299

DO YOU

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Chemical Laboratories

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TORONTO

Limited
148 Van Hornc Street

trees and the extension type of implements
were recommended.

Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt reviewed the work
being done by his Department in the super-
vision of insect pests. Their nork is con-
fined to two branches — kteping insects out
of the country by the inspection of imported
nursery stock and internal work in the
suppression of pests that have already g'ain-
ed a foothold. He told of their work in New
Brunswick in fighting the brown tail moth.
Dr. Hewitt believes that the introduction of
the natural i)arasiteS of this and other pests
would be the most effectual means of com-
bating them.

THINNING PE.VCHES PBOFIT.-VBLB

In his talk on the care of the peach or-
chard, Mr. F. M. Clement, of Dutton, gave
the results of an interesting experiment in
the thinning of peaches. This paper is ptib-
lished in this issue of The Canadian Horti-
culturist.

BRITISH MARKET FOR PB.\CHES

Great Britain as a market for Ontario
peaches was discussed by C A. Dobson, Jor-
don Harbor, and A. C. Biggs, Burlington.
Mr. Dobson stated that of the several
thousand packages that he had sent to the
Old Cr.nntry, only one had arrived in any-
thing but satisfactory condition. He laid
particular emphasis on the importance of
proper packing and quick shipment in cold
storage. Only first class peaches should be
sent. The English demand is for a very
larre peach. In his own orchard Mr. Dob-

kiss

Any Uttle girl can do tbe
cbornlng witli

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The roller bearings — and hand and
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Write for catalogue if your dealer does
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The polished steel does not need blacking— simply rub it over with a
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the four Western Provinces for 549— $.5 to be sent with order and balance to
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pay cash we will arrange to accept your note.

Canada Malleable & Steel Range Mfg. Co., Limited, Oshawa, Ont.

When writing it will be a distinct favor to ua if you will mention thiR paper. 7

300

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 1911

SHOOT?

If you do; if you ever hunt, fish or

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VVtj will send to every man, woman
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on TAXIDERMY and a

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.son grows only three baskets on five years
old trees. He plans on fifteen days from
the trees to London, and in picking deter-
mines maturity accordingly.

Ontario's competitors

The Wednesday evening session was given
over to a discu.ssion of fruit growing in oth-
er provinces. Mr. A. G. Turney. speaking
for Now Brunswick, told of the new interest
that is being awakened in orcharding in
that province. AVhile there are many varie-
ties that they cannot produce, such fancy
dessert kinds as Fameuse, Mcintosh, Dudley
and King can be grown to perfection. Mr.
Macoun. of Ottawa, told of that wonderful
fruit producing district — the Annapolis
Valley of Nova Scotia. This valley, one
hundred miles long and six to eleven miles
wide, produces practically all of the fruit in
Nova Scotia. Apples, pears, plums, cher-
ries and small fruits, and to a limited ex-
tent peaches are grown in that valley. In
Mr. Macoun's opinion the fruit areas of
Nova Scotia would compare favorably with
those of any other province in Canada.

Mr. Norman Jack, of Chateauguay Basin,
Que., believes that fruit can be grown in
every county of Quebec except two or three
in the extreme north. Mcintosh and
Fameuse are their favorite varieties.

Mr. Harold Jones, who had been on a
visit to British Columbia, spoke of the
fruit districts of that province, stating that
British Columbia growers were making
great progress, had less insects to compete
with than in the East, but that he had come
back well satisfied with Ontario.

