'ttUtiimiii: iiif'jif iiili U'.IUU'ii.JrUnii. =Miii i iiiiiiiipi mm m tii't'l'i* fill' iliiiiiillliiiiiiiiiliii/i m '"«iBii ■aiiii! f'l! !; iliiiiiliiiil iiliililiiliiiiijiliiiiii!! ^ ^Xj3 %U\' %Mh Cost of Living 12 The Front Lawn Problem 12 Spraying ^^ Ontario Fruit 38 Selling Fruit by Post 70 The Jordan Station 7(i Big Business 70 Planni.ng the Small Garden 102 I'ruit Commissioner Wanted 102 V Widening Vision 102 The Improvement Tax 132 Cooperative Principles 132 Two Welcome Announcements 132 The late Linus Woolverto^n 156 .\n Entomological Division 156 Civic Beautification 156 I'nited Action Needed 178 A Plea for Parks 178 Fighting Orchard Pests 178 More School Gardens 178 An Kconomic Impossibilitv 200 Protection of Bird Life 201) The Sod Mulch 200 School Gardens 200 The European War 224 i:ifect of the War 224 Ship onlv Good Fruit West 224 Methods of The Future 248 Civic Improvements 248 The late Dr. Wm. Saunders 268 A Lesson for Ontario '■ . . . 268 A New Situation to Face 268 • Signs of Progress 292 The Middleman's Problem 292 Ready for an Advance 292 Fertilizers — Commercial 130 Some Uses for Fallen Leaves 220 Soil Sterilization for Ginseng 223 Flowers — Home Culture of Chrysanthemums.. 67 Orchids — The Godess of the Flower Families 95 Planting Roses and the Time 96 Rose Culture 99 The Culture of Sweet Peas 127 Making Flower Beds 127 Experimental Work With 128 Art of Potting 129 Summer Care of Roses 150 Results from Home Grown Seeds . . . 152 Chrysanthemums and their Culture.. 153 Exhibiting the Sweet Peas 174 Seasonable Paragraphs for the Gar- dener 193 Treatment of Calla/ Lily 194 The Growing of Roses 196 Modern Herbaceous Pasony 218 Planting Notes for the Fall 241 The Hyacinth 261 The Hardy Border for Manitoba . . . 265 Floral Effects in an Amateur's Garden 285 The Best Roses for Amateur Garden- ers 286 The Charm of the Chrysanthemum . . 287 The Sweet Pea : A Queen of the Annuals 289 Fruit — Wrapped and Unwrapped Fruit in Boxes 3 Apple Crop Prospects viii. Realty vs. Fiction in the Business ... 57 Cooperation in Marketing Apples ... 72 Better Fruits at Less Cost 90 Varieties of Currants and Gooseber- ries 92 The PoUinization of 124 Admiinistration of the Fruit Marks Act 133 Reducing the Cost of Production 145 The Production of Gooseberries .... 146 The Culture of Raspberries and Strawberries 147 Factors in Fruit Growing 148 Tomatoes under Glass 156 Successful Methods with Strawber- ries and Tomatoes 154 Cooperative Marketing of Fruit 134, 180 Growing Grapes under Glass 189 Exhibition of 213 Modern Marketing Problems ; How we are Meeting Them 215 Packing for Export 226 Common Mistakes in Barrel Packing of Apples 230 First Sales of Ontario Pr*-Cooled Fruit 233 The Exhibition of 238 Pre-cooling of 239 The Barrel Packing- of Apples 240 Packing for Exhibition aind Market 216, 253 Should Fruit Inspectors give out Cer- tificates ? 255 Choosing Varieties of Apples for British Columbia 257 Needed Improvement in Marketing Methods 259 Protecting Trees from Mice and Rab- bits 264 Conditions in Winnipeg and the West 270 Yield of Apple Trees at Different Ages 282 The Apple, The National Dish of Canada 284 Fruit Business from the Retailer's Standpoint 297 An Apple Consumption Campaign . . . 301 Apple Advertising Campaign Com- mended 302 Advantages of Cooperative Marketing 303 Gardens — Of Bagnell Hall 7 New Year's Plans for Next Summer's 9 Pergolias in the > 35 The Beeches 63 Plans for this Year's 97 Making a Lawn 125 Of Cottesmore Hall . 149 .'Vnd Lawm Hints for June 151 Fall Notes for the Flower 219 Simple Plans 221 Fall W?ork in the 242 Greenhouse — Suitable Types for Vegetable Culture 10 March Work in Indoor Garden and. . . 64 Managing for Profits 198 Horticultural Societies — 13, 39, 71, 103, 133, 157, 178, 201, 249, 269 Hotbeds — Concrete — and Cold Frames 266 Insects and Diseases — The Apple Scab — How the Fumgus Spreads 1 Plants and their Insect Pests 31 Orchard Aphids and their Control... 59 Fruit Tree Borers 122 Orchard Aphids and their Control... 123 Potato Scab 155 Specific Diseases of Ginseng 176 Fire Bligfit and How to Fight It . . . 191 Garden Enemies 197 Diseases of Ginsemg 246 Cherry Fruit Flies 281 Peach Canker 283 Markets — , , " • * • Ontario and North-Wesf.,. . . .•;*.'*.vV.>**'S2 The Western Market fpt^titario Fruit '^H :::•• •::■ Nova Scotia — '••• •" • • Cooperative Work ill ''the Annapolis Valley '.'■.. 1^. How Growers have <3v^^ome Trade •, '• Conditions '.'J / _.^ . , ...'.VqTd Success of Cooperative Effort iK*.»/.*a08 Orih.r.l TtiinniinK tho Apple M8 Cover Crops for thp 169 Profits from an Apple 171 Sod Mulch vs. Cultivation 190 Pe.iches — Tree Borer, Methods of Control ... 30 Pears— And Pear Culture 91,122 Perennials- Border at Small Cost 93 Hardy 129 Preparations for the Perennial Border 173 Plants — Startinu- Indoors 33 The Tuberous Beddiinjc Bejronia 65 Short Hints on Planting 99 Summer Care of Palms IS** Wintering' Flowering SC! £hrub<;— ' |^ PhuitinK and Pruning I2U Plantinjf for Winter Effect 243 Hardy Conifers 244, 288 Sprayinjf — Why we Spray, When we Spray, and How we Spray 25 Mixtures for Currants and Gooseber- ries 26 Results in Neglected Orchards 27 To Prevent Apple Scab 28 Suggestions 29 Efficient .'\pparatus Required 61 What Spray Mixtures shall we use in 1914 in Ontario 89 Last Year's Test of Soluble Sulphur. 92 The New Soluble Sulphur Spray 121 Killing Dandelions 152 Transportation — O. ¥. Growers and Transportation Problems 14 \'f;^etablr- I'l ^1? II Toin.itoc^ under Glass 37 The Goal of Modem Vegetable Grow- ing 68 Results Obtained from Potato Seed Selection 69 Progressive Culture of KM) Sowing Seeds lOil Karly Potatoes 131 Seasonable Paragraphs for the Gar- dener 176 Growing Pickling Onions Success- fully 177 Tomato Pruning 177 Growin" under Glass 199 Forcing Rhubarb 217 Mushroom Culture on a Large Scale. 222 Hints to Horticultural Exhibitors . . . 222 Helpful Pointers on Gardening 245 Reminders 267 Pointers -. . . 2!)I Ontario Growers Discuss Seed Pro- duction 298 s*^ ^ *y i The Ginadiaii Hortlculturi^ ol. XXXVII JANUARY, 1914 No. The Apple Scab— How the Fungus Spreads * L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Ontario I I APPLE scab, or Fungus as it is sometimes called, is by far the most destructive apple disease found in Ontario. It occurs in every part of the province where the apple i,rro\vs. It is not the same disease as the Pear Scab, so common on Flemish Beauty and some other varieties of pears, but is very closely related. Its presence is of course most familiar to us in the form of the black spots on the fruit, the skin of the apple always being destroyed beneath these spots. It attacks the leaves just about as readily as the fruit. This fact is per- haps not so well known to fruit growers. On the leaves it causes at first small nearly circular areas about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and of an olive col- or. .After a while the affected parts of- ten become somewhat elevated making the surface of the leaf irregular or more or less crinkled. Before long these spots die. Sometimes there are nume'rous spots on the leaves. I have seen leaves of crab apple trees so badly attacked on blade and petiole or stem that most of them fall off by about the first of July. ♦Kxtract from an address delivered at the re- cent annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. A fresh set soon took their place. Oc- casionally but not oYdinarily the tender twigs themselves are attacked. LOSS CAUSED BY THE DiSEASE Loss oomes in the following ways : First: Scabby fruit must be rejected, as culls at any rate can never go as number one. Second : In moist warm autumns the scabby areas on apples in a barrel will soon become attacked by a whitish or pinkish mould, known as pink rot. This makes the apple not only unsightly but unmarketable. Greenings arc especially subject to the rot. Even apart from this disease scabby apples will not keep so well as clean apples. Third : The scab fungus commonly at- tacks the stems of the fruit while it is still small and causes large numbers to fall. Sometimes it is evidently in a large degree responsible for the failure of a crop. Fourth : By attacking the leaves and killing areas on these it not only inter- feres with the power of a tree to manu- facture food (the food of a tree is manu- factured chiefly in the green leaves) but also permits spray injury around the areas where the protecting skin has Ijeen destroyed. Consequently the \'ig()r of a tree may be greatly lessenf'd by these combined injuries to the leaves. The following year the chances of a good crop are, therefore, greatly less- ened through the failure of a tree to form fruit buds. This is one of the rea- sons why well sprayed orchards regu- larly yield larger crops than unsprayed and are healthier unless injured by over cultivation or over fertilizing and conse- quent winter injury. LIFE HISrum OF THE FUNGUS The fungus which causes apple scab is a very small microscopic plant which unlike green plants cannot manufacture its own food but feeds entirely upon other plants, or in other words is a para- site. It passes the winter almost en- tirely upon the old diseased dead leaves on the ground beneath the tree or wher- ever they may be blovim by the wind. Occasionally it may also winter on the twigs. In the spring, about the time the leaves are expanding, the diseased spots on the dead leaves by a peculiar device liegin to shoot out into the air in moist weather tiny little spores which are car- ried by the Wind especially to the lower leaves. These spores correspond to seeds, and \ Portion of an Eighty-Acre Orchard in the Tranton Di»trict of Ontario Dj vv. A. rr.wrei. apple ilistrittB of the oontincui. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1914 Young Trees Girdled bjr Rabbits - Photo bv K S. Duncan. B.S.A.. Port Hope. Ont like seeds they cannot germinate unless they get an abundance of moisture ; hence if the days are bright and sunny they will not grow but if rain falls and does not dry off for about twelve or eighteen hours they will germinate, and begin to enter the leaves. Once the fferm tube has worked through the skin of the leaf it grows rapidly and forms many little threads or rootlets as we may call them. From these in a few days a host of little threads burst up through the skin and keep producing on their tips crops of countless spores. These are constantly being blown by the wind from leaf to leaf and everywhere through- out the orchard, and get also on the stems of the young fruits, and on the fruits themselves. Here, again, if given sufficient moisture, they will germinate " and produce scabby areas on all these places. It is while the fruit and leaves are still small that the fungus spreads most. Once the fruit is three quarters of an inch in size it is not nearly so subject to attack. This is probably due to two rea- sons : First, the skin has been growing thicker and so is more difficult for the fungus to penetrate. Second, the weath- er is warmer and brighter, the nights are shorter and so there is seldom a suffic- iently prolonged period of moisture for the spores to germinate. As to the time necessary for this, I have had them in the laboratory at a temperature of about sixty degrees F. germinate in between twelve and eighteen hours; at about fif- ty degrees they were a little longer, and outside at a temperature varying from a little below freezing to forty degrees F. they had just begun to germinate in forty-eifirhty hours. It is probable that the germ tube soon enters the apple after beginning to grow. Once it enters it cannot be killed by any spray, hence spraying is to cover leaves and fruit and prevent sf>ores from ger- minating. From about the middle or end of June until the last week in Aug- ust there is seldom any noticeable in- crease in the amount of scab, but with the return of longer nights and lower tem- peratures, if there -is an abundance of continuous wet or foggy weather, as hap- pened in the fall of 191 2, we may look for a fresh outbreak of the disease, and should spray to prevent it. The inky spot or sooty fungus of the fruit is also favor- ed by this kind of weather. Leaves are apparently even more subject to this late attack than the fruit and hence there are always plenty of these diseased to carry the fungus through the winter. Methods of Cultivation E. S. Archibald, WoUville, N. S. Mv experience with a part of my or- chard for six or seven years in sod is that it gave returns both in quantity and quality equal to any other parts of the orchard of same variety of trees (Grav- ensteins.) I applied the same kinds and Quantities of fertilizers as to the part of the orchard that was cultivated, and whatever grew on the ground I mowed and left as a mulch. I am strongly in- clined to put one-half of the older orchard under this treatment from now on and test it as against that of annual cultiva- tion and cover crop. My feeling is that with heavy clay land not well drained it would not be good but with dry, gravelly or sandy land it might be better than our present method. The mowing of grass 01 weeds and application of fertilizer will keep a mulch that seems to suit the trees al' right. I am not writing as an authority on this matter but have noted for many years trees that have no cultivation (in orchards not my own) and found them doing as well and sometimes better than where cultivation was thorough. Of course fertilizers of some kinds were an- nually applied. T would not dare recommend sod cul- ture as a general practice throughout the Annapolis Valley, for many farmers would rake up the grass mown and haul it to the barn for winter feed without putting anything back for mulch. I no- tice an up-to-date neighbor orchardist is treating his old orchard by alternate plowing and clover. That is, one side of the trees growing clover and the other sid^ cultivated and clover sown for the next year's growth. It means half rha orchard cultivated one year and the other half the next. This will enrich the A Young Tree in Mr. G. W. Neble'i Orcnara Mrappe with Tar Paper to Prerent Injar; b; Rabbits —Photo by R. S. Duncan, BS.A.^Port Hope, Ont. ground, but is probably hard on the feeding roots to be cut off the second year. When to Prune When is the best season to prune fruit trees?— W.L.K. A heavy pruning of either young or old trees is conducive to wood growth, rather than fruit bearing, no matter at what season of the year the pruning is done. A pinching back of the growing shoots during the summer months is conducive to fruit bearing. Care should be taken not to pinch back too severe- ly as severe heading in is equivalent to pruning and stimulates wood growth. If trees are making from twelve to eighteen inches of terminal growth, one- quarter or one-third of this may be tak- en off. This heading in tends to pro- duce short twigs or branches in the centre of the top and with all fruits which bear from spurs this is the first requisite to fruitfulness. As a rule we should not expect results from pruning during the season when it is done, but the following year at the earliest. The German practice of bending the end of the shoot back and twisting it around the main branch lower down is probably better than pinching, as it checks the growth without removing the leaves. To induce fruitfulness in mature January, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST trees the practice of girdling is well known and in some cases advisable. Removing a circle of bark two-thirds of ,n inch wide right around the branch I^Kan in early in the spring, thus permitting the sap to run up in the tree but preventing its return, will produce heavy bearing. Of course this practice cannot be fol- lowed too closely or one might ruin the tree. The fruit buds that determine the crops of the succeeding year are formed the spring of the year previous. Wrapped and Unwrapped Fruit in Boxes E. T. Palmer, Assistant Horticulturist, Ontario Department of Agriculture THE question of wrapping is attract- ing more and more attention each year from eastern growers, and rightly so. In the western states and British Columbia practically all number one fruit is wrapped. Conditons, how- ever, are somewhat different in Ontario, so that wrapping should be governed by the variety of apples and the market. Western growers are building up a high- class market with this high-class pro- duct, .'^t present, however, it is doubt- ful if it would pay the ordinary grower who has no special market for his fruit. Briefly, the advantages of wrapong are as follows : First : It improves the keeping r|ii,il- ity by preventing disease spreading f.tn-. fruit to fruit. Second : Apart from the control oi di- sease, it improves the keeping v|uaii';v-, in that wrapped fruit may be firm and in prime condition several weeks after un- wrapped fruit has become mealy from over-ripeness. Third: It protects the fruit from sud- den changes of temperature and absorbs surplus moisture. Fourth : It makes an elastic but firm pack, much less liable to shift than un- wrapped fruit. This applies particularly to easily bruised varieties ; it prolongs their life and good appearance. Fifth : It gives a more finished appear- ance to the package. It indicates a high-grade product and the fruit finds a readier sale and a higher price in many markets. Sixth : Once the knack of wrapping has been acquired, it is much easier in almost every way to pack wrapped fruit, as any packer skilled in both methods will testify. WRAPPED VS UNWRAPPED The main disadvantage of wrapping is that in rases where the fruit is not cool- ed at the time of packing, the wrapper prevents rapid cooling. There may be a difference of fen degrees F. at the end of one day between a box of unwrapped fruit and one wrapped. ' Wrapping, however, has so many advantages that this one disadvantage may be practical- ly disregarded. It seems to be the general opinion of those unfamiliar with wrapping that it adds to the cost of packing. As a mat- ter of fact the cost of the paper is al- most saved by the weight of fruit dis- placed by it. Further, experienced packers can do as quick or even quicker work wrapping than without. Again, it is easier to procure the pro- per bulge with wrapping, as the firm- ness of the pack can be varied consider- ably from the middle of the box to the ends without injuring the pack in any way. By packing the apples closer in the centre the pockets between the apples are closed up more. The next layer then will not sink so deep, and therefore builds up the centre. The ends being left a little looser, the pockets are open- ed a little more and the apples drop in further, and therefore do not build up so high. Practice alone will give the know- ledge of just how tight to pack the cen- tre or how loose to pack the ends. As this difference in firmness cannot be made with unwrapped fruit it is con- siderably harder to pack it and have as nicely finished a box. Again, as al- ready noted, there is more latitude in the style of pack when wrapping the fruit. Only number one fruit and possibly number two of the winter varieties should be wrapped. Usually all fruit intended for distant markets as Great Britain should be wrapped unless the market calls for unwrapped fruit, as the 'yv- m f^^".