^m^ i ;ii lii A-te SU!|^)feHfi»'tj-jjction. . . 195 An Inexpensive :.'. ''■ .'Jv* '^8 How to Utilize the Small .V.;. 269 •••• •• llorticultural'_'Sf)ciety 39, 71, 103;.*583, 157, 179, 201, 225, 249, 273 How to Make and Handle 6H Cold Frames i'G Inse■ front with attraction sufficient to 'tilf- est the most proficient members : I -j- ciety. In all probability, in a f \>. \ ears' time, it will take the foren-^jKl rank of all occupations whereby "am has to earn his living and make a competence. The production of food for a growing popu- lation has become a vital question. Modern methods of rapid and easy transit and with a still. more rapid com- munication has broken down the isola- tion of the farm. Modern machmery has robbed it of much of the drudgery, so that now the farm is no longer the abode of brawn, but of brain, and the greater endowed the brain the greater the pro- A catalogue of books bearing on horticultural subject* and fertilizers may be obtained free on application to The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd.. Peterboro, Ont. fits, and accordingly the higher the standards of living. It is said of us in our youth that we go to school not so muc!i to learn as to learn how to learn. Th/i is, the brain is trained into lines of thought — the greater the efficiency of the thought the better direction should i e given our labcrs, and consequent greater profits result. DIFFERENT OONDTTIONS When the writer was in California, he met a young Englishman of a progres- sive turn of mind. He told me that in England you have to keep within your own boundaries, while in California things were different^you could go over the fence and see what your neighbor was doing. Indeed, he said, it is your duty to do so, and whatever you find he is doing better than you can do, you are expected to adopt it and work it into your own scheme of affairs. Unfor- tunately some of our neighbors live too far off for us to see what they are doing, but thanks to the press there is permit- ted us an intercommunication by means of books and periodicals. Books that are of interest to the fruit grower in helping him in the promotion of his business for the most part treat only on one branch or phase of that business. They are written by one who in all probability has devoted the greater part of his life to the study of that one subject and not only represents years of labor, but also the expenditure of much money in the pursuit of the know- ledge of the .subject they represent and you owe it as a duty to yourself to study such books as are in direct line with your life work — the work by which you earn a livelihood for yourself and family and on success in which depends the quality of your comforts. Books pre- sent to you the viewpoints of others, a study of these may modify or round out your own, may increase your accom- plishments and heighten your efficiency, and thereby cultivate and develop your mental and physical powers, awaken your latent energies, and open to you a new and wider horizon. Thus it is that the fruit growing pro- fession is elevated to the plane of the learned profession. The growing of fruits and intensive cultivation demands inten- sive thoughts-correct lines of thought are only promoted through the study of A Portion of the Apple Show, Held Last Fall, at Summerland, B.C. The Artittic Displays are Shown on the Left and the Boxed Apples on the Right THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January. 191.5 A^Four Acre Raspberry Patch, that Produced over 9,000 Boxes of Berries The bushe« in this raspberry patch, owned by Qrovcr C. Murdoch, of Simooe. Ont., were two years old last season, and produced almost SI .000 worth ol fruit. The rows are seven feet apart, and the bushes two feet apart in the row. the subject and of tho.se that influence or bear on that subject. We now have not only books on every phase of fruit- growing, but also on varying viewpoints of each phase. Thus we have several books on "The Soil," a combination of which sifted through our own experience gives us a wider knowledge of the prin- ciples of soil management. Formerly changes in the soil were supposed to be due to chemical action ; now we know that they are largely influenced by those living organisms in the soil termed bac- teria. Bacteria do not all work for our good ; hence it is to our interest to study these so that we may- encourage those that are beneficial by such action as lies in our power to this end, and to neu- tralize or destroy such that are detrimen- tal to our interests, and a very good b'ook on this subect may be found in Lipman's most excellent work entitled "Bacteria in relation to Country Life." Then we have books on fertilizers which tell us of their history, source and ac- tion, and how they may be used to ad- vantage. A study of plant physiology teaches us the behavior and response of plants under our conditions, and our pro- gress rests largely with an intimate knowledge of the relation of the growth of the plant to the condition under which it is grown. The fruit grower must ever bear in mind that it is only through a complete comprehensiveness of all of the natural forces tending to his weal or woe that he can hope to attain that larger success for which we all strive. Emerson says in his "Essays" that "there is no limit to the chapter of our resources. We have keys to all doors" — primarily our success rests with each individually. We must gather in the knowledge that others have attained, sift it through our own experience, and by test select that which is to benefit us and apply it to our own individual affairs as circumstances per- mit. In conclusion, let me say that we should do no action blindly. If it is ]jruning we should study the why and A'herefore and remove no limb without a definite aim in view — the same rule should bind us in all our work. Then, though success is primarily attained through the individual effort, we must not forget the collective effort — coopera- tion. In cooperation we organize our buying and selling to our own good and the general welfare of the community. took nine thousand ' baskets from them last season, and in August took the old wood out and cut the plants back as usual. I believe in taking the wood out as .soon as possible after the crop is off. It gives the new bushes a chance to form thick canes that will bear the weight of heavy snow and it also removes insects and borers that are working on the old canes before these have a chance to at- tack the new wood. Next spring, and yearly thereafter, these bushes will re- ceive a liberal dressing of barnyard manure. As they were set on rich ground they have not needed it yet. We did not cultivate them again last fall, as we wanted all the new shoots that came up between the rows for new plants next spring, as we intend to set out ten acres of them next season. A Profitable Raspberry Patch G. C. Mnrdocb, Simcoe, Ont. From four acres of red rasptjerries last season I sold almost one thousand dollars' worth of fruit. The bushes were set out in the spring of igio in rows seven feet and nine feet apart alternately and twenty inches apart in the row. In a large patch this is an advantage when getting out the old wood, as a team and wagon can be driven down the nine foot rows and have the brush thrown on from the seven foot rows. The bushes were hoed and cultivated the first summer and made a fine growth before fall. In August the bushes were cut back to two feet and in October the bushes were strong and the canes large and they wintered well. In the spring of 1911 the ground was hoed and cultivated and kept clean all summer. In spite of the severe drought of that season we picked four thousand eight hundred baskets from the patch. The old wood was removed as soon as the crop was off and the new canes cut back to about two and a half feet and not over four canes left in a hill, three was the average. Last spring they were hoed and culti- vated, and during the dry spell of June they were cultivated twice a week. We Tile Draining in Winter Joseph Tweddle, Stoney Creek, Ont. Tile draining is the one thing inost needed on the average Canadian farm, but the great shortage of labor leaves no possible chance to attend to this work ex- cept in winter. It does not appear to have occurred to the average farmer that it is possible to do this work in winter, but as a result of careful study, I have Ijeen able to continue the work till mid- winter and find it possible under ordinary circumstances, to operate throughout the entire winter. It has been our practice to lay out the drains and plough out a deep double fur- row before winter sets in. Having the surface well drained I proceed to protect the drain from freezing by covering it with a little coarse manure, of which a good load will protect a long stretch of ditch. This class of work, owing to the vigorous exercise, is not uncomfortable in moderately cold weather. It is very healthy and provides work for the win- ter months thus enabling the farmer to keep a better class of labor. A good strong sub-soij plough is used after the ditch has been opened. It stirs up the subsoil to a depth of ten or twelve inches. This is done by going two or three rounds with a good steady team, using a six or eight foot double tree, which makes it safe for the horses, and prevents damage to the ditch. This provides for the use of unskilled labor under the farmer's superintendence in shovelling out the loose earth. Rejjeal the sub-soiling and shoveling until the desired depth is secured. This makes a very cheap method of carrying out the work. I have succeeded in cutting four and a half feet deep by lengthening the chain from the horses to the plough making a ditch not over eighteen inches wide at the surface and four to six inches at the bottom. This has been done in the very January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST hardest of dry clay and only nine inches wide at the surface, where two and a half feet in depth was required. This method moves the minimum of earth and gives plenty of room for laying the tile. The same method applies to filling the ditch. Most beginners make the mis- take of making too wide a ditch. This entails double labor both in digging and filling. Commercial Fertilizers— A Deply to Criticisms J. B. Dandeno, Ph. D., Permit me to reply to criticisms in the December issue of The Canadian Horti- culturist, on my communication relative to commercial fertilizers, which appear- ed in The Canadian Horticulturist for November. Mr. Emslie, of the German Potash Syndicate, opposes my argument and I take exception to his statements. He states that I cling to "old and dis- credited theories." My assertions on fertilizers are the result of thirteen years of research work on "soils and plants," after eight years of university training for the work. My conclusions have ma- tured within the last six years and are based upon experimental research, chief- ly in the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege. The views are discredited, I think, only by those unacquainted with the de- tails. Mr. Emslie defines plant food thus : "We only know that plants draw on the soil for certain substances entering into their composition." From this we must include copper as a food, be- cause it is found in many plants, notably wheat. But copper is a poison except in the most minute quantities. The plant would be better without it. The copper (Harv.), Bowmanville is taken in by a physical action purely. The definition fails because it includes what is clearly not a food. Take Mr. Fox's definition: "Plant food is any substance that is worked into the soil that will cau.se it to pro- duce a better crop." Now, oxygen will, under these conditions, produce a better crop, and yet it does not enter the plant at all. So will several other sub- stances acting as catalysers. These could hardly be called foods since they do not enter the plant. A whip might make a horse do more work, but sure- ly a whip is not an anirnal food. A curry-comb may cause a steer to put on more beef, but a curry-comb is not a stock food. Yet this is the logical conclusion from that definition. OASES DISSIMILAR Dr. Emslie says: "Dr. Dandeno might state with equal aptitude that the food which we eat does not nourish our bodies." Not at all, these cases are not parallel. We are nourished entirely dif- ferently from any Chlorophyll-bearing plant. There is no comparison, because the plant organizes it own "food" and the animal consumes what has been or- ganized. Unless we assume a fungus plant, there is no comparison, and even then I disclaim connection with "we." That more than half the money spent in artificial fertilizers is wasted is very plain to those familiar with the prob- lem. Here is a fact supporting this es- timate. In the Geneva, N. Y. , Experi- ment Station an experiment now going on eleven years continuously with an ap- ple orchard, shows these results, quoting from Bui. 339, p. 188, 191 1 : — "The final conclusion must be that the trees in this experiment would be practically as well off in every respect had not an ounce of fertilizer been used." Four types of fer- tilizers were tested, and this experiment is the most reliable in America. Mr. Emslie says further: "The ma- jority of fertilizers are of mineral ori- gin. " At a glance one cdn see that that is not a fair statement. Here are the fertilizers in common use : Bone meal, dried blood, guano, fish products, slaughter house products, cotton seed, night soil, sewer sludge — all organic. Even wood ashes and nitrate of soda are of organic origin. The chief mineral fertilizers are phosphates and potassium compounds. But an average soil will contain enough phosphates to last for two hundred and fifty years, and enough potassium to last for a thousand years. These are not necessarily all available at once. As to Mr. Fox's challenge, I grant him at once. The manure would likely produce an increased crop and the pock- A Sample of the Very Fine E,hibit. of Apple, pul up by Priv.te Concern, at the recent Ontario Horticultur.l.;Exhibition in Toronto THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 A Clais in Box Packing at the Oka Agricultural Institute, La Trappe, Que. This institute is a leadt-r in horticultural eduoa tion in the province of Quebec. The Three-Two Diagonal pack is here being used. Rev. Father Ijeoiwld is the second figure on the left. He has recently been elected president of the Province of Quebec Fruit Growers' Society. etful of "food" no increase. The man- ure i.s of value not because of any "food" it contains. He misunderstands my argument. When Mr. Emslie becomes personal and refers to "his own prescriptions," he is even here also in error. I am not a physician. I am simply a specialist in plant diseases and in soil fertility. His reference to soil constituents as "hash" is no argument. It is disposing of the question as an orchardist does who, when he wishes to rid his orchard of insect pests, goes into the orchard and says "shoo." To compare fertilizers to a "dose of salts" is far too flattering to the fertilizers. In conclusion let me thank the editor for this space, and say that the plant must answer. The plant is the chem- ist who must pronounce upon the value of a fertilizer. Fertilizer for the Orchard DR. J. P. .Stewart, Experimental Pomologist of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station at State Col- lege, Pa., discussed the use of fertiliza- tion and cultural methods in apple pro- duction at the recent convention in Tor- onto of the Ontario Fruit Growers' A.s- sociation.' His deductions were based on six years' work in ten experiments located in the leading apple sections of Penn.syivania and involving ten different soil types and two thousand two hundred and nineteen trees. The trees range from ten to forty years of age, and have produced over one million seven hundred thousand pounds of fruit since the work started. These experiments have shown : First, that in some orchards the yield can be greatly influenced by proper fertilization, the most important elements of which have been nitrogen and phosphates. \\"\th all other conditions uniform, the gains from such fertilization have run as high as seventeen times the amounts of fruit produced on the adjacent checks or untreated plots and net profits have been as great as four hundred and twenty Hollars an acre in a single season. Under these conditions, tillage and cover crops have not been the equivalent of fertili- zation. The gains from the former have averaged about one hundred bushels per acre annually, while the latter, without cultivation, was giving four hundred and fifty-two bushels a year. -Second: The ab.sence of nitrogen, as a rule, applications of phosphates and po- tash have not been profitable. On some soils, and in the presence of sufficient nitrogen, however, moderate amounts of these minerals are often profitable. Neither has had any material influence on color. On size, the influence of po- tash has been favorable. Third : Nitrogen has had greater in- fluence in increasing yield than any other element. It also has materially decreas- ed color. This is due primarily to delav in maturity, and may be overcome by later picking, which is advantageous in Pennsylvania with such varieties as Baldwin. The delay on it in one locality in tgii was three weeks. Fourth : Contrary to a prevalent no- tion, growth and fruiting are not an- tagonistic, unless either occurs in ab- normal amount. The best growing plots, .IS ,1 nil.', have In-cn the U .4 Iruili; |)I<)IS. I'iflh: .Manure has usually proved p- (ilable, doubtless es.sentially because <>l its nitrogen content. In most of the cases where it has proved lieneficial, however, its net profits have l)ccn ap- proached or surpassed by certain com- binations of artificial fertilizers. .Sixth: In a few orchards no form of fertilization has yet prtxluced a material I -sponse. This is considered to be due the presence of other limiters, '■ which improper moisture supply is fre- qi;ently important. The existence of si'ch orchards emphasizes the need of local tests Ix'fore making large and re- gular expenditures for fertilizers. Simple methods of making these tests and a good general formula for preliminary use were indicated. Seventh : In the long run, any orchard that is actively producing and growing is likely to require fertilization, since the total plant food draft of such an orchard is quite heavy — more per acre for every constituent except phosphorus than is required by a twenty-five bushel crop of wheat. OONTBOLLING THE (X)IX)E Eighth : Color in apples is essentially dependent on maturityand sunlight. Con- ditions increasing one or both of these factors such as late picking, light soils, open pruning, and sod culture increase color. Opposite conditions decrease it. Iron applications to the soil have not been shown to improve. the color. Ninth : The average size of apples is governed primarily by the number of fruits on the tree, after the number has pa.s.sed a certain "critical point." This point is relatively high, the data showing that, even on trees up to fifteen years of age, little or no correslation appeared until the number of fruits reached one thousand four hundred or more per tree. Below the critical point, size can be markedly affected by moisture supply, cultural methods, manures, and fertili- zer.s — especially those rich in potash ; and the.se factors may also cooperate in such a way as to materially raise the critical point. Ordinary concentrated lime-sulphur has not given as good results in destroy- ing the oyster .shell bark louse as the old home-boiled mixture containing more lime made by boiling twenty pounds of lime and fifteen pounds of sulphur in forty gallons of water. The poor results obtained are due to the lack of free lime. The lime acts in the gelutineous matter of the scale, loosening it, and allowing the caustic lime-sulphur to enter and kill the insect. For best results in destroying this insect mix from five to eight pounds of lime with each barrel of lime-sulphur as diluted for application. — W. T. Ma- coun, Horticulturist, C.E.F., Ottawa. A Small Garden Where Bold Effects Are Produced F. E. Buck, B, S. A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa A GARDEN in a city lot about one hundred and twenty by sixty feet, where flowers are grown in pro- fusion almost every month of the season, and where all the work is done by the owner, should have interest for every city dweller. When it is considered that on a lot of this size the owner, Mr. J. A. Ellis, M.L.A., 131 Stanley street, Ottawa, manages to grow enough peonies so that he can cut as many as one thousand to twelve hundred blooms at one time, the interest must certainly increase in the "Hows" and "Whys" of such profus- ion. Don't conclude off hand that peonies occupy all the space devoted to flow- ers. If you visit this garden in July or September, as I did, you will be scarce- ly conscious of the real number of peony plants which it contains. And one of the reasons is due to that charming ef- fect of the Coral-bells which so insist- ently demand our attention just in front of the foliage of the peonies, a foliage which is delightful as a background to the scarlet spikes of this little Siberian plant. Later in the summer again peony foliage serves as the base to give con- trast to the scarlet tiger lilies which rise out from it as if they owned the whole border and were trying to make their be- holders blind to the fact that they were but symbionts in the possession of this border with the peonies. And so we have the peonies not only beautiful in their glory of bloom but serviceable also later on in the ways just mentioned. De- lightful as the effects are which Mr. El- lis produces by a well regulated system of inter and double planting of his bor- ders they must be passed without fur- ther comment or space will not be avail- able to emphasize several other special features of this city lot. THE PROBLEM OF EACH GARDEN In most parts of the world, each home, each city lot in particular, presents in many cases a distinct problem to its owner when he begins to plant it with a view of making his home a "real home" and one of the best lots of his neighborhood. In the very beginning of his gardening career Mr. Ellis realiz- ed that the problem which his lot pre- sented was a personal one. While not by any means unique it was not a com- mon problem, and still less a desirable one. The problem simply stated was prati- cally just such a one as any one of the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist may be facing. Therefore, let us put it thus : — You wish to grow flowers, to do all the work of gardening yourself, to have the place always looking nice, and to have the best of things growing in the most luxuriant manner ; but down one side of youi lot is an ugly board fence, and a bare shed belonging to your neigh- bor. You cannot plant vines to cover it because he d;ies not wish you to do that, you cannot i lant trees to screen it because your lot 1.. not large enough to grow both trees and flowers, and yet you must hide that eyesore and achieve your desires. What are you going to do about it? This is not all the problem, but enough to show the point. What did Mr. Ellis do? We can only partly answer the ques- tion. Mr. Ellis, having determined upon the policy of having the maximum quan- tity of flowers with a minimum amount of work (not because he disliked the work, but because he is city treasurer, a member of the Ontario Legislature, and a very busy man), together with the production of a nice effective lot when viewed from the street, found that he had to work out his own method of screening that objectionable board fence and building. This we shall come to Artistic Effect and Utility arc Combined in This Rustic Arrangement Notice the wealth of bloom obtained by Mr. Ellia from the plants of Clematis Jackmanli. The necessary but rather ugly outhouse i« ma4e a Dlcasing feature in thia garden. The little conservatory on the left is the one in which Mr. Ellis has had distinct success growing orchide as described by him in recent issues of The Canadian Horticulturist. THE CANADtAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 3 This Illuitration shows how Mr. Ellis is Succeeding in Solving the Ugly Fence Problem Tho grafted varieties of lila« and other shrubs here used do not rob the flowers in the borders of the moisture and plaait food as many shrubs or treos would, do. later. He found that the first part of his problem was solved by making a twelve foot border around three sides of his lot. This he planted with perennials. This system left a nice piece of greensward in the centre which looked well from both the house and the street. It has been suggested already how by a skilful system of double planting and by re- stricting his efforts to certain flower groups he secures abundance of bloom. Now it should be stated that the flowers of his choice are generally those vigor- ous kinds which will reward a little labor with fragrance and color in almost any kind of a season. A SIMPLE SOLUTION The solution of the next part of the problem sounds simple enough. If you look at the illustration above, you will notice that shrubs are used at the back • of the border on the west side of the lot. These were planted to form the screen to hide the board wall. .Already they are nearly tall enough to do this. Suggest- ing that shrubs be used for this pur- pose was easy. To find varieties that would grow high enough for this pur- pose without encroaching on the room of the flowers, and robbing them of food, moisture and light, was more difficult. And to work in kinds that would give bloom at different seasons, so as to add to tlie charm of the border was less easy still. However, Mr. Ellis found what he wanted, and the effect has been pleasing ever since. A similar problem to that just men- tioned, presented itself in connection with the rear of the house. The illustra- tion on page five shows how a rather un- sightly outhouse was screened and the whole of the rear of the house made to offer both convenience and charm dur- ing many months of the year by the ad- dition of a rustic pergola. The pergola Mr. Ellis made himself from cedar poles and when the several plants of Clematis Jackmanii, which are now growing on it, are in full bloom the picture is as pleas- ing as one could well imagine. Roses and other vines are also grown on this pergola. It will be seen then that the solutions of these problems were definite, simple and effective, and it should be added that they were inexpensive also. The cost of the materials which Mr. Ellis has used has been low because he has adopted a system of replenishing his borders which is worth recording. It was mentioned that only perennials were found in this garden. In the case of such perennials as the Delphiniums or Poppies, he will collect the seed from a plant as soon as it ripens, or he may take the seed of something new, for he believes in hav- ing the best of everything, and this seed he will drop near some old plant that he intends pulling out next year or in some little vacant spot in the shade of other plants. By giving the seed- lings, as they come up, a little watching and judicious thinning out he will have a nice clump of new plants in bloom there the next year. And the work has been practically nil. He replenishes his Ixjrders by using in part Nature's own method. Of course not all seeds can be treated in this way but nearly all that he sows can. And it will be interesting to know what plants Mr. Ellis finds most useful in a garden of this character. THE VARIETIES GROWN The German Iris he has found to be very effective for spring effects. He groups them in masses at the ends and in the corners of his borders^ Of these he has about fifty varieties, and his object for some years has t^een to eliminate from his collection the dull shades of purplish-blue. This makes the spring effect much more sparkling and effec- tive. Following the irises the peonies hold sway in the garden for nearly a month, and at that season the garden is a splen- did sight from the street. Mr. Ellis believes in letting the public share in the joys of his flowers to an ex- tent, that is, "a vista to the public should be allowed by each possessor of a good lot," such a lot has an educational val- ue, and it is but neighborly to share it with all so long as enough privacy is re- tained to make it "home." Such flowers as the platycodons, Chi- nese Bell-flowers), pyrethrums (Spring Marguerites), gaillardias (Blanket flow- ers), delphhiniums (Tall Larkspurs), hemerocallis (Day Lilies), dwarf or Chi- nese Larkspurs, and sweet williams, give color to the borders until the time of the perennial phloxes, which form fine strong groups of color in this garden. Other flowers, like the herbaceous spiraeas, coreopsis, Helianthus multi- florus, and golden glow, do well at the back of the border, while that charm- ing little free flowering plant, the Ice- land Poppy (Papavera nudicaule), to- gether with Achillea Funkias, and oth- ers, add charm to sf>ecialized parts of the border. Cannas, which of course must be treated as annuals, are grown to good effect by the wall of the house where they get some protection from the first frosts of the fall and thereby continue their bloom much later. Darwin and cottage tulips are grown in the same bed for spring effects, and as a background Hy- drangea paniculata are used. Of new varieties of his chosen plants, Mr. Ellis imports and buys quite a few. Three of his best peonies are Asa Gray, Festiva Maxima and Mons. Jules Elie. Color harmonies have been worked for in some measure by Mr. Ellis, and he states that he likes to get his strong colors as a rule at the back of the border. Continuity of Blootn in-!&tnall Gardens' W, T. THE seasons when it is most difficult to have good bloom is just after the bulb season in the spring and during the month of September. Hence we shall suggest more plants for spring and autumn, than for summer. One of the earliest blooming peren- nials is Arabis alpina flore pleno, or Double-flowered .'\lyssum. This begins to bloom soon after the snow has gone. Its double, pure white flowers are borne in great profusion. It is low growing, increases rapidly, and is very useful for the front of the border. No small garden is complete without a good plant of Bleeding Heart. It has a blooming season of a month or more in the latter part of May and June, and is both striking and attractive. The Epimediums, or Barrenworts, are very attractive spring flowering peren- nials, and are desirable for cutting. The varieties of Trollius, or Globe flower, in various shades of yellow and orange are among the best spring flowering plants, and the native Trillium grandiflorum should be in every small garden. It thrives well under cultivation and clumps soon spread. •Extract from a paiper read at the recent con- vention in Toronto of the Ontario Horticultural ABSociatlon. Continued from la,st Issue. <1F^ '"'ir M Yucca Filamentoia This plant stands about five feet six inches high. It is just a young plant and will spread out considerably as it gets older. It is a very striking and rather pretty plant. This specimen is hardly at its beet yet ae only a few of the flowers are fully opened. It was photographed by a repre- sentative of The Canadian Horticulturist in the grounds of the Canadian Nursery Company, of Montreal. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, Lily of the Valley and Forget-Me-Not are delightful spring flowering plants, but each needs a place of its own : The former because its blooming season is short and it spreads rapidly, and the latter because it becomes a weed in the border . Iris florentina blooms in May, and because of its early blooming it should not be omitted ; the many varieties of German Iris soon follow. The Day Lily, Hemerocallis flava, is an attractive yellow-flowered plant, and i s fine foliage makes it u.seful as a back- ground for other species. SUMMER PLANTS. .Vmong summer-blooming plants there is none more desirable than perennial plilox, of which there are many fine var- ieties. Among low growing plants for bloom in late summer we have found that Rudbeckia Newmanni, a sort of Black-eyed Susan, is one of the most desirable. It increases rapidly and clumps should be scattered all along the front or near the front of the border. No lilies have been mentioned so far. They are not as necessary as some other flowers, and anyone who wants lilies will get them anyway, but Lilium speciosum is, we believe, an absolute necessity in a small garden where continuity of bloom is desired. It flowers during the month of September when bloom is scarce. Japanese Anemones are also desirable for late bloom, but as the first frost injures these and they do not bloom until very late, they are not to be de- pended upon. There are many tall grow- ing yellow flowers, such as Rudbeckia Golden Glow, Helianthus of various species, and Heliopsis with running root stalks, but all of these should be kept out of the mixed border as they give endless work in keeping them under con- trol. If they are u.sed they should be treated as things apart. There are, however, some good late blooming flow- ers which do not spread in this way or at least not rapidly. Among these are Helianthus multiflorus maximus, Helian- thus Soleil d'or, Helenium autumnale superbum, Helenium grandicephalum striatum, and some of the finest autumn flowering plants are among the Michael- mas daisies or asters, and of these we have found that Aster Novae Angliae, Mrs. Rayner, a reddish purple flowered variety is one of the best. In a border where continuity of bloom is desired all the tall plants should not be put at the very back. The late bloom- ing sorts are most of them tall, and if they are all kept in the rear there is a ■dearth of bloom near the front in late summer or autumn unless annuals are Ont. A Seven Year Old Brughmafasia This plant, grown by Miss Cox, of Stratford, stands over six feet from the ground, al- though it was severely pruned last spring. When photographed it had between thirty and forty buds and blossoms. The full bloom is nearly a foot long and about six inches across and of an ivory whiteneaa. It blooms in September, and the blossoms open to their full extent in the evening. used, most of which do not go well with perennials. It will be noticed that peonies have not yet been mentioned, but peonies should, in a small garden, be planted by themselves. They take up too much room in a mixed border and are apt to smother smaller and more precious things. A peony-bed should not have too prominent a place in a small garden, as when the blooming season is over it is too conspicuous an object and not sufficiently attractive. If planted near a fence or wall provided they have abun- dant sunlight, good soil, and sufficient moisture they will look well when in bloom and will relieve tlie hard lines of the fence afterwards. A border of narcissus or pansies along the front will give color to the bed before the poenies bloom, and gladioli may be used with good effect behind for later bloom. Gladioli are also very desirable in the mixed border, and if some are planted late will be particularly useful in September when bloom is scarce. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 Annuals should play some part in a small garden and until perennials are well established more of them are likely to be used than later on. Sweet peas, asters, nasturtiums, scarlet salvia, phlox drummondi, verbena, and white and pink petunias are my favorite annuals, and are among the most persistent bloomers. Sweet peas should be planted so that they will not be too conspicuous in late sum- mer when the lower leaves have fallen and they have a ragged look. It may be possible to screen the lower part of the sweet pea row with some other flower planted two feet or more from the sweet peas but which from a distance appear close to them. Beds of annuals usually become ragged in late summer in Ontario, hence a border of annuals where they will not be so conspicuous would seem to me best. Every year some re-arrangement of some of the planting in a small garden will need to be made in order to have that continuity of bloom, freedom from gaps and blending of foliage and flower which is so necessary in a small garden where all one's attempts may be taken in at a glance and where weak spots are quickly seen. Best Varieties of Sv^eet Peas' Thomas D. Dockray, Toronto, Ont. THE superiority of the Spencer varie- ties of sweet peas is admitted on all sides. Just about all shades of the older grandiflora type may be ob- tained among the new ruffled varieties. Among the pure whites, Etta Dyke Spencer is the best, excelling Dorothy Eckford in waviness, but both have very large flowers, usually four on a long stem under good treatment. Florence Wright and Nora Unwin are also good whites. Mrs. Collier is a warm white, almost cream, but unruffled. The best and clearest buff yellow is Clara Curtis Spencer. Other good buffs are Lady Knox and Mrs. A. Malcolm, but botlh may incline to a fawn shade on the standards. Mrs. Routzahn Spencer is the best cream pink. Like it are said to be Rom- an! Rauni and Mrs. Hugh Dickson. Con- •In the December, 1911. issue of The Canadian Horticulturist appeared an article by Mr. Dock- ray, describing the culture of the sweet pea as a result of ejttengive tests of varieties conducted by him durine the past seaeon to check the resTiIts obtained in previous years. The list of varieties here given is recommended by Mr. Dockray with confidence. Stance Oliver is also good. Paradise Ivory is a most delicate cream with just a suspicion of rose, but it does not seem to expand fully in Toronto. Elsie Herbert Spencer is the best white with a pink edge, having very large flow- ers, but Picotee Spencer gives a large percentage of stalks with four well- spaced blossoms. Dainty, when not ruf- fled, has the pink edge beautifully de- fined. For a cream with a pink edge, the choice would fall upon Mrs. C. W. Breadmore or Evelyn Hemus, both Spencers and practically identical. Dora Breadmore Ihas a pink edge, but is slightly hooded and the cream becomes fawn as the season advances. Countess Spencer, the type of the ruf- fled hybrids, is still unexcelled as a pink. Marjorie Willis, Marie Corelli, or Gladys Unwin, rosy pinks ; Mrs. Hardcastle Sykes or Elfrida Pearson, blush pinks; Mrs. R. Hallam or Miriam Beaver, deep cream pinks, are all most desirable in this popular color. The great fault of the orange sweet Vine* a* Grown on one of the Verandahs at the rear of Government House, Ottawa peas is that they are apt to burn in the sun. The best are Helen Lewis, an orange pink, and Thomas Stevenson, an orange scarlet, both Spencers, and very vigorous. Other good Orange Spencers are Edna Unwin Improved, Dazzler, St. George and Anglian Orange. A new un- ruffled variety, said to be nearly a true orange color and almost sunproof, is Orange King. Because they burn so badly, Henry Eckford and Agnes John- son should not be grown here. At least one scarlet has been produced that will stand the sun fairly well and that is Queen Alexandra, a fine large flower of the old, plain type. Doris Burt, George Stark, Scarlet Monarch and Scarlet Gem are not always sunproof, but are Spencers. For a crimson, King Edward Spencer is the best, having displaced Salopian, iust as Salopian displaced Coccinea. Sunproof Crimson and Maud Holmes are two splendid new varieties. Perhaps the purest ruby color is King Edward VII., a large flower, but not a Spencer. Of a good garnet color are Cherry Ripe (the Spencer form of Coccinea) and Chrissie Unwin. Joihn Ingman, George Herbert and Mrs. William King, all practically alike, are fine rose magentas of the Spencer type. Ro.se du Barri is an odd- looking burnt pink. The bronze, or maroon, section is not much in favor. The best here is Doug- las Unwin. It is of a rich purple wine color and the surface of the flower al- most suggests a pansy in its velvetiness. Black Knight Spencer, Othello Spencer, Nubian and Tom Bolton, all practically alike, are of chocolate or mahogany col- or and are shiny, thus running some risk of burning. All the blues are apt to have a touch of pink or lilac somew^here on the blos- som. The purest dark blue is Lord Nel- son, not a Spencer. Flora Norton Spen- cer, the brightest blue, is not as large as Zephyr Spencer, a silvery blue. Hor- ace Wright is a splendid indigo, but rarely produces more than two flowers on the stalk. Audrey Crier Sf)encer,May Malcolm Spencer and Lady Sarah Spen- cer are said to be new. deep blue varie- ties of enormous size. The best mauve is Tennant Spencer. It seems to be the Spencer form of Mrs. Walter Wright. Asta Ohn Spencer is the best lavender. Florence Nightingale and Masterpiece, both Spencers, are good. Nettie Jenkins is flhe best Spencer form of that old fav- orite, Lady Grizel Hamilton, and is slightly hooded. Mrs. Charles Foster is a good Spencer heliotrope. Phenomenal is a creamy white with a picotee edge of purple. This section would not be com- plete without the old Duke of West- minster, a striking combination of violet and purple, suggestive of the Cattleya orchid. January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Spiraea Van Houttei Used as a Hedge The hedge here shown is to he seen in the garden of R. 0 Burns, Brantford, Out., whose garden won first prize in a garden competition held in his part of the city last year. The trellis of climhin? roees over the arch in the opening added much to the general effect. Such a hedge makes a good screen or diyision between a front and back lawn. The hedge shown is five years old. The Striped and flaked varieties are not much sought after. Helen Pierce is a pleasing mottled pale blue. Senator Spencer looks like a good thing gone wrong. Its color scheme consists of malhogany streaks on a dirty white ground. Prince Olaf is a good combin- ation of purple and lavender and shows the marking well, as it is not ruffled. Aurora Spencer and America Spencer are hoth pleasing: flaked varieties, the for- mer an orange rose, the latter a rosy .scarlet. The freakishness of Mariory Linzee is not in the color, which Is pink, but in the form. It frequently has dou- ble standards, but does not seem any more desirable on that account. For the person who can plant only a single row of ninety or one hundred feet, a packet of twenty seeds of each of the following twelve varieties will be found more than sufficient. One, white: Etta Dyke Spencer; two, buff: Clara Curtis Spencer; three, cream pink: Mrs. Rout- zahn Spencer; four, pink edged: Elsie Herbert Spencer; five, pink: Countess Spencer; six, orange: Helen Lewis; sev- en, scarlet: Queen Alexandra; eight, crimson: King Edward Spencer; nine, maroon : Douglas Unwin ; ten, blue : Lord Nelson; eleven, lavender: Asta Ohn ; twelve, purple edged : Phenomen- al. If only four varieties can be grown it will be found that Etta Dyke Spencer, Countess Spencer, Queen .Alexandra, and Asta Ohn will blend very well, either on the plants or wthen picked. The Winter Care of Window Flowers R. S. Rose, Pctcrboro, Ont. THE watering of window plants is one of the most essential points to watch if bloom is required and if you want your plants to be healthy and to give satisfaction throughout the season. There is no set rule for water- ing. I can only say this : Do not water too often. Frequent watering is apt to bring on disease and to decay the root. Only water when the surface of the earth has a dry appearance. Give enough water to thoroughly saturate all the soil in the pot. Three times a week is sufficiently fre- quent to water plants although, of course, conditions differ. Plants that have lots of sun require more watering than those in the shade, and plants in small pots dry out more rapidly and re- quire to be watered oftener than those in larger pots. In summer one can water every day, but in winter plants do no need the same amount of water for their growth is not so rapid as it would be if they were out in their beds exposed to the hot summer's sun. Do not sprin- kle only the surface, but water thor- oughly. After watering do not allow the pots to stand in a saucer full of water. See that this saucer is kept dry as otherwise you are apt to have your plants weakly and unhealthy. INSECT TROUBLES The most frequent insect pest of house plants is the aphis, commonly called green plant-louse. I do not wait for the pests to appear, as once a week I take a whisk and go over each plant carefully, thoroughly sprinkling over and under the leaves. The preparation I use is one cupful of coal oil to a gallon of soapsuds and water. I always keep a supply of this mixture on hand. It is made as follows : A half cake of ordin- ary washing soap is dissolved in one gal- lon of boiling water. After cooling one cup of coal oil is added. The mixture is then well stirred. Examine the leaves of your plants every day. If you find that some are turning yellow and drop off without any apparent reason, you will most likely find that the red spider is the cause. Turn up the leaves and examine them carefully. If any tiny webs show on it, you can be sure the red spider is at work. Nothing will kill the red spider but moisture. I have had to use a tubful of water and souse the whole plant in it, going over each leaf between thumb and finger, rubbing them gently. Do this three or four times a week until the leaves have lost their yellow appear- ance and the plant regained its green freshness. I collect all the tea leaves from the dining table, and once or twice a week, before watering, put them around the plants. I then water through them. This is good for the bloom and it also has a tendency to keep away insects. THE BEST LOCATION Windows facing south or west are the best. See that your plants have plenty of sun. As they love sunshine and fresh air give them plenty of both on very mild days. If possible open a door or window at some distance from them and let the colder air from outside mix with the warm air of the room where your plants are, before it reaches them. This is necessary, for, as your room is liable to be pretty warm, a cold draft directly on your plants is likely to chill them or give them a set back from which they may not recover during the season. GERANIUM SLIPS I am often asked about slips from ger- aniums taken from the garden to pot for the winter as winter plants. If winter bloom is wanted take in the whole plant, as plants that are one year old give much tetter satisfaction, as they will blossom throughout the winter. If, on the other hand, all that is wanted is for next year's outdoor growth, slips are all that are necessary. These should be kept clipped back and the buds nip- ped. One or two may be allowed to come to maturity, but no more if you want to have them do well out of doors next year. Plants that have been blooming all winter cannot be expected to do well next summer. All flowering plants must have a rest some time. So keep your whole plant for winter bloom and your slips for next summer. One can have boxes in the window which will be a delight to the whole house. Such flowers as sweet peas, nas- turtiums, dwarf climbing; mignonette, machet or Defiance, with the trailing tradescantia do well in boxes, with ordinary care. 10 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURItT January, 1913 The Far North Weitern Part of Ontario showed what it can do in the Production of High Grade Potatoes, when it made This Exhibit at the recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, in Toronto Diseases of Ginseng' Prof. J. E. Howitt, O, GINSENG has been cultivated only during the last twenty or twenty- five years. The early ginseng growers were little troubled by diseases. During the last few years, however, a remarkable development in the number and severity of ginseng diseases has tak- en place. There are now recorded some fifteen more or less serious diseases of ginseng. Now, much of the success of the ginseng grower depends upon his ability to prevent disease. In Ontario there are four serious dis- eases of ginseng, namely, blight or alter- nario blight, rust, fibre rot or end rot, damping off of seedlings and wet rot. All these diseases, except the last named, are fungus diseases, that is they are caused by minute plants termed fungi, which live upon the ginseng plants and obtain their food from them. In so do- ing they injure the ginseng plants and produce disease. The question is often asked, from whence come all these fun- gus diseases, and why have they be- come -SO serious to cultivated ginseng. This question is best answered by com- paring the conditions under which gin- seng grows wild and the conditions un- der which it is grown in cultivation. NATURAL OONDITIONB Ginseng is found growing wild in rich, moist, well drained soils of hillsides and ravines covered by deciduous trees where •Firtra<5t from aji addresn deliT*red last S«i>- ten^her b**for^ fho nnnnal oonv**ntion of th© On- tario Gjnsenff Growers' Afleociation. A. C, Guclph, Ont. each fall it receives an abundant mulch of forest leaves. In cultivation the gin- seng plants are crowded together ; very frequently the ginseng beds are not pro- perly underdrained and too often the soil is improperly fertilized so that it loses the acid condition characteristic of for- est soils in which ginseng naturally grows, and becomes alkaline. From this brief comparison, it is seen that the chief factors which account for the increase and severity of fungus dis- eases under cultivation are : First, crowd- ing the plants together in the ginseng beds so that the spores of disease-pro- ducing fungi are readily dispersed from plant to plant by wind, water and in- sects. In nature the plants are separat- ed by hills and trees and other plants, so that the fungus spores are not readily distributed from one ginseng plant to another. Second, the lack of proper un- derdrainage ; too often the grower de- pends upon the natural slope of the land or the character of the soil for drainage, forgetting that in the woods, where gin- seng grows wild, the trees pump up from the soil the excess of moisture. Third, the change from an acid to an alkaline condition of the soil, due very often to the application of unsuitable fertilizers. Prevention is the watchword in deal- ing with all kinds of fungus diseases. It is, therefore, important that the ginseng growers should endeavor to do away as far as possible with the conditions which under cultivation favor the development and spread of fungus diseases. Drainage is absolutely essential if the best results are to be obtained. Open drains cannot be depended upon. Gin- seng beds should be tile-drained. Three- inch tiles are satisfactory for this pur- pose ; the depth at which these are placed will depend upon the character of the soil. In sandy or gravelly soil they should be placed from three to four feet deep, while in heavy clay soils not more than one and a half or two feet deep. The lines of tile should be placed from six to eight feet apart and when possible the drains should be placed in the centre of the ginseng beds. Too many grow- ers depend upon the natural slope of the land or the character of the soil for drain- age. FERTILIZERS FOR GINSENG Much depends upon the applying and the proper kinds of fertilizers to the ginseng beds. If unsuitable fertilizers are applied, rust or fibre rot soon makes its appearance. Lime and wood ashes were for a number of years frequently used as fertilizers upon ginseng beds. The result was that the soil became alka- line and this alkaline condition favored the growth and development of the fun- gus which produced rust or fibre rot. Consequently this disease became very serious in ginseng beds which had been fertilized with lime or wood ashes. Lime or wood ashes are not to be recommend- ed as fertilizers for ginseng. Acid phosphate (treated rock or bone) is a satisfactory fertilizer for ginseng. Best Vegetables for Amateur Gardens^ I FOR amateur gardens I would re- commend the use of the following- vegetables : Asparagus— Conover's Colossal or Ar- genteuil. Place the rows four feet apart, and the plants eighteen inches in the rows ; apply manure liberally after the cutting season (which should end June J5th) and give good cultivation. Cut off the tops in the fall when the berries are red. Beets — Crosby's Egyptian, for early ; Detroit Dark Red for main crop. Sow early seed as soon as ground is fit, rows twelve inches apart ; and for main crop about June ist. Thin where the plants are thick, and use as greens. Beans — Keeney's Rustless Wax, Ger- man Stringless Green, Fordhook Bush Lima, Cranberry Pole. Carrots — Chantenay. Sow as for beets then thin to two inches apart. Cabbage — Early Jersey Wakefield or Copenhagen Market for early ; Glory of Enkhuizen or Savoy for main crop. For the home garden the Savoy is the finest quality cabbage, but is not as good a keeper. Early cabbage should be started the middle of March. Start late varieties the end of June. Brussels Sprouts — Improved Dwarf, Darlington. Cauliflower — Early Erfurt. Treat as for cabbage. Corn Salad — Grown in late fall in the place of lettuce. Cress — Extra Curled. Water cress. Water cress must be kept soaked in water. Celery — Golden Self-Blanching, for fall and early winter ; Giant Pascal or Winter Queen for winter use. Start seed in April, transplant once when one inch high, then into the field, rows four feet apart, plants six inches in the rows. Corn — Early MalakofF, followed by successive sowings every two weeks, of Golden Bantam, Country Gentleman. Plant as soon as danger of frost is over. Although a golden yellow and thus like field corn. Golden IBantam is the finest quality of all the corns. Have rows four feet apart, hills of three stalks eighteen inches apart. Citron — Colorado Preserving. Sow in hills six to eight feet apart, after all dan- ger of frost is over, then thin to three plants in a hill. Cucumber — Cumberland for large cu- cumber, or Perfection White Spine; Chi- cago Pickling for picklers. Plant in hills four feet each way. It is best to use the indoor method. EggPlant — Black Beauty. Sow the seed the middle of March in hotbeds, and •Extract from an addrew dclivprprt heforp thp recent convention of the Ontario Hortkmltora) Association. Prof. A. H. McLennan, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont. transplant to field when danger of frost is past. Endive — French Curled and Green Curled. Kale — Dwarf lirfurt or Dreienbrunnen. Sow as for late cabbage, and plant the same. Kohl-Rabi — Early White or Purple X'ienna. Sow seed early for summer use :ind again about the middle of June for winter use. Lettuce — New York Iceberg, Grand Rapids. Sow seed as early as possible, then every three weeks for succession. Thin to three inches, then six, then tvv-elve, to secure good heads. IVfusk Melon — Spicy, Osage. These may be grown in a hotbed in pots, and then transplanted, or seed may be sown in enriched soil in hills five to six feet apart after danger of frost. Leek — Musselburg. Onions — Yellow Globe Danvers, Southport Yellow Globe, and Southport Red Globe. Sow seed as early as possi- ble in rows twelve inches apart. Use the thinnings as green onions. Thin to three inches for large onions. Start in hotbed and transplant some Spanish as Denia, Ailsa Craig or Giant White Leviathan. Parsnips — Hollow Crown. Sow as early as possible in rows twelve inches apart ; thin out to three inches. Leave some of the crop in the ground over win- ter for early spring use. Peas — Sutton's Excelsior for medium ; and Gradus or Stratagem for last. Sow the early as soon as possible, and the others two weeks later in succession. Parsley— Triple Curled, XXX. Potatoes — Early Eureka for early ; Green Mountain, or Up-to-Date for late. Use whole two ounce sets. Early potatoes should be placed in a light warm room for three or four weeks before planting so that they will sprout, then take off all but the strongest shoots. They can be placed in the ground as soon as danger of severe frost is over. The late varieties are planted May 24th. Pumpkin — Connecticut Field. Plant as for citron. Radish — Scarlet Turnip White Tip, White Icicle. Sow as early as possible in rows twelve inches apart, and follow- in succession. For winter use, China Rose or Black Spanish, and sow where early peas were removed. Rhubarb — Victoria, St. Martin's. Plant four by four feet. Manure liberally in fall and cultivate thoroughly. Break ofT all seed-stalks as they apjjear. Have some plants in the cellar in the winter to force. Salsify — -Mammoth Sandwich Island. Handle like parsnips. Spinach — Victoria. Sow as early as possible ; then every month for succes- sion. Squash — Crookneck or Bush Scallop for summer; Warty Hubbard or Boston Marrow for winter. Plant after danger of frost. Bush varieties four feet apart; others eight feet. Swiss Chard — Sow early, will produce all season. Outer stems are broken off and used as greens. Tomatoes — Bonny Best. Sow seed in a hot bed, the first to middle of March. Transplant to open when danger of frost is past. Turnips — Extra Early Purple Top Milan, Golden Ball, Hazard's Swede. Sow early for summer use, and about the middle of June for late. Vegetable Marrow — Long White Bush, English Vegetable Marrow. Plant as for cucumbers. Water Melon — Hungarian Honey, Cole's Early, Harris' Early. These are the most likely to ripen in northern sec- tions. Plant eight feet apart each way. Vegetable Jottings A comparison of the yield of twelve strains of Earliana tomato for two years showed a difference of seven tons per acre. Not only was there a difference in yield, but there was a difference in the character of the fruit. This fact is im- portant from the standpoint of many producers. A corresponding test of Matchless showed a difference of five and seven-tenths tons per acre. In a larger experiment started in igog we noted ap- parent substitution of varieties in several instances. In a variety test of sixty- two so-called varieties we observed the practice of applying a new name to a well known variety. ^Prof. C. E. Myers, State College, Pa. Experiments have shown excellent re- sults from the use of Bug Death in keep- ing the potatoes free from the ravages of the Colorado beetle. This treatment, however, is considerably more expensive than that in which Paris green is used. Experiments are being conducted with different proportions of lead arsenate, and the results will be published shortly. For the blight it has been found that three treatments with the bordeaux mix- ture, in which the potato plants were sprayed both above and underneath the leaves, have been about as effectual as six treatments in which the sprayings were all made on the tops of the leaves. As machines are now made for spraying underneath the leaves as well as on the upper surface, we believe that the blight can be controlled much more readily than when the sprayings were all made from above the plants. 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist Publiihad br Tha Horticnllural PublUUnc Companr. Llmltod PBTTKRBORO, ONTARIO The Only Horticultural Msigazine in the Dominion Oftioiai. Oboah of thb Ontario and Qukbbo rsurr Obowbrs' Associations H. BmNSON Cowan, HanafflnK Direotor 1. The Canadian HortlonltiirlB*, la published on the 25th day of the month urecedlng date of iBsne. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Britain. 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For United States and local snbiicriptlons in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post OfBce), 25 cents extra a year. Including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates One Dollar an Inch. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the Editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Mo!?t months, including the sample cop- ies, from 11.000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested In the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 February, 1911 , 8,260 March, 19U 8,523 April, 1911 ».«» May, 1911 .9.783 June, 1911 J0.178 July, 1911 10.062 August, 1911 io.m September, 1911 »-973 October, 1911 '•Si November, 1911 ;».?^ December, 1911 -Wl?/ Total 1".«9 Average each Issue in 1907, 6,627 ' 1908, 8,695 » ' 1909, 8,970 •< 1910, 9.067 " 1911 9,541 November, 1912 ll,305 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and i>ecatise to protect otir readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of your loss, provided such transaction occurs with- in one month from date of this iseue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the fact« to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to a/dvertisers you state: " I eaw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues ehaJl not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are otir friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attCTnpt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO, ONT. I EDITORIAL I HEATED CARS During- the past few years Canadian fruit growers have won a number of not- able victories over the railway companies by la;, ing their complaints before the Do- minion Railway Commission. One of the most important yet obtained was made known early in December when the board announced its ruling in regard to the re- sponsibility of the railways in the matter of providing suitably heated cars for the transportation of perishable products such as fruit, vegetables, and flowers in less than car load quantities. Tihe decision of the board was as fol- lows : "It is ordered that, until further or- dered by the board, upon the receipt of reasonable notice from the shipper or shippers, that such is or are required, railway companies subject to the juris- diction of the board, operating in east- ern Canada, which own refrigerator cars, and according- to their respective powers shall furnish to any shipper, or com- bination of shippers, a heated refrigera- tor car, or cars, for the carriage, during cold weather, of fruit, vegetables, and eggs in less than carload quantities, the same to be carted by the shipper, and loaded in the car by the shipper or ship- pers, in the order in which the shipments are to be unloaded. Provided that under this order the carrier be not required to accept shipments necessitating more than five openings of any such car for un- loading purposes, to furnish heated cars for transhipment from the original car for destinations off the route of the said car; to accept less tham a total weight of 12,000 pounds in any such car, or a less aggregate amount in freight car charges than for 12,000 pounds distri- buted pro ratably over the various ship- ments in any car ; to accept such ship- ments unless the freight charges are prepaid, and to assume liability for loss or damage to the property by frost, while in the car, if caused by the open- ing of the car for loading or unloading purposes, or after it has been unloaded from the car." While the ruling may not be all that may be desired it is a notable one, and the re- presentatives of the growers may well take heart and press on for the numerous other improvements in shipping facilities that sre still needed. PACKING SCHOOLS One of the most successful lines of work that has been conducted by the British Columbia Government on behalf of the fruit growers of that province has been the holding of regular packing schools in different parts of the province during the past few years. The Department of Agri- culture provides the instructor and pays his expenses. It also bears the cost of the packing paper, the fruit, and all other legitimate expenses. The instructor takes with him the neces- sary packing tables and fruit paper and conducts classes wherever application is made for them by responsible organizations which in each case are required to guaran- tee a minimum of twelve pupils at a fee of three dollars each. The packing schools extend orer a week. A •eries of twelre lessons of two and a half hours • ach are givem. The local ortjanization is required to provide « hall and to heat and light it. Pupils who gain a score of seventy-five per cent, for efficiency in the packing school and who put up a creditable pack for the department prizes the following year are given a. diploma by the depart- ment. Not enough attention has been given to this line of work by the Ontario and Nova Scotia provincial governments. It is true that the box packing of apples is not as necessary in tie east as it is in the west, but this system of packing has great pos- sibilities, and no better way of encouraging it could be adopted than by providing in- struction of this character. A NEW SPIBIT ABROAD The mail that reaches our desk from month to month furnisihes excellent evi- dence of the rising tide of public opinion in the matter of civic improvement. A few years ago the number of people in Canada who were doing active public service to- wards civic beautification was almost neg- ligible. Year by year this number has in- creased. Our Canadian clubs and other similar organizations are now quick to in- vite speakers, who are recognized authori- ties on this subect, to address their meet- ings. Tie daily papers and magazines throughout the country are devoting an increasing proportion of their space to the advocacy of proper town planning. This includes the laying out of parks and drive- ways on a systematic basis that will pro- vide for the future development of their municipalities. It is not long since a landscape archi- tect was considered a good deal of a curi- osity of unusual hardihood. There was a general feeling that such an individual was ahead of the times. Almost all our lead- ing nursery firms now have expert land- scape architects connected with their staffs and they are devoting an increasing pro- portion of their acreages to the culture of ornamental trees and shrubs. In doing this they are only endeavoring to keep abreast of the increasing demand, cxn the part of towns and cities, for nurse-ry stock of this character- All this indicates that Canada is passing out of the pioneer stages of civilization into a period of greater culture and re finement. More and more readers of The Canadian Horticulturist are asking us to furnish information on this subject. Dur- ing the present year we purpose complying with this demand as far as our space per- mits. Our horticultural societies which have done much to bring about this change in public opinion are now confronted with the responsibility for directing this new and growing movement along right lines. The returns of the recent Ontario Horti- cultural Exhibition held in Toronto show that the gate receipts, although the ex- hibition was conducted on the grounds of the Canadian National Exhibition, were twenty per cent, greater than those of the year previous. This demonstrates that the public will attend a horticultural exhibi- tion held elsewhere than in the centre of the city and justifies the action the direc- tors have taken in making application for the use of the new government building, a larger building than the one used last fall, for the purposes of this year's exhibi- tion. With the location of the exhibition permanently secured and ample space for January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 13 future development provided this year's horticultural exhibition should be far and away ahead of anything- eastern Canada has yet seen. A great effort should be made to obtain carload exhibits of apples and thus pave the way for the holding of a national apple show in the near future. PUBLISHER'S DESK Ontario Horticultural Association Convention The apples shown on the front cover of this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist were a portion of the 1912 crop of Mr. R. R. Sloan of Porter's Hill, Huron Co. They were Northern Spys and were grown on trees twenty years of age. The orchard was sprayed thoroughly three times with lime-sulphur solution and arsenate of lead. So mudh interest was taken by the read- ers of The Canadian Horticulturist last year, in the series of articles we published describing Canadian gardens, arrangements have .been made for the publication this year of a similar series. Most of the gar- dens that will be described will be those of amateurs, like the garden of Mr. Ellis, described in this issue. We will, however, publish descriptions of two or three gar- dens on some of the large estates which are row becoming numerous in Canada. Some of these estates have features that will compare favorably with those that are to be found anywhere in the world. Illustrat- ed descriptions of them we believe will be of great interest to many of our readers. In this issue appears the first of a ser- ies of articles dealing with the growing of flowers by amateurs that are to be con- tributed during the next few months by Mr. R. S. Rose, of Peterboro, whose gar- den was described in one of the summer issues of The Canadian Horticulturist last season. Mr. Rose has met with unusual success with gardens he has conducted in Westmount, Quebec, as well as in Peter- boro. His articles will be of special help- fulness to the average amateur flower grower. I The enormous purchasing power of the thousands of fruit growers who read The Canadian Horticulturist, is becoming bet- ter appreciated by the large Canadian con- cerns which cater to that trade. Never in 'in the history of The Canadian Horticultur- ist have we received as many large ad- vertising contracts from firms looking for business in this field as we have during the past few months. Not only have firms which have been doing business with us for years greatly increased their advertis- ing space, but other large firms, which have never hitherto sought the trade of the fruit growers, have contracted for consid- erable advertising space with the inten- tion of entering into business relations with the fruit growers. The Sherwin-Wil- liams Co., of Montreal, have recently con- tracted for liberal space in which to adver- tise their arsenate of lead. The Pctrie Mfg. Co., of Hamilton, is seeking to introduce their spraying machines, as is the Fruit Machinery Co., of Ingersoll. Other simi- lar firms might be mentioned. These and many other firms realize that there is no better medium in Canada for reaching the fruit growers than The Canadian Horti- culturist. Lack of space prevented the completion in the last issue of The Can.\di.\n Horticul- TirRisT of the report of the annual conven- tion of the Ontario Horticultural Associa- tion, held in Torcnto in November, An address that was much appreciated was given by Prof. H. L. Hutt, of the O.A.C., on English gardens. These re- marks were illustrated by a number of fine views . Two excellent papers, one dealing with "Continuity of Bloom in Small Gardens," by Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Central Ex- perimental Farm, and the other with the cultivation of strawberries, by W. A. Dier, of Ottawa, were unusually interesting. Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, gave an address on the successful growing of per- ennials from seed under ordinary condi- tions. For planting, the soil must be very fine, and the sowing must be done early. " I plant in drills, like carrots," said Mr. Whyte, "and put my drills from six to eight inches apart. The seeds I put about one or two inches apart and in depth according to the size of the seed. After planting, I use a common hoe and pack the earth down quite hard. It is very essential that the earth come in close contact with the seeds. "Until the plants have appeared above the surface, the earth must never be dry. Shade the bed with cheesecloth or straw. Keep clear of weeds all season by per- sistent working of the soil around the plants. I always try to transplant in Sep- tember, on a wet day if possible. After setting out. the plants should be carefully shaded until they have taken hold. In this connection I may say that I consider fall transplanting better than that done in the spring." THE HOLDING OP EXHrBITIONS An interesting report was given by Mr. W. B. Burgoyne, of St. Catharines, on the success that has attended the efforts of his local horticultural society in the holding of horticultural exhibitions. Much of the success of the St. Catharines Socie- ty is due to the summer exhibitions that have been a feature of its work for several years as well as to the large fruit, flower and vegetable show that is open to com- petition for the Niagara District and which is held in September each year. The report of the Nomenclature Com- mittee, as presented by Jno. Cavers, of Oakville. included a list of twenty-five words the pronunciation of which is often confusing, due to the fact that different pronunciations of these words are in gen- eral use. The committee recommended for adoption certain pronunciations given in the report. It was decided to amalgamate the No- menclature and Varieties Committees in a committee to be known as the Names and Varieties Committee. This committee will consist of W. T. Macoun and F. E. Buck of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Prof. H. L. Hutt and Wm. Hunt, of the O.A.C.. Guelph ; H. J. Moore, of the Queen Victoria Park. Niagara Falls -. and Roderich Cameron, of Toronto. During the convention Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, made the im- portant announcement that he intends to establish on the farm the most extensive trial grounds in the world for several differ- ent standard varieties of flowers. It is hoped that arrangements can be made through the Names and Varieties Com- mittee to have similar work undertaken, to some extent at least, with other varieties of flowers at Queen Victoria Park and at the Guelph Agricultural College. In this way it will become possible to obtain re- liable information at all times concerning these different varieties of flowers from these trial grounds. Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, gave an interesting talk on perennials. THE BILL BOARD NUI8AN0B A lively discussion took place in regard to the bill board nuisance. The Clinton Society reported that it has succeeded in having this nuisance abolished in Clinton. The delegate of this society who was pre- sent stated that this had been accomplish- ed by calling on the parties who owned the vacant lots on which the bill boards were displayed and inducing them to re- fuse to allow the bill boards to appear there any longer. The discussion showed that delegates from many other points desired to abolish bill boards, but that their efforts to do so had not been successful owing in part to the fact that there is no provincial law giving municipalities the power to pre- vent the use of bill boards. It was recom- mended that that association should co- operate with the Ontario Municipal Associ- ation in an effort to gain such legislation, but the discussion ended without any de- cision being reached. AN ENJOYABLB PTTNOTION An enjoyable feature of the convention was a reception tendered the visiting dele- gats by the officers nd members of the Tor- onto Horticultural Society. The reception hall was nicely decorated for the occasion, the chair being occupied by the president of the Toronto Society, Mr. D. A. Dunlap. President Falconer, of Toronto University, pointed out that Canada being a new coun- try has much to learn from England in the matter of parks and the beautification of cities and private residences. As a means of arousing greater interest as well as set- ting an example in this direction he sug- gested that the railways should do more than they have to beautify their stations, that cities should expend larger sums on their parks, and that in Toronto a zoologi- cal garden should be established. Mr. P. W. Ellis, of Toronto, a member of the Queen Victoria Park Commission at Niagara Falls, gavfe an interesting de- scription of the development of that park as well as of plans for its future. He looked forward to the time when the park would be so noted for its beauty at those seasons when certain varieties of flowers are in bloom that excursions will be run to the park at low rates from western Ontario points at least to permit the public to derive greater benefit from the park. Mr. J. E. Atkinson and the past president of the society, Mr. W. G. MacKendrick. also spoke. Refreshments were served. The convention was one of the most successful in the history of the association, and con- tained promise of better conventions to come. The high standing of the Wenatchee Valley apples in the Old Country markets was shown recently by an advertisement which reached The Canadian Horticulturist in which an apple dealer of Covent Garden. London, England, was offering five thou- sand five hundred boxes of these apples at a sale, which commenced on Monday, Octo- ber 7th, in wholesale lots of not less than one hundred boxes at the rate of two dollars and eighty-five cents to three dollars and sixty cents a box for four tier boxes. 14 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 A New Style Apple Box Alexander C. Bigg AS we have been using an ;ipple box for several years with very t((>od suc- cess and of an entirely different con- struction from those in general use, I thought perhaps it might interest your readers to know sometJhing about them. Some years ago when that good, sensible idea of packing apples in boxes was intro- duced and encouraged in tJhis country the writer was very much impressed with the many good points in its favor, and im- mediately adopted the plan of packing No. 1 quiility in this package and the No. 2 quality in barrels. After a few seasons' use I found that we had considerable breakage in these boxes through the handling of them in transporta- tion, and as a consi>tiuence, loss en route. This was caused partially by imperfect end boards and the outward pressure from the bulge, and also the rough handling to which they are subjected in forwarding; 'thus the suggestion came to improve th,^ package, and this we have done in a very simple manner, which I shall explain, but before doing so I will say that the inside measurement of our box is 11 inches wide, 10 inches deep and 20 inches long, and contains a government standard bushel. The change of the construction relates chiefly to the ends of the boxes, which in- stead of being the ordinary size, we make them 11x12 inches, the grain running lengthwise and quite opposite to the ordin- ary box. We nail our sides, which are 11 H inches wide, lengthwise on the ends, al- lowing them to project one-quarter inch beyond the sides ; these should be nailed firmly with at least six or seven stout box nails (IK-inch coated) at each comer. The s, Burlington, Ont. tops and bottoms are the same, practically the same size as the inside measurement of the box, 11x20 inches, but we make them about one-eighth inch Shorter and narrow- er, so that they will drop inside the four walls easily. (I am speaking now of sea- The Biggs Apple Box - End View, Width 1 1 in soned stock.) The cleats are }ix^Ax'lO% inches and we nail one of these on each end board, across the grain of the wood, before nailing on the sides, so that when you have nailed your sides your box is ready for pack- ing, with the exception of dropping in your top or bottom, which will rest on the cleats ; these we do not nail, as the fruit in the package holds them firm on the inside and the cleats on the outside, thus allowing perfect freedom for the bulge and also con- traction as required by the shrinking of t)u fruit. The packing of the fruit is procee<] ed with just the same as in any ordinal box with this exception, that the ordin:ir\ box requires very exact packing, while iii this package one-quarter inch may be per- mitted without any doubt of a tight pack, for the simple reason that the cover is with- in the four w.ills of the box and is applied and pressed direct to the fruit, using a cor- rugated cap between, and when the press i- on the two remaining cleats are nailn across the ends either on the one-half inch or five-eighths inch side, as the fruit may require ; this box is then complete. The utility points of this package are as follows: Strength and Durability — This is perhaps the chief requirement in any fruit p 'ckage, and will necessitate one to be suf- ficiently strong to withstand the rough handling to which they are usually subject- ed in the course of transportation. Thi- apple case has been thoroughly tested and upon examination of its firm and simple construction it will readily be conceded to have the strength and durability that will stand the strain or test. Protection of Bulges — To all growers and packers accus- tomed to the usual box for shinping th-ir first-class fruit the protection of this bulg- ing portion of package is highly impor- tant, for the simple reason that no matter how carefully the fruit may be packed or how snugly the case may be put together, unless this part be protected from the weight of the other packages wlien piled during transportation the fruit inside will be more or less bruised and destroyed. This bulge is securely protected in our package. Protection of cleats — The cleats used on this case, which are nailed across the ends Removal Sale The Sale of a portion of our Nursery Land at Pointe Claire necessitates the removal of our main nurseries. This land must be cleared next spring and vfe have decided to offer the stock at a discount of from 25% to 50%. All stock is first-class and consists of Thirty Thousand Fruit Trees of the hardiest varieties. Ten Thousand Shade Trees. Fifty Thousand Orna- nvental shrub and hardy Perennials, Paeonies, etc. Write at once for complete list. The CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Ltd. 10 PHILLIPS PLACE - MONTREAL, P.Q. Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good qualify, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots : MONTREAL Bub; Lane TORONTO Mcrccf 2n> WINNIPEG Mtricel St. VANCOUVER PcwdD St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 15 r I i 0 wTfli^ The Biggs Apple Box, Side View Showiug Bulge at right angles, thus securely preventinir the ends from splitting, are placed inside and below the projecting ends, which ef- fectually protects them from displacement, and thus ensures the safety of the package during transportation. Safety in Handling — The projection of the ends afford excel- lent handles for the purpose of removing, piling, etc., during transportation, and is commendable in itself as a protection against breakages by handling. Ease of Access — One small cleat removed and the package is open for inspection, and the cover is as easily replaced without break- age. Ventilation — The projection of the ends prevents close piling in either car or steamship, thus affording ample ventilation during transportation. Adaptability of the Package to the Fruit — By the adjustment of the cleats in their respective positions the operator, when placing on the cover, is en- abled to pack to the fruit, as the cover fits in between tlie four walls of the package, and when pressed and held in place by cleats secures the fruit very firm, and con- sequently does not depend upon exact pack- ing for a snug box. The package is not patented and therefore can be used by any- one, and we herewith give dimensions of stock : Width Length Thickness inches inches inches Ends 11 12 fi Sides UK nU % Tops and bottoms. lOJi lO'/g K Cleats H lOK y^ San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia S. C. Parker, Preiident N. S. Fmit Growers' Association The editorial in the November issue of The Canadian Horticulturist gives a fair statement of the situation in this province... Your conclusions, however, do not agree with the ideas of the fruit interests here. The Nova Scotia Government, backed un- animously by the fruit men, are prepared to go to any extremes to eradicate the scale if possible and provide against its further spread. There is no panic but a straight business proposition on the part of all interested to cut out this scourge in the beginning, if ef- fort and money will do it. Our Ontario friends, who have supplied us with one hun- dred and fifty thousand trees annually for the past few years, assure us that the scale is easily kept in check by dormant spray- ing, that it is a "blessing in disguise," etc. However, this is one of the blessings that we would like to be spared, and are per- fectly willing for Ontario to enjoy alone, rather than share with us. The fruit men are practically unanimous in agreeing to cease planting for a few years, if necessary, till we see where we are at. We have been living in a fools paradise, buying largely Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario A Happy New Year and Many Happy Returns of the Season To all the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist JOHN CAVERS We take great pleasure in informing our many patrons that we have engaged Mr. Roderick Cameron AS LANDSCAPE EXPERT For twenty-three years as Superintendent of Queen Victoria Park, and for the past five years as Superintendent of Parks for the City of Toronto, Mr. Cameron has gained much valuable information, which shall be of great assistance to our customers. At present Mr. Cameron is on the Atlantic hound for Great Britain and the Continent, where he will buy an extensive line of the latest creations in ornamentals, landscape material, and es- pecially high class perennial plants. We shall have a nice stock of large plants for immediate sale. On his return, Mr. Cameron will take charge of the Oakville plant, which will be devoted almost entirely to ornamentals. As Landscape Expert he is at your service, and we suggest that en- gagements be made with us now, which will have his attention upon his return. Our FRUIT TREES are very fine, and we shall be glad to quote prices on your requirements. AUBURN NUBSERIES, LIMITED QUEENSTONHMkC; SINCOE OAKVILLE For the Land's Sake Use the best Manure and get Good Crops For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. Marchment 133 Victoria St. TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841 ; Residence, Park 951 Sa7 70U Mw tha ad. in Tli* Canadian Hortieiikarid I<5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 TKis is the Book ttiat will sKowyou how you can have a BEAUTIFUL OLD ENGLISH GARDEN THE OLD ENGLISH GARDEN owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAY'S COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 1 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the Kelway Manual of Horticulture mailed free on application to KELWAY & SON OARE OF The Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro, Canada. '^I^-'^ mf- QJrtbefor a copy of tkis useTuLbdbk, Tt cx>Tn£?s toyoix-ty retujix mjajLLfroc iA from Ontario nurserymen, depending on local inspection and fumigation, and we find that criminal negligence and careless- ness have been the result. For instance, a Nova Scotia buyei in a large Ontario yard selecting trees, heard orders Riven by the manager to fumigate a lot of stock in a "box car!' Of some one hundred and fifty thousand trees from Ontario nurseries reciived here this spring about twenty-five per cent, had scale on them— some liberally encrusted. To be sure most of the scale was dead, but we do not propose to pay for any more apple trees from Ontario or anywhere else with scale on them, dead or alive. The "blessing" will have to be disguised more carefullv in the future before it will pass current' here. The "three large nurseries that furnished ninety-eight per cent, of the stock planted in Nova Scotia," must get busy and clean up the stuff before any more of it comes this way. We want the trees, and are willing to pay the pnce, but we do not want any "blessings" thrown in. While they are cleaning up we will mark time and take stock, incidentally doing a little in the nursery business on our own account. Early in 1912, while pursuing Brown Tail Moth Mr. Saunders found live San Jose Scale' on apple trees brought from Ontario in 1911. One blessing— not in disguise— we have in Nova Scotia is a live Secretary ot Agriculture. There was something doing in horticultural lines almost immediately. Secretary Gumming soon had a good statt at work running down the "ees planted in 1911 The inspectors soon found that lyiu plantings were also infested, and 1912 plant- ings were "lousy." As fast as competent men could be ob- tained they were put into the field and spent the summer in hard work. The net results are eight hundred and fifty trees found infested with live scale torn out and burned root and branch. Mr. Saunders, who has had charge of the field operations, is sanguine that in two or three years the scale can be exterminated, and every fruit grower is willing and anxious to give him a chance to try. The Provincial Government, on petition of the Fruit Growers' Association, took power last session to make regulations by Order in Council, to control the San Jose Scale and other insect pests. The Order in Council, as promulgated on October 25th, 1912, provides that all nursery stock coming into the Province shall pass through either Middleton or Truro as ports of entry, and no imported nursery stock will be delivered to any im- norter or consignee within the Province of Nova Scotia unless the same is accompan- ied by a certificate signed by the Provincial Entomologist or other authorized Govern- ment officer, that the nursery or other prem- ises on which the same was grown was in- spected between the fifteenth day of June and the fifteenth day of September next pr^ ceding the shipment thereof, and that said nursefv or other premises were found to be .ipparently free from Sam Jose Scale. The Regulations as promulgated, are drastic and will mean prohibition to trees from Ontario during the coming season at least. I appreciate The Canadian Horticulturist very much. Your efforts to provide practi- cal information for the fruit grower. K^ar- dener and florist entitle you to the increas- ing patronage you are receiving."— R. El- liott, Brantford, Ont. If you don't see it advertised «sk us. January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST r? FERTILIZER "^rL" Lesage Fertilizer for Grain and Wheat 446 Lesage Fertilizer for Corn and Vegetables • 447 Lesage Fertilizer Special for Tobacco 448 Qyebec Special for all Kinds of Crops 33 1 Fine Ground Bone • 330 Thomas Phosphate Powder (Caledonia) 338 Lesage Royal Potato Manure 449 For Catalogue and Prices wrritc to LESAGE PACKING & FERTILIZER COMPANY, Ltd. Head Office : 53 St. Paul, MONTREAL PONT SACRIFICE ! If you have good apples to sell and you think you should get more than you are offered, do not sacrifice them. Ship them to Toronto. The Toronto market alone will require immense quantities of apples between now and spring. We have cold storage facilities and can store your apples till a favorable price can be realized, thus protecting your interests. Write or wire us to-day. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 90 COLBORNE ST. TORONTO SPECIAL NEW YEAR CLUBBING OFFER Good up to January 31st, 1913 60 The Canadian Horticulturist - - and The Canadian Apple Growers' Guide, post paid ... - $2.25 Regular price $2.85 OUR SPECIAL OFFER $2.00 If your own subscription expires this month, take advantage of this SPECIAL OFFER when renewing. - Write TO-DAY. Address THE GAMDIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO ONTARIO We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Al\yays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay Cobalt] Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canadian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 18 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, Idl^ Wonderful Fall-Bearing Strawberries Fruit In f«U »lt flnt year uul In •prtns and hLil of aecond year. Big money-muterl too plania aet In May yielded from Aug. U to Nov. 11 nearly 400 quarts which aold for Be per qt. The pait ieaaon (lflI3) we had fresh titraw- bernet every day from June 15 to Nov. 151 We are htadquarterw for Stra%vberrles and Small Fmlt Plants ol all kinds Big atock of iK-^t hiirdy v;irielles at very low prices. Plum farmer, Idaho and Royal Purple Raspberries, also Blackberries, Gooseberries, Cur- rants and Orapes. SO years' experience. Cata- logue free. L. J. FARMER, Box 396. Pulaski. N.Y. You Pay for This Lamp many times In ruintsJ eyesight, annoyances of odor and cleaning of greasy lamps. May * well buy it and own it. Simple, safe and cheap — generates its own gas giv- ing 200 candle ix)wcr of pure wliite brilliant ligilt for less than H cent per hour. Color post car<) free. Write to day for circular 'H' and free post card. ■RICE-KNIGHT Ltd. Toronto or Regina Mature your crop early HOW? The market gardener gets the top of the market for early produce, and the gen- eral farmer saves many dollars from early frosts by using a soluble, high-grade com- plete fertilizer, like one of our Stockbridge manures. There is no mystery about it. A crop, like a calf, will grow quicker and healthier on a full ration, but the ration must be right The Stockbridge Manures offer this sort of ration for crops. ■ nSmSPQ The Stockbridge Manures were formulated by the Lite Professor Stockbridge of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and were introduced forty years ago. They have been improved and kept up-to- date. The Stockbridge and all the other Bowker brands are soluble, active, sure. They are made from the best materials by special factory methods. Prompt service and moderate prices go with them. We want Agent* in unoc- cupied territory. Write today for prices and terms; this may mean a good business for you if your act at once. Write anyway for our illu*trateJLijVjjj:)j/Ji;i). — FURNACE CATALOGUE MAILED ON REQUEST — The James Stewart Manufacturing Com pani^ LiMited WOODSTOCK. ONT. WINNIPEG, MAN. litA.. the same brand which would become koown and appreciated for reliability. .Mr. Gordon Bunting, son of Mr. W. H. Buntinjir, the well known fruit jjrowcr, of St. Catharines, who has been chief assistant to Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticul- turist at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, has been appointed Professor of Horticul- ture at Macdonald CoUejfe, Quebec. He takes the place of Prof. W. S. Blair, who goes to Kentville, N. S. Prof. Bunting is the young-est professor in the McGill facul- ty, Macdonald College being affiliated witih McGill. He is twenty-six years of age, but has had an unusually wide experience. An experiment conducted by J. Thome Baker, a scientific expert of London, Eng. , to ripen unripe peaches by the application of electricity, is reported to have been suc- cessful. A peach was charged with elec- tricity and on being examined later, was found to have ripened to the stone. Fur- ther improvements are being made in the apparatus that was used, with the object of developing an instrument that hotels and fruiterers will be able to use to ripen par- tially green fruit. The Canadian Horticulturist has recently received two extremely valuable publica- tions. One is a book entitled "The Pota- to" its authors being Eugene H. Grubb, and VV. S. Guilford, two noted United States authorities. It comprises some five hundred and fifty pages, and is devoted en- tirely to subjects pertaining to the culture of potatoes. It is published by the Mus- son Book Co., Limited, of Toronto, arnd re- tails at $2. It is said to be the most com- plete, final and authoritive work on the po- tato ever issued. The second publication is entitled "Michigan Bird Life," and is by Walter Bradford Baxrows, of the Michi- gan Agricultural College. It contains sev- eral hundred pages, and is profusely illus- trated. Practically all the known birds of the continent are described fully. Any stu- dent of bird life will find this volume a treasure. Out of one million two hundred thousand peach trees in the Niagara District. Prof. L. Caesar of the O.A.C., Guelph, esti- mates that over fifty thousand last year showed symptoms of Yellows or Little Peach and ought to be removed. Probably nine- tenths of the diseased trees will be found in about thirty-five orchards. These or- chards are not confined to any one district, but are pretty well distributed, though three or four of the worst diseased orchards are usually found close together. Prof. Cassar states that the cause of the diseases is as yet unknown. Nova Scotia The fruit growers of the Valley are thor- oughly aroused to their danger from the San Jose Scale, and their resolution passed by the meeting at Kentville, on October 24th, caused the Government to immediate- ly get into action. The new regulations passed by Order in Council on October 25, are sweeping in character, and while some- what in the nature of a locked door after the hen roost has been raided, will prevent any further importation of trees covered with dead or living scale. Briefly the new law is as follows. All nurseries in districts where San Jose Scale is known to exist, must have a yearly in- spection and certificate from the Depart- ment of Agriculture of their apparent free- dom from scale. All trees imported into the province must have this certificate at- tached, and come through either by Middle- ton or Digby, where they will be re-exam- ined and fumigated. Any stock found to January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 21 I For Nothing You may Have this Spramotor- If you can find a spraying outfit of an- other make that represents the same doUar-for-dollar value. r 'HAT'S a strong statement to print but we are prepared to make good — Because we know what the "next best machines" on the market are like — Know definitely that your own fair judgment will pronounce this.Spramotor to be the best spray- ing apparatus ever offered the public at the price. There isn't an extra bolt or nut about The Model "C" Spramotor yet, it has every practical feature]^making for —economy in operation —maximum efficiency —and durability But, don't take our word for it — Examine other machines called "just as good" sold at about the same price. Take the specifications here shown, study them carefully- Then— apply them to the ' 'just as good" machines. Finally the outstanding characteristics — the exclusive patented features of the Model C Spramotor will compel you to pronounce judg- ment in its favor— For the simple reason that the sum of these essentials cannot be found in any other sprayer. Specifications of the Model "C" Spramotor Bed- 1 inch Laminated Maple and Pine, securely bolted together and to tlie tank, making a perfectly rigid unit, eide^ cut away for short turning. Tank— U clear Cypress, curved and dowelld staves, ends and top tongue and grooved, preventing dest. Caboose EntirelycoveringKngineand Pumper; with oak frame, metal cased doors. Derrick— Of best straight-grain, clear wood, tongue and grooved tloor. In six pieces. Large enough for two men to operate. Can be removed in one minute. Engine -2i H.P., 500 R.P.M. Upright Hopper Cooled; simple and effective. Controls gas supply and spark. Motor— All Brass, lndivirt\ial J)all Valves, with Patent Cages. Automatic Compensating Plunger' Entire Pump and Connections of Brass. Renewable Plunger Tube. Suction Control— ;i- Way Brass Cock at Tank Outlet, with index lever to charge air tank with compressed air, to drain out tank or shut ofF supply to motor at will. Pressure ReiJulator— Automatic ; regulating pressure by stopping pump, engine rurts idle. Only pumps \ip re- (liured pres^sure; nolossthroughleaky safety valve. Steady pressure, from 17.') to 200 or over, as desired. Runs in oil ; no attention required. Clutch Control —Operator can lock out clutch, and start engine without loiul. Agitator— Rotary from Engine, operates when motor is idle. Detachable through brass plug in front end of tank. Keeps suction screen swei)t clean. Pressure Tank -12 gals, capacity. Of galvanized steel. \^'hen iiUed with compressed air forms a complete cushion for motor, and prolongs life of machine. By-Pass and Emergency Valve— In top of tank, locked to desired pressure; preventing, in caseof accident, exces- sive pressure developing. Operates only at 50 lbs. greater pressure than Automatic regulator. Hopper Screen— Holding two i)ails, with brass screen and wooden frame, tit ting into opening in tank. Tank Filler— Operated by Spramotor, will fill tank with water in ten minutes, transfer mixtures and lift water 30 ft N.B.— There's a Spramotor specif ically built to suit your spraying needs vi^hatever they may be. Write for Catalogue. SPRAMOTOR LIMITED LONDON - - - ONTARIO 22 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 SPRAYING A Profitable Investment is the name of a booklet of over one hundred pages, compiled from the bulletins issued by the Govern- ment and Agricultural Colleges, regarding the life history and method of exterminating the various insect pests and fungus diseases, that are responsible for enormous losses each year to the fruit growers, farmers and gardeners of this country. The importance of getting this information into the hands of those who are most interested in the extermination of these pests, was realized by the Insecticide Department of the Sherwin-Williams Co., and as a result, this concise and practical book- let has been published for free distribution, it gives complete information regarding the most important pests, and a table showing the most efficient method of exterminating them. The booklet contains about fifty illustrations which will enable a person to dis- tinguish the particular pest that is destroying his crops. Some of the spraying preparations that are advocated by the authorities are manufactured by the Sherwin-Williams Insecticide Department and complete information is given regarding them. A copy of this booklet will be sent, free of cost or obligation, to any person who sends their address to our Insecticide Department. The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES OFFICES & Vk'AR E H O USES; MONTREAL. TORONTO. WiNN.PEC. VANCOUVER. ONOON, ENG have San Jose Scale, living- or dead, upon it, as well as any other injurious insect named in the Injurious Insect, Pest and Plant Disease Act of 1911, will be destroy- ed or shipped out of the province at the expense of the consii^nee. Sixty per cent, of this year's imported stock from Ontario and Quebec had some examples of scale, dead or alive. The nur- seryman who knowinjfly sends infected stock into a district free from that pest, ouffht to have some g-reater punishment than merely losing- his market. The indus- try of a xreat country is imperilled that a few men may for the time being- grasp a few more dollars. A feature of the work of the United Fruit Companies has been the large market found in Montreal for our No. threes. Owing to the late growth of fungus or black spot, a large proportion of our Gravensteins had to be marked No. three, as the companies allowed only clean apples to be packed in their Nos. one and two grades. These were large well-formed apples, but when spotted, Gravensteins begin to decay very quickly, so it is necessary to find a near-by market. A few cars were sent to Montreal, and as a fine cooking apple their value was at once recogrnized by the pedlar trade. Word came back for more, and in all about nine thou- sand barrels of No. three Gravensteins alone were marketed in that city, at a little over one dollar a barrel net. One of the strong features of the companies is the pushing of our fruit in new markets. They have ship- ped to date one hundred and fifty-five thou- sand barrels, of which fifty thousand were placed in Canada and Newfoundland. Their nack is giving universal satisfaction. — M. K. E. Ontario Fruit Growers' Convention At tlie recent convention in Toronto of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As.«ociation. P. E. Angle. B. S. A.. Simeoe. Ont., cue of the larerest apple planters in Ontario, described his method of laying out the or- chard and setting the trees. He strongly recommended the use of a wire stretched from end to end of the field in order to get the rows straight and the trees evenly spaced in the row. P-rof. J. W. Crow, in his address on "The Selection of Nursery Stock." strongly advocated the low headed tree. He did not see what use a tree had of more than twelve inches of a trunk or eicrhteen inches at the outside. It is diilfirult. however, to buy such a low headed tree from nurser>'men, so the speaker advocated the buving of one- vear-old. unbranched trees. The grower ran then make a head to suit himself. Prof. Crow believes it would be a desirable im- provement if nurserymen headed all of their trees low. then those, who wanted high heads would have onlv to cut off the lower branches. Mr. E. D. Smith, speaking for the nursen^men. said that they would just as soon sell low headed as high head- ed trees, but that they had to give what the public demanded, and as yet public opinion had not been educated to appre- ciate the low headed tree. BEST Srx VARIETIB8 "What Six Varieties Shall We Plant for Profit" was discussed by a number of ex- perts with the various fruits. In apples, J. R. Anderson. M.L.A.. Lucknow, recom- mended Wealthy. Snow or Mcintosh, King, Goldem Russet. Baldwin, Spy. Much ad- verse opinion was expressed regarding this list, most of those present thinking that January, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23 King and Russet should be eliminated. In peaches, Wm. Armstrong, Queenston, ad- vised St. John, New Prolific, Fitzgerald, Elberta. In pears, M. C. Smith, Burling- tom, recommended Bartlett, Kieffer, Duch- ess, Anjou, Box and Clapp. For plums, W. R. Dewar, Fruitland, mentioned Bur- bank, Bradshaw, Riene Claude, Lombard, Monarch and Shropshire Damson. In grapes, F. G. Stewart, Homer, recommend- ed Concord, Worden, Niagara, Moore's Early, Vergennes, Agawam. For straw- berries, Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Hor- ticulturist, Ottawa, recommended Beder- wood. Splendid, VVarfield, Senator Dunlap, Sample, Buster and Parson's Beauty. In speaking on "Cultural Methods," Prof. J. P. Stewart averaged the results of one experiment as follows : Apple orchards in sod, 190.2 bushels an acre; mulched, 266.4 bushels; treated with phosphates and potash, 277.6 bushels; with cover crop, 312.9 bushels; nitrogen and potash, 542 bushels; barnyard manure, 637 bushsls. In a second experiment barnyard man- ure was added in all cases Where a cover crop was sown the yield was 109 bushels an acre; with clean tillage, 145.1 bushels ; mulching, 126 bushels, and where the manure was applied directly on the sod, 1.37.1 bushels an acre. Commercial fertil- izers were applied on another four plots. In this experiment the yield on sod was 115.9 bushels; with cover crops, 127.6 bushels; mulching, 129.3 bushels; and with clean tillage, 133.4 bushels. FEAOH DISEASES On the final morning of the convention, Prof. L. Caesar reported on his investiga- < tion on Little Peach and Peach Yellows. This address will be dealt with more fully in a future issue. The list of resolutions approved of was an unusually small one : The committee on resolutions expressed approval of the action of the Provincial Minister of Agriculture in appointing an Ontario Fruit Commis- sioner in the west ; expressed appreciation of the work of Prof. Caesar; the Dominion Minister of Agriculture was thanked for increasinn- the number of fruit inspectors; the Provincial Department of Agriculture was asked to take over the appointment and payment of inspectors of insect and fungus pests, this being now in the hands of local municipalities; appreciation was expressed of the work of Transport Officer Mcintosh, and it was suggested that his work be made to cover the promotion of cooperation as well. A cordial vote of thanks to Prof. Stewart was added. DIRECTORS The following were elected directors : R. B. Whyte, Ottawa ; C. W. Beaven, Prescott; VV. H. Dempsey, Trenton; Wm. Stainton, Oshawa ; W. J. Bragg, Bowman- ville; H. T. Foster. Burlington; J.W. Smith, Winona; R. Thompson, St. Cath- arines ; Jos. Gilbertson, Simcoe ; D. John- son, Forest; R. R. Sloan. Porter's Hill; F. M. Lewis, Burford; W. J. Saunders, East Linton. The; twenty-third annual meeting of the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion will be held at Victoria, January 6th, 7th, and 8th. The association will have a year of good progress to report. The membership will reach nearly eight hun- dred, and there are sixteen affiliated asso- ciations, these being all the fruit growers' associations of the province. I find The Canadian Horticulturist ever growing better. Its columns are continu- ally full of useful information. — J. L. Mitchener, Vankleek Hill, Ont. i1>AG^ -"Ta?" FREE An Instructive 64-page Illustrated catalogue Brimful of what you want to know about the labor-lightening, time-saving feat- ures of the most economical and efiieient agri- cultural implements ever invented — Planet Jr I^P* '*! Planet Jr Combined Hil! and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe. Cultiva. vator, and PUw sows seed accurately and works quickly and thoroughly. I '^Q- ^ ^ I Planet Jr Double Wheel Hoe. Cultivator. Plow and Rake works both sides of plants at one passage, until crops are 20 inches high. Indestructible j^/'^-Z/rrtw^ and steel Iea£-li£ters, Send postal today for the cataloffuel S L ALLEN & CO P£f,J[*^i: Write for name of our nearest ag^ency APrize Food for Prize Stock You can raise " fall " piga and have them fine and fat for the May market. All you need is a little extra care and ) ''INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD/' *>y Feed "INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD" with a combina- l/-^/" tion of ground corn, oats and rye — and they will not only keep * "^y healthy, but also fatten up in a way to astonish your neighbors. The average pig does not digest more than half of the grain fed. The other half is wasted. " INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD " tones up the digestive apparatus, insures perfect digestion, and thus saves this waste in grain. " INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD" is a purely vegetable preparation — a wonderful tonic — that keeps hogs well and vigorous, and protects them against the ravages of Pneumonia and Cholera. 78 Xfake a nUe profit on your ••fall" pigs hy feeding "INTERNATIONAL STOCt FOOD. " Get a pail to-day from ytur dtalir. INTERNATIOKAL STOCK FOOD CO.. LIMITED TORONTO you CAN TRUS^ Ewing's Reliable Seeds to give you the best crops which your soil, with your tilling, can produce. EWING'S V Reliable Seeds faithfully reproduce the selected grains, vegetables and flowers from which they were grown. They are clean, vigorous and healthy — sure to grow big crops under all reasonable conditions. By doing this for over forty years they have earned the name "Reliable". .5 Get Ewing's Reliable Seeds from your dealer, or write for our handsome illustrated catalogue and buy from us direct. I WM.EWING&CO, 1^ t^N. SEEDSMEN McGlU street, Montreal. 24 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1913 Basic Slag (Sometimes known as Thomas Phosphate Powder) The Great Fertilizer ior all crops Now being produced in Canada by The Cross Fertilizer Co., Ltd. Sydney, Nova Scotia The fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley are using thousands of tons every year with the best results. What is good for the Annapolis Valley will be good for Ontario. Purchasing Dealers Wanted Everywhere Descriptive pamphlets, ^.prices and all information from our Travelling S alesman for Ontario, Alexander E. Wark WANSTEAD, ONT. Jordan Harbor Station Needs Improvement Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist,— Allow me to commend the editorial which appears in your October issue relative to the Jordan Harbor (Ont.) Fruit Kxperi- ment Station. Both as a Canadian cngag- cd in professional horticultural work in the United States and as a property holder in the Niagara district, I have watched, at first with hopeful interest, but latterly with keen disappointment, the failure of this institution to produce results of value to the fruit growers of the province or of scientific interest to those engaged in agn- cultural research and education. Your com- ment on the situation, therefore, meets my hearty approval, and I sincerely trust will bring about a movemcmt for the proper support of the Station. As it has been my privilege to observe the work and organiza- tion of this institution from its inception, and to visit it from time to time ever since Mr. Rittenhousp made his first donation and proposals in regard to its establish- ment to the Department of Agriculture, it is possible that you or your readers might be interested in some of my observations in connection with its founding and work. The Jordan Harbor Fruit Experiment Station was founded ostensibly for plant breeding, the chief object being to test and develop new varieties and to improve old varieties of fruits and vegetables for the Niagara district and the province of On- tario. Incidentally it was planned to col- lect data of scientific interest bearing on the problems of heredity as applied to plant life. I do not believe that the efforts of the Station should ever have been planned wholly with a view to limiting it to plant breeding experiments. Probably it was not really intended to exclude culture experi- ments of various sorts although the horti- culturaJ public was give.n the impression that its one chief object was plant improve- ment work. Under such circumstances it was to be expected that the Department of Agricul- ture would make every effort to secure a well equipped and experienced specialist both in horticulture and in plant breeding to superintend the institution. In a long conversation some years ago with Professor C. C. James, who was then Deputy Minis- ter of Agriculture, I was told that the De- , partment was not limited in the salary it would pay the right man and that it pro- posed to get the best man in America. Professor James said that the Department was going after a man of the calibre of John Craig, late professor of horticulture in Cornell University, or Dr. Webber, then head of the division of plant breeding in the United States Department of Agricul- ture, to head the Jordan Harbor work; he added furtHer that he hoped to obtain the services of a man superior in scientific training and at least the equal in possi- bilities of practical accomplishment to Luther Burbank ! (The writer, who had had some training and experience in both horticulture and plant breeding, had had the temerity to apply for the position him- self, but in view of the distinguished men under consideration he insisted at the close of the interview on the immediate with- drawal of his name from the list of ap- plicants ! ) Such an attitude on the part of the Department of Agriculture was most commendable, and, at least at first, an •Prof. Pickett held the position of ProfeeBor of Horticulture. New Hampshire College, from 1908 to 1912. Formerly he wa« Secretary of the On- tario Agricultural College, and recently he wa« offered the position of Professor of Horticulture in Ua/cdonald CoUece.— Editor. effort was made to secure such a man. Proefssor Craig himself, consulting with the writer in regard to the Station at Jor- dan Harbor, said that he had been ap- proached and. when he could not undertake the work himself, was asked for aid and advice in the selection of a director. A CHANGE IN PLANS In view of the high purpose and ideals which first actuated the Department of Agriculture in its search for a competent superintendent, it was a matter of great surprise that the first appointee, the late lamented H. S. Peart, capable horticul- turist perhaps, but absolutely untrained and inexperienced as a plant breeder, should have been its selection. The choice was more fortunate than the Department had a right to expect, for Mr. Peart was remarkably successful in caring for the preliminary work in the development of the Station, in laying out the grounds, superintending the planting and collecting material for future work. To those of us who knew Mr. Peart personally, and there were many, it was a pleasure to note the energy with which he set to work to make the farm a credit to the horticultural in- dustry, ajnd the manner in which he gain- ed the confidence of the fruit growers in his district. Indeed, in spite of his own : lack of knowledge of the principles and . methods of plant breeding, he might, with proper support and expert assistants, have produced the desired results, for he clearly proved his ability as a capable director ii ' other directions from the very start. With- out such training himself, without large financial support, and without experienced plant breeders as assistants, the plant breeding work could not be other than a disappointing failure even had Mr. Peart's untimely death not cut shon his work al-. most at its beginning. | Your tribute to Mr. Hodgetts is well de-,1 served. He has done splendid work for the Ontario fruit growers, but the work of the Jordan Harbor Station is of such import- ance as to make it impossible for a non- resident director to handle it. Such an arrangement as is now in vogue precludes even the renotest possibility of the Sta- tion accomp.ishing its purpose. If any serious plant breeding is to be attempted, or any first-class experimental studies of the effects of fertilizers, different methods of cultivation, value of cover crops, systems of pruning, and so forth, are to be attempted, the Department of Agriculture must be prepared to spend money on a scale commensurate with the horticultural interests of the province, bearing in mind the long time necessary for certain lines of work, and the many difficulties confronting the experimentalist particularly in the case of orchard fruits. It must appoint a horticulturist as its di- rector who has received specialized scien- tific and practical training in both plan' breeding and horticulture; it niust give th.j director lar-re powers of discretion in choosi ing trained assistants and in planning thf course of various experiments. The dil rector should be advised by a proper boar, Ont., that appeared In the November iaene of Tlio Otuia^iftD HortloiiKuri»t. the most important factor to be taken into consideration, when comparing the value of two fertilizers of the same an- alysis. The guaranteed analysis does not in any way signify what materials are used to obtain the percentages of nitrogen, or ammonia, available phos- phoric acid or potash claimed to be pre- sent. It is generally admitted by those who look at the matter in a fair and square way that a mixture in which the various plant foods (with the exception of potash) are derived from different mater- ials furnishing the same essential ele- ment but with vary- ing degrees of avail- ability is by far the most satisfactory and most economical for general use. The ad- joining cut will illus- trate this point; In the upper section of the cut the reader will notice that two materials, nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, are indicated as sources of plant food nitrogen. These materials are purely nitrogenous in nature, so far as 'plant food' is concerned. No matter whether these are applied singly or together they are very readily available: that is, the plant food furnished by them is in such a state that it is taken up by the plant almost immediately the material is ap- plied to the soil. A plant or crop is indi- cated in four stages of its growth while the shading graphically represents the amount of 'plant food' at the plants' dis- posal during the whole season. Owing to the high degree of avail- ability of the two salts, nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, they will give the plant a good start ; but, as the sea- son progresses their effect is gradually diminished (as indicated by the shading) and as a result the plant has to do with- out one of its most -important foods — nitrogen — at the time it is filling out, or producing its fruit. A fertilizer furnish^ ing nitrogen solely in this form as a good many of the home mixtures which are recommended by tho.se solely interested in the sale of certain raw materials do, cannot be considered an economical or satisfactory ohe to use, not only on ac- count of the lack of desired plant food at certain stages of the plant's growth as already pointed out, but owing to the obvious necessity of having to apply such materials regularly either during the growing season or year after year in or- der to receive any l>enefits whateve*". No beneficial effect is carried over from one season to the other when such m,i- terials as the above are used alone. On the other hand you will notice by glancing at the lower section of the same cut, that it is quite possible to remedy the above state of affairs provid- ing we demand our mixtures to be com- posed of certain materials. Here wo have represented a mixture in which tli<- nitrogen instead of I^eing derived solely from the in-organic sources, nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, is ob- tained from a mixture of organic mater- 30 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 iiils wilii ii .siiiiii Kill ((uaiitily of inor- prmic salts, to make the effect of the whole equally as immediate. The reader knows that the nitrogenous materials such as blood, tankage and lionc are not so readily a^■ailable as the nitrogenous chemicals, owing to the fact that they must necessarily decompose to varying extents in order that their contained plant food may be liberated in forms that may fx: readily assimilated by the plant. Hearing the foregoing points in mind, the reader will appreciate at once the eco- nomic and permanent value '>f a mixed fertilizer in which an essential 'plant food' element is derived from different materials which liberates same gradu- ally and at all times needed, which ceases to lilxjrate it when not re- quired by the plant and which carries the natural surplus, that is what is not tak- en up by the crop to which it is ap- plied, safely over till the next season for the benefit of crops which are to fol- low : In brief, the process is as follows: The nitrate of soda owing to its immed- iate effect, gives the plant a good start and, during the time it is exerting its teneficial influence, the blood goes through the necessary stages of decom- position, whereby its plant food is lib- erated and when the effect of the nitrate is about over, assumes the responsibil- ity and carries the plant through the second period of its growth, abundantjy supplied with essential food until the time when the tankage present is reiidy to continue the good work and eventually place the plant safely in the hands of the bone, which gives it the finishing touches and ensures it giving the boun- tiful harvest we farmers so greatly ap- preciate. The small amount of nitro- gen in the bone while sufficient to furnish the maturing plants full requirements is not in excess and will not retard ma- turity. Owing to the cessation of de- composing processes in the soil the lib- eration of the plant food in the mixture is discontinued until the next season. The reader will see that by making a number of applications of a mixture con- taining the above materials you will year by year gradually raise the level of the excess fertility that is carried over to the next season and thus eventually restore your soil to the original high state of fer- tility, and only small applications of fertilizer will be required to ensure the constant production of maximum crops, where soil fertility is a deciding factor. The writer is aware of at least one brand of ready-mixed fertilizers pre- piired from materials such as the above, which is manufactured in Ontario, and for sale at very reasonable prices to farmers in all parts of Canada. The re- -^m'' . f-.rmers are reporting from their ii^c i,.. \u |)rovc tlie truth of the forego- ing assertions regarding their superior- ity over the home-mixtures which as stated above are advocated mostly by those who are only in a position to offer the farmers raw materials. The mechanical condition of any fer- tilizing material simple or compound de- serves the serious consideration of farmers when articles of a similar chemi- cal character arc offered for their choice or when they contemplate "trying" to do their own mixing. The degree of pul- \erizalion controls almost without ex- A Well Sprayed Tree— Not Much Chance for Insects Here ception under similar conditions the rate ;«id solubility and the more or less rapid diffusion of the different articles of plant food throughout the soil. The poor me- chanical condition a farmer obtains with a shovel and a sand screen is without a doubt a great deal to do with the poor results obtained by home-mixing. The fertilizer manufacture is a necessity the farmer cannot do without, and let me say here that it is not necessary for the farm- ers of Ontario or other parts of Canada to go outside of their own province to obtain their fertilizers. Conserve the fertility of Canadian farms by using fer- tilizers prepared from materials which have come direct from the farms them- selves, including pork packing house by- products, and so forth. •Some of the statements made by Dr. ]").indeno deserve special attention. For instance, "the value (of a commercial fertilizer) depends chiefly upon whether llic oiiginai bacterial life lias beci. pre- served and whether the constituents of the fertilizer are favorable to the devel- opment of nitrifying bacteria of the soil and to those organisms which prey upon plant excretion." To the writer this seems a very rash statement. Materials that are recom- mended for use in home mixing certainly ha\e no bacterial content, but it would be hardly fair to say that the short- comings of this practice are altogether due to this fact. In the manufacture of high grade mixtures such as indicated in the illustration here published, tnc raw materials have necessarily to be heated to high temperatures in order to extract the fat, which would be a decid- edly harmful ingredient in a fertilizer, and are then dried in such a state that insures them from spoiling due to bac- terial action. When the mixture is ap- plied to the .soil, however, it Ijecomes subject to bacterial action, depending upon the bacterial content of the soil, and these organisms render the es.sen- tial elements in the fertilizer available as plant food. Other than the method of supplying cultures of bacteria for in- oculating the seeds of legumes there is no practical process at present in use for providing the right kind of bacteria lor soil inoculation. It is questionable whether the 'original bacterial life,' even though it were preserved, would have any beneficial effect in a fertilizer, and most certainly the value of a fertilizer which is primarily a source of 'plant food,' does not depend upon its own biological characteristics. "The use of commercial fertilizers has been one of the most baffling questions with which the farmer and fruit grower has had to contend." The writer thor- oughly agrees that it is a 'has been.' The farmers of Ontario particularly have been slow to realize the advantages to l>e derived from the use of such mater- ials, but it is evident that they are awakening in this regard as more and more commercial fertilizer is being used each and every year. We need to bear in mind when placing our orders for fertilizer that it is the analysis of the material offered that should be taken into consideration and not the brand name or so many dollars and cents. The brand names, "Potato Special," Early Vegetable, etc., do not amount to any- thing and the amount of dollars and cents will vary according to the amounts of plant food in the mixture. For in- stance, a three-eight-six (meaning three per cent, ammonia, eight per cent, avail- able phosphoric acid, and six per cent, potash) will not cost as much as a four- eight-six or a three-eight-ten, but more than a three-eigli'-Rv.. or a three-six- six. iT., I '' A Garden Where Beautiful Effects are Produced STANDING almost, if not quite, without a rival among the gardens of Barrie is that of Mr. J. H. Ben- nett, who has evidently adopted as his motto the maxim so often heard but not P. Brooks, Barrie, Ont. many a choice variety of the different plants is encountered. Here the majes- tic beauty of numberless peonies — there being nearly two hundred varieties, in- cluding Baroness Schroeder, La France, The Home of Mr. Bennett. No. 1. always followed, "Beautify your home." In doing this he has achieved three telling results : He has found pleasure in the work, he has delighted his neigh- bors, and he has caused the town to pride itself on having such a burgess in its midst. Mr. Bennett is an enthusiastic student of floriculture. He is a master of de- tail in the selection of his plants, and in everything, indeed, that pertains to flowers. Lavishly liberal in the distri- bution of the choice products of his gar- den, he is an example of ^he true horti- culturist. His garden, which covers a large area, two hundred and sixty-four feet by one hundred and ten feet, is so situ- ated that it obtains plenty of sunlight, and yet possesses many a shady spot. It affords a splendid opportunity for making experiments with various novel- ties, and of these there is a large col- lection. In the layout of the grounds, land- scape lines have been closely followed. The beds are arranged in an irregular yet most attractive manner, with shrub- beries and borders surrounding the lawn. In the garden proper, however, there is little attempt at scenic effect, save that which is given by the beauty of the blooms, which are in many cases the finest that can be produced. As one walks through the garden. Mignon, Primevere, and many other rare ones — stand out distinct. There a mass of the most delicate irises catch the eye, while the campanulas and lark- spurs rivet one's attention as they un- fold their glorious blooms in unrivalled excellence. It wa= with an entry of nine exhibits at the Toronto Horticultural Society's Show last July in the classes for peonies, larkspurs, and campanulas that Mr. Bennett scored a remarkable success, winning seven firsts, including two sil- ver medals, a second, and a third— abun- dant evidence of the excellence of his blooms. A small green house has proved a great success. It is used for the propa- gation of annuals and other plants in the spring without heat, thus supplying the place of hot beds and cold frames; and when everything is planted out it is stocked and used for the growing of tuberous begonias, gloxinias, and such plants as will do well under these con- ditions. Tulips, hyacinths, narcissus, iris (both German and Japanese), paeonies, roses, larkspur, phlox, asters, sweet peas, gladioli ; in fact, almost every well- known perennial and annual, are found in the garden ; for only a small portion of the garden plot is used for vege- tables . Mr. Bennett has set an example to others that they might well imitate and that he may have still further success and pleasure in his efforts is the sincere wish of all who enjoy the privilege of a visit to his beautiful garden and home. A speedy and convenient hedge ef- fect can be produced by posts, painted green, planted six feet apart, with strong wire fence, four feet high, between. Plant Virginia Creepers at foot of each post, and at two feet centres between. 31 32 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 Do not bring pans to the light until well started, the leaves being from one to three inches high. This will take six weeks or more. One can have bloom throughout the whole winter by bring- ing your bulbs forward in relays. The Window Culture of Bulbs R. S. Rose, Pcterboro, Ont, EASTER bulbs should now be in and coming forward. Watch them ; if they are coming along too fast take them out of the warm sunny window, and place them in a cooler window. They will then remain stationary. When you want them to come into full bloom bring them back to the full heat and sun of the window, which will bring them out to perfection. The varieties that have given us the most satisfaction for pot culture, are: Daffodils: Von Sion, Incomparable, Poeticus (Pheasant's Eye.) Hyacinths : Single or Double (all mix- ed colors.) Narcissus : Paper white. Jonquils : Common single, sweet scent- ed or common double. Chinese Sacred Lily. All of these we grow in pans, with the exception of the Chinese Lily, which is grown in a bowl of water and pebbles. Narcissi can be grown the same way, and Hyacinths in water, using the re- gular bottle. We personally like the pan culture the best, one reason being that it is easier to give them to our friends when grown that way. The shallow pan I think gives better re- sults than do the ordinary pots. I do not mean by this that the bloom will be any better, but that the plant will ap- pear to better advantage, and also have a more natural look. Any good florist's bulb catalogue will give you an idea as to how many bulbs will go to each sized pan. From these you can judge for yourself. On no ac- count put in more bulbs than what the catalogue calls for, for as a rule it will be the limit, and the pan cannot fur- nish nourishment for more. As to the soil it is well to make as good a compost as possible. Old de- cayed turf or virgin loam mixed with , some leaf mould, sharp sand and a lit- tle bone meal, suit all varieties of bulbs very well. After planting put pans in a dark, cool place, free from frost, such as a dark corner of the cellar. Water when needed, that is when the soil seems dry. A Pot of Bulbs Ready for the Window Flower Jottings About, fifty years ago one might travel all day long, up and down our conces- sions, and hardly see a flower growing. Now you will hardly And a farm without some flowers, many of them with very pretty gardens.— Chas. Jas. Fox, South London, Ont. The rose is a gross feeder, and will quickly respond to generous treatment; in fact, all roses to do themselves justice must have a rich soil. A deep rather heavy loam, on a dry well drained sub- soil is most suitable, but ordinary garden soil if properly worked and well man- ured with good substantial manure, grows them very well. A Section of Mr. Bennett'* Greenhouse Showing Gloxinias and Other Flowers.— No. 4. February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HOSTICULTUEIST 33 Everlasting Flowers* F.'E. Buck, B. S. A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa In our experiments with annuals at the Central Experimental Farm we in- cluded this year a collection of Ever- lasting Flowers. The collection includ- ed the most important of the everlast- Helichrysum3(Golden iGloba) ings. We found that these everlastings when judged on a comparative basis had to be rated high amongst the several hundred annuals which were this year tested at Ottawa. Besides this, they have to be allowed points on account of their usefulness for bouquets during the winter. They may be dried for winter use by methods of the simplest kind and when cut at the right stage they retain their attractiveness for long periods. The seed used was obtained from two firms, Messrs. Sutton, of Reading, Eng- land, and Messrs. Vaughan, of Chicago. It was sown on the twelfth and eighteenth of April, and the plants put out into their permanent positions dur- ing the first and second weeks of June. The soil in which they were planted was sandy in character, but owing to the large amount of rain that fell it appear- ed to suit them remarkably well. All varieties made good growth and were flowering freely before the end of July, many of them by the middle of July. The length of the flowering sea- son for most of them was an average of ten weeks, while some varieties of the Helichrysums bloomed during twelve weeks, and would have probably con- tinued in bloom two weeks longer had it not been that they had to be pulled up early in November to make room for other things. The Gomphrenas suc- cumbed to the early frosts, but the Am- mobiums and Helichrysums were but slightly affected by frosts ranging from four to eight degrees. 'An addreee delivered at the recent annne,! oon- vention of tbe Ontario Hortionltural Association. The following order in which they are here discussed coincides with that m which they should be placed with regard to merit. It should be mentioned that the Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth) is the only one of these Everlastings which has a common name. Helichrysums : These included Sut- ton's Golden Globe, Silver Globe, Fire- ball, pink and cream shades, and large flowered mixed. In our opinion the best three are the Golden Globe, Fireball and a white one from the mixed pac- ket. They grew to heights ranging around four feet six inches to five feet, and were encouraged to further growth by repeated cutting. It is generally con- sidered that these plants do best in ^andy loam, and judging fix>m the fact that they grew with us this year much higher than usual, it is safe to assume that they will do well in soil of even less than average quality if it be well watered. Acrocliniums : The acrocliniums are often placed under the genus Helip-i terum. These both for bedding and for cutting are in some ways superior to the Helichrysums. The varieties are, double rose, single rose, and single white. There is very little difference be- tween the single and doubles, both be- ing as a matter of fact mostly semi- double. The variety single rose is of a particularly pleasing shade of pink, and either by itself or mixed with other everlastings is really attractive and pleasing. These plants are benefited by judicious cutting, and used either for that purpose or for bedding they are eminently satisfactory apart from the fact that they are everlastings. Rhodanthe (Maculata) , Gomphrena (Globe Amaranth) Rhodanthe is the second of these ever- lastings, which belong to the genus Helipterum. More accurately stated, Rhodanthe is used as a synonym of Helipterum. It is graceful in habit of growth and the nodding heads on long pedicles retain their grace when dried. Its rose pink color is pleasing. Its blooming season is not quite so long as the two former plants. It grows about one foot high and is rather fragile in appearance. Ammobium is our fourth everlasting, and this variety is known as alatum. Its habit of growth as a plant is strag- gling and the broadly winged branches gives it a distinctive appearance. The flowers are pure white, rather small, but pleasing in the effect they produce in bouquets. Gomphrenas : Our fifth flower does not belong to the family Gompositae, as the four former Gomphrenas known as Globe Amaranths, and belong to the family Amaranthaceae. We grew six varieties and recommend these three. G. globosa roseo, G. globose rubra, and G .Haageana aurea superba. These are tender to early frost, which takes all the color out of the flower heads. Both growing and when cut the flowers have a rather stiff appearance. Helipterum Sandfordii is the only other everlasting tested and cannot be recommended to the same extent as the others. When growing it very much re- sembles a dwarf type of golden rod, and is not at all attractive. It has, however, some value in a bouquet of dried flow- ers, as its bright golden color is pleas- ing. Its blooming season was not more than eight to ten weeks, and its height about one foot. 34 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 An Everlasting Flower, Acroclinium My Favorite Flower* Mrt. A. R. Mnir, Port Dalhoutie, Ont. It is most difficult to decide which flower is the ideal of my fancy — there is such an extensive range and galaxy of floral beauties distinctively attractive in color, form and growth ; they display such artistic excellence, such superior traits of loveliness and refinement of expression. Every flower has its own distinct character and facial expression, its own questionings and contentedness — or, if not suited to its environments, it will show its discontent immediately : Is it not so? Have you not noticed a neglected plant with its expression of dejection? It has given up trying to be bright and cannot thrive on starvation and non-support. Plants and flowers tended with thoughtful care by one who loves their every habit, form and hue will not refuse to flaunt their beauty in thankful gratitude. I hesitate to single out one special flower, as my heart yearns to enfold them all as especial favorites. However, my choice is the fragrant violet, with its royal hues. It is a much-loved flower and a greatly-sought-after and popular addition to one's toilet. It is adpated for the decoration of the palace and the cot- tage, the sick room and the garden-of- rest. Our deferential thanks are due to the "One who paints the wayside flower." In sickness and health, m poverty and wealth, the violet comes as a peaceful and tender messenger. Flowers are said to be "God's smile upon earth." It is said that in time our expert scientists will perfect the Corolla- phone, and that our garden flowers will *One of tile essays that competed for the apeo- ial prizes recently offered by Meaere. Hermann Simmers, of Toronto, and E. B. Whyte, of Ot^ ^awa, for the enbjeot, "'My Favorite Flower and ttow to Grow Ik" .sing to us their shades of color, giving out various notes, each separate colored petal a distinct tone. With the perfume of our garden, the musical harmony will be complete. "Come and hear my gar- den sing" will then be our friendly in- vitation. OtTLTOBAL HBTHOD8. In the spring the soil in my garden is dug and pulverized and mixed with wood- ashes, and ashes from the burnt garden refuse, and decayed leaves. The violets are planted and frequently watered until established in growth, the beds kept free from weeds and the soil, a sandy loam, stirred occasionally. This is all that is required for an abundant bloom. The bed, being permanent, is left the rest of the year until the autumn, when a few leaves are spread over the bed. When spring ushers in her balmy days I remove the covering and renew the wood-ashes as a fertilizer. I grow many varieties of the wood violet also with the greatest success, treated as the English kinds in every instance. The last plant to bloom is a wild white perennial violet flowering in August. The violet plants are grown on a southern exposure. Treat your floral friends with thought- ful attention and they will return that kindness a thousandfold. Varieties of Paeonics R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Ont. The following is a list of the best twelve varieties of pseonies, regardless of cost. In this list, P. after the name, means that the variety has a sweet per- fume. Marguerite Gerard, P. : flesh color, creamy white centre. Marie Crousse, P, P. : globular flow- er, salmon-pink. Festiva Maxima: white, tipped with carmine. Asa Gray, P. : salmon-flesh and car- mine-lilac. Theresa: flesh-shaded pink, very large, flat flowers. Mile. Leonie Calot, P. : soft flesh col- or. Marie Lemoine : sulphur-white shaded chamois, slightly tipped with carmine. Martin Cahuzac ; crimson-red to mar- oon, very dark. Mons. Jules Elie: pink, shading dark- er at base of petals, very large. Albert Crousse : deep pink, large. Madame d'Hour: carmine-pink, very free bloomer. Grandiflora Nivea Plena: white, cen- tre sulphur and salmon, carmine stripes. The foregoing twelve varieties can be laid down in Ottawa from France for ten dollars. TWELVE FIRST-CLASS VAE.IETIES Festiva Maxima : white, tipped car- mine. Mile. I.coriK- t .linl, J'.: M^t flesh color. Madame de Galhau, P. : flesh-pink, shaded salmon. Livingstone, P. : soft pink. La Tulipe, P. : flesh-pink to white, carmine tips. Due de Nemours, P. : sulphur-white. Charlemagne : creamy-white, shaded chamois. Felix Crousse : bright carmine. Modele de Perfection, P. : pink, shad- ed rose. La Rosiere, P. : creamy-white, straw colored centre, very sweet. Avalanche, P. : milk-white, creamy centre. Couronne d'Or: creamy-white, some petals bordered ermine. The above twelve varieties can be laid down in Ottawa from France for six dollars. Ciood varieties of Pa;onies, which can Ije bought locally for twenty-five cents each, include : Rosea Elegans : soft pink, shaded sal- mon. Duke of Wellington : sulphur-white, fragrant, free bloomer. Queen Victoria, P. : white, cream centre. Festiva Maxima : white, tipped car- mine. Oflicinalis rubra: crimson. Officinalis rosea : pink. A Night-Blooming Cereus The plajit here shown, grown by Mrs. W. H. Hill, of Peterboro, bore several blooms which came into flower one at a time several nights apart. These flowers are very beautiful but transient, lasting only a few hoiirs. They beein to open between six and eight o'clock in the evening, are fully expanded by eleven and by three or four in the moiming are closed. February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 35 Floral Hints for February R. S. Rose, Peterboro Above all things, now is the time to send for all the catalogues. Look at the back of any of the magazines, such as The Canadian Horticulturist, The Ladies' Home Journal, Saturday Even- ing Post, and others, for addresses, and get all the florar catalogues they adver- tise. It won't cost you anything and they will more than amply repay you for the trouble of sending for them. After looking through the catalogues, put down what seeds, plants, and so forth, that you want, then draw out a plan of the garden, and stick to it. If you have kept notes of last year's garden, look them up. Have them before you always. By doing this you will know what you have failed with, and will not make the same mistakes over again. Al- ways keep a copy of your order so that you can refef to it each year, as you order fresh seed. Opposite each item on order copy make notes as to how your seeds have done, how tall they have grown at full height, and color and bloom, and when and how long the bloom lasted. If this has not been done, try it this year and you will see how much easier it will be to order and plan out the garden next year. Here are a few don'ts that I saw in an article written by Miss Frances Duncan for February, which I cut out and al- ways refer to. This is pasted in front of my garden scrap book. This book is full of all kinds of odds and ends re- garding flower culture. These don'ts are not only for beginners but for all amateurs : I. — Don't try for bargains in plants; get good, carefully packed stock from a trustworthy, well-established firm. 2. — Don't begin your garden experi- ence with extraordinary novelties. Such plants usually require expert care to bring forth anything but disappoint- ment. 3. — Don't send in your order the last minute and expect to get the choicest stock. 4. — Don't try too many sorts, nor plan too large a garden. A few plants well grown and a small garden well car- ed for are better than many unhappy plants or a large area. 5. — Don't slight the preparation of the ground. fi. — Don't economize on manure. 7. — Don't use any but well rotted manure. If that is not available get commercial fertilizer. 8. — Don't fail to find out all you can .ibout the soil. 9. — Don't forget to order manure. Oet it as early as you can. There is not much time left to make \our plans, so get busy. March is the time for cold frames, and once these are A Glimpse into the Prize Garden of R. W. Rewbotham, St. Thomas, Ont. started things will come along so fast and crowd you with work that you will not have time to think how to plan your garden. So, do it now. Simple Sprays for Flow^crs A. V. Main, Ottawa The flower catalogues are nearly all overflowing with sprays, insecticides, and the latest spraying devices, yet fine young fruit trees, shrubs and plants suf- fer considerably from the injudicious ap- plication of some timely solution. This is especially the case with city people, and enthusiastic suburbanites, although the grower who is engaged in commer- cial gardening also often suffers in this way. The best sprayer I can recom- mend for amateurs, small growers, and even those who have only a few plants in the house is the garden syringe. It is a good old stand by, and could well afford to be lauded a trifle more. Bucket spray pumps, the sprayers and others have not as yet altogether supple- mented the effective and reliable syringe. It is convenient, works well, and is of moderate price. It is best to buy a good one. One having heavy brass and a nozzle spray, with two other fine sprays attached, may be obtained for from two dollars to four dollars and a half. Just get one and find its value for spraying your rose bushes, the fruit trees, and keeping the green flies that molest your house plants in check. With a can and your mixture and the syringe in your hand, you will find it a nieasurablo gar- deing duty to rid some infested bush or climber of insects. Sulpho-tobacco soap is splendid for foliage house plants and Nikoteen is recommended as a good cleanser and preventative of insect life. I am sometimes asked what I consider the best home made spray for house plants, and outdoor plants that are at- tacked by red spider, thrip, caterpillars, aphis or green fly, plant louse, mealy bug, or other similar pest. For conven- ience and economy I would recommend as a preventative to the amateur grower, one ounce of any ordinary kitchen soap dissolved in a gallon of water. To this add a wineglassful of coal oil or par- afline. Keep this well irritated with the syringe while application proceeds. In the town or city, or where gardens are polluted with the refuse from smoke stacks this simple remedy is a wonder- ful cleanser of foliage. It adds much to the benefit of the smaller fruit bushes. In my experience I have found the mixture given by Mr. R. S. Rose in the January issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist, of one cupful of coal oil to a gal- lon of water, too strong for sprinkling house plants. With a syringe and a pail of solution keep at bay these insects that disfigure plants, particularly your half- dozon fruit trees or currant bushes. If you are an enthusiast get this old time sprayer. The more you use it the more you will value its assistance. Vegetables and Their Sprays , Prol. E. M. Straight WHAT is new in sprays? Not consistency of cream and of a Hgfht blue Canadian Horticulturist. Any person much, and yet everything is color. It was then applied to the vines seeing the plots could not fail to Ix; con- new. We sometimes fail to by means of brooms. The design was vinccd that Bordeaux was the proper realize the newness of spray science! to apply enough of the mixture to each spray for potatoes. Lime-sulphur for During the past year, despite our eager- vine to give it the appearance of being potatoes was much worse than no spray, ness for that which is new, we have well poisoned. The vines thus treated The yields told the same story as .seen found little, actually belonging to the were the ones that retained their foli- by the illustrations. Hetween paris year, upon which the stamp of genuine age, while the vines further removed green and arsenate of lead for potatoes, worth may be placed. from the road lost their leaves. This we have little choice. Paris green is Bordeaux mixture and paris green, was the beginning of the Bordeaux mix- cheaper and is the poison we use and re- thc oldest of our spray compounds, date ture." commend in our work, back only a few years. True there were The currant worm in the east and the A great deal of exact and interesting spray mixtures before that time, and for potato beetle in the west made the ne- work has been done by the experiment some of these, remarkable properties cessity for paris green, or something station, Storrs, Connecticut, in the were claimed ; but they were poorly like it, imperative. To whom the honor spraying of cucumbers and melons. The adapted to the purpose for which they of first using paris green belongs is not table shows the result with cucumbers, were designed. For example: Hemery, known It made its appearance some- Melons gave similar results, so that the a PVench nurseryman, made a com- where . between i860 and 1870. Its use figures may be taken as an example of pound which was intended to kill mil- as a standard insecticide began in the spraying vine crops, dew on peaches. It was made as fol- western states. . Applications of paris yield OF OUOUMBEBa lows: green, mixed with water, do not appear „ ,>,. Commercial «... ,1 , , ■ , n r Self boiled Lune- Aconite branches and to have been made during the first few Date of Bordeaux Lime- Snlphur tubercules i kilogram years following the introduction of the j^Y/*^'"^' 'numm^^lt' ^"i^""' ^m^ Water 4 liters poison. It is thus seen that the intro- " 14 97 187 m 129 Pigeon dung 25 liters duction of spray mixtures and their use ■' a I60 3n 112 25 Urine i hectolier are of recent date. " 25 281 410 91 Again, that of Mr. Yates of Albany, vegetable sprays Aug. ^2 m m ** N.Y. : The spraying of vegetables is even ,',' ^ ^-^ 1214 Wormwood i handful newer than the spraying of the orchard " 13 L807 679 Rue I handful or vineyard. After much experience in '.'. ^ J-®^ ^^ Virginia tobacco 2 handfuls different parts of the country we are " 27 l!3l6 Water 2 pailfuls forced to admit, barring the potato, ^'rP*'- 5 ^ Such mixtures as these were abund- vegetables are little sprayed — much less " i" ^ ant enough, but it was not until 1885 than is supposed by the experiment sta- 13.115 5960 686 "276 that there appeared unmistakable evi- tion. We are learning, however, that The conclusions arrived at by the sta- dence, based upon experiment, that a quality counts, and that the spraying of tion are as follow : substance had been found which was vegetables is a factor which may not i . Bordeaux mixture is the best a specific against the grape mildew and be neglected if quality is to be secured. remedy for the spraying of melons and other fungous diseases. Paris green and Bordeaux mixture cucumbers, but it will not completely The following from Dr. Lodeman is still form a combination not surpassed control the common diseases of cucum- of especial interest: "In south-western as an insecticide and fungicide in the bers and melons. France, in the maritime department of vegetable world. Paris green has one 2. In seasons favorable to the spread Gironde. is situated the city of Bor- competitor in arsenate of lead, and bor- of the disease plants that have received deaux. It lies near the western border deaux mixture and paris green or three or four applications of bordeaux of a large horticultural district of which arsenate of lead are the great weapons mixture may be kept alive and in a pro- the grape is by far the most important the gardener has in his fight against ductive condition from two to three fruit. It is here that the downy mildew insect pests and fungous diseases. With weeks longer than unsprayed plants, of America first made its appearance in these he is able to wage effective war- 3. In seasons when the disease is not Europe, probably in 1878, and here also fare. troublesome, or when it appears late in it became most severe. It was noticed Nothing that we have here said is the season, unsprayed plants are usually that a few vines escaped the general meant to throw discredit on the use of more productive than those that have attack. These were situated along the lime-sulphur in the apple-orchard. There been sprayed with Bordeaux, highways. It was also noticed in the it has a place and is destined to replace 4. Bordeaux mixture applied to cu- autumn of 1882 that certain vines re- other fungicides; but even we believe cumlx;rs has an injurious effect upon the tained their foliage in an almost perfect that bordeaux mixture is the better foliage. Applied to melons, the injury condition. Vineyards in these localities fungicide. It is because of the insecti- is chiefly to the foliage, but seems to had suffered considerable loss from the cidal value of lime-sulphur and because retard the maturing of the fruit, stealing of grapes by children and tra- there is less danger of spotting the fruit 5. Strong Bordeaux is more effective vellers. It had formerly been the custom when used as compared with bordeaux in keeping the disease in check than to sprinkle verdigris upon a few rows of mixrture, that lime-sulphur 'is coming weak Bordeaux. As might be expected, the vines nearest the road, for the pur- into common use. In the vegetable it also causes greater injury to the pose of giving the fruit the appearance world however, lime-sulphur has little plants. Half-strength Bordeaux causes of being poisoned. Several years be- or nothing to recommend it. less injury than the full strength mix- for the the appearance of the mildew, best spray for potatoes ture. this substance was replaced by a mix- Our experiments with the various 6. Spraying with a very fine spray ture of the milk of lime and some salt sprays on potatoes at Macdonald Col- and avoiding the formation of puddles of copper. The mixture was of the lege have already been reported in The on the foliage gives the best results. 36 February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 37 I I Tomato Plants Growing in a House 60 x 200 feet, owned by R. H. Ellis, Leamington, Ont. 7. The sprayings made early jn the season seem to cause greater injury than the later sprayings. 8. The various sulphur preparations, even when used at very weak strengths, caused serious burning of the foliage. It is remarkable that the self-boiled lime-sulphur which may l^e safely used on the tender foliage of the peach, causes serious injury when used on melons and cucumbers. On the other hand, Bordeaux mixture that causes serious injury when used on the peach is the best fungicide for melons and cucumbers. We have already reported our work with the spraying of celery at Mac- donald College. Spraying makes all the difference between success and failure with that crop. Celery is commonly at- tacked with an early and a late blight. Sometimes both are working on ,the same plant at one time. These diseases are held in check by Bordeaux mixture. The diseases are very persistent so that the plants must be kept covered with the spray from the seedling stage to the harvest. The writer carried on a set of experi- ments in New Brunswick seeking to control the Tomato Leaf Sfxit. Leaf Spot may. be controlled by Bordeaux mixture. If amount of fruit is the only consideration spraying would abundant- ly pay. We have demonstrated to our own satisfaction that leaf spot tends to hasten fruiting, however, so that Where a premium is placed upon easi- ness, nothing is gained by spraying. The problem seems to be : Does a limit- Spray Calendar (Vegetables) ed amount of fruit pay as well or bet- ter than a larger amount later on? The most of what we have said is concerning plant disease. Remember that all remedies used in dealing with these maladies are preventive. They cannot cure. In spraying we simply cover our plants in an armor of copper or iron and thus shut out the spores of plant disease. If we spray a plant after diseased, we simply shut the disease in, where it flourishes until the host plant is exhausted. Bacterial plant diseases, such as cause soft rots, cannot be easily controlled. They are within the tissue and cannot be reached by sprays. Treating a plant so affected would be like spraying a patient suffering from consumption with tuberculin. Mechanical methods, such as digging out the plants and burning them must be employed. The plants cannot be saved, but such drastic me- thods may hinder the spread of the dis- ease to the remainder of the field. Plant lice cannot be poisoned. They do not eat, and, therefore,' cannot be reached by a stomach poison. Lice suck up their food. They are usually very difficult to control. We may only hope to reach them by means of a contact poison, that is, one that will kill the insect by coming in contact with its body. The biting insects are legion and have Iseen met by every one. They eat foli- age and can, therefore, be poisoned. For these insects arsenic in some form is used and is effective. To sum up, we have: Fungous diseases, bacterial dis- eases, biting insects, sucking insects. Fungous diseases, controlled by sprays ; biting insects, controlled by arsenical poisons ; sucking insects, controlled by contact poisons. A description of all these maladies attacking the garden cannot be given at this time. The best we know for the treatment of vegetables is given in the accompany- ing spray calendar : What to Spreyi For what to Spray. With what to Spray lat SprayinK 2nd Spraying 3rd Spraying 4th Spraying Remarks and Ooncluaione AsparjigTU ! Rust and Beetles Bean Aivthra«cano8e Arsenate of Bordeaux . Bordeaux Lead. Paris Green or Arsen- ate of Lead Cabbage Oabbace Worms Cauliflower Cabbage Root Maggot. Celery Early and Late Blight, j Bordeaux Cucumber a n d Bacterial Wilt 'Bordeaux Melons Cucumber Beetles j Various powders Onion Onion Maggot Pound nothing satisr ! factory Potatoes E^arly and Light Blight Beetles Squash Cnoumbers and Sqnash Bug Tomato Leaf Spot. Early and Late Blight I Radish [Club-root Maggots Bordeaux, Paris Green or Arsenate of Lead Bordeaux After cutting aear son is over.. As reqtilred' •• As required On appearance of ButterHy .... Seedling Stage. . Seedling Stage. . When first ne- cessary , Seedling Stage. Seedlings Every 10 days, as required Every 10 days Every 10 days, as re Many people have grown rich out of robbing the soil. If the methods of the ^^C%S— Xi?