DISEASES OF THE PEACH

Two very serious diseases of the peach,
little peach and peach yellows, were dis-
cussed by Mr. L. Ceasar. of the O.A.C, He
estimated that in Ontario there were fifty
thousand trees that should come out this
year; that is four per cent of the whole are
affected with one or other of these diseases.
He believed that we have been exaggerating
the danger of the disease spreading from the
nurseries. In fighting the disease he re-
commended that a good biologist be appoint-
ed to spend his summer studying the dis-
ease and instructing the inspectors, and in
winter in institute work. Inspectors should
be appointed by the province,

Mr. B, D. Van Buren, Assistant Chief
of the Bureau of Horticulture, New York
.State, told of the work that he had been
doing at Niagara-on-the-Lake. Competent
inspectors are employed, and all diseased
trees are marked and must be destroyed ten
days after. Inspectors are paid salaries up
to fifteen hundred dollars a year. Before
inspection commenced, some of the best
growers had lost their entire orchards. This
section is not the cleanest in New York
State, and in some orchards the loss is less
than ,25 per cent annually.

LEASED ORCHARDS

Dr. C. H. Riggs, of Toronto, a large
leaser of orchards, gave a summary of the
points to be considered in selecting orchards
for lease, and told of the methods that they
use in restoring neglected orchards to
productivity. Cultivation, spraying, thin-
ning and pruning are all practised. In
combating the San Jose scale, Mr. Riggs
recommended putting on lime sulphur just
as thick as it would come out the nozzles.
These applications were made after July,
and the concentrated lime sulphur used was
home boiled. Several of the growers pre-
sent believed that, were commercial lime
sulphur used, such a strength would burn
the foliage, and, therefore, that it would
be a good plan to try this experiment first
on a small plot.

Several phases of co-operative society
work were discussed by Jas. E. Johnson, of
Simcoe. He urged the importance of start-

SPRAY
THOROUGHLY

Thoiough spraying is a crop in.
surance ot the Btmngest kind but
you cannot spray thoroughly unle«is
" you use

f, RELIABLE

Sprayers

They are better
known, more widely
used, and in greater
demand than any oth-
er line — because, cor-
rect design. perfect
material and
expert w o r k-
manahidit— back-
ed by more
than 62 years
of excluBive
Pump making
experience — are
I'epresented in
each Sprayer
we eell.

We make all kinds of hand
and power pumps fortarm use

Imperial Bank

Established OF CANADA 1875

HEAD OFFICE TORONTO
Capital Subscribed $6,000,000.00
Capital Paid-up. . 5.995,000.00
Reserve Fund . 5.995.000.00
Total Assets . 75,000,000.00

D. B. TriI.KIE, President
HOW. B. JAFFBAT. Tlee-PrMldeat

Branohaa and AKenciea throughout
tha Dominion of Canada

Lettersof Credit. Drafts and Money Orders Issued
available ia all parts of the world

_^ Special etteatioti vhren to collections

SaTings Department at all Branches

Interest ,-illowed on deposits at best current rates

December, 1911

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

301

SPRAYING PAYS

nPHIS was fully demonstrated at the Ontario Fruit
* Growers' Convention and Exhibition, held in
Toronto, November 14th to i8th.

The beautiful exhibits of Northumberland and
Durham, Norfolk, Lambton, Ontario, Brant, Went-
worth, Elgin, Georgian Bay • and Prince Edward
Counties could not be excelled anywhere in the
World.

Such Fruit GrovtAing has been made possible
because of the use of

NIAGARA

LIME -SULPHUR AND ARSENATE OF LEAD

All these Associations use it. Nearly every prominent fruit grower in Ontario uses it.

THERE IS A REASON WHY

NIAGARA is the only absolutely reliable Spray.

it is made right and stays right.

It carries the highest analysis, it always gives results.

Ask for our Book on "SPRAYS AND HOW TO USE THEM "

SPRAY PUMPS

We have a complete line of all sizes, suitable for any orchard.

Barrel Pumps — High- Powered Hand Pumps.

Power Pumps in i, 2 and 3 cylinders, fitted with iK-2>^ and

3^ H. P. Engines.
Our Pumps are noted for their durability, simplicity and high

pressure. Let us demonstrate them to you.