>:^^fel^ t% ^bWI 1 : "w^ ^^^ ]5! K^^^^^^^^^^^^KMttX^iB jB^ iM:>^^y]:^''-f''- S AjWell LoadedgBritish Columbia Peach Trae (Photo by G. H. B. Hudaon, Kelowna). THE CANADIAN nORTICULTTTRTS T January, 'T i A Duchess Tree After Thinning 'Phis tree was in one of the demonstration orchards in Durham <;ounty, Ont., where experiments in thinning showed a profit of over four dollars a. tree in favor of thinning. fruit carries mucii better. Wrap, too, for markets where there is competition wilh wrapped fruit from other districts. In wrapped fruit the top of the box sliould be packed last, while in unwrap- ed fruit the top is packed first. Packing the top of wrapped fruit first is a very poor method and should be discouraged, as the smooth side of the wrapped fruit lias to he turned down, and the loose ends sticking up are very confusing to the packer, making his work slower. WKAPPING PAPEK Tlie wrapping paper most commonly used is called the "Duplex," from the fact that one side is calendered and the other rough. Ihis latter side is turned to the fruits as it more readily absorbs any surplus moisture. A white colored wrapper is decidedly preferable as it looks cleaner and neater than any others. Having paper with the name or trade mark of the grower or association is an excellent method of advertising. It is not necessary to wrap all the apples in such paper, but if the outside layers are done and the trade mark is neat it adds much to the attractiveness of the pack- age. The pajxrr is cut into scver;d sizes to correspond with the diflerenl sizes of ap- ples. The following figures give a good idea of the sizes most commonly in use : Eight by eight inches, for five-tier and the smaller four and a half tier fruit. Eight by nine inches and eight by ten for four and a half tier. Ten by ten inches foi' four li<'i' .nid the sm.iller three and a half tier. Ton by twelve inches for \ery largo fruit. These sizes should Ix; adhered to fair- ly closely, as fruit packed with too large a size paper gives a box light in weight, and also gives the consumer the impres- sion thai the price of the fruit is too high. Using paper too small is also ob- jectioniible in that a great deal of the ad- vantage of wrapping is lost. It also in- creases the labor (jf wrapping and pack- ing to a considerable extent, as does also paper that is too largx-. Unstenciled Duplex costs .ibout twelve cents per ream f.o.b. shippinR point in small quantities. For larger quantities the price is correspondingly less. A ream contains five hundred sheets, which will pack about three boxes of apples, making the cost per box four cents. TRAY FOR WKAPPING PAPER For convenience and speed in wrap- ping, a tray for holding the paper is very necessar\ . They arc made so that they can be placed on the side of the packing box. To make one an applebox-end is usu- ally taken and strips which project over the edge about two inches are nailed on three sides of it. On the under side a three cornered block is nailed so that one endge of it is even with the ofjen side of the tray. This forms a bracket or brace for supporting the tray when in position on the box. Two. long nails are driven into the open side of the tray, leaving about three-fourths of an inch of their length out. The heads are then cut off and the nails bent down over a piece of iron or wood a trifle thicker than the side of the box. This forms hooks for hanging the tray oh to the packing box. METHOD OF WRAPPING Practically no time is lost in the op- eration of wrapping as a skilled packer picks up the apples wilh his right hand while he reaches for the paper with the left. To aid in picking up the paper it is advisable to use a rubber stole on the thumb or first fing.;;r. The apple is placed in the centre of the paper in the left hand with the side or end of the fruit down which is to be packed uppermost. The w rap is then made with both hands by a couple of quick half-turns of the wri?;t, the last of which brings the smooth surface up and the bunch of paper on the bottom. An expert packer should wrap and pack fifty to one hun- dred boxes a day, depending upon the size and grading of the fruit. Summer Pruning When asked recently for his opinion ctjiicerning the summer pruning of fruit trees, Prof. C. L. Lewis, of the Oregon .Agricultural College, replied a^ follows: "I believe with trees three to ten years old summer pruning, il properly done, will have a very good influence in keeping up certain charac- teri.stics and tend to bring the trees into Ijearing earlier. Certain trees, like the Xfjrlhern Spy, have been materially lx;nefitted. I have .seen indications all over the coast of its being a hindrance. In some cases the work has been over- done and I feel that the trees have l)ecn damaged. The tendency in mature and bearing trees is to overdo. I have seen rr.en cut off branches six inches in dia- meter. I have watched a number of orchards, two or three years old, and I fail to .see any benefit from such work, in fact the effect, if anything, was in- jurious to the trees. "Of course summer pruniii^ (.,i, Ix; done in two ways. One is to lielp shape the tree, correct the habit of growth, and perhaps time can be gained in that way, and this type can Ix; done any time you desire. I believe; however, it should be done moderately and that one should work with the idea of avoiding undesirable growth and development by early pinching and moderate cutting. I believe in doing considerable work of this kind with trees from three years up, and perhaps two-year-old trees. "The second type of summer pruning is to induce fruitfulness. You can in- crease the accumulation of tissues around the buds and around the bran- ches by summer pruning, but whether this will result in more fruitfulness and stronger growth, is an open question. Probably it would, like everything else, be influenced by the general treatment of the soil, the drainage it is getting, any artificial stimulation it is receiving, and similar factors. This second prun- ing for fruit has to be done when the trees are just in the right condition of activity. If the frees are growing too strongly the results are not secured." .\ny permanent organization, with a large quantity of fruit to sell every vear, under a uniform brand which will be a guarantee of excellence, can make an im- presion on the market. — Prof. Crow. Six fe"t by three feet anart is not too much soace to devote to raspberries. We find growing them in hills about six canes to a hill is the most orofitable way to have them. — W. |. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. Mildew, the great enemy of the Eng- lish goo.seberry in this country, results from planting in sandy .soil. The roots of gooselx^rry bushes run close to the surface and con.sequently they become scorched. They should be planted in soil that won't heat, such as hea^^ clay lo.im. Mulch for the surface will also overcome it. -R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Ont. A Park System for Small Towfijst* C. E. Chambers, Park Commissioner, Toronto, Ont. NO town, however small, can afford to grow up without providing suitably for the parks and open spaces it will surely need if its beautifica- tion and healthfulness are to receive pro- per consileration. In practically all of our requirements when development has pro- bably extended its boundaries far into the environs. In the preparation of the plan the location and distribution of the park areas should be given careful thought, to the end that each section or district older cities we have examples of how rapid development and attending con- gestion have crowded out the open spaces which should have been preserved for the creation and enjoyment of the people. Railways and other undesirable features have been allowed to thrust themselves upon the lake or river front, despoiling it for ever of its natural charm and beauty, and robbing the city or town of its chief attractiveness, and areas which at one time f)Ossessed infinite possibili- ties in scenic value are pre-empted and needlessly destroyed for commercial pur- poses. There is no excuse for such con- ditions obtaining in the growing town if the lesson of properly planning for its development is learned in due season. With the wide world furnishing, as it does, a school in which this knowledge may be freely had there is no excuse for neglect to learn this lesson. PREPARATION OF PLAN The early preparation of a comprehen- sive plan is the first step in the conser- vation of the features of natural beauty with which a town may be endowed or surrounded, and for the setting apart of areas for park and recreation purposes and the estabilishmenit of 'boufcvards, playgrounds, squares, or open spaces. This plan will have largely in mind not only the town's needs of to-day, as evi- denced within its present limits, but the •An addresa delivered at the recent annual oonvenUon of the Ontario Horticnltural Acao- oiation. may have its proper complement of parks, squares, recreation grounds, and playgrounds, properly related in their location to the purposes to be served by them. The most striking scenery of a dis- trict will naturally be reserved for park purposes, and especially the banks of a stream or the water front — where such exist. Waste or marshy areas may be profitably reclaimed and converted into pleasure grounds. Wooded areas acf- joiningr the town will, of course, be con- served, and park lands will be secured within its probable boundaries, as finan- cial means will permit. THE PARK SITE In selecting a park site attention should be particularly paid to the mat- ter of its boundaries. It is a somewhat common error to neglect this. Where necessary to a complete picture, the whole of a hillside should be secured, the whole of a body of water, or the whole of a glen or ravine. The appearance of many parks is marred by an impression of incompleteness, brought about by the unnatural restriction and limitation of their boundaries. The park within the town will necessarily be bounded by streets, but on no account should its boundaries be built upon. Back yards as a frame to a park should not be tol- erated. The park should be an aid to the town's beauty, instead of being con- cealed in the rear of buildings, however desirable . REVELOPMENT OP SITE The development of the park site in- volves a serious responsibility. It calls for the preservation of natural beauty, and the creation of that which should add its share of charm to the town's attractiveness. The location and topo- graphy of the site will, of course, govern to a considerable degree the treatment to be accorded it, but great care must be exercised in this, lest, in too great straining for ornamentation, the natural advantages whidh nearly every well- chosen area possesses be lost in the effort to improve, and an artificial and undesirable result be substituted there- for. Racrcation Aica, B«llwco Modest Home, that of Mr. andMri. Wro. Knapton, London, Ont. Types of Greenhouses for Vegetable Culture' VEGETABLE growing under glass is be(X)mLng one of the im- portant features of agricutture. The demand for more vegetables dur- ing the winter months is necessitat- inj,' building more houses to grow such crops as lettuce, tomatoes, and cu- cumbers. The market is large and prices good, and the main point which the growers are trying to overcome is that of cost of production. The improved methods of growing and the improved forms of construction are cutting this down considerably. The following points are those which interest the prospective builder, and which may prove of some value : SITE The selection of a suitable location for a greenhouse plant demands careful consideration. The progressive grower looks ten years ahead and works toward that end by building in an economical position, using good materials and grows produce of good quality which assure him an increase in trade. The first point which he should consider is location. Long hauls of fuel and supplies cut down profits, and in locating a green- house plant the proximity to a railroad should be carefully considered. A man seeking a fresh location should select one close to a railroad, either steam or electric, which hauls freight. Nowadays the growers instal a siding and arrange their coal chutes so that the handling of coal is minimized. One handling is sufficient where a siding is used and no hauling is necessary. Some ' growers erect a trestle work so that the coal is simply dumped into the coal hoppers. Coal is one of the largest items of ex- pense which the growers have annually to contend with, and anything that can be saved in its handling adds so much to the returns from the plant for the year. If a distant market is to be sup- plied in the future, shipping facilities .should also be looked into and possibili- ties of quick transportation either by express or freight considered. POINTS TO CONSIDER The grower who already has his land and is now ready to build should con- sider the following points and build ac- cordingly. Ample means of drainage should be obtained and cold, wet spots avoided. There should be no possibility of spring floods ever reaching the houses, as was the case in several 'houses in the United States this past season where the crop was totally destroyed. Again the house should not be located in the direct line of drainage of any tract of land, for trouble mav occur. •Extract from an address delivered at the recent Annual OonvenUon of the Ontario Vege- table Growers' Association. S. C. Johnson, B. S. A. If the houses are to be erected in the path of the prevailing winds, wind- breaks of .some description should be provided to break the force of thfe wind from a direct blow on the glass. Green- house vegetable growers are realizing the value of the windbreak more than ever before, and are securing shelter by means of high light board fences, clumps of trees, and by planting rows of quick growing trees. If windbreaks of trees are used, the houses should be sufficient distance away from them that there is no danger of falling limbs. In selecting the site for his first house the grower will do well to erect his house so that he can either add to it or have plenty of room for adding more houses in a line with it. The house first built should be of a size which can be dupli- cated right alongside of it. Many of the largest growers in the United States started some ten years or more ago with one small house, but at the same time laid out their ground so that they could expand and cover a certain area econ- omically if the first venture proved a success. Some now have five, six, and ten acres under glass, with houses of the same length, and all joined by a. main alley. No tearing down and rebuilding of 'houses was necessary, as each addi- tional house went into the place left for it at the start. FOUNDATIONS The question of foundation is the next point to confront the builder. Cement blocks, solid concrete, wooden sides with a shallow concrete base, are com- mon. Solid concrete is generally used by growers. The walls are made eight to twelve inches in width, and are set in the ground to a depth of from eight incihes to two feet as the grower sees fit, or the form of construction requires. The solid concrete is usually made in the proportions of six by one, and care is taken to keep all stones from the out- side face in order to give an attractive and clean cut appearance to it. Concrete blocks are rapidly coming into favor for the sidewalks of a green- house, and a good app)earance is given by their use. The main p)oint about blocks is that they should be so moufded that they will fit the wall posts or lone supports and not cause any extra cutting. In many instances these blocks were made by the growers during the winter months. They are made in all lengths, but the most common I have seen were sixteen inches by eight and eight. The cost of materials for a block this size is estimated to be twelve cents. The price of lumber has risen so much during later years that it is advisable to build as muoh of the foundation of concrete work as is oossible_ Thp iinl<-«»pn fnr cAmont work is practically nothing, and a good solid, Ia.sting job is made at first. It is advisable in houses where benches are to be used to leave doors along the side walls whereby earth may be thrown out or in. In smaller houses where no side ventilation is thought advisable, .these small doors should be put in in the cement work for convenience. JOINED OR SEPARATE HOUSES Opinions of various growers in differ- ent sections differ as to which type of house is the better. Each has its own supporters. Some prefer the joined houses and others as emphatically assert that they could not grow half the crops they are now doing if they had to use joined houses. In sections where land is very valuable joined houses will cover all available land space and returns can be had from practically every inch. Con- nected houses cost less in the initial cost than separate ones, although the upkeep expenses are greater for them. Separate houses afford an easy control of side ventilation. Growers now realize the importance of this for their crops in late fall and early spring; in fact, their use is spread over the whole year. Side ventilation can be secured and controlled satisfactorily in the separate house, while in the joined house side ventilation is not so readily received when there are several houses in the range. Separate houses also give more light to the crop owing to the increased amount of glass, and with these houses the least amount of shading is received by the plants ow- ing to the distance from the ridge of the next house. Separate houses are usually built with a wider span, and while this does not use more glass than two joined houses the same width, the volume of air is in- creased, improving conditions for the plants. Some growers who have con- nected houses have had trouble with snow lodging at the gutters and break- ing the glass on the roof. This is over- come in the separate houses, and no trouble has occurred where Iron cane plates have been used. These seem to be the main points about the separate and joined houses, and there seems to be no question as to which it is advisable to build. Where land is not too high in value it is best to select a good construction and build separate houses and connect them up by an alley house at one end or in the centre. In some plants this alley house is built large enough to accom- modate beds or benches for growing young plants, and there is no waste room. With the separate hou.ses the land between can be utilized by the grow- ing of such crops as staked tomatoes. }mm^ The L.a«i„Kto„ Di.tHct. Ontario. Ha. Lon. «>«" Not,a a. . Gre.tVe8et.b..Growi^« Section T^^^^^^^^ one of the Largest in the Dominion, ha. Recently been completed by R. H. EUi., Leamington, Unt. often hotbeds and cold frames are placed in it. In one case a permanent crop of rhubarb was giving good returns an- nually, in another an arrangement for forcing rhubarb in spring was in use, but the returns from the former method were larger. WIDE housh;s The tendency seems to be to build one wide house to take the place of the two or three of narrower widths that were commonly built some fifteen years ago. The day is here when wide houses are being built by progressive growers. The twenty feet house of a few years ago is being replaced by thirty-five and forty feet houses. All of the newest additions to extensive greenhouse plants are be- ing made with wide houses, and it is evident that the wide house has come to stay. It is quite common to see seventy- five feet houses in course of erection, and some are wider than this, running as wide as one hundred and twenty-five feet. SWING LABOR Growers agree that the only way to overcome the labor problem is to use more horse-drawn machinery in the houses, and the wide house permits all operations of horse cultivation. Gable ends are so arranged that waggon loads of manure may be hauled in as if the field were simply enclosed with glass. Plows and harrows are then used to cultivate. Wide houses are of necessity higher at the ridge. This gives an increased volume of air above the plants, and the atmosphere will not undergo such sud- den changes as in the houses which are not so high. It may take somewhat longer to heat the wide house, but once it is heated it will be more satisfactory, as the temperature changes more grad- ually owing to the large volume of air. Tomatoes and cucumbers suffer a check cisily frorp a lowering of temperature, ,ind in the wide house this condition may 1)0 easily prevented. Growers have told me everywhere that it takes less fuel to heat a wide house than it does a range of two or three narrow ones making the same width. These houses also allow more light to reach the plants from the increased length of the sash bar and the glass sides which are usually built from six to eight feet above the grade lines. Full length side ventilators are being used and the whole side is of glass. Plants can be grown close up to the side walls, and aJl available spaces can be put under culti- vation. The question of what is a suit- able width must be answered by the grower himself. Judging from houses visited last summer, the prevailing width seems to be seventy-five feet, but a con- siderable number of forty feet houses are also being built. There are very few wide houses in Ontario, but they are be- ginning to become more popular, and growers never regret building the wide house once they have it up and have ob- tained a crop from it. The high eaves and the increased ven- tilators have made the growing of cu- cumbers more simple and the vines can now be planted close to the eaves, as there is plenty of head room. Lettuce can be grown successfully on the solid beds and practically no land wasted. Some growers may raise the objection that they may not want a house so large for one crop or they may want to grow two crops w^hich demand temperatures which are different. This difficulty has been overcome by one firm, and is ac- complished by the building of partitions where required. This and the arrange- ment of their heating plant has given them what they require and yet they have the wide house. In short, the advan- tages of the wide house are : First, atmospheric conditions can be tjetter controlled. Second, less heat is needed in a wide house. Third, more light is received by the plants in wide houses. Fourth, plants grow to mgirketable size without danger of a check. U Vegetable Pests* A. H. MacLenoan, B.S.A., Goelph, Ont. Two very important troubles of the market gardener are celery blight and the maggots which attack onions, cabbage and raddish. Late blight of celery (Sep- toria Petroselim), appears first as rusty brown spots on the outer leaves. These gradually spread under favorable condi- tions until the leaf dies. The spots will also be found on the stems. A season of warm, moist weather is most suitable for its spread, and it will also appear in the storage house. It can be prevented by the use of Bordeaux mixture if applied at the right season. Our work here the past two years has shown that if we wish to grow celery at a profit, we must spray often and thoroughly. Cabbage, onion and radish maggots are the larvae stage of two winged flies almost identical in appearance. The adult appears generally about May fifteenth till June fifteenth. The eggs are laid close to the host plant and are hatched in three to ten days time. The worm which batches being without wings or legs, is helpless unless against its host plant. For the cabbage maggot the tarred felt paper disc is a sure cure. For the onion and radish maggot no sure cure has been found. Carbolic acid wash and kerosene and sand have been used. As a Vegeta- table Growers' Association we should try lo have these tested commercially. In each branch of the Association where the crops are grown, a demonstration could l>e carried on to show the results obtained from such treatment. For early celery, for cutting in Au- gust, the seed should be sown about the middle of February. It should be sown on a greenhouse bench, in flats or in a hotbed ; if sown in a greenhouse it should be on the shady side of it. — F. I'". Reeves, Humber Bay, Ont. •Extract from a paper read at the recent con- vention in Toronto of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Aflsoclation. 