^ ^A P^^* prevail mamy farms that have made money because everything was taken out and nothing put back will point the way of their future owiners to the poor farm. Continued cropping without replacing the food anmually consumed soon leads to soil impoverishment and resultant small yields of poor quality. The object of "Davies Money-Seeds" is to furnish the three plant foods. Nitro- gen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash, in a concentrated and well balanced form so that you farmers cam use them in the most economical and profitable manner. When you use Davies Brands you not only provide ample food for the first crop, but a considerable quantity is carried over to the next season, so that you are gradually restoring your soils to their original high state of fertility, when it won't be neces- sary to use but very little fertilizer to secure maximum yields. Replenishing the supply of "plant food" and maintaining the soil fertility should be the first and foremost consideration of every farmer. Davies' Twenty-four (24) Brands of Mi.xed Fertilizers enable the farmer to feed just the proportion of each of the three elements the crop needs . The guaranteed analysis showing percentage of Nitrogen, Available Phosphoric Acid, and Potash, is stamped om cver>- bag. We are only too glad to offer our assistance to those desiiring suggestions relating to the mixed fertilizer they should use for any particular crop or piece of lamd. Write us- — we will consider it a favor if you do so. ""^fTiiat^^ This Trade Mark and a gttaranteed Analysts stamped on every bag. Protect yourself by demanding "Davies Brands." WHITE FOR BOOKLET PATRONIZE OUR AGENT THE Wm. DAVIES CO., Limited Comtnercial Fertilizer Department WEST TORONTO, ONT. R. INNES, B. S. A., Manager WHY U-BAR GREEN HOUSES EXCEL There is the downright practical side of U-Bar houses, theside that means more flowers, more vegetables of finer quali- ty, with less care and expense than in any other house constructed any other way. The reason for this is, — more light. You see, there is no gutter at the eaves — no heavy framingmembers — the glass is spaced 24 inches. Every structural detail has been reduced to the smallest possible point. Still, with all the extreme lightness of construction, there is not a more rigid, enduring house made — and it is the U-Bar thatdoes it. The catalogue, although filled with U-Bar houses, both exteriors and interiors, also shows plans, sections and all the interesting structural details that you like so well to know. Send for it. U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIER SON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVE. NEW YORK. OWADIAT* OFFICE. lO PHILLirs PLACE. M0NTII£A1 46 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 Acetylene m the Orchard THE BEST LIGHT FOR NIGHT WORK PORTABLE LAMPS— 500 to 5000 CANDLE POWER TURN NIGHT INTO DAY SAFE-SIMPLE-CHEAP Spray Your Orchard at Night Pick Your Fruit at Night ACETYLENE GIVES A WHITE LIGHT AND IS OFTEN CALLED SUNLIGHT ON TAP YOU ARE INTERESTED WRITE TO US AND OUR EXPERTS ARE AT YOUR COMMAND ACETYLENE HOUSE LIGHTING SYSTEMS ACCESSORIES OF ALL KINDS Acetylene Construction Company LIMITED 603 Power Building, Montreal, Canada ST. CATHARINES. ONT. EDMONTON, ALTA. BRANDON. MAN. CALGARY. ALTA. SASKATOON, SASK. VANCOUVER. B. C. Cuaranised Fencing Strongly made and closely spaced— making it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9-intermediates No. 12 wire— made by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacture of wire lencniE. .Send for literature. Ask about our farm and ornamental fencing. Aicenoics nearly ovcrywlicre. Live accn<« wanted In nnasslsnca territory. The Banwell-Hoxle Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnioeg. Man., Hamilton. Onl. And when he came to sell it to a buyer on the floor He added on his profit and a half a dollar more. The man who shipped. that barrel stuck his label on it, too, And talked of early freezes and the damage that they do ; The man to whom he shipped it said the grower's price was high And raised the price two dollars mere than in the days gone by. The man who stored that barrel told of shortage in the pick, Of scale and other pests that make the apple orchards sick. And he put on five dollars to the cumulat- ive price — And 80 it went, each handler taking out his little slice. O, when ycu eat this apple, may it fill you with delight To know that someone profits on each nibble and each bite. And, O, be glad you do not live so very far away From where the apple started, for think what you'd have to pay! — Chicago Evening Post. This simple, truthful story of the apple from the west, Comes eastward with a message though it looks to be a jest. It tells the eastern farmer if he'll ^ade and pack his primes, He can safely add the dollars where the western men get "dimes." — M. E. K. New Brunswick The New Brunswick Department of Aff- riculture has recently attempted a new method of advertising: the fruit growiriR possibilities of thnt pro\nnce. A splendid window display of ;\pples RTOwn in the St. John Valley aiid other parts of New Brnus- wick was placed on view at 757 St. Cath- erine Street, West, Montreal, where the February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 47 Every Man vvho Sprays His Orchard or Garden — Every Man who Uses Arsenate of Lead — should read this rj^ '_ A Comparison of Two Different Kinds of Arsenate of Lead GENERALLY speaking, there are two separate and distinct forms of Arsenate of 1-^ad on the market. Neutral and Acid. Neutral Arsenate of Lead is composed of arsenic and lead prepared in such a manner that all the arsenic is thoroughly combined with lead. This material is very light in gravity, settles very slowly in water, is fluffy, amd when sprayed on the foliage clings very tightly to it. On account of its fluffinese it luas great covering power and because all the arsenic is thoroughly oomhined with lead it does not change its composition on exposure to the weather, and so will not bum the most delicate foliage. In the Acid Arsenat* of Lead, only two-thirds of the arsenic ia neutralized with the lead, the other third being free or loosely combined eo e.s to form a precipitate 'which is insoluble in water at first, but which on exposure to weather begins to disintegrate andi give free arsenic which will severely bum tender foliage. This material is much heavier in gravity, not eo fluffy, settles much more rapidly in a spray mixture when used for spraying purposee and does not cover the area of foUago so thoroughly on account of ite greater density. The reproductions illustrate the difference in the two forms of Arsenate of Lead. One is Sherwin- WilUams New Process Arsenate of Lead, which is the hiteheet type of an absolutely neutral, thoroughly oombtaed material. The other is one of tie typical brands of Acid Arsenate of Lciid offered in oomi)6tition usually at a muoh lower price. This shows very clearly the defects common to an acid form ol Arsenate of Lead. Figure 1 shows the two forms of Arsenate of Lead stirred up in water, the same quantity of paste being used in each case and diluted to the same total volume with water. Figure 2 shows these same glasses after settling 7 minutes. Figure 3, after settling 15 minutes. Figure 4, after they have stood all night and settled all they could. After thoroughly settling, the bulk occupied by a given quan- tity of New Process Arsenate of Lead is approximately 45 cubic centimeters, whereas the acid material is 20 cubic centimeters, showing two and one-quarter times greater bulk for New Process Arsenate of Lead. From the economy standpoint, S-W New Process Arsenate of Lead will show very satisfactory results. It is not the cheapest brand on the market, but the uniform, high quality maintained more than balances the few cents additional in first cost. It is an ideal Arsenate of Lead for fruit-tree or vegetable spraying, because its composition is such that it will not injure the most delicate foliage. Where only a small aanount of spraying is done, such as in the garden or vegetable greenhouse, S-W Pro- cess Arsenate of Ijead is really the only practical material that should be used, due to its adaptability for use on all kinds of foliage with entire safety. It is put up in suitable air-tight packages, which keep it in fresh, usable oondition at all tdmee. Fig. I. F'g- }■ The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited Fig. 2. Fig. 4. MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES OFFICES & WARCMOUSESr MONTREAL. TORONTO, WiNNIFEC. VANCOUVER. LONDON. ENO 48 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 BASIC SLAG Renovates Old Worn Out Pastures Without Re-Seeding There are thousands of farmers in Ontario whose pastures have been worn out by the con- tinued grazing of dairy stock. Such lands have been drained of fertility and now grow only poor, worthless vegetation. Clover has entirely disappeared. This need not continue. A dressing of Basic Slag applied broadcast at the rate of looo lbs. per acre will bring such pastures back into good heart, and double or treble their capacity for stock carrying, The effect of such an application should be apparent for four or five years. Basic Slag is being used in thousands of tons in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec, and the consumption in Europe amounts to over two million tons per annum. It is therefore no untried Fertilizer. Every farmer from the Old Country knows about Basic Slag, but for your own satisfaction ask the Department of Agriculture Instructor for your district, or the editor of any farming journal as to its merits. Basic Slag is the ideal Fertilizer to apply to stiff clay lands, to wet, marshy fields and to all soils which have become sour. If you have any such pasture buy one ton of Basic Slag and broadcast it over two acres, applying it at the earliest opportunity — the sooner the better. Until our selling arrangements in Ontario are com- pleted, you can be supplied direct from the Factory at g20.oo per ton, freight prepaid to your nearest station — cash with order. Make this experiment and you will feel grateful to us for bringing the merits of Basic Slag under your notice. An interesting pamphlet giving particulars of the results obtained by leading agriculturists from the use of Basic Slag, will be forwarded by post on application to THE CROSS FERTILIZER CO., Ltd. SYDNEY, N.S. Or to their Sales Agents for Western Ontarfo, MR. A. E. WARK, Wanstead Eastern Ontario, MR. A. L. SMITH, 220 Alfred St., Kingston New Bruinswick Department of A(;fri<^iil- ture had rented a store for that purpose. Twenty-five boxes of Mcintosh Reds, i-ameuse, and Yellow Bellfleurs were shown im the windows. These were of a size and quality that would not be excelled on Montreal Island, the home of the Famcuse, and where, it is claimed, the Mcintosh Red grows to perfection. In the store proper were a dozen more of boxes otf King of Tompkins and Merits, while cm the counters were display cones and plates of Mcintosh and Fameuse. Mr. R. P. Gorham, assistant horticul- turist of New Brunswick, was im charge of the exhibit. He was assisted by Mr. J. H. Ross and Mr. Kenneth Embeirley, of Macdonald College . Literature descrip- tive of the fruit growing possibilities of the province was distributed and full in- formation given on orchard planting and management. The exhibit attracted much attention and favorable comment. It opened on December 28, amd closed on January 18th. Fruit growing in New Brunswick has gone ahead rapidly during the last few years. It promises to become one of the chief industries of the provimce. Nearly sixty thousand apple trees were planted in 1912, aind the number of orders already placed for spring delivery indicates that an even larger number will be set in 1913. Mcintosh Reds, Fameuse, and Bethel are being most largely planted, as these var- ieties seem to attain their greatest per- fection in New Brunswick and bring the best prices on the market. Land values are reasonable, and farms can be pur- chased in the fruit sections at from fifteen dollars to forty dollars an acre. Major Snelgrove's Death The members of the Ontario Horticul- tural Association will hear with regret of the death on 22nd December of Major H. J. Snelgrove, formerly of Cobourg, but more recently of Toronto, the former pre- sident erf the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation, and at the time of his death an honorary director of that organization. Major Snelgrove was for years an active member of the Cobourg Horticultural So- ciety, and was largely instrumental in the formation of the Ontario Horticultural As- sociation, with which he had been actively connected since its inception. Major Snelgrove was an enthusiastic lover of flow'ers, and contributed occasion- ally to The Canadian Horticulturist. He was present throughout at the recent con- vention of the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation in Toronto, where his friends were disappointed to notice that he did not ap- pear to be looking as robust as usual. The sickness which terminated in his death set in early in December. Cooperation in Nova Scotia The United States Consul-General at Halifax has contributed to his government the following information regarding the cooperative movement among Nova Scotia fruit growers : Three years ago, says a consul, the fruit growers of Nova Scotia found they were hampered in many ways in disposing of their crop. All shipments to Europe were being made through commission agents, who in turn consigned to merchants in London and Liverpool. In this way ex- penses in some cases exceeded profits. There was also a lack of system in sort- ing and packing, and consequently the fruit did not have the standing in the big mar- February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST 49 FERTILIZER Registered under Number Lesage Fertilizer for Grain and Wheat 446 Lesage Fertilizer for Fruit and Vine 447 Lesage Fertilizer Special for Tobacco 448 Qyebec Special for all Kinds of Crops 331 Fine Ground Bone 330 Thomas Phosphate Powder (Caledonia) 338 Lesage Royal Potato Manure 449 For Catalogue and Prices write to LESAGE PACKING & FERTILIZER COMPANY, Ltd. Head Office: 53 St. Paul, MONTREAL AGENTS WANTED Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots : MONTREAL Buby Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St. VANCOUVER Pvwell St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eivg. New Friend Western Povvcr Sprayers In Canada One sold in Quebec last year and the result Six $350 Machines Just Shipped There's a reason for it The most popular machine in Ontario to-day SPECIAL direct sale price now; Save Middleman's Profit. II Early Orders have preference CATALOG FREE The Best and Most Efficent Power Sprayer on Earth THE FRIEND M'F'G CO. GASPORT, N.Y. Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET, YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 50 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1 91 3 © 0 ©■■'© ©■0C30-OOULJtJ ©■■•-®-®-^ ''fe'^ Land Value Almost Doubled IT is no longer an unusual thing for us to get reports from farmers who have been using manure spreaders properly and consistently for periods ranging from three to five years, to the effect that tlie land ou which the manure spreaders have been used is regularly raising so much more produce that the value of the land is almost doubled. "The beauty of it is," writes one Ontario farmer, "that the in- creased fertility seems to be permanent. Dry weather has less bad effect on our cro|)S now than it used to, the soil is much more easily worked, maUiug the day's work easier both for the horses and for the men, it is less trouble to raise better crops, and we are a good deal surer of good returns since our soil was built up by the use of an I H C Manure Spreader I H C manure spreaders. Corn King or Cloverleaf, are made in various styles and sizes to meet any and all conditions. There are wide, medium and narrow machines, all of guaranteed capacity; return and endless aprons; in short, a spreader built to meet your conditions and made to spread manure, straw, lime, or ashes as required. I H C spreaders will spread manure evenly on the level, going up« hill or down. The wheel rims are wide and are e(iuipped with Z-shaped. lugs, which provide ample tractive power without jarring the machines excessively. The apron moves on large rollers. The beater drive is positive, but the chain wears only one side. The I H C agent will show you the most effective machine for your work. Ask to see an I H C manure spreader. You can get catalogues from him, or, if you prefer, write the nearest branch house. CANADIAN BRANCH HOUSES International Harvester Company of America (Incorporated) At Brandon. Calgary. EdmontoD. Estevan, Hamilton, Letlibridge. London, Montreal, N. Battleford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg, Yorktoa ®:aii^:ji::!®!i!i!s®iS3@i3i!©:;:3iii®iai©' © "" © " © © © "©r'iir^iSi' Imperial Bank I ^j.ii.hed OF CANADA i875 I HEAD OmCE Capital Paid-up. Reserve Fund Total Assets TORONTO 6.685,000.00 6,685.000.00 72.000,000.00 D. R. WILKIE, PrMidant and Canaral Manaiar HON. R. JAFFRAY. Vice-PrMidant ■ranohaa and AK*ncl»a thrausheut th« Dominion of Oanaila Letters of Credit, Drafts sad Money Orders Issued available in all parts of the world Special attention given to collections SaTack and we pay the freisht. We are manufacturers of the KEGAL Kxtra Heavy Galvanized Orna- mental Wire Fence, and wo sell miles and miles of it all over Canada for en- clo-sint? lawns, parks, cemeteries, k churcheH, cnttaiies, rami houses, I manaious, schools, etc., etc. Forffie Counfry Homa Remember, we are largeBt buyers on wiro market; onr is 20 per cent of any other one of the the Canadian biiyinK price lower tthan that manufacturer. We employ no agents nor jobbers, but sell direct to the consumerfor cash, saving you the dealer's commission, and heavy expenses incident to a credit basiness, « -yv'j^^-x- v> ©V \^ We have just published a catalogue. Ittells ■^.■^^r''* o*'^*/<^A.*>>^ of the greatest fence offer ever made. You owe it to yourself to read this '^>^ great REGAL offer. Use the blank form herewith and mail to ua today and we will forward to you our special offer at once. :r if >'*- .Jf' ^° ^ CENTRAL NURSERIES At the front with Superior TREES, Shrubs, Roses and Ornamentals in Variety. If you are iu the maxket for some- thing Pleasing and Reliable, write us for Priced Catalog. January is bargain mouth for Apple and Oherry Trees at the Central Nurseries. They are dandies. No Agents. A. G. HULL & SON, St. Catharines, Ont. done along those linos by the Americans, who had been buying- their experience for years and paying- dearly for it. Their or- ganization had broken down last year, but they wore at work already on i>erfecting it ; and British Columbia must lose no time in putting machinery im motion to procure equally efficient organization against the time when the Americans would have per- fected theirs. The enormous output he had already referred to as coming would make it all the more mecessary. Storage and cold storage were things they must have as soon as possible, and he believed the same plant could be used for pre-cooling peaches and prunes in their season. In fact, he hoped that with the proper plant it might even be possible to obtain advances on fruit in cold stor- age as the wheat grower did on his grain in the elevators. He considered more at- tention should be paid to marketing each fruit at its due season and educating the consumer as to when to ask for it ; also to the varieties they planted. The day of twenty-six varieties to one carload was over. But now that twenty-three i>er cent, of the Okana^an orchards were planted in Jonathans, there would be all the greater need o^f careful and scientific methods of marketing and distribution. HARKETINO PROBLEUB Mr. E. H. Shepard .Editor of "Better Fruit," published in Oregon, spoke on ."The Marketing Problems of the North- western States." He laid stress on the utilizatio.n of the by-products of the or- chard by means of canneries, evaporators, and vinegar factories, but he warned those present that to start any of these industries it was necessary to obtain the help of the most experienced men in the world both to handle and manufacture and market the produce. Questioned as to the possibility of eli- minating the jobber, he considered this would never be possible, but with regard to excessive profits made by retailers he advocated educating the public by a cam. paign through the press, and quoted sev- eral instances where public opinion, once raised, had speedily settled such questions in its own favor. Too many profits were made on many articles of produce before they reached the consumer. Cooperation first otf local units and then of the whole province, must be the aim, but whether the time was ripe for a central organization and distributing centre in British Colum- bia he was not prepared to say. Strict legal contracts between individuals and each local organization were absolutely necessary. RESOLX7TIONS ADOPTED .-^mong the resolutions adopted were the following- : "Be it resolved that this board urge the Dominion Government to enact such legis- lation as will exclude deciduous fruit, such as apples, pears, crab apples, quinces, peaches, apricots and plums, from being imported into this province from countries, states and provinces known to be infected with injurious insect pests and diseases not widely prevalent or distributed within or throughout the province of British Col- umbia." STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOR SALE Amanda. I'aulJones, l^ea. King Ed ward. Cliarlesl., Norwood, Arnoiit. Ekey. Mascot. Meteor, Twilley and all the old standards. — Herbert Raspberry and Asparagus Plants. — Send lor Price List E. B. STEVENSON, "Maple Bank," 270 Grange Street, - - GUELPH.Ont. February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 53 "That the Governmemt be requested to afford facilities for lending money at a low rate of interest to farmers and settlers for the purpose of clearing- lamd for agri- cultural and horticultural purposes." "That the time has arrived when ex- ^^press fruit trains or cars attached to ex- [ 'press trains .should be nin for the rapid handling of perishable fruit." "That the C.P.R. and Dominion Ex- , press Co. be urged to provide proper ware- ! houses tO' protect fruit handed to them for conveyance. Much fruit is now left in the open both upon receipt, transfer and de- livery." "That the Provincial Government and the C.P.R. be and are hereby urged to have pre-cooling plants established throughout British Columbia." TARrtT CHANGE PROPOSED "That the tariff on United States fruit entering Canada should be at least as high as the United States tariff on fruit grown in Canada exported to the United States." This had regard to the Ifact that, whereas the duty on Canadian apples enterimg the United States is 25 cents a box, that on .American apples coming into Canada is only 13 cents. "Whereas application has been made by shippers from the United States for the privilege of partial unloading in transit of carloads of fruit, and whereas such privi- lege, if granted, would on many grounds tend to kill the British Columbia berry- growing industry, this convention most emphatically protests against such privi- lege being granted, and suggests that copies of this resolution be forwarded to the Dominion Express Company and other parties interested." Whereas, shipments of fruit on consign- ment from the United States to points in Canada have had a very disastrous effect on OUT market, aind whereas, the present anti-dumping clause of the tariff regula- tions is not effectual in preventing the consigning of fruit, therefore be it resolv- ed, that efforts should be made to stop the dumping of United States fruit into the Canadian markets and that the Do- minion Government be urged to so amend the Act and regulations as to effectually penalize shipments of fruit being made on consignment in Canada." OTHER RBSOLtTTIONS Among other resolutions passed weire the following : One asking for an annual grant of two hundred and fifty dollars for the provincial entomological society ; one asking for a change in a provincial law IJvhich would make it possible for coopera- pve fruit growers' associations to obtain financial assistance from the GoveTnment similar to that now given to storage ware- nouses ; and one advocating the early com- pletion oif a telephone system between agri- cultural districts on the Mainland to ob- viate one of the chief obstacles to efficient cooperation among fruit growers. The delegates fe-elected the executive and the directors en bloc, with only four exceptions, wheire resignations had been sent in. I STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOR SALE For Sprintj delivery, we are offering choice well rooted planH of twelve stiiiidard varieties. Prices ri(;ht. IJ.sts free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO., WELLINGTON. Ont. WRITE NEAREST ADDRESS FOR CATALOGUE. W^RENNIE CO ^ii^iil^ TORONTO BranchesrMONTREAL. WINNIPEG .VANCOUVER . "PURITY' FOOD-CUTTER Is entirely different from the ordinary food chopper. The barrel is in two closely fitting sections, clamped together by one set-screw. Canadian made machine. Better in quality capacity and price works better, better finished, leu in price Five different cutting plates. "MAXWELI/S PURITY" is the only food cutter made in Canada— and in ease convenience, perfect "~"""^ ' cutting and durability — IS superior to any- thing imported. If your dealer does not handle " Maxwell's Purity" write us. DAVID MAXWELL & SONS. SL Marjrs, OnL Great Crops of Strawberries I and How to Grow Them IS a beautifully illustrated book of ex- pert strawberry information written by America's most successful strawberry grower. It jjives our fanious sure-cnjf) method of arowintf fancy strawberries, and explains how our Pedigree Plants arc grown on our Kr;-'al farms in Idaho. Oregon and MichiKan. IT IS FREE I R.M, Kellogg Co,, Box 570 THREE RIVERS, MICH. 54 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 Progressive Jones Says: "Get More Barrels And More Baskets" I tell you, friend, that you can make your trees yield you more barrels and baskets of luscious fruit by enriching the soil with the profit-makmg ara I know fruit growers who are many dollars richer from using Harab Fertilizers last year. I know of some who won prizes for their » ™'t— O"^ being a prize winner at International Apple Growers Associat on at Chicago These prize winners attribute their success to Harab Fertilizers. Now friend, if Harab Fertilizers have done so well for other fruit growers, vegetable growers and farmers, isn't it reasonable to expect they will do as well for you? Isn't it worth while trying them for at least half your orchard? Then make a careful count and see how many more barrels and baskets of big, sound fruit you get from the fertilized trees than you do from the unfertilized. If the results don t warrant you using Harab Fertilizers on your whole orchard next year well, I'll be surprised, very surprised. But I'll bet the surprise wi be on the other foot, when you see how many more dollars a small investment in Harab Fertilizers will bring you. There's an interesting booklet, describing the U different Harab Fertilizers— each for a particilar pur- pose. The Harris Abbatoir Co. promise me they will send my friends copies without charge. Just write them for a copy to-day. The Harris Abbatoir Co., Ltd., Toronto 12 125 -Egg incubator and Brooder fo? $13.75 If ordered together we send both machines for only $13.75 and we FRCtGHT pay all freight and duty charges to any R. R. station in Canada. AND DUTY We have branch warehouses in Winnipeg, Man. and Toronto.Ont, RABO Orders shipped from nearest warehouse to your R. R. station. Hot water, double walls, dead-air space between, double glass (12c) tioors. copper tanks and boilers, self-regulating. Nursery under . epK tray. Especially adapted to Canadian climate. Incubator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egg testers — ready to use when you get them. Five year guarantee— 30 days trial. Incubators finished in natural colors showing the high grade Cali- lomia Redwood lumbcn* used — not painted to cover inferior materia!. If you will compare our machines with others, we fee) sore of your order, v Don't buy until you do this — you'll savemoDejH — it pays to inve&tigste before you buy. Remember our price of $13.75 is for both Incubator and Brooder and covers freight and duty charRce. Send for FREE catalog today, or send in your order and save time. "fl^rd^ WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO., Box 237, Racine, Wis., U. S. A. Ontario Orchard Competitions p. W. Hodfettt, Director o< Htrticaltorc, Toronto The awards im the orchard competition in Ontario for 1912, are given herewith. The jud8:ing- in all districts, except Num- ber three, was in the hands of W. F. Kydd, of the Department of Afrriculture, assisted by W. L. Hamilton, oif CoUinRwood, Les- lie Smith, of Wellington, amd Henry Lati- mer, of AUiston. The judging in number three, the Niagara District, was done by F. M. Clement, of Macdonald College, Quebec. In a number of the classes all of the prizes were not awarded. The judges felt that in these cases they had good groumds for withholding the money. In too many instances the poor pruning alone was suf- ficient to bar an orchard from winning. Again, there were a number of excellent young orchards entered that could not be considered to be in bearing, as called for by the conditions of the competition. Leaving this point out of the score, a num- ber of these would have been placed higher than some of the prize winners. Altogether the competition was keen in all of the districts, except possibly the in- land counties included in district number six and those in district number one. in the Ottawa Vallev. where fruit growing is yet in its earlv stages. Ninety-nine orchards were entered in the six districts. This number would have been much larger if the announcement of the competition cwuld have been made earlier in the season. The funds for the work were drawn from the Federal grant to Ontario agriculture and were not available umtil well on into the summer. THE AWARDS DISTRICT No. 1.— Eastern Ontario District, comprising Lennox, Addington. Frontenac Renfrew, Leeds, Lanark, Gren- ville, Caxleton, Dundas, Russell, Stormont Glengarrv, Prescott: 120 trees up: 2nd. Andrew Fawcet. In- kerman ; 3rd, G. Howard Ferguson, Kempt- ville. „, ,. ^ 1 60 to 120 trees: 2nd, F.lary S. Cassel- man, Dundela ; 3rd, L. A. Parisien, Sum- merstown. . , ^ • t-v DISTRICT No. 2.— Lake Ontario Dis- trict, comnrising Halton, Peel York On- tario, Durham. Northumberland. Hastings, Prince Edward. „.. ., 300 trees un: 1st. W. H. Gibson. New- castle; 2nd. John Brow^, Brighton; Jrd. D G. Gibson, Newcastle. 120 to 300 trees: 1st W. F. Rickard, New- "^'^40 ^to 120 trees: 1st, Jonas Samis, New- ^^blSTRICT No. 3.— Niagara District, comorising Lincoln amd Wentworth. 1000 trees up: 1st. Wm. Armstrong. Oueetiston ; 2nd. Hamilton Fleming, Grims- bv: 3rd, T. W. Bren-nan. Vineland. 500 to 1,000 trees: 1st, T. Parnall, Ut. Catharines; 2nd Jamps Aikins. Niaeara- on-the-Ipke; 3rd, Thos. E. Bartlett^^ RpamsviHe. , c 300 to .500 trees : 1st, Harper Secoird. St^ Cathariines. . t-,;,.*.-;-. DISTRICT No. 4.— Lake Erie District. romnrising Essex, Kent, Elgin Norfo k. Hpldimand, Welland, Brant, Oxford, Mid; "^'fw trees up: 1st. J. E. Johnson, Simcoe; 2nd. J. B. Waddle, Simcoe; 3rd, Isaac Pierce New Sarum. _ ^ • _j m to .300 trees: 1st. Frank D. Barnard. Gbnworth; 2nd. Walter E. Palmer Marsh- !^lle 3rd, Wm. H. Prudham, Flamboro Centre. February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 55 i)lllllQgiiIQIll!IIlO:3oiiat:ons. They And that by making their own spray they can effect a con- siderable money eaving, and at the same time produce a pre- paration that will do the work thoroughly. It is an easy matter to make home boiled lime sulphur. Ihe chief essential k a proper spray cooker. We maniifacturc two kinds of cookers, one with a single lank, and one with a double tank (See illustration.) They are designed eepecially for this purpose, and will give the greatest efHciency with the greatest saving of fuel. 'ITiey can be used for either wood or soft coal The tanks are made of hea.rily galvanized steel, thoroughly rivctu>d and soderc^. Win not leak. They are built to give satisfaction and are guaranteed. Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 75 gale. Prices and full par- ticulars on application. Get your outfit now. Write us to-day. .^ a nci. for pamphlet illu.otratinK the finest pruning saw on the market. STEEL TROUGH AND MACHINE CO., Ltd., TWEED. Oi\t. More profit per acre HOW? Manufacturers have found that their costs per unit of production whether it be a pair of shoes, a machine or a yard of cloth, are reduced by increasing the output of the factory. The same principle applies on the farm. Increasing the yield per acre reduces the cost per bushel, thus making more profit. Increased production chiefly depends on increased available fertility which is obtained by the use of high grade fertilizers. BOWKER'S rvlTWgP/^ I Boivker's Fertilizers are high grade and available. They are active, sure, and well backed by forty je.irs of experience, the best of mater- ials and facilities and prompt service. A suitable fertilizer for every crop and adapted to every pocketbook. r^xr-zjop- ^^ i M Trniim^^giMr' . ^^ want Agents in unoc- vr^SSlr'W'^lii^MiTffnP^^y'r cupied territory. Write today '^^.^^■'Kaawil'MMll B, ' u'aat^L. for prices and terms; this may r>>»--i- - T:»te3E^»'<. ■» mean a good business for you ''^*^\f ■ T^.^^^^Jv' '' y°" 3*^' ^' once. MNf V^VV> vVrite anyw«y for our illustrated catalogue and calendar before you buy your spring fertilizer. We vfant you to know what we can do, X>rW\Tl/"U'0 FERTIUZER JDV-rW JVE-IV COMPANY 73 Lyman Street, Buffalo. N. Y. 39 Chatham Street, Boston, Ma«. Original and largest manufacturers of special fertilizers. ^ 40 to 120 trees: 1st, Albert E. West- brook, Oakland; 2nd, Wm. Dickie, Bur- ford; .3rd, R. R. Davis, Burmabv. DISTRICT No. 5. — Lake Huron amd (icorKian Bay Districts, comprising Lamb- ton. Huron, Bruce. Crey, Simcoc 300 trees up: 1st', K. Cameron, Lucknow ; 2nd, A. J. Clark, Ravenswood ; 3rd, Mc- Grejfor & Pritchard. Walkerton. 120 to .300 trees: 1st, S. J. Hogarth, Exe- ter :,2n: 2nd, X. H. Black, Rock- wood. 30 to 00 tre.cs: 1st, K. B. Hallman, Petersburg. Town Planning and Civic Improvcn\cnt .\ Provincial Town Planning and Civic Improvement Association was formed re-' cently in Ontario at a convention of repre- sentatives of municipalities called by the citizens of Berlin, Ont., to discuss town, planning and civic improvement along comprehensive lines. The leadimg towns" and cities of Ontario were well represent-^ ed, including a large attendance of the, leading citizens of Berlin. The provincial committee is to comsist of the following ten members : J. P. Jaff- rav. Gait, chairman; W. B. Burgoyne, St. Catharines; James P. O'Brien, Fred L. Rige-s Toronto; H. F. Holland, Samia; H. L. Hutton, Welland; A. B. Pringle. Preston ; C. H. Mueller, Waterloo ; MayOT" W. H. Schmalz, D. B. Detweiler, amd H._; J. Bowman, Berlin. ] Mr. G. H. Mitchell. C.E., of Toronto, Vice-President olf the Toronto City Guild,! delivered an illustrated address showing views of leading European and United States cities and small towms where town planning and civic improvement have been February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST XI. most successful . In Mr. Mitchell's opin- ion the time has arrived in Canada for national and provincial efFort, and for concerted civic activity in each community, to provide for wide and continuous busi- ness thoroughfares, convenient grouping: of public buildings, rapid transit, ade- quate stri'et traffic circulation, parks ind squares, parkways and boulevards, child- ren's playgrounds and gardens, clean and attractive streets, pure water supply, and efficient sewage disposal, enforcement of laws for structural building and fire safety and for tenement regnjlation. The following suggestions were made by Mr. Mitchell to be embodied ultimately in legislation : Provision for civic Improvement Com- missions in smaller cities ; provision ap- plicable to cities smaller than already pro- vided for in the Ontario Act (for purchase by municipalities of land required for opening streets themselves, but for an adequate margin on each side, which, after the opening has been completed, can be resold as lots, thus producing a revenue to help meet the cost of the improvement ; provision for municipalities to secure streets wider than sixty-six feet in new sub-divisioms when necessary to conform to the town-planning scheme ; a practical method for any necessary widening of business streets already built up ; an ade- quate control over new sub-divisions so that the layout will conform to modern re- quirements and so that misrepresentation cannot be practised ; provision for control by the municipality, through the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board, of the lay- out and street-planning features olf sub- divisions outside city and town limits for a stated distance. At a meeting of the Toronto B'ranch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association held recently, Mr. A. H. MaoLellan, of the Guelph Agricultural College, stated that the sterilizing of soil intended for the growing of lettuce, tomatoes and cucum- bers, results in better production and lessens loes from disease and worms in the soil. ^HtBESTMADt FOSTER'S STANDARP POT FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets and Fern Pans FOR THE SPRING TRADE We make the " Standard " Pot, the beet Pot in the worW— unifomi, best of clay, well burned, in every respect superior to all others. All our Dota hare rim on shouldier, thus allowing them to be placed together per- fectly and preventing breakage in shipping and handling. Place your Spring Order NOW. A complete line and large stock of all Mzee kept on hand to ensure iprom-pt ship- ment. Send for NEW CATALOG and PBIOE LIST. The Foster Pottery Co. HAMILTON - - ONTARIO Main Street West Strawberry Plants Grown on the shore of Lake Erie cannot be excelled for vigor and productiveness, because climatic conditions here are most favorable for their proper developement. We always get a crop. Our Improved Williams is the surest, most productive, and best shipper of all Strawberries. We list 25 choiceat kinds, selected from over 100 varieties tested. Also Black Cap Raspberries, and Evergreens. Catalog Free THE LAKEVIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McConnell Grovesend, Ont. Send your consignments of APPLES to the Home Country to Ridley Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Personal attention, prompt account sales and remittance Correspondence invited To Protect theBeauty Ttiat is Yours and to enchance it. If that be possible, is a duty none the less binding because it has been made so agreeable. That duty centres in Beauty's chief expression, the skin. With intelligent care and the regular use of such perfect preparations as Na-Dru-Co Ruby Rose Cold Cream and Witch Hazel Cream, you can pre.'ierve its bloom in spite of exposure to raw, cold winds, over-heated, steamy kitchens, or ill-ventilated rooms. NA-DRU-CO Ruby Rose Cold Cream does much more than keep the outer skin soft and supple— it feeds the underlying tissues, fills out the tiny hollows, prevents wrinkles, and gives a fresh and wholesome charm. With its subtle odor of fresh roses, and the soothing sensation which it imparts. Ruby Rose Cold Cream is a toilet gem. In opal glass jars, 25c. at your druggist's. NA-DRU-CO Witch Hazel Cream is a refined and altogether delightful preparation of Nature's own cooling, heal- ing specific, Witch Hazel. Under its soothing influence roughness, chaps, sore ips, sunburn, windburn or irritation after shaving vanish like magic. Used freely after washing it keeps the hands and face soft and comfortable. 25c. a bottle, at your Druggist's. Always look for the Na-Dni-Co Trade Mark when you buy. National Drng and Chemical Co. of Canada, Limited. isa xii. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 .[^::.:Clljl..j(U tiiif ..Ui;i,.,ut;| fjij. (U' ^ 8500 Revolutions Per Minute THAT is the wonderful speed at which an I H C separator bowl turns. The rim of a six-inch bowl, running at separating speed, is traveling at the rate of nearly two and a half miles a minute, faster than the swiftest express train that ever ran. Such speed as this means strain on shafts, bearings, gears, frame, in every part of a separator, such strain as can only be rendered harmless by the nicest adjustment of strength, flexibility, and quality of material and workmanship. The business of a cream separator is to skim the butter-fat from whole milk, but to do this it must be made mechanically right, or it soon ceases to be useful as a separator. The machine that meets these conditions and sells at the right price is aa I H C Cream Separator Bluebell or Dairymaid 1 H C separators have that carefulness of adjustment and balancing of moving parts which make for durability and easy running. There are points in the construction of I H C separators, such as the heavy phosphor bronze bushings, trouble-proof neck bearing, cut- away wings, dirt and milk-proof spiral gears, etc., which make I H C separators, beyond any doubt, the best of all to buy. There are four convenient sizes of each style. Ask the I H C local agent for demon- stration. Get catalogues and full information from him or write the nearest branch house. CANADIAN BRANCH HOUSES International Harvester Company of America (Incorporated) At Brandon, Calgary. Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, N. Battleford. Oaawa, Qaebcc, Regioa, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipes, Yorkton —test it— see for yourself — that "vSt. Lawrence Granulated" is as choice asngar as money can buy . Get a loo pound bag — or even i 20 pound bag — and compare "St. Lawrence" with any other high-grade granulated suga--. Note the pure white color of ''St. Lawrence" — its uniform grain — its diamond-like sparkle — its match- less sweetness. These are the signs of quality. And Prof. Hersey'i analysis is the proof of puritjr — "99 99/100 to 100% of pure cane sugar with no impurities whatever". Insist on having "ST. LAWRENCE GRANULATED" at your grocer's. ST. LAWRENCE SVGAS REFINERIES LIMITED, MONTREAL. 66 A \yiAWRENCE EXTRA |6ilANULATE| Montreal ^ n Cooperation Commended* R. Brodie, Wotmount, Qaebec Cooperation is no new thing among far- mers. Europe for years has been far ahead of us on this side of the Atlantic. Our neighbors m the State of N«w York have also awakened to the importance of this matter, and Mr. Johm Dillon, Chairman of the New York State Committee on Co- operation, is now in Europe making a study oif farming cooperation and market conditions . Two years ago at our Winter Meetinjir at St. Hyacimthe we brought this matter of Cooperation before our Society for the first time. It met with a good deal of op- position from some of our members, but in spite of this, under the auspices of our Provincial Government we have five Co- operative Associations formed throughout our Province. In connection with these Associatioms we have five demonstration orchards that will convince the people of •Extract from a paper read b«fore the annaal oonvention of the Quebec Prult GrowerB" Aaeo- ciatlon. Kodak time Is All the time A KODAK serves every need of photography without any of the bother. For amateur or expert, for indoor scenes or out ; for daylight or flashlight photo- graphy ; for a picture record of home faces and familiar places; for the story of the travel^ — as art or pastime, the Kodak way is the way to best results. Kodak films are not only more conveni- ent than cumbersome glass plates — they yield better results — and there's no dark- room in the Kodak way of picture making. Srr your dealer or ivritr us for illustrated catalogue. Free. CANADIAN KODAK CO., Ltd. TORONTO February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST XUI. these districts that pruning', cultivation and spraying: are necessary to produce healthy trees, and good first-class fruit. All these Associations in our Province are in their infancy and have a lot to learn. Competitiom may be the life of trade, but more often it is the death of somebody's business. On the other hand Cooperation is the life of a community. Some city people say that the Associations will make the cost of living higher. I don't think so. They vyill get better goods and more value for their money. There is too great a difference between what the farmer re- ceives and what the consumer in the city has to pay for farm products. This is an age of progress. We have left behind to a large extent the use of the sickle, scythe, and flail. I would like to bring before you a few primary meeds in which farmers could cooperate to advan- tage. Neighbors could cooperate in de- HIGH GRADE NEW TOMATO LISTEB'S "PROLIFIC IMPROVED' A most remarkable variety, forces earlier, and without doubt the mioet iprolifio Tomato ever offered. The plant is of a sturdy habit, very olo.sely jointed and -producing enormous bunches, averaging 25 fruits, but as many as 40 are quite common, while for its free set- ting and fruiting qualities there ie no variety to equal it. The fruit is of medium size. round and firm, skin a beautiful deep glossy scarlet, while the flavor ie exquisite. This is the variety and the selection that enabled Mr. W. N. Oraig, of Langwater Gar- dens, Boston, Maas., to stagger Bostonians and the States in general, at the great Hor- ticultural Exhibition held in Boston, on Jmie 23r(i, 1912, with an exhibit of this variety In fruit and bunch, gaining the coveted honor of a Flrst-Class Certificate, the first for nigh 20 years granted for a oommercial sort. This selection is now being offered for the first time. Pkt. 25c You should plant in your garden, SELECT- ED SEEDS, the best the world affords of the desired varieties. Write for our New Illustrated Catalogue replete with choicest strain of Vegetable and Flower Seeds Dupuy and Ferguson 38 Jacques Cartier Square - MONTREAL Sprayers $4 to $4oo For large or small orchards, market gardens, potato farms, grain, mustard, tobacco, home and garden work, poultry plants, whitewashing, cleaning, cold- waterpainting, etc. No. 190 50 Gallon Horizontal Bucket and Knapsack Sprayers,! >l ^^ Horizontal and Vertical Barrel! ij f,tfs Sprayers, Traction Sprayers for fiel»jUI !il!| crops. Power Sprayers, 50, 100, 150, 250 gaL Fur- nifihed complete or in '^P\W'^/lS!^i^ part to build up Spray- ».:/^'»i'''^X^ 11 ers already in use. ^^ Forty combinations. m/iME so Gallon _ Powrcr Sprayer Sprayers have outside pumps — no corrosion, pleasant for handling; easy to get at. The pumps have the greatest eflaciency, that is, the (Now Made in Canada) least slippage of any pumpe in use on any sprayer— this has been shown by disinterested tests. Unit Sprayers; so you boild bigger when necessary. Ask your dealer to show them and write for new booklet " Spraying Vines. Trees and Bushes." We also make lull line Potato Machines, Garden Tools, etc. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., Limited 2.H. " Original " Engine. Double Acting Pump, direct connected. Chain driven agitator. Outside sediment chamber and strainer. 460 Symington Avenue, TORONTO, ONTARIO Furnished with or without steel truck. . ,«o i6o page Poultry Book , mail. IOC b Put llieKiCK in ihc Eggs r>-> if you want h\g hatches of husky chicks, the kind that live ind crow. Inffrtile eggs and small hatches of weak chicks are the rule when the breeding stock is in poor condition, weak and run-down. pr0^ Poultry Regulator will quickly correct this condition in your flock because it acts directly on the digcsttive and reproductive organs, strengthening them, toning them up, invigorating them. 25c, 50c. $1; 25-Ib. Pail, $2.50; lOO-Ib. Bags. $9. After the chicks are hatched you should raise them all. fitat^ White Diarrhea Remedy ' ""^ 25c. 50c controls bowel troubles. Use it for all broods as a preventive, f>rji^ Baby Chick' Food makes chirks grow at an astonishingrate, with big hones, plenty of muscle and unbounded strength and vigor. You can rely upon this scientific food mixture to carry through the critical period all worth-while chicks, and give them that favorable start upon whicli future profits depend. Id boxes aud bags. 25c no. ''Your money back if It fails,** Our products are sold by dealers everywhere, or PRATT FOOD COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD., TORONTO, ONT. ^=1^ o^-^ o§> XIV. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1913 Northern Grown Trees Apple. Pear, Plum, Cherry. Peach, Orapee. Small Pruita. Ornaments, EveritreenB. Koees, Flowerinif Shrubs, Climbers, Et«. Everything In the Nursery line. Catalogue free. Bend list of your want* for prioea. NnnBerymau, Port Elgin, Ont. j. Wisn\er, Straivberry Plants Sample, Dunlop, Splendid, Poconkoke We havo lar^o quantitieH of Kxtra Strong^ Plants. It will pay you to write ub for prices. JAS. E. JOHNSON & BROS., ■ SIMCOE, ONT. Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Every Disease of Cnltivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers !:r::,?r"; vermorel (Rhone). FRANCE Manofactnrer, VILLEFRANCHE Big Ben — Two Good Alarms in One Take your choice in Big Ben. He rings either way you wish — five straight minutes or every other half minute for all of ten minutes unless you switch him off. He's two alarms in one. If you're a light sleeper, turn on the half minute taps before you go to bed. If you sleep heavily, set the five minute call. You can slumber then without the get-up worry on your mind. When morning comes, and It's an- nounced by Big Ben's jolly bell, you can't help getting up at once, for Big Ben never fails to get you wide awake. Big Ben is really three good clocks in one, two excellent alarms and a fine time-keeper to keep in any room and tell time all day by. If you have got to get up bright and early, if you have to get your help in the field on time, ask for Big Ben at your dealer's and try him for a week. You'll never want to be without him afterwards. Big Ben stands seven inches tall. He is triple nickel-plated and wears an inner vest of steel that insures him for life. His big, bold figures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light. His large, comfort- able keys almost wind themselves. He rings five minutes steadily or ten intermit- tently. If lie is oiled every other year, there is no telllns how lone be will last. He's sold by 6.000 Canadian dealers. His price is SJ.OO anywhere. If you can't find bim at your dealer's, a iltoncy order mailed to U-^titclax La SalU, Iltinoii, will send bim anywhere you say duty charges prepaid. stroying: insect pests and noxious weeds. What avails it if one faimer ketps his land (lean and his neighbor leaves his dirty with weeds and a breeding^ place for in- sects. I am strongly in favor of compul- sory spraying, for what is worth planting is worth caring for. A great many of our farm implements are very expensive, and im many cases used only for a day or two and them put away for another year. What a saving it would be if growers would cooperate in their purchase and use. I ref.er especially to power sprayers, ditching machines, and even in manure spreaders, potato planters, and potato diggers. Cooperative associa- tions should assist in thei/ purchase. A Word for House Sparrows R. Walter Brocks, Brutford The common house sparrow has been condemned as being a dirty, useless, mis- chievous bird that is not insectiverous. 1 wish to defend him, as I have been taking observations for some time, having had several sparrows nest in the cornice of my barn. , A few years ago we could not raise any grapes owing to the ravages of the steel bug. Now I have not seen one for three or four years. Last year I saw a sparrow catch a yellow (cabbage) butterfly, take it to the ground, pull off both wings, pick up the body, and fly away. Another day I saw a sparrow with what I took to be a large Empress Moth. I tried to get closer to it, but it flew away. I also saw several sparrows catch June bugs and eat them. Last summer, while sitting on my lawn, I noticed some spar- rows flying and catching something. Up- on making investigation, I found a nest of flying ants, which were flying straight up into the air. The sparrows were waiting for them, and catching every one. A worm also has been ravaging the Boston Ivy. I have seen the sparrows catch them. Now I cannot find one. The wasp (Yellow Jacket) is also a despised insect. I saw one attack a green cabbage worm, eat part of it, and fly away with the remainder. Items of Interest The Toronto Nurseries, at 1167 Quoen St. East, Toronto, is conducted by Mr. J. McP. Ross, the well-known contributor of articles to The Can.^dian Horticulturist. Mr. Ross's many years of experience in the nur- sery business "should ensure good results for the customers of this firm. The Farmers' Club at Rednorvilte, Prince Edward County, Ontario, recently went on record to the effect that it did not consider the Dominion €rcvernment was exercising sufficient care in the selection of fruit in- spectors competent to judge of the proper packing of fruit. The club advocates growers grouping themselves in sufficient numbers to be able to furnish buyers with several carloads of goods packed ready for shipment. Parks Commissioner Chambers, of To- ronto, recently outlined at the annual meet- ing of the Toronto Civic Guild an immense boulevard system extending for forty-two miles along the outer edge of greater To- ronto, and involving an expenditure of $7,000,000, the plans for which have been prepared. When ocmpleted it will be one of the finest on the continent. The light- ing system will be a feature of these boule- vards, which will link up the city's parks. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVI MARCH, 1913 No. 3 The Best Varieties of Fruit for Ontario Orchards Anyone who is at all conversant with conditions in the fruit industry will have noticed an important change in regard to the market demand for certain varie- ties of apples. Our markets are ask- ing more and more each year for better varieties and better grades. Some of the varieties which were formerly in high favor are being discounted, and indications are that the sorting process will go on even more rapidly in the future. The classes of apples most in demand might be listed as follows : First, early apples; second, large-sized cooking apples; third, fancy dessert apples. It is so easy for one to be mis- understood when one undertakes to re- commend varieties for certain districts, that I scarcely feel like making the at- tempt. However, a few remarks based on the above classification may not be out of place and may throw some light on the variety question. EARLY APPLES During the summer months and until iddle or late August, our markets are short of apples. There is a good de- mand for early fruit, most of which is used for cooking purposes only, but the marketing season is comparatively short. It is true that Duchess, for in- stance, is counted a profitable variety in some of the northern districts, but it is also true that the growing of this variety could be made very profitable in those districts which can put early sorts on the market at the earliest pos- sible date. In my opinion there is an excellent market for such varieties as Yellow Transparent and Duchess, and the best district in which to grow them is the southern tier of counties, including Es- sex and the southern parts of Kent, Elgin, and Norfolk. The Niagara Dis- trict can grow early apples to excellent advantage, and on account of the excel- lent marketing facilities which obtain in that district it is safe to say that early apples could be grown there in a large commercial way. .\ny district which undertakes to grow early fruit must possess, good shipping facilities. These varieties are picked as soon as they are large enough for cooking pur- poses and they should go to market in baskets or in lx)xcs. The most economical apple for culin- ary purposes is the large one. If this Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph is of an attractive red color, so much the better. There is a market for this class of fruit from September to late winter, but an apple to sell well to this trade must be strictly first-class and of the best size and color possible. Such varieties as Alexander, Wolfe River, Belnheim, and Spy when well grown always command ready sale. DESSERT APPLES The first requisite in a dessert apple is quality, the second is color. The size may be large, medium or small. For the fanciest trade, the small apple is in greatest demand. Even of the large varieties such as Spy, the smaller grade, provided the color and quality are as good, is sometimes more in demand than the larger size. The best commer- cial dessert apples are Snow, Mcintosh, and Spy. These three varieties can be grown to greater perfection in Ontario than in any other province or state on this continent, and I advise that they be made the three leading varieties. In my opinion, the best chances for financial profit in apple growing lie in the production of high-class dessert fruit. The three varieties mentioned and a few others which might be men- tioned as belonging to this class, if well grown, are always in demand and can be def>ended upon to sell at good figures. The low prices of the past season have shown that some old favorites do not possess sufficient quality to com- mand ready sale. Even the Baldwin was discounted heavily la.st season, and it is certainly not over-stating the mat- ter to say that Baldwin does not pos- sess sufficient quality to commend the best class of trade. I am quite aware that at the present time Baldwin is be- ing more extensively planted in this province than any other variety. At the same time, there are districts in On- tario in which such inferior varieties as Ben Davis, Gano, and vStark are at the top of the planting list. I do not wish to advise in the matter, but if present indications count for anything, it is certain that profit in apple growing in the future will depend more upon qual- ity than ever before. Following are brief notes concerning varieties which may be added to the foregoing lists of dessert and cooking varieties of apples : Cayuga Red Streak (commonly called 57 Twenty-ounce). — A large, early fall apple of splendid cooking quality and splendid color ; extensively grown in Western New York, thrives splendidly in southern Ontario, and would grow much farther north, as the tree is de- cidedly hardy. Rhode Island Greening. — An old stan- dard and still highly desirable. In my opinion it is a safer variety to plant than Baldwin, and just here I should like to say that in selecting varieties it should be the aim of each planter to pick only those which are believed to be the most profitable sorts. If one looks over the list and selects the few of which one feels most certain, there is no necessity of going further or of planting varieties in any way inferior. Simply select the best. Tolman. — Another old favorite which hitherto has not been in large demand on the market. It is now being asked for, especially for the north-west, as a sweet winter apple for baking purposes. DESSERT VARIETIES Gravenstein. — A September dessert apple of the finest quality, also first-class for cooking purposes.- It drops some- what badly, but possesses splendid color and is an all-round attractive and desirable variety where one of this sea- son is desired. Grime's Golden. — A splendid mid- winter dessert and cooking variety for southern Ontario. OTHER VARIETIES Besides those mentioned, there are a few varieties, such as King, Ribston, Golden Russet, and Wagener, which possess valuable qualities. King and Golden Russet are notoriously shy bearers unless planted on rich land or heavily fertilized. With good care, it might be possible to cultivate them pro- fitably. Ribston is a late fall or early winter dessert apple of excellent color. The tree seems to be only moderately hardy. I should be glad to learn the experience of growers of Ribston over the province, as it is a variety which seems to possess every desirable quality. So far as I have observed, it is not widely grown except in one or two dis- tricts, and I should like to know if it cannot l>e cultivated over a much lar- ger area of western Ontario. Wagener is a mid-winter, high qual- ity, dessert variety, considerably resem- 58 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 bling Spy. The tree bears very early and is most productive. When well grown, the color is good and in most cases is even better than the color of Spy. I should be glad to know what readers of The Canadian Horticulturist think of this variety, and am anxious to learn with what success it is being produced throughout the province gen- erally. I should also like to know if any are growing Spitzenburg to any ex- tent, and if they are able to get good crops. This is one of the most' desir- able of winter dessert apples, and in addition to high quality possesses also splendid color. It is usually a light bearer ; possibly this characteristic could be changed by proper care or feeding. For southern Ontario it might prove a desirable variety. The chief disadvantage of Northern Spy is lack of color. In my opinion, it is time we made arrangements in our middle districts, such as the north shore of Lake Ontario, to hold a larger pro- portion of our Spies for the late winter trade. The Spy, grown in a short- season locality, is not an attractive mar- ket apple until well into the winter, and a green .Spy on the Christmas market is a very poor sample of what Ontario can produce. For planting with Northern Spy, there is probably no better variety than Blen- heim. Blenheim should be, I think, one of our leading varieties. The fruit is large, very attractive in color, not sub- ject to scab, and the tree is decidedly productive under good care. It is natur- ally rather late in coming into bearing, but would no doubt respond to proper treatment in the same way as any other variety, and can doubtless be made to produce good crops at a moderate age. Blenheim and Northern Spy are both in the front rank as dessert and cooking varieties . Varieties of Grapes* F. G. Stewart, Homer, Oot Out of the .scores of varieties of grapeaded trees to the same extent as under high-headed trees, and shade fur- nished by the tree itself also reduces somewhat the necessity for cultivation under the tree. With trees headed to fifteen inches or less, there is very little necessity for cultivating within two or three feet of the trunk. .'Anything re- quired in that area can be done by hand at small expense. It is obvious that a tree with a fifteen-inch trunk is much more convenient to spray, prune, pick and thin than one with a longer trunk. THE STOCK TO BUY In selecting nursery stock, one should have these points in mind and should endeavor to buy low-headed trees or buy trees which can be headed low if desired. Transportation charges on the younger trees are less, and in moderate quantities at least they could be for- warded by express with much less dam- ger of delay and consequent injury. In purchasing trees, it is always wise to see the stock beforehand, if at all possible. In case one can deal through an agent whose reliability is unques- tioned, it would be satisfactory to order through him, but if not, the best plan would be for a number of growers in a district to club together and send one man to purchase stock for the entire numljer. March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 61 The Use of Commercial Fertilizers Defended* R. Innes, B.S.A., Manager Sandside Fruit Farm, Coldbrook, Nova Scotia resultant yields of poor quality. It is true that some plants excrete certain toxic substances which have been known to retard the grow I h of other crops, but, upon exposure to the air for a certain time by plowing or by treating with lime or some such neutralizer their injurious effects soon \anish. "To supply a commercial fertilizer with prospects of success at least three things are necessary" — if Dr. Dandeno had stopped there he would have been air right, but he goes on to say — "first, a knowledge of the effect of the prev- ious crop on the soil ; secondly, a know- ledge of the crop now to be grown and its relation to the excreta of the previous crop ; and thirdly, a knowledge of the biology of the soil." We certainly should take into consideration the effect of the previous crop on the soil, the amount of plant food that has been ap- plied previously, the nature of the soil, and the crop to be grown, but if a far- mer has to wait unitl someone deter- mines the relation of the crop to be grown and the previous crops excreta and the bacterial content of his soil be- sides, before he can feel safe in apply- ing a fertilizer, he had better sell his farm at once as such information will Fertilizers "are not always suitable to the land to which they have been applied." Unfortunately this is some- times the case. However, one firm with whom the writer is familiar is paying particular attention to this point, and is placing experts in soil fertility in vari- ous sections of the province of Ontario to assist and advise their local repre- sentatives in recommending suitable mix- tures for farmers to use on the various classes of soil they wish to fertilize. They also maintain a laboratory in which chemical and physical analysis of soils are conducted, simply for the purpose of endeavoring to eliminate the danger of misapplication of their fertilizer mix- tures. Dr. Dandeno says, "Plant excretions are the chief cause of infertility, and it is in the decomposition of such materials that the application of fertilizers of any kind proves of value." To the writer's mind continued cropping without replac- ing the plant food annually consumed is what leads to soil impoverishment and •This article, th« first part of which wa« pub- lished in our February issue, is the continuation of a reply to an article on "Common Fertilizers" by Dr. J. B. Dandeno, of Bowmanville, Ont., that Horticulturist. Th« diecUBSion ia continued on page 72 of this issue. *?..*'-^" A Well Sprayed Pear Orchard : That of Mr. Stirling at Kelowna, B.C. —Photo oopyrisrhted by O. H. E. Hudson, Kelowna, B. O. not be available for practical application for some time to come. It is indeed amusing to farmers of Nova Scotia and the other Maritime Pro- vinces to hear of such criticisms in con- nection with the use of commercial fer- tilizers. We all use, and with excellent results, on the average half a ton to the acre and so far haven't had any intro- duction to either the bacteria or plant excretions supposed by Dr. Dandeno to be so essential. If the farmers of On- tario are baffled in this question I ven- ture to say it is due to a large extent to the publication of such ridiculous articles as the one we now have reference to. "Certain fertilizers are adapted to cer- tain crops and to certain soils." This, to the writer's mind, is one of the few rea- sonable statements in the doctor's ar- ticle. Owing to this fact it is necessary for the fertilizer rnanufacturer to place at the disposal of the farmer mixtures of different analysis. Thus we find on th<' market a three-eight-six, a three-six-ten, a four-eight-eight, and so forth, vary- ing in price according to their plant food content. It is necessary t6 determine just what essential element your soil lacks and then furnish it in the correct pro- portion by selecting a mixture in which the desired element is prominent. Al- ways remember that the "plant food ele- ment" which exists in the smallest quan- tity governs the crop producing power of the soil. WELL TAKEN POINTS All the points mentioned by the writer of the article in question in connection with barnyard manure were well taken with the possible exception of a "neu- tralizing effect on all plant excreta." No one, not even a fertilizer manufac- turer, condemns the use of barnyard manure, but there are crops which can be raised decidedly cheaper on fertilizers in addition to which they ripen earlier (as corn) and are of better quality (as potatoes). Farmers are, as a rule, ac- customed to think of manure as a bulky article and want bulk for their money, but we should remember that a little of the substance required is better than a good deal that is not needed. It is reckoned that one ton of average com- mercial fertilizer contains at least twenty times as much plant food as a ton of the Ix;st barnyard manure, and may be ap- plied with one-twentieth the labor, "In buying and using commercial fer- tilizers patent medicine chances are taken." Most people when they get "stung" would rather not let other people know how they were taken in, but the author of the above quotation evidently does not believe in keeping it a secret. Of course, this is purely an as- sumption on the part of the writer, but it looks a.s if Dr. Dandeno has at one time or another been a victim of some ()2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 Judging Plate Fruit Ezhibitt rhe judges at the last Ontario Horticiil tural Exhibition In Toronto did not have ar easy task placing the awards on th« 1.40( platee of fruit exhibited. One of the judges Prof. J. W. Grow, of Guelph, may be seei with an apple in his hand. Beside and be yond him is another judge, P. J. Carey Dominion Fruit Inspector. 1 1 unscrupulous fertilizer salesman or else has "attempted" to do his own mixing! Speaking as a Nova Scotian and one who credits himself with at least an average practical and scientific knowledge of all kinds of commercial fertilizers, I would strongly advise all Ontario farmers, and in fact all those desirous of increasing their yields, to lose no time in taking advantage of the benefits to be derived from the use of these materials, and would impress upon the reader the neces- sity of doing his own thinking and not letting a man who is prejudiced against the use of fertilizers influencing him. Let us hear from someone else ! Making Geraniums Bloom Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Out. For two yeara past my young geranium plants, in fact they are large plants, refu-se to bloom. I have tried all I know to make them do so.— H. L. The main reason for healthy geran- ium plants not flowering are that they are being grown in unsuitable soil, or have insufficient light and sun, or a too dry or gas-laden atmosphere, or an ex- hausted soil. Soil that is composed very largely of humus or leaf mould will often cause this trouble. This leaf mould or black soil from underneath trees of itself is not suitable for geraniums, or indeed for but very few pot plants. It induces a too rank, soft growth that does not produce flowers. The best soil for geraniums — in pots especially — is a soil composed of three parts of well-rotted, fibry-rooted, tough sod about four inches thick, cut from loamy soil where the grass is short, en- riched with one part of well-rotted barn- yard 'hnanure or cow manure. These materials should be piled up out of doors six or eight months until they are de- com]K)sed and ready for u.se. If the soil where the sod was taken from is of a very light, loamy nature, no sand for lightening or tempering the soil will be necessary. One part of fine sand mixed with ten or twelve parts of the loam mixture will be an advantage if the sod was taken from a clay loam soil. This comp)ost if propverly prepared will suit almost any pot plant, especi- ally geraniums. Loamy garden soil, or loamy subsoil from underneath sod, mix- ed with the proportion of sand and fer- tilizer given will make a fairly good substitute soil for pot plants. Saucers of water placed around and under the plants will improve conditions when they are due to a too dry or gas- laden atmosphere. Saucers or pans of water on the radiators, or a steaming kettle on the stove will be a great help. The dry atmosphere of most dwelling- houses is often the main cause of trou- bles with house plants of all kinds. For a plant that has become too full of roots and the soil exhausted, repotting the plant into a larger-sized pot, or an ap- plication of some liquid fertilizer, are the best remedies to apply. If the plant has become tall and unsightly looking, it is best to treat it as described farther on in this article. RENOVATING OLD PLANTO Large plants will probably have to undergo a process of renovation before they will flower successfully. This is done by cutting the plants back severely to a part of the stem where the wood is moderately hard and woody, and by re- moving nearly or quite all the remain- ing foliage. Keep the soil barely moist until the young growth starts, which will usually be in four or five weeks from cutting back. Then take the plant out of the pot, remove the whole of the old soil without injuring the roots. Cut off nearly half the length of the roots, and pot the plant into a very sandy soil in a one or two size smaller pot. Use half sand and half potting soil with some broken pieces of flower pot for drainage. This is called "potting back," and is done, to get a new root system started. When the plant has developed young shoots with five or six large leaves on, and the root system is well started, re- pot the plant into a two size larger pot in good potting soil, as described in the first part of this article. Place nearly an inch of broken flower pot or similar ma- terial in the bottom of this larger pot for drainage. Do not disturb the roots of the plant in the operation, qnly to remove the old drainage. Pack the soil fairly firm when repotting the plant. Water the plant well once and set in a not too sunny window for a time, tem- perature 'about sixty-five degrees. Do not give it too much water until well started into growth, keeping the soil moist but not too wet after the first watering. Later on more water can be given . When the soil in this large pot has become exhausted, and the pot fairly filled with roots, give it some liquid fer- tilizer once every week or two. "Bon- ora," sold at seed stores, is a good fer- tilizer for pot plants. Old geraniums in pots that have become tall and unsight- ly looking can be renovated at any sea- son of the year by the method described when proper conditions can be given them. For spring and summer flower- ing the plants may be cut back from now on. For winter flowering it is best to cut them back in July or August out of doors, taking them into the window- early in September before frost. The Fuchsia H. Gibson, Fergnt, Ont. One of the best summer flowering plants is the fuchsia. A well-grown specimen is a sight worth going a long way to see. Easy to cultivate and of extremely rapid growth, it is a plant that is well suited for windows or for the decoration of the verandah in the summer. They do extremely well exposed to the free air in the latter position, but care should be taken to protect them from strong winds, as the branches are brittle and easily broken. An eastern aspect is the one to be preferred ; the sunshine of the early part of the day suits it much better than that of midday. Placed in a west- ern position the leaves will curl as if scorched under the influence of the af- ternoon sun. The month of March is the best time to start the fuchsia into growth. Bring them from the cellar or other frost-proof place in which they have been stored for the winter, put them in the light, and give water in small quantities, in- creasing the supply as the plants show signs of growth. As soon as it can be ascertained where the new branches are going to be, cut away at least half of the old top. Repot as soon as a sturdy growth is assured, using a soil comjxjst of loam, leafmould, and a liberal addi- tion of sand. As the pots become filled with roots, they should be mov'ed on to a larger size so that the plants are not checked in any way. A large specimen will require a ten-inch pot. Young plants should be potted on, as they fill the pots with roots. Older plants will not require moving on as often. A plant which keeps up its reputation as an annual fit to stand any kind of weather is the corn flower (Cyanus Minor.) Shade Trees, Their Beauty and Importance 1 i; I HE sanitary value of trees is now very generally recognized. In the past this most important factor in the conservation of a healthful and temperate climate was sacrificed with ruthless hand. Through the waste of the forests winters have become colder, summers hotter ; living springs have ceased to flow perpetually ; fertil- izing streams have disappeared ; the earth is deeply frozen in winter and parched in summer, and finally new and grave diseases have appeared where for- merly they were unknown." The foregoing is an extract from an article written by Stephen Smith, M.D., LL.D., in 1899, while endeavoring to secure legislation empowering and re- quiring the Department of Parks in New York City to plant and cultivate trees, shrubs, plants, and vines in the streets, avenues, and public places of that city. Other cities in the States have followed suit, and since then a very general re- cognition has been given to the beauty, grace, comfort, and healthfulness of trees, and especially of shade trees in parks and on city streets. After our last summer's experience one may well ask, can the temperature of the city during the summer months be modified so as to prevent that ex- treme degree of heat from which one and all suffered, and on which the enor- mous sickness and death-rate of the people depend? Vegetation plays an important part, but especially do trees, in modifying the climate of large areas — the temperature of even a clump of trees is cooler in summer and warmer in winter than the surrounding country. The thermometer will vary from twenty to thirty degrees in the sun and shade, and as much as ten to eleven in the soil, and the reverse is true in winter. Rail- road engineers use far less fuel in pass- ing through forests in winter than in traversing the same distance in open country. Who has not given a sigh of relief when on a hot summer's day he has passed under a tree's friendly shade? We have not only shade to be grate- ful for — trees give off a large quantity of water from the surface of their foli- age. The greater amount of leaf sur- face, therefore, the greater amount of vapor emitted. It has been estimated that an acre of grass emits six thousand four hundred quarts of water in twenty- four hours, and that the Washington Elm at Cambridge, Mass., a tree of moderate size, produced a crop of seven million leaves, exposing a surface of five acres of foliage. Thus vegetation tends powerfully to cool the atmosphere, and this effect increases in proportion to the increase in temperature. Carbon M. E. T., Toronto, Out. is the great nutritive agent the tree needs, and this it gets from the air in the form of carbonic acid gas. In the process of assimilation oxygen is re- stored to the air. Man needs oxygen. Carbonic acid gas is a waste product of the animal system. Thus trees purify the air and the vegetable kingdom pro- vides conditions by which the animal kingdom maintains life and health. The tree is a great factor in the mak- ing of a beautiful city. Well chosen specimens — and these well kept and aesthetically planned — will prove of econ- omic value. The beautiful city attracts visitors, and many visitors mean greater business activity, and this leads to the city's rapid growth and prosperity. In the choice of trees for street plant- ing several things are necessary and should be considered. Trees must he able to endure hardship and be among those most immune from insect attack. Other qualities, too, such as straight- ness and symmetry, cleanliness and longevity, and abundance of shade are desirable. The initial cost of planting such trees is small, but after a number of years who will estimate their value? One species on a street, has given to many cities in the United States a grand effect. The welcome shade, too, is bet- ter secured by the uniform spacing of one species. When new planting is being done it would be well to alternate trees of rapid growth with those which grow more slowly. This secures shade and beauty during the time such slow growing trees, as for instance the elms, take to reach maturity. After considering the nature of the soil, the width of street, the height of buildings on that street, let us plant our maples, elms, poplars, lin- dens, oaks, catalpas, and others similar. The sugar, red and Norway maples 64 THE CANADIAN TTORTT C T T/F l' R TS T March, 1913 are all delightful shade trees. The white or silver maple, a particularly graceful and pleasing species for park planting, is not so good as a street tree, it being very easily damaged.. The Horse Chest- nut, planted everywhere because of its beautiful appearance when in flower, is imdesirable as a street tree. 1 he ground underneath is strewn first with the sticky bud scales, then the falling flow- ers— later the fruit is such an attraction to the boy that he damages the tree in his attempts to secure it. The tree, too, is particularly liable to insect attack. A Plea for the Spring Garden Miss M. E. Blacklock, Toronto, Ont. THOSE who have only a few beds, gorgeous though they be, of tu- lips and hyacinths, do not know the joys of a spring garden, though they may think they do. Not that clumps of tulips and hyacinths are not a great addition to it, but geometrical beds of them are anything but lovable, dnd lovableness is the very essence of the spring garden. The garden I am advocating would be quite unnoticeable a block away, but you can poke about in it and enjoy it and be continually finding something new and interesting. The first| things to greet you will be the snowdrops, which are due here (Toronto) any time after the first of March, and last well into April and even May in late seasons. The Giant Snowdrop (Galanthus Elwesii) is the earliest and perhaps the most showy of the genus, and is much larger than the common one (G. nivalis), which fol- lows it. The double form of the latter makes, when naturalized, a mass of snowy white. Snowdrops should be planted so that the bulbs almost touch each other and then left undisturbed to form permanent clumps, which will in- crease in beauty year by year. In time they will become too thick to prosper, but not for a good many years. They can be bought here for one dollar a hun- dred, and are still cheaper in England, so the price is within the reach of near- ly every one. While the snowdrops are still in per- fection the Spring Snowflakes (Leuco- jum vernum) are making their appear- ance. These are a little larger and have longer stems than the snowdrop. They have a small yellow blotch at the tip of each petal and are quite sweet-scented. Otherwise they resemble the snowdrops so much that the casual observer almost invariably mistakes them for snowdrops. Next come the Siberian Squills (Scilla Siberica), in color a most charming blue. These should be planted in .groups. Left untouched, they will give a solid mass of color during April. Blooming contemporaneously with the Siberian Squills are several varieties of Glory-of-the-Snow (Chionodoxa), all of them delightful, though very different, shades of blue. C. Luciliae is a nemo- phiki-hlue, C. Sardenis a Gentian-blue, and C. Gigantea {syn. C. Grandiflora), with very large flowers, a lavender-blue. While these are all lovely little flowers, they are not so effective as the Siberian Squill. There is a beautiful white-flow- ered form of Scilla Siberica to be had now quite reasonably. Two other var- ieties of the smaller Scillas are pretty — S. bifolia .Mba and .S. bifolia Carnea, the latter is especially so. THE HYAC1NTH8 The earliest of the Grape Hyacinths (Muscari azureum robustum) — pale blue, as its name implies, with a stiff, upright flower stem — adds to the array of the blue flowers with which nature delights to deck the .April garden. .All these bulbs flower about the same time as the crocus, and continue in bloom equally long. Of the herbaceous plants the first on the scene is the single form of the white Rock Cress (Arabis Alpina). The double form of it comes on just as the single is waning. For profusion of bloom there are few things that excel the Rock Cress, and it has the added charm of a faint almond- like fragrance. It is perfectly hardy here (Toronto), and will grow anywhere, though like most things it responds to good treatment. The flowers of the double variety taper up into a spike not unlike a miniature stock, and it lasts in bloom much longer than the single. Bulbs of the Muscari Heavenly Blue, planted amongst its creeping stems, give a charming contrast of blue and white. This Grape Hyacinth, I may add, is the largest and handsomest of the family, though there are several other varieties beside it and M. azureum that are very well worth growing— a pure white one. Pearls of Spain (M. botryoides album), a white one tinged rose (M. b. candi- dum), and a pale lavender-blue (M. b. pallidum). The last two are little gems of delicate color, but alas ! they are too expensive to plant in quantity. The purple Rock Cress (.Aubrietia) is another dear little spring flower. It comes in various shades of mauve, pur- ple, crimson-purple, and even pale pink, forming low-lying masses of color. I am afraid it is not quite hardy except in well sheltered situations, but as it is easily grown from the seed, which is not expensive, it is well worth a trial. I have wintered mine now for four years, but I protect it carefully and grow it on a warm 'border, where no water ever lodges. It blooms early and com- bines delightfully with Golden Tuft and the white Rock Cress (Arabis), and re- mains in bloom a long time. The Eng- lish rock gardens are brilliant with it through April and May. The Perennial. Border and a Fevr of Its Best Flowers * F. £. Buck, B.S.A., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa I THE flowers best adapted for use in a perennial border may be divided into groups in several different ways. Although I have prepared a list of what are generally considered the best for our Canadian climate and have di- vided this list into three sections as fol- lows: "Best low growing flowers for the front of a perennial border," and "Best flowers of medium height for the middle of a perennial border," and "Best tall flowers for the back of a perennial bor- der," and have given the different color, height and time of floweing in each of almost 130 different varieties, I do not intend reading such a list on an occasion like this, but shall content myself with very brief references to several well re- cognized groups of perennial flowers, discussing each group in its seasonal order. FOUE PLOWEE GEOUP8 Early in the year when the eye is greedy for color after the long colorless winter, come radiant tulips stimulating everyone to an awakened interest in Nature. But lest they might shock us with their gay attire, they •Ooncluding part of a paper on the "Perennial Border" read before the Quebec Pomologioal So- ciety. bring along as companions the deli- cate creamy-white narcissi and the yellow daffodils. These heralds of the flower tribes should be always grown. They are inexpensive to purchase and last for several years in a perennial bor- der before they need to be moved or re- newed. Most of them come to us from foreign lands, and the tulips are gener- ally called Dutch bulbs. They are not the very first flowers of spring, the snow- drops and crocuses appearing a week or two earlier, but on account of the great display of color which they produce it is well to think of them as forming the first great group of the season's flowers. They blossom from late April till June. THE ARDENT FL0WEB8 A second great group is that of the peonies, the old-fashioned "piney," changed in form, color and fragrance, but essentially the same in that quality of "ardent appeal" which in the old days gave to it its charm. The modern peony is a close rival of the queenly rose. Won- derful flowers are these beautiful named peonies. There are three varieties, one w'hite called Avalanche, a red named Felix Crousse, and a pink named Mag- nifica, which, if there were no others to rival them, would rank among the im- mortal flowers of the twentieth century. But about a thousand named varieties, of peonies claim our attention and fill our gardens with magnificent masses of color during the month of June. They are ideal flowers for a perennial border. While the peonies form the second of the great groups, the irises might rightly be given that place, as perhaps they would be by some people, and the peonies shifted up a place to group three. The iris is the "rainbow flower" and has few rivals. I am really sorry to pass it by. There are, however, so many beautiful flowers of this period that it is impossible to do more than just mention it as being worthy of a much longer reference. Of the other flowers, there are the quaint columbines, which are very numerous in variety and color ; the sweet low-grow- ing plants as violets, pansies, and forget- me-nots, and the. woodsy flowers as the trilliums, spring beauties, spring ane- mones, Solomon's seal, lilies, lady's slip- per, and many others that might be mentioned. The roses, of course, occupy a place by themselves. They come in at the end of June and last through July. THE SHOWY FLOWERS The phlox, or third group, I have call- ed the showy flowers, because they come At the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The New Perennial Border 450 Feet Long, by 12 Feet Wide Note the great show of color In this picture whioh wa« taken August, 1912. The border looked at Ita best in the months of May and June, when great displays of color were in evidence from groupings of tulips, irises and paeoniee. Later color effects were produced by many selected plants, together with the beautiful perennial phloxes and fall asters. This border was planted in September and October of 1911 66 THE CANADIAN H ORTIC ULTU RTS T March, I9l3 in at a time when flower bloom is getting a little scarce, and the show they pro- duce is wonderful. The word "phlox" means a llame. The phloxes are of American origin, and blossom from the middle of July till late in the autumn. The range of their colors is very great. Nothing can quite equal the clumps of the phloxes in a perennial border made up as they are of those magnificent pan- icles of bloom. Panicles perfect in form, pleasing in fragrance, and varied in tints. Phloxes are favorites with all classes of people. The fourth great group might be bet- ter named, but I call it here the prevail- ing flowers, for several reasons, one be- ing that most of them are not affected by fall frosts. They last from late August till late October. Most of them belong to the great family Compositae, which has prevailed over all obstacles, and now stands at the summit in the evolutionary climb. This group has a wealth of color. The white Shasta daisies, the golden sun- flowers, the many colored star-like as- ters are in this group. By means of them the perennial border is filled with color even after the first fall frosts have nipped the more tender flowers. OTHEE VARIETIES A perennial border with only the four or five great groups of flowers which I have mentioned would be very incom- plete. Certain flowers which grow in the perennial border give the extra finish, the charm, the color, the life. They make it an artistic whole, a masterpiece. They include the dazzling Oriental pop- pies. (How much the border would miss the dazzling brilliancy of their scarlets !) the soulful campanulas or bellflowers ; the majestic delphinicums or larkspurs; the glittering gallardias and pyrethruns, or blanket flowers, as the first are called ; ihe delicate gypsophila ; the flaming torch lilies, commonly called red-hot pokers ; the formal foxgloves and hollyhocks; the rainbow iris ; the fragrant pinks ; the modest lilies ; the plume-like spiraeas, and the glorious yuccas. Growing Daffodils R. S. Rosa, Peterboro "Can daffodils be grown from seed?" This question has been asked me recently. In answer I quote from a book en- titled. Daffodils, Present Day Garden- ing, by Rev. Joseph Jacob, (T. C. & T. E. C. Jack, i6 Henrietta St., W.C, London, Eng.). Daffodil seed, when fully ripe, is black and shiny. As soon as it assumes this appearance, which will probably be some time early in July, it may be sown either in the open ground or in boxes or pans. Most raisers of seedlings prefer the latter plan, although I know one or two cultivators who think the former way the best, as they contend that the n Tubers of Tuberous-rooted Begonias On the left is a typical tuber ehowing the hollow or deprtesion on lop. On the right may be seen an undesirable tuber. See article, page 67. plants will sooner- arrive at their flower- ing stage. I have not tested it myself, and am disposed to doubt it, as Mr. Engleheart, who ought to know what is the best, if any one- does, always sows the seeds in boxes. Stout, wooden boxes of any convenient size may be used provided they are from six to seven inches deep, and have drainage holes at the bottom. The soil should be good, firm fibrous loam, with sharp sand added to make it light and porous. In filling up the boxes care must be taken to see that the drainage is good ; then enough compost may be put in to bring the level up to within an inch and a half of the top. On this the seeds must be sown at equal intervals of one half to three-quarters of an inch, and they must be covered with soil an inch deep. USE CX>LD FRAMES It is best to put the boxes in cold frames, but the lights need not be used until frost begins, unless the weather is very wet. Then they may be put in when necessity requires, and, further, the plants may be protected by mats when the weather is particularly severe. The protection and culture in frames is not absolutely necessary. I have seen boxes just stood out of doors and expos- ed to all weathers, and the results have Ijeen good. The seed soon germinates, if it is sown directly it is ripe. Every- thing possible should be done to pro- mote growth by seeing the soil is kept at the right degree of moisture, and that the growing period is as long as possi- ble, by putting on the lights when there is a frost at night. The subsequent treatment consists in giving air on every suitable day, and top dressing the boxes with cocoa fibre when the grass- like seedlings appear. This keeps down moss. At the end of two years they may be transplanted into beds in the open, an operation which is performed best when the young roots are l>eginning to be formed, say in June or July. They must be planted out straight from the seed pan and not in any way dried off. Attention to this matter is important, as it means very often the saving of a year in the plant coming to its flowering stage. In. planting out, enough space must be left between the bulbs (which should for convenience of cultivation be arranged in rows) to allow them to grow and flower when they are pricked off. This will be in their fourth or fifth year, although some may not flower until their sixth or seventh. Frequent hoeing be- tween • the rows is very helpful to the growth of the young plants, therefore the rows should be clearly marked when there are no leaves as a guide. The period of waiting will seem long Ijefore the first flower shows itself, but if an annual sowing is made, once this p>eriod is passed there will be a succes- sion of flowering seedlings every year. It is a fact that the first flower that a young plant bears is not always a suflSc- ent indication of what it is capable of producing. In some mysterious way the flowers improve as the plant gets older. Hence it is advisable to allow young plants that show any promise at all to bloom a second or third time before they are finally discarded. With regard to sowing out of doors a similar procedure must be followed. A sheltered bed must be chosen, and the seeds sown in drills about an inch deep. Transplanting into flowering beds should take place at the end of their second year. No protection is required, as the seedlings are per- fectly hardy. Tuberous Rooted FOR the amateur grower where only a few pots of these showy plants are required, it is best to purchase the tubers in March or April, rather than grow them from seed. When purchas- ing tubers get them as solid and firm as possible. Soft, pulpy tubers do not give good results as a rule. The tubers should be about one and a quarter to one and a half inches in diameter, or larger, to get good flowering results. Both single and double flowering dormant tubers can be purchased at all large seed stores. STARTING THE TTIBBRS There is no better material for start- ing the tubers in than pure sand of not too gritty a nature. Tubers can be start- ed in sandy soil, or in chopped moss, but they do not start as readily or as satisfactorily as in sand. The tubers may be started singly in small three or four inch pots, or a number of them may be started in larger pots, seed pans, or in shallow, well drained boxes. A box three inches deep, and ten or twelve inches square, will hold ten or twelve ordinary sized tubers. Be sure and place the tubers the right way up in the sand. Usually the concave, hollow, or the flat side of the tubers should be uppermost, and the round or convex side down- ward. The top of the tuber should be just under the surface of the sand when set in position. The tubers may be set quite close together if a number are grown, so as to almost touch each other. Waler the tubers with tepid water, temperature of water about fifty de- grees. Keep the sand well moist, not too wet. The temperature of the room they are grown in should be from sixty- five to seventy degrees. If a box is used, some half inch holes should be bored six inches apart in the bottom of the box. Artificial drainage, such as broken flower pot. coarse gravel, coal cinders, or lump charcoal about an inch in depth, should also be used in the bot- tom of the pot or box, to ensure good drainage. Good drainage is very essen- tial at all stages of the growth of be- gonias. In about a month from starting . them, the tubers should be rooted. CABE AND otn/rrrRE When the tubers have a good root system started and roots about an inch in length and top growth just started, they may be potted singlj in three or four inch pots in rather light soil. A soil made of six parts of good loamy potting soil, one part fine sand and one part of leaf mould well mixed, will make a good compost for the first potting. Water the soil well once after potting, but do not keep it too wet after, for a time. When top growth has well started more Begonias: Their Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. water may be given. When the plants have become well rooted in the small pots they may be re-potted into the flow- ering pots. Six or seven inch pots can now be used, for very strong plants an eight or nine inch pot is not too large. Use nearly an inch in depth of drainage material, and a soil richer in fertilizers than ever before. Eight or ten parts of loamy, potting soil enriched with cow manure and one part sand, well mixed together, makes a good soil for them. Leaf mould (or black mould) is not good for them as it induces a too rank soft growth. If the soil is of a clayey nature a little leaf mould may be used. Do not disturb, the roots of the plant when re-potting only to remove the old drainage. Disturbing the roots of these plants after starting is often disastrous to them. Water them well once after potting, then keep the soil only barely moist until growth has well .started again. Set the pots in a warm window and shade them from the hot sun at all times. Sprinkle the foliage overhead but very seldom, if at. all, and only on a fine bright morning, as it will cause the leaves to spot and decay, if they are kept too damp. Water the. plants with tepid rain water if possible. Put a stake to support the growth early, as the growth is very brittle and easily damaged. FALL AND WINTER CARE When the plants are through flower- ing and show signs of dying down, give them less water until the foliage is quite yellow, when no more water should be given them. The pots, just as they are, should now be stood away in a cool, not too dry room or cellar, temperature about forty-five degrees, so as to keep the tubers dormant. They will require no water until spring, unless the place they are kept in is very dry, and then only a slight sprinkling. In March or April shake the. tubers out of the soil, and start them as before mentioned. I have kept tubers in the way describ- ed for seven or eight years and flowered them successfully. Letting the tubers stay in the soil in "pots is much better than taking them out of the soil in the fall and keeping them in sand, if room can be found for storing them in the way I have mentioned. Tubers may be started indoors and the plants set out about the second week in June. They like a fairly rich, light loamy soil, well drained, and a not too sunny position. They are not very re- liable plants for bedding out. The tub- ers should be dug early in the autumn, before frost, and the tubers packed in dry sand or soil in shallow boxes, and placed away for the winter in the same way as for those grown in pots. Growth and Care If a large number of plants are re- quired it would be best to get a packet of .seed of a good strain and raise them from seed. The tubers will not be large enough to flower the first year from seed started in a window. By sowing the seed in February or March, tubers about half an inch in diameter can be grown. Sow the seed in a shallow, well drained seed pan or box with holes through the bottom to allow of free drainage. Place about an inch of broken flower pot or lump charcoal in the bottom, over this place a layer of moss or fibrous soil. Fill the pan or box nearly level full with finer soil, with half an inch in depth of very fine soil on the surface. A soil com- posed of four or five parts of loamy pot- ting soil, one part sand, one part leaf mould, one part of fine lump charcoal, will make a good compost for the seed. The surface of the soil should be quite level and fairly firm. SOWING THE SEE© Sow the seed broadcast, rather thick- ly on the surface. The seed is very fine and should be barely covered with a very fine covering of light material, put on carefully with the fingers and thumb. " I have found a covering of one part of dry leaf mould, one part of fine sand, and one part of dust charcoal mixed well to- gether, a good covering for the seed. A piece of glass whitened over lightly with white wash should be placed over the box. The glass should be tilted just a little to admit a small quantity of air. Later on, when germination starts, more air and light should be given, but the seed must not be exposed to the hot sun at any time. Water the seed very carefully with a very fine spray so as not to rinse. The box or pan may be stood in about two inches of water in a large tub, and watered by absorption if a fine sprinkler cannot be had. When the seedlings are large enough to handle they may be transplanted into shallow, well drained boxes in a com- post of four or five parts loamy potting soil, one part sand, and one part leaf mould. They can be potted later into three inch pots in the soil recommended for the large tubers in pots. The aut- umn and winter treatment of the small tubers is very much the same as given for the flowering tubers. Careful attention to the ventilation of hot beds is one of the important means of making plants stocky. Many house plants suffer from a ne- glect to water regularly. Some varie- ties that are kept in sunny windows re- quire water every day. 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 Growing Tomatoes Under Glass Archibald H. Walker, Macdonald College, Quebec POSSIBLY the gre.iter number of the readers of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist have more or less know- ledge of how the crop is grown under glass. This article is intended more for those who are not so well versed 'and just feeling their way. At the same time there may be some phase of this subject of interest to all. During the past five years a large numl>er of experiments have been con- ducted here with tomatoes. Those which I deal with are jjerhaps of more value to the grower than any other. Experiments were conducted for three years to determine whether it were pos- sible to have tomatoes from October until July without a break, and, if it were possible, whether fruit would be had in sufficient quantity to make it pay. We found, however, that while we had excellent fall and early winter and spring crops, our plantations intended for a winter crop were failures from a paying standpoint, therefore I have no hesitation in saying, to those interested in tomato growing never to attempt planting with a view to commence pick- ing fruit say by the middle of January, because you will surely be disappointed. The weather conditions during Novem- ber and December are such that it is next to impossible to get any fruit as all growth is weak and drawn through lack of sunlight or even good daylight at times. Consequently the flower trusses, or rather what would have been flower trusses at a different season, were weak and the flowers, if any, imperfect, the result being a crop of foliage which so far there is no demand for on the market. GROWING TWO CROPS Experience has shown me that two crops can easily be taken from the same house in the year when handled in the following way. Seeds sown not later than July ist will give plants fit to bench up from 3'X inch pots by August ist, setting the plants i8 inches apart each way. "Nothing is gained by closer or wid^r planting." The first fruits are ripe by the second week in October, and the crop lasts until the middle of Jan- uary. In the meantime another sowing has been made on October 25th, and the niants carried over in 3'/^ inch pots, and r,y the time you have the house cleaned ►ut and benches in shape for replanting ihese plants are just the right size, aver- .-iging one foot in height. Ripe fruits are obtained from this planting by the third week in April, the crop lasting al- most until fruit is obtainable from out- doors. Handled in this way the house is under crop almost the full twelve months. The spring crop finishing up in July sometimes gives time to clear out the old soil and bring in the new. Too rich a soil is not desirable as too rank a growth will be made. On the other hand good results are not obtain- ed from a poor soil, especially when you intend to take both fall and spring crops from the same soil. What I would con- sider the best possible soil would be rotted sod, "loamy." Add to this a good sprinkling of bone meal. Such a soil will carry the crop through in ex- cellent shape. For the spring crop sim- ply dig in a fairly heavy dressing of well-rotted manure and another sprink- ling of bone meal. Such a soil will carry your second crop nicely. The question is often asked me : Does it pay to grow tomatoes under glass? I am not prepared to say at this juncture just what money there is in this crop per square foot of bench area, as there arc so many items to be considered, such as express charges, commission, crates, boxes, etc., but I will give the accurate weight of fruit taken from one house, the crop being just finished, the bench area of which is 725 square feet. The fruit weighs close to 1,900 lbs., being a little better than 25-^ lbs. per square foot. The wholesale prices obtained were from 20 to 25 cents a pound. The spring crop from the same house should be just as heavy, with prices much about the same. This should give a total weight per square fot of some- thing like five and a quarter pounds. I leave the reader to judge how this com- pares with other greenhouse crops. In conclusion, I may say that I did not consider it necessary to explain all the details in conection with the hand- ling of this crop. Should any one de- sire fuller information I will be glad to give such privately or through The Can- adian Horticulturist. How to Make and Handle a Hotbed John Gall, Weston, Ont. N making a hotbed, the first step is I to choose a good situation on the south side of a building, wall or close board fence, where the cold winds from the north will be broken and all the sun- shine possible will be obtained. After deciding on the site, the frame should be made. A simple frame may be made out of two-inch planks. It should be constructed in such a manner that it can be raised if necessary should the plants get too close to the glass. The frame should at least be six inches higher at the back than at the front, in order that the rain will run off readily and that the plants get more sunshine. The sashes generally used are three feet by six. The most satisfactory material for use in hotbed sash is double thick, second quality glass ; sashes composed of this material suffer comparatively little break- age. A hotbed may be made either above or below ground. If above ground, it may be made in any situation where the water is not likely to lie. The one below ground is usually preferable if it can be made where the land is high and well drained. To make the latter, the soil should be taken out to the depth of about two feet and about three feet wider than the frame so that there will be room for banking. The banking is a very important part of the construction of a hotbed, as the conservation of-heat in the bed depends very much upon it. Much labor will be saved where the necessary excavation for the frame has been dug in the fall when there is no frost in the ground. Horse manure is the best to use in making the hotbed, and it should be quite fresh, not cold and rotten, and not already heated. It should be piled near where the hotbed is to be, and when it begins to heat it should be turned to make it of more uniform consistency. Five or six days after turning it should be quite hot and ready for use. The bed is started from one end and the manure shaken in from a fork so that the long and short manure may be well mixed. When one layer is made it should be tramped well and then another layer started, and so on, tramping each layer well until the manure is the re- quired depth. After the manure has been put in, the frame should be placed on, and then from four to about six inches more manure put in and banked well around the sides of the frame, both in- side and out. Outside, the manure should be banked to the top of the frame and from twelve to fifteen inches in width. The bed is now ready for the lights. The frame should be so con- structed that they will fit snugly. Shel- ters made of one-inch lumber, the same size as the sashes, are useful for cover- ing them, as they help to conserve the heat in cold weather. THE SOIL TO USE In two or three days the sash should be removed, the manure given a tramp all over, making it level where neces- sary, and then the soil put on. To get the best results, the soil should be of a rich character so that it will not bake. The soil should be from five to six inches in depth over the manure, and it is bet- ter to have it a little deep than too shallow. The soil when it is put in should come near the top of the frame at the lower side, as the manure will sink considerably, and the nearer the March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 60 Tomatoei as Grown Under Glass in the Niagara District. plants are to the glass, later on the stockier they will be. In five or six days the hotbed will be ready for the seed, but it is necessary to wail until the manure has cooled a little and the temperature has fallen to between eighty and ninety degrees Fah- renheit. During this time, when it is hottest, some of the heat may be allowed to escape by raising the sashes a little every day. One should not be in a hurry to sow the seed, as if the temperature is too high the results will not be satis- factory. When the bed has reached the right temperature the soil should be spad- ed over a couple of times and the sur- face levelled and made fine with the rake. The bed is now ready for sowing. The seed is usually sown in rows about four inches apart and about the same depth as outside. When the young plants come up the frame should be kept suflii- ciently aired by raising the back of the sash to prevent the plants from getting weakly or spindly, when they are apt to damp off. Care should be taken to prevent their being chilled or frozen. The soil must be watered when necessary, care being taken not to overdo this, as the plants would then be likely to damp off. As soon as the plants are large enough they are pricked out into ano- ther sash or frame. Grooving Early Tomatoes A. H. MacLennan, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. The whole problem of growing early tomatoes is to get fruit before anyone else. There are several factors essential for success : First, a day temperature of eighty to ninety degrees Fahrenheit and not below sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit at night. Good tomatoes have been grown at seventy-five degrees, neverthe- less eighty to ninety degrees is the op- timum temperature. Second, the grower must be near a market or at least have the facilities for easy marketing. Third, the seed should be planted in February in a hotbed or greenhouse. The seed should be selected the sea- son before and taken from those plants which show the greatest smoothness and have the earliest maturity. Prolific- ness in early tomato culture is a tertiary consideration. If the seed is to be pur- chased the grower should get the best obtainable regardless of its price ; but other things being equal, the home- grown seed is the best. The best soil is sandy or a sandy loam with a porous clay subsoil, because this type of soil is earlier than others and becau.sc the plant must have an even and equal supply of moisture, otherwise it will "go down." This is overcome in greenhouses by sub-irrigation and is modified out of doors by drainage. The tomato is a large plant with a small .md short root system, therefore the rea- son for constant and even supply of moisture and plant food. A small quan- tity of nitrate of .soda may be applied to the plant in the early part of its life, but not later or it will produce stem and leaf to the detriment of the fruit. The nitrate of soda should not touch the plant, otherwise it will burn the tissues. The soil should be in the finest pos- sible tilth before setting the plants and farmyard manure should be plowed in the fall before. Or another plan is to sow rye in the fall so as to get about six inches growth to plow in in the spring. This will warm the soil by de- composition besides supplying humus and rendering the soil tillable a week earlier than usual. GROWING YOUNG PLANTS Among the methods of growing young plants are the following : Sow thinly six to eight weeks before field planting in hotbed or greenhouse in rows three to six inches apart, and set in the field without transplanting. This method will produce spindly plants with poor root system. ."Xnother method is to sow ten to twelve seeds to one inch of furrow, rows two inches apart, seven to eight weeks before planting in field, transplant once one and a half to two inches apart each way . .\ third plan is to sow as in previous plan nine weeks before planting, trans- plant two inches by two inches, then four inches by four inches as the plants crowd, into three to five inch pots. A fourth is to sow ten to twelve weeks before planting and give three or four shifts ; finally into five inch pots or quart berry boxes. The crown cluster of buds should be removed as soon as it appears. This will cause the axillary buds and branches to develop rapids and each to produce flowers. The cost of raising the plants in creases with the number of times they are transplanted, but results show a more hardy, vigorous and healthy plant. When the last method is followed, the crowrt cluster of flowers should be re- moved as soon as they appear. This will cause the plant to branch and throw off its early vigor into the stem and leaf growth and form several flower clusters at the ends of the lateral branches. The plant should be set an inch or two deeper in the field than in the nursery. Staking is not advised commercially, but if it is done there will be no culls and dirty tomatoes, and cultivation may be continued later; which may be em- phasized as an important feature in the early part of the season owing to the plant's requiring a constant and even supply of moisture. The plants should be set about three and a half feet by four feet, or four feet by four feet, but if staked and pruned to one stem they may be set two feet by two feet, and ripe fruit may be expected in from six to seven weeks. The tools we use in the garden are very few and cheap, but they need to be strong and able to stand the weather and not apt to break. — Dr. H. M. Speechly, Pilot Mound, Man. 70 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist Publiihad hj Tha Hortlculttira] Publiihinc CompaiiT. Limited PETKRBORO, ONTAHIO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion OVFIOIAI, ORaA.N OF THE ONTARIO AWD QCIBIO Fsurr Growbrs' AsaociATiONS H. BitoNSON Cowan, Manatrlng Director 1. The Oanstdiaa HorticulturiBt Is Dublished on th« 25th day of the month precoddng date of issna 2. Subacription price In Canada and Gkreat Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Offloe), 25 oenta extra a year, including postage. 3. Remdttiancee should lie made by Poet Offloe or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts lees than $1,00. 4. The Law Is that Bubscribers to newepa;pers are held responsible until all ajrearages are paid and their i>aper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Addrcee— When a chemge of ad- drees is ordered. lK)th the old and the new ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates $1.25 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 18th. Address all adverUeing correspondence .and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7. Articles and lUuetratlons for publicatdon will be thankfully received by the Editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn Btatement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Hortioultuiist for the year ending -with December, 1912. The figures given are exclusive of samples ajid spoiled' copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1912 9,988 February, 1912 10,437 March, 1912 10,877 April, 1912 11.788 May. 1912 12.112 June, 1912 10,946 July. 1912 10,986 August, 1912 11.148 September. 1912 10,997 October, 1912 ...10,971 November, 1512 11,162 December, 1912 11,144 132,666 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " " " 1908, 8,695 " '• 1909, 8,970 " " " 1910, 9,067 " " " '• 1911. 9.541 " " 1912, 11,046 February, 1913 M,I06 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser is this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hortiout turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of your loss, provided such transaction occurs with- in one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to ^' ad/vertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement 1 in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the exipense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to ad.iust trifling disputee between Bub- scribers and honourable buelnees men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Oommunloations should be addressed THE CANADIAN HOETTCUMTOMST, PBTEiEBORO, ONT. WPIfSPIIXlFMfSClKBiraHIBPlWCTiaBUPIWPraTHiPmCI 1 EDITORIAL 1 aa as SPRAYING SUCCESS Success in the operation of spraying will be obtained only when the operator knows when the material should be put on and how it should be applied. More fail- ures result from lack of knowledg^e on these two points than from any others. The spray should be applied in the form of a very fime mist and the nozzle should be so manipulated that every part of the foliagre and fruit will be uniformly covered with fine dots olf the spray. It is not necessary that the folia^re and fruit should be actually coated with the spray, but every portion should be thickly peppered with it. As a rule the higher and inner portions of the tree are mot sufficiently sprayed. The fact that the liquid may actually be dripping from the lower branches will not suffice to e>nsure satisfactory results as long as the upper parts or inner portions of the tree have not received the necessary quantity. One of the chief defects of hamd pumps is the fact that the pressure main- tained is apt to be insufficient. For this reason gasoline or other power outfits, supplying a pressure of one hundred amd twemty-five to one hundred and fifty pounds, generally give the best results. When applying the liquid consideration should be given to the size of the trees. Small trees eight to ten years old do not require more than three or four gallons to a tree. Larger trees may meed five to seven gallons and even more. Some trees of considerable height need as high as fifteen gallons to ensure thorough treat- ment. Growers who neglect to watch such points as these have only themselves to blame if success does not attend their efforts. Application to the various experi- ment stations will enable any grower to obtain free of cost all necessary informa- tion dealing with the practice of spraying. When opportunities of this character are neglected and failure results growers need not look elsewhere for the cause. EXPRESS RATES The recentlv published statistics of the eaimings of the various express companies in Canada show further reason why fruit growers should continue to press their de- mands for a thorough revision of existing rates and a material reduction in them. The gross receipts from operation of the three Canadian companias last year weire practically eleven million dollars. When the express privileges, amounting to four million eight hundred and ninety-two thou- sand two hundred and forty-two dollars, are deducted, the operating revftnue is shown to have been six million one hundred ?nd two thousand one hundred and seventy- five dollars. As the operating expenses were four million eight hundred and eighty thousand one hundred and twenty, the net revenue was one million two hundred and twenty-two thousand and fifty-five. These earnings enabled the Canadian Express Company to show dividends on its capital liability of sixteen decimal six per cent., the Canadian Northern Express Company dividends of nineteen decimal two per cent, and the Dominion Express Company divi- dends of thirty-one decimal six. The aver- age per cent, of the three companies was around twenty-two per cent, in spite of the fact that their stock has been heavily watered. These earnings were made out of the public. How, then, are the public treated by the express companies ? Evidence abounds which shows that wherever thev feel that they have the power the com"^ panies are ready to bleed the public white. Take, out of many examples that might be cited, one that was given by Mr. G. E. Mcintosh at the recent short course in horticulture at the Guelph College. Mr. Mcintosh stated that the express rate from Sarnia to Winnipeg is two dollars ninety cents . From Forest to Winnipeg it is four dollars twenty cents. Yet Forest is twenty- three miles nearer to Winnipeg by rail than is Sarmia. The explanation is that Sarnia is a competing point where ship- pers have their choice of different routes. Such discrimination should not be allowed to continue. It is evident that the express companies can stand material reductions in rates without hardship. Fruit growers throughout Canada owe it to themselves to continue to press for such reductions. SOCIETY OPTIONS Every year the directors of horticultural societies in Ontario have to struggle with the problem of arranging option lists which will be attractive to their members and a source of strength to their societies. Some societies succeed with this work better than others . This is due generally to the fact that they are fortunate in hav- ing members of wide experience on whom they can call for information and assist- ance. Many societies also succeed in ob- taining better terms from seedsmen, at home and abroad, than others who do. not go into the matter so thoroughly or buy on as large a scale. Is there not here an opportunity for the Ontario Horticultural Association to as- sist the individual societies ? A central committee might easily be formed compos- ed of the most experienced horticultural authorities available who could obtain from the different societies a statement of the amounts they could afford to spend in pre- miums. With this information before it. such a committee could go into the matter thoroughly and prepare premium lists suitable for different societies accoird- ing to their means. Such an arrangement would make it possible also for the asso- ciation to purchase supplies in larger quantities and at correspandingly lower prices than could the local societies. There need be nothing in such an arrangement that would prevent societies from supple- menting such lists should they so desire. We would suggest that this matter be brouo-ht UD for discussion at the next con- vention of the association. PARCELS POST A SUCCESS Even the most enthusiastic advocates of parcels post in the United States did not anticipate that the system would be taken advantage of by the puWc to the extent that it has been since it came into opera- tion at the first of the year. The flood of parcels that nearly inundated the post offices of the countn' with the establish- ment of the system has continued not only unabated, but with increasing depth. Ac- cording to a report from Washington, the number of parcels transmitted through the mails in January reached the enormous sum of fortv millions. The number was greater in the last half of the month than March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 71 in the first half, showing an increasing popularity for the new service. The total number of parcels post stamps printed and distributed up' to January the twenty-second . was three hundred and thirty-nine million five hundined thousand, with a total value exceeding eighteen mil- lion dollars. In order to meet the demand the Federal Bureau of Engraving has been forced to print the stamps at the rate of twelve millions a day. One of the most beneficial results of the mew service is the fact that the express companies have been forced to make many important reductions in their rates in order that they may hold their trade. Our Canadian Govemmemt, in view of the fact that the system in the United States is already a demonstrated success, should lose no time in dealing with this matter as thoroughly as its im- portance deserves. INCREASING'LAND VALUES Have you ever noticed that when fruit growers demonstrate that fruit can be grown profitably in any section the main profit that results from their discovery goes to the lamdowner rather than to the grower? The larger the returns obtained from fruit in anv district the higher land values rise. This proves a benefit to the man who has land to sell, but a hardship to all who desire to buy, as well as to those who do buv. This is because it makes it more difficult for men to obtain fruit land and compels those who do make purchasers to invest such large sums of money in their land they have but little left for their labor after fa)ir interest charges have been allowed. One of the worst features of this condi- tion is the fact that there is always a tendency to anticipate increases in land values. The result is that land is apt to be held at prices which are greater than it can produce crops for profitably. This speculative element thus imposes an extra burden on the would-be grower. High land values are a benefit only to the man who has land to sell. They are a burden on the buyer and on the grower. This condition is adding weight to the demand for a reform in our system of tax- ation which will make the land pay a larger share of taxes. Such a change would tend to destroy the speculative value of land and to force land held for specu- lative purposes into more general use. One reason why the western provinces have gone as far as they have in the taxa- tion of land values is because speculation in land in the west has been carried to ex- tremes. The real fruit grower is not benefited by high land values. The only advantage he can rean from them is by selling his 1-ind. He then ceases to be a fruit grower. Even were he to attempt to start fruit "'rowing again he would be penalized by the same condition. It is an encouraging sign of the times that this matter is being o-iven more serious consideration all through Canada than it has beem in the pnst. The article in this issue dealing with the importance of shade trees on our high- ways is well worthy of serious considera- tion by all who are interested in horticul- tural and civic improvement. Considering the moderate expense involved nothing is more neglected in most municipalities than the planting oif shade trees. We have reached the point in Canada where these matters should be given more attention. Our horticultural societies should assist in keeping this matter to the front. PUBLISHER'S DESK The illustration on our front cover was obtained in the orchard of Mr. Brown, Mill Road, Barrie. It shows one of many hun- dred old and formerly neglected orchards in Ontario that have been pruned and sprayed and cultivated during the past few years, and thus again been placed on a paying basis. It is typical of the revival in interest now manifest in the orchards of the province. The April issue of The Canadian Horti- culturist will be our THIRD ANNUAL SPRING PLANTING AND GARDENING NUMBER. Naturally its floral features will be emphasized. April is the month when the spring gardening fever seizes most of us. We long tO' get at work with our gardening tools and look forward with pleasurable anticipation to what the sea- son has in store for us. Our April issue will be in harmony with this impulse of new life which comes with the spring. A ifeature of it will be a well illustrated article by Mr. W. H. Smith of Walkerville. describing the gardens of Walkerville. This is one of Ontario's most attractive cities from a horticultural standpoint. There will be another article by Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Central Experimental Farm, dealing with the Perennial Border and Its Arrangement. This also will be well il- lustrated. Mr. R. S. Rose, of Peterboro. will have a page of timely notes dealinij with April work in the flower garden and giving timely cultural hints and sugges- tions. A first prize essay on Rose Grow- in,e- by Mr. J. M. Hull, of Hamilton, will be a feature, as will be articles by Messrs. J. H. Bennett, of Barrie. J. MacPherson Ross, of Toronto, Wm. Hunt, of Guelph. and other well-known contributors. The fruit interests of our April issue will also be strong. These will include an article dfescribing the methods of suc- cessful pear growers by Allan G. Bland, of the Ontario Department of Agriculture and an interesting article describing the culture of Old Country Gooseberries, con- tributed by Mr. Wm. Dick, of Brant county, a successful grower of this class of small fruit. An article by Mr. R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., of Port Hope, will de- scribe the saDEsfactopy financial results that have followed the rejuvenation of old orchards in Northumberland and Durham counties. Other timely fruit articles will appear. A feature of the vegetable depart- ment will be an article by Mr. A. H. Mac- Lennan. B.S.A., of the Guelph Agricul- ture Colleire, dealinp- with the sterilization of soils for the growing of vegetables. This article, as well be practically all the others, will be well illustrated. Our April issue will equal all former standards. Watch for it. Members of Horticultural Societies are habitually slow in handing in their mem- berships to the secretaries of their socie- ties. Most people seem to wait until the spring is so far advanced that they natur- ally begin to think of their gardens, and thus are reminded of their duty to their society, before they do so. This dilatori- ness on their part makes it impossible for their secretaries to renew their subscrip- tion to The Canadian Horticulturist asf promptly as they otherwise would. In consequence we arc sometimes compelled to cut off the subscriptions of many mem- bers of societies which have not been Tie- newed simply because the people did not think about it in time. If. thereifore, you have not renewed your membership to your local horticultural society, and do not want to miss a copy of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist, we would suggest that you place yourself in touch with the secretary of your society without further delay and thus help him and help us and ensure for you the prompt receipt of The Canadian Horticulturist, of which we know you do not desire to miss a single copy. SOCIETY NOTES We iavite the officers of Horti- cultural Societies to send in short, ^n] pithy reports of work that would in- nje terest members of other Horticultural ah] Societies. QJS Superintendent's Report* J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto, Ont. Our army of civic improvers in Ontario is increasing year by year. Upwards of 12.000 members of horticultural societies is the record for 1912. The rnajority of these have become dissatisfied with condi- tions as they are. With a clearer outlook and a desire for better things, they are now using their utmost endeavor to im- prove their own home surroundings with lawn and vine and flower and to gladden the hearts of others, that they, too, may be encouraged and inspired to do likewise. Eight new societies have been organized since our last annual meeting. They arc all starting in to work for the betterment of their different localities with a substan- tial membenship . A number of changes were made at the last session of the Legislature in the Act relatintr to our horticultural societies. In cities having over one hunderd thousand population two horticultural societies cam now be organized, but in such case the maximum annual grant to each of such societies shall not exceed five hundred dol- lars._ _ The p-rant of eitrht hundred dollars to cities having a populatiom of over thirtv thousand has also been repealed, and the lep-islative grant to societies which have been organized for over one year is now apportioned one-third on membership ,nmd two-thirds on expenditure. The grant +o new societies for the first year of their existence remains the same as before, that is one dollar a member up to a maximum of seventy-five dollars. The unit for division of the grant for 1912 was thirty-five and three-quarter cents on membership, and thirty and one.fifth on expenditure on the balance of the twelve thousand dollars Wt after providing for the grants to new societies and the ."B800 reserv'ed for cities having a popu- lation of thirty thousand or over. This amount of eight hundred dollars, as stated above, will not be considered after this year. You will be pleased to mote that the eflForts of the directors of the Ontario Horticultural Association to have the legis- lative grant increased have been success- ful, a further appropriation of two thou- sand having been made by the Govern- ment, m.iking the total now twelve thou- sand dollars. •Extract from a report presented at la«t annual convention of the Ontario Horticultural Aesooia- tion. 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 GARDEN FARMS Whitby Township Farms of seven acres, adjoining Brooklin Station. C.N.R., $1,000 each. Terms. $100 dowm ; as small payments as $10 monthly will be ac- cepted if the purchaser cultivates land ; when the crops will easily earn the future payments. This land is quite level, sandy loam, and black loam. Some in pas- ture, parts in bush. The rest in a hig-h state of cultivation. Only fif- teen of these farms for sale. Go and look for yourselves before buy- ing-, or you may secure early choice by depositing $100, and if the land in any respect is unsatisfactory after seeing it, your money will be return- ed on demand. We want no dissatis- fied buyers on our books. We have over two hundred buyers who are well pleased, to whom we cam refer. Full particulars and plans on application. ENOCH THOMPSON Established 40 years LIMITED 152 BAY ST., TORONTO The Fertilizer Discussion Continued That the discussion on the value of the use of fertilizers that has beem in pro- KTcss in the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist since the appearance of our November issue of an article on this sub- ject by Dr. J. B. Dandeno, of Bowman- ville, is being- followed with interest, is indicated by the numerous articles on this subject we are receivinj?. Some of these letters appear in the front pages of this issue. The (following additional letters, also, form part of the discussion : HOME MIXING APPROVED Editor. The Canadian Horticulturist : In the February issue of The Camadian Hor- ticulturist, Mr. Innes, B.S.A., Manacer of the Fertilizer Branch of The Wm. Davies Co., Limited, deals with the question, "Comm.ercial Fertilizers." I take excep- tion to his remarks reg-ardina- "home mix- ing." and his advising- farmers -to buy ready mixed goods. His statements are not in accordance with the practice in countries where commercial fertilizers are largely used, taking- England and Ger- many for example. Nor are they in ac- cordance with the recommendation of ag:- ricultural colleg.es or experimental farms of our country. Further T might add that in Nova Scotia, Mr. Innes's home province, more particularly in the Annapolis Valley, "home mixing" is extensively carried on. The Federal Government demands that each sack of any fertilizer must be labelled with a gruaranteed analysis of available plant food. Quoting- Mr. Innes, "the guaran-teed analysis does not in any way sig-nify what materials are used to obtain the g-iven percentag-es of nitrogen, phos- phoric acid and potash.". Continuing, he says, "The degree of availability of th' plant foods contained in any mixture is thi most importamt factor to be taken into consideration when comparing the valui- of two fertilizers of the same analysis." From the foregoing- statement it is easy to decide which is better, "home-mixed" or "ready-mixed." In the "home-mixed" we arrive at the desired perceintage of the different constit- uents, we also know the source of the dif- ferent constituents and the "degree of availability." On the other hand with the readv mixed we know only the percentage of the different constituents, being en- tirely ignorant of the sources of the same further than the agent tells us, he invari- ably knowing little more about it than we know ourselves. In his article Mr. Innes speaks also of "the poor results obtained by home-mix- ing." It would have been interesting had he cited some of these results. In the past few months I have interviewed several men on this identical question, men who have started mixing their own fertilizers, and they without exception were pleased with the results. It is a significant fact that few men who do their own mixing ever re- turn to the use of the readj'-mixed brands. — Yours very truly, T. O. Clark, B.S.A., Toronto. Ont. FERTILIZERS COMMENDED. Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist : I have lead with interest the discussion on fertilizers commenced by Dr. Dandeno and Mr. Emslie, and would like to say a few words Ifrom the standpoint of an unpre- judiced layman. Frankly, I was surprised Removal Sale The Sale of a portion of our Nursery Land at Pointe Claire necessitates the removal of our main nurseries. This land must be cleared next spring and -we have decided to offer the stock at a discount of from 25% to 50%. All stock is first-class and consists of Thirty Thousand Fruit Trees of the hardiest varieties. Ten Thousand Shade Trees. Fifty Thousand Orna- mental shrub and hardy Perennials, Paeonies, etc. ^rite. at once for complete list. The CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Ltd. 10 PHILLIPS PLACE - MONTREAL, P.Q. For the Land's Sake Use the best Manure and'get Good Crops For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. Marchment 133 Victoria St. TORONTO Telephones: Main;2841 ; Residence, Park 951 Say rou taw thi* ad* in The Canadian Horticiiltiarut March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 73 to find that in this country there was any person having- had' experience with fer- tilizers and who had given them a fair chance — and I would emphasize this point —who was not assured of their value. By fertilizers I do not meaii materials un- loaded on a credulous farmer — if there are amy such farmers — from which wonderful results were promised, but which were about as valuable as so much sand. I can lay no claim to rank as an author- . ity on these limes. Mr. Emslie, as repre- sentative of a concern of such magnitude, is in a position to command respect, while Dr. Dandeno can omly hold a Doctor's de- grree from Harvard as the result of some creditable research work. From his state- ments, one is led to infer that this work concerned plant physiolo.gy or pathologj", in which case his opinions should carry some weight. But when a man, no matter of what au- thority, undertakes by a sweeping asser- tion to undermine an industry of such scope and value, not only to the manu- facturer and farmer, but to the world in general — he takes a serious step indeed, and the burden of proof lies with Dr. Dandeno entirely. For years private in- dividuals, manufacturers, and governments have been making extensive tests on soils and fertilizers. The fertilizer and allied trades are not ponsible for the term "Plant food." .-xiontists of greater repute that Dr. I>an- deno can ever hope to attain, employed the term. Their experiments Led to the de- duction that plants contained carbon, hy- drogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, potash, in great amount, with small quan- tities of other elements. The inference was that they obtained them from one of two sources — from the air or the soil. How they obtained it mattered little. As a matter of Ifact, nobody knows, any more than they know how or why a candle burns, or how the oxygen of the air acts on the human blood. Of course scientific answers may be given, but when one comes to the basic question, "How do you know?" it must be admitted that theories only can be advanced. So it is in this controversy. Dr. Dan- deno preaches the theory of bacterial ac- tion, though even at that he admits that all these bacteria can do is to act as agents for the transfer of chemical elements or compounds from soil or air to the plant. It would be interesting to hear on what facts or experiments — aside from negative fertilizer results — he bases his claims. In neither of the two communications pub- lished has he done more than utter sweep- ing generalities which, without corrobora- tive evidence, are of little or no value. FERTILIZER CHAMPIONS The opposite side of the case has been taken, times without number, by govern- ment officials, interested parties, and these can be backed by thousands of far- mers who have had results that warrant their championing fertilizers. For the one isolated case of negative results cited by Dr. Dandeno, thousands of experiments have shown improved yields from the use of fertilizer. Why this is, I don't under- take to say. But the question comes if the action is bacterial, why should barn- yard manure not give better results alone than, say. Nitrate of Soda? By the way, I have yet to hear any advocate of fer- tilizer condemn the use of barnyard manure. The farmers are just waking up to the fact that farming is one of the most scientific businesses in the world, and are Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario We invite special attention, for Spring Planting, to the following : PERENNIALS— Aquilegia (Col- umbine), Hardy Asters (Michael- mas Daisies), Astilbe (Spiraea), Shasta Daisies. Coreopsis, Del- phiniums (Larkspurs), Hemero- callis (Day Lily), Hibiscus, Kni- phofia (Torch Lily), Phlox, Phy- sostegia (False Dragon's Head), and Spiraea (Meadow Sweet). BULBS and TUBERS— Cannas, Dahlias, and Gladioli. BEDOINC PLANTS — Antirr- hinum (Snapdragon), China As- ters, Geraniums, Salvias, and Stocks, These are all described -in our Spring Planting List, a copy of which will be mailed free on ap- plication. JOHN CAVERS Fruit Trees, Shade Trees and Ornamentals We have a full stock of the leading sorts of fruit trees and bush fruits. Our stock of APPLES, PEARS, CHER- RIES and PLUMS is exceptionally fine. Should you not decide now to plant that orchard this spring? Each year saved is one season gained. We give each order special care, and know that for nice rooting and grading OUR GOODS ARE UNEXCELLED. We breed our trees as much as possible from selected mother trees, and are now preparing to engage an expert Horticulturist, who will devote his entire time and skill to selecting breeding trees. Will it not pay you to deal with an up-to-date firm ? We know it will be to our mutual ad- vantage. OUR RODERICK CAMERON has returned from Great Britain and the Continent, bringing with him a splendid collection of the very latest creations in hardy herbaceous perennials, Roses, Shrubs, Evergreens, etc., from the best English, Scotch and Continental Nur- sraies, including the MACKENDRICK COLLECTION OF ROSES, embracing the finest of hardy sorts. The majority of these cannot be obtained elsewhere in Canada. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES and others would do well to get our collections, as they have been chosen with great care by a maai who has had a lifelong ex- perience amongst the flowers. THE AUBURN NURSERIES, Ltd. SIMCOE Head Office : QUEENSTON OAKVILLE THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 TKis is the Book tKat av^iU show^you hoAv you can Kave a BEAUTIFUL OLD ,^,..f^,!zM^.^miMl^mM^^^^m' THE OLD ENGLISH GARDEJM owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAY'S COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 1 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the Kelway Manual of Horticulture mailed free on application to KELWAY & SON CARE Oi' The Canadian Horticulturist Peterboro, Ontario CJLmteior acojyy or tJwLs usetuLbook- TL comes \xyyoxi.\xy n»tu.nx ntouJ ^ commeinicing: to apply the modem method of scientific manajfement and costs to thi business. The farmer who puts on tl one side his returns from his crops ar against that sets the labor and other cos for each particular crop, instead of bulkir the whole farm, and charging his ov labor as worth nothing, is constantly < the watch for opportunities to increa' profits by the two available methods, i creased output atid reduced material ai labor charges. That man is finding o' the value of such aids as fertilizer. Fu thermore, he is studying their methods application. When he sees two plots • ground, idemtical in quality, so far as a be judged, from one oif which increase returns are given from the use of fert izers, and sees that increase is more thi enough to pay for the fertilizer used, 1 comes to the inevitable conclusion th the fertilizer is worth usimg. Now I am safe m saying that I kn< at least as well as Dr. Dandeno how th increased return was brought about, other words, I do not know. Whether tl nitrogen, phosphorus, ajnd potassium co tained in the plant and presumably taki from the ground are a portion of what w put in by means of the fertilizer, or wb ther they are part of the original soil, is impossible to decide. Perhaps bactei helped the plamt to take up this materi; perhaps the material added as fertiliz acted as a catalyser — that is, helped t reaction without entering into it — as it h been claimed that iron, maganese, ai chromium do. But the fact remains th the plot ifertilized gave more and bett crops ; and the further fact remains th on continued, even if decreased, fertilij tion. that plot will continue to yield sat factory crops ; whereas it has been prov beyond a doubt that continued croppij without fertilization will soon result : decreased yields. But after all, the discussion of theori is aside from the point of issue. T farmer is trying to increase his profii He has found that fertilizer will help hi to do that. If he can find anything el as efficient, he is ready to employ it. The iconoclastic utterances of Dr. Da deno are not only without any proof, b give no hint as to a remedy for the alle, evil. If Dr. Dandemo, instead of atte ing to belittle the results attained others, and befogging the minds of tho who thought they had begun to see ligt would come forward with a substitute f present fertilizing methods, he would J of more value to the community. Possii he has one and I have forestalled his a nouncement of it. Perhaps his article ai its discussion only lead up to a dramat disclosure to the world of epoch-m. ' discoveries. Let us hope so. Fo- main who could grow Dr. Dandeno's oa teria, crop them, put them up in oe packages ready for application — by sei drill or hypodermic — could command sm a market that he would drive the fertiliz mem out of business in a month. In closing, let me say that this lett is not written for criticism. I have e deavored, in so far as is possible, to avo personalities and statements that could I twisted to suit anyone's purpose. So th if this comes to the eyes of Dr. Danden the only answer requested is some fac or figures that will tend to substantia his statements. Leonard T. Acton, M.A. , Clarkson, Ont RESULTS FROM FERTILIZERS. Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: gave me great pleasure reading over D Dandeno's criticisms. I fancy many i March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIS T 75 Where There is Condensation — there is need for a Morehead Steam Trap. Condensation in steam lines is akin to matter out of place — means wasted energy. If your lines are sluggish — if your houses are not of uniform temperature, write us. We guarantee to drain your lines perfectly — return the pure, hot condensation to your boiler without pump or injector, or make no charge for the trial. Obey that impulse — ^write now. Ask for Trial Trap. CANADIAN MOREHEAD M'F'G CO., Limited WOODSTOCK, ONT. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES:— George W. Cole, Woodstock, Ont. ; Robert S. Bickle, Winnipeg, Man.j H. E. Kirkham, Montreal, Que. ; Robert Hamilton, Vanconver, B. C. Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on ipplication to any of our Canadian depots : MONTREAL ■Batby Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St. VANCOUVER Pewell St. ^ilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. KING GREENHOUSES Are the mott MODERN AND PERMANENT Graanhouses that can be constructed. Years o( actual teat and the experience of large and small growers have gained for our houses the reputation of being the most satisfactory ever erected for vege- table or flower growing, or private conservatories. fl Plans prepared for complete plants and equipment at a moderate cost: all or part of the necessary materials supplied and houses of any size erected under our personal supervision if desired by builder. Q Write and tell us the kind of houses you desire to erect or ask for question blank and we will mail you our descriptive bulletin by return of mail. THE KINB 00NSTRUCTI8N C8. Cor. DovercoHrt Rd. and Sudbury St., TORONTO, ONT. MentlOD Tk» Canadiftn Hortlrqltprliit wh»n writlm. FERTILIZER ^- 1 • j" • Lesage Fertilizer for Grain and Wheat 446 Lesage Fertilizer for Fruit and Vine 447 Lesage Fertilizer Special for Tobacco 448 Quebec Special for all Kinds of Crops 331 Fine Ground Bone ■ 330 Thomas Phosphate Powder (Caledonia) 338 Lesage Royal Potato Manure 449 For Catalogue aitd Prices write to LESAGE PACKING & FERTILIZER COMPANY, Ltd. Head Office: 53 St. Paul, MONTREAL AGENTS WANTED THE CANADIAN II OliTI C ULT U RIS T March, 191, m0^/M Large and Early Tomatoes Progressive Jones Says : "The Early Tomato Gets The Fat Price'' THEREFORE, we want the early tomato. I've just been reading a letter from F. G. Bridge of St. James Park, near London, Ont., who has had great success in growing early tomatoes. He says: "The ara I purchased have done all claimed for them and more. Where I put Harab on Tomatoes, the fruit is larger and ripening early, and where I did not use the Ferti- lizer the fruit is very small and going to be late." You can have just as great success with your tomatoes as Mr. Bridge, and scores of others, if you enrich your soil with Harab Fertilizers. Harab No. 12 contains just the amount of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash required to start the young tomato plant off right and push it to early maturity, increasing and improving the fruit as well. My experience has shown that, while stable manures supply the humus to hold the moisture in the ground, they need the assistance of richer, well-balanced ferti- lizers to produce the biggest yield and to bring the tomatoes to early maturity. Mr. W. A. Thrasher of Sarnia states that he picked tomatoes ten d lys earlier from a plot treated with Harab Fertilizer than from an adjoining plot treated with stable manure. I find from experience that soil fertilized with manure produces a large growth of vine, and while the vines may be loaded the fruit is undeveloped and ripens late, if at all. On the other hand where Harab No. !2 has been used, I find the vine development moderate, while the fruit is more plentiful, larger and ripens earlier. Using the proper fertilizers means the early ripening of your tomatoes — and other vegetables — and the fat price for you. There are 14 different Harab Fertilizers, each one the best for its particular purpose. The Harris Abattoir havfe published a guide book, showing the correct fertilizers for all kinds of vegetables, fruits, field crops, berries, flowers and lawns. I strongly advise you to write for a copy. The Harris Abattoir Co., Limited, Toronto 14 will have to be exercised in selecting? th fruit. In as far as the package and pack ing are concerned, Mr. Dobson has thi part of the problem solved.*' Mr. Dobson was also written to for in formation but a reply from him has no been received. Vegetable Growers Plan Thei Work Every branch of the Ontario Vegetabl Growers' Association was represented a the annual meetinjjf of the association hi^li in Toronto early in February. It was de cided to continue the experiments in th growing of potatoes and peas for see> distribution that have been conducted ii Xorthern Ontario. Standintf field crop competitions, whici have been conducted with success m. th past, will be continued during 1913. Th province will be divided into four districts and prizes will be offered im each distric for the g^rowing- of celery, potatoes aw onions. District prize winners will b eligible for entrance in a provincial com petition which will bs conducted at th Canadian National Exhibition Toronto Four prizes will be given in each distric rano-ing from $10.00 to $25.00 each. The following officers were elected :- President. C. W. Baker. Tamblinirs ; firs vice-president. VV. J. Kerr, Woodroffe : se< ond vice-president. F. F. Reeves. Humbe Bay ; secretary-treasurer. J. Lockie Wilsot Toronto ; executive committee, the afor* said oflficers. together with Thos. De' worth, Weston : representative to the Cat adian National Exhibition, Thos. De worth : representatives to the Horticu tnral Show W. J. Rush. F. F. Reevei Thos. Delworth and James Dandridge. A resolution was passed expressing protest against the action of certain see dealers who have endeavored to preyen the growers from purchasing seed dire* from other growers. The resolution O pressed the belief that such action on til part of the seedsmen partook of the nai ure of a combine in restraint of trade. Recent Catalogues k number of excellent catalogues hal reached The Canadian Horticulturist dui ing the past few weeks. These inrlnd Kelwav's Manual of Horticulture. ■' nossibly is not equalled by anv other lication of the kind in. the world. "C Acres Gladioli," by B." Hammond Tr Wenham. Mass, "Hardy Herbp Plants." sometimes known as "Old V ioned Hardv Garden Flowers." from T Smith dt Son, of The Helderleigh Ni: ies. Winona, Ontario: "Rennie's Sc issued bv The Wm. Remnie Co.. Tor Ontario: "Bruce's Seeds for 1913. '' tributed bv John A. Brure & Co., Lin Hamilton. Ontario; D. M. Ferry & ' nanv's "Seed Annual for 1913," ad Windsor. Ontario; and "The Seed nual," of Dupuy & Ferguson, Man- Quebec. British Columbia The Dominion Government has acqiiirP 3 tract of thirty-five acres in the T' Columbia River valley and will est.T an experimental fruit f.irm there_ for th purpose of testing various varietie<: ' small and large fruits, grains, clover^ potatoes. The farm is located at T mere, about eiehty miles south of GoMe^ Penticon fruit grpwers are forming wh? March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 77 ^EX REX Lime Sulphur Solution Arsenate of Lead THE ORIGINAL FRUIT TREE SPRAY There were sold during the season of 19 12, 5'o,ooo (fifty gallon) Barrels REX LIME and SULPHUR SOLUTION, and 1,^00,000 pounds REX ARSENATE OF LEAD. THERE'S A REASON For such an immense sale of REX goods. It is tine "HIGH " Quality of the raw materials we are compelled to obtain to manufacture our perfect solution. This costs us more than 25% per barrel over the materials that our competitors see fit to use. This will not permit us to compete in price with opposition, but we know we can give you 100% more value, and you have no sediment or mud, or waste material to pay for. The Growers of the Half Car Load, First Prize Box Apples, awarded to Northumberland and Durham, that were shown at the Fruit Show in Toronto, in November last, all used REX SPRAY SOLUTIONS. REX Lime Sulphur Solution, is the original LIME SULPHUR Solution placed upon the market. Made to-day as it was made Fourteen years ago. Always clear, without sediment or waste material, and every barrel being of the same Beaume test as any other barrel of Rex. REX — Guaranteed to contain at leasi 25"^ to 26 >^ per cent. Sulphur in Solution. DON'T Waste your Money in using Home-Boiled or Solution with Sediment, which destroys your Pump Pistons and Cylinders. REX Arsenate of Lead contains larger percentage Arsenate-Oxide with least amount of moisture. No water on top of packages, and readily mixing into the solution, staying longest in suspension without settling, while spraying. To have perfect Fruit it is necessary to use the highest class materials, which means youimust use REX. Send for Free Information on Spraying and Care of Orchards Canada Rex Spray Company Briiihton, Ont. Omaha, Neb. BRIGHTON - - ONTARIO FACTORIES AT Rochester, N.Y. Benicia, Cal. Wenatchee, Wash. Toledo, Ohio. North Yakima, Wash. Payette, Idaho. LIMITED 78 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 BASIC SLAG Renovates Old Worn Out Pastures Without Re-Seeding There are thousands of farmers in Ontario whose pastures have been worn out by the con- tinued grazing of dairy stock. Such lands have been drained of fertility and now grow only poor, worthless vegetation. Clover has entirely disappeared. This need not continue. A dressing of Basic Slag applied broadcast at the rate of looo lbs. per acre will bring such pastures back into good heart, and double or treble their capacity for stock carrying. The effect of such an application should be apparent for four or five years. Basic Slag is being used in thousands of tons in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec, and the consumption in Europe amounts to over two million tons per annum. It is therefore no untried Fertilizer. Every farmer from the Old Country knows about Basic Slag, but for your own satisfaction ask the Department of Agriculture Instructor for your district, or the editor of any farming journal as to its merits. Basic Slag is the ideal Fertilizer to apply to stiff clay lands, to wet, marshy fields and to all soils which have become sour. If you have any such pasture buy one ton of Basic Slag and broadcast it over two acres, applying it at the earliest opportunity — the sooner the better. Until our selling arrangements in Ontario are com- pleted, you can be supplied direct from the Factory at $20.00 per ton, freight prepaid to your nearest station — cash with order. Make this experiment and you will feel grateful to us for bringing the merits of Basic Slag under your notice. An interesting pamphlet giving particulars of the results obtained by leading agriculturists from the use of Basic Slag, will be forwarded by post on application to THE CROSS FERTILIZER CO., Ltd. SYDNEY, N.S. Or to their Sales Agents for Western Ontario, MR. A. E. WARK, Wanstead Eastern Ontario, MR. A. L. SMITH, 220 Alfred St., Kingston your readers will smile at his log-ic ' g-ardinsr the whip amd the horse, also ' currycomb and the steer. How is it that 1. a student of great ability, no doubt, tplls ■us "that in carrying- on experiments for eleven yenrs with an orchard at the Geneva F.xperimpntal Statiom the result was that the trees in the experiment would be prr tically as well oflF in every respect had an ounce of fertilizer bee« used?" F.,.- lowing that statment, I read the remarks of Dr. P. Stewart, another clever student. who has evideintly made a study of the use of fertilizers, and he shows plainly that the application of 'fertilizers in an orchard had the effect of increasing- the crop of apples. Dr. Dandeno, in concluding his xt\> says "the plaint must answer." This is a very wise conclusion when doctors differ. In my case I am only too willing that the plants shall give the answer. I planted a portion of . my garden to late potatoes. Before plantimg, I worked in a dressing of potash fertilizer at the rate of fifteen hundred pounds to the acre, and I took off a crop of good sound potatoes equal to four hundred and twenty bushels to the acre, and when digging them my neis'li- bor said he never saw a better crop. thanking you for the space, I will comclii with a very old saying — "Starve the land, starve the plant; Feed the land, feed the plamt." Chas. Jas. Fox, South London. Ontario Peaches in Great Britain It having been annouced in the daily press that the shipments of Ontario. peaches to London, England, last year were not nearly so successful as those made the year previous. The Canadian Horticul- turist wrote to the fruit divisions at Otta- wa and Toronto for reliable information. The despatches in the daily papers claimed that mamy of the cases on arrival on the market in England had as much as twenty- five per cent, of their contents either par- tiallv or whollv damaged. Mr. W. W. Moore, Chief of the Markets Division, of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, reported that the shipments had beem practically all made by Mr. C..A. Dobson. of Jordan Station. Mr. Moore wrote in part: "The total quantity of pleaches expo; was 8,443 single layer cases, compai -. with 3,934 cases in 1911, and 3,743 cases in 1910. We received reports on the condi- tion of all the consignments landed in Great Britain last season, and they were favorable in every instance. I would be surprised to learn, however, that peaches did not stand up well after tl reached the hands of the receivers, becai our weather conditions in 1912 were favorable to the production of keepi qualities in tender fruits." Mr. Hodgetts wrote as follows : " T reports from our London Office were th;u there was more rot present last year than during the previous two seasons. This was accounted for, I believe, by the fact that sufficient care_ was_ not exercised in selecting the fruit, quite a number of the peaches being too green during the earlier shipments of Elbert and others too soft at the later stap There is no doubt but that these ship- ments cam be made to pay a very good profit, and owing to the increased pro- duction of peaches a considerable quantity of high-class fruit could be shipped out to the English markets to relieve the con- gestion here. The greatest care, howev March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 79 SPECIAL GUARANTEED Lime = Sulphur Hydrometer Both specific gravity and Beaume readings; submitted to Mr. Caesar O. A. C, Guelph, and reported *' quite satisfactory." Sent Postpaid on receipt of 80 cts. PARKE & PARKE S'A^te'&S:"6'S'-f offers a select- ion that can- not be beat en — the good old favorites, and all the new and improved varieties that have made good. Write for this Catalogue — it will certainly help you to choose the right seeds for bumper crops next year. Then, if your dealer cannot supply you with the Ewing's Seeds you want, order from us direct. WM. EWING & CO., Seedsmen HcCILL ST.. MONntUL. Sprayers $4 to *4oo For large or small orchards, market gardens, potato farms, grain, mustard, tobacco, home and garden work, poultry plants, whitewashing, cleaning, cold- waterpainting, etc. Bucket and Knapsack Sprayers, Horizontal and Vertical Barrel Sprayers, Traction Sprayers for field crops. Power Sprayers, 50, 100, 160, 250 gal. Fur- nished coonipleto or in part to build up Spray- ers already in use. No. 190 50 Gallon Horizontal ^^^'y combinations. ISONM so Gallon Power Sprayer Sprayers have outside pumps — no corrosion, pleasant for handling; easy to get at. The pumips have the greatest efficiency, that is, the (Now Made in Canada) least slippage of any pumps in use on any sprayer— this has been shown by dimntereated test*. Unit Sprayers, so you build bigger when necessary. Ask your dealer to show them and write for new booklet ■' Spraying Vines, Trees and Bushes." We also make full line Potato Machines, Garden Tools, etc. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., Limited 2.H. " Original " Engine. Double Acting Pump, direct connected. Chain driven agitator. Outside sediment chamber and strainer. 460 Symington Avenue, TORONTO, ONTARIO Furnished with or without steel truck. The raisinf; of cbick.s is not difEcult when conditions are riglit. Try our way, anil make tliis your most succcssfui season. Feed pr0^ Baby Chick Food for the first three weeks. No feed on earth will nive the youngsters sueh a vigorous start, and the cost is t»ut-le per eliielt. In bo-os ami ba^s, 25c up pr0^ White Diarrhea Remedy 25c 50c prevents and cures the liowel Irmihles which are so eonimon and cau 13 such heavy loss. Just drop tlie tal lets in the cirinking water for all broods up to one week of age. f»r0^ Poultry Regulator should he mixed with the daily ration after the third week It induces rapiil growth nud early maturity by keeping the digestive system in perfect condition. 25c, 50c, $1; 25-Ib. Pail, $2.50 f" "Vour money back if it falls" v^'i'^^K Our products are sold by dealers every- /a ^ a^r where, or WW , ^^y Pratts 160- Page Poultry Book 10c by mail Pratt Food Company, of Canada, Limited TORONTO - - ONTARIO 80 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191.