ASK FOR OUR CATALOGUE

WE ARE HEADQUARTERS FOR EVERYTHING A FRUIT GROWER NEEDS:
Lime-Sulphur Raw Sulphur Spray Pumps High Pressure Hose Nozzles

Arsenate of Lead Gasoline Engines Hand and Power Spray Rods Accessories

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited

BURLINGTON

ONTARIO

Our Other Factories :

NIAGARA SPRAY CO., of N.S., Kentvillc, N.S. HOOD RIVER SPRAY MF'G. CO., Hood River, Ore.

BEAN SPRAY CO., Cleveland, Ohio NIAGARA SPRAYER CO., Middleport, N.Y.

OREGON SPRAY CO., Portland, Ore. MEDFORD SPRAY CO., Medlord, Ore.

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Trenton, Ont.

302

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 1911

This Food-Tonic Quicldy Restores StrengOi

After A serious Illness, ordlnarx foodshould
be supplemented by a strenethenlne tonic
For this purpose

NA-DRU-CO Tasteless
Cod Liver Oil Compound

Is recommended very highly. In Its prepara-
tion the disagreeable flavor of the natural
Cod Liver Oil Is entirely removed, while Its
well known nourishing and tissue-building
qualities are retained. Then we add Hypo-
phosphites to build up the nerves, Eitract of
Wild Cherry (for the Lungs and Bronchial
Tubes), and Extract of Malt (a food itself)
which aids In the assimilation of other foods.

W A-PWU-CO.

Children In particular enjoy the pleasant
flavor of Na-Dru-Co Tasteless Cod Liver Oil
Compound, and quickly regain health and strength
when Nature Is aided by this natural food-tonic.
Your Druggist has It In SOc. and $1.00 Bottles.

National Drng and Chemical Co.
of Canada, Limited.

ron cvcnr ailment there's a

NA-DRU-CO SPECIFrC BEARING THIS
TRADEMARK. SEE THAT YOU GET IT.

TRIPS ^
MEAN MORE
TRIPSINS
BIGGERd
PROFITS

V

WITH an International Auto Wagon you can make a
trip in one-third the time that you can with a team.
You can catch the early trains or boats and the early
markets. You can go to whatever market -pays you best — 10,
15, or 20 miles is practically nothing for an International.
And you can keep your horses working in the field. The

International Auto Wagon

is alwaysready, winter and summer, 24 hours a day if necessary.
Roads, hills, sand, or weather do not stall it — it never tires.

The wheels are sufficiently high to give abundant road
clearance. The solid rubber tires eliminate tire troubles
and expense. There are no delays or expense on account of
punctures and blow-outs. The air-cooled engine does not
freeze in winter. The International Auto Wagon will give
you more service than you could secure in any other way for
the amount invested. Whenever desired, it can be converted
into a pleasure vehicle by adding an extra seat and top.

There are many International Auto Wagons in the
hands of farmers and fruit-growers all over the country. Let
us send you facts and figures showing what they are doing.
See the I H C local agent, or, write nearest
branch house for catalogue and full information.

CANADIAN BRANCHES: Intcniatioiial Harraler Company of America at Brandon,
Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, LethbridKC, London. Montreal, North Battleford.
Ottawa, Regina, Saaltatoon, St. John. Weybnrn, Winnipeg, Torkton.

International Harvester Company of America
129 Harvester BIdg (incorporated) Chicago U S A

iriR on a small scale and of only receiving
into the society members who would live up
to its rules. Ho believed that the members
of the societies now orKanizcxl do not meet
fcoKcther often enough. He considered it
bettor to have several small associations and
one snlesman for all than a large associa-
tion with one salesman. In this opinion ho
was endorsed by Pres. D. Johnson.

Mr. A. W. Peart, of Burlineton. discuss-
ed the necessity of fuller fruit statistics for
use at the Dominion conference of fruit
growers to be held this winter, and he made
a motion that the provincial government be
asked to .'itill further specialize the fruit
li^t bv making separate columns for the
ncreage of apples and. as time goes on. to
determine the acreage of other tree and
small fruits. This motion was seconded by
Mr. Gilbertson and carried.