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist COMHrNKI) wiTn THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hn« been incorporated The Canndlan Bee Journal. PublUhed by The Horticultural Publithinv Company, Limited r'KTKKnORO, ONTAKIO The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion OKKiciiL Oroank ok thk Oktario and Quebkc Frturr Oroweks' Associations AND OF The Ontario Bekkeei-krs' Association H. Bronson Cowan Manat^ing Director UNITED STATES RERESENTATIVES STOOKWELL'S SPEOIAIj AGENOT Chicago Office— Peoples Ga« Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. 1 EDITORIAL ^^ 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding date of is.sTie. The first edition is known a« The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain. 60 cents a year: two years. $100, and of The Oanaxiian Hort iculturi.st and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subftcrip'ione in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a year, including- postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Poet OfHce or Exnresfl Money Order, or registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subecriberg to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address — When a change of ad dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad dresses mnst be given. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an Inch. Oop.v received up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following Is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. August. 1913 12,676 September 1913 ..12,0% October. 1913 ...12.085 November, 17913 ..11.193 January. 1913 — 11,570 February. 1913 ...11.600 March, 1913 V.?fl9 Aprii 1913 12,000 May, 1913 12,368 Jtinc, 1913 12,6'8 _, . , ,^,^ July. 1913 12,626 Total ..132,029 December, 191,') 12,967 Average each Issue in 1907, 0.627 " 1908, 8.695 " " " " 1909, 8,970 " " 1910, 9.067 1911, 9,541 1912.11,037 1913. 12,002 will be statements mailed Sworn detailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist are as carefully editerl as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Shoiild any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of tils issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the tacts to be as seated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist " Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, wiho are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we sliall not attempt to adjtiet trifling disputes beween sub- scribers and honotirable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debte of honest banlirupts. Pominnnioations should be addressed THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUB13T. PETEEBOEO. ONT. DEATH OF ALEXANDER NcNEILL In the death of .Mexander McNeill, Chief of the Domiinion Fruit Division and a former president of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, the fruit growers of Canada have lost one of their staunchest friends, warmest advocates, and greatest benefactors. First as a practical fruit grower, next as a farmersi' itistitute speaker and officer of the provincial fruit growers' association, and of late years as Chief of the Dominion Fruit Division, Mr. McNeill has been a leader in all move- ments for the uplift of fruit growing in Canada. The late Mr. McNeill was one in whom the elemcmt of selfishness was lacking. The public weal always took precedence with him to his own welfare. Again and a.gain he allowed his own interests to suffer in order that those of the fruit grow- ers and of his friends generally might be promoted. His neglect to take due precau- tions in regard to the care of his own health while he was engaged in his official duties was largely instrumental in bring- ing about sickness which ultimately led to his death. The spread of cooperation in the fruit industry of Canada, but more particularly in Ontario, is due in a large measure to the earnest efforts of the deceased. Many years ago Mr. McNeill pointed out the ad- vantages of cooperation, and later wrote various bulletins dealing with cooperation, which were exhaustive and practical in their treatment of the subject. These have had n wide circuation. A recent bulletin by him entitled "Modern Methods of Packing Apples and Pears" is the best of the kind that has ever been published in Canada, amd one which compares favorably with the best issued in any country. The fruit crop reports that have been issued of late years by the Dominion Fruit Division with much benefit to fruit growers were the result of his efforts. Mr. McNeill accepted office with the Dominion Government about the time the Fruit Marks Act was being brought into force. Much of the credit for its success- ful working is due to his earnest efforts on its behalf. The great success of the last two Dominion fruit conferences also were due in a large degree to the careful preliminary work of Mr. McNeill. His death has created a vacancy in the ranks of our fruit growers which will long be felt and deplored. THE HIGH COST OF LIVING One of the enigmas of our day is the solution of the problem involved in dis- covering the reason or reasons for the in- creased cost of living. Learned authorities have advanced various and sundry explan- ations that do not seem to satisfy the public. In the meantime the cost of living continues to advance. Sir Wilfrid Laurier claims that it is due to the tax on foodstuffs, and hopes to climb back into power by advocating a reduction in the tariff on such articles. His remedy would benefit the consumer to some extent but very little. This is proved by the fact that in spite of the reductions that have been made in the United States tariff, the problem has not been solved in that country. One of the main reasons, in our opinion the main reason, is found in our inrrcas. ing land values. This tendency of land to inrreas*- in value is apparent in all coiiiitries as is also the increase in the cost of living. Three factors enter into the production of material necessities: Land, labor, cap- ital. Land receives its return in the form of rent, labor in the form of wages, and capital in the form of interest. If any one of these factors receives more than its fair share the other two of necessity receive proportionatly less than their just' dues. All wealth, including food and clothing, IS produced out of the land. Anything that makes it difficult for the people at large to produce wealth from the soil, restricts to a corresponding degree, the production of those things which the people require to maintain life. The tendencv of land to increase in value has this effect. Wherever land is high in value it is difficult for people to acquire its control or to pay the rentals demanded for its use. Thus production is restricted. In Ontario, for example, there are hundreds of thousands of acres of good fruit and farm land that are not being worked be- cause they are being held at valuesi which are just high enough, when other factors are considered, to keep them out of the reach of those people who would be glad to use them were there better reason to believe that they could be worked with profit. Anything which will help to bring this land into use will imemdiatelv tend to reduce the cost of living to a corre- sponding extent. The reason there are over fifty thousand less farmers on the farms of Ontario to-dav than there were ten years ago is because farm land on the average is so high in value farmers have found that they could not earn from It enough to allow themselves a fair in- terest return for their investment and wage return for their labor. Therefore, they have preferred to sell their land and in- vest the proceeds in other wavls. In con- sequence, production has been decreased, the cost of living has increased, and people do not seem anxious to try and bring into cultivation the land which has been thus ^•scarded. This feature of the situation siiould receive due consideration whenever the high cost of living is under discussion. THE FRONT LAWN PROBLEM Most of us like to keep our front lawns in the best possible condition. Most of us also, who live in the larger towns and cit- ies, have to contend with serious difficulties in the achievement of our desire. These very often take the form of postmen, paper boys, and messengers, who persist in walk- ing across our lawns and cutting corners whenever they think that they are not likelv to be detected in so doing. The officers of the horticultural societies in Ontario fnight accomplish a good work bv dealing with this situation. A protest made to the postmaster, to the newspaper offices, and other agencies which emplov such offend- ers, would soon tend to bring about an improvement, especially if followed up vigorously upon the committal of second or third offences. Were members of hor. tiwulturai societies encouraged to report such incidents, improvements would soon become possible. If necessarv, bv-laws might be passed by our different niunici- palities which would make it more easy to deal with offeinders. January, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST »S The sug-g-estion of Sir Wilfrid Laurier that the tariff on foodstuffs, including fruit and vps'Ptables, should be reduced in order to benefit the consumer is not likely to meet with the approval of our producers. Sir Wilfrid has not made any sugtrestion that the duty should be taken off insecti- cides and sprayiny materials, off sprayincr marhinery, fruit baskets, amd a hundred and one other articles req'uired bv the average fruit and vegetable grower in the production and marketing of his crops. Were the duty to be lowered on fruit and vegetables and not on these other articles, our producers would be placed under a tre- mendous handicap, as compared with the producers in the United States, and these industries in Canada would soon show the effect of .such a policy. Sir .Wilfrid Laurier will show more of the qualities of a states- man when he takes all such factors into consideration, and not just those that are likely to meet with approval by the con- sumer. At the time of the recent annual conven- tion in Toronto of the Ontario Horticul- tural .Association the suggestion was ad- vanced by one of the delegates that the Department 6f Agriculture should send out speakers to meetings of horticultural soci- eties as is done in the case of Farmers' Institutes. The superintendent of horti- cultural societies should follow up this sug- ge.stion more thoroughly than has been done in the past. With proper encourage- ment more societies might be induced to en.^age speakers than have yet done so, and a better arrangement of dates could be effected. What has been done in a more or less haphazard way hitherto, might be systematized with advantage to the depart- ment, and to the societies concerned. 15n Our front cover illustration shows the interior of the magnificent conservatory in the private residence of Sir Montague Allen in Montreal. It reveals the comforts and pleasures which may be derived from a home conservatory. We would that all the readers of The Canadian Horticuclturi.st who delight in having flowers in their homes might have similar conservatories. » * » The year 1913 proved the most successful in the history of The Canadian Horticul- turist. This encourages us to anticipate even better things for 1914. Well we real- ize that the paper which is not better to- day than it was a year ago is falling behind in the race. Therefore, it will be our aim to make The Canadian Horticulturist dur- ing 1914 stronger and better in every way than it has been hitherto. * * * The February issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will be our Third Annual Spraying Number. It will include a special front cover, which will be in harmony with the issue and an attractive feature in itself. The articles and illustrations will give spe- cial emphasis to spraying. They will be furnished by some of Canada's leading authorities. Watch for this issue. It will be a particularly good one. The February, March, and April issues of The Canadian Horticulturist are always crowded with advertising. Every year we find it difficult to give those advertisers whose copy is received late in the (tiuntli as advantageous positions as w'e otherwise niieht. Advertisers are urged, therefore, to prepare for this issue and to cooperate with us by forwarding the copy for their adver- tisemeints as earlv in the month aspossible. * * * May the year 1914 be crowded with bless- ings for the readers of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist, is the wish of its Publishers. Plant Registration At the recent convention in Toronto of the Ontario Horticultural Association, the committee on "Names and Varie- ties" suggested the inauguration of work in connection with an official registration of plants, which it was pointed out will need the support and cooperation of kindred so- cieties. The work of preparing lists givinq- 'he correct pronunciation of words frequent- ly mispronounced had been continued and a commencement made on a series of lists giving the most .generally accepted English or Common names of popular and desir- able plants. Progress had been made also in the preparation of a series of lists giving various common terms used in plant nomenclature, together with the meanings of such names. The report wais signed by Messrs. H. J- Moore, of Niagara Falls, and by Mr. F. E. Buck, of Ottawa. Mr. C. W. Nash of Toronto gave an en- tertaining talk on "Wild Life About the Home." Weston The Weston Horticultural Society has had the most successful season in its his- tory. Great interest has been taken in the lawn and flower competitions, and in many respects the appearance of the whole town has been transformed. In presenting his report to the society. S. A. Frost, of Tor- onto, who judged the competitions, said in part : "During the past three years the im- provement in the lawns, gardens and flow- ers of your town has jjeen most marked. When in 1911 I judged the gardens, I saw some very nice ones and a few that were fair. In 1912 I noticed a great improve- ment. The lawns were cleaner, the grass was better grown, the edges were more neatly cut, and the surroundings improv- ed. This year I have noticed a still greater improvement. Many lawns have been reseeded and are just like velvet. Although we have had a drier season, they have been better watered. Weeds have been kept down and flowers have been better arranged. The asters were fine. I have seen some asters in Weston better than I could buy in Toronto. "This shows what the Horticultural So- ciety has done for Weston. If we could only show other towns what an improve- ment can be made when a few people take an interest in their gardens and surround- ings, what a lovely country we would have. Members, get busy ! Hustle up some more candidates for the W.H.A. Get them interested in prize gardens. Push the good work along and make Weston worth while!" Ottawa Last summer there were one hundred and cighteem entries in the garden competi- tions inaugurated by Her Excellency lady Grey, ancj now continued by the Ottawa J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. President. Ontario Horticultural Association. Horticultural Society. Greater interest than ever is being shown in the work. A garden that has often been a prize winner is that of W. G. Black. Year after year it has been praised by the best judges of floral displays who have visited this city. A. G. Acres was the winner of the first prize for verandah effect. Some beautiful palms formed a suitable back- ground for the various oher splendid col- lections of flowers. Wm. Holtz, who this year exhibited for the first time, was much surprised when he learned that he had won first prize for box of flowers mot ex- ceeding five feet. A garden that presents a splendid ap- pearance from the street is that of Mr. J. B. Spencer. The garden of Mr. Wm. Graham is a fine example of what can be accomplished within a limited area. That the backyard can be made as attractive as the front lawn is the belief of Mr. C. A. Glemdennin. The beautiful garden in the rear of Mr. Glendennin's residence is ample evidence that he has made his ideal a reality. Berlin That the citizens of Berlin appreciate the work that is being done by the Berlin Hor- ticultural Society is evidenced by the inter- est which they take in the workings of the Society, the membership of which mow numbers two hundred and eighty. The lawn and garden competitions are open to all. Last year the rivalry was even keener than ever. On August 27 and 28 a most successful flower show was staged in the market build- ing. Eightv-nine exhibitors showed over one thousand entries. The receipts from admission were one hundred per cent, ahead of last year's record. More prize money too was paid out — over four hundred and fiftv dollars in all. During the season sev- eral lectures on gardening, which were open to the general public, were given in the hall of the public library. The Canadian Horticulturist — It is strictly high-class, and I prize it very much -Geo. E Falconer, Port Elgin, Qintsno. . Ontario Fruit Growers and Transportation Problems* A YEAR ago your Transportation Committee honored me by my appointment as transportation agent of your association to look into the conditions governing the transpor- tation of fruit, and the facilities af- forded by the different carriers. The work has become deeply interesting. It is high time the education being advanced by the various rural fruit growers' associations and also by the mother association be not directed only towards production, but to transportation and marketing. The fruit grower must prepare his fruit for the consuming public in accordance with certain legislation under a penalty. No matter how great the quantity, or how good the quality, the success of the industry is then largely dependent upon the condition in which the common carriers of this pro- vince deliver it to the various markets. The products of agriculture are second only in quantity ol railway tonnage to the products of mines. Fruit and vegetables, of which the railways carried over a million tons last year, are third highest in the list of agricultural products, contributing to the railway receipts. In other words, the agri- culturists are the second best customers the railways of the Dominion of Canada have, and are therefore entitled to at least equal advantages with the shippers of other commodities. The problem of rates — and we believe they are all the traffic will bear — is not the essential iwint, nor is it the most important of the many complaints or grievances of the fruit growers and shippers. It is lack of railway equipment, inefficient terminal facilities, a service in transit that assures no certainty of reaching a market in proper time, delays in supplying cars, rough hand- ling, lack of shelter, pilfering, neglect in icing cars or attending heaters according to season, and certain privileges that are accorded shippers of other commodities, but not for fruit. These are a few of the more important matters, attributable to some of which are the serious losses fruit frowers have experienced, and to which the province as a whole is suffering because our On- tario fruit is not reaching the markets, escpecially the western markets, in a pro- per condition, to meet the competition it is subjected to there. The task, therefore, confronting your Transportation Committee is one of great importance. I beg to submit, herewith, a synopsis of what has been attempted and accomplished during the past year. .Application was made to the Railway Commission to compel the railway com- panies under their jurisdiction to allow part carloads of fruit charged at carload rate and weight from original point of ship- ment to final destination to be stopped in transit for completion of load at an addi- tional charge of three dollars a car for each stop. In support of this request it was pointed out that British Columbia fruit shippers had the advantage of an inward rate, covering a sixty mile radius of ten cents a hundred pounds, for assorting car- loads, and that shippers of horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, live poultry, grain, canned goods, lumber, and poles were permitted to ship part carloads at carload rate and weight from point of shipment to destina- tion and stop for completion of load for three dollars. •Eiracts from a report nresented at the recent annual meetine of the Ontario Fruit Growers' ^ssodation. • :G. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont. The ruling of the Board upon this re- quest was given on March 6th, 1913, and was as follows : "That the application for the stop-over privilege be, and is hereby refused." It is established by various de- cisions of this Board, says Commisisoner McLean, as well as by decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission, that the tra/nsit practice is a privilege, not a right, and the Board is without power to direct that this privilege be given by the railway. Section 317 of the Canadian Railway Act reads: "No Company shall make or give any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage to, or in favor of, any particular person or Company, or any particular de- scription of traffic, in any respect what- ever." Yet the Board of Railway Com- missioners allow such to exist, and have ruled that they have not the power to com- pel a railway company to extend this three dollar stop-over privilege, preference, or advantage, or whatever you may call it, to the fruit shippers who are paying a rate double that of live stock, two and one-halt times that paid for lumber, three times the rate paid for grain, and four times greater than that on poles. MtNIMUM INWARD BATES From December, 1904, when tariffs were first filed with the Railway Commission, down to March 28, 1911, both the G.T.R. and C.P.R. carried apples to concentration points for storage, inspection, or comple- tion of carloads and reshipment, at a re- duction of one-third from the local tariff rates. The combination of the in and out rates not to be less than the through rate from the first shipping point to the final destination, plus two cents per hundred pounds ; and if to the concentration point a joint route had to be used, the reduction applied only to that portion of the earn- ings of the company that received the se- cond haul, or reshipment from that point. On March 29th, 1911, the arrangement was modified by withdrawing the completion of carloads concession, and restricting the storage and inspection privileges to car- loads. The Commission was asked jointly by the Simcoe Fruits and your Transportation Committee to order the re-establishment of these concessions in the event of not grant- ing the stop-over privileges. The Board's ruling upon this request, dated March 6th, 1913, was as follows: "That the railway companies subject to the jurisdiction of the Board re-establish the arrangement for- merly in effect, whereby apples were car- ried to concentration points for storage, inspection, and for completion of carloads and reshipment, subject to certain condi- tions, at a reduction of one-third from the local tariff rate to the concentration points, so as to become effective within thirty days from the date of this order, the railways having not satisfactorily justified the abro- gation of the arrangement which has been shown to have been in existence in On- tario for a number of years." On July 5th, 1913, I am informed by Mr. Cartwright, secretary of the Commission, that the railway companies had applied for permission to refer this ruling to the Su- preme Court, on the grounds that the Board had not jurisdiction to issue such an order. Their request was granted, but I am given to understand the order issued by the Board on March 6th, as above read, re- mains in effect until either quashed or withdrawn, and the rebate concession is therefore available for those requiring it. As several shippers were annually paying out large sums of money for providing slat floors for refrigerator cars or box cars when refrigerators could not be supplied, to protect their shipments, the Commission was asked for a ruling compelling the rail- ways to pay shippers for providing such. Their request was granted bv an order issued June 30th, 1913, No. 19570, reading :i- follows : "It is ordered that where shippers fur- nish slats for the floors of refrigerator cars not equipped with permanent slatted or double floors, or for the floors of box cars tendered to and accepted by shippers in lieu of refrigerator cars, for the carriage of fresh fruits, railway companies subject to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Can- ada shall allow the shipper three dollars per car for the said slatting ; the shipper to be permitted to deduct the said allowance from the freight charges payable by him upon the shipment in such car in which the said slatting has been furnished ; the shipper's receipt for the amount so allowed to be given the railway company's agent at the forwarding station, and to be accepted by him as so much cash in the prepayment of the freight charges on such car." This is three dollars better than it was up till this order went into effect, but your Transportation Committee are not yet sat- isfied in this matter. Some shippers put in floors and have done so this season that cost considerably over three dollars, and weigh probably one thousand pounds, but under the Canadian classification no reduc- tion is allowed off the minimum carload weight for these floors, and consequently the shipper has to pay freight on same. We might take the case of a Sarnia ship- per fitting a car as outlined ; he gets no allowance from his freight minimum. In Port Huron — a mile away — another shipper fits a car, and under the official classifica- tion he is allowed one thousand pounds for such fittings, from the car minimum. RBCIPKOCAL DEMTTRRAGE The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, the Toronto and Montreal Boards of Trade, the Canadian Millers' Association, the On- tario Associated Boards of Trade, the On- tario Coal Dealers' Association, and the International Harvester Co. were heard in Ottawa, June 16th and 17th, by the Railway Commission on the question of reciprocal or average demurrage. It was my privilege to also represent your Transportation Com- mittee at this hearing, to endeavor to show the great need of something being done to ensure a better service in the supplying of cars, a better mileage rate in transit, and a more prompt delivery at terminals for fruit shipments. At present a shipper who allows his car to remain more than twenty-four hours of free time at intervals before unloading is fined one dollar a day for every day beyond such free time. Last winter the Board raised this to two dollars and three dollars for the first and second day, for four months as an experiment, but the experi- ment did not bring about the results which the railways claimed would be forthcom- ing, viz., that cars would be released, by consignees, and could then be supplied promptly to the shippers. The fact then is apparent that the fault is really conges- tion at terminals, which can only be reme- died by the railways providing better ter- minal facilities. {Continued on page 16) January, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 15 ^fe^KooK Strawberries YIELD $500 to 11200 per acre under the Kellogg sure-crop method. Our beautifully illustrated 64-page book gives the complete Keliogg Way and tells all about the great ^Kellogg plant farms in Ore- ' gon, Idaho and Michigan. R. M. KELLOGG CO. f Box 570, Three flivrs, Mich. The "FAULTLESS" Lamp Simplest, Strongest, most Beautiful and Perfect Portable Lamp in the World Cannot Explode Can Roll it on the Floor while Burning Requires No Cleaning Costs Less than One Cent a Night to produce Three Hundred Candle Power ol Bright White Light Write for circular MACLAREN & CO., Main St., Merrickville, Ont. Nova Scotia The Nova Scotia Department of Agri- culture is determined that the apple mag- gots shall not gain a hold in the orchards of that province. So far this pest has not made its appearance, except in a very few localities. Infested fruit, however, has been coming in from Ontario and the New England states. When preventative mea- sures are taken in time this pest can be controlled. It spreads very slowly, some- times confining its attack to only a few trees for a number of years. This habit is a very fortunate one. It is hoped that all persons interested in the fruit industry in that province will be on the lookout for this insect and report any appearances to Roberit Matheson, the Provincial Entom- ologist. Ottawa Flower Guild The Ottawa Flower Guild continues to progress. At a meeting last fall over forty new members were admitted. The bulbs chosen for this season are Narcissus Trum- pet Victoria, Narcissus Trumpet Princeps, and Hyacinth Gigantea. The plants are Whitmanii Fern, Begoaiea Luminosa Asparagus Plumosus. Children up to twelve years of receive three of each set of bulbs. Child- ren over twelve are given a choice between plants or bulbs. A bulb exhibition will be held in February at which the children will be given an opportunity to compete for prizes. President R. B. Whyte has been giving instructions recently on the growing of bulbs. Marked benefit is following tne work of the society. and age With one organization handling a large volume of apples it will be possible to se- cure better terms from the railways. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. A Happy and Prosperous New Year To All the Readers of The Canadian Horticulturist Our Spring Planting List will be ready for mailing on the Ist of February. U not now on uur mailing list please send Post Card givins name and address, and a copy mil be sent. JOHN CAVERS On Greenhouses HAS it ever ocotirrod to you that the congtrnction of greenhousea is de- cidedly different, and that a great doal of the snocees of your flowers de- pends on the confitruction? Haven't you thought that practically the only difference in greenhou.'ies. aeido from design, was the difference in prict;? With everythini? else, isn't there always some one kind that is generally conceded to be better than the rest, and taken as a standard for comparisons? Then, isn't it only logical it should b> so with greenhouses? When other green- house builders clnim their houses are "as light as the U-Bar's." it's significant that the TJ-Bar is the lightest of them all. If the other builders are constructing their houses with curved eave.s as near as possible like the TJ-Bar's. there must be a distinct advantage in the U-Bar curved eave. Now. the truth of the matter Is: No one can or does U-BAR GREENHOUSES PI EPSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVt. NtWYORK CANADIAN OFFICE:. lO PMlLLirS PLACt . MONTHLAl build a bouse anything like the tT-Bar. because it's a patented construction and we are lt« sole users. That it has distinct advantages, green- house erperts admit. Wh-^ther these ad- vantages are worth the difference in cost Is a question that you can settle only after a careful comparison. Before you put any money in a green- house, it might be well to go into the matter a bit. Our catalog will be a great help. To have one of our representatives call would doubtless be the most satisfactory. Which shall it be? i6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1914 GLORIOUS GARDENS from ENGLAND V y> KELWAY'S famous Hardy Herbaceous Perennials— Gail- lardias, Pyrethrums, Paeonies, Delphiniums and others— are from strong, country-grown stocks which flourish under almost all conditions of soil and climate and make it possible to reproduce successfully in this country much of the charm and beauty of the finest old English gardens. Choice named collections (specially picked to suit Canadian conditions) of Paeonies from $3.75 to $17.00; Delphiniums from $2.25 to $13.50 ; Gaillardias from $1.50 to $4.50 ; Pyre- thrums, $1.50, $3.00 and $5. 10 a dozen. Full particulars and illusl rations are g-iven m the Kelivav Manual of Horticulture mailed Free on receipt of 60 cents, by KELWAY & SON LANGPOHT - SOMERSET ■_>IB7n ."..I ENGLAND >' ■.ocasv Kelway's Perennials For Canadian Gardens %^' V Direct from % KELWAY&SON TTieRoyal Horticulturists lANGPORT ENGLAND This is the K^lwky Book which every Garden lover should write for to-day Ontario Fruit Growers and Transportation {Continued friim paye Ml Our request was for reciprocal demur- ] rajfe, that is, a system by which the rail- ' ways as well as the shipper would be fire for delay in unloadims:, accordinjr as o; or the other was responsible. The same would apply in the orderinjf of cars, if cars were not supplied in forty-eight hours, the railways would pay the shipper demurrage for each day's delay ther:ifter, and if sup- plied and not loaded in proper time, then the shipper would pay the same rate. De- lays in transit or in plarimK would or should . be in the form of a penalty. By the v'Tage demurraRC system the charse on all ears held for loading or un- loading: by shipper or receiver would be computed on the basis of the average time of detention to all such cars released dur- ing each calendar month as follows: First — k credit of ome day allowed for each car released within twenty-four hours of free time, and a debit of one day charg- ed for each twenty-four hours beyond the first forty-eight hours of free time. ' Second — At the end of the month the total number of days credited will be de- ducted from the total number of days debited, and one dollar a day charged for the remainder. In supporting the reciprocal plan, 1 be- lieve its adoption would be a fair settle- ment of the question, whereas the average plan would discriminate against the small shipper in favor of the big one. Let the railway as well as the shipper be penalized, but we must be prepared and willing to accept any ruling whereby the service will be improved. From returns furnished me by shippers who kept records of shipments, as request- ed, last season, I was enabled to present to the Board acurate data showing losses sustained by shippers throuirh delays in supplying refrigerator cars, etc. Out of forty shipers, requiring one thousand one hundred and eighty-six refrigerator cars, twenty-siz experienced delays of from four to thirty-eight d.ays in getting them, and in some instances were compelled to use box cars. An instance mav be given of one shipper,' who ordered eight refrigera- tor cars from the M.C.R Co. on October 24th. He received two on November 28— 3.'j days; one on November 30 — thirty-seve the fruit grower, from the nursery stock to the orchard product, including spray material. On fruit shipments to the west- ern market, Winnipeg shipments traveller as slow as two and three-quarter miles ar hour; Bramdon. from four and three-quartei to ten miles an hour: Regina, four anc three-quarter, five and one-half, and si> miles an hour, and several other point: al50ut as bad. Conditions at export point: were also referred to, instances being quot rd where cars were held a full week ant more durin.g severe cold weather, and wer< badlv frosted. Fifty-seven shipments o nurs'erv stock bv one shipper to points 11 Ontario, durimg the month of May, wa; even acknowledged by the railway repre B.Mitatives to be a most shameful conditioi of affairs. Some of these required seven teen days gojngf twenty-three miles, fifteei January, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTTC TJT.T0RTST tt BLACK CURRANTS We have some eroellent plant* of the Black Naples variety, erown from the most productive patch in the district. Also some I.awton Blackberry plants. Apply for prices. I. E. HENRY & SON ■ WINONA. ONT. STRAWBERRIES Your copy of our Strawberry Cata- logue is now ready. A Post Card will bring it. It describes ail the best varieties of Strawberries and Raspberries. Cultural directions and lots of other valuable information. THE LAKE VIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McConoell & Son Crovesend, Ontario Strawberries (Summer and Fall Bearing) and All Small Fruit Plants - Strawberrii'S and all Small Fruit Planus mean big and quick profits for you at a __ small outlay of money. We "are hoadquarters for Summer and Fa,ll Bearing Strawberry Plants. Easpbeories. Blackberries. Gooseberries. Currants, Grapes, Fruit Trees. Roses, Ornamental Shrubs, Eggs for Hatching, Orates, Bas- kets. Seed Potatoes, etc. Best varieties, lowest price 30 years' experien'-c. Free catalogue is fullof valuable informaikm, Write today 1. .1, lARMER. nOX 196. PULASKI X. V Bee=keepers' Supplies SEASON 1914 Early Cash Order Dis- count 5% — November I St to December 3 1 st. Send for our New Catalogue Bees'ivax Wanted Best Market Price Cash or Exchange The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BHANTFOHD, ONT. THE CHAS. E. HOPPER COMPANY Successors to E. GRAINGER & COMPANY BEEKEEPERS' SUPPLIES BEES, QUEENS, HONEY and WAX IVritffor a Catalogitf 185 Wright Avenue Toronto, Ont. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW would like very much to enroll a goodly number of new subscribers for the year 1914. Listen ! Besides the .3,000-colony series managed from one office, we will begin with the January number of the REVIEW a series of articles by a beekeeper "grey with experience" that we will call the Farmers' Series; or. How to Produce Comb Honey with Two Visits a Year. The editor of the REVIEW has looked into this system quite thoroughly, and believes that, with this method that will be described in the RE- VIEW during 1914, the busy man or farmer can harvest much more comb honey per colony, with about a fourth the wofk that is required with the ordinary system now in vogue. We are printing 400 extra sets of the REVIEW for the last half of 191.3 ; and as lojig as they last they will be included free to all new paid-in-advance subscribers for 1914. All progressive beekeepers should subscribe for two or three good bee journals. We are making a special low price on the REV^IEW when club- bod with other bee journals. Hor^ is a|(JLEANINGS one year, W 00 j „„t|,, „„e year, for $1.50 cood one: V. The REVIEW, one year, $1 00 J To take advan- Here ( GLEANINGS, one year, $1.00 ta«e of thks low is an- \ AMER. BEE JOURNAL, ] yr.. SI 00 price all remit- other: I The REVIEW, one year, $100 tances should be Extra for CSanadian postaee: Oleanings. 30c; addressed— AH three listed above 40c. All Thr for $2.00 American Bee Journal, 10c. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW NORTHSTAR, MICHIGAN > "c li ^y^**" View of James C--^ i^ Carter & Company** trial grounds at Raynes Park. London, England. Best Seeds ^for Bigger Crops It pays to get the best seeds grown. That's why you will be interested in the new Catalogue of Carter's Tested Seeds. Write fior it to-day. At Raynes Park, London, Messrs. James Canter & Company have the •most complete testing and trial grounds in the world. For generations they have been selecting, cultivating and perfecting their seeds to a lineage that insures quality. Carter's Seed^s are cleaned and packed by unique methods and come to you absolutely true to name. We maintain complete stocks in our Toronto store and warehouses to insure Immediate delivery of your order. Our catalogue, "Garden and Lawn," ready about January 1st, lists not only hundreds of vegetables and root crops, but has a complete list of flowers for garden and conservatory. It gives also many useful hints on planting and cultivating. Write to-day. Mailed Free. Carters Tested Seeds, Inc. 133A rCing Street Ea«t, Toronto iR THE CANADIAN HORTICUT.TTtrtST Janii:ir\', iqi^ ALLOW ME TO PRESENT I MY BEST FRIEND I ROYAL I YEAST CAKES CAKES DECUNE SUBSTITUTES. E.W.GILLETT CO. LTD. TORONTO. WINNIPEG. MONTREAL. Hitch Your Sleeping Schedule to Big Ben Big Ben will wake you early enough for profitable before-breakfast action. His gentle get-up call starts the day with n flying start on thousands of farms. For your accommodation he rings TWO WAYS. He'll get you up by degrees or in a hurry. Set him either way you wish — to give one long five- minute ring, or ten short rings at one-half-minute intervals, until you're wide awake. lie stands 7 inches tall; ia triple-nickel plated over a tested implement steel coat, the handsomest and truest tborouebbred in the clocJc world. He has h\z. bold numerals and hands that show the time pLiinly at a stance, large keys that anyone can wind easily, and such a pleasant tone that you are glad tc £ct up when he calls. Bit Ben makes early rising easy. He's the leader of the early morning brigade. His cheerful good morning" ring calls millions of liyc wires to action. Thousands of successful farms are run on a Big Ben schedule. He starts you off right in the morning and keeps you right all day. From "Sun up" to "Lights out" he regulates your day. He'll work for 36 hours at a stretch and overtime, if necessary. The only pay he asks is one drop of oil a year. He is sturdy and strong — built to last a lifetime. Yet under bis dust-proof steel coat is the most deli- cate "works." That's why his on-tbe-dot accuracy has won him fame. Big Ben's wonderful sales are due to his having "made good." His biggest bit has been with fcBks with tbc "make good" habit. He sunds for suc- cess— that's why you'll like him for a friend. When 3 million families find Big Ben a good clock to buy and 20,000 dealers pnrve he's a good clock to sell, it's evidence that he is worth S*,00 of jmr money. Suppose you trade &1. 