^ =^ For the Land's Sake use (nco. u s PAT. orF.) Bowker's Fertilizers They enrich the earth and those who till it. Fertility plays such an im- portant part in profitable farming that no farmer ought to take chances with his fertilizer. A reliable company and a high grade brand mean full value for the money, a full ration for the crop, and a full return at harvest time. Bowker's Fertilizers are soluble, active, sure. They are backed by forty years of experience, the best materials, the best facilities and prompt service. Suitable for every crop and adapted to every pocketbook. We want Agents in unoc- cupied territory. Write today for prices and terms; this may mean a good business for you if you act at once. Write anyway for our illustrated catalogue and calendar before you buy your spring fertilizer. We want you to know what we can do. ^MNrt%\v^- BOWKER ^o^'^i'^^N^ 73 Lyman Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 39 Chatham Street, Boston, Mass. Original and largest manufacturers of special fertilizers. Consider Now what it will cost and how much money you will save on your next season's fertilizer bill if you should buy your Nitrate of Soda and other Farm Chemicals and mix them yourself. Your own brand MIXED AT HOME will be better than any patent brand and is sure to have in it just what you want. Book of formulas and full instructions for Home Mixing will be sent FREE OF COST Dr. WILLIAM S. MYERS Director of Chilean Nitrate Propasanda 17 Madison Ave.. New York No Branch Office* is to be known as the Southern Okanagan P'ruit Growers' Association. Last season the majority shipped through the various packing companies on a commission and consignment basis. The capital stock of the company will be one humdn'd thousai dollars in shares of ome hundred doll, each. No shareholders will be allowed ' ' vote proxies, or to have more than oiic vote, no matter how much stock they ni;iv hold. In the vicinity of Cranbrook, the fruii growers have ordered some fifty thousand trees for planting this spring. An addi-' tional twenty thousand trees have been or- dered by the growers near Marysville .'ui 1 Wardner. In these sections cocnsideral areas of land formerly held under le.. have been opeined up for settlement ^ extensive planting of fruit trees is expt ed to result. . — ■ Lambton County During the last few years a great deal has been heard about Lambton County as a coming fruit-growing district of great im- portance, but in order to realize its value it is necessary to drive up and down its concessions viewing the rich feitile plains and noting the signs of increasing pro- sperity. Only a few years ago stock rais- ing was the great industry of Lamb' County, and for .that purpose large tr:i of land were set apart. This method ■<. farming continued for many years, result- ing in our farmers buying out one another, until the country was thinly populated and large herds of cattle, feeding upon luxur- iant grass, were in many parts the only signs of prosperity. During the last few years an awakening has taken place. The people are finding that in their rich, deep plains they have the finest fruit producing land in Canada. Individuals in various parts of the country have proven it by their success in practical- ly every department of fruit growing, which has resulted in arousing great in- terest in that line. Hundreds of acres of orchards were planted last year and this, and large areas already planted in past seasons are unrivalled in beauty and pro- duction. It may be a suri)rise for many readers of The Canahian Horticulturist to know that Lambton is destined to become a great peach-producing district. Peach growing is no experiment here, as they have been grown successfully for over forty-five years in a small way. Orchards varying in size from one to ten acres had for many years been supplying the home demand until the curl leaf appeared among the orchards, and not knowing how to overcome it, the fruit growers became discouraged, and finally through neglect and decay the peach orch- ards passed off the scene, but with the knowledge of how to overcome the "leaf curl," planting has been resumed, and hun- dreds of acres of peach orchards are being planted with every assurance of success. In fact, orchards here have for years been annually producing thousands of baskets of the finest peaches. Lambton is specially favored in its geo- graphical position, as practically the whole of the county is south of the famous Nia- gara district, and, in addition to xnal, Lake Huron, which lies to the north and west of the county, wards off the frosts oi spring and fall and moderates the cold of winter. The advantage of this is seen in the fact that the coldest days of the winter of 1911 in the north of the county was not below zero, and the year before three below. Lambton has some thirty-five thousand acres of deep, rich sand and grand soil specially suited for the growing of peaches, March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 81 |«r-F/RST FOR QUALITY AND RESULTS^m THOMSONS VINE, PLANT AND VEGETABLE MANURE UNRIVALLED For Vines, Tomatoes, Cucum- bers ; Flo^veri^g, Foliage and Fruit Bearing Plants, Vege- tables, Lawns, etc. The result of many years' practical experience PERFECT PLANT FOODS Sold by Seedsmen and Nur-crymen all over the world. Also THOMSON'S SPECIAL CHRYSANTHEMUM AND TOP-DRESSING MANURE A Splendid Stimulant Sells Well- Pays Well Write for our special offer to the Canadian Trade, Also for Agents' Circulars, Pamphlets, etc. to the Sole Makers WILLIAM THOMSON & SONS, Ltd. Tweed Vineyard, CLOVENFORDS, SCOTLAND PONT SACRIFICE ! If you have good apples to sell and you think you should get more than you are offered; do not sacrifice them. Ship them to Toronto. The Toronto market alone will require immense quantities of apples between now^ and spring. We have cold storage facilities and can store your apples till a favorable price can be realized, thus protecting your interests. Write or wire us to-day. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 90 COLBOHNE ST. TORONTO Strawberry Plants After more tliaii twenty years' experience in growing strawberries, I have found the Wil- liama and Parson's Beauty the most product- ive and the beet for the market. I am pre- pared to offer for early spring delivery, 500.000 plants of last year's growth of these two varieties. Also 250.000 plants of the follow- ing splendid kinds: FOUNTAIN WOLVERTON MICHEL'S EARLY SENATOR DUNLAP LATE GIANT Price for any of these varieties, $5.00 per 1,000, or 75c per 100. I have the best varieties of Red and Black Raspberries at $10 per 1,000; $1.5« per 100. IF INTERESTED WHITE ME WILLIAM WALKER, Box 15, Port Burweli,t)nt. MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Superintendent Royal Gardening institute Saxony - Germany l-lolder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished for all kinds ol LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Coniferes, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East Phone 118 HAMILTON, Ont. Fertilize Your Lands DO YOU KNOW ) THAT WORN-OUT f LANDS MAY BE MADE ' PRODUCTIVE AMD PROFITABLE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF THE RIGHT KIND OF FERTILIZER ? IslOW IF YOU HAVE A PIE.CE OF LAND THAT WONT GROW ANYTHING i BUT WEEDS.TALK WITH | US ABOUT a AND LET US | 5UBGE5T : THE RIGHT FERTILIZER ■ WE FEEL VERY SURE THAT WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO USE FERTILIZERS WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO YOUR LAND WILL PAY Consult us freely it is ; ', OUR BUSINESS TO KNOW i FNQUIRIES FREELY ANSWERED ' ACeNTS WAMTED FOR TERRITORY NOT TAKEN UP 1 THE W.A. FREEMAN co- limited. HAMILTON ONTARIO GLADIOLI OROFF'S " AMERICA " is now the lead- ing commercial variety, in Europe, as well aa in thii^ country. OROFF'S "PEACE" will be equally po- pular, when a.s well known. OROFF'S "DAWN," "WAR," "PEACH- BLOW," " AFTERGLOW," and many other varieties will follow. We have over 1,500 of choice GROFF Hybrids under number. We are also teeting many of the newer varieties originating in Europe, and any- thing worthy will be added to our Hat. Few of them in the past have secured a pt'rman«nt place. CATALOGUES UPON APPLICATION. CAMPBELL BROS. SIMCOE ONTARIO Roses Shrubs Vines PAEONIES best in Canada Phlox and Oriental Poppies 10,000 Cuthbcrt Raspberries Fruit and Ornamental Trees Currants and Gooseberries CATALOG FREE A. W. Graham, St. Thomas, Ont. 82 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 There is \^ \H ATMOSPHERE jF refinememt 'lentle, Restful and Wholesome, inths Warmth from a GOODCH WARM AIR FURNACE Such a delightful indoor Climate is made possible by the adequate HUMIDJTY ^ from its big ' CIRCLE NVATERPAN Trie James Stewart /J Manufacturing .■ I Company Limited ' " WOODSTOCK, ONT. yf WINNIPEG, KAN. FURNACE CATALOGUE MAILED ON'REQUEST Greater growth from ttie ground Scientific soil cultivation gives bigger results, and you save time and lighten labor if your implements are Planet Jr Built by an actual farmer and manufacturer, 'whose more than 40 years' experience is behind ev< ^Planet Jr. They do thorough practical work, ^strong, fully guaranteed. I No. 3 I Planet Jr Hill and Drill Seeder sows all garden seed accurately in hills or drills. Sows in a narrow line making wheel-h(te cultivation quick ^md easy. Popular with farmers and gardeners everywhere. Planet Jr Twelve-tooth Harrow, Cultivator, and Pulverizer is invaluable in strawberry and truck patches and the market garden. Its 12 chisel-shaped teeth and pulverizer leave the ground in i finest condition without throwing dirt on plants. irmri? t An instructive 64-page m-A.&jCii Illustrated catalogue! For the asking you cnn gft thU book of VTiluahle nintion nil r>j Ini.'-ii iiii|ili>iiiciit9 for nil ■■rr.]i-i:ii,« ^hj. cant aflord to luisa it. S«>ii(I postal for it today I S L ALLEN & Box 1I06G Write for nnme of our nearest ngency while apples, pears, plums and grapes ct hrills. Shoe T>rills. Disc Drills. Fertilizer 'Drills. Fertilizer Sowers. Disc Harrows. Drag Harrows. Harrow Carts. Feed Cutters. 'Pulpers. Ensilage Cutters. JliCanure Spreaders. Cream Separators. 'Plows. Scufflers. Land T^ollers. 'Packers. Wagons. Sleighs. Gasoline Engines. Etc.\ Massey-Harris Co., Limited. Head Offices—TORONTO, CANADA. — Branches at — MONTREAL, - MONCTON, - WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, - YORKTON, - CALGARY, — Ajrencies Everywhere — REGINA, EDMONTON. lUlllJlillllJllllllllllllllllllllllll Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehoutes: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have e.stabli?,hed branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto Reference* : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencie*. 84 THE CANADIAN TfORTICULTURTS T March, 19! 3 Planet Je No. 41 Increase your fruit yield. Do thorough, scientific cultivat ing. Yov can cultivate (|uicker, with less labor, and with better results by using the Planet Jr No. 41 Orchard and Universal Cultivator, Built by a practical soil-tiller aii haps you might then put No. two stuff in : barrels." ■ Every advertiser in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist has the persona! endorsement of th« publishers. Our adver- tisers are good people to do business with. March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 85 The Eave Line is Where The Ordinary House Rots Out, Because The Condensa- tion Gets into the Joints; The U-Bar House Has No Eave Joints. It is The Original Curved Eave House. A curved surface is stronger than an angle un- less heavily braced, therefore, the curved eave makes the most rigid house. Combine these en- during points with no gutter to cast shade and you have a house that can't be equalled for growing qualities, and surpasses all others for attractiveness. SEND FOR CATALOGUE U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVE- NEW YORK OWADUN office. iO PHILLIPS PLACt. MONTIUAi PLANT Some ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY this spring. A few dollars will add immensely to the appearance of your lawn. Canadian Grown, thoroughly acclimatized. No Agents' commissions to pay, cutting the price in half. Hardy Climbing 25c and 50c each Hardy Garden Hybrid Tea Tea 25c each or $2.50 per doz. 25c each or $2.50 doz. 25c each or $2.50 doz. Baby Ramblers 25c each or $2.50 per doz. Flowering Shrubs Herbaceous Shrubs Perennials 25c to SOc each. $1 .50 to $3.00 per doz. $1.50 per doz. Illustrated Catalogue with Planting Instructions on Application J, GAMMAGE 81 SONS, LIMITED p. O. Box 553 LONDON, ONT. 86 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 ®s®:jiia©E:,.;i::©.:;:::'©:£«®;:::jCnj^ What Three Bushels More to the Acre Means EIGHT years ago the farmers in a central state raised average crops that ran three bushels less to the acre than they now get. Suppose each acre of farm land in this country were so tended that it produced an equal increase. How much more money would farmers have, with which to buy the luxuries of life that they earn and deserve? What others have done, you can do. Your share in this prosperity depends entirely upon yourself. The first step for you to take is to fertilize your land properly with manure spread by an I H C Manure Spreader Corn King or Cloverleaf Manure cannot be spread as it should be unless a machine is used. An I H C spreader covers the ground with an even coat, light or heavy as may be needed, and pulverized so that the plant food ele- ments in the manure combine with the soil to best advantage. The spreader that does this work as it should be done must have many excellent mechanical features. The apron should move without jerking; the beater should meet the load at exactly the right point to pulverize the manure without too greatly increasing the draft of the machine; the speed changes of the apron should be positive whether the spreader is going uphill or down, otherwise the spreading will be uneven. All these features are provided for in the construction of 1 H C spreaders. The I H C local agent carries in stock the machines best suited to your loca'i'iy. See him for catalogues and full information, or, write the neai est branch house. Canadian Branch Houses International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd (Incorporated) At Brindon, Calgary, Edmonton, Eitevan, Hamiltoa, Lethbridie, London, Montreal, N. Battleiord, Ottawa, Quebec. Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg, Yorkton saiiiiiiiHE!i^!ii;:i; iiililiK! mi: SPRING FLOWERING BULBS Extra Good Stock I*OST P4.ID Begonias, Single, — White, Yellow, Pink, CrimsOiU, Scarlet Doz 'sOc Begonias, Double,— White, Yellow, Pink. Crimson, Scarlet Doz. 75c Lilies, Auratum, Extra large bulbs, 15c each Doz. $1.50 Lilies, Tigrinum, 5c each j)oz 50(. Lilies, Speciosum Album, 5c each qq^' ^^ Lilies, Speciosum Rubrum, 15c each ....'.!!! Doz $1 50 Lilies, Speciosum Roseum, 15c each Doz $1 50 Ciadioli, Our best mixture per 100 $2 50 Ciadloli, Canadian mixture ' j. jqq I2 00 Dahlias, Pot grown roots. Five new and verv fine ' Cactus Dahlias. Ma- ' roon White Pink, Yellow, Crimson, Violet. Named, 15c each. aet of five for gg^. Hot?rn*1'„J'n«„V°^*u °^ ^^^^ varieties, in 'white. Red,' Pink or Rose.' ' Each 20c Boston Ivy Roots, Three year strong plants v^rh 20,- Madeira Vine, 3 for 10c .. ' Do, i^c iris or Flowering Flag, Double mixed, l5c each ' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' . ." '. '. '. '. '. ". '. ' 'doz $l'^0 Geo. Keith & Sons, "".f^^e-ser 124 King St. East, Toronto Okana,gan Valley North Cbarlea Webitcr, Armttrosj, B.C. The Northern Okajnagan is understood to mean that part of the valley north of Okanagan Lake, or rather north of Vernoin, which town is a couple of miles from the head of the lake. This division is the best that can be made as north of Ver- non irrigation is rarely practiced, there being a satisfactory rainfall. The con- tour of the valley is much the same as at th(! southern end. In place of the lake the northern valley has rich bottom lands, which are very prolific vegetable and hay soils. February gave us some unusually cold weather, which may result in some winter imju.ry where tender varieties have been planted. As the trees went into winter thoroughly ripened, injury may not occur. A large fruit crop is not expected, as the whole Pacific slope had a heavy, full crop last year. About the first week in March spring work will open up. The snow goes then, or shortly after. Armstrong, and the strong bench lands tributary to it, is a heavy shipping point. It has a branch of the Kelowna Farmers' Exchange (cooperative) and two large pri- vately owned exchanges. The ship- ments of protluce for the past summer and this winter will total close to one thousand cars. The Canadian Northern Railway is to build through the valley, probably this summer. The Armstrong Fruit Growers' Associa- tion buys a variety of supplies for its members at cost and looks after fruit in- terests generally. It is in affilation with the B.C.F.G.A. The parent Association has for some years made a practice of supplying pure bluestone to its members. The local organization has a kick about the bluestone supplied to them last fall. Undoubted authorities pronounced it sul- phate of iron. A refund is being asked for. The fruit packing schools have been continued this winter through the pro- vince by the government. A betterment is seen in the scarcity of packers as well as in the packs made by exhibitors at the fall fairs. A knowledge of packing enables growers to place properly packed fruit in the hands of personal customers, and not too far distant storekeepers, at a reasonable price. Anything that will less- en the cost of fruit to the consumer here in the west is a consummation devoutly to be desired. The practice of feeding a bunch of avaricious middlemen is limit- ing consumption. A cainning factory is much needed. Beans, corn, peas, pumpkins, citrons, and so forth, can be produced in quantity, and all small fruits succeed admirably. The lack of a canning factory to use these locally or regular refrigerator car service to ship them out, make them rather uin- satisfactory crops for the growers. Grimes' Golden appears to be a most satisfactory apple for some parts of this district. True, it is not a red fruit, but its lusciousness, waxen gold color and correct dessert size, will eventually findj for it everywhere the reception it de-J serves. The St. Thomas Horticultural Sctoiety has adopted a somewhat unusual metho of interesting the public in flowers. An exJ hibition w.ts held last season in the windowjf of the Woolworth Srmpany. The Company placed receptacles for the flowers at th convenience of the exhibitors. All kinds garden flowers were eligible for entry. March, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 87 LANDSCAPE DESIGNING for the HOME GROUNDS No property is too small to be without the services of ex- pert advice in planning for the planting of Ornamental Nursery Stock. Our landscape Department is at your disposal. We make no charge for suggestions. Send us a rough sketch of the property to be improved, and we will send you a letter of suggestions with list of stock suitable for your district and prices. STONE 8i WELLINGTON, Nurserymen, TORONTO Two Worlds to Live In J. McP. ROSS The one created for you and the one you create yourself — Our Landscape Department is at your command to help you. We have for Spring of 1913, a full stock of all lines of nursery produc- tions—Fruit and Orna- mental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Paeonies, Phlox and Hardy Perennials. The Toronto Nurseries Established 184S ROSS & SON, 1167 Queen St. E., Toronto, Ont. Exclusive Canadian Agents for HUGH DICKSON, Ltd., Royal Nurseries. BELFAST, IRELAND CELEBHATED IRISH ROSES Correspondence Invited i ii -J ) i^j f ^T."^: s 1 j»K||»tt||b^^|^ 1 . — ^■— whis^^iT^g!— II 1^ »W 'S ^r'-\ //\-:^ MODEL 2, B, 1913 High Class Sprayers. Also a complete line of APPLE EVAPORATING Machinery. Sanitary, Labor Saving EQUIPMENT IVritrfor illxtstrtitrd bnok containing fal^ttible formu!-as on Spraying — //'* Free FRUIT MACHINERY CO. - INGERSOLL, ONT. 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1913 Flower and Vegetable Seeds Selecting good seed has a. great deal to do with the ultimate success of growing flowers or vegetables. The love of flowers should inspire those who culti- vate them to select the choicest and most reliable seeds. Gard- ening for profit or pastime should be done with a view to getting the best results. The size, quantity and excellence of flowers and vegetables are things that are governed largely by the character, strength and pedigree of the seeds. CARTER'S TESTED ENGLISH SEEDS These famous seeds are known, sown and grown the world over. Wherever used they have made extraordinary records for productiveness. Your flowers and your garden vegetables for next season will be the admiration of all who see them and a source of pride and satisfaction to yourself if you sow Carter's Tested Seeds this Spring. Order from the catalogue. Write for a copy at once, so you can order early. Send for 1913 Catalogue— FREE Printed on fine paper, profusely illustrated with half-tones and containing four full page pictuers in natural colors. When you write, please address Department O PATTERSON, WYLDE & CO. Sole Agents in Canada for James Carter & Co., of London, Eng. Seed Growers to His Majesty King George V. .^t- ■ ^ ' * j . - 133 KING ST. EAST. TORONTO. ONT. m xuiWkTns oeoru v. I RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUNING SHEAR RHODES mPQ. CO., «a« S. DIVISION AVE , QRAND RAPIDS, niCH. THE only * pruner madetnat cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. We pay Express charges on all orders. Write for circular ana prices. NEW COAL OIL LIGHT Beats Electric or Gasoline ONE FREE To Use On Your Old Lamp! ^^. „^^T.^" Our specialintroductory offer entitles one person in each locality to on* fr»*. Powerful white incandescent mantle light. Replacing common oil lamps everywhere. Bums 70 hours on one gallon of coal oil AOEMTe Eioeriance unn^r^m^^r., (kerosene). No odor or noise, simple, clean. Brightest £^^V^ Ma"**/ Mon.y S«"n^?; and theapest light for the home, office or store. wVAnTcD Spare Tima. Wrrta Quick. Better light than gas or electric* Send postal for FREE OFFER and agents' wholesale prices MANTLE LAMP CO., 258 Aladdin BIdg., Montreal and Winnipeg, Can. New Brunswick Interest in fruit g-rouing- in New Bmns- wick is rapidly increasingr. New orchards are being- plamted and better care is be- ing taken of the old orchards. The Fruit Growers' .Association reports a great in- crease in the number of orders for trees, and that the number of spraying outfit* amd quantity of spraying material pur- chased showed an increase between 1910 and 1912 of 1,080 p>er cent. Last summer and fall a number of prominent English capitalists visited our fruit districts, as well as some fruit growers from British Columbia, where land values are much higher than they are here. The Provincial Department of Agricul- ture realizes that the time is ripe for a dcvelopmf^nt of the fruit industry, and last year continued the series of orchard sur- veys that was started in 1911. These sur- veys consist of a farm census, and are be- ing- conducted with the object of gather- ing information of value to the fruit grow- ing industry, including such points as the best varieties, methods of cultiavtion, amd insect aind fungus pests and their con- trol. All the farms fronting on the west- ern bank of the St. John River, from Fredericton to Woodstock, a distance of sixty-two miles, have been surveyed.. As- sistance is also being given in the plant- ing of orchards and in the examination of bearing orchards and orchard sites. The twenty-one illustration orchards are fully equipped with spraying machines and materials and are making good pro- gress, as are three special demonstration orchards. Recently the Department of Agriculture made an extensive display of fruit grown in the province in the City of Montreal, where it attracted much atten- tion amd proved a valuable advertisement for our fruit interests. Railway Charges Injure Fruit Industry Speaking recently before the Agriculture and Commerce Committee of the Dominion House of Commons, Mr. D. Johnson, pre- sident of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As- sociation, said that the reason there are so many United States apples in Canada is because the United States shippers have a better transportation rate. United States shippers, for instance, have a rate of thir- teen cents a barrel between Medicine Hat and Winnipeg. Ontario shippers on the other hand pay seventy-nine cents or sixty- six cents more. The railways always get their tolls, no matter what the market or the price. The fruit growers in Ontario are los- ing the trade of Saskatchewan amd .'^ - berta thiough railway discrimination. Ex- press rates are killing the trade in peaches plums, and other small fruit. During th past ten years practically nothing ha been dome to increase the refrigerator car service. The express rate on fruit from Sarnia to Winnipeg is two dollars ninety cents a hundred. From Forest to Winni- PRUNING SAW Operates from groand. Xo breaking of Umba by climbtDg. No oioviog' of ladders. Xo Bawing of wroDg limbs. Can reach topnioat branches and sbape tree better than by old meibods. Will sare its coatinonertay. Nothing to get ooi of order. Will laat foryears, Thoasands in ase. Recommended by all ustTS. If yoar dealer cau't furnish it, write for mil dejcrlittive circular and prices, iiatisfaciioa gaaranbeed. Addresi FRUITGROWERS' SAW CO., Scotfsville, N. V. Representative tor Ontario, Jas. E. Johnson & Bro., SImcoe, Ont. The Canadian Horticultmi^ Vol. XXXVI APRIL, 1913 No. The Culture of Old Country Gooseberries IT was in eighteen hundred and ninety- five that I first thought of growing gooseberries in Canada, but as I was told by everyone to whom I spoke concerning the matter that I would l>e troubled with mildew and would per- haps be unable to grow them, I started on a small scale.' I sent to Scotland and obtained twelve plants. I met with such success with these that three or four years later I purchased about one hundred and ninety more plants from the same company. I received these plants late in the fall, and so was forced to wait till spring before planting them out. Nevertheless, I did not lose one. My method of keeping them over the win- ter was by putting them in the cellar and covering the roots with soil. Since this time I have grown my own plants for increase. My patch is on a southerly slojje ; the soil being a heavy clay loam, which is naturally well drained. The last two features are essential to success. I once tried to grow some berries on light soil, but had poor results, being troubled with mildew. Good drainage is necessary for almost every crop, and gooseberries are no exception. I plant the bushes so that the rows are five feet apart, and the bushes three Wm. Dick, Echo Place, Brant County feet apart in the rows. I plant the bush as follows : A hole is dug, and a considerable amount of well rotted manure is placed at the bottom. Soil is then spread over this, upon which the roots and root fibres are carefully spread out in a natural position. .Soil is now spread over the roots and another layer of the man- ure put on and finally the hole is filled with earth. This method ha.s given me the best results. After the patch has been set out, I do not think that too much cultivating can be done from spring till fall. If the bushes are arranged as described, most of the cultivating can be done with a horse, so that the work is materially lessened . PRUNING It is best to do all the pruning in the fall. All the old wood should be remov- ed except when the new growth has not been sufficient to warrant this. I con- sider that it is best to prune so that four shoots are left, each one coming direct- ly out from the roots, thus giving the bush type of plant. This form, I think, is better than the tree type, in which the shoots are allowed to come from a single stalk, which alone comes from the roots. In the former all the old wood can be removed while in the latter the old stalk has necessarily to be left. The advan- tage of this is readily seen when it is remembered that the largest and best berries grow on, and are produced by, the new wood. Fall is the best time to carry on the work of propagation. The method which has given me the best results is as follows: The year's growth, which it is desired to use for this purpose, is laid down upon the ground, covered with manure and then with soil. This causes roots to grow where a bud would other- wise have appeared. These roots are now cut off with a fair length of the wood, and the whole is then planted. If the propagation work is carried on late in the fall no shoots appear until spring, which does not give as good re- sults as doing the work early in the autumn. Let me again emphasize that I believe it absolutely necessary that gooseberries should be grown on heavy, well-drained soil. Following the methods I have out- lined, I have met with gratifying suc- cess and have never been troubled with mildew. The berries have been not only delicious in flavor, but have also been of such a quality as to stand shipping. This is indicated bv the fact that I have )jy|i>-*««»*- f Spring'* Welcome Harbinger* of the Gladtome Summer. Fine Tulip Beds in the Normal School Ground*. Toronto, Ont. 90 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 sent them as far as Boston and Mon- treal with complete satisfaction. It might be of interest to mention that last season was my best. Some idea of the heavy yield I obtained may be gain- ed when it is stated that within a dis- tance of about eight inches on a branch, enough berries could be picked to fill one's hand. Also one berry, the largest I ever grew, was four inches in circum- ference. I attribute this exceptional yield to the cool weather of the spring and the abundance of rain throughout the summer. I cannot give the names of all the varieties with which I have experiment- ed, as these number about sixty ; but 1 can give the names of thirteen which I can confidently say will give good re- sults under the conditions described. These are : Soutar Johnny, Plunder Green, Hit or Miss, Stella Yellow, Post- man White, Haunham's Industry Red, Careless White, Stockwell Green, Clay- ton Red, Lord- Dudley Red, Lancashire Lad Red, High Sheriff Yellow, Golden Purse. It would be hard to draw any com- parison between these varieties, but I believe that Postman White, Haunham's Industry Red, and High Sheriff Yellow have given me the most satisfaction. As I would like to see more engaged in this branch of horticulture, I will give any further informtaion that I can to anyone who is interested. Further Facts on Fertilizers^ J. B. Dandeno, B.A. (Quee: IN continuing the discussion on fertil- izers, I have but one aim, namely, to give information to the tiller of the soil. Referring to Mr. Emslie's state- ment, "I still maintain that the theory of plant excretion, in its bearing on soil fertility, was long ago discredited," and also to Mr. Innes' statement that "the use of fertilizers is no longer baffling," let me give a few quotations. Bui. 77, "Soils," U.S. Dept. Ag., 1911, p. 3: "The action of fertilizers on soil is a much contested question, but the weight of evidence is against the assumption that their effect is due altogether to the increase of plant food." Also (referring to plant excretions), Bui. 87. 191 2, p. 69: "The results of these investigations show clearly that the soil contains com- pounds beneficial to plant life as well as compounds injurious to proper plant de- velopment," and further, "The know- •This article was written for publication in the March issue, and. therefore, is not intended oe a rpDly to the article on fertilizers that appeal^ ed in that issue— Editor. ns), A.M., Ph. D. (Harv.) ledge that harmful organic compounds exist in soils, plays so prominent a part in plant life, is of fundamental signifi- cance in soil fertility and gives a breadth of view to the subject, which, in its horizon, can not be compared with the restricted vision imposed by the purely mineral considerations." In Bui. 194, p. 108, LT.S. Dept. Ag. (Lipman), is this statement: "Future research will teach how the bacterial flora is affected by crop rotation. We shall learn many an instructive lesson to turn to good ac- count in crop production . There is for each soil a condition of highest bacter- ial efficiency." Quoting from Mr. Innes: "Most certainly the value of a fertilizer which is primarily a source of plant food does not depend on its own biological char- acters." It certainly does def)end upon ■ts bacterial flora. What would a load of stable manure be worth if sterilized? Very little. And its value does not de- pend on its so-called "food." Mr. Innes dcjes not seem to appreciate the fact that there is a number of species of bacteria (other than those on legumes) that ex- tract nitrogen from the air, and increase the nitrate contents of the soil. The biological characters are of the utmost importance. Also Rep. O.A.C. Exp. Union, 191 1, p. 45 (Prof. Harcourt): "I would strongly advise using these (artificial fertilizers) in a small way at first so as to demonstrate whether they can be used with profit or not." In Farmer's Bui. 245, U.S. Dept. Ag, 1907, p. 16: "The fertilizer requirements of different soils and crops in different sea-sons are so little understood that we are not yet in a position to make positive recom- mendations that are of general appli- cation. " These quotations are from soil experts and show clearly that excretions of plants are highly important factors in soil fertility, and that the problem of fertilizers is by no means a settled one, as Mr. Innes seems to think. Mr. Em.slie raises the point that the Geneva test is an isolated case. In 'a sense it is, because there has been none to compare with it. Life is too short to obtain many such. There is none in America on orchards, aside from this, that is worth much. But I should pre- fer one experiment where all the condi- tions were guarded than one hundred of the average tests. SOME TESTS But let me give you a few results that are not isolated cases, taken from Bui. 67, U.S. Dept. Ag., 1910: Oats — One thousand four hundred' and eighty-three tests, for over forty years, twenty-five different States, twenty-three kinds of fertilizers, arrang- ed singly, in combination of two and of three or more. Cost of fertilizer taken into account but not cost of applying ; average loss per acre when fertilizers applied singly, two dollars forty-six cents ; when in combination of two, loss one dollar sixty-five cents per acre; in combination of three or more, loss is six dollars fifty-four cents ; organic fer- tilizer (tankage, etc.), loss five dollars fourteen cents per acre. Price of oats estimate at forty-seven cents per bushel. Hay — One thousand two hundred and sixty-three tests, arranged as for oats, and at nine dollars a ton ; fertilizers, singly, loss per acre, one dollar ninety cents ; in twos, loss one dollar forty cents ; in threes, loss twenty dollars seventy-two cents ; organic fertilizer (tankage, etc.), loss five dollars fifteen cents. .'\lfalfa — Forty-two tests, price ten dollars a ton ; average loss per acre for three or more, sixteen dollars forty- eight cents. Rye — Fifty-four tests ; one fertilizer, (Concluded on page 92) The Renovation of Old Neglected Orchards R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope, Ont., District Representative for Northumberland and Durham Counties ,-^-- .-. V ■ '- y' •^ .■ ■ jy^^^ ,,. _ ' .J -„ ..^ J , ^Wp ; i - > -.\ .' ^^i8iw-^^<*'^&*f ^PP^ ''"- f "^^ \^ ■ffr^ '* ™' mT, if '^' "^ , .^-^-^-sMx sy^^^^el ■'^vv^^^ifi'^^^ «^^ -,^^i. yf. Y ^r ^^"•y^^S ^mi^^^i '^ ■ K'f^^^t^J^^^ \'^ -^ it\f'-- TiyTOwi I'.j^*^" y ji^^^'i Spy Tree in Mr. Nicbolls' Orchard Before Dehorning I IN the spring of 191 1, four orchards in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, which had been very badly neglected, were taken in hand for a period of three years to be treated ac- cording to the best orchard practices. The idea was to see whether the "old orchard" on the farm could be made to pay; if not, what would be the use of fruit men talking of rejuvenating the neglected orchards? The orchards were situated near the main road, where they could be under observation thoughout the season, so that the results of the demonstration could be noted. The orchards selected and which now have, been managed for two years, were those of F. W. McConnell, Colborne, with one hundred and seventeen trees on a sandy loam soil ; W. G. Noble's, Port Hojje, one hundred and thirty-five trees on a clay loam soil; and Nathaniel Nickoll's, Welcome, seventy-two trees on clay loam soil. In West Durham we were forced to abandon the orchard of James Stanley, Bowmanville, owing to the C.P.R. running their line diagon- ally through the orchard. The orchard of W. H. Gibson, Newcastle, compris- ing one hundred and forty trees, was .selected in the spring of 1912. These orchards were planted some thirty or forty years ago, and had been utterly neglected as to pruning, culti- vation, fertilization, and spraying — in fact, they had never been sprayed, and hence the quality of the fruit was very inferior, the percentage of number one's varying from thirty to sixty per cent. Some of the orchards were "lousy" with oyster shell, bark louse, and the limbs were fast dying back owing to neglect. Two or these orchards had been in sod and had never been ploughed for years. Manure was applied as a light dressing every few years, depending upon the supply. The orchards were properly pruned, not very severely the first year, the op- eration being more a thinning out of the dead wood and a thinning out" of the top. Cuts of one and one-half inches diameter and over were painted wth white lead and raw linseed oil to assist in the healing of the wound and prevent the entrance of fungus spores which might cause decay and disease. The rough, loose, shelly bark was scraped off the trees to f;irilii;ite spraying oper- ations. The orchards were measured at the rate of ten to twelve loads of farmyard manure per acre, in one instance the manure being snpplementpd with com- mercial fertilizer. In Mr. F. W. McConnell's orchard, Colborne, we suggested that two hun- dred pounds muriate of potash and four hundred pounds acid phosphate be applied per acre. The fertilizer respond- «i ed on this light soil, and together with the nitrogen in the manure we got a good wood growth, which was quite lacking. All the orchards were ploughed earlv in the spring, and received thorough cul- tivation up to the end of June, when a cover crop of red clQver, at the rate of twenty pounds per acre, was sown in Mr. McConnell's orchard; red clover in half of Mr. Noble's orchard at twenty pounds per acre, and hairy vetch in the other half at the rate of thirty pounds per acre; and a mixture of red clover, alsike, timothy, and oats in Mr. Nickoll's orchard. .411 the cover crops made a fairly good growth — the red clover probably giving the best results. The orchards were sprayed very thor- oughly three times as follows : First, be- fore or as the leaf buds burst, with commercial lime-sulphur, one to ten, to control oyster shell, bark louse, and leaf blister mite. Second, just before the blossoms opened or as pink was begin- ning to show in the leaves, with com- mercial lime-sulphur, one to thirty-five, with two pounds arsenate of lead added as a poison for forty gallons of the mixture. This is to control apple scab, caterpillars, case bearers, cankerworms, bud moths, etc. Third, immediately after the blossoms fell with commercial lime-sulphur, one to forty, with two pounds arsenate of lead added per forty 92 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 gallons mixture to control codling moth, apple scab, curculio, etc. Our methods of spraying were described in the last issue of The Canadian Hroticulturist.) The results obtained in 191 1 were in striking contrast to the small and indiff- erent crops yielded in unsprayed and un- cared for orchards of the same locality. The quality of the fruit was exception- ally high — -the percentage of number one's Ix'ing raised from thirty to sixty per cent, in 1908, 1909, and 1910, prior to our having charge, to eighty-two to eighty-.seven decimal six per cent, in 191 1. Further, ninety-eight per cent, of 9II the apples packed in these or- chards was absolutely free from any in- sect pest or fungus disease. Mr. McConnell's orchard at Colborne gave a net profit per acre of two hundred and twelve dollars and eighteen cents ; Mr. Noble's at Port Hope, fifty-seven dollars and eighty-three cents; and Mr. Nicholl's at Welcome, one hundred and ninety-five dollars and twelve cents ; while Mr. Stanley's at Bowmanville shows a net loss of twelve dollars and sixteen cents. The latter can be ac- counted for by the fact that the orchard was situated on a clay knoll with a gravelly subsoil. The year 191 1 being exceptionally dry, the fruit suffered very severely from lack of moisture and cul- tivation, which was not very thoroughly done. Further, it was an off-year for this orchard, particularly the Baldwins and King's, which constituted two-fifths of the trees. The orchards were again pruned — more severely this time — in 1912. Some very tall trees were cut back, or "de- horned," to use a popular expression, some five to twelve feet. The cuts were painted as before with white lead and raw linseed oil. The orchards received a coating of ten tons of barnyard manure per acre, and the orchard at Colborne was again treat- ed to the same application of potash and phosphate. The green crop was plough- ed down early in the spring and the orchards kept well cultivated up to the middle of June, when another cover crop of clover, hairy vetch, and buckwheat was sown at practically the same rate per acre as in the year previous. The orchards were sprayed three times very systematically and thoroughly — using the same materials as the year before, and spraying at the same time. Despite the poor year, as far as price is concerned, the returns per acre might be considered good. Mr. McConnell's orchard gave a net profit of one hundred and eight dollars sixty-three cents per acre, less than half of the net returns of igii, yet the number of barrels was increased slightly. Mr. Noble's orchard gave forty-eight dollars fifty-six rents net profit per acre, and the number of barrels was increased from one hundred and thity-one in igii to one hundred and sixty-seven in 191 2. Mr. Nicholl's or- chard gave ninety-four dollars eleven cents, less than one-half of the net pro- fit made in 191 1. Mr. Gibson's orchard resulted in a net loss this year, the ex- planation of which is given below. These orchards were steadily going backward prior to our having charge. Owing to the aphis attacking the fruit during the past season, the j>ercentage of number one's was not quite so high, varying from seventy-five per cent, to eighty-six decimal eight per cent. Calculating from our figures, we find that it will cost the grower on the average about sixty dollars to care for his orchard per acre per year. This includes pruning, spray- ing, manuring, cultivation, and cover crop, but of course does not include rent nor interest on investment. According to our figures, the average net return per acre for the three paying orchards, under two years' treatment, was one hundred and nineteen dollars ninety cents. "The old neglected orchard pays." Further Facts on Fertilizers (Continued from page 90) loss per acre, one dollar fifty-one cents ; in twos, loss one dollar eighty-five cents ; in three or more, loss five dollars twenty-one cents. In the bulletin mentioned are many other crops, some showing loss, some a gain ; some showing increase, but not enough to prove of profit, and some profitable. What the farmer or fruit grower wants to know is, Does it pay? From the above facts and the quotations given, it can easily be seen that my con- tention at first is well sustained, that the problem is still baffling. Mr. Innes' article is too "wordy" to do much harm. He takes one hundred and seventy-six lines of space and two diagrams to say that slaughterhouse products are less soluble than the mix- ture of pure chemicals, as if that had anything to do with the question. His article looks as though paid for by the word by some packing house. I don't say it is, but it looks like it. His de finition of plant food is laughable, he says, "Plant food may be defined as manure," that definition should be tack- ed up in the barn as the limit for puer- ility. But what is manure? If fertilizers are so uncertain, then what is the farmer to do to keep up the productivity of the soil? By cultiva- tion and culfivation, by draining, by green crops, by using stable manure, spread very thinly, a gi\en amount of such manure is worth double as much when spread evenly and thinly. And lastly, by using clean chemical fertili- zers experimentally at first and after- wards more extensively when the far- mer knows the individual requirements of his fields and how the crops respond. Kven then he ought to figure out whe- ther it will pay. Fertilizers have proved Ijencficial here and there and occasion- ally profitable. The slaughterhouse fertilizer I would not use at all, and for three reasous — first, they are vile smelling and nasty ; second, they contain much that is of no value at all ; third, the chemicals they do contain that are supposed to influ- ence plant growth can be more cheaply bought and handled when obtained pure, .^s they are ready mixed, the farmer is deprived of testing experimentally the ingredients separately. Let me give two instances of the use of such material in this locality last sea- son. One man bought sixty-two dollars fifty cents' worth, and said he could not see as it had done any good at all. Another bought fifty dollars' worth and applied it in strips as a test, and as a result said he might as well have thrown his money into the lake. The names of these men could be given if necessary. Mr. Emslie states that my reference to oxygen acting as a catalyser is am- biguous. Not at all, if one knows the meaning of catalysis, and I explained it by reference to other substances. His reference to the formaldehyde theory is out of place, because it does not belong to the fertilizer problem at all, and it is particularly out of place because it never was much of a theory, and was abandoned about fifteen or twenty years ago by plant physiologists (see Pierce's Plant Physiology, p. 61). If a man drags in irrelevant matter he should see that it is sound. The action of chemical fertilizers is found now to be largely one of cataly- sis, and not "plant food." Such ma- terial may increase productivity without entering the plant. Such substances as carbon black, ferric hydrate, toluene, and even such inert substances as sand, have actually promoted growth without, of course, entering the plant. This gives a new meaning to the use of fertilizers. Mr. Innes's article might easily have been written tw-enty years ago for all it shows of modern research on soils. .■\s to Mr. Emslie's denial of giving a definition of "plant food," let the reader see this journal, December, column two, line thirty-seven ; and to his denial of using the wc-d "hash," see line thirty-six. I call his bluff. In conclusion, let me say that I should tie foremost to recommend fertilizers if I could do so with certainty of profit. If the farmer finds a fertilizer of any kind that proves profitable, by all means let him use it. In my quotations, I refrained from giving results of my own researches and also from giving results in Ger- many or France. Those that I gave can all easily be verified. April, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 93 ■"^^ %* ''»Jr '''^^^ A Productive Orchard Near Grimsby, Niagara District, Ont. Methods of Successful Pear Growers* Allan G. Bland, Ontario D«pt. of Agriculture LAST summer I visited a number of the larger p)ear growers in New York state in order to learn some- thing about their orchards, methods, and how they were dealing with pear blight. While there are many neglect- ed orchards in the state which are posi- tive eyesores and of no commercial value I also visited orchards where al- most the last word had been spoken on the subject of good care. I should like to outline the way in which pears are grown on a couple of these farms. Mr. L. I. Morrell, of Kinderhook, has some one hundred and seventy-five acres in fruit and has made a special study of pear growing, especially of Keiffers. The varieties he grows are Bartlett, Secke, Clapps, and Keiffer. The soil is a sandy loam and was in very poor condition when he bought it. Since then he has built up the land until at present it is in excellent condition. In one block he has two hundred and twen- ty-eight Keiffer trees nineteen years old, which are in great shape. In the early spring he sends a man through these Keiffers to prune back all the branches to old wood ; that is to say, he removes all last year's growth. This causes the trees to make a very vigor- ous growth each year, although they are not allowed to get any larger. Fruit spurs are developed all along the main branches of the trees and a heavy set of fruit is the result. Every year he applies a mulch of to- bacco stems around his trees at the rate of twenty-five pounds to the tree, which costs 'him twelve dollars a ton by the car. Besides this he plows in a cover crop every year which consists of a mix- ture of rape, clover, and vetch. Added to the tobacco stems, and cover crop, he applies a commercial fertilizer of 4% N. and 18-20% phosphoric acid. Mr. Morrell is absolutely convinced that commercial fertilizers are necessary in order to get the best results. He culti- vates about every ten days from the early spring to the middle of June. Last year he sold all his pears at an average of four dollars twenty-five cents a bar- rel, including Keiffers. The trees are planted twenty feet apart, and he estimates that for the past five years his Keiffers have averaged be- tween three and five barrels. Mr. Mor- rell has blight in his orchard, but is doing all he can to control it, and feels confident that he will succeed. The application of fertilizers and his system of pruning are the most noticeable feat- ures of Mr. Morrell's method of hand- ling his orchard. The amounts used seem heavy, but for twenty years he has been experimenting and now feels con- vinced that he cannot do with less. Mr. B. J. Case grows Seckcl, Bartlett, Keiffer, and Duchess, and has had very good success. Although he does not believe in as severe pruning as some growers recommend, he has his orchard gone over every year and a certain amount of pruning done. He cultivates and uses cover crops of clover, and has done so for years. It may be of interest to give his returns for the past few years. Mr. Case has kept strict ac- count of all expenses on his farm and can tell his exact profit on every crop each year. In 1906 he netted one hun- dred and forty dollars an acre from Bartletts. In 1907, one hundred and forty-one dollars; 1908, seventy-three dollars; 1909, one hundred and six dol- lars; 1910, forty-four dollars; 191 1, sixty-seven dollars ; making an average net profit of ninety-five dollars an acre a year from this block of Bartletts. Taking these two places as illustra- tions of many others we must admit that they seem to show that good cul- ture is necessary in order to make pears pay. If heavy crops are to be expected, the trees must have plenty of available food and must be in a vigorous condi- tion. Investigation Work on Peaches* Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Gnelph, Ont. In order to eliminate the danger of the trees that are being experimented on to find the cause of peach yellows and little peach contracting disease from other trees of the district, I am arrang- ing to carry on a series of experiments in- a section of Norfolk county several miles from where any peach trees are growing. Moreover, as the degree to which the nurseries spread the disease is very im- portant, I am planning next year (1913) with the cooperation of Mr. Biggar and the other inspectors, to accumulate data on this point. Whatever time I had left after per- forming the experiments this year, was largely devoted to studying more closely the various symptoms of the diseases, helping the inspectors to recognize them and holding demonstration meetings in various sections. These meetings were well attended. On my invitation. Dr. Duggar, who, as I have mentioned, is investigating the cause of Yellows and Little Peach, visit- ed the district and spent nearly three days with Mr. Biggar and myself study- ing the various symptoms of Yellows and Little Peach, and other matters of in- terest in different parts of the Niagara Dictrict. I have heard from Dr. Duggar since his return home, and he says he feels more confident than before of ulti- mately getting to the root of the trouble. During his visit, he suggested a few ways of investigation that I hope to take up next year. Mr. McCubbin, of the Botanical Department, of Ottawa, has started to study these diseases. I look for much help next year from his co- operation . Investigations, however, will not cure •Extract tram an address delivered before the laet anmual convention of the Ontario Prult Growcre' Association. 94 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 A Combination Raspberry-Strawberry Soe descriptive article on this i>a.ge- these diseases, and I cannot urge too strongly upon peach growers the neces- sity of destroying promptly every diseas- ed tree in their orchards whether marked by an insf)ector or not. I regret to say that while this is being done conscien- tiously in some districts, in others the growers, even some of the leading men, are very careless and indifferent and do- ing little or nothing towards encourag- ing thorough work in their districts. A Raspberry-Strawberry Eight years ago Mr. J. E. Hopkins, of 35 Kippendavie Avenue, Toronto, started an attempt to produce a fruit that would combine the desirable quali- ties of the raspberry and strawberry. For two years he worked, and there was very little to show for it, but at the end of four years there was a little bloom, and the plant began to assume the shape of a bush. At six years the bloom again appeared, and a small, half-matured fruit appeared, but never developed or ripened. Last year, about August the first, the fruit began to appear plentifully and hung in great clusters on the bushes, and later matured and ripened. The bushes are about eighteen inches in height. The branches have thorns similar to the common garden raspberry, but the bushes are unlike the raspberry, as they have branches more like a tree. The leaf resembles the strawberry leaf, except for a deeper marking where the veins are and probably a little greater length than the strawterry leaf. At first sight the fruit looks like over- grown raspberries, but it has not the number of seeds that there is in the rasp- berry. The outside of the berry is smoother than the raspberry, and the color is more of a brilliant red. The flavor is a mixture of both the rasp berry and the strawberry, and the shape of the fruit is something like that of the raspberry. Mr. Hopkins has several hundred plants, and already has been offered a considerable sum for them. Two years ago when I had an order for five barrels of No. i apples I could not fill it out of thirty-five acres of orchard, and had to go out and buy them. Last year 1 sprayed three times, once with lime-sulphur and twice with Bordeaux, using three pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons, and obtained ninety per cent, number ones. — L. Wolverton, Tirimsby. Window Boxes H. Gibson, Fergns, Ont. For many city dwellers the window box is the only substitute for a flower garden. Many out-of-town residents also are glad to bring the beauty and frag- rance of the garden a little closer to their daily round of duties. Many a time a tired woman who could not find time or is too weary to visit the garden, is re- freshed and cheered by lingering for a moment over a flower in the window. Even the poorest in our cities can bring a little of beauty and brightness into their lives by having a few flowers in a window boy which ran be constructed so cheaply that all can aff^ord it. Therefore the growing of flowers in boxes should be encouraged everywhere and especially among the poorer classes, to whom the possibility of a real garden is a thing not to be dreamed of. MAKING A WINDOW BOX The lumber of a window box should be cut the length of the window sill, about a foot wide and from ten to twelve inches deep. The price of lumber should be no barrier to anyone wishing to have a window box. The local grocery store might furnish a box free that with very little trouble could be converted into an ideal article for this purpose. When fin- ished it should be so secured "that It cannot fall or be blown down by the wind. Before commencing to plant anything in the box a number of small holes should be bored in the bottom to drain off' sur- plus water. Over the holes place pieces of crock,- (i.e., broken pots) to prevent the soil from clogging. Use good sweet loam to which has been added a liberal sprinkling of bone meal Place the rougher parts of the compost over the crock, cover the earth with a thin layer of moss or hay, and then fill up to within an inch of the top with the finer soil. The moss serves the double purpose of retaining moisture, and preventing the finer particles of soil from working their way down to the bottom of the box, and there clogging the drainage. Among plants best adapted for culti- vation in window boxes are geraniums, in variety, fuchsias in variety, begonias, petunias, heliotropes, lobelias, nastur- tiums, plumbagoes and pansies, for flow- ers : German ivy, hysimachia and money- wort for trailers. For foliage plants, the following will meet most requirements : Dracaenas, coleus, Solleroi geranium, ferns in vari- ety, aspidistra and achyranthes. The begonias and pansies will thrive where there is a great deal of shade. The petunias and nasturtiums, too, will fur- nish both flowers and foliage, and the latter is not at all particular whether it is trained up the sides of the window or allowed to droop over the side of the box. Flower Gardens of Walkerville * W. H. THE beauty of a town or city is determined not so much by the gardens of the rich who employ professional gardeners as it is by the gardens of the working people, the men and women who cultivate and watch with loving care the plants they them- Smith, Secretary Walkerville Horticultural eus, fuchsia, geraniums, and small cala- dium, the whole making one solid bank to the windows. The back yard is one mass of bloom, there being annuals and bulbs, borders of sweet alyssum, zinnias, nicotina, as- ters, dahlias, sweet peas, phlox drum- The Front Garden of Mr. Humble'* Retidence. No. 1 selves have planted and who thereby gain pleasure and recreation. If this article, therefore, encourages others to make their surroundings more pleasant, it will have achieved the obejct for which it was written. The selection of gardens to be photo- graphed for this article was a hard task. There are so many flower gardens in this town it was hard to pick out the ones considered the best. Gardening in Walkerville is encour- aged by Messrs. Hiram Walker & Sons, Limited, who issue their own prize list. They offer prizes for owners, and prizes for tenants, and contribute about four hundred dollars in prizes for general ap- pearance, shrubs, blooming plants, roses, climbing vines, and other similar classes. The Walkerville Horticultural Society is also doing its share by giving a liberal premium list and encouraging citizens to keep their boulevards graded and mown. A KIOT OP BLOOM Illustrations one and two show the front and back gardens of Mr. Humble, Lincoln Road. There is a riot of color in the border of geraniums, begonias, coleus, salvia, and lilies. The window boxes, vieing with the border, contain vincas, Blick-eyed Susans, dusty millers, col- •J.ist when goinp to press it wa« found neces^ sary. owing to la<-,k of itoace, to Uavo out the descriptions and illiurtrationB of a oouplo of frar- 18. These will be published later.— Editor. mondi, gladiolus, and morning glories trailing from the shed. Can you picture to yourself the wondrous beauty of the many blossoms? This garden should be of interest to many, because the gentle- Society man who cultivates it was a novice at gardening two years ago, and it shows what can be accomplished when once you are interested. A BIVAIj gaedbn Figure three shows the garden of Mr. Montrose, a next door neighbor of Mr. Humble. There is a friendly rival- ry between them ; of hanging baskets, tubs of boxwood, tripods with their bas- kets, clematis (Jackmanii), and border of coleus, geraniums, salvia, petunia, balsams, and begonias, all edged with lobelia. THE AUTHOR'S GARDEN The residence of the secretary of the Walkerville Horticultural Society is shown in illustration number four. The border aI^ound the verandah contains mixed annuals, bulbs and plants— a med- ley of plants, balsams, geraniums (the Nutt and Mme. Barney in the majority), petunia in striped effect, canans (the King Humbolt), and a liberal scattering of gladioli, some caladium nodding their large ears on the corners, while celosia, the Castle Gould, lend gracefulness with their plumes of orange, pink, and red — the whole thing being edged with ager- atum, cobaea scandens climbing around the pillars and openings of the verandah, while swinging from the openings are hanging baskets containing the usual trailers, vinca, thunbergia, lobelia, ger- aniums, petunias, fuchsias, and others. The back garden, of which a glimpse is shown, is bordered with English pri- vet three feet high and two and a half feet in width, trimmed flat, the top Ije- ing level from one end to the other. The Garden in the Rear of Mr. Humble'* Residence. No. 2 8.5 96 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 The Garden of^Mr. Montrose, a Next Door Neighbor of Mr. Humble. No. 3 In the centre of the garden is a large bed of cannas edged with caladiums (elephant ears) ; further back is a per- ennial garden containing hollyhocks, hibiscus, crimson eye, tritorna pfitzerii, larkspur, and columbine, peonies, per- ennial phlox, foxglove, sweet william, and dianthus. Mixed through these, gladiolus are planted, also nicotiana, petunias, and phlox drummondi. THE BOSE QABDEN Facing the south are hybrid tea roses, which bloom all summer. The varieties of roses which do the best with me are Gruss an Teplitz, Madam Caroline Test- out, Dean Hole, Killarney, Jules Grolez, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Madam Rav- ery Etolie de France, and Richmond. Facing the east are the hybrid perpet- ual roses, Frau Karl Druschki, Paul Neyron, Alfred Colomb, General Jacque- minot, Magna Charta, Marshall P. Wilder, Margaret Dickson, Prince Camille de Rohan, Ulrich Brunner, and J. B. Clark ; the later rose in the hybrid perpetual class because that is where it belongs, although some class it with the hybrid teas. There is nothing to warrant it being placed there except its foliage and fragrance; the flowers are of enormous size, the buds pointed and perfectly formed. This rose should be grown by all rose lovers. Did space permit, I might give detail- ed descriptions of Walkerville's manv other lovely gardens. Nothing less than a visit, however, can reveal half their beauty. Such a visit the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist are invited to make in order that they may learn why it is that Walkerville has become noted for its attractive homes and alluring streets . Cold Frames R. S. Rote, Peterboro, Ont. Having got your seeds in order, look up your hot or cold frame. Now is the time for getting them in readiness. For those who have not used either frames, a few words of how to make one may be of use. A cold frame is used to keep off cold winds, to keep the ground clear of snow, and also to increase the feeble heat of the sun in the early spring days. llie coii.iirucUoii ol the Irame is sim- ple. Anyone can knock one together. Make the back board, say, twelve inches high, and the front board eight inches, so as to give the frame a slant. The standard size is three feet by six feet. Of course you can make the frame any size to suit yourself. Set it up in a shel- tered, well drained position, as near the house as possible. NO HEAT USED A cold frame is a frame with a sash, but no other means of beating. Fill the frame with soil to within six inches depth in front and nine inches at back. Make shallow drills, three or four inches apart across the face of the soil ; sow your seeds ; cover thinly ; then press down gently, but firmly, or rather even- ly. Water moderately with a fine wat- ering can. Put' in the sash or glass win- dow. Keep everything snug and warm until seedlings appear. The glass may then be tilted up at one end so as to al- low fresh air inside the frame, that the young plants may become sturdy. As the plants get stronger, the glass can be removed during the day time, if the weather is warm, but always cover up during the night. If the weather gets frosty cover the glass with an old blan- ket or straw litter, in fact anything that will protect the delicate seedlings. USE FLATS I prefer to sow my seeds in flats or small shallow boxes, with holes in the bottom for drainage. I find that the boxes give me more satisfaction, for this reason, some seed germinate faster than others. Those that come along the fast- est can be removed to more light and al- lowed more fresh air, and the ones that take a longer time can be kept by them- selves. ^.l., .^.., ■ ■ 1 '-'A. ^ ■ — ' — ■} ■' 1. 1 i i- - :^ ■* ■' ~~ '<»^]hK^^.. . 3 i ""^^""w^m X-f' |iii:i_ Ip^^^t. » Piyfll V •J J 1 — "^ ^^•;;.i^- • Pm^ ^jm -» 1. -,- r9W^^ _ ■ " ^^^I^H pE^ t- Wm'^ ■ ■■' •- ..■ "»«. . 4^ ■- !» ".-y'^^ Residenee of Mr. W. H. Smith, Secretary of the Walkerville Horticultural Society. No. 4 The Rose and How^ to Grov/^ It # HE amateur is sure to encounter difficulties in growing roses. If, however, tfieir culture is once com- lenced, it will be found hard to give it ip, as their attractions become more nd more fascinating as the years go by. Start in the right way by selecting an open situation, with shelter, not too near trees. Otherwise the roots of the trees will rob the roses of their required food. The ground should be well drained. I ig about two feet deep, and put in a layer of cinders, stone or any other ma- terial, for drainage, and on top of this manure, well packed down, and then the soil. Keep the fine soil, mixed with some well decayed manure, for the top. Raise the bed above the surrounding soil. Roses that are budded will grow ' stronger and give better bloom than I roses on their own roots. Nevertheless I prefer roses on their own roots, i There is no danger of suckers grow- Ing from l>elow where budded. When planting budded roses, the bud ihould be three or four inches below the lurface. This will tend to prevent the iuckers springing from the roots, or rom the bud. THE SOIL KEQUEttED The soil for the rose bed, espxecially or hybrid perpetuals, should contain .some clay, as it retains the moisture longer than where all sand is used. Tea roses require warmer and lighter soil, such as sand and leaf mould. The loose soil from sod is good. Plants from the nursery if not grown in pots, should be set in warm water for a day, in case the roots are too dry. ■Many roses are lost through the roots •First prize essay in the comDetition for prizes fffered by MeexTe. Hermann Simmers, of Toronto, '"'• B. B. Whyte, of Ottawa. James M. Hull, Hamilton, Ont. having tecome dried out before plant- ing. Puddle the roots in thin mud, and set them firmly when planting. Rake the top soil loose. It should be kept loose all summer, especially after rain. If a crust forms on the soil, it prevents the air getting at the roots, which the health of the plant makes necessary. Do not cultivate too deep. When the bed is well made the roots are near the surface. All the cultivation it will need for a few years is a top dressing. Bone meal or very fine sifted wood ashes, or coal cinders are good, when fine. They keep the top soil open and loose. I use bone meal and also manure from the hen house. It is spread a few inches from the plants. If placed too near it is apt to burn the plants. The manure contains an amount of ammonia which helps to kill the insects that the rose is subject to. INSECT PESTS A fine spray from the hose early in the season is good to keep the plants free from insect pests. Tobacco solution controls the aphis or green fly. Apply it with a whisk, and in such a manner that it will reach the underside of the foliage, as well as the top. There are many other solutions that are good. I have found the foregoing sufficient. The perpetual roses should be pruned well back, but with tea roses only the weak wood requires to.be taken out after growth in the spring. My favorite roses are hybrid teas, a cross between tea and perpetual roses. They have all the good qualities of both parents, and continue in bloom all summer. I have cut bloom as late as November. The winter protection I give tea roses is to drive small stakes around the plants. These are filled in loosely with leaves. Around this is placed a coarse litter from the garden, which helps to keep the leaves from blowing away. There are so many good roses it is im- possible to name them all. I will there- fore mention only a few of the best and easiest to grow : Perpetual : Karl Druschki, white ; Mrs. John Laing, pink; Paul Neyron, deep rose ; Baroness de Rothchild, pale pink ; J. B. Clark, deep scarlet; Madam Plant- ier, white. Tea : La France, bright pink ; Killar- ney, white, pink ; Madam Caroline Gest- out, pink ; Betty, ruddy gold ; Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, pink. j^^Mffet 98 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April. 191.^ Climbers : Dorothy Perkins, pink ; Crimson Rambler, crimson ; Baltimore Bell, pale pink; Perfection, pale pink; Prairie Queen, rose; and many other beautiful new varieties which prolong the season. The climbing roses are used for cov- ering the fences. They are a splendid background for perennials, which I use in between the rose plants, as they come in bloom after the June roses are through blooming. When garden space is limit- ed, as mine is, bloom may be continued all season with the help of perennials. The Modern Peony* J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. When spring arrives remove the coarse mulch and stir the finer parts well into the soil, taking care not to disturb tlie pinkish white buds then just beginning to show. Peonies, as stated before, are quite hardy without mulch, and while this attention is not essential, it will be more than repaid. The best time for planting is in the fall when the roots have well ripened, usu- ally early in September, though they may be planted as late as the ground may be cultivated. They may also be planted in the spring, but this practice is not recommended, as the growth the first season is not so vigorous and they seldom bloom as strong. This is also partially true of very late fall planting. All peonies give better blooms after be- coming established, and should not be finally judged the first season. The peony is propagated — at least for the purposes of the average gardener — from the root. To get at the roots do not spade. The better plan is to dig down beside the plant until the root is exposed, •Extract from a paper read at the last anmual convention in Toronto of the Ontario Horticul- tural Association. altack the plant from above with a and then cut off with a sharp knife the desired buds attached to part of the root. If you wish to take out the whole plant or root the best plan is to dig all around it, and when loosened up so as to be easily removed whole, do so; when it can then be divided into sections with one or more buds desired. From three to five buds make good plants But once more the warning must be given to take care that the buds are not injured in dividing. Propagation from seed is a slow mat- ter, for it takes four or five years for a peony to grow from the seed to the blooming period, and even then it will hardly repay the trouble, for the chances are all against producing anything worth while. If, however, one deems the delight of giving to the world a really desirable new variety is worth the risk, then ga- ther the seeds as soon as they" are ripe, and store them in sand over winter. Plant early in the spring in well pre- pared soil, and exercise patience. Planning the Garden At this season of the year many ama- teur flower growers are at a loss to know how to lay out their gardens to the best advantage. On this page appears a diagram of the garden of Mr. K. W. McKay, of St. Thomas, a description of which was published in The Canadian Horticulturist last fall. The outside measurement of the gar- den is one hundred by sixty-six feet. The paths are two feet six inches wide, with a curb of two by four inches cypress stained green. The long beds on either side are ten feet wide and may be culti- vated by rake or Dutch hoe from the paths. The general arrangement of the paths and beds has given Mr. McKay good satisfaction. With the exception of a few perennials, the space devoted to flowers and vegetables will go on an adjoining lot to make room for roses and additional flowers. The compost box, twelve feet by four feet by four f e< i lakes care of house garbage, weed-, grass clippings, and leaves. These de- compose quickly, and form a mulch most suitable for flowers. Making the Compost Pit J. MacPherion Rou, Torogto, OaL The compost pit may be of any di- mensions that will answer to hold such refuse as would accumulate about any ordinary household. It is not necessary to have it boarded, although it would be better in order to hold the earth sides more securely. A space eight feet long by six Icet wide and four feet deep would be a con- venient size. A pit as shallow as two ieet would answer if placed in a corner of the garden not very much exposed to view so long as it would be convenient to throw kitchen slops or soapsuds into. Nothing could be more fertilizing than dishwater or soapsuds, as they contain potash and all other fertilizing ingredi- ends. You can readily see how con- venient it would be to throw weeds into such a pit through the summer when cultivating your garden, grass clippings from the lawn, leaves, litter, and even cornstalks, decayed fruit, straw, and in fact, anything except wood. Wood readily ferments and decays. Sifted coal ashes would be all right, as they would absorb liquids of any kind rich in ni- trates and other fertilizing chemicals. Coal ashes, though not in themselves of particular value, yet serve as a medium to lighten stiff soil and are a good rfr- tainer for fugitive fertilizers. The leaves of the lawn make desirable and valuable leaf mould. The longer you can leave such refuse to decay the better. If it should be- come in any way offensive, a covering of earth spread over it would prevent any nuisance. Such a pit would serve also as a place, when emptied of its con- tents in the spring, to place manure in to make a hotbed. Rhubarb Hot Bed. ^ ^ ^ Asparagus. Horse Raaish. 0. Poppies- V Jv^ V% .<' ^" J^ r Perennials Asters *^^ rS^n dial. ui O j! O O PercTinials W.tiil Phlox. ►J ies P A T H . Hi . a f! » •ri r-1 -a o o uiid weighit-d a pound and a quarter, ojid was of excellent quality. proved that a careful use of such land lor gardens would decrease largely the rost of living of the town and city dweller. Many people do not plant a garden because they think that they have not enough land. Yet something useful can be grown on every foot of land where the sunlight falls. In the rase of a small, well-exp)osed, well- drained piece of land, no crop will yield Ijetter returns in produce and satisfac- tion than tomatoes. There is no garden crop that gives i'!ore pleasure to housewives — or, in- U-ed, more satisfaction to those who ippear three times per day about the l:imily mahogany — than tomatoes. To- rnatftes at table are always in order. Ripe, with salt, pepper, or sugar, ac- I ording to taste, cooked as vegetables, iir in pickles or sauce, they never fail lo command the appetites of the hungry. The householder who desires a crop of tomatoes for personal use generally looks for a better offering from the ready soil than such fruit as is grown in the field. If a man, he knows the pleased look that lightens the face of his wife as he hands her a basket of plump, round, smooth, even-sized, prettily-rip- ened pink or red tomatoes. And her words of pleasure at the gift are as great a delight to his heart as was the sight to .Abel of the smoke of his sacrifice as- cending straight to heaven. Only care and gardening skill can produce such fruit. But it is skill such as every son of .Adam may possess if he wishes. BEST VABIETIES The facts given in this short article are from the experience of the writer, who cultivated a plot of less than one- thirtieth of an acre in the city of Ottawa. The photos are from plants in the plot. The first thing to decide when following suit in any locality is the variety or var- ieties that will be used. After a good deal of experience which was checked by consultation with the best authori- ties of the Dominion, the conclusion ar- rived at was that for a city garden it would be hard to beat a combination of Sparks' Earliana, Chalk's Early Jewel, and Henderson's Ponderosa. These ripen in the order named. The first are good on account of their earliness, but for table use they do not show the quality of the later and latest of the three. In all average seasons, these three varieties if properly cared for can be made to give ripe fruit for the table from the latter part of July until very late in the autumn or even till Christmas if the late green fruit is gathered with the first frost and wrap- ped in paper and stored on shelves in the cellar. When so handled the fruit goes through a slow ripening process, and can be used as it becomes ready. The plants can be started in the house Ckalp* E^rly Jewel Tomatoe* Th<«(! pkint« rc>a<;hed a height of eight feet six inches and bore fruit all the way up. -Mr Davcy is ahown in the illustration. 100 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 Henderson's Ponderosa Tomatoes Two eteme were allowed to grow. The illxistratiofl ehowB the manner of staking and tying. if one has a sunny window and an even temperature indoors. Little boxes should Ix; prepared with nice, loose, loamy soil, and the seeds planted in twos or threes about three inches apart. When they come up, the plants which show the strongest growth should be selected to live and the rest nipped off. The seeds should l>e in the boxes from the first to the middle of March, as under such conditions the growth is slow. During growth the soil should be kept from coal gas or bad air. Of course, if you wish you may buy the plants from the professional gardener. But it is best to make sure that he is a reliable man, re- liable not only in honesty, but also in ability, as otherwise you may get plants that arc not just the varieties you want. If one wishes early fruit, the plants should be in the ground early. It is best to start in the boxes more than one is likely to need. A few should be set out as soon as the ground is ready, regard- less of the danger of frost. Then if there is none you will be the gainer. If a frost is anticipated, the plants can be protected by paper or cardboard coverings. But if the worst happens and the frost kills them while the house- holders are away on a visit new plants can be set out from the reserve supply. _ TRAIN "nHiE VINES If the city gardener is satisfied with any kind of fruit he may let the vines sprawl all over the ground at their own sweet will. If, however, he wants a first quality of fruit, his vines should be trained off the ground. This may be done in two ways, on posts, allowing a post to each plant, or on a trellis. The method the grower adopts should de- pend on the nature of the garden. He may save space by having a trellis along some sunny wall. But the experience of the writer has been that the tomato plant does not grow well along a wall or fence. It needs plenty of light and air all about it. The plants shown in the accompany- ing illustrations were grown on stakes. This method is good in a small garden- where space is at a premium. On the same principle that in a crowded city it pays to put up high buildings, the toma- to plant can be made to economize space by training it up into the air. LET TWO SHOOTS €rEOTV In regard to the training of the plants it has been the practice of the writer to allow two shoots of each plant to grow. All the rest as they appear in the axils of the leaves are nipped off. Then up go the ones selected to live. If properly cared for the plants will begin to bear close to the ground and will keep up the game until the autumn frosts prevent further expansion. The plants shown in one of the accom- Smooth Rough and Wrinkled This illustration shows how the ahape of tomatoes may be imDroved by selection and careful cultivation. panying illustrations were allowed to grow to the extent of two shoots each, and when about five feet high were al- lowed to branch. They ultimately grew to a height of eight feet six inches and produced a wonderful crop of clean, lus- cious fruit. They were Chalk's Earl> Jewel, and were planted in the hous< about the middle of March. They were planted in a central f)osition and wert- not affected by the early frosts which destroyed plants in more exposed posi- tions. now TO TIE As the plants grow the new growth must be tied to the stake before it can droop. The tying must not be too tight, but mu.st allow for the swelling of the stem. If too tight the stem is pinched, and the sap prevented Crom rising. In tying a soft, cheap string should be used. A hard string or twine will not do so well as it cuts the tender surface of the stems. Land for tomatoes shotild be rich, loose and loamy, but don't be discourag- ed if the land you have does not conform to this description. Work up what you have even if it be mixed with bits of brick and the scraps of broken china that have been thrown out of the house. Stir in a liberal supply of stable manure, and you will get results the first year, and better ones the next year if you stick to it. But, of course, the better the soil the better the results if all the other points are attended to. There are other things than fruit and vegetables to be gained from handling a small plot of ground. Health, p»eace, contentment, knowledge and a preserva- tion of man's best instincts are wrapped up in ihre cultivation of a garden. Vegetables and Their Sprays Prof. E. M. Straight When we ask men to spray the gar- den, we are often met by the objection : "Spraying is all right, but we shall never put poison on that part of a vege- table which later we intend to eat!'" When the case of potatoes is cited, which already they are spraying, we are again told that that is different, for the potatoes are under ground, while only the top is touched by the spray. There ran be no possible danger from this score. It has been shown that from eigtit to ten barrels of apples must be eaten at one time, and immediately after spraying, to get any bad result from arsenic. A few days after an ap plication, there is not enough poison remaining to kill a canker worm. The same is true of copper. Thousands of sprayed plants must be eaten to get a tonic dose of copper, and many more are required to kill. .'\ wagon load of celery must be eaten at one time to get sufficient copper to injure a man, so the danger is not great. April, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 101 The Sterilization of Soils^ A. H. MacLennan, B The spread of many diseases and in- sect pests within the soil in the green- house has turned investigation work to find a solution. Perhaps the commonest example is the eel-worm or Nematode (Heterodera), which affects the roots of indoor tomatoes and Damping-off Fun- gus (Pythium), which destroys many seedlings. Two results are very noticeable after sterilization : First, disease organisms and pests are killed or greatly reduced in numbers ; second, while many of the bacteria in the soil are destroyed, those whose presence is beneficial remain, be- come much more active, and plant food is made more rapidly. In a bacterial count of soil — sterilized and unsterilized — made by the Bacterio- logical Department of the College last year, the following results were ob- tained : 1 . Unsterilized — One million six hun- dred thousand bacteria per cubic centi- metre . 2 . Sterilized — (a) in first two inches of soil, temperature two hundred and ten degrees, nine hundred bacteria p)er cubic centimetre ; (b) at depth of six inches, temperature one hundred and seventy degrees, six hundred bacteria per cubic centimetre. In number two the bacteria that re- maijied were beneficial and aided in breaking down the plant food in the soil. The action of sterilizing is shown .S.A., O.A.C., Guelph in the sturdier growth of the plants and their darker color. Two methods are in use to-day, — steam and chemicals, the chief being formaldehyde and Toluol. The work with chemicals has been but little tried in this country, but in England has so far not given quite as good results as steam. ■ METHODS OP STERILIZING There are three methods of steam sterilizing: First, by underground tile, the method explained by Mr. Streight in the February, 1912, number of The Canadian Horticulturist. This method is very easy where one uses sub-irriga- tion. Second, by the laying of a system of three three-quarter inch iron pipes like this: *OQtUii« of an addreflR deMTered Teoentl^ be- fore the Toronto Branch of the Ontario Vege- table Qrowems' Aeaociation. placed eight to nine inches under ground. In each side of each pipe, there are one-eighth to one-quarter inch holes every ten inches, thus . ' . " . " . i.e., alternately. The steam is put in at a pressure of thirty to fifty pounds until it rises in a cloud from the bed. Third. The pan method, of which a ()icture is shown. This pan is of gal- vanized iron of any convenient size, — say, three feet by nine feet, and six inches deep. This is pressed into the soil about two to three inches. Connec- tion is made by hose to centre of top of pan. The slcam is turned on at thirty pounds for thirty minutes. Where one renews the soil each year the soil that is used for potting up can be easily steril- ized in a sort of oven made of wood side with pipes in the bottom, as in num- ber two. In all cases, the earth should be fresh- ly dug over and friable in order that the steam may work through it. We have done little with chemical sterilizers, the only one we have used being formaldehyde. It gave very sat- isfactory results, but the bed must be left ten to twelve days after application be- fore planting, while with steam it is ready for use in twenty-four hours. The greater part of our work has been on tomatoes. We have raised our aver- age per plant by one and a half to two pounds of fruit. In lettuce and cucum- ber, the results have also been very noticeable. At Rothamsted Experiment Station in England, they have had very similar results to ours. A very interest- ing account of their work is given in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for January, 1913. Forcing Rhubarb John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. A simple means of forcing rhubarb that is specially advantageous after the crops indoors are more or less eshaust- ed is that of raising supplies outdoors by artificial means. This may be done as soon as the worst of the winter is over, and is a practice that should be extremely popular, as anyone with a small amount of trouble may achieve results that are very satisfactory. For successional crops, outdoor forcing is much to be preferred. The plants should be forced where they are growing, and if a warm border is available, so much the better. All that need be done in forcing a crop outdoors is to cover the crowns of the plants with barrels, tubs, boxes, or any such article which shall have a mov- able lid. Large barrels should be sawn in two. The top end of the barrel should be knocked out, and made to suit the purpose of a movable lid, this being removed for observation and air-giving, also for obtaining supplies when ready. These utensils should be embedded in stable manure and leaves, this material providing the necessary warmth to ex- cite the crowns into growth. When leaves and stable litter are mixed in th< proportion of about two of the former to one of the latter, a gentle heat may be provided. It is surprising how simple and effec- tive is this mode of forcing rhubarb. A splendid crop of luscious stalks may be readily obtained by these means. On a soil containing large quantities of lime use superphosphate as a top dressing in the spring and at the rate of 300 to 500 lbs. per acre. 102 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist iffi@@ssisgi^@s^E@ss®^S| PublUhad hr Th* Horticultaral Publiahinc Companr. Limited PBrTKRBORO, ONTA.R.IO iS EDITORIAL ag-€ment of the- leadinjf fruit experiment stations in the fruit districts of the Tni- tcd States, The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion OrrioiAL Orqan of the Ontario and Qubbkc Fruit Growrrs' Associations B. BaoNBON OowAN, MsnatrlnB Director OHIOAGO lira'RESENTATIVE : W. H. etookwell, 629 People's Ga« Building. 1. The Oanjadlan Hortioulturiet is nubli^lied on the 26th day of the motntb. preceding date of issuo. 2. Subecription price in Canada and (Jreat Britain, 60 cents a vcar; two years, $1.00. For United States and local subacriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Office), 26 cents extra a year. Including postage. J. Remittances should be made by Po«t Office rts in the public press, explained that one reason why better work had not been ac- complished at the Station was because soon after the statioe had been started it was found that the soil was unsuitable for small fruits. This, if the Minister was correctly- reported, can hardly be considered a satis- factory explanation. The land used by the station was donat- ed to the Governmeint by Mr. M. F. Ritten- house in 1906. Before the Government ac- cepted this land it was examined by offi- cers of the Department of Agriculture and of the AR-ricuItural Colleg^e, who reported on its suitability for the purposes for which it was intended. The Govennment was fully aware of the work that it was pur- posed should be undertaken at the new station. If the soil was not suitable its acceptance for the purpose should either have been declined then or arrang^ements made for the purchase of additional land adjoining- better adapted for experimental purposes. When it was annotmced that the Gov- ernment had decided to establish an ex- periment station at Jordan Harbor keen interest was taken in the proposal by the fruit growers of the pro-vince, more especi- ally those of the Niagara District. This led The Canadian Horticulturist to send one of its editors, a graduate in horticul- ture of the Ontario Agriculture College, to Jordan Harbor to inspect the soil of the proposed station. In the July. 1906, issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, the in- troductory article dealt with the soil con- ditions at the proposed station, as did the leading editorial. In both the article amd editorial it was shown that while other- wise well suited to its purpose, the soil of the proposed station had two defects : It lacked the protection of the mountain, only two miles and a half away, and it also lacked a sufficient quantity of light soil to be ideal for experimental work with peaches and other tender fruits. It was pointed out that this defect could be over- come by the purchase of some suitable land across the road, on which the Gov- ernment had been given an option on rea- sonable terms. This option, althoug-h the need of the land was fully recognized at the time or the option would never have been given, has mever been taken up by the Government. We fail to see, therefore, after seven years have passed, why the Government should advance as an excuse for the fact that the station has not ac- complished more, that the station soil is not suitable. We have no desire to criticise the Gov- ernment unduly in this mat-ter. but its utter failure to deal with the station in the broad, sympathetic manner that the fruit growers have hoped for and which the De- partment of Agriculture has extended to other branches of its work, has resulted in several years of larg-ely wasted e-fforts at the station. Nothing will remedy these conditions until the Government complete- ly reverses its policy and treats the sta- tion with the same generosity and fore- sight that is characteristic of the man- The practical failure of the National Land Fruit and Packing Company, which was launched some two years ae'o with a blare of trumpets, was not entirely unex- pected by those in close touch with the fruit interests of Ontario. In discussing the undertaking of the company in the May issue of The Canadian Horticulturis-t in 1911. we pointed out editorially that condition as possible, as the better I ondition of the fruit and the better h< satisfied with his purchase the oftener A ill buy your goods. I Items of Interest .A resolution was passed at . a rf-cei meeting of The St. Joseph's Frui- operative Society in the Province of bee. requiring every member of that A ■ioriation to sprav his orchard. Mr. P. W, Hodgetts. Director of ' I ulture for the Province of Ontar; preparing, for the Department, a bill f submission to the Legislature which w: yive incorporated fruit growers' as- tions wider powers. Mr. John .\. Muir. Port Dalhousi< tario, last year planted a number ! roasted peanuts, which grew up wit: other vegetable crops in his garden, though no particular attention was to them. Mr. Muir obtained a fair di>D Hortlcnlfcnrlrt wh«i writing. FERTILIZER "'ri"^- Lesage Fertilizer for Grain and Wheat 446 Lesage Fertilizer for Fruit and Vine • 447 Lesage Fertilizer Special for Tobacco 448 Qyebec Special for all Kinds of Crops 331 Fine Ground Bone 330 Thomas Phosphate Powder (Caledonia) 338 Lesage Royal Potato Manure 449 For Catalogue and Prices write to LESAGE PACKING & FERTILIZER COMPANY. Ltd. Head Office : 53 St. Paul, MONTREAL AGENTS WANTED 108 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 BASIC SLAG Renovates Old Worn Out Pastures Without Re-Seeding There are thousands of farmers in Ontario whose pastures have been worn out by the con- tinued grazing of dairy stock. Such lands have been drained of fertility and now grow only poor, worthless vegetation. Clover has entirely disappeared. This need not continue. A dressing of Basic Slag applied broadcast at the rate of looo lbs. per acre will bring such pastures back into good heart, and double or treble their capacity for stock carrying, The effect of such an application should be apparent for four or five years. Basic Slag is being used in thousands of tons in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec, and the consumption in Europe amounts to over two million tons per annum. It is therefore no untried Fertilizer. Every farmer from the Old Country knows about Basic Slag, but for your own satisfaction ask the Department of Agriculture Instructor for your district, or the editor of any farming journal as to its merits. Basic Slag is the ideal Fertilizer to apply to stiff clay lands, to wet, marshy fields and to all soils which have become sour. If you have any such pasture buy one ton of Basic Slag and broadcast it over two acres, applying it at the earliest opportunity — the sooner the better. Until our selling arrangements in Ontario are com- pleted, you can be supplied direct from the Factory at ^20.00 per ton, freight prepaid to your nearest station — cash with order. Make this experiment and you will feel grateful to us for bringing the merits of Basic Slag under your notice. An interesting pamphlet giving particulars of the results obtained by leading agriculturists from the use of Basic Slag, will be forwarded by post on application to THE CROSS FERTILIZER CO., Ltd. SYDNEY, N.S. Or to their Sales Agents for Western Ont&rio, MR. A. E. WARK, \ifanstead Eastern Ontario, MR. A. L. SMITH, 220 Alfred St., Kingston Sales Agents Paid Last year the Wentworth (Ont.) Fruit Growers' Association sent its manager. Lome H. Carey, to the western provii to market its crop of fourteen thous. barrels of apples. It cost the Association one thousain Royal Rose Talcum S the favored place on the dressing b tables and in the nurseries of the B moS discriminating people. S 25c. a tin, at your Drugpst'r— S or write tot free sample to the ■— NATIONAL DID6 AND CHEMICAL Ct. B OF CANAftA, LIMITEB, - MONTtEAL. B ^_ 191 S SniiHHHiiiiiiinniHiHnniiiiiiiiinmimiHiimniiiiiiiiiiifflnnS gl iliik Peeriess Guaranteed Fencing Strongly made and closely spaced — making it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9 — intermediates No. 12 wire — made by the Open Hearth processwhich time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacture of wire fencing. Send for literature. Ask about our farm and ornamental fencing:. Agencies Bcttrly everywhere. Uvc acenta wanted In unasslffned territory. The Banwell-Hoxle Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnipeg. Man., Hamilton. Ont. a cov<>r crop which is plowed down each year and every third year I make an ap- iplication in the orchard of baimyard man- ure. Where wood growth is desired nitrate of soda is the desirable fertilizer, but I find that with bearing- trees the nitrate tends to delay maturity, and its use will not be advisable on winter varieties, es- pecially where color is essential. Fertilizers, however, are not all. The fruit grower must ever bear in mind the importance of humus in the soil as a re- tainer of moisture. Proper pruning^, thor- ough spraying, and cultivation are the other factors in successful fruit growing. Transportation Problems* E. E. Adaiiit, Lcamiii(to«, Ont. In both America and Europe railways traverse the country east, west, north, and south, with lateral lines that cover an im- mense territory, and give service, both passenger and freight, to millions of people. We find people in Europe are able to send us oranges, lemons, raisins, and other commodities, first by steamship and then bv railways, and all these are given to us at such low prices that we often won- der how it cam be done. It all comes large- ly from the low freight rates. ' The people of Australia and New Ltz- land send to our shores mutton, butter, and similar products in large quantities, and compete with our growers. From Spain we receive onions at such low prices it reallv does not pay us to grow the large varieties here. I am told that these have been laid down in Toronto at one dollar sixty-five cents a case of about one hun- dred and thirty pounds, even though we have a dutv of thirty per cent, against them We find, also, on account of low freight rates, that our country this sea- son is fairlv flooded with onions from the United States. We also are having pota- toes delivered in the province oif Ontario from New Brunswick, and I understand the freight rate is twenty cents a hundred pounds. We have to pay thirty-two cents a hundred pounds on onions to the same ' province. Just why there should be such an unfair rate, we who are engaged in that business fail to see. There are many imperfections in rates. which should be attended to by those con- cerned. In the western part of the pro- vince, we purpose trying to lay before the Railway Commission a series of what we consider unfair rates, and to endeavor to have them arranged on a more equitable basis. We are largely shut out of the west bevond Winnipeg, and we think that trade is ours by right But to obtain it we will have to fight for it. •Extract from a pap«r read at the lastannn*! convention of the Ontario Frtit Gtowere' AsBO- ciation. Black Raspberries Big Money now for the man who grow the "FARMER" vcrj- heavj' croppers from first year. Fruit early, extra large, firm, good ship- pers delightful flavor. Bring thehigbest pnoe We are offering for early Spring delivery, selected plants, our own growing. Per 1,000, $15.00. Per 100, $2.00 Ortler now. ROBERT LOWREY, St. Davids, Ont. I9I3 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 113 0:0!^..^^: .ill©: ,!. :© © :::;::.©.::; j,©£j©;:;ii©aia©Li©:.H;:ililii,«-@ta© Cream Separator Savings AN I H C cream separator saves money for you in more ways than most people know. It saves cream because it skims practically all the butter fat out of the milk. It saves on the feed bills. Calves and pigs thrive on the sweet, warm skim milk that comes fresh from the separator. It saves fertility. The dairyman who feeds the skim milk to animals parts with a very small amount of fertility. The man who sells whole milk loses close to S4.80 per cow per year in fertilizing matter. These three savings, while not all that a cream separator makes, are im- portant enough to warrant the most thoughtful consideration. I H C Cream Separators Dairymaid and Bluebell are also furnished as complete power outfits, as illustrated above. The engine is a one-horse power, back geared, hopper-cooled, I H C engine which can be detached and used to run any small machine. The separators are built for long life and skimming efficiency. They have heavy phosphor bronze bushings for bearings; a never-failing splash oiling system; trouble proof bowl spindle bearings; dirt and milk proof spiral gears which are easily accessible for cleaning. There are four convenient sizes of each style. Ask the I H C local agents who handle these machines for demonstration. Get a catalogue and full information from them, or, write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd BRANCH HOUSES At BrKndoD, Calffftrr. Edmontoo, Estevan, HamilloD, Lethbridfe, Loodoa, Montreal, North Battieford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Satkatooa, St. Joho, Winnipeg, Yorktoa ■©i:::®:^©™.!® ® ©;,::;::;©„:;., ,© : r;®;;:® :: :®::;::[,® :.: ■: m^ New Sweet Peas Hi^h Grade Seeds Successful Gardeners everywhere depend on Dnpay & Fernasoi'i High Grade Seedi to produce the finest vegetables and the most beautiful flowers. 63 Fir»t Prizes were awarded at the Montreal Horticultural Exhibition, Sept., 191 2, to Mr. F. S. Watson, on products grown from seeds supplied by us. COLLECTION A. -TWELVE SPLENDID EXHIBITION VARIETIES White Spencer, King Hdwaiil Spencer, Otello Spencer, Klorence Morse Spuneir. Georije Herbert Kpencer, Helen LewiH, Mrs. Huyh Diekson, PrlmroHC Spencer, Marie Cnrelli, Countess Speneer. Florence NlKhtingalc, Asia Ohn. Price, I i)kt., eiuti, $1.2.5. COLLECTION B.— SIX SPLENDID EXHIBITION VARIETIES Countess Spencer, White Spencer, Kinir Edward Spencer, Helen Lewis. Florence Nightingale, A»ta Ohn. Price, 1 pkt., each. tKk'. THE GRAND NEW HARDY ROSE CLIMBING AMERICAN BEAUTY Tb« Rose "Wa-AU" Have Been Weitin* For This wonderful new Rote is a cros.H between the "Queen " of all Roues, American Beauty, and an unnamed seedling. Color a rosy crimKon Biniiiar to its parent (the most loved of all Roses) and with the same exquisite fraijrance. a rarity indeed in hardy climbing Ro.ses. The plant is of very strontc habit and srowlli, niakinK shoois eijfbt to ten feet in a sea.s(jn, floweis are of larjje size and produced in great profu.sion throughout the season—unlike the busli Rose, "American Btrauty," it is a.s hardy as an oak. Supplj' limited. Extra Size Plants, eich, $l..'y) ; per doz„ Sl'i.iHi. Write for ear New lllnitraled Catalogue replete with cbolcett strain o( VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS DUPUY&! FERGUSON 38 Jacques Cartier Square, Montreal Hemingways London Purple" Co., Ld. 17 Battery Place NEW YORK IS Seething Lane LONDON, E.C. Cables: "Nevritique,** London or New York Works : Stratlord, London, E. For over 35 years we have been doing very large business in insecticides throughout the U.S.A., Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, Egypt, etc., etc. "LONDON PURPLE," Trade Mark, our original product is still one of the most effective of all insecticides. Mil- lions of pounds have been used. Many who have used it in 1879 are using to this day. It has one disadvantage, it is so active that occasionally a few leaves may be scorched if used without consid- erable dilution or carefully distributing over a wide area, but a few leaves in a large orchard or potato farm are of very little account compared with the benefit derived, and this slight danger can be obviated by adding }i lb. of slacked lime to ^very 1 lb. of "London Purple" used. Analysis: Arsenic Lime Compounds ... 70 % Dye stuffs and inert matter ... 30% Use 1 lb. to a barrel of water. Hemingway s Pure Lead Arsenate Pulp The best ever made — absolutely pure. Analysis : Arsenic Oxide 15 % Lead Oxide 32% Moisture 50% Soluble Arsenic, under 'AX It thins down very easily in the spray tank. It is the most neutral of all makes. Its adhesion is perfect. Its composition absolutely consistent, owing to the great care taken in man- facture. Careful orchardists use less of our make than recommended quantities and still get the best results. Please write for further information. 114 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191,^ WARM AIR FURNACES Tlie Jaines Stewart Manufacturing Company, Limited WOODSTOCK ONT WINNIPEG MAN Stand for QUALITY SATISFACTION Winter Warmth in the home like the breath of a day in June, compar- ed to the July - like dry- nesa and intensity of the fuma«e heat with which you are familiar. It's all in the big OIECLE WATEEPAN with ita adequate provision for humidifying the heated air, and a furnace construc- tion absolutely gas and dust tight. FURNACE CATALOGUE MAILED ON REQUEST -J « Bumper" Barley Crops are easily obtained by the intelligent application and use of Nitrate. CHILEAN Nitrate of Soda gives plants a good start, carries them along to proper development and maturity, and provides a "bumper crop." Clean — uniform — odorless — cheap. Its results are aston- ishing and convincing. 100^ immediately available. Be sure and write today for our booklet — FREE. "Fertilizers tor Com and Cereals. Dr. ^riLLIAM S. MYERS Director Chilean Nitrate Propaganda 1 7 Madiaon Ave., New York No Branch Office* lo a general way, we have a great d- ' to be thankful for. While freight tra do run very slow, still kn timtt we get goods through to their destination, times we find when we send cars to ' west, even though we ship a car a d they often arrive 'four, five, or six at i time. It always causes a loss to the shij per when so much is thrown on the mai ket at one time. The same thing happen ii) Toronto, as somehow we are unable t get prompt delivery to the fruit market The same applies to Montreal. We hop that something will be done in the nea future to put the transportation busines on a better basis not only as regards more prompt delivery at terminals, but better car service as well. Shady Highways L B. Luke, Montreal Qne. It is interesting and in keeping with th times to read in the Metropolitan dailiei nrticlps under such headings as "An Aut< mobile Road from Montreal to Vancouvet or "To Invite Canada to Good Roads Coi ference to be Held in London, June, 1913. The provincial government of Quebec hs guaranteed the municipalities of the pr< vince of Quebec the sum of ten ihillio dollars to be expended on her highway At the annual meeting of the Canadia Forestry Convention, a resolution w? adopted favoring a national highway frol the .Atlamtic to the Pacific. Thus we see that the good roads' mov ment is becoming world-wide. The on wonder is that all civilized countries, pecially those on this continent did in< wake up to its importance earlier. I re- gret, however, that in the movement we hear nothing about beautifying our high- ways ; nothing about beautiful roads oi shady avenues. No sane man would spenc money grading, terracing, or building driveways in his home grounds amd stoi there ; for the scheme would not, couk not, be complete nor its object attainec without the planting of trees and shrub: for ornamentation. Our city governments nowadays nc sooner open up new streets than they la> pipes and wires, build proper sidewalks, and plant shade trees. Park Boards "^ hortiiculturaL societies are doing a work, and doing it well, for the cities towns, but why is the work of beautif not extended into the country ? Thi- pense could not stand in the way becaust it would not be heavy, for young seedlings could be procured if necessary, and at i low rate from nurserymen. Then, too. trees protect a road and reduce the ex- pense of its upkeep. In short, to my miad the beautifying of the country roads would do its share towards not only arresting the grow-th of the cities at the expensr "' the country, but would actually in tim its part in reversing that movement anu .. bringing city people back to the country. Good roads are an absolute necessitv a municipal, provincial, and national a- They are an index to the progressiva unprogressive spirit of a community lOi "by their roads ye shall know them," bul a well-made road is not a good road unless it is a shady highway as well. It is there- fore a duty we owe to the country and tc posterity to see to it that those having tB« authority to make our road laws or road expenditure, make ample provision foi beautifying them as well. But why wait for this, for it is. after all, largely a mat- ter for individual effort. A few leading spirits in each locality can start the move ment and the rest must fall in line, if onlj to save their self-respect. 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTIC ULTUEIS T 115 @i::.::;,@i:::'i@;:;:::':^@:; ■^::M:i^iii&!SsWsl§ I ^ Finish This Story A WORKMAN in an I H C wagon factory was explaining the various stages of wagon construction to an interested visitor. He picked up two pieces of long leaf yellow line, which to all appearances were sawed :rom the same board, and asked the visitor to notice the difference in the weight of the two pieces. The lighter piece, he ex- plained, was kiln-dried. The heavier piece was air-dried and more thoroug'lily sea- soned. It had retained the resinous sap . , . ' which adds strength and toughness, while in the kiln- dried piece of lumber this sap had been drawn out by the too rapid application of heat. Every Stick of Lumber Used in I HC Wagons is Carefully Selected, Air-Dried Stock Here was something to think about. The visitor asked for a test as to the relative strength of the two pieces of wood. The air-dried piece held up under nearly double the weight under which the kiln- dried piece of lumber broke. The workman explained how the comparative life of air-dried and kiln-dried lumber has about as great a difference. To the eye there was no difference between these two pieces of lumber, but when put to the test there was a vast difference. So it is throughout the construction of I H C wagons — Petrolia, and Chat- ham. They are built for real strength, light draft, and satisfactory service. After seeing the care used in the construction of every part of an I H C wagon, the visitor asked: "Why don't you let people know of the great care used in selecting material and in constructing I H C wagons?" This is what we have been trying to do, but we can- not tell it all in one short advertisement. I H C local agents handle the wagons best suited to your work. See them for literature and full information, or write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Onl.; Montreal, P. Q.; Ottawa; Ont.; St. Jobn, N. B.; Quebec, P. Q. Built at Chatham and Petrolia. Ont. Why Don't _^ _ ^ You Plant EWING'S ^/Reliable Seed Wliat's tlie use of giving your land, your time and 5'^our work for a season for anything less than the desi crops ? E wing's Reliable Seeds have proved, for more than forty seasons, favorable and unfavorable, that they will produce the highest crops of the best quality. Ask your neighbors who plant Ewing's Seeds all about them. Plant them yourself this spring and get the full reward for your work. Your dealer should have Ewing's Reliable Seeds, but if he hasn't, write for our illustrated catalogue and order from us direct. -( Wm. Ewing & Co., Seedsmen McGiU St., Montreal. 23 SEEDS. WK SPECIAL GUARANTEED Lime = Sulphur Hydrometer Both specific gravity and Beaunie readings; submitted to Mr. Caesar O. A. C, Guelph, and reported " quite satisfactory." Sent Postpaid on receipt of 80 cts. PARKE & PARKE ^ik^n^'oT'oti' BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Prizes at New York State Fair 1910-11 ; Berlin Horticultural Society 191 1-12; Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto 1912. Vick's Violet Kirii;. Rose KinK. Royal While, Roval Lavendor. Royal I'uiiilr. Viika Uochcstcr, a lavender pink, Vlrk'n I'ccrKws Pink. Salmon I'ink, small flower but very prolly; Improved Holicn/.ellern in white or rose: Improved Crnuo Pink; Late Branching White. Rose. Pink, Ijavcndcr; Karly Branching White, Uooe, CriniHon, Lavender, yueen of the Market (very earlyl in white or pink. These are very truly the aristocrats of the Astor family. All plants sent by express (unless otherwise arranged) and guaranteed to arrive in gooil condition. Price $1.(10 per hundred, packed and labelled separately in wet moss. Express prepaid on orders of $'2.00 and over. Special prices to Horticultural Societies. All plants cold-frame (not hot-bed) grown, aiulwith favorabli* weather will be i-cadv last week in May. C. MORTIMER BEZZO, BERLIN, ONTARIO 116 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April. 1913 International Stock Food Is Equally Good for Cows — Horses — Pigs This ffToat tonic is for all live stock— to make cows giv*3 more miltc— to keep tbe workiug horses iu prime condltioo— to fatten pi^s and keep the "winter^ pigs StroDg and TigorouB. We rtiaraiitee that It will make your eolts. calvps. Elgs. fiboats and lamb^ grow rapidly, and keep them oalthy and thriving all the tlTiic. Tell U8 tbe number of bead of »tock you own and we will Mudyouacopy ^f our $3,000 Stock Book— Free. Rere'i anotber former who finds tt Mn to fted Intematlonil Stock Food :— " Rockport. Wert Oo., N.B., Jan. 18. 191S. "INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD Is all O.K. I arerage a package erery two mouths for my itock— having three borees, four cows, two calves, four steen and sheep. Careful teati show that my milking cowi have given 60 per cent, more milk since feeding InUr- national 6t€>ck Pood. It is also fine for calvcti." EKVEKLY TUWEB. International Stock Food, Poultry Food, and Veterinary preparations are for sale by dealcn everywhere. If you cannot obtain our goods in your town write us direct. (S\) INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO- UMITEO Toronto 0\ Planet Jr I No. 76 I P'.^o'- ■""""■"^ wheel Riding Cultiva- tor, Plow, Fur- rower, and Ridger is a wonder in cultivating corn, potatoes, and similar crops. It is light in draft, simple and strong in construction, and comfortable to ride upon. Either regular or spring-trip standards may be used. Can be equipped with roller-bearings, spring-trip standards, and discs. It works rows 28 to 44 inches, and cultivates corn until 5 feet high. ITDfi'l? An instructive 64-page * **■-*■■-' illustrated catalogue Describes 55 latest tools including one- and two-horse cultivators, wheel-hoes. Seeders, harrows, etc. Write for it todayl \tg 0 S L ALLEN & CO Box 1106G Ptillaaelptala Write for name of our nearest agency. The Cooperative Purchasing ol ^Supplies * W. 1. Kerr, WoodroH, Ont. The subject of cooperation is engagij the attention of persons, corporations, nations. The vegetable growers throu^ out America are forming many cooperata^ associations. Large corporations and con panics are cooperating with each other to lessen the cost of production ■ and tc -■■ each other the best amd most profit methods. Nations are cooperating vi.., each other for their mutual protectioin a« welfare.. Yet we know but a small paj of the benefits to be derived from su« batiding together. The market gardeners of the Ottawa di trict a few years ago were strugglit alony in a kimd of a way. A few w«l making a Lijtle money. Nearly all w« more or less suspicious of each other. Nont! of them were enjoying life or making th« success they might. Finally a brancl the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Ass' tion was formed, but the spirit of C0( ; ation did not seem to get hold of the n, bers for the first ifouir years, and in iu» meantime the branch came very neaifl dying. In the winter of 1911 our assool tion bought a car of berry boxes, basked and other supplies, and it also bought fl Denmark a few seeds, as a trial. Thi< venture proved successful, and resulted it a saving of about two hundred dollars foi our members on the car of baskets alone. The seed purchased direct from the growei in Denmark cost us only about half wha( we had been in the habit of paying, ai^ the quality was much superior to atll thing we had ever had before. J This cooperative purchasing of suppliel built up our branch. It created a spirr of mutual confidence that has been of un told bemefit to us. Our branch has taker on new life, our members have increased, our finances have increased, and we wil have a nice little surplus at the end ol the year. I consider the purchase of sup plies, cooperatively, by our association has been the chief factor in working this won' derful change. To give you an idea of the saving \v( have made in the cost of seeds. I quote from this season's prices as ofT by two of the largest growers of seed the world. One quotes Nantes carrot - at thirty cents a pound, lettuce at froir twenty-five to thirty cents a pound, and s few other lines equally low. .Another, om of the largest growers in the world sole us last year. Snowball cauliflower at sixty' two cents an ounce, Chanteney carrot ai one dollar ten cents a pound, Danish ■■•" ter cabbage at seventy-five cents a poi Glory of Enkhuizen cabbage at sevc;..> five cents a pound, lettuce at forty to fiM cents a pound. Moss Curled parsley 1 thirty-four cents a pound. Hollow Cro^ parsnips at fourteen cents a pound, adl many other lines equally low. True, th< seeds bou.trht in the United States were noi much lower in price than we can buy then at home, but we bought from the growei and got fresh goods, pure and true to type and of high germination, I estimate thai bv cooperative purchase of all our supp' = the members of the Ottawa branch save in original cost ov-er $1,000, and ^^ • make from their extra crop, due to higl quality seed, several thousand dollars mon on the average each year. •Extract from a paper read at tlie laet annna oonvention of the Ontario Vegetable Growere Aeeociation. April, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 117 Junior Sprayer WHAT fruit growers are looking for High Grade Sprayer, with a perfect working, easy starting, two and a half horse power Engine. Ample power always. High pressure Pump which can always main- tain 200 lbs. on the guage. Equipped with hose guaranteed by the mak- ers to stand 600 pounds pressure. Rotary Agitator, with iion propellers. SOLD AT PRICE ALL CAN AFFORD THEM Send for particulars and catalog, showing our larger Power Sprayer as well as our smaller outfit. Our COG LEVER HAND PUMPS SAVE 40 per cent, of your labor Canada Rex Spray Co. (Limited) Brighton, Ont. Strawberry Plants Grown on the shore of Lake Erie cannot be excelled for vigor and productiveness, because climatic conditions here are most favorable for their proper developement. We always get a crop. Our Improved Williams is the surest, most productive, and best shipper of all Strawberries. We list 25 choicest kinds, selected from over 100 varieties tested. Also Black Cap Raspberries, and Evergreens. Catalog Free THE LAKEVIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McConnell Grovesend, Ont. Vegetable 'Grovei^ CENTRAL NURSERIES At the front with Superior TREES, Shrubs, Roses and Ornamentals in Variety. If you are in the market for some- thing Pleasing and Reliable, writo us for Priced Catalog. January is bargain month for Apiple and Cherry Trees at the Central Niirseriee. They are dandies. No Agents. Get busy. Order quick for best results. A. G. HULL 81 SON, St. Catharines, Ont. WHV ARK you IMPORTING PHOSPHATE • NO AMMONIA WHICH IS A BVPRODUCT Orr YOUR FARMS Or WHICH TOU ARE EXPORTING MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY. BONES AND WHICH CONTAIN LARGE QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AND AMMONIA RINOLV ANSWER THE ABOVE PURE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST EERTILIZER. THIS PLANT rOOO IS ALL FROM OUR CANADIAN SOILS ANO SHOULD ALL CO BACK SEND FOR PRICES. ETC. ilAMiLTON. Canada. he Trademark fORONTQ) eA N ADA Success in Farming depends in large measure on the Implements used All that* s best in Farm Implements will be found in the Massey-Harris Line ] TJiElARGEST MAKERS m IMPLEMENT j Plows, Cultivators, Disc Harrows, Drag Harrows Hoe Drills, Shoe Drills, Disc Drills, Seeders . Land Rollers and Packers .... Manure Spreaders, Lime Sowers, Fertilizer Drills Binders, Reapers, Mowers, Com Binders Tedders, Rakes, Side Rakes, Hay Loaders . Wagons and Sleighs ..... Feed Cutters, Pulpers, Ensilage Cutters Cream Separators . . ^. Gasoline Engines . . . . . . To Prepare the Soil. To Plant the Seed. . To Pack the Soil. . ^ . To Distribute the Fertilizer. To Cut the Crop. To Handle the Hay. . To Haul the Crop. . To Prepare Feed for Stock. To Get Full Value from your Cows. To Furnish Power. MASSEY-HARRIS CO^ Limited. Head Offices-TORONTO. CANADA. Montreal, Moncton. WInnipes. of Quality — Branches at — Regina, Saskatoon, Yorkton. Calgary, Edmonton. - Agencies Everywrhere — 118 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 Your Soil Is Alive To all intents and purposes, soil is alive. It breathes, works, rests; it drinks, and, most important of all, it feeds. It responds to good or bad treatment. It pays its debts, and pays with interest many times com.pounded. Being alive, to work it must be fed. During the non-growing seasons certain chemical changes take place which make the fertility in the soil available for the next season's crop. But this process adds no plant food to the soil. Unless plant food is added to soil on which crops are grown, unless the soil is fed, in time it starves. There is one best way to feed your soil. Stable manure, which contains all the essentials of plant life, should be spread evenly and in the proper quantity with an I H C Manure Spreader I H C manure spreaders — Corn King or Cloverleaf — are made in all styles and sizes. Sizes run from small, narrow machines for orchard and vineyard spreading, to machines of capacity for large farms. The rear axle is placed well under the box, where it carries over 70 per cent of the load, insuring plenty of tractive power at all times. Beaters are of large diameter to prevent winding. The teeth that cut and pulverize the manure are square and chisel pointed. The apron drive controls the load, insuring even spreading whether the machine is working up or down hill, or on the level. I H C spreaders have a rear axle differential, enabling them to spread evenly when turning corners. The I H C local agent will show you all their good points, and will help you decide on the one that will do your work best. Get literature and full information from him, or, write the nearest branch houso. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon. Calvary, Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, N. Battleford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg, YorktoD |ja®iii®ii;ii:;;E©B:i3i;:;:::©ii:::i©;::E!©i:::i©:i::^ Strawberry Plants Aft«r more than twenty years' experience in growing strawberries, I have found the Wil- liamB and Parson's Beauty the meet product- iye and the beat for the market. 1 am pre- pared to offer for early spring delivery, 600,000 plants of last year's growth of these two varieties. Also 250.000 plants of the follow- ing splendid kinds: FOUNTAIN WOLVERTON MICHEL'S EARLY SENATOR DUNLAP LATE GIANT Price for any of these varieties, $5.00 per 1,000, or 75c per 100. I have the beet varietii>s of Red and Black Raspberries at $10 per 1,000; $1.50 per 100. IF INTERESTED WHITE ME WILLIAM WALKER, Box 15, Port Burwcll. Ont. OLD FASHIONED FLOWERS For the Garden Send for List of WESTLAND'S HARDY PLANTS PAEONIES, PHLOX, IRIS, Etc., In many Beautiful and New Varieties. BOSES, LILACS, SYRINGAS, MAGNOLIAS, Etc. MALCOLM WESTLAND TANBLING CORNER. LONDON. ONT. Marketing B. C. Fruit (Conlinued fmm jxkjk 103) aind its enforcement, British Columbia growers are discriminated against in favour of their foreig-n competitors. Twelfth. Canning, preservi-ng, and other- wise preparing- fruit and vegetables, are as yet developed to a very limited extent in this provinte. In California twenty- eight million dollars' worth of fruit by- products are produced amnually. The foregoing are among the primcipal conditioms which depressed prices last year. The fruit growers of the province expect you to deal with the situation, and recommend and follow up means of secur- ing our markets. FUTURE PROSPECTS It seems pertinent for us to consider what will in all likelihood be the situatiom in future years. There is a general as- sumption that in 191.3 apple and other fruit crops will be larger than in 1912. People point to the increased acreage and the growth of the trees for proof. Thev forget the law of action and reaction which is always at work. The British Columbia fruit industry has always been specially subject to it. There was the large crop of eighteen hundred and ninety-eight fol- lowed by a small one in nineteen hundred and nine; a big crop in nineteen hundred and ten, with a small crop in nineteen hun- dred and eleven, and a bumper crop in ninteem hundred and twelve. The Okana- gan shipped five hundred car loads of apples last year. In nineteen hundred and thirteen under nromal conditions the cron will likely be less. Other districts and ■ other crops under normal conditions will likely be the same. This is equally true of the countrv as a whole. Practically all fruit districts had good crops last year. Many places will have a normal or average crop. The north-west- ern States are not likely to have more than fifteen thousand cars of apples. lo nineteen hundred and nine they had six thousand ; in nineteen hundred and ten. fifteen thousand ; in nineteen eleven, nine thousand ; in nineteen hundred and twelve, twenty thousand cars are estimated. Plums and prunes are almost certain to be a light crop in the north-westem_ States next year; there is, generally speaking, no ereat need for concern about nineteen thirteen prices. Our present organizations will, however, require extension of staff and finances, to be effective. KORMAL PRICES PREDICTED Nineteen hundred and thirteen will be a year of at least normal prices. In meeting the situation generally, we may expect a margin of some eighteen months to make plans for our next difficult season. The acreage in the north-western States promises in the near future some real competition. Figures collected over this territory show that in Oregon, Washing- ton, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia there are some three hundred and twenty thousand acres of what promises to be fairly successful orchards, of which over ninety per cent, are in apples. Of this figure under thirty thousand acres are in British Columbia. It is true, of course, that it is generally accepted that onlv twenty-five f>er cent, of apples planted will arrive at commercial bearing. .\t the present time only eig^t per cent, of the entire amount is in bearing, producinc about twenty-five thousand car loads last year. In nineteen fourteen we mav expect be- tween fortv and forty-five thousand car loads of ruit in this territorv', and the crop April. 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 119 The ^Importance of this Reason Book Before talking about the Reason Booklet itself, let us first ask you a question or two: When you buy anything of Importance involTing the expenditure of several hundreds or thousands of dol- lars, do you rely entirely on your own individual in- formation, and go right out and buy it? Of course you don't. In making your final decision, are you not strongly influenced by the opinions of someone who has already bought — and is sat- isfied 7 Doesn't the fact that this or that person, company or institu- tion of prominence has put their stamp of approval on it, by putting their money into it, carry a good deal of weight with you? This being so. then naturally enough you will buy a green- house much the same way. Suppose, for instance, you want to know thoroughly about the U-Bar Greenhouse, and have been wondering if there are any houses in your vicinity you could see: wouldn't a booklet giv- ing you the names of all U-Bar owners and the character and extent of the greenhouse they own, be of Interest and assist- ance to youP Let us suppose still further, that you want to confirm your decision to buy a TJ-Bar house by seeing who some of the others are who arrived at the same decision and built; wouldn't a book- let grouping such names In a readily get-at^ble way be just the thing you want? That's why we made Just such a booklet. It's called "Reasons." The reasons themselves are told in 93 words, right at the start— the rest is given over to a unique and int-eresting arrangement of the locations and owners of U-Bar houses built in the last few years. Send for this Booklet. With it we will mail you our Catalog and a section of the U-Bar itself— so you can see exaxjtly what the U-Bar is. U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVE. NEW YORK. CANADIAN OFFICE. lO PHILLIPS PLACt. MONTREAl The U-Bar itself is mailed to you in a green box like this. DIXON'S ROSES Bloom from June till Frost Order now to secure Best Selection of Varieties, also any Fruit, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Evergreens and Perennial Plants. 40 Years of PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE enables us to grow only the BEST of Everything. The Toronto Nubsebies (Ross and Son) Nurserymen Landscape Architects Horticultural Experts 1167 QUEEN ST. E., TORONTO TELS. Beach 1 190 and 660 PONT SACRIFICE ! If you have good apples to sell and you think you should get more than you are offered, do not sacrifice them. Ship them to Toronto. The Toronto market alone will require immense quantities of apples betw^een now and spring. We have cold storage facilities and can store your apples till a favorable price can be realized, thus protecting your interests. Write or wire us to-day. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 90 COLBORNE ST. TORONTO 120 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOR SALE Aniandn, I'aul .lonci, Lcn, Kinn Kdwiirci, Charlox I., Norwood, Arnout, Kkey. MiiMcot, Mi^leor. Twllley (Mid alt the old Htaiidards. Uertn^rt Kaspberry and Asparagus I'laiitK. Send tor Price List. E. B. STEVENSON, "Maple Bank," 270 Graniie Street, - - GUELPH, Ont. SPECIAL aUARANTEED Lime = Sulphur Hydrometer Both specific grravity and Beaume reading's; submitted to Mr. Caesar O. A, C, Giielph, and reported " quite satisfactory." Sent Postpaid on receipt of 80 cts. PARKE & PADKE whoie.«ie Dru„«t. fMHIVCr a fMKnCf HAMILTON. ONT. Fruit Machinery Co. -MA.sri'AnruKus oi' POWEB SPRAYERS and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery. Installing Power Evaporators a Specialty When you sec our Ontario Sprayer or Improved Pacific Apple Parer in operation you will become their lasting friend. Tney stand out in a class by them- selves. IVrile for our valuable illustrated catalogtie on Spraying- and & >afio rat ing. INGERSOLL, ONT. of apples may easily run to forty-two thou- sand cars. This is equal to twenty-six million four hundred and sixty thousand boxes, or eigth million barrels, practically ome-third of the entire averag'e crop of the United States for the last seven years. If these crop predictions are correct, there is ample need for protection for us in our markets. Economic conditions have chang'ed. The cost of labor has increased (greatly in the last five yeans ; and so have the costs of other items of production. The exclusion of Orientals has had much to do with this. Our labor and the other items in the cost of production are higher than they are in the State of Washington. Another econ- omic condition which affects the situation is the defective organization of our com- I>etitors. Their marketimg associations were in poorer Fhape in mineteen hundred and twelve than in previous years, and this, in the face of large crops, inadequate holding and storing facilities, the absence of by-product factories, and unsatisfactory finacial conditions. Okanagan Valley North, B.C. Cha>. Webster Armstrcng, B.C. Armstrong district will be keenly alert for codling worms this summer. A few were discovered last seasom in ome or two or- chards. The Provincial Fruit Pest Inspec- tor wisely quarantined those orchards, picked and destroyed the heavy crop of fruit, but doing away it is believed with means of propogation. One of the Fruit Pest Inspectors' staff is now in the dis- trict with an efficient power sprayer to give advice and assistance on all spraying mat- ters, especially to watch for codling worms and completely exterminate them if any are found. This is prompt, commendable action ; ma>' the programme be carried to completion. The orchard men of this dis- trict will give every assistance, for thev STRAWBERRY PLANTS Seventeen yearn experience growing Strawberrie- for Market and Selling PlanU. H'ritr fur list of Vari'rfies and Prices. S. H. RIHENHOUSE. Jordan Harbor, Ont. ooathern farm Facts Land at $IO an acre up Alfalfa makes 4 to 0 tons per acre; Corn t^\ t., !"<> bu. All hay crops yield heaiily. Beef and Pork produced at 3 to 4 cents per lb.— Apples pay $100 to J500 an acre; Truck crops $100 to $400; other yields in proportion. THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY Uoblle A Ohio R.B or Oft. So. d FlA Kt will help you find a home in this land of opportunity. Book- lets and other facts — free. M. V. RICHARDS. UndaDil lnduirialAiat Boom 18 Washington, B. C. DAHLIAS Horticultural Society Prize Winning Collection of Named Field Grown Roots 15 for $1 Larger Roots by Express not Prepaid. Both Equally Good. GEO. E. EGERTON 112 Chalmers St. Gait, Ont. Post Paid RF.NNIE S XXX EARLV SWEET CORN' 163 OUR BEST LIST IN TEN YEARS RENNIE'S XXX VEGETABLE SEEDS These are extra choice, and are without exception the VERY HIGHEST IN GERMINATION and the VERY FINEST TYPES of their respective kinds that it is possible to procure on this or any other continent. POSTPAID LB. K>-». OZ. PKT. BEAN, Bush Butter 35 .10 BEAN, Bush Green Pod 35 .10 BEET, Globe 2.00 .75 .25 .10 CABBAGE, Early Summer 3.50 1.00 .30 .10 CABBAGE, Autumn Winter Drumhead . . 3.50 1.00 .30 .10 CARROT, Table 2.75 .75 .25 .10 CAULIFLOWER, Snowball 12.00 3.50 .25 CELERY, Golden Self-BIanching 3.75 .25 / * ^ CORN, Early Sweet Table 40 .10 /'r • ^"1 /Wk'^N CUCUMBER, Table 1.90 .60 .25 jq /i.^'^-^- i-:i_J«.Ja.^ LETTUCE, Solid Head .75 .25 lo/-,. MUSK MELON, Golden Green Flesh. . . .90 .35 •10l|4^^-^ --a ,^- WATER MELON, Earliest Sweet Table. .60 .20 .loVKjEli*^ S»^S ONION, Connecticut Yellow Globe 2.50 .75 .25 .10 ONION, Connecticut Large Red 2.50 .75 .25 .10 PEAS, Earliest Table Marrow 40 .15 .10 PEAS, Melting Marrow 40 .15 .10 PARSLEY, Evergreen Curled Table .... 2.00 .75 .25 .10 PARSNIP, Guernsey 1.50 .60 .20 .10 RADISH, Scarlet Round White Tipped 1.50 .50 .20 .10 RADISH, Scarlet Oval 1.50 .50 .20 .10 SQUASH,AutumnWinter Green Hubbard 1.75 .60 .20 .10 TOMATO, Earliest Round Scarlet Skin 2.00 .60 .15 TOMATO, Pink Skin 2.00 .60 .15 Write nearest address — rbnnib s .\x.v TABLK CUCtJMBBR. WM. ■RFINJIVTP CO. Toronto Winnipeg ▼ r XVX_./JL ^ X ^ M.M—J \^^ LIMITED Montreal Vancouver April, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ». know that it is to their own best interests to do so. There are orchards here twenty- five to thirty years old that have never borne a wormy apple, and every efFort will be used to extend this effort. If this pest is not eradicated thoroug:hly and promptly ,ill Okanagan valley will be doomed to sum- mer spraying annually, in order to- raise wormless apples. This at least has been the result elsewhere. The great fruit val- leys of Washington and Oregon are now spraying regularly to keep down the per- centage of wormy fruit. We purpose hav- ing Okanagan continue to be the valley of wormless apples. Some of our growers may doubt the wis- dom of making this crisis public. The Government, however, cam never supervise every apple tree. It is necessary that the .growers themselves be broadly awake, and do everything they can to help. There is little use locking the door after the horse is stolen. What would the State of California have saved had pear blight when it appear- ed in San Joaquin vallei; been promptly grappled with and exterminated ? What would southwestern Ontario have been to the good had the real gravity of the situ- ation been realized when San Jose scale was first noticed three years ago, and had they faced the situation as Pres. Parker, of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association says in the January Canadian Horticultur- ist, the growers of the Annapolis valley are facing the infection of San Jose scale that threatens them ? It mav be of interest at this time to recall that San Jose scale once was present in the Okanagan valley ; at Kelowna. Prompt action of the provincial government and the owner of the infected orchard eradicated the scale, and Kelowna and the whole valley has since enjoyed vears of immunity May it be so with cod- ling moth ! I like The Canadian Horticulturist very much, especially the notes and articles on perennials and flower gardens. — Annie M. Thompson, Queensboro, Ont. Strawberry Plants Sample, Dunlap, Splendid, Pocomoke We have large quftntitie.s of Extra Strong Plants. It will pay you to write us for prices. JAS. E. JOHNSON & BROS.. - SIMCOE, ONT. THB STRATFORD EXTENSION LADDER It it the safest and best on the market. Fitted with automatic hook* that lock at every rung and unlock between the rungs LIGHT, STRONG EASILY OPERATED AND DURABLE IF Interettad writ* for Catalogue F THE Strafford Mfg.Co. Limited STRATFORD, CANADA Makers of Ladders tor every con- ceivable purpose m if*-t*5l iiiimiiiiiiii< Ward Spray Pumps Wlien the time comes to spray, you MUST do it then or never. A few days or a week's delay may mean the loss of hundreds or even thousands of dollars. You absolutely cannot afford to take chances on a spray pump that may get out of order just at the critical time. You want the strongest, surest, most reliable pump you can get even if it does cost a few dollars more than the other kind. The name Ward on a spray pump is the mark of abso- lute reliability and highest efficiency. Honestly built of the best materials. Capable of high pressure to give a fine mist spray. All working parts made of brass, insuring long life to the outfit. Perfectly constructed to handle all kinds of mixtures and work right under any and all reasonable conditions. TYPES FOR EVERY NEED— Barrel outfits, double action hand pumps and power outfits of various capacities. We can supply pumps only, or outfit complete ready for use, including tank, wagon and accessories. In the Ward line you'll find the very pump that best meets your needs. Write Today for this Free Catalog and Spraying Guide Thebuyingof a spray pump is too important a propobition to go into blindly. Know which is best before you buy. Drop us aline now for our free book which gives complete information about Ward Pumps and is a valuable guide to profitable spraying. WARD PUMP COMPANY 511 So. Water Street Rockford, 111. FLOWERING BULBS GLADIOLUS These are most effective in the gar- den, the colors are magnificent and they are easily grown. We offer : Choice Mixed— 10 for 30c ; 25 for 65c. ; $2.25 per 100 — postpaid. Groff's Hybrid Seedling, Mixed — 10 for 40c.; 25 for 75c.; $2.50 per 100— postpaid. Bruce's White and Light Shades — 10 for 50c. ; 25 for $1.00; $3.50 per 100— postpaid. Childsi Mixed— 10 for 60c ; 25 for $1.25 ; $4.25 fier 100— postpaid. Bruce"s Superb Mixed, made up by our- selves from all varieties- the best - 10 for 60c.; 25 for$1.35 ; $5.00 per 100 - postpaid. Named Varieties, any color (see catalogue) 10c. to 50c. each — postpaid. DAHLIAS Splendid named sorts, all colors, 22c. each ; $2.20 per doz.— postpaid. Ordinary varieties, mixed, 12c. each; $1.20 per doz. — postpaid. CppC"Our handsomely illustrated iia-pag^e ■ "^^ Cataloffuc of Vegetable, Flower and Farm Seeds, Mulbs, Plants, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. Write ior it X'6o John A. Bruce &. Go. Ltd.^ Hamilton^ Ontario Seed Merchants Established 18S0 Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Every Disease of Cultivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Send for C; and particular! ii:*:: vermorel Manufacturer, VILLEFRANCHE (Rhone). FRANCE xi: THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1913 A HIGH GRADE JNT^^BULBS- MAKE MONEY and SAVE MONEY By Purchasing Direct GRAHAM'S SEEDS The Quality Willi Insure Heavy Crops. Our Prices will Save you Considerable Money. Send for our Catalojjfue. Send for our Unexcelled Collect- ^ii^ ion of FLOWER SEEDS for soc. Send for our 500. Collection of Specialties in VEGETABLE SEEDS. Results will delight you. High Grade Seed Corn, Oats, Wheat, Clovers and Grasses, etc. Graham's Royal Exhibition Sweet Peas, lb. $1.00, oz. 10c. Graham's Royal Exhibition Asters, pkt. 10c. Graham's Royal Exhibition Pansy, pkt. 2Sc. Grahan\'s Royal Exhibition Nasturtium, oz. 15c., pkt. 5c. GRAHAM BROS. 301 QUEEN ST. Between Bank and Lyon Sts. OTTAWA How^ many acres can you stump this Fall? This depends upon how soon you get a Swen- son's Malleable Stump-puller. They are made in five sizes, so write for Catalogue " H " and find out what size you want. Every machine guaranteed, and a stock on hand for prompt shipment. Write today, telling us the size and kind of your stumps. CANADIAN SWENSONS LIMITED - Lindsay, Ontario Send your consignments of APPl F,.S to the Home Country to fiidley Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Personal attention, prompt account sales and remittance Correspondence invited GLADIOLI AMERICA— First size, 25 for $1.00; one half inch, 60 for $1.00. LACONIC (Goff's)-One of the best (Half Price) 15 for $1.00. DAHLIAS Cut Flower Varieties Madame H. Caycux— The best Pink Cactus Dahlia 50c. (limited). Write for Cirtular H. P. Van Wagner. R. R.5, Hamilton, Ont. BRIGHTEN UP your borne with the wonderful White I Flama Burner. Makes yourold lumps and 1 lanternsKive a brilliiint soft white light better than electricity or gas. Saves I eyesightand makes ruadiini orspwine a plear^ura. No Mantle to Break. Keliable and economical. Satisfjiotion Kuaran. teed. Delighta ev«ry us«>r. Complete l Sample Mailed to any address for 3S et«. or 3 for $1.00. Money back If not L- , -— SatUfaelory. Mail orders promptly filled. BRIGHT LIGHT CO.. Merrickville. Ont. THE CLIPPER There are three things that destroy your lawns — Dandelions, Buck Plantain, a^d Crab Grass. In one season the Clipper \vi!l drive them all out. Your deal- er should have them — if he has not.droousalineand we will send circulars and prices. CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CO. Box 10 Dixon, IH. STRAWBERRY PLANTS We have a very nice lot of the Celebrated WILLIAMS Strawberry -Tor delivery this Spring;, In Larg^e or Small Quantities at Reasonable Rates. COKRHSPO.\DF..\CF. SOUCl TED WM. H. BUNTING, TheCarleton Fruit Farm, ST. CATHARINES, Ont. Items of Interest A deputation from the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association, consisting' of President Aifur and Secretary Winslow. waited on the Dominion Govennment re- cently and asked that he Canadian duty on apples be raised from thirteen to twent\- five cents, the same rate as applied by th( L'lnited States. They pointed out that th' western states are flooding- the British Columbia markets, and asked that it be made compulsory to label fruit. A rulingr issued by the Railway Com- mission on March seventh ordered the rail- ways to re-establish the arrang-ement for- merly in effect, whereby apples were car- ried to concentration points for storage, inspyection. or completion into carloads ami reshipment, at a reduction of one-third from the local tariff rates to these concen- tration points. At a meeting held recently in Toronto of the creditoirs of the National Land Fruit and Packing Company, which went into liquidation last December, it was decided to make an effort to continue in operation. The company has a-n authorized capitaliza- tion of $1,215,000.00, and a paid up capital of about $300,000.00. There are about 900 shareholders all told. The liabilities outside of shareholder? amount to about $140,000.00, with only small assets. The company has options om a large number of orchards and it is hoped that if these can be worked this year it may yet be possible to continue the com- pany in operation. Recent Publications Receint books and bulletins to reach The Canadian Horticulturist, include the fol- lowing: : Modern Strawberry Growing, by Albert F. Wilkinscm. This is a practical manual of strawberry girowing, giving details as to varieties, planting, cultivation, soils and similar topics. As the last strawbern,- book was issued some tweinty years ago this book should fill a need. Published by Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City. N.Y. Cooperation in New England is a book of over two hundred pages issued by The Rus- sell Sagie Foundation. It is by James Ford. Instructor in Social Ethics, HanTvard Uni- versity. It deals with cooperative associa- tioms of working men and farmers. Price $1.50, postpaid: published by Survey As- sociates, Inc., New York. Catalogues Recent catalogues to reach The Cana- dian Horticulturist, include The Burbamk Seed Book, issued by The Luther Burbank Company, San Francisco, Cal. ; Bruce's Seeds, issued by John A. Bruce &' Com- pany, Limited, Hamilton ; Perry's Illustrat- ed Catalogue of Hajrdy Ferns, Enfield, Middlesex, Eng. : and Dreer's Wholesale Price List, issued bv Henrv K. Dreer, 714 Chestnut St, Philadelphia' Pa. Canada and Sea Power, by Christopher West, published by McLelland & Good- child, Toronto. This is a valuable and in- teresting book dealing with the political relations of Canada to Great Britain, and to the other Dominions of the F.mpire. par- ticularly as they relate to the cost of nav- ies, the economics of war, and the need for a curtailment in naval and militan.' ex- penditures. The Winter Injury to Firuit Buds, of The Apple and The Pear, is the title of Bulletin No. 91, issued by The Montana Agricultural College, Bozemaji, Montana. The Canadian Horhculturi^ Vol. XXXVI AiAY, 1913 No. The Benefits of Winter and Summer Pruning Compared' By Dr. C. D. Jarvis, Conn. Agricultural College (formerly of the Guelph Agricultural College) PRUNING is a natural process. It may be observed on both fruit and forest trees. In the struggle for existence the weaker branches, or those unfavorably located, die and drop off. An attempt, often successful, to heal the wound takes place. The modern practice of pruning is an attempt to as- sist nature and to improve upon her crude methods. The objects of pruning are three in number. The primary one is to reduce the struggle for existence among the various parts of a tree so that the re- maining portion may produce larger and better fruits. Pruning, therefore, is a thinning process, the beneficial effect of which may be readily demonstrated by the cutting out of about half the brush from a negieciod apple tree. The pro- cess includes the removal of dead or diseased parts as well as of sujjerfluous living branches. The second recognized object of prun- ing is to control and modify the shape of trees. Pruning, therefore, is a train- ing process. It commences when the tree is in the nursery now and may con- tinue throughout its life. • Finally, pruning is practised on ac- count of its effect upon the formation ot fruit-buds and leaf-buds. The physio- logical processes concerned in this are not well understood, but it is well known that pruning during the growing sea- son produces an entirely different effect from pruning during the dormant sea- son. A heavy pruning of the top during the winter tends to produce wood, be- cause the same amount of root energy is concentrated on a smaller top. The pruning of the root has the opposite effect, tending to lessen the production of wood, because the same amount of top receives a smaller supply of the stored up energy of the roots and a smaller supply of the soil water with its plant food constituents. THE IDEAL IN PEUNING In the pruning of the apple tree there are two distinct styles or ideals, the central leader type and the open centre type, each with its corps of adherents. There are many supporters of the cen- tral leader type among the westei n growers, and they claim that a tree pruned in this form makes a .stronger structure and is not so likely to be •An acldr<»i delirered before the lCa«B»olitiaett« Fruit nrowPTS' Association broken down by wind and heavy crops of fruit. This is a strong argument and cannot be ignored. A tree of this type, however, is inclined to grow too high and completely shuts out the light from the centre of the tree. The open-centre type of tree is the one most commonly found in the com- mercial orchards of the east. For New England, where the maximum amount of sunshine is necessary to develop fruit of high color, this seems to be the most desirable type. If carefully grown and properly trained, and if the trees are not allowed to overbear, there is not likely to be much trouble from the break- ing of the branches. In order to develop a strong open- centre habit, we must have a good nur- sery tree to start wifh. We hear a great deal nowadays about the desirability of growing low-headed trees, and I am a strong advocate of such practice, but I do not believe in heading them so low that there is no room for the proper distribution of the main or scaffold limbs of the tree. Many nurserymen are making a mis- take in "rubbing" their trees too high; by this I mean that all the buds and shoots are rubbed off from the yearling tree to a point six or eight inches below the point where the tree is headed in. If the practice is to head a tree thirty inches from the ground, the "rubbing" should not extend more than twelve inches from the ground, leaving a space of eighteen inches for the proper distri- bution of the scaffold limbs of which there should be from three to five. These should be fairly evenly spaced along the central axis and no more than one should be allowed to develop at the same point. An apple tree is a wonderfully tract- able object when handled properly. The man who follows the ordinary practice of severely pruning down the dormant season only, is going to have trouble for the more we prune at this season of the year the more persistent the tree l>ecomes. To encourage the develop- ment of the weaker growing branches and to check the persistence of the stronger ones, it is necessary to do some pruning during the growing season. This subject will be discussed more fully under the head of Summer Pruning. 122 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 I believe that in the past we have grown our trees too fast and have prun- ed them a great deal too much. To develop a strong fruit-bearing structure, a tree should not be unduly forced. It may be observed that with trees that have made a normal growth the bran- ches are more tapering and more rigid than those on rapidly grown trees. The excessive growth is frequently due to liberal fertilization and cultivation, but is just as often due to severe winter pruning. During the past six years I have had under observation a young orchard that has been developed under various sys- tems of pruning, and I am forced to state that the best shaped trees in the orchard to-day are those that have not been pruned since they were planted. Now, we should not deduce from this that under all conditions a young tree should not be pruned. These trees were Bald- win and Mcintosh, and were grown under the grass mulch system. 1 was fortunate enough to find another young orchard that appeared to be about twelve years of age and composed of Baldwins and Spies. These trees had not been pruned since they were planted. They had been under cultivation part of the time and in grass part of the time. The Baldwins were in bearing, but the Spies had evidently not started to bear. The Baldwin trees were fine shaped speci- mens, but could have been improved by a moderate pruning. The Spy trees were unsightly specimens, and their tops presented a broom-like appearance. It is safe to say that some varieties would be better left unpruned until they reach the bearing age, and that others should have a moderate amount of prun- ing, end that a large part of this prun- ing should be done during the growing season. The character of the soil, of course, will exert considerable influence upon the behaviour of a growing tree. Trees grown on light soil require less pruning than those grown on heavy soil. Drainage, also, exerts considerable in- fluence upon the behavior of a tree, and the training of a tree on a well-drained soil is an easier proposition than that of training one on land that remains wet late in the spring. SUMMEE PRUNING Summer pruning, as contrasted with the regular practice, is the pruning of trees while in foliage. Its influence upon the tree in many respects is opposite to winter priming. The latter, as mention- ed before, stimulates wood growth, while the former tends to lessen wood growth. As a rule, any practice that checks wood growth tends to induce fruitfulness. Growers have taken ad- vantage of this fact for many years. In England the result is attained by root- pruning. The method consists in dig- ging a trench around the tree at some considerable distance and severing some of the roots. This interferes with the food supply and necessarily reduces growth. In the famous Ozark apple region of Missouri and Arkansas the same result is attained by ringing or •rirdling the trunk or main branches of the tree, thus checking the downward flow of sap. The roots in this wav are partially starved and are, therefore, un- able to induce a strong wood growth the following season. The work is done during the growing season, and, as a result, the wound soon heals over. The growers in the Pacific Coast region prac- tice summer pruning to check wood growth. A complete or partial defolia- tion by insects, disease, or spraying in- jury during the early summer seems to have the same effect. Just why the checking of wood growth should induce the formation of fruit buds and how it exerts this influ- ence is not well understood. The theory has been advanced that there is some inherent tendency on the part of the tree to reproduce itself before it dies and that when anything interferes with the natural processes the tree prepares for death. This is not a satisfactory ex- planation, and it is hoped that the phy- siologists may be able to throw some light on the subject in the near future. (To be continVfCd.) A Balanced Ration for Peach Trees fZL- Wm. Amutrtng, Ni«gart-on-the-Lakc As a balanced ration for peach trees on sandy soil I give a light annual dress- ing of good manure, left undisturbed over the roots and applied during late December or January in each year. This is supplemented with the following home mixed commercial fertilizers, applied im- mediately after mixing, about May first in each year, and scattered carefully and evenly around each tree by hand : Mix in your wagon box on the barn floor, twenty-five per cent, pure fine, ground bone meal and five p)er cent, fine ground sulphur together first. .\dd forty- five per cent, muriate of potash, fifteen per cent. Thomas Phosphate Powder, and ten per cent, coarse salt. The quantity for each tree is as fol- lows : Infant tree from the nursery row, one-half pound each ; one year old, three- quarters pound; two years old, one and one-half pounds; three years old, two three pounds ; five years old, four pounds. Varieties of Gooseberries W. T. Maceim, C.E.F., Ottawa .»\s the best varieties of gooseberries for planting in western Canada, I should recommend either the Pearl or Downing. If a red skinned gooseberry is desired, either the Josselyn or the Red Jacket would be a good variety. I should sug- gest planting gooseberries in the pro- portion of fifteen hundred Downing or Pearl and five hundred Red Jacket. The English varieties are very subject to mildew, and although this can be controlled in part by spraying, it is not entirely satisfactory. I believe the American varieties would off-set any ad- vantage in price there might be in favor of the English sorts in this country. The Planting of Strawberries Any good garden soil will grow good strawberries, but the selection of varieties is of the greatest importance, and a chance selection is more than like- ly to end in failure. The soil best suited for the strawberry, that is, the soil that will grow successfully the largest num- l>er of varieties, is a deep, rich sandy loam. A light sand or heavy clay may, with very little expense, be brought into a condition that will produce abundant crops. Some varieties thrive best in a soil in which clay predominates, while others do best in a light, rich, sandy soil- A deep soil, whether it be natur- ally light or heavy, is one of the requi- sites demanded by the strawberry. If the soil is naturally wet, it will require under-draining. The preparation of the soil is of the utmost importance. In digging, care should be taken to go to the full depth of the spade or fork, throwing the soil ahead six or eight inches. See that it is thoroughly pulverized, and every lump broken up, as the roots of a plant cannot penetrate a hard lump of soil. The better the soil is broken up, the better the chance for the root. Then, also, if Ihe soil is lumpy it cannot retain mois- ture , and the plants suffer, whereas if the soil has been thoroughly broken up it will remain moist even through a very considerable drought. PKBPAEATION 0¥ TffE BEDS In preparing my beds, I dig them twice. Thf- manure is dug in the first time and in the second digging I make sure that there are no lumps of either manure or .soil, and endeavour to more thoroughly incorporate the manure with the soil than is possible with one dig- t;ing. The second digging is not labor lost ; it is, in my mind, absolutely neces- sary if the best results are expected. The manure should be well rotted. If not, great difhculty will lae experienced in keeping down weeds and grass, and, " esides this, the straw in fresh or half- jtted manure, when dug or plowed in, one of the greatest causes of failure, does not rot for some time after be- ig placed in the soil, and as it holds le soil particles apart, the hot dry air 2netrates deeply soon drying it out to he detriment or probable loss of many ilants. The question of soil prepara- pon is old, and to some it may seem iuite unnecessary to mention it at all, put one sees on every side, every spring, f)eople digging or plowing strawy man- ure, fresh or half rotted, into a lumpy jil, and, therefore, I feel that I should ition it. In a wet .season the ill-ef- ects of straw in the soil are of course W. A. Dier, Ottawa, Ont. less noticeable, but as the average grow ing season is dry, the safer plan is to use only well rotted manure. FEETILIZBB8 As a rule, unless the soil is very poor, or very rich, a dressing of about three inches of well rotted manure plowed or dug in, and a moderate application of bone meal, harrowed or raked in, is suf- ficient fertilizer in the spring before planting. Later on, in the early fall, a good top dresing of hardwood ashes is most valuable. The manure furnishes humus, nitrogen and some potash ; the bone supplies nitrogen and phosphoric acid; and the ashes potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Beds supplied with this top-dressing of ashes, produce fruits of the finest possible flavor and color. If ashes are not procurable, muriate of potash may be used. HOW TO PIiAUT The situation of a strawberry bed should be open and airy; they will not tolerate shade. F'arly spring is the us- ual time of planting and for commercial growers it is undoubtedly the only time ; but for the man who grows for his own u.se and incidentally for exhibition, and who wishes to obtain the greatest amount of the finest fruit, with the least amount of labor, the annual system is the best. There are three methods of culture, the matted row, the narrow row and the annual system. The first mentioned is for commercial growers only, and need not Ix; dealt with here. The narrow row system is as follows : The plants are set out in rows thirty to thirty-six inches apart, with the plants twelve to eighteen inches apart in the row. They should be well cultivated, and the top inch or so of soil kept loose right up to the plant, in order to conserve the moisture in the soil. When the plants have become well established in June or early in July, three or four runners from each plant are placed carefully about six inches from the centre of the row on each side, and between the plants in the row. Tv/o plants only are allowed to each runner, care being taken that they don't crowd each other, four to six inches apart be- ing about right. It is good policy when possible to assist these little plants to take root. As soon as the small white rootlets are visible, they should be placed where they are to be left, and kept in place by a small stone or a little earth. When the row has been formed, it is advisable to religiously keep off all runners. It pays to do it. The energy of the plant is thereby turned in another direction, that of forming new crowns and fruiting buds. Thorough cultivation and hand hoeing around each plant all summer is imperative. The best time to annihiliate weeds is when they are so small as to be invisible. The constant stirring of the surface of the soil will accomplish this, and the time necesasry to do it is very small ooimpared with what would be re- quired were the weeds to get a start. If they get a .start their removal from the ground disturbs the plants, keeping them back ; and besides valuable nour ishment has Ix-en taken away by the weeds, all of which is needed for the plants. We have found motor goggles a great help in protecting the eyes from the spraying solution while spraying trees. — Alfred Chaplin, Golden Acres, Rouge- mont. Que. •Extract from an alS9W MBBBBSglSfe^-^ Js, WnmW^ffW^BPt ii'* ' ^io^ Hmy^l^&SHHRuB^l^SS^^QlHwwKSB ^^^^^^^^B^ ' ?li. .^;,, . . ^ipii '' ''^''^^■^^^^^^HBB^^K^^^^^^I^^^^^^^i Fallawaters, planted Twelve Years in Ihe Orchard of W. H. Gibson, Newcastle, Ont. Promise of Second Good Crop. 123 124 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 Cost of Spraying R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope Ont. Herewith is given a tabulated state- ment of the cost of spraying the demon- stration orchards in Northumberland and Durham counties during 191 1 and 1912. All calculations are based on the valua- tion of four men at one dollar fifty cents each a day and a team at one dollar fifty cents a day. Lime-sulphur is valu- 1603 iJ, 1803, pajlddv USlO ^ ^ S -^ ^ h5 ^ C-. vi ^ t- o O^ o» ^ C-3 e>3 »o \o u lb ^ u) !>; u >< S\ JO jsog 3S^g "'"'"' ^.