The idea of holding a National Apple
Show in Ontario next year did not receive
very favorable comment from the fruit
growers, who seemed to think that Ontario
is not yet ready for such a move. A paper
on "New Fruits" by W. T. Maooun and
several of the addresses here summarized
will be given in full in future issues of The
Horticulturist. The various sessions of the
convention were brimful of interest, and
distinct benefit should result from the
papers and discussions as well as from the
resolutions passed.

The Ontario Horticultural
Association

(Continued from pagr 272)

At the evening session on Thursday a
splendid illustrated addre.^s waj! given on
"The Modern Home and The Garden City
Movement" by Mrs. Dunington-Grubb, of
London, Eng. Views of some of the noted
garden suburbs in England were shown and
homes of workingmen. each with its gar-
den attached. The speaker took occasion
to deplore the characteristic gridiron sys-
tem upon which most Canadian cities are
laid out. Addresses were given also by Hon.
Jas. S. Duff and by Mr. Thompson, of To-
ronto University.

directors' reports

The directors' reports were briefly pre-
sented Thur.sday morning, showing the
operations of societies throughont the pro-
vince. Generally speaking, the year was
shown to have been a successful one. It was
noticeable that nearly every society had a
method all its own of carrving on some
special feature. Cobourg and two or three
other societies reported having succeeded in
abolishing the billboard nuisance.

Mr. C. J. Atkin.son, superintendent of the
Broadview Boys' Institute. Toronto, deliver-
ed a most interesting address, dilating up-
on the institute and its field of work. This
address was one of the most interesting
features of the session. Mr. W. T. Macoun.
of Ottiiwa. read a valuable paper on

GET IN TOUCH

WITH THE RETAILER

We sell mainly to the best Re-
tailers, consequently can make the
hijfhest prices for your consignments.
Prompt Returns. Correspondence
invited. References —

A. A. AYER & CO., Montreal

MITCHELL & SMITH

DUNDEE, SCOTLAND

December, 191 >

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

303

I nrrrrrrrrmrrrrrrrrrrTrrrrr^^

VJlUM2jtluUjU/JUUMJUXjUJjU^UXUUU/J^^

GerpardJ/eipfzmai) /iapos

J i at) OS of J resfi^e

The 'greatest inventions are usually the simple^.
There are no complications to worry the owner "of a

Gerhard Heintzman
Self-Playing Piano

It is only delight for the operator and delight for the
hearer- Expression — personal feeling — character, can be
moulded into the music, as readily as like qualities can
be moulded into the speaking voice.

The exclusive features and distindt advantages of the
Gerhard Heintzman Self-Playing Piano make it the
ideal in^rument for all who desire the immeasurable
pleasure of possessing an in^rument which anyone can
play.

Our beautiful player booklet
is free. Write for it*

Your present in^rument taken in part payment at a
fair valuation.

Gerhard Heintzman Limited

41-43 Queen Street West

Opposite City Hall

TORONTO

^

;

\^^j^rrmrmmnrrrmrmmmrr^^

;

304

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, 191 1

Poultry Fencing that is

Stronger than Seems Necessary

We make our poultry fencing close enough to turn small fowl-
then we make it extra strong, so it will last for years and keep
the cattle out. The heavy, hard steel top and bottom wires
hold it taut and prevent it from sagging.

POULTRY FENCE
SAVES EXPENSE

It is well galvanized so as to protect it from rust. It makes
such a firm, upstanding fence that it requires less than
half the posts needed for the ordinary poultry fence, and
that means a big saving to you. Write for particulars
We make farm and ornamental fences and gates of

exceptional quality. Agents wanted wbere not now represented.

The Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Dspi. O, Winnipeg, Man. Hamilton, Ont.

rERTIIIVIRCMKIARn

PER ACRE & UP-EASY

, fine

, —.^.PAYMENTS

Productive soil, mild climate, fine water, good roa^ls,
markets. unsurijaKsed t<c'hool and social iidvant.-iKes.

trhile uou think of it, writ* for the latest ifwue of *' TllE

SOUTIIEHN HOMESEKKF.K.^ other liternttire and low excursion rji
Address F. U. LaBAl'SE, Agr'l A^t., Norfolk & >Vt-<ttern B7.. Uux 4012 Itoanoke,

lYEARLY RAINFALL 45 INCHES

ON C GOOD rEATURE

EVERY FEATURE GOOD

ff^

AS long as a cream separator skims close, it is a good investment.
But one good feature or a few good features do not make a sepa-
rator that will skim close for any length of time.
A good separator is one in which the minor parts have been just as
carefully designed and just as well made as the most important parts.
A defect in a minor part will, by throwing the entire machine out of
adjustment, offset all the perfection attained in any other part of the
machine. In the

I H C Cream Harvesters

Dairymaid and Bluebell

one feature does not overtop all others because the same I H C standard
of quality in design, material, and workmanship ismaintained throughout.
They are the only separators with dust-proof and milk-proof gears which
are easily accessible. The frame is entirely protected from wear by phos-
phor bronze bushings. These separators have large shafts, bushings,
and bearings; the flexible top-bearing is the strongest and most effective
found in any separator. The patented dirt-arrester removes the finest
particles of dirt from the milk before the milk is separated. 1 H C Cream
Harvesters are made in two styles— Dairymaid, chain drive,

and Bluebell, gear drive — each in four sizes.
The I H C local agent will be glad to let you

examine one of these separators,or, write iiear-^

est branch liouse for catalogues and other

information.

CANADIAN BRANCHES: International Harrnter Companr of America at

Brandon, Calvary, Edmonton. Hamilton, Lethbridfte, Loadoa.

Montreal, North Batt eford, Ottawa, Regioa, Saskatoon.

St. John, Weyham, WiDoipes, Yorktoo.

International Harvester Company of America

Chicago (Incorporated) USA

I H C Service Bureau

The Bureau is a clearinghouse for Agri-
cultural data. It aims to learn the best
ways of doing things on the farm, and then
distribute the information. Your individ-
ual experience may help others. Send
your problems to the I H C Service
Bureau.

"Spiraeas" that will be puLlishod later in
The Canadian Horticulturist,
globing session

At the closing session on Friday afternoon
Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, the retiring
president, gave a pithy address on "Cur-
rants and Gooseberries," illustrating his re-
marks by giving a practical demonstration
of the proper way to prune berry bushes.

Mr. .John Cavers, of Oakville, presented
a paper on the gladiolus. He recommended
the convex bulbs rather than the flat ones,
and the planting of very early and very late
varieties, in order to have continuou.'-
bloom.

The report of the Committee on Nomen-
clature was given by Mr. W. T. Maooun,
Dominion Horticulturist, at Ottawa. It
detailed the names of new plants, little oi
not known at all, in this province. Furthei
mention of these reports and papers will bi-
made later in The Canadlvn Horticul-
turist.

other tr-\n8acti0n8

The proposal made by The Canadian
Horticulturist to give prizes for essays on
flo.ver growing by members of horticultural
societies was endorsed, and such a competi-
tion will Le held during the coming year.

The sterling silver cup offered by the St.
Catharines Horticultural Society, haying
been twice won by the Toronto Horticul-
tural Society, was presented to that society
by Mr. Burgoyne, president of the St.
Catharines Horticultural Society, and ac-
cepted by Mr. T. D. Dockray, of the To-
ronto Society.

A resolution was passed in appreciation
of the late Mr. James Wilson, Park Com-
missioner for Toronto, and expressing the
condolence of members of the association
with the bereaved family. A grant of $10
was made to the Sick Children's Hospital.