00 for him today. A community of clockmakera stands back of btm. Their imprint, Madt in La Sallt, UJinois, h tf'est- clox, is the best alarm-clock insurance you can buy. days goinff twenty-eight miles, twenty-two days going thirty-seven miles, twenty-six days going seventy-two miles, etc., through- out the whole fifty-seven shipments. Simi- lar reports to the foregoing were submitted on the placing of carload shipments of fruit after arrival at destination. In reply to Chairman Drayton's inquir\ as to what rate of transit the fruit ship- ments should be given, my suggestion was ten miles an hour, and I am satisfied this is not an unreasonable request, consider- ing the freight rate, and the volume of business we tender. For instance, between New Orleans, La., and Chicago, for fruit and vegetable shipments, the run is made in fifty-five hours, a distance of nine hun- dred and twenty-two miles ,or an average speed of sixteen miles an hour, while the actual running speed would be greatly in excess of this. The schedule for banana trains betwen these points is forty-seven hours and thirty minutes, an average of .twenty miles an hour. Fruit trains from Southern Illinois are run from Centralia, 111., to Chicago, two hundred and fifty-two miles, in ten hours and five minutes, about twenty-five miles an hour, and this service dates back as far as 1901. In the district comprising Delaware and the eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia, which ship pro bably ninety per cent, of its production north of Philadelphia, growers have the accommodations of specially constructed cars for fruit, and a service almost on pas- senger schedule. FAST SF.RVICE EL8EWHEKE From Wilmington, N.C., to New York, fruit trains average better than sixteen miles an hour. Florida, like other southern states, is provided with a special fast freight service for the transportation of fruits, trains making the run between Jack- sonville and New York, including all de- lays, at the rate of over seventeen miles an hour. All through the fruit producing states, we find similar service provided. From the Jacksonville, Palestine and Tyler districts in Texas to New York, one thou- sand five hundred and twenty-three miles in five days, and even to Montreal we find deliveries of peaches and cantaloupes made for sixth morning market. Between Sou- thern California and New York, three thou- sand and twenty miles, an average speed of nearly thirteen miles am hour is attained. Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, competi- tive states in Western Canada with our Ontario producers, also have a special sechedule during the heavy movement, and in some instances fruit shipments are handled on passenger trains. To the great fruit industry of the pro- vince, then, the decision of the Railway Commission upon this problem means con- siderable, as it is a stepping-stone to the more important requirement — that of bet- ter service in transit. We pay high rates because of the per- ishable nature of our commodity and de- serve, therefore, the service for which we pay. The reports now coming in from Ontario shippers are an improvement o-ver last year, but show a serious state of affairs vet. No company obtaining its right of operation from the Government, which in reality is the people, should be allowed to so serve or humbug those who make their operation possible. When the decision of the Board will be given, I cannot say. I hoped it would be in time to apply this season, but was ad- vised under date of October 13th, 1913, that it will be some time yet before the question can be disposed of. j.inii.iry, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST t^ No. 16 1 Planet Jr Single ^Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Rake and Plow The highest type of Single Wheel Hoe made. It is light, handy, and adapted to use by man, woman, or child. Has leaf guard for close work, and a durable steel frame. No. 76 Planet Jr Pivot-wheel Riding Cultiva* tor, Plow, Furrower, and Ridger A wonderful implement in extensive cul- tivation of corn, potatoes, etc. Light in draft, simple and strong in construction and comfortable to ride upon. Works rows 28 \.Q 44 inches, and cultivates crops until 5 feet high. _^_^ Nearly two million soil-tillers all over the world are saving time, lightening labor and getting better results by using Planet Jr guaranteed farm and garden tools. For all requirements, $2 to $100. iri>p]p* Our new 72-page illustrated cata- logue describes 60 tools for all kinds of horse and hand cultivation. Write for it today. S L ALLEN & CO Box 1106G Ptiiladelphia Write tor the name of our nearest agency No. 11 Planet Jr Double Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Plow and Rake The greatest cultivating tool in the world for the grower of garden crops from drilled seeds. It has steel frame. The plow opens furrows for manure, seed, etc., and can be reversed for covering. The cultivating teeth are adapted for deep or shallow work and for marking out. Crops can be worked both sides at once until 20 inches high. Planet Jr Combined ill and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe, Cul- tivator and Plow This is a practical every day time-, labor., and money-saver. It combines in a single implement a capital seeder, an admirable single wheel hoe, furrower, wheel-cultiva- tor, and a rapid and efficient wheel garden plow. Every owner of a vegetable gar- den can save the cost of this tool in a single season. No. 72 Planet Jr 2-row Pivot-wheel Cultivator* Plow, Furrower and Ridger Cultivates at one time two rows of pota- toes, corn, beans, etc. in rows 28 to 44 inches apart. Works like a charm in check rows, crooked rows, and rows of irregular width. Can be equipped with roller-bearings, spring-trip standards, and discs. Apple Shippers Read this before dispos- ing of your Apples IT' S ONLY NATURAL to give your own property THE PREFERENCE — Blood is thicker than water. Having no bought apples of our own, we are in a position to look after your interests. Consign your apples to us — we can take care of them for you. Have ample storage to hold for improved market. Dawson - Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO PHONE MAIN 1471 For the Land' s Sake Use the best Manure and get GOOD CROPS For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. Marchtnent 133 Victoria St., TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841; Residence, Park 951 Say you saw thim ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist THF. CANADIAN HOl^TTC trtTU RtST i unuarv, /'/(-! CENTRAL NURSERIES, ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Have a Fine Assortment of Trees, Vines, Plants, Ornamentals, Etc. For Spring Plantinii For SatiifactioB, Plant St. Rigo, Himalajra and Ever Beariof Bom't Our prictMare right ami so are llie trees. Send for pricoii cuta- loi;ue if you liave none, aiso your want list for special prices on Apple Trcea. We can please you. Look over our Price List No Aigents A. G. HULL & SON TTTTTl i!sm BEATS ELECTRIC OR GASOLINE 10 Days FREE— Send No Money We don t ask you to pay us a cent until you have used this wonderful modem light in your owA home for ten days, then you may return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied. We want you to prove for yofarself that it gives five to fifteen times as much light as the ordinary oil lamp; beats electric, gasoline or acetylene. Lights and is put out just like the old oil lamp BURNS 70 HOURS ON 1 GALLON OIL Gives a powerful white light, burns common coal oil (keroHene), no odor, smoke or noise, simple, clean, won't explode. Guaranteed. \>m $1000.00 Reward will be K .en to the person who shows us an oil lamp equal to this Aladdin in every way (de- tails of otfer given in our circular). Woultl wo dare make sucli a challenge to the world if there was thesllKhtest doubt as to the merits of the Aladdin? We want one person in each locality to wliom we can refer customers. Write qnicfc for our JO Day Absolutely Free Trial I'rop- osltion. Agents' Wlioiesale Prices, and learu bow to get ONE FREE. MANTLE LAMP CO., 715 AladdinBldg.. Montreal & Winnepeg AGENTS WANTED to denionBtrate in ter- ritory where oil lamps are in use. Kxpericnce unnecessary. Many agents average live sales a day and make etiW.OO per month. One farmer cicareil over S800.00 in 6 weeks. You can make money t'veninira «nare time. Write m 0 X H O 2 > H m 73 Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouics: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. A.side from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto Reference* : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencie*. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 4 THE BRANTFORD IDEAL POWER SPRAYER CANNOT BE EXCELLED ^e also manufacture complete Hnea of Gas and Gasoline Engines, Windmills, Tanks, Grain Grinders. Steel Saw Frames, Water Boxes, Pumps, etc- Catalogues describing our different lines, sent on request GOOLD, SHAPLEY & MUIH CO. Ltd., Bratvtford, Ont. Ttie "Friend" Motor-Pump cludin? motor-pumps. * >.fits on bed without tnicks, and complete ma- cliinee — built in large and small sizes. The SIMPLEST. MOST OOM- PAOT. MOST POWERFUL and FIN- EST WORKING power sprayers ever produced. Many Westerns sold in Canada last year to growers who are STAUNCH FRIENDS this year. WRITE FOR CATALOG TO-DAY, STATING REQUIREMENTS. Fruit Growers' Requests Durinir December Messrs. D. Johnson and G. E. Mcintosh, represemting the On- tario Fruit GroT\'ers' Association and a larsre delegation of the fruit growers of Lambton County, met J. E. Armstrong, M. P. for East Lambton, at Forest, and laid before him certain complaints regard- ing railway facilities and service in hand- ling fruit shipments. The resolutions, as annroved by the Ontario .Association and submitted to Mr. .Armstrong, were as fol- lows : That an effort be made to have all navi- gation companies handling freierht and op- erating upon Canadian waters placed under the jurisdiction of the railway commission. That power be given the railway commis- sion to adjudicate claims against steam- boats, railway and express companies.which have not been settled in sixty days. That an amendment be made to the crim- inal code whereby handlers of perishable shipments will be liable to a fine for rough handling and for pilfering. That fruit inspectors be also made cargo inspectors. That where a privilege has been given by a railway company under section 317 of the Railway Act, the railway commission be given power to order the extension of such privilege. REQIESTS REASONABLE Mr. .Armstrong said 'he believed the rr quests reasonable, and he would see they were placed before Parliamemt, with a view to bring about legislation that would ad- just at least some of them. Mr. Armstrong touched upon a mat- ter that met with approval, that of nation- alizing the express companies of Canada. The express companies are demanding six million dollars for handling the parcel post husimess to be inaugurated very soon, and Mr, Armstrong thought that the Postmas- ter-General should direct attention to gov- ernmental control of the express companies. "FRIEND" MFG. CO., GASPORT, NEW YORK Nova Scotia The annual meeting of the Xova Scotia Fruit Growers' -Association will take place at Kentville, January 20th. 21st and 22nd. \ three days programme is being prepared The question of the control of black spot uill be especialy dealt with. British Columbia Developments in the system of fruit pro- duction and distribution in British Colmu- bia, which may involve changes in methods now used by the orchardists, are possible as a result of a recent toiir of the Pacific coast undertaken by J. Kidston of Vernon, a member of the Provincial .Agricultural Commission, and R. M. Winslow, provincial horticulturiist and secretary of the B. C. Fruit Growers' .Asociation. They have re- cently returned from a trip which took them through .American fruit grooving districts extending from the boundary line south into the heart of the California ••trus beit. They interviewed the officers of many growing and selling organizations and se- cured a large amount of valuable informa- tion covering the growing and distribution of deciduous and citrus fruits. In the orchard districts of the Northwest the idea of close cultivation between trees is not looked upon with general f.ivor, al- though this method is accepted ;here in January, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23 The question of se- lecting an Arsenate of Lead for fruit-tree spraying is an im- portant one. There are a great many brands on the market, but only a few of them have all the requisite characteristics which will make your spraying successful. TRADE ^^""^^ MARK THE CANADA PAINT CO LIMITED NEUTRAL ARSENATE OF LEAD (Paste) This product is soft and fluffy in character and mixes readily with water and other spray mixtures, and stays well in suspension. It is very fine in texture so covers the foliage evenly and goes far- ther than more graular and coarser Arsenates. Before putting our new Neutral Arsenate of Lead on the market, we experimented and thoroughly tested it out in practical use, and we are confident here is no super- ior Arsenate of Lead made. .As manufacturers of Arsenate of Lead we have been enabled to make use of a new formula for the manu- facture of a Dry, Powdered Ar- senate. Hitherto Arsenate of Lead in dry form was not satisfactory but this new product has all the good qualities of a paste Lead and some advantages beside. It is lighter in gravity and more fluffy in texture and so has greater cov- ering qualities. It can be safely carried over from one season to another without deterioration. Pro- bably the greatest advantage is the saving effected in freight charges, as the dry Lead weighs just half the amount of the paste Lead. Ask us for prices on our Paste and Dry Arsenates before you decide on the Lead you will use this year. THE CANADA PAINT CO. LIMITED PAINT-VARNISH AND DRY COLOR MAKE.C5-LINSEED OIL CDU5HER5 MONTREAL- TORONTO- W'NNIPEC- CALGARY- HALlfM OXIliE MINES- RLDMILL QUEBEC Gladioli at Less than Wholesale Prices AMERICA, the standard pink. IVi in. and up in diameter. $1.50 per 100. TACONIC, Lively pink (perfect). 2 in. up. $4.00 per 100. Order now before too late. These prices ■,i:e made to close out circular. P. VAN WAGNER H. R R. No. 5 HAMILTON ONT. 600,000 ft. Belting for Sale, all makes, at ^ to '/a less than regular value. Also 500,000 ft. Iron Piping, SO.OCO rods new Wire Fencing, Rails. Cable, Galvanized Iron, etc., at Vi to '/a saving. Price list free. Write to IMPERIAL WASTE & METAL CO. 6 Queen St., MONTREAL Imperial Bank E«.bii.h.d OF CANADA i875 Capital Authorized - $10,000,000 Capital Paid Up - 6.925,000 Reserve and Undivided Profits - - - 8,100,000 D. R. WILKIE, PrMidcnt and Gaaaral Manacar Open a SAVINGS BANK ACCOUNT. Deposits of $ 1 .00 and upward received Massey-Harris Spray Outfits Double Cylinder Vertical Pump with Bronze Plungers. Tank is made of selected Cypress put together by Experts. Simple, direct connection between Engine and Pump -No Sprocket Chains to get tangled up in branches of trees. Agitator is positive in its action and is operated from the top — No holes through side of Tank to leak and cause trouble. The Cab protects all working parts from the solution. Front Wheels turn under the Frame— Handy in close quarters. The Engine is described below. •■■■•«■■■ Massey-Harris Gasoline Engines The Ideal Engines for Spraying and general farm work as they run in ail kinds of weather and under changes of position caused by working on side hills, etc. Hopper cooled with exceptionally large water space. No gaskets or packing about the Cylinder to blow out or leak. Valves are in Removable Cages — either can be taken out by removing two Screws. Carburetor has no moving parts — is simple, effective and " easy on the Gasoline." — li to 20 Horse Power— Stationary, Portable, Semi-Portable. — Massey-Harris Co^ Limited. Head Officea-TORONTO, CANADA. — Branches at — Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saaliatoon, Yorltton, Swift Current, Calgary, Edmonton. — Agenciea Everjrwhere.— 24 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1914 NEW AKD RARE SEEDS L'nluiie collection. Iluidrcdtof varrcticn adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. Roses Roses Irish, Dutch and American. Hybrid Perpetual Hybrid Teas and Climbing. Strong 2 year field-grown bushes that will bloom the first year— none better, none cheaper. AI,KO Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Perennials Get Cataloiiue A. W. GRAHAM St. Thomas - Ontario Make your garden a blaze oT glorious colour from Early Spring to late Autumn. Learn how, from KELWAY & SON The A'oyal ffortuttllurists Lantfport, Somerset, Cntfland ARE YOU GOING To BulM GREENHOUSES We Design and M.-inufaclurc Iron Franve, Pipe Frame and All Wood We Use Only The Best All Heart Red Gulf Cypress Woodwork We Also Supply Ventilatinii Machinery, Bench Material and all kinds of Greenhouse Hardware PARKES CONSTRUCTION CO. 167» KING ST. E. - HAMILTON, ONT. 130-Egg incubator and Brooder F.? $13,90 If ordered together we send both machines for only $13.90 and we fRCIGHT pay all freight and duty charges to any R. R. station in Canada. fl/VD DUTY We have branch warehouses inWinnipeg, Man, and Toronto.Ont. PAIO Orders shipped from nearest w^arehouse to your R. R. station. _ Hot water, double walls, dead-air space between. d(mble glass /■ 11 \ doors, copper tanks and boilers, self-regulating. Nursery undt-r ' CKK tray. Especially adapted to Canadian climate. Incubator and Brood-r shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egn testers — ready to use when you get them. Five year Kuarantee — 30 days trial. Incubators finished in natural colors showing the hi^h grade Cali- fornia Redwood lumber used — not painted to cover inferior material. If you will compare our] mai'hincs with others, we feel sure of your order. Don't buy until yon do this — you'll savemoneyEU^ — it pays to investigate before you buy. Remember our price of fil3.90 is for both Incubator and »^ Brooder and covers freight and duty charges. Send for FREK catalog today, or send in your onicr and save time. ^tedllkt'' WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO.> Box3!6 , Racine, Wis., U. S. A. Progressive Jones, Says: "Good for Your SOIL and Your CROPS" Your soil will receive the proper plant foods to stimulate your crops and the land will also be nourished if you use Harab FERTlHgJ There are other fertilizers which, while they force your crops the first year, impoverish \our land and eventually put it in such condition as to ije almost worthless. Do not run any risks of this kind. Consider results mot only for this year but for many to come. Harab Fertilizers are true plant foods. They are fiood for both I.md and crop. B(* well advised and write to The Harris .\bbatoir Co. for a copy of their Fertilizer Booklet. That's the first step in the right direction. The Harris Abattoir Co. Limited Toronto, Canada mamy instances for young: orchards. It claimed that ol<'ain cultivation /h-ts the re- sult of permitting the disappearance ^f humus and thus the soil fertility decreases and the tree foliage turns yellow, tli» •.ree''« fruitfulness naturally becomin^f les.,. In the V'akima and Wenatchec districts the growers have adoptid the plan u( xrowinj? alfalfa between the row.' and have foutid that where this policy was in force ' r some years orchard production was thcrei greatly increased In Hood River dover is grown in the orchards with similar results and the deep concern of the grower over this pro- blem of keeping the fertility of the orchard soil is giving pJace to confidence. In the younger districts im Southern Oregon and .SiM)kane the soil fertility problem as in British Columbia is not yet so acute. It has been found in Hood River that whereas for- merly forty thousand doll, rs wo'th of hay was imported every year, now there is no importation of ha\ whatever, the green crops in the orchards being sufficient for hay purposes. This method ha,s resulted i.n a lower cost of cultiv.ition although more irrigation water has been retiuired. It is considered that a good deal of experimental work will be necessary before it is decided absolutely how far the s\-stem of growing alfalfa or clover between the rows of trees may be followed out in British Columbia; (Generally speaking, wages are from twen- ty to thirty per cent, below those paid in the fruit districts of British Columbia, while the cost of materials, such as boxes, |5aper, o'chard etjuipment and so forth, was from thirty to fo.rty per ce^t. lower. Taxes were on the whole higher. The cost of fruit production generally, would seem to be about thirty per cent, lower than in Brit- ish Columbia. This fact would lead to the conclusion, it is thought, that more general study will have to be given in this province to reducing the cost of growing, packing and marketing. One difficulty now facing the fruit men of British Columbia lies in the fact that the .American growers market their best ap- ples, caled "extra fancy," and "fancy," in the high-priced city markets at a figure about twice as high as that obtained for the third grade apples, described as "choice." These "choice" apples are sold at little above cost, the profit being made on the others ; mevertheless the third .grades are good apples, forming between ten and forty jx-r cent, of the crop. Thev are in demand on the Canadian prairi. w^here an extra fancy apple is not desired In British Columbia the growers have no large cities im which to seU their finest ap- ples, and the prairies do not seem to de- sire to pay the extra price for the British Columbia "fancy" and "number ones, "con- sequently, in many cases the British Colum- bia growers have to put them on to the prairie markets at prices low enough to compete with the .Vmerican "choice." The duty on apples is only thirteen cents a box, which is not enough to cover the margin of difference. Were the British Columbia growers to find a market willing to absorb the high-priced fruit it could meet the Amer- ican competition and make money in the same way as followed across the line. Kn effort is mow being undertaken here to develop a market in Australia where, it is pointed out, there is a demand- for the very cheapest apples, but then the advan- tage of any duty on .American apples is lost. .Some attention was paid by the secretary of the B. C. Fruit Growers' Association to the qeustion of fruit marketing. It was f.miiary, tqT4 THE CANADIAN HORTTC ULTURTST Spraying with proper ma- terials will increase both the quantity and the qual- ity of your crops in orchard and garden. A Pfofiabte In%estmeitt SPRAYING A Profitable Investment .4 ne-.v edition of this book has Just bf-rn printed fo^ distribution among fruit grtrtvcrs -who ivis/i a complete and reliablr guide for exterminating insect Pests, This book cofitains 120 pages nit dm any illustrations, regarding the life history of the important insect pests and the best methods of destroying them. Send us your nayne and address on a Post card, asking for the book, ive send it free of cost or obligntiou. Here are six reasons why it will pay you to use The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canaiia, Limited NEW PROCESS ARSENATE OF LEAD J. — It kills all leaf eating- insects and is used and recommended by larRC Kfowprs in all the fruit ctow- injc districts. 