\B ai' (d Q a M 3 2 ctl u s " 2 J -a ^fcSS^HSS ft rt rt celS t^ t« « bo cm bu tio bfi &£ tu) labor V JO ^sooi J3°';3«'^" o z < a b o h o ' 'jgoO oaa-jaad paildciV ^■eads JO asc 00 ^ C^ lii O O lO O 10 o C^ O 10 L~- to t> uj CO ^ t^ \£> t-^ p6 ^ »d t-uS 10 »5 ^ -J cm bi) bo bs ail ''A bio o 2000000 Sf "^•(fMvoOOOViO 2 ^^ ^ e8 J3^ JoqiJi JO }SOJ S S 5i £ sssasssS 9 " ■« y i S =9 J ed at twenty cents a gallon and arsenate of lead at thirteen cents a pound in 191 1 :ind ten cents a pound in 1912. The cost of spraying the apple or- chard, including labor and material, varies, according to the figures given, from thirty-nine to fifty-five cents a tree. SUMMARY OP 8PEATING RULES From our exf>erienice along the north shore of Lake Ontario the following sprayings are recommended : First, just before or as the leaf buds are bursting, spray with lime-sulphur, commercial strength, one to ten. This controls San Jose Scale, oyster shell bark louse, and blister mite; second, just before the blossoms burst or as pink Ijegins to show in the leaves, use lime-sulphur, one to thirty-five commercial strength, and add two pounds arsenate of lead to forty gallons of mixture. This is to control biid moths, feeding caterpillars, case bearers, canker worms, and apple scab ; third, immediately after the blossoms fall, and before the calyx cup closes, use lime-sulphur, commercial strength, one to forty, with two pounds arsenate of lead added to forty gallons of mixture. This controls codling worms, plum cur- culio, and apple scab. In damp seasons it might be advisable to spray a fourth time two weeks later with the same mixture as given for the third spraying. The Influence of Bees in Orchards W. White, Brant!ord, Ont. Every fruit grower realizes the im- portance of good methods of cultivation in the orchard. It is doubtful, however, whether he appreciates the fact that in spite of all his improved methods his yearly income would be reduced to a minimum were it not for the labors of the hive-bee. He is, indeed,, greatly in- debted to the beek€«ping fraternity, al- most entirely dependent upon them, in fact, for his yearly crops. Prof. J. W. Crow, dealt with this phase of fruit- growing in a deeply interesting address entitled "The Influence of Bees in the Orchard," delivered at the recent Agri- culture Short Course at the Ontario Agicultual College, Guelph. In his opening remarks he stated that at a certain point, the two lines of agri- culture, fruit-growing and beekeeping, meet, forming a bond of mutual interde- pendence. In its search for nectar and pollen, the bee forms an essential agent in the fertilization of tree-fruit bloom and of nearly all bush fruits. Fruit pollen, being heavy and more or less sticky, is not carried by the wind to any extent. Although a few wild native insects may assist in the pollin- ating process, fruit growers are de- pendent almost entirely upon the hive or honey-bee. In the case of the apple, wind fertilization is practically neglig- ible. Under favorable circumstances, this latter agency may be responsible for from five to ten per cent, of the num- ber of blooms fertilized. Prof Crow remarked that he knew of a number of cases in which barren orchards had been brought into bearing in consequence of the introduction of colonies of bees to the neig'hborhoods in which the orchards were situated. It was true that bees might possibly be responsible to some extent for the transmission of bacterial disease of bloom. The gummy exudate material, laden with germs, was fed upon by bees, and in this way the bac- teria were carried away by the bees. This, however, should not be held to be the fault <:f the bees. It was the duty of the fruit growers to cut out the diseas- ed or blighted portions of the trees, and so destroy the sources of infection. Apple scab was usually found on the smaller half of a deformed fruit, because that side was weaker and incapable of withstanding disease attacks. The mal- formation of the apple was due to im- perfect fertilization. A perfectly, polli- nated apple was better nourished, was larger, and proved more resistant to disease. Prof. Crow described an ex- periment undertaken by him. Selecting fifty clutches of blossom, he cut them down to one blossom apiece, thus leav- ing fiftv single blossoms. From each of these single blossoms he cut out four of the five pistils. He selected three other batches of blossoms, thinning the individual clusters down to single blos- soms in the same way ; but one batch he treated by cutting out three of the five pistils, the next, by cutting out two pistils, and the last batch, by cutting out only one pistil. All the blossoms in the four batches were pollenized at the same time and by the same variety. In the case of the blossoms with only one pistil remaining, the fruit all dropped at an early stage. Not an apple arrived at maturity- In the lot containing two pistils to each bloom, only two apples developed. In the two remaining cases, nearlv the whole of the fruit developed. These results proved the importance of thorough pollination. As a pollination agent, the honey bee was by far the most effective. Asking the beekeepers present how manv colonies of bees were required for an eight-acre orchard, Prof. Crow elicit- ed the reply from Dr. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., of the Massachusetts .'Agricul- tural College, Amherst, Mass., that at least one colony was considered to br necessary for the complete pollination of fifty trees. Mr. Harkness, of Irena. Ont., considered this proportion insuflfi- cient, A Talk on Perennial Borders F. E. THE perennial border" is a phase which has been coined, as far as can be ascertained, within recent years. It is generally used to denote any type of flower border which contains a large number of perennial flowers. The term "herbaceous border" is practically synonymous with it, and is still used. The first term is preferable because ^or those borders which contain flowermg shrubs as well as the herbaceous plants the term "herbaceous border" is much less exact. ORiaiN AND HISTXDET We get some inkling that perennial borders were not unknown to our ances- tors of the age of Elizabeth from the literature of the period, and especially from Sir Francis Bacon's "Essay on Gardens." In brief their history might be dismissed by saying that they are neither of very ancient nor of quite modern origin. It may be interesting to note, however, that during the nine- teenth century three types of residences almost unknown until then became very plentiful. These were the suburban villa, the city man's summer house, and the city mansion with its formal garden. Buck, B.S.A., Central Experimental Farm, These types of architecture more than all others need the support of effective immediate surroundings. Borders in which permanent flowers would grow helped immensely to form the surround- ings and consequently we find that in recent years a great growth has taken place in the popularity of perennial bor- ders and also of perennial flowers. PEEENNIAL PLOWEItS One authority says perhaps the most striking advance in modern gardening is the advance in favor of what are pop- ularly known as herbaceous plants. . . They have been the means of encourag- ing thousands to take an interest in flow- er gardens who formerly did not do so. But love of the flowers pure and simple has also been a very great factor in stim- ulating their popularity. Of course a great many of the best perennial flowers are of recent introduction but it is inter- esting to note that many of the favorites were known one hundred and fifty years ago. The popularity of perennial flow- ers will make the perennial border much more popular in the immediate future than it has been in the past. The form of perennial borders is vari- Ottawa able. All borders may, however, be here considered under four forms. Form one. — The straight narrow bor- der. This is generally found close to the house or by a boundary wall. It is particularly adapted to small lots and summer cottages. Form two, — The straight wide border. This form is seldom used close to the house. It is generally seen to best ad- vantage when placed close to main walks and when used in gardens of the formal type. Form three. — The regular curved bor- der. A very beautiful and perhaps the ideal form of the perennial border when rightly disposed. It appears to best ad- vantage, perhaps, when placed a few yards back from a long curved walk. Form four. — The irregular border. This form looks best in the foreground of masses of shrubbery. It is irregular in both depth and outline. Perennial borders have more than a single purpose to fulfil. It is a mistake to think that the .main purpose of all perennial borders is to give a succession of bloom. That should be the purpose of one particular type, but there are At the Centr«l Experim.ntal Farm, Ottawa. A View of On. End of the New Perennial Border This border is four hundred and fifty feet long by twelve feet wide. It waa nlanted in thA aiitnTn« «f ion * i * . , ' from ee^ .ow. the same apri.«. Thi, view waa '-'^^ atX^HoHpSS^^'^ * ^ ^ ^ fel^lt' fe^^'^^'yZ^' °U'"" 125 126 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 The Bowmanville Post Office Notice the window boxes. These were provided by the members of the Bowmanville Horticultural Society. nianv beautiful borders planted with quite another purpose. For simplicity 1 suggest but two classes, based on their purpose. In' the first class I suggest putting all borders which resemble an ideal f)erennial border. It must contain therefore all "ideal types. Class tw'o must contain all other typves, or nearly all the others. For want of a better term let these be called "the attractive types. ' ' The borders in class one,' ideal types," should always possess certain charac- teristics, which may not be required in borders placed in class two. Two such characteristics are continuity of bloom and good arrangement. And the.se two characteristics are required as outstand- ing features in all borders which are placed in conspicuous positions, for the purpo.se of giving color or landscape effect. In class two, the "attractive types," I would place a large number of bor- ders which are planted with no such purpose in view. The first type in this class is that found in the gardens of many amateurs. It is generally made by those who have certain flowers and wish to have them growing in their gardens. Such borders can hardly be placed in class one, but they are often effective, pleasing, and most attractive and ideal in their class. A second type is that made to strengthen architectural features and often found in the formal garden, or at the base of a terrace, or in front of a bare wall. The dividing line between these two classey is "continuity of blooming sea- son," vvhiili depend;, ol loui sc, upon ihf niimlx'r .md choice ,fif the plants used. If, therefore, we wish to plant perennial flowers in our garden we should ask oiir.selves, "What do we want them for?" For their own sake? To emphasize the architectural features of the house? To give landscape effect? or w^hat? For what purpose do we want them? This question of purpose must be kept in mind. We shall then get better effects in our gardens, and the satisfaction arising from definite achicxcment will l)e far greater. DEFINITE INTENTION Miss Gertrude Jekyll has a good para- graph on color effects which I will quote, as it gives the same advice put in a Bet- ter way. It deals with color, a question I have not touched on, but shows that "definite intention" or a realization of "purpose" is the one important thing in our work with the flowers. She says in her most recent book, "I am strongly of opinion that the pos.session of a quan- tity of plants, however good the plants may l>e themselves, and however ample their nuinber, does not make a garden ; it only makes a collection. Having got the plants, the great thing is to use them with careful selection and definite inten- tion. .Merely having them or having them planted unassorted in garden space?!, is only like having a lot of paints from the best colorman, or, to go one step further, it is like having portions of these paints set out on a pallette. This does not constitute a picture; and it seems to me that the duty we owe to our gardens and to our own bettering in our gardens is so to use the plants that they shall form beautiful pictures." C^ Making a Compost Pile Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. To make a compost pile proceed as follows : Place a layer of sod with the grass side downward over about a square yard of level ground, then a se- cond and third layer in the same way. On these place four inches in depth of either of the fertilizers named. Con- tinue these successive layers of sod and fertilizer until the pile is three or four feet in height, finishing up with a layer of sod or soil on top. Fall or early spring is the best time to do this. Place wire netting over the pile to keep off chickens and animals. Throw a few pails of water on the pile in summer to hasten decomposition. Cut down with a sharp spade a portion of this from top to bottom of pile when ready for u.se, so as to get equal quantities of soil and fertilizer. It should then be passed through a coar.se, three-quarter inch mesh sieve, or the material chopped or pulled to pieces before using, so as to retain all the fibry and organic part of the soil possible. Preparing the Rose Bed F. £. Buck, C.E.F., Ottawo. Ont. What is thf be«t method of pren trench is thrown in the bottom of the latter together with four or six inches of well-rotted manure. The second spit is placed on that, filling the open trench to its original level and leav- ing a .second open trench two spits (or two feet) deep. The soil at the bottom of this is dug over, but remains in its place?. If the whole of the bed or border is treated in this way an empty trench will remain at the end of the plot ; this of course is filled with the soil wheeled alongside from the first trench." If it is intended to plant roses in the bed this spring it will be well to save a good sized heap of the surface loam be- fore starting the preparation and use it to fill in round the roots of the young ro.ses at the time of planting, as it is never wise at any time to let roots come into contact with manure at the time of planting. A better way might be to pre- pare the beds this spring, grow flowers in them, or leave vacant, this summer, and plant the ro.ses in the autumn. May, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 127 A First Prize Garden— "Tlic Maples," Whitby, Ont. Whitby's first prize garden is owned bv Mr. E. Edmund Starr. Having listened attentively to the teaching of our worthy leaders in floriculture, Mr. Starr first carefully prepared his garden plan' — with a view to adding to the at- tactions of "Beautiful Whitby," and at sweet peas. Last season these were nine feet high, with an abundance of bloom. They formed an entrance to ano- ther walk leading to the rose garden. In the gladioli patch, where one of the accompanying illustrations was taken, over three hundred and fifty spikes were ^l^vM^H^^^^^^HS^^ 'iiSJ^^^^^K''^'' liH... ^^^^^HP'-t'ii^.jftHttinMJ ^^ 'm^^ 1HH~ ^ ^Ift \ k ••*• "» > Hn H^Kr-H^HHK -^ %,isK*«M^^B - ' Where the Sweet Peas Bloom in Mr. Starr's Garden 1. \\'insome, and Royalty. These havR been very satisfactory. Black Beauty, Sylvia, Agnew, and Duchess of Cam- bridge have also been greatly admired. Running north from the dahlia bed, a row of kocha stood guard along the pathway, with beans and asparagus in the rear. Returning to the eastward path the sweet peas are passed. The walk is bordered by lettuce, back of which , is cress, the gladiolus showing with dahlias in the rear. Then came the vegetable garden. Not a weed was to be seen, though the generous rains had kept the hoe man busy. The order und design here displayed called forth much admiration throughout the sea- son. Ornamental beets in three shades looked artistic along the pathway be- tween gooseberry and currant bushes . Running north and south for fifty feet were rows of tomatoes, table beets, car- rots, onions, parsnips, peas, snowball turnips, salsify,, and radish, in the rear of which one saw corn (Golden Bantam) and potatoes. THE BOSE GtABlDEN In the rose garden there was a well kept walk throughout. The rose bushes were in bloom from June until October. There were many choice varieties. Quince, pear, and apple trees throve throughout the garden. The quinces were extra good last year. Last year was Mr. Starr's first sea- son as a practical gardener, and the thoroughness of his 'effort, with his methodical exactness, bespeaks still greater success in the future. J .P. S. the same time providing luxuries for the table. After many years, lived in the city, the home garden appealed to Mr. Starr, who was instrumental in organ- izing the Horticultural Society of Whit- by, and was its first president. A double row of maple trees stand in graceful guard at "The Maples," from the Kingston Road north on the west side for over one hundred and fifty feet. There is also a single row along the. south, front an-d east sides. The gen- erous lawn space makes a fine .setting for the home, with its wide colonial porch, directly in front of which is a row of .Spiraea van Houttei. Crossing the lawn on the west side one passes through a vine-covered arch- ed gateway intoi the currant garden. Here symmetric trimming promotes lux- uriant growth and rare fruit. The neat- ly trimmed garden walks of green run- ning north and south for two hundred feet and east and west for two hundred feet, add greatly to the attractiveness of the garden. Passing east along one of these well-kept walks one reaches the centre walk, running north. It has a hedge of grapes on the west over which one caught glimpses of a melon patch. Looking to the right one saw first the gathered. North of the gladiolus grow the dahlias, the first row comprising Queen of Yellows at each end and Dreadnought in the centre. Then came the cactus varieties, Jackson, Floradora, Light, hot, sandy or gravelly soils are greatly improved for rose beds by the mixture of loam and rotten cow Among the Gladiolus in Mr. Starr's Garden on August 1st 128 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 Planting and Pruning Shrubs H. J.'^Moore, Queen Victoria ORNAMENTAL shrubs are either evergreen or diciduous, but by far the greater number belong to the latter class. Shrubs which lose their leaves during the fall, with the ex- ception of the more tender kinds, may be planted at any favorable time during the months of October or November, or in April and early May. For many kinds the fall months are the best, but as the prospective planter is concerned at present with spring plant- ing remarks pertaining thereto will be more in keepipg. The method of planting is as impor- tant as the time, and when small areas such as beds or borders are to be plant- ed these should be thoroughly dug or trenched. It , is important that the soil be worked deeply, for successful culture def>ends upon the formation of a healthy fibrous root system. If the soil is a heavy clay loam it is well to incorporate such materials as stable manure, humus, in the form of decaying leaves or straw, and lime rubble, as these tend to me- chanically open the soil, render it por- ous, and upon decomposition to supply the necessary plant food. Holes large and deep enough for the reception of the entire root system should be dug. When placing each shrub, be careful to spread out the root- lets so that they radiate toward the cir- cumference of the hole, in the bottom of which the soil should be forked finely. Gradually work fine soil between and around the root fibres and at the same time gently move the shrub to ensure even distribution of soil and separation of the rootlets. After the root system is entirely co\-ered tramp carefully to firm the soil. Give water if the weather at Park, Niagara Palls, Ont. the time of planting is dry or warm and finish the operation by filling the hole to the ground level and raking the surface finely. When it is desired to plant shrubs in lawns it is good practice to excavate much larger holes than the dia- meter of their root systems. If the soil is not of an apparently fertile nature it is well to mix with it leaf mould, semi- decomposed stable manure, or if pos- sible, good loam. When planting, do not err by placing the roots on a hard impervious surface, but fork deeply to afford drainage. Place a layer of fine soil over the entire bottom, upon which spread the roots carefulv in the manner advised for border planting. MTTLOHING Ne>vlv planted shrubs shculci be rrulch- ed with straw in a half-decomposed state, or with decaying leaves to con- serve the moisture in the soil if plant- ed in the spring, or to prevent injury by frost if fall or winter planted. Rich, well-rotted manure should not be used as a mulch until the shrubs have made new fibrous roots, whose root hairs are capable of absorbing the food materials in solution which are rapidly formed in all fertile soils. Many shrubs are annually killed by excessive applications of rotted stable manure as a mulch to soils already rich in essential food materials, especially those planted during the fall whose in- active roots are incapable of absorption, and must remain in a urine saturated soil until growth starts in the spring. These remarks on mulching apply also to trees which in transplanting often suffer injury to, or reduction of the root system. The folly of applying rich man- ure to these will be obvious to many. AKBANOEiraNT The manner in which the shrubs an- arranged is usually dependent upon the area at the disposal of the planter, or is purely a matter of taste. In the herb- aceous border mixed shrubs make a splendid addition, provided they are properly placed, either as a background or to relieve a somewhat monotonous grouping of herbaceous subjects. When they are associated with herbaceous per- ennials, the aim of the planter should be to afford variety, and a succession of bloom through the entire season. To attain this, a.scertain carefully the flow- ering period of any desirable species or variety and plant accordingly. When it is desirable to make large- plantations the genera are better group- ed individually ; for instance, a clump of Syringa (Lilac), Viburnum (Snowball), or Hydrangea paniculata will furnish a grander effect when arranged in large masses separately and flowering simul- taneously than if dotted individually in mixed collections whose constituents flower at diverse times. Short Hints on Planting Wm. Hnnt, O.A.C., Gaelph, OdI. Get the roots of all plants to be plant- ed under the ground as quickly as pos- sible. Half an hour's, or even a few minutes', exposure of the roots to hot sun and air will materially injure them. Heel the plants in temporarily in soil, or cover them up closely with damp, strawy manure, moss, or even old bags or sacking. Soil, however, is the best material . Most of the fibrous-rooted perennials, such as campanula, helenium, rudbeckia, cerastium (Snow in Summer), phlox sub- ulata (Moss Pink), and similar plants can be transplanted in spring. Plants that have fleshy or rhizome roots and bulbs, are best planted or transplanted in the fall. Lily of the valley and other garden lilies (L. candidum, L. elegans, and others) are best transplanted early in September . Lily of the valley is best set out in small clumps four or five plants in a clump, and the clumbs about six inches apart, or they may be planted singly two or three inches apart. The bulbous rooted lilies are also best planted in clumps, six or eight bulbs in a clump. The bulbs should be set about six inches apart and from five to six inches from the surface. Put three or four inches of strawy manure over these before vv'inter sets in. Lilies should nol be transplanted or disturbed until the bulbs get very crowded and the clumps too large, as they do not like to be disturbed very frequently. Paeonies, Dicentra (Bleeding Heart), and German Iris are best planted early in October. They succeed much better than when planted or divided in the spring. May, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 129 Spring Gardening Suggestions R. S. Rose, IN laying out your garden this spring, do not look only at the vegetable side, but take into consideration the flower side as well. We all know that vege- tables are a necessity, as the times go, but surely one can spare space at the border for some flowers, as every woman in the house has a knowledge of and loves plants as well as the added beauty that the flowers give to the rooms. No woman, if she can get them, would will- ingly be without them. So why not let her have them? When she sees them coming up, she will look after them, knowing what they will be to her and also to you during their time of bloom. So again I say, in laying out your gar- den this spring include some flower seeds in your order to your seedsman. To those who have not included these seeds in their order, I will try to give an idea of what I think would be advisable for them to get, with also plans of how this can be done and yet not take up too much space from their vegetable garden. For a back yard garden of say thirty- five by fifty feet, make a three and one- half foot bed up both sides, and also at the end of your lot. On one side have a perennial border of Phlox as a back- ground of all colors. In front of these can be put four o 'clocks and stocks al- ternately with a front border of sweet alyssum. On the other side have a background of golden glow, sunflowers, and holly- hocks, salvia and asters in front with a front border of pansies . At the end of the garden use sweet peas as a back- ground, with a border of dwarf nastur- tiums. Vegetables can be grown in the centre part of the garden. Another plan could be adopted, such as a yellow background of golden glow and golden treasure, with asters in front at the back of the garden. Along the whole side of the garden a bed four by five feet wide, with a back- ' ground of sweet peas and morning flories . Dwarf nasturtiums or balsams ban be grown at the foot of these, as Ihey protect the roots of the vines from the hot sun and also help to keep in the noisture. In front a pick and come again bed can be planted with such Sowers as stocks, zinnias, sweet suttons, Bphlox drummondii, gaillardia, wallflow- ers, centaurea, gypsophila scabiosa, pansies, and sweet william. These are all good annuals and bloom in profusion, giving beautiful flowers for picking. As a border mignonette, candytuft, and sweet alyssum go well together, and will also stand picking, or pansies and phlox drummondi could be planted alternately. A wild flower garden in the corner makes a splendid show, and one gets some good Peterboro, Out. perennials as well as annuals in the packages. All gardens should have a wild flower corner, where everything can be allowed to grow in massed pro- fusion. The balance of the lot can be used as a vegetable patch or made into a lawn to suit one's self. Then again one can have a perennial flower bed at the very end of your lot, which will not interfere with the vege- tables. The plants that are mentioned hereafter are all good strong growers, and give abundance of flowers through- out the season. The beauty of a peren- nial garden is not only in its bloom, but that it practically grows by itself, and whene one who has not the time to spend in the early spring season sowing seeds and so forth, the perenninal flower bed will be found a perfect blessing. It requires attention in the spring by dig- ging in the top covering of manure which is put on in the fall as a protection against frost. In the summer all that is required is to keep the earth loose and free from weeds. The small attention that is necessary will doubly repay you by the splendid showing the flowers will make during the whole season from spring to late frost. The bed shown should be from say thirty-five to forty feet long and by about five feet wide. The plants should be planted two feet apart each way. They should not be crowded, but given plenty of room to spread. You need not, of course, follow the plan just as I have given it, as I am only trying to show the beauty of a perennial bed and what can be done with it. The balance of the lot can be plant- ed with vegetables or left in lawn as one pleases. With this kind of a bed, flowers can be picked for the table or given away to one's friends, as it does the plants good to keep them well picked and not allow the blossoms to go to seed. There are lots of other kinds of plants that can be used if one goes over any of the good plant catalogues that all of the seedsmen who advertise in The Can- adian Horticulturist will be only too glad to send if you drop them a post card. The outlay for a perennial garden is heavier than for annuals, but it is there, and there to stay. And they need not be got all at once, but added to spring by spring as the fancy takes you. PLANTS FOE SHADY PLACES If you have a shady nook in the gar- den the following plants would do well there: A background of Columbine (Aquilegia), with Monswood (Aconitum), Bleeding Heart (Dielytra or Dicentra), Foxglove (Digitali) in front. Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium), Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum), False Solomon's Seal (Smilacina), Carolina or Indian Pink (Spigelia), Saxifraga Alpina, Primulas (Primrose), partial shade. Lilies of the Valley, Violets, Myosotis (Forget-me- nots), pansies, also do well in half shade. There are many pleasing methods of training or growing roses. One is to take a long vigorous shoot of the prev- ius season's growth, say of some perpet< ual rose, such as General Jacqueminot, bending it over and fastening the point of the shoot to the ground. This will cause every eye to break, and give you a short spur of growth, each surmounted with its brilliant blossom ; an entire bor- der treated in this way will give a perfect blaze of bloorh. elLuxuriant Growth in the Garden of Mr. Geo. Vicker«,.Barrie,. Ont. 130 rriR rXNADTAN TTOETir I I, riTT?TST May, 1913 Growing Potatoes on a Commercial Basis A. C. Parkzr, Manager St. John's Valley Farm and Fruit Land Co., Burton, N.B. P<)T,\'l"0 raising may l)c divided in- to five sections: Selection of fer- tilizer and seed, selection and pre- paration of the soil, time and method of planting, cultivation and spraying, time and method of harvesting. The latter point I covered in an article in The Can- adian Horticulturist last fall. While the potato can be grown with fair success on a large variety of .soils, still the ideal potato .soil is a deep, sandy or graxelly loam, with suflicient humus to ensure retention of the necessary sup- ply of moisture. It is from such soils the Ijest quality of potatoes are obtain- ed. The least favorable soil is a heavy clay, wherein the air does not circulate freely. A good clover sod, turned down in the fall, affords a good start for pota- toes. Any sod land is preferable to old tilled land. HARROW IN THE FALL After ploughing sod land intended for potatoes in the fall, it should have a thorough harrowing. This aids in kill- ing weeds and also aids in the decaying of the old sod. Land harrowed in the fall will be in condition to work in the spring, sooner than that which was not harrowed. In the spring, as soon as the land is sufficiently dry to work, it should be thoroughly harrowed. This harrowing should be repeated every four or five days until planting time. In this way the land will get much warmer, and a large proportion of the weeds will be destroyed. The harrowing should ' be done with a disk harrow, as any form of a drag harrow brings to the surface too much of the sod. This is undesirable, as it interferes very materially with planting and after-cultivation. WHEN TO PLANT Planting time varies on different soils and in different seasons. Unless you are growing for the early market, it is not advisable to plant too early. The maiority of our potato growers plant too early. If seed and soil have been pro- perly handled, and the proper method of planting followed, the potatoetage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all ajrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a. change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.25 on inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Out. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1912. The figures given are exclusive of samples and sipoiled copies. Most months. Including the sample cop- ies, from 12,000 to 14,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1912 9,988 August, 1912 ]il,W8 February, 1912. .. .10,437 September, 1912... 10,997 Mlarehv 1912 101,877 October, miS. 10,971 April, 1912 11,788 November], 1912. . .11,162 May, 1912 12J12 December, 19121... liUDM June, 1912 10,946 July, 1912 10,986 132,556 Average each issue In 1907, 6,627 " " " " 19«8, 8,695 '• " " " 1909, 8,970 " " " I91«. 9,067 " •' " " 1911, 9,541 " " " " 1912, 11,057 April, 1913 IO,849 Sworn detailed stateiments will be mailed ua>on application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading oolumus, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrujiulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with aJiy subscriber, we will make good the amount of .your loss, provided such transaction occurs with- in one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state : "I saw your advertieememt in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the eipense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. OommunicationB should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETBEBORO, ONT. Until recent years our agricultural col- leges, experiment stations, departments of agriculture, and government organizations of farmers, fruit growers, vegetable grow- ers, and allied interests have devoted their attention almost exclusively to gaining and disseminating information relating to the best methods of increasing crop produc- tion. There has been a general impression that the best method of ensuring prosperity for the farmer or fruit grower was to as- sist him in increasing his yearly produc- tion. Of late years this viewpoint has undergone a number of radical changes. The rapid development of the great cit- ies both in Canada and the United States, and the bringing under cultivation in the west of immense areas of virgin soil have so complicated the modern system of mar- keting the products of the farm and or- chard, ajnd have resulted in the appearance of so many middlemen in one form or ano- ther, it is now becoming clearly recognized that increased pioductiom will not necesar- ily benefit the producer unless methods of marketing are also improved. It has so frequently happened that fruit growers, shipping on consignment, have had no- thing left for themselves after paying the transportation charges on their fruit and the commissions of the middlemen that there has been a growing demand for a closer regulation, and adjustment of rail- road rates, and for the introduction of co- operative methods of marketing among growers . In the United States conditions have be- come acute. They led to the holding last month in Chicago of the first "National Conference on Marketing and Farm Cre- dits." It was called by the publishers of the leading agricultural and horticultural publications of the continent. No less than four provinces and twenty-eight states were represented by delegates. Not much was accomplished at this first conference beyond the formation of an organization, whosfe duty it will be to conduct investiga- tions to ascertain methods of improving existing systems of marketing the pro- ducts of the farm and orchard. This con- ference has drawn attention to the import- ance of the problem involved and more rapid improvement in our methods of dis- tribution may be expected from now on. The middlemen and great transportation companies are on the defensive, and they will be wise if they prepare for increasimgly thorough and searching public investiga- tions of their methods. PARCELS POST The phenomenal success of the parcels post system in the United States since its introduction on the first of the year and the announcement by Canada's Postmaster- General that the Dominion Government purposes introducing a parcels post sys- tem in Canada raises the question of what system is likely to be adopted. Ln the United States what is known ais the Zone system is in force. The cost of shipping parcels is determined by the number of miles they are carried. This system seems fair, but it gives a decided advantage to firms doing business near the centre of the country. In the United States, for in- stance, firms located in the Mississippi Valley are able to forward parcels to either the Atlantic or Pacific Coast states at about half the cost incurred by firms locat- ed in these latter states who find it neces- sary to ship goods across the continent. A consideration of this character is sure to be of sufficient importance with many concerns to be the determining factor in inducing them to locate at points where they can obtain the full advantage of such conditions. In Canada there is no extra cost entailed in sending a letter three thousand miles as compared with much shorter distances, and strenuous objection would be raised to the making of any change in this system. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the Government will en- deavor to follow the same principle in con- nection with the proposed parcels post system. RAILWAY RATES To the old saying that "Figures cannot lie" there has been made the apt rejoinder, "No, but liars can figure." The defence of the railroad companies to the charges made by Mr. Donald Johnson, representing the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, in his evidence before the members of the Agricultural Committee of the Dominion House of Commons, in which he claimed that Ontario fruit growers were discrimin- ated against by railroad companies as re- gards the cost of transporting fruit to the markets of the middle West, appeared on the surface to be strong. The investiga- tions, however, of Mr. G. E. Mcintosh, the transportation agent of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, proved that Mr. Johnson's charges were well founded. While the charges between Ontario points and Winnipeg are fair to the On- tario grower there is discrimination in the rates charged the western grower between Winnipeg and points farther west. Since the appointment of the Dominion Railway Commission Canadian fruit growers have succeeded in wringing many important concessions from the railroad companies. The pressing of the points now at issue be- tween Ontario growers and the transpor- tation companies should be all that is ne- cessary to secure a further adjustment in rates that will be of benefit to the growers. Ontario growers are not asking that they shall be given any better rates than the growers of the Pacific Coast, but they re- quest and will insist on obtaining rates that will be equally advantageous. THE UNITED STATES TARIFF The Democratic tariff bill that has re- ceived the approval of President Wilson and the leaders of the Democratic Party, and which is now receiving the attention of Congress has mot gone so far as to place Canadian fruit on the free list, but has made some important reductions which will tend, should they be finally ratified, to result in the marketing of more Canadian fruit in the United States that has hither- to been the case. The reduction in the duty on apples from twenty-five cents to ten cents a bushel will be equal to a re- duction from seventy-five cents to thirty cents a barrel. This will be sufficient to enable thousands of barrels of Canadian apples to find a market in the States. The proposed drop in the duty on fresh vegetables from twenty-five i>er cent, to fifteen per cent, will he of most benefit to growers living near border points. Should potatoes be placed on the free list, as is now proposed, it will mean much to Canadian potato growers, particularly those in the Maritime provinces. On the whole the horticultural interests of Can- May, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 133 ada have much to g-ain and nothing- to lose from the proposed changes in the United States tariff. The Horticultural Societies Act of On- tario is probably the best act of the kind in force in any province of Canada or state in the American Union. A number of pro- vinces and states make annual grants to horticultural exhibitions of one kind or another. None that we know of make annual grants to local horticultural socie- ties baised upon their membership and ex- penditures for horticultural purposes. State or provincial legislatures which desire to promote the horticultural interests of their people will do well to examine carefully the Horticultural Societies Act of Ontario. PUBLISHER'S DESK The annual meeting- of The Horticultural Publishing Co., Limited, was held in Tor- onto on March 27th. The reports present- ed showed that great progress had been made and that the Company was in the strongest position in its history. A sub- stantial addition was made to the reserve fund from the profits on the year's busi- ness. The Horticultural Publishing Com- pany publishes The Canadian Horticultur- ist and The Canadian Florist, and is now commencing also the publication of The Beekeeper. The officers of the Company were all re-elected, and are as follows : President. W. H .Bunting, St. Catharines; vice-president, John H. Dunlop, Toronto ; managing director and secretary-treasurer, H. B. Cowan, Peterborough ; directors, A. W . Peart, Burlington ; Hermann Simmers and P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto; Harold Jones. Prescott. Starting with this issue The Canadian Horticulurist hereafter will be published in two editions. Thie first or regular edi- tion will be called The Canadia-n Horticul- turist, and will appear in exactly the same form as the paper has had in the past. The second edition will be called "The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper." It will be mailed to those readers of The Canadian Horticulturist who are especially interested in beekeeping, and will contain features that will be of special interest to them. The cover of the second edition will differ from the cover of the first edition only in the addition of the word "Bee- keeper." Some five pages of matter ap- pearing in the first or regular edition of The Canadian Horticulturist will be re- placed in this issue by an equal number of pages of matter relating- to the beekeep- ing industry. The pages in the May issue of The Canadian Horticulturist that will be changed will be pages 129, 130, 131, 1.33, and 134. There will be no other change. Owing to the heavy expense involved in making the changes necessitated by the publication of this second edition the sub- scription price of The Canadian Horticul- turist and Beekeeper will be $1.00 a year and not 60c a year, which will continue to be the regular subscription price, for the present at least, of The Canadian Horti- culturist. This second edition of The Can- adian Horticulturist has been started as a result of the earnest solicitation of the offi- cers of The Ontario Beekeepers' Associa- tion, who have appointed it their official organ and subscribed for it for all of their nearly «ight hundred members. As there ar« some eleven thousa-nd beekeepers in Ontario alome, and as the great majority of these are interested in fruit growing, it will be seen that the new edition of The Canadian Horticulturist has a wide field in which to work. The advertisers in The Canadian Horticulturist will receive the full benefit of this departure as their ad- vertisements will be published in both edi- tions without change. Readers of The Canadian Horticulturist who would like to have their subscriptions chainged in order that they may receive instead The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper may have the change made upon request. Have you noticed the "Absolute Guaran- tee" of our advertisers that we publish on the editorial page of each issue ? Are you aware that The Canadian Horticulturist, with its companion publication. Farm and Dairy, are the only two publications in Canada that give such a guarantee of their advertisers ? We take great pains to see that none but the most reliable advertise- ments are admitted to the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist. This involves the refusal by us of large volumes of busi- ness that readily find admittance to the columns of mast other publications, but it enables us to give our readers the benefit of this guarantee. Read it and see how thoroughly your interests are protected every time you buy from one of our adver- tisers and tell them that you saw their ad- vertisement irf The Canadian Horticulturist. Ask for what you don't see, is a good adage, and applies particularly well to a magazine. It is our endeavor as a horti- cultural magazine to keep our columns filled with advertising of interest to our readers, to be able to have them say, "When I want anything in the horticul- tural line, I only have to look among the advertisements in The Canadian Horticul- turist." Sometimes, however, it is a diffi- cult matter to get every line represented and so occasionally some of our readers write in with inquiries about certain ar- ticles which they do not find in our columns. We are glad to get such requests. During the next few weeks you will be requiring many articles in connection with your or- chard, garden, or house, some of which you may not find advertised. Do not be afraid to write to us. We are constantly in touch with reliable firms handling goods of nearly every description. Our motto is "Service," and we will always be pleased to supply you with any information avail- able. International Score Card Com- petition A feature of the next meeting of the American Pomological Society will be a score card judging contest. The purpose of this work is to bring about a more uni- form and systematic system of judging fruits in competition. First, by bringing together a comprehensive collection of fruits from all parts of the continent ; se- cond, by requiring all contesta-nts to use the same score card values ; third, by re- quiring each contestant to judge both var- ieties of his own section and those from distant sections ; fourth, by submitting a full explanation of the scores made by contestants to the convention, together with an explanation of the values written into the score cards. This ought to result in several distinct advantages to both the producers and the consumers. The one ought to learn what to strive for in producing a fruit ; the other ought to learn what constitutes a good fruit; and both ought to obtain a knowledge of the characters of fruits that are of particular importance and value. It is confidently expected that this step will inaugurate a distinct movement for better fruit, and that the growing, exhibiting, and marketing of fruit will receive a posi- tive stimulus through the general introduc- tion of a uniform score card practice in judgrung competitive exhibits. At present sixteen Agricultural Colleges have express- ed hearty support of a plan to have tf ams of three from each of these institutions participate in the contest. SOCIETY NOTES Wo in-vite the ofBcera of Horti- OTiltUTal Societies to send in ehort, pithy rei>orta of work that would in- terest memibens of other Horticultural Societies. Perth The April meeting of the Perth Horti- cultural Society had a number of inspir- ing features for those who are interested in the elevating service in which the true friends of the garden are concerned. The membership has been showing a steady in- crease for a number of weeks. It is now beyond the two hu-ndred mark. The mer- its of the cause are prized not only by the people of the town, where the majority of the membership is found, but by the peo- ple in the country nearby, and as far on one side as twelve miles ,and on another side as far as twenty. — A. H. S. Peterboro The spring option list of the Peterboro Horticultural Society is as follows, each member being entitled to any one of the options, as well as to a year's subscription to The Canadian Horticulturist : No. One — One box Asters, mixed ; one box Stocks, mixed ; one box Phlox, mixed. No. Two — Three Paeonies. asorted col- ors. No. Three — Three Calla Lilies, white, yellow and black. No. Four — Six Dahlia Roots, choice vari- eties. No. Five — Six Geraniums in four .inch pots. No. Six — Six Salvia, in three inch pots. No. Seven— Twelve Groff's Hybrid Glad- iolus, choice varieties. choice varieties. No. Eight — One Clematis Jackmani, three-year-old plants. No. Nine — One Dutchman's Pipe, choice, four foot plants. No. Ten^ — Five Delphinium, or Perennial Larkspurs. No. Eleven — Five hardy Garden Phlox ; new varieties. No. Twelve — One Boston or Whitmami Fern. No. Thirteen — One Kentia Palm. No. Fourteen' — Five Herbert Red Rasp- berry; five Black Diamond Raspberry. No. Fifteen — Five Gooseberry Bushes ; five Black Currants. The annual convention of the Canadian Horticultural Society is to be held in Peter- boro this summer and the local Society is planning to hold a Horticultural Exhibi- tion. The county of Grey (Ontario) has de- cided to make an exhibit of apples at the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition in Toi^ onto next November. 134 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 Transportation Charges Investigated A Comparison of Rates from Ontario and Pacific Coast Points to the Prairies MK. Donald Johnson, of Forest. Omt. , when speaking for the Ontario fruit >frowcrs before the ' Agricultural Committfe of the Iloust- of Com- mons, last winter, complained of the dis- criminatibii in the rates to which the fruit g-rowers of Ontario have been subjected by the 1-ailway companies in cooinection with western shipments of fruit. Tlie matter later received a great deal of prominence in the press of the country. This led the WiCStern freight agents to publish state- ments of rates, disputing the claims of the fruit growers that there was any discrirai- natioin. The Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso- iciiation thereupon asked Mr. G. E. McLn- tosh, its transportation ag^ent, to look in- to the matter. Mr. Mcintosh has done so, ■Aind has reported as follows to Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, the secretary of the Association: "In regard to the rates given out for the railways by Mr. Lanigan, and appear- ing in the VVinipeg Telegram of February 8th, in my opinion the rates are correct, and I do not think they have been publicly disputed by ainy representative of the On- tario Fruit Growers' Assocation, but just wherein lies the great preference to the Ontario shipi)er, as intimated by Mr. Lani- gan, is a point not quite clear. "The evidence given by Mr. Donald Johnson before the Agricultural Committee at Ottawa was to the effect that the On- tario shipper is called upon to pay a much higher rate to cover that territory liyiing west of Winnipeg to Calgary and Edmon- ton than the Americain or British Columbia shipper over the same trackage, and the following rates and milieage comparisons issued by Mr. Lanigan afTord the proof : gan to Calgary, at a rate of fifty-eight rents per one hundred [wunds, would haul, say, two thous'and tons, or mearly five times the Load from Toronto to VVinnii)eg^ at fif-ty-three cents a hundred pounds, thus handling the Ontario shipments from, say, St. Catharines to Winnipeg at a greater profit than the American or British Colum- bia shipments to Calgary. "No complaint is made of the rate from Ontario points to Winnipeg, nor do we think the British Columbia shipper is charged an excessive rate to Calgary be- cause coinditions demand it. Taking the above points into consideration, the rates are probably fair to both, with certainly no advantage or preference, as intimated, to the Ontario shipper. "With Wininipeg, then, as an entrance to this market for the Ontario apple shipper, and Calgary an entrance point for the West- ern States or British Columbia shipper, all on a fair rate basis, we find the territory lying between these points as follows : "The Okanagan shipper pays on a through rate sixty cents to Calgary and seventy-five cents to W'innii>eg, while the Ontario shipper pays fifty-three cents to Winnii>eg and one dollar and four cents to Calgary. • "The Okanagan shipper pays on a through rate fifteen cents per one hundred pounds for the haul of eight hundred and thirty-seven miles between Calgary and Winnipeg, while the St. Catharines ship- per pays fifty-one cents a hundred i>ounds over the same rails. "The Canadian Pacific Railway makes a charge of eight cents a cwt. for the haul of isix hundred and fifty-seven miles be- Fro m To St. Catharines .Winnipeg.... St. Catharines Winnipeg. . . . Kelowaia, B . C Winnipeg . . . . Yakima, Wash Winnipeg.... Wenatchee Winnipeg. . . . St. Catharines Regina St. Catharines Regina Yakima Wash Re,gina Wenatchee Regina St. Catharines Calgary St. Catharines Calgary Kelowna, B.C Calgary Yakima, Wash Calgary Rate per ktiles. Route. 100 lbs. 138.3 . . . . . .Lake and rail . . . .... 46c 13a3 . . All rail 53c 1228 . . All rail .... 75c 1387 . . .....^11 rail 75c 1325 .. ....All rail 75c 1740 . . . . . .Lakei and rail . . 76c 1740 . . All rail 83c 1030 .. All rail 75c 958 .. All rail ....$1.05 2223 .. .... Lake and rail . . 97c 2223 .. ....All rail ....$1.04 890 .. All 'rail 58c 595 .. ....All rail 95c "Even from the standpoint of total mile- age from point of shipment in Ontario to destination in the west and from point of shipment in Washigton or British Colum- bia to the Prairie markets, as here given, 1 fail to see the great preference our On- tario shipers are said to enjoy, if we but consder conditions ais they exist. "In this particular case, is it fair, how- ever, to draw a comparison solely on a mileage basis ? Must we not rightly give some consideration to the idanditions which help to make these rates? Take, for in- stanc», the haul from Yakirna or from Okanagan to Calgary ; compare the costly nature of corustruction of that piece of rail- way with that from Toronto to Winnipeg : consider also the heavy expense over that mountain haul of keeping up auxiliary ixiwer, the enormous expenditure on snow sheds and other preventatives from slides, and finally consider the fact that the one hundred and eighty per cent, type engine which would haul, say, four hmudred and eleven tons over that roadbed from Okana- tween Medicine Hat and Winnii>eg to the British Columbia shipper and for the same haul charge the Ontario shipper forty-eight cents a hundred pounds. "From Spence's Bridge to Medicine Hat a rate is given of seventy-nine cents and to Winnipeg eighty-five cents — six hundred and fifty-seven miles for six cents a cwt., but the Ontario shipper pays forty-eight cents for the same six hundred and fifty- seven miles. "From Athol, Bonner's Ferry, and other Idaho points, the rate to Winnipeg, Bran- don, Regina, or Medicine Hat is seventy- five cents a hundred pounds. Ontario shippers pay between Winnipeg and Medi- cine Hat forty-ei.ght cents ; between Winni- peg .ind Regina thirty-four cents, and be- tween Winnipeg and Brandon nineteen cents a hundred pounds. "Another advantage these shippers en- joy over the Ontario shippers is the privi- lege of collecting car loads at concentra- tion points within a radius of sixty miles at a rate of ten cents a hundred pounds. "Mr. Johnson's assertid. Dctik'titH every u-^t. Complsta Sampla Mailed to any addroaa for 36 els, or 3 for • I .OO. Monoy back If not tallalaclery. Hall ordara promplly llll«4. llRITiHT MGHT CO., MerrickviMe, Ont. o BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Prizes at New York State Fair 1910-11 ; Berlin Horticultural Society 191 1 Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto 1912. Vick's Violet KiiiK. Rose Kinn. Koyal White. Koval Lavender. KuViil l^inile. Viok'e Uoehester, a lavender pink. Viok'8 Peerless Pink. Salmon Pink, small flower but very pretty; Improved Holienzellern in white or ros*-; Improved Crego Pink; Liite Bramhing White. Ko.se. Pink. Ijivender; Karly Brum hiiig White. Ro.--e. Crimson, Lavender. Queen of the -Market (very early) in wliitc or pink. These are very truly the aristocrats of the .^Btor family. All plants sent by express (unless otherwise arransred) and ifuanmtecd to arrive in good rendition. Price $1.IJ() per hundred, packed and lubelled separately ni wet moss. Express prepaid on orders of $2.00 and over. Special prices to Horticultural Societies. All plants cold-frame (not hotbed) (frown, andwith favorable weather will be ready last week in May. C. MORTIMER BEZZO, BERLIN, ONTARIO 14T THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 VEGETABLE SEEDS 25 tPkts. Bean — Simmers' Qiant Wax. Beet— Blood Turnip. Cabbage — Vandergaw. Carrot — Scajlet Inter- mediate. Celery— White Plume. Corn, Sweet— Oory. Cucumber — Chicago Pickle. Cucumber— Long Green. Lettuce — Simpson's Early Muskmelon — Montreal Green Nutmeg. Watermelon — Oaban' Queen. Onion — Yellow Danyers. Onion— Prize taker. Parsley — Champion Moes Curled. Parsnips— Imjjroyed Hollow Crowned. Pepper— Sweet Spanish. Peas — American Wonder. Peas — Stratagem. Pumpkin — Mammoth. Radish— Scarlet Turnip, White Tipped. Salsify— Mammoth Sandwich Island. Squash — Summer Crookneck- Squash- Hubbard. Turnip— Purple Top, StrajhleaTed. Tomato— Early Euby. And packet Wild Garden Flower Seed MiTture. also a copy of Simmers' Vegetable and Flower Garden (New Edition.) Contains 25 packages of the best Vege- table Seed, sufficient to furnish vegetables throughout the year, and one packet of Flower Seeds, which we will send poet- paid to any address in the Dominion of Canada for the ertremely low price of $1.00. FLOWER SEEDS CONTAINS 30 PKTS. CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS Alyssum, Sweet— Little Gem. Balsam, Double — ^Mixed. Calendula. Canarybird Flower. Candytuft. Carnation — ^Marguerite Castor Oil Bean. Chrysanthemum — Annual sorts. Cosmos — Mixed. Double Japan Pink— Best Mixed. Eschscholtzla. Everlasting Flowers— Mixed. Galllardia- Annual Godetia — Mixed. Gourds, Ornamental. Marvel of Peru. Marigold, Double — Mixed Mignonette. Morning Glory. Nasturtium— Tail mixed. Nasturtium. Dwarf — Mixed colors. Nasturtium, Tali — Lobb's mixed- Petunia. Phlox Drummondii — All colors, mixed. Poppy— All kinds, mixed. Portulaca — Mixed sort*. Scablosa — Mixed sorts. Snapdragon. Sunflower — Many kinds, mixed. Sweet Peas. Either of above Collections sent Post Paid for ONE DOLLAR J. Aj. SIMMERS, LIMITED BULBS SEEDS PLANTS TORONTO, ONT. FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. We have a large stock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. Order Now Before the Roth Our pots are smooth and well burnt. We have our re- putation to keep up. Send for Catalogne & Price List The Foster Pottery Company, Ltd. ^ain St., West - Hamilton MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Superintendent Royal Gardening Institute Saxony - Germany Holder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished for all kinds of LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Coniferes, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST HAMILTON. Ont. 17 Main Str. East Phone 148 Congratulations The February issue of The Cana- dian Horticulturist is a credit to th^ publishers, to the fruit industry and to Canadian journalism. It strikes that national note that we so much appreciate. The cover is a work of art as well as a good practical up-to- date picture of spring. I used to wonder, when I was in Ontario, why some firms did not ad- vertise power sprayers to th« sleeping' fruit industry of that province. N'ow I am pleased to see so many firms ad- vertising and trust that they will each get a big enough slice of the trade to pay them for it. The circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist should climb at the rate of five hun- dred a month. — Chas. Webster, Arm- stromg, B.C. New Brunswick In his address as president of the New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association, Mr. C. N. Vroom, of Fredericton, spoke re- cently as follows . The past year was not one of the most prosperous. While in some parts of the province the crop of small fruits and of apples were fairly good, the weather condi- tioms generally were against us. This re- sulted in incomplete fertilization of the blossoms and a consequent small set of fruit, much of which was inferior in qual- ity, and later in much fungus growth, which was not wholly controlled by spray- ing, although as is usual the fruit which was carefully sprayed showed to great ad- vantage over that which was not so cared for. The concensus of opinion among the members of the Fruit Growers Associa- tion, obtained by the Secretary, was against the holding of an Exhibition last year, and the Department of Agriculture in the absence of the exhibition, made ex- hibits of fruit in different sections, which attracted much attention, and gave a good advertisement to the fruit growing capa- bilities of the province. The setting of new orchards is steadily increasing. Last year the association through its secretary, handled fifteen thou- sand trees which were distributed to mem- bers at cost, at a large saving of money to the members, and an assurance to them of good stock, correctly named. This, and the providing of spraying materials, have been important points in the association's work . I hope that the association will arrange for the holding of an exhibition in the fall of this year. These exhibitions serve the double purpose of advertising the advan- tages of our province fOr the fruit indus- try, and of interesting our farmers in this special line of work, which I believe is the most profitable in which they can engage. The Canadian Horticulturist has receiv- ed recently from the Dominion Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa, two interesting bul- letins, both by Mr. W. T. Macoun, Do- minion Horticulturist. One is entitled "Apple Breeding in Canada," and the other "Hardy Roses, Their Culture in Canada." Both are- well worth sending for. The Canadian Horticulturist is one of the best papers published. I always keep my copies and bind them. — Wm. McSkim- ming, Guelph, Ont. May, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 141 Guaranteed Sprayers Back of every Goulds Reliable Sprayer is a broad, strong guarantee of satisfaction. Quality is the watch-wurd in our factory, which is the largest and oldest in existence. A Goulds Sprayer goes right on successfully fighting in- sects and fungous enemies long after cheaper outfits have worn out. Thousands of satisfied users prove that Goulds Reliable Sprayers are the best for field crop and orchard work. Bigger Crops— Bigger Prices That's what users the world over are getting with the aid of Goulds Reliable Sprayers. ThSy arebuilton practical, "experience-taught" lines —built to spray easier, quicker and more uni- formly than others. And they do it, too ! I, RELIABLE SPRAYERS tvery crack and crevice— every leaf and limb IS uniformly sprayed with a Goulds Reliable Sprayer. All working parts are rust and chemical proof-reasons why they last. Made m 25 different types, for hand and power. Write for Free Book Our new book— "How to Spray, When to Spray, Which Sprayer to Use "-is well worth readmg. It's an education to every farmer and fruit grower— expert or novice. Write for a copy today. It's free. THE QOULDS MFO. CO. 17 W. Fall 8t., Seneca Falls, N. Y. EGG CIRCLE STAMPS For neat Egg Markers for Circles or Individual Poultrymen WRITE W. E. IRONS 115 BAY ST. TORONTO Ruffs Special Tomato Manure A high concentrate of Acid Phosphate, Sulphates of Potash, Iron and Antmonia. One application of 3 ozs. per sq. yard will ensure a superb crop of tomatoes. It builds up a more robust, dark foliag- ed plant for developing the fruit. There is an entire absence of 6Ui)erfluous growth. Euff's Special puts the value into the basket in&tea^i of into a coarse plant, heavy with foliage and lacking fruit. TRY IT AND SEE Prices : 5 lbs. 10 " 25 " 50 " 100 " 60c $1.00 $2.25 $3.50 $6.00 Express paid on S-lb. orders in Ontario. The rest are F.O.B, for cash with order. A. H. RUFF Forest Hill Road, Deer Park TORONTO, ONT. I ffAXWELLS is tie Washer tor a ff omao In the first place, Mucwell's I "Champion" Is the only washer that can be worked with a crank I handle at tha side as well as with | the top lever. Just suit your own convenience. I Another MucweD feature — L«T«r and BalanceWheelaresoaccurateljr 1 adjusted and work up such speed thai the washer runs aionc even when you hav« stopped worUne the lever. Tbers's no doubt about Maxwell 's ■Champion* belne the easiest r un n i nc washer on the market. Write for new Illust- rated booklet Ifyourdealer does not h a n d I • Maxwell's •Champion* Washer. BAVD HAXWEU C S«NS. SI. mi), aid. 92 Lttuz send yau rur boot ' 'The evolution of the Cootstove" — an interesting history of cooking. It also gives a clear, simple description of the Dominion Pride Range— com- plete in every detail. Reading this book is like examining the range itself. Smd for a cofty. Coupon Save 30% on your New Range That's about $20.00 isn't it? And you can save it by ordering direct from the factory (the biggest malleable range plant in Canada.) Dominion Pride Range is the range you would choose at any price— a beautiful steel range with unbreakable doors, castings and lids of malleable iron — a range that saves cosJ — a range so solidly built that with care it will last a lifetime. And you can secure a Dominion Pride Range by making a small payment ■with your order — the bal- ance on terms to suit your convenience. Dominion Pride TL J .u J Range thousands upon thousands ^ of Canadians have sent to us direct for their ranges, and we have yet to hear a complaint. Out un- conditional guarantee goes with every range. Canada Malleable & Steel Range Manufacturing Co., LUOTEO OSHAWA. Seed a free copy of your book "The Evolntioa of the Cookrtove." NAME- ADDRHSS- s« We pay Freight 142 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 .m Cream Separator Savings AN I H C cream separator saves money for you in more ways than most people know. It saves cream because it skims practically all the butter fat out of the milk. It saves on the feed bills. Calves and pigs thrive on the sweet, warm skim milk that comes fresh from the separator. It saves fertility. The dairyman who feeds the skim milk to animals parts with a very small amount of fertility. The man who sells whole milk loses close to S4.80 per cow per year in fertilizing matter. These three savings, while not all that a cream separator makes, are im- portant enough to warrant the most thoughtful consideration. I H C Cream Separators Dairymaid and Bluebell are also furnished as complete power outfits, as illustrated above. The engine is a one-horse power, back geared, hopper-cooled, I H C engine which can be detached and used to run any small machine. The separators are built for long life and skimming efficiency. They have heavy phosphor bronze bushings for bearings; a never-failing splash oiling system; trouble proof bowl spindle bearings; dirt and milk proof spiral gears which are easily accessible for cleaning. There are four convenient sizes of each style. Ask the I H C local agents who handle these machines for demonstration. Get a catalogue and full information from them, or, write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Esteran. Hamilton, Letbbridge. London, Montreal, Nortk Battleiord, Ottawa. Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Wumipcg, Yorkton i^5:iiiE3iffliMi(lMii@iiiiiiiii@S'aiEiiii'i^ Needed on Every Farm A tonic and conditioner to keep horses, cattle, sheep and hogs healthy; vigorous and productive. Here it is! pr0^ Animal Regulator. For forty years the stock owner's favorite. It has no equal. Costs little but is mighty in results, 25c, 50c. $1; 25-Ib. Pali, $3.50 No use to have your horses " laid up." They should be at work. Remember that all sprains, bruises, sore or stiff cords and muscles are quickly cured by |Jr^ Liniment 25c, 50c, $1 It also relieves rheumatism and neuralgia. Equally good for man or beast. ^\' pf^f^ Healing Ointment ' or Healing Powder should be kept on hand for instant It is a household and farm necessity and works wonders '*V/( on man or l>east. Cures cuts, wounds, sores, scalds, burns, galls, cracked skin. Soothing and positive in action. 25c, 50c. Sample mailed for 2c ' ^ . All of the above carry Pratts guarantee "Your money back if it fails" '". Our products are sold by dealers everywhere, or / c. , PHE PRATT FOOD CO., OF CANADA, / Stock TORONTO, ONT. Ltd. ^^ C Book "7 FREE Fruit Growing in Quebec Bj the Preiidtnt o( L'hlet Horticallural Societjr FRUIT jprov/iTig is exte>ndin>f rapidly in the province of Quebec. There are many reasons for this, one of the prim- cipal ones being the splendid work that is being accomplished by our numerous fruit experiment stations. These are strategic- ally located in various coumties of the i)i' - vince. The stations in operation this year are as follows, the name of the manager being given in each case : Village des Aulnaies, L'Islet Co., Au- guste Dupuis, mamager; Rimouski. Rim- ouski Co., Rev. Fr. Henri; Caplin, Bona- venture Co., J. T. Bujold ; Manseau, Nico- let Co.. Alcide Savoie ; Gaspe Basin. Gaspe Co., VVm. H. Clark; Isle-Verte, Temis- couata Co., J. T. Bertrand ; Notre-Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Napoleon Morneau ; Roberval. Lac St. Jean, L'rsulime ComveTit; Ste. Henedine, Dorchester Co., Mrs. N. Roy; Saint-Damien, Betlechase Co., Sr. Ignace de Loyola ; Sainte Famille, Mont- morency Co. , F. X. Gosselin ; Charles- bourg. Quebec Co., Etiemne Paradis ; Ples- sisville, Megantic Co., George Savoie; Sainte-Adele, Terrebonne Co., Dr. W. Grignon ; St. Theodore d'Acton, Bagot Co., Auguste Lacoiste ; Beauceville. Beauce Co., Fr. Mariste ; Saint-Pierre, Montmagmy Co., J. Delagrave ; Chateau-Richer. Mont- morency Co., Jos. Cloutier; Saint-Ger- main, Kamouraska Co., Pierre Tardif; Saini^Leon, Maskinonge Co., Horm. Pa- quin ; Victoriaville, Arthabaska Co., F. X. L'Abbe; Grand Mere, Champlain Co. Georges Chahoon ; Recton^ Hill, Megantic Co., Rev. Mr. Dickson: Shawbridge, Ter^ reboinne Co., Boys' Industrial School; Saint-Anselme, Dorchester Co., Auguste Lavallee ; Saint-Georges, Beauce Co., Louis Gondereau ; St. Sylvestre. Lotbiniere Co., Louis Prieur; La Trappe, Two Moun- tains Co., Br. Leopold; Ste. Anne, Chi- coutimi Co., Thom. Will. Tremblay. Then also there is the Village des Aul- naies Nurseries and Fruit Garden estab- lished in I860 by Aug. Dupuis, M'.C.A.; proprietor, .Mbert D. Verreault, Village des Aulnaies, Que. Here were imported trees from Ontario the United States, and France. The fittest that survived the severe winters were mul- tiplied, and are mow cultivated all through the north-east part of the province. Messrs. Chas .Arnold and Beadle, of Ontario, guid- ed the first experiments, and now Mr. Beadle's succesors, of The Canadian Horti- culturist, continue to guide us in modern fruit culture, and we take pleasure in ac- knowledging it. Mr. J. E .Caron, Minister of .Agricul- ture, is also helping the industry, which has made great progress in the last few years in north-easterm Quebec. Twenty- four demonstration orchards in L'Islet and Kamouraska counties are in operation. Spraying and pruning demonstrations were made last year in over four hundred or- chards in these two counties by govern- ment exjierts and explanations given of each operation. Two fruit coop>erative associations, one at St. Anne Lapocatiere, with a canning fiijctory, and one at St. Valier, are giving satisfaction to the fruit growers. Ten thousand quart and gallon cans of pre- served plums were sold at the St. Anne factory to the Canadan Pacific Railway Co. last winter. Car loads of Damson and Reine Claude plums were sold at Montreal in refregerator cars by the cooperative so- ciety laist fall. These sales have created enthusiasm in plum culture, and numerous May, 1913 THE CAMAJDiAN HUK'i iU U L T U KI S T 143 OLD FASHIONED FLOWERS For the Garden Send for List of WESTLAND'S HARDY PLANTS PAEONIES, PHLOX, IRIS, Etc., In many Beautiful and New Varieties. ROSES, LILACS, SYRINGAS, MAGNOLIAS, Etc. MALCOLM WESTLAND TANBLING CORNER. LONDON. ONT. BROWNIE No. 3 PICTURES PRICE S4.0O You can make good pictures with a Brownie Camera. Made by Kodak workmen in the Kodak factories, the Brownies are ef- ficient, durable, practical. Mad« on the Kodak plan, they are simple. Take for instance the No. 3 Brown- ie. It is substajntially made in every detail. Though it makes 3J4 x 4 5^ pictures. n(- 'ocusing- is required. It's always ready. It has a carefully test- ed meniscus achromatic leos ; is fitted with the Eastman Rotary Shutter for snap shots and time exposures, ajnd with a set of three stops. There are two finders ; one for vertical amd one for horizontal exposures, ajnd two tri- pod sockets. It loads in daylig^ht with Kodak film cartridges for four, six or twelve exposures. The cover- ing is a tasteful and durable imitation leather, the metal parts are heavily nickeled. Price, $4.00. With a Kodak or Brownie no dark room is required for any part of the work — loading, unloading, developing or printing. You can readily finish vour owin pictures or can safely send the film cartridges by mail to a pro- fessional finisher. You can make good pictures with ^ Brownie. Catalni^tte frre at yattr dealers, or hy mail CANADIAN KODAK CO., Ltd. TORONTO The Masscy-Harris Spraying^Outfit Makes Fruit Growing Profitable AN efficient and reliable Sprayer which enables you to spray effectively and get the best possible returns from your fruit land. Every point in both design and construction has been worked out with the utmost care, and the record they have made in the great fruit districts of Canada and the United States is one of which we are justly proud. Massey-Harris Co., Limited MONTREAL SASKATOON Head Offices :; TORONTO, ICANADA Branchesaati MONCTON WINNIPEG YOHKTON CALGARY Agencies Everywhere REGINA' EDMONTON K9 THIS IS THE WAY YOUR HENS WILL LAY WHEN YOU QlVe THBM International Poultry Food Ri-ht now is the timet., feed INTERNATIONAL POULTHV I'OOD. Hens need the tonic effects of this wonderful egg producer to start them laying and to keep them laying. Ordinary feed is not enough to make hens lav regularly. INTERNATIONAL POU'LTKY FOOD ijays for itself-over and over again— in the increase in eggs. It is not an ordinary food, but a tonic, purely medicinal. Il actually produces more eggs— keeps fow s well and vigorous — prevents Chicken Chole^-a- cures Roup. Just fied INTERNATIONAL POULTRY FOOD and see how it increases your et^g prcxiuction. Write tell'iik us how many chickens you have, and what olhir stock, and we will send yru free a copy ofour $3,000 Stock Book. You need it on theiarni. InternationalPoultry Koodand Poultry Remedies also International Stock Food and Veterinary Preparations are for sale by Dealers everywhere. If your Dealer cannot supply you, write ua direct. Allow goods ure Sf>ld under a spot cash f^uarantet 0/ your money back if not tatisfied : International Stock Foad Co. Limited TORONTO ONTARIO SEE! Special offer on Page xvi. "Garden Library" 144 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 m An Unsolicited Testimonial A CLEAR-EYED young farmer stepped up to a manure spreader demonstrator at the 1912 Chicago Live Stock Exposition and, pointing to one of the spreaders in the exhibit said: "I own one of those machines. It is the strongest spreader I ever had on my farm, and I've had a number of different macniues. I honestl)' beheve that if I filled that spreader with soft coal it would spread the stuff for me. I wouldn't trade it for any spreader I ever owned or saw." This unsolicited recommendation from a man who had used an I H C spreader, and therefore knew what it would do, carried weight with his hearers. They might have doubted whether an I H C manure spreader would spread soft coal — but there was no doubt in their minds that an I H C spreader had spread manure to this man's entire satisfaction. This is a typical case showing what users think about I H C Manure Spreaders Corn King and Cloverleaf I H C manure spreaders are made in many sizes, running from small, narrow machines for orchard and vineyard spreading to machines of capacity for large farms. They are made with either endless or reverse aprons as you prefer. The rear axle is placed well under the box, where it carries over 70 per cent of the load, insuring plenty of tractive power at all times. Beaters are of large diameter to prevent winding. The teeth that cut and pulverize the manure are square and chisel pointed. The apron drive controls the load, insuring even spreading whether the machine is working up or down hill, or on the level. I H C spreaders have a rear axle differential, enabling them to spread evenly when turning corners. The local agents handling these machines will show you all their good points, and will help you decide on the one that will do your work best. Get literature and full information from them, or, write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, N. BatUeford, OtUwa, Quebec, Regina, Saikatoon, St. Jobn, Winnipeg, Yorktoi E3E3iilii©lBI©l!lliD@ia®ilS®il®i!ii®liI©iS'i® orchards will be planted this spring east of Quebec City, especially blue Damsons :ind Reine Claude trees on own roots (no Krnfting) . BRITISH COLUMBIA Fruit Lands for Sale Kelowna, Okanagan Valley The famous Apple Growing district of the Province. We have large listings of Im- proved and Unimproved Fruit Lands. Easy Terms. Write for Illustrated Booklet and any Information to Wilkinson and Fisher Box 251, Kelowna, B.C. Bow Park Farm's Golden Rain Seed Oats, 75c per Bushel ! ! Great new Swedish Tariety. Ejttremely well adapted for OtiX. Germination 98% Bow Park Farm's Asparagus Plants, two years old!! 100 Plants 50c. - 1000 Plants $4.50 Bow Park Farm's Hatching Eggs, $1.50 per Set of 15!! R. C. White Wynndottes, R. C. Columbian Wyandottes, from the very best layers only, selected by trap-nests and records. BOW PARK FARM Dominion C»nners Seed & Experimental Farm BHANTFORD, Ont. The Outlook for B. C. Fruit Growers In the .'ipril issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist appeared a len^rthy statement j prepared by officers of the British Colum- bia Fruit Growers' Association, entitled,! "Marketinj> British Columbia Fruit." This article explained the reasons for the low prices that prevailed for fruit, and dealt with future prospects. Lack of space pre- vented the statement being^ published in They Liked It Einclosed you will find three dol- lars for the enclosed five subscrip- tions. I let these gentlemen see the March Number, and they were so pleased with it that they asked me to take their subscriptions. I may send you a few more names later on. I find The Canadiam Horticul- turist a good advertising medium, and would like to see the oaumber of subscribers twenty-five thousand bv the end of 1913.— W. Walker, Port Burwell. full. The concluding portion of this state- ment, which was signed by N. Crawley Ricardo, president and chairmaai of the directorate of the association, and by R. M. Winslow. the secretary, is as follows: "The present conditdon of the fruit market is only temporary. The fruit and produce business is always cyclical, amd subject to periods of depression, followed by like periods of high pricets and great prosperity. The more we can eliminate extremes, the less reaction there is. Brit- ish Columbia growers are in a particularly favored position. The population of the prairies, their own particular market, is growing larger every year, and at a pheno- menal rate of increase. The whole coun- try now is being covered by a network of railroads, which will tend to give better transportation and better service. The experience which we have had. and wiich has, perhaps, been dearly bought, will enable uis to get better disribution for our products. More knowledge in every w; in production, in packing and distribution, will better conditions ; more advertising ; advertising which every successful box of apples brings, through the satisfaction given to the customer, and the careful edu- cation of the general public on the subject of fruit. "It is a fact often overlooked that the majority of fruit growers are getting re- turns from youn.g orchards, and just now it is not so much the number of boxes to a tree, as the number of trees to a box, which obviously enhances the cost of pro- duction. These same trees are growing up, and it will not be long before we are getting far bigger tonnage per acre, at a same or a lower general cost of general production. "Freight rates are lower than they for- merly were; transportation conditions, al- thou.gh not vet ideal, are better: and it must not be forgotten that fruit prices for box fruit have steadily risen. Orchard re- turns and shipping returns must be taken over a period of years to enable one to ar- rive at an average price. Though prices May. 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTIC U LT U BIST THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR ITSELF. A MAN tried to sell me a horse once. He said it was a fine horse and had nothing the mat- ter with it. I wanted a fine horse, but, I didn't know anything about horses much. And I didn't know the man very well either. So I told him I wanted tc try the horse for a montli He said "All right," but ' pay me first, and I'll give you back your money if the horse isn't all right." Well, I didn't like that I was afraid the horse I was'nt "all right" and that | i might have to whistle fori my money if I once partedl with it. So I didn't buy thef horse, although I wanted ' it badly. Now, this set me thinking, You see I make Wash- ing Machines — the "1900- Gravity" Washer. And I said to myself, lots of people may think about my Washing Machine as I thought about the horse, and about the man who owned it. But I'd never know, because they wouldn't write and tell me. You see I sell my Washing Machines by mail. I have sold over half a mil- lion that way. So. thought I, it is only fair enough to let people try my Washing Machines for a month, before they pay for them, just as I wanted to try the horse. Now, I know what our "1900 Gravity" Washer will do. I know it will wash the clothes, without wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can be washed by band or by any othe- machine. I know it will wash a tub full of very dirty clothes in Six Minutes. 1 know no other machine ever invented can ''o that, without wearing the clothes. Our "I90i7 gravity" Washer does the work so easy that a child can run it almost as well as a strong \voman, and it don't wear the clothes, fray the -_dges, nor break buttons, the way all other machines do. It just drives soapv water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. So, said I to myself, I will do with my "WOO Gravity" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "1300 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the ma chine after you've used it a month, I'll take it back and pay the -reight_too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it. „ . „ Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Washer must be all that I say it is ? And you can pay me out of what it saves for you. It will save its whole cost in a few months in wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then it will save 50 to 75 cents a week over that in washwoman's wages. If you keep the machine after the month's trial, I'll let you pay for it out of what it saves you. If it saves you 60 cents a week, send me 50 cents a week 'till paid for. 1 11 take f hat cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until I he machine itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day, and let me send you a book about the "1900 Gravity" Washer thaf washes clothes in six minutes. Address me neiBonally: A. D. MORRT.S. Manager, 1900 Wa«hor Co., J57 Yonge St., Toronto, Oaji. Imperial Bank Ert.bli.hed OF CANADA I875 $6,780,000.00 6.780.000.00 D. R. WILKIE, Prnidant and General Manaser Capital Paid-up, Reserve Fund Open a SAVINGS BANK ACCOUNT. Deposits of $1.00 and upward received you must care for it. If dandruff is pre- sent, first eliminate it by using Na-Dru- Dandruff Eradicator for i or four weeks, then tone up the scalp with late ^n^p ru-Co ^^ tor three ^j I le uT) the ^1 NA-DRU-CO HairTonic and Dressings This valuable preparation is absolutely free from coloring matter, or from any chemical that can affect the color of the hair in any way. Its daily use is a pleasure that is as beneficial as it is refreshing. Na-Dru-Co Hair Tonic and Dressing and Na-Dru-Co Dandruff Eradi- cator are put up in 50c. and $1.00 bottles. Ask your Druggist for them. National Drug and Chemical Co., of Canada, Limited NADRUCO HAIRTONIC AND DRESSING PRICE $|00 203 m^ Gives a Quick, Brilliant Polish That Lasts POLISn No Turpentine Easier to Use Better for the Shoes REINDEER FLOUR The Standby of the Shrewd Houaemwet on Baking Day The Flour with Strength, Sweetnes* and Reliability. The pride of it's maker* Our other Noted Brands are FIVE THISTLES ^ PERLWEISS^ MIKADO For Bread SASKATOON I For Pastry DELIGHT' Ask your Grocer for these Brands PETERBOROUGH CEREAL CO., Limited Simcoe Street PETEHBOBOUGH, ONT. Phone 113 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1913 The BiggestThing in the Clock Business Big Ben is tlie biggest thing today in the alarm clock business. He is only two years and a half old, but he's already getting more work from the Dominion than any clock alive. In two years and a half time, 6,000 Canadian dealers have adopted him. Nearly half of the families in Canada leave it to him to call them up in the morning; nearly half the families in Canada use him all day long to tell the right time by. He is really two good clocks in one— a crackerjack of a time- keeper and a crackerjack of an alarm. Big Ben stands seven inches tall. He is triple nickel-plated and wears an inner vest of steel that insures him for life. His big, bold figures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light. His large, comfortable keys almost wind themselves. He rings ^x'^ minutes stead- ily or ten intermittently. If he is oiled every other year, there is no telling how long he will last. Bij: Ben's price is 8?. 00 anywliere in Canada. If you cannot find liim at your dealer's, a money order sent to //'Wff/Djr, 2m S^tllt, JUinois, will bring him to you. carefully packed and duty charges paid. BIG BEN Fruit Machinery Co. MANUFACTITRKRK OK POWER SPRAYERS and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery. Installing Power Euaporatora a Specialty When you see our Ontario Sprayer or Improved Pacific Apple Parer in operation you will become their lasting friend. Tnoy stand out in a class by them- Helves. ffrife for our valttabl^' illustrated catalogue on Spraying npid Evaporating. INGEHSOLL, ONT. may fluctuate thpre is no reason why wo fiKiy not look to an average of a dollar a box. Twelve years ajfo, the prices of box fruit were considerably lower thajn they nre mow. "There are many problems to solve in the marketi-njr of our increasi'tig' crops ; hut they cam all be overcome by our own efforts, ability and energy. We can all well afford to be entirely sang-uime as to th° ultimate and enduriirjff success of our fruit imdustry." More About Fertilizers Editor. The Canadian Horticulturist, — [ have followed with interest the various articles on fertilizers and their value which have been published from time to time in The Canadian Horticulturist. It appears to me that Dr. Dandeno, of Bowmanville, makes some very erroneous and mislead- ing deductions in conection with the value of these materials. I have recently been reading the report of tests conducted by Dr. B. ». Kilgore, State Chemist and Di- rector of Test Farms, North Carolina, De- partment of Ag-riculture, and feel sure that if your readers will study the results obtained they will need no further evi- dence as to who has been right in the controversy in which Dr. Dandeno has taken part. It was clearly shown that, when no fertilizer was used on an acre of ground one hundred and seventy-six deci- mal six pounds of seed cotton were pro- duced, with no profit to that grower. With two hundred pounds of commercial fertilizer used per acre six hundred and fifty-six pounds of seed cotton were pro- duced, with a profit of sixteen dollars am acre, a profit of eight dollars per hundred pounds of fertilizer used, after the fertilizer was paid for. When six hundred pounds of fertilizer was used, one thousand and eight decimal nine pounds of seed cotton were produced, a profit of thirty-two dollars an acre. From this test it was shown that the average profit from the use of fertilizer was five dollars and sixty-three cents a hundred pounds of fertilizer, after paying for the fertilizer. The fertilizer in this case, therefore, not only paid for itself, but paid a handsome profit on. the investment besides. The main difference between commercial fer- tilizers and barnyard manure is "bulk"— a ton of fertilizer will, as a rule, contain as much plant food as twenty-five tons of barnyard manure. What I would advise the farmers to do is to go to some reliable manufacturer of high-grade fertilizers, buy a few hundred pounds of high-grade ma- terial, and do a little experimenting for himself. Dr. Dandeno condemns the use of fer- tilizers, but offers no remedy for poor crops. If Dr. Dandeno would do some experimenting himself with the kind of packing house fertilizer I am familiar with, I feel confident that the results would be so convincing, that even he would acknow- ledge that after all Mr. Innes evidently knew what he was talking about when he recommended their general use. It is re- sults that count, and so long as commer- cial fertilizers continue to give the far- mers as liberal returns as they have in the past, farmers will, and wisely so, con- tinue to use them as liberally as possible. This article is not being paid for by anv packing house, nor by the line or column. Tt is an expression of ideas which are .ictual results from the use of packing house commercial fertilizer. — B. Lelaipd, Tprottto, Ont. TESTED SEEDS^ TRADE MARK Seeds that Grow Good Crops McDonald's tested seeds are strong, vigorous and true to name. We make sure they inherit these qualities before sending them out. Thousands of the most careful farmers and Gardeners of Canada have come to regard our trade mark as the surest possible guarantee of quality in seeds. Write for our finely illustrated cat- alogfue. Mailed Free. It tells all about the seeds, which by simple crop-producing merit, have gained and retained the con- fidence of critical Canadian growers. Kenneth McDonald k Sons UMITFD Ottawa, Ontario. Trees Roses Shrubs Apple Trees, No. i, Baldwin, Spy, Mcintosh, &C., $30 per loo. Cherry, Pear and Plum Trees, No. i,!$5o per 100. Roses, 2 year No. i, ail kinds, 25c, five for $1. Shrubs, 2 year No. i, all kinds, 25c, five for Si . 5000 Cuthbcrt Rasp., No. 1,$7per lOOO- Peach and Quince Trees, Grape Vines, Currants, Gooseberries, Asparagus, Rhu- barb, Dahlias, Paeonies, Gladiolus, &C., at attractive prices. CATALOGUE A. W. GRAHAM ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO Beekeepers' Supplies Canadian Agents for the A. I. Root Co., Medina, 111. Ham & Knott's Goods also Sold New Stock of Comb Foundation in first class condition. Can ship promptly. Catalogues on request E. GRAINGER 81 CO. 1360 Yonge St. - Toronto THE CLIPPER There are three things that destroy your lawns -- Dandelions, Buck Plantain, ard Crab Grass. In one season the Clipper will drivethem ailout. Yourdeal- er should have them — if he has not, drop us a line and we will send circulars and prices. CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CO. Box 10 Dixon. 111. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVI JUNE, 1913 No. 6 Cultural Studies on the Montreal Market Musknvelon^ THE commercial culture of the Mon- treal melon is confined almost wholly to a small group of grow- ers near Montreal, Canada. While a large proportion of these melons are marketed in Boston, New York, Phila- delphia and other large eastern United States cities at extremely remunerative prices, practically no effort is being made by United States gardeners to meet this demand. Notwithstanding the fact that the Montreal growers have for the past few years received from ten to eighteen dollars a dozen wholesale for their melons, they have not as yet suc- ceeded in supplying the demand. The writer was informed five years ago by one of the best growers that he had a ten year contract with a leading New York City hotel, which agreed to take every first class melon he raised. This particular case is cited in order to dis- close the keen demand which exists among high-class hotels and restaurants for this variety of melon during the sea- son in which it is on the market. The high prices which these melons command and their restricted produc- tion notwithstanding the high prices, are doubtless due to the fact that greater skill is demanded and closer attention to detail is necessary to success than when other varieties are grown. Furthermore, glass sash and frames are needed. Then, again, the Montreal grower confidently believes that this particular sort of melon can be successfully grown only on cer- tain types of soil on the island of Mon- treal. This belief seems to have this iuch basis in fact, that while occasion- lly grown elsewhere high flavored Mons have not commonly been produc- save by Montreal growers ; indeed, J.vor has usually been lacking. The crop is a remunerative one, when jnditions favor. From $1,500 to ,500 per acre are not unusual returns. Plair estimates an average crop at 2,250 per acre, with operating expen- ses, including interest on investment and depreciation, of $8go. One grower in- formed the writer that his average sales from seven to eight acres was in the vicinity of $i6,oco. CULTURAL METHODS Briefly stated the cultural methods em- ployed by the Montreal growers are es- ■-entially as follows : The seed is sown in •Extract from Bulletin No. 169, of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burllngrton, Vt. Prof. Wm. Stuart, Burlington, Vt. seedbeds or pots, in the greenhouse or hotbed, any time from the latter part of February to the first of April. When the seedlings of the earlier sowings are large enough they are potted up into three or four inch pots, and, in the case of extremely early plantings, are again shifted into fives' and sixes'. When- ever these plants are in danger of suffer- ing for lack of root space and plant food and the weather is favorable they are planted out in the sash-covered frames und^ which they are expected to re- main until they are almost fully grown. The writer was informed by one of the largest and most successful growers that he planted seed for his first crop in the latter part of February or first of March. The hotbeds in which these early plants are started must of necessity be well constructed, and in addition must be so located as to be well exposed to the sun's rays and at the same time protected from cold winds. This grower in addition to having well constructed hotbeds, covers his frames with two sets of sash, mats, and board shutters. With such protection, if sufficient horse man- ure has been used in the hotbed to gen- erate a steady and fairly strong bottom heat and the exposed portions of the frame are banked with the same ma- terial, plants may be grown almost as well as in a more expensive structure supplied with fire heat. In fact, most of the growers seem to be strongly pre- judiced against the use of plants started in an artificially heated greenhouse struc- ture, claiming that plants so started never give as satisfactory results as do those which have been grown in the hotbed. To the writer this prejudice seems to be ill founded. At least, no good reason suggests itself why green- house groNvn plants, if properly han- dled, should not make satisfactory growth when transplanted into the soil of the frames in which they are to be grown . The frames into which the melons are transplanted are movable ones, usually in sections of approximately twelve feet in length by six feet in width. For the early crops they are made strong and tight with the rails for each sash to slide upon. The soil over which these sections are 146 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 !.| ( i'W ^ '^^i^'-^^**^^^^ '.Ui -,'-,4., :4("- A Line of Frames Showing Method of Cultivation set is ridged up in beds of from twelve to sixteen feet in width, having a centre elevation of possibly one foot. Along the centres of these ridges, where the sectional frames are to be placed, a trench is dug about two feet in width and from fifteen to eighteen inches or more in depth, depending on the earli- ness of the season. This trench is filled almost level with the surface with well- fermenting manure, and a portion of the surface excavated soil thrown back over the manure, slightly more being drawn in where the plants are to be set. The frames are then set in place and covered with sash, which in turn are further reinforced with mats and wooden shut- ters, or hay or straw with or without the shutters. A space of from four to six feet is allowed between the ends of each sectional frame. When the soil over the manure is well warmed up everything is in readiness to plant. The warmest portion of some favorable day is selected for the purpose and great care is exercised in trans- ferring the plants from the hotbeds to their permanent quarters in order, to guard against the possibility of their receiving a setback by sudden changes of temperature or soil conditions. Un- like the transferring of most plants to their permanent place of growth, the coddling process does not cease with this type of melon. In fact it is simply spread over a greater area and in a measure the plants require even greater attention than before, for as the sun gets stronger, greater attention must be paid to watering, syringing and venti- lation. Success at this stage in keeping the plant in a healthy, actively growing condition and free from insects is very largely dependent upon proper syringing and airing. On bright sunshiny days frequent syringing of the soil under the sash enables the grower to maintain a somewhat higher temperature without incurring the risk of an invasion of red spider or thrips. As the fruit attains some size, and especially as it begins to reach full de- velopment, it is usually kept from con- tact with the soil by placing it on a shingle, piece of board, or flat stone. Uniform shape, color, netting, and ripen- ing is secured by turning the fruit every few days. Much loss from cracking, rot, etc., is thus avoided. Pinching out the central shoot of the plant, while not absolutely essential to success, is usu- ally practised. When the runners or shoots are fairly occupying the enclosed area, the sectional frames are raised a few inches above the bed, thus allowing the shoots access to the surrounding unoccupied land. As the weather grows warmer and the summer advances, more and more air is admitted to the frames until, finally, the sash and then the frames themselves are entirely removed. This does not usually occur until the melons are almost fully grown. As each fruit sets, the shoot on which it is borne is pinched off one or two joints beyond it. A crop of from fifteen to twenty melons is considered sufficient from each six by twelve feet sectional frame. In this area from three to four hills are planted, depending on whether a three by six feet or four by six feel sash is u.sed. Usually two plants are set per hill. SIZE OF ITELONB As in most crops of like nature the melons vary greatly in size. The writer was informed by one commission house that it had purchased a melon weighing forty-four pounds ; and he personally saw one weighing twenty-two pounds which had been selected by the grower for seed purposes. The average weight of number one melons ranges from eight to fifteen pounds, with a mean weight of about ten pounds ; that is to say, a dozen melons, packed for shipment, will weigh on an average from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty pounds. In exceptional cases some have been shipped weighing two hundred and forty pounds per dozen package.. As a rule the larger melons, those weighing twenty pounds and upwards, do not possess the quality of a jjerfect speci- men weighing from eight to fifteen pounds. Picking Strawberries Grut S. Peart, Buriiagten, Oot Strawberries keep much longer if picked with their stems left on. The old- fashioned method was to pull the berries, but it has been found that one can pick them as quickly by pinching the stems with the thumb nail. There has been considerable talk about precooking ber- ries before sending them to market. We cannot see that this would pay in the case of our local markets, but doubtless it would be of immense value were we shipping to any great distance. At what stage of ripening should we pick strawberries? is the next question. We cannot set any hard and fast rule. We believe in allowing the fruit to ma- ture as much as possible. However, we cater more or less to market require- ments. Some demand fully matured ber- ries. Toronto will not accept straw- berries unless red all over. In the case of Montreal we are required to pick a little on the green side on account of ex- tra distance, and Montrealers are not so particular as to draw the line at partially green berries. At all events the patch should be picked over so often that no fruit becomes soft. Enemies of the Strawberry W. A. Dier, Ottawa One of the enemies to which the strawberry is subject is the white grub. It is the larva of the May beetle. Jhe grub when fully grown is about an inch and a half long and three-eighths of an inch thick, nearly white, with a brown head. They are usually more numerous in old pastures and meadows than else- where, because their principal food is the roots of different kinds of grass. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 147 I The old sods offer protection against birds which devour them. Therefore it is not safe to plant strawberries in newly plowed sod. It is better to occupy the ground with some crop which requires considerable hoeing and cultivation for at least two years before planting to strawberries. This gives the birds a chance to clear the ground of this pest. Birds themselves are exceedingly troublesome to the small grower dur- ing the fruiting season, and they seem to be decidedly partial to the finest specimens. On the first sign of ripen- ing, I place pieces of newspaper under the clusters to protect them from the bugs in the ground and inverted straw- berry boxes on top to protect them from the Ijirds. In this way only could I save my best berries. It means work, but one always feels well repaid for the extra labor which this protection involves. The small grower can usually supply water during dry weather, and it should never be withheld if it is possible to apply it. A good soaking twice a week in the evening is far better than a sprinkling every day. The Roadside Problem Prof. E. M. Straight, Maine A. C, formerly ol Macdonald College, Que. I AI'^EW days ago I cut a fairly lepresentative twig from a wild cherry tree in the town of South Portland, Me. It was a roadside speci- men, gnarled, broken, and growing in the gutter. The illustration shows that the twig contained six egg masses of the tent caterpillar, two nests of the brown-tail moth, one fire-blight, and one black-knot. Thousands of dollars are being spent year by year in trying to rid the orchards in the vicinity of the dreaded brown-tail moth and other pests. Best results here or elsewhere need never be hoped for so long as the foadsides are allowed to remain the common breeding ground of all ene- mies of the farm and garden. The nest to the right appeared like that shown in the second illustration, after being kept in the office for a few days. It will be seen that there are two or three hundred caterpillars crawling on the outside of the nest. Egg-masses of the forest-tent or the American caterpillar contain two or three hundred eggs. We may only guess at the num- l>er of spores produced by that knot and blight. Certainly that twig possesses mighty potentialities inimical to the best interests of the orchardist this coming season. When attempts are made to clean up the roadsides, it Has amused us to note the care taken to save the bush, even if necessary to completely dehorn it. If the axe were laid at the root of the tree it would be the easiest and most satis- factory form of solution. The caterpillar of the brown-tail moth has, when young, the "spinning down" habit, and is transported by vehicles and pedestrians. New centres of in- festation may be set up thus, many miles from the original. Weeds in the roadside fence corners, borers in the fence poles, and cater- pillars on wayside bushes form a com- bination not short of a menace to the farm community. When the farmer accepts the roadside problem as his own, and cleans it up he Roadaide Tree* Like Theie are a Menace to the Fruit Industry This illustration, secured by Prof, E. M. Straight, of a wild cherry tree ehows six egg ina.se«e of the tent caterpillar, two neata of the brown tail moth, one fire-bligiht a.nd one bla«k knot. A Nest of the Tent Caterpillar will strike a blow at insect pests and fungous diseases which will eventually count for much on the cultivated areas of the farm. Governments and munici- palities cannot be expected to do the work. It is the farmer's problem, and not until the farmer accepts the road passing through his farm as a part of his farm will the problem be solved. When the winter approaches the far- mer draws a long breath. He feels that for a few months at least he may relax his efforts. Insect injury is about over for the time, but efforts toward insect control should never cease. When trees are bare and insects dormant much may be done. Mechanical methods of kill- ing insects must not be neglected. It must be evident that a man can do more effectual work on the twig in the illustration mechanically now than by waiting and applying any amount of poisoned sprays later. An apple-twig borer may be cut out, scales on a tree trunk may be scraped off, and a thousand other little devices attended to, which accomplish the work sought quickly and effectually. Methods Which Have Won Success R. S. DuncsD, B. S. A., Port Hope, Ont. Mr. G. H. Martyn and Son, fruit growers, of Fairview Farm, Port Hope, have demonstrated what can be done in the way of successful farming. Twelve years ago, Mr. Martyn bought his present farm, which was then prac- tically abandoned. The buildings were almost a complete wreck. To-day the farm is one of the most complete to be found in Ontario, the buildings have been remodelled, the land is in a high state of cultivation, and eight to nine acres of new orchard have been planted, making a total of thirteen to fourteen acres in all. Mr. Martyn attributes his 148 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 Orchard and Apiary of C. H. Martin & Son, Port Hop*, Ont. (See accompuyiog article) success largely to the fact that he has been specializing ; his three special lines being the orchard, the apiary, and early potatoes. Every spring Mr. Martyn begins the season with thirty to forty colonies of bees. On these he clears one hundred to two hundred dollars annually. There is no disease in his hives, and they re- quire comparatively little work for the returns received. There are eight to nine acres of or- chard coming into bearing. Four acres were planted in the spring of 191 2 and there were from two to three acres al- ready planted when the farm was bought. The trees are set thirty feet apart each way. Last year the orchard produced in the neighborhood of three hundred barrels. The varieties planted in the young orchard are Spy, Mcintosh, and Snow, Baldwin, Stark, Ben Davis, and Gano. The trees are cared for ac- cording to the best orchard practices. Complete spraying methods are prac- tised— the lime-sulphur being made on the farm. The orchard is carefully pruned, fer- tilized, and worked. Between the rows Mr. Martyn follows the practice of growing various crops, mainly cultivat- ed crops, such as mangels, corn, and potatoes. These crops in addition to keeping the orchard clean, help to pay for the outlay expended in planting. Three-quarters of an acre is also de- voted to strawberries each year. The earlier varieties are grown, and although somewhat low yielders they bring high prices. Last year about two thousand boxes were sold for approximately one hundred and ninety-five dollars. For seven years potatoes have proved a great source of revenue. Mr. Martyn grows the early varieties chiefly, and never has enough to supply the demand. receiving high prices for his crop. Con- sistent spraying is practised with this crop. Last year, although blight was very bad in the district, sprayng prac- tically saved Mr. Martyn's entire crop. His success shows the advantage of specialization. Winter vs. Summer Pruning By Dr. C. D. Jarvit, Cenn. Agr'l College, Formerly of the Gnelph Agricoltural College (Continued from May issue) For assistance in the preparation of this paper, I have appealed to some of the best authorities in this country and in Canada. Personal letters were sent to twenty-four different people, mostly college and experiment station horticul- turists. Twenty-two replies were re- ceived. While these replies brought out many conflicting statements with regard to the time and method of doing the work, they mostly agree that there is a place for summer pruning in our or- chard practice. Extracts from some of these letters may be of interest here : Professor M. B. Cummings, of the University of Vermont, writes: "In general, I am very much inclined to be- lieve that much of our pruning is best done in the summer time, and if annual attention is given this matter, very little of the severe winter pruning will be re- quired. I think the taking out of the laterals where the crown is too thick and pinching out the terminal buds will tend to hold the tree in check and shape it up better for the permanent stocky branches . ' ' Professor U. P. Hedrick, of the New York Agr. Expt. Station: "We have several dwarf orchards in different parts of this state. We have done some prun- ing in these orchards every season for the past seven years, the time ranging from the middle of July to the end of September. As yet, we have found no time in the summer in which trees can Ik; pruned to advantage in this state. If the work i.s done early in the season the weak, succulent growth which is nearly always winter-killed follows. If the work is done late in the season, the effects of pruning do not differ from those obtained by winter pruning. We have about concluded that summer prun- ing is wholly unsuccessful for this cli mate. At least, it is in the average sea- son, under average conditions, and in the hands of the average fruit grower." Prof. Hedrick 's opinion seems to be based upon the behavior of dwarf trees only. Pr'ofessor C. A. McCue, Delaware State College: " I am a firm believer in this method of handling trees and I be- lieve that in the past we have done al- together too much winter pruning on peach and apple trees. Of course, sum- mer pruning can be overdone, and if care is not used and proper judgment exercised, a tree may be seriously in- jured by pruning during the summer season. " CX5NOLTT8IONB AND RBOOSOtENDATIONB I believe that with young trees we should do very little winter pruning, and that we should direct the growth largely by summer pruning. The work to be most effective should be done a little each year and at just about the time the tree completes its annual growth, which in this section is about the first week in July. If done too early it will defeat its aim and produce a strong growth of shoots. If done too late, it forces out a soft growth which is likely to be winter-killed. The ob- ject of the work at first should be to direct the growth and later to induce fruitfulness. Only strong growing trees should be pruned during the growing season, remembering that it is a de- vitalizing operation and may easily be overdone . With regard to bearing apple trees the necessity for summer pruning is less pronounced if not entirely eliminated. Since our mature trees tend to overbear there is no necessity for inducing fruit- fulness, and winter pruning would therefore be the most logical practice. The problem is an intricate one, and since there is so much difference in the character of soils and the behavior of varieties, it is going to be difficult, if not impossible, to formulate any set of rules that any fruit grower may safe- ly follow. The physiofogist in time may be able to reveal the underlying prin- ciples in connection with the work of pruning, but the problem always will be a local one, and the details relating to the practical aplication of the principles must be worked out by each fruit grower. A Garden of Perennials T HE establishment of a perennial and shrubbery border, which will increase in teauty from year to George Simpson, Ottawa, Ont. Avenue, Ottawa, a neighborhood in which are found many excellent gardens and enthusiastic gardeners. It is rather ^J-^ Shrubs and Vine* at the Front of Mr. Simpion'* Residence ■ year, offers no obstacles to the garden- maker if he goes about it systematically snd lays the foundation in the way that experience has shown to be necessary to ensure success. Many people who have a natural fondness for flowers— and who has not? — hesitate about mak- ing the attempt from an apprehension of failure because of the supposed difficul- ties of the undertaking — difficulties which will, for the most part, be found to be imaginary. The activities of hor- ticultural societies and the dissemination of information in popular form by such publications as The Canadian Horticul- turist, have done much to simplify the matter and to encourage garden making n its more permanent and effective orms. The gardener will probably look upon the adornment of his home grounds from the aesthetic point of iView, but there is an economic aspect to the question, and garden working is receiving a tremendous stimulus from the realization by communities and mu- nicipal authorities that the city beauti- ful is an asset of great material value, and that it is poor business to encourage or tolerate civic untidiness. Good citi- zenship and gardening go hand in hand. The views here shown are taken from the garden of the writer on Clemow a prosaic story, but a few facts explana- tory of the steps which were taken in the making of the garden may interest someone. Before any real gardening work could be done it was necesary to remove the second growth trees and stumps from the site, a task which called for the assistance of horses and men. Beyond this preliminary help the garden is entirely the product of the owner's individual efforts, and if the work has been his, so has the pleasure. Before the actual work of preparing the ground was commenced a plan was drawn to scale and every permanent fea- ture of the garden to be was definitely located, having reference to both im- mediate and future effects. In the main this sketch was followed in laying out the garden but, as the effect of the ar- rangement became apparent with the growth of the plants, extensions and modifications took place. Preference will usually be given in garden planning to gracefully curving lines but limita- tions of space in this case restricted the design to the rectangular. Continuity of bloom, harmony of color, graceful- ness of form, fragrance and perman- ency are essential elements in any sat- isfactory design for the planting of the home grounds, and an effort was made to give due weight to these considera- tions. The plan having been worked out, at least tentatively, the actual work of pre- paring the ground for planting began. Remembering that the borders were to support deep rooting shrubs and hun- gry perennials, and that liberal treat- ment is the only guarantee of vigorous growth, .-md generous bloom, the work The South Border, showing Sweet Willitro, Caclcibury Bells and Delphinium 150 THE CANADIAN HO RTT (MM/P T^ R I S T June, 191.^ 1 ^^^HHB^^^^HBBB^I 1 ^. > .^^^^%.• r- . ^ '.--.j^: jtai:; ^ ^ tin "^l , a — 1 The South Border— Prepared for Fall Bloom Sweet Williams have been removed and replaced by asters and annual larkspur for fall bloom. Canterburr Bells, phlox and hollyhocks are now showing. Note how the uglv poles on the street tend to counteract the garden effect. was done with considerable thorough- ness.' All clay, sand and stones deposi- ted on the surface when the house ex- cavation was made, were removed and replaced by a suitable staple after which the whole was trenched and heavily manured to a depth of three feet, al- lowance being made for settlement. The actual work of planting was greatly simplified by the plan, a reference to which and the numbered list attached to it, showed exactly where each plant should stand. The "principal border which frames the back lawn on three sides, is ten feet wide, and has a length of one hundred and fifty feet. A narrower bor- der surrounds the house, and generous planting of annuals and perennials screen the kitchen garden at the rear of the side lawn. The background of the main border was formed by setting at suitable dis- tances such hardy shrubs as lilacs of the newer sorts, Rugosea roses, hydran- geas, spiraeas, honeysuckles, Japanese snow balls, mock oranges, and a cou- ple of conifers for winter effect. Ex- perience has shown it possible, in an area of limited extent, to produce a sat- isfactory effect with scarcely more than a dozen different perennial plants, and those who are garden-wise agree that strong masses of harmonizing color are preferable to a great variety of scatter- ed bloom. In this instance the natural desire of the amateur to exploit the long lists of perennials in the catalogues, has been placed under a severe restraint, and preference has been given to a lim- ited number of the old favorites, which under suitable conditions, can be re- lied upon to keep the garden attractive throughout the season. With the limited resources and space at the command of the average gardener it is scarcely possible to have the per- ennial borders completely furnished \\ lib bloom at all limes, but with the ex- irci.sc of a little forethought, that condi- tion can Ix; approximated and it is eas- ily possible to have some conspicuous feature in natural and regular sequence from the opening of the les.ser bulbous flowers of early spring until the last Michaelmas daisy has succumbed to the chilly blasts of the grey November days. With the first warm, sunny days of spring the snowdrops, crocus and he- paticas start into bloom. This is the beginning of the pageant of color which sweeps onward in ever changing suc- cession to the end. The borders have been liberally planted with early and May-blooming tulips, daffodils and nar- cissi, groups of which have been placed in almost every vacant space, and these bulbs make a brilliant display at a sea- son when after the long winter abstin- ence we are iiungry for a flash of color, such as these present. The late tulips with their stately form and fine color, prolong the show well into June, when the same is taken in hand by the Ger- man irises, lilacs, fieonies, and honey- suckles. Then follow in succession the columbines. Oriental poppies, sweet William, Canterbury bells, delphiniums, Japanese irises, phloxes (a host in them- selves), hollyhocks, lilies, and last but not least, the permanent asters, with their soft blues, mauves and pinks. The vines used for the walls of the house are Ampelopsis Engelmanii and Veitchii, both of which have given sat- isfaction, although the latter has not proved quite hardy in some exposures in this locality, .\mpelopsis Engelmanii is The Ejift Border of Mr. Simpson'* Garden Tulips, iris, ornamental poppiee and peonies being over, this illustration shows the phlox coining into bloom. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 151 perfectly suited to this climate, clings loosely and colors beautifully in the autumn. The foliage of these climbers serves as a good background for crim- son rambler roses, clematis and climb- ing honeysuckle. The planting of shrubbery about the foundation modifies the abruptness of the angle between the ground and the wall of the house and also serves as a foil for flowering plants, annuals and perennials, set in front. Asters look especially well in such a situation, and annual larkspurs are desirable, not only because of their intrinsic beauty but also because of their persistence into late fall. A few shrrubs, such as Berberis, Thunbergia, the spiraeas and conifers, have Ijeen planted in the outskirts of the lawn, and a hedge of hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora marks the boun- dary between this and the adjoining pro- perty. One of the really good things about gardening is that the gardener is never satisfied with what he has accomplished. For this reason gardening possesses an inexhaustible store of future pleasures, with almost limitless possibilities in the way of achievement as experience begets knowledge and knowledge ambition. The ideas of the gardener develops his vision, expands his taste, improves his methods, and the result is a nearer ap- proach to that standard of excellence towards which every true garden maker is striving. The June Garden R. S. Rose, Peterborough, Ont. ALL seeding now should be done, and the seedlings showing up. This is the time to thin them out to about an inch apart each way. Some may say that an inch is not enough. Of course, in some plants more space is desired. I only know that I for one love to see the earth altogether covered and have always had splendid results. Keep turning the earth over with a small spade ; one such as the children use I find a good tool to have. Weeding will be much easier and your plants much healthier. INSECT ENEMIES Prepare some kind of emulsion which can be used on the tender shoots. I generally start spraying with soap chips dissolved in a gallon of water (one laun- dry bar cut fine). I do this before any insects appear. It is wiser to do this than to wait until they come ; for once the aphids take possession of the young shoots they are hard to dislodge. This insect multiplies extremely rapidly, and prevention is better than cure. If the aphids do come (and they surely will) after using soap chips and water, add a cupful of coal oil to the gallon. For those who do not know the aphids, I will call him the little green fly that sonces on the stalks and young leaves, especially on rose bushes and sweet peas. There are also numbers of other insects, almost too numerous to mention. that come with the hot weather. Some of them one can hardly see with the naked eye, but you can tell their pre- sence by the leaves, as white or brown spots will show on the surface of the leaf. Look for your trouble underneath, then spray so that the emulsion will go on the under side of the leaf and on the stalks. THE OAHE OF ROSES This is the rose season, so give them all the attention possible. I have been frequently asked what to do for them. In the first place see that you have good rich soil and that they get lots of sun. Shelter them from the north winds. Keep the earth loose and give them once a week a mulching of liquid manure. The rose will not bloom so freely if planted with other shrubs, as they are very shy. The rose is a very gross feeder. When the aphids appear on the rose bushes, I always use a much stronger emulsion for them, namely one cake of laundry soap shaved fine in- to one gallon of water. When dissolved add two gallons of kerosene oil. When spraying, do not let the emulsion go on the buds, as it is apt to hurt them. Twice a week 1 give the bushes a thorough washing with the hose helj close to the leaves so as to give them the full force of the water. This helps to keep down the pests, and the rose itself likes plenty of water. The kind that give me the most satis- faction are as follows, grown on their own roots : General Jacqueminot, scarlet crimson ; Madame Plantier, white ; Mrs. John Laing, pink; Soliel D'Or, yellow; Paul Neyron, dark rose; Prince Camille de Rohen, crimson maroon ; Acura de Diesbach-, pink ; Lady Helen Stewart, crimson scarlet ; Harrison's Yellow, golden yellow; Margaret Dickson, white ; Persian Yellow, bright yellow ; all hy- brid perpetual or remontant roses. Another insect, which appears on the Golden Glow, is a little red fly that at- tacks the stock in the shady part near the blossom and under the foliage. I have had this insect attack my Golden Glow so severely that I have had to take a soft substance and scrape them off^ into a pan and burn them in the kitchen range. Powder is no good to destroy the aphid or these red insects, so do not try it. Do not skimp the watering of the garden, but water thoroughly. A light sprinkling, which only covers the surface of the earth and does not soak into the roots of the plants, is worse than no watering at all. I have always found it much belter to give the beds a good soaking three times a week in the evening, than a light sprinkling every day. Some might ask, why the evening and not the morning? I pre- fer the evening for this reason, that the water has a chance to soak in during the night, giving the plants plenty of 152 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 time to drink it. In the morning the sun gets up early, and dries the moisture before the plants have had time to take in all that they require. Then again, you have in the early morning more light to see to do your weeding than you possi- bly can in the dim light of the evening, especially in the early part of the aut- umn. Then the earth is softer and more easily worked after a night's watering, than it would be after a hot baking sun. I cannot say this often enough : Keep the earth loose. Run the trowel through it, around the plants. In other words, keep stirring the earth and you will keep down the weeds, for there is one thing you can depend upon to grow without care if you have good rich gar- den soil, and that is weeds. An uncared for garden is an eye-sore to anyone who loves flowers. A little care, every morning and evening, will net you results that will surprise you, so give it to the garden. All flowers like to be loved, petted and cared for. If you have paths in your garden keep them clean and well swept, as a well kept path shows tiie garden off to much better advantage. I know that a garden to look well means work, which takes up time and strength. Give it that, give it a little thought, give it a little attention, give it a little care, give it a little love, give it a little of your time, such as an hour each morning be- fore breakfast, and an hour each even- ing after supper, and the result will not be little but will be large. Rose Culture By an SO much has been written on this subject that one cannot expect tc say anything new ; the most one can hope to do is to point out the chief causes of failure on the part of begin- ners, to accentuate the few essentials to success, and incidentally remove the im- pression that to succeed with roses re- quires extraordinary skill and entails a vast amount of labor. The chief causes of failure are the choice of the wrong sort of plants and improper planting. As long as people will persist in buying roses which are sold at the rate of fifteen or twenty for a dollar, so long will the percentage of failures be high. These plants suffer a three-fold shock, the shock which every growing plant suffers when it is trans- planted, the additional shock which it receives in having all the soil washed off Amateur its roots in order to lessen postal char- ges, and the further shock in being transferred from greenhouse tempera- ture to that of the open ground. Only a small proportion survive this treat- ment, whereas if only two years old dormant budded plants are used and these properly planted, very few will fail to grow, because they are in the very best possible condition for transplanting. The proper method of planting is to dig a hole sufficiently large to accommo- date the roots, spread out in their nat- ural manner of growth, which is hori- zontally. In shipping, they are usually compressed until they appear to be in a straight line with the branches, but this is not their natural form. They should be set so that the junction of the bud with the stock is from two to three inches below the level of the ground. This prevents to a large' extent the growth of suckers from the stock. If any such appear they must be at once removed, as they will otherwise very quickly crowd out the valuable rose. Fortunately these suckers are readily re- cognized by their lighter green color, and by their having seven leaflets on each petrole, whereas the greater part of the valuable roses have only five. In planting, it is necessary to see that every part of the root comes in contact with the moist earth so that they should Ije set as firmly as a post. If the earth is very dry some water should be used when the hole is partly filled and allowed to drain off before the filling in is com- pleted. Immediately after planting, the bush should be pruned and about two- thirds of the wood removed, leaving the plants about eight inches high. This is .ibsolutely necessary, because in remov- ing the plant, no matter how carefully it has bt^n done, the most of the small fibrous roots have been broken and no growth will be made until these have formed again, and until then there is nothing to support the growth of the top. The removal of the top forces into growth the strongest buds, which are nearest the base of the plant. After pruning, rake over the surface 1. . ^ f *A r . _^ The O. A. C. Rose Garden A partial riew of the Eose Garden at thp Guelph Aericultural Colleee, Is here ehown. Mr. Wm. Hunt, the well-known contributor to The Canadian Horticulturist, may be seen in the foreground. soil to form a dust mulch, which con- serves the moisture. Frequent stirring of the soil, especially after rains, will provide all the moisture necessary, ex- cept in a particularly dry season. The essentials to success are first a genuine love for the flower itself, and secondly, a suitable location for the rose bed. Roses require and must have full sunshine for the greater part of the day ; if somewhat shaded from the hot after- noon sun the blooms will remain in good condition longer than if fully exposed. If shaded from the morning sun you will have a better opportunity for see- ing your roses at their best, which is when covered with dew in the early morning. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 153 |!'ll^ ^ ■K: '.re*- ■ * ^j^sd^^^^ tM #^' ^^^^^lyiii E^^i H^^^H^ i^.: ^^^B ers and also has power to destroy all or most of the insect pests found on the plants and in the soil. Always keep dead leaves and flowers picked off as this not only makes the plants look better but prolongs the season of bloom. Peonies and Trio Germanica in Garden of J. R. Thompson, Hamilton, Ont. Transplanting Garden Annuals p. D. Powe, Cainsville, Ont. I k June is by far the most important month in the year in the flower e^^arden, for if we are to have success we must give the plants the best of attention. This is the month the plants make their growth and much of the transplanting, thinning and cultivation is done now. Transplanting and thinning are very important matters that must not be ne- glected. The boxes which we have start- ed will need our first attention. When the seeds are well up, having made their first or second pair of leaves, they are best transplanted either into their bloom- ing quarters or into another box. Set them in the garden from six inches to two feet apart. A good plan to go by is the height plants will attain when full grown. Divide this by half, and you have the distance apart to place the plants. If it is too early to plant out take another box, fill it with good soil, and place the plants three inches apart each way in it. This gives sufficient space and you get strong plants. Plants that will not succeed when transplanted must be sown thinly out of doors. When they are well up thin them out to the right distance apart. It is cheapest for the city grower to buy plants that he cannot grow in the garden, from some florist. By so doing you get the bene- fit of the florist's years of training, and up-to-date facilities. The best time to thin or set out plants is before seven in the morning and after five in the afternoon. If the work is done in the morning cover the plants with papers so as to protect them from the sun's rays. By neglecting to do this you may lose your whole stock. Water should be given in the evening only, ex- cept in the spring when the morning is the best, as the plants will not then re- ceive a chill, which might retard them. THE OABE or THE PLATTTS When the plants are well started, the surface of the bed should be frequently worked with a small hoe, cultivator or weeder, not only to keep the beds free from weeds, but also to encourage the plants to grow by keeping the soil loose and friable around them. This cannot be done too often. If done twice a week you will obtain fifty per cent, bet- ter plants and bloom. During dry periods the plants should be given water when the sun is down. This watering should be done well. Let the water soak right into the roots. Sur- face water does plants more injury than good. After watering stir the soil well to prevent caking or crusting of the soil. In dry weather, when water is scarce, lawn clippings are excellent to cover the surface of the bed with. They preserve the moisture and keep down the weeds, and also enhance the beauty of the bed. Washing day is a great day with the housewife, and also with the garden if the wash water is only used right. Noth- ing helps flowers as much as soapy water so long as it does not contain lye or other strong acid to eat them. The soapy water contains a large amount of ammonia, animal f^it, and other fertiliz- Spraying to Destroy Dandelions Prcf. J. E. Howitt Probably no weed attracts more at- tention at this time of the year than the homely dandelion. Everywhere lawns are to be seen yellow with this pest. Later, when the seeds are ripe, they are still more unsightly. Spudding dande- lions from the lawn is a laborious and unprofitable task. Some easier and more effective method has long been looked for. During the past three years the Department of Botany has been try- ing experiments in spraying with a solu- tion of iron sulphate to kill dandelions ill the lawn. The results obtained are much more promising than those secured by some experimenters in the United States, and should be of interest to the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist. Only last year's results are cited, but those of the two previous years are very similar, though the data are not so exact. In last year's trials a twenty per cent, solution of iron sulphate was used. This was prepared by dissolving two pounds of iron sulphate in each gal- lon of water. This solution was applied with a knapsack sprayer in the form of a fine spray just after the first few dandelions in the plots came into flower. Forty-eight hours after the application of the solution, the leaves of the dandelions were found to be blackened and burned. The burned and withered leaves were raked off and the plots left for about two weeks, when the dandelions were seen to be sending up new leaves. Ano- ther spraying was then given with the same results. A careful watch was kept on the plots, and it was found necessary to spray them six times during the sea- son in order to prevent the leaves get- ting a start. This spring the plots were closely ob- served and the results of last year's sprayings noted. Each plot contained one hundred and sixty-eight square feet. The dandelions in these sprayed plots and in the unsprayed check plot were counted. In plot number one there were one hundred and thirty dandelions; in plot number two, one hundred and forty- one dandelions; and in plot number three, ninety-one. In the check plot (un- sprayed) there were approximately eight thousand four hundred dandelions. These figures show that over ninety-eight per cent, of the dandelions in the plots were destroyed by spraying six times with a . twenty per cent, solution of iron sul- phate. Some of our correspondents who Sprayed their Ifl^ns last year with iron 154 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 sulphate, also report success. One f^entlcman writes as follows: "Having followed the instructions given to use sulphate of iron and water (two pounds of iron sulphate to a gallon of water), I am pleased to say that at least seventy- five per cent, of the dandelions have dis- appeared, and I am now going after the other twenty-five per cent." In our experiments here no permanent harm was done to the grass. It looked blackened and discolored just after the spraying, but in a few days was as green as ever. This spring the grass is greener and more luxuriant on the sprayed plots than on the unsprayed plot. It is, however, noticeable that the White Dutch Clover has almost entire- ly disappeared from the sprayed plots. This we hope to replace by reseeding this spring. GIVE SPRAYING A TRIAL The results warrant giving spraying with iron sulphate a trial on lawns that are badly infested with dandelions. Pre- pare a twenty per cent, solution of iron sulphate by dissolving two pounds of iron sulphate in each gallon of water. Apply this solution with a hand sprayer or a watering can with a very fine rose. See that all the dandelions are thorough- ly drenched with the solution. Rake off the blackened leaves two or three days after spraying and in dry weather, if possible, thoroughly water the lawn. Spray frequently enough during the sea- son to prevent the dandelion leaves get- ting a start. Six applications at least will be necessary. Next season, in order to fill up the spaces caused by the de- struction of the dandelions, reseed with pure lawn grass seed. Prepare the lawn for reseeding by raking it over with a coarse rake so as to stir the soil. Sow the seed when the ground is moist, rake it in well and roll. There is nothing like a good thick stand of grass to keep out dandelions and other weeds. Spraying with iron sulphate is not very expensive. The iron sulphate may be obtained retail at from two to three cents a pound, or wholesale at a cent a pound. Forty pounds of iron sulphate, costing wholesale one cent a pound, will make twenty gallons of the solution, which is enough to spray at least one- eighth of an acre, so that if a lawn this size is sprayed six times during the sea- son the cost for material will be only two dollars and forty cents if the iron sulphate is purchased wholesale The Use of Lime on the Farm After the cabbage worm enters the cab- bage measures, such as the use of pads, or lime, or sand sprinkled with foul-smelling and repellling substances will fail to destroy the larvae. You must then use a carbolic emulsion, made by making a regular kerosene emulsion, and adding one-half pint of crude carbolic acid to each barrel of the material. Prof. E. M. NOT so many years ago lime was very popular with many farmers. Nearly every farm in some sec- tions was limed. In the same section* at present, lime is not used. The popu- larity of lime did not prove that lime was profitably used in every case ; nor the decline in its use that lime is no longer necessary. From the number of ques- tions the writer receives concerning the use of lime it would seem that there is a revival of interest in lime and liming. Such questions as "Which is the bet- ter fertilizer, lime or ashes?" or "What should I apply, lime or stable manure?" would indicate that the problem is not well understood. In some cases the press has been responsible for extending error regarding lime, by making state- ments such as the following: "Lime is Nature's best and most universal fer- tilizer." IS NOT A FERTIUZEB Strictly speaking lime is not a fertil- izer at all, and is not applied for such purposes, for lime always exists in soils in sufficient quantities to meet the im- mediate needs of the crops. Therefore, lime has no right to be compared with fertilizers. The situation has been aptly stated thus: "The use of lime without manure will make the farm and farmer poorer. " This is not intended to discourage the use of lime. Production is often doubled on a given area by its use through che- mical, physical and biological action, but not on all soils. We learn, very slowly, that what is good for our neighbor's soil may not be good for our's. Iron is an excellent remedy for some human ills, yet no physician would recommend it for every man who is sick. Why, then, should lime be the panacea for all sick soils? Lime is used with great benefit for a number of soil conditions, but not as a fertilizer. Many soils are sour. Espe- cially is this true of pworly drained soils. Soils become sour largely from the for- mation of humic acid, caused by the breaking down of humus in the soil. Peat and muck soils are usually acid, as they are composed almost entirely of plant remains in some stage of decom- position. The character of the vegeta- tion growing on a certain soil is some indication of its degree of acidity. Abun- dant growth of sorrel is a good indica- tion of a sour soil, while the most of our cultivated crops make sickly growth or refuse to grow at all on such areas. Applications of fertilizers to such a soil, before it has been sweetened, are of no avail. To sweeten or neutralize the acid present a base is necessary. Lime is one of the cheapest, most available, and best correcters of sour soils known, Straight and is used for this purpiose extensively. Many of the constituents of plants, supplied in manures, are locked up in soils in the form of insoluble compounds. They constitute plant food, but plants are unable to use them. The function of lime is to unlock this food and make it available for plant growth. It plants take up this food, made available by the lime, it follows that such a soil would become constantly poorer, unless man- ure were supplied in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of the plant. Heavy clay soils are improved by lime through the improved physical con- dition. Lime causes soil particles to flocculate, that is, to adhere to each other in minute bundles. The effect of liming such a soil is to cause it to be- have afterwards as a coarse grained soil. It becomes more open, porous, less like- ly to bake and easy to work. Lime favors the multiplication and activity of many forms of bacterial life, especially those that live in tubercles on roots of legumes. These bacteria are all important to the growth of the clo- vers, in that they have pwwer to take up free nitrogen from the air. By favoring the growth of the bacteria through lime, we favor the growth of the clover. This effect has been noticed by many who have applied lime or ashes just before seeding with clover. WHAT LIME DOES Lime is applied to correct acidity ; to make available plant food already in the soil ; to improve physical conditions, and to favor the growth of certain soil bac- teria. If soils are already right in these particulars, applications of lime cannot help them. Lime is purchased for the farm under the names of quicklime, air-slaked lime, hydrated lime, ground limestone, and agricultural lime. All of these forms are of some use agriculturally, but the com- parative value of any one form may be little or great. If a soil is sour, quicklime or hydrat- ed lime is the form that should be used. It being a base, acts quickly on the acid and neutralizes it. Other forms of lime cannot do this, for they are already neu- tral. The other effects of lime may be secured by lime in any form, if used in sufficient quantities. Quicklime plus air gives air-slaked lime ; quicklime plus water gives hydrated lime, while agri- cultural lime may be almost anything — usually a mixture of air-slaked and water-slaked lime and sometimes a per- centage of ashes . It should be clear that if air-slaked or water-slaked lime is used, much lar- ger quantities should be used than quick- lime. It is seldom profitable for farmers to buy either air or water. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 155 Modem Garden Tools Make Thorough Cultivation a Much More Simple Operation than Formerly If fifty-six pounds of lime becomes water-slaked it will weigh seventy-four pounds, and if air-slaked it will weigh more. That is to say, fifty-six pounds of quicklime for agricultural purposes is worth about seventy-four pounds of water — slaked or hydrated Ijme ; one hundred pounds of ground limestone or one hundred pounds of old air-slaked lime, if applied for other purposes than to neutralize or sweeten sour soils. If quicklime, usually in lumps, has not been ground fine, it is better to water- slake it before trying to apply it. Enough water should be used to convert it to a dry powder and no more, for a sticky water-laden mass cannot be applied . The best time to apply lime is in the fall or early spring, at least some time should elapse between its application and a heavy application of fertilizer. It is imfHDSsible to say how much lime should be applied to a certain area, for much depends upon the condition in which it is found. Market gardeners are very large users of lime, and for a rea- son. Where lime is used every five or six years, one or two tons per acre should be sufficient on most soils. This practice is to be recommended over very heavy applications once in a lifetime. The points to be recommended are : Many soils need lime ; lime is not a fer- tilizer; when lime is needed it is used with much profit ; fertilizers cannot im- prove sour soils if said fertilizers are neutral or acid. thod is to use formalin in- stead of the sublimate, one ounce of forma- lin to two gal- lons of water. This treatment of the seed, to- gether with a judicious rota- tion of crops, is sufficient per- manently to control this di- sease. In cutting the seed, cut them to one or tw'o eyes, leav- ing a large piece of tuber for the young sprouts to gain nourishment from until they are able to ob- tain some from the soil. If cut some time be- fore planting, air-slaked lime Growing Potatoes for Profitable Results M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Manager Sunnyside Farm, Ltd., Ridgetown, N.S. Good seed is the first essential in growing a profitable crop of potatoes. The seed for next season should be care- fully selected from your own field if you have a good clean crop. Select the smoothest and most uniform tubers from heaviest yielding and healthiest plants in the field. These tubers will give you larger yields than those procured from the store at random. It pays to pay attention to this part of the potato busi- ness. In case, however, you have not been able to obtain seed which you know to be free from the potato scab, it is advisable to use preventive measures from the strat. The scab is a disease infecting the tubers of the potato plant, and a single scabby seed potato or even one which is clean but which has been in contact with a scabby one, may ruin ;i whole crop. The disease may per- petuate itself by remaining in the soil or it may be carried to new ground on a potato bearing the spores of the dis- ease. It is not practical to sterilize or disinfect the soil, but it is practical anroviince of Nova Scotia thaiv in any other province in Canada. Probably two-thirds of this year's crop will be handled through the local associa- tions and their central org-atiization. The cooperative movement has been making wonderful strides in the fruit growinj? sec- tion of Nova Scotia during the past few years. The fruit growers of the Anina- polis Valley can produce prime fruit and believe that they should receive their fair share of the price. The result has been the developmemt of the cooperative move- ment. Until a few years ago the entire export crop was hamdled by Europeam commissioni houses, who had local agents throughout the Valley. The commission charges inci- dental to this system are exceedingly large ; the total charges for freight, com- mission, insurance, etc., amounting to as high as one dollar and fifty cents to one dollar sixty cents a barrel. In some cases wheni the shippers received their sales account they found that their fruit had sold for less than the commission men's charges and were called upon to make up the difference. The fruit growers naturally chafed under these conditions, ahd as early as 1902 an attempt was made to form some kind of a cooperative society. The first successful attempt, however, did not materialize until five years later. The growers in the neighborhood of Berwick organized under the name of the Berwick Fruit Company, with an authorized capital of teni thousand. The company built a large warehouse, to which the fruit of the different mem- bers was brought and packed by experts. This assured a uniform pack and natur- ally a higher price was obtained. The first year the company handled nearly two thousand barrels of apples. The next year this number was doubled and the third year it was trebled — ample evidence of the success of the movement. MOVEMENT 8PRE.\DS As a result of the success that attended the formation of this first company, other coonpanies 'wiere' formed until now the number is about thirty. The members agree to pool their apples and receive the average price according to grade and var- iety. Thus the better a member's fruit is, the larger will be the proportion of No. 1 pack and the better will be the price. The Provincial Government passed an act esp>ecially designed for the formation of such societies. The growers realized, however, that they were not "-etting the maximum results that the cooperative system could offer. If the various separate companies were central- ized they could do still better. Delegates from the different companies got together aind decided to give the centralization idea a year's trial. This was in 1911. The different companies did not bind themselves by any set rules. The central organization* would make sales for the different companies and also buy supplies for them. Messrs. S. C. Parker, John Dottialdson, and J. N. Chute were chosen from among the delegates to act as an exe- cutive. S. B. Chute, one of the well-known fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley, was employed as general manager. A small percentage was charged on all apples shipped through the central organi- zation. Each of the companies that en- tered the organization, over twenty in number, paid a fee of five dollars. Nor did the payment of this fee compel the companies to sell their fruit through the central. They could still act as free agents. That year the Central sold over one hun- dred thousand barrels for the companies. An ageint was sent through the west, and over ten thousand barrels of Gravensteins were sold. This was really the advent of Nova Scotia fruit on the western market. Last year eighty-five thousand barrels went to the same market. In 1911, Nova Scotia produced the larg- est crop of apples ini its history. Tho steamship lines were unable to handle the unusually large export traffic. Right here is where the association proved its worth . Additional steamers were chartered and the congestion was relieved. ON A PERMANENT BASIS The success attendinig this trial of a Central Association was so pronounced that steps were at once taken to make it permanent. Last year the company was incorporated with an authorized capital of fiftv thousand dollars, nearly all of which is subscribed. .At the time of organization twenty-two companies became affiliated in the Central Association, which was termed The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Limited. Each company subscrib- ed twenty per cent, of its capital stock. Since then, several more companies hav" come in, making the number about thirty All compa/nies agree to give_ the Central complete control of their fruit. Returns are pooled, the same as was formerly done' in the small companies. The Cem- tral now controls over thirty warehouses, with a storage capacity of over fotir hun- dred thousand barrels. The company does not confine its atten- tion merely to the shipping of apples . Large supnlies of fertilizer, barrels, pulp heads, nails, etc., are bought and distri- buted among the 1,500 members. This co- operative buving was conducted by many of the small companies, but the Central now buys for all and so gets rockbottom prices. On account of the large amount of business handled, insurance is procur- ed at most favorable rates. Several eva- porators have beeni erected for the utiliza- tion of the culls. NEW MARKETS DEVELOPED The association is developing broader markets. A European agent has been ap- nointed and the merits of Nova Scotia fruit are being made known to the Euro- nean consumer. The South African mar- ket is being developed also. The associa- tion is kept in touch with the market con- ditions throughout the world, and complete statistis'cs are always kept on hand. The DUroose of the association is not confined alone to the immediate require- ments of the apple industry. It is aimin.g high. The operating of refrigerator cars, the manufacturer of barrels and boxes, and the purchasing of all the commodities re- ouired by the members are among the developments that it has in view. r Better Service Needed That the establishing of icin follows: G. A. Robertson, A. Onslow, R. Thompson, G. X. Walker, J. H. Broderick. Advisory Board : C. Secord, W. H. Se- cord, A. Gregory, J. E. Pamell. J. A. Pay. June 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 159 Failure of National Land As previously aainounced in these col- umns, the National Land, Fruit amd Pack- ing- Company, Limited, Toronto, recently went into liquidation. This company was formed for the purpose of operating a large number of orchards that it leased amd bought throughout Ontario. Business was done om a large scale. Until a month ago it was thought there were some chances for the reorganizing of the com- pany, but it is now evident that this could not be accomplished. On April 21 the Court ordered that all scattered assets be sold. These included forty power sprayers, several car loads of fertilizers, spraying material, orchard sup- plies, and packing outfits. E. R. C. Clarkson, as liquidator, appointed R. A. Carey, of Hamilton, to auction these pro- nerties off in the towns ini which they were rated. The published report of Mr. Clarkson looks rather encouraging, but when it is considered that the one hundred and thirty- five thousand dollars owing by the Agency Land and Security Co. is practically value- loss, the creditors will receive a rather ^mall part of their claira-s. Wages, sal- rv and preferred claims will take nearly I the surplus. Where did the money go? Two hundred, thousand dollars went into improvement of Ontario orchards. The fact that the com- iny was operated in two of the worst ppie seasons in many years is account- able in part for the failure of Mr. Evans, the promoter's big concern. Also, Mr. Evans, who had little experience ini apple growing and marketing, undertook the commercial management of the compaaiy. The huge evaporator, too, at Mimico. is , Fruit and Packing Co. poorly situated. Fruit in the neighborhood is carted into town, at good prices and the evaporator stock must be freighted from gutside points. All the iieal estate is mort- gaged to the limit. The scattered assets auctioned by Mr. Carey will no more than cover liquidating and legal expenses. We append a con- densed statement of the assets and lia- bilities : LIABILITIES Direct (accounts over $1,000)— Simone Fruit Co., Toronto, Ont.$15,000 00 Grasselli Chemical Co., Inraited, Toronto, Ont 7,436 23 Trenton Cooperate Mills, Tren- ton. Ont 5.268 40 H. H. Angus, Toronto, Ont 4,900 00 J. E. Anderson, Oonaecon, Ont.. 3,150 77 J. W. Emmerson, Attercliff© 8tn., Ont 2.748 05 Baker Advertieing Co., Toronto, Ont 2,59848 F. W. Brown, Winona, Ont 1.87190 0. W. Mneller. Waterloo. Ont. . . 1,133 75 Canadian Fire Engine Oo., To- ronto. Ont 1.013 89 Other accounts total 19,489 49 Beeerve for contingencies 5,000 00 $69,610 96 Preferred claims 4,532 74 Unsettled- Claims for orchard rents, 1911 .. $12,713 00 Claims for orchard rents, 1912. . 68,288 53 Ivessors' claims for tilling 1,015 00 Lessors' claims for board 506 94 Lessors' claims tor teaming 497 89 Wages 7,50436 $90,525 19 Real Estate— In Township of Etobicoke $6,500 00 Subject to 1st mortgage to J. A. Manning, Toronto 4,000 00 ■ $2,500 00 In Township of Etobicoke $6,400 00 Subject to 1st mortgage to W, E. McKissock 4,700 00 1,700 00 Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario Bedding Plants CHINA ASTERS: Queen of Market, White: Queen of Market, Pink: Laven- der Gem; Royal Purple; Late Upright, White; Orego, Pink. Grown in pote in fine form. Price: ,10 tor 25 cts.; 100 for $1.25; if not less than 25 of one sort. carriage prepaid ANTIRRHINUM (Snapdragon) and Scabiosa. Prices; 10 cts- each; 10 for 60 cts. SALVIA (Bonfire), each 10 cts.; 10 for 75 cts. •GERANIUMS, from 10 to 12 cts. each. DAHLIAS: Choice sorts and fine plants. Each. 15 cts.; 10 for $1.25. GLADIOLI: Light colored, unnamed, 25 for 75 cts. Bed and Scarlet, unnam- ed, 25 for 60 eta. W^~ Above prices include carriage pre- paid. JOHN CAVERS Surplus Stock We offer subject to sale the following stock, which we guarantee to be true to name, No. i. stock in every respect, 5-7 ft. high. Price F.O.B. Pointe Claire, $27 per 100. 200 Alexander 200 Baldwin 200 Baxter 500 Ben Davis 500 Duchess 500 Pameuse 600 Starke 600 Spy 500 Wealthy 200 Yellow Transparent Also complete list of Ornamental Shrubs and Trees of all kinds. The CANADIAN NURSERY CO., Ltd. 10 PHILLIPS PLACE MONTREAL, P. Q. Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots : MONTREAL Basb; Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St. VANCOUVER Powell St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. 160 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 The Call of the North Do you know of the many advan- tages that New Ontario, with its millions of fertile acres, offers to the prospective settler ? Do you know that these rich agricultural lands, obtain- able free, and at a nominal cost, are already producing- grain and vegeta- bles second to inone in the world? For literature descriptive of this great territory, and for information as to terms, homestead regulations, settlers' rates, etc.. write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Bldgs., TOBONTO.Ont. Ijand and buildiiiBS valued by Harton Walker at $79,300 66,400 00 S70.600 00 PInnt, as valued l)y II H Anjus 31,750 00 $102,360 00 Subject to Mechanics' Liene — « Ontario Wind Ensrine A Pump Co $610 00 Heather & Sons 152 00 Mortgapre dated December 7th, 1?11, in favor of Union Life Insurance Co., 7% Interest. 66,000 00 20 00 A. H, Pattenwn 13.706 Wi DelK-nture of Agency Land A Security Oo 135.602-, Ca«h— In Bank. December 3lBt. 1912 1,076 ; Total $206,389 ': $65,%2 00 Ijots aggregating 145 ocree and distri- buted through the Townships of Grantham, Sydenham and EBquee- $36,388 00 ing $18,500 00 NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundred! of varieties adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly liardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. Subject to mortgages $lfl,290 12 Subject to mortgage dated November Ist. 1912, to Imperial Trust Oo. for $75,CO0 on which advanced $21,000 00 Equity carried to Assets $15,388 00 Leases — 608 Orchard Leases, covering approxi- mately 3,250 aoree, containing 115,476 treeb, valued on company's books at $864,080.00, being the amount of Capital Stock issued therefor. Realizable value of leases is entirely prablematical ASSETS As per Inventory Merchandise $19,228 95 Supplies 7,25005 • $26,479 00 Real Estate and Plant-^aa per Schedule- Equity 15,388 00 I coses stock issued therefor. $864,080. Value problematical. District Supplies— as per Schedule In hands of Agents 8,456 25 National Fertilizers— as per Sshedule. Unpaid 5,680 10 Outstanding accounts $2,116 57 Imnerial Loan Co 4,400 00 National Credit Clearing Oo. ... 4,170 23 G. Millichamp 3,000 00 Bulletins and Circulars The seventh anmual report of the Ho ticultural Soci-eties of Ontario for the ye. 1912 and the eighth annual report of tli Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associatio for the same year have beem received !> The Canadian Horticulturist. Both thes publi-cations are published by the Onitari Departmemt of Agriculture, and give good resume of the work carried on b;. these organizations during the past year. Other publications received from the same Department include. Bulletin 211, on Fruits Recommended for Planting in Var- ious Parts of Ontario ; Bulleti-n, 210, Strav berrv Culture and the Red Raspberrv, b- F. M. Clement, B.S.A. ; Bulletin 212. An Orchard Survey of Dundas, Storment and Glemgarry Counties, by F. S. Reeves, , B.S.A. This last should be of special interest to personis interested in horticul- ture im those counties. The Horti-culturist is also in receipt of the following bulletins a-nd circulars : Cir- cular No. 9 of the Utah Agricultural Col- lege, Pruning the Apple Orchard. This is ; an attractive bulletin and deals with prun- ', inig in all its phases. Bulletin 248, of the ; Ohio Agricultural Experimemt Station, ; Spraying Machinery Accessories, treats the subject thoroughly. Bulletin No. 169 of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- , tion. Cultural Studies on Montreal Mar- ' ket Muskmelon (an extract from this bul- letin is published elsewhere in this issue). Bulletin No. 6, Ontario Department of A Season Saved Is One Year Gained We still have a stock of most lines of fruits vv^hich vv^e offer at . attractive prices. These trees have been dug and carefully heeled in readiness for immediate lifting and speedy packing. Do not leave the orchard land empty. This summer's growth will bring the orchard one year nearer harvest, and double the value of the land. THE AUBURN NUfiSERIES, Ltd. Head Onice: 95 King St. E., TORONTO Nurseries: QUEENSTON, SIMCOE, OAKVILLE To Our Advertisers On and after August Ist, 1913, the rate of ad- vertising in The Canadian Horticulturist -will be advanced to $1.40 per inch fiat Special Offer Ne-w or renewal contracts calling for a specified amount of space to be used -within one year ending July 3 1 St, 1914, will be accepted up to August 1st, at our present rate of $1.23 per inch flat. Special September Number Our great Exhibition and Fall Packing Number is now being prepared. Special vaJue will be offered you in its many special features. Reserve Space Now rate $37.50 per page before August 1st, and proportionate. After August 1st, $42.00 per page. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 161 Buy Consolidated Greenhouse Glass Don't place your order for green=house glass until you have had us quote you prices. We stand behind every sheet of Consolidated green- house glass to be of better quality, more even cut, and minus the imperfections common to European green-house glass. You can rely upon it absolutely, and what is of equal importance to you, we make prompt shipments for import. We guarantee to deliver all orders one month from the date of receipt, but the average order is delivered in from two to three weeks. Consolidated Green-house Glass is shipped in boxes containing 100 feet in standard Green-house sizes. As we said before, don't order Green-house Glass un- til you get quotations from us. Write for prices now. Tell us your needs, and we will answer at once with a quotation. You can rely upon us for prompt service and absolute satisfaction in every detail of the transaction. The Consolidated Plate Glass Co. Of Canada, Limited 241 Spadina Ave. TORONTO Phone Col. 8000 Private Branch Exchange connecting all Departments 102 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 19K; ■H^-'/J w h^"9^mwM Sfi M^^*i'- IWtF ''W[ ■^ N ffSBKy^BP^^ "^^^^^^^^^^^1 ^r ^ 1 LET A DAVEY TREE EXPERT EXAMINE YOUR TREES NOW Weak crotolKs in trees are the ones that eplit apart in the storms. Dead limbs are the ones that fal — a menace to life and property. Trees with cavatiee axe tJie ones that the winds blow over. A fallen tree cannot be replaced in your lifetime. THE LOSS OF ;TREES IS THE PRICE OF NEGLECT You may think that your trees are eound— but do not trust to guesswork — learn the truth through a Davey Tree Expert without cost or obligation. If your trees need no treatment you want to know it— it they do need treatment you ought to know it. Ijet a Davey Tree Expert examine your trees now. WHITE FOR BOOKLET Accredited Representatives available Everywhere. Men without credentials are , impostors. The Canadian Davey Tree Expert Co. 707 New Birks Bldg., Montreal, Canada BRIGHTEN UP your home with the wonderful White Flame Burner. Makes yourold I;impH mid I lanterns Hive a brilliant soft white liKlit I better than electricity or gas. Saves I eyesiyht and makes reading or sewing a I pleasure. No Mantle to Break. Reliable and economical. Satisfaction guaran- teed. DeliHhts every user. Compieta Sample Mailed to any address for 3S eta. or 3 for 91.00. Money back if not Satisfactory. Mall orders promptly filled. BRIGHT LIGHT CO., MerrlckviUe, Ont. a Education, Agricultural Education. Spe- cial Bulletin 59, Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Station, Small Fruit Culture. Circular 467-2-13, Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station, The Potato Flea Beetle. BuUetini No. 166, Vermont Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Commercial Fer- tilizers, a splendid bulletin. BulletiB 162 of the same station, Plant Diseases atid Potato Spraying Experiments in 1911. Ex- tension BulietiTi No. 35, Extension Divi- sion University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., on Potato Diseases. Circular No .8, Utah Agricultural College Experiment Station, Varieties of Fruit Recommended for Plajnting in Utah. Bulletin! No. 213, Bee Diseases in On- tario, by Morley Pettit, Provincial Apiar- ist, Guelph, Ont., deals in a thorough and interesting manner with bee diseases. It should be in the hands of every beekeeper. It earn be obtained free on application; to the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. Express Rates Reduced An order has been issued by the Domin- ion Board of Railway Commissioners, re- ducing express rates between points west of Sudbury, Ont., in accordance with an analysis of the cost of transport. It is said the reduction in rates will mean to the Dominion Express Company 35.36 per cent, of its net reveinues. The order of the Board (No. 104) dated May 8th, says : "It is ordered:— "(1) That the express companies under the jurisdiction of the Board be, and they are hereby required to submit new stan- dard tariffs, of maximum mileage rates to be charged for express freight classified as merchandise between points west of and in- cluding Sudbury, Ontario, making a reduc- tion of approximately twenty (20) per cent. from the maximum mileage rates in excess of fifty cents per hundred pounds now being charged ; the said ireduced maxi- mum rates to carry with them the appro- priate tolls of the 'graduate' tables, scales 'K' and 'N' and the special tariff for sin- gle shipments of 500 pounds or over. "(2) That the said maximum rates, so reduced for the mileage group from nine hundred to one thousajnd miles, do not exceed four dollars ($4) a hundred pounds in the sections between Sudbury, Ont., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., and Crow's Nest, Canmore, and Thornton, Alberta, and four dollars and seventy-five cents ($4.75) a hundred pounds in the section west thereof in place of five dollars and six dollars re- spectively, as now charged." The Biggest Thing in the Clock Business Big Ben is the biggest thing today in the alarm clock business. He is only two years and a half old, but he's already getting more work from the Dominion than any clock alive. In two years and a half time, 6,000 Canadian dealers have adopted him. Nearly half of the families in Canada leave it to him to call them up in the morning; nearly half the families in Canada use him all day long to tell the right time by. He is really two good clocks in one— a crackerjack of a time- keeper and a crackerjack of an alarm. Big Ben stands seven inches tall. He is triple nickel-plated and wears an inner vest of steel that insures him for life. His big, bold figures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light. His large, comfortable keys almost wind themselves. He rings Jiz'e minutes stead- ily or ten intermittently. If he is oiled every other year, there is no telling how long he will last. Bijr Ben's price is SJ.OO anywhere in Canada. If you cannot find bim at your dealer's, a money order sent to Wtnthx, La SnUe. lllinoiu wiil bring him to you, carefully packed and duty charges paid. BIG BEN GARDEN LIBRARY Fnll details given en Outside Back Cover FREE Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for IShipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 169 The Prairie Market for Fruit Fruit growers in Ontario, British Colum- bia and Nova Scotia are all alike interested in the capacity of the market in Western Canada for apples, and from time to time estimates of varying degrees of accuracy have been made of the total quantity re- ceived annually by the provinces of Mani- toba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Last summer the Dominion fruit inspectors as- signed to these three provinces were in- structed to take motes as to the quantity of apples shipped into their several dis- tricts, and make a report to this office at the end of the season. These reports have been compiled with the following results : The total quantity of apples marketed im these provinces for the season of 1912 was approximately 495,000 barrels, of which Ontario supplied 238,000, British' Columbia 75,000, Nova Scotia 18,000 and the United States 164,000. In addition to the prairie provinces there is a large and growing market in\ New On- tario which will afford an outlet for increas- ing quantities of Ontario apples. If we consider the present population of Fort William, Port Arthur, Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Sudbury, the Cobalt district, and similar sections, we shall find that 60,000 barrels is a conservative estimate for the quantity of apples marketed in this section during the past season. The pro- Ijortion of the above total supplied by the I'nited States would probably not exceed ten per cent. Montreal E. U. Warlmu, D. F. I. It has been my privilege for many years to inspect apples from various packages, harvested from one to twelve months, and to note their condition. During early May, while examining Golden Russets, Spy, Ben Davis, Gano and other varieties I found all the way from ten per cent, to fifty per cent, in number one barrels of these varieites in a rotten condition. I asked myself the question, Should these apples be so wasty at this date, and what c ould be the cause ? Upon taking up speci- men after specimen of these varieties I I ould see, without the aid of a glass, that '•very rotten specimen had had an injury of some kind when placed in the barrel or box. These injuries caused probably all the trouble. They were due either to a puncture caused by handling, to a diseased spot or to an insect mark. These speci- mens were put in, some seem and others not seen, and I have put it to the credit of a little oversight or carelessness on the part of the manipulator. I i to 20 H.P. Stationary or Portable The Massey-Harris Gasoline Engine is the simplest High-Class Engine on the Market Simplicity— With Efficicivcy — Is the Keynote in the Massey- Harris Engine IT has fewer parts than any other high-class Engine on the market, yet no other Engine is so reliable and efficient under the various conditions met with in actual work. The Mixer is of the simplest possible construction, but gives higher efficiency and is more economical of gasoline than any other. The Cylinder, Cylinder Head and Water Jacket are cast solid — no gaskets or packed joints to give trouble. The Water Jacket extends around the Cylinder Head and Valves, and the Valves are extra large — no danger of overheating. The Combustion Chamber and Spark Plug are placed in the end of Cylinder, en- suring quick combustion and direct action on the Piston. MASSEY-H ARRIS CO., LIMITED Head Offices : TORONTO, CANADA Branches at Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Yorkton, Calgary, Edmonton Agencies Everywhere Where There is Condensation — there is need for a Morehead Steam Trap. Condensation in steam lines is akin to matter out of place — means wasted energy. If your lines are sluggish — if your houses are not of uniform temperature, write us. We guarantee to drain your lines perfectly — return the pure, hot condensation to your boiler without pijmp or injector, or make no charge for the trial. Obey that impulse — write now. Ask for Trial Trap. CANADIAN MOREHEAD M'F'G CO., Limited WOODSTOCK, ONT. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES: -George W. Cole, Woodstock, Ont. ; Robert S. Bickle, Winnipeg, Man.; H. E. Kirkham, Montreal, Que. ; Robert Hamilton, Vancoaver, B. C, 164 THE CANADIAN nORTIC U LTU RIST June, ldl3 THE BRANTFORD IDEAL POWER SPRAYER CANNOT BE EXCELLED If interested send lor special printed matter and revised Spray Calendar We also manufacture complete lines of Gas and Gasoline Engines, Windmills, Tanks, Grain Grinders, Steel Saw Frames, Water Boxes, Pumps, etc., and have catalogues describing our different lines. GOOLD, SHAPLEY & MUIR COMPANY, Ltd. BRANTFORD - ONTARIO GOOD BAKERS Use REINDEER FLOUR, and that is one of the reasons why they are good bakers. If the lady of the house takes pride in producing the BEST BREAD there is nothing that will help her so much as using REINDEER FLOUR Good to Bahe and Good to Eat, THE PETERBORO CEREAL CO. Ltd. Mahes the Loaf that's Light simcoe St. and Sweet. PETERBORO, ONT. Phone 113 Old fruit handlers prefer the original l>ack to the fresh pack and re-handling in February or March. Why? Because ap- ples properly handled from tree to barrels and boxes in cool condition will keep longer than those re-packed at a late date. A tendency to pack windfalls that have becai of fine quality when erly handled, and stored, will give great satisfaction amy year to the one who does his work faithfully and well. Western Annapolis Valley, N.S. R. J. Muiei>{cr, Biidictown, N. S. A very wet spring up to the third of May, but early in the swelling of buds and the springing of the grass. The fruit buds have come through the winter in good shape and promise a full bloom. Trees are about all 'pruned for this year. The poor quality of last year's fruit, added to the poor prices received, have set our onchardists thinking. The feeling is becoming stronger among the farmers that they must raise better apples amd majny are expecting to grow fewer on the tree. To get this state of affairs some have determined to thin the fruit in July, while others are pruning very severely, hoping that the desired results of larger, better quantity of apples may be obtained thereby. The question of spraying has received much more attention this last winter dis- cursively at the blacksmith shops and vil- lage stores than ever before, and there is no uniformity of opinion in the matter. Intelligemt orchardists have advanced most ridiculous opinions against spraying, but we are glad to notice that those who sprayed thoroughly last season and got as a consequence better fruit, will spray again this year. Some are in favor of re- tumniny to the use of the old Bordeaux mixture; some will make their own lime- sulphur, but by far the greater proportion, ninety percent., will use the easily ob- tained, easily mixed, commercial lime- sulphur, and commercial arsenate of lead. The future holds out a hopeful promise for the market end of our fruit business. The United Fruit Companies con- trol now over two-thirds of the output of the province, in spite of a childish and transparently selfish opposition put up by a few of the old speculators who have made easy money out of the farmers in the past. All the newly formed societies are uniting with the central association and the excellence of the pack will soon give it practically all the markets and make it the greatest organization in Nova Scotia. Hon. James S. Duff, Provincial Miriister of Agriculture for Ontario, has appointed Messrs. C. M. Honsberger, Jordan Sta- tion, F. G. Stewart, Homer, David Allan,, Winona, and Earland Lee of Stoney Creek, to act on the Board of Control of the Jor- dan Harbor Experimental Farm. Enclosed find one dollar renewal for The Canadian Horticulturist, the best of all horticultural journals. — Watson C. Orr, Winona, Omt. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 165 Mr. Win. Ewing-, of Montreal, one of the best known seedsmen in Canada, died sud- denly, recently while entering his home. Apple Boxes "VY/E make a good box at the right price. It is especially suited for the apple grower and shipper. One of our large cus- tomers last year used thousands of our boxes for the export trade. Such trade demands a strong, durable box. Our boxes gave every satisfaction. Our Boxes are Right The Price is Right Let Us Quote You BARCHARD & CO. LIMITED 135-151 Duke St., TORONTO BRITISH COLUMBIA Fruit Lands for Sale Kelowna, Okanagan Valley The famous Apple Growing district of the Province. We have large hstings of Im- proved and Unimproved Fruit Lands Easy Terms. Write for Illustrated Booklet and any Information te Wilkinson and Fisher Box 251, Kelowna, B.C. Bow Park Farm's Golden Rain Seed Oats, 75c per Bushel ! ! Great new Swedish variety. Extremely well adapted for Oni. Germination 98% ^GVf Park Farm's Asparagus Plants, two years old!! 100 Plants 50c. - 1000 Plants $4.50 ^avf Park Farm's Hatching Eggs, $1.50 per Set of 15 ! ! R. C. White Wyandottes, R. C. Columbian Wyandottes, from the veiy best layers only, selected by trap-nests and records. BOW PARK FARM Dominion Canners Seed & Experimentai Farm BRANTFORD, Ont. IRON PIPING BARGAINS We have over 450.000 feet of slightly lifted piping just as good as new and first class for water, steam, heating: greenhousee, construc- tion, fencing, posts, etc, at 25 per ceat to 50 per cent less than regular value. NOTE THESE PRICES DIAMETER 1-2 in. 3-4 in. 1 in. 1 14 in. I 1-2 2 in. Price per ft. 2c 2 l-2c 3c 4c 5c 7c Also other sizes up to 10 tnchee. Send us a list of the lengths you need and we will give you a special low Drice on the lot, cut and threaded, ready to put together. We also have enormous quantities of Wire Fencing, Belting, Pulleys, Cable Ralls, New RooSng, Saws, Vices, Forges, Etc., at 25 per cent to 75 per cent less than regular value. CATALOGUE ON REQUEST The Imperial Waste & Metal Co. Vm^tll Vest Pocket KODAK IS a miniature m size — ac- tually small enough to go into a vest or hip pocketr— but a thoroughly capable, durable, practical and ef- ficient photographic outfit. A Kodak on the farm, not only means ivm for the yoump folks, but has an every-day, practical useful- ness as well. Tells the story of crops, new building-s under way — stock and poultry for sale, etc., bet- ter than any description. And the Vest Pocket amswers every outdoor need to perfection. The size makes it as convenient to carry as a pocket knife or watch — the fine quality of the meniscus achromatic lens g-ives you pictures (size \% X 2,yi inches) of splendid defimition and as full of detail as the largrest. The Vest Pocket Kodak is made simple and strooig- — nothing to g-et out of order — is always ready for use, has a fixed focus — brilliaot, reversi- ble finder — Auto-time Scale^ — loads and unloads in daylight with Kodak film cartridge for eight exposures — lustrous, black metal finish. Right as a watch in adjustment and the refinement of every detail. Catalogue Free at yoier dealers or by mail Canadian Kodak Co., Limited TORONTO Your B-E-E-S-ness is My Business I have great bargains in hives for you during Juive and July. ' Prompt shipment. Write right away (or right prices on right hives. A. T. HAINES CHELTENHAM - ONTARIO Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting; Every Disease of Caltivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Scud for Catalo(Det l/POMADpf Munfacturer, and paiticnlart to : VILLEFRANCHE IRhone), FRANCE 166 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Superintendent Saxony Holder oi Gold and Silver Models Royal Gardening Institute Germany Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished tor all kinds ol LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Coniferes, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East HAMILTON. Ont. Phone 118 Beekeepers' Supplies Canadian Agents for the A. I. Root Co., Medina, 111. Ham & Knott's Goods also Sold New Stock of Cotnb Foundation in fir»t class condition. Can ship promptly. Catalogues on request E. GRAINGER 81 CO. 1360 Yongc St. - Toronto ■ a. WE PAY THE FREIGHT. At the Factory Price Buying at the factory will land this range at your station freight prepaid for $20.00 less than Ae next best stove on the market. You pocket the dealer's profit — about 30 per cent. — get a beautiful steel and malleable iron range built to last a lifetime. And what's more you save money every month on your fuel bill. Every Range U unconditionally guaranteed. •■-^ • • "|~^ • J Sold OH JJominion rride ;;x:;;r; Range It's as good as seeing the range to read the complete and clear de- scription in our book. The book also contains a history of cooking worth reading. Let us send you a copy. Canada Malleable & Steel Range Mijt. Co., Limited, Oshawa, Ont. UalleskI* ft Steel Ranie Mf|. C«., Limited, Oshswa Pluie Send Book. A ddross. FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. 'Hf Best '-'AOt POT We have a large stock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. Order Now Before the Roth Our pots are smooth and well burnt. We have our re- putation to keep up. Send for Catalogue & Price Lift The Foster Pottery Company, Ltd. Main St., West - Hamilton Heal Cuts without dangerous scabs. Alsosorcn and wounds ot every description: burns, scalds, galls, grease heels, cracks In the skin. For this purpose nothing equals t^ati^ Healing '>r^y^ Ointment or Healing Powder | Equally good for Iran or teast. Both Ointment and i-ovf profusely. Betweem May 7 and 11 however, a series of severe nig-ht frost- occurred, the effects of which are various! \ described. A careful sifting- of the report- shows that early strawberries were badl> nipped, but that the later varieties escap- ed. Some bush fruits, such as currants, were also caught in some of the mon advamoed sections. In the fruit lands along the lake shores — more especially in the Niagara District — fruit trees sustain- ed comparatively little harm from thi frosts, but some of the orchards fartlier in land were injured to some extent. If the orchard trees, apples have suffered the least and plums and cherries the hiost. but in no case as seriously as was at first expected. To sum up, the iTijury from the severe frosts of May has turned out to hi much less general than was feared at the time of the frosts, amd a good yield of all classes of fruit may still be had should favorable conditions prevail. tllHlliiinlilllktiillkf llllllllllllllllllfllllll ^MFIMMM'l»M^FHF^Pt. Ik.lllllklllllllllll llllllllllllllllllll Protect Your Property With Peerless Lawn Fencing Ornamental fencing .ser\-c.s a double pur- pose. It not only enhances the beauty of your premises, but also protects it and your children, as well. It keeps out marauding animals and trespassers. It protects your lawns and flowers and always gives your property that orderly, pleasing appearance. Peeriess Ornamental Fencing is the result of years of fence buildine. It is built to last— to retain its beauty and grace for years to come and should not be confused with the cheap, shoddy fencing offered by catalog houses. Peerless fence is built of strong, stiff wire which will not sag and the heavy galraniz-ng plus the heavy zinc enamel is the best possible as- surance against rust. Send for Literature .Shows many beautiful designs of fencing- suitable for lawns, parks, cemeteries, etc. Agencies almost everywhere. Agents wanted in unassigned territory. The Ban-well-Hoxle Wire Fence Co. .Ltd. Winnipeg, lilan. Hamiilon, Onl. .flU^t' o -f^r/LiztPS^ Thr mark of quality. Write for booklet on line of interest to you. THI WILLIAM DAVIE8 CO., LTD. Conimorcial Fert. Dept. West Toronto - Ontario A'. INNES, B.S.A., Manager. June, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 167 A Sacred Song For You— FREE Try This Over on Your Piano or Organ SOLO or DUET Some-bo - dy lov'd me long a - go, Soine-bo - dy lov'd me long a - go. Some-bo . dy cared for me,_ Some-bo -dy died for me,_ Your Choice of One of the Following Ten LIFE SONG SERIES— ALL CANADIAN Jesus Now. 6. The Golden City. Remember Me. 7. Mothers Story. Drifting. 8. He knows. Anchored. 9. Somebody. Step Out for Jesus. 10. Glory. Simple, sacred solos with Quartette, Chorus and Pleasing Piano Arrangentents 1 know He I know He I know He I know He knows wheit I knows thou|;}i I knows that I knows when 1 1 am may am have aad fall weak tried To And And These songe composed by a Canadian, Mr. Gordon V. Thompeon, of Toronto, arc printed on splendid; paper, regular sheet music eize and just like the sheet mnsic for which you i>ay 60c. Thousands of these popular sacred songs have been sold throughout Canada. A. friend who has had several years experience as choir soloist says of these: "They are splendid. I must have each one of the ten at once. They will be flne, either for my own personal pleasure and enter- tainment, for singlnj; in parlor gatherings, or tor solo work in connection with our church choir. Mr. Thompson, the composer, must, in addition to being an excellent writer and composer of music, have had some very Interesting and definite religious ex- periences, else he never could have worked in such lovely tones in the airs and such beautiful thoughts in the words." ONE of These Songs, Your Choice Sent postpaid to every reader of The Canadian Horticulturist who will spend a few minutes answering the questions asked on the Coupon on this page. We ask for your cooperation in this matter in order that we may make The Canadian Horticulturist of greater serrioe to you. The information you furnish will be treated as confidential. Statistics compileon for an I.X.Ij. Vaouum Washer and $1.50. Will you send one to 1ih« name and axidress enolosed. I got one for myself a little while ago a.nd I never used such a handy good little washer in my life. I have recommended it to about a dozen people in WapeUa. Tours truly, Mrs. E. E. Hutchinson. Miami. Sask. I have u.sed one of your I.X.L. Vacuum Washers for some time, and ftnd that it beats everythins in the washing machine line that I have ever tried. Touns truly, Mrs. H. F. Duncalfe. Lingan Eoad, Gape Bretora. N.S. I have used the Vacuiun Wasier at home and find it to do all you claim and more after giving it a test. Tours truly, George Ma.han. 195 Bishop St.. illontreal, P.Q. We have received our I.X.Ii. Vacuum Washer and it is so perfect in every way that I am sending an order for two more for a friend and another for myself. Tours sincerely, Mrs. A. G. Ostell. Thousands of women who are using them have renidered an unQualifled verdict in favor of the I.X.L. VACUUM WASHER, and these women have used every make of Washing Mach- ine, and are fully qualified to judge merit. THE COUPON below gives you an opportunity to test it in your own home and SAVES YOU $2.00 If you do. YOU WILL concur in the verdict, as it WILL demonstrate to YOU that it will wash anything and everything, from a horse-blanket and overalls to the finest and most delicate laoes without injury, as THERE IS NO FRICTION. YOUR CLOTHES WILL WEAR THREE TIMES AS LONG Washes a Full Tub of Clothes in Three Minutes— No Severe Exertion Required It's 80 easy to operate, a child can do an ordinary family washing and have it ready for the line in one hour. SENT YOU UNDER A MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE It is the most popular Washer on the American Continent. Its popularity Is the reward of ""*' ■ CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST COUPON. Present or mail this Coupon and $1.50 to Dominion Utilities Mfg. Co., Ltd., ASZ^A Main Street, Winnipeg, Man., and you will receive one I.XL. VACUUM WASHEE. All charges prepaid anywhere in Canada on . condition that your money is to be re- funded if the Washer does not do all that is claimed. 4-2-13 NAME USE THIS COUPON il*- Send for one to-day and "Blue Monday" will be robbed of its terrors for ever. You will never re- gret it. You will be de- lighted. ADDEESS PEOVINCE Imperial Bank E«.uuhed OF CANADA i«73 Capital Paid-up. Reserve Fund $6,800,000.00 7.000.000.00 D. R. WILKIE, Pruidant and Ganaral Manaccr Open a SAVINGS BANK ACCOUNT. Deposits of $1.00 and upward received QUEENS QUEENS THREE BANDED and GOLDEN ITALIANS Vieoroufi Queens from clean, healthy colonies. Safe delivery at your Post Office giiaranteed. Write lor prices The Ham & Nott Co.. Ltd., Brantford. Ont. The Improved MONITOR i MAKES IRONING EASY AND A PLEASURE Pron.inncert -The Worlii's Best" h>- hvi.i 500.000 Batisllod customers. No hot stnve-esw toooergte. Heat regulated instantly. SATISFACTION 6UARAHTEE0. Hiprhest in qu.ilit.v- lowesl in price. lliKhlv polibli'-d and nickel plated. AGENTS WANTED. Write for eataloijue liiul tenni MacLareti S Co. Merrickville, Ont. Ottawa Flower Guild (Continued JTom page 157) sisted by a competent committee, includ- ing- the president of the horticultural so- ciety. Mayor J. A. Ellis, by Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Experimental Farm, . by Mr. Alex. McNeill, of the Fruit Division, as well as by a number of ladies keenly interested im horticultural and educational work amcrnig- the children of Ottawa. Fruit Crop Prospects In Eastern Canada the weather during March, April, aiud the first part of May has been all that could be desired, excc-pt that the majority of correspondents quali- fy their optimistic reports with the con- dition that frost may intervene. The wea- ther reports for the last two momths from British Columbia are by no means so favor- able. The winter frosts were much heav- ier than usual, sufficiently so to sliKhtly iinjure the temderest trees and varieties. Light frosts have injured apricots, peaches and cherries. Ini one or two districts plums are reported affected by the frosts of April 29. In the Maritime Provimces trees have wintered well. More rain has fallen this spring than usual. The sea- son is fully two weeks in advance of the average. Upon the whole the weather conditions for fruit generally have been good, but it must not be forgotten that complications may arise any time between now aind har- vesting. This is particularly true, for instance, with reference to the cherry crop, which promised last year to be very large, but was seriously injured by ex- cessive precipitation, especially in East- em Ontario, between the growing and harvesting months. The reports of our correspondents upon the apple crop are most optimistic. In British Columbia and Ontario the bloom is sufficiently advanced to show that it is especially heavy this year. Quebec and the Maritime Provinces report that there is an excellent showing for bloom, and trees are particularly healthy. The pear growing sections of Ontario and British Columbia report the condi- tions very favorable as indicated by the bloom. The trees are particularly healthv and no winter killing is reported. In the Maritime Provinces only a medium crop of pears is expected. The Kootenay Dis- trict anticipates a heavy crop. PLUMS Plums have suffered much injury from the late spring frosts. The plum, how- ever, is very prolific in bloom, amd it is not at all improbable that a sufficient number of buds will be left to make a medium if not a large crop in the plum districts of Ontario. In British Columbia the crop will be heavy, though some deduc- tions will probably have to be made on account of recent frosts. PEACHES In Southern Ontario it looks as if the crop would be the largest on record. The recent frosts appear not to have done any serious injury, and fall and winter condi- tions were particularly good. In British Columbia some slight damage to the early blooming peaches is reported, but in all probabilitv sufficient bloom has been left to make a full crop — Dominion Fruit Crop Report. i The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVI JULY, 1913 No. 7 Thinning the Apple Crop a Profitable Operation Justus THINNING the apple crop is the last feature of improved orchard cul- ture a grower will take up. The ob- ject is to improve the quality of the fruit. The first steps in orcharding are proper cultivation, pruning and spray- ing. In our work in these counties (Dur- ham and Northumberland) we have found it hard to persuade many farm- ers to undertake these tasks. The ma- jority of them are not ready for thin- ning. Many think that it is a very expensive operation. In our demonstration or- chards we have thinned trees at a cost of sixty cents a tree. These apples had to be picked anyway, and it was much cheaper to snip them off when small and allow them to fall to the ground than to pick and pack them in the fall. By thinning, the percentage of culls is reduced very greatly. These are not only of small value themselves but they lower the value of the entire pack. Con- sidering the increased value of number ones resulting, P. C. Dempsey, an ex- tensive apple grower of Trenton, North- umberland County, argues that the culls thus taken away are selling really at nine dollars a barrel. The work is in its infancy in Ontario. In some orchards in Durham and North- umberland counties, experiments have been conducted, and some also in Nor- folk. W. J. Schuyler, fruit specialist of Norfolk county, in the employ of the Ontario fruit branch, states that a sys- tem of thinning will bring uniform crops. In the natural state trees bear apples uniformly one year with another. But when unfavorable weather conditions produce a failure one year a very heavy set of fruit is produced the next. The tree cannot bring this abnormal crop to maturity and at the same time develop a strong growth of fruit spurs. When the apples are thinned abnormal crops do not exist, and fewer off years occur. By thinning before the seeds are devel- oped a great deal of food is saved for the tree also. Of course some varieties do not require thinning as do others. The Duchess, Wealthy, Snow, Russet and in some cases the Spy, are especial- ly benefited in our counties. In 1912 experiments were conducted in two of our demonstration orchards. In one at Colborne, in Northumberland county, a few Snow trees were selected. The apples were thinned when about the Miller, Department of Agriculture, Port size of hickory nuts. They were taken off with thinning shears and all the work was done from ladders. The intention was to thin all clusters to one specimen and to leave no apples close enough to- gether so as to touch each other or in such a position that they would rub against a limb or a twig when mature. The quality of apples on thnined trees' was much superior to that of those on unthinned trees. But the thinning was not severe enough. When the apples matured it was found that full allowance had not been made for their increase in size. The result from two trees under iden- tical conditions was : Thinned tree — Six barrels number ones ; three-quarters barrel number twos and one peck of culls. Unthinned tree — Three barrels num- ber ones ; three barrels number twos, and two and a half barrels of culls. In an orchard at Welcome, in Dur- ham county, another experiment was made, this time with Duchess apples. The same methods were used as with the Snows. The results were : Six thinned trees — Seventeen barrels number ones ; three barrels number twos, no culls. Six unthinned trees — Twelve barrels number ones ; twelve barrels number twos and one-half barrel culls. Hope In this case the thinning should have been more thorough and more severe also. The three barrels of number twos equalled the number ones in size, but lacked color, and there were no culls at all. These trees were thinned at the rate of sixty cents a tree, three hours labor at twenty cents an hour being ex- pended on each. It will be seen that the total crop was larger in the case of the unthinned trees. The value of thinning rests in the in- creased percentage of number ones. If the entire crop is sold to a buyer at a flat rate for number ones and twos, there is very little profit in undertaking this work. But if the apples are sold through associations and are pro-rated according to class, as is done by the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association, the profit is at once apparent. Consider the two Snow trees already mentioned. The 1912 price for number one Snows paid by the Nor- folk Association was three dollars and ten cents, and for the number twos two dollars. The profit per tree would be something as follows : TMnnod Tree: Six barrels number one's at three dollars ten cents, eighteen dollars sixty cents; three-quarters of a barrel number two's at two dollars, one dollar fifty cents; cost of thinning, sixty cents; total, nineteen dollars fifty cents. Unthinned Tree : Three barrels number one's at three dollars ten cents, nine dollars thirty cents; three barrels number two's at two dollars, six dollars; total, fifteen dollars thirty cents; profit, excludiing culls, four dollars twenty cents. Orchard Demonttration in Orchard of F. W. McConnell, Colborne, Ont. This orchard ijave a net profit of two hundred and fifteen dollars a,n acre In 1911. 10 170 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July. 1913 Points on Cover Crops THE sowing of cover crops is now a regular practice in up-to-date or- chard management. This practice serves a two-fold purpose. It maintains the humus content of the soil and helps to regulate the growth of the trees. Experience has proved that from spring until about the middle of July, constant cultivation is necessary for the proper growth of the trees and the set- ting of the fruit. Later in the season the growth of the trees must be retarded and the trees become fully dormant at the end of the growing season, other- wise winter injury is likely to occur. A cover crop sown during July will as- similate a part of the plant food in the soil that would have been available for the trees. This crop, when plowed un- der in the fall or following spring, de- cays and plant food and valuable humus become available for the tree when most needed. Cover crops may be classified under two heads : those that collect free nitro- gen from the air and those that do not. In the former class are the colvers, al- falfa, vetch, peas and beans. In the latter are such crops as rape, buck- wheat and rye. NITROGEiN OOLLEOTOEa Common and Mamoth Clovers are probably the most generally and the most successfully used cover crops that we have. Ag a rule it is not difficult to get a good catch. They give a good growth the first season, live over the winter, and produce a good growth the following spring, which when plowed down adds considerably to the nitrogen content of the soil. If good growth has been made the crop may be cut the first season and allowed to rot on the ground, provided it is cut early enough to permit of sufficient growth being made after- wards to tide it over the winter. A seeding of twenty pounds an acre about the middle of July generally gives best results. Hairy Vetch is a close second to the clovers. It produces a thick mat of growth the first season, lives over the winter, and grows very rapidly in the spring. This last feature necessitates early spring plowing, otherwise the crop will drain too much plant food from the trees. Thirty to forty pounds is an av- erage seeding. Vetch is a good nitro- gen gatherer but the seed is rather ex- pensive. In a dry season it is some- times difficult to get a good catch. Alfalfa, where it can be successfully grown, has most of the qualifications of a good cover crop Its one disadvantage is that in the less favored sections it does not produce as heavy a growth as do the clovers and is more apt to winter kill. In fovorable localities, seeded at the rate of twenty to twenty-three^. pounds of seed an acre, it makes a good growth the first season. Alsike Clover makes a good substitute for the common and Mammoth varieties in such localities as Eastern Ontario and parts of Quebec. It does not require quite as heavy a seeding as these varie- ties. Crimson Clover does well in parts of southern Ontario but is not as hardy as the common or mammoth. Growers ad- vocate a seeding of eighteen to twenty pounds an acre. Peans and Beans can be grown to ad- vantage as cover crops. Field peas sown with a nurse crop of barley or oats make a heavy growth. Such a crop, however, does not survive the winter. Soy beans and horse beans sometimes give good results but have the same dis- advantage. Where leguminous cover crops can be successfully grown the second class is not recommended unless the soil is un- usually rich in nitrogen. They are to be recommended rather for the purpose of enriching poor soils to make possi- ble the growth of leguminous crops. Buckwheat is the most useful non- Jeguminous cover crop we have. It makes good growth on poor soils and a catch can be obtained even when sown quite late in the season. It is a splendid crop for rapidly adding humus to the soil. It does not, however, live over winter. Five or six pecks of seed an acre gives a good stand. Rye is a hardy crop but can only be recommended as a soil enricher prepara- tory to the sowing of clover. Rape is a good humus producer but requires better soil conditions than does buckwheat The tops die down in the winter but some growth is made the next spring in preparation for seed pro- duction. Six pounds an acre is an aver- age seeding. The Cultivation of Small Fruits Jos. Frappe, THE cultivation of the soil, for strawberries and raspberries, to loosen the top surface should be commenced early in the season. For small patches of strawberries a com- mon garden rake will do. For large patches I have used a wheeled hoe with a rake attachment for each side. If this is done there will be little danger of dry weather killing the plants as is often the case. A cultivation and hoeing about once a week (especially in warm, moist wea- ther when the weeds grow rapidly) is much better than to wait two weeks. The work is then easier, quicker, plea- santer and far better for the plants. The up-to-date fruit grower or gar- dener does not hoe just to kill weeds. His first great object is to make a loose layer of earths — a dust mulch, so that the great quantities of water that are stored in the earth, and which rise by capillary action, may not escape by eva- Stirling, Ont. fKJration, but remain to supply the my- riads of rootlets. Incidentally he kills the weeds. From this point of view it is obvious that the best time to culti- vate is after a good rain. Cultivate shallow. Deep cultivation dries out the ground. In hoeing after the runners have freely started it will pay to place them more in line with the rows. When sufficient plants are form- ed if the runners are kept trimmed, it will give increased vigor to the plants already formed. The blossoms should be removed the first year. The strain of bearing fruit is too much • for young plants. With large strong plants and great care in planting a few berries may be allowed to mature. TASPBEREIES The red varieties of raspberries which sucker freely (i.e., send up young plants at different places along the roots) have been with me, the most pro- Bush Fruiti ar* Profitable when Well Cared for July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 171 A British Columbia Cherry Orchard in Bloom fitable. They keep in good condition longer and the prices received have been the best. It is not wise to let the suckers grow unless they are in the hill or near it. In the case of the raspberry, cultiva- tion has three purposes : To make the all-important "dust mulch," to prevent weeds, and to keep suckers from grow- ing. But cultivation answers for all three. I allow four to eight young plants to grow up in each hill. The nearer these are together the better. It must be re- membered that the young plants that grow the first year are the ones that bear the berries the next year, after which they must be removed. My object is to get the canes I allow to grow to have as good a growth as possible. For this reason I remove all but the ones I wish to keep, quite early in the season, when they are only tender sprouts from one to two feet high. Here are some reasons why I do this : It is more easily and quickly done, the work is done before the fruiting season, and consequently the strength that would be used in these canes is partly used to make bigger berries and more of them, but what is highly important the young plants which remain have more than double the growth, thus en- suring a good crop the next year ; if many of these new canes are allowed to remain they make the hills bushy and the pickers will not get all the ber- ries. This alone is inducement enough to have it done at the proper time. It makes the removal of the old canes a mu:h easier task. The young plants grow more stocky and branch out more if 'he ends are pinched off after they are fve or six feet apart. Cultivation late in the season after picking is not wise, as it ir.duces a growth of tender wood that de substi- tuted every few years for the acid phos- phate with advantage. It should be sown in the fall . The great importance of thoroughly spraying, so far as the elimination of number threes is concerned, can scarce- ly be over-estimated. While pruning, cultivating, fertilizing, and thinning all have an important bearing upon the production of first-class fruit, these are of little value where spraying has been neglected or carelessly done. In mak- ing dilutions of lime-sulphur, the hydro- meter should be used. Winter strength is 1 .03, summer strength for use on foliage, 1.009. Arsenate of lead at the rate of two and one-half pounds to forty gallons should always be used in spray for foli- age, both on account of its fungicidal value as well as its insecticidal value. It should first be reduced in water and then added to the dilution while the agi- tator is in vigorous motion. A good power sprayer is almost a necessity in an orchard, producing upwards of six hundred barrels of apples. It should have a mechanical agitator, the blade propeller type is the best, and be able to maintain a constant pressure of about two hundred pounds on four-disc nozzles. .Spray for scab and bud moth a little before blossoms open ; for scab, ccxl- dling moth, etc.,. when two-thirds blos- soms have fallen ; for scab, coddling moth, green apple worm, etc., ten days after blossoms have fallen ; for scab, fly speck spot, young bud moth that defaces apples, etc., when the apples are a little larger than crabs. Spray thoroughly ; cover every part of the trunk, every limb, every twig, every leaf. THINNING Thinning is now a recognized part of orchard work. Its object is first the removal of spotted, deformed, and worthless specimens, and second, the further reduction of the fruit so that remaining specimens may grade as number one. This work should be com- menced soon after the June drop, and may be continued two or three weeks. The degree of thinning will depend upon the variety. The general rule is to leave only one fruit to each fruit spur, and then, if necessary, continue the thin- ning till the apples are from four to six inches apart, depending upon the variety. Of course it means work, but it also means number one apples instead of cider apples. Therefore, it pays a handsome profit. The time lost in thin- ning is largely made up in the greater ease in picking and grading. Studies on the Montreal Market Musknvelon Prof. Wm. Stuart, (Continued from, THERE are two distinct types of melons under cultivation, one of which is roundish oblate, the other more or less oblong, the first type teing slightly deeper ribbed than the latter. These two do not seem to be separated out by the growers, in fact, when the question was put* to a grower as to which type he selected for seed purposes his reply was almost invariably that he selected from both, provided the qualities of netting, solidity, thickness, and flavor of flesh were satisfactory. As none of the growers interviewed made a practice of hand fertilization of melons intended for seed purposes, it is not at all certain that either of these types is fixed. SEED SAVING Interesting information regarding seed saving was obtained from one of the growers. This party removes the seed melon from the vine at about the time it begins to separate from the stem, and keeps it in an ordinary room temperature in a dry place until it is fully ripe. Then, to avoid the loss of the melon ,a two inch square section is cut out, the seeds shaken out, the re- moved section refitted into place, and sealed in with a gum label, after which process it is ready for shipment. The Burlington, Vt. June issue) party to whom the shipment is consign- ed, being advised that seeds have been removed from one or more melons in certain packages, is on the lookout for them, and loses no time in placing them in the hands of the consumer. The grower receives full price for such melons and thus secures without loss to himself his future seed supply. Seed from the earliest ripening melons are generally used for first crop plant- ings in the belief that an earlier ripen- ing crop will be secured from the off- spring of such seed. Attention is also paid to the selection of seed melons borne as near to the base of the plant as possible. Selection in this case is made on the assumption that in the olT- spring a greater proportion of the fruit will be borne near the base of the plant, a very desirable attribute, especially in the case of frame grown melons. MTELON PACKAGE The style of package most commonly employed by the commission dealer in shipping melons to distant markets is that of a large wicker basket closely resembling what in some sections is termed a clothes basket. These baskets just hold a dozen melons, the melons teing closely packed in rather short, fine-stemmed hay. The basket is ship- ix;d without cover and no attempt is made to fasten the melons in place, the express company being held responsible for their safe delivery. The only exception to this method of shipment noted by the writer was in tlv' case of a grower who shipped his pro- duct direct to the consumer. A strong wooden case of sufficient depth to admit of a single layer of melons and of suffi- cient size in length and breadth to hold a dozen was used with satisfactory re- sults. If an abundance of hay is em- ployed the melons reach the consumer without bruise or injury of any sort. Munsoiv System of Training Grapes W. T. Mactua, Deniiiion Horticaltoritt, C. E. F., Ottawa In Munson's "J'oundation of American Grape Culture" there is deecrilx^' the Munson three- wire trough trellis system of training grapo vines. Can you inform tne whether this syeteon is in use to any extent, and if there are any disadyantages in it from the i>oint of view of a Canadian vine-grower? His syetenn appears to me to be founded on good common sense, but as I have never seen any vineyards in which it is in use, I would like a little information from some outside source before considering it fur ther— A. F. W. The Munson system of training grape vines is not used to any extent in Can- ada. The system may be described briefly as follows : Posts aie put in the ground about twenty-four feet apart, with from four and one-half to five feet of the post above ground. A three- eighth inch hole is bored in each post about four feet from the gVound and six inches from the top of the post to admit the lower wire. Crossarms of two by four inch wood (one by four is sufficient exc-ept for end posts) and two feet long are held to the side of the post near the top by wire, without nailing. Within an inch of each end, and one inch from the upper side, of the cross piece is bored a three-eighth inch hole. Number eleven galvanized wire is run through the holes and securely fastened, thus making a three-wire overhead trellis. Only the wire through the post need be put on at first. A single cane is allowed to grow, and this is fastened to the lower wire when it reaches the desired height. Before the next spring this is cut back about two-thirds. It will soon reach the wire this season, and two canes are trained out, one in each direction, along the middle wire. The next year, and in future, there will be four arms, two in each direction, along the lower wire. The new growth grows over the wires and hangs down, and it is claimed for the system that the summer pruning is very light. The fruit is a little easier to pick on the Munson trellis, but not sufficiently so to offset other things. Cheapness in growing grapes is desirable, and on this account it is not likely that the Munson system will be generally used in Canada for some time. A Barrie Garden Possessing Novel Features Two ot tliose who have assisted in keeping the Barrie Horticultural Society in a leading place among (he liorticultural societies of Ontario, are Mr. Donald C. Campbell and his power from the stream, it affords Mr. Campbell a very unusual feature for his grounds in the shape of a trout pond, which is stocked with magnificent speci- mens of the speckled trout. A number mmsmm^ r^F^ ■1 ■^! A ^li?5LT v^ -^^fe ■ ^: ^■» ^ 'lis wBU tK^mWi'' * - ». f .■*«•' • ^ <1W s*-. ■vii^ ^' ^/^ ^^^gmjj^^k. ^^ ^ .^Hii I' H^^^^^^^^^^^^^lr " ^^^^^^^^^H^; ■ J Some of the Walk* and Floral Effects in Mr. Campbell's Garden daughter. Miss Mary K. Campbell. I'rom their garden at "Cilen .Mmond" have come the largest exhibits and a big percentage of the prize-winners at the annual exhibitions held by the Barrie Society in recent years. Miss Camp- liell is vice-president of the society. From his boyhood days at I^unblane, Scotland, Mr. Campbell has been a lover of flowers. Thirty years ago he bought a few acres of land at the westerly limit of the corporation of Barrie. Fine pines and other timber co\ered the property, and through it ran two sparkling streams of spring water. By patient industry Mr. Campbell and his family gradually con- verted the timber-clad slopes into what is to-day one of the best gardens in Barrie. The soil is sandy for the most part, and requires the use of consider- able fertilizer as well as a liberal sup- ply of water. The latter is furnished from a system of water-works planned and constructed by Mr. Campbell, the creeks being utilized to drive a ram and a water-wheel which force the water to a reservoir whence it is piped to dif- ferent parts of the grounds. At practi- cally no annual expense he thus has an abundant and convenient supply of water, the advantages of which many readers of The Canadian Horticulturist will possibly appreciate. In addition to getting his water and his of these are over sixteen inches in length, and they have become so tame that (hey will seize a finger and allow Mr. Camp- bell to lift them in that way. The sight of such a school of lx;auties is enough to make the blood of an angler tingle, but lest any reader should plan to surrep- tiously visit ifhe place for a morning's sport, it had better be stated that this pond is very well guarded with a net- work of barbed wire fences. This pre- caution Mr. Campbell took after a cou- ple of boys paid a daybreak visit and cleaned out the pond. The limpid wat- ers of the little pond enframed in foliage is a charming spot and a favorite place of visit for the townspeople. In cultural methods, Mr. Campbell follows much along the usual lines. He raises all his own plants from seed, us- ing hot water pipes instead of manure to heat his hot bed. Beneath a bed of about four and a half by ten feet he has forty feet of piping, and uses no manure what- ever. By this method he finds that it is not necessary to sow the seed so early, as four or five days is sufficient to bring it up. When the writer visited the garden, about the middle of May, all the first sowing had been transplanted into cold frames and another lot of seed imbedded in the soil. Last year Mr. Camplaell tried an ex- periment with some gladioli, leaving them in the ground all winter. Much to his surpri.se they furnished the finest bloom he had and won first prize at the society's flower show. Sweet peas are grown very success- fully without using the trench method. The ground is treated with a generous dressing of well-rotted manure and the seeds planted in single rows and at or- dinary depth. Dead boughs are used 40' ^r'^WV BMK^j^^l^MM^ytj^^^^^^K^^ ''^fl^^^^H jC'* ■ •A ■"■'^■i 1 ^H|8^^EHRn!k^^^^^^^^^| ^^^^E^^s^S^^^I^B^BI^^^^^^M ...A^^'i^' f^W^B^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BPWj^a-jj^trtt*^ .^^^H^^^^nf^^l^^^^^^^^^^^C^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H -^••"'- - » •v > - A Glimpse into the Garden from another point 173 174 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1913 Mr. Campbell and his Trout Stream' ' ^ R for training the vines and these are placed in the ground when the peas are planted. Tendrils lay hold of the branch- es'*'much more readily than wire, which is also inclined to burn the tender plants in hot weather. Last year peas from this garden captured first prize. Bird life abounds in this garden. Mr. Campbell has built bird houses and pro- tected the birds, not only because he likes them but because he finds that they are good friends to the garden, in de- stroying insects. Although Mr. Campbell is in his sev- enty-first year, there is a lightness and briskness in his step and a brightness in his eye that many a young man might envy. Summer Care of House Plants Many people arc in the habit of put- ting their house plants out of doors dur- ing the summer. Some turn them out of the pots and plant them into the open ground. Others sink the pots with the plant in it up to the rim in the ground. These methods of summering plants are resorted to because the owners think they save trouble by them. They are under the impression that plants so treated will take care of themselves, and consequently they save a good deal of labor. This is a mistake, however, for if one expects to get the best results from one's plants they must have care and attention all through the summer. It is true that a plant turned out of its pot and planted into the open ground will make a stronger growth than if kept in its pot, and it will make the growth without any attention from its owner. But when fall comes, and it is necessary to lift and pot the plants for removal to the house, a large proportion of the roots will be sacrificed during the operation. Notice a plant that has been growing in the open ground all sum- mer and then lifted and potted in the fall ; the disturbance of the root sys- tem, and consequent loss of the vigorous growth which characterized it during the summer, gives you a very unpromis- ing looking sjjecimcn. Such a plant will generally require all winter to recuper- ate, and during recuperation very few, and more often no flowers, are produc- ed. Therefore nothing is to be gained by putting it in the garden except that it takes care of itself. On the other hand a good deal is lost because the plant is in fjoorer condition than it was in the .spring after having done a good win- ter's work. Taking these facts into con- sideration one is bound to admit that the labor of lifting and re-potting would off- set all the attention that would have been required had they been left in their pots. "Plunged" plants generally suffer from lack of moisture at the roots. The soil about the roots appears moist and from this one gets the impression that the soil at the bottom of the pot is in a similar condition. An examination will generally reveal the fact that such is not the case. The pot prevents the soil from absorbing a sufficient amount of mois- ture from the surrounding soil and un- less one is careful to watch the plants and water them freely, they are almost sure to suffer from dryness at the roots. It will be noticed that plunged plants never exhibit that vigorous, luxuriant growth which characterizes plants grown in the open ground. The chief factor in the difference of development is lack of sufficient moisture at the roots. To give them the water they need requires about as much work to take care of them as it would require if kept in pots on the veranda, where they can be giv- en shelter from strong winds and Sunl shine. KEEP THEM IN POTS It is advisable therefore to keep plants intended for next winter's use in pots during the entire season. Give them a place on a partially shaded veranda, or under a shed with a slat roof. Kept in either of these places they are to a great extent under control. Water can be freely given to those whose growth it is advisable to encourage and withheld from those requiring a resting sjjell, thus keeping them almost dormant. The sunshine can be tempered to the needs of each specimen. Little attention can be paid them which if put in the garden they 'would go without; and the secret of successful plant growing depends to a great extent (and to a much greater extent than is dreamt of in many an amateur's philosophy) on these little at- tentions. ENTHUSIASM NEEDED To be a successful plant grower one must go about it enthusiastically but carefully, ffor each plant has certain characteristics and requirements of its own, which cannot be ignored. Plants summered as suggested very often do not require complete re-potting in the fall, simply the removal of the upper portions of the soil in the pot and the substitution of good rich fresh earth. The result will be that they will come to the season of removal to the house in the best condition possible to stand the trying change. Plants intended for winter use should never be allowed to bloom during the summer. They should be encouraged to store up energy for the coming season. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 175 Success ^th Sv^cct Peas H. M. Lay, Walkerton, Ont. MOST authorities urge the early planting of sweet peas in heavy soil. My garden has a solid clay foundation, and I find it advisable to prepare the ground in the fall. This has been done by digging trenches as deep as the clay substratum will permit, and manuring heavily with good rotten stable manure. Sowing in the spring is done as soon as the snow is off the ground, and var- ies according to weather conditions. It has been effected as early as March 24th, and is usually completed before the fif- teenth of April. The best results have been obtained with American seeds, al- though I have tried both Canadian and English. Sowing is done very thinly, at least four inches between each seed. Supports are put in position before the seed is up as this avoids injury to the young seedlings. The young plants seem to take most kindly at first to wire netting, but I have largely used two by two inch posts, about seven feet long, inserted about a foot in the ground and about ten feet apart in the row. Double headed tacks are driven into the posts, about four inches apart, before they are planted, and through these strong twine is strung. The end posts in the row should be substantially guyed. During the growing season constant atten'tion is required in tying the haulms to the horizontal strings with raffia. This keeps the bloom sprays straight. After the plants are up frequent culti- vation and weeding is persisted in ac- companied by a good dressing on both sides of .the row, of good short barn- yard manure. Towards the end of July feeding with liquid manure is commenc- ed. Changes are rung on nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, ammonium sul- phate, soot water, Rex fertilizer, and infusions of poultry manure. These have the best results if given after rain or watering. A sprinkling of wood ashes along the rows is given early in the season. • Flowering usually commences about the end of June. In order to keep a constant succession of bloom until well on in October the flowers must be gath- ered so frequently that no pods are formed. In the very hot weather blooms intended for exhibition are kept from burning by some growers by being shaded with widths of cheese cloth stretched on frames above the rows. If one had time to take this precaution I believe that they would be well repaid, as some of the red and crimson varieties esp)ecially are soon spoiled by the mid- day heat. Partial experimenting on this line last summer convinced me of the benefit of shading. The sweet pea is one of the most charming of flowers responding in the most generous fashion to the care of the gardener. After a lavish and brilliant display of blooms, .some of which gained recognition at the Toronto and London fall exhibitions, throughout the months of July, August and September, the warm days of the late autumn still found many a beautiful spike of pink, lilac. crimson and white gracefully nodding above their gray green hedges. Angel's Trumpet Bernard Baker, WUtby, Oat. About the middle of May, 1912, I brought from the cellar a tub which con- tained the skeleton of a big nine-year- old Angel's Trumpet. I pruned back the bare branches and gave it some fresh soil. Soon it began to show signs of life, and leaves started to come out, long entire leaves of a rather light green color. The plant gradually grew until in September it reached the height of six and one-half feet. Buds began to form in August and grew steadily. The flowers, tightly closed, broke through the gamopetalous calyx and extended to full length before opening. On the tenth of September, the first flower opened, and on the twenty-fifth there were at least fifty per- fect flowers out at one time. The aver- age flower was about twelve inches long and from five to six inches across. In- side they were a beautiful waxy white, with long whitish stamens and pistil. Without, the corolla was not nearly so waxy in appearance and not quite so pure in color. One could best realize the full beauty of the big flowers at night when they were fully expanded. The waxy centre sparkled in the lamplight and the purity of the whiteness seemed then most striking. At night, too, the many flow- ers gave forth a pleasing spicy frag- rance which permeated the air. In the daytime some of this beauty was lost, for then the flowers, with the exception of the very oldest, closed and the frag- rance was not nearly so noticeable. 176 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1913 Mushrooms out of Doors John Gall MUSHROOMS can be gr6wn as successfully out of doors as they can in houses or under the pro- tection of sheets ; but it is a crop that the grower must take special pains in preparing for, or failure will be the re- sult. Mushrooms may be grown in meadows by inserting pieces of the spawn in the turf at distances of about six to seven feet apart. The proper way to do this is to cut a hole about one foot deep and one foot wide in the turf, tak- ing care to save the top sod to place down again. Fill up the hole with fresh horse man- ure and the short, littery straw which accompanies it in equal quantities. The manure should be exposed to the wea- ther for a fortnight for the purpose of drying, and must be protected from rain. At the end of this period put it up in a good-sized heap to ferment. Open it out in about eight days to let out foul steam, then put up again for eight days, and of>en afterwards in the same man- ner in another eight days. The man- ure then will be ready to place in the holes and the spawn can be inserted in it. When filling the holes with manure, bear in mind that room must be left for the sod to be placed back at the same level as it was before. Press the man- ure into the holes as hard as it is pos- sible to do so, and always bear in mind it must be in a fairly dry condition. Break each cake of spawn with the hands into about a dozen equal parts, burying one piece in the manure in each hole, using also the fragments which may happen to fall from the pieces. Plant deep enough to allow a quarter of an inch of the manure to cover the spawn ; then place over the manure half an inch of the soil which came out of the hole, pressing it hard down, and finishing by placing the sod of earth with the grass on back in its place, treading it firmly down. The best time to do this is in the month of July. OUTDOOR BEDS For mushroom beds out of doors the manure is prepared in the same manner, but it must be from corn-fed horses. The beds should be placed in some well- sheltered, shady position, as mushrooms are difficult 5to produce during the sum- mer months on account of the heat then usually prevailing ; therefore, have the beds placed where they can be kept shady and cool. They should be built in round-topped ridges two and a half feet wide and the same in height. In building, tread down as firmly as possible. Insert a thermometer in the bed about eight inches deep as soon as it is completed. The heat will probably rise to about ninety degrees Fahrenheit in the course of about nine days, after which it will begin to fall. Immedi- ately it falls to seventy-five degrees ' it will be time to spawn the bed. The spawn should be prepared in the same way as for the turf, and the pieces inserted ten inches apart all over the surface of the bed. The beds must be protected from rain by covering with straw, mats, or some such material. In the course of a week after the spawn has been inserted it will start to run, mean- ing that tiny white threads will radiate from it into the manure, and a sort of mildewy mould appear round it. It will now be time to apply a coating of loamy soil to the surface of the bed to the depth of about half an inch when well beaten down hard with the back of the spade. The work is now completed, ex- cepting that the bed must be kept dark and protected from rain by being cover- ed over. I have found it a good plan to place a thermometer on the surface of the bed under the covering. An effort should be made to keep the temperature as nearly as possible to about sixty de- grees Fahrenheit. If it is found below this figure, more covering must be added ; if above this, some must be re- moved. The beds should be uncovered in about five weeks' time, brushing away any mould or dirt which may have gathered on the surface. If the soil should at any time appear dry, give the bed a watering with tepid water (not cold), and cover up again as before. In about ten days' time mushrooms will make their appearance in good numbers. now TO G.\THER THE OEOP When gathering mushrooms, do not cut the stalks, but give each one a gentle twist with the fingers, pulling up with it the whole of its stalk and the small pieces of roots usually attached to it. A good mushroom bed remains in profit from eight to ten weeks. After- wards it should be taken up and used for greenhouse purposes or applied to the land. If a constant supply of mush- rooms be desired a new bed should be made up about every six weeks. Your first bed should be ready for spawning early in July. In purchasing spawn from your seedsman, you should stipu- late for it to be at least less than a year old. c Cabbage and Caulifloiver Culture 'Geo. Beddwin, Toronto, Ont. ABBAGE and cauliflower are two of the most popular and whole- some vegetables that we have. Both are of the one family. They are not appreciated as they should be , for two reasons : First, because when grow- ing them for ourselves we do not give them sufficient attention, and, second, because we cannot always get them fresh from the corner grocery or vege- table waggon. The cabbage is used in three different forms, namely, sliced raw cabbage, the ordinary boiled cabbage, and the salted or sourkraut, the German nation's fancy dish. The first form, raw cabbage, is * iJtmf^^^^^^L^M IV^H^H^hS^H^^^^^^H jl^i^i^, -ijjt^^, . '^fl^^^^Hl^^^^H^^^^I {HMkiiHiik ^^^^^^^^1 iip^^^^^^^^4 ^i^^^^i ^^ -'4HliiPi^9^ "^l^^l ij^ '^H SMhhb^d. ^^^^H t Uspberries with Bemnt growing in betwaen. A Peterborough garden photographe in June d July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 177 the most wholesome form of vegetable, and healthful, and while the cabbage and cauliflower are popular, we do not see as many back gardens with a few rows of them as there should be. A few timely hints as to seed, soil and culti- vation may be of interest and helpful to some. As the time is past for sowing seeds for early cabbage and cauliflower, get seeds at once for your main or fall crop, taking your choice from the three best varieties which are for cabbage — Hen- derson's Summer, Danish Ballhead, and Glory. The latter is my favorite. Sow the seeds thinly in a warm corner of your garden a half inch deep, in rows four or five inches apart. Leave the seedlings until they show their second pair of leaves, before planting them into the space allotted for them. PEEPAMNG THE SOIL The preparation of the soil is vital, although, be it understood that cabbages like corn, will grow in almost any kind of soil, but not to the perfection they will on good soil. Clay loam is the most suitable. In the event of your soil being of a clay nature, endeavour to get some sand to incorporate with the clay, or if of a sandy nature try to get a load or two of heavier soil. In .'iny case it is essential that you have some well decayed manure to dig in. Dig the soil the full depth of your fork or spade and turn in as much as three inches of manure if possible, because it improves the texture of the soil, while the fertilizers do not. It also is invalu- able for supplying the necessary humus. In the event of your being unable to procure manure, use one pound of ni- trate of soda to every four hundred square feet of soil. Throw this on broadcast, raking it in before setting out the plants. Set your plants out about two feet apart each way so as to give them a chance to get lots of air and enable you to use the hoe for culti- vating until you are stopped by the cab- bages touching one another. It is very necessary to continually cultivate,' espe- cially in dry weather. INSECT BNiEMTBS The greatest drawback to cabbage growing is the many different insects which invariably attack the plant at difl^erent times. The principal ones are three in number, and include the cut- worm, the cabbage maggot, and the green caterpillar. The first two attack the plants in their infancy and both at the roots. The first gnaws the stem right through and the second eats off the fibrous roots, causing the plant to wilt and die. Last of all comes the green caterpillar, and just at a time when the heads are fully formed and you think that you are going to have a good crop. One or all of the following remedies, while harmless in themselves, are sure death to the three pests mentioned : A dusting of lime (air slacked) mixed with equal parts of powdered sulphur, put on with an old pepper box about three or four times during the season will do the trick. Scatter it on and around the plant. Another good rem- edy is a half-pound of pyrethrum pow- der mixed with two pounds of common flour, sprinkled on and around in a similar manner. These remedies are equally good for savoys and cauliflower. Should you desire to grow some savoys, Drumhead is the best. The cauliflower is the most highly ap- preciated of the whole cabbage family owing to its most delicate flavor. There is no reason why you cannot have as good cauliflower as cabbage. The secret, if it be a secret, of a most delicious and tender cauliflower is to keep it growing all the time by constant attention in the way of cultivating and watering in dry weather The cauliflower is the most moisture-loving of the whole family. To make it an ideal head, it must be properly blanched or bleached by tie- ing or pegging the leaves up over the top to keep the sun's rays off. You will then have a beautiful snow white curd, even, uniform texture, and the absence of small green leaves sprouting between the sections comprising the head. Spraying Potatoes M. B. Davis, B. S. A. Bridgetown, N. S. Spraying potatoes is an important subject. This operation must be con- ducted in a thorough manner to control the potato bug and the potato blight. The following spray is a good combined fungicide and insecticide : Lime, four pounds ; copper sulphate, six pounds ; water, forty gallons, arsenate of lead, two pounds. The foregoing mixture is made the same as the four four forty Bordeaux, and should be applied as soon as the plants attain four or five inches in height. Spraying must be continued as the plants grow and produce new sur- face for the ravages of the bug and the blight. If you spray often and well, nothing need be feared from either of these diseases. A Simple Garden Tool 0. L. Haviland, Boitcn, Ont. The accompanying illustration shows a berry pruner which I have used with comfort and satisfaction. Upon think- ing it out, I had one made by the black- smith. It suits me better than the rasp- berry hook which is generally used, as there is more draw to the blade and il does not pull the cane enough to loosen the roots of the adjoining cane. I had the shank turned up so as to let the knife set flat to the earth, thus leav- ing shorter stumps. The blade is six to eight inches long, and is sharp for its whole length. It can be made any length. Currant bushes should be dusted with white hellebore or paris green ; or spray- ed with a decoction of hellebore, at the first appearance of currant worms. Thorough cultivation should be prac- ticed at all times. 178 THE CANADIAN IK) RT I C tT LTU R I ST July, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist CO.MHINKl) WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publiihins CotnpenT. Limited PKXKRBORO, ONTAKIO The Only Magazmes in Their Field in the Dominion OrrioiAL Okoanr ok thb Ontario aho Qcebeo FBUIT OROWEKH' ASgOCIAlIONII AND OF The Ontario Beekeepers Assooiation H. Bbonson Cowan. MannKinK Director UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES STOCKWELLS SPEOrAL AOENCT ChicafSo Onice — Pwjple's Gas, Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Oanaxlian Horticulturist is published in two edltione on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding date date of issue. The first edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist. It is de- voted exclusively to the horticultural intereets of Canaxia. The second edition is known ae The Canadian) Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an equal number of pagee of matter relating to the bee keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local eubsoriptione in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. J. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Eegistered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newepapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new a/d- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.25 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1912. The figures given are exclusive of samples and sDOiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- es from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian llorticultTirist are mailed to people known to If interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables, January, 1912 9,988 August, 1912 11,1« February, 1912. .. .10,437 September, 1912... 10,997 March, 1912 101,877 October, 1912 10,971 April, 1912 11,788 November, 1912. . .11,162 May, 1912 12,112 December, 1912. . . lflJ,M4 June, 1912 10,946 July, 1912 10,986 1J2,556 Average each Issue in 1907, S,627 " " 1908, 8,695 " " " " 1909, 8,970 " " " " 1910. 9,0«7 " " " " 1911, 9,541 " 1912. ll.O.'i? June. 1913 12,003 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed uipon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadinn Horticul- turist are ae carefully edited as the reading coltimns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unaorupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amotint of his loss, provided such transaction occurs with in one month from date of this iesue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It la a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your adTertisement in The Canjadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the exjiense of our subscribers, who ar« our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honotirable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Oommunlcatlona should bo addressed THB CANADIAN HOUTIOULTURIST. PBTBEBOBO. ONT M EDITORIAL M BETTER PACKING NEEDED The time has come for a change in the packinjf methods of some Ontario fruit growers. A number of unscrupulous, or to say the least, careless packers, are damag- ing the reputation of Ontario fruit as a whole. If Ontario fruit is to hold its own on the rapidly growing market of the West, On- tario growers must adopt more extensive- ly the box pack, especially for 'number one fruit. But with either the box or barrel packs honest packing methods are a fun- damental necesisity. In a letter recently received by The Canadian Horticulturist, Rev. J. A. An- drew, a Manitoba subscriber, says in part: "A year ago last fall I purchased a barrel of Ontario Fallawaters. All were badly bruised, three-fourths were wormy and ma.Tiy were punctured by having fallen o.n stubble. A barrel of Golden Russets also was small, wormy and bruised. The entire carload wajs of about the same quality. Last fall I got some Spys. These were small, unevenly col- ored and bruised. They had evidently been picked too soon. These aples were from western Ontario, were branded with the shipper's name, and as number one apples. When such fruit is received here I fee! ashamed to say I am from On- tario," P. W. Hod,getts, Director of Horticulture for Ontario, speaking before the Northum- berland and Durham Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, quoted a Western market commis- sioner as saying: "There are just enough bad packers in Ontario to give it a reputation as a second rate fruit country." N. B. Ireland, now of Saskatoon, Sask., states : "Having had years of experience on the market at Hamilton, Ont., I feel safe in saying that Ontario can send us as good fruit as comes in from any other place. What is wanted is a strict law that will make dishonest packing im- possible." These opinions, coming as they do from widely divergent points in the west, should convince Ontario growers of the need of an immediate improvement in packing methods. The status of Ontario fruit on the western market is at a critical stage. British Columbia irrowers are organizing on a large scale and are making every ef- fort to better their chances on that mar- ket. Their emternrise deserves .to and will meet with succ"<;s. Nova Scotia growers ;ire now competinq- for the same markets. It is time for the Ontario grower to be up and doing. PACKING LATE VARIETIES There is an old saving, "It is better to take pains than to let pains take vou." This axiom possesses additional signifi- cance wh°n apnlied to the fruit grower. Tiida-inK- from a receint report of E. H. Wartman. Provincial Fruit Tncpector, pos- siblv some consumers, who this nast soring nurch.''sed late keeninir varietieis. wished th:it the nackers had taken a little more pains and saved them the oainful feeling of having been "done" on their purchases. Referring to the packing of late keeping varieties, Mr. Wortman says: "During early May, while examining Golden Russets. Spy, Ben Davis and oth- er varieties, I found all the way from ten per cent, to fifty per cent, in num- ber one barrels of these varieties in a rotten condition. Upon taking up speci- mens I could see that each one had re- ceived an injury when placed in the bar- rel or box, such as a puncture caused by handling, a diseased spot or an in- sect mark. I put this condition to the credit of a little oversight or careless- ness on the part of the manipulator." A lack of good judgment on the part of the packer is responsible for the presence of most of this damaged fruit. Imstead of saying, "This apple is practically as sound as a dollar; a little blemish like that doesn't amount to anything," the packer should ask himself the question, "What effect is that blemish going to have on that apple six or seven months from now ?" In the packing of late varieties directly from the orchard,. the most rigid care is necessary. It needs a sharp eye indeed to detect all the slight injuries that will after- wards cause decay. Many growers prefer, when possible, to store the fruit until about the Christmas season and pack them. Slight bruises, which at picking time were hardly noticeable, will then hp easily detected. By eliminating all fruit so affected and by careful packing, the keeping qualities may be assured as well as greater satisfaction on the part of the buying' public. SMALL PARCELS BY POST The Federal Government has promised the early adoption/ of a parcels post system for the Dominion. The enormity of the business transacted through the medium of the parcels post in the United States since its adoption at the first of the year, justifies the Government in moving slow- ly. It will take time to evolve a system that will be adequate to cope with the large amount of business that will undoubtedly be forthcoming. There is no reason, however, why we should not have an early installment of this much needed addition to our postal facilities. A parcels post for packages weighing up to five pounds would not un- dul\- tax the present facilities, and would serve as a guide to the Government when arranging for the extension of the sys- tem. It is on small parcels that the ex- press companies' charges, both in Canada and the liuited States, are the most ex- tortionate. The following figures show the comparative parcels post and express rates existing in New York in January last. We quote three "zones" that are repre- sentative of the eight: (1) Not over 50 miles- 1 lb. 5 lbs 11 lbs. Kxiress Rate 25'^ 30c 353 Parcels Post 5? 17c 55c (4) 30O to 6C0 mile*— Express 25c S5c 75o Parcels Post 8c 32c 68c l7i 1 4C0 to 1.800 miles- Express 3'~c 80c .W.SI Parcels Post 12» 60c $1.32 As the table shows, the difference be- tween the express and postal rates on large parcels is not great, but the mini- mum express charge of twenty-five cents for earning a small package a few miles is unreasonable. The Government should adopt as expeditiously as possible a parcels post for small parcels at least, and p-ive the public a measure of relief from existing conditions. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 179 Ad. Talk There is a law of average. A pro- minent authority has summed it up in the following simple and conclu- sive manner. He says: "Nothing is so uncertain as the duration of the life of an individual. "Nothing is more certain than the average duration of the life of a thousand individuals. "We know for example that the average duration of the human life is about thirty-three years. We also know that one-quarter of the people on the earth die before the age of six, one-half before the age of sixteen, and that only one person in every hundred born, lives to be sixty-five years old. "The operations of the "Law of Av- erage" are not confined to the field of vita! statistics. Of one thousand men, so many smoke; so many at- tend baseball; so many like straw- berries." You will, of course, admit the fore- going. Did it ever occur to you, however, that there Is a like law operating in connection with your advertising . If you could tell how many persons in a hundred or a thousand would like your product or would be inter, ested in your line, you would have a pretty solid foundation on which tc build. This is not so easily found out. You can at least tell roughly the class of people who would be most interested in your goods. When you come to place your ad- vertising, with this in view, ycu will consider the medium that will reach the class of fjeople whom you are seeking. If everyone likes your product, any medium of general cir- culation will be good. If not one per- son in a hundred likes it, advertis- ing in a medium of that kind will be of very doubtful value. You must, therefore turn to a publication, every subscriber of which is interested in your product; in other words, a class publication. In such a publica- tion one hundred people out of one hundred are interested. The greater value of advertising in it is readily admitted. The Canadian Horticulturist, com- bined with The Canadian Horticul- turist and Beekeeper, is such a me- dium. Taken for its all-round prac- tical value in the horticultural field, where it stands alone, it occupies a position of more than ordinary im- portance to the advertiser who has a product of interest to fruit men, flow- er and vegetable growers and bee- keepers. The growth and increasing interest along all horticultural lines will mean greater opportunities for business for you this coming year; more people will seek your products if you are willing to seek them — by advertising. When planning ycur advertising this fall just keep in mind that the "Law of Average" will be decidedly in your favour, if you include The Canadian Horticulturist. tii-iilrix xliili' (hiih/: " II',' Inn/ ,,,■ lirh-.i iifh-erli.ird ill Thf Ciimuliaii Hoi- Hiulfiiri.it biriivxe they arr rpliahlc." That ix ht'cininf irr (pinianter the re- rrtliilitif iif oiir itffvertisrr!^. PUBLISHER'S DESK Did you notice our front cover illustra- tion this month ? You could hardly miss it. We consider it one of the most unique over published in The Canadian Horticul- tourist. You will there recognize two of the humbler forms of life. In the centre ap- pears the common and extremely virulent toad stool. Under it, sheltered from the rays of the noonday sun, with his solemn, calm, meditating eye and dignified mien, is our humble but useful garden friend, the toad, whose assistance in fighting all kinds of insect pests we are too apt to un- derestimate. Surely in this setting he is a subject worthy of the painter's palette ! We know that Horticulturist readers ap- preciate the usefulness and attractiveness of a conservatory or greenhouse attached to the home, .■\bout this time of year many of you are beginning to form hazy plans in your minds in the line of conservatory or greenhouse construction. We are pre- paring to give you information that will (>nable you to make those hazy ideas defin- ite. The month of August will usher in the season when greenhouse construction is at its height. The August number of The Horticulturist will be largely -devoted to this subject. W'e have arranged for several timely articles on such subjects as "The Greenhouse for the Amateur," and "Green- house Preparation for Ne.xt Winter's Crops." These articles will be given additional val- ue by being well illustrated. Whether you want a greenhouse for pleasure or for pro- fit, you will find something of special in- terest to you in our August issue. Our Second Annual Exhibition and Fall Packing Numljer, issued last September, was so well received by our readers that we are taking a long look ahead, aind are making a special effort to give you some- thing this year in the September number that will entirely eclipse last year's effort. Fruit picking and packing will be right to the fore in our September issue. You will be pleased to know that we have been successful in securing special articles on these two subjects by the very best auth- orities in the land. A strong feature of the September issue will be the illustrations. Each article will be profusely illustrated. A special feature that will please everyone of our readers is the new cover design that is now being prepared. Watch for this issue. We know it will please you. We would like this special September Ex- hibition Number to reach every fruit grow- er and gardener in the land. Your friends, who are not already Horticulturist readers, would apprfciate your interest in them did x-ou call this number to their attention. You have been intending to add a fpw n;imes to our list of readers for some time. Why not make a special effort b'-fore our September number is out? You know, the more readers we have the biwger nnd het- tr-r we can afford to make Thr Canadi.in Horticulturist. ing, kindly forward same to us. We have re- ceived several requests for copies of this is- sue, aind owing to our supply having been exhausted, have been unable to fill these re- quests. If there are any readers who can grant us this favor it will be much appre- ciated. SOCIETY NOTES W« Inrite the offlcere of Hortd- culMixal Societies to send in short, pithy reijorta of work that would in- terest members of other Horticultural Societies. Hamilton Messrs. MicCuUoch and Kneeshaw, of the Hamilton Horticultural Society visit- ed all city schools in May and distribut- ed fifteen hundred packages of seeds for the Children's Aster Show, which will be held about September fifth. Besides this, foU'F hundred packages were given to the county schools to assist in the work of encouraging the school gardens through- out the county of Wenitworth. Besides the public schools, the Boys' Home amd the Girls' Home and Separate Schools were not overlooked. Smiths Falls The Smiths Falls Horticultural Society, among other things, has entered upon an educational campaign, and has arrajnged for monthly lectures by horticultural ex- perts. So far three have been given with gratifying results. Nine hundred papers of seeds have been distributed to the school children, park improvement is going on, and there is the usual la win and garden competitions, to be followed by a flower show in the fall. It is encouraging to note that the in- terest of the citizpins is becomiinir fully awakened to the benefit and importance of the work of the society. Several citizens have volunteered to give substantial prizes in the various competitions, in addition to those oifcred by the society. Toronto The first exhibit of the Toronto Horti- cultural Society for the year 1913 took the form of a flower show held in Foresters' Hall. Owing to the unusually early spring the showing of bulbs was large. Several collections that were exhibited are worthy of some comment That of the Allan Garden adorned the platform. Behind it an orchestra was placed, adding to the pleasure of the evening. The specimen of double cherry in the collection of J. D. Hayden, of Cobourg, was much admired. T. A. Man- ton and Mr. Jennings had especially fine collections. Miss Blackstock showed some beautiful perennials. Will any of our roaderis who have finished reading and who do not require their April copv of The Canadian Horticulturist for fil- St. Catharines This year Miss L. A. Kadcliff and Mrs. Perry Blaini, secretaries, made a visit of the citv schools, as well as Port Dalhousie amd Merritton Central, where they placed in the hands of every pupil who desired it a package of aster seed. With the growth of population amd the added interest in the ^(•^d pU'-nting, upwards of about three thousand packages were needed to fill the demand this year. Previously two thousand were sufficient. In the fall prizes (C'iiiitiiinril nn pugr 182) 180 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1913 Reasons for Fruit Company's Failure Editor, Thf Canadian Horticulturist,— In the June issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist there appeared an article in refer- ence to the failure of The National Land, Fruit and Packing Company. The failure of this company is attracting considerable attention, and the daily press is inclined to belittle the business ability of those who were in charge. As I was at one time general superintendent of the company. I wish to explain that those in charge of the operating end of the concern were not re- sponsible for its failure. As you know, the company was promot- ed and floated in the Old Country over two years and a half ago. In September, ]0n, I was managing the Wentworth Fruit C.rowers' Association at Hamilton, and had (|uite large interests there in the orchard business. Mr. T. R. Rolph. acting for Mr. Evans, president of The National Land, Fruit and Packing Company, wrote and asked me to take charge as general super- intendent, at a salary of $2500 a year. I soon discovered that the general superin- tendent was not to be given full sway, as Mr Evans himself took. full charge of the finances. In spite of the fact that I sent numerous protests to the executive show- ing the impossibility of some of the schemes which they were advancing, mat- ters did not mend. As soon as the crop of 1912 was safely harvested I tendered my resignation. Mr. F.vams had gone to the Old Country and left us with practically no money on hand for handling the output of about one hun- dred and fifty thousand barrels of apples from the orchards that had been leased. The situation is self explanatory One of the main factors contributing to the downfall of the. concern was, I be- lieve, the method in which the six hundred and sixty orchards throughout the coun- try were leased. A local man in each dis- trict was offered a royalty of ten cents a tree for ten years on all orchards rented by him. The result was that such a man would go out and rent everything in sight, and the compamy found themselves with some pretty mean deals on their hands. Even with these drawbacks there were many of the orchards that would have paid well under proper manag-ement. I will cite am example of some of the peculiar ideas that I was expected to carry out: I was instructed by the executive to buy two hundred carloads of culls for the evaporator at Mimico. As the evap- orator was only partially constructed at the time, I protested against this course, but to no avail. By the first of December there were as many as seventy car loads of these apples on the track at Mimico at one time. Most of these were badly frozen and in addition the railway company sent in a demurrage bill of over two thotisand dollars The result was that these apples cost the company about ninety cents a bar- rel on the track at Mimico. This will give an idea of the difficulties I had to face in trying to make this venture a profitable one. It now appears that the reorganization of this company will not be possible, but it is not the impracticability of the scheme itself that should be found fault with, but the extrem'; extravagance in operative methods. I would have left the company sooner than I did had it not been 1 thought T should stand by the company until the : riormous crop had been gathered. I do iiot \vish to criticize too harshly Mr. Evans OT other members of the executive, as they evidently did not realize just exactly what they were up against. The fact that this company was operated in two of the worst years known in the apple business for some time past, is no doubt partly responsible for its failure. The farmens, however, from whom these orchards were leased are bet- ter off to the extent of thousands of dol- lars because of the greatly improved con- dition of their orchards. I am writing you because I think that in all fairness to myself, I should not be criticized for the failure of a company that was due not to poor management on my part, but to extravagant financial meth- ods." Hamilton, Ont. Roy A. Carey. A Successful Association The success of the Wentworth Fruit Growers' Association (Ontario) has beem su^ch as to attract considerable attention, and has led to a demand for information as to how it is managed. It is conducted on the true cooperative principle. The object of the association, as one of its by- laws states, is "to encourage the fruit growers in the County of Wentworth. who are interested im the improvement of the quality and quantity of fruit, to cooperate for the purpose of securing a better and more uniform system of packing and mar- keting their fruit." This organization is not a joint stock company. It has no stock and is so mam- aged that no capital is needed. An an- nual fee of one dollar entitles the members to all the privileges of the association and to one vote. At the annual meeting, am executive of seven members is elected by ballot. The executive appoints a member to act as manager and secretary-treasurer. The , manager is paid by commissiom on a slid- ing scale basis. He receives twenty cents a barrel up to five hundred barrels, the commision dropping to twelve and one- half cents on more than one trousand bar- rels. He attends to all arrangements for marketing and selling the fruit. He pro- cures good packers, who are sent out to the various orchards. He also gets quotations on barrels, spraying materials, and all orchard supplies that the members re- quire. It is also his duty to visit the members, give advice onl spraying and cul- tural methods, and oversee the packing. When we state that the association is operated without capital, the question naturally arises, how is money obtained for payment on supplies ? The firms from whom supplies are obtained, invoice each member and collect from him for his pur- chase. The packers that are sent out are paid bv each member for the time that the packer spends on the place. The asso- ciation has mo warehouse, the fruit being shipped directly from the orchards. In case money is required to be advanced for packers or for supplies, the executive sibtdis notes at the bank, to be paid back when the returns for fruit come in. To ensure the production of the highest quality of fruit possible, each member is obliged to prune, fertilize, and cultivate as recommended by the manager, anid must spray at least three times. The manager oversees the packing, which must be up to the standard set by the association. To safeguard itself, the association re- quires the members to make all shipmemts exceeding five barrels through the asso- ciation . An exception is made of such early varieties as Astrachan, Duchess, and St. Lawrence. In case a member wishes to make an independent shipment of more than' five barrels, he must receive the per- mission of the manager, and must also nay the associatiom fifty cents on every barrel so shipped. Should a member not romplv with these requirements, he would be asked to withdraw from the associa- tion. So far the association has n.cver had to ask a member to do so. The Wentworth Association also controls the Oakville and Ancaster Associations. Last year over fourteen thousand barrels were packed and shipped, most of the fruit going to the western and Old Country markets. The larger proportion is sold to wholesalers and retailers. Shipping through commission men is avoided as much as possible. At the end of the sea- son the apples are prorated and members paid according to actual value. Numbers of complimentary letters have been re- ceived by the association from western and Old Country fruit houses, commenting on the excellence of the pack. The success of the Wentworth Associa- tion is materially strengthening the co- operative movement in the district. It has been due largely to the efficient work of its manager, Lome H. Carey. Poor Orchards Being Hit A correspondent from that splendid apple region along the east coast of Lake Huron says : "Markets ini 1912 were no good for apples. Three-quarters of the crop was left to rot on the ground." This corre- spondent must be considered as sneakimp- only for a very limited area iw giving the quantity of apples left to rot. yet the truth (remains that throuehout western and southern Ontario in 1912 large quantities of apples were sold at an exceedingly low price or not sold at all. The reasons for this are not far to seek. First and foremost was the complete break- down of the old system of itinerant buyers who. since the inception of the apple trade, have been the recognized means of dispos- ing of the crop in Ontario. This failure of the itinerant buyers to appear upon the ground was caused partly by the Old Country firms refusing to make laree ad- vances, which they had always done in former years, leaving these buyers without money to finance their purchases. Second, even in the case of buvers having funds, the cooperative associations have become so numerous that thev cover the oround, especially in the better apple districts. leaving only the inferior orchards for the outside buyer Third, there was a dis- trust in the minds of many of the old buyers with reference to the condition c{ the apple market. The net result was that in many districts where there are comparatively few or- chards and where the orchards for the most part are very poorly cared for. no buyer deemed it worth his while to visit them. Canadian apple dealers, with capi- tal of their own. preferred to deal direct- ly with the cooperative associations, where thev could purchase large quantities of fruit of uniform grade, and with the tirade marks guaranteed. It is not at all likelv that ,anv buyer with capital of his own to risk will, in the future, care to handle the small, ill-kept orchards, containing many varieties, of the ordinary farmer engaged in mixed farming With individual selling it is not probable that these orchards_ will ever again become really worth while.— Report of the Dominion Fruit Division. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 181 Central Packing Houses* Alex McNeill, Chief •{ the Fruit Division, Ottawa Ihi the earlier history of the cooperative fruit gfrowers' associations the central packing- house was not usually adopted. It was the almost universal custom for each grower to take his fruit, g-raded and packed by himself, to a warehouse at the railroad station, where the manager of the association assembled the different varie- ties and grades amd shipped in carload lots or quantities to suit his purchasers. It was very soon found, however, that while this improved the uniformity of the pack somewhat, it still left a great deal to be desired. This is not due always to fraudulent intent on the part of the mem- bers, although it must be admitted that there were few associations practising this method that did mot count among their members some who were fraudulently in- clined. Nevertheless, with the best inten- tion, it was simply impossible to get ten, fifteen, or perhaps fifty growers to observe the same standard, with a sufficient degree of uniformity to meet the needs of the market. To overcome this difficulty the central packing house system has been adopted by practically all the mewer co- operative associations. The central packing house system con- sists in having a common warehouse, usu- ,'ally at a shipping station, where the apples an be loaded on a siding. The apples re brought from the orchard in barrels aheaded, or if unheaded, unpressed. It Is absolutely necessary that they should be frawn to the packing house on spring iragons, although a few of the smaller rowers substitute for a spring wagon the ^•Extract from Bulletin No. J3, entitled Oo- eration and Fruit Growing, rec&ntly i.ssued by Bomlnion Department of Agriculture. Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the end* of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. P.t. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers Brighton, Ontario ordinal^ hay rack filled level with hay or straw. On this the apples are placed and carried with comparative safety. These are delivered to the central packing house amd a receipt is taken. In the central packing house a ganig of expert packers are em- ployed who have no knowledge of whose apples they are packing. The result is that the apples of the whole association pass through the hands of a single set of graders and uniformity is secured. Many growers who have not given this matter proper consideration! object to hav- ing the/grading of their fruit taken out of their hands. Nevertheless, it must be admitted that few men can be trusted to pack their own fruit. Of course, the more intelligent the fruit growers are the more capable they are of packing their own fruit. Yet even amonig growers so in- telligent as those in Hood River, Oregon, the expert packers of the association grade and pack all the fruit. I need not go into the reasons for this. Upon the moral side, I think it will be admited that fruit grow- ers, on the average, are constituted with enough selfishness to induce them to look out for themselves, and the line between looking out for themselves and giving the buying public a properly packed box of apples, is so indistinct that people who pack their own apples often yield to the temptation of overstepping- the mark. On the other hand, men who are employed to pack up to a certain standard and who are working day by day with apples belonging to many different owners, whose fruit they do not distinguish amd in whom they have no special interest, have no tempta- tion to grade below the proper limits. There is also a purely economic reason for adopting the central packing system ; individuals who pack and do nothing else Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario IRISES The Iris has been a neglected flower. It is now coming to Its own a.nd becom- ing more popular every year. Its hardi- neea. Its beauty of form, texture and color- ing, itB sureness to bloom, and its easy culture commend it to all flower lovers. It blooms the first year and every year. IRIS GERMANICA No. 15. Mrs. G. Darwin, white, reticulat- ed gold and violet, each 25 cte.; 10, $2.00. No. 21. Sapplio, S. rich blue; P. dark vel- vety Durple, 2y2 ft., each, 15 cts.; 10, $1.25. No. 26. Mandraliscae, S. and F. rich lavender purple, J ft., each, 25 cts.; 10, $2.25. No. 29. Mme. Cliareau, 8. and F. white frilled with blue, 2'/, ft., each 16 ct«.; 10, $1.25. No. 33. Jacqueslana, S. coppery crimson; F. maroon, 2% ft., eacih, 25 cts.; 10, $2,25. No. €5. Iris, Monspur, violet-blue, 4 ft., each, 25 cts.; 10, $2.00. No. 66. Iris, Ochroleuca, white, with yel- low blotch, 5 ft., each, 25 cts. ; 10, $2.00. IRIS LAEVIGATA (JAPANESE) No. 57. Osho-Kun, Tyrian blue, with yel- low blotches, late, each, 25 cts.; 10, $2.25. No. 59. Sano Watashi. silvery white, with golden band in petals, each 25 cts. ; 10, $2.25. No. 60. Shiratki, white with primrose blotches, beautiful, each, 25 cts.; 10, $2.25. These prices include carriage prepaid. !•" Be sure to plant some Irises. Plant in July and August. JOHN CAVERS Sweet Wholesome Bread THE kind that give, zest to every meal is made from REINDEER FLOUR which i» a special bread Hour. Housewives who use REINDEER FLOUR know the pleasure of baking because of the gratifying results obtamed. Make a loaf with the ordinary flour on hand. 1 hen try REINDEER FLOUR and ask the family which they hke best. TRY IT. The best grocers supply Reindeer Flour Peterborough Cereal Co. Simcoc St. - - Peterborough, Ont. Good to Bake and Good to Eat, Makes the Loaf that's Light and Sweet. THE WESTERN FAIR LONDON, ONTARIO The Popular Exhibition of Western Ontario SEPTEMBER 5tK to 13 th, 1913 $2000.00 in Cash added to the Prize List FRUIT AND FLOWERS List Specially Attractive. Special County Exhibit, write the Secretary for particulars. Special Railway Rates. Prize Lists, Entry Forms and all information from the Secretary, London, Ont. W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary 182 THE CANADIAN HOETIC U LTURIST July, 1913 become extremely expert at this work and can do more and better work, and so not only reduce the cost of production!, but actually improve the grade of the product, lo the case of early apples and soft fruits that will not admit of beiosr readily taken to a central packing house, an alter- native plan is adopted, namely, sendinier the central association expert packers to pack the fruit in the orchard of the grower. A combination of the two systems is found to work satisfactorily in the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association, where the greater part of the fruit is packed in the central warehouse, but, im addition, expert packers from the central packing house_ are sent to put up the fruit of growers in certain outlying orchards. St. Catharines (Continued from page 179) will be given for the best flowers raised by the pupils of every school. It may be said that the aster seed supplied by the society this year is of a very superior class, the colors of flowers chosen beins: violet, rose, amd white. During the first week in June a dis- tribution of gladioli bulbs was made in the schools, and for five cents pupils were furnished with bulbs which sell for thirty cents. These bulbs are of excellent named varieties: America, Brenchleyonsis, Attraction, and George B. Remson. For every bloom of these brought to the fall exhibition,, pupils will receive as a prize four tulip bulbs. Wouldn't that friend of yours with the garden or orchard like to see Thb Canadian HoRTicrrLTTjRiST ? Show him your copy, or seind us his name and we will send him one. Agricultural Appropriations Increased The appropriations for carrying on the various branches of the Department of Agriculture, sanctioned during the past session of Parliament, show a decided in- crease over those of last year. The fol- lowing table shows the amount of money voted for the present and the past fiscal years : 1913-14 1912-lJ CWl Government $ 406.625 $ 445.400 Erperimental Farms 630,000 395,000 Dairying, Fruit and Cold Storage 433.000 368.500 Improvement of Farm Seeds.... 115.000 80.000 Mve Stock 200,000 102,000 Health of Animals and Meat Tnroection 710,000 525.000 Tobacco 30.000 20,000 ExhiMtions 453,000 235,000 To administer Inaect and Pest Act 30,000 25,000 Publioations and Int. Institute.. 32,000 15,000 To administer Agr. Instruction Act 25,000 Total $3,444,524 $2,389,400 The decrease in the amount voted for civil government is accounted for by the transfer of the Census and Statistics and Archives branches to other Departments. To administer the Fruit Division requires about seventy thousand dollars. During the session the Fruit Marks Act was amended to place foreign fruit on the same basis as home grown in so far as inspec- tion is concerned. Twenty-eight thousand dollars are set apart for experiments in cooling fruit before shipment, while two hundred thousand dollars is set aside to bonus cold storage warerooms. Of those receiving grants twenty are in operation, and two are being commenced. Besides the fifty thousand dollars which will give to Brandon Fair this year the title of Dominion Exhibition, the Depart- ment is spending a good deal on an ex- hibit at the international exhibition at Ghent, Belgium. Preparations are also un- der way for making a good Canadian dis- play at the Panama Exposition to be held at San Francisco in 1915. In conection with the administration of the Insect and Pest Act an active cam- paign is in operation in the Maritime Pro- vinces in fighting the Brown Tail moth, which has caused great havoc in the bor- dering states. British Columbia Markets There is a possibility that a larger por- tion than usual of the British Columbia fruit crop this year will be marketed in Australia. Speaking on this point recent- ly. Provincial Fruit Inspector W. H. L>'ne said : "Last year the fruit growers had a good croD, but they suffered from the con- gestion in marketing their crop. They were not represented in many of the mar- kets, as were the United States growers. This year, special efforts have been put forward to improve the system of market- in,g. Wherever possible, the Provincial Government has lent its assistance in this direction\, and we look not only for a suc- cessful crop, but also for success in mar- keting it to good advantage. "It is expected that a large quantity of our fruit will find its way to the Aus- tralian markets. The Australian laws prohibit fruit being imported from dis- tricts infected by codling moth, or even from orchards within many miles of an infected district. British Columbia, being free from codling moth, is able to comply with the drastic laws of Australia, and we are plannin.g to take advanta,ge of them." FRUITS AND ORNAMENTALS Last Fall we sold a large quantity of Fruit Trees and Shrubbery, which gave the best of results. One orchard of 500 Cherries planted at Oakville in late November contains to date but one dead tree. Results like this prove that fall planting pays. Order Now for November Delivery THE AUBURN NURSERIES, Ltd. Head OHice : 95 King St. E., TORONTO Nurseries: QUEENSTON, SIMCOE, OAKVILLE '{^m^ .^Mac/e-u/i vr^ tyonocn-ea ao own S^nu ^Z^anMu ,dfm^m'}w<^K ty^i'^i. OP. . emcx /ea oxeo an a C/noo/i^ ^oron/o, "Jn^. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 183 SCHELLENGER MODEL C Apple Sorting Machine nrHERE are hundreds of ^ Schellenger Fruit Sort- ing Machines in use in the Western Fruit Districts. The results these machines have given is best told in our customers' own words: J. E. RUNDLE, Wholesale Dealer in Apples and Produce. Car Lots Only. Craig, Mo., Nov. 17, 1912. Schellenger Fruit Sorting Machine Co. : Gentlemen, — Your letter of the 14th at hand. Will say in reply A. G. Zulfer of Chicago says rny apples that were packed by the Grader were worth 50 cents more a barrel than the apples that were packed without it, and I wish to say that I would not take a thousand dollars for my grader if I could not get another. I am sure a man could not say enough for your grader — it is all right, and when it suits me it will please any good packer. Yours truly, J. E. RUNDLE. FAIRVIEW RANCH COMPANY C. A. Leedy, Manager. Wenatchee, Washington, Nov. 20, 1912. Schellenger Fruit Sorting Machine Co. ; Gentlemen, — We have used one of your fruit grading machines this season to pack about twenty thousand boxes of apples, and we are all pleased with them. We are positive the machine does not bruise the fruit. We find by using this machine that we can use unskilled packers, thereby solving the packing question. We are also able to pack from a third to a half more with the aid of the machine. You surely have the apple grading solved. Of all the people that looked at our machine at work there' wasn't a single person but what pronounced it a success. (Signed) LEEDY BROS., (per C. A. Leedy.) Huntington, Oregon, Jan. 23, 1913. Schellenger Fruit Soirtimg Machine Co. ; Gentlemen, — In reply to yours of November 14th, will say that the machine shows no wear any place. It works perfectly. I used it to grade apples and pears. It does its work better than it is possible for it to be done by hand, and one person can grade more than five persons can by hand, and do it better. It is a great labor saver, and growers that do not have one are doing themselves an injustice. Everybody needs one that grows apples and pears in any quantity. Yours truly, (Signed) J. C. ROGERS. Dryden, Washington, Jan. 14th, 1913. Schellenger Fruit Soirting Machme Co. ; Gentlemen,. — The grader is a success. I put three thousand boxes of apples through ours this season and we are pleased with it. It paid for itself in one kind of apples alone where we sold the five tier only, as you know we had only to run them through the grader and pack the five tiers — it was a big saver in labor. We would not try to pack without a grader. If you ajre in the Wenatchee Valley this coming season I hope you will give us a call. Yours truly, (Signed) J. G. PETERS & SONS. A complete list of Letters of Endorsement from our customers, together with our Catalogue, will be mailed to you upon request. The information regarding the sorting of fruit which is contained in our catalogue is of great value to every grower, and should be carefully read by all before packing season begins. OUR MODEL C MACHINE will sort apples, peaches. i)ears, etc., etc., into any desired number of sizes, ranging from 1% inches to 4% inches Cheek-to-Cheek diameter. Changes in the sizes can be made instantly and accurately to the hundredth part of an inch. Schellenger Fruit Sorting Machine Co. €09-611 SOUTH PAULINA IST. CHICAGO, ILL. 184 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST This is the Book ttiat will sKowyou hoAV you can Kave a BEAUTIFUL OLD FNJr.I ISH (^.APnFN THE OLD ENGLISH GARDEN owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAVS COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the Kelway Manual of Horti- culture mailed Free on receipt of 60c, by 81 SON SOMERSET ENGLAND KELWAY LANPOHT \0r ^ (Slntefor a copy of tJiJLs usefuLbofjk- It comes toyoxi-by retixrix rnxuLt Kelway's Perennials For Canadian CardonK '^ ^«S^?> I ir Direct from KELWAY&SON Thf Royal Horticulturists lANGPORT ENGLAND i ■ 1 July, 1913 Fruit Crop Conditions The Niagara Peninsula ,Kruit Growers' Association has issued the following re- port on fruit crop conditions : Reports were received from about one hundred fruit growers from Hamilton to Niagara. General conditions of trees, vines and plants are good. There is only one report of strawberries winter-killed ; a few tomatoes are reported killed by frost at Niagara; grapes are slightly frosted in low-lying localities, and cherries partly frozen at VVelland. Leaf Curl is reported from Niagara township, and Bud Moth from Welland. Spraying was, as a whole, done on time, and cultivation is generally sufficient, ex- cept in the case of apples, which have not received as much attention. Nearly all apples and many cherries and plums have been sprayed twice. There has been prac- tically ino injury from frost in the fruit sections. The average set of crop is as follows: Strawberries, (46 reports) 67% ; two total failures. Raspberries, (30 reports) 66%. Red Currants, (.3.3 reports) 72^%. Gooseberries. (29 reports) 70%. Cherries, (75 reports) 71j^%. Sweet cherries when reported separately (10 reports) showed 90% ; sour only 51%. Japanese Plums, (58 reports) 65?/. European Plums, 60 reports) 68%. Early Peaches, (84 reports) 68%. Late Peaches, (91 reports) 74%. Pears, (75 reports) 79%. Apples. (61 reports) 63%. Baldwins and Spvs reported light. Too early to estimate Tomatoes or Grapes. It must be remembered that it is rather difficult to form an accurate Pstimate of the future crop at this earlv date, but later reports will give better indications, and may alter percentages. Attention is drawn to the fact also that 100% means a full croD from all trees and varieties, while 75% stands for a good average crop from all trees and varieties. Later reports will be issued as the crop develops. — P. \V. Hodgetts, Director Fruit Branch. Eastern Annapolis Valley Eunice Buchanan This year promises to be one of enor- mous apple crops in spite of the May frost which injured quite a number of blossom-; and tender shoots. The fruits are settinvr well with the exception of Ben Pavis in places, and Si>>s are, owin«: to the frost, settinsr one in a cluster. It is cenerallv an off year for Kings, but Gravenstein* ar"^ very full. Spraying is receiving greater attention than ever in the Berwick district, mostlv commercial lime-sulohur and arsenate of l»»ad beintr us'"d. Usually the nuantity is five pounds of arsenate of lead (though some put six and seven) to one hundred gallons of sprav in which there is l.OI of lime sulphur. This is applied before and after the blossoming. Some growers spray three or four times, while others are mak- inir two heav^ apnlications onlv. Growers in districts west of Berwick have Import Your Bulbs FOR FALL PLANTING At Less than Wholesale Prices U'ritf for ftricf^ and fiartirulars C. MORTIMER BEZZO, Bulb Importer BERLIN, Ont. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 185 neg-lected to spray early and thoroughly enough, and the consequence is that or- chards in Auburn are badly damaged by the Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa disstria). Late spraying does not have very much effect on them as they are busy preparing to spin cocoons, but it is most . important to spray before the buds open if these pests are to be destroyed. There is ciuite an epidemic of gasoline - engines in this district and the hand pump will soon be obsolete in the spraying of orchards. Two very progressive men have purchased an Owen's compressed air out- fit, which seems to give satisfaction, and will probably supplant the other power sprayers. Thinning is also receiving much atten- tion. Growers realize that number threes cost as much to market as number ones, and as it only costs about five cents per barrel, the increase in returns is consider- able. Owing to the poor prices received for apples last year (chiefly due to neglect in spraying) money is scarce this year, and the demand for nursery trees slackened ofT towards the end of the season and ma,ny orders were cancelled. Barrels are now twenty-nine cents — a cent more than last year. The young trees have done well, owing to so much rain and cool weather. In many orchards the cov«r crop of clover tO' be turned under Ls about three' tons to the acre. Growers are seeding dowin al- ternate spaces every year so that one space is kept cultivated and the other green. Much nitrogenous fertilizer, as nitrate of soda and dried fish,, is being used. Cultivated strawberries and wild blueber- ries will probably be plentiful. Early sown seeds, such as corn, cucumber and beans, rotted and continued west winds have been hard on young garden stuff. Fruit trees have magnificent leaves. .National Fruit Growers' Officers At the last Dominion Conference of fruit growers a movement was started hav- ing for its object the organization of a Canadian National Fruit Growers' Associa- tion. A draft constitution and provisional bylaws were adopted by the conference, and J. A. Ruddick, Dominion Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, was requested to undertake the organization. The elec- tion of officers has been carried on by letter ballot, and the list is now complete. Membership in the Association is limit- ed to the officers of the provincial fruit growers' associations and such other per- sons as may hereafter be named by the as- sociation on recommendation of the execu- tive. The provincial officers who have been elected are : President, Robert Thomp- son, St. Catharines ; Vice-President, S. C. Parker, Berwick, N. S'. ; Secretary-Treas- urer, P. \V. Hodgetts, Toronto ; members of committee: W. C. Ricardo, Vernon, B.C , R. M. W'inslow, Victoria; Manning K. Ells, Port Williams, N S. The fruit division will now turn the mat- ter over to the officers-elect. In the June issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist an error occurred in Mr. Pearl's article, "Picking Strawberries." In the first paragraph, instead of "precooking the strawberries before sending them to market," the idea is to "precool them." A splendid publication is the 1913 An- nual Report of the Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation of Nova Scotia, a copy of which has been received by The Cananian Horti- culturist. This report, in addition to a full resume of the work carried on through the Association, contains valuable contributions from practical fruit growers and orchard experts dealing with orchard problems, cul- tural methods, fertilizing, spraying, thin- ni-ng, packing. Markets and fruit exhibits are among the subjects treated. When an advertiser spends money to tell you about his goods he likes to know what returns he is getting. When writing ad- vertisers say, "Saw your ad. in The C.\na- DWN Horticulturist." Attach a Greenhouse to Your Garage Two most delightful of h(jhbie«. The two things a man owns that contribute more genuine pleasure and right down prax;tical .sati.ifaction than any other two things on his plaoe. How natural then it is, to join the two— your garage and your greenhouse. It's a compact handy arrangement. It aavea you money on building. It saves you money in running otponses — one boiler heating both with but little additional ooal. This subject— erected al Gleiicue, 111., allows how decid-' ediy attractive such a combination tan l>e. The idea is so every way good, why not talk it right over with us? ' Arrange the time and place to suit your convenience and one of us will be there. -^ Lord & Burnham Co. 12 Queen St. East New York Otfice Chicago Boston Rochester FACTORIES Irvington, N.Y. Des Plaines Philadelphia Toronto, Canada 186 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July. 1913 High Quality Builds Big Telephone Business THIS business was org-ainized to manufacture telephone equipment for independent local and municipal systems. Right from the start our equipment made records for efficiency. It did not take long for our goods to acquire a reputation for quality and re- liability. As a result our business has grown by leaps aind bounds. It is a well-known fact that we have been securing over 80 per cent, of the new telephone business in Ontario. The business, too, has been secured with less effort than business secured by competitors. The satisfaction our telephones and equipment have given under all condi- tions has paved the way for easy business getting. To judge how fast our business is growing, you'll remember we stated in a previous announcement that our business last year doubled that of the year before. Well, this year the first two months' sales total more than twice the 1912 sales for the same period. More and more is it being recognized by those in the local telephone business, that we are the legitimate people to deal with. There are those in the telephone business who are interested in depreciating the success of the indepen- dent telephone movement and the development of municipal systems. On the other hand, our business lies wholly and directly with the inde- pendent telephone systems, and it is to our own best interests to look after these systems well, as on their success depends the growth of our business. If you would like a list of the large independent telephone systems built in Ontario during the last twelve months, just drop us a line. We would be glad to send you a list of the systems, with the make of the telephones they are using. In fact, if you'll name over the large inde- pendent systems built during the last year in Western, Northern and Easterm Ontario you'll find that nine out of every ten are using our telephones and equipment. You are absolutely safe in equipping your system with our telephones. We guarantee them as regards material and workmanship. In fact we guarantee all our equipment and materials. And in addition, we offer to send our telephones for FREE TRIAL, So you can test and compare them with others right on your own lines before risking a dollar. Ask for our No. 3 Bulletin — ^containing latest information about building telephone lines. Also No. 4, describing our magneto telephones, is free on request. SEND FOR A COPY Canadian Independent Telephone Co., Limited 14 Duncan St., Toronto, Canada Sprayers Sulfur Dusters F«r Fighting Every Disease of Caltivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Scad tor CataloEOet \/1?D]L|/\D1^f Mannfactnrer, Md particular, to : V DKlTlUKCrlrf VaLEFRANCHE (RhoB>). FRANCE A Felicitous Choice Mr. E. D. Smith, of Winona, Out., is now a Senator. In this choice the Govern- ment honors Mr. Smith, the fruit growing industry, and itself. Senator E. D. Smith is known either personally or by reputation to every fruit- grower in Canada He has met with equal success as a nurseryman, as a fruit grower, in buying and distributing fruit, and in fruit canning and preserving. It is pro- bably as a nurseryman, however, that Mr. Smith has made his greatest achievemtnt. It requires a man of a good deal more than ordinary ability to manage nearly one thousand acres of high priced land under a system of intensive cultivation. "A Last Opportunity for Our Readers." Did you answer the questions asked on page 167 in the June issue of The Canadian Horticulturist ? Many of our readers did and will receive in return their choice of one of Gordon Thompson's Famous Life Songa The offer was good only to June 25th. In order, however, to give every reader a full opportunity to gat one of these songs we now extend the offer to July 15th. Perhaps you thought the questions too personal ? Remember that we treat your reply as entirely confidently. We merely wish to compile statistics re Canadian Horticulturist subscribers to show our advertisers what a desirable class of readers we have. Look up the June issue right new, fill in the coupon (it w-ll only take a couple of minutes) and mail to us to-day. Don't forget to mention which one of the songs you prefer- In addition to the large acreage devoted to fruit and nursery stock, Mr. Smith oper- ates his own jam factory and preserving plant. He also has his own cold storage plant, telegraph office and express offices, and pays out half a million dollars a year in wages. The Canadian Horticulturist joins in the congratulations to Senator Smith. We feel that the fruit growing industry is for- tunate in having as its representative in the Senate a man of his calibre and ability. Mx. Reginald Beale, F.L.S., author of "Practical Green Keeper," is visiting this r-.ntin«>nt Mr Realp's itinerarv includes continent. Mr. Beale's itinerary includes Toronto and Montreal. He will give con- sultations on the making and maintenance of golf courses and will meet the greens committees of most of the important clubs. Mr. Beale is a grass expert of James Car- ter & Company, of London, England, seeds- men to His Majesty, King George, who are represented in this country by Patter- son, Wylde & Company, of 133 King street East, Toronto. Mr. Beale's time has al- ready been booked up and he cannot make any new appointments but anyone having difficulty in growing grass on lawns, bowl- ing greens or tennis courts is at liberty to write to the Toronto address for free ad- vice. \ July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 187 PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER Recommended by GoTemment Inspectors Used with Perfect Results bj Largest Growers Take No Chances with Untried Papers Large stock, following sizes ail\vays on hand : 10x10 1 Oc. per ream (480 sheets) 20x30 55c. " " 30x40 1.00 " " In addition to Fruit Wrapper, following supplies necessary to the modern Fruit Export Business are carried in stock at our Hamilton warehouse. Prices supplied on application. Wrapping Papers Twines Pulp Board Box Linings Corrugated Straw Boards Manilla Tissue Lace Papers Lace Box Tops Buntin, Gillies & Co. LIMITED ■ HAMILTON - - CANADA Mention The Canadian Horticultubibt Meet the Fly Invasion With Tanglefoot ^ Every summer ten million families find freedom from flies through the use of Tanglefoot. It is the most effective fly destroyer yet devised. In thirty years nothing has proved so sure, so cleanly, so safe to use. Kills the Germ When a fly alights on Tanglefoot it is coated over with a varnish that destroys the germ as well as the fly. Thus it puts ara end to the greatest menace of the fly. Your household is doubly protected by Tanglefoot. Poisons Are Dangerous Every summer fatalities are report- ed from their use. In several states the sale of poison is forbidden ex- cept by registered pharmacists. The poison does mot kill the germ on the fly. Poisoned flies drop into your food, into baby's milk, are ground to dust in the carpet. Fly-traps, too, are unsanitary, and disgusting to care for. Countless Unborn Plies Each early fly breeds millions if you wait. Put a sheet of Tanglefoot where you see the first fly and prevent myriads of unborn flies this season. Kills Pleas, Too Tamglefoot quickly rids you of this pest. It is a boon to thousands in flea-infested sections. Don't be with- out it this summer. This Trademark on Original IMMLEIfOOTl "««ssa:s;^ Millions know the original Tangle- foot. It contains one-third more sticky compound, hence lasts longer than the no-name kinds sold merely as fly-paper or sticky fly-paper. Get a supply to-day for this season's war on flies. Made Only by THE 0. & W. THUN CO., Grand Rapids, Mich. (13) .-1 Uitle gasoline ivtll quickly remove Tanglefoot from cloiJtes or furniture IT'S COMING! -The Big Special Exhibition and Fail Packing Number out Sept. I Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Pront St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 188 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1913 UNANIMOUS VERDICT IN THE CASE OK THE I. X. L VACUUM WASHER Price - $3.50 BEFORE THE COURT OF PUBLIC OPINION Taber, Alberta.. The I.X.L. Vacuum Washer which formed part of the prize which I won at the Seventh International Dry-farming Oongrees at Leth- bridge, I find to be a real labor saver. I have done four waahines with it, and it is an unqualified Bucoess, cutting the time of washing one half with lees labor. Hub. E. McAIUster. Wapella. Sask. I enclose a oouDon for an I.X.Ia Vacuum. Washer and $1.60. Will you send one to the name and address enolosed. I got one for myself a little while ago and I never used such a handy good little washer in my life. I have recommended it to about a dozen people in Wapella. Tours truly, Mirs. E. E. Hutchinson. Miami. Bask. I have used one of your I.X.L. Vacuum Washers for some time, and find that it beats everything in the washing (machine line that 1 have ever tried. Yours truly. Mrs. H. ¥. Duncalfe. Linean Road, Cape Brecon, N 6. I have used the Vacuum Washer at home and find it to do all you claim and more after eivinjj it a test. Yours truly, George Mahan. 195 Bishop St.. Montreal, P.Q. We have received our I.X_L. Vacuum Washer and it is so perfect in every way that I am sending an order for two more for a friend and another for myself. Yours sincerely, Mrs. A. G. Ostell. Thousands of women who are using them have remdered an unqualified verdict in favor of the I.X.L. VACUUM WASHER, and these women have used every make of Washing Mach- ine, and ore fully qualified to judge merit. THE COUPON below gives you an opportunity to test it in your own home and SAVES YOU $2.00 If you do, YOU WILL concur in the verdict, as it WILL demonstrate to YOU that it will wash anything and everything, from a horse-blanket and overalls to the finest and most deUoate laoes without injury, as THERE IS NO FRICTION. YOUR CLOTHES WILL WEAR THREE TIMES AS LONG Washes a Full Tub of Clothes in Three Minutes— No Severe Exertion Required It's so easy to operate, a child can do an ordinary family washing and have It ready for the line In one hour. SENT YOU UNDER A MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE It is the most popular Washer on the American Continent. Its popularity is the reward of merit. USE THIS COUPON D*- Send for one to-day and "Blue Monday" will be robbed of its terrors for ever. You will never re- gret it. You will be de- lighted. CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST COUPON. Present or mail this Coupon and $1.60 U> Dominion Utilities Mfg. Ck>., Ltd., 482% Main Street, Winnipeg, Man., and you will receive one I.XL. VACUUM WASHES. All charges prepaid anywhere in Canada on condition that your money is to be re- funded if the Washer does not do all that is claimed. *-2-" NAME ADDEESS PEOVINOE Daisy Apple Press Used by all leading apple packers in Can- ada, United States and England. Write for prices and complete information to- J.J.ROBUN&SON Manufacturers BRIGHTON, ONT. Canada ITALIAN QUEEN BEES Quality of the best. Bred especially for gentleness, hardiness and honey- gathering quahties. Prices: $1, $1.50 and $2 each with discounts for quantity orders. Orders Filled Promptly Catalogue of Bees and Queens, Hives, Comb Foundation, and full line of Bee-Keepers' Supplies, free upon request. F. W. JONES, BEDFORD, QUE. Reserve Space Now in our Big Special Packing Number, out Srpl. l$t. British Colunvbia That coojjeration sjjells success is the belief of the fruit growers of Summerland who last spring organized for mutual bent- fit. Following the lines laid down by thi new Agricultural Act, passed especially X' assist coopeirative organization, it was de- cided to place the authorized capital a; one hujndred thousand dollars. The fiftee:, thousand dollars of working capital re- quired is secured from three hundred shares of fifty dollars each, ten dollars of each share being paid by the subscriber, the remaining forty dollars being advanc- ed by the Government at four per ceait. Eight members were elected as provi- sional directors. A large proportion of the growers of the district have signed for shares and the number is steadily inoreas- ing. The organization will be known as the "Summerland Fruit Union." The organization of a central selling agency for the Okanagan district was the subject of a series of addresses deliver- ed by M. R. Robertson, of Vancouver, at different points in the early part of the season. Mr. Robertson spoke at Salmon Arm, Enderby, Vernon, Armstrong, Sum- merland, Penticton, Peachland, and Kel- ovvna. At most of the meetings, Mr. Scott, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, was also present. The plan of organization as sug- gested by the Government was fully ex- plained, as was also the extent to which the Government would assist the growers in the formation of such an agency. At all the meetinigs resolutions were passed favoring the movement amd delegates were appointed to the organization meeting to be held at Vernon, April 30. After deliberating three days, beginniag on April 30, the delegates representing the different centres throughout the Okan- agan Valley, who met at Vernon to dis- cuss ways and means for organizing a central selling ageaicy, prepared a set of working rules and constitution. These were then sent out to the local associa- tions for adoption. The following is a brief outlinie of the proposed constitution: The agency shall be incorporated as the Okanagan United Growers, Limited. Nominal capital is ten thousand dollars in one dollar shares. Each local associa- tion shall take sufficient shares to give it a vote for each fifty cars up to three hun- dred cars shipped, the minimum to be one vote, maximum six. There shall be eleven directors who will appoint an exe- cutive of three members. To ensure suffi- cient funds for the first few years, each association shall loan a sum at four per ceint. in proportion, to the number of its shares. All fruits a.nd vegetables shall be pooled. Inspectors will be appointed and growers must abide by their recommenda- tions for packing. A charge shall be made on all fruit sold. The plan as proposed by the delegates was set before the various local associations for their approval. .^11 the associations adopted it and appointed representatives to act as directors in the central organi- zations. The Okanagan United Growers, Ltd., is now established on a business basis, the necessary capital being derived from some twenty-six shares held by the re- spective local associations through twen- ty-six representatives. The officers have been chosen as follows : President, J. E. Reekie, Kelowna; Vice-President, F. B. Cossitt, Vernon ; Manager, R. Robertson. The Okanagan United Growers is now an estnblished organization. The Okanagan fruit men are to he congratulated on the success of their efforts. I The Canadian Horticulturi^ ^ Vol. XXXVI AUGUST, 1913 No. 8 Practical Irrigation in British Columbia Harvey Thornber, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist, B.C. Dept. of Agriculture. IRRIGATION, in itself, is not a diffi- cult art. Anyone can learn to make the furrows and apply the water. The greatest difficulty seems to arise when the relation between irrigation and plant growth is not well understood. The varying requirements for different soils and different crops, one year with ano- ther, tend to confuse the beginner more than does the mere application or dis- tribution of the water. In order to make myself clear, I will discuss a few of the most important points which a be- ginner should know. The first thing to consider in starting on an irrigated tract is the preparation of the land. A few dollars extra per acre spent in preparing the land often means many dollars saved during the life of the orchard. The best preparation is none too good. Many people feel that the planting of the trees and the turn- ing on of the water are the main opera- tions necessary for the production of an orchard. This mistaken idea is partly due to misleading advertisements and to a lack of experience on the part of the beginner. The land should first be cleared of all stumps, rocks, or brush and then plow- ed. If any large holes or hollows exist they should be filled before plowing. .A,ll "fills" should be permitted to settle before any trees are planted. This set- tling can best be secured by planting some annual crop on the land for the first year. A cover crop, which may be plowed under in the fall or spring, is best because it adds the much-needed humus to the soil, thereby making it more congenial for the young trees. Vegetable crops, such as potatoes or other root crops, are often used ,but are not always successful. After this crop is either removed or plowed under the levelling may be completed. The best tools for levelling with are the or- dinary road graders or slip scrapers. If the land is fairly level the "planer" or "smoother" may be used very suc- cessfully. Its construction is described in Circular No. 14 of the British Colum- bia Department of Agriculture. The land having been well prepared, the planting is next in importance. In case the land is nearly level, any desired system may be used as regards the ir- rigation. The square plan, with the fillers in the rows in the same direction that the irrigation ditches are to run, is a favorite. This makes it possible to irrigate the fillers and standards from the same ditches, which is advantag- eous, especially in the young orchard. However, if the land is too steep for ir- rigating directly down the hillsides, planting on the contour or in such a way that the water may be used on a smaller grade will often decrease the cost of irrigation later. The head ditches may be located as soon as the planting plan is decided upon. These are placed at intervals across the field, depending upon the con- tour of the land and the texture of the soil. If one has a clay or loam soil the ditches may be farther apart than on a sandy or more porous soil. The average distance in a clay soil is six hundred feet, while in a sandy soil three hundred feet is sufficient. Slight variations from these are necessary for special condi- tions. The construction of these ditches Irrigation is a Feature of Many of The Beit Orchard* in British Columbia. The Well Cultivated Orchard of Mr. Mansfield at Kelowna is shown (Photo by (J. H. Hudson . _i. i8y 190 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, Idl3 Cover Crops are an Important Pha*e of Modern Orchard Practise It is not too late in mogt districts to sow a cover crop of buckwheat. A buckwiheat crop in the orchard of C. A. Wade, Sarnia, is shown. varies. Some are made by turning a furrow with a plow, while others are made of iron, wood, or cement. The open wooden flumes are the most com- mon. They permit the water to be car- ried over a depression and also prevent loss by percolation, which is the great fault with the open furrow. If the loca- tion of these ditches is permanent, ce- ment or wooden pipes placed under- ground are without doubt the best. This permits free cultivation and care of the orchard and gives the advantage of hav- ing water under pressure. They permit the most economical use of water, and although somewhat exp)ensive to install, are nearly permanent and often prove to be cheaper in the end. The water is taken from these underground pipes by means of upright iron pipes located at each row of trees. Sometimes cement stands are built in the field and the water supply controlled by valves placed in them. Having located the main ditches, the rest is simple. The laterals are made ' with a single-shovel cultivator or a one- horse plow, the distance apart varying from three feet in sandy soils to five or six feet or even more in the heavier soils. Never get them closer to the tree than a foot and a half. It not only en- dangers the trunk of the tree from single-tree injury, but is unnecessary be- cause the feeding roots are located at the tips of the main roots and not at the base of the tree. In irrigating vegetable, grain, or hay crops, these ditches are made from three to five inches deep, but in the orchard they may profitably be made from seven to nine inches deep. These deep ditches permit the water to flow on rather solid soil, thereby preventing washing, and at the same time permitting the land to be irrigated without wetting the surface mulch. The water used in wetting the surface mulch, when shallow ditches are used, is lost by evaporation when culti- vation is resumed, therefore, it is of no value to the orchard. These deep ditches are not always successful on light soils, but have been found very satisfactory on the ordinary orchard soil. CLASSES OF CROPS Irrigated crops are divided into two classes, cultivated and uncultivated. In general the uncultivated crops require more water than do the cultivated ones. Oats require more than corn, and al- falfa more than potatoes. At the same time differences are found in the same crop. Take, for example, the apple- one variety will be found to make a large growth, while another will only make a moderate growth with the same amount of water. The same variety will often vary under similar soil and climatic con- ditions ; the shy bearer will make much more growth than the bearing tree. It will be noticed that all fruit trees make less growth when in bearing. Recogni- tion of this point when irrigating will often save unnecessary pruning. In irrigating potatoes, one often gets undesirable results. The first irrigation should not be given until needed, as potatoes do not thrive on a saturated soil. No set date for the first irriga- tion can be given because of climatic variations. The main points to remem- ber are to apply the water in sufficient quantity to moisten the soil well and then turn it off and cultivate to conserve what you have applied. This permits the ground to warm up and growth starts again. WHEN TO lEEIQATB Small applications of water at short intervals tend to cool the ground and prevent strong growth. On the other hand, avoid letting the ground get real dry, thereby checking the growth. When this happens the potatoes make a second growth when more water is applied and the result is poorly shaped tubers. It is seldom necessary to apply water after they are in full bloom. The same general principles hold true with all crops, whether grain, vegetable, small fruit, or orchard. The Dest re- sults can never be obtained by applying water at stated intervals of five, ten, or twenty days . The best plan is to ap- ply when the crop needs it, use enough to thoroughly moisten the soil beyond the roots of the crop and then conserve it by careful cultivation. If one is limit- ed to one day a week or two days in every ten, the best plan is to divide the land into several divisions, irrigating one well each time rather than a larger area poorly . It will be seen from the foregoing that careful thought and consideration must be used in order to secure the maximum returns from irrigation. The amount of water required varies according to the soil, crop, manner of application, and the skill of the irrigator. The import- ance of water is continually increasing, partly because of the improved methods of application and partly because of the increasing knowledge of the irrigator. The learning of the "why" is very important, for this teaches "how" and "when." Buckwheat as a Cover Crop B. Blanchard, Hants Co., N. S. There are a number of crops that are suitable for cover crops, such as : buck- wheat, rape, vetch, peas and clover. While buckwheat does not take free nit- rogen from the air as do clover and oth- er legumes, and thus add nitrogen to the soil, yet it has several good points in its favor. In thc' first place, with buckwheat it is comparatively easy to get a catch, even when sown quite late in the season. We have known occasions when a seed- ing of vetch did not take and buckwheat was sown afterwards with good results. Then, again, buckwheat will produce a good crop on soil on which most other crops would starve. In the renovation' August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HOETIC U LTU RIST 191 of worn out and neglected orchards, buckwheat will usually give the best re- sults for the first year or two for this reason. The disadvantage of buckwheat as a cover crop is that it does not live •over winter, and when the soil is badly in need of humus requires to be plowed under in the early fall. If the orchard is on hilly ground there is liable to be severe loss from wasting of the soil when fall plowed. For adding humus to badly worn out soils, however, there is no crop that will do so as quickly as will buckwheat. An Ontario Fruit Grower's Success NESTLING at its base and extend- ing £ar up on the side of the moun- tain that overlooks the little town of Milton, in Halton county, is one of the many fine fruit farms in Ontario. The story of how its owner, Mr. W. J. Hartley, transformed this farm from as unproductive a piece of land as could be found in the community, to one of the most profitable fruit farms in the pro- vince, reads like fiction. But it is bet- ter than fiction ; it is true. When Mr. Hartley and his bride of a day moved to Sunny side Farm twenty- eight years ago, the prospect before the young couple was not an encouraging one. The farm was badly run down. Mr. Hartley had no money to improve it ; in fact, he was heavily in debt. The part of the farm that he called his own was really owned by his cre- ditors. The rest of it he rented. The soil was a heavy clay. No one thought of it as adapted to fruit. Mr. Hartley himself didn't. Fruit farming was then confined to a few special fruit sections, such as the Niagara Peninsula. Accord- agly a start was made in general farm- For five years Mr. Hartley grew rain, fed steers, burned lime and cut |tone, while his wife fed chickens and Bade butter. They did not get ahead ery well, however. Such farming yields ily nominal returns under the best of jnditions, and they had a run-out farm id the interest on heavy debts with Ihich to contend. At one time they ere so nearly going under that had not l^sympathetic neighbor loaned them one Bousand dollars on personal credit, they >uld assuredly have given up in des- [tir. ELike many another man, Mr. Hartley laces the idea that finally brought him liccess to the commonsense of his wife. Irs. Hartley believed that so far as bssible young people in debt should |m to produce on the farm all of the 3d consumed in the home. And there- the fruit farming idea had its birth, ^ne of the first purchases made that rst spring consisted of three red cur- int bushes, three black currant bushes, ^ree gooseberry bushes, a crab apple several apple trees, and one tree ach of pear, peach, and plum. A andiy neighbor gave them the privilege digging a supply of strawberry plants Dm his garden. Mrs. Hartley agreed to take on herself all the labor of caring for their fruit and vegetable garden if her husband would plow and make ready the land. Mrs. Hartley's fruit garden thrived exceedingly. The strawberries did par- ticularly well. Mr. Hartley was quick to see his opportunity. Half an acre was set to strawberries. Fortunately this first venture in fruit growing on a commercial scale was a success. The first crop was good, the returns large. It looked like "easy money" to Mr. Hartley, and gradually his interests were transferred from the farm proper to his fruit. DECIDES FOR FRUIT GROWING 'T had always thought I would like fruit growing," remarked Mr. Hartley, "but I did not know that it could be made a success with our climate and soil. I soon found, however, that we could get berries just as quickly as they get them down on the lake front. In fact, this year we had strawberries and rasp- berries a week earlier than in the far- famed Niagara district." A good-sized patch of raspberries was soon added to the strawberry plantation and they were soon yielding returns that justified an increase in their acreage. In the meantime a small apple orchard had been set, and was growing so well that more extensive plantings were made each succeeding spring. Remember, the Hartleys were still in debt, still hav- ing a struggle to make both ends meet ; but their struggle was not now a hope- less one. They could see the way out. A WORTH WHILE IDEA Probably it was about this time that Mr. Hartley began to consider irriga- tion. In good years he had good crops, but so had all other fruit growers. If, he thought, I could only get good crops in a short year my returns would be far greater. The Milton Mountain that towers over his farm is noted for its numerous inexhaustible springs. Mr. Hartley made an agreement with one of his neighbors whereby he was permit- ted to dam back some of these springs and make a reservoir. As the reservoir is on higher land than the farm and only a short distance from it, this irrigation scheme did not represent any great out- lay, and has proved decidedly profitable from the first. For the last ten years the Hartleys have had clear sailing. Sunnyside Farm has now extended its bounds until it contains two hundred and thirty acres. Thirty acres of this is in bush ; one hun- dred acres is devoted to general farming, the remaining hundred, which represents most of the value and from which Mr. Hartley derives practically his income, is in fruit. METHODS FOLLOWED In his orchard setting, Mr. Hartley follows the "filler" system. In prac- tically all of his orchards apple trees of standard varieties are set thirty-two feet apart each way. Alternating with the apples and in the centre of each square are plum, peach, cherry or pear trees. Very few of Mr. Hartley's apple trees are yet bearing. In a good part of the orchard, however, the "fillers" are returning profitable crops. When Mr. Hartley first started plant- Thinning Duchess Apples in the Orchard of Mr. Nicholl, Welcome, Ont. This orchard was one of tho demonstration orchards in Durham cotinty, Ont. Exporl mcntfi in thinning sBowcd a difl'eronce in profit between two trees in lavor of thinning of four dolla-re and twenty ceute. 192 THE CANADIAN IlORTTr I LT IJ R 1 ST August, 1913 The Fruit Grower*' Senator In Hon. E. D. Smith, of Winona, tlie well-known fruit grower and nurseryman, the fruit growing industry has a worthy rea)reeentatJTe. ing; to peaches, his friends were doubtful of his success. They had always con- sidered the peach too tender a fruit to grow properly in that locality. Mr. Hartley reasoned, however, that if he could grow the small 'fruits to maturity as quickly as they could l>e grown in the Niagara district, that peaches should do equally well. His peach orchard now consists of ten acres, interpianted with apples and all in bearing. Mr. Hartley's first three crops were bumper ones, the fruit comparing favor;ibly in quality with the best Niagara product. Last year his peaches were a failure, but this year again the trees are well loaded, and a good crop is promised. Cherries, Mr. Hartley considers one of his best money-making crops. On the day of our visit thirty-five pickers under the direction of Mr. Hartley's daughters were at work in the cherry orchard, and the shipment for the day numbered well over two hundred eleven- quart baskets. Trees set eight years ago, this year averaged almost six bas- kets of fruit a tree. At this rate of tear- ing and allowing twenty cents a basket from present prices for picking, Mr. Hartley's returns from his cherries will run between three hundred and four hun- (Ired dollars an acre. Although Mr. Hartley is devoting more and more of his attention to tree fruits, he still derives a good portion of his revenue from the smaller fruits that gave him his start. Of these, raspber- ries this year proved the most profit- able. As a general rule the crop has been short in most sections', and Mr. Hartley has averaged over fifteen cents ;i box wholesale, .selling some as high as uventy cents and twenty-two cents a lx>x. The cop all through his ten-acre plantation was g(K)d. Stravvlx-rries oc- cui)y fifty acres. They were ;i small crop this year, the bloom tx'inu injurofl I)y spring frosts and con.scquent growth interfered with by dry weather. But even with these unfavorable conditions to compete with, returns per acre had been greater from the strawljerries than Mr. Hartley derives from the l>est of his land devoted to general farming. Mr. Hartley ga\o us another glimpse into the profits that he is deriving from fruit as we drove through a small goose- berry and currant plantation of one and three-quarter acres. "Last year," said he, "I sold well over one thousand dol- lars' worth of fruit from that small plan- tation to the canning factories. This year the canning factories are filled up and I have had to look for a market elsewhere, but I believe the returns will he almost as great as last year." In other words, Mr. Hartley derives a greater income from this one and three- quarter acres than he derived from the whole farm in the days of his adversity. "How do you market your fruit?" asked The Horticulturist representative. "In wholesale quantities only," an- swered Mr. Hartley. "We ship some fruit to Gait, a lot to Guelph, but the most of it goes to commission merchants in Toronto. We aim always to give satisfaction and we find that when we treat dealers right that there is always a ready market awaiting our products. So far as over-production is concerned, I find that people are eating more fruit than ever before, and I expect to ..see consumption increase even faster than production. So far as getting a market is concerned I do not worry at all." HARVESTING THE CROPS "The picking of the fruit on such a plantation must represent some difficul- ties," we ventured. "We have had as high as fifty pickers here at one time," remarked Mr. Hart- ley. "This year we will have thirty-five pickers steadily at work for two and one- half months. They are mostly country girls, with a sprinkling from the city. I have no preference. City girls are as quick as country girls once they get their hand in. We treat them well, board them in our own house, and usu- ally have them back to us year after year, only filling the gap when some good fellow comes along and marries one of them. " And what of financial results? Twenty- eight years ago, in the words of one of their neighbors, "The Hartleys didn't entertain company, because they couldn't afford the extra tableware necessary to feed them off of." To-day, after meet- ing the great expense that is involved in running such a large fruit plantation, Mr. Hartley has an annual net income that runs into thousands of dollars, and which would Ix; sullicient to buy and equip an ordinary farm. Mr. Hartley, however, is not putting his surplus in- come in the bank, in mining stocks, or in western land. He is putting it back into his farm. He will .soon have an estate that, did he sell out, would enaule him and his children to live out their lives in ease and affluence. — F.E.E. Budding Peaches and Plums ProL J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Caelpk, Oat. In budding the peach and plum, is gr.'ift- iny wax applied over the ratfia binding? Which is the best month for budding in Klgim county, Ontario ? .About what per- centage of loss do the nurseriis incur in budding.' — C.T. Grafting wax is not applied over the raffia binding. July or August would be the most satisfactory p>eriod for bud- ding in Elgin county. .\pples, pears, plums, and cherries would Ix- budded in July or early August, jx-aches in late August. The percentage of loss in budding in nurseries varies under normal conditions between ten and forty per cent, approxi- mately. It is very seldom that a nur- .seryman gets seventy-five per cent, of a stand in apples, and frequently they get not over fifty per cent. Girdling to induce Pruitfulness In the May issue of The Canadian Horti- culturist there appeared an article by Dr. C. D. Jarvis on winter and summer prun- ing, in which it was stated that the girdl- ing of fruit trees was practised to indu< > fruitfulness. The writer does not mak plain whether the bark is cut with a kniiC or a band is tied tightly round the trunk, to be removed afterwards. One would ex- pect that if much of the bark were removed the tree would die.— S.P.R., Montreal, Que. In my article on pruning fruit trees, I did not explain fully the method of ring- ing or girdling trees to induce fruitful- ness. This practice is common in the middle west, especially in the Ozark apple region. The practice consists in taking about a quarter inch ring of bark from the main stem of three or four year old apple trees. The work is usually done during the month of June when circulation is active. The wound thus made interferes to some extent with the down flow of sap and tends to check the growth of the tree during the season. Any operation that tends to check the growth is likel\ to induce fruitfulne.ss. If this opera- tion should be done later in the summer it would probably kill the tree, but if done at the proper time the wound readily heals over. The practice is not generally recommended. In the east it is Ijeiieved that better results will follow summer pruning. — C. D. Jarvis. The Amateur's Hotne Greenhouse P.SE.^Buck, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa TO many the small greenhouse at- tached to a private home appeals as a luxury which requires a great- er share of their time and money than they care to give. To others, and es- pecially to those who like to indulge in without the cellar, was only about half that sum. The glass used is twenty- four by twenty-four inches for the sides and sixteen by twenty-four for the roof. Part of the floor is of cement and part is floored with wood in order that it might The Simple Greenhouse in which Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, Spend* Many Happy Hours See accompanlng article. be used as a sewing room. The green- one of the finest hobbies in the world, the small, modest, "home greenhouse" is not looked upon in the light either of a luxury or a burden, far from it. To the latter class of people such an addition to the home is an investment, an invest- ment bringing in a constant revenue of enjoyment and satisfaction. The "amateur's greenhouse" of these notes is quite a modest little structure and a stranger jierhaps might be par- doned if he questioned the owner as to the returns on the sums spent in its con- struction and upkeep. Those who know Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, however, as a shrewd and successful business man, as well as a noted amateur horticultur- ist; know full well that he would not speak in such unmeasured terms of sat- isfaction in regard to the pleasures as well as the rewards derivable from such structures if he did not base his remarks on the experience of many years. SIZE AND COST Mr. Whyte's greenhouse is built on the east side of the house, and under it at the time of construction a cellar was also built in which the Dutch bulbs and similar flowers might be stored as soon as they are potted in the autumn. The greenhouse itself is ten feet wide, twen- ty-seven feet long and averages eight feet in height. The initial cost of the house, together with the cellar, was some six hundred dollars. Mr. Whyte thinks that perhaps the actual cost of the house, house is heated by pipes connected to the house furnace as this plan entails less work. A door connects the green- house to the living room and since this is often left open the former may be considered as really one of the rooms of the house. To obtain proper soil for his plants, Mr. Whyte adopts a very simple plan. He orders a load of greenhouse soil from a local florist. This costs him only a small sum, lasts him two years and save^; him a great deal of time and trouble. Proper understanding of the watering problem means success with plants where some people have failure. ' Mr. Whyte has found from experience that in his greenhouse he must water about every other day in the surrimer and twice a week in the winter. Plants should be watered when they need water and gen- erally at some regular period. No other correct rule for watering can be given. Just when they need water will depend upon the conditions under which they are growing. Closely allied to the problem of "wat- ering" is that of "ventilation.", In a srnall greenhouse a good ventilation sys- tem and a proper attention to the at- mospheric conditions are fully as neces- sary as in a large greenhouse. During the very hot days of summer it is always necessary to provide some shade for those plants which are left in the green- house. Mr. Whyte has tried several systems but states that he finds white- washing the glass, a practice followed by commercial greenhouse men, is the best and cheapest method of providing shade. Plants grown under glass are just as liable to be troubled with insect p>ests and fungous diseases as are those grown outside. Perhaps the worst enemy of indoor grown plants is that known as aphids or "plant lice." As a remedy against these Mr. Whyte has found the following simple procedure perfectly ef- fectual. To one pint of water placed in a flat dish he adds two teaspoonfuls of Nicotine (tobacco extract) and then plac- es in the dish a hot smoothing iron. The heat from the iron evaporates the mix- Comer of a Conservatory Ibat is also a Living Roon.— Residence of Kr. T.A. TiiiLcInr, IVCcnlKel 194 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 Exterior View of Mr. T. A. Trenholm'* Conservatory, Montreal, Que. ^^^iSt't^^wiiJ to""",!"!!?"^ •''''";»,**' ventilating shaft at tie ridge on both sides, so that which- ever way the wind may be blowing the opposite sash can be opened so as to prevent a draught on the pUtnts. ture, the fumes of which destroy the lice. The doors and ventilators must, of course, be tightly closed during this fum- igation process. In this small house of his Mr. Whyte has tried many kinds of plants. His chief show plants, however, are the bulbs and never from early winter till late spring is his house without a beautiful display of these gorgeous and most sat- isfactory flowers. Freesias, narcissi, tu- lips, hyacinths, form the staple crops, while crocuses, grown in flat pans, also make very effective shows. Several hundred pots of these plants are grown each winter. In addition to the bulbs, he finds geraniums, begonias and cacti are among the best plants to grow. He is quite partial to the cacti, chiefly be- cause all of them are quaint and practi- cally proof against all injury from no matter what cause, and also because the two classes which he chiefly grows, namely the Epiphyllum or Crab Cacti, and the Phyllocactus, are showy flow- ering plants and their blossoms last dur- ing a whole season. Cacti may be ne- glected for days and no injury will re- sult. In this regard no other flower can compete with them. Ferns are such useful plants that everyone should possess at least a few varieties. Mr. Whyte finds the sword ferns, or the Nephrolepis type, do best with him, the maidenhairs or Adiantum are apt to dry up too quickly. Palms and shrubs although tried he has not found so satisfactory on account of the large amount of space they require. Vegetables, such as lettuce and radish, are not grown to any extent for the same reason that shrubs are not grown. That is, Mr. Whyte loves to have a big dis- play of flowers to which he is partial, and does not care to crowd them out to make room for a greater variety of plants, and besides this, vegetables re- quire a somewhat lower temperature than suits most other plants. ADVANTAGES OF A SMALL GREENHOUSE A large amount of interest and pleas- urable recreation it attached to the care of a small ' 'home greenhouse. ' The real labor on the other hand is very slight. The advantages of growing plants in a small greenhouse as compared to grow- ing them in the rooms of the house, may be summed up as follows : The light conditions are better and more easily controlled. Temperature conditions may be made nearly perfect. A temperature of sixty- five to seventy-five degrees by day and fifty-five to sixty-five degrees at night are the optimum temperatures. The humidity of the atmosphere may be kept more regular; the dry atmos- phere of rooms often causes the death of plants. In a greenhouse the floor can be sprinkled. Such work as potting is more easily and pleasantly performed than in a room. Proper ventilation can be given with less likelihood of direct draughts. All types of flowering plants may be grown, as well as foliage plants. Insects can be dealt with more easily. No injury results from leaking gas pipes. Cuttings may be grown in a propa- gating bench. What lover of flowers would not have a greenhouse? For the important task of thorough weeding I find the trowel a great help, especially where I do not care to trust the hoe. — H. M. Speechly, Pilot Mound, Man. Preparing Plants for the Winter Conservatory Wm. Hunt, O.A.C. Gaelpb, Oat. The all-endurinK, useful gerai.iuii.