50,000 Trees Destroyed

Some idea of the great havoc being
wrought in the peach orchards of the Ni-
agara District by the disease "Little
Peach" may be gathered from the fact that
this season the fruit inspectors of the On-
tario Department of Agriculture, by the
time tho.v are througli with their operations
for this season, will have removed some
fifty thousand trees in their efforts to pre-
vent the spread of the infection. Writing
to the Canadian Horticulturist in regard
to this disease Mr. P. W'. Hodgett<i, Direct-
or of Horticulture for Ontario, has this to
say :

"The department this year has inspect-
ed the orchards twice during the seaiion
and has been ordering the immediate re-
moval of all trees marked by the inspect-
ors. We have held a number of meetings
in the district to demonstrate to the grow-
ers themselves how they can detect the dis-
ease and have asked them to assist us in
every way possible in the fight against it.
It is a serious matter. Next year we will
have someone specially trained in peach

Send your consignments of APPLES
to the Home Country to

RIDLEY MOULDING & CO.

COVENT GARDEN
LONDON, ENGLAND

Who specialize in Apples and Pears
during the Season. Personal attention
Prompt account sales and remittances

Correspondence invited

December, 191 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

100,000

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

For Sale. $2.75 per Thousand

Strawberry Plants in Canada will be very scarce
during the coming season and prices high owing to
the very dry season just past. I have accordingly
made special arrangements with one of the largest
shippers of strawberry plants in the United State*
to secure a quantity of good plants which I can
supply at low prices to customers who

SPEAK QUICK

Leading varieties including Excelsior, Senator
Dunlopand Warf^eld especially recommended as
KOo4 commercial varieties for Canada. Also
Aroma, Helflins Early, improved Ladv Thomp-
son and Gandy. Klondike is worth $3.50 and
Packomake and Parsons Beauty (Canadian
Grown) $5.00 per thousand, and only a few of
them at that price.

I have alto for sale a quantity of

Peach Trees - - - - $12.50 per 100
Japan Plums - - . - 20.00 per 100
Raspberries, Black and Red and Dew-
berries $3.00 per 100

S. W. GILBERT, Hagcrsvillc, Ont.

Make somebody happy
with a

KODAK

There are Kodaks to fit most
pockets at prices to fit all purses.

And there's no time when the
possession of one is more appre-
ciated than on the home day —
Christmas. The children v/ith their
tree and toys, and the big folks,
grown young again in the child-
ren's merriment, offer endless op-
portunities for the Kodaker.

Photography is both simple and in-
expensive now ; Kodak has made it
so. Kodak cameras from $5.00 up,
and the Brownie cameras (Thdy
work like Kodaks) from $1.00 to
$12.00, offer a wide variety. Even
the little dollar Brownie makes good
pictures and is so simple that a kin-
dergarten child can work it. The
$2.00 and $3.00 Brownies are practi-
cal little cameras, while in the
Kodaks themselves, one may find that
efficiency which comes in a perfectly
equipped factory, where honest work-
manship has become a habit.

Put "Kodak" on that Christmas
List. To decide on -which Kodak or
Brownie, write us for catalogue, or
examine them at your dealers.

CANADIAN KODAK CO , Li.M,TKi,

TORONTO, CANADA

Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Hedge

Right Up-to-date. Get busy and send for our Price List, if you
haven't one. We ship direct from Nurseries to Planters. Thirty
years. May we book your order while the assortment is complete
Dependable stock at The Central Nurseries from Berry Plants
to Shade Trees. A nice block of Norway Spruce, 2 to 3ft,Dandies

A. G. HULL 8L SON,

St. Catharines, Ont.

Look at the H. P. Spramotor
spraying an aero of potatoes in 15
minutes . There are three nozzles
to a row and four rows, two spray-
ing from the sides and one from
the top. Adjustable as to height
and width up to 40 inch rows. Ab-
solutely non-clogging nozzles. V>
gallon air tank, automatic and
hand controlled. 125 lbs. pressure
guaranteed with 12 nozzles onen
Has agitator clean-out pressure re-
lief into tank, and nozzle protect-
or, all under control of driver from
seat . For 1 or 2 horses. Fitted for
orchards. vineyards and grain

Write for booklet.

HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.