2. — It is a neutral Lead amd can- not cause arsenical poisoninjf of your trees, foliag-e burninR, or fruit russeting-. 3. — It is very fine, fluffy and floury in texture so stays well in suspension and 4. — So will s:ive a thorouKh and uiniform distribution over the fol- iage. 5. — It has a peculiar adhesive- ness that enables it to stick to the foliage in spite of rain. 6. — It is sold in both paste, and dry, powdered form, and is very economical in use. The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES Offices and Warehouses : Montreal. Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Halifax, N. S., London, Sng. ANNUAL FEBRUARY SPRAYING NUMBER OUT FEBRUARY 1st This is the largest and the nnost important issue of the year to the Fruit interests of Canada. Thus you will want to reserve your best and biggest copy for it and secure full advantage of this special service. As usual special articles on Spraying, and other special articles have been secured. Forms Close January 15th - 25th Send in space reservation early RATES. Page - $42.00 Hall Page - $21.00 Quarter Page $10.50 One Inch - $1.40 ^^^^^^^^H^' Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Erery Disease of Cnltiyated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Send for Catilognet 1/PDMADPT Manofactnrer, and psrticnlars to : V CfKIUUKCflrf VILLEFRANCHE (Rhone), FRANCE ENGLISH Hud-Made LACE MADE BY THE COTTAGERS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. This IS the old-fashioned lace made on the cushion, and was first introduced into England by the Flemish Refugees. It is still made by the village women in iheir quaint old way. Our Laces were awarded the Gold Medal at tlie Festival of Empire and Imperial Exhibition, Crystal Palace, LONDON, ENGLAND, for general excellence of workmanship. DUY some of this hand-made Pillow Lace, it lasts MANY times longer than machine made variety, and imparts an air of distinction to the possessor, at tho same time supporting the village' lace-makers, bringing them little comforts otherwi^^e unobtainable on an agricultural man's wage. Write for descriptive little treatise, entitled "The Pride of North Bucks," containing 200 striking examples of the lace makers* art. and is sent post free to any part of the world. Lace (or every purpose can be obtained, and within reach of the most modest purse. COLLAR— Pure Linen. $1.U0. DAINTY HANDKIB— TOO, No. 910.— Laoe li in. deep. Collars, Fronts, Plastrons, Jabots, Yokes. Fichus, Berthes, Hand- kerchiefs, Stocks, Cami- soles, Chemise Sets, Tea Cloths, Table Centres, D'Oyliea, Mats, Medal- lions, Quaker and Peter Pan Sets, etc., from I'Sc. 00c., $1.00, $1.50, $2.00. >ip to $5.00 each. Over 300 denigns in yard lace and inser- tion from 10c., 15c., 25c., 45c., up to $3.0U per yard. IRISH CROCHET. Mrs. Amis'.iorig having over 100 Irish peasant girls connected with her industry, some beaiitifulex- r*mplcs of Irish hand made laces may be obtained. All work being sold direct from the lace-makers, both the workers and customers derive great advantage. Every sale, however small, is a support to the industry. ill in. deep.) STOCK— Wheel Design. Price 25g. each. (Half shown.) No. I22.~a0o. per yard. MRS. HORACE ARMSTRONG, OLNEY, BUCKS, ENGLAND THE CA'NADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1914 FHUITLAND NURSERIES are offerinir for sale a general aasortment of flrstolaas Fruit Trees. Bushes, Vines and Ornamental Shrubs, etc.. at very low prices. Our oatalognet) arc just out. It will pay you to send for one. G. M. HILL, Box 42, FRUITLAND. ONT. Dahlia Bulbs for Sale Order early lor sprint' delivery. All varie- ties of Dahlia bulbs offered for sale, being the best that money could obtain. Send for Price List J. T. Payne gri.'ii.fR'st^lStrathroy, Ont. Fruit Machinery Co. INGERSOLL, ONT. Mantifaoturors of Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Installing Power Kvaporatora a specialty OUR LEADERS Ontario Power Sprayer Model 2-B, and the Improved Pacific Apple Parer Writt tor catalogue on Spraying and Evaporating FVerBoo^ Brown's on Spray^ ing . |( 1 300.000 ^ ■use these won- derful sprayers to Auto Spray I rid fields, fruit trees, grar-*^! Vdens of blight, disease and ^^ jin.sects— to make all pro- Pduce big. Auto Spray No. Capacity 4 Gallons. Auto Pop Nozzle throws from line mist to tfrenching stream. Does not clog. 40 styles and sizes of Hand and Power Outfits. Large sprayers fitted with Non-Clog Atomic Nozzle only nozzli.' that will spray any solution for (Jays without I'loKK'inK. Kits anv make of Bpraytr. Write for valuable Spraying Guide Free. The E. C. Brown Co., 5 7 JAY ST.. ROCHESTER, H. Y. FLOWER POTS iHtBESTMAOt FOSTEPS Standard POT Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send us your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. FINE FIRM FRUIT Largest crops of high-grade ^ No. 1 fruit can be secured by using Davies Special Mixed Fertilizer!. This applies to small fruits as well as Orchard fruits. Let us tell you how. Write for free booklet. r DAVIES feT ' WEST TORONTO ' Wc have an Agent near you SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Qooseberrles, Josselyn! Josselynlt Bed Jacket, Oownisc, Pearl, Houghton.— Currants, Perfection, Perfection!! Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's ProUflc, Ohampion, Black Naples. Victoria. — Raspberries, Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Outkbeirt, Ma.rlboro, Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry -Baspberry. — Garden Roots, A8para8ru.s, Rhubarb. Write for OatalortM WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, Box 54, Owen Sound, Ont. We paq highest Prices For RAW FURS FREE And Rennit Prompt I q ^ Sixty Thousand trappers send us their Raw Fnra. Why not you? We pay highest prices and express charges, charge no commission and send money same day goods arc received. Mil- lions of dollar* are paid trappers each year. Deal with a reliable house. We are the largest in our line in Canada. Write to-day AddccM JOHN HALLAM. limited lUFronrs"..E..., HALLAM'S TRAPPERS 6UIDE French or English A hook of 96 pages, fully illus- trated. Game Laws revised to dale — tells you how, when and where to trap, bait and traps to use, and many other valuable facts concerning the Kaw Fur Industry* also our " Up-to-the- minute " fur qxiolations, sent ABSOLUTELY FREE for the asking. 4g9 ««'l»'pi . TORONTO foumd that in the United States the organi zations fall into three classes: First, where the growers simply pack and sell to local jobbers ; second, where the Rrowers pack and sell f.o.b. cars, thus retaining control of the fruit until shipped. In the third class the growers' organization have selling agencies or brokers to which they consign fruit, or else through auctioms upon arrival. In either course, the fruit is generally dis- posed of to jobbers. There seems little eivdence of direct selling to retailers as it is shown that this would demand a great credit system. No serious effort has been made to eliminate the jobber. 'The one note of doubt was sounded by the peach growers across the line, who fail- ed o make money this year, even with the shortage in peaches. Thousands of trees are being removed in the peach belts to the south." Eastern Annapolis Valley Emice Bnchaau The weather continues mild and damp, although we had a few days' sleighing in the beginniiig of December. Mayflowers were gathered as late as December ninth. The potato crop is very short owing to alternate rains and frosts during the pro- longed harvest. For the past few years sev- eral apple growers have found it more pro- fitable to buy potatoes for home use than to grow them ; now they are finding it a dif- ficult matter to buy them as many of the little growers have only enough for them- selves or are holding them for better prices. The present market price is one dollar and sixty cemts a barrel at the ware- house. Nova Scotia supplies much of the seed of special varieties of potatoes to Ber- muda farmers, who grow three crops a year for American markets. This year they have been disappointed as many barrels of their seed have been frozen in Nova Scotia, and prices have gone up. Reports from Old Country markets are discouraging, but the low prices may be a blessing in disguise, emphasizing the fact that we need cold storage, amd that it neith- er pays to grow or to (ship number three apples. In London the number threes and spotted special twos will not make enough to pay shipping expenses, not counting the trouble and toil of growing them. Silver black, patched, blue, and red Foxes supplied for stocking fur farms. $40.00 per pair paid for sound live Mink JOHN DOWNHAM, Strathroy, Ont. SURE GROWERS GOVERNMENTTESTED Writt for Catalogue ' . Wm. RENNIE Co., Umited Cor. Adelaide and JarYii Streets, TORONTO. f.inu.'iry, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Fighting the Railways The proposed abolition by the Canadian Pacific Railway of certain less than carload and concentrating- privileg-es formerly af- forded to the fruit districts near Toronto, occupied part of a session of the Railway Comission during- December. The main point at issue was the question of the Rail- way Board's jurisdiction in the matter. The privileges hitherto afforded by the C.P.R. were those for the movement of fruit in carload lots to distributing centres such as Brighton, Ont., their concentration into carloads there amd reshipment, all at a low rate. These the railway proposes to abolish. The Canadian Pacific took the stand that the Railway Commission had -no jurisdiction in the matter. Items of Interest Experiments with rot in apples, particu- larly with the dry black spots which appear on the surface of the fruit, are being con- ducted at St. Catharines by W. A. McCub- bin, M..^., of the Dominion Laboratory of Pathology. He is inoculating perfect speci- mens with the rot to observe the effect. He is also treating the peach tree canker, and has discovered an apparently new rot on tomatoes which he is following up. Mr. McCubbin, who has found that many shade trees in the city are suffering from sores caused by injuries in which a fungus dis- ease gets into the wood and eats it up, re- commends painting- these sores, as no fun- gus can thrive under paint. GouMs No. 423 A Great Farm Pump for ' General Use. This Is one of our latest types— adjust- able stroke, force pump standard. The adjustable stroke adapts the standard for connec- tion to any windmill or pump-jack. Revolving bearer top permit the lever to be setand operated at any angle with the spout.. Large air chamber gives steady, even flow at spout. Nut and hose tube spout for connection with garden hose. Outlet back of spout tapped for iron pipe connection. Extra strong con structlon throughout. Ask your dealer for Goulds No. i23. Avoid Pump-Buying Mistakes Before you buy a pump or water system of any kind, be sure it's the very one best adapted to your needs. You can choose from over 300 types of Goulds Reliable Pumps. And we will tell you which type will j^ive the best results when used uudcr your particular service conditions. By gel ting exact information first, you'll save yourself worlds of trouble and ex- pense. Write OTir Mr. Gould, in charge of our Consultation De- partment. His lifelong knowledge and experience are at your service. You can get his help without charge on any water supply problem. RELIABLE i»xj3vi:i»^ THE GOULDS MFC CO., W. Fall St.,S OUTSELL ALL OTHER PUMPS For 65 years Goulds Pumps have been preferred by pump buyers who wanted longest and most satisfactory service. As a result, today we make more pumps than any other concern. And due to our enormous output, you pay no more for Goulds quality than for pumps of less merit. The best dealers in every locality handle Goulds Reliable Pumps. Look up the one in your section. HOW TO HAVE RUNNING WATER This luxury is possible on your farm. Send for our free book, "Water Supply for Country Homes." It de- scribes and pictures the most practical systems — hard, windmill, power, and hydraulic ram, with i he most de- sirable type of pump necessary. Write for book today. eneca Fall*, N.Y. Largest Manufacturers of Pumps tor Everv Purpose I read The Canadian Horticulturist with pleasure and profit. — J. D. Murray, Sas- katchewan. Cronk's Pruning Shears To introduce a high-grade pruning shear at a very low price, we are now offering direct, pro- vided your dealer do«s not have them, our 25- inch No. 09V2 guaranteed pruner at $1.25 per pair, via parcel post, prepaid; cash with order. CRONK & CARRIER MFG. CO., ELMIRA. N.Y. THE aasumption that a greenhouse on a private place caunot be made to pay; or that it is an out and out luxury— is a fallacy. By way of comparison— the man who buys a touring car and devotee it solely to pleasure jaunta and then states that "it is nothing but a continuous bill of expense," certainly is not to be classed with the one who. in addition to the pleasurable side, also uses his oar to the undoubted advantage of his busi- ne.sa. either direct or indirect. By the same token, grcenhoiises can be either a delightful expenditure; a combination of pleasure and profit; or a, strictly bnai ess p < posi- lioii. The owner of the houses' above makes his living by furnishing flowers and vegetables to a big city hotel, in addition to a local trade of no mean proportion. Why don't you investigate the three above named phases and convince your- self that you ought to have a green- house? We will gladly help you in every way by sending our piinted matter, sugge«t- ir.g places to visit, or better yet. come right to your home and tall; i over. Which shall it be? 6CTS1 hord^Sl Burnham Co., Ltd., of Canada.;! Greenhouse Desienerslandi Builders I Toronto, l2lQueen Street East New York Boston Philadelphia Chicaao Rochester THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Tanuftrv. loi FOR SALE AND WANTED Advertliements in this department In- serted at rate of 3 cents a word for each nsertion, eacli flgure, sigrn or single letter to eount as one word, minimum cost. 30 eents, strictly cash in advance. ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a epecialty. — W. E. Oalder. Qrimsby. MAOAKA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying it will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and Erain farms— Melvln dayman A Oo.. St. Catharinee. RELIABLE HELP, SKILLED AND unskilled, supplied horticulturiats and others. Canadian Employmect Bureau, Proprietor meml)er of B. G. A.. London. England. 65'/, James St. South. Hamilton. Ont ASK DAWSON. He kows. IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult m«. If YOtI WANT to buv a farm consult me. I HAVE some o' the best Fruit Stock. Grain end Dairy Farms on my list at right prices. H. W. Ji)aw8on Ninety Oolborne St. Toronto. FOR SALE — Ijarge Greenhouee establishment paying big dividends. Over fifty thousand feet of glass, 3 dwelliiiff houses, bartis. fruit, etc Will sell all or part. Owner retiring from bu.sinesB.— Frank Whitehall. B. E. No. 2. linden. Ont. WANTED— ICO Oloniee of Bees; also a small Farm of 1 to 5 acro-s. with a cottage, in good bee pasturage— B. P. Wood, 159 Keele St., Toronto, Ont. • SALMON ARM. Shusway Lake, B.C. has the finest fruit an<1 dairy land in B.O. No Irriga- tion necessary; mild winters, moderate sum- mers, no bliizarde or high winds; delightful climate; enormous yields of fruit, yegetables and hay; good flehing; fine boating amidst the most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm fruit has realized 25 cents per box more than other fruit in B.O. Prices of land moderate, and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock, Salmon Arm. B.O. RHODES DOUBLE OUT .- ^ Cuts ^rom FRUIIINa SEEAB gft/^KM 1 limbanddoes ^^^^^^^^^^ PAT. ' not bruise the bark. We pay Ex- press charges on all orders. 1 Write tor RHODES MF6. CO. "^^ 1 circular and 1 prices. 636 S. Division Ave. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. | Notice tc Horticultural Societies Give Bezzo's Famous Prize As'«r Plants us premiums next spring. Prizes at New York State Fair, 1910-11: Canadian Nation- al Exhibition. 1912. Highest awards at BerUn Horticultural Society Exhibitions, 1911-12-13. Write for prioe;i. C. MORTIMER BEZZO - BERLIN. ONT MAX STOLPE Ex-Superintendent Royel Gardening Institute Sexony - Germany Holder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished for all kinds ol LANDSCAPE CONSTBUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Conifers, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East • HAMILTON. Ont. Phone U8 Stanton K.i;ii, Uic tuilvc >(-;n old son of VV. J. Kerr of Ottawa, secretary of the Otta- wa Hranch of the Ontario Vegetable Grow- ers' Association, was accidentally kilied on .Saturday, November 22nd. .iXt the tim of the accident the father was in Toronto on a lecturing- tour, and the mother had gone into the city. Stanton had been riding one of his father's horses. When he went to alight his foot caught in one of the stir- rups, and the horse became frightened :und dashed off, dragging and mortally injuring the lad, who expired in a few minutes. Stanton wais in every way a promising boy, and thi- highest hopes for a useful life were entertained by all who knew him. Ontario Agricultural College The Fruit Growers' Short Course and Packing School wil be hcJd at the Guelph .Agricultural College from January 27th to February 6th, inclusive. These short courses are most valuable to experienced fruit growers and also to beginners. The date^ for the packing schools, which are entirely separate from the short course pro- per, are February 2nd to 7th, and February 9th to 14th. The instructors in Ixix aind batrel packing wil be \V. F. Kydd and Mr. Leslie Smith, of the Fruit Branch, Toronto. Those who may not find it convenient to spend the entire week in the packipg school may arrange for two or three days instruc- tion in either the first or second week. British Columbia F.stimates made in the agricultural de- partment at Victoria of the probable fruit crop of the interior for 19)4 indicate that the fruit crop, particularly of apples, will be from one and a half times to twice as large next year, as in 191.3, and one of the largest on record. .AM records in the rapid transit of fruit were broken in the shipment of two cars of apples, which recently went forward to the Old Country. The apples were exactfly eleven days on the journey from Vernon to Liverpool. The suggestion has been made that the Provincial Government agricultural depart- ments establish pruning classes in the var- ious frait districts and it is said that the departmemt is now giving serious attention to this question. A resolution will also be presented at the provincial convention urging the provincial government to appoint a permanent official whose duty it would be to conduct an edu- cational campaig-n in various parts of Brit- ish Columbia regarding cooperative mar- keting and to aid in the formation of ar- ganizations The provincial fruit pests inspector and his assistants have been active during the past year. In a recent fruit condemmation in Vancouver four car loads of apples from Hood River were condemned for codling moth and sent back to the United States, The Vernom Fruit Union reports that Chinese grow fully two-fifths of the vege- tables handled by the Union. EGGS EXPRESS PREPAID-iU the staidirl breeds sf Oilckens. Ducks, Geese ssd Turkeys. HIGH-CLASS STRAINS. Write lodsjr^ for cauieg describioi breefc-sjss pooltrr ssmilies. ITS FREE. J.H.RUTHERFORD. Berty that orderly, pleasing appeara!