> are often imposed upon by flower lovers and expected to continue grow- ing and flowering the whole year round without cessation. Most plants require a season of rest and special pre- paration to do their best in the winter season. The geranium is no exception. If there should happen to be a few geraniums left over after finishing up the Ix^dding out and window boxes, they will come in splendidly for winter flower- ing if properly treated. They should Ix; potted up at once into six or seven inch pots, using plenty of drainage at the bottom of the pots. Give them a good, rich, loamy soil, and when potted plunge the pots (that is, sink the pots up to the top) in the open ground in the garden. It is well to put about an inch of coal ashes or a piece of slate or flat stone underneath when doing so to keep earth- worms from getting into the pots. Keep them well watered and all bloom buds and blossoms picked off until September. About the first or second week in September the pots may be lifted from the ground and taken into the green- house. If the plants are given a little liquid fertilizer every week or ten days from this time on, they will flower well all the winter. You may have some old plants of geraniums in pots that have grown tall and unsightly. If so, they may be cut well back to where the stems are getting slightly woody. Leave them in the pots, giving them enough water to keep the soil moist. In about three or four weeks signs of young growth should be seen on them. They may then be taken out of the pots, all the soil shaken from the roots, the roots cut back nearly one-half, and the plants pot- ted into a rather sandy soil in a one or two sized smaller pot. This is called "potting back." They should not be given too much water at this time. When the new growth has five or six leaves developed, they can be potted carefully without disturbing the roots into the original sized pot or one size larger. Use nearly an inch of drainage and good, rich loamy soil when repot- ting them. Old plants treated in this way, in July or August, will give good flowering results during winter, much Isetter oftentimes than young plants will. PELABGONIUMB The fancy type of pelargoniums or "Lady Washington" geraniums, as they are sometimes called, should be treated just in the same way as the old geran- iums just mentioned. About the end of August is the best time to cut them back. They should be cut back so that only three or four inches in length of the base of the shoots or growth made last year is left . The future treatment is the same August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 195 as that for the common geranium plants mentioned. These plants can often be kept out of doors until well into Octo- ber, if given the protection of a sash and frame, or brought indoors on cold nights. OALLA OE ARUM ULLIES These lilies should be repotted, if they require it, early in August. They like a little humus or leaf mould in the soil. One part sand, one part leaf mould or black soil from the bush to six or seven parts of good, rich, loamy potting soil will suit callas very well. Use drain- age in repotting them. If the growth on these plants is well started at this time of the year, it is better to top dress the plants, as it is termed, This is done by removing about an inch of the top soil without removing the plant from the pot, and putting in the place of the soil removed, some good rich potting soil composed of about one-half well rotted barnyard manure and half potting soil. This treatment, with an application of liquid manure once or twice during the winter, will often give better flowering results than repotting them. Toward the end of August is a good time for repotting this class of plants if they were not potted in the spring. Use soil similar to that recommended for call&s and pack it well around the roots. These plants should be standing out of doors during the summer months where they are shaded from the hot sun. They should be watered and sprayed daily in hot weather. They are best stood on a layer of coal ashes to keep out earth worms. These last-named are sure to collect where the soil is kept moist, and often cause considerable trouble by choking the drainage in win- ter. A sprinkle of lime under the pots will serve in place of the ashes if more convenient. OINEKARIA AND CALCEOLARIA Seedling plants of these from seed sown in July should be ready for trans- planting. Transplant them when four or five small leaves have developed, into shallow, well-drained flats, into a good- loamy compost to which a good sprinkl- ing of sand and leaf mould has been added. A cold frame with a cotton shad- ing over, raised at both ends to admit plenty of air, is a good place for them. The shade of a tree, if not too dense, is also suitable. A piece of slightly shaded glass placed over them and tilted to throw off the rain during storms is ad- visable. Green fly and thrip often bother these plants. A good plan to prevent their appearance is to place some tobacco stems or tobacco dust, sweepings from a cigar factory will do, around and under the flats they are in. This will save a lot of trouble oftentimes until later on, when the plants can be more easily fumigated than when in the frames out of doors. Seed of pansies should be sown early in flats for planting out in cold frames in September to winter oVer. These will make plants for early flowering in , spring. The Importance of Right Greenhouse Construction A RIGHTLY constructed greenhouse costs more to build, but less to keep built. It means better plants — more blooms — less care and lower running costs. It means a perpetual satisfaction in- stead of recurrent disappointments. There are several distinct types of acknowledged standard constructions, each with its fast adherents. The under- lying principle of all, however, is prac- tically the same — that of making as light a house as possible, and yet be as strong as possible. When it gets right down to the last analysis, results in any case are what count. It is, however, an undeniable fact that every once in a while, there is a wizard sort of a plant lover who is able to grow surprisingly fine plants under most adverse conditions. Just as there are some women who can break off a slip from a plant and apparently careless- ly put it in the ground, and it thrives. .Such persons, to the casual observer, almost defy the laws of cause and effect, but in reality their extreme fondness for growing things supplies them with a kind of second sense to which the plant responds almost humanly. Give these plant lovinpr folks a heavily constructed greenhouse, with poor ventilation and imperfect heat, and in spite of the handi- cap they get surprising results. Taking your observation from what they accomplish, you argue: if they can do it, so can I. What is the use of spending additional money for a house built by the greenhouse expert*; when one nf our carpenters here in town can hiiilfl me one that will do? The answer L. W. C. Tuthill to that is : Are you sure you are one of the wizard folks? Even if you are, wouldn't you prefer to get the same re- sults with less care and less actual run- ning costs? Or wouldn't you rather have a neat attractive glass enclosed garden that looked its part, than a carpenter- built affair, having the appearance of a big box full of windows? Looking at it still another way — what does your carpenter know about plant requirements? Does he know whether orchids should be grown in a north light, or the best way to locate a house in re- lation to the points of the compass to grow the best roses? What concern does he give, that a wooden erected house to be strong' enough, must be so heavy as to seriously retard plant growth because of the shade it casts? What does he know about the correct slant of the roof to obtain greatest deflection of the sun's rays into the house during tlie shortest days in winter when your plants so seriously need every ray of light and sunshine procurable? Does your local heating man know about the temperatures necessary for dif- ferent plants or whether hot water or steam is best adapted to your particular A Small Greenhouse Built to Connect With The Cellar Where The Boiler it Located This Illustration shows how attractive a little curved eave house of this kind can be. The screen on the roof near the reeidenoB 1» to protect the glass from the loe and enow that fall from the ear© of the house. 196 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 A Charming Little Bay Window Conservatory Although the side architectural dctjiils arc eome- wh'it heavy, the roof is excoedinsly U:?ht, allowing ■111 abundance of siinligtot to reach the Dlante. plant purposes? Is it reasonable to ex- pect that a man whose training- has all ,been along the lines of vertical heating piping, (where air locks and sluggish cir- culation are by the very nature of the case not a problem) to know the many kinks in the horizontal piping where rapid circulation is so vital and air locks so exasperating? How logical it is tO' put these things up to men who you know, know. So much for a bird's eye view of the situation. Now, let's get down to facts instead of generalities. CYPRESS BEST WOOD Cypress, because of its great endur- ance under conditions of alternate climes and moisture, such as exist in greenhouses, is acknowledged by all builders to be the best wood for the pur- pose. To secure as light a frame as pos- sible and further increase the endurance, steel whenever possible has been substi- tuted for wood. The construction now most generally in use, both for private greenhouses and the big commercial affairs covering acres, is the sectional iron frame con- struction. No other meets so success- fully as wide a range of requirements. In this construction for private uses, the walls are topped or capped by sills of cast iron. To these sills are bolted the steel side posts which curving at the eaves continue to the roof, forming the rafters. Extending horizontally between these rafters, at stated intervals, are connect- ing tiers of angle iron, which the build- ers call purlines. On these purlines, and screwed to them are placed the cypress roof bars upon which the glass rests on a bed of putty, and is held firmly in place by glazing brads driven into the bars. The ends of the glass are lapped ()\or each other about a quarter of an inch, so the joints will keep the weather cut and the heat in. The roof bars have little grooves or gutters on each side into which the con- densation g^athers from the glass and is larricd off, instead of dripping on the plants or down one's neck. One of which may be harmful — the other surely most vexatious. Such a construction is simplicity itself and becau.se of its ob- vious practicalness, has long been the standard construction in the States and is fast finding favor in Canada. STEEL AND WOOD COMBINATION Another construction which has been u.sed extensively, especially in the Mon- treal section, for the last ten years, has a complete steel frame of steel encased cypress roof bars. This combination of wood and steel makes so strong a fram- ing member that the usual flat steel raft- ters can be eliminated. The steel por- tion of the bars is galvanized and then aluminum coated, making them rust- proof and overcoming the necessity of frequent paintin?. When first introduc- ed the main distinguishing feature of this construction was its curved eaves. But it is now being used with success on some other constructions. The striking advantages of the cur\ ed eave are the entire freedom from any shade at the eave line, making the side benches in the house just as productive as the centre one. Another point in its favor is the roof and side being free from ridge to sill, the snow slides off the roof without assistance. There being noth- ing for the icicles to adhere to at the eave, it is always clear and free from ice. These advantages are of greatest importance in a country like Canada, where snows are heavy and winters long. PAETS FITTED BEFORE SHIPPED The greenhouse builders have reduced their manufacturing to such a science that all the materials are cut to fit at their factories before being shipped. With the materia! on your grounds, it's truly surprising the rapidity with which they can be assembled and your house turned over to you ready to be planted. The fact that such houses cost a bit more than the usual wooden ones is many times compensated for in their freedom from repairs, and increased returns. In fact, such houses built such a way, ought to last a life time. It is a significant fact that such greenhouses built thirty years ago are still as sound as ever. -So much for the house itself, now a word about the heating. Most gardeners agree that hot water is preferable be- cause of its uniformity and less intensity. It costs more to install than steam but somewhat less to operate. When it comes to your boiler, it is better to have a regular greenhouse boiler that is made especially for the purpose, than a residence boiler, which not being design- ed for greenhouse use, requires more care and invariably burns more coal. Although good results are often ob- tained by connecting the conservatory or greenhouse heating pipes with the resi- dence boiler, the chances are decidedly against it, because the time most heat is required in a greenhouse is at night, just the time when the fire in the residenc c boiler is generally allowed to run low. In any event, a separate boiler is an economy. THE BENCHES W'hen it comes to the benches to hold the .soil, you certainly would not think of building a house of endurance like we have been talking about and then put in benches that in a few years would de- cay and have to be replaced. Quite the best all-round bench is undoubtedly one having a galvanized steel frame, cypress sides and tile bottoms. The tile besides being long lived, hold the moisture in a way that is very agreeable to the plant roots. The cypress sides will last a good many years, and when they do show decay can easily be replaced. If you want an indestructible bench in all points then the one having cast iron sides and bottoms and galvanized pipe legs, is the one to buy. After all, buying a greenhouse is quite like buying an automobile. You would not think of going to your blacksmith's for one. Neither do you expect a low- powered runabout to perform like a six cylinder car. You generally get what you pay for. The point of resistence with so many people is, they don't want to pay, what they surely have to pay, to get the really worth while things. - wtae^mm l^ m-^: B|j .■^'' " --^--^-^^rep: IM- " R X' '' 'liSMHU ^tSH ^S't^iAy , . ^^^^^^^~^^^^^2^m IS D&l^ -'; liisiivfiT'Ti^S 'M iP^^^^^^ -J -— «*^ ^^^K^_-mnj0t "uiui^..--,. ^^^jm^ An>' Interior View in The Beautiful Conservatory of Lord Strathcona, of Montreal This magmflc«nt conaerratory eerres a* a oonnecting passage between Lord StrathoOTia's two houses iui Montreal. The iUxifltratioD t«U« Its own story of plant Barr(rajjde4 joyonsneBs B. flower border would be greatly benefited by a thorough watering. Get busy with the sprinklers or the hose, and don't' let In the Garden of Mr*. H. H. Champ, Hamilton The ro.se beds are at the right. The edging is Centauria things slide. The first and most appre- ciated of the flowers are over, and fresh, green vegetables are an old story. In .some places the weeds are getting the upper hand, but the crops arc all grown, so "what's the use?" Well, there's a whole lot of use. In the first place more than half of the garden's good things and still more of the flower garden's beauty is yet ahead of us. Moreover, now is a good time try plan carefully for next year. Just take a look around your grounds and see if there is not a .spot that could Ix,' improved by the addition of an ever- green tree or two or a few clumps of shrubbery. Now is the time to plant these if the ground is not too dry. There are many varieties of spruces, pines, hemlocks, and shrubs that can be used for teautifying the home grounds, and that are available at prices within the reach of any one. fiet a few calalogufs — they are full of fine illustrations and good suggestions — and look into the Iree business. You will never regret the lime and money spent, for nothing else will give your home as permanent or cumulative an improvement as will a judicious planting of trees. In the flower garden there is much that will need attention. The rainfall up until you are sure that the ground is thoroughly saturated. The "little and often" system of watering- is a delusion and a snare and should not be tolerated. ,\ thorough watering will last for some time and thus allows one more oppor- tunity to attend to other duties. PLAN FOR HARMONY Then again there may be some in- harmonious combinations that can be remedied. Attend to these while the new ideas that you have picked up else- where are still in your memory. Get them down on paper. Make a complete and harmonious plan. To follow this plan, you may have to move some of the occupants of the border, but the shift will do them good. Many of the clumps can each be separated into three or four. This will not only give you more flowers next spring, but tetter ones, for nothing is more conducive to poor quality than overcrowding. New varieties of perennials for next year are to be thought of too. You can easily grow your own, especially if you have a cold frame. By so doing you can have a few hundreds of them just as well as a few dozen, which isn't the case if you purchase them from the florist in the spring. PANSIES EASILY GROWN .\mong the many plants that can be rai.sed in this way, few give a greater display of bloom and beauty than do the pansies. They are easily wintered with slight protection. The best plan is to start them in a cold frame. The .seed should be sown before August 15th — the sooner the better. Make the soil as fine and mellow as you can, and if dry. give it a good soaking the day lx;fore ■^ ^S^M^m^^m. A View in the Garden of Mr. D. C. Campbell, Barrie, Ont. A Description of thi* Garden was Published in the July Issue of The Canadian Horticulturist 198 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 sowing'. Sow the seed thinly and press evenly into the fresh soil. Cover with clean sand to the depth of one-quarter inch or less. Water thoroughly, and cover up the frame. For five or six days it must be kept dark. As a prevention against the "damping off" fungus, dust powdered sulphur on the sand at the rate of one ounce to a three by six foot sash. No more water will be needed until the plants are above ground ; be sure to takt off the dark covering as soon as they are up. As a means of protection against heavy rains and too hot sun, cover the frames with two thicknesses of black mosquito netting. The plants can be watered through this netting, and in bright hot weather should be given a shower every afternoon. TBANSPLANTING In about six weeks the plants will be ready for transplanting, which should be done as soon as two complete leaves have been developed . Set in rich, mel- low soil, six or eight inches apart each way. Keep clean, and before severe freezing sets in cover with a few leaves and pine boughs or, if kept in the frames, with cotton cloth, the object not being to keep the plants from freezing, but to prevent alternate thawing and freezing. There are two beautiful and easily grown flowers that should be planted now if you would add their beauty to your collection next spring. These are the Madonna Lily and Spanish Iris. The latter should not be confused with either the popular German and Japanese Irises, as it is quite distinct. It may be rather early to procure these yet, but as soon as they are to be obtained they should be planted, for it is important that they start growth this fall, in which respect they differ from most fall planted bulbs. IN THE VE'^.ETABLE GARDEN In the fruit and vegetable garden, too, there are several things that could be attended to even in the dull and dusty month. There may be a few weeds, which have escaped the numerous hoe- ings and weedings, that still remain un- pulled. Don't leave them for a minute. as they are not only robing the vege- tables of valuable nourishment, but they are producing thousands of seeds which will give you more trouble by and by. Purslane, that watery-stemed pest of midsummer, must be cleaned out as soon as it appears, for it will develop seeds long before you are aware of it. One plant in rich soil will grow as big as a bushel basket, and will ripen seeds when only a few inches high. It won't die ; it must be pulled out and carried from the garden before you can be free from it. Now is the time to commence earth- ing up the early celery in order to blanch it. Before starting this work, see that the plants have an abundant supply of moisture at the roots. Celery is natur- ally a water-loving plant. An occasional dose of clear soot water will be of bene- fit to it. To make this, get a fair-sized barrel, fill it with water, and place in it some old soot (not fresh) in a bag. Tie a weight to the bag to make it sink. Let it soak until the water has cleared and then use the clear water for the celery. Before earthing, tie the tops of the cel- ery with raffia to prevent the soil from getting into the crowns of the plants, as this would cause them to decay. PREPARING THE STRAWBERRY BED In the fruit garden the strawberry patch may be made ready for next year. Get a few dozens of good, strong plants from your nurseryman, set them out in rich soil, and keep all runners pinched off. With mulching and proper care you will have some of the finest berries next summer that you ever saw. Grapes, too, should be looked after at this time. If they are not developing evenly, it is because too many bunches have been left on the vines. If this is the case they should be thinned. If only a few bunches are grown and proper spraying has been neglected, results may be made more certain by "bagging" the bunches with manilla bags. Then about that cold frame that you have been going to build for so long. Get busy at it now or get some one to build it for you. Just think of the nice, fresh, green vegetables that you could be enjoying away along into the fall, when the cold nights of late September and the frosts of October have ended the outdoor supply. Think, too, of the advantage of getting four or five weeks ahead next spring by having everything in readiness for the preparation of a hot bed. An Inexpensive Greenhouse Prof. E. M. Streight, B.S.A. THE modern greenhouse, artificially heated, is an extremely valuable ad- junct to a market garden. The pro- fits arising from gardening under glass are large when properly managed ; but the initial cost of installing such a plant is considerable ; so considerable that many are deterred from the use of glass even when convinced that it is desirable and profitable. To the general grower or market gar- dener whose business is not a large one, we recommend the glass house or un- healed greenhouse. A house of this de- scription was built on the Government farm at Truro, N.S., a few years ago. for the purpose of showing the farmer boys that a few feet of glass might be enjoyed by all, and that it was really necessary on every farm. For the pur- pose for which it was built it has worked well . The house is twenty feet wide and twenty feet long. The height at ridge is ten feet, with six foot posts on north side, and two feet eight inches on the south side. The rafters on the north slope are six feet long, boarded and A Strawberry Patch that Soon After being Photographed wa* Ruined by the White Grub This illustration of the strawberry field of J. W. Taylor, of Exeter, Ont., was obtained in Juno. 1912, during the harvesting of a profitable crop. Four months later the white srub had created such de^aetation in it there were scarcely enough plants left to set a new bed. August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 199 A 150-Foot Tomato House Orop Grown in York County. Ont. shingled. The part of the roof next the ridge is hinged and used as a venti- lator— a space about eighteen inches wide. The south slope of twelve feet is of glass with wooden sash bars. The ends are partly of glass. The rest of the house is boarded singly and bat- tened . The door is wide enough to admit a wheelbarrow. Inside the house is a bench two and one-half feet wide under the south wall. The walk is two feet wide. A hotbed is placed in the centre six feet wide and two and one-half feet high. The ordinary amounts of soil and manure are used in the bed, and ordi- nary hotbed sash used as a cover. On the north wall are two shelves wide enough to hold seed flats. The cost of the building for material did not exceed sixty-five dollars. In some sections where lumber is cheap, and where the greater part of the work is performed by the farmer, the cost would be much less. The possibilities of such a house are great. The hotbed in the centre is doubly protected and any desirable tem- perature may be maintained there in March. This will be found a desirable place for starting tomato plants and celery and other plants requiring like treatment. By the time the seedlings are large enough to prick out in flats, the temperature of the main house will be found sufficient for the purpose. After the hotbed is cleared melons or cucum- bers may be permanently planted over the spent manure with good prospects of success. Lettuce is a cold weather crop, com- paratively speaking, so that it has been found possible to grow an excellent crop of lettuce in early spring and late au- tumn without further heat than that given by the sun. Rhubarb may be forced under the benches, and a surprising amount of stalks obtained, out of season, on a small scale. Houses of this kind are very popular in some sections. Som( are large, com- paring favorably with the modern green- houses and are satisfactory for the pur- pose for which they are used. Methods of Blanching Celery* C. p. Halligan, East Lanting, Michigan There are different methods that may be used to accomplish the blanching of celery, but on a commercial scale, the only ones of importance prac- tised are blanching by boards and by banking with soil. Formerly most of the celery was blanched by the latter me- thod, but to-day the method employed depends largely upon the time of the year the crop is used. When a crop "is to be blanched during the summer months, one of the self-blanching varieties is grown and the plants blanched by the use of the boards, for if the soil method is used at this time, it causes the plants to rust. When celery is to be blanched during the cool weather of the fall, however, it is blanched by banking with soil which produces celery of an excellent flavor and protects the plants from light freezes. When the crop is to be stored for winter use, it will blanch in. storage if the temperature is not too low, and will keep better if not blanched too much in the fields. BLANCHING WITH BOARDS When a crop is to be blanched by the use of boards, sound hemlock lumber one inch thick, twelve inches wide, and twelve, fourteen, or sixteen feet long, is selected, although at times boards ten inches wide are used to blanch the ear- •Ertraot from Bnlletln 60 of the Mlohlgaai Agrj- droitural College Experiment Station. liest crop when the plants are not too large. If small cleats are nailed across the ends and middles of the boards, it will tend to prevent splitting and warp- ing. In placing the boards for bleaching, they are first laid flat along both sides of the row ; then two men working to- gether at each end of the board, raise the edge nearest to the plants, catching up the outside leaves, until the board is brought into a vertical position along the row ; then, holding it in place with one hand, the board on the opposite of the row is likewise brought into position, a Jitlle soil should be thrown along the lower edge of the boards to close any t.pt rings that may be caused by the iin- evenness of the surface of the soil. TTME REQUIRED FOR BLANOHTNI From two to three weeks will be re- ouired for blanching the summer crops, depending much uoon the rate of growth and weather conditions. As soon as the crop is properly blanched, it should be harvested, because when left too long it loses its weicht and flavor. After the day's harvesting and packing is finish- ed, the boards are carried to another patch of celery and used to blanch ano- ther crop. In this way, they are used several times in a single season. The blanching of fall and winter cel- ery is generally accomplished by the use of soil. This method produces crops of the highest flavor, and for the extensive grower, is the most economical. The banking of celery is generally done by the use of a plow or celery "hiller," which throws the soil up in ridges against the plants. The presence of soil in the heart or crown is conducive to the rapid decay of the plant. To prevent the soil from covering the hearts of the plants, the rows are first cultivated and then a small amount of soil is banked against the base of the plants by hand to straighten up the stalks and hold them together. This practice, which is called "handling," leaves the plants ready to be banked by the plow or "hiller," and as the crop continues its growth the "hiller" is used to keep the soil thrown up against the plants. Examine the bark of trunks of all trees, especially peach and plum trees, for bor- ers, also all gummy places on peach and plum trees, and dead places on apple trees, as these are probably caused by the borer. Destroy by digging out with a knife. Nitrogen promotes leaf and stem growth. So powerful is this influence, that the profitable character of fruit trees and fruit bearing plants may be destroyed and all their energies diverted to the production of coarse, rank shoots and leaves by too liberal an application of nitrogenous manures. 200 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUfilST AND BEEKEEPER with which hn« been incorporated The Cnnndlnn Bee Journal. Publuhad br The Hortieultiiral Publiahina Companr. LiMlt*d PKXICRBORO, ONTA.IIIO The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Offioiai. Oroanh or the Ontakio and Qubbbc Fmurr GROWipa' Associaiions AKD OK The Ontakio Bkekeepers Assooiation H. B«oinoN CowAR, Hanasrine Dlreotor united states representatives 81x3ckw,eijI/S special ARENCT Chlcaiio Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Canadian Hortlcnlturtet is Dnbllshed In two editions on the 26th day of the month pre- ceding date date of Issue. The ftmt edition Is fcnown as The Canadian Horticulturist. It Is de- voted exclusively to the horticultural Interests of Canada. The second edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several paeee of matter appearing In the first issue are replaoed hy an- eaual number of pag«e of matter relating to the bee keeping In- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription iprioe of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Oanato and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeper, $1.00 a year. CPor United States and local subscriptione in Petei^ boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra a year. Including postage. S. Eemittancea should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Eeglstered Letter. 4. The Law Is that enbsoribers to newapapens are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be dtooontinued. 5. Change of Address— When, a change of adr dress is ordered, both the old ajid the now ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, ?1.41 an inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all adrortlsdng correspondence and copy to onr Advertlsiing Manager, Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid cironlation of The Canadian HorticnlturiBt for the year ending with December, 1912. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies from 13.000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested In the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1512 9,988 August, 1912 II.IW February, 1912.... 10,437 September, 1912... 10.997 Sliaroh, 1912 lOLWT October, 3918 10,971 April, 1912 11,788 November, 1912. . .11,162 May, 1912 12jll2 December, 19121... 111,1)44 June. IWa 10,946 July, 1912 10,986 132,556 Average each issue In 1M7, 6,627 " " " " IMS, 8.695 " " " " 190«, 8,970 " " " " 19U, 9.M7 ' " 1911, 9.541 " 1912. 11.0.S7 July. 1913 12,24(5 Sworn detailed etatemente will be mailed nipon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadinn Horticul- turist are aa carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupnlouB advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs with In one month from daAe of this ireue. that it is reported to u» within a. week of Its occurrence, and that we find the facta to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "1 saw your advertisememt in The Canadian Horticulturist." BoKuee shall not ply their trade at the exipenee of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between «nb- eoribers and honourable business men who adr vertlse, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupt*. Oonanunlcations should be addressed TBB OAHADUlN HaETICTTiyrTrUIST. FsmtBOBO, am. ™wmWtWWIWlMWl^WcSwW™ EDITORIAL m MISTAKES IN MARKETING In nineteen hundred and twelve there was a fairly larg:e crop of peaches on the Pacific Coast, for which the only available market was Alberta, Calfirary being- the chief distributing point. With commend- able enterprise those who had charg-e of the selling- of the peaches visited the large wholesale merchants in Alberta and sold a fair proportion of the crop at a stated price. As the season advanced, it develop- ed that there was still a considerable sur- plus for sale in the hands of the growers. The selling agents made their mistake in the sale of this surplus, if indeed so mild a term as "mistake" can be applied to the transaction. With the full knowledge that the whole- sale merchants had bought all that thev considered it discreet to buy, they still took this surplus fruit and shipped it to other merchants in the same market, on con- signment. The fruit, of course, could only be sold at prices lower than that which was held by the other dealers and, as a consequence, the market generally was badly demoralized. Surely' it was only a matter of common honesty on the part of the peach growers to protect the men who had bought outright and at a fixed price earlier in the season. In all proba- bility, the growers will have plentv of op- portunity to reflect on their mistake when thev again try to dispose of the crop at fixed prices. Another instance : A cooperative associa- tion in Ontario, putting un a splendid brand of fruit, shipned to the north-west and sold largelv early in the season at a fixed price. Thev still found themselves with several thousand barrels unsold. These thev stored at a convenient selling point in the north-west, and during the selling season they were disposed of at whatever price thev would bring, iii di- rect competition with their own fruit in the hands of those who had bought out- 'icrht. As a matter of record the prices in February and March were lower than tlie prices paid by the dealers for the same "-rade of apples in October, and this lower- ing of the price was largely the result of the surplus fruit thrown indiscriminatelv on the market by the agents of the growers. One more instance, this time from Aber- deen, Scotland. When urged to buy the apples of a cooperative association, one of the largest firms replied: "As a rule I have found that ^the co- "onerative societies hold their prices so "hitrh at the opening of the season that "business has been quite impossible, and "then what surprises me all the more is "that later on in the season. I can usually "buv the packing of the same cooperative "societies on one or other of the largest "markets at a great reduction. If co- "operativc associations wish to develop a "regular trade, then it is unwise to pre- "tend inflated values because they imagine "that when thev get an inquirv thev have "a man on the line who must buy." WTiat mip-ht have been but was not done in the peach deal and apple deal here not- ed was to have re-embursed the merchants with the difference between the slaughter price of the surplus and the fixed price at which they sold frtiit to these merchants earlier in the season. Unless fruit grow- ers are willing to deal upon these terms there appears to be little chance of confid- ence developing between producer and merchant — as long as practices, such as those recorded, are continued. The cen- tral selling agencies that have been form- ed by the local organization should bear these conditions in mind and build up the confidence of the trade by striving for their removal. OUB WILD FLOWEfiS True lovers of nature cannot but view with regret the rapid disappearance of many of our wild flowers. Unaided by the hand of man, nature has given to these pro- ducts of her art a charm that is all her own. In what more delightful way could one spend an afternoon than by strolling through the shady woodland aisles, and in her perfumed jewels in their mossy set- tings, see nature at her best. Against the onward march of civilization nature has had to give way. The wild flow- ers that were once so plentiful are rapidly disappearing. Our woodlands have become the grazing grounds of cattle or have been turned into parks. Probably the former practice has been responsible more than any other for the destruction of the wild flowers. Woodlands are of little or no value as pasture and for the conservation of our forest wealth, cattle should not be allowed to graze in wood lots. In the management of our parks more attention should be paid to the preservation of the wild flowers. Every effort should be made to introduce the once profuse flowers that are now so conspicuous by their ab- sence. Some varieties are now almost ex- tinct. The Ontario Horticultural Associa- tion might well devote attention to their preservation. ADVERTISING THE APPLE Fruit growers have recognized that if •he buying public is to be con\'inced of the importance of the apple, both as a food and a table delicacy, constant and judicious advertising is necessary. Just how to ob- tain the money necessary to finance an advertising campaign, and in such a man- ner that those who would derive the great- est benefit from such advertising would bear the larger share of the burden, has been a knotty problem. The Advertising Committee of the Nat- ional Apple Shippers' Association in the United States has evolved a unique solu- tion to the difficulty, which promises to meet with considerable success. In brief, it is the "Stamp Plan." The committee are to issue stamps of one and two cent denominations, which will be purchased by the shippers and placed on the packages of fruit, a one cent stamp being placed on a box and a two cent stamp on a barrel. Thus the man who has one hundred packages to ship will buy one hundred stamps, pay- ing in direct proportion to the amount of fruit shipped and in direct proportion to the benefit which will accrue to him from the advertising. These stamps will be sold by the Equit- able Mortgage and Trust Company of Bal- timore, through the many banks throughout the country which act as its agents. The funds received will then be placed to tTie credit of the Advertising Committee. Ex- perts in advertising are to be retained and an extensive educational campaign carried on. August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 201 RAVAGES OF CATERPILLARS Reports from many districts, but more particularly from the eastern counties of Ontario and western Quebec, state that tent caterpillars have this season been un- usually numerous, and the damage done has assumed serious proportions. In fact this pest this been prevalent during- the past three years. The depredations of these insects are over for this season. The caterpillars have successively pajssed through the pupa and the adult or moth stage and the new gener- ations are now in the egg stage of their existence. The moths lay their eggs on the small branches or twigs of the tree, the egg mass being in the form of a gir- dle. The eggs hatch in a few weeks but the minute caterpillars remain in the eggs during the winter. Preventative measures consist in remov- ing and destroying the egg masses. These can be found quite readily when the leaves have fallen. The offering of prizes to school children for the collection of the eggs would prove of great assistance in the control of this pest. A copy of the annual report of the On- tario Vegetable Growers' Association has rome to hand, and as usual is full of in- formation of interest and value to vegetable growers. We notice, however, that unlibe most reports of this character it does not containi a statement of the receipts and expenditures of the asociation for the year. While it is true that the year of the asso- ciatiorf does not end at the time the annual convention is held, arrangements might easily be made for the publication of_ a statement which would show the financial standing of the association and character of the work it is doing. This is informa- tion with which the public has a right to be furnished, and which should be in- cluded in the report. PUBLISHER'S DESK Year by year an increasing number of the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist have been asking us for information con- cerning greenhouses in the home and their management. In some instances there has been a desire for articles dealing with large conservatories such as owned only by the wealthy few. An effort to meet this demand has been made in this issue of The Cana- ^an Horticulturist. This is the first oc- ision on which we have devoted so much Ptention to greenhouse work. We feel are that those of our readers who have ten looking for information along these nes will appreciate this issue to the full J well as many others who may not be as Jt in a position to own a greenhouse, but Rio have pleasant visions for the future. rThe September issue of The Canadian lorticulturist will be our third Annual Fall lacking and Exhibition Number. It will kaintain the high standard established by be first two issues. There will not only h a special front cover, showing a pack- jie scene in a large Canadian orchard. but the articles throughout will be ap- propriate and timely in character. While ^e cannot as yet speak definitely with re- ard to all the articles we expect that the Ubjects that will be discussed, each by pe of Canada's foremost authorities, will ■jBclude the following: "Packing Peaches for the Export Trade." "Interprovincial Trade-Needed Regulations," "Improving Nova Scotia's Apple Pack," "Common Mis- takes in the Packing of Fruit," "Improve- ments Needed in the Barrel Pack," "Pack- ing Tender Varieties of Apples," "What the Western States can Teach us in Pack- ing," and "Popular Packs for Ontario Ap- ples." In the vegetable department there will be a special article dealing with the preparation of vegetables for market. The floral pages will also be strong. They will include the description oi a garden of a rose enthusiast, by Mr. F. E. Buck, of Ottawa, as well as a page of timely notes dealing with the work every amateur gardener should attend to during September. There will be a number of other short articles, and numerous illustrations. Throughout it will be possibly the strongest issue of The Canadian Horticulturist we have ever pub- lished. The issue will be national in char- acter as the contributors will be leading- authorities from each of the principal horti- cultural provinces. The illustrations will be a special feature in this number. Ad- vertisers will do well to apply for space early. A glance at the circulation statement on the adjoining page will show that last month's issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist was mailed to the largest number of paid subscribers in the history of The Canadian Horticulturist. Nothing is done to force the circulation. It is a natural growth that reflects the steady development of the fruit growing and horticultural in- terests generally of the Dominion. While the development during the past few years has been rapid we anticipate still more satisfactory progress for the future. Those readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist who have subscribed for the second edition called The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, seem, from all we hear, to be delighted with the publication. Its cir- culation is growing rapidly. The Ontario Beekeepers' Association alone has _ for- warded some eleven hundred subscriptions. The subscriptions received are from per- sons living from one end of Canada to the other. Thus this edition of the paper is as truly national in character as is the general circulation of The Canadian Horticultur- ist. A number of our readers have written asking why they have not received their songs in accordance with the offer made in our June issue. We regret the delay. It has been owing to the slownesson the part of some of our readers in sending in their answers. The list is now under prepara- tion, and the songs will be sent out this month. We desire to thank our subscribers for the interest which they took in the con- test. mi i^^m^ SOCIETY NOTES Ottawa The annual rose and pasony show held on Tune 24, was one of the prettiest exhibi- tions ever held by the Ottawa Horticul- tural Society. Garden flowers of every kind were there and the artistic arrange- ment did much to add to the beauty cf their general appearance. Probably the most beautiful exhibit was that entered bv the Exnerimental Farm of Ottawa, in- cluding a large number of peonies in full bloom. These plants had been imported from abroad, and had been raised at the Experimental Farm. Another attraction was a special exhibit of roses from Mr. R. G. Farrell. A splendid collection of palms and potted plants was loaned to the society by Scrims, the Ottawa florists and made a most ef- fective decoration. The entry list was a large one, and numerous prizes were given. St. Catharines The tenth annual Rose Show of the St. Catharines Horticultural Society, held on June 20, was an unqualified success. When compared with some of the first shows held by this society the progress made has been almost phenomenal. The showing of roses was magnificent. The judges. H. G. Mul- liss, of Brampton, and Mr. S. E. David- son, of Fonthill, had a difficult task to pick the winners. When it came to the selection of the prettiest exhibit at the fair it was a toss up between the lovely sprays of Lausendshose exhibited by Miss Helen McFarlane and the President rose shown in Major Leonard's collection. In the floral table decorations the first prize went to Miss L. Watson. The sil- ver cup for the twelve best blooms was won by J. A. Abbs. Mrs. J. W. Gordon won the gold medal for the six best blooms, the silver medal going to J. A. Abbs, and the bronze medal to A. E. Austen. Much praise is due the officials of the society for the splendid manner in which the show was conducted. Toronto "The best ever," was the opinion ex- pressed by those who attended the month- Iv show of the Toronto Horticultural So- ciety, which was held in Forrester's Hall on July 5th. The display of roses was judged to be the finest ever staged in the city. An encouraging feature was the large number of exhibits from amateurs. A charming display of sweet peas in all the newer and rarer varieties was made by Sir Edmund Osier. Large displays in roses and other flowers were shown by Sir Henry Pellatt, Mr .J. P. Moore, Miss Jar- dine, Mr. G"o. Baldwin, Allen Gardens, Mr. D. A. Dunlap, president of the so- ciety, Mrs. Allan Baynes, and many others. Many varieties of Giant Larkspur were exhibited, forming a bank of solid blue along one side of the hall. An orchestra added to the enjoyment of thp evening. A feature of the work conducted bvthe society is a campaign for city beautifying. Citizens are urged to beautify their front lawns by planting flowers and by other means. Competitions for the best kept lawns are being held on the various streets. Ontario Rose Society The newlv organized Ontario Rose So- cietv held its first exhibition on July 3rd. in George's Hall, Toronto. In spite of the hot weather much interest was taken in the event and the show was a decided success. The largest exhibit was that of Mr. Bryson, rose grower for Mr. T. J. Moore The society's cup went to the Alexandra Art Gardens and the challenge cup offered by Mr. Moore, to Mrs. T. A. Chisholm. The object of the society, as outlined by Mr. Moore, the Honorary President, is to encourage the cultivation of roses in Can- ada, as well as to encourage the beautifi- ation of Canadian towns and cities. After the show the flowers were presented to the different hospitals in the city. 202 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 Better Transportation Facilities Needed TIIF' need 'of somethinjj bci.nK' done to ensure a better railway service in the supplying of cars, a better mileage rate in transit, and a more prompt delivery at terminals for fruit shipments was forcibly brought before the Railway Coramissio,n at a sitting in Ottawa, June 16th, by G. E. Mcintosh, the transportation agent of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, when the questions of reciprocal or aver- age demurrage were considered. At present a shipper who allows his car to remain more than twenty-four hours of free time at terminals before unloading is fined one dollar a day for every day be- yond such free time. Last winter the Board raised this to two dollars and three dollars for the first and second day, for four months as an experiment, but the ex- periment did not bring about the result which the railways claimed would be forth- coming, viz., that cars would be released by consignees and could then be supplied promptly to the shippers. The fact then is apparent that the fault is really con- gestion at terminals, which can only be remedied by the railways in providing bet- ter terminal facilities. RBOrPROC.\L DEMTTRRAGE The fruit shippers are asking for re- ciprocal demurrage, that is a system by which the railway, as well as the shipper, would be fined for delay in unloading, ac- cording as one or the other was respons- ible. The same would apply in the order- ing of cars. If cars were not supplied in forty-eight hours, the railways would pay the shipper demurrage for each day's de- day, and if supplied and not loaded in pro- per time, then the shipper would pay the same rate. Delays in transit, or in placmg would, or should, be in the form of a penalty. By the average demurrage system the charge on all cars held for loading or un- loading by shipper or receiver would be computed on the basis of the average time of retention to all such cars released dur- ing each calendar month, as follows : A credit of one day allowed for each car released within twenty-four hours of free time, and a debit of one day charged for each twenty-four hours beyond the first forty-eight hours of free time. At the end of the month the total num- ber of days credited will be deducted from the total number of days debited) and one dollar a day charged for the remainder. Mr. Mcintosh said the fruit shippers of the province favored the reciprocal plan, be lieving that its adoption would be a fair settlement of the question, whereas the average plan would discriminate against the small shipper in favor of the big one. They, however, would gladly accept any ruling whereby the service would be made more satisfactory, irrespective of a penalty. DEL.\YS COSTLY The delays last season in supplying re- frigerator cars for the fruit shipments of this province, according to Mr. Mcintosh's evidence, had" cost the growers several thoHsands of dollars. He reported that out of forty shippers, requiring one thousand one hundred and eighty-six refrigerator cars, twenty-six of them experienced de- lays in getting cars after ordering them, of from four to thirty-eight days, and in some instances were compelled to use box cars. An instance was given of one ship- per who ordered eight refrigerators on October 24th. He received two on Novem- ber 28th, one on November 30th, and one on D(;ci'niber 1st, but no more until Decem- ber 1.3th. Another ordered six on Novem- ber 4th, and received the first car en De- cember 10th. So on all through the list of twenty-six shippers, ridiculous delays were referred to. Delays in transit was another matter up- on which some striking evidence was sub- mitted by Mr. Mcintosh. These were on everything required by the fruit grower, from the nursery stock to the orchard pro- duct, including spray material and fruit packages. On fruit shipments to the west- ern market, Winnipeg shipments travel- led as slow as two and three-quarter miles an hour ; Brandon from four and three- quarter to ten miles an hour ; Regina four and three-quarters, five and one-half, and six miles an hour, and several other points about as bad. Conditions at export points were also referred to, instances being quoted where cars were held back a full week and more during severe cold weather, and were bad- ly frosted. Fifty-seven shipments of nur- sery stock by one shipper to points in On- tario, during the month of May, was even acknowledged by the railway representa- tives to be a most shameful condition of affairs. Some of these required seventeen days going twenty-three miles, fifteen days going twenty-eight miles, twenty-two days going thirty-seven miles, twenty-six days going seventy-two miles, and so forth throughout the whole fifty-seven shipments. Similar reports to the above were sub mitted on the placing of carload shipment^ of fruit after arrival at destination. R.\TE OF TRANSIT Ten miles an hour, was Mr. Mclntosh'- reply to Chairman Drayton's inquiry as tr the rate of transit at which he though: the fruit should be delivered. This, he said, was not unreasonable, when the high rate charged on fruit is taken into con- sideration . To the great fruit industry of this pro- vince the decision of the Board upon this important problem means considerable. Fruit growers pay a high rate because of the perishable nature of their commodity and deserve, therefore, the service for which they pay. "No company obtaining its right of operation from the Govern- ment, which is in reality the people," said Mr. Mcintosh, "should be allowed to serve or so humbug the people, causing those who make their operation possible, great loss either through carelessness or a de- fective svstem." Central Selling Agency for Ontario Fruit Grow^ers o NTARIO fruit growers have decided on advancing another step, as they are now to have a central selling agency. Representatives of the various local associations met in the Parliament Buildings, Toronto, on June 17th, for the purpose of amalgamating the local asso- ciations into a central agency. Of the fifty-two associations in the province, twenty-four were represented at the meet- ings. During the discussion it was shown that more centralized cooperation was necessary in the marketing of Ontario fruit. Here- tofore, the different associations had been bidding against one another, and buyers had been inclined to pit one company's offer against that of another. Under these circumstances the formation of a central selling agency was deemed advisable. After some considerable discussion it was decided that the local associationis should guarantee fifty thousand barrels of apples, or the equivalent in their fruits. Each association will subscribe for stock at the rate of one hundred dollars for every thousand barrels of apples or the propor- tionate amount of other figures which it shall offer to the company for sale. The minimum amount of stock which will be allotted is two hundred dollars, repre- senting two thousand barrels or forty car- loads of tender fruit. A charge of twenty- five cents a barrel will be made for sell- ing apples, the amount to be withheld from the returns made to the company. .After paying the running expenses of the company and setting an amount for divi- dends and reserved fund, any surplus earn- ings will be returned to those associations which took stock in the company in pro- portion to the number of barrels of fruit sent in by them for sale. According to the by-laws only one vote is allowed to shareholders, no matter how much stock is held. The charter of the association gives the company power to manufacture and handle all supplies and appliances required by tfie association and also to carry on a business of refrigeration, cold storage, forwarding agents, and packers of provisions of all kinds. It is understood that the fruit offered for sale shall be a projjortionate amount of all varieties or a «;tated number of barrels of all varieties grown by the members of such associations. All apples offered for sale shall be subject to the inspection of the company's officers, who may reject same before shipment if not up to grade. Any car lots reported as arriving in bad con- dition will be examined and where the local shipping association is at fault the mat- ter will be adjusted and such association will have to stand the loss and expense. Where the transportation is at fault the company will look after the collection of damages from the railway company, no loss being incurred by the local associa- tions. Apples of each variety and grade shall be pooled, the directors at the close of the season setting the prices to be paid to the local associations for their output. The officials are : President, Elmer Lick. Oshawa ; vice-president, Robt. Thompson, St. Catharines ; directors — C. W. Gurney, Paris; Adam Brown, Owen Sound; Roy A. Carey, Oakville ; sec.-treas., P. W. Hod- getts, Toronto. STOCK ALt PLACED In a recent letter to The Canadian Horti- culturist, Mr. Hodgetts says : We have prac- tically closed our stock book for the first issue of stock and find that we have thir- teen associations who have subscribed for the minimum amount of stock, two thou- sand dollars or over. This is about one- quarter of the Associations in the province, but will represent about fifty thousand bar- rels of apples for the first season's busi- ness, which is the amount that the direc- tors of the company felt able to handle the first season. We hope next year to issue (more stock, so as to take in a number of the other associations that were not able to see their way clear to joining this sea- poij. August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 203 i QUEENS QUEENS THREE BANDED and GOLDEN ITALIANS Vigorous Queens from clean, healthy colonlcfi. Safe delivery at your Post Office guaranteed. Write lor prices The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Quirm and Mott strain Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 for six Also 10 Hives of Bees for Sale Can Ship Promptly Cash With Order W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Ridgetown, Ont. ITALIAN QUEEN BEES Quality of the best. Bred especially for gentleness, [^^1^ hardiness and honey- J^>^ gathering qualities. I Prices: $1, $1.50 and$2 each tjJi ^ with discounts for quantity orders. Orders Filled Promptly Catalogue of Bees and Queens, Hives, Comb Foundation, and full line of Bee-Keepers' Supplies, free upon request. F. W. JONES, BEDFORD, QUE. Every BceKccper should have ABC and XYZ of Beeculture By A. I. HOOT It is a well bound volume of 712 pa^ea, oonr taining many beautiful halt tone engravings from actual photographs. Regular Price $2.00 The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper 1. 00 Total $3.00 Our Combination 0!fer One new subscription to The Canadian Hor- ticulturist and Beekeeper and ABC A XYZ of Beeculture for $2.00 Post Paid THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER Peterboro - - Ontario THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW was fortunate in securing: from its corres- pondent, Mr. J. J. Wilder, his write-up of a successful system of management of 3000 colonies of bees in 50 yards. As all up-to-date honey producers will be interested in this great ser- ies of ten articles beginning in the July numbei' of the Review, we will for 50 cents mail the Review for the last half of 1913, containing the first six articles cf the series, and in ad- dition (to those who ask for it) send the April and May numbers of the Review containing the report of the National meeting at Cincinnati. Those two numbers alone contain 96 pages. Subscribe to-day ! Don't miss a single number containing the series, 3000 colonies In 50 yards man- aged from one office. No extra charge for Canadian post- age. Address, with remittance, THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW NORTHSTAR ■ MICHIGAN Ontario Pruit in the West The complaints from Western buyers in regard to the condition of Ontario fruit as received by" them are still far too numerous. It is noticeable, however, that conditions are improving. Affairs are not in such a bad condition as some of the re- ports that have been appearing in the public press would indicate. In a recent letter to The Canadian Horticulturist, J. A. Ruddick, Cold Storage Commissioner, writes : "It must be admitted that there is still great room for improvement in the pack- ing of Ontario apples, but the packing is very much better done now than it was a few years ago. The operation of the Fruit Marks Act has made everybody much more critical and we now hear complaints about defects in the packing that would have formerly gone unnoticed. That Ontario is still supplying the larger proportion of the market in our Canadian West is proved by the following figures : In the season of 1912 and 1913 the quantity of apples mar- keted in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Al- berta was four hundred and ninety-five thousand barrels, of which Ontario sup- plied two hundred and thirty-eight thou- sand barrels, British Columbia seventy-five thousand. Nova Scotia eighteen thousand, and thei United States one hundred and sixty-four thousand. This estimate is based on figures secured by the fruit in- spectors who are located at all car load points." MUST TTSB BOXES MORE "It is to the growing market of the West that Ontario fruit producers must look," is the manner in which P. W. Hod- getts, of the Ontario Fruit Division, sums up the situation. "The Old Country mar- ket is at present not very strong. To cater to the demand west of Winnipeg the boxpack will have to be adopted almost entirely. For points east of Winnipeg there is still a good opening for barrel packed apples. The Western Grain Growers' As- sociation is planning to work up a fruit trade in the west through the twelve hun- dred branches of their own organization." The opportunity to thus build up a trade through the Western Grain Growers' Asso- ciation is one that should be grasped by Ontario Fruit growers. An Important Ruling F.arly in the season the Fruit Growers' .Association of Ontario, through their trans- portation agent, G. E. Mcintosh, of For- est, appealed to the Railway Commission for an order directing the railway com- panies within the legislative authori- ty of the Parliament of Canada, to furnish refrigerator cars equipped with rack or slatted floors, and to reimburse the cost of such when they have to be furnished by the shippers themselves. The Board at that time directed that the railways report tlie number of refrigerator cars in service so equipped, and the num- ber not slatted. On June 21st the following order was Is- sued : "It is ordered that where shippers fur- nish slats for the floors of refrigerator cars not equipped with permanent slatted or double floors, or for the floors of box cars tendered to and accepted by shippers in lieu of refrigerator cars, for the carriage of fresh fruits, railway companies subject to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada shall allow the shipper three dol- lars ($3.00) per car for the said slatting; the shipper to be peimitted to deduct the DOUGLAS GARDENS, §11.' OAKVILLE TARIO PiCONIES In Paeonies, the trend is to select the finer sorts rather than the low-priced ones. In plants of such a permanent character as these the first cost should bo a secondary matter: quality should be the first consideration. Too much cannot be said of the following sorts, viz.: No. WHITE 8. Avalanche, strong grower, free bloom- er, fragrant, late, extra fine. Each $2-50. 40. Dupont, Mons, tall, free bloomer, frag- rant, mid-season. Each $1. 50. Festiva Maxima, tall, strong, vigorous groweT, early, very popular. Each 50 eta., 10 $4.50. 76. Duchesse de Nemours (Calot), vigorous grower, medium height, fragrant, early. Each 75 cts. 79. Or, Couronne, d', splendid grower, free bloomer, late, one of the best whites. Each 80 ot«. PINK 18. Calot, Madame, pale Hydrangea pink, extra fine. Each 60 cts. 42. Edulis Superba, strong, upright grower, fragrant, early. Each 40 eta., 10 $3 50. 43. Elie, Mons. Jules, very largo blooms, strong grower, fragrant, early. Kadi $1.25. 10 $12. 61, Golden Harvest, dwarf grower, free bloomer, fragrant, midseason. Each 75 eta. %. Umbellata Rosea, very strong, npright grower and free bloomer, very early. Each 75 cts., 10 $7.25. RED 25. Crousse, Felix, vigorotis grower, med. height, fraarant, midseason. Each 75cts. J6. Devred, Constant, med. height, strong, erect stems, fragrant, very late. Each SI. We have many other fine sorts described in our Fall Planting List, which is now ready for distribution^ The buying of fine Pseonics is a good in- vestment. PP- These prices include carriage prepaid. JOHN CAVERS Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic presson the market. ^^^^^^^^■^^ Pat. No. 104,535 e If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers Brighton, Ontario 204 THE CANADIAN HORTIC L LT U KIST. August, 1913 l^ m FAVOURITE FLOWERS from the BEAUTIFUL OLD-FASHIONED GARDENS * - orENGLAND . wv«'JB»?T=s;xjr4 ^> 7%\ ■VI M KELWAY'S famous Hardy Herbaceous Plants are modern developments of the old English favourites. The cottage "Piny Rose " has become the Pasony, incomparable in form, colour and fra- grance. I he old-fashioned Larkspur has developed into the stately blooms of the Delphiniums ; Gaillar- dias, Pyrethrums and the rest, all serve to bring back the charm of the old-world English garden. Special care is taken in packing plants to arrive in Canada in good order, and they can ^ be relied upon to thrive w^ith FjliPlWvT a minimum of attention. Full particulars and illustra= tions given in the Kelway Manual of Horticulture mail- ed free on receipt of (iOc by KELWAY 81 SON LANPORT. . SOMERSET. England ■'• Kflway's Perennials for '• Canadian (lardens f^ 1 tesif''^-' -■ ^W' i Oirtct/rom KEL^X/AYikSON Tnr Royol Horticultu ra ts y^ Send - now — for a copy of the Kelway Book— and make your Garden glorious •-.*-.. ' .rt'.ztXKBiltiaanfUairf^'ixzs.iTSt said allowance from the freight charg payable by him ujwn the shipment such ■car in which the said slatting li been furnished; the shipper's receipt : the amount so allowed to be jjiven i railway company's af^ent at the forwa.' inK station, and to be accepted by him so much cash in the prepayment of : freight charges. "(Signed) H. L. Drayton, "Chief Comissionei The commission's rulings upon this n; ter means considerable to a great m^i shippers of fruit. The cost to some the Niagara district has run over thi hundred dollars in one season for slatti cars. From all over come reports of il extra expense in fitting cars before ' same are suitable for cairying the fn, Ontario Fruit Crop Conditions The latest report on the crop prospects for the Niagara district issued by '■ Fruit Branch of the Ontario Department Agriculture, under the direction of Mr. W. Hodgetts, is not over-optimistic. '1 apple crop is estimated at forty-five ; cent, of an average yield. The early sea prospects were good, but the cold weaiii. . has resulted in a heavy falling off. Bald- wins and Spys are light but Greenings and Kings will average better. • The outlook for early peaches, includ- ing St. John's and Crawfords, is for light crop. Late p>eaches promise bet! The following percentages show the t mate of the general crop of the distn Red currants, 73 per cent. ; gooseberry 70 per cent. ; raspberries, 84 per cei cherries, 76 per cent. ; Japan plums, 70 p. r cent. ; European plums, 66 per cent ; early peaches. 72 per cent. ; late peaches, 76 per ent. ; pears, 75 per cent. : grapes, 75 per cent. ; tomatoes, 86 per cent. Canadian Fruit in Holland Canadiaa Trade CommistioDcr, Rotterdam, Holland Judging from the number of enquiries from firms in Holland in regard to the output of evaporated apples in Canada, it is certain that a great market exists here for these products. ExperieiVre in the United Kingdom leads to the belief that the lower grades of fresh apples sold in barrels at very small prices might, when carefully packed and boxed, be marketed to better advantage as evaporated. A high class and dependable brand of evap- orated and dried apples should take well here even in competition with the Cali- fornia dried fruit. The fruit crop throughout this country will be light. Late in May a severe hail storm did much damage. The apple crop promises fair but conditions are far' from satisfactory. Because of frost during Tune, plums will be very light : English Dam- sons almost a failure. Pears bloomed abundantly, but are not bearing well. National Land and Apple Show Considerable interest is being taken in the Land and Apple Show to be held at Winnipeg from October 10th to 18th. This is the first National Land and Apple SI to be held in Canada. The manageni report that it is to be distinctly for oroducts of the land, not for the I itself. It will provide opjxirtunitv for ■ nlays of the products of the orchard, farm, the forests and the waters of C.i da. Eastern fruit growers will be gr an opportunity to show what the east ■ produce in the line of good f'uit. Of ' vcars Ontario fruit has '■eceived a n> ber of bad reports from that market. I Augast, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 205 Where There is Condensation — there is need for a Morchead Steam Trap. Condensation in steam lines is akin to matter out of place — means wasted energy. If your lines are sluggish — if your houses are not of uniform temperature, write us. We guarantee to drain your lines perfectly — return the pUre, hot condensation to your boiler without pump or injector, or make no charge for the trial. Obey that impulse — write now. Ask for Trial Trap. CANADIAN MOHEHEAD M'F'G CO., Limited WOODSTOCK, ONT. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES: -George W. Cole, Woodstock, Ont. ; Robert S. Bickle, Winnipeg, Man.; H. E. Kirkham, Montreal, Que.; Robert Hamilton, Vancouver, B. C. Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots: MONTREAL Bosby Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St VANCOUVER Powell St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. Apple Boxes MADE-UP OR KNOCKED DOWN ANY QUANTITY Firstbrook Bros. LIMITED BOXES AND SHOOKS Toronto, Ont. Good Prices Al^yays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables, or g-eneral produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We n'ever have to sacrifice your interests. Wc Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Branch Warehouses: Sudbury. North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References! The Canadian Bank ol Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 20-j THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 191, THE KODAK QIRL AT HOME Every step in film development becomes simple, easy, understandable with a KODAK FILM TANK No dark-room, no tediously acquired skill — and better results than were possible by the old methods. It's an important link in the Kodak System of " Photography with the bother left out." T/ie Experience is in the Tank, Our liltle booklet, " Tank Development," free at your dealers or by mail. CANADIAN KODAK CO., Ltd. TORONTO. THE WESTERN FAIR LONDON, ONTARIO The Popular Exhibition of Western Ontario SEPTEMBER 5 th to 13 th, 1913 $2000.00 in Cash added to the Prize List FRUIT AND FLOWERS List Specially Attractive. Special County Exhibit, write the Secretary for particulars. Special Railway Rates. Prize Lists, Entry Fortns and all infornvation from the Secretary, London, Ont. W. J. REID, Pre.ident A. M. HUNT, Secretary hibits of good fruit at this show may belt to set thinfifs right. The show is not a private enterprisf Any surplus earned will be devoted to th'' establishing of scholarships in provinci.i' agricultural colleges. The prizes to I given for fruit will be announced at later date as will also the special passen ger and freight rates. Annual Meeting of United Fruit Go's, Ltd. One hundred and twenty delegates, i presenting thirty-two local fruit comp»ni< met at Berwick, N.S., on July 2nd and 3 to hold the first annual meeting of T; United Fruit Companies of Nova Scoti The success that has attended the forrr. tion of this company has been watch with interest by fruit growers throughout Canada. Great optimism and enthusiasm was shown by the delegates for, as the president, Mr. John Donaldson, of Port William, said in his opening address, "what other countries and other organizations have taken years of work and thought to accomplish, has been done in one year by the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley." . The president urged the members to maintain the high standard that had been Sict for the fruit pack. A pleased customer is the best advertisement for the company. The following he considered as some of the problems that would have to be met : The necessity for more rapid packing and shinping of early varieties, and for cold storage facilities, the advisability of box packing ; the need for more expert know- ^ ledge in barrel packing and imposing of a penalty for careless packing; the advisa- bility of raising the standard for number threes, and thus reducing the amount of fruit to be packed; the establishment of evaporating and vinegar factories for the disposition of culls; better methods of managing subsidiary companies. secretary's report The annual report was presented by A. E. Adams, the executive secretary. It called attention to the difficulties that had been met in operating the company in the initial year of its existence. While large savings had been effected it was expected that still better work would be done this vear. The total expenses of the central had amounted to only $12,000, or three cents per barrel on all fruit handled. On this basis there was absolutely no com- parison between the expenditure of the company and that of other similar but small institutions throughout the North .American continent. The company had fought a hard battle to obtain a stand on the western market. T. H. Morse, the company's representa- tive, had sold some sixteen thousand bar- rels of Gravensteins at two dollars twenty-, five cents a barrel, ones and twos. Spec- ulators, however, began to quote one dol- lar fifty cents and one dollar sixty cents a barrel, with the result that the market was demoralized. The result was that the price had to be dropped to two dollars and further sales were made impossible. The reason that speculators were thus en- abled to underbid the company was that growers outside of the associations had been stampeded into selling their Graven- steins to the speculators at one dollar twenty-five cents a barrel for ones and twos. The company lost five thousand dollars on Gravensteins alone. MARKETS EXTENDED In New Brunswick, M. K. Ells, another of the company's representatives, had sold a firm eight thousand barrels. This firm August, 1 913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 207 Why Don't You Build One Of Our Greenhouses And Have Flowers By The Basketful, Any Time, Any Day Send for our Two G's Booklet. It tells about our Gardens Under Glass, and gives a peep into their delights. It tells you briefly and clearly just what you want to know about greenhousee. It starts with the simplest kind of Idttle house ajid shows various kinds and sizes up to the one below We will enclose with it a little folder printed in coloirs showing the way a ffreenilouse and garage can be economic- ally and attractively linked up. Then when you are ready to talk the matter over, we will, if you wish, gladly come and see you. We have been building greenhouses for half a century. LORD 81 BURNHAM CO. 12 QUEEN ST., EAST - TORONTO, CANADA New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Rochester FACTORIES Irvington, N.Y. - ■ - Des Plaines, III. Concerning Locating and Planning Your Greenhouse Speaking of location, it is a mistake to think that the greenhouse should be placed in some isolated cor- ner where it will be out of sight. If properly planned and designed, it can well occupy a prominent location and txjcome one of the most interesting features of the grounds. If possible, your location should be one that wi'l make the care of the houses a convenience — an ar- rangement that will secure the amount of light re- quired for each compartment, and economy both of fuel and lalx)r in operation. Al.so of great importance is the right placing of the cellar for the boiler, to secure perfect heating condi- tions. Last, and by no means least, you want the best possible setting, architecturally. All of this, of course, applies to the small house as to the larger groups. If you have more extensive ideas for a greenhouse than you feel your pocketbook will immediately permit you to build, then have the greenhouse builders plan the scheme as you want it to be when fully completed — then erect such houses as it is important to have at once, and from time to time, add others until the plan is carried out. In doing this the importance of preserving an at- tractive architectural balance can always be foremost in mind. 208 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Augjst, !913 It Pays To be in the Advertising Colun\ns of DON'T FORGET^ THE Exhibition and Fall Packing Nunvbcr Out September 1st Just the issue for advertisers to begin their Fall Campaign in. It is devoted entirely to picking, packing and shipping of fruit. Special cover on coated paper. Well illustrated. RATE, $42 A PACE Smaller Space in proportion. The Canadian Horticulturist PETERBORO, ONT. was so pleased with the pack that they sent in an order for thirty thousand bar- rels for this season, which would cojisti- tute their entire stock. J. N. Chute, the London representative, had handled over three hundred thousand barrels for the company on the European market. On the whole, prices received by the company were well above those gen- erally received by the average grower. Over three hundred car loads of fer- tilizer had been bought for the members at a total saving of eighteen thousand dollars over previous prices. The total supplies purchased by the company amounted in all to one hundred and fifty-thre« thousand dollars, "which had been paid for in spot cash." The members showed their appreciation of the services rendered by those who had charge of the operation of the company by re-electing them to office: President, John Donaldson, Port Williams; recordmg sec- retary, M. B. Davis, Bridgetown ; board of management, chosen from the directors elected by each company, John Donaldson, Port Williams; Fred Johnson, Bridge- town; . E. McMahon, Aylesford ; E. B. White, Berwick. Grant for Agricultural Educa- tion According to the announcement of the Ontario Department of Agriculture, a rath- er small portion of the one hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars granted by the Federal Government for agricultural pur- poses, will be devoted to the extension of the fruit industry. The largest item, eighty thousand dollars, is to be devoted to the upkeep of the district representa- tives. For demonstration work on spraying, pruning and packing of fruits, only three thousand dollars is voted, a diminutive grant when we consider the importance of the fruit industry. In addition, five hun- dred dollars has been voted for lectures on horticulture. The beekeeping industry has been recognized as well worthy of consid- eration, and one thousand dollars has been voted for demonstrations along beekeep- ing lines. Fruit Growers Organize The number of fruit growers' associations in Ontario has been augmented by tBe formation of an association for the counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. The new organization will be known as The St. Lawrence Valley Fruit Growers' Association. Its object is the cooperative selling of fruit, which will consist chiefly of Macintosh red apples. At the organization meeting it was de- cided to affiliate with the Provincial Fruit Growers' Association and to make an ex- hibition of apples at the next Ontario Hor- ticultural Exhibition in Toronto. The pre- sident of the new association is W. G. Robertson of Morrisburg; vice-president, L. A. Parisian, of Summerstown ; secre- tary-treasurer, E. T. Bradt, district repre- sentative, Morrisburg. The Canadian Horticulturist is very in- teresting. I spend many happy hours reading it. — Thos. K. Hogg, Birkenhead, Eng. Bulbs Import your bulba tor fall planting, and get them at wholesale pric«e. Have nice flowers In the house next winter or a beautiful bed of tulips out- side in the spring at small oost. No order too small or too large. Import with me. Writo at once lor par ticulars and prieee. €. Mortimer Bezzo, i^po'r^r Berlin. Ont. MAX STOLPE Ex-Superintendent Royal Gardening Institute Saxony - Germany Holder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished for all kinds of LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Conifers, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East - HAMILTON. Ont. Phone 118 I FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. We have a large itock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. Order Now Before tke Ruk '*scd amendment an ijndierhand at- tempt on the part of the government to increase the protection of the British Col- PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER I Recommended by Government Inspectors Used with Perfect Resolts hj Largest Growers Take No Chances with Untried Papers Large stock, following sizes always on hand: 10x10 1 Oc. per ream (480 sheets) 20x30 55c. " " 30x40 100 '• " In addition to Fruit Wrapper following supplies necessary to the modern Fruit Export Business are carried in stock at our Hamilton warehouse. Prices supplied on application. Wrapping Papers Twines Pulp Board Box Linings Corrugated Straw Boards Manilla Tissue Lace Papers Lace Box Tops Buntin, Gillies & Co. LIMITED HAMILTON - - CANADA Mention TiiK Canadian Hokticaii.ti'hibt Imperial Bank 1875 E.t.bii.hed OF CANADA Capit.1 Paid-up. . $6,800,000.00 Reserve Fund . 7.000.000.00 D. R. WUJCIE, PrMid«nt and Ganaral Muxar Open a SAVINGS BANK ACCOUNT. Deposits of $1 .00 and upward received 210 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1913 Will run on cheap fuels "The Fairbank«-Morse Engine* are the best we have in this part of the country. They are simple to operate and give the greatest amount of power for the least quantity of fuel." — M.F. MacLeod, Spring Hill, Que. In the construction of Farm Engines fuel economy and power efflaency ar« given special attention. The result is an engine that runs effectively on gasoline, kerosene or low grade distillate — maxi- mum results at a minimum cost. The cost of engine distillate is less than one-fourth that of gasoline. Fairbanks-Morse engines are made in any size from 1 to 200 h. p. Vertical or horizontal, portable or stationery. Equipped with Bosch magnetos and guaranteed. The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co. Limitcdi Montreal 6 b.p. horizontal stationery eneine in the workshop will run grind- stone, lathe, drill, forge blower and other power tools. Send for this booklet — "49 Uses for a Farm Engine." It is fall of valuable in- formation for the farmer and is free. Fill in the coupon and mail now. CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION August 23rd TORONTO September 8th Increased Prizes and Classification for Floriculture and Horticulture ALL ENTRIES CLOSE AUGUST 15th For Prize Lists and Information, write J. O. ORR, Mgr. - City Hall, Toronto, Ont. WANTED HOMES FOR BOYS, aged three to ten years. For further particulars apply to The Salvation Army, 20 Albert St., Toronto, Ont. Expert Plantsman Required We require an experienced man to select Breeding: Trees and keep records of same. Must be thoroughly conversant with all line* of fruit, and be good judge of varieties. Guelph Graduate pre- ferred. As growers of Pedigree Nursery Stock, we have a permanent opening for a competent man. THE AUBURN NURSERIES, LIMITED 9S King St. E., Toronto umbia fruit growers. The resolution pro- posed to place in the hands of the minister power to impose a duty by stopping the importation of fruit. The minister was a fruit grower, and the fruit growers ap- parently had his ear to a greater extent tham had the grain growers, who were fruit consumers. The growers of Oregoin amd Washington had such a wide market that any restrictions which might be plac- ed on their exports to Canada might have the effect of making them abandon the Canadiain market altogether. Mr. Burrell declared that there was no underhand intention in the resolution. It was simply designed to plac|fc both com- petitors on the same footing, ^"he growers in Canada, under present conditions, had to adhere to strict regulations, which the Uinited States growers had not. Mr. Buchanan, Lethbridge, while favor- ing the fostering of the Canadian fruit in- dustry, did not believe anything should be done which would lessen competition. Mr. Douglas, of Strathcona, feared that the proposed amendment would place large powers in the hands of the fruit inspectors of the department, which might be used to cause delay and vexation to importers and increase the cost to consumers. British Columbia This summer will see the establishment of a pre-cooling plant at Summerland, B. C. Two rooms in the big packing house at the C.P.R. wharf are to be fitted up for the purpose. On^; room will be for the rapid cooling of the fruit, the other for cold storage. Ice will be used for cooling, the cold air being driven through the packages of fruit by fans. The Provincial Departmert of Agricul- ture will supply all the equipment and the necessary electric power will be furnished by the municipality. This plant will be a big boon to the Summerland fruit growers. Bulletins and Circulars An attractive publication is the 1912 re- port of the Dairy and Cold Storage Com- missioner. It gives a full resume of the work being done by the department for the dairy and fruit industries. The inspec- tion of fruit and dairy products, the exten- sion of markets, cold storage investigation, the shipping of perishable fruits, special information on the packing of fruit, the proper handling of cheese and reports of fruit growers' and dairymen's conventions are dealt with in a maainer which makes the report a most valuable one. A full review of the progress being made in the fruit growing industry in New Bruns- wick is contained in the 1912 report on Horticulture for that province. Combined with this report is the eighth annual report of the New Brunswick Fruit Growers' As- sociation. It is evident that parts of New Brunswick offer good opportunities for fruit growing. Every- phase of the industry as practiced in that province, is fully dealt with in this report. The Nova Scotia Department of Agri- culture has recently issued a bulletin. No. 3, compiled by Robert Matheson, 'Provincial Entomologist, dealing with the San Jose scale situation in that province. This seri- ous pest has gained a foothold in some sec- tions of the Annapolis Valley. The bulletin discusses the work being done for its de- tection and eradication. Bee keeping in all its phases is the sub- ject of bulletin No. 9 of the Tennessee State Board of Agriculture. This publica- tion contains much information of value to beekeepers. August, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 211 CHOICEST Dutch Bulbs Every true flower lover appreciates the beauty and value of Pall bulbs tor producing the fine bedding displays of Spring, for WiHiter bloom- ing in the house, and for permanent additions to the hairdy border. They are so simple in culture and so certaiui in results that no one who is familiar with theix many excellejit qualities would willingly be with- out them. It is easy to grow bulbs successfully and if you use only sound bulbs of good size, the results are sure to be highly satis- factory. The leading growers in Holland and elsewhere euixply us with their choicest stock so that hy planting McDonald's Select Bulbs you will have a quality of flowers greatly superior to those grown from the immature, undersized bulbs so commonly sold. We imjwrt our supplies direct so we know that our stock ie of the very highest quality obtainable. Our rail Bulb Catalogue will' give you valuable information about the be»t bulbs and the best ways to grow them. Mailed Free on request Kenneth McDonald & Sons, Ltd. OTTAWA ONT. Grain, Fruit and Stock Farm For Sale WE have had placed in our hands to offer for sale, a very fine property, consist- ing- of 134 acres of gravelly clay and clay loam soil, best adapted for grain, fruit, and stock farming. This farm is situated within two miles of Beamsville on the Hamil- ton, Grimsby and Beamsville Electric Railway, and the main line of the Grand Trunk. Build- ings, all of which are in the best possible condition, consist of fine large dwelling, con- taining 13 rooms ; large bank bam, piggery, hen houses, tool house, ice house, dairy and implement house. One hundred acres under cultivation ; also 31 acres of valuable standing timber. Large apple orchard, and more than sufficient of all other fruits for family use. Much of this property is well adapted for fruit growing, so that the present income from this source can be largely increased. This is one of the finest properties suitable for mixed farming that we have ever had to offer, and should be seen to be appreciated. Price, $20,000.00. Suitable terms arranged. Exclusive Agents: MELVIN GAYMAN SI CO. Real Estate, Insurance and Financial Brokers 5 Queen Street, St. Catharines, Ont. Iron Frame, Pipe Frame and All Wood GREENHOUSES The Best Obtainable for STRENGTH LIGHT ECONOMY SIMPLICITY And are Easy to Erect SPECIAL FEATURES And Improvements are in Great Demand. OUR NEW EAVES Galvanized Iron. Ice Clearing. Dripless. No fancy cutting at end of gash bar. Least possible chance for rot. No wood splitting methods. No small dust collecting drip pans. Ob- structs no light. The Ideal Eave tor most scrupulous grower. Protect Yourself Against FIRE Get Our Designs and Prices on BOILER HOUSES, SERVICE BUILDINGS, STABLES and all kinds ot HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS Ask for Estimates on VENTILATING MACHINERY. BENCHES, FITTINGS, CYPRESS WOODWORK, HEATING APPARATUS, CONSERVATORIES, SUN PARLORS PERGOLAS and LIGHT STEEL STRUCTURES PARKES CONSTRUCTION CO. OFFICE 1671 Kintf St. E. HAMILTON ONT. WORKS Barton Road CLUTCH NAILS Sizes 3i X } STRAPPING SHIPPING SPECIALITIES Write lor Samples THE BEST DEVICES FOR FRUIT BOXES J. N. WARMINTON 207 St. James Street - MONTREAL 212 THE CANADIAN HORTIQTJLTURIS T August, I9IS EiUblUhed 1896 Cabia AddreM :— Rhubarb, Manchester. George Johnson Fruit and Produce Broker Smithfield Market, Manchester CONSIGNMENTS OF APPLES SOLICITED Takes charge at Liverpool, Manchester London, Hamburg, Havre All Boxes or BarrelH to be marked— Geo. Johnson M/c tAll correspondence and advices direct to ^Manchester, Head Office HiKhett Passible Prices ind Prompt Returns Eleven Acre Fruit Farm FOR SALE Good buildings, eight-room house, good fruit cellar, good water; near school and two churches; 2i miles from R.R. station, good gravel roads. 300 apple, 25 peach, a few plum, cherry and pear trees. Also a few berries for family use. For further information, apply to M. G. BRUNEfi, OLINDA, ONT. Just Six Minutes to Wash a Tubful! This is the erandcst Washer the world has ever known. So easy to run that it's al- most fun to work it. Makea clothes spotlessly clean in double quick time. Six minutes tin.slics a tubful. Any Woman Can Have a 1900 Gravity Was her on 30 Days' f Trial Free ,® Don't send money. If you are responsible you can try it first. We pay freight. See the wonders it per- forms. Tho:!- sands being used. Every user delighted. They write us bushels of let- ters telling how It saves work and worry. Sold on little payments. Write today for particulars and bea.itifuUy illus- trated Free Book. All correspondence should be addressed to me personally, T. Q. MOKRiS, Alanagrer, The 1900 Washer Co., 35 7 Tonge Street, Toronto. The Improved MONITOR (Farms, Lots, Homes and Business Places For Sale, Exchange or to Rent. Our Motto: Small Profits and Quick Sales J. T. OCONNELL & CO. I SPECIAL AGENTS ^ All kinds of Fruit Farms for Sale Ask for our printed List For Real Estate Bargains A Call Solicited Phone 'XK 136 HUNTER ST., PETERBOROUGH, ONT. MAKES IRONING EASY AND A PLEASURE Proncun.-p.l -Thi- Worl.iN Bfsf l.y nv,.i 500.000 BatislicdotiNtoniers. No hot st..vo- ms» loooeralt. Heat regulated instantly. SJTISFACTIOK CUtRMIEED. H){?hest inqnality lowest in price. Highly poli&hfii ami iiicie handled as carefully as eggs for once bruised they do not keep long and have a bad appearance. More ap- ples are bruised in putting them into the baskets, we believe, than in emptying them into the boxes or sorting tables. We always insist that our pickers put Sorting Apples in the Orchard at the Monastry at La Trappe, Que. This Table is used now only for Barrel Packs. 216 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1913 The wagon used in the orchard at La Trai>pe, Que Note the stronsr epringj used to protect the fruit from bruisee. their hands clear down into the baskets until the apples can be placed carefully upon the other apples already in the baskets. Care must be exercised in all points. After the picking crew is pro- perly instructed it is absolutely neces- sary to insist that these instrucrt;ions are carried out to the letter at all times. We find that a hook of wire in the form of a letter S is a great help to do work quickly and better, as then one has his two hands with which to work. One end of the hook catches the basket and the other end a limb of the tree or part of the ladder. The ladders we use are light but solid. A great many fruit growers think that any old barn ladder that you can lean up against the trees will do all right, but we must to-day adept modern ways and equipment. Light ladders that are convenient to carry and move around a tree and so compact that they will be easily placed between the limbs instead of against them, should be used. They should be strong so that they will last, and give you also the feeling that you can climb them safely, even with a bas- ket full of apples. Avoid ladders that lean up against a tree because they not only break the limbs but the bark. Wher- ever the bark is broken, an opening is made where some of the many diseases now prevalent will have a chance to en- ter. We have tried types of ladders ad- vertised in The Canadian Horticulturist, and found them quite satisfactory. SOTiTTNG AND GRADINO Sorting and grading the apples should be done with care, all apples b^ng handled one at a time. We used to sort our apples in the orchard and continue to do so in the case of apples going into barrels. But with such varieties as Duchess, Wealthy, Mcintosh and Fam- euse we think it better to do the sorting and grading in the packing house. We shall mainly dwell here in our remarks upon the grading of apples that are for box packing, as our best tender varieties are all going to be packed in boxes in the near future. It seems really a pity to put up fancy and number one Fam- euse and Mcintosh apples in barrels, now that we have begun to take to the box. Of course we are speaking only of the best grades as we never put on the market our culls and number three apples. These invariably go to our cider mill or to our canning plant. We still continue to put up in barrels the number two grade. We think it best to sort the apples before they go to the packing table, as we are not yet trained enough to do good sorting and packing from the same pile of apples on a table. It is certain that it is less difficult for our young students to pack the apples in boxes after they are carefully graded beforehand. Also it is presumed that a sorter, having only one thing to perform, might be able to do it better than a packer will, hav- ing to pack the apples at the same time. After a basket is full the picker empties very carefully the contents in an orchard box, which is then put in the express wagon, and after a load is ready the apples are brought to the packing house. Here we should insist upon one point. Every grower intend- ing to pack apples in boxes, should be provided with orchard boxes. The only way to deliver clean boxes to our cus- tomers is to use orchard boxes. There is nothing that spoils the reputation of a grower more than a bad appearance of his barrels or boxes. The orchard box is made a little larger than the or- dinary box and has cleats on the top so that the apples may not be bruised when the boxes are piled on top of one an- other. These boxes will last long if well cared for. Our sorting table is quite a long one, so that apples may be put on the entire length without piling them up too high upon the canvas covering, thus avoiding bruises. THE PACKING TABLE Our packing tables can accommodate two men at a time. The boxes are in- clined towards the packer in such a way that he picks up each apple from the table with the right hand and grasps the wrapping paper with the other hand. We sort the apples in two grades only, fancy and number one ordinary ; it will not pay to pack more than two grades, as every time that an extra grade is The Packing Table, Paper Holder, Baiket and Box Pre»» •• U«ed at La Trappe In a not* Father Leopold adds: "The latter was bought through ad adTertieement in The Oajia^iian Hortioalturist. September, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 217 introduced it adds about five cents ex- tra per box to the cost of packing. Only perfect fruit goes in the fancy grade. Number one grade includes only fruit that is a little below fancy, and not per- fect. I believe it always pays to keep above the standards set by the Fruit Marks .'\ct ; then we never get in trou- ble with our customers, and our name holds good everywhere. As to the size of the apples, we first sort them with grading boards which have holes in accordance with the grade size decided upon at the last Dominion Fruit Conference held at Ottawa. Mc- intosh generally are graded to one hun- dred and twenty-five, one hundred and thirty-eight and one hundred and fifty apples in a box, and are all a 2-3 diag- onal pack. Fameuse may range from one hundred and sixty-three, one hun- dred and seventy-five and one hundred and eighty-eight apples in a box, all 2-3 packs also. These packs all contain five rows of apples and only vary in num- ber of apples lengthwise. We believe that every package of fruit should be lined with paper. We feel certain that when apples are wrapped they carry better, bruise less, arrive in better condition and keep longer than unwrapped fruit. The packing paper consists of a layer of paper of a spongy nature (don't get glazed or semi-glazed paper) for lining, and a soft tough paper like the "Duplex," for wrapping. We find ten by ten to suit us very well, though eight by eight would do for the Fameuse. Part of the wrapping paper is stamped with our College motto in red color. This paper is used on the top layer at least, so that when a pack- age is opened and displayed, everyone may know where the box came from, even though the label on the end is in- visible. Don't buy cheap paper. One never saves anything by doing so. Cheap paper will break or tear when wrapping, so that the time lost, let alone the ap- pearance of the pack, will more than offset the difference in price of first and second class material. A tray for hold- ing the wrapping paper is found very convenient. This tray is made so that it can be fixed on the side of the pack- ing box. We avoid in mostly all cases using the staig^t pack and find that all our Duchess, Wealthy, Mcintosh and Fameuse can be accommodated with the diagonal 2-3 pack. PACKING HOUSE ESSENTIAL A packing house is essential when a fruit grower wants to put up extra fine fruit. It should be well lighted, of con- venient size, and well arranged for carrying on this important part of the fruit problem. In order to put up ap- ples in the most perfect condition it is necessary after picking to get them quickly into a cool place, where they will be protected from the sun. When the grower packs in the orchard the ap- ples absorb heat from the sun. The less heat there is in an apple when it is shipped the better it will carry and the longer will it keep ih cold storage. Not only must we have good packing houses to protect the apples from the sun, but we must do our packing as soon after picking as possible, ihere is nothing equally responsible for damages to the crop as allowing the apples to remain unpacked from one to three weeks. The sooner the apples are pack- ed after they are picked the better their condition will be when they are in the hands of the consumer. What we all should try to do is to give satisfaction to the consumer. Let us hope that the fruit-growers all over our province may live up to the best in modern orchard management. They will be well repaid for their trou- ble in many ways. Packing Apples in Barrels A. G. Turney, Provincial Horticulturist,', Fredericton, N.B. A LARGE portion of the New Bruns- wick apple crop is marketed in open barrels. The fruit is picked into baskets, emptied loosely into bar- rels in the orchard, stored in bins in the cellar and afterwards placed on the local market, a few barrels at a time, un- headed. However, a considerable amount of early and late fall apples and some winter varieties are exported or shipped such distances within the province as to render good tight packing absolutely essential. The minimum size of a standard barrel containing ninety-six quarts, and made from twenty-eight inch staves, common- ly known as the Nova Scotia barrel, is used here. The dimensions of such a barrel as given in the Inspection and •Sales Act, are as follows : Between heads, twenty-six and a half inches in- side measurement ; head diameter, sev- enteen inches inside measurenjent ; mid- dle diameter, eighteen and a half inches inside measurement. The hoops are made of birch or alder and are often split. The split hoops while lacking in neatness are cheaper and usually stronger. To prepare the barrel for filling, we drive the quarter hoops down firmly and securely nail the face end. This is done by driving nails obliquely through the upper hoop, the end of the stave, and into each corner of each piece of the head. An additional nail or sometimes two should be driven into the side pieces. In driving these nails we start them as low down on the end hoop as is possible but do not let them come through the head. Use five penny nails for this purpose. Head liners are hardly used here at all, although they should be more gener- 1 'f ji^^^dyyili^^^v . ^ ^ \ ^)^u^.^\ . --— ■ .' ' - ■ :-^^' i \ '^' -V^: w '- ■ '^■^'t^'^' nn Picking Graventtein Apples in the Orchard of Jote^h Kintman, Lalievill*, Kings County, N3. 218 THE CANADIAN ITORTIC U LT U K I ST September, 1913 New Brunswick Apples as shown at tha Provincial Horticultural Exhibition. ally used. They make the barrel safer and stronger and are really essential for export trade. Two liners over the ends of the pieces forming the head should be used, driving four to six nails through each one and clinching them on the out- side of the barrel. We secure the quar- ter hoops by driving two nails, one on each side of the barrel, in a slanting di- rection, clinching them on the inside. If the hoops are split we drive an extra nail through the lock or lap of the hoop. We use three-penny nails for securing these hoops and for liners. We place the barrel on a good stout plank and put in one of the heavy paper heads . commonly used for this purpose. This gives a neater ap{>earance to the barrel when opened and keeps the face apples cleaner and brighter. The face layer should be representative, in size, color and freedom from blemish, of the entire package. If it fails to do this then the pack is dishonest. Dishonest packing has thrown hundreds of thou- sands of apple trees into neglect and de- cay. Why? Because it doesn't pay. With a stemmer we cut off the stems of all the apples for the face layer and place them in position, stem end down, in a series of circles starting at the outside and working to the centre. The layer should be firm and uniform, but a not- iceably smaller or larger apple should not be used just because it will make the layer tight. The barrel is now faced and after care- fully placing apples so as to cover the open spaces in the face layer, it is filled by emptying the apples in very carefully from the basket. As each basket or two baskets of apples are placed in the bar- rel, the barrel is grasped at the top and raised first one edge and then the other, see-saw fashion, about two inches from the plank on which it is setting, being dropped back each time sharply but not loosely or violently. A barrel should be racked at least three or four times dur- ing the filling. When filled to about two inches from the chime the barrel is ready for tailing and is prepared for this by using a barrel "follower," which consists of round piece of plank smaller than the head of a barrel so that it will fit nicely inside and padded on the underside with felt. This is placed on the apples and held firmly when giving the last rack to the barrel. It leaves a fairly even sur- face on which to arrange the top rows, or "tail up" as it is commonly spoken of. Tailing is the most difficult part in the packing of a barrel of apples and is often only half done or omitted to save time. The object is to arrange the last two rows of apples as firmly as possible ;md in such a way that when the head is placed on it will touch every apple, evenly distributing the pressure clown through the barrel. The apples of this last layer should be placed stem end up, the stems being shortened as in the face layer, and should bring the surface of the fruit level with or slightly above the top of the stave, depending considerably on the variety to be packed and the dis- tance to he shipped. Tender skinned varieties such as the Mcintosh Red and Northern Spy should not be filled more than level with the top of the barrel, and perhaps even less for comparatively local markets. On the other hand solid, tough skinned vari- eties, like the Ben Davis and Golden Russett, should be tailed higher, as they need more pressure to prevent slacking in export shipping, probably about an inch above the top of barrel for export and less for local markets. In heading we remove the upper hoop of the barrel and loosen the next one ; lay the head in position, catch the screw press under the barrel and arrange the circular press head in position. Every- thing is now ready for applying the pres- sure, except that the top hoop is slipped on loosely so that after the head has been pressed down into the chime, the hoop may be driven into place without removing the press, first driving the sec- ond hoop down into place. The head is nailed in the same manner as in the face endj using liners. The face is stencilled and the barrel laid on its side. Gathering the Apple Crop, Mr. Sterling's Orchaiti, Kciowna, B.C. —Photo by G. H. E. Hudson. A Quebec Province Rose Garden F. E.^Buck, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa In this autumn season, one of the sources of satisfaction in growing roses IS that many of the modern varieties have a second, and one might almost say of beautiful roses in both the June and September seasons of bloom. In regard to the beauty of the autumn bloom, Mr. MacGrady says that he Mr. MacGrady in His Garden.— This G a General View of the Garden. .1 continuous season of bloom. In fact there is a little garden, about a quarter of an acre in extent, not two miles from the Parliament Buildings of the Do- minion, where they blossom in a riot of variety and profusion. This garden is at Gatineau Point, a little Quebec village on the river almost opposite the picturesque part of Ottawa known as Rockcliffe. It is the creation and almost constant resort of a Mr. MacGrady. Unpretentious in many ways, being wedged in between small houses and rough boundary fences, it impresses one for that very reason with the potentialities for rose growing exist- ing in a piece of land even in a climate as cold as that of Ottawa. It is first of all a rose garden, because this flower, which is responsible for the stirring of more gardening ambitions than any other flower, holds premier place. Roses with Mr. MacGrady are not secondary, his garden was made for them and the soil is ideal. For years he has had good success with all classes of this flower. His system of growing does not differ materially from other sys- tems Neither has he won success by any secret or strange processes of culture. Wise consideration of the needs of the plants and a measure of patient loving care brings him a reward of thousands finds "the quality of the flowers produc- ed later in the season, and especially in autumn, far surpasses in size, form and color those that are given in June. These traits are particularly conspicuous in the dark crimson varieties, and a Pierre Notting of June looks like a poor relation of the regal and magnificent Pierre Notting of September." It might be remarked here by way of parenthesis that the English growers are \ery interested in having good beds of autumn blooming varieties. In the trial experiments with roses at the Ottawa Central Experimental Farm the present indications are that in future lists many of the recommended roses will be those giving a good amount of bloom in the autumn. One reason for this is that sometimes our season in June is so hot that the roses are past all too soon. Altogether Mr. MacGrady has about four hundred rose bushes. Many of these are of recent fame, since each year a consignment of the newer introductions is imported from a firm located in the Duchy of Luxembourg, in which are in- cluded those brought out by English, French, German and Irish rose growers. SOME GOOD VARIETIES The following list of roses was pre- pared by Mr. MacGrady, by request, as being roses which he has found the best of the many varieties which he has cultivated : White — Frau Karl Druschki, Merveille de Lyon; white with pink tins — Capt. Christy, Clio; light rose — Pride of Wal- tham, Mde. Gabrielle Luizet, Baroness Rothschild ; bright rose — Eugenie Fremy, Capt. Hayward, Magna Charta ; crim- son— Gustave Piganeau, Mde. Victor Verdier, Eugene Furst ; dark crimson- 220 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1913. A Rose Border in the Garden of Souvenir de Victor Verdier, Boncenne, Princesse de Beam ; climbers — Crimson Rambler (red), Mrs. F. W. Flight, (pink), Baltimore Belle (white), Rubin (red) ; yellow — Persian Yellow ; moss — Gracilis, Cristata, Crimson Globe, White Bath; Rugosa— Conrad F. Meyer, Mde. Chas. Worth, Nova Zembla, Souvenir I'exposition de Bordeau. He also speaks highly of Pernet Ducher's (the great French Rose Hy- bridist) new introductions. Some of the most remarkable are: Soleil d' Angers with its conspicuous yellow centre and carmine border; Rayon d'Or, coppery yellow ground striped claret red; Sol- eil d'Or with its almost undescribable mingling of pleasing shades of rose and amber on yellow ground", and others. NOTES ON CULTUEE Mr. MacGrady states that except in a winter when the snowfall is light he does not find much difficulty in protecting the plants. At the end of the season they are laid down as close to the ground as possible without breaking the stems, and are tied to low stakes to prevent the weight of the snow either crushing or breaking the stems. Earth is drawn up around the base of the plants, forming a small cone-shaped hil- lock. The plants are then covered with thick wrapping paper and around this odds and ends of boards are placed to keep the covering in position. As the rose has enemies of several types, Mr. MacGrady has tried a mix- ture which he thinks is fairly effectual against insects and fungous troubles. It is made by him as follows: "Steep one- half pound of cheap tobacco in one pail of water. Then add to this half a pound of powdered hellebore, a few teaspoon- Mr. James Gadsby, Hamilton, Ont. fuls of Paris green and about half an ounce of sulphide of potassium. The sulphide of potassium is added not to ward off insect attacks but to guard against mildew and leaf-spot, fungous diseases to which some varieties are very subject. The tobacco extract kills the plant lice, the Paris green and helle- bore poison the eating insects and slugs." He finds, like most growers, that the sickly plants are generally those which are attacked by insects and fun- gous diseases. RENOVATING OLD PLjVNTS Mr. MacGrady has had good suc- cess in renovating old rose plants and it may be well to pass on the idea. Old plants which, from any cause, have be- come feeble in growth and unproductive, may be made to take on a new lease of life by taking them up early in the spring, when they are dormant, pruning the roots of all old dead wood, cutting back slightly the green wood and then replanting in a new position. .After such treatment they will in most cases form fine satisfactory plants. This same method is also practiced in the autumn we believe with very good success. To again quote Mr. MacGrady: "My ambition has been to have an old-fash- ioned garden in contra distinction to the more formal types." Therefore, in addition to his garden being a rose gar- den it is a galaxy of color during many seasons owing to the fine clumps of well known flowers scattered here and there both among the roses and bordering the walks. Foxgloves, Canterbury Bells, Larkspurs,, Sweet Williams, Lychnis, Or- iental Poppies, Phloxes, Hollyhocks, Tulips, Pansies, Primulas, Hyacinths, and many others, thrive in ideal condi- tions and brighten and cheer with their blaze of colors. PAEONIE8 8TEONO FAVORITES There is one flower which has not yet been mentioned, but which in this garden is prized next to the ro.sc. This is the Paeony. The Paeonies, together with the early roses and several other flowers of that season, make the most gorgeous show of the year. ."Xbout three hundred Paeonies are grown, many of which are fine named varieties. In one year fifty of these plants were bought from Dessert, the noted Paeony grower of France. In addition to imp>orted plants, Mr. MacGrady has about thirty seedling plants of his own raising. These were produced from seed sown in the autumn, and which germinated the following spring. But it was three or four years before any of the plants reached the blooming stage. Three very noticeable ones bloomed this year for the first time, one fine satiny pink, another a good red, and the third a pretty single. Mr. MacGrady receives quite a num- ber of visitors in his little secluded gar- den and he takes a pardonable pride in showing his much beloved flowers. House Plantsfor Pall and Winter P. D. Powe Although we will soon have to give up our outdoor favorites we can still re- sort to the house window. A good south window is best, but where not ob- tainable an east window is next choice. In these fix up two layers of shelves upon which to place your plants. The plants which will be found to give greatest satisfaction to the house window gardener are the geraniums. Young plants from September cuttings bloom best. Fuchsias, Mysatiens, Ox- alis. Primrose and Abutalions are easily grown and give good results. Cycla- men, with its marbled foliage and unique bloom, makes a very beautiful plant for the table or window. Palms and rub- bers are also fine for the house. A few pots of bulbs should be grown, as noth- ing can be more beautiful, and they re- quire but little room. BULBS FOR THE HOUSE The double and single Tulips, Hya- cinths, Freesias and Narcissis, make a grand display. Obtain your bulbs as early in September as pwDssible, getting as much of a variety as you can. Take some four inch pots, place drainage in bottom and fill up with good soil. Take your bulb and cover till only the very tip is showing. Water well and place in a damp cellar or under heavy shade, and cover with litter for eight weeks. Then bring them to the window, and the beautiful bloom will soon make you feel repaid for your labor. If a prolonged period of bloom is desired remove a lot to the window each week. Preparations for Winter and Spring Flowers Quite naturally September is looked upon as the end of the gardening sea- son. But to those who would have those early blooms next spring, it is just the beginning. The peony, which has very truthfully been described as the "Queen of spring flowers," should be planted this month. It is of easy culture, and enjoys tTiat immunity from insect pests and disease that few other plants possess. An open border is the most suitable place to plant f)eonies, though they will thrive almost equally well in partial shade. Spade the ground to the depth of two feet and incorporate a good dressing of thoroughly decayed barnyard manure. If the ground can be prepared some time previous to planting it would be a de- cided advantage, as there would be less likelihood of the manure coming in con- tact with the roots, which undoubtedly is the cause of many failures. SETTING THE PLANTS Set the roots just deep enough to allow four inches of soil over the crowns, and place them four feet apart in the rows. Quite frequently it is found that too deep planting is a cause of failures that were attributed to uncongenial soil and weath- er conditions. The roots exhaust their food supply before the young growths reach the surface of the soil. .'Vs the peony season lasts a month at the most it is well to give some atten- tion to the selection of varieties, so as to have a fair range of colors. Don't be misled by the extravagant claims made for some of the novelties, which are high in price, and very often unsatisfactory. Many of the old varieties are still un- surpassed by any of the recent introduc- tions, and for the amateur are likely to prove the most satisfactory. The fol- lowing is a list of varieties that have proved all that is claimed for them : White — Festiva Maxima, Couronne (I'Or, Duchess de Nemours, Marie Le- nioine, Octavic Demay and Marie Jac- quin. Pink and white — Umbellata Rosea, Golden Harvest, Madame Coste, Ma- dame de Vatry, Princess Beatrice and Beaute Francaise. Red — Augustin de Howe, Louis van Houte, Henry Demay, Dr. Caillot, Felix Crouste and De Candolle. Red, various shades — Meissonier, Mon- sieure Marchel de McMahon, Madame Burquet, Rubia Superba and Emperor Nicholas. Deep pink — Madame Ducal, Living- stone, General Bertrand, Modeste Guer- in, Alexander Dumas, and Modele de Perfection. PCIBCHABE BULBS NOW Now is the time to purchase your stock of bulbs which are to furnish you with flowers during the winter indoors, Henry Gibson, Staatsburg and out in the beds and borders in the early spring. Don't buy cheap bulbs; they are dear at any price. You will feel amply repaid for any extra outlay by the increased quality and substance of your flowers compared with the poor, weak specimens produced from cheap bulbs. One of the greatest mistakes the ama- teur makes in purchasing bulbs is that he wants too many varieties. If you only want a few dozen bulbs don't get as many varieties as you would if you were getting a few hundred. Of all spring flowering bulbs, tulips are perhaps the most popular. Their brilliancy of colour, beauty of form, and gorgeous shades render them the most effective of all bulbous plants for bedding and planting in groups or bor- ders. For pot culture and forcing for winter bloom in the window garden there are many desirable varieties. Tulips should not be planted too soon out of doors as they are liable to get caught by late soring frosts. Wait un- till the early fall frosts have cut down your bedding plants, and then set them out. Plant the bulbs five or six inches apart, each way, and six inches deep. In the meantime if you have received your bulbs, spread them out on a dry, cool, cellar floor, where there is a free circula- tion of air. They will then keep in first class condition until you can plant them. DWARF VARIETIES FOR POT CULTURE Due Van Thol tulips are of dwarf habit, growing only about six inches high, and are the best for pot culture. Five or six bulbs to a six inch pot will be enough. Plant them deep enough so as to allow the top of the bulb to come on a level with the soil, which when firmly pressed down should be at least half an inch below the rim of the pot. Give them a good watering and set them away in a cool place, covering them with about five inches of sand or ashes. Dutch hyacinths are indispensable where a variety of bloom is required. They are not only suitable for pot cul- ture and planting in the open ground, but they are admirably adapted for grow- ing in glasses. For pot culture select heavy bulbs, and plant as early as pos- sible, using a four inch pot for a single bulb, or three of one variety may be put into a six inch pot. Plant and set away as directed for tulips. For planting in the open ground these subjects like a deeply cultivated soil. The bulbs should be planted as evenly as possible, about six inches deep and from five to six inches apart, setting each bulb in a handful of sand to ensure drain- age. BULB OUI/rUEE IN GLASSES Bulb culture in glasses is not prac- ticed nearly so much as it should be. It is one of the most fascinating phases of indoor gardening. A glass with a wide top is required so that the bulb can be rested on it without falling into the water. Glasses made for this purpose can he purchased from almost any flor- ist for a nominal sum. Single hyacinths ... 1 ^SMSk ms ,^^SEm. ■^m^^^g^^ Ml' . 1 ''••J'^Sm^I^^w^^^ ^3BEa k^<^^>^ ' ^£^s^ms^ ^P ^^^^^IPTr'!^ •'.-■■■ .Wr ;.;.•# ''.•*'' ''' W'' ' ^^.^ *.- y.&. '",''■■•''■ 2^\ - -->IY^. «* ■■- - 7r:4W- ^ ■■'^ % ;r.. V • , - ■■ ■ ..■'*' Jk .: -^Mi w^ 1 ^- ^ ■ ■ '' " «^' .^., ->.• '^■^ « rsn^. ma^ig^. RsP> An Avenue of American Linden* Canadian Oitiea Need More Streets of this Oh amcfcer. 22. 222 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1913 do best in glasses as they produce a much finer spike. Place the bulb in the glass which should be filled with water so that it touches the bottom of the bulb. Put away in a cool place or on a shelf in a dark part of the cellar for six or seven weeks, changing the water every two weeks. At the end of that time remove them lo the light in a cool room with an even temperature. They will produce spikes of bloom that will keep fresh for a sur- prising length of time. A piece of char- coal placed in the water absorbs any ob- noxious gases that may arise and helps to keep the water sweet. Preparing and Packing Vegetables for Market By P. D. Powe, WE Canadians are just ten years be- hind the times in regard to the marketing of our goods. Very few firms in Ontario use the up-to-the- minute methods employed in the United States and European countries. Having made a careful study of their methods, I will describe those that will have the most effect, and bear more directly on our conditions. I would advise the reader somewhat as did the French cook, "You will first procure your rabbit before cooking it." I would say grow your vegetables in such a manner as to produce the best on the market. Not only are such vege- tables far more saleable, but the quanti- ty will appear larger if carefully sorted and packed, thereby increasing the re- turns. All root vegetables should be sorted, washed, topf)ed and tied in neat bunches. Be very careful in grading, discarding all small mishapen ones (these we sell to cheap boarding houses.) Washing must be carefully done or the effect is spoilt. This may be done thoroughly with a spray having a good pressure. Potatoes look far better washed, though they will not keep long. CAREFUL GRADING NECESSARY All other roots should be washed and sorted both summer and winter, and carefully graded to size. Cabbage should be graded and all yellow and insect eaten leaves cut away. Never pick beans when the dew or wet is on them, or they will rust and be spoilt for sale. They sell best packed in boxes or baskets. I know one dealer who keeps twenty boys employed sorting the fruit and vegetables he buys. In talking to him he said he made from fifty to one hun- dred per cent, profit by this work, ow- ing to poor packing on the part of the grower. Why should you not make this profit yourself? If you would have success these days you must advertise. Every box, basket and bag should bear your name and slogan printed in plain type so that he who runs may read. Your business will soon show the effect of such a course. . THE HOME HAMPER The home hamper is truly a Yankee dodge and one that does credit to the originators. To those who have hot fol- lowed the idea, the following may be of interest : Cainsville Ont. Procure to start with, a fiundred or so card board boxes, such as florists use for large designs. These are cheap and neat in appearance and will do until you get well started. You will then want some neat, light, wooden boxes, such as drapers use. Your name will be printed on the same and be a good advertise- ment. Use plain lettering, as it looks neater for this work. The prices obtained vary from one to three dollars each. The vegetables are picked in the cool of morning, so that they are fresh. The hampers are in de- mand by all the select trade in every large town or city. In the early season, of course, the variety is limited, but as the season progresses we supply as large a variety as possible. In buying the hampers the housewife obtains a selec- tion of all the seasonable vegetables without the trouble of going to market. At the same time she gets the best and earliest vegetables that are growing. The size of the hamper depends of course upon the family of the patron. As the price goes up with the size, one has no kick coming. PILLING THE HAMPER The filling of the hampers is one of the chief matters of importance. Put in two to three bunches of asparagus, beans of various kinds (sown at intervals of ten days to extend the season), beets (planted every three weeks) made into bunches of from six to eight, Brussels sprouts, a strawberry box full, to a ham- per, cabbage, all varieties, cauliflower, spring, summer and fall planted, (leave the leaves one inch above the head and pack so as to avoid bruising as they are easily discolored). Carrots are both or- namental and useful. Celery is indis- pensable. Sweet corn is a favorite with all. A bunch of herbs of all kinds finds favor with the cook. Parsley is highly prized, as are also early potatoes as soon as they are the size of a large marble. Tomatoes, when smooth, nicely colored and without blemish, find favor the year round. They may be had from the gar- den from July to December if one un- derstands growing them. Last year our out door grown tomatoes lasted until Christmas. Each hamper contains ber- ries of all kinds in season (from one to two boxes), and a bunch of flowers once a week. We also supply a quart or two of cherries, plums, peaches, pears, or early apples, while in our best hampers we place a two quart basket lined with fancy paper and containing a couple of rosy apples, two jieaches, two pears, a couple of bunches of grapes or some other choice fruit. One thing about the hamper is the show it makes. I know of nothing that will give a better apfiearance and do it cheaper than a few rolls of different col- ored crepe paper. Methods of Blanching Celery Can you (five me some up-to-date infor- inntion on the blanching- of celery? I have tried blanching- with earth, but this method caused the leaves to rust. I have been ad- vised to draw the stalks of single plants tog-pther with strings and then wrap with brown paper. If there is any better meth- od would you advise me of the same ? I have only seventy plants, and could there- fore follow a method that might be un- profitable on a large scale. — H. H. W. The methods employed in blanching celery depend largely on whether the variety grown matures early or late. In blanching early varieties the use of soil is apt to rust the plants. This is pro- bably the reason for the trouble that you have experienced. When grown on a large scale the blanching of early varieties is accom- plished by the use of boards. For your purpose the method that you speak of (tying paper around the stems) would be just as convenient, as the plants need to be grown in long rows to make the use of boards advantageous. The best method for blanching celery on a small scale is by the use of ordi- nary unglazed drain tile of about four inches inside diameter. The stalks are first loosely tied together with light twine and a few of the outside leaves re- moved. The tile is then slipped down over the plant. The leaves spread out over the top of the tile and exclude the light. When not in use the tile can be stored away and thus be used from year to year. For the blanching of late varieties .the soil method is usually conceded to give the best flavor. Good late varieties will not rust when banked with soil. Care should be taken to prevent soil from getting into the heart of the plant as it causes decay. When celery is to be stored over win- ter it will keep better if not blanched too much. It can be safely stored in a cool cellar if some of the roots are left . on the plants and covered with moist ■ sand. In digging the crop in the autumn, it .is an excellent plan to save the potatoes from the very best hills to be used for planting in the following season. — Prof C. A, Zavitz, O.A.C., Gueloh, Ont. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 223 Rotation of Vegetable Garden Crops H. F. East, North THIS is a subject worthy of the at- tention of those who aim to attain the largest possible results and the highest jx)ssible quality with every kind of vegetable crop, for it concerns the natural relations of the plant and the soil as to their several chemical constituents. The principle may be illustrated by con- sidering the demands upon the soil of two of the most common vegetable gar- den crops. We submit a cabbage to the destruc- tive agency of fire and analyse the ashes that remain. We shall find in them, in round numbers, eight per cent, of sul- phuric acid, sixteen per cent, of phos- phoric acid, four per cent, of soda, forty- eight per cent, of potash, and fifteen f)er cent, of lime. It is evident that we can- not expect to grow a cabbage on ;i soil that is destitute of these ingredients, to say nothing of others. If we submit a potato tuber to a similar process the ashes will be found to contain fifly-nine per cent, of potash, two per cent, soda, six per cent. lime. Now the lesson for the cultivator is that to prepare a soil for cabbage, it is of the utmost importance to employ a manure containing sulphates, phosphates and potash salts in considerable quanti- ty. As for lime, that can be supplied -separately, but the cabbage must have it. On the other hand to prepare a soil for potatoes we must strongly charge it with salts of potash and phosphates. But it need not be highly charged with soda and lime for we find but a small Toronto, Onf proportion of these elements in the po- tato. There are soils so naturally rich in fer- tilizing constituents that they may be tilled for years without the aid of man- ures, and still yield an abundant return. But these soils are exceptional. Those that constantly need manuring are the rule. In almost every soil, whether strong clay, loam, poor sand or chalk, there are to be found ail the minerals re- quired by plants. Indeed, if there were not, we should see no herbage on out of the way places ; for instance at the top of limestone rocks. Usually, how- ever, a considerable portion of those mineral constituents on which plants feed are in an insoluble form, and are slowly made available as the rain, the dew, and sunshine operate upon them. As the rock slowly yields up its phos- phates, alkalies and solutions of silica to the wild vegetation that clings to it, so the cultivated field (which is but rock in a state of decay) yields more readily its constituents for the service of plants. Because it is the practice of the cultiva- tor to stir the soil and continually ex- pose fresh surfaces to the transforming power of the atmosphere, it has been said that the air we breathe is a powerful manure. So it is, but not in the sense that is applicable to stable manure or guano. The air may, and does, afford lo plants much of their food. Every fresh exposure of the soil to the air, and es- pecially to frost and snow, is as the opening of a new mine of fertilizers for the service of those plants upon which man depends for his subsistence. SCIEJSTTiriC PEINCIPLES APPLIED The practical application of these con- siderations is an extremely simple matter in the first instance, but it may become complicated if followed far enough. Here we can only touch the surface of the subject. Suppose that we grow cabbage or cauliflower on the same plot of ground, one crop following the other for a long series of years, and never re- fresh the soil with a scrap of manure. It must be evident that we shall some day experience a crop failure because of the exhaustion of the soil. But if this soil were allowed to lie fal- low for some time it would again pro- duce a crop of cabbage, owing to the lib- eration from the unavailable state of mineral matters which when the crops were failing were not liberated fast enough. But as this method necessi- tates keeping the ground idle for some time, it is obviously an unprofitable mode of procedure and tends to still fur- ther exhaust the soil. Whether a soil can be brought to a stage of utter ex- haustion is at present unknown. In- stead, however, of following an exhaus- tive practice, we enrich the soil witTi manure, and change the crops on the same plot so that when one crop has largely taxed it for one class of minerals a different crop will tax it for another class. Let us consider the arrangement of a rotation. Beets contain very little sul- phur, but both turnips and beets are strongly charged with potash and soda (common salt.) If we take a piece of ground on which is cabbage (which is low in soda content) and wish to avoFd the failure that may follow the continual growing of this crop, we may expect to do well by giving the ground a dressing of common salt and alkalies and then crop it with beets. DEEP vs. SHALLOW FEEDERS Crops differ in their mode of seeking nourishment. For instance if we grow cabbage and other surface-rooting crops until the soil begins to fail, a good crop of parsnips or carrots might be obtained from it for the simple reason that these send their roots down to a stratum that the cabbage never reached. Parsnips can thus thrive on land that has been badly tilled for years because the root pushes down to a mine that has been but little worked. It is quite proper to say that good land, well tilled and abundantly manured cannot be soon exhausted. But even in this case a rotation of crops is advis- able. A good rotation will include both chemical and mechanical differences. We grow deep feeders after shallow feeders, and potash-loving plants, say, after those that draw more heavily on other fertiliz- ing ingredients. 224 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1913. The Canadian Horticulturist COMUINKD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With wliich hns been incorporated The Cnnndian Bee Journnl. Publiihed by The Horticultural Publithing Company, Limited PKTKKBORO, ONTAKIO The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs ok the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations AND OK The Ontario Beekeepers' Association H. Bbonson Cowan Managing Director UNITED STATES RERESENTATIVES STOOKWELL'8 SPEOIAl, AGENCY Chicago Oflice— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The flr.st edition is known, as The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is know as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an ©aual number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping In- terests of Canada. „ _. 2. Subecription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a yesT; two years, $100. and of The Canadiin Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local sub.soript.ions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Essprese Monev Order, or Registered letter. A The Law is that subscribers to new&pa,pers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5 Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6 Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re- ceive d up to the 20th Address all advertising corresipon deuce and ooipy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1912. The flgnrres given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed' to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1912 9,988 August, 1912 11,146 February, 1912. .. .10,437 September. 1912. . .10,997 March, 1912 10,877 October, 1912 10,971 April, 1912 11,788 November, 1912. . .11,>162 May, 191£ 12.112 December, 1912.. . .11.144 .lune, 1912 10.946 July, 1912 10,986 132,556 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " " " 1908, 8,695 " ' 1909, 8.970 1910, 9,067 1911, 9,541 ' 1912, ll,»-. August, 1913 12,360 Sworn detailed statement* will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is .reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advei-tiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loee, provided such transaction occurs with- in one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its ooourrenoe. and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes betweern sub- Rcribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed ^ THE CANADIAN HORTICU^mRI^. ^^ POWER FOR PRE-COOLING A factor that in the near future is go- ing- to have a large bearing on the de- velopment of wider markets for Canadian fruit is the practice of pre-cooling before shipment. Most particularly does this ap- ply to the more perishable classes of fruits such as peaches, plums, grapes and small fruits. When fruit is placed in the ordinary refrigerator cars several days elapse be- fore the fruit becomes properly cooled. When pre-cooled the heat is removed from the fruit in a few hours, thus increasing the distance for safe shipment and extend- ing the market. The greatest difficulty that must be met is the question of procuring cheap power. At the present prices at which power can be obtained or produced, pre-cooling proves economical on a large scale only. In California, from which thousands of carloads of citrous fruits are shipped an- nually, pre-cooling plants with capacities as high as twenty to thirty cars daily have been established. When applied on such a large scale as this the economical use of power is assured. This power question is "the thorn in the flesh." Growers in the Summerland dis- trict of British Columbia are this season working out a solution of the problem. The Provincial Government, the Canadian Pacific Railway and the municipality are all cooperating to make the venture a suc- cess. In this instance the fruit is to be ftc-cooled in a portion of the warehouse, the cost of fitting being met by the depart- ment. The Canadian Pacific Railway will provide free ice for one season, the part played by the municipality being to supply the electric power gratis. The carrying out of this scheme will be followed with interest by Canadian fruit growers in general. The establishment of pre-cooling plants in the Niagara district has often Iseen suggested and is a develop- ment that is bound to come within the next few years. Hydro-Electric may furnish the solution of the power problem of this dis- trict. MARKETING VEGETABLES To grow good vegetables is one thing ; to market them to advantage is another. Not a few growers have reaped but a scanty reward from a whole season's work, because they lacked a knowledge of the essentials of. good marketing practice. Any ordinary grower can get the ordin- ary price. In the endeavor to obtain a fancy or even a fair price on a glutted mar- ket, the most necessary essential is for the producer to study the consumer's needs. He who originates a method of marketing which places his produce in the hands of the consumer in a more attractive form than that of his competitors is the man who wins out. In this respect our neighbors across the line seem to be leading the way. The "Home Hamper" method of marketing vegetables described in an article in this is- sue, shows one example of what can be done to build up a trade in a high class product. But this is only one of many ways in which the progressive ,gro\ver, who is cour- ageous enough to break away from time- worn methods and blaze a new trail, can find an outlet for his produce at remuner- ative figures. Instead of sticking to the style of package that has become common in his neighborhood he can originate one that would catch better the fancy of the buying bublic. Then, too, be can provid<- his packages with an appealing label thai will also serve as a trade mark. The trade will become accustomed to his brand and will call for it. Many growers make a great mistake just in this respect. 1 ney place both the poor grade and the h '• grade article in the same style of package. The package therefore does not become a criterion of the grade. Grading is most important. And tne standard for each grade should be rigidly maintained in the face of all price fluctua- tions. Oftentimes greater returns will be realized by marketing only the higher grades and discarding the rest, than by offering the entire lot as ordinary stock. The development of marketing methods offers wonderful possibilities for the grower to exert his ingenuity. Only the fringe of this phase of the vegetable growing indus- try ha^. yet been touched. Producers will do well to give this matter serious atten- tion. CENTRALIZATION JUSTIFIED The Central Selling Agency organized in British Columbia this season is already proving its worth. The organization is to handle an order for thirty thousand boxes of apples to be shipped to Australia. The benefits of cooperation on a large scale are at once apparent in a case such as this. Only a large organization could handle an order of this size. The securing of this order indicates that Australia may become an extensive pur- chaser of British Columbia fruit. This would relieve to some extent the situation in the west through the withdrawal of con- siderable quantities of fruit from that mar- ket. Cooperation on a large scale is all that can bring this about. The relief it would effect is much needed as this year Washington State growers are giving both British Columbia and eastern growers a harder run than ever on the prairie mar- kets. Freight reductions on the railroads controlled by J. J. Hill are enabling them to compete with us to greater advantage than ever before. The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia is proving the salvation of the apple growers in that province. For example, steamers are chartered outright with the result that the traffic congestions that were once so annoying are largely a thing of the past. With such examples of the bene- fits of centralization before us it is not too much to expect splendid results from the recently organized Central Selling Agency for Ontario. The number of complaints emanating from fruit shippers and commission men indicates that the employees of express companies are far too careless in the hand- ling of fruit shipments. If the companies are not able to impress upon their employ- ees the fact that they are responsible for the safe delivery of fruit handled by them, then it is time that outside influences were brought to bear on the matter. If an inspector or inspectors could be appoint- ed to investigate the extent of the loss that fruit shippers experience in the same manner that Mr. Mcintosh has hand- led the question of freight rates, the amount of damage reported would soon con- vince the Government of the need of re- medial measures. Some action should be taken without delay. The express compan- ies have managed aflfairs in their own way too long. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 225 There are two organizations in Canada directly connected with the development of the horticultural interests of the Dominion, as distinct from the fruit grrowing indus- try. These are The Canadian Horticultural Association and The Ontario Horticultural Association. The former is composed of wholesale flower growers, retail florists, and professional gardeners, and deals almost exclusively with the professional side of floriculture. The latter represents the ama- teur interests. The sixteenth annual con- vention of The Canadian Horticultural As- sociation took place last month in Peter- boro. The papers presented were of a high order of merit, particularly that by Park Commissioner C. E. Chambers, of Toronto, which dealt with Parks and Boulevards. We are pleased to notice that since the con- vention it has been published in full by a number of local dailies. Separated as its members are by the great distances which prevail in Canada, this Association is ac- complishing a valuable work in the face of considerable difficulties. It deserves the support of all who are interested in any branch of professional floriculture. By identifying themselves with it, florists and gardeners will advance their own interests as well as those of the other members of their profession. PUBLISHER'S DESK m This is the season of the year when the minds of progressive fruit growers are occu- j)ied with thoughts concerning the market- ing of their season's crops. More and more are they striving to see that their goods are placed on the markets, both at home ■ and abroad, in the best possible condition. This is why the Annual Exhibition and Fall Packing Number of The Canadian Horti- culturist, issued the first of September each year, is awaited with interest by fruit grow- ers from one end of Canada to the other. This is our third annual number of this kind. We anticipate that it will meet with the expectations of our readers. The arti- cles are particularly timely and helpful. One of the most important discussions that took place at the Dominion Fruit Con- ference held last year, pertained to a pos- sible change in the size of the standard ap- ple box. One of the leaders in the discus- sion was Mr. R. M. Winslow, of British Columbia. At the Dominion Conference final action was deferred until the views of the growers might be more fully ascer- tained. In the introductory article in this issue, Mr. Winslow has summed up very ably the arguments for and against the two sizes generally advocated. It will be not- iced that he favors what might be called the United States as against the Canadian box. As the subject is a timely one, fnjit growers are invited to continue the dis- iCussion. In Quebec and Eastern Ontario our fruit ^growers are awakening to the fact that in the Fameuse and Mcintosh Red apples they Ihave two varieties that for dessert pur- ' poses are unsurpassed. For all such grow- lers, as well as for growers of other varie- "ties of apples, the article by Kev. Father I Leopold contains much that should be in- structive and helpful. In Eastern Canada, at least, the great majority of apple growers are still packing . their apples in barrels. The contribution by Mr. A. G. Tumey, Provincial Horticul- turist for New Brunswick, was secured for ; their benefit. A glance through the fllowgr and vegetable departments of this issue will show that they also are filled with timely, helpful information. While the handling of the' apple crop is always empha- sized in this issue, it has been our desire that none of the other departments should be neglected, and in this we trust our read- ers will see we have been successful. * # * Because The Canadian Horticulturist is published only monthly its space is very limited. This makes it absolutely impossi- ble for us to publish as soon as they are received, many of the articles that we ac- cept for publication. In each month's is- sue we strive to have those articles that are the most timely and seasonable. Thus it frequently happens that an article crowded out of one month's issue may be held over and not used until the corresponding month of the year following. When correspon- dents do not see their articles published as soon as they expect, they are asked to re- member that its non-appearance is not an indication that it is not the editor's inten- tion to publish it. # * » The circulation of The Canadian Horti- culturist and its companion paper. The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, continues to increase. It is now greater than ever before in the history of either paper. We are pleased that this is the case because we do not use any methods to force an increase in circulation. Prem- iums are not given to subscribers to take the paper.. The circulation of both papers is high class and good. This is probably the main reason why The Canadian Horti- culturist and The Beekeeper are such valu- able advertising mediums. » « * This year as usual The Canadian Horti- culturist will be represented in the Horti- cultural Building at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. Readers of this paper are invited to pay us a visit. Potato Canker Danger H. T. Gnsiow, Dominion Botonitt, Otiawa Potato canker should not be allowed to obtain a foothold in Canada. It is a di- sease that makes slow progress but where once broken out it has defied every known means of control. With the approach of the potato harvest all growers are particu- larly requested to examine their potatoes for signs of canker. A case of potato can- ker escaping detection forms a source of future infection. The appearance of this disease has been well illustrated by the Farmers' Circular, No. 3, obtainable free of charge from the Publication Branch of the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. On discovery of any signs of potato canker farmers should im- mediately notify the Dominion Botanist, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, of the out- break, at the same time submitting speci- men, when an inspector will be sent to as- sist and advise the farmer as regards the treatment to be given. In accordance with the new regulations if diseased tubers are found no part of the crop can be sold. Before being used for any purpose all tubers, whether sound or unsound, must be boiled, which destroys the disease. No potatoes from an infected field can be used for seed. The land upon which diseased potatoes have been raised is unfit for the production of potatoes for an indefinite number of years. All potato growers should acquaint them- selves with the publications furnished "by the Department of Agriculture in refer- ance to this disease. Niagara Peninsula Crop Outlook The Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' .Association reports an increase over last month in the plum and pear prospects, and a slight decrease in grapes. The av- erage set is as follows : Japan Plums, 58 reports, 79%. European Plums, 55 reports, 71%. Early Cling. Peaches, 51 reports, 80%. Early Free. Peaches, 84 reports, 59%. Late Peaches, 93 reports, 71%. Earlv Pears, 39 reports, 81%. Bartictt Pears, 63 reports, 80%. Later Pears, 54 reports, 74%. Grapes, 83 reports, 72%. Early and Fall Apples, 46 reports, 56%. Winter Apples, 57 reports, 45%. Early Tomatoes, 39 reports, 81%. Late Tomatoes, 53 reports, 75%. The raspberry crop was very disappoint- ing. The first early tomatoes were inclined to be small but they are now coming in freely — quality good. On moist, sandy soil, the crop promises well, 'but on the heavier soils the plants are suffering se- verely from the excessive drought. Peaches are seemingly not suffering badly as yet from little peach and yellows, but both may develop later. Blight on pears is re- ported in several cases as being bad, and the pear slug has also done damage. Grapes have suffered badly in some cases from flea beetle and rose chafer in Pel- ham, Thorold and Stamford townships, and rot is reported in several vineyards around St. Catharines. Apples are still reported light, and the yield may possibly be even further reduced as many growers have not sprayed their small crop, and codling moth and scab are reported bad in unspi^yed or- chards. In every case the well sprayed orchards are reported comparatively free from such troubles. Cover crops went in late because of drought. While so many complain of the lack of rain, it is a debatable question whether the growers who are cultivating, spraying and caring for their orchards as they should be cared for, are not in a better position. There will be no loss from rot and the fruit will carry better than if there were to be a little too much rain. The peach crop will be large owing to the large number of young orchards com- ing into bearing. The growers should en- deavor to place as many orders as possi- ble and also let their customers know that there will be plenty to supply all demands. ISOCIETY NOTES St. Catharines Preparations are under way for the an- nual fall exhibition of the St. Catharines Horticultural Society. Situated as St. Catharines is in such a splendid fruit pro- ducin.g section this exhibition has become one of the finest flower and fruit shows in Canada. This season no efforts are being spared to make the event the most success- ful yet. September 11 will be the opening date. That Ontario can produce apples second to none was proved at the International Apple Shinpers' Association which met re- cently at Cleveland, Ohio. In competition with fruit from Nova Scotia, the New Eng- land States. New York, Michigan, Wiscon- sin and Minnesota, Ontario fruit won the President's Cup, a sweepstake for the en- tire show. Fifteen winter, five summer and ten fall varieties were shown. 226 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September. !913 An Essential Point in Good Marketing F. E. Ellis, B. S. A., Peterboro, Ont. IT was an interesting- group that gather- ed together in front of the Norfolk county exhibit at the last Horticul- tural Fair in Toronto ; interesting because it represented the two classes concerned, the producers and the consumers. With re- presentatives of these two classes whose interests are so often considered antagon- istic, with the fruit all around them, the remarks exchanged are apt to be enlight- ening. I joined the group. "Yes, we are getting marketing down to a science in our county," the Norfolk man was saying. "Practically all the growers worth considering have joined our asso- ciation and wn have put the old-time apple buyer out of business. As we progress we will probably go even further towards elim- inating the "middleman : and that will be of advantage to you as well as to me," he added turning to the City Man who stood at my right. "Cooperation is the whole thing for both of us." The Norfolk man's enthusiasm when he spoke on cooperation was contagious, but the Citv Man still looked doubtful. "Don't you think," he suggested, "that you are putting cooperation on a pedestal that is a trifle too high? I don't know much about fruit, but I do know something about mar- keting and I should say that the very first essential for the consideration of the grow- er is to produce and pack fruit that will be most satisfactory to the consumer. If you don't please the consumer then your coop- eration will be all for nought." Finding that his audience was interested, the Citv Man was encouraged to continue. "I can' remember," he said, "when fruit and apples were almost synonymous terms. We had to buy apples or go without fruit. You fruit growers have now more competi- tion. Bananas can now be had at very reasonable prices, thanks to the pedlar, at any time of the year. Oranges too have gotten down where they are within the reach of everyone in moderately good cir- cumstances. If apples are not put up to suit us we have bananas and oranges to fall back on." * "But aren't we putting the apples up to suit vou?" interposed the Norfolk man. "No, you are not," was the immediate retort. "I should judge from this show that you have discovered the value of the box pack for displaying your fruit at the fair. You haven't got wise to its value as a market package. You send your com- missions abroad to study cooperation.^ I have never heard of a commission coming to Toronto to study the way people live. Take myself for instance. I, my wife and two children live in a flat of four rooms. Our kitchen is not as big as the ordinary farm pantry. Where could we store a bar- rel of apples ? We can handle a box quite nicely. We can stand it up on end and use it for a seat if stuck for room. The whole tendency of city life nowadays is more and more towards the flat. I'll guar- antee that while the majority of people in my city can handle a box of apples nicely there is not one in five that wants a barrel. How do you pack your apples?" The Norfolk man admitted that the most of them went into barrels. " When you get your cooperation down so fine that you want to get right next the consumer," remarked the City Man as he turned away, "you will have to change to the box." It was later in the day that I ran across the Western Man. Here it was even more natural that we should talk fruit as it turn- ed out that he was a large dealer in Sask- atoon. Strangely enough in his first re- mark he struck exactly the same chord as the City Man had done. "Do you know," he said, "that the fruit growers of British Columbia, Oregon and Washington are ousting the Ontario pro- ducer from the prairie markets just be- cause they are not meeting the consumers' demands. I am afraid that your Ontario men don't study the consumer as much as they should." The Western Man was full of his sub- ject. When I asked him for his ideas on packing and meeting the consumers' de- mands generally he was right ready to talk. "Ontario fruit men," said he, "would be wise to adopt a standard box of about sixty or seventy pounds for the apples and hard- ier pears. For many reasons the box is preferred. The barrels from my standpoint as a dealer are altogether unsatisfactory. They are too heavy for one person to handle and have to be rolled or dropp' d to the place required. "Then take the consumer's side of i' the Western Man continued. "Many peoj prefer to buy two or three kinds of app. or one or two boxes of apples anj} one box of pears. Or they may be driving many miles into the country with a buggy, : which a box of pears or apples is all tl can accommodate. Another and altogt er too frequent reason why the box is p ferred, is that many have only $2 or $2...;. which they feel they can spare to buy apples. All of these appeal to me as valirl reasons why the producer should com; with the requirements of the consumer.' The Western Man had much more lo say. He talked of dishonest packing, of unattractive packages and of the shipping _ of poor varieties. But all of his talk came back to the same point— the demands of the consumer must be considered first. He- had spent all of his business life dealing directly with the consumer. He knew what they wanted and realized even more keenly than does the grower, that the most essential point in marketing is to market so as to please the man who must pay the price for the product. Canadian Peaches on the British Market J. A. Ruddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, Ottawa. There is a market for a considerable quantity of peaches in Great Britain if they are properly packed and shipped just in the right condition under careful super- vision. If that market were the only out- let Ontario peach growers have in addition to the local market it would probably be developed to a considerable extent, but with the Northwest market available, and con- stantly expanding, the attention of the .growers is naturally turned in that direc- tion. I am of the opinion that the returns on the whole from the West will be quite as satisfactory as any from the Old Coun- try. Mr. C. A. Dobson, who has been the largest shipper of peaches to Great Britain, is turning his attention to the northwest trade, and Mr. Dobson has been as suc- cessful in his shipments to the Old Country as any one could hope to be. I have not been able to learn any particulars of the financial returns from Mr. Dobson's ship- ments, but I presume they have been fairly satisfactory, or he would not have contin- ued to make shipments year after year. As far as the actual transportation of the peaches is concerned we feel that we have now pretty accurate information. To thoroughly test the market for Cana- dian peaches in Great Britain, as describ- ed in one of our bulletins, the department made a few trial shipments in 1910 in or- der to procure accurate data respecting the proper degree of maturity ;'t picking time, the best method of packing, proper tem- peratures during transportation, etc., es- pecially as the acreaB'e under peaches in Ontario has been increasing rapidly in re- cent years. It was decided to make shipments during the weeks endinar September 17, 24 and October 1, to London, Liverpool and Glas- gow, and one shipment to Bristol on Sep- tember 15. In all twelve hundred and eighty-four cases were shipped. All the peaches were closely watched by our cargo inspectors at Montreal. Care was taken to see that the peaches were promptly loaded in the steamers and that proner care was exercised in hnndline' the packa.gcs and in stowing them in the cham- bers. The cases were well dunnaged in thr steamers (by dunnage is meant the placing of strips of wood between the tiers of cases, both horizontally and vertically, so as to insure a good circulation of air) and ther- mographs were placed in . each chamber. .At London, Liverpool, Glas.gow and Bris- tol our inspectors were also on the alert, and remarkably quick deliveries were made. All the peaches shipped by the depart- ment were disposed of by private sale, ex- cepting the two Liverpool lots of fifty-one and one hundred and two cases, which were sold under the hammer. Cardiff made the highest price, viz., 6s. 6d. ($1.58) per case of 23 'Crawford' peaches, while the highest average price received was $1.45 per case for 72 cases 'Old Mixon,' sold in London. At the same time 78 cases of 'Elbertas* made an average of $1.39. In Cardiff 25 cases 'Crawfords' averaged $1.30 per case; Manchester made $1.33 per case for 12 cases, and Leeds $1.