1398 King St. London, Can.

Footwear Fit For Fruit-Growers

Wear Lumbersoles and have warm, dry feet all winter. We
guarantee it and will refund your money if it is not so, Lumbersoles
have soles of specially treated ivood, 3-4 inch thick, that keep the
natural warmth of the foot in the boot and keep cold and damp on/.
Many have, worn Lumbersoles in 50 below zero out West and written
us that their feet stayed warm even then.

Remember the low price, remember our pos-
itive guarantee, remember delivered anv distaiice
free, then send along your order and have foot
comfoit all winter. Ask for catalogue. Res-
ponsible dealers wanted where not ,epresented.
SCOTTISH WHOLESAL
SPECIALTY COMPANY
136-153 Princess St., WINNIPEG
Manitoba

75

orS22o

Delivered Free

.Maritime Agencies: VV ,L,Tuttle, Barring-
ton St.. Halifax, N. S. ; C. B, Pidgeon, Cor.
Main & Bridge St., St. John, N, B.

I'KICKS— -UKLIVKKEI) FKBB TO
NKAKKST P. O. orKXP'SS OFFICE

M«n's Host Quality, 'i-Buckle Styles,
Sizes (j-12 $2,00

Two-Buckle Style, to fit all ages.
Sizes ^-12, (riuitJible for lJadie^) 1.75

Men's 1 Wellington's. Sizes 4-12 3.00

Children's 2-Buckle. Sizes 6-2 Kit
ages 3-10 1.35

Children's Fine LacingStyle. Sizes

6-2 1.50

16 other styles for all purposes
ASK your dealer for Lumbersoles.

DAAI/C JJ,;!.V.T.''L'"r O".'- I'Ntpf books on

Fruit Growing, Irrigation, Pruning.
Spraying, Fertilizing, etc.

VI

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

December, iq i i

SANITARY. ARTISTIC and riREPROOf !■ Um rerdlct
of the critic concerning

Metallic Ceilings and Walls

and they are moderately priced and bo easily laid. A splendid
"li^.tiu,c.aing, and wau. .r. , ™ng« o' new and stendard

with Uu dutt and falling bii$ of ptasttr.'
—The Pkiloiophtr of Mttat lovm.

designs to select from.

Write M for artlitlc booklet teU
Ing all about them. Phone Park. 800.
MANUFACTURCnS

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gaoteberriei, Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton.—Curranli,
Perfection, Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prohfic, Champion, Black
Naples, Victoria.— Raipberriet, Herbert, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's
Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry-Raspberry.— Garden Rooti, Asparagus,
Rhubarb, Perennial Celery, Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Oweiv Sound, Ontario

This Model C. Spramotor was
:iwarded four Gold Medals, two at
National Horticultural Congress,
one at Dominion Exhibition. St.
John, and one at Provincial Exhibi-
tion. Halifax. N.S.. 1909-1910. "There
are reasons."

Geo. E. Fisher of Burlington, who
ia using a power Spramotor, writes
about the latest Model 0. :

"Iteplying to your favor re the
behavior of the Gasoline Power
Spramotor. This season 1 may say
the machine has worked well all
the way through. It has made a
record for the Spramotor Co. We
have a big lot of trees, and theet
were all sprayed from one side be-
fore the buds opened. We find
that we can spray about 1,000 bear-
ing apple or 4.000 bearing pears
on one Bide per day in good
weather. There has been no delay."

We have been manufacturing
Spramotors for 15 years for spray-
ing purposes only. "That is the
reason." Particulars free.

AGENTS WANTED

HEARD SPRAMOTOR GO.

1386 King Street
LONDON - - ONTARIO

Tree Prolectecl by Wooden Veneer
and banked up with earth to prevent
entrance of peats at bottom.

PROTECT YOUR TREES

Against Rabbits, Mice and other Vermin

Many young orchards are greatly
injured each year by these pe^s.
Wrap the trunks with

Wooden Vcivccrs

and damage will be prevented.
These veneers will protect also
against sun-scald.