>ce. Paerless Ornamental Fencing is the result of years of fence buildiiiR. It is liuilt to last— to rcU'iin its beauty and KHice for ye.Trs to come and should not be confused with the cheap, shoddy fencini; offered by catTlog- houses. Peerless fence is built of strong, stiff wire which will not sajf and the heavy gnWuinzmfi plus the heavy zinc enamel is the best possible as- surance against rust. Send for Literature Shows many beautiful designs of fencing suitable for Uiwns, parks, cemeteries, etc. Agencies almost evcr\where. AgrenLs wanted in nnassiyned territory. The Banwell-Hoxle Wire Fence Co.. Ud. Winnipeg* Man. Hamilton, Ont. Send your consignments of APPLET to the Home Country to Ridley Moulding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Personal attention, promp account sales and remittance Correspondence invited The Call of the North Do you know of the many advan- tages that New Ontario, with its millions of fertlls acres, offers to the prospective settler ? Do you know that these rich agricultural lands, obtain- able free, and at a nominal cost, are already producing grain and vegeta- bles second to none in the world f For literature descriptive of this great territory, and for information as to terms, homestead regulations, settlers' rates, etc.. write to H. A. MACDONELL Director ol Colonization ParliameDt Bldgs., TORONTO, Ont. Hie Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVII FEBRUARY, 1914 No. Why, When and How Wc Spray M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Bridgetown, N.S. (Manager Sunnyside Farm Ltd.) Spraying is probably the most scien- tific and complicated operation in con- nection with fruit growing, yet how often it is conducted in a careless manner, re- sulting in poor success and a waste of money. The first spraying we make is about the first of March, the dormant spray. This application is made to combat scale insects such as the oyster shell bark louse and the San Jose Scale. It consists of lime-suphur solution of the strength 1.03 specific gravity. This has proved an efficient check in the control of the scale insects. In old neglected orchards it should be made every year. Our next spraying, or second applica- tion, takes place just as the leaf buds are bursting out green. This time we use lime-sulphur of the strength of i.oi specific gravity and two pounds of lead arsenate to every forty gallons of the lime-sulphur wash. The lead not only acts as insecticide, but it also increases the fungicidal value of lime-sulphur. In fact, lime-sulphur when used alone has not proved a thoroughly reliable fungi- cide, whereas with lead arsenate added it has given consistently good results. It might be well to mention at this point the importance of using the tri- plumbic or neutral arsenate of lead in- stead of the acid arsenate. A very large per cent, of the burning found in or- chards whore lime-sulphur has been used is caused by the acid arsenate and not by tlie lime-sulphur. The acid arsenate is a lead which carries a much higher oer cent, of arsenic oxide than does the neutral lead. Hence the reason why nany are gulled into purchasing it, for he arsenic is the product w hich does the wisoning. But, although the neutral ead has less arsenic per pound, it is .afer to use. The acid arsenate, con- aining as it does a certain per cent, of ree arsenic or arsenic acid, is found to Ijive unsatisfactory results. So beware :)f this product when you purchase. THIKD SPRAYING Our third spraying and also the fourth ne are probably the most important ones ye make for the control of apple scab. >cab is a disease which spreads by pores, and these spores will germinate nd produce the di.sease in from twelve o twenty-four hours under proper con- litions, which are henf and moisture. A fungicide can only prevent the germin- ation of these spores ; it cannot prevent or cure the scab after it has once started. The only way, therefore, to keep fruit clean is to keep the spores from germin- ating on it from the time it is formed. The third spraying, applied as it is just before the buds show pink, prevents these spores from getting a foothold on the pistil or ovule. The fourth spraying, which is made just as the blossoms are falling, will keep the young apple, or fertilized ovule at the base of the pistil, free of disease. These sprayings must be made on time, and that time can only be set by the time the different varieties bloom. Many growers find the Gravenstein an apple impossible to keep clean . Why? Because by the time the rest of their trees are in bloom this variety is out, and as they wait for the later ones before spraying, the Gravenstein is missed every time. Get after the early ones by themselves. Don't wait. Be on time and you will see better results. It is not so much how to spray, but when to spray, that counts in the pack out in the fall. These sprayings not only assist in keeping the fruit clean, but they ensure you a good crop, for if the young apple becomes affected with scab it withers up and falls off. A great deal of the so-called poor pollination or blossoms not setting good is nothing but scab being on the young ovules and sapping out its life. This is another reason why you should get there on the dot. Keep the young fruit and all new surface coated with spray so that no spores will get an opportunity to ger- minate. The fifth spraying we make about three weeks after the fourth spraying, and this may be followed by another. Two years ago we sprayed up to Aug- ust loth, and got results from our late sprayings. The latter part of the sum- mer was so damp that the fruit began to spot very late, and people who had spot under control during the first part of the summer became overwhelmed with it later because they neglected to spray. The apples had formed a lot of new sur- face for the spores to develop on, as this new surface was not coated with spray. Orchards which were sprayed well at first and which were clean in July, were dirtier in the fall than orchards neglect- ed at first but cared for later, and it was simply on this account. Do not be afraid to keep up spraying. Let the good work go on, and if you have a damp season drive the spray pumps right along. Up-to-date Method* a* Applied in a Nova Scotia Orchard —Photo by Eunice Buolianan. THE CANADIAN HOR TTT ULTF R T S T February, 191^ Don't make up your mind to spray only three times, but spray just as often as you think the weather conditions de- mand. If you find it impossible to spray as many as five times, omit the first two of these sprays, but never omit any of the last. In spraying, a good outfit is ne- cessary to do the work well. If you have a large orchard, say ten acres or more, a power sprayer will pay for itself many times over. Use two leads of hose, hav- ing one man on the ground and one man in the tower. Do not be afraid of putting too much on a tree. Spray until it drips off in large drops from all over the tree. See that all parts of the foliage and fruit are drenched. In using lime- sulphur remember that more is needed than when using Bordeaux to obtain the same results. If your spray is not too strong you can drench the trees without fear of injury. A SntPLE DEVICE For the purpose of ascertaining the strengths of your dilutions, you should* have a hydrometer reading from one to 1.3 specific gravity. These may be ob- tained for seventy-five cents at any drug store. In places where the water pres- sure is not very great, filling a two hun- dred gallon tank is slow work. It may be quickened by a simple method. Ele- vate two one-hundred-gallon casks eight feet in the air, and connect these at the bottom with a two inch pipe. This will keep the water at the same level in both. From one of the casks lead a two-inch pipe with a shut oif or gate attached. Make this long enough so that you can drive under it with the spray tank and fill up. One tap will fill a two hundred- gallon tank in two hours, while these casks run out in fifteen minutes, making quite a saving in time. The hose from the top fills the casks while we are away spraying, so that all is in readiness when we return. The arsenate of lead is mixed as fol- lows in a stock solution : In a one hun- dred-gallon cask place one hundred pounds of lead paste and mix well with water to a thin paste, add water up to one hundred gallons, making sure that all the lead paste is in suspension. One gallon of this solution then contains one pound of lead, so that this greatly facili- tates the mixing and weighing of the paste when you are in a hurry some fine day. As spraying is an expensive opera- tion, we must give attention to these little details of operation. They help to reduce the time we spend at the work and thus to increase our profits. Spraying Mixtures for Currants and Gooscbcrys* L. B. Henry, B.S.A., Winona, Ont. GROWERS of currants and goose- berries have their share of insect pests and diseases to combat. A description of some of the chief of these with methods of control may be of in- terest. San Jose Scale sometimes becomes very bad on black currants. It is ra- ther hard to stamp out entirely on ac- count of the closeness of the canes at the base. The canes that are badly in- fested should be cut out and burned and For our future apple markets we must look mainly to the western provinces, and to the local market in Ontario cities. —P. W. Hodgetts. Reaching the Top Branches Photo by S. G. Freeborn, B.S.A.. District Representative. Walkerton. Ont. the patch sprayed thoroughly with lime- sulphur at winter strength just before the buds open. Red currants are sometimes badly at- tacked by green aphides, which may also be found on black currants and goose- berries. The foliage curls up and be- comes a light greenish color. On the under side of the curled leaves the yel- lowish green plant lice may be found. The eggs of this insect are laid in late fall in the twigs and hatch out as the buds are bursting. They are very tender at this time and the young aphids are also, and if the winter .spraying of lime-sulphur is post- poned until this time, many young •Extract from an addrese delivered at the last annual convention in Toronto of the Ontario Fruit Qrowera' Anociation. aphids and eggs are destroyed. The may also be controlled by such contac sprays as kerosene emulsion, whale o soap, or tobacco extracts, but the spra cnust be applied before the leaves be come badly curled. The Imported Currant worm is a ver voracious worm, which chiefly, attack gooseberries and red currants, sometime entirely defoliating the bushes. Th eggs are glued to the under side of th veins of the leaves and hatch in four o five days into a whitish worm, whici changes to a greenish color as it grows The head is black and there are man; black spots on the body until the las molt, when the body becomes gras green and is about three-quarters of ai inch long. They then pupate in tb ground and emerge as adults in lat June and produce another brood, whicl usually does the most damage. They can be easily controlled by spray ing thoroughly with arsenate of lead a the rate of three pounds to the barrel, a soon as their appearance is noted. One of the worst pests of the curran and gooseberry is the Imported Curran borer. The adult is a clean-winged moth but the worm which does the damage i a yellowish color, with a black head an( numerous tubercles on the body. Whei the eggs hatch the young larvae bor into the cane and down the centre am spend the winter at the bottom of th burrow. Affected canes can be recog nized by the dwarfed and yellow foliage and should be removed. If the renews system is practised in pruning the los will not be noticeable as the old cane are the worst attacked. The Currant Stem girdler and Fou Lined Leaf bug also attack these fruits but are not serious in Ontario. Currant Leaf Spot attacks currant and gooseberries, and if bad will cause : premature dropping off of the leaves The spot is dark around the edge, will a clear centre, on which are numerou black specks. Currant Anthracnose attacks red am black currants, and may be found 01 gooseberries, but is worst on red cur rants. Fay's and Raby Castle being th varieties most seriously affected, whili Prince Albert is practically free from at tack. Affected leaves are more or les covered with brown spots, and when th" disease becomes serious the leaves be come yellow and drop. Both of the above diseases can be con trolled by spraying with lime-sulphu sp. gr. i.oog just after the fruit ha: set. Mildew is the most serious diseasi attacking gooseberries. English varietie February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27 Success in Spraying Depends on Spraying all Parts of the Tree Thoroughly A power sprayer at work in the orchard ot W. H. Heard, St. Thomas. Ont. in America are the most susceptible, and it sometimes causes injury to the young growth on currant bushes. It attacks the leaves and stems of the gooseberry, but causes the most serious damage on the fruit, producing a white furry growth and making the fruit un- marketable. It can be controlled by the lime-sul- phur spray. Spray the bushes when they are dormant, with lime-sulphur at winter" strength. Then just before the blossoms appear spray again with a weaker .solution sp. gr. 1.005. To make a complete job the bushes should be sprayed when the fruit is about half grown with the summer strength of lime-sulphur, sp. gr. 1.009. Spraying Results in R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope, Ont IN view of the fact that so many of the old orchards in the province of On- tario were being seriously neglected, a campaign for better orchard manage- ment was commenced in the spring of 191 1 in the counties of Northumberland and Durham. Four demonstration or- chards, one each at Colborne, Cobourg, Port Hop)e, and Newcastle, which had been very badly neglected, were taken in hand for a period of three years to be treated according to the best orchard practices. The orchards were situated near the main road where they could be under observation by passers-by through- out the season so that the results of the demonstrations could be noted. CONDITION OF ORCHARDS IN 1911 These orchards had been planted some thirty or forty years, but had been almost ■ totally neglected as to pruning, cultiva- tion, fertilization, and spraying. They had never been sprayed, and hence the quality of the fruit was of a very low grade — the percentage of No. I's vary- ing from thirty to sixty per cent. They were full of bark lice and blister mite, and had suffered severely from canker and sunscald, but it was hoped that with careful management, liberal feeding, and thorough pruning and spraying that they would respond and give satisfactory re- .sults. Two of the orchards were in sod and had not been ploughed for years. Neglected Orchards ,, District Representative for Durham The soil in the Colborne orchard is a light sandy loam and in the others a clay loam. TREATMENT The orchards were all pruned in 191 1, not very severely, but more of a cutting out of the dead wood and a thinning out of the top. In 1912 the greater num- ber of the high trees were "dehorned," as much as twelve feet being taken off. Our object in doing this was to make a more spreading tree, have the fruit borne on the lower branches and thus economize in picking. In 1913 a lot of small twigs and branches were cut out to open up the trees thus giving the fruit a better chance to color. All cuts of one and one-half inches in diameter and over were given a coat of white lead and oil. The rough, loose, shelly bark was scraped off the trees to facilitate spraying operations. The or- chards were all manured each year at the rate of ten to twelve tons of farm- yard manure per acre. In two orchards the manure was supplemented by an ap- plication of two hundred pounds of muriate of potash and four hundred pounds of acid phosphate per acre. The orchards were ploughed in each year as early in the spring as it was possible to get on the land, and then they received thorough cultivation up lo the middle of June, when a cover crop of red clover, buckwheat, or hairy vetch was sown. The orchards were sprayed very thor- oughly three times each year as follow: First, before or as the leaf bud bursts with commercial Jime-sulpbur, one to ten to control oyster shell bark louse and leaf blister mite. Second, just before the blossoms open- ed with commercial lime-sulphur, one to thirty-five with two pounds of arsenate of lead added per forty gallons of mix- ture to control apple scab, caterpillars, case breakers, canker worms, bud moths, etc. Third, immediately after the blossoms fell with commercial lime-sulphur, one to forty with two pounds arsenate of lead added per forty gallons mixture to con- trol codling moth and apple scab. In spraying we used a double acting hand pump and a tank, a home-made affair, holding two hundred gallons, with a tower attachment for reaching tall trees. We used two lines of hose and two angle nozzles of the "Friend" type on each line of hose. One man was on the tower equipped with fifteen feet of hose and a rod eight feet long ; the other man being on the ground with thirty feet of hose and a ten-foot bamboo rod. Two men acted as power on the pump, giving a pressure of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty pounds. All solutions were strained into the tank. The arsenate of lead was first brought into suspension before being strained into the spray tank. We always endea- vored to spray with the wind and do as much of the trees as possible. One side of the tree was sprayed as it was approached; we then drove directly opposite and sprayed the central parts thoroughly ; then we completed the other side at the third stop. We aimed to cover every portion of the tree though not wasting any material. For the spray after the blossoms fell we tried to do most thorough work — our object was to fill every calyx cup. Ninety per cent, of the codling worms enter the apple in the calyx end, hence it is important to have the poison placed where it will do the most effective work. We used from five to eight gallons of mixture on each tree for each spraying. THE EESTTLT8 Accurate account has been kept of all expenses pertaining to each orchard in each of the three years. All labor with the exception of pruning, which is valu- ed at two dollars a day, was calculated on the basis of one dollar fifty cents a day per man, and a man and a team at three dollars a day. Farmyard manure was valued at one dollar a ton. These figures, it will be agreed, were quite reasonable. In figuring out the results, no allow- ance was made for rental of land, as it 28 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1914 1 1 "J ji- ii i «■ J^ 5 "^ b 1:^ ^^uli^^ Pvll E !^^^l Spraying a Quebec Orchard A modem power ma«tiine in the orchard of the Oka Agricultural College, La Trappe, Que. was difficult to arrive at a fair valua- tion of the orchard ; it differs in different localities. No account was taken of the interest on the investment or overhead charges, nor depreciation in value of the implements used. I append herewith a tabulated state- ment of the expenses and receipts for the orchard of Mr. F. W. McCkjnnell, at Colborne. in each of the past three years. The number of barrels, the percentage of No. I apples and the receipts are also given for the three years previous to our taking charge. This will be a basis of comparison between the orchard when in a neglected condition and after being properly cared for. NOETHTJMBEELAND AND DUKHAM DEJIONSTEATION OKOHAEDS "T, W. MoConneU'a Oroliard, Colborne. 117 treee —approximately 2Vi acres. Soil— Light sandy loam. Orchard 32 years old. EESULTS After oared for EXPENSES- 1911 1912 1913 Scraping $1125 Pruning 34 00 $22 00 $39 00 Painting woundo 10 28 7 05 Gathering brush 6 75 4 00 4 50 SPEAYING— First 2590 2190 20 56 Second 15 75 15 70 13 13 Third 23 17 23 35 15 60 Cementing holes In trees ... 125 Bracing trees with wire 1 37 EemoTing dead wood and thinning suckers 90 1 80 FEETILIZEE- Manure 25 00 30 00 30 00 500 lbs. Muriate of Potash . . 13 00 11 70 12 60 1,000 Ibe. Acid Phoerphate ... 