^. On the other hand 198 cases 'Elbertas' sold in London for 94 cents per case, 24 cases sold in Birming- ham for 83 cents per case, and 177 cases m Glasgow for 85J4 cents per case. The whole shipment of 1,284 cases sold at an av- erage of $1.04 per case, while the charges averaged as follows : — Freight from St. Catharines to Montreal, four cents per case; ocean freight, 9.6 cents ; selling charges in Great Britain, in- cluding commission, 9.7 cents ; total charges, 23.3 cents per case, leaving an av- erage net return f.o.b. cars St. Catharines of 80.7 cents per case, or about 13;4 cents a pound. From this must be deducted of course the cost of the package, packing material and extra labor. It is obvious that if any plan can be de-, i vised whereby the chilling of fruit can be ; accomplished in a few hours instead of taking days, the fruit will carry much farther and in a better condition. — J. A. Ruddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Com- missioner. The bulk of our apples are sold in green grocerj- stores and every buyer knows what a barrel contains. I should like to see a standard barrel for Ontario. — Eben James. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 227 QUEENS QUEENS THREE BANDED and GOLDEN ITALIANS Vigorous Queens from clean, healthy colonies. Safe delivery at your Post Office guaranteed. Write for prices The Ham & Nott Co.. Ltd.. Brantford. Ont. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Quinn and Mott strain Untetted Queens, $1 each, $5 for six Selected untested,$1.25 each, $7 for six Also 10 Hives of Bees for Sale Can Ship-Promptly Cash With Order W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Ridgetown, Ont. Queens of Moore's Strain of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the supers quick, With honey nice and thicli. They have won a world-wide reputation for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, et-o. Untested queens, $1; six, $5; 12, $9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I now have 750 nuclei and am filling orders by return mail. J. P. MOORE, QUEEN BREEDER. ROUTE 1. MORGAN, KY. Regulations re Imported Fruit The recent amendment to the Inspection and Sales Act affects chiefly imported fruit. According to the new regrulations every importer of fruit must have all grade marks found on closed packages contain- ing imported fruit erased or obliterated when such marks are not in accordance with the act or the new regulations. This must be done when the packages are being taken from the railway car, steamship or other conveyance in which they have been brought intO' Canada. The importer must place on the end of such packages the proper grade marks, the correct name of the variety of fruit, and his own name and address. Persons violating such regulations are liable to a fine of not more than fifty dol- lars and costs or, in default of payment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month. The packages of fruit not properly marked may be confiscated. Copies of the circular may be obtained, free of charge, from the Publication Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, or from any Dominion Fruit In- spector. ^A /\/\ If mailed to us on or before September .-^Qth. ^/ till luM. will pay for one NEW yearly subscription T to 'the Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper and .-i copy of ABC & XYZ In Beeculture, postpaid. Regru- lar price, $^.oo, THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHINQ CO., LTD., PETERBORO The Market Outlook Up to the time of writing there has been a very brisk demand throughout the Domin- ion for all kinds of small fruits and prices have consequently been rather above the average. Whether such a demand will maintain during the latter part of the sea- son when the larger fruits will be upon the market, is questionable, but in view of the fact that in nearly all sections of the Dom- inion the crop of apples is considerably below average, it is more than likely that so far as this ■commodity is concerned DOUGLAS CflRDENS. OAKVILLE ONTARIO PvEONIES In Pseonies, the trend is to select the flneo- sorts rather than the low-priced ones. In plants of such a permanent character as these the first ooet should be a secondary matter: quality should b© the first con.sideration. Too much cannot be said of the following sorts, viz. : No. WHITE 8. Avalanche, strong grower, tree bloom- er, fragrant, late, extra fine. Each $2-50. 40. Dupont, Mons, tall, free bloomer, frag- rant, midseason. Each $1. 50. Festiva Maxima, tall, strong, vigorous grower, early, very popular. Blach 50 cts., 10 $4.50. 76. Duchesse de Nemours (Calot), vigorous grower, medium height, fragrant, early. Each 75 cts. 79. Or, Couronne, d', splendid irrower, free bloomer, late, one of the best whites. Each 80 cts. PINK 18. Calot, Madame, pale Hydrangea pink, extra fine. Each 60 cts. 42. Edulis Superba, strong, upright grower, fragrant, early. Each 40 cts., 10 $3 50. 43. Elie, Mons. Jules, very large blooms, strong grower, fragrant, early. Each $1.25, 10 $12. 61. Golden Harvest, dwarf grower, free bloomer, fragrant, midseason. Each 75 cts. 96. Umbellata Rosea, very strong, upright grower ajtd free bloomer, very early. Each 75 cts., 10 $7.25. RED 25. Crousse, Felix, vigorous grower, med. height, fragrant, midseason. Each 75 cts. 36. Devred, Constant, med. height, etrocng, erect stems, fragrant, very late. Each $1. We have many other fin© sorts described in our Pall Planting List, which is now ready for distribution. The buying of fine Paeomes is a good in- vestment. "i*~ These prices Include carriage prepaid. JOHN CAVERS GRASSELLI Lime Sulphur Solution Arsenate of Lead It takes a number of years experience to attain greatest efficiency in any line of business. Tliis is especially true in the making of spray chemicals. To assure yourself of the best, money can buy, you will favorably con- sider Arsenate of Lead and Lime Sulphur Solution bearing the brand— ''GRASSELLir The Grasselli Chemical Co., Limited Head OHice and Works : HAMILTON Sales Offices and Warehouses : TORONTO and MONTREAL 228 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1913 TKis is the Book tKat will sKowyou how you can Kave a BEAUTIFUL OLD GLIS RDEN ;,*.. THE OLD ENGLISH GARDEN owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAVS COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 1 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the K-lwav Minusl of Horti- culture mailed Free on receipt of 69c by KELWAY & SON L/VNPORT - SOMERSET ENGLAND It coTTifis txjyoxJLljy retixrix niuou.Il ij^ e :Z t^ m V. ^ y^ there will be no appreciable lowering of prices. Last year the English merchants for tfie first time in several years did not advance money to local buyers. Apparently they are adhf'ring to this resolution this year. The itinerent buyer is, however, abroad in ''"■■ land. We have reports of these bu: offering- 75 cents per barrel on the trr This, of course, is an absurdly low price. There is absolutely no reason why every apple in Canada should not be sold this year at a price that would bring back to the grower at least $1.25 per barrel on the tree. On the other hand, we find reports of some independent cooperative associa- tions asking $3.50 per barrel for No. 1 Spies. It is quite as absurd for the growei to accept so small a price for his apples as to leave him no profit as to ask so large a price that the merchant who handles his fruit will have no profit. The present market conditions are _ ex- tremely critical. On two or three occasion; we have had within the last decade some- what similar conditions, and in each cas« very grave mistakes have been made ir placing the fruit upon the market. In 191( manv dealers, -noting the short crop, wem into the field eariy in the season, paid fairlj high prices to those who knew the marke' conditions, and paid extremely low price! to the large majority who knew nothint about the market conditions, and in al cases thev stored the apples, and when tbi fruit was all in the hands of the dealers immediately it was held for high prices. / single incident mil show the results. A large retail merchant in an easten citv offered a dealer $3.50 per barrel for : verv fine line of Northern Spy apples. Thi was refused about the middle of November About the first of December, following i slump in prices in the British market, thi dealer offered the merchant these apple at the dealer's original price of $3.50 pe barrel. The dealer, however, refused. Fou weeks later, in January-, the apples wer offered at $2.75 to the merchant, who re fused them absolutely at any price, givini as his excuse that his customers were no callinfr for apples, considering them mucl too expensive, and even though the pric were reduced to a reasonable one, he dii not consider the chances for sale good Later these apples were sold at public auc tion at $2.50 per barrel. Any prices that may be given yet ar purely speculative, but it is safe to say tha no differences in the crop that are likely t take place, whether it is an increase or decrease from the present prospects, ar likely to change the price either above o below the normal price obtained as a' average over several years. — Report o Dominion Fruit Division, A. McNeill Chief. Items of Interest According to the latest report of th Dominion Fruit Division cooper's stock i coing to be both scarce and high priced Barrels are being bought quite freely at 5 cents apiece, and only a few of those wh have purchased stock can get the materia alone. The package this year will cost no less than one-third the value of the frui on the tree. This puts the grower wh packs his own fruft and all cooperativ associations in the position of merchant in coopers' stock and barrels, and if coin petition becomes keen, as it is likely to be come in the near future, those who hav the package end of the apple business th best under control will be the most likel; to succeed. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 229 Where There is Condensation — there is need for a Morehead Steam Trap. Condensation in steam lines is akin to matter out of place — means wasted energy. If your lines are sluggish — if your houses are not of uniform temperature, write us. We guarantee to drain your lines perfectly — return the pure, hot condensation to your boiler without pump or injector, or make no charge for the trial. Obey that impulse — write now. Ask for Trial Trap. CANADIAN MOREHEAD M'F'G CO., Limited WOODSTOCK, ONT. CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES:— George W. Cole, Woodstock, Ont. ; Robert S. Bickle, Winnipeg, Man.; E. Kirkham, Montreal, Que. ; Robert Hamilton, Vancovver, B. C. Apple Dealers and Grow^ers Ship your Apples to our Cold Storage. Strictly up-to-date. Moderate Rates We have Apple Bar- rels for sale in car lots at wholesale prices Trenton Cooperage Mills LIMITED TRENTON, ONT. .Jt Writ To-day For Prices on Consolidated Greenhouse Glass You'll be astojiiahed to find how reasonable our prices are and how good our glaas is. You can rely upon Consolidated Greenhouse Glass being without the imperfectiona common to European What's more, we ship Dromptly. Average shipments for impoort a-re made within two or three weeks. All orders guaranteed delivery within one month. We ship in boxes containing 100 ft. in standard greenhouse sizes. Don't order greenhouse glass until you get quotations from us. Tell us your needs, and we'll answer at once with a price and full particulars. The Consolidated Plate Glass Co. of Canada Limited 241 Spadina Avenue • TORONTO Phone Coll. 8.000 Private Branch Exchange connecting all departments Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enabla us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 230 TtTE CANADIAN IIORTTCU T/rURIST September. 1913 ^li^:Fa©:S:l^l,:;!l:•^;lij|■::!:^ii;|1w:^;i^iE8^a^ kJ tiJ tJ Look This Square in the Face LET a man ask j'^ou six months after you buy an I H C outfit, "Why are you using a cream separator? Is it making money for you?" and the question will sound as sensible to you as though he had asked why you used a binder. The outfit pictured above will give you more cream from your milk, saving from $5 to S15 per year for eacli cow you milk ; separator skim milk, sweet, warm, and wholesome, will give you healthier, fatter pigs and calves, and this again means more milk and increased soii fertility. Many more things an I H C Cream Separator Dairymaid, Bluebell or Lily will do for you. Then the one-horse power back-geared I H C engine will be your most efficient helper. It is mounted on a portable truck, is economical, steady and reliable. It will pump water, run a washing machine, churn, sausage grindor, grindstone, and do any other farm work to which its power can be ap]>lied. Each style has four sizes. See the local agents who handle these machines, and have them demonstrate the working to you, show you the close skimming qualities, and efficiency, and go over the mechanical features with you. They will give you catalogues and full information. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Montreal, P. Q.; Ottawa, Ont.; St. John, N. B.; Quebec, P. Q. :©i:!:i::ijiiii!i©iii!®iiii®iii!!!!i®;:;;:;©,:,.,®:::.,® ► ^ ! i ^Ht BEST W^"' } \ FOSTtPS Standard i i POT J FLOl Hanging FOR We make Pot in the well burned all others. All our vo allowing th< fectly and p and handlii Place A oomplet sizes kept o ment. Send for NE The F HAMILTOr B T th w tfi >n] re le yo e a W I ^ER 1 askets and HE SPRING 1 e " Standard " orld— uniform, n ©Tery respe* have rim on to be placed venting breaka ur Spring Ord line and larg< land to ensTirt OATAlvOG aJi< >stcr Pott tain Street Wc- POTS Fern Pans PHADE Pot, the best best of clay, 3t superior to shoulder, thus together per- ge in shipping er NOW. s stock of all > prompt ship- l PRICE UST. cry Co. ONTARIO t ISee Open ]Top Tub Room I to Work ^See Howl the Wringer | is fkttachedl ' ^HlGH SPEED The Wrlneer Board extends from the ride, out of the way of the cover. This allows pmctlcally the whole top of the tub to open up— makea it easy to put in and take out clothea Ko other w&aJter ha^ as large an openinQ. Ko other vxisher can 6c worked with crank handle at side as vxU as top lever. Do yon usa Maxweire "Favorita**— y Lambton county in the neighborhood c Forest. President Dan Johnson, of th Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, ha done much to solve the problem of how t< market fruit without the assistance of th' "apple agent." Last year Mr. Johnson and his broth< sold their entire crop of six thousand bar rels of apples direct to retailers in westen Canada. This crop was the production c; a number of orchards either owned or leas- ed by the Johnson Brothers. In addition to their own holdings the Johnson Brother have rented a number of run-out orchards, and by practicing up-to-date cultural me- thods have been able to bring them up to a stage of production that has netted good profits. SELLING TO BETAILER8 Mr. Johnson, who was a member of the Forest Fruit Growers' Association, had urged that organization to market their- fruit directly to the retailer instead of through wholesale firms. The association felt that the expense necessary to build up a trade with the retailers would be more than the increase in price received. Mr. Johnson, however, had the courage of his convictions, and decided to act in accord- ance with his own judgment. He engaged an agent, who travelled through the west and secured orders from retailers. The result was that after deducting twenty-five cents a barrel to defray the expenses of this agent Mr. Johaison came out almost fifty cents a barrel ahead of the associa- tion price. The impression must not be held, however, that the association price was a poor one. While the average price received by apple growers in Ontario last year was not more than one dollar fiftv cents a barrel, the average price received by the associations was two dollars fifty cents. A large portion of Mr. Johnson's income is derived from peaches. The entire crop of five thousand baskets, from his four- year-old trees, was disposed of to a firm in a large Ontario town at prices ranging from seventy-nine cents to ninety cents a basket. One peach tree produced a crop of fourteen baskets. Another record tree was a thirty-five-year-old Baldwin, from which were picked twenty-six barrels of apples, and which when sold gave a net profit of eighty-four dollars. The marketing of the fruit is not the only phase of fruit growing in which John- son Brothers have eliminated the middle- man. They have a cooperage shop where they make all their own barrels. In addi- tion thev have a private evaporator plant where all the culls and scrubs are dis- posed of to advantage. Even the skins and cores are prepared and shipped to Germanv, where they are utilized for the manufacture of jelly. They also have their own packing and storage house and have their own traveller in the west. The Niagara fruit district will be well advertised at the Panama Exhibition to be held in San Francisco, Arrangements are being made by A. W. Despard, of the Dominion Government Department of Im- migration, for the preparation of an exhibit there of fruit grown in that district. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23! Dair Farm, Niagara-on-the-Lake. August 1st, 1911. "Regarding the large block of Pedigreed Cher- ries, Peaches, Pears, Plums and bush fruits we planted last fall, am pleased to tell you the results are in every way satisfactory. The few trees put in this spring do not compare with the fall plant, either in growth or take. We lost considerably more of the spring planted trees, and the growth is much shorter. In future we plant in the fall. D. A. RODGERS PEDIGREED CHERRIES, planted November 1910, 99 per cent. thriJty, July, 1911 The property of D. A. R. ROGERS, Darr Farm, Niagara We strongly recommend the fall planting of all fruits excepting yearling plums, which are inclined to freeze back, and should be planted in the spring. Wheie the land is suitable and the work well done, fall planting has in every case proved more satisfactory than spring planting. Particularly is this noticeable this dry season. The land is usually in fine planting condition in the fall, the trees quite dormant, the weather cool, and more time can be given to plant carefully. Fall planted trees are well established by spring, and make a much heavier growth than spring planted orchards. These are a few reasons why fall planting pays. Orders should be sent in early and we are prepared to make quick delivery as soon as stock is thoroughly matured The AUBURN NURSERIES umued Nurseries at QUEENSTON, OAKVILLE, SIMCOE Head Office : 95 KING ST. E., TORONTO APPLES APPLES APPLES W. S. BUCKOLL Fruit Importer and Merchant NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND Solicits your consignments Write for particulars early Highest references given Telegraphic Address, Buckoll, Nottingham CLUTCH NAILS Sizes X STRAPPING SHIPPING SPECIALITIES Write for Samples THE BEST DEVICES FOR FRUIT BOXES J. N. WARMINTON 207 St. James Street - MONTREAL 232 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Sepfember, 1913. Ltt us tnd yon tur iooi ' 'The evolution of the Cookttovt" — an interesting history of cookinf. It also lives a clear, simple description of the Dominion Pride Range — com- plete in every detail. Reading this booh Is like examining tht range itself. Send for a copy. Coupon Save 30% on your New Range That's about $20.00 isn't it? And you can save it by ordeiing direct from the factory (the biggest malleable range plant in Canada.) Dominion Pride Range is the range you would choose at any price— a beautiful steel range with unbreakable doors, castings and lids of malleable iron — a range that saves coal — a range so solidly built theit with care it will last a lifetiltae. And you can secure a Dominion Pride Range by making a small payment with your order — the bal- ance on terms to suit your convenience. Dominion Pride Thousands upon thousands ^ of Canadians have sent to us direct for their ranges, and we have yet to hear |p ^ a complaint Our un- I conditional guarantee U goes with every range. Canada Malleable & Steel Range Manufacturing Co., UMTTED OSHAWA. Send a free copy of your book "The ETolation of the Cookstove." NAMB- ADDRESS- Wepay Freight The Canadian Garden, Mrs. A. L. Jack, 75c Regular Sub. to Canadian Horticulturist, 60c SPECIAL OFFER. During Scptcm- ^. bcr, 1913, Both \Jj $1.35 together only Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Every Disease of Cultivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Send for CataloKuo If I^Q]L|/\01^f Manoiactorer, ana paiticulart to : VCrKIUUKIyU VILLEFRANCHE (Rhona). FRANCE GINSENG For the season of 1913 we are offering one- year-old Roots two-year-old Roots, Strafifled Seeds and New Seeds at greatly reduced prices. Write for Price List. I. E. YORK & CO., Waterford, Ont. Specially Selected Plants To Suit Canadian Climate KELWAY & SON The Royal HorticuU^irists Langport, Somerset, England The Fruit Situation Advices from England hold out poor prospects for the pear crop in that coun- tr}'. The same applies to France. For these reasons there should be a splendid openinff for Canadian pears on the Eng- lish market. This market demands a high class product and all pears should be wrapped separately and packed in the most careful manner. Last year over six hun- dred thousand hundred weights of pears were imported into England. It is expected that the English apple crop will be smaller than usual. The sea- son is opening much more auspiciously than has been the case for several years past. For the last few years there hav. been large crops in all countries produc ing a curplus of apples. This year th general condition of the United States cro. is officially estimated at fifty-nine per cent, of a normal crop as compared with sixty- seven per cent, for last year. The Nova Scotia crop is estimated at three quarters of a million barrels as compared with one million in 1912. Blenheims, Ribstons and Greenings will be the heaviest yielders. Baldwins and Gravensteins will be very light. Nova Scotia apples are reported to be quite scabby. Taking the Dominion as a whole th apple crop will be not much over fifty per cent, of a full crop. In Ontario Spies and Baldwins are light as is also the Fameuse in Quebec. British Columbia will have about fifty per cent, of a full crop but the quality is not up to the average. In the Lake Erie district pears promise to be a good crop. Elsewhere the crop ap- pears to be rather poor. In the Okanagan Valley the crop is fair but the British Col- umbia crop as a whole is below the average. Plums are yielding well in the Niagara district. There is a fair crop in British Columbia except on the coast. In Nova Scotia plums are light but better in Prince Edward Island. The Niagara district reports a fair crop of peaches. There appears to be little trou- ble from fungous diseases or insects. In British Columbia the crop is good and will , likely be harvested in good condition. Grapes are expected to yield a medium ' crop. Many vineyards have suffered from the ravages of the rose bug and flea beetle. Bulletins and Circulars Other bulletins and circulars recently re- ceived by The Canadian Horticulturist are : Entomological Circular No. 2, Flea Beetles and their Control, issued by the Dominion Department of Agriculture ; Bulletin No. 164, volume 16, Strawberries, and Bulletin No. 165, volume 16, "Tomato Investiga- tion," two splendid publications issued by Perdue University Experiment Station ; cir- cular No. 24, of the New Jersey Agricul- ture Experiment Stations, contains much valuable information on the home prepara- tion of lime and sulphur spraying mix- tures; Bulletin No. 137, Nebraska Agricul- tural Experiment Station, "Growing For- est Trees, Shrubs and Ornamentals in Ne- braska." The Canadian Horticulturist is in re- ceipt of a valuable book written by a Cana- dian, Colonel Geo. T. Denison, of Toronto, entitled " k History of Cavalry." The first edition of this work was published in 1877, and gained the Emperor of Russia's first prize for the best work on the subject in competition with officers of all armies. It was translated into several different lan-^ guages. It is published by the McMillan Ccrmpanv of Canada, Limited, Toronto. Price $2.50. September, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTIC U LTUEIST 23S Perennials For Fall Planting Set them when ground is moist and sun low. Don't wait till spring, with its strong sun, dry- ing winds, and rush of work. HOLLYHOCKS. Double mixed. Chater's celebrat- ed English strain. Specially pot grown, so that every one you set will grow. 10 cents each; $1.00 per doz. PANSIES. At 30c per doz. or $2.00 per 100: Seed from Mette, Germany. Twelve named varieties, ranging from white to black. (Customers please say what colors they wish to pre- dominate.) ENGLISH DAISIES. (Not the small old-fashioned sorts). The Bride, Giant White long- stemmed, Monstrosa Rosea, Giant Rose. FORGET-ME-NOT (Everybody loves it), blue or white. COLUMBINE. Long-spurred Hybrids. Few know the exquisite grace of a vase of these as cut flowers. CALLIOPSIS GRANDIFLORA. A splendid subject to help fill the need of more yellow in the peren- nial border. SWEET ROCKET, White. Also WALLFLOWERS, 35c per Doz., $2.50 per 100. From finest English seed. These are not hardy in Canada, but can be carried through winter with greatest ease in cool conser- vatory. Every plant a healthy trans- planted one. Please send cash with order. Express shipments only. All Plants Ready Sept. 15th. ORDER NOW. RYEfiSE BROS. Simcoe, Ont. British Columbia Fire blight is reported to have again broken out in the Vernon district. This means that decisive measures will have to be taken by the growers for its eradication. Investigation has proved that this disease is controllable. If, upon the discovery of an outbreak, the diseased wood is cut out at least a foot below where the disease has made its appearance, fire blight can be kept in check. An outbreak was also re- ported from the Similkameen Valley, but it has since been authoritatively denied. Australia is proving to be a growing market for Okanagan fruit. A contract for thirty thousand boxes of Joinathans (fifty car loads) at one dollar twenty cents to one dollar forty cents a box, f.o.b. ship- ping point, has been made by Mr. Duffy, who makes a specialty of shipping apples to Australian markets. Mr. Duffy is at present in Europe, and the original con- tract has been taken over by the Central Selling Organization. Although the price is not a fancy one, it will net the grower over one dollar a box. The British Columbia consumer will benefit by the recent amendment to the Provincial Horticultural Act. This amend- ment empowers inspectors and agents to destroy all trees, plants, fruits, and vege- tables offered for sale, that have been damaged by frosts or otherwise injured. Imported apples, oranges, and other fruits have been foisted upon the public as be- ing of first quality, but which «oon after- wards showed signs of decay because of having been frozen. There has been much conjecture as to the freight and express rates that would apply to fruit shipped to the prairie pro- vinces. The matter has been finally set- tled, howeevr, and although all expectations have not been fully realized, decided reduc- tions have been made. It was hoped that the twenty per cent, reduction on express rates ordered by the railway commission would apply to the special rates on fruit and vegetables, but such is not the case. At the request, however, of the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association the Dominion Express Company has made some reduction on the rates of these com- modities. The fruit growers of Wenat- chee. Wash., have secured from the Great Si THE TENTH ANNUAL Horticultural Exhibition Under the auspices of the St. CatharineH Horticultural Society, will be held on WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY Sept. 10th and 11th, 1915 At the Armory, St. Catharines Unexcelled Displays of Fresh and Preserved Fruits, Cut Flowers and Greenhouse Plants. Single fare from all stations on Orand Trunk where single fare does not exceed $2.50. The famous 19th Regimental Band in attend- ance. Prize Lists and other information on applica- tion to the Secretary. C. A. HESSON W. B. BURGOYNE Treasurer President MISS L. A. RADCLIFFE, Secretary I r4 Queen St., St. Catharines, Ont. This Book Sent Free Write for a copy to-day It is mailed for the asking "Spraying, a Profitable Invest- ment," will help you grow better and more profitable crops. It is a book of 120 pages, containing oVer 50 illustrations and telling how, why and when to spray. It was compiled from data gathered by experts, and gives complete information regarding the important insect pests and the most ef- ficient method of exterminating them. Some of the spraying materials that are advocated and used by the largest fruit growers are manufactur- ed by The Sherwin-Williams Insecti- cide Dept. Probably the most widely used insecticide is Arsenate of Lead, but owing to the gr five hundred dollars has been set aside foi the publishing of bulletins and circulars. For the benefit of English girls who desire experience in -local methods of farming and marketing, the Colonial 1- telligence League has established an < ppiHment station at Vernon. Fifteen acr of land on the Coldstream Ranch ha been purchased and are being laid out 1'.: this purpose. It is proposed to send out each year eight or ten women from thi Old Country who have already had expei once and training to act as instructor- It is proposed to get the institution on a paying basis as soon as possible. Mixo ! farming, fruit growing, market gardenii and poultry keeping will be gone in f<^ and the products marketed to best ad Forwarding Co. The Value of Attractive Fruit Labels E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Montreal, Que. We are living in an age of art and technicalities in our fruit trade. The descriptive labels on our beautiful fruits have become known as "Trade Marks," well established and bringing wealth to the owner who has been honest in all his representations. The old black stencil on anything so beautiful and tender and inviting as fruits seems rather out of place in the twentieth century. The plain black may be suitable for boxes of bolts or kegs of nails or molasses casks or a hearse, but surely it is too dead a color and unsightly on fruits or flowers. Nothing, in my mind, is better for fruit packages than a bright descriptive I-ibel on the contents. Where the colors of the fruits, are bright red, yellow or green, let these colors be very prom- inent on the packages which will rapidly develoD n trade that will be lasting. The beautiful labels on oranges and lemons from Spain, Italv and Greece, are par- ticularly attractive. When sixty to eighty thousand of these packages are unloaded from one steamer into steam- ship sheds in Montreal and piled up re- eularly, one is struck with the beauty of the picture. From Florida, the West Indies, West and South West Oregon, Idaho, Califor- nia, Washington and British Colum- bia, we also see beautiful descriptive labels. Many carloads of California fruits go through Montreal for Glasgow, and when piled in sheds look very attrac- tive. One California firm, A. Black, of Santa Clara, has labels phenomenally beautiful ; so much so that one would really think the fruits pictured thereon were real specimens of green or yellow or blue plums and yellow or green pears. Our large dealers in many cities in Canada have large show windows to accommodate a half car of these fruits. The labels make, in connection with these displays, a very attractive show- ing. Those who have seen such displays have carried away in their minds the.se indelible impressions — in fact they have declared them simply beautiful. To design a really attractive label may take some time and study, but when ac- complished it is a stepping stone to for- tune. What shall I say about boxes and barrels of our own grown fruits stencilled in black? No pains are taken in putting on the label. It is simply a blotted or smeared lot of letters hardly readable. This kind of marketing is no credit to any shipper. Some, however, have clean cut stencils accompanied by some nicely cut figure, such as a cluster of fruit or a beaver or three stars. These may be very good for the coarser packages. Our fruits when well matured and uniform in grading are worthy of the most artistic labels that man can de- vise. There are many of this character in use to-day, yet there should be many more beautifully designed labels placed on our Canadian fruits that are sent to many lands. With sweet cherries I have found that two sprayings of lime-sulphur is a sure preventative of rot. With pejaches I find that one spraying with lime-sulphur while the trees are dormant is sufficient. L. Wolverton, Grimsby, Ont. Pears for Planting Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Gaelph There is an increasing demand for pears. This fruit, under intelligent management, offers as good opportunities for profit as any other tree fruit, but in the past the culture of the pear has been sadly neglected except in one or two localities. The best money variety is Bartlett. The market for it is in On- tario and eastern towns and cities and in the north-west. Canning factories also take care of large quantities. Under skilful management, Clapp's Favorite would be a desirable commer- cial variety. It blights rather badly, and is, moreover, a variety which is in good condition for only a short time after picking. It requires to be marketed immediately. It is earlier than Bart- lett and valuable on that account. Of the varieties which come after Bartlett, there are very few of value. Kieffer is more widely grown than any other, and the principal market outside of the ex- port trade is with the canneries. It blights less than most varieties, but any- one undertaking pear culture would do better to take the two varieties men- tioned previously, and by giving proper attention to blight control good success can be attained. The Roadside Problem Discussed James Sackville, BewdUy, Ont. That was a most interesting article, "The Roadside Problem," which ap- peared in the May number of The Can- adian Horticulturist. Let any one ob- serve, as they ride through the country, the number of trees that are infested with these pests, tent caterpillars. While they are allowed to propagate undis- turbed on such an immense scale, it is almost impossible for the progressive fruit grower to successfully combat these enemies. The writer says: "It is the farmer's Orchard Scene, Knob Hill District, Aimstrong, B.C. The thirty-acre orchard of Mr. W. 8. Burnette may b<' seen and in the foreeround Petar's fruit ajid chicken ranch. Mr. E. I. 240 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. A Prolific Beariag Tree on the Farm of Roberl Njwcombe, Belcher ^Street, King's Connty, N.S. problem and not until the farmer accepts the road passing through his farm as a part of his farm will the problem be solved." But some farmers are so crowded with other work and others so carelessly indifferent that the work of those who would clean up is largely lost through the negligence of others. If I were allowed to make a sugges- tion, I would say : Let the Government appoint competent men who would do the work thoroughly. Where careless farmers or others neglect the work on their own trees, let the Government agent do the work at the expense of the occupant. Controlling the Plum Curculio Arthur Gibson, Chief Asst. Entomologist, C.E.F. Ottawa THIS well-known enemy of the plum and apple has a special fondness for the fruit of the apple, both in the adult as well as in the larval state. The adult beetles hibernate beneath rub- bish and dead leaves on the ground, or even under the rough bark of trees. In size the beetle is a little less than a quar- ter of an inch in length and in color is brown and rough, with black and grey- ish markings. In early spring, about the time the buds are bursting, the beetles leave their winter quarters and soon seek nearby fruit trees which later they at- tack, and in the fruit of which they lay their eggs. Soon after the blossoms fall, sometimes within two or three days, injury by the Plum Curculio is de- tected. The females lay their eggs mostly in June, but egg-laying is con- tinued throughout July and into August. The eggs hatch in about four or five days, and the young grubs at once be- gin to burrow through the fruit. Several grubs may occur within a single apple ; in fact, as many as eleven have been fQwn<} within on« specimen, In such cases, of course, practically the whole inside of the fruit is eaten. LENGTH OF ACTIVE LIFE From the time the eggs are laid until the time the grubs are mature and leave the fruit to pupate in the ground, a period from about three weeks to a month or so is passed as a pupa, in the earth a short distance below the sur- face. In late July and in August and September the beetles emerge from the pupa, and from the time of their av- pearance until they seek winter quar- ters for hibernation, eating is their chief occupation. It is during this period that the im- portant damage is done by the adult beetles in feeding. In spring the punc- tures made by the beetles feeding are usually small, and in the growth of the apple do not later, as a rule, show to any marked extent, but in the late sum- mer and autumn irionths the punctures are large, and several may be present in the same apple. After these punc- tures have been made by the beetles, the whole is rendered larger by evapor- ation and the skin and flesh become dis- colored, the whole, of course, rendering the fruit unfit for the market. Besides the plum and apple, cherry, pear and apricot are also attacked by the Plum Curculio. In the control of this insect there are three chief recommendations to make, namely : First, spraying the trees to de- stroy the adult beetles, clean cultivation and the getting rid of all rubbish ; sec- ond, the careful gathering up and de- struction of all fallen fruit; third, clean cultivation. Where spraying with the poisoned Bordeaux mixture is regularly practiced, using as a poison about three pounds of arsenate of lead to every forty gallons of mixture, a very large percentage of the beetles will be destroyed. The spraying immediately after the blossoms fall is very important, as this will catch many of the insects at a time when the females are about to begin ovipositing. The gathering up as much as possible of all fallen fruit particularly in the earlier part of the season and destroying the same, will of course, also destroy large numbers of the larvje within the fruit. If it is impossible to destroy the fruit eith- er by boiling or by burying it in a deep hole and covering with earth, it might be spread out in an open space so that the direct rays of the sun would reach the apples. The grubs are very delicate and experiments have shown that when direct sunlight falls upon the young fruit the contained grubs are killed. DESTKOY ALL EUBBISH All weeds or other useless vegetation and rubbish should be removed and in orchards where surface cultivation is practiced, especially during July, large numbers of the pupae will be disturbed by being exposed to weather conditions, birds and other enemies. With regard to such cleaning up it is important that all useless growth near fences and along road sides be removed as well as all wild pluips and other useless nearby fruit trees. When buying nursery stock, the grow- er should stipulate the class of stock de- sired, and should expressly intimate that if stock is not satisfactory it will not be paid for. Orders should be sent in early and stock should be delivered early. Stock which arrives late and proves unsatisfactory is very often planted by men who would rather take chances and say nothing than to refuse the stock and wait another year in or- der to secure better trees. On receipt from the nursery, trees should be in- spected at once. If at all dried out they should be heeled in immediately, and if seriously dried out the entire tree should be buried in the ground, but even then recovery is not always certain. — Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. A Modest Home and its Lovely Surroundings <4/->TONE WALLS," sings seven- ^S teenth century Lovelace, "do not ^"^ a prison make;" nor do four stone or brick or wood walls make a home. Apart from the inner conditions constituting a home, the surroundings are an important element in making a house a home. The grandest building, without apt environment, is like a drawing room. Nature shows infinite variety with exquisite beauty of effect in her placing of plants, flowers or trees. Therefore, if we would succeed in mak- ing an effective floral or arboreal setting for a residence, on the natural plan, we must study to follow nature's way. One of the two or three main essen- tials in a garden or grounds of this kind «. '..'■■■' ''•%^-m''^^'^ ^'^P^*^^ ■ j^ , ^^^^^^^^ 4hv^^H|S|^^9B^^^K^' .^:^, ^i\ ': Front LawD, Cattlewraye, Resideace •( Mr. F. R. Yoktmt, Peterboro, Ont. diamond without its setting, which, fit- tingly joined, Benvenuto Cellini, regard- ed as converting a mere precious stone into a jewel, giving it its full beauty value. Surrounding a house with trees, and planted and tended grounds, as far as the external element goes, makes it a home in a real, and, in proportion to the skill and taste employed, beautiful sense. The home-making environment of a house may vary, according to condi- tions and facilities from a tiny lawn, the size of a dining table, to a sweeping expanse of grounds, each effective or otherwise, according to treatment. For a small or medium sized area the formal or Italian system of gardening — using the word in its widest meaning — is the better adaptable. The more pic- Ituresque and homely way of natural gar- dening is more, if not exigently adapt- flble to larger grounds. The natural 'vr&y is to follow, and at the same time direct and, improve upon nature's way, by adapting it to conditions and desired results. Nature, in planting her trees and shrubs, never places them symmet- rically ; she never shows the bad taste of "matching" a shrub or flower with one of the same kind. If the good Lord were planting rose bushes, He wouldn't place one on each side of a house en- trance, as stiff and formal as two grena- diers on gaurd at the door of a royal is trees, and space permitting, the bigger and the most fittingly placed the bet- ter. Trees are the first condition of a house setting. They give dignity and a sense of repose, with their "calm shade that brings a kindred calm." Mrs. Hemans' "stately homes of England" owe their charm to "the tall, ancestral trees" that make it a "pleasant land." Trees should surround the house and grounds like guardian sentinels and not too near it — to shut out the vital sun- light— and trimmed high so that sun- light and air have free play consistent with shade and shelter at some time of the day, and with the growth of grass and other things. Another essential condition of nature's garden-making plan is a lawn of good turf, not necessarily mathematically level, like a bowling green, but smooth and, at all times, neatly groomed — as in nature, a companion idea to rus in urbe ; the fairest beauty of face would be spoil- ed if the face were not kept clean. In ;he natural scheme of doing things a lawn is not a mere uniform stretch of sward, but a place for planting trees and shrubs and flowers, corresponding to the trees or clump-- of trees and shrubs of varied sizes and groupings that make the diversity and beauty of a landscape, which without them would be a "flat, stale and unprofitable" stretch of irk- some verdure. The beauty and homely effect of the placing singly or in groups of shrubs and flower plots, depend upon fidelity to nature's way of doing these things. Done in this way; the arrangement of turf, trees, shrubs ,and flowers — if studied ab- sence of system and symmetry can be called arrangement — will have a strik- ingly beautiful and artistically natural result. Given the house and suitable ground, and a few fortunately planted old trees, surprising results can be got at trifling cost in money — only a little, or rather, a great deal, of loving care and exercise of common sense, or what is rarer, cul- tured sense of the beautiful. The pictures accompanying illustrate, to a necessarily limited extent, the East Side View, C&atlawraye. Note the Sjrivan Effect 242 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. View in the Garden of Mr. J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. A description of this garden was published in the February issue of Tbe OajuuUan Horticulturifit. charming effects that have been pro- duced by the expenditure of only a few dollars. The pictures are two views of the house and grounds of "Castle- wraye," the residence of Mr. F. R. Yokome, editor of the Examiner, and re- present the work and time of fewer than a dozen years and the expenditure of only a little money. When the place came into his possession, its unkempt, neglected and weed-grown condition made its purchase price a reasonable one ; but its possibilities made it desir- able. The grounds, half an acre in ex- tent, have the house (with about 75 feet of well shaded and ventilated verandah on the south and east) placed in the middle, so that the sun strikes every window on all sides at some time of the day, subdued in part by the splendid and well-grown trees, chiefly elms, that line the 120 feet of street frontage — by the way the only straight lines about the place^or stand at the margin of the grounds on all the other sides. The grounds are nearly all laid down to lawn, which is not a dead level, but slopes ir- regularly from east to west, and is dot- ted with shrubs of varying kinds and sizes. Along part of the front within the enclosing fence — an unfenced lawn is a "common" — and at both ends of the grounfls, is planted practically a hedge of undipped lonicera and philadelphus, grandiflora, and coronaria — incorrectly called syringa — both easily grown and common, but very effective shrubs; and two or three beautifully-shaped speci- mens stand here and there. Other com- mon but effectively grouped shrubs are althea, wigelia, spiraea, berberry,' two or three varieties of hydrangea, and three or four trees of our most beautiful coni- fer, red cedar. Other features on the west part of the lawn are perennial bor- ders, and at the rear is a stationary trel- lis for sweet peas, with a careless hedge of lonicera, white lilac, and philadelphus as a background. With the compara- tive abundance of shrubs and trees, they are as disposed and treated — the trees trimmed high — that there is a good thick turf, whose growing is almost the only artificial and formal element in these grounds. Considering the trifling cost, these grounds, as may be judged by the pictures, give a decidedly charming en- semble, the chief charm of which is its natural, impressionist beauty and home- like, peaceful and reposeful effect, ex- pressed by an appreciative neighbor in the words: "It's an awful homey-look- ing place"; and its adornment didn't cost the price of a set of awnings for an ordinary house. The Modern Peony J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. There is probably no other plant with such varied usefulness as the peony. Its use in beds or clumps and for effec- tive massing in landscape work is un- equalled. There is no handsomer bor- der than one of peonies and here it shows to best advantage in clumps of two or three plants. Other plants may be used if continuity of bloom is desired. An effective plan is to plant narcissus and lily bulbs between the peonies. The nar- cissus gives earlier bloom than the peonies before the latter have finished blooming, and their blossoms last for some weeks after the peonies are done. .^n attractive use for the peony is as a low ornamental hedging for a drive, walk, or lawn, where defence is not re- quired. The dark, glossy, green foliage, untouched by insects or disfigured by disease, is exceedingly attractive throug! the spring and hot summer months. A word of caution may here be given with reference to the blooms of th' peony. After being transplanted peonic will not produce typical blooms the first season, indeed not until they become thoroughly established. Many fine double varieties will throw single or semi-double flowers in the first and second years. It takes fully three years from the tim«- the root is planted to produce normal flowers. Blooms therefore should not be finally judged the first or second sea son, and making comparisons in a large collection before the third season i.s fraught with considerable risk and often leads to disappointment. LIST OF VABIETIBB. I must of necessity refrain from an} attempt to give a list of the best kinds of peony, as this is to a great extent a matter of opinion, taste, and fancy. I will, however, try to give a list classi- fied as early, mid-season, and late, with a view to helping those amateurs who desire to plant such varieties as will pro- long the blooming season : Early white, Festiva Maxima; early pale pink, Eugenie Verdier ; early deep pink, Edulis Supera ; early red, Augustin D'Hour. Mid-season white, Madame Crousse ; mid-season pale pink, Albert Crousse ; mid-season deep pink. Princess Beatrice ; mid-season red, Felix Crousse. Late white, Mireille; late pale pink, Grandeflora Rosea; late deep pink, Madame Forel ; late red, Eugene Bigot. While refraining from giving a list of what may be considered good or the best peonies, there are no poor ones, yet anyone who grows Festiva Maxima, Edulis Sujjerba, Golden Harvest, Modele de Perfection, Felix Crousse, and Eu- genia Verdier will not be disappointed, either in size, color, beauty, or fragrance of the blooms. While the first cost of many varieties may seem high, the jjeony is really the most economical plant one can buy, from the fact that it represents a permanent investment and one which pays annual dividends of increase of at least one hun- dred per cent. Almost every family of even the most moderate means spends annually quite a good sum on geraniums, and other bedding plants and at the end of the- year has nothing left to show for it. Plant the fjeony and it will last as long as you do, and longer. Anyone who undertakes the cul- ture of this most beautiful plant will be amply repaid by the fragrance, beauty, and abundance of bloom, with which hi» garden will be filled. Fall" Work^with the" Flowers WHEN October comes to tint all growing things, it almost seems as if nature wished to remind man that we can still enjoy a vast amount of bloom indoors during the win- ter months if we would only pay a little attention to the needs of our plants. Plants intended for winter blooming indoors, which have been summered out in the garden or on a shady corner of the verandah, will now be indoors. Give them all the air possible on fine days, for the change from outdoors is a try- ing one, no matter how vigorous the plants may be. With proper attention and atmosphere they should thrive, but how few do at all well. Perhaps you have tried to grow them and had your disappointments, despite your best efforts and attention. Perhaps you put the blame on the furnace, presuming that the gas killed them, as surely it would, but it was not really the gas, but lack of humidity in the atmosphere of the rooms, which was the cause of your failure. The active root hairs of a plant are almost aquatic and must always be in contact with an adequate supply of water. The stem and leaves are aerial, but their behavior and form are largely de- termined by the water in the air; that is, the humidity. The water supply is used by the root hairs, while the water loss is the result of evaporation by the leaves. The humidity of the air exerts a direct control upon the amount of water evaporated by the leaves, and it is evident that the evaporation will be greater when the air is dry. If this evaporation or water loss is greater than the supply, curling, drooping, and wilting of the leaves ensues. Even when you wa- ter your plants faith- fully, the excessively dry atmosphere of the house is apt to over- work them, by draw- ing up moisture through the stem and leaves, for dry heated air will take up what moisture it requires from every possible source. When you consider that the hum- idity outdoors on a summer day is about seventy per cent, you will appreciate what an unnaturally dry at- mosphere obtains in our homes in winter, where if any water at all is evaporated it will be at the most but a few quarts, with a resultant hu- Henry Gibson, Staatsburg midity of about eighteen to twenty per cent. By all means evaporate water freely, both for your own good as well as for that of your plants, by keeping a pot or kettle of water steaming on the heater or by pans on the radiators. Another way to accomplish the same result is to elevate your pots on empty thread reels and All the saucers with water. Ele- vated in this way, the air is able to pass through the hole in the bottom of the pot, which would not be the case if the pot were stood in the saucer when it was filled with water. PROTECTING THE OUTDOOR PLANTS If we would have the best from the outdoor garden next season we must give it some attention in the way of mulching the various beds and borders to help the plants withstand the rigors of winter. While it is not advisable to give any protection to the beds and bor- ders until severe frosts are expected, yet it is advisable to get the mulching material ready. Strawy manure and leaves, held in place with pine boughs, make excellent material for this pur- pose. As soon as the early frosts have cut down the plants, clean them off, and get out all the weeds. These latter pests are sure to drop some seeds that will give you trouble next spring. When cleaning off the old stalks of the plants, sever them four or five inches above the ground. This allows them to ripen better and prepare for the winter's rest. Carry away the old rubbish that you clean off and burn it. Don't use it for protection during the winter, for it is sure to contain larvae and cocoons of insects, which would hatch out in the warm days of next spring and give you lots of trouble, to say nothing of thi damage to the plants. TREATMENT OF BULBS Gladioli, Dahlias, Cannas, Caladium, and other tuberous subjects should be lifted and placed in a sunny place for a few days, when they should be stored in a frost-proof shed or cellar until the spring. When storing these roots and bulbs, artificial heat must be avoided or they will be spoiled. A temperature of from thirty-eight to forty-five degrees is the most suitable for these subjects during the winter. Roses will require protection during the winter. If they have made long growths that are likely to whip with the wind, cut them back about one-third of their length. Protection may be afford- ed (if the l>ed is a round one) by run- ning a length of wire netting round it and filling the centre with dried leaves, on which may be put some pine boughs or other brush to prevent them blowing about. Another method applicable to more isolated plants is to tie straw se- curely round them and earth them up around the base. Crimson ramblers and other roses growing on walls should be taken down and buried with soil to the depth of a foot or more. Short Hints on Planting Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Gnelph, Ont. Do not begrudge labor in digging a hole for planting any tree or plant. Dig it deep and wide enough so that the roots can be spread out nicely over a surface of fine soil. Loosen the soil a spade's depth below where the roots are to be placed. The terminal points of all roots should point downward or in a hori- zontal direction, not upwards. Set the tree or plant a little deeper in its new The Gladioli Grounds of Mr. A. Gilcbritt, Weit ToroDlo, Wbcre Hi* Cfasmpicn Glaulioli ar« Gi'awo 242 244 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. Wild Flowers in a City Garden A lover of wild flowers who has had success in their cultivation Ln her gaxdeu is Mrs. Ctowan, of Peterborough. The illustration, shows a corner of her erarden In which may be seen fej-ns, trillium, jax;k-in-the-pulpit. anemone, violets, golden-rod, orchids and Dutchman's breeches. The little blossoms in the foreground axe a species of the wood geranium. Herb Eobert. quarters than when in the nursery. The surface soil mark can usually be seen on the stem of the plant. Stake all tall plants at once if tops are very heavy, rather than allow the wind to constantly blow them around in all directions. In tying plants or trees, tie them so that the tree cannot be chafed or rubbed. Take off all wire fastened labels from the stems of plants or trees when plant- ing, or they will, if neglected, cut the stem almost asunder in time. In planting trees, use finely pulver- ized soil in and around close to the roots. Sand half an inch in depth sprinkled over the roots is a good material to in- duce a quick, strong root development. Never put manure of any kind in direct contact with the roots when planting. Pack the soil fairly firm around the roots so as to leave no air spaces. All of the roots should be in close contact with fine soil or sand. Puddling the roots before planting in a thick mixture of clay soil and water is useful, especially when the soil they are to be planted in is very dry. Prune off sufficient of the growth of deciduous trees, shrubs, or rose bushes so as to give a proper balance of top and roots. A too large proportion of top to the root means slow development at the best. It is better to have the roots to overbalance the top in quantity, than the reverse. Rose bushes especially should have the tops pruned down to as small a proportion as possible, as they often have but a very small quan- tity of fine fibry roots. Cut off or shorten the large thick roots especially where broken or damaged. The fibry roots are the roots that start dormant plants quickly into gowth again. Plants or shrubs taken from fairly heavy soils usually have a better root system, and transplant more successfully than do plants taken from light, sandy soils. Plants or trees set out in very early spring, seldom require any water when planted . Wild Flowers in The City E. Ayletwortli, Crichton Gowaa, Peterborough, Oat. Being impressed by the beauty and variety of wild flowers which grow in profusion within our city limits, I felt curious to know the extent of their beauty before man began to inter- fere with the soil. I accordingly search- ed for a record of them in pioneer liter- ature, and found the following by Col. S. Strickland: "Several hundred acres of open plain were dotted here and there with clumps of oak and pine. In the spring these openings were gay with wild flowers. Amongst the first to show their varied beauties might be seen the red, white and blue hepaticas or liver- wort, the white and yellow violet, and many others indigenous to the country. Later in the season the cardinal plant, lobelia (this plant grows wild in the woods, especially in damp places. It is used extensively among the settlers as an emetic), lupin, and tiger-lily, and a profusion of flowery gems, lent their aid to adorn the charming scenery of this sylvan spot. " The place here described by Mr. Strickland is the site upon which the city of Peterborough stands. Peter- borough is, therefore, by nature, en- • titled to its appellation, "The City Beau- tiful." I have seen old walls and banks near the river covered with wild flowers and vines of brilliant hue, more beauti- ful than anything under cultivation. Our city furnishes evidence of how persist- ently wild flowers cling to their native soil even when disturbed by cultivation. The flowers which appear in the ac- companying illustration were gathered within the city limits in July, about thirty different kinds being represented. The original, in addition to being a beautiful artistic photograph, is interest- ing to examine through a magnifying glass, the flowers being easily recog- nized in this way. Little attention seems to be paid to the preservation of wild plants and flowers, yet an acquaintance with them is necessary in the study of botany, art and scientific floriculture. Therefore, should not our school teachers, school boards, and horticultural societies be in- terested in the preservation, where pos- sible, of trees, plants and flowers? .As to the responsibility of parents in the matter, the admonition of Mrs. Traill is worth repeating here : ' ' Mo- thers of Canada, teach your children to know and love the wild flowers spring- ing in their path, to love the soil in which God's hand has planted them, and in all their after wanderings through the world their hearts will turn back with loving reverence to the land of their birth : to that dear country, en- deared to them by the remembrance of the wild flowers which they plucked in the happy days of childhood." A collection of wild flowers and ferns pressed by the late Mrs. Traill is one of the cherished possessions of our city museum. Climbing Roses Wm. Hnnt, O.A.C., Gue'ph, Ont The best way to keep climbing roses from being killed back by frost in win- ter is to take them from the trellis and lay them down as near the ground as possible about the end of October. About the end of November, or early Decem- ber, three or four inches of strawy man- ure or some pine or cedar boughs should be placed over them. Tying them down in the way mentioned keeps them below the snow line, as a rule, during the winter. The covering protects them after the snow has melted late in winter or early spring. Take the covering off when the weather is dull, warm, and mild about the beginning of April. Acid phosphates should not be sown with the seed or too near the roots of growing plants, as injury may result. October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 245 The Culture of Bulbs Henry Gibion, NO garden is complete without nar- cissus, which include jonquils, and the Chinese sacred lily, or fairy flower. The innumerable positions in which they can be planted to advantage in the garden is in a measure responsible for their popularity. They may be grown in the town lawn or clumped here and there in masses of distinct varieties in the herbaceous border. As a border for a shrubbery they give their full measure of graceful splendor. For natural plantations, outlying portions of the lawn, the wild garden, terrace slopes or the banks of streams, they possess a grace and beauty that is almost inde- scribable. DEPTH OF PLANTING Owing to lack of uniformity in the size of the bulbs it is not advisajjle to try to give any definite depth at which they should be planted. The simple rule of covering the bulb from two to two and a half times its length, measuring from the base to the neck where it begins to swell out into its rounding shape, is a good one. The distance between the bulbs should be three to four inches for the smaller sizes, and five to six inches for the larger ones. When naturalizing bulbs an effective way of spacing them is to take a handful from the bag and drop them where they are to be planted. In this way a natural grouping is the result. For the window garden grow narcissus in pots the same as you would tulips and hyacinths. Don't plant single bulbs in a pot ; they are not effective. Put five or six bulbs into a six or seven inch pot. The designations, daffodils, narcissus and jonquils, are often misapplied by amateurs, and the result is invariably disappointing. Daffodil is a name ap- plied to all double narcissus. The name "narcissus" calls for the poet's narcis- sus and its family. Jonquil is a popu- lar name given to all single trumpet narcissi, regardless of any other form or class. The Chinese sacred lily produces white flowers with yellow cups in bunches of five or six on a stem. Although they do well when grown in pots, like other bulbs, they give the best results when grown in a dish or bowl half filled with water and pebbles. A covering of some kind is desirable for all bulbs planted outdoors ; not so much to keep out the cold as to pre- vent alternate freezing and thawing, which tears the roots, and frequently lifts the bulbs almost out of the ground. For this purpose nothing is better than nature's covering- — leaves. Do not spread them on too thick or they will heat towards spring and .send out a prema- Staatsburg ture growth, which would be followed by disastrous results should frost get near them. Pine boughs, straw and old corn stalks are excellent substitute for leaves, but they, like the leaves, should be removed as early as possible in the spring. POT CULTUEB Bulbs planted in pots for indoor blooming, and placed in a cool dark place, as suggested, will take from six to seven weeks to root. One can readi- ly ascertain when they are rooted suf- ficiently by turning one out of its pot. If the soil is well interlaced with young white roots they are ready to bring to the light. This is a process that should be done gradually, as too strong a light at first has a very detrimental effect on the plants. A good idea is to have a table with three shelves in it in front of the win- dow. Such a table can easily be con- structed at home, and the utility of it is too evident to need comment. When the first bulbs are brought in to the light, place them on the bottom shelf. After they have been there in the dif- fused light for a few days they may be placed on the second shelf, and finally on the table, into full sunlight. Meanwhile the lower shelves can be fitted with other pots to provide a succession of bloom. Following is a list of seven varieties of bulbs that will provide continuous bloom from Christmas until Easter in the window garden. The first date is when the plants are brought to the light; the other two give the season of bloom : Chinese Lily, second week in Nov. ; bloom, Dec. 23 to Jan. 12; Paper White Narcissus, first week in Dec, bloom, Jan. 9 to Feb. i ; Grand Soliel d'Or Nar- cissus, first week in Dec, bloom, Jan. 22 to Feb. 13; Garrich Hyacinth, third week in Dec, bloom, Jan. 28 to March I ; Poeticus Cunatus Narcissus, last week in Jan., bloom, Feb. 26 to March 19; Van Siaw Narcissus, second week in Feb., bloom, March 7 to March 25; Princess Manionne Tulip, first week in March, bloom March 23 to April 12. Fertilizers {or Ginseng Prof. J. E. Hawitt, O.A.C., Guclph, Ont. Acid phosphate (treated rock or bone) is a satisfactory fertilizer for it main- tains the acidity of the soil and thus pre- vents conditions favorable to the devel- opment of the rust or rot fungus. Acid phosphate should be applied to the beds at the rate of one thousand pounds an acre. Some growers use heavier appli- cations than this. The digging in of a good forest leaf mulch by some growers is claimed to make an excellent fertilizer and it is thought to keep the soil in the proper acid condition. Experiments are now under way in the United States to test the efficiency of leaf-mulches in maintain- ing the acidity of the soil and preventing rust. Nitrate of soda is often applied to ginseng beds, but great care is required in its use as heavy applications often cause a burning or scalding of the foli- age. The same is true of heavy applica- tions of barnyard manure especially if applied fresh. A light mulch of farm- yard manure, even fresh, applied in the fall of the year, gives good results. Calceolaria* in the Border at the Guelph Agricultural College 246 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. Fall Work in The Vegetable Garden By P. D. Powe, DURING the present year there has been a large number of new men started into the market garden business who have little or no experience in this line of work. To them the fol- lowing may be of use: Roots should be pulled or plowed out on a dry day, when the soil is dry enough to shake off. The leaves should be removed with a knife or twisted off just alwve the crown. When cured, the tops make a fine feed for the winter months. Where there is no silo, the following has been found to answer well: A broad, flat trench, eight to ten inches deep, should be dug in a well- drained spot. In this the fresh leaves are placed eight inches deep, heavily strewn with salt and then thoroughly rolled down. (You can't pack too hard.) Then a fresh layer of leaves, salted and packed as before,- is added, and when you have all your leaves used up finish the heap with a coat of straw three in- ches deep. The soil removed from the trench is packed over all to keep out water and air. This coat should be about three inches deep. In eight weeks the ensilage will be thoroughly cured, and should be used before you start on your roots. STOKING THE ROOTS The roots themselves should now be tended. While a good roothouse is very desirable, it is by no means a ne- cessity. Mangels, turnips, parsnips, and carrots may be stored in heaps in the field. A layer of clean straw is spread upon the ground two inches deep and four to six feet in diameter. Upon this build a pyramid to a point so that no more roots can be placed on top. The pile is then covered with three inches of clean straw and drawn to a chimney at the peak to let off the gas. Then cover the whole with three inches of dirt. When winter really sets in, increase this to six inches. Potatoes should be harvested either with forks or with a potato digger. Allow them to dry for a couple of hours before gathering. This ensures cleaner potatoes and often prevents rot. Store in a dark pit or cellar at a temperature of thirty-four to thirty-six degrees Fah- renheit. Potatoes lose about fifteen per cent, of their weight during winter. Cabbage may be very easily handled during winter by storing in pits. Take a well-drained piece of land, place the cabbage together with the outside leaves left on. Stand them head- down as close together as possible. Cover with eight to ten inches soil, well work- ed in around the plants. After a first hard freeze, cover the whole with straw or old cornstalks. Cainsville, Ont. In storing celery, place each plant, with a ball of earth adhering to the roots, in a box, roots down, as close as possible. Cover with straw and place in a cool cellar. Another method is to make rows, three to six plants wide, on a rise of ground and as long as requir- ed. Bank up to the tops of the leaves with six inches of straw, and on top of the straw place three inches of dirt. THE ONION HARVEST Onions should lie harvested as soon as the tops die down. Pull them and allow them to lie in the row for a week under ordinary conditions. A dry time should be chosen so that the onions may be well dried. If it rains upon the onions, turn the lot as soon as possible. When they are thoroughly dried remove part of the roots and tops . from the bulbs. Sort out all stiff necks and soft onions from the others. Place the good onions in open slat crates so that air may pass through, and store in a cool shed or loft. Keep them from light and just above freezing point. When wanted for market, remove the roots and balance of top. PREPARINO FOn MAEKET Great care must be exercised in se- lecting for market only the smooth, re- gularly shaped specimens, which should be graded to size. Colour should also be considered, as an attractive appear- ance means much. To have roots of good condition, they must be grown quickly, thereby ensur- ing them free from all woodiness or coarse texture. They must be carefully washed, cleaned, and trimmed, while boxes, baskets and bags should be clean and present a neat, natty appearance. The small, misshapen roots should be fed to the cattle, as they detract from the value of the goods when marketed. Many farmers do not know of the money to be made, with little work, from growing mangels. These readily find a market in town and city. One man, a neighbor of mine, made $20 in one day selling them in bushel lots, at twenty-five cents a bushel. Can you make money more quickly? Storing Vegetables for Winter Use Henry Gibson, ALTHOUGH the growing season is over, the vegetable garden de- mands some final attention. Where crops are still in the ground and weeds have been allowed to gain the upper hands, cut off whole with a scythe and burn them, thus making it easier to get at the crops and also preventing the weeds from seeding. It is a great mistake to allow the vegetables not used to rot on the ground. They will pay handsomely for lifting and storing. A good dry frost- proof cellar from which all artificial heat is excluded is an ideal place in which to store them. When such a place is not at one's disposal a substitute may he had by partitioning off part of the cellar and providing for ample ventila- tion from the outside. Or a cold north room in the house where the window can be kept open most of the time will do very well. In the latter case, boxes or barrels, fitted with spaghnum, are very suitable, as the spaghnum is light and clean. For storing in the cellar, clean, dry sand is generally used for storing most root crops which would shrivel if left exposed to dry air. In storing fruits and vegetables, always see to it that they are clean and sound — the smallest spot or bruise is a danger centre. Keep the temperature as even as possible and give air on all possible occasions. Keep an eye open for rats and mice. Beans still in a green state can be picked and preserved in modern glass jars. Those in a dry state and those Staatsburg partly dry may be stored, vines and all, under cover, and later picked and shelled. Beets, carrots, turnips, and parsnips may be stored in sand or moss. Cut off the tops within an inch or two of the root. Only sufficient parsnips for im- mediate needs should be lifted, as they keep quite well in the ground during winter. Cabbage and cauliflower may be hung up by the heels in the cellar. If large quantities of cabbage are to be saved, a trench »in the garden should be dug and the cabbage placed in it. Cover with some clean straw and then soil to the depth of ten to twelve inches. PACK CELEET WITH EOOTS ON Celery can be packed in narrow boxes on two or three inches of wet sand. Leave the roots and earth on ; pack up- right and close together. A slight freezing will not hurt it. Cucumbers, melons, and eggplants cannot be kept over winter, but if they are cut just before frost, and stored in a dry cold cellar, they will keep good for some time. Potatoes and onions may be stored without any covering in a cool, dark cellar. Potatoes are best in a bin of convenient size or they may be placed in a corner of the cellar, and kept in place with boards. Be sure that the onions are perfectly dry before putting them into their final storing place. Per- haps the best receptacles for storing these are slatted barrels or boxes, giving free access to air. October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST 247 Squash and pumpkin should be gath- ered before frost, cut with a small piece of vine attached. Handle them as care- fully as you would eggs, as the slightest bruise will soon spoil them. Store in a sunny dry place where frost can be kept out. Later store in a dark, dry place, with the temperature as near forty degrees as possible. HOW TO TREAT TOMATOES Just before frost, pick the best of the unripened tomatoes and place them on some clean straw in a cold frame or greenhouse. Others may be put on straw in the cellar. In this way you may prolong your supply of tomatoes until nearly Christmas. Put a few plants of parsley in a pot or box and place them in the kitchen window for use during the winter months. Clean up the rhubarb and as- paragus beds and put on a good dress- ing of coarse stable manure. If you have a greenhouse, and would like to utilize some of the space under the benches, lift a few roots of rhubarb for forcing. Tender young stalks of it are ^ sure to be appreciated in mid-winter. In lifting, dig round the four sides with a spade, being careful not to damage i the crowns. Turn the root upside down and let it lie on the ground to freeze well. Then place them under the bench where you intend to force them. Work soil well round and between the roots, so that the crowns are just peeping out ; water thoroughly. Spray them occa- sionally with lukewarm water until the growth has started, and maintain as even a temperature as possible. Potato Prof. E. M. POTATO scab should not be con- fused with the potato canker or wart disease, sometimes called the black scab. This latter disease is es- tablished in Newfoundland but is not found in Canada so far as we are aware of. The roughened, scabby, pitted surface of potato tubers affected with scab is too well known to require description. It is probable that no other potato disease has a wider distribution. In addition to being disseminated throughout this country, it occurs in various parts of Europe, South Africa and New Zealand. In all probability scab occurs wherever potatoes are grown. In addition to the potato, turnips, carrots and beets may be attacked. Many practical growers are of the opinion that lime, ashes, chipdirt, and other substances, cause the disease. The nature of the fertilizer used, the alkalinity of the soil may and do influ- ence the amount of scab present on a given crop, but such agencies are in- capable of producing life. The cause of potato scab is a para- sitic plant, to which the name of Oos- pora Scabies has been given. This plant is as dependent on certain conditions for its rapid development as the potato or root crop upon which it grows ; but cannot grow in a soil unless seed of the fungus has first been deposited there. The old idea of spontaneous generation has long been exploded. We have grown An Attraclire Exhibit at tht Exhibition o{ the Sherbraoke, Qne., Agricaltnral Soc'ety This exhibit was arranged by the Olta Agricultural College, La Trappe, Que. It included a few boxea of apples that bad been grown in the proTincial demonstration ojcijards. Scab Straight beyond the thought that chipxlirt can give rise to life ! Experiments have shown repeatedly that scab does not develop on new land unless it is affected from some outside agency. If clean seed potatoes are used on clean land, a clean crop is sure to result. All or nearly all of the infection of new areas may be traced to diseased seed. SOURCES OF INFECTION When the soil once becomes infected there are two possible sources of infec- tion in future crops, viz., the seed and the soil itself. It follows then that some soils may give scabby potatoes even when clean seed is used. Scab thrives best on an alkaline soil. Dr. Wheeler, who has made an exten- sive study of the disease, summarizes his conclusions as follows: "The mater- ials which favor scab and which are at times applied to land are : Stable man- ure, wood ashes, lime, magnesia and soda-ash. The materials which do not tend to make the scab worse, and which may tend to decrease it, are : Most com- mercial fertilizers, sea-weed, potash salts, land plaster, common salt and ammonium sulphate." As has been pointed out, potato scab does best on an alkaline soil, that is to say it makes its most vigorous growth there. Unfortunately, potatoes also do best on a like soil ; but potatoes are not so susceptible to soil conditions as the fungus. It is quite possible to grow pdtatoes on a soil slightly acid without materially affecting the yield, and at the same time discourage the growth of the parasite. SULPHITE MAT BE USED Sulphur applied to the soil gradually oxidizes with the consequent production of acid. Sulphur has been used on some soils with much success, especially on soils naturally neutral or only slightly alkaline. The process is expensive and hardly praqtical on large areas. Similar acid soil conditions may be obtained by turning under some green crop, such as buckwheat. In the break- ing down of this green manure, acid is formed often quite sufficient for the pur- pose. This system would produce best results on a neutral or slightly alkaline .soil, and would not l>e entirely successful on a soil strongly alkaline, as the de- caying crop would not produce acid enough to leave an excess in the soil. By making choice of fertilizers which do not encourage scab, by proper rota- tion and by turning under a green crop, a badly affected field is often cleared in a few years. Without such treatment, the fungus would remain active in the soil, without the presence of a suscepti- ble crop for indefinite periods. 248 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October. 1913. The Canadian Horticulturist sss®a§s§i@@8§^^^^^^g OOMHINEI) WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which has been incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Publiihed by The Horticultural Publikhinff Company. Limitod PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO EDITORIAL The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Oroans of thk Oktario and Quebec Fruit Gkoweks' Assochtions AND OF The Ontario Beekeepers' Association H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director UNITED STATES RERESENTATIVBS STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY Chicago OfBce— People's Gas Building. New Yorlt Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding date of issue The first edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural intereste of Canada. The second edition is know as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pag-es of matter appearing in the first issue are replaoed by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeiping In- terests of Canada. 2. Subseriptioni price of The Canadian Horti- onlturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a ye&T; two years, $1.00. and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For TJuited States and local sub,scriptione in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. A. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers aare held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dressee must be given, 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inob. Copy- re- ceive d up to the 20th Addresa all advertising corresiuondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1912. "The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. MoBt months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13.000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed, to people known to be intoresf-d in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1912 9,986 August, 1912 1114S February. 1912. .. .10.437 September. 1912 . 10 997 March. 1912 10,877 October, 1912.... 10 971 April. 1912 11.788 November. 1912. . .11,162 May, 1912 12.112 December, 1912 11144 .TuTie, 1912 10,946 July, 1912 10,906 132,556 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " " " 1908. 8.695 " " " " 1909, 8,970 " " " "' 1910, 9,067 " " " " 1911, 9,541 " 1912, ll,0-!7 September. 1913 12.298 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his lose, provided such transaction occurs with- in one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that ini writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns ; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifiing disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTTTBTST. PETEEBOEO. RUINOUS DELAYS In spite of the efforts that have been made to effect improvements, several ex- ceedingly annoying delays in the handling of fruit by the railway companies have been reported lately. Two car loads of fruit shipped from Forest that were on the road for almost double the schedule time, re- sulted in an almost total loss for the grow- er. Growers in the Niagara district, who had made shipments of tender fruit to Cobalt, learned later that they were held over in Toronto because of poor connec- tions. Delays of this character not only cause a deterioration in the condition of the fruit, but tend to demoralize the market and re- strict future orders. Cooperation and ad- vanced marketing methods all go for nought when the railways fail to get the fruit over the road fast enough to ensure its reaching the consumer in good condi- tion. Complaints made to the Railway Com- mission have only elicited the information that the Commission has no power to award damaeres for delays. Although re- cords from one district show that delays of more or less length have been the o'en- pral rule, yet the Commission has ruled that a few cars are not of sufficient im- nortance to warrant action being taken. Apnarently the only course onen to the fruit (rrowers is to bring sufficient pres- sure to bear uoon the Government to have the necessary power given to the Railway rnmmisioTi to deal with these matters. Efforts to gain needful information are being made bv the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associption. Fruit growers can assist by furnishing definite information to the traffic expert of the association, Mr. G. E. Mcintosh, of Forest, Ont. BETTER ACCOMODATION NEEDED It is cratifving to note that the directors nf the Canadian National Exhibition this var e-ive considerably mo'-e attention to the ao-rirult'iTPl features of the fair. In the bortirnltural denartment. however, there wpc room for considerable improvement. The r"o=t outstanding need was that of room. There were several exhibits, more narticularly thos° of American railway r-nm.^-.r,;.>c. that bad no rightful nlace in the horticultural building. S'urely at an exhibition of the character and reputa- tion of the Canadian National the impor- tant horticultural interests of the country should be civen everv consideration. As a result of the presence of the transporta- tion exhibits, the vegetab'e displays were relegated to a tent outside where hardlv one in ten of the fair visitors would think of looking for them . Then, too, the exhibits of seed and nur- sery firms, while quite appropriate and interesting, should not be so placed as to break up the fruit exhibits as was the case this year. The mamagement of the horticultural building should be left en- tirely in the charge of the horticultural interests. The entire showing in the building could then be elaborated cm a com- prehensive plan that would do justice to the important fruit amd vegetable growing industry. , Encourage Successful Methods The directors of the Ontario Horticul- tural Assocation are arranging to give more attention at the annual convention of the association next month, to the work of the local societies. This is a wise move. The local societies are urged to send dele- gates to the provincial convention. To do so involves expense. The societies, there- fore, naturally ask what benefit they will be likely to receive by taking such action. . When it is found that the programme is largely filled with addresses on the culti- vation of different varieties of flowers they are apt to conclude that their delegates would not be likely to learn much that could be brought back and used for the benefit of their members as a whole. Various societies in Ontario are making' distinct successes of differemt lines of work. There is much that other societies might learn from their experiemce. Speak- ers, chosen from the more successful socie- ties, can always impart much helpful in- formation to the delegates from sister societies. It is well, therefore, that more attention is to be given to these matters at the approaching convention than has been the case during the past year or two. A well balanced programme will prove a source of strength tq the convention. UNEQUAL RATES A matter of vital importance to the fruit growers of eastern Canada is that of freight and express rates to the prairie provinces. A wonderful market is developing in that great western country. While there is room for all it is only just that no section should be given more favorable rates than another. It is in this regard that the Ontario growers feel that they are getting an unfair deal. Ontario apples are carried to Winnipeg for fifty-three cents per one hundred pounds and to Calgary for one dollar and four cents. That is, the haul from Winnipeg to Calgary costs the Ontario grower fifty- one cents. On the other hand, Washington and Oregon apples are carried to Calgary for seventy-five cents per one hundred pounds and on to Winnipeg for no addi- tional charge. Thus the Amercan grower can cover the whole western market at the same rate. The Ontaro grower, while he has some advantage in shipping to Win- nipeg, if he wishes to cover the market to Calgary must pay the one dollar and four cents rate. This is a matter that should be brought to the attention of the Railway Commission at the earliest opportunity. In deciding to hold the Ontario Horti- cultural Exhibition this winter in connec- tion with the proposed National Live Stock, Dairy and Poultry Show, the man- agement of the exhibition should be on their guard to see that they are not led into a position from which it may prove difficult to retreat. The control of the Hor- ticultural Exhibition must not be allowed to pass into the bonds of a general com- mittee charged with the direction of a larger venture of which the Horticultural Exhibition would form only a part. The un- satisfactory situation that exists in connec- tion with the direction of the horticultural department of the Canadian National Exhi- bition illustrates how disastrous such a change might prove. The date of the ex- hibition this year was set back a week later than usual at the request of the manage- ment of the larger show. Other similar concessions in the future might easily crip- ple what is now a very successful horticul- tural exhibition. October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 249 PUBLISHER'S DESK The front cover illustration of this issue has been made once more from a photo- graph of a Pacific Coast orchard. For some reason we are unable to explain the fruit growers of British Columbia take more interest in obtaining good photo- graphs of their orchards and the work conducted therein than do the fruit grow ers of the east. We generally have plenty of good illustrations of western orchards on hand, but frequently fimd it difficult to obtain ones equally as good from Ontario, Quebec, or the Maritime Provinces. There are plenty of good orchards in all these districts. One reason western orchards are receiving the attention they are at the hands of the public may be found in the greater enterprse of their owners in this respect. There is nothing special about this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Never- theless we believe that our readers will find that it is a strong issue from cover to cover. Our back pages are a little more full than usual with reports of the fall exhibitions, but this is only what is ex- pected to be the case at this season of the year. Our November issue will also be a strong one. .A. number of the regular advertisers in The Canadian Horticulturist showed their coefidence in their goods by making large displays at the Canadian National Ex- hibition. The many people who examined these exhibits learned much that was help- ful and of interest. In this issue a number of these exhibits are described. Our readers will find a perusal of them in- teresting. —^ — — Our plans are already being laid for next year's issues of The Canadian Horti- culturist. Many of Canada's greatest au- thorities in fruit, flower, and vegetable growing are being engaged to contribute articles prepared especially for the benefit of our readers. In order that this pro- gramme of articles may be made as valu- able and complete as possible, we will wplcomc suggestions from our readers con- cerning topics that they would like to see dealt with, ae well as special features that might be added. If you have any sug- gestions which you think will aid us, let us hear from you. Transporation Committee Meet A meeting of the Transportation Com- mittee of The Ontario Fruit Growers' As- sociation was held at the Toronto fair grounds on Tuesday, September 2. The report of G. W. Mcintosh, of Forest, who had been appointed by the committee as transportation agent, contains interesting informaion. The committee had asked the railway board for the privilege of free slat- ting of cars and a stop-over privilege. The board considered that the stop-over privi- lege was a special one which they had no power to grant. Shippers will be granted $3 per car recompense for slatting. Rail- way companies have raised the minimum car load on refrigerator cars from five to six tons. An effort will be made to have the award- ing of damages on spoiled fruit come un- der the jurisdiction of the railway board. The question of reciprocal demurrage is another matter that will be pushed. The rates on fruit shipped to the west are far from satisfactory. British Columbia can send apples from Calgary to Winnipeg at lower rates than Ontario apples can be shipped from Winnipeg to Calgary. The whole question of rates will be referred to the Railway Commission. SOCIETY NOTES Guelph "One of the most successful horticultural shows ever held in the county of Welling- ton," was the unanimous opinion of those who attended the flower, fruit and vege- table show held in the City Hall, Guelph, on August 19th and 20th, under the aus- pices of the Guelph Horticultural Society and the South Wellington Sweet Pea So- ciety. This was the first attempt for upwards of thirty years to hold a summer show in Guelph, and the results must have been most gratifying to the officers and executive of the societies. Both the halls, which were tastefully decorated for the oc- casion, were required to hold the many ex- hibits in classes covering almost every var- iety of flowers (annual and perennial). splendid displays of plants including many rare specimens exhibited and loaned by prominent citizens, and the exhibits of fruit and vegetables. The fine display of plants in pots, the beautiful collection of gladioli, roses, pe- tunias and other flowers, as well as the fine collection of vegetables and fruit by the Ontario Agricultural College, were per- haps the most striking exhibit, while the display from the John Connon Company of Hamilton, of gladioli and perennial phlox, and the exhibits by Messrs. Gil- christ, Dunbar, McPhee, Marriott, ajid "The Rosery," local florists, were also wor- thy of special mention. The competition for the handsome Bur- pee Cup and the valuable Schofield Cup, the former offered by Messrs. .W A. Bur- pee & Co., of Philadelphia, and the latter by H. C. Schofield, Esq., M.P.P., both given for the best and most artistic dis- plays of sweet peas, was very keen. The magnificent display of J. A. Hewitt was awarded the former, and the fine exhibit by William McSkimming, the later. Amongst the most prominent prize win- ners were: Samuel Sunley, McLennan & Billings, Miss L. Yeates, T. Holliday, Fred Webb, William Wilson, George Leadlay, Peter Gould, John Malcolm of Fergus, Geo. Ruber, A. Duffield. The silver medal kind- ly donated by the Toronto Horticultural Society for the best collection of herbac- eous perennials, was won by Miss L. Yeates. \ unique exhibit was the fine collection of peaches shown by Miss D. C. Kennedy, these were grown in Guelph from a seed planted five years ago. The junior members of the horticultural society and school children also contribu- ted splendidly, covering numerous entries of flowers and vegetables. Music was supplied continually by Cronk's orchestra, and the show was at- tended by over two thousand people. London During the past season much interest has been taken in the work of the London Horticultural Society. Premiums of bulbs and flowers were offered, which had con- siderable influence in increasing the mem- bership. During the latter week of August a suc- cessful flower show was held. Flowers of every description were shown in profusion, including some beautiful gladioli, asters, aqd roses. ■ A View of Some of the Exhibit»8at the Recant Exhibition held by the Guelph Horticultural Socieiy.— {See ar/ide uii this poge 250 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. Fruit at the Canadian National This was expansion year at the Cana- dia-n National, and the friut exhibit was in harmonv therewith. As a whole, the displa\ was the largest ever staged at this exhibition. The size and color was the best ever seen for the time of year. In the matter of accommodation there is still room for improvement. The displays by seed firms were interesting and reliable, but thev should not be so placed as to break up the fruit exhibits, as was the case this year. Then, too, the exhibits of rail- way "and steamship companies should be confined to their proper places and the horticultural building utilized for horticul- tural exhibits only. ^^ , A change that would add to the attract- iveness of the showing would be the giv- ing of more prizes for baskets and other- wise displayed fruits. Then, too. it might be wise to drop some of the late varieties and enlarge the prize list for earher ones. The late varieties had little or no color. A feature that would add greatly to the educational value of the exhibits and also to the general interest would be to have the name of the variety and exhibitor more plainly shown after the fruit had been judged. , , ,. Pears were of good color and quality. The plate exhibits were remarkably smooth and in most cases uniform. The showing was well above the average of past years. In baskets for display there was keen com- petition. One of the judges remarked that he saw some Bartletts that were as good as any he ever saw come from California. A few exhibitors made a mistake in selecting a poor color of covering for the baskets. Plums were the best ever shown. The number of entries was large and the com- petition close. Peaches were of good size and extra fine color. It was evident that they caught the eye of the visitor. Grapes were well up to the high stan- dard set in other years. APPLES The display of apples was easily the best ever shown. The color was fifteen to twenty per cent, ahead of last year and the quantity almost double. The boxed fruit might easily be increased if the prize list was extended, only the standard var- ieties now being represented. In the ar- rangement of the competitive box exhibits there was room for improvement. Each exhibitor had to place his own entries, so no general scheme of arrangement was carried out. It would be well to stipulate that fruit in boxes for export should be wrapped. There was some splendid fruit shown in the box entries, one box of Duchess being particularly noticeable. The plate and cone exhibits were excep- tionally well colored. As Prof. Crow, of the O.A.C., who judged the entries, re- marked: "The color is extra fine and the fruit is slightly cleaner than last year. Exhibitors, however, should have learned by this time that wormy fruit is not want- ed. I didn't give any prizes to wormy fruit. A number, too, are making a mis- take in selecting too large specimens of the dessert varieties. Typical apples of the variety should be chosen. In the cook- ing sorts, size with quality is desirable. A number of specimens were minus the stems." A pleasing feature is that more exhibitors are showing and the prize money is being more widely distributed. COMMERCIAL VaCKAGF.S Mr. Harry Dawson, one of the judges on Commercial Packages, stated that never before had the fruit showv. at the Exhibi- tion been as well packed or as uniform in quality as this year. Not only apples, but plums, grapes and pears were all much better packed than in former years. "We will soon," said Mr. Dawson, "know how to pack as well as they do in the west, and be able to hold our own even with California. An encouraging feature of the commercial packages," continued Mr. Dawson, "is the fact that there is an unusually large number of entries in all classes. Among the boxes of apples is one of Duchess, which is the best packed box of apples I have ever seen, either at this .-.how or at the Ontario Horticultural Ex- hibition. It excels in uniformity of colour, uniform size of the apples and in the firm- ness of the pack. As regards the general exhibits, they also show more uniformity than usual, there not being so many ofT- packs, as most of the exhibitors have fol- lowed the 2-3 pack, the next most popular pack being the 3-4," Ontario's exhibit In the Government Building, the Fruit Branch of the Ontario Department of Agri- culture had a fine display. All the fruit was exceedingly well colored, and as soon as the more perishable varieties showed signs of decay they were replaced by a fresh lot so that the showing was always fresh and attractive. An interesting feat- ure was a box of standard dimensions, all made of glass, containing some beautiful Chenango strawberry apples. The glass enabled the spectators to view the style of pack to the Tjottom of the box. The pe.-'chps and plums were exceptionally fine. Welland and Lambton counties had fine exhibits of fruits. The peaches were pos- siblv the best at the fair. A well-loaded branch of a Welland county plum tree gave an idea of the productiveness of that district. Lambton county showed some extra fine boxed apples. The exhibit was tastefully arranged, a mirror at the back giving it the appearance of double its actual size. The British Columbia exhibit gave a splendid idea of the fruit growing possibilities of that province. The fruit was mostly shown as plate specimens. The boxes used were the North-western stan- dard size. SOME OF THE PRIZE WINNERS The gold medal for the best display of fruit went to W. J. Furmiger, St. Cathar- ines, who also got first on collections of 10 varieties pears, 15 varieties plums, 6 varieties plums (green or yellow), and 5 varieties plums (red or blue). First on fancy package, display basket, and fiat- covered basket of plums, display basket of grapes and flat-covered basket of peaches were also won by Mr. Furmiger. J. H. Coming, Waterdown, was promi- nent in the apple classes, winning first on exfWrt Duchess, Blenheim, Wealthy, ?nd Spy, and on plate exhibits of Duchess, Fameuse, Gravenstein, Hubbardson, Weal- thy, and Spitzenburg ; also first on 20, 10, and 5 varieties cooking apples and for pyramids of Blenheim, Duchess, King, R. I. Greening, St. Lawrence, and Weal- thy. Other prominent exhibitors in the apple class were W. E. Weese, Carrying Place ; J. Guthrie, Dixie; R. Williamson, Carry- ing Place: and T. Bunting, St. Catharines. A. E. Freel, Niagara-on-the-Lake, was first in all peach collections. In grapes, similar honors were won by L. Haynes, St. Catharines. Other prize winners were : W. D. Woodruff, St. Catharines ; A. W. .\ustin. Port Dalhousie; F. G. Stewart, Homer ; and R. Cameron. The prize money in the plum classes was divided. well Fighting San "Jose Scale in Ontario Jas. A. Neilson, PortSDover, Ont. During the past spring the Fruit Branch of the Department of Agriculture engaged the writer to undertake the work of in- vestigating the prevalence of the San Jose Scale in the orchards of Ontario. As a result of the work, which began April 21, we have found the San Jose Scale to be rather widespread, especially in the south- western part of the province. The pest has been found in the following counties: Oxford, Middlesex. Lambton, Essex, Kent, Elgin, Norfolk, Welland, Lincoln, Went- worth, Halton, and Peel. The San Jose Scale is one of the worst pests that the fruit grower has to fight, but fortunately it can be controlled. From observation of a number of orchards, pre- viously infested, we have found that this very destructive pest can be completely ovVcome by spraying the affected trees with the lime-sulpliur mixture. The spray should be apilied on the dormant wood, before the buds break open in the spring or after the leaves drop off in the antumn. If the trees are badlv affected the rough bark should be scraped off and the trees rather severely pruned. It is absolutely necessary to be very thorough in the spray- ing of the trees. Every branch, and even the smallest twigs should be covered with the sprav mixture. This i$ rendered necessary by the mar- vellous powers of reproduction which the San lose S'-ale possesses. One female in the course of a season is capable of bring- ing forth offspring which will multiply to one million. From this fact we can see the necessity of being thorough in the spraying, as even the smallest twig left untouched will rein f est the whole tree. CONCERTED ACTION NECESSARY To secure the best results in an infested area, concerted action is necessary on the part of the fruit growers. Unless this is secured, the efforts of those who do spray are to a certain extent rendered ineffec- tive. From interviews with a large num- ber of fruit growers, we have found that compulsory spraying would be welcomed by many, especially in sections where the San Jose Scale is prevalent. Competent inspectors should be appointed to see that the negligent ones do their duty. Fruit growers should keep a sharp look- out for this pest, as it is much easier to control in the initial stage than when it has become established. The San Jose Scale is spread in the first place chiefly on nursery stock ; therefore growers should deal only with reliable nurserymen. Birds and insects also carry it from tree to tree and from orchard to orchard. The Department of Agriculture will fur- nish upon request a spraying calendar, giving full and complete directions for spraying for the San Jose Scale and all other fruit pests. Peaches, plums and other soft fruits are not susceptible to being preserved for any length of time in cold storage. The best that can be done is to keep them in a firm condition for transportation and marketing at reasonable distances. — J. A. Ruddick, Dairy Cold Storage Commissioner. October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 251 Queens of Moore's Strain of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That flll the supers quick. With honey nice and thicli. They have won a world-wide reputation ; for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentleness, [etc. Untested queens, $1; six, $5; 12, $9.00. {Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. 'Safe arrival and eatisfaetion guaranteed. Oireular free. I now have 750 nuclei and am filling orders by return ma, J. P. MOORE, QUEEN BREEDER, ROUTE 1, MORGAN, KY. WANTED HOMES FOR BOYS, aged three to ten years. For further particulars apply to The Salvation army, 20 Albert St., Toronto, Ont. Fruit Machinery Co. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturcr.s of Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery In.stallinfj Power Evaporators a specialty OUR LEADERS Ontario Power Sprayer Model 2-B, and the Improved Pacific Apple Parer Wrt'te for catalogue on Spraying and Evaporating A High-Grade Nursery Exhibit Among- the Nursery Exhibits at the Canadian National E.xhibition, that of Ross & Sons appeared to good advantage. The Toronto Nurseries is one of the oldest and best known nursery firms and landscape architects in Canada to-day, having been established in ]845. The foreground of the display consisted of a plot of grass laid out attractively with tub specimens of evergreens of the best varieties. In the background was a tent which was used as an office. This also was nicely decorated with landscape plans and illustrations of nursery stock. The Evergreen stock consisted of splen- did specimens of Juniper Virginiana, Jap- anese Juniper, Irish Yews, Theodore Cedars, Veitch's Spruce, Abies Polita, Pyramidal Cedars, Colorado Blue Spruce, and Retinospora. In addition to the exhibit of evergreens, a splendid collection of standard two-year- old fruit trees was offered for inspection. Ross c& Sons, in addition to their nursery business, make a speciality of landscape department work, in which they have been engaged for many years. Plans and esti- mates are furnished on application. They are also the Canadian Represen- tatives of Hugh Dickson & Co., of Ireland, the famous Irish rose growers. They re- commend the fall as the very best time for planting roses, and to meet the de- mand they have prepared a very fine stock of high-grade plants. A large supply of all kinds of nursery stock is on hand for Fall and Spring delivery, and orders will be promptly attended to. Visitors are always accorded a cordial welcome at the nurseries — 1167 Queen St. East, Toronto. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Belated Orders Tor Paeonies Irises Delphiniums Heleniums Phloxes Aquilegias Etc., Etc., Etc. Will be filled promptly and plant- ing may still be done successfully. WK~ Fall Planting List sent Free on request JOHN CAVERS LISTEN ! Have you c cm pi eted your arrange- ments for the handling of your ship- ments this year ? If you haven't we will be pleased to hear from you, and supply you with shipping stamps and pads, and any information you may require regarding Toronto market. The Dawson-Elliott Co. 32 West Market Street TORONTO Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots: MONTREAL Busby Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St VANCOUVER PoweU St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. 252 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. -" f mwiminiiMMiWi "irffwriiT GLORiaUS GARDENS from ENGLAND "mm^.^iF^m KELWAY'S famous Hardy Herbaceous Perennials— Gail- lardias, Pyrethrums, Pasonies, Delphiniums and others— are from strong, country-grown stocks which flourish under almost all conditions of soil and climate and make it possible to reproduce successfully in this country much of the charm and beauty of the finest old English gardens. Choice named collections (specially picked to suit Canadian conditions) of Paeonies from $3.75 to $17.00; Delphiniums from $2.25 to $13.50; Gaillardias from $1.50 to $4.50 ; Pyre- thrums, $1.50, $3.00 and $5. 10 a dozen. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the Kelvoay Manual of Horticulture mailed Free on receipt of 6o cents, by KELWAY & SON LANGPOHT - SOMERSET 20870 ENGLAND V \ Kelway's Perennials For Canadian Gardens I^V 'y^v ,'* Direct from '^ KELWAY&SON The Royal Horticulturists lANGPORT ENGLAND. [This is the Kelwa|^ Book which every Garden lover should write for today Vegetable Displays at C. N. E.( The sh' wint! of vegetables at the Cana-l dian National this year was well up to tlw| standard sot in past years OwinR to tl presence of a number of commercial exhibUj in the horticultural building, the vegctabk were releRated to a tent. Under such cij cumstancts it was not possible to show th untries to the best advantage. The arrangement of the exhibits is always an important point. In this respect there: was little fault to find, the entries not be-' ing mixed as to class. While the quality' of the entire showing was good, some of th» roots, particularly turnips and mangels, .showed some roughness. The season, how- ever, has in a large measure been respons- ible, as such dry weather is not conducive! to the best development of the root crop. The di.splay of squash was most creditable, the specimens being notably well farmed. Among the chief prize-winners were : Wm. Marshall, Falkenburg; R. Plunkett & Sons and C. Plunkett. Weston; J. B. Guthrie, Dixie; J. P. HelHwell. Brown Bros., J. Dundridge and F. Reeves, all of Humber Ba.v; W. D. Woodruff, W. J. Purminger, St." Catharines; W. Clark. Xorth Toronto, and Ed, Brown. Wcywood Park. ASSOCIATION KXHIBIT In the Government building the Ontario Vegetnblo Growers' Association showed a, fine collection of the prize^winning entries in the field crop competitions conductcl this season. The .specimens were smooth ai well formed John Harris & Son. Be;l ville, were first on celery; J. A. Humphrt Stratford, won first on tomatoes, and Chi- .\ymer, Humber Bay, similar honofrs on onions. A fine display of all farm crops gave an idea of what is be'ng done along agricul- tural lines at the public institutions of On- tairio. A group of exhibits that attracted ' much attention was th? showing of vege- ' tables and grains made bv the districts of Sudbury, Algoma, Rainy River. Temiskam ing and Kenora. As an example of the agricultural possibilities of these districts, the showing wa.s an eye-opener to many. Kent county. Ont,, had a revolving pyra mid of Tegetables and grains, showing the producing possibilities of the region. Rainy River District The Rainv River Exhibit at the Toronto Exhibition was a revelation to many. It consisted of specimens of bush fruits, K-rains and veijetables. Some of the very finest agricultural products on the grounds were shown here. Rainy River excels in the quality of seed potatoes which mature two or three weeks earlier than those grown farther south, and are absolutely free from all fungus dis- eases. The Rainy River Potato Growers' Association is prepared to ship any quan- titv of these potatoes, all shipments being carefully graded, stenciled and numbered. Further information may be secured from Mr. A. G. Crawford, Manager of the As- sociation. Emo. Ontario. "- (Ginseng Growers' Meet Some important business was transact- ed at the annual convention of Ontario ginseng growers, which was held in R. T. of T, Hall. 1087 Queen street West, Tor- onto, on September 3. The number of ginseng growers in Ontario is not large but' the lack of numbers was made up for by an abundance of enthusiasm, so the con- vention was interesting and helpful. After the reports of the offices had been read the main business centred on the re- port of the executive committee. Last year October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST iss The Call of the North Do you know of the many advan- tages that New Ontario, with its millions of fertile acres, offers to the prospective settler ? Do you know that these rich agricultural lands, obtain- able free, and at a nominal cost, are already producing grain and vegeta- bles second to eone in the world ? For literature descriptive of this great territory, and for information as to terms, homestead regulations, settlers' rates, etc.. write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Bldgs., TORONTO, Ont. CDprill Wn 9/i Sent to your Express Office JrCl/l/lL nV.£.U carefully packed, for $5.00 8 Beautiful House Plants AND 100 Choice Winter Flowering Bulbs All for $5.00 We stake our reputation on this Special Bargain The most careful buyer cannot select better Quality or get more for the money. The plants are all thrifty and healthy; of full blooming size, and such only as will do well in the ordinary home atmosphere. The bulbs are those that are sure to bloom and thrive ajid eive de- light to the inmates of the home all through the long Canadian winter. Send us $5.00 and we will express to you aa loUarge Kentia Palm. Our regular selling price of these plants will average 50c each, and some of them we retail at One Dollar each. BULBS 12 Early Narcissus Paper White. 12 Early Roman Hyacinths. 1^; Freesia Mammoth size. ( The above are for early Xmas bloom). 12 Dutch Hyacinths (all colors). 12 Choice Single Tulips (all colors). 12 Superb Double Tulips (all colors). 12 Double Daffodils, a choice assortment. 12 Single Daffodils, a choice assortment. 2 Chinese Sacred Lillies. 2 Bermuda Easter Lillies. Cultural directions for these Plants and Bulbs are found in our Catalog, which wc mail free. The above bulbs will give continuous bloom until Easter. Catalogue prices of these bulbs is $4.00. This Order is Not Gtood after December 15th. The Hay, Floral & Seed Co Seedtnen and Florists BROCKVILLE - ONT SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries. Josselyn ! Josselyn ! ! Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton.— Currants, Perfection, Perfection!! Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prolific. Champion, Black Naplee Victoria. — Raspberries, Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Cuthbert, Maj-lboro, Brinckle's Orange, (Jolden Queen. Strawberry - Raspberry. — Garden Roots, Asparagus. Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ont. J Established 1896 Cabla Address:— Rhubarb, Manchester. George Johnson Fruit and Produce Broker Smithfield Market, Manchester CONSIGNMENTS OF APPLES SOLICITED Takes charge at Liverpool, Manchester London, Hamburg, Havre All Boxes or Barrels to be marked— Geo. Johnson M/c ^11 correspondence and advices direct to {Manchester, Head Office Highest Possible Prices and Prompt Returns Keep a Kodak Record Preserve for future reference an indis- putable record of your crops, your grow- ing stock, the condition of buildings and fences and roads— by means of photo- graphs. Make sales of your stock by means of photographs: bring home ideas from other people's farms by means of photo- graphy. You can make good pictures by the Kodak system. It's all very simple— and less expensive than you think. Catalog frrf at your dealers or by mail Canadian Kodak Co., Limited TORONTO WE PAY THE FREIGHT. At the Factory Price Buying at the f aclorywill land this range at your station freight prepaid for $20.00 less than d»e next best stove on the market. You pocket the dealer's profit — about 30 per cent. — get a beautiful steel and malleable iron range built to last a lifetime. And what's more you save money every month on your fuel bill. Every Range is unconditionally guaranteed. "1"^ • • -pv • 1 Sold OH Uominion rride ^-xr/ Range It's as good as seeing the ramge to read the complete and cleau" de- scription in our book. The book also contains a history of cooking worth reading. Let us send you a copy. Canada Malleable & Steel Range Mig. Co., Limited, 0vays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables, or g-eneral produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury. North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canadian Bank of Commerce, (Marl' tanks, a room for ice and salt, and large storage for salt. The entire plant must be completed by January 15, 1914. Complaints of long delays in shipments, particularly to the West, are numerous. In some instances the time in transit was so long that fruit arrived at its destination in an almost worthless condition. G. E. Mcintosh, Transportation Agent of the O.F.G.A., is collecting concrete evidence that will be placed before the Railway Com- mission when the whole matter will be car- ried to that tribunal. Prince Edward Island That "The Garden of the Gulf" is no misnomer was proven at the first flower show held under the auspices of the Prince Edward Island Floral Association at Sum- merside during the last week in August. Prof. Saxbey Blair, of the Kentville Ex- periment Station, N.S., who with Rev. S. Trivett, Milton, N.S., judged the exhibits, stated that the show compared favorably in cut blooms with any he had attended in Ontario and Quebec. The show was formally opened by His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, the Com- missioner of Agriculture presiding. The sweet peas shown were an exceptionally fine lot, Prince Edward Island's soil and climate seemine to be peculiarly favorable for this flower. Dahlias and phlox were also displayed extensively. Asters and carnations were not so numerous, as the season has not been favorable for their growth. Roses were a creditable showing for the time of year. Some of the pro- minent exhibitors were J. H. VVormacott, L. G. Haszard, J. D. Stewart, and James Tail. The committee in charge are to be congratulated on the success attained. October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 257 McDonalds Quality Bulbs The finest blooms in Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, etc.. are obtained only by planting sound bulbs of good size. Our supply of Dutch Bulbs comes to us from the most reputable growers, consequently represents the cream of the best fields. Order "McDonald's Quality Bulbs'' from the following list.— you'll be delighted with results. Prices in- clude prepayment of postage only where noted, otherwise at purchaser's expense. HYACINTHS strictly 1st size bulbs for pots or glasses in any of the following co'ors, with names, Red. Hose, White, B'.ue. Violet, Yellow. 10c each. $1.00 per doz. Postpaid. Select 2nd size bulbs. Specially floe for pot culture or todding. Colors as above. Sc each- 50o per doz. Postpaid; or $3.50 per 100. Dutch Roman. -Miniature or Pan Hyacinths. Excellent for indoor culture. Separate colors, without names. 353 doz. Postpaid: or $2.00 per 100. With names, 40c doz. Postpaid, or $2 50 per 100. White French Roman Hyacinths. It planted early will flower by Christmas Each bulb produces several spikes of bloom. Extra Select bulbs— 6c each. 553 doz. Postpaid. $4.00 per 100. First size bulbs— 5c each. 45c doz. Postpaid. $3.25 per 100. TULIPS Guaranteed highest grade bulbs, for bedding and indoor culture. Space permits of our enumerating only a few of the most popular varieties. Our 32-page catalogue describes fully, scores of other sorts. It's free for the asking. MISCELLANEOUS Doz. Per Per Postpaid. 100. 1000. Paper White Narcissus 30c 1.60 12.50 Narcissus Poeticua 15c .75 Narcissus Poeticus Ornatus .. 25c 1.25 Narcissus Poeticus, King Edward VII 75c 4.60 Crocus in colors or mixture.. 10c .60 Snowdrops. Single 15c 1.00 Snowdrops, Double 25c 1.50 Iris, Mixed Spanish 20o 1.00 Iris, Mixed English 30o 1.50 7.00 10.00 7.00 13.00 7.00 12.50 SINGLE EARLY TULIPS. Doz. Per Per Postpaid. 100. 1000. Artus. Bright Scarlet 30c $1.30 $10.00 Belle Alliance. Rich Crimson Scarlet 40c 2.00 18.00 Crimson Brilliant. Rich Scarlet 55c 2.00 15.00 Crimson King. Crimson Srarlet 25c 1.30 10.00 Chrysolora. Deep Golden Yellow 25c 1.30 10.00 Keizer Kroon. Crimson Scarlet with broad Golden margin as per illustration 30c 1.75 14.00 Yellow Prince. Sweet Scented Golden Yellow ?Sc 1.25 10.00 Cottage Maid. White and Pink 25o 1.30 10.00 t.n Reine. White Suffuse* Pink 203 1.25 8 00 White Hawk. White S'V, J. 00 20 00 Proserpine. Carmine, rose larire 40c 2.50 24.00 Queen of the Netherlands- Blush Pink 50c 3.00 20.00 Rose GrisdePn. Bright Pink. .. . JOc 1.51 9.00 McDonald's Superb Mixture .. 30c 1.50 12.00 McDonald's Special Mixture .. 2'V! 1.25 10.00 McDonald's Good Mixture 15o .90 7.50 DOUBLE EARLY TULIPS. Couronne D'or. Golden Yellow 45c 3.00 20.00 Imperator Rubroruni. Bright Scarlet 40c 2.26 20.00 NARCISSUS SINGLE TRUMPET VARIETIES. Emperor. Sulphtir-Yellow Per- ianth. Golden Yellow Trumpet 30c 1.50 12.00 Emperor (Mother Bulbs, extra large) 50c 3.00 22.00 Empress. White Perianth. Gol- denv Yellow Trumpet 35c 2.00 12.50 Golden Spur. Deep Yellow Trumpet and Perianth 45o 2.75 17.50 Doz. Per Postpaid. 100. Per 1000. 12.50 12.50 La Candeur. White JOc 1.50 Murillo. Light Pink 30c 1.50 McDonald's Suoerb Double Early Mixed 30c 1.75 15.00 McDonald's Choice Double Early Mixed 20c 1.00 8.50 SINGLE MAY FLOWERING TULIPS. Bouton d'or. Golden Yellow .. 25c 1.50 12.00 Blushing Bride. Rose - pink shaded white 30c 1.75 12.50 Gesneriana Spathulata. Rich Crimson Scarlet 30c 1.50 Picotee. White, edg«d pink .. 30c 1.50 Fine Mixed 25c 1.50 12.50 12.60 9.00 DARWIN TULIPS Clara Butt. Soft Rosy Pink .. 40o 3.00 Margaret. Lilac Rose shaded Cream 30c 1.75 La Candeur. White 35c 2.00 Feu D'Artiflce. Purple Red -. 35c 2.25 The Sultan. Glossy Black Maroon 35c 2.00 SeUct Mixed Darwins , 30c 1.50 OR DAFFODILS Choicest Mixed Single Trumpet Varieties 26c 1.25 10.00 DOUBLE VARIETIES. Von Sion. Flowers Golden Yellow 40c Incomparable. Orange and Yellow 25c Alba Plena Odorata. Pure white 30o Double Mixed Narcassua 20c 2.25 1.25 1.26 1.00 9.00 You will find it to your advantage to have a copy of our Autumn Bulb Catalogue. It is a handsomely illustrated book of 32 pages and gives full information about the best bulbs and the be.st ways to grow them. Thirty- seven years' experience as seedsmen enables us to offer all that is best in bnlb.s, seeds and supplies for garden, field and lawn. KENNETH McDonald & Sons, Limited OTTAWA SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS ONTARIO ^TNiJ^^iT" ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION WILL BE HELD IN EXHIBITION PARR, TORONTO, NOV. 17 to 22, 1913, inclusive GREATER, LARGER AND BETTER THAN EVER. OVER $5,000 IN PRIZES. THIS WILL BE THE GREATEST EXHIBITION OF THE KIND EVER HELD IN CANADA Everybody should attend. Are you coming to see the Magnificent Display of Natural Products of Ontario 1 SINGLE RAILWAY FARES from all points in Ontario. Ask your local Agent for particulars. UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE NATIONAL LIVE STOCK. HORTICULTURAL AND DAIRY SHOW. R. J. Fleming, President A. P. Westervelt, Secretary PRIZE LISTS AND FULL INFORMATION SENT ON APPLICATION TO THE UNDERSIGNED. P. W. HODGETTS, Parliament Buildingm, Toronto IJ.IJIII..I .,- \L.. ..■■11- I I .ifir-n-iT-r ; — : — -~i — ' r~n r-_ r i i , — ' ' THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1913. AreMADE ^WITH SENECA CAMERAS That's the kind of pictures you want to make, so get a Seneca Camera today. The camera illustrated here is the new Roll Film Seneca. It has all the features and adjustments found on cameras three times its bulk. It's a distinct improvement on the old fashioned roll film camera. It's the one for you. SENECA CAMERA MFG. COMPANY ROCHESTER, N. Y. Largest Independent Camera Makers In the World SENECA CAMERA MFG. CO. Rochester, N. Y. Enclosed find 4c in stamps for which please send me postpaid the SeueLa Hand Book. Name Addr. Special No. 25. Sent by Express for $2.50 A Collection of Six Desirable HOUSE PLANTS Send us $2.50 and we will forward by erprese, to your express office, this very choice collection of House Plant*. We select these as the most desirable plants for you to buy. chosea from our large assortment; they are full grown planta, now in their flowering pots, healthy, thrifty and beautiful. Our regular selling price of these plants is $4.00. To make a large number of sa.le6 we give this lot, an exceptional bargain, tor $2.50. 1 Choice House Fern. Ostrich Plume. 1 Choice House Fern, Bostonensie. 1 Splendid Kentia Palm. 1 Large Asparagus Fern. 1 Xma« Cherry (in fruit). 1 Fine Cyclamen. Cultural directions for these plants will be found in our Catalog, which we mail free with this order. ThcHay.FIoral&SccdCo. SEEDMEN AND FLORISTS BROCKVILLE - ONT. A Unique and Practical Nursery Exhibit Few of the thousands at the Canadian National Exhibition who passed down the roadway to the Old Machinery Hall, failed to be attracted to and inspect the splendid exhibit of Messrs. Stone & Wellington. The firm of Stone & Wellington is the pioneer nursery concern of Canada, amd is known from Coast to Coast. In past years their exhibit has been most attrac- tive, unique and practical, but this year they certainly surpassed all previous efforts, and for general appearance ranked first among the several nursery concerns represented. As will be seen by illustration below, it consisted of a beautiful well-built pergola, The root portion of all was extremely well developed. These trees are grown at their Nurseries at Fonthill, and serve to show the splendid class of stock they are grow- ing for Fall and Spring trade. The Nurseries are situated at Fonthill, Welland, where the conditions are ide.i! for the production of the very highest cla'- of nursery stock It conduces to prolifii yet hardy growth The specimens of two- year-old fruit trees were from six to eight ' feet in height, with a specially large root system, this ensuring a quick setting when planted in the orchard. Messrs. Stone & Wellington have for this Fall and next Spring's delivery an form of landscape embellishment which is coming more and more into .favor, in the foreground. Before the two front columns were placed two beautiful specimens of Juniper Virginiana or Red Cedar, each nearly six feet in height, and between the pillars stood tub specimens of Arbor Vitae Pyramidallis. The whole surrounding ground was set out with dwarf Spruce. At the rear of the pergola was an at- tractive summer house, and in front of it a well-spt sun dial. The pergola was paint- ed white and the quaint summer house in green and white. The combination of the two colors made a most pleasing display. The whole exhibit was a sample of the high quality work of the Landscape De- partment of the firm. The building was used as an office, the walls being decorated with illustrations of the shrubs, trees, etc., sold by the firm, also a number of sample plans for pri- vate and public grounds made by their Landscape Designer, who was in charge of the exhibit, and who was prepared to offer suggestions and answer all questions re- lative to that work. A feature which attracted equal attention from both farmers and fruit growers, was their display of fruit tree stock. It con- sisted of samples of their celebrated two- year-old standard grown stock, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums and cherries. immense quantity of fruit trees such as shown at the Exhibition. The readers of The Canadian Horticul- turist who are interested in Landscape Architecture or in high-class nursery stock are cordially invited to call at the head office of the firm at 49 Wellington Street East, Toronto, or at the Nurseries at Fonthill, Welland Co. I St. Catharines Exhibition The Fruit and Flower Show held by the St. Catharines Horticultural Society on September 10 and 11 was easily the best in the history of the organization. The fruit growers are taking a keen interest in the workings of the Society, and were in evi- dence with a grand display of fruit. Spe- cial attention was" given to the children, a i fine display of asters being made by then from seed distributed by the society. Os both days the attendance was large. Hon.i Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, formally opened the show. Apples were displayed almost entirely as plate exhibits, only five boxes, each of a separate variety, being shown. On the whole the plate exhibits were good. A few. however, showed lack of knowledge on the part of the exhibitor as to what con- stitutes a first-class plate exhibit. The apples were not uniform in size or shape, October, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 259 and some showed blemishes. Decorating the apple tables were gladioli supplied by Gilchrist, of Toronto. Pears were a fine lot. The specimens were smooth and well formed. The bas- ket displays were a grand lot. Peaches were simply grand. The qual- ity could not possibly be excelled. The showing was one of the finest ever seen in this county. The plums were on a par with the peaches. The season has been especially propitious for the ripening of the fruit. Grapes were hardly ahead of other years. The showing was good nevertheless. Dr. Merritt won all the prizes for grapes grown under glass. W. Furminger was a heavy winner in all the classes. C. A. Griffs took the lion's share of the peach prizes. Some of the other winners were : G. A. Robert- son, W. H. Bunting, Dr. Miller, W. R. Sheppard, and J. A. Wood. In the preserved fruits the ladies did themselves credit. The jellies were hardly as good a display. An interesting exhibit was the collection of preserved fruits which Mr. Desbardes is collecting to represent Canada at San Francisco in 1915. Single fruits and fruit on the branch are placed in preservatives in variously shaped glass jars. As yet, only the early fruits have been prepared FLOWERS The display of flowers was fine, both in the professional and amateur classes. Two car loads of foliage plants were con- tributed bv Mr. Moore, of Victoria Park, Niagara Falls. Some notable specimens were : Monkey's Purcell, a crape myrtle from India, a navel orange tree, two cen- tury cactus, and some fine sago palms. Some splendid Gladiolii were shown in the competition for the special prize donated by Mr. Childs of New York. .A very nice collection of plants was that shown by Major Leonard. The children of Alex- ander School had a splendid display of vegetables and flowers. Dr. Merritt won the larger proportion of the prizes in the foliage plant classes. R. L. Dunn ex- hibited a splendid collection of plants, valued at $500. A special class put on for the children was the decorating of doll's carriages and table decorations. The youngsters show- ed considerable originality. The ladies turaed out some good work in the dinner table decorations. An interesting feature of the evening sessions was a flower drill by a number of school girls. The regimental band ren- dered some fine selections. Canada's Land and Apple Show Every effort is being put forth to make Canada's first Land and Apple Show, to be held in Winnipeg October 10 to 18, one of truly national character. Visitors will have an opportunity to view the products of all agricultural districts. Among- the features there will be an "Ontario Day," a "British Columbia Day," a "Maritime Province Day," a "Prairie Province Day," etc. On these days it is intended to give away to visitors cartoons in the form of some product of the land. As these car- toons will be in the nature of an advertise- ment, the management expect the cartoon souvenir to be supplied by those directlv benefited. This show will afford an excel- lent opportunity for those of the various parts of the country to see what others are producing. The prairie provinces are furnishing an ever-increasing market for Canadian fruit. Now is the time to show the Western consumer what our country's fruit districts have to offer. Backed by a guarantee "We could have purchased another make of engine for less money, but feel now that we were right in getting an engine that would have someone to stand behind its working qualities." — S. G. D., Hendry Limited, Liverpool, N.S. Farm Engixxes are guaranteed to be made of the best material, carefully assembled, to be in perfect running order when they leave our works, and to have been carefully tested, with full rated power developed. A Furbanks-Morse was the first independent self-contained farm engine made. In the past 20 years more than 140,000 have been soM throughout the world, and teday more than 90% of these are still giving thoroughly satis- factory service. Made in any size, I to 200 h.p., vertical or hor- izontal, portable or statienary. Equipped with Bosch magnetos. Will run effectively on Send/or our booklet, "49 Uses for a Farm Engine." It is fall of gasoline, kerosene or other x"i",?*'S„i''-^°'''"'"'i°" * ' jor the farmer ana is cheap fuel. free. Fill in the cou- pon and mail now. The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co.y Limited Montreal 6 h.p. Horizontftl Quick Start Kero- sene cn^ne. Will furnish you with running water in the house, milk- house, bam and stock pens. Watch for our Big Special Christmas Number, Out Dec. 1st UNSURPASSED COLD STORAGE -FOR- APPLES IN BARRELS OR BOXES Fruit unloaded direct from cars shipped via any railroad. Handled exactly the same as our own supply. Rates Reasonable. FBUIT DEPARTMENT THE WILLIAM DAVIES CO. ltd. Toronto R. INNES, B.S.A., Mana£er Ontario 260 Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST A Greenhouse Exhibit October, 1913. IJ 1 Pat. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers ' Brighton, Ontario Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for Export and Local Trade Special Rooms for All Kinds of Perisfiable Goods The Canada Cold Storage Co. Limited S3 WILLIAM ST., MONTREAL One of the most interesting- of the hor- ticultural exhibits at the Exhibition was that of The Lord & Burnham Co., Ltd., of Canada, with a complete and full sized curved eave greenhouse, 18 feet by 25 feet, with a service building- 14 feet bv 20 feet at- tached to the rear. This g-reenhouse re- presented their standard g-reenhouse con- struction, description of which follows: The superstructure rests on an eig-ht- inch concrete wall, which extends about 2 feet 6 inches above level of the house. This wall is capped with a combination cast iron sill and gutter. The gutter has a large part of its surface exposed to the inside temperature of the house, and thus readily frees itself from snow and ice. Springing from the sill are the steel rafters, placed 8 feet 4 inches apart. Three lines of angle steel purlins on each side of the roof equally placed between the rafters secures a rigid frame and firm sup- port for the bars and glass in the roof. The steel framework is so designed that none of the metal is exposed to the outside at- mosphere, thus ensuring freedom from damage by the continual expansion and contraction of the metal, from sudden changes in temperature. All wood used throughout is clear air- dried Gulf Cypress. All members in the construction are se- cured in position with bolts or screws, which practically makes a portable struc- ture. A glance at the illustration will show you that the eaves are curved. This feature adds a very graceful and attrac- tive appearance to the greenhouse, and also ensures a roof free from snow, as there is no gutter or other member at this point. Two lines of ventilating sash are placed at the roof, and are operated with Lord & Burnham Company's patented ventilating machinery, which furnishes ample ventila- tion under all conditions. The plant beds are constructed through- out of cast iron, which makes them strong and practically indestructible. The glass used in glazing is 16 inches wide, of good quality. The Lord & Burnham Co. is an old and well-established firm, and are to-day the largest builders of greeoihouses in the world. The Lord & Burnham Co., Limited, of Canada, has lately been organized to manufacture and erect greenhouses and handle greenhouse supplies in Canada. For information, communicate with the Lore. & Burnham Co., Ltd., of Canada, 12 Queen Street East, Toronto, Ont. Plant nriTI m^ I^o*" Next Spring's ^ y Now M, Ul^ll^v-^ Flowering -1 lMjlit:f ^ There is nothing to equal a bed or border of Tulips in bloom in the Spring. The colors 1 ^Aryfj^K/^f mwSmm'l' are exquisite- they are hardv and inexpensive, besides lasting three or four years. L Vi&fc^Kr^WI' WMm\W"J Bulbs must be planted in October or early in November. We offer— prices dolivereer of apples in the box, rather than the tier. The designation by tiers is misleading to buyer and con- sumer alike. One last point : Keep your pack above the requirements of the "Fruit Marks Act." Why NorJolk Apples Lead J. E. Smith, B.S.A. , Simcoc, Ont. For several years past Norfolk county has occupied the premier place with her fruit at the Ontario Horticultural Ex- hibition. Bver since the inception of this big fair, she has invariably had a wide margin on the remainder of the province with her splendid display of high quality apples. The outsider naturally is led to be- lieve that Norfolk county must be one large orchard with something excep- tional about the soils and climate that gives to the fruit its high color and quality. But have you ever visited old Norfolk? When you do, you will not be impressed with the extent of her bearing orchards. The outsider must conclude after a trip through the county that it is a mixed farming district, with a slight emphasis on wheat and dairy- ing in some of the townships. FEUIT COMES FROM OLD OECHAEDS True it is that large areas — even as high as five hundred acres — have been and are being set out to fruit through- out the county, but the older bearing orchards are but of a few acres such as are found almost anywhere over the pro- Loading Apple* on the Steamer at Montreal November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 263 Ontario Apples Ready for Shipment to the Western Markets Some, Idea of the extent of Ontario's oonsignmenta of apples to the west may be gaiaed from IMS illustration, which represents one d»-l's shipments at Point Edward. Ont.. to the west. vince. There is, however, this differ- ence : Norfolk farmers have learned that the small area on which their orchards stand could be made the most profitable part of their farm. It took time and patience to show this, but under the practical stimulus of Jas. E. Johnson, the energetic manager of the Fruit Growers' Association, this has been realized. It is from these orchards, scattered all over the county, that the high class fruit is secured for the Toronto Fruit Show. How do they select it? This is done very systematically. In estimating the amount of fruit the association will have to market, notification is given where the best fruit is being produced for that season. In doing their picking and packing in the fall, these growers are able to forward some of their best to the cen- tral storage in Simcoe where it is later carefully sorted and packed in the boxes as you see it each year at the Exhibi- tion held in Toronto in November. More Anent Fall Plowing F. W. Brady, I have read with interest the article on fall plowing which appeared in the C^.'lc'ber issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist. As my first experience with fruit was obtained in the Cornwallis Valley of Nova Scotia, I know that with the condi- tions under which Mr. Blanchard writes, fall plowing may have some advantages. In the interior of British Columbia, and in the colder parts of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quelx,'c or Ontario, however, I would not advise fall plowing under any circumstances. It is directly injur- ious. The practice of sowing a cover crop has become general in these colder dis- tricts. The great advantage of this cover crop is that it holds the snow, pre- vents deep freezing of the soil and thus |)rotccts the roots during winter. During the winter of 1907-9, I demoii- strafed in the Kootenay district the bene- fit of having a cover crop. Of two or- chards side by side, one had a cover cro|) the other had not — in the latter abopt Kamloops, B. C. twenty-five per cent, of the trees winter- killed. When plowed under in the fall the protection which a cover crop affords is lost. Then, too, fall plowing opens up the soil, the roots dry out, and winter killing results. DANGER IN MILD DISTRICTS Even in such favored sections as the Annapolis Valley or the Niagara District fall plowing has its disadvantages. If begun too early, as in September or early October, the trees may take on renewed vigor and not become fully dormant, hence winter injury results. With cover crops which live over the -spring, much additional humus is added to the soil if they are not plowed down in the fall. Although fall plowing increases the amount of available plant food it is an open question in my mind if any gain may not be lost by washing and leeching of the soil. When fall plowing is prac- ticed the furrows are generally thrown against the trees. Quite often the soil freezes lo the trunks, (lie bark is injured and collar rot or canker may set in. Should the orchard be in bearing it is a much easier matter to work under the trees in the spring because in the fall the branches have not had time to gain a more upright position after having been bent down with a load of fruit. Late fall or early spring spraying with concentrat- ed lime sulphur or white wash is a much more pleasant operation when one is not obliged to dfive over furrows. A DirFEREJSTT VIEW Whether or not time is saved by fall plowing is, I believe, a debatable ques- tion. More particularly when a large crop is to be handled, the energy and equipment of the grower are then taxed to the limit to get the crop picked, pack- ed and marketed. Under such condi- tions it is advisable to put off plowing until the spring and begin then as early ns possible. The Fall Web Worm A pest frequently noticed in the or- chard during the month of August is the fall web worm (Hyphantria textor). This insect should not be confused with the tent caterpillar (Malacosoma Ameri- cana), which builds its nest earlier in the season. At the time when the web worm appears on the branches of the trees the tent caterpillar is in the egg stage. Close observation will reveal that these two insects are quite dissimilar in habits. Probably the most notable differ- ence is in the character of the web. The web of the tent caterpillar is usually found in the crotch of limbs, while that of the web worm is generally seen on the ends of the branches. The tent caterpillars remain in the web during the night, or when resting, and emerge only at feeding time. The web worm does not leave the web at all and extends the web as new feeding ground is re- quired. For this reason the web 'be- comes verv unsightly, being filled with the cast-off skins and excrement of the insects. In feeding habits these two in- sects are also quite different. The tent caterpillar devours the whole leaf, while the web worm feeds only on the upper surface, giving the leaves that charac- teristic brown appearance. The parent moth of this caterpillar is pure white in appearance with occa- sional black spots. It spends the win- ter in a cocoon and appears in early summer. The eggs are laid in patches on the under side of the leaves. The caterpillars emerge in July and August, and at once proceed to form their web. When full grown they are about one inch in length. They then spin their cocoon and pass the winter in this stage. The most convenient method of com- bating this pest Is to cut off the webs as soon ns thev are noticeable. As the webs are usually found at the ends of 264 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1913 Gathering the Apple Crop— Orchard of E. J. Hibbert, Ksntville, N.S. the branches little damage is done to the tree by removing them. Spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green just be- fore the caterpillars are due to make their appearance is an effective remedy, but most orchardists do not care to spray this late in the season. Sometimes enough poison remains on the leaves from the last spray for coddling worm to be effective in destroying this pest. Keeping a sharp lookout for the webs and removing them is about the only remedy necessary. ■ Storing Fruits Hrary Gibson, Staattborg, Ont. Fruit as a general thing is best when it fully ripens on the tree, but the win- ter sorts of course do not ripen until some time after being gathered. One cannot be too careful in gathering fruit. Careless picking and packing may show no bad results at the time, but every bruise, no matter how slight, is liable to develop into a rot spot under the first favorable circumstances, and spread ruin to the lot. ."Apples and pears should be kept in a cool, dark place where the air is cool, but never wet, and where the tempera- ture will not go below freezing. They should be stored loosely and not more than half a foot to a foot thick on slat- ted shelves. If such conditions do not obtain with you and they must neces- sarily be kept in a dry, heated place, pack, using only perfect fruit, in tight boxes or barrels, or in sand, moss, or leaf mould to prevent shrivelling. The man in the orchard is always a good citizen Varieties of Plums Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Gaclph In plums, the three most profitable varieties in the best plum districts are Burbank, Bradshaw, and Reine Claude. As an early plum of fine appearance and quality, Shiro is coming into favor. Burbank is valuable for early shipment, but should not be marketed until it has attained a fair degree of maturity. If placed on the market in an immature dondition, it will sell because of its splendid color, but is a disappointment to purchasers. In cherries, the one variety of greatest value is Montmorency. Richmond is also valuable on account of its earliness, but I know of no other varieties which are worthy of extensive planting. Sour cherries, such as the two varieties men- tioned, may be successfully grown in all the lake districts and throughout most of older Ontario. The sweet cherry is capable of much less extensive culti- vation in a commercial way; in fact, there are very few districts in the pro- vince which can grow sweet cherries successfully in comparison with the sour varieties. The orchard should be cultivated as early in the spring as possible. — Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. The shot-hole borer cannot reproduce in a healthy tree. It will attack a tree lacking vigor. To prevent infection, it is a good thing to see that the dead trees are taken out before the first of April.— Prof. L. Caesar. O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. Ontario Fruit Wins D. E. Ulkiu, B. S. A. To successful fruit growers in Ontario the announcement lately made that the province had achieved great success, first at the Cleveland, and later at the Cana- dian Apple Show in Winnipeg, will not come as a surprise. Time and again the provincial fruit authorities have told us that Ontario fruit so far as flavor i^ concerned, is quite as high, if not higher in quality than the best fruit in the West It is still the old complaint that the onl thing which deters Ontario fruit from taking its rightful place in the competi- tions, is the lack of care in packing, anf! handling the fruit before packing, on th^ part of those engaged in the business. Those who were chiefly successful in the late show at Winnipeg, were W. L. Hamilton, of Collingwood, and The Bethen Break Orchard Co. of Water- down. The Ontario government also got a first prize for their show of apples, peaches, grapes, pears and plums. While we do not expect that Ontario growers can make any sudden change from the barrel to the box pack, in or- der that their fruit may compete success- fully with that of British Columbia and the Western States, still we think that these results should tend to bring them around to the idea that the box is not too high a class package for well cared for fruit grown in this province of Ontario. Our best growers have no doubt long re- cognized this as the actual state of af- fairs, but commercial success is depen- dent not on the few recognizing the sit- uation aright, but rather on the combin- ed effort of the masses towards adopting cooperative packing of a high class nat- ure. Destroy Tent Moth Eggs Now David Roxborgb, MoBtreal For many years past we have been troubled in the early summer with the caterpillar scourge. Each successive year has proved to be more severe than its predecessor. In past years we have always been too late in dealing with this pest. .As a timely suggestion now that the trees have undergone defoliation, in the case of young orchards at least, we would recommend that the egg clusters which are laid on the younger twigs of the trees, be removed. The egg clusters are very clearly vis- ible and appear like thickened abnormal wood growth, but when observed more closely they are found to be white, with a brownish covering. In the case of older orchards, where the branches are too high, it is probably better to wait till the early spring and to burn the tents immediately they are formed by the young caterpillars. Seasonable Suggestions for Garden Work THERE is no time of the year that offers greater opportunities for getting ahead with the work in the garden than the fail. Worlc done at this season will facilitate operations when nature rouses the occupants of the garden from their winter's rest in the spring. If work is left over until then, it will probably not be done at all. There is no better time for preparing the ground for the roses you intend to set out next spring. An open, sunny position, sheltered from boisterous winds, is an ideal location for a rose garden. Roses will do tolerably well in almost any good garden soil, but for best results a fairly strong, retentive loam, such as will keep the roots cool and moist, is essential. Spade out the soil to a depth of two feet. In the bottom place six inches of clinkers, brickbats, or other material that will ensure good drainage. Over this, to prevent the finer soil clogging the drainage, place a layer of marsh grass, hay or straw. Fill up with the remainder of the soil, to which should be added a liberal dressing of thoroughly decayed barnyard manure. Raise the bed somewhat higher than it was originally to allow for settling dur- ing the winter. Continue to harvest vegetables, clean and spade the land. Nothing looks worse than an untidy vegetable garden. Old leaves and rubbish left lying round make the finest possible medium for in- sect and fungus pests to hibernate in during the winter, only to give you more trouble next year. Therefore, clean them out and save yourself a lot of need- Henry Gibson, Staatsburg less worry, and perhaps some valuable crops. If your garden has received large quantities of barnyard manure year after year, a good dressing of lime will be beneficial, in fact a necessity. Lime dis- integrates or lets loose, as it were, valu- able plant foods in the soil which are otherwise unavailable. Half a ton per acre of fine ground or air-slaked lime will be enough. Spread it on as evenly as possible, and then rake it in. Potash maniuring is indispensable if you would have your garden produce a maximum yield, but there is danger from ' burning if a high grade of sulphate or muriate of potash is used in the spring, hence it is better to do it now. An aver- age of two hundred pounds per acre of either of the above-named forms of potash will be suflScient, and the harm- ful liming qualities will have been wash- ed away before next growing season. Basic slag is to be recommended as the means of supplying phosphoric acid to the soil, and it is generally conceded to be the best and cheapest means to this end. Where results are expected the next growing season, it should al- ways be applied in the autumn. A finely ground sample is the most quickly available, and produces the best results. About one thousand pounds per acre or a little more will be all right. These suggestions are just as appli- cable to the orchard and small bush fruits such as gooseberries, currants and raspberries as they are to the vegetable garden. N1i—iW> A View of the Calceolaria Border at the Guelph Agricultural College Pruning of the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, and raspberries, should not be overlooked. This work is ^:i-^'Si!'"'-i^ ir - '^ ■'>f/y^''. -r^^^r^' An October Blooming Roie This rose bush, on the lawn of Mr. R. W. Turner, Peterljoro. Ont., produced some 100 blooms last summer, and bloomed again last month- best performed during mild weather, and the amateur with only a small collection may easily choose his time for this. In pruning currants, the new wood should be "hinned out, where it is very dense, to allow free access of light and air to the centre of the bush, the main shoots shortened back about six inches, and the spurs cut close in. Red and white currants carry their crop on spurs, and shortening back the main shoots encour- ages the formation of these. With black currants, however, the case is different. They bear next season's crop on the wood produced during the past season, and in pruning every* effort should be made to preserve the young wood so as to replace the old which does not pro- duce good fruit. Black currants should not be pruned to spurs. With goose- berries the spurs should be preserved and the strong ripened shoots of the previous summer retained as far as prac- ticable. CANE FRUITS Rasplserries should have all the old canes cut away. The young canes which are to fruit next year will stand the win- ter all the better for the ripening they will get by the increased exposure to the sun as a result of cutting away the old canes. Raspberries that are tender 2 the smallest greenhouse operator. A night temperature of fifty degrees Fah- renheit should be maintained, with a rise of from fifteen to twenty degrees on bright, sunny days. Avoid cold draughts when ventilating, and on dull days keep the temperature round fifty-eight to sixty degrees . If you have room for only a few dozen plants, grow them in pots. Probably the local florist has a few left over that he potted up when he had finished planting his benches. Get a few of these, put them into six inch pots, using a good rich soil, say four parts of soil to one of well-decayed barnyard man- ure. Wi.en the pots get full of roots, give them frequent applications of liquid manure. Don't let them starve, but don't o\erfeed them, and you will be rewarded with a surprising numl>cr of blooms from even a single dozen. If, however, a part of a bench can be allotted them, the results will be _; more satisfactory, besides entailing a good deal less work by way of attention. The bench should be well drained and contain about five inches of soil pych as By Henry Gibson, Staatsburg that recommended for pot culture. For early blooming the plants should be put in early in August, the earlier the better; but for one's own use later planting will do. Select a cloudy day for planting, and be very careful not to plant too deep, as stem rot^is almost sure to develop as a result of this very common error. Water thoroughly, and keep them shaded for a few days, with frequent syringings every day until they become established, when they should have full sun and an exposure. Water- ing should only be done, and done thor- oughly, when the soil begins to dry out. Practise syringing regularly on bright days, but never on dull ones, and always have the foliage dry overnight. TRAINING THE CABNATION As the flower stems grow up, some support will be needed. If you can get one of the many forms of wire supports used by commercial florists, so much the better ; but should you not have these on hand, the old method of stake and raflfia will do very well. To get the best and largest flowers, the flower stems must be "disbudded" — that is, all but the end or terminal bud must be pinched off, thus throwing all the strength into the one large flower. If on the other hand the terminal bud is taken off and several of the side buds allowed to develop, the result will be a beautiful cluster of blooms, more pleasing to many than the single large flowers. There are any number of won- derfully good varieties of carnations to choose from, but the white, pink, and light pink Enchantress, with a good standard red, should meet the require- ments of the average amateur. VIOLETS Requiring less heat than the carnation is the old-time favorite, the violet. The essential thing is to get good plants. As with the carnation, if only a few are required, they can be grown: in pots, using the six-inch size. The soil, whe- ther for pots or benches, shruld be slightly heavier than that used for car- nations, about one-fifth well-rotted man- ure to the soil used. If you can use a bench for them, select one as near the glass as f)ossible, and set the plants about fifteen Inches apart if they are field-grown stock and of good size. Water well and keep the house moist and shaded for a few days as you did with the carnations. GIVE PLENTY OF LIGHT Violets outdoors grow luxuriantly in deep shade, but to be successful in a greenhouse during the winter months, it is necessary to allow them all the light possible. Keep all the dead leaves pick- ed off, also any useless runners. Syringe on all bright mornings to keep down red spider. The night temperature will be better at forty-five degrees than any- thing above, with a rise of very little above fifteen degrees during the day- time. Iniide View New Horticultural 269 Pavilion, AUea GAr4«n«, Toronto Two Commofv Wilts of Vegetables Two diseases which often cause con- siderable loss to the gardener are the wilt (sometimes called black rot) of cabbages and other members of cruciferae family, such as cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts, and the wilts attacking the cucurbits, as instanced in cucumbers, pumpkins, melons and squash. Both of these diseases are caus- ed by bacterial organisms and in most respects are somewhat similar. In cabbages, the characteristic symp- tom of the disease is a yellowing of a portion of the leaf. The most common point of entrance for the bacteria is through the water pores at the edge of the leaf, especially through the drops of water which may be seen on the edge of the leaf in the early morning. From these pores the bacteria make their way through the veins, the mid ribs and the stalk, feeding on the plant juices. The tiny tubes which carry these plant juices are technically known as the vascular bundles. ACTION OF THE DISEASE From the vascular bundles the spread of the disea.se is comparatively slow. The yellowing of the leaves is niot caused so much by the presence of the bacteria in the tissues as by the stoppage of the sup- ply of nourishment. It sometimes hap- pens that the leaves become yellowish because of drought. To determine the exact cause of the wilting, if the stem or mid rib of the leaf is cut across just be- low the yellow portion, the vascular bun- dles are found to be blackened, appear- ing as black spots on the cross section, then the disease may be safely said to be caused by the bacteria. A few trials will make even a novice expert in detecting the cause of the trouble. The blackening of the leaves, from which comes the name "black rot," is not caused by the bacteria but by a fungus which attacks the plant after it has been weakened by the bacteria. From plant to plant the disease is most commonly spread by caterpillars and other biting insects ; also by the cul- tivator. The bacteria have been known to live in seed from an infected field for eight or nine months. Infection also takes place by handling diseased plants and then healthy ones. To this end the seed may be soaked for fifteen minutes in a one to one thousand solution of cor- rosive sublimate, a five jjer cent, solution of formalin or a Ave per cent, solution of carbolic acid. After handling diseased plants the hands and implements used should be washed in one of these solu- tions. Young plants showing any signs of the disease should not be planted. All diseased plants should be gathered and burned. Keep insects under control. Cucumbers grown in the greenhouse B. Blanchard, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont. the most susceptible of the cucurbit family to attacks. A whole green- house crop will sometimes be destroyed in two or three weeks. The organisms en- ter the vascular system of the leaves in the same manner as in the cabbage, but the disease spreads much more rapidly through the leaf which becomes dry, dull in color and droops. The presence of the disease can be determined by making a cross section of the leaf stem or stalk and scraping the end of the stalk. If the plant is infected the plant juices will be found to be slimy and stringy, instead of watery. The most common means of infection is by the cucumber beetle. These insects therefore should be kept in check. Other control measures are similar to those mentioned for cabbage. Ho"w to Judge Potatoes By Prof. F. M. Straight, B. S. A. MOST of us farmers think that we know a good potato when we see it, and we do ; but not every- one of us can pick out prize winners at one of our exhibitions. In judging pota- toes, fancy points are hardly considered. They are examined from the standpoint of utility. Quality and economy are the points kept to the fore. Potatoes excel- ling in these, win. Some external points, apparently unimportant, are emphasized only because they are indications of the interior quality or economy when pre- pared for the table. SIZE AND SHAPE Under the heading of external appear- ance we consider the size. Very large potatoes are as undesirable as very small. Both are classified as unmarketable. Very large potatoes must be cut when prepar- ed for cooking. Even then they do not cook evenly and never present a pleas- ing appearance. Potatoes ranging from eight to ten ounces in weight are right in size. Markets demand potatoes slightly ob- long in shape, but not drawn out as the Black Kidney, once so popular. Again there is a reason for this. The percent- age of weight is much less with potatoes of this shape than with others. Potatoes with recessed ends with knobs or pro- tuberances, and irregular in shape, are annoying to the housewife, and far from economical when prepared for the table. UNIFORMITY THE MAIN FEATURE Every judge corlsiders uniformity. A plate of potatoes pleases no one if not uniform. The same is true of a barrel. A barrel of potatoes containing ten per cent, "away off" in shape and size will throw discredit on the whole package. In truth color amounts to nothing. A red potato is as good as a white one, and a black one as either. The demand on the various markets changes with the years. On most markets white potatoes take the lead at present, but not because they are really superior. The best far- mers have learned that it never pays to quarrel with a customer.