SEND AT ONCE TO

THE OAKVILLE BASKET CO.

OAKVILLE, ONT.

diseases to take charge of the inspecticwi ,i^
carried out through the dozt-n or more lo-
cal men who are in the field. I think that
with stringent measures for a oouplo of
years we will be able to hold the disease in
check at least. In the meantime we have
started quite extensive experiments at Jor-
dan Harbor Experiment Station to try to
olxain further information as to the meth-
ods of spread in regard to which our infor-
mation at the present time is somewhat
vague.

Planet Jr. Farm and Garden Tools

<*et larijeHt 'Top« with leiiwt work.
Write today for HMJ illustrated cittuloKue.

S.L. Allen & Co., Box 1 106 G, Philadelphia, Pa.

Patented
Oct. 6th

PRUNING SAW

Op«'rmlefl from ground. No brv«kiag of Mmli
by cUmbiUK. No moving of I»<l'lrni. No sam ,
of wrong Hmba. Can reach t«|i«io»t br-f.- >■ -
Khape tri« belter thao by old metliods. "
cofltinoneday. ?fothing to get oui i>t > •
for years. TlioaaandK in use. Recoram' < .V

If your dealer cau't furnish It, write fi" ^)1 Jv»cr»(rtive ^
circular and prices. Hatisfactioa guaraut««d. Addrv«s ^

FRUITGROWERS* SAW CO., Scottsville, N. Y.

Fruit Farm

FOR SALE
Within 5 minutes walk of Railway Depot and
14 miles from Toronto. 18 Acre Farm, half
under bearing Orchard, good Dwelling and
outbuildings. Will take a reasonable payment
down and good terms for balance. Price $9500

JOHN FISHER

32 Church TORONTO

FOR SALE AND WANTEE

FOR SALE, 10.000 CEDAR POSTS— Running fron
2'/j inches to 4'/2 inches top, 8 ft. long, suitabl.
for grape growers. We want to move these a
once to make room for other stock. Wil
make the price right for quick sales.— Th
John Carew Lumber Co.. Ltd.. Lindsay, Ont.

FARMS FOR SALE

.NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS.— BefoP

buying, it will pay yoa to oonBult me. I mak
a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvl;
Qayman St. Oatharines.

TEN ACRES NEAR TORONTO— Half mile fror
Radial — chocolate loam, south of woods. Fo
prompt sale, two fifty.— W. G. L. Spauldin(
Lumsden Building, Toronto.

LOCATE IN THE FAMOUS NIAGARA DISTRIC

for Dependable, Annual crops of Hieh Clas
Fruits and Profit-making. I have all siJf
Choice Fruit Farms for sale: the Very Beet o
PEACH LANDS. Learn about them befor.
making a purchase. State what you want
Lnformation free.— W. H. Brand, Jordan Sta
tion, Ont., Can.

too ACRES ADJOINING LIVE TOWN with Co
legiate Institute, good shipping facilities, sixtj
five acres apple orchard in splendid oonditiou
soil well adapted to fruit growing; large hous
with furnace, bath and electric light, two goo
barns. Would subdivide into two parts if di
sired. Price, twenty thousand.— F. J. Wa'
son, 1275 Queen W.,jroronto.

ASK DAWSON. He knows.
IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me.
IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me.
I HAVE some of the best Fruit, Stock, Grai
and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices

H. W. Dawson, Ninety Colborne St.. To-onto.

SALMON ARM, Shuswap ^^e- „B;0- „ 1»" .'j^
finest fruit and dairy land in B.O No irng,
tion necessary mild winters, moderate sun
mers, no bllMarda. or high winds: dellghtft
climate; enormous yields of fruit. »eBetfbU
md hay; good fishing; fine boating amidst tl
most beautiful soenery, and the Salmon Ar.
fruit has ralized 26 cents per box more tnu
other fruit in B.O. Prices of land moderat
and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydoc
Salmon Arm, B.O.

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