- They produce and sell what the market demands. They agree with the voice of the market even 270 when its demands are not backed by rea- son. EVIDENCES OF QUALITI Netting of the skin is one of the minor external points which speaks of quality within. By netting of the skin we mean that russeted appearance, caused by the rupturing of the outer skin in two or more directions. When skin is smooth and more or less transparent, the pota- to is usually deficient in starch. It is soggy. The amount of netting varies with varieties, but with a given variety the more russeting the better the quality. From the standpoint of the household- er, if potatoes had no eyes so much the better. That being impossible, selection is made from tubers having a compara- tively small number. For any purpose, even that of the seedsman, a sufficient number of eyes is always present. The eyes are a nuisance. It is difficult to breed deep eyes out of some varieties ; but when best potatoes of any variety are on exhibition, deep eyed specimens are never among the prize winners. Freedom from blemish and disease scarcely requires discussion. A jxitato partially peeled is blemished, as it also is if marred with the fork in digging. Scabs and rots disqualify ; a scabby potato can never win, or should never win, if it is the only specimen displayed. The inter- nal appearance counts practically for the same as the external. We put the pre- mium on white potatoes, without red or blue streaks. A faint suspicion of blue or yellow when freshly cut is objection- able. TEXTUEE "Breaking as short as a pipe stem," is an apt phrase when applied to texture in the best potatoes. Sponginess and coarseness are never associated with good quality. If a very thin section is cut across a potato and held to the light, it will be readily seen that the section readily divides itself into three parts : these are the cortical layer next the skin, an external and an internal medullary area. Each one of these layers is unlike the other in texture, owing to the fact that different percentages of starch are found present in each as here shown : November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27! Starch Protein Water f)er cent, per cent, per cent. Cortical Layer ..19.42 1.99 74-79 External Medullary Area .16.29 2.14 77-44 Internal Medullary Area .11.70 2.31 82.16 These figures represent the average percentages found, but potatoes vai>y much. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS On starchiness, quality in America chiefly depends. In Europe, what Cana- dians would call a sticky, soggy potato, is prized ; but in America mealiness is sought and obtained. Mealiness is de- pendent upon the percentage of starch. It follows that mealiness, starchiness and quality are intimately associated. When a potato is cut the starch dries on the cut surface. From the amount found there, a fair estimate of the starch- iness of the specimen may be obtained. For very exact work sections are stained with iodine and placed under the micro- scope. Each starch grain so stained be- comes a deep blue color. It will be noted by referring to the table that the cortical layer (that is the part next to the skin) is the richest in starch. The other areas are slightly richer in protein, but the digestible protein in these areas is not greater than that found in the cortical. The cortical layer is most prized because of the food (starch) found there. This layer varies in thick- ness. Other things being equal a potato with a thick cortical layer wins. From this it becomes apparent why smooth po- tatoes with few eyes are most prized. In peeling rough specimens the most of the cortical layer is cut away with the con- sequent loss of the most nutritive por- tion. All vegetable tissue is composed of cells. These cells are boxes with wooden walls. The box contains a large amount of water and other substances. One of the principal of these, in the pHDtato, is starch. When starch comes in contact with heat it expands wonderfully. If these starch grains are numerous enough the expansion is so great that the cell wall is ruptured, producing that meali- ness so much desired. In some cases the starch is so much greater on the out- side that it becomes mealy and "cooks away," while the interior remains hard. This happens only when the cortical layer is very thin and not ideally blended with the deeper seated layers. Advertising Vegetables W. H. Munday, London, Ont. Why don't we advertise our vege- tables? The product is fresh from the workshop of nature. It is pure, undilut- ed, unexcelled, and capable of keeping the system in tone. Doctors tell us that asparagus is good for the kidneys, toma- toes are stimulating for the liver, onions for the stomach, spinach for the blood, and so one. Well, why not advertise our vegetables when they have such recom- mendations? CHANGE THE DIET FASHION There are thousands of people in Can- ada who fare on meat, and pie and cake. GinteDg; Beds of Dr. MacKendrick, Gait, Ont, r MacKcmlrick commenced growing ginsong a fow yeans ago. "By raising your own 8e64 and planting them," says Dr. Mac- ••ndrick, "ea«b three-yearold plant will give about fifty, a four-year-old seventy -five and" ft 'dve-year-old about one hundred seeds." who never realize what health-giving pro- perties are contained in fresh vegetables. Properly cooked they digest easily, and are assimilated rapidly. Plenty of vege- tables means pure blood, good appetite, freedom from disease and long life. These thousands of people must be told. If necessary these facts should be con- stantly held up before their eyes through advertising. Our business as growers of vegetables makes this a matter of duty. Let us not only advertise our product, but let us grow a better article and more of it. By all means let the people know about it. There is a secret in grow- ing good vegeta- bles ; there is also a secret in selling them. Notice how the Californians ad- vertise thieir r^ais- ins, oranges, and celery. Don't you think that if our apples were advertised they would sell bet- ter? Good adver- tising starts a fash- ion. If there is a fashion in dress, there is also one in diet. Start a fash- ion in eating vege- tables and fruit, and it will mean larger sales if not higher prices. We are told to put up our pro- ducts in neat, clean and attractive pack- ages. That is all right, but it is not s u ffi c i ent. We must impress the public with the fact that we have the goods. 272 THE CANADIAN HOKTTC ULTTJKTST Novambw, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist CO.MIirNKI) WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which ha« been Incorporated The Canndlan Bee Journal. Publiihed by The Horticultural Publishins Company. Limited PKTKK BOiaO, ■ ONT Alt I O The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion OFKiriAL Okuank ok thk Ontario and Quebec Fruit Ghowehs' Associations AND OK Thk Ontario BEEKKKi'Etof' Association 11. HiioNsoN CdwAN Managing Director UNITED STATES RERESENTATIVES STOOKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY Chicago Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding da-te of issue. The first edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is know as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain. 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage- 3. Remittances should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Eeglstered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspatpers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to bo discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re- c(>ive d up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1912. The fiTures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample oop- ifs, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to b', interested in the growing of fruits, flowers o- vegetables. Juiuary, 1912 9,988 August, 1912 11,146 February, 1912. .. .10,437 September, 1912. ..10,997 March, 1912 10.877 October, 1912 10,971 April, 1912 11,788 November, 1912. ..Il.i62 Miv, 1912 12,112 December, 1912.... 11444 ■lune, 1912 10,946 Jily, 191.-' 10,986 132,556 Average each Issue In 1907, 6,627 ' " 1908. 8,695 " " " " 1909. 8.970 ' " 1910, 9,067 ' " 1911, 9.541 ' 1912. 11,037 Oclober, 1913 14,100 Sworn ietailed statements will be mailed u ion app ication. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliablt. We are able to do this because the alvertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- ti;rist are as carefully edited as the reading c< Inmns. ind because to protect our readers we ti rn awaj all unscrupulous advertisers. Should ■A iy advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any .sr.bscriber, we will make good the amount of h 3 loss, provided such transaction occurs with- ii: one month from date of this issue, that it is r ported to us within a week of its occurrence. a id that we find the facts to be as stated. It If a condJtion of this contract- that in writing to aivertiseis you state: "I saw your advertise- n ent in The Canadian Horticulturist" Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense o' our subscribers, who are our friends, through tie meditim of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- sTrib-rs and honourable business men who ad- vrtise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts- Communications should be addressed THE CANADUN HOETICULTUTMST PKTESBOfiO. I EDITORIAL I PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES "The Province of Ontario sets a ffood ex- ample in legislation for the protection of shade and street trees to the rest of the Do- minion. Under the Tree PlantimK Act of the province trees planted or left standing on the public highways (and also on toll roads) become the property of the owner of the land adjacent to the highway and near- est to such trees. Thus any company or in- dividual destroying- or damaging- in any way (even tying- a horse to) such trees without the owner's consent, is liable to a fune not to exceed twenty-five dollars and costs, or imprisonment for not more than thirty days half of the fine to go to the informant. Tele- ephone companies, who, in the stringing of wires, very often seriously injure and muti- late shade trees, are apt to justify them- selves to the property owners by asserting their legal right to do such 'pruning' be- cause of established precedent. In this case no such practice however long it has been tolerated by property holders, becomes leg- ally justifiable. However long a wire may have been attached to a tree, the ownerif he has property in the tree, can compel its removal. "While even the owner may not re- move shade trees on highways without the consent of the municipal council, yet _ on the other ha-nd, not even the municipal council may remove any live trees without the consent of the owner of the property in front of which the tree stands, unless such tree is within thirty feet of other trees, and even then the owner must be given at least two days' notice and can demand compensation if he has planted and protected such tree or trees. "The property owner who is aware of his rights in these respects will take great- er interest in and greater care of the trees bordering the highway opposite his prop- erty. He "will also have more incentive to plant shade trees." The foregoing is an extract from a bul- letin issued bv the Dominion Forestry Division. It proves that we are making progress in our journev towards the beau- tification of our roadsides. It is evident, however, that such a by-law is only a pre- ventive measure, a measure which owing to the lack of trees on many of our highways, will never effect a complete remedy. We hope the dav is not far distant when steps will be taken bv municipal bodies_ to encourage the planting of trees, to im- prove the aspect of our highways and by- ways, thereby broadening our aesthetic taste. APPLES FOR QUEBEC Though manv of the best varieties of apples growti in Ontario will also erow in Ouebec, experience, as evidenced by old plantings, teaches us th^i Quebec is not suited to the rearine of Northern Spies, Blenheims and such like. . , „ The French-Canadian province is learn- incr anoth-r lesson, a lesson which does not alone apply to her, that t^^. P'^"';^^^"^ too manv varieties is not profitable from a commercial standpoint. , ,, . ^v„ It is now generally admitted that the Mcintosh Red, Fameuse, Wealthy, and Mil- waukee are • among the most suitable tor the province. No large exporting or ship- ping business can be successfully accom- plished until the community agrees to go in for a few of the best varieties. The for- mation of cooperative societies, in the pomological districts, which would give spc cial attention to this phase of the business, would go a long way towards concentrai ing the choice of varieties on these con mercial types already memtioned. •THE UNITED STATES TARIFF The new United States tariff, as it n lates to fruit and vegetables, is bound t have an important influence on the fruit and vegetable growing interests of Canada, particularly m Ontario and the east. The southern counties of Ontario are particular- ly well adapted for the growing of many tender varieties of fruit, as well as early vegetables. These products, hitherto, have been shut off from the United State's mar- kets by the high tariff wall that has pre- vailed. It will take some years before our growers will ascertain what the new United States market will mean to them. Ulti- mately a great increase may be expected in our trade with the chief cities of the northern and eastern States. In seasons of scarcity across the border hundreds of thousands of barrels of eastern apples will cross the border with advantage to our growers. It is altogether likely before long that Canadian consumers will agitate for a re- duction in the Canadian tariff. It will be time enough to deal with this situation when it arises. In the meantime our growers should profit materially by exist- ing conditions. BROWN ROT OF PEACHES During the ripening season many peach growers may have found that their fruit instead of ripening became brown. On closer examination, these brown fruits will be found to be decayed underneath the skin This is a very serious disease of peaches, and these fruits, though they do not all fall from the tree in winter, should be re- moved and carefully destroyed. The reason for this is that the fruit is responsible for carrying the disease over to next year's crop, and if left to remain in the tree may even affect the twigs and branches to the detriment of their vitality. Infected fruits which are f6und on the ground should not be allowed to remain there, as the wind is capable of carrying the spores of the disease to the next year's crop. This infection can only be prevented bv the absolute destruction of all diseased fruit in the fall. It is only natural to expect that with the decided shortage in the world's fruit crop, prices will be higher. The Ontario crop will not be over half of a full yield. In Nova Scotia early varieties are excep- tionally light, while late kinds will only '->e a fair crop. The average for the whole Dominion is estimated at only forty-ei"-ht per cent, of a full crop. The United States crop is estimated at fifty per cent, of last year's. Nova Scotia growers are expect- ing extra good prices for the few Graven- steins that will this year be shipped. They also expect the Inter varieties to be in good demand. English orchards recently sold have commanded unprecedented prices. If proper marketing methods ar"^ followed there is no reason why Canadian apple producers should not receive remun- erative prices. November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 273 The fact that the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition this year will be held in con- junction with the National Dairy, Live Stock and Poultry Show, should lead to a yreat increase in the attendance. It is probable that the Ontario Horticultural Ex- hibition under the new arrangement, will lose a g-ood deal of its identity. This is to be regretted. The object of the exhibi- tion, however, is to accomplish the great- est good for the greatest number. If the new arrangement enables this to be done no valid objection can be taken to it. It deserves to receive a fair and sympathetic trial. PUBLISHER'S DESK The front cover illustration on this is- sue of The Canadian Horticulturist shows a St. Thomas school, which won first prize in the competition conducted by the St. Thomas Horticultural Society, among the schools of the City for the most attractive floral arrangement. Does it not set an excellent example for hundreds of other town and city schools ? The December issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will be to some extent a Special Christmas Number. An unusually attractive cover design has been prepared for that issue. It will be printed in colors. In addition the fruit, flower and vegetable departments will contain extracts from ,the most interesting papers read at the con- ventions which will be held in Toronto this month in connection with the Ontario Hor- ticultural Exhibition by The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Ontario Horticultural .Association, and the Ontario Vegetable Growers 'Association. As these papers will be prepared by a number of Canada's leading authorities on the subjects which will be dealt with, our December issue will be an unusually instructive and help- ful one. In addition, full reports of the exhibits of fruit, flowers and vegetables will be published. Watch for our December number. SOCIETY NOTES Ontario Horticultural Exhibition The Ontario Horticultural Association is holding its annual exhibition this year in conjunction with the National Live Stock, Horticultural and Dairy Show, which opens at Exhibition Park on Nov- ember 17. Under the influence of this new and larger organization it is expected that the fruit, flower and vegetable depart- ments will receive an added impulse and support in maintaining their fall shows. The importance of this year's event is emphasized by the scope taken by the new organization. The name "National" is in- tended to have far-reaching significance. The need of a national show has been a growing necessity the last few years, and the cooperation of the various branches of the great agricultural industry will make for its immediate and permanent success. Entries in the fruit, flower and vegetable sections will not close until November 10, and from communications so far received an unusually large number of exhibitors will be represented. The show occurs at the same time as the annua! convention of the Women's Inst' tutes of the province, and this event !•■ . self will make for added interest. In the poultry department a competit >: has been established for dressed foul, a. 1 a demonstration of egg handling with ap propriate lectures win also be a feature- W© Invite the officers of Hortd- jy, cultural Societiee to send in short, bn! pithy reiK>rtfi of -work that wonld In- nfi^ terest memibers of other Horticultural Societiee. School Competitions Many horticultural societies in Ontario have obtained excellent results through the holding of school competitions. One of the most successful societies in the pro- vince is located in Gait. The Gait Society has hrld this contest. Eight prizes are offered to each school separately, the prizes being as follows; $2.00, $1.75, $1.50, $1.25, $1.00, 75c, 50c, 25c. The rules of the Gait Society are as follow : Section 1 (a) — That all competitors be required to plant and cultivate a plot of ground equal to one hundred square feet, preferably ten by ten. Section 1 (b)— That the Gait Horticul- tural Society provide them with two kinds of flower seeds and two kinds of vegetable seeds, to be grown by them in rows. Section 1 (c)— That each competitor is required to exhibit two or more of his or her products at the Society's show, to be held on .August 28th and 29th next, when each will have another chance of a prize in section three. Section 1 (d) — That competition be con- fined to scholars in 3rd and 4th books. Section 2— Any scholar not competing in Section 1 may obtain from the Society either two packages of flower seeds or two packages of vegetable seeds, to be sown and tended to by themselves, and some of their products must be exhibited at the Horticultural Show in competitions for prizes. . Section 3— A first and second prize. V5c and 50c, will be given to each school_ for the two best vases of Asters exhibited. Prizes donated by the President. Section 4— A first and second prize, 75c and .50c, will be given to each school for the best two vases of Nasturtiums ex- hibited. St. Thomas The season of 1913 has proved the most successful in the history of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society. On September 6, the two big windows of the Baldwin Rob- inson's Co.'s store on Talbot Street were filled with a beautiful display of flowers. Some magnificent asters were shown by Joseph Howard, and Mrs. D. Caughell, North Yarmouth, had some beautiful dah- lias. In addition, there were a number of vegetable entries, and the cup, medals, and prizes donated by city merchants were also exhibited. In the Lawn and Garden competitiom, there were one hundred and fifty entries. The quantity and quality was far ahead of last year's standing. W. R. Rewbotham, J. H. Still, F. E. Bennett, W. H. Jagoe. and Dr. Guest were the heavy prize win- ners in the home lawn classes. For floral beautification of the home, first honors went to W. R. Rewbotham and J. H. Still. Col. E. H. Caughell won the silver medal for the best perennial garden. W. R. Rew- botham was first on best rose garden. Balaclava Street School again won the first prize for the best kept school lawn. The Ijest vegetable gardens were those of Jas. Graham and Alfred Walker. Pere Mar- quette railway shops had the best kept factory lawns, and the Merchants' Bank the finest looking business place. The St. Thomas Horticultural Society has issued its list of options for 1913-14. In a brief introduction the officers point out that during the past season the society more than doubled its membership, planted fifty- two public flower beds, held four flower shows, and paid over three hundred dollars in prizes for competitions. They assert that a membership of two thousand is not an unreasonable wish for 1914. In all some sixteen excellent options are offered. Perth The school children were a live factor at an exhibition held recently by the Perth So- ciety. Over forty children made entries in sweet peas and asters. The St. Catharines Horticultural Society sent an exhibition of nrize gladioli which had been grown by W. B Burgovne, Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Abbs, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Nicholson, and Mr. C. A. Hesson. There were also some choice prize grapes and peaches from W. H. Bunting, W. J. Furminger and C. and A. Blungell, of that city. Music was furnished, including selections by a male choir and home made candies and cut flowers were offered for sale. The society is now planning for the holding of an even better exhibition next year. If we could get everybody in the Domin- ion educated to our standard box, I do not see any reason for adopting the Oregon i,ox.— Jas. Gibb, British Columbia. Encouraging Exhibit of Sweet Pea. b. School Children i. a Lin- of Work Con- tncou g 1^^^^^ ^^ ^^ Increasing Number of Horticultural Societies m<9«nt«nmiB^ 274 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1913 The New United States dian Fruit WHAT effect will the new United States tariff on fruit have on the Canadian fruit industry? This is a difficult question to answer. The Ijroduction of fruit both in Canada and the United States varies so greatly year by year amd also by districts there is certain to be an almost equally great variation in the effect of the new tariff. On the whole, it cannot help but be beneficial. In years of heavy production in Canada it will mi in hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to our fruit growers. The fruit growers of British Columbia will benefit the least. The great fruit pro- ducing states of the Pacific Coast more than supply their local demands with the f result that there is not likely to be much of an opening for British Columbia fruit in the adjoining states. At times fruit from British Columbia will cross the border, es- pecially into the north-western states, and be sold in some of the large cities of the middle west. THE EAST WIT.I. BENEFIT Ontario will benefit to a marked extent. Had the change in the tariff taken place six weeks earlier it would have meant many thousands of dollars to the peach growers of Ontario. Each year large quantities of Ontario fruit will find a market in the states. The Niagara District will benefit especially as will also the counties border- ing along Lake Erie, and the St. Clair River. Nova Scotia should find a market for considerable of its fruit in the New England amd Atlantic Coast States, particularly in seasons of scarcity on the other side. The short haul will effect a great saving in the marketing of this fruit. THIS year's sales The change in the tariff came into effect too late this year to be of much benefit to Canadian growers. Practically all of the Ontario apples, and the same is largely true of Nova Scotia's crop, had been sold by the first of October to go either to the west or to Europe. The crop of apples being short both in the United States and in Canada, sales were made early at good figures. gboweb's opinions Desiring to ascertain how leading grow- ers and commission men looked on the situ- ation. The Canadian Horticulturist wrote to a number of them. Among the replies received were the following : Robert Thompson, Manager, St. Cathar- ines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co. : — "In seasons of scarcity of fruit and vege- tables in the states, there will be a greater demand for produce from Canada, should we happem to have a good crop. We will also create a demand for fruit and vegeta- bles that are .grown here in greater abun- dance and to better perfection owing to our late seasons. We will for the present not have to contend with any shipments from across the line owing to the high Canadian tariff. But I can see trouble ahead for the Canadian fruit growers and producers. There will be a demand from the Canadian public for the duties to be lowered or taken off the same lines coming into Canada. The Canadian fruit and vegetable growers will never be satisfied to allow the Canadian Government to take the duty off fruit and vegetables coming into Canada and at the same time continue the high duties on our supplies, such as spray material, pumps, baskets, leno for covering baskets, and everything that they use in connection with Tariff and the Cana- Industry the business. The unfairness of any pro- posal to take the duties off fruit and vege- tables coming into Canada while retaining the high protection on supplies, would mean that our growers would have to pay from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent more than .growers in the states. "I will give you a few instances: The St. Catharines Cold Storage Co. bought this season two hundred thousand Lino covers from the manufacturer on the other side, and paid thirty-five per cent, duty, or exact- ly one-third of a cent each, or six hun- dred and sixty-six dollars duty more than the grower on the other side of the line is charged. Several hundred thousand bas- kets had to be purchased, on which a duty of thirty per cent, is levied. On basket fas- teners they charge thirty per cervt. ; on spray pumps from twenty-seven and a half to thir- ty-five per cent. So you can readily see how we are handicapped. "When our growers are assured that these duties will be lowered then we will be will- ing to consider the lowering of the duties on fruits and vegetables. Every one, grow- srs and consumers alike, would be bene- fited by such a general reduction, but not by such a one-sided reduction as I can see the Canadian consumer is getting ready to demand. "This season is one permitting the Can- adian grower to ship his produce to the other side with profit, but possibly next season we might not be favored with such excellent crops, and the American produce might then come in here in competition. As one of the .growers I am in favor of a reduction on all duties but not any one- sided affair in which the grower will get the worst of the bargain." SHOULD BE A BENEFIT J. W. Smith & Son, Winona, Ont. : "The new tariff regulations of the LTnited States should have a good effect on account of the large markets opened to the grower. It should raise the prices to a certain extent, but if they had made it free entirely it would have been much better. The business that will be done mow will be mostly through wholesale houses, and the consumer on the other side will not get the benefit as he should. Had they taken the duty off entire- ly our producers then would have gone af- ter the retail trade. As it is the tariff will so interfere with business we will have to direct our shipments through wholesale houses and they will look after the tariff. The new arrangement should benefit the majority of fruits, particularly the tender fruits, such as peaches, berries amd grapes, especially at the points where there are large cities just across the border." WILL HELP FRUIT GROWERS H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. : "The mew United States tariff will be a benefit to the fruit industry in Canada but it would be much better for the producers if Canada could adjust her tariff so as to take advantage of all the benefits. As I am not so closely in touch with the ship- ments here as formerly I cannot give you particulars. One of the largest growers of peaches who was a strong opponent of re- ciprocity in 1911, told me recently that the bigest mistake he ever made was to vote against reciprocity ; that if he had had ac- cess to the markets of the United States this one season he would have been hundreds of dollars ahead. That, he said, applied to all peach growers in the district. The freer exchange of perishables we can have with the States the greater will be Canada's bene- fit." W. J. Kerr, Ottawa: "The new United States tariff arrangements on the vegeta- bles of Canada, I do not think will make any great difference to us except in the_ vicinity of large American cities. .At Pre ■cott there may be some trade worked up with Ogdensburg, and at Windsor with Detroit. Canada is not likely to become a vegetable exporting country in the near future. We are buying hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of vegetables from the United States annually. Every large city in Can- ada buys large quantities from the United States. The Soo, Port Arthur and Fort Wil- liam import very large quantities. The great truck gardens of the Atlantic coast states, as well as parts of western New York and Ohio, as well as several other parts of the Union, grow enormous quantities of veg- etables and will likely continue as in the nast, to use Canada as a dumping ground for great quantities of their surplus, so un- less Canada removes her tariff walls condi- tions will likely remain much as' they are. Were Canada to remove her restrictions we would in a very few years see the growers on this side practically put out of business by the growers in the more southern coun- try, where two and often three crops a year can be grown in the open ground." The Barrel Package — ^Somc Defects to Remedy D. E. Lothiaa, B.S.A., Pettrboro C«., Oat. We cannot change the taste of the market in a day. Those experienced in any commercial enterprise, no matter what the nature of it may be, will testify to the correctness of thqt statement. Though it mav ultimately rome to pass that we shall change from the barrel to the box package in the ship- nin? of apples, we need not expect that this will occur in a day either. It there- fore behoves us to improve as far as is possible meantime the commonly accepted rackage and to attempt in even.' way to make perfect the condition of that package. One common imperfection, a fault which can be easilv remedied, is due to the fac' that orchardists commonly leave their bar- rels exposed to weather conditions with the result that the inner side of the staves be- comes warped and uneven. This mav not necessarily be obvious to one examining only the outside of the barrel. Again many barrels when they are manufactured are set up with staves of uneven thickness with the result that considerable shoulder may be found to project on the inside. It was found last season by some of the fruit in- soectors that some of these barrels had a shoulder of thr-ef'-sixteenths of an inch pro- jecting almost the whole way from the head to the tail of the barrel, with the result that when the barrels were packed and the nress applied th° whole row of apples ex- tending along this shoulder was Dressed against it and sufficiently bruised to make them unfit for human consumption. The erection of a rain shelter and the inspec- tion of the new barrel wiU correct these defects. BETTER QUALITY LABOR .'^t a time whon we hear so much about distrihutine labor, on the farm, the or- rhardist mav not be made anv excention to this reouirement. In order to snread his labor ovr the season, it is advisable to ere<-t a home coonerage building. The whole outfi* need not cost more thai fift^- fo seventv-fiv« dollars. Such an outfit will b/»ln to n'-ovide the laborer with work all the vear round. November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 275 ARE YOU GOING To Build GREENHOUSES We Design and Manufacture Iron Frame, Pipe Frame and All Wood We Use Only The Best All Heart Red Gulf Cypress Woodwork We Also Supply Ventilating Machinery, Bench Material and all kinds of Greenhouse Hardwrare PARKES CONSTRUCTION CO. 167* KING ST. E. - HAMILTON, ONT. Beeswax Wanted BEST MARKET PRICE CASH OR EXCHANGE THE HAM & NOTT CO., LIMITED BHANTFOHD, ONT. Fruit Machinery Co. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers ot Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Installing Power Evaporators a specialty OUR LEADERS Ontario Power Sprayer Model 2-B, and the Improved Pacific Apple Rarer IVrite for catalogue o?i Spraying- and Evaporating Record Your Shipments G. E. Mclntotb, Trantportation Agent, O.F.G. Axocia- tioB, Forest, Ont. THE .shipping- season is now on, and and I take this opportunity of ag-aim ur.Qfing- fruit growers to keep specific data of all their shipments. A num- ber did this last season, and these records were of great assistance to our Transporta- tion Committee. The ordering of cars should be done in writing-, keeping a duplicate copy, a record of date ordered ; on the back of this a re- cord of date supplied, giving- car number and initials, destination of each car, when and where shipped, date of arrival, etc. For all car lots, the shipper should notify the agent when he will start loadimg- and the agent must then give the shipper a clear bill of lading without notation "Ship- per's Count." Insist on getting such, otherwise loss by pilfering, etc., returns to shipper L.C.L. The railway company must load. There is mo additional charg-e for heaters supnlied for carload traffic. The proper heating- equipment for each car is four heaters. MAN IN CHARGE The privilege is g-ranted of sending: a man in charge of heated refrigerator cars, free, and the railway company will allow him a return at the rate of on^ and ome- half cents a mile. In transit the local agent should supply (rratis a report of car shipments passing- divisional points. Refrigerator cars or box cars when re- frigerators cannot be supplied should have slatted floors, but when shippers have to Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Belated Orders for Pseonies . Irises Delphiniums Heleniums Phloxes Aquilegias Etc., Etc., Etc. Will be filled promptly and plant- ing may still be done successfully. U9~ Fall Planting List sent Free on request JOHN CAVERS Apple Shippers Read this before dispos- ing of your Apples IT' S ONLY NATURAL to give your own property THE PREFERENCE — Blood is thicker than water. Having no bought apples of our own, we are in a position to look after your interests Consign your apples to us— we can take care of them for you. Have ample storage to hold for improved market. Dawson -Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO PHONE MAIN 1471 Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots: MONTREAL Bntby Lane TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Market St. VANCOUVER Powell St. Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. 276 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1913 r- SlH ^r-i .'-'-.'li^i rom the BEAUTIFUL OLD-FASHIONED GARDENS ofENGLAND KELWAY'S famous Hardy Herbaceous Plants are modern developments of the old English favourites. The cottage "Piny Rose " has become the Paeony, incomparable in form, colour and fra- grance. 1 he old-fashioned Larkspur has developed into the stately blooms of the Delphiniums ; Gaillar- dias, Pyrethrums and the rest, all serve to bring back the charm of the old-world English garden. Special care is taken in .packing plants to arrive in Canada in good order, and they can . ^^—^ .j... be relied upon to thrive with fM^\X a minimum of attention. Full particulars and illustra^ tions given in the Kelway Manual of Horticulture mail- ed free on receipt of 60c by KELWAY & SON LANGPORT - SOMERSET, England I K-lway's Perennials for Canadian Gardens v-a t^irrti J rom ^ KELWAY&SON TheRoyalHorticulturists Send -now— for a copy of the Kelway Book— and make your Garden glorious furnish such, the railway company '■ allow him three dollars for each car I.AKK AND RAII, SHIPMKNTS Refirardinjf the handlinff of apples f: Eastern Canada to points in Ontario, Mj toba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, the way companies claim they cannot fur._ refrigerator cars to take care of all carj delivered at their Lake Superior termit They will not assume responsibility damao-e by frost after October fifteen^ Refritjerator cars, supplied with heate will be furnished as far as possible, box cars are used, the shipper will permitted to line and place stoves or ott means of heatimtr in them and the railwj companies will furnish free transportat* both ways for attendants accompanyii such for lookincr after the heatinjf. Th privileg-e, however, does not apply on rail shipments, but we are endeavoring- have it apply on such when refrigerate cannot be supplied. If granted, growo will be advised. CHANGI.Mi DKHTINATIO.V Aifents when requested, will undertake tri chanye in transit the destination of carl traffic from one place to another, chart three' dollars for each change, plus difference which may exist between the ' billed and the rate from shipping poiirr ultimate destination. If out of the di run an additional charge per ton per ; (minimum twenty miles) will be made such extra haul. Our Transportation Committee has ther the power nor the desir'e to mak' biindino- upon fruit shippers to keep reci and to send them to me. but the effort i>j improve conditions is in your interest, therefore I confidently expect your coopera- tion . San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia The Nova Scotia Department of .^gricul- ture is leavin.g no stone unturned In the ef- fort to stamp out San Jose scale, which has made its appearance in the province. This pest was first discovered in the .Annapolis Valley in the spring of IMS by G. E. Saun- ders, who was then in charge of the Brown Tail Moth in'-pectior work. The scale was found on trees tha» had been planted at Aylesford the previous year. Steps were immediately taken to ascer- tain the extent of the intection. It was found that the pest had been introduced in many localities. Inspectors were imme- diately sent out with authority to destroy all infested trees. During the year one hundred and fifty thousand trees were in- spected on over sevfnteen hundred proper- ties, and seven hundred and twenty-three trees were destroyed. This season the inspection work was continued and it is hoped that all infested stock was located. Legislation has been enacted making it imperative that all in- fested stock be either destroyed or shipped out of the country. All nursery stock com- ing into the province must bear a certific.Tte of inspection, stating that the nursery in which the crop was grown had been in- spected "the previous year and found free ol all injurious pests and diseases. All suet stock must be shipped by Digby or Truro where it is inspected and fumi.gated. Concentrated lime sulphur, applied befort the buds open m the spring, is the bes' known remedy. Concentrated kerosint emulsion is also effective on dormant trees and a diluted solution can be applied :c the trees when the lice hatch during th« summer. The females do not lay eggs the young being produced alive. It is es- timated that each female will produce foui hundred living young in a single season. November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ±n The Call of the North r\ O you know of the many advan- *-^ tages that N< w Ont irio, with its millions of fertile acres, offers to the prospective settler? Do you know that these rich agriicultural lands, obtain- able free, and at a nominal cost, are already producing- grain and vegeta- bles second to none in th« world ? For literature descriptive of this great territory, and for information as to terms, homestead regulations, settlers' rates, etc.. write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Bldgs., TORONTO, Ont. ^DFriAI Nn Oft Sent to your Express Office jrLV/inLi IIU.^U car.fullv narUpd fnr *S nn carefully packed, for $5,00 8 Beautiful House Plants AND 100 Choice Winter Flowering Bulbs All for $5.00 We stake our reputation on thia Special Barg-aiiiu The moet careful buyer cannot select better Quality or get more for the money. The planta are all thrifty and healthy; of full blooming size, and such only as will do well in the ordinary home atmoaphere. The bulbo are those that are sure to bloom and thrive and give de- light to the inmates of the home all through the long Oanadian winter. Send us $5.00 and we will express to you as follows : PLANTS 1 CShoioe Ostrich Plume ICern. 1 Fine Boston Pern. 1 Splendid Chinese Primrose. 1 Beautiful Cyclamen. 1 Bare Begonia. 1 Fine Cineraria. 1 Strong Asparagus JFeni. 1 Ijarge Kentia Palm. Our regular selling price of these plants will average 50c each, and some of them wo retail at One Dollar each. BULBS 12 Early Nsjx:issus Paper White. 12 Early Homan Hyacinths. 12 FreesJa Jfammoth si»e. (The above are for ear^y Xmas bloom). 12 Dutch H.racinths (alt colors). 12 Ohoio-i Single TuUps (all colors). 12 Superb Double TuUps (all colors). 12 Double Daffodils, a choice assortment. 12 Single Daffodils, a choice assortment. 2 (Thine-se Sacred LilUes. 2 Bermuda Easter lillliea. Cultural directions for these Plants and Bulbs are found in our Catalog, which we mail free. The above bulbs will give continuous bloom until Easter. Catalogue prices of these bulbs is $4.00. This Order is Not Glood after December 15th. The Hay, Floral & Seed Co. Seedmen and Florists ROCKVILLE - ONT Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Every Disease of Cnltirated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Send for Cattloguci l/I^D&IADI^f Manaiactorer, and paiticnlars to : V EftllTlUKIilrf VILLEFRANCH (Rhona), FRANCE UNSURPASSED COLD STOBAGE -FOR- APPLES IN BARRELS OR BOXES Fruit unloaded direct from cars shipped via any railroad. Handled exactly the same as our own supply. Rates Reasonable. FRUIT DEPARTMENT THE WILLIAM DAVIES CO. ltd. Toronto •* ""'^*' •* ^ * ■ ^'^""*" Ontario Next Door to Perfection POUR your milk into an I H C cream separator. Out of the cream spout will come close to 9,999 parts of cream for only one part that gfoes into the skim- milk pail. That's marvelously close separation; it means every pos- sible dollar of dairy profit from your cows. It takes an I H C sejiarator to do such efficient work. Every detail has its use, every mechanical point its purpose. Shafts and spindles are the strongest made for separators. Bearings all have phosphor bronze bushings. Gears v^ork without back lash, and they are pro- tected from dirt and grit. In short, everything in I H C Cream Separators Dairymaid, Bluebell, or Lily makes for great strength and durability. Perfect adjustment and bal- ance mean smoothness and ease in operating, hence continued satisfac- tion during long life. All parts are easily accessible for cleaning. There are four convenient sizes of each style. Then if you have a one-horse power back-geared I H C engine to complete your separator outfit, you will soon find that an indispen- sable helper on the farm. It will run steadily and at the proper speed to puuip water, run washing machine, churn, grindstone, etc. Study 1 H C separat(jr outfits at the local agent's. Catalogues may be obtained from him, or, write to International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Montreal, P. Q.; Ottawa, Ont.; St. John, N. B.; Quebec. P. Q. 278 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 19t3 Lttui $*njym tmr hoi "Tke evolution of the Cookstove" — an interestinf khtorj ofcookinf. It also tivet a clear, timple description of the Dominion Pride Rauge— com- plete in every detail. Reading this booh is like examining the range itself. Send for a copy. Coupon Save 30% on your New Range That's about $20.00 isn't It? And you can save it by ordeiing direct from the factory (the biggest malleable range plant in Canada.) Dominion Pride Range is the range you would choose at any price — a beautihil steel range with unbreakable doors, castings and lids of malleable iron — a range that saves coal — a range so solidly built that with care k will last a lifetime. And you can secure a Dominion Pride Range by making a tmeut payment with your order — the bal- ance on terms to suit your convenience. Dominion Pride Range Thousands upon thousands of Canadians have sent to us direct for their ranges, and we have yet to hear a complaint. Our un- conditional guarantee goes with every range. ■ a. Canada MaUeable & Steel Range Manufacturing Co., UMITED OSHAWA. Send a free copy of your booh: "The ETolntion of the Coolcstowe " NAME- ADDRESS- Wepay Freight Programme Arranged An unusually helpful and instructive proj^ramme is being prepared for the con- vention of the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation, which will be held in Toronto on Thursday and Friday, November 20th and > 21st, at the same time as the Ontario Hor- - ticultural Exhibition and the first National Live Stock and Dairy Show. At a meet- ings of the directors of the association held in Toronto tl\is fall, it was decided to hold th;^ convention on the Kxhibition Grounds, provided suitable arrangements could be made and that the other conven- tions that would be meeting about the same time meet there also. It is understood that dining privileges are to be arranged for on the Exhibition Grounds. The programme this year will devote more attention than usual to the work of the individual societies in order that the delegates who attend may be enabled to obtain helpful ideas regarding the work that may be undertaken by the societies. Speakers are to be secured from societies that have made a distinct success holding lawn and garden competitions, regular ex- hibitions, and of other similar work. Among the leading speakers it is ex- pected will be iMr. John Nolan, of Cam- bridge, Mass., who is an authority on civic improvement, and whose address will be illustrated. Mr. H. J. Moore, of Queen Victoria Park, is to be asked to give an address on the "Ornamentation of Town Boulevards and Country Roads." In addition. Park Commissioner C. E. Chambers, of Toronto, will be asked to give an address on "Parks and Boulevards for Small Towns." An effort is to be made also to have an address by an authority on school gardens. Copies of the pro- gramme, as finally completed, will be mailed to the horticultural societies at as early a date as possible. DAVIES' FERTILIZERS MONEY^'SEEDS! "AS YOU SOW THEM, SO SHALL YOU REAP" WRITE FOR OUR LITERATURE PATRONIZE OUR AGENTS THE WM. DAVIES CO. LTD. WEST TORONTO ONTARIO (AN I THE GBI maki I Harri The ( Perti A but i quite Kindl Di CAN! BE SOWN WITH GRAIN DRILL INSOLICITED TESTIMONIAL FROM ONE OF OUR MANY SATISFIED CUSTOM WM. DAVIES OO.. LTD.. WEST TOEONTO, O^^"^'"''^''^-^ ^'^^"^^ "^'*- ^^"'^' ' ITLEMEN: My FertiUzer came to hand all right and I thank you for your promptnee had no trouble in sowing it as a top dressing over my wheat ( have a M s No. 5 disk drill. I took the disks off and sowed it with the drill in that s langling of the coll steel tubes, caused by the unevennesa of the ground, scattcre izer over every inch of the ground. Massey Harris Agent told me it was impossible to sow Fertilizer with a grain d f your Fertilizers always oome a^ dry as this I bought, then the grain drill wi nicely for me. Now for results. V auote on the following Poultry Foods, eta, etc. Yours very truly, (Signed) W. "H. WATEEB Iti^niaquestw,, as to whether you should use FeHlUzer or not-the queslion is. cau you afford not to u zvirs. Takethfimrdof thousands of Ontario Fanners for it -you cant. ERSI .913. s in assey lape. 1 the rill- a do UEY. Results from Prc-cooling Several car loads of fruit this fall wer.e shipped from the pre-cooling plant which was established last summer at Summer- land, B. C. The first car which went to Edmonton arrived in fine condition, selling at $1 a box. A thermograph plac- ed in the car showed considerable fluctua- tion of temperature en route, going as high as 70 degrees. Another car did not arrive in such good condition, but the thermo- graph record was better. The tempera- ture of the fruit was from 48 to 65 degrees. After loading the car, the teimperature dropped rapidly, going down as low as 50 degrees. Tests of the plant have shown records "as low as 28 degrees. The fruit itself regis- tered 45, which is about as low as is advisable to bring the temperature. A different plan is to be adopted— that of cooling the fruit before it is wrapped and packed. Ripening will thus be checked that much earlier. Recent bulletins and circulars received by The Canadian Horticulturist include: Spec- ial Bulletin 61, Spray and Practice Outline for Fruit Growers. 1913; Special Bulletin, ; 60 Celery Culture m Michigan ; Special Bulletin 59, Small Fruit Culture; Circular No. 20, Starting a Lawn; all four issued by the Michigan Agricultural College Ex- periment Station. Bulletin No. 134, A Dry Rot of the Irish Potato Ttiber, and Press Bulletin No. 40, Potash Pointers, are is- sued bv the University of Nebraska Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Facts about Flies and Mosquitoes, and How to Prevent Them, are two pamphlets issued by the Provincial Board of Health for Ontario. November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 270 POTASH MEANS PROFIT EXPERIMENT ON THIMBLEBERRIE8 Conducted by Messrs. Cruise Bros., Keatingrs, B. C. The following materials were applied to the fertilized plot; — 200 lbs. Muriate of Potash 400 ,, Acid Phosphate 140 „ Nitrate of Soda, per a^re BECAUSE Potash Improves Quality Potash Increases Quantity Potash Pronvotcs Maturity THESE THREE IMPORTANT FACTS have oeen proved to the satisfaction of a large number of Market Gardeners and Orchardists throughout the Dominion. Government statistics show a large increase in the consumption of POTASH during the past fiscal year. The above FACTS are the REASONS for this INCREASE. CAN YOU AFFORD TO OVERLOOK THEM ? Write us for FREE copies of our educative and illustrated Bulletins on the important subject of fertilization, which include: — "Fertilising Orchard and Garden" "Artificial Fertilisers, Their Nature and Use" "Principal Potash Crops in Canada" "Farmer's Companion" "Fall Application of Fertilisers" THE GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE, T.rp?e^W Toronto, Ont. PUBLIC DISCLAIMER KELWAY & SON, Wholesale Seed Growers, Langport, England, hereby give notice that they have no Agents in Canada for the sale of their Seeds and Plants, and it having come to their notice that A. W. Smith, of Beachville, Ontario, also trading as Riverview Nursery Co., of Woodstock, Ont. Smith's Nurseries, " Ingersoll Imperial Seed Co., " Woodstock are advertising themselves as "Agents," find it necessary to insert this disclaimer. We state most emphatically that any person or per- sons making use of our name in the sense of an Agent does so without our permission and we are taking steps to protect our rights. KELWAY & SON cater for the requirements of bona fide members of the Seed and Nursery trade, and any enquiries and orders sent direct to them at Langport, England, will receive prompt and careful attention. RELWAY 8L SON Wholesale Seed Groovers and Merchants LANGPORT, ENGLAND Estd. 1851 WARNING It has been brought to our notice that a so-called Nursery and Seed concern is representing itself as a branch of the " Helderleigh Nurseries." To protect our interests, and to preserve a good reputa- tion of over thirty years, we feel it necessary to advise the general public that we have no connection whatever with any firm trading under the name of Smith, and operating from different points in Western Ontario. Parties knowing of such representations being made will confer a favour by ad- vising us immediately. E. D. SMITH & SON, Limited NUBSEHYMEN, ETC. WINONA (Wentworth Co.) ONTARIO 280 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1913 il!teiESte®a®s'®3E©i^^ £3 Seven Solid Reasons SEVEN solid reasons why each farm needs a ma- nure spreader are these, in the words of a farmer who has devoted much time to correct soil feeding, i. It saves disagreeable and hard work. 2. It pulverizes and mixes the manure mass. 3. It distributes manure evenly over the field, insuring a good even stand of grain. 4. It prevents loss of nitrogen through fermentation or leaching in the pile when manure is hauled directly from the stable. S. With it manure can be put on plowed ground in winter to be disked as soon as the ground is fit in spring. 6. It will put manure on meadows as a moisture-preserving mulch and to furnish the grass roots with the liberated plant food. 7. Indirectly, the easa with which it can be liandled encourages the owner to care for the ma- nure and place it where it will do most good instead of dumping it any- where for lack of time or inclination. I H C Manure Spreaders Deering and McCormick will do all these things for their owners. They will do them well and satisfactorily. Choose the right machine for your work and con- ditions from the complete I H C line. You will find them all styles and sizes, high and low, endless apron or reverse. I H C manure spreaders are exceedingly durable, strong, correctly built to stand all conditions and all strains they may meet. Each feature has its purpose. Uphill or down, or cutting corners, they spread all kinds of manure evenly, in a light or heavy coat at the choice of the driver. The beater drive is strong and simple, beater teeth are square and chisel pointed to pulverize the manure, and thj large diameter of the beater prevents winding. The wide-rimmed rear wheels, carrying a large percentage of the load, insure ample tractive power. But see all these things yourself at your local agent's. Ha will explain each one, and many more we have not space to mea- Wj^ tion here. The agent has catalogues for you, or, write the International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont ; London. Ont.; Montreal, P. Q.; Ottawa, Ont.i St. John, N. B.; Quebec, P. Q. ■!f!Il-!:p!!i:::fii? M M Wi'.:^ ':p:,:..::^,::::®:;::®" ^ FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. We have a large Btock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. '^^f BrsTMAC^ Order Now Before the Roth Our pots are smooth and well burnt. We have our re- putation to keep up. Send for Catalogiie & Price List The Foster Pottery Company, Ltd. Main St., West - Hamilton ■ POT Have a Garden Straight from England KELWAY & SON The Royal Horticulturists LaniSport, Somerset, England Keep an accurate Kodak Record There's a practical common sense use for photography in the work of every business farmer — and photo- graphy by the Kodak system is both simple and inexpensive. Catalog fret^ at your dealers or by mail Canadian Kodak Co., Limited TORONTO Quebec Pomological Society R. A. Roviieao, B.S.A., Actei-VaFe, Que. The summer meeting of the Quebec Pomological Society took place at Kouge- mont, the centre of the well-known fruit growing county of Rouville, on September 8th and 9th. The meeting was presided j over by Rev. Father Leopold of the Mon- astery of La Trappe, Que., who delivered a practical address om "The Way to suc- cess in the Production of Fruit." Mr. J. A. Jacobs, the president of the Cooperative Society of Rouville County Fruit Growers, welcomed the members. He was followed by R. A. Rousseau, B.S.A., who spoke on "Pruning the Orchard." Mr. J. C. Chapais, the well known lec- turer, described a new emulsion for in- sects and diseases. Every nurseryman, every fruit grower, knows how difficult it is to apply the petrol emulsion to check the aphis or plant lice on nursery stock and fruit trees. If we have also to kill caterpillars, we are obliged to make two applications — one for the plant lice and one for the caterpillar. Hence it would be very economical if we could control both of them, with only one application. Mr. Chapais described a new emulsion which has been tested in France with excellent results, and proposed that a small quantity be imported next spring aind experimented with in the demonstration orchrads. The suggestion was carried unanimously. Mr. Chas. P. Byers, of St. Paul d'Abbots- ford, spoke on "Cultivation in the Or- chard," and Henri Cloutier, B.S.A., sup- erintendent of the demonstration orchards for Rougemont and St. Hilaire, dealt with "The Harvesting and Conservation of Fruits." Bem Richardson, B. S. A., superintendent for Abbotsford and Covey Hill demonstra- tion orchards, spoke on "Insecticides and Fungicides — the Best Practical Methods to Prepare and Use Them." This is a time- ly subject for our fruit growers who, prac- tical}^-, have only recently realized the great benefits of a liberal spraying. The demonstration orchards have done a great deal to induce fruit growers of Rouville and elsewhere, in the province to spray and spray again. F. M. Clement, B.S.A., told about his trip through New York state and West- ern Ontario. Mr. Clement was confident that we are progressing and that our district is not surpassed regarding all conditions best, suited for the production of fruits. He was pleased to note that the Cooperative Society of Rouville is erecting at Rouge- mont, near the railroad track, a large warehouse, which will be used to grade, to pack, and to keep for the fruit growers and consumers' best interests our two famous Quebec apples — the Fameuse and the Mcintosh Red. Rev. Father Leopold, speaking English as well as French, closed the convention by saying good words to all those who are devoted to fruit growing and who had worked so hard to make our summer meet- ing a real success. The carriage of fruit by post is being introduced in New Zealand by the New Zealand Government. Arrangements have been made with the railways, and carrying companies whereby the fruit can be ship- ])ed direct from producer to consumer. Tell advertisers that you saw their adver- tisemeait in The Canadian Horticulturist. November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 281 FRUIT, FLOWERS and VEGETABLES The Annual Fall Exhibition of the Ontario Horticultural Association Avill this year be held in conjunction v^ith the National Live Stock, Horticultural and Dairy Show ^^ EXHIBITION PARK, TORONTO November 17 to 22 ^ The most complete and elaborate collection of flowers that can be brought together in the Dominion, is gathered by the Ontario Horticultural Association for this occasion. New varieties, rare specimens and artistic emblems will represent the 'latest development of the horticultur- alists' art. ^ in the fruit section the apple show will reach a new high standard. The im- portance of the National Live Stock, Horticultural and Dairy Show, will give this section a wider significance through- out the country. ^ Vegetables and honey will have larger space and improved facilities. ^ The Women's institutes of Ontario are meeting in convention at the same time as the show, and their exhibit of pre- served fruits will be on a large scale. ENTRIES IN THIS DEPARTMENT CLOSE NOVEMBER 5th Complete prize lists on application to R. J. FLEMING, President A. P. WESTERVELT, Manager 502 Temple Building, Toronto Phone : Adelaide 3303 REDUCED RATES ON ALL RAILWAYS Fruit and Vegetables Solicited WE GET YOU BEST PRICES UR facilities enabl* us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables e. Aside from our lar^fe connection on the Toronto market. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp We \J or general produce. Aside from our large «,venjni;» and suart: time. Writi^ ^^^lick for territory lin<) h TlKh*. CENTRAL NURSERIES, ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Have a Fine Assortment oS Trees, Vines, Plants, Oramentals, Etc. For Fall Planting For Satisfaction, Plant Cherry Trees in Fall Our prices are right and so are the trees. Send for priced cata logue if you have none, also your want list for special prices on Apple Trees. We can please you. Look over our Price List No Agents A. G. HULL 81 SON TREE PRUNERS ALL PATENTED BEST IN QUALITY EASY TO OPERATE THE STRONGEST MADE Happy Thought E^^!^^lJIIBy—W»iU''Wl-T.-- Orchard King Sold by all good Hardware Stores MADE ONLY BY Kansas Taylor-Forbes Company GUELPH, ONTARIO Limited Apple Selling in the North of England Harr; C. Walton, Maackeittr, Englaad I'rom early in October until the curt of the .\inerican or Canadian sea.son the aj)plc trade occupies by far the most iinportant place in the fruit business of the enorinous- ly populated districts surrounding Man- chester and Liverpool. Of course we have other fruits as well, but apples are easily first in importance and value, more so now than at any other period of the year. Since the trade with the Antipodes has developed they are seen on our market all the year round, and it may be well to remark in passing that this latter fact has done much to still further popularize the use of our principal winter fruit. Apples arriving at Liverpool or in Man- chester by the Ship Canal may be separ- ated into two classes, namely those sent to the brokers, and those sent to private firms. By far the greater bulk go to the former, so we may well take their method of procedure first. In Liverpool there are six, and in Man- chester three firms of brokers. In each city they are formed into a very powerful association. Although each of the mem- bers of these associations has its own in- dividual interests and its own staff and offices, there is a common auction room, where each firm takes it in turn to sell its fruit by auction, commencing with the firm whose turn it is to sell first, and the others following in rotation. Naturally the auctioneers themselves are very highly trained, and can judge the value of the goods to a nicety. They one and all sell at a terrific rate especially on a big day, and it is almost impossible for one unac- customed to the saleroom to follow the business at all, even with ftie aid of the printed catalogue. Program of the Fruit Convention A cursory glance at what is only a par- tial list of the speakers before the coming coinvention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, will assure us that the success of this coming meet will be quite in keep- ing with the standard set by former con- ventions. For those interested we herewith publish the names of the speakers with their subjects : President's address — W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont. Peach Insects, and the present condition of Little Peach and Yellows — L. Caesar. O.A.C. Transportation Report — G. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont. Help in Fruit Picking Time — Mrs. L. A. Hamilton, Lome Park, Ont. Importance of Demonstration Work — R. S. Duncan, Port Hope, Ont. Color on your Fruit and how to Get it — \V. !•". Kydd, Fruit Branch. The Factors which enter into the Choice of Varieties for a Commercial Plantation ot Apples— Prof. J, W. Crow, O.A.C. Precooling (paper) — S. J. Dennis and H. J. Ramsay, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Fruit Packages — R, M, Winslow, Victoria, B.C. Advertising- the Apple — U. G. Border, Chairmaai Advertising Committee Interna- tional Apple Shippers Association. Currant and Gooseberry Culture — L. B. Henry, Winona, Ont, The Northwest Market — Robert Thomp-^ soai, St. Catiiannes, November, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 283 Imperial Bank E.t.biuh.d OF CANADA 1875 Capital Authorized - $10,000,000 Capital Paid Up - 6,925,000 Reserve and Undivided Profits - - - 8,100.000 D. R. WILKIE, President and General Manaser Open a SAVINGS BANK ACCOUNT. Deposits of $ 1 .00 and upward received THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR ITSELF. A MAN tried to sell me a horse once. He said it was a fine horse and had nothing: the mat- ter with it. I wanted a fine horse, but, I didn't know anything about horses much. And I didn't know the man very well either. So I told him I wanted tc try the horse for a month. He said ''AH right," but ' pay me tirst, and I'll gnve you back your money if the horse isn't all right." Well, I didn't like that, i I was afraid the horse | was'nt **all right" and that I 1 might have to whistle fori my money if 1 once parted! with it. So I didn't buy thel horse, although I wanted! it badly. Now, this set meg thinking, r You see I make Wash- ing Machines— the "1900''- Gravity" Washer. And I said to myself, lots of pcopie may think about my Washing Machine as I thought about the horse, and about the man who owned it. But I'd never know, because they wouldn't write and tell me. You see I sell my Washing Machines by mail. I have sold over half a mil- lion that way. So. thought I, it is only fair enough to let people try my Washing Machines for a month, before they pay for them, just as I wanted to try the horse. Now.! know what our **1900 Gravity" Washer will do. I know it will wash the clothes, without wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can be washed by hand or by any other machine. I know it will wash a tub full of very dirty clothes in Six Minutes. I know no other machine ever invented can ''o that, without wearing the clothes. Our '*19{)u Gravity" Washer does the work so easy that a child can run it ahnost as well as a strong .^^oman, and it don't wear the clothes, fray the -dges, nor break buttons, the way all other machines do. It just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes ifke a force pump might. So, said I to myself, I will do with my »'^1900 Gravitv" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer tirst, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "ItKK) Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the ma chine after you've used it a month, I'll take it back and pay the -iieight too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it. Doesn't it provc that the **1900 Gravity" Washer must be all that I say it is ? And you can pay me out of what it saves for ?'ou. It will save its whole cost in a few months n wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then it will save 50 to 75 cents a week over that in washwoman's wages. If you keep the machine after the month's trial, I'll let you pay for it ouf of what it saves you. If it saves you 60 cents a week, send me 50 cents a week 'till paid for. I'll take I hat cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until 1 he machine itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day, and let me send you a book about the •'1900 Gravity" Washer that washes clothes in six minutes. AddresH me personally; B. H. MORRIS. Manaeer, "1900" Washer Co.. 357 Yonge St.. Toronto. # 1 «( ,^M4tpn'l us th'-ir Raw Fiir«. Why not ym? Wfl jiay hifilicst pnrfs and exprffls cbnrRt-n. char^jf- no commiMion anil Briu! monry same day potuls are rercivcd. Mil- lionsofdoljars are paii) trappcre enrh var. Deal vilh a r^-Iiahlc house. ^X'^r r larg'-stir our line in Canada. Write to-day JOHN HALLAM. umited FREE HALLAM S TRAPPERS GUIDE French or English A hook of 96 imjj.-a. fully ilhis- trated. Came Laws revised to date — trIU you liow, when and whi-re to trap, bait and traps !o use, anri many other valuable facts ciincerning the Raw Fur Ipfiustrv. also our *' Up-lo-the- mimitf " fur quotdtions, sent ABSOLinELY FRKE for the ?lrlr?rs,.F..,. TORONTO 284 THE C A IN 'A T) T VK rifT n R T TiC/U T. T TT R I S T November, 1913 1HB /e«HN< POWDER /ISCOMPOSIDOFTHE IrsuowiNa inorcoi ENTS AMD NONE OIHM,. \f>Hosnuat BICARB' A: VoMATtOfSOOAAKO/- 3TARCM. ij«£SIHtWHITtiTJi«!] Magic BAKING POWDER CANADA AND WHICH HAS PLAINLY STATED MANY BRANDS OF BAKING POWDER CONTAIN ALUM WHICH IS AN INJURIOUS ACID. THE IN- GREDIENTS OFALUM 6-A,K I N G POWDER ARE SELDOM PRlNiED ON THE LABEL. M, ALL ITS Tn G R E D 1 E N T^S ON -THe' XA'BtiLP ■"' ■' i — I , , i.,,!!w ii.n'j J nhih ^ LIMITED E. W. GILLETT COMPANY WINNIPEG TORONTO, ONT. MONTREAL. ^INS NO AUS ^lackKidiht Makes Home Brighter AND Labor LiGiiTER. A Paste ItheFRDalleyGm-INo Dust No Waste 1 Hamilton. caNAOA I No'Rust ENGLISH Nu^iiilil .t GH MADE BY THE COTTAGERS J(?F This is the old-fashioned lace made on the cushion, and was first ijijoduced irirp England by the Flemish Refugees. It is still made byTFie village women in their quamt old way. Our Lace, were awarded the Gold Medal at the Fetp^d ^^(If-^niNl^iLiflJ Exhibition, Crystal Palace, LONDON, ENGLAND, for general excellence of workmanthip. BUY some of this hand-made Pillow Lace, it lasts MANiB variety, and imparts an air of distinction to the possel the village'lace-makors, bringing them little comforts otherwii man's wage. Write for descriptive little treaty*" * containing 200 striking examples of the lace make) world. Laoe for tilim^g an«agricmtaral every purpose can be obtained, and within reach of the most modest purse. Collars, Fronts, Every &ale, noy/eirer smali^s [ Plastrons, Jabots, Yokes. Fichus, Berthes, Hand- kerchiefs, Stocks, [Cami- soles, Chemise Se^s, Tofc Cloths, Table c4ntTKV D'Oylies, Mats, MQflLaLL, lions, Quaker and Peter Pan Sets) etc., from 25c., 60c., ^100. 50, $'2.00, iip td ^5.00 each. Over .300 Jeci^iu in yard lace and inser- tion from 10c. , 15c ,25c., 45c., iip 10 tsl-OU per yard. IRISH CROCHET. Mrs. Anastro er hariiig over 100 l»i . !, 3ii-l wiili I some beantii >*mpl«« fof Iris] hand niade\.J«cea may be obtained. All work being told dii'eot from the '■'laoe-makers, both ' the workers and ^ customers derive > great advftntagft (IJ in fleetf.P S'i'?)eKJ-*lrfA#44sign. Price 25o. each. (Half shown.) Hfc910.— Iiaoe li m.^eej). Nova Scotia Nova Scotia apples have ju.st comment ed to reach London. Messrs. Nothard & Lowe's state that an unusual proportion of the shipments consist of number thrf fruit, and whereas the quality of the Bit-: heims and the small quantity of numb, one Gravensteins which have come ' hand is quite good, the condition of tl number three Gravensteins is distinctl bad. Several barrels opened contained lot of apples suflfering from black spot. Present quotations for apples of almo-: all kinds are high, and Messrs. Nothard Lowe and other firms consider that gor quality sound Canadian fruit is likely continue to command high prices durii the coming season, although English ami other apples have derived considerable benefit from the unusually fine weathi which has prevailed for the past f' weeks and the crop has consequently con out a little better than was expected. The great fruit counties of Hants, Kin and Annapolis, Nova Scotia, held their .1 nual exhibition on October 7-9, at the tov. ,, of Windsor. The exhibition was an un- qualified success. The display of fruit and vegetables was remarkable, not only for the choice quality of the exhibits but also for the number of entries. Nova Scotia growers by organizing have secured a rate cm aples from Nova Scotia to Winnipeg, which is on6 cent per barrel lower than on apples shipped from Ontario to Winnipeg. British Columbia An agitation is being conducted in many quarters to procure a reduction in the rates of the Dominion Express Company for car- rying fruit. The fruit industry of the pro- vince is largely dependent upon the ser- vice given by the company. In an open letter which was published re- cently, Mr. S. J. Fee, Manager of the Ver- .non Fruit Company, asserts that the peach industry of the province might be saved and the company increase its dividends were it to give a better service. Mr. Fee points out that it takes several days to pick, pack and assemble a carload of peaches ; that peaches must be assembled with other fruits to make a "mixed car," and that when load- ed it must pass through the hands of a broker, a wholesaler and a retailer, whose charges must be paid. The balance, if any is left, is all the producer realizes. He claims that the amount received by the grower is so small peach growing in Brit- ish Columbia is proving unprofitable. The freight rate on car loads is practi- cally twenty cents a crate with an additional ten cents local freight from distribution points to smaller towns. Mr. Fee advo- cates the making by the Dominion Express Co. of a flat rate on peaches of thirty cents^ a crate to all points in Alberta, which would be equal to the present freight rate, and save much of the handling by middlemen. Similar reductions are advocated for ber- ries, cherries, apricots and plums. At a banquet recently held in Okanagan, Hon. Price Ellison stated that what the fruit growers require more than anything else is a better system of marketing. A comparison of the prices received by the grower and those paid on the Vancouver market, shows that there is mtich room for improvement. The opportunities confront- ing the British Columbia fruit grower may be understood when it is considered that 15 car loads of American fruit went into Vancouver in one day. Demand still ex- ceeds supplies. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVI DECEMBER, 1913 No. 12 Currant and Gooseberry Culture* THE production of currants and g^ooseberries in Ontario is increas- ing in importance year by year, and now there is a large acreage in cul- tivation. It was not many years ago when growers were pulling out whole patches of red and black currants be- cause the demand for the fruit was so poor as to cause prices to be unprofitable. Black currants sold as low as sixty cents for a twenty-pound basket, while red currants could not be sold at any price. Conditions have changed considerably during the past thirteen years. Prices have gradually advanced until now we can obtain as high as ten and one-half cents a pound wholesale for black cur- rants and around six and one-half cents for the red varieties. On the other hand the price of labor has increased. TvC'enty cents used to be paid for picking a twenty-pound basket of black currants, while now thirty-five and forty cents is the prevailing price for an eleven-quart basket. The increase in the prices of these fruits is due to the large number of jam factories which have been erected throughout the province. Black currants cannot be sold readily on a fruit mar- ket at such high prices to individual householders, but these same people will buy the jammed article and in the end pay more for it, as they pay also for the cost of manufacturing. The western provinces are demanding more every year and quite a quantity of the fresh fruits are shipped out there. The care of the black and red varieties is very similar, the only essential difference being in methods of pruning. SOIL AND LOCATION Patches planted' in the northern parts of Ontario would be better on a north slope. The sun's rays would not be so strong in the early spring, arud conse- quently there would not be the same damage from forcing the buds early and having them injured by a late spring frost. Black currants will grow on almost any soil, but for the best growth should be planted on a rich, clayey loam which is well drained and retentive. The soil must be well drained to allow early cul- tivation in the spring and must be re- tentive to conserve sufficient moisture to swell out the fruit. Usually about the •Extract from a paper read at the recent an- nual convention in Toronto of the Ontario Fruit Growers' AsBoclation. L. B. Henry, B.S.A., Winona, Ont period when the berries are growing most rapidly, there is a dry spell, and we must have a soil which will tide the crops over this trying period. Red currants require a soil of a lighter nature for best success. A rich, sandy loam, which is also well drained and re- tentive, has been' found to be the best. PROPAGATION Both classes are almost entirely pro- pagated from cuttings which are made from the present year's growth. These are made about eight inches long and trimmed off at the base of a bud, at which point the callousing process is the most rapid. Cuttings may be made early in the fall as soon as the wood is ripe and planted immediately in nursery rows. If the fall is favorable they will root and be ready for growth the following spring. They should be covered with straw or strawy manure to prevent heaving by frost and also to hold back growth a little in the spring. If this is not done the leaves will come out rapidly and use up all the stored food in the cutting before the roots have become active. Cuttings may also be made in the winter and stored in old sawdust or a mixture of sawdust and sand. Making them in the spring and planting them out directly is sometimes tried with indifferent success. From my experience cuttings made in the winter and stored in sawdust until planting out time have made much better growth than those made by any other method. SELECTION OF PIjAJITS Select plants which have a large fibr- ous root system and a thrifty looking top. A good two-year-old is superior to a one-yearold, because they have a larger root system. However, one-year- old culls are usually planted again and sold as two-year-old number one, and I prefer the one-year-olds for that rea- A Novel Exhibit Made by Peel County at tha Recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition Note how in this eiliibitt of aPo'eH. made in the form of a map of the oounty of Peel, the town- ships, power lines, railroads and other features of the county are shown. 286 286 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1913 son. It requires a few .years for a cull to regain its normal growth, and one can depent' on thrifty one-year-olds to keep right on growing, providing they have proper care. PLANTING Planting may be done in the fall or spiirg. If conditions are favorable, the fill! is the best, for the reason that cur- rants leaf out and start into growth very early, and if the ground is wet and planl- h,g time is postponed, they receive a set back. I have seen them planted out when in full leaf, but they did not do well. By planting in the fall, they be- ccnie established before winter sets in, and are ready for business in the spring. They should not be pruned until spring, There are many methods of marking a field out for planting. If one wishes to be very particular, every hole should be marked with a stake, but this method is n'-.t usually employed commercially where the money end of the game is the one aimfd at. 7h< following method is easy, cheap, and satisfactory. Having decided the disiance the rows are to be apart, place white stakes about five feet long at each end of the field the required distance apart. Then by sighting from each end of the field from these stakes, other long stakes can be placed at intervals down the rows. These stakes are used merelv as a guide for the plowman. Plow a fur- row out each way and then take another furrow out of the bottom so as to deepen it. A wire on which the distances are marked with solder or tar can then be stretched along the furrow and a hole cleaned out at each mark for the plant. This method reduces shovellingi to a minimum. The plants should be placed fairly deep, as we want them to grow in bush form and to sucker freely. They should be deep enough so that the first few branches are covered with earth at the junction with the main stem. Patches vary a great deal as to dis- tances of planting. Some people recom- mend four feet by six feet, others six feet by eight feet. I know of a patch twenty- two years old planted three and one-half feet by seven feet, but the former dis- tance is a little too close for satisfactory cultivation crosswise, and every other bush has since been taken out. Another patch of two acres planted five years ago at three and one-half feet by nine feet is already too close in the rows to allow cross cultivation. The reason for plant- ing the rows at nine feet apart was to allow a power sprayer to be used, as currants should be sprayed for the best success. Also, two-horse implements may be used to advantage. P'rom ex- perience gained from our own mistakes, we have formed a pew Wfai of pli»ntiog distances, and it is this. The bushes should be five feet apart in the row. This gives plenty of room for the bush and also for cross cultivation. The rows should be seven feet and nine feet apart. Starting on one side of the field, plant three rows seven feet apart and then there should be a space of nine feet and A Heavy Yielding Current The red currants on the branch here shown were grown by Mr. Wm. Dick. Echo Place, Ont. He considers it a better variety, known as Tam O'Shanter. than the Cherry currant. It is an Old Country yariety and very prolific. then another three rows seven feet apart. This method economizes a little space and yet provides a space for the power sprayer. Even if a grower does not in- tend to use a large sprayer, it is best to have the spaces wide enough to be able to drive a manure waggon through, as driving over the top of the bushes is certain to cause injury to the buds. CULTIVATION Thorough cultivation is absolutely ne- cessary for best success. In the fall plow up to the bushes and thoroughly furrow out the patch so that no surface water will remain on the ground. The patch should then be in good con- dition to stand the winter. Cultivation should begin in the spring as early as the ground is workable. A good imple- ment to use is the two-horse springtooth cultivator, which works the soil up into fine particles. Cross cultivation can be done with a one-horse springtooth culti- vator. The earth and weeds which re- main in the middle of the bush can be taken out with a berry fork. After this the patch should be cultivated at least once a week to preserve a dust mulch until after the crop is off, when cultiva- tion should cease. This gives the young succulent wood a chance to ripen before winter s«t5 in ,and Mso geqeraJly aJJpw? a beautiful crop of chickweed to develop. If manure is applied it should be put on in the fall and plowed down so as to be partially rotted and available as plant food when growth begins in the spring. FERTILIZATION The soil should be kept rich, and for this purpose twenty tons of manure may be applied every three years. This does not seem to be a very heavy application, but judging from what I have seen, it is enough. Nobody knows much about the benefit of commercial fertilizers on their crops as yet. The manure may be supplement- ed by a two-eight-ten mixture, but I would not recommend commercial fer- tilizers alone, as in time the proper me- chanical nature of the soil would become injured. PEUNING Black currants bear the fruit on wood of the preceding year's growth. As the canes become older the size of the fruit deteriorates, as it is necessary to prac- tise a system of renewal in pruning. Red currants bear their best fruit on two- year-old wood, and canes should not be allowed to remain longer than five years. Pruning may be done at any time after the leaves fall, but it is usually carried on in late winter. No set rule can be laid down, as many different conditions are met with and a good deal of judg- ment and commonsense has to be exer- cised. Canes which have passed the age of greatest productiveness should be re- moved and young ones allowed to take their place. Broken branches and those too close to the ground should also be removed. Young, \igorous branches should be headed back to encoucrage the production of fruit spurs all along their length. This is particularly the case with the Fay variety, which has a ten- dency to produce its fruit spurs near the end of the branches, and when the bushes are loaded heavily, they are liable to be borne to the ground, allowing the fruit to become spoiled. Young plants must not have much pruning for three years except to cut back about two-thirds of the growth each year to encourage the development of fruit spurs. Pinching back the shoots in the summer is not practiced much, but the patch should be watched for canes that may have the cane-borer. All suchf should be cut out and burned. The best tool for pruning is a good heavy pair of grape prunes. The very worst advertisement for On- tario .apple growers in the west is the appearance of a poor grade of Ontario barrelled fruit exposed for sale side by side with the beautiful appearance of the boxed goods from Oregon or British Cplmnbia-— C. J, Thornton, M.P, December, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTIC ULTUEIST 287 Prevalence of Peach Yellows and Little Peach Decreasing L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Guelph, Ont. I AM very pleased to be able to report that there is a continuous rapid de- crease in the number of trees that have to be destroyed each year for Yel- lows and Little Peach. In 191 1 between fifty and sixty thousand trees were de- stroyed; in 1912, between twenty and twenty-five thousand, and in 1912, be- tween five and six thousand, a decrease in two years of from fifty to sixty thou- sand to about six thousand. This will be good news to peach growers and it gives us all hope for a still further reduction. We ask the growers not to grow too con- fident, but recognizing that the work is progressing well, to give us their hearty, intelligent support year after year that we may, if possible, exterminate these di- seases. We should not forget that it is very probable that the last two seasons have not been at all favorable for the de- velopment and spread of these diseases. If so, we are glad that we have been able to take advantage of nature's aid and so reduce the danger of rapid spread in fu- ture seasons more favorable for the disease. Mr. Biggar, the provincial inspector, and myself, are well pleased with the work in every township but two, Grant- ham and Niagara. The disease is only moderately common in these townships, but the territory is too great for any one man to cover satisfactorily no matter how experienced he may be; the inspector, however, in each of these cases was an inexperienced man. There should be two of the very best men that can be secured appointed in each of these townships, at least for Yellows and Little Peach. We *A papcT read at the annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association held recently in Toronto. hope this advice will be acted upon next year. Mr. Biggar and I, so far as it is p)Ossible, will try to give these townships the larger part of our time, so that the work may progress. W'e have been for- tunate in retaining most of our best in- spectors, and we are glad to be able to report that they have done loyal and ex- cellent work for their townships, better work than most growers realize. To Mr. Biggar, the provincial inspec- tor, whose energy and enthusiasm in the work is unfailing, and whose tact and knowledge are of the greatest value, both to inspectors and growers, very great gratitude should be felt by every man who is interested in the welfare of the peach industry. Owing to the pressure of the new work of nursery inspection, and to numerous other duties, I entrusted to Mr. Biggar this year almost the total charge of the Yellows and Little Peach inspection work, knowing that he would do it well. Observation of the results of so-called cures of the disease have led me to change my opinion that all such cures are only imaginary — they have all failed. The only remedy yet seems to be eradication ; dig out the diseased trees at once, and burn them. Experiments last year, repeated this year, show that if peach pits are taken from trees that do not show the disease until later on in the season, and if these pits are cared for in the best way and cracked in spring before putting out in rows, often as high as seven or eight per cent, will germinate. I have tested now over three thousand diseased pits. Some of these from lack of experience I allow- ed to become too dry before planting and consequently a very small percentage grew. This was true also of healthy pits kept as checks but of the others that were cared for properly from one lot of one hundred in 1912 there grew seven, and from another lot of seven hundred and fifty in 1913, fifty-nine grew, or niearly eight per cent. Mr. McCubbin, the Do- minion Plant Pathologist of St. Cathar- ines, obtained very similar results. So far the seedlings from these pits have shown no sign of disease. Mr. McCubbin and I have now about one hun- dred and sixty of these seedlings in one lot and will watch them to see whether they will show disease, and if so how- soon. More than two hundred buds from di- seased trees were budded into healthy seedlings and four year old trees a year ago. Only one tree, one now five years old, shows posibJe symptoms of disease. The rest are still healthy. I have budded two hundred more seedlings this fall, be- lieving a considerable number of the trees budded in 1912 will begin to show disease symptoms by next September. I am not at all surprised that they have not done so earlier as the trees are all growing vigor- ously. From inoculation of blossoms, from in- oculation of trees with sap, from pruning tests, bark rubbing tests and the other experiments up to the present no disease has followed, but this is no proof that none will follow. Before repeating these experiments I think it is much wiser to wait a couple of years for results. The work has been carefully done and covers pretty well the field which I thought most desirable from the standpoint of important information on the control of the disease. No new discoveries, I believe, have been made elsewhere on these diseases, and apparently no one is much nearer the discovery of the real cause of either Yel- lows or Little Peach. The Exhibit of the Dominion Department of Agriculture at the Recent Ontario Horticultural fxhibitiqn Pemonstr^tioD* ji, (dppie fla«king wpr* gjyep 4a4ly at W ^-ffl. fl'fl4 i f.vn. 288 THE CANADIAN HORTI C F L T U RIST December, !9I3 The Plum Industry of Ontario F. M. Clement, Macdonald CoUefe, Quebec JUST a few words more to sum up my remarks and draw some conclusions and I am through. In those dis- tricts usually considered too cold for plum production some native varieties are like- ly to prove hardy. De Soto Stoddard, Wolf and Hawkeye, and Cheney, do well with us. Cheney buds have surviv- ed forty-three deg^rees below zero. These varieties will not likely ever prove seri- ous competitors with domestic varieties in the open market, but they are worthy of a place in the home garden and for locaJ planting and it is the duty of our experiment stations to select or breed var- ieties that will thrive in the colder parts. The tendency is to drop the once great- ly lauded Japanese varieties for heavier plantings of Reine Claude, Green Gage, Niagara, Monarch, Grand Dukes, Ger- man prunes, Italian prunes, and, for the western markets. Damsons. Plums, at present prices, seem adapted to large scale production rather than in- tensive plantings. The cheapest land on the farm, provided the soil is suitable, is the place for them. They thrive as well on clay as on the richest sands. If plums are worth planting at all, they are worthy of good care and atten- tion. They respond as quickly to care as does any other fruit. ♦This article comprises the concluding para- graphs of a paper read before the recent annual conTention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation. The time is ripe for planting plums of certain varieties. The demand will have increased very materially for good fruit by the time they come into bearing. I would recommend the following var- ieties for commercial plantings in the leading plum districts: Burbanks in lim- ited numbers, provided the grower is pre- pared to thin so as to keep up the size ; Bradshaw — one of the best canning and market blue plums. It is always in de- mand because of its quality, earliness and medium to large size. Reine Claude and the other plums of similar type for gen- eral market, dessert and canning pur- poses. The trees are often delicate and a little difficult to grow but bring a good price and generally yield well. Monarch — This is a large sized blue plum of medium quality. It is in good demand because of its late season and large size, and is n good bearer. Grand Duke — A large blue and egg- shaped plum that is in good demand be- cause of its late ripening, large size and fair quality. The egg shaped plums are always popular. German prunes, are in heavy demand, are of the highest quality, and free from stones. They are adapted for dessert, cooking or making prunes, and are one of the best sellers. Many were sold at forty to forty-five cents a gallon retail in Montreal this year. Italian prunes hav« been verv' heavily / planted. They are larger than German prunes and are expected to some day re- place them. Damsons, Common Damson and Shropshire Damson, bring the high- est prices. It will pay to plant them for the western markets. They are used largely for preserving. Other good varie- ties are: Shiro, Quackenboss, Gueii. The Flavor of British Columbia Apples W. J. Sheppard, Nelten, B.C. On page nine of the November number of The Canadian Horticulturist, I notice the following paragraph: "A compari- son of the quality of the fruit of British Columbia with that of the product grown in Ontario, has often been made. The answers which we have received by those on the spot in regard to this particular point assure us that while British Colum- bia apples are generally of better size and almost invariably of better color they can- not compare favorably with Ontario fruit when flavor is considered." I should like to enquire if samples of the same varieties of apples grown in British Columbia and also in Ontario have been compared side by side, and these conclusions as to flavor arrived at? The great trouble in Britsh Columbia is that by far too many varieties are grown, and that the highly-colored, flav- orless kinds, that please the eye only, were, as a rule, given the preference when the orchards were first planted. Of course in a new country, the original planters, often without any experience, and consequently nothing to guide them, were almost bound to make mistakes of this kind which as time goes on will have to be rectified. Numbers of trees are now being yearly headed back, and ap- proved varieties grafted thereon. In a local paper here only this week it is stated that the Kootenay Fruit Growers' Union shipped out eigthy-four varieties of apples this season, and the manager is most emphatic in drawing attention to the absolute necessity for re- ducing the number. There can be no doubt whatever that the most satisfac- tory plan would be for the growers in each district to ascertain which of the few good marketable varieties succeed best in their localities and to specialize in these kinds only and weed out all others. I cannot believe that there is very much in this question of the superiority of flavor. Of course, it may be true to a certain extent, especially when the trees have experienced a check of any kind, but I do know that I have tasted apples grown in British Columbia of such varie- ties as Gravenstein, Cox's Orange Pip- pin, and Northern Spy, Delicious and Wagner, of superb flavor, that I am quite certain would be hard to beat in Ontario or anywhere else. As to size and color, it goes without saying they could not be excelled at all. Grooving Plants for Christmas Use PLANTS that are required to bloom through the hoHdays should now be well under way. Any that are at all backward should be lefttocomealongand furniish flowers later, as any attempt to force them with only a little over three weeks to Christmas would result in fail- ure. Strict attention should be paid to the temperature and watering, whether the plants are growing in a greenhouse or in the living-room. In order to have Primula Obconica at its best for Christmas, the plants should have a light, sunny position, with a tem- perature of 50 degrees at night. If grown in a greenhouse, place them as near the glass as possible. If you have a number of small plants that are not likely to please you, put them together in large pans, taking care to have each pan a distinct shade. If the pans are made up now they will be established before the holidays, and no doubt give you more satisfaction than a lot of small pots would. The next three weeks in a tempera- ture of from 50 to 55 degrees at night will bring Primula Sinensis along in fine condition. The scarlet shades seem to bloom somewhat earlier than do the white and pink, but do not worry if there are a few laggards ; they will be found very useful during the early weeks of the New Year. If any plants are pot- bound, a pinch of some highly concen- trated fertilizer is to be preferred to re- potting, which would cause them to de- velop new roots instead of flowers. Cyclamen should have their flower stems well above the foliage by this time, and many of them will havt tl.eir flowers well developed. A light, sunny position suits them best, with a temperature of 50 to 52 degrees at night. Do not at- tempt to force these subjects, as they resent a high temperature. Applications of diluted liquid manure, soot water, and an occasional dose of clean lime water are very beneficial. There are few more popular Christmas plants than the azalea, particularly the brighter-colored ones. Any that are in- tended for Christmas will have been in a warm room or in the warm end of the greenhouse for some time now. If a few of the flowers are now expanded, and the majority of the buds show in color, they are just right. Any that are not so Tar advanced should have a temperature of at least 65 at night to bring them along. Spraying freely and watering with luke- warm water will help them considerably. Any young growths that appear as a -''.suit of forcing should be rubbed off, as they check the development of the flower buds. When nicely in flower, re- move them to cooler quarters, but do not Henry Gibson, Staatsburg let the change be too sudden so as to cause wilting. POINSETTIA8 The brUliant scarlet poinsettias are among the most desirable Christmas plants. The bracts of these should now be fairly well developed, when a tem- perature of from 60 to 65 degrees at night will bring them along in fine shape. .A.ny that have the bracts fully expanded can readily be held for a week or two, but do not, however, put them into a really cool house, or the results will be disastrous. They will stand 50 degrees at night without any ill effects. The greatest drawback to poinsettias is the falling of the bottom foliage. This is invariably the result of careless water- ing more than anything else. If you want to have stems clothed to the bottom with foliage, pay the strictest attention to watering. Avoid cold draughts and low temperatures. There is frequently trouble in keeping poinsettias plump when cut. If cut an- gantissimi, Todeavideo, are very desir- able varieties. One bf the finest and most beautiful house ferns is Cibotium Schiedei. It is really surprising how much ill-treatment this fern will stand without showing any ill effects. Another sort that stands dry heat fairly well is Cyrtomium falcatum. Adiantum farley- ense is especially handsome as a house plant, as, indeed, are all the adiantums, but the slightest chill and one drying at the roots, and they are of no further use. This holds good with all ferns to a greater or lesser degree. Watering should be faithfully done, and an even temperature maintained at all times. The nephrolepis varieties that are well es- tablished in their pots will be benefited by an application of some highly con- centrated fertilizer once a week. Pandanus Veitchii and many of the highly colored crotons and dracaenas make excellent plants for warm rooms. All will stand drying heat with little in- jury. None of these plants, however, should be exposed to a temperature lower than 50 degrees, or they will show their resentment by dropping their foliage. If there are any plants that you want for home use or to present to a friend, which do not happen to be in the collec- tioni that you are bringing along for Christmas, it is advisable to order them from the florist now. Pay a visit to his greenhouse while he has time to take you round and show you the most desir- able specimens. Place your order, and have it delivered just when you want it. Two weeks from now your florist will be so busy that he won't have time to show you round as he would like to. More- over, if you delay too long the best plants will be sold, for it is with the florist as with all others, "first come first served." Arbors in the Garden p. W. P*w*, Caiitville, Ont. Most people seem to think that when the last bloom is gone their year's work in the garden is finished. If you want to make a success and a beauty spot of your garden you must not neglect it a single day until the garden is deep under its winter coat of snow. Even then you may order from a carpenter or make yourself those unique and ornamental wooden arches, arbors and fences of trellis work of many kinds, which can be made at lit- tle cost. Who does not enjoy going into a well- kept garden which contains nicely ar- langed arches and arbors. Tliey are sure to make you anxious to own- one of your own in which to spend the summer evenings or to rest on Sundays. Best of all they are easily and cheaply mad<'. Obtain from the lumber dealer strips of pine one incli by two inches, and from ten to twelve feet. A few two by four scantlings, nails, and tools, are all that is then needed. You can readily design and erect your own structure. Erect it in some secluded spot which you can make beautiful with vines and flowers, and ornamental bushes. Do not iniild too large a one or it will make an unsightly instead of a beauty spot. When you have erected your arbor you must decide upon what vine you will use to cover it. The clematis is one of the best. Any of these are suitable, Jasmine, Virginia Creeper, Cinnamon Vine, or the Kudzu. These make a fine rapid growth. A rose bower is magnificent. Training Pumpkin Vines W. U. Orenfell, Stratfotd, Oit. Our back verandah, covered with pumpkin vines, attracted some attention here last summer, and a few notes about it may be of some interest to readers of The Canadian Horticulturist. The ac- campanying illustration was taken about the middle of August. The vines had to be trained up as their natural tendency is to trail along the ground. The fruit does not show in the pic- ture, but there were several quite large pumpkins. They had to be supported, as otherwise they would have torn the vines from the supports by their weight. This vine gives a good shade, and there were no insects on it, except the bees in the blossoms. I have thought of trying the dipper-gourd in the same way, as it has a rapid growth, fine dark foliage, and pure white blossoms. The Care of House Plants Henry Gibton, itaatsbnrg The period when plants are removed from the garden to the house is a trying one lor plants. Out of doors they have been accustomed to fresh air, moisture, and so forth, and not very high tempera- ture. In the house conditions are great- ly changed ; the air will be dry, and there will be heat of an enervating char- acter because of the lack of moisture in it. Leave the windows open, and show- er the plants every morning, if the weather is pleasant. Use no fire heat unless it is quite cold and then only suf- ficient to take away the chill. By a lit- tle care in this respect your plants will get accustomed to the new conditions by such easy stages that by the time the cold weather arrives they will not mind it so much especially if one is care- ful to admit plenty of fresh air during the middle of the day. CKristnvas Flow^crs in the Home I MANY and varied are the efforts made in the majority of homes to secure a festive appearance at the Christmas season. Nothings assists to at- tain this effect more than well-grown plants or cut flowers if their size and col- or is chosen with the knowledge that they will harmonize with the interior decora- tions and the furniture used in the vari- ous rooms of the home. Use palms for the front hall. If the ceilings are lofty use Kentia or Areca ; if they are rather low, with heavy trim- mings, use Phoenix Roebelenii in good, rich-looking earthenware jardinieres in preference to brass. Around these may be grouped two or three pairs of poinset- tias, the rich, red buds producing a beautiful effect with the green foliage. This portion of the home may be fur- ther embellished by the addition of a good specimen of aspidistra, or large ferns of the Nephrolepis type. The old Boston- iensis fern is grand, or some of the other \arieties, such as Whitmani, Amerpholii, or Dreerii. To these may be added one or two well-berried plants of Solanum, which if used for mantel or plate rail decoration, in conjunction with plenty of well-berried holly, will produce a fine ef- fect. Decorating the home library is often a problem of the housewife. The severe lines of the bookcases and usually heavy furniture call for strong colors, rather than any delicate shade. Palms may be used here also, as well as good sized plants of Pandanus Veitchii, the light green and white foliage of which pro- duces a most beautiful eifect. Dracaena, Lindeni, Victoria, Terminalia, Godseffi- ana, or Cooperii in plants may be used and add to this well-berried holly made up into wreaths of various sizes and draped over the white statuary and hung from the book- shelves in suitable positions. Should the table Ije a fair sized one, place a vase of three dozen crimson car- nations or two dozen Richmond roses on it, while nearer the window, and per- haps a little to one side on a pedestal, place a vase of while Killarney roses ; if the window curtains are white, use a well-flowered plant of crimson cyclamen or poinsettias. E. F. Collins, Toronto, Ont. Much care must be used to produce a refined, rich, and yet delicate effect in the drawing-room, with its various colors in upholstered furniture and bric-a-brac, china or ivory ornaments, and gilded mantels and picture frames. Commenc- ing at the mantel, the edges may be drap- ed with good strips of smilax or As- paragus Plumosus, letting a few ends trail over the glass to be reflected into the room. Add to this some orchid blooms, say Cucidius Varicarkis or Tig- rinius, now group over one corner of your mantel shelf a nice plant of Whitt- manii fern, which would droop over the edges so as to hide the pot. Finish this by placing in among the fern fronds about a dozen Cypripedium Sanderii, or any of the pale yellow types, and a very- fine effect is produced. Should the grate or fireplace be an electric one, or not in use, so much the better, as you may continue the floral decorations to the floor by using good sized ferns or palms with poinsettias and white azaleas, or well-berried Solanum. Plants for the various window sills or recesses may consist of white or pink cyclamen, azaleas, begonia, Gloire de Lorraine, miniature hyacinths, lily of the valley, and the white or pink shade of well grown primulas. All these plants look best when placed in china vases, de- corated in very light or delicate shades : The less color, the better effect will be derived from the flowers. The French Ivory rose is perfect for the home de- corations, and will be much used when it becomes better known. USE OP CUT FIjOWERS Cut flowers may consist of American Beauty roses, in large vases; Cattleya Labiata and Pcrcivilleana with Valley for low glass bowls, or white and pink car- nations, with asparagus or smilax trail- ing around the stems of the vases. It would not be nice to try and use holly in with any of the pink shades, if cut flowers or plants, but should there be an alcove or doorway with dark colored col- umns, or white enamel, holly wreathing may be used to good effect by twining it loosely around them and suspending a holly wreath above the doorway, with a spray of mistletoe in the centre. The dining-room at Christmas — what memories of days that are past do these words bring to our minds, and who can help but feel that he or she must asso- ciate the holly in the pudding, with holly on the walls, holly wreaths in the win- dows, bright red colors and green foli- age everywhere: Add to this Richmond roses and lily of the vally for tables and buffet, with the window recesses group- ed with ferns, poinsettias, and white azaleas, mistletoe hanging from the electrolier, with holly wreathing droop- ing gracefully from the ceiling, and it will create a most beautiful effect. THE BEDROOMS Cut flowers only should be used in the bed chambers, or dressing-rooms, and not too many of these, probably one vase of carnations or roses for the bed cham- bers and either violets or valley for the dressing-rooms. Made-up baskets and hampers of various designs and colors are now made up by the retail florist, but only a small percentage of them are filled with any- thing like good taste as regards color effect. When they are well done, no- thing gives so much pleasure to your friends as a present of one of them. While many grades and qualities of plants and cut flowers are offered, it is Some of the High Class Chrysanthemums and Decorative Displays Made at the Recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition 2i)l 292 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, (013 Small Space Used to Good Advantage Residence of Mr. Winterburn, Walkerville, Ont. wise to take the best only, and if the purse is limited, reduce the quantity ra- ther than the quality, and on no account tolerate any of the artificial plants or fake colored flowers in your home. No- thing lowers the tone of refinement in your home as much as the use of such absurd imitations. The following is a short list of plants and cut flowers in their order of merit : Palms — Kentia, Areca, Phoenix. Terns — Bostoniensis, Whitmanii, Pteris, in variety, Cibotium, Schiedei, Adiantum, Farleyense, Pandanus Veitchii. Dracaena, Lindeni, Cooperii, and Ter- minalis. Aspidistra, small sized crotons, As- paragus Plumosus, Spengerii. Poinsettias, Ardisia, and Solanum, well berried. Azaleas, cyclamen, Primula obconica, and Sinensis. Begonias, Gloire de Lorraine, and Cin- cinnati. Pans of white Roman or miniature hy- acinths. Cut flowers : Roses, carna- tions, violets, lilies, orchids (in many varieties), valley, and late white or yel- low chrysanthemums. Treatment of House Plants p. D. Powe, Cainsville, Ont. DURING the winter months no house should be without at least a few potted plants. The attendance and labor required is trivial in comparison to the cheer they bring to any home. If you have not a well prepared soil at hand, it will pay you to buy from a local florist all you will require. But to those who would prepare their own, I recommend the following: One-third friable loam, one-third leaf mould, and one-third sharp sand. This will be found good for most plants. Re-potting should be done at least once a year, and with most plants from two to three times is best. Watering is a point on which many house growers fail. They generally try to follow greenhouse rules and most al- ways come a cropjjer. Never allow the water to stand in the saucer. Always water thoroughly so that the whole pot is soaked, but do not water too often. The plants need water if the pots give a clear ring when tapped with the knuck- les. Usually house plants need water about once a week. TEatPBRATUEE REQUIREMENTS The proper heat for the room contain- taining plants is from 60 to 70 degrees, though some plants demand a higher temperature. Almost any kind of heat- ing will do so long as an even tempera- ture is maintained. Where gases are present a vessel of water placed under the shelves will do much to remedy the evil. Great care must be exercised in the ventilation of the room. If a cold, frosty draft strikes your plants you are done. The best plan is to air from the top by letting down the upper sash of the window, at the same time covering over your plants with a sheet of newspaper. Each week the leaves of plants should be sponged as follows: Get a pan of warm soapy wafer (not hot) and a soft sponge. Take a leaf in your hand and gently sponge both sides. This spong- ing removes many pests such as the aphis, red spider, lice and mealy bug. It also keeps the plant healthy in the same manner as a bath does the human body. At this season insects breed rapidly, because the conditions that generally ex- ist in the house are extremely favorable to their development. Make sure that your plants are perfectly free from them and it would be well to treat them to a bath in an infusion of fir-tree oil. If one aphis is found fumigate the whole collec- tion. Precautions are never useless, for eternal vigilance is the price of freedom from insects even among house plants. Flower Gardens of Walkerville W. H. Smitk, Stc'j, Walktrrill* Horticaltarel Socitty The window boxes of Mr. Montrose, of Walkerville, whose home is one of the attractive ones of our town, and whose garden was illustrated in the April issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, are filled to overflowing with trailing vines, coleus, geraniums, petunias, and hanging fuch- sia, the whole making one mass of color from the ground half way up the win- dows. The illustration here shown reveals the residence of Mr. Winterburne, Argyle Road. The vases are filled with bloom- ing plants, the pyramids of boxwood, the tripod with its load of fragrance, the palms and hydrangea in the shade of the porch ; the masses of geraniums along the walk ; the border in front of the house a riot of color, containing ger- aniums, coleus, salvia, heliotrope, lock- spur, and the two clematis, one the large purple Jackmanii and the other Clematis Coccinea, with its small red Japanese lanterns — all colors blending to make one perfect picture. Peony Culture J. H. Bennett, Bairic, Ont. The peony is practically if not absol- utely immune from disease. If the grower secures healthy plants to begin with he will have nothing to fear. The only insect which even slightly injures the {>eony is the Rose Chafer, which is sometimes found eating the petals of the flower. However, the peony, with the exception of the very late varieties, has usually done blooming ere this pest appears. It would be wise where the chafer is annually very trouble- some to omit the later sorts. Even if attacked by this insect the bloom is so very large and has such dense petalage, that inasmuch as the bug usually buries itself deep in the petals it does not dis- figure the bloom as it does a rose or other flower. Shrubs for Lawns Surrounding Public Buildings' IN the Old Land and on the Continent, nearly all grounds surrounding pub- lic buildings are planted with ever- greens. This gives a cheerful effect dur- ing the winter months, as well as during the summer. But in Ontario we must abandon all hope of success in growing such plants unless they are used and treated as sub-tropical plants. This could be carried out on a small scale by planting in beds or amongst other shrubs. The methods of caring for evergreens are well known to most gardeners, so that I need not detail them here, but shall proceed to the subject first men- tioned. Most buildings look bare in this coun- try when lacking both flowering shrubs and vines about them, and are improv- ed when either are used. A few nieat shrubs, planted in the angles of a build- ing, and a few vines to grow on it, not necessarily to cover it, take the bare look away. If some Tecomas and Cel- astruses are planted along with the Am- pelopsis, particularly in the angles of a building, the one helps the other to re- lieve the sameness. The Tecoma blooms hang out beyond the flat background of the Ampelopsis and give a pleasant effect. The same may be said about the Celastrus, but its beauty begins when winter is at hand. The first frost bursts open the seed-pods, exposing the orange red seeds that hang down on silken-like threads from the pods, producing a warm appearance when the ground is covered with snow. Celastrus scandens is our own native plan found in the woods, but better known by the name of staff vine. Cel- astrus paniculatus and Celastrus puncu- latus are both Japanese varieties and are hardy. The planting of shrubs around the base of a building depends greatly upon the style of the building, whether it would be an advantage or not. The north side of a building must have shade-loving plants, such as Caragana arborescens (.Siberian Pea Tree), Hydrangea arbor- escens, Cornus spaethii, Cornus variety elegantissima variegata. Corns siberica, Kerria Japonica, Kerria Japonica fl. pi. and Kerria Japonica variegata, as border plants, Philadelphia, Coronarius foliis aurea, Rhodotyphus Kerriodes, or White Kerria, Ribes aureum (Missouri Cur- rant). From the plants mentioned may be selected foliage, bloom and fruit, as well as colored bark to suit the taste of any individual. For the east side of a building any of the best flowering shrubs will answer, as it gets the morning sun yet it is 'Extract from a pai>er read at the recent oon- Tentlon in Toronto of tb« Ontario Bortionltnral Association. Roderick Cameron, Toronto not too long exposed to the same, and plants in this situation get the moisture when it rains. The west side of a building is the diffi- cult one for which to prescribe. It is so protected from all moisture during the summer with high walls and a projecting roof that artificial watering must be re- sorted to almost daily to ensure the de- velopment of the plants. This watering is more effective in the evening than during the day. The plants should be well sprinkled overhead to keep down insect pests such as aphis and red spi- der, the latter being the most destruc- tive pest to plants in such positions. If this watering is well attended to, the same varieties of plants as are mentioned for the east side may be grown here. THE SOUTH SIDE On the south side of the building, where the sun is blazing hot all day and the heat reflected back from the wall, it is hard to get plants that will not be destroyed by insects, or the foliage be burnt by the sun. In this position the more upright forms seem to answer better than the low, flat- headed ones. I find that Aralia spinosa, by some called Japonica, and Tamarix parviflora are two excellent plants. For- sythia suspensa is always clean and tidy. Spiraea prunifolia flore pleno, viburnum plicatium, viburnum tomentosum (both from Japan), can be used with Spiraea Anthony Waterer towards the outside. Philadelphus Coronarius aurea always looks well among the other shrubs on account of its golden foliage. Dentzia Lemonei and Deutzia gracilis are about our dwarfest shrubs. Therefore, they must be planted towards the edge. A few of the dark foliaged Canna, King Humbert, would brighten up a border of this sort. Strawberry Patch in Quebec D. E. Lothian, B.S.A. Two of the greatest hindrances to com- mercial strawberry culture in the province of Quebec, are late frosts and long mid- summer droughts. For many years it has been the habit of growers in the Mid- dle States to prevent this late frost by smudging, but they found that the injury resulting from light frosts, such as ours are, may be prevented by spraying. Spraying will also overcome the drought trouble, lately so troublesome. At Macdonald College there has lately been installed a long perforated iron pipe which taps the water main running through the farm. This pipe rests on wooden trestles about three to four feet high, and the water pressure is sufficient to cover a considerable area of the celery bed over which it is placed. To strawberry growers in this province who are fortunate enough to be located at the side of streams or who have ac- cess to water power, we would suggest that an arrangement similar to that ex- isting at Macdonald College might be ap- plied with advantage to their strawberry patch, causing higher yields and better returns. A B«nvh of ChryMnthemum* in th« Con«ervfitorie(, Qu««|i yictori» Purk, Niagaia FalU, Ont. ?,)3 Vegetable Growers Hold Their Annual Conference THE ninth annual convention of the Ontario Vegjetable Growers' Asso- ciation, held in the Parliament Build- ings, Toronto, Nov. 19th, was attend- ed by a strong representation of enthu- siastic and wideawake members of the Association. The inembers seemed to have attended with the intention of im- parting and receiving as much helpful knowledge as possible in the limited per- i(xl of time available. Cooperation was the strong point emphasized. President C. W. Baker, London, Onl., gave the members a hearty welcome. His outlook on the future of the As.socia- tion was most optimistic. "Get your hand out," he said, "and let's get bet- ter acquainted. Let's have a real heart to heart talk. It is our privilege, our duty and our opportunity. Let us dream dreams of the garden of Canada and its future. We can best keep up-to-date by being members of the Vegetable Growers Association. Individualism is a back number." Mr. Baker recommended the following work for the ensuing year: The organization of new branches, following up the proposed legislation dealing with weights and measures by the Dominion Government, the encouragement of the branches to increase their membership, and buying and selling cooperatively. He also suggested having a trade paper, or a page in some farm paper devoted to this work. Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, secretary-treas- urer, reported splendid wurk by the Asso- ciation in the past year. He emphasized the fact that the market end of farming is where emphasis should be laid. Brain as well as muscle, he said, has to enter into this work. We can win out if we have cooperation. Mr. Wilson discussed the advisability of having a trade paper for the Association. He was opposed to an organization of this kind having an official organ but favored the idea of the executive getting in touch with a number of the leading papers so that the associa- tion might from time to time send in in- formation of interest to vegetable grow- ers. He believed there would be no dif- ficulty in getting a score of papers to take up this line of work. "Irrigation and its practical results," was the subject on which Mr. J. J. Davis of London, Ont., based his remarks. He said that the first time he used water for his crop was on a large patch of pickling cucumbers. Although he had a very crude system, it opened his eyes to the advantages of irrigation and as a result he installed what is known as the Skin- ner method of irrigation. "I believe, "~^ he said, "that if it wasn't for the water I would go out of the gardening busi- ness." He estimated the cost of his equipment at about one thosand dollars. The memliers were greatly interested in his address at the clo.se of which consid- erable discussion took place. Hon. J. S. Duff, Minister of .'\gricul- ture, (Congratulated the Association on its success from year to year. "You have branched out," he said, "and your sphere of work has its ramifications in every portion of this great province. We are coming to a time when truck farming will be more and more a speciality." A problem of great moment to vegeta- ble as well as fruit growers is the trans- portation problem. Robert Thompson of St. Catharines, dealt with this subject. He strongly favored the shipping of pro- duce by freight rather than by express. Shipping by freight enables those send- ing off the shipments to load the cars themselves and in this way prevent many broken packages and damaged produce. An address on "Cooperation in the Purchase of Supplies and Marketing of Produce," by Mr. W. J. Kerr, Wood- roffe, showed that he was vi^orking with the best interests of the Association at heart. Mr. Kerr was last year appointed purchasing agent for the association and his seed price list indicated that a large percentage of the profits go into the hands of the members who purchase from him. Several of the members gave him their orders for seeds for next year. Prof. A. H. MacLennan, of Guelph, suggested that letters of regret be sent to Mr. Thomas Delworth, of Weston, and Mr. Jos. Rush, H umber Bay, two worthy members of the As.sociation, who were unable to Ix; present. Mr. Wilson said he would take this matter in hand. S. C. Johnston, B.S.A., gave some suggestions on suitable types of green- houses and progressive vegetable cul- ture. He said that vegetable growing under glass is becoming one of the im- portant features of agriculture. Some of the points in building a greenhouse are : .Suitable location, ample means of drain- age, avoid cold, wet spots, and make ex- posure an important feature. He also discussed the advantages of various kinds of houses. For the progressive vegetable grower he enumerated methods and ap- pliances that are being adopted by vege- table men in the States, which might be. appliccable to Ontario vegetable grow- ers. The report of the delegate to the .Amer- ican Vegetable Growers' Convention was given and it was suggested that this As- sociation be invited to hold their conven- tion in Toronto next year. This matter was left in the hands of the executive. At the evening session Prof. Mac- Lennan gave an address on "Diseases of Vegetables," dealing particularly with the use of Bordeaux mixture. .\ lantern talk was also given by Mr. W. R. Cobb, New York, on "Greenhouse Construc- tion and Heating. Vegetable Gro^ng Experiments^ A. H. MacLtanu, B. IN many sections of Ontario it is becom- ing a proplem to obtain the necessary quantity of barnyard manure used in intensive gardening. As the industry grows, this will become more acute as it has in many parts of the United States. On this account it is necessary that we make use of commercial fertilizers. For the past three years we have been carrying on tests with commercial fertili- zers in different combinations in our Col- lege. While this work has been very successful, it brings one to the conclusion that if we are to obtain results that will be of value to our commercial growers, we must carry on tests in each district. These tests need not be elaborate, in- volving a great amount of labor and fig- ures, but can be judged by rcmparison. They would give us a much more definite idea of how we must combine the differ- ent constituents to meet the needs of each particular section and crop. In talking this fall with a couple of men who represented large commission houses in Ontario, they spoke of the in- creasing demand for head rather than leaf •Extract from a paper read before the recent annual convention in Toronto of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association. 294 S.A., Goelph, Oat. lettuce. You will remember that this matter was brought up at your last meet- ing. I have been experimenting for two or three years to find out what conditions are necessary for its growth here in On- tario. We found that in our clay soil sub-irrigation is absolutely essential, but I should think in the sandy soil that many of you have in your greenhouses, the method used in Boston of soaking the soil two or three days ahead of plant- ing, would answer the purpose. I find also that transplanting into two-inch pots before they are placed in the bed helps greatly to obtain a perfect stand. I have also been growing cauliflow-er among my third or fourth crop of lettuce. I find a good demand for it at a fair price. We start the seed in late Novem- ber and carry the planrts in two and a half or three inch pots until ready for the bed. For some years I have been trying to breed a cucumber of the American type with the fruiting habits of the English varieties which will set freely without be- ing polinated. You all know that in dull weather most of our American varieties refuse to set unless bees are kept in the December, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 295 Some of the Plate Fruit and Honey Exhibit* made at the Ontario^HorticuItural Exhibition' Last ^ Month house. I have several strains which ap- pear of exceptional value and whose ap- pearance has suited almost everyone who has seen them. These I hope in another year to be able to pass out to you for trial. I have also been working on tomatoes. For indoor work I have been trying to breed the good qualities of the Industry tomatoes — especitlly its dise^ase resist- ance, on to the pink tomato which I ob- tained in Grand Rapids, Mich., four years ago, and which has exceptional thickness of flesh with thin skin but good carrying qualities. These I hope also before long to be able to give you to prove out. I have made it a practice to send out seed of varieties which have proved of value under our conditions, to any who desired, hoping by this means to be able to give you something which will increase your returns. We all know that frequently we obtain seed which is not such as is represented, and probably have tried to find some way to overcome this difficulty. For a num- ber of years we have grown seed of vari- ous vegetables as radish, lettuce, beets, cabbage, tomatoes, onions and melons, with excellent results. The Dominion Oovernment last year made some pro- vision for assisting in this work. Can we not help along by experimenting, un- der the care of your Association, to find where we could grow seeds commercial- ly in. the province?. Would it be possible for you to add cabbage and sunflower to the three crops already in the crop competitions? They are very important crops in the province, and could be judged in the field in the fall, and then shown at the Horticultural Exhibition in November. The interest in the competition before has been great, ;md the addition of these crops should tend to increase their interest. Soft Rot of Vegetables B. BUnchrd, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. That the soft rots of our comon gar- den vegetables are mostly caused by bac- teria is a fact not always realized by gar- deners. Research work carried on dur- ing recent years has proved this to a certainty. The most common result from the at- tack of the bacteria is a soft dark rot of the affected parts. All plants are com- posed of cells, each cell being enclosed in a cell wall. In the early stages of the disease the bacteria live between the cells. They produce substances which have the power of destroying the Cell wall. After the cell wall has been thus broken down, the organisms infest the whole tissues, which become a soft, pulpy mass. The bacteria generally gain an entrance through an injured portion of the plant, such as an insect bite. A wet season, too, is much more favorable to the spread of the disease than is a dry one. When storing vegetables care should be exercised in sorting as the rot will spread from a diseased specimen to a healthy one if they be touching. A most important control measure is to keep insects in check. Caterpilars are largely responsible for the spread of rot in cabbages. One part of Paris green to fifteen parts of flour, sprinkled on the cabbages, will keep them down. It is possible for the bacteria to live in the soil for several years. It is difficult for them, however, to gain access to an uninjured plant. Care then should be taken in cul- tivating the plants so as not to injure them in any way. All diseased plants or parts should be removed and burned as soon as noticed ; should the disease become general it is best to harvest the good specimens and burn the rest. Practically the same or- ganisms cause soft rot in cabbage, cauli- flower, radish, carrot, mangle, turnip, parsnip, potato, celery, onion, aspara- gus and rhubarb. Protecting Small Fruits.— Wherewin- ter protection is necessary the straw- berry bed should be mulched with long, strawy stable manure, after the ground freezes, but before severe weather. Cover the plants two inches deep and two or three between the rows. Rasp- berries should be protected by laying them down. Bend them over near the ground and hold in place by a shovel- ful of earth near the tips. Straw, hay, or corn stalks, or even soil, can be used for mulching, but it should not be put on before the first frosts. — H. Gibson, Staatsburg. Too much stress cannot be put upon careful handling of any crop to be stored and duritig storage. Faph bruise or cut gives the proper conditions for the development of disease and if rough handling is permitted we are sure to find decay starting from such places, eventually infecting the whole crop. 290 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist m^^ (• >\|l(l VKO WITH THE CAHADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which has been Incorporated The Canndian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publithing Company, Limited PKTERBORO, ONTAKIO m EDITORIAL m m The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Ofkiciai Organs ok the Ontario and Quebec FRcrT Growers' Assochtions AND OP Toe Ontario Beekeepers' Association H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director UNITED STATES RERESENTATIVES STOCTKWELL'S SPEOIAL AGENOT Chicago Offlee— People's Qae Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published In two editions on the 25th day of the month pre- «e"'"5 in Street Wes >OTS Fern Pans RADE Pot. the beat best of clay, t superior to houlder. thus together per- ge in shipping r NOW. stock of all prompt ship- PRICE LIST iry Co. ONTARIO t Ontario's Ninth Annual Horti- cultural Exhibition The fact above all others demomstrated at Ontario's Ninth Annual Horticultural Exhibition, held in Toronto, November 18 to 22, was that fruit growers are not alto- g:ether dependent on the kindness of nature for a crop of good fruit. The past season has been a trying one for the orchardist. The severe drought extending through all the growling months has halved the fruit crop of the province and grreatly reduced the percentage of number one fruit that will be packed. Those, however, who expected to see the results of an unfavorable sea- son reflected in the quality of fruit exhibited at Toronto were pleasantly disappointed. The standard was well up to that oi any previous year. While it was evident that in some cases much picking had been required to get enough good fruit, what was shown was of good size, well colored, amd free from blemish. Previous to last year's fair, it will be remembered, seasonable conditions were the exact reverse of what they have been this year. Continual wet weather had favored the development of all fungus pests and yet the fruit exhibited was clean. These two extreme years following one after the other, and with good fruit exhibited in both, prove the efficacy of advanced or- chard practice. K URGKR EXHIBIT t The fruit show no longer exists as a separate institution. This year it was in- corporated with the National Live Stock and Dairy Show, and conducted at the same time on the grounds of the Canadian National Exhibition. The fruit show, ho-w- ever, loses nothing of its influence by the presence of other atti actions and its con- Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. "The Spring of 1914 is go- ing to be the greatest ever known for the planting out of perennials. It's in the air. Everybody wants hardy stock and is willing to pay good prices for any- thing that 'Comes up again the following Spring.' " Fritz Bahr in F. E. Our trade in the season just closed is 80% ahead of that of one year ago. We thank our rapidly growing list of patrons for this handsome increase of business: and we are looking forward with confidence to the Spring and Fall PI nting Seasons of 1914. JOHN CAVERS POTASH A readily available supply of this valuable Plant Food is essential to the plants if a maximum crop is to be grown. Most Fruit and Vegetable crops are heavy consumers of POTASH, and MARKET QABDENEKS and OROHARDISTS axe using POTASH in largely increased quantities. The consumption of POTASH has increased aLmo.st 100% during the past 12 mon ths in Canada. Potash Improves Quality Potash Increases Quantity Potash Promotes Maturity Potash Means Profit Oabbage grown by Mr. O. E. Darling of Steveston. B.C. Mr. DarUnj; purposely chose the poorest piece of land at his disposal for this experiment. The yields were: Unfertilised. 15 tons per acre. Complete Fer- tilizer. 25 tons per aore; Incomplete. 17 tons per acre. Cost of Complete Fertillber per a«ie. $15.00. Value of Increase at $20,C0 per ton. $200.00 Write us for FREE copiesTof our Educative BuiietinB on Fertilizing GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE, T.:i^W TORONTO, Ont. 300 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1913 horsv you can have a BEAUTIFUL OLD ENGLIS THE OLD ENGLISH GARDErJ owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAVS COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 1 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the' Kelway Manual of Horti- culture mailed Free on receipt of 60c, by S>. ^ TH LANPOHT - SOMERSET ENGLAND KELWAY 8i SON CLmtefor a copy of tJiuLS us-e^uLLoQk^ It convss toyou-by return, mxxji.L *~ KELWAYS PERENNIALS FOR A CANADIAN GARDENS iS &' % 3^' Direct from KELWAY&SON The Royal Horticulturists LANGPORT tNCLXND nection with the live stock show will g the fruit growers a better opportunity advertise their products than ever befo One admission ticket at the main gate . mils the visitor to all departments of < fair. As the importance of the live stt features become better appreciated throuj out the province, much greater crowds \ visit the National Live Stock, Horticultu and Dairy Show than ever visited the H ticultural Exhibition as a separate in; tution. It will be unfortunate, however, the horticultural features are ultimat overshadowed by the rest of the cxhibitio; Ontario's Fruit Show is becoming evi year more of a box apple show. Eif years a^o there were only eleven bo; on exhibtion. At the fair last month thi were two entries of two hundred boxes eai several one hundred box entries, numerc entries in the single box classes ; all which goes to show that Ontario growi are coming to appreciate the merits of I box package FLORAL FI!ATT7RBB The flower department of the fair show up to better advantage this year than ei before. There was abundaince of room the exhibits in the large transportati building where the fair was held, and I florists took full advantage of their opp< tunities, making a veritable fairyland the whole southern end of the buildir People who have seen both testify that 1 flower department of the fair far excell that of the New York show, both in qual and beauty. Chrysanthemums and orchi were especially strong. Some of the fini specimens came from the greenhouses R. Jennings and the Dale Estate of Brair ton. Many of the chrysanthemum blooi were twenty-two to twenty-five inchep circumference. Sir Henry Pellatt was t most successful private exhibitor. Oth florists prominent among the winners w« VVm. Jay & Sons, Thos. Manton, and Gf Bonnett. VEGETABLE DISPLAY Perhaps the vegetable growers descer most credit for progress made. Th-eir t hibits this year excelled those of previo years in both quantity and quality. The was a profusion of onions, cabbages, poi toes, and all other vegetables common a uncommon. The prevalence of the d ease, Rhizoctonia among the potato exl bits shows how serious this comparative unknown disease is becoming. The inm cent-looking brown spots characteristic the trouble were in some cases found i every plate of a variety. Exhibitors we numerous, there not being a single cla in which competitiom was lacking. T' chief exhibitors were Chas. Plunkett, Rol Plunkett & Sons, and John Creighton, ; of Weston, F. C. Reeves, Wrh. Harris, Ji and Brown Bros., of Humber Bay, Ja Dandridge, W. R. Trott, London, and se «ral others located in or near Toronto. Beekeepers were given the most desi able position in the whole buildimg, rig in the centre and between the flower ai fruit shows. They used their space good advantage, staging an attractive e hi'bit of honey in the comb, liquid and sugi states. COTTNTT EXHIBITS It was a banner year for Northumbe land and Durham. Fruit growers of the! united counties got well over five humdn dollars in prize money, and captured mar of the most coveted positions. Their e: hibit that attracted most attention was three-hundred-box lot of Spies of splendi quality and of such uniform size and s well packed that there were exactly or hundred apples in each of the three hui December, 1 91 3 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 301 The Bcc-Kccpcrs* Review Is out on a hunt for new subscrib- ers and has a special offer to make to those subscribing at the present time. The regular subscription price of the Review is $i per year. Our special offer is to give the last half of 191 3, and all of 1914, at the regular annual price, then to those who ask for it we will include the April and May numbers containing the National Convention report for 191 3. A bargain worth considering. No extra charge for Canadian post- age. Address with remittance, The Bee-Keep- ers' Review, Northstar, Michigan. "*^^ia5^^;M Guaranteed Sprayers Back of every Goulds Reliable Sprayer is a broad, Btrong guarantee of satisfaction. Quality is tlie watch-word in our factory, which is the iargent and oldest in existence. A Goulds Sprayer goes right on successfully fighting in- sects and fvingous enemies long after cheaper outfits have worn out. Thousands of satisned users /*TOi'i? that Goulds Reliable Sprayers are the best for field crop and orchard work. Bigger Crops— Bigger Prices That's what users the world over are getting with the aid of Goulds Reliable Sprayers. They are built on practical, "experience-taught" lines —built to spray easier, quicker and more uni- formly than others. And they do it, too! RELIABLE. «P»AYERS livery crack and crevice — every leaf and limb is uniformly sprayed with a Goulds Reliable Sprayer. All working parts are rust and chemical proof— reasons why they last. Made in 25 different types, for hand and power. Write for Free Book Our new book— "How to Spray, When to Spray, Which Sprayer to Use"— is well worth reading. It's an education toevery farmer and fruit grower— expert or novice. Write for a copy today. It's free. THE QOULDS MFO. CO. 17 W. Fall St., Seneca Falls, N. Y. ^U \^i/r Copy IS I^eady •^ ' ^orae New Cafa/og of MP WAOf VTV KINO OCOROS V English Tested Illustrating and describing all the best varieties giown and tested at the famous trial grounds ol James Carter & Company of Raynes Park, Lon- don, England. A beautiful and inslmctive book, giving many use- ful hints on cultivation. A revelation of new and improved varieties of flowers and vegetables. Jl Comfilimenlary Copy is reatrved for you. Write for it. Carter's Tested Seeds, Inc. 133 A. King Street, Toronto, Canada ""The Seeds with a Pedigree" ^,i.iiiii^imsijiimi!&ii^^ §t Look This Square in the Face LET a man ask you six months after you buy an I H C outfit, "Why are you using a cream separator.' Is it making money for you?" and the question will sound as sensible to you as though he had asked why you used a binder. The outfit pictured above will give you more cream from your milk, saving from |s to $1S per year for each cow you milk; separator skim milk, sweet, warm, and wholesome, will give you healthier, fatter pigs and calves, and this again means more milk and increased soli fertility. Many more things an I H C Cream Separator Dairymaid, Bluebell or Lily will do for you. Then the one-horse power back-geared I H C engine will be your most efficient helper. It is mounted on a portable truck, is economical, steady and reliable. It will pump water, run a washing machine, churn, sausage grinder, grindstone, and do anv other farm work to which its power can be applied. Each style has four sizes. See the local agents who handle these machines, and have them demonstrate the working to you, show you the close skimming qualities, and efficiency, and go over the mechanical features with you. They will give you catalogues and full information. International Harvester Company of Ginada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Montreal, P. Q.; Ottawa. Ont.; St. John, N. B.: Quebec. P. Q. ilQSilfaBOl^illlipilli^lli ^Il!lli^i!!®|ji|i.;i!fn)' ,^02 THE CANADIAN Jl OHTl (' I l/F U III ST December, 1913 Mr. Orchardman, Use This Coupon— NOW! A decision now as to the proper methods of cultivating and fertiliz- ing your orchard, will meapn dollars and cents to YOU next season. NOW — after harvest — is the best time to apply fertilizers, viz. : POTASH and Phosphoric Acid. This because the plant food in these materials by the action of Winter cold and Spring thaws, will make the plant food completely available by the time the sap flows in the spring. You need have mo fear of loss by leaching. In the world-famed Annapolis Valley, the customary practice is to apply 600 lbs. Bone Meal (furnishing the Phosphoric Acid and Nitro- gen), and 300 lbs. Muriate of POTASH per acre, in the fall. If you can't get Bone Meal, apply 400 to 600 lbs. per acre of Acid Phosphate or Basic Slag. The Nitrogen is supplied by plowing uinder clover or leguminous plants, or by applying Nitrate of Soda in the Spring. If you prefer a factory-mixed fertilizer, be sure and get one con- taining at least 10 per cent, of POTASH. The present high price for apples should impress you with the im- portance of improving the quality and increasing your crop. It is the best quality of fruit that demands the best prices. If you want to learn more about cultivating and fertilizing orchards, our Scientific Bureau will be glad to advise you fully. This Bureau is composed of the very best Agricultural Experts in Canada. This ad- vice is scientifically and agriculturally correct, and it is good. The attached coupon makes it convenient for you to send for our "ORCHARD AND GARDEN" booklet. If you will let us know your soil condition, our Scientfic Bureau will tell you, without charge, how best to cultivate your own particular orchard. German Kali Works, Inc. TEMPLE BUILDING - TORONTO dred boxes. This exhibit was sold to th' Robt. Simpson Co., of Toronto, for two dollars fifty cents a box. Halton county also had a three-hundred-box exhibit of Baldwins, but the quality of their fruit and their packing fell a little behind the North- umberland and Durham exhibit, but not much. A two hundred and twenty-five-box lo' of Mcintosh came in for much attention In some ways this was the most attractiv exhibit of boxed apples at 'the fair. Th; attractiveness, however, was due to tin variety. For quality of fruit and correct ness of pack the exhibit had to take second place to a one hundred-box lot of Baldwins packed by the Northumberland and Uur ham Fruit Growers' Association. Mr. k C. Ferguson, of Grey Co., had a third lu of one hundred bo3ces on which he secured third place. Another coveted award that fell to the growers of Northumberland and Durham was that for the best box of any variety in the building, they winning on a box of Spies. DEMONSTR.VTION ORCHARDS An exhibit of particular educational value also came from the united counties. This was a showing of boxed apples of many varieties grown in the demonstration or- chards in charge of the local department of Agriculture. These apples were of splendid quality from the standpoint of size, color, and freedom from blemishes. Until three years ago the orchards on which they were grown were neglected, pro- ducing small crops of fruit and packing as low as thirty per cent, of number ones. The transformation has been effected by proper pruning and spraying, fertilization, and cultivation. SOME DEFECTIVE PACKING In single box entries there was much evidence that education is stiU noeded in packing. In Spies, for instance, the best apples exhibited had to go down to last place because the box was only two-thirds full. The same exhibitor made the same mistake in other classes. The most com- mon defect noticed was that the boxes lack- ed bilge. Fruit so packed does not carry well, and when exposed does not present so attractive an appearance as where the fruit springs up nicely. Prominent among the exhibitors of single boxes were the Northumberland and Durham Fruit Grow- ers' .Association ; W. L. Hamilton, CoUing- wood ; R. C. Ferguson, Thornbury; Oak- ville Fruit Growers' .Association, Henry C. Bohn, Orono; W. H. Bunting, St. Cath- arines ; P. C. Lempsey, Trenton ; Brant Fruit Growers' Association ; and several others, too numerous to mention. Barrels once the feature of the apple show, now form a comparatively unimpor- tant part of the apple exhibit, their num- ber at the recent show not reaching half a hundred. All standard varieties, how- ever, were well represented in the barrel packs, the same exhibitors being prominent as were successful in the box classes. PLATE EXHIBIT Plate exhibits were as numerous as in any previous year. Many growers who surrounded the table during the time of judging found it difficult to follow the judge in his awards. In many cases, large, well grown specimens, perfectly free from blemishes and of the proper shape for the variety, had to take second place to the smaller apples, the reason givein being that large apples are not wanted on the mar- ket. "We are advised to fertilize, cultivate, prune, and spray, to say nothing about thinning, in order that we may grow the best quality of fruit," one grower was December, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 303 AN OPPORTUNITY WHICH FRUIT GROWERS CANNOT AFFORD TO MISS FREE SHORT COURSES IN FRUIT GROWING AT THE Ontario Agricultural College GUELPH, ONT. JAN. 27th to FEB. 7th, 1914 ALSO COURSES IN Stock and Seed Judging, Jan. 13th to 24th Dairying, Jan. 2nd to Mar. 20th Poultry Raising, Jan. 13th to Feb. 7th Bee Keeping, Jan. 13th to 24th Illustrated Short Course Calendar mailed on application G. C. CREELMAN, B.S.A., L.L.D., President IT' S ONLY NATURAL to give your own property THE PREFERENCE - Blood is thicker than water. Having no bought apples of our own, we are in a position to look after your interests. Consign we can take care of them for you your apples to us Have ample storage to hold for improved market. Dawson -Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO PHONE MAIN 1471 Announcement Of the utmost importance and interest to growers. PEDIGREED TOMATO SEED Grown on Bow Park Farm, Brantofrd, Out. 1.000 acres, largest seed farm in Canada. Scientlflc methods after years improve, yield 100% and over. Earlinesg and Productiveness aimed at. We succeeded, and mark you— Grown In Canada. Our system endoreed by eminent horticultureits a& being unique and unexcelled in its thoroughness. Only a small quantity to oiTer ag demand is already insistent. 'Tis early it is true for Tomato Seed, but it will never be too early to secure seed of such inherent merits. Orders accepted subject to being unsold. Varieties : ^ Earllana Chalk's Early Jewel Canners Early iMy Maryland Bonnie Best Greater Baltimore New Coriess Red Rock I.X.L Also to offer Canadian Grown Onion Seed. Yellow Globe Danvers; Market Oardeners please note, and Peas and Beans. Ask for price Ust. Prices : $1.00 per oz. .60 per 'A oz. .35 per 'A oz. .20 per Package Bow Park Farm, near Brantford /hmim'/m Canners Sred and ExPertmrntal Farm BOW PARK FARM, P.O., ONT. 304 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 19I3 BEATS ELECTRIC OR GASOLINE 10 Days FREE— Send No Money We don*t ask you to pay ns a cent until you have used this wonderful modem light in your own home for ten days, then you may return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied. We want you to prove for yourself that it gives five to fifteen times as much light as the ordinary oil lamp; beats electric, gasoline or acetylene. Lightsandisputout just like the old oil lamp BURNS 70 HOURS ON 1 GALLON OIL GjvcHa powerful w hi to lie lit, burn-seoiiimoncoa! oil (keroBt'neJ, no o4 areiniiBe. Experienft- unnecoK«ary, M a n y agentH avcraye five sales a day and iiiukf f.toti.oo per month. <^>ne farmer cleared over $800.00 in 6 w«eka. You can make muney evenitiKfi and H[iare time. Writ« iniick for territury and sample-. T/ie very thing! A KODAK 1 he Christmas gift that will appeal to every member of the family- will add to the joy of the Christmas day in the pleasure of picture taking and will perpetuate that day by preserving it memories. Kodaks, $7,00 and up. Brownie Cameras, Ue'Ud^/ks) $1.00 to $12.00. Catalogue free at your dealers or by mail. CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited, TORONTO heard to remark, "and then when we bring our fruit here, we have to take second place to fruit that looks as if it had been grown in a sod orchard." Probably, however, the awards were placed correctly from the standpoint of the requirements of the con- su;ner, as the texture of the medium-sized apple of large growing varieties is gen- erally superior. Due to the lateness of the season, tender fruits were necessarily a limited exhibit. The territory they represented, however, seemed to be unnecessarily limited, almost every entry coming from the St. Catharines district. There are other sections of On- tario that can grow just as choice pears and grapes as cajn the St. Catharines dis- trict, and they would do well to advertise their possibilities for the production of tend'er fruit. Exhibitors were G. A. Robert- son, F. J. Stewart, R. Thompson, W. J. Furminger, Geo. Goring, Alexander Glass, and W. L. Hamilton. Mr. P. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit Inspec- tor, with several assistants, gave daUy de- monstrations on a subject that is very near to his heart — the proper boxing of apples. Mr. Carey's corner of the building was a popular one, and it is to be regretted that bad weather so marred the attendance at the fair that more were not able to take advantage of Mr. Carey's instructive de- monstrations. The exhibition was a dis- tinct success, and showed a marked im- provement over former years, particularly in the flower and vegetable sections. Eastern Annapols Valley Eunico Bnchanaa When the shortage of the apple crop was found to be greater than was expected, the growers consoled themselves with the pros- pect of high prices ; but this hope has been dampened by the fact that the apples are not keeping well. The long rainy period in October delayed harvesting roots and fruit until well on in November. During the first week of November, we had severe frosts, so that many apples and potatoes were frozen. This short cold snap has been followed by unusually warm weather, which still continues (November 13), with the result that the apples are decaying io the warehouses, probably owing to a com- bination of causes — warm weather now, de- layed picking, aphis attacks, and summer weather conditions which were conducive to spot. These spots are now sinking and turning to rot, while Ribstons and Blen- heims went soft. In some cases of Green- ings, the warehousemen refused to pack them . This has roused the companies to seri- ously consider a cold storage warehouse at Berwick before next season, as now they are bound down to choose between shipping to glutted markets or letting the fruit de- teriorate, a serious situation with which we have not had to contend before. The first exports to England brought good prices. Early Gravensteins netted the United Fruit Co. members as follows : No. 1, $3.85; No. 2, $2.65; for large spot- ted No. 2, $2.45; No. 3, $1.00. Blenheims, No. 1, $3.00; No. 2, $2.30; No. 3, $1.00. Boxed Blenheims, $1.03 per box. Dudleys, No. 1, $4.52; No. 2, $3.79. This variety has not many threes ; it is not a common apple in this locality, but is recommending itself. Late varieties of apples are attack- ed by minute black spots, and nearly all kinds seem to be unusually ripe for this time of year. December, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 305 The "FAULTLESS" Lamp simplest. Strongest, most Beautiful and Perfect Portable Lamp In the World Cannot Explode Can Roll it on the Floor while Burning Requires No Cleaning Costs Less than One Cent a Night to produce Three Hundred Candle Power of Bright White Light Write /or circular MACLARBN & CO., Main St., Merrickville, Ont. Health worth having makes life worth living. If you feel run down, witha tendencytoward throat and lung troubles growing on you — act quickly and wisely— take NA-DRU-CO Tasteless Preparation o( Cod Liver Oil This Is a perfect and pleasant combination of the best Norwegian Cod Liver Oil with Malt Extract. Cherry Bark and Hypophosphites. It restores wasted energies, fortifies the system to resist coughs and colds, and gives that abounding vitality which makes one glad to be alive. As a food-tonic after wasting Illness, or for weak, puny children. It has few, if any, equals. In 50c. and $ 1 .00 bottles— at your Druggist's. 312 National Drug and Chemical Co. of Canada. Limited. N A-DPU- KlZI En 9 m TREE PRUNEKS ALL PATENTED BEST IN QUALITY EASY TO OPERATE THE STRONGEST MADE ^jai».t— r»TT - ' IHmtttair^ Happy Thought Orchard King Sold by all good Hardware Stores MADE ONLY BY Taylor-Forbes Company Lin\ited Kansas GUELPH, ONTARIO 306 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1913 The Canadian Apple Growers' Guide The only reliable detailed authority on Apples and Apple Trees, for the Dominion. Price, post paid, $1.50. Address Linus Woolverton - Grimsby, Ont. BLACK CURRANTS We have 6ome ercellent plants of Black Naples variety, crown from most productive patch in the district, some I.awton Blnckberry plants. the the Also Apply for price*!. .1. E. HHNRY & SON WI.NONA. ONT. Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Erery Disease of CnltiTated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Driiwn Powrer Sprayers Scad for Catslogaes 17I^D]L|/\D1?f Mamrfactorer, and particulars to : V CfKITlUKEflrf VIUEFRANCHE (Rhoii*). FRANCE pif®iii®E!®iii©i!ii!ii&3:®sis®:iia©s© ;:®:'«i'®"i:3®iia©iiiBiii®iiil' Ranked at the Very Top DAVID Rankin was a big farmer and he knew his business. He owned the largest corn farm in the world, about 35,ooo acres down in Missouri. He devoted his life to the pleasant study and practice of right farming, and he succeeded mightily, for he made $4,000,000 in tlie business of farming. This is what David Rankin said about the manure spreader: "It is the most efficient money-maker on the place." It's war^i praise to be ranked above all other farm machines, but it is in keeping with what all the agricultural world has been recognizing. Soils rebel when crop after crop is taken from them, without return of fertilizer. Witness the abandoned, worn-out farms of New England. Return every bit of manure to the soil by the spreader method. The I H C manure spreader will save you much disagreeable, hard labor, will spread evenly, and will make one ton of manure go as far as two tons spread by hand. I H C Manure Spreaders Deering and McCormick are built to suit you, to do best work for the buyer in every case, to convince him that he has made the wisest purchase. Every detail in the construction has a purpose for which it was made after thorough tests and experiment. They have the maximum of strength and endurance, and their construction bristles with advantages. You will find all styles and sizes in the I H C spreader line. They will cover the ground with a light or heavy coat, as you choose, but always evenly, up hill or down. There are high and low machines, with steel frames, endless or reverse aprons, but always giving best possible service. Tractive power is assured by position of the rear wheels well under the box, carrying nearly three-fourths of the load, and by wide rimmed wheels with Z-shaped lugs. These and many other things will interest and convince you if you look the I H C spreader line over at the local agent's. There is one for your exact needs. Read the catalogues that the agent has for you. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd EASTERN BRANCH HOUSES At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Montreal, P. Q.j Ottawa, Onl.i St. John, N. B.; Quebec, P. Q. |lllll^ii^lli|gill|B(igMM©Sl®i3<| Ontario Horticulturists Meet (C'on/inue;t7) Dr. F. E. BeOiip '.J... --.. .90 " Army It*vol»«n) i.fli • in Haii.fM, Sl.tti'M • Vting. R.fles l.lDM8.0i" Cr)!ta('at.4S, Rsvolvera ...9 7.K0iip,Cartn'tsM Ic akc' Sp'neld MiiDMr Sp't'if R:fl« 11.8'*i. CnrtrldffM 2c t%ch Armv Rffrch Loading Rifle .880. Cnrtrld(;»i '-'e eaib MARCH 1918CATAI.OOCr, 400 Un;* paffi. otf r ftiy^O lllu* Tffctloni 15 temOnt'l, Auotlon Rarpkloi dpBorllxd -^o ojolfr \>rM% (■•(ulnjnia. millml CSo BUmpi J,*. rRAWOIR RANNERMAN 601 BroAdway. V'-w Yqt-H Cltv The RcIway'Color Border is Nature's Beauties dispayed tolperfcction^ fli fli'i tf:C ■Oct One for YOUR Garden KELWAY & SON TVi/- A'oyal Horiiculturists Langport, Somerset, Enitland We pau highesh Prices For RAW FURS And Remit Promptly FREE HALLAM S TRAPPERS GUIDE Fr4>ncli or Knglith A book of 96 pages, fully illue- tralpd. Game Laws revised to date — tells you how, when and where to trap, bait and traps to use, and many other valuable farts concerning the Raw Fur Industry, also our " Up-Io-the- niinute " fur quotationfl, sent ABSOLUTELY FREE for the asking. Address JOHN HALLAM. umited 489 111 Front St. East, M"i»«pi . TORONTO He works 36 hours at a stretch And overtime when needed. Any- one can afford him, for he only costs $3.00 to buy and nothing at all to keep. Nearly half of the families in Canada have taken advantage of this and have employed him to get the family up in the morning. Even if you have a preference about vfaking up, he's ready to get you up your way. If you like to be wakened gradually, he'll ring little short rings every other half-minute for ten minutes. If you're a hard sleeper and need a strong dose, he'll sing out with a long, vigorous, full five-minute ring. Either way, you can shut him off at any point. 7,000 Canadian dealers are neces- sary to take care of the demand he "s created for himself. He's made a world's Record as a success. He's invaluable on the farm, be- cause he not only helps you get the hands out on time, but serves as a first-class clock to tell the Jay time by. He stands 7 inches tall, is triple nickel-plated— has a vest of good im- plement steel that keeps him hardy; large, bold figures and hands to tell the time by in the dim light of morn- ing. He is as fit for the parlor as the bedroom. If your dealer hasn't him, send a money order for JS3.00 to IVestdox, La Salle, III., and he'll come any- where in Canada by parcel post, duty charges paid. He bears the imprint. Made in La Salle, Illinois, by IVestclox, which is the best alarm clock insurance you can buy. Ontario Fruit Growers ( Coniiniieil .from puye SOf'} ture," spoke strongly in favor of irrigation. As all of these addresses not dealt with in this issue will be given more or less fully in future issues of The Canadian Horti- culturist, further mention is not needed here. The financial statement showed total re- ceipts of five thousand five hundred ani^ ihirty-three dollars twenty-two cents, with balance on hand of one thousand six hun dred and seventy-four dollars forty-three rents. Directors were elected for the follow- ing year as follow: R. B. Whyte, Ottawa; C. W. Beaven, Prescott ; P. S. Wallbridge, Belleville; Elmer Lick, Oshawa; W. J. Bragg, Bowmanville ; H. G. Foster, Bur- lington; R. H. Dewar, R. Thompson, St. Catharines; George Schuyler; D. Grant; J. MaUough; C. W. Gurney, Paris; and W. J. Saunders, East Lynne. Prof. J. \y. Crow continues to represent th« Ontario Agricultural College. Mr. J. A. Ruddick, who was also present, asked that representatives be appointed to the Fourth Dominion Fruit Conference, which it is proposed to hold during the summer in one of the fruit districts. The following representatives were appointed : F. S. Wallbridge, Belleville; Walter Demp- sey, Tronton; G. W. Grierson, Oshawa; A. Onslow, Niagara-on-the-Lake ; C. W. Gur- ney, Paris; A. E. Kimmins, Winona; A. W. Peart, Burlington; D. Johnson, Forest; and Robt. Thompson, St. Catharines. The BERLIN FIRELESS COOKER bakes, boils, roasts, stewi, Save 75 per cent of your food, 75 pesT cent of your fuel, 75 per cent of your time. 75 per cent better cooked food. Pays for it- self in six months. Send for free cook book and 30 days only epecial price list to Peerless Cooker Co., Berlin. Ont. Dept. H. Notice to Horticultural Societies^ Give Bezzo'e Famous Prize Aet«r Planta as premiums next spring. Prizes at Now York State Fair, 1910-11: Canadian Nation- al Exhibition. 1912. Hiehest awards at Berlin Horticultural Society Exhibitions. 1911-12-13. Write for prices. C. MORTi KER BEZZO - BERLIN. ONT TO THE TRADE ELWAY' (Of LANCPORT, Eng.! RENOWN ED PLANTS & SEEDS as advertissd, are offered at SPECIAL RATES TO CANADIAN NURSERYMEN. NO AGENTS NO BRANCH STORES Our House is open to every leoill- male Nurseryman and Seedsman m the Dominion, ASK FOR PRICES KELWAY & SON, Sf^'quTiII LANOPORt, ENGUAND, 1 r lllliiil