11 00 11 00 16 00 Applying 100 100 100 Freigfct 2(75 Cultivation 7 50 18 00 5 70 Total expenses 202 60 178 22 174 63 Expenses per acre 81 04 7129 6985 Yield in bajrrels 551 533% 234 Receipts from sale of apples $74" 55 $449 80 $49,^ 58 Per Cent. No. I'e 87 6 80 5 82 5 Net profit 537 96 27158 318 95 Net profit per acre 215 18 108 63 127 58 Id necleoted state 1908 1909 1910 Yield in barrels 300 250 73 Eeceipts from sale of apples $300 00 $200 00 $100 00 Per Cent. No. I's 30 60 30 60 30 60 Figures from the other orchards could be given, but the foregoing will be suffi- cient to show in detail the expenses and returns. The results obtained were in striking contrast tx> the smajl and indifferent crops yielded in unsprayed and uncared for orchards of the same locality. The quality of the fruit in each of the three years was exceptionally high — the per- centage of number one's being raised from thirty to sixty in 1908, 1909, and 1910, prior to our having charge, to seventy-five to eighty-seven decimal six per cent, while under our care. Further, from ninety-five to ninety-eight per cent. of all the apples grown in these orchards was absolutely free from any insect pest or fungus disease. Scarcely an apple could be found with a worm in it, and it was only an odd apple here and there that showed a spot of scab. In conclusion, let me say that as a result of these demonstrations, the old orchards are being cared for in a man- ner as never before. Carloads of spray material and a great number of spray machines, both hand and power outfits, have been sold to fruit growers in the counties. The demonstration orchard method has proved its effectiveness as a means of stimulating interest in up-to- date methods. Special requests now reach my office asking me to take charge of an orchard for a p)eriod of years. Spraying to Prevent Apple Scab^ Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Ontario FOR several years I have been im- pressed with the great importance of spraying very thoroughly at as nearly the right time as possible.' Most of the spraying that is done is not really thorough, or else it is not applied at the right time ; in fact, too many men are trying to cover too much ground with a single spray outfit. I believe in gasoline outfits for large orchards, especially for large trees. You can spray such trees much more thor- oughly and easily with these outfits. Keep your machine in excellent condi- tion ; spray at the right time ; miss none of the first three applications ; cover every leaf and young fruit or opening blossom thoroughly. Never mind how much the tree drips. Do not stop until you are satisfied it is done right. Instead of being discouraged by fail- ure a single year like 1913, remember that James E. Johnson, of Simcoe, our most experienced apple grower, says he never before 1913 saw a season when good spraying would not thoroughly control scab. It is not probable if he lives for thirty years longer, as we hope he will, that he will again see another such season. I might perhaps mention here in passing that good pruning, al- lowing plenty of light and air circula- tion will help to make it easy to keep off apple scab. SUMMARY OF EULES The following rules are given as a guide with special reference to prevent- ing apple scab : First Application — Before or as leaf buds are bursting. Use lime-sulphur, hydrometer strength 1.030 (1.035 f**"" San Jose Scale). Second Application — Just before blos- soms open. Use either lime-sulphur, ■Strength i.oio or 1.009, or Bordeaux •Extract from an address delivered at the annnal conventions of the Ontario and Nova Scotia Pmit Growers' Associations. mixture 4.4.40 formula, and to every forty gallons of either wash add two to three pounds arsenate of lead. Third Application — At once after the blossoms have nearly all fallen (say 80 per cent. off). Use lime-sulphur 1.008 and two pounds arsenate of lead to every forty gallons. The second and third applications ma;i begin with early varieties, as the blot)'n on these opens and drops (n •,* Fourth Application — About two weeks after bloom falls. Use the same mixture as for the third application. This should be applied in the St. Lawrence Valley on varieties subject to scab every year, but in most parts of the province may be dispensed with, if we have fine warm weather beginning a week or ten days after the third application. Autumn Application — These should be applied only if the weather becomes wet or foggy and cool the latter part of August or early in September. Use lime- sulphur 1.008 or Bordeaux 4.4.40. Note. — Lime sulphur 1.030 hydrome- ter reading, commercial lime-suphur, one gallon, water nine gallons. Lime-sul- phur 1.035 hydrometer reading, com- mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water seven and one-half gallons. Lime-sul- phur I.OIO hydrometer reading, com- mercial limesulphur one gallon, water twenty-nine to thirty gallons. Lime- sulphuri.009 hydrometer reading, com- mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water thirty-two to thirty-five gallons. Lime- sulphur 1.008 hydrometer reading, com- mercial lime-sulphur one gallon, water thirtyseven to forty gallons. I believe that lime and sulphur puts a bloom and a freshness on apples that you cannot get from Bordeaux, and I believe it is a greater stimular^ to the fruit and the apples will hang on better.— M. C. Smith, Burlington, Ont. Kebriiary. iqi4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 29 Spraying Suggestions Rev. Father M. Leopold, La Trappe, Que. BE thorough. This is one of the essen- tials in proper spraying. Do not leave a tree until you have covered it entirely with the spray solution, trunk, branches, and foliage. With a good an- gle nozzle it is very easy to drench the leaves from underneath and on top. Each tree should receive a liberal quantity of the spray mixture. I never leave a tree lx;fore seeing the solution dripping from the leaves. In spraying for the codling moth it vi^ould be better to use the drive type nozzle. Get good constant pressure from your spraying machine. The manner in which spraying is done determines very often the quality of the crop of fruit that you may produce. The very best re- sults in spraying are hard to obtain with the use of poor machinery. Power spray- ing is bound to become one of the best factors in the management of the mod- ern orchard. Power sprayers are cap- able of giving a pressure impossible with a hand machine. Any one who has worlced the handle of a barrel pump hour after hour knows that with its use a pressure of more than one hundred pounds is almost out of the question. Our modern gasoline outfits will easily maintain a pressure of one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds and more with three leads of hose- Do not ask one machine to do the work of two or more. Generally speak- ing, only two acres a day can be well sprayed, with one power machine, al- lowing that nine tanks can be applied in a day. Allowing also the maximum time of ten days for the calyces to remain open, only twenty acres of orchard can be treated with one machine. A GOOD AGITATOR EEQUIEED Have a good agitator fixed to your pump and outfit ; the agitation of the liquid in the tank is an important mat- ter. In the case of most of our sprays, like arsenate of lead and bordeaux mix- ture, the individual particles that make up the fungicide or insecticide, are sus- pended in the water. Unless the liquid is kept well agitated, these particles will settle in the bottom of the tank, thus rendering the mixture in the top of the tank weaker than it should be, and that in the bottom stronger, possibly too strong for the foliage. The use of soap to retard settling of certain arsenicals is said to be beneficial. Avoid all hap- hazard methods in spraying, and you will be well repaid for the trouble. It is not sport indeed to handle lime-sulphur wash in the orchard ; but if you intend to ma'ke things good, then take the trouble to see for yourself that every- thing is ready for each spraying. Per- sonally I enjoy spraying, no matter what sort of spray mixture I use, if I feel that by my efforts I am saving my crop of apples. Prof. J. R. R. Parker, in a practical article in Better Fruit, has shown that the addition of soap to arsenate of lead will help very much in keeping this valu- able insecticide in suspension for a long time. He summarizes the w^hole mat- ter in the following lines : "The addition of common laundry soap at the rate of two bars to fifty gal- lons, to an arsenate of lead mixture, re- tards the settling of the arsenate of lead, only half as much settling out of a soap mixture in fifteen minutes as set- tled out of a non-soap mixture in the same time. Above a certain quantity, the amount of soap used appears to have little influence upon the amount of set- tling. Two bars to fifty gallons is about the least to be used, and in practical work it would be safer to use three bars to every fifty gallons. Whale oil soap gave slightly better results than the more expensive laundry soaps. By the addi- tion of soap a more even distribution of arsenate of lead was secured, and the amount left in the bottom of the spray can was reduced to about twenty-five per cent." As we have obtained very godd results in following out Prof. Parker's advice, in spraying our orchards at La Trappe, I can not help saying it would be a good thing for others to try also. It is more important for almost every disease that the spraying should be done just before rain rather than after. The rain won't wash it off, provided it has dried after it has been put on. — Prof. L. Caesar, O'A.C, Guelph, Ont. Rev. Father Leopold, Past Preiident of the Province of Quebec Fruit Growers' Association, under a Fameuse Apple Tree in the Orchard of the Agricultural College at La Trappe, Que., where Thorough Spraying is Practised -fO THE CANADIAN HORTTCULTURIST February, 1914 A Well Sprayed and Cultivated Orchard Formerly the proporty of Mr. A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton Ont., the well- known Institute speaker. The Peach Tree Borer — Methods of Control L. Caesar, B.S.A., Provincial Entomologist, Ontario * THE following are the chief insects attacking the peach in Ontario: — Peach-borer, Lesser Peach-Borer, Plum Curculio, Fruit-tree Bark-beetle or Shot-hole Borer, and San Jose Scale. There are a number of minor insects sometimes found but doing very little damage, such as Green Peach Aphis, Black Peach Aphis, Peach Twig-borer, Tarnished Plant Bug, and Red Spider. The Peach Borer when full grown is a rather stout, cream colored or yellowish larva about an inch long. It nearly al- ways attacks the trees just at or slighty beneath the ground. Frequently it is necessary to remove the earth a little around the trunk to be sure whether one of these insects is present or not, but usually its presence can be ascertained by seeing the dirty gum mass that exudes from the part where it feeds. The in- jury is caused by the borer or borers (there may be several to a tree), working just beneath the bark and girdling or partly girdling the tree. A tree thus af- fe*ed becomes sickly in appearance somewhat as if attacked by Yellows, and may die the same season or be killed by the succeeding' winter. Young and old trees are alike attacked. Fortunately in a great many orchards this insect is very scarce, but this is not true of all dis- tricts, and in some it is far the most destructive and difficult enemy the peach grower has to contend with. It often seems to be worst in districts where there are comparatively few peach orchards. PLANTS ATTACKED In addition to the peach it attacks to some extent the plum, cherry and apri- *Extra«t from an address delivered at tb« recent annnal oonvention of the Ontario Froit Growere' Aaeoclation. cot, but the peach is the favorite. To intelligently understand the methods of combating the pest it is necessary to give briefly its life history : The winter is passed as a partly grown (usually about half grown) larva beneath the bark. In the spring, with the return of warmth, this larva begins to feed ravenously and increase rapidly in size. By the end of June it is usually full grown, and then leaves its tunnel or burrow to form a brown cocoon on the outside of the bark or on the ground close to the trunk. About the end of July this pupa changes into a pretty little steel-blue moth, about an inch long, looking to most people more like a wasp than a moth. The female has around her ab- domen a broad orange band that makes her conspicuous. Moths may be found from about August first to the end of September. They soon lay their eggs, placing them on the trunks, branches, leaves and even weeds growing close to the trees. In about ten days these hatch and the tiny borers drop to the ground, and work their way into the soft inner bark through crevices. Here they feed on the inner bark against the sap wood. At first little brownish saw-dust-like castings are thrown out where they feed, but after a time gum exudes. Large masses of this may sometimes be seen. Gum, of course, in peach trees, tends to be produced by any wound especially in the early part of the summer. There is but one brood a year. MEANS OF CX)NTROL There is no easy means of control and many that are advocated are useless or dangerous to the tree. The best method I know of is to combine the practice of '''Sf>'"'K ""* 'f'c borers by mcan.s of a knife or wire with mounding up the earth around a tree or wrapping the base of the trunk with paper. The dig- ging out with a knife should be done twice a year, first about the end of May, so that as few borers as possible may escape to transform into moths and lay eggs, and again about the end of October to deslrf>y the new larvae. Mounding up the trees with earth to a height of about ten inches has been found very useful. Such trees are freer from injury than unmounded trees. The mounding also cau.ses the borers to attack nearer the top of the mound instead of down at the crown so that when the earth is re- moved their presence can be easily seen, and they can be readily killed with a knife. The mounding to be of value must be clone about the end of July and left on until about the middle of October, that is during the period when the moths are flying around and eggs being laid and hatched. Wrapping with paper may be substituted for mounding. Two or three ply of common newspaper placed around the tree to a height of about eighteer inches is very satisfactory. This should be tightly fastened with a cord at the top and loosely the rest of the way down. To secure against larvae getting in be- low it, a little of the earth should firsi be removed to let the paper lower dowr and then this earth heaped up about foui inches around the base of the paper. Common building paper is good and ii more durable. Tar paper is often used but may do some damage to the trees. The mounds should be replaced to avoic danger of winter injury. VARIOUS WASHES Many kinds of washes have been tried t( keep out the borers. Most of these an either useless or dangerous. The onb two that have given fair satisfaction ar( first ordinary gas tar, and asphaltum The former of these has been known ii some cases to injure the trees. Thi latter is highly recommended by a Cali fornia entomologist, who says that ii four years it has done no damage what ever and has given excellent results, have not had an opportunity to test as phaltum. It is a cheap substance cost ing, I think, from two to five cents ; pound and should be procurable througl any of the wholesale drug stores. It i applied warm with an old paint brush In applying, remove the soil to a deptl of about four or five inches, then cove this to a height of about six inche above ground. It is better to put a ligh coat on first. This dries or harden almost at once, then put on another coa so that there will be a good unbroke coat all around. It is necessary to re touch the part each year. Some sort c heater is necessary to melt the asphi turn or keep it liquid when melted. Plants and Their Insect Pests MANY plants, whether grown for or- namental or for utility purjxjses, and whether grown under glass or in the open air, are threatened during the spring and summer months with in- sect pests of various kinds. The first thing to do when a plant is not thriving is to decide what disease or insect pest it is that is injuring it. The next thing is to know what is the right antidote to apply. If we make ourselves masters of these matters, the rest should be easy of accomplishment. One of the greatest enemies of every gardener is the great family of aphides. Nearly all plants, whether grown in the garden or under glass, are subject to the ravages of these pests. The aphides are known by a variety of names, such as plant lice, green or plant fly, and are often named after the plant on which they particularly live, while the disease they produce is often called "blight." Aphides are provided with a mouth, and they damage our plants principally by sucking out the sap and so weakening its vitality. These insects multiply at a surprising rate owing to the fact that the young attain the age of reproduction after about ten days. Certain kinds, such as rose aphis, at- tack not only the leaf but the young shoots of the plant. Other kinds of aphis — the bean aphis, for example — will attack the fruit p>ods, while others, the woolly aphis, attacks the roots, stems, or twigs. Plant -lice migrate from plant to plant, and some can live both above and below ground. Towards the end of the year, as cold weather comes on or food becomes scarce, males as well as females are produced, the femaJes de- positing their eggs at the base of the buds and on the stems and leaves of the plant. These eggs remain over winter, hatching into larvae in the early spring. In addition to the green aphides there are the blue and red kinds, and the black aphides commonly found on chrys- anthemum plants. Then there are quite a number of other insects, such as the mealy-bug, the red spider, and the Ihrips, which, although small, are none the less voracious in their habits. The amount of destruction they can do in a short space of time if left unmolested is istonishing. Our common foe — the slug — must not be overlooked. DIST.NGUISHING I>OINTS The aphides make up in numbers what they lack in size. They may be readily identified by their rather long antennae, their soft pulpy bodies, and conspicuous round eyes. They are found on the rose bush usually crowded together on the under side of the leaves and smothering the young buds and flowers. R. A. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. The mealy-bug has a scaly body and derives its name from its being covered with a white powder. A tiny little insect is the red spider, which is really a mite and so small that it may easily escape detection ; it gen- erally goes by the name of the red spi- der. It is not until they reach the adult age that they acquire their red color, for in their younger stages they are usu- ally yellow or green. The red spider only attacks plants — especially violets in frames — when the soil is too dry. If the soil is kept moist and the plants given a good syringing with water, the red spider will disappear. Thrips are generally associated with corn where many species attack the in- florescence. In hothouses we find them destroying the leaves of plants, and to distinguish them from the aphides or "green fly," they are often called "black • fly." Thrips have suctorial mouths, ra- ther long bodies, and are winged. Slugs inhabit the damp shady parts of gardens and greenhouses, and feed at night. They are found under old rubbish heaps, under the bark of decaying trees, and in similar places. They lay numer- ous eggs in decaying vegetation, and are fond of attacking tender, young plants, such as lettuce and peas. The most effecual way of ridding a garden of them is to gather them up and destroy them, but if numerous, the best course is to dig: in one of the advertised insecticides. Another effectual way of dealing witfr them is to fork in ground lime, using of the latter four ounces per square foot. OTHER DISEASKS We notice on certain plants diseases known respectively as "rot" and "rust" and fungus — diseases which require spe- cial treatment. Fungus is usually brought about by too much watering ; it attacks the stems of seedlings. It is this that causes potato disease and the mildew of the vine. The same mouldy growth is found on decayed bread, preserves, and other household provisions. The destruction and prevention of gar- den pests and plant diseases is of the utmost importance, and a consideration of the most efficacious and economical remedies brings its own reward. Practical experience of this subject among a great variety of plants has taught me the use of several excellent remedies which, if properly applied, are beneficial in the distribution of aphides. One of the best washes I know of that can be used is obtained from dis- solving six pounds to ten jx)unds of soft soap in one hundred galljons of soft water. When the solution is thorough- ly mixed let this be freely sprayed on any plants on which aphides are found. The soft soap blocks up their breathing pores and quickly destroys them. This solution can be used in any less propor- tion, according to requirements. For black fly on cherry and for all ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M^'^^tl^fl^^^^^^^^l ^^^^^H^R^^syM^^^^H ^^^^^^C^"^mjLmF^^^i^K^^^^^ '^^^^n^l^L^^^SK^^^iJl^^l B^^^H^Mv'^' ^^sHi^'^^fl ^itf^'BHHP^ '"'^^^^^l^i j^H p^l^i^^ifl^ppp , JB&»'|C|| \M ' 'S^^UF^^mSwS^ i^K> '•^^^^^^^^^'SBwiliSB^'^^t^^B 1 ^^Sl Begonia Gloire de Lorraine Thia beautiful plant meamired three feet across and waji prown at Castle Loma, tha raiddenoe of Sir Henry Pellatt, Toronto. THE TANADTAN HOTITTC TT l/P T RT S T February, iqi4 A Collection o( Wild Flower* ■* Gathered, near Peterboro, by an Enthusiast Owing to the ignorance and oarelessneee of the public many of our native wild flowers are already almost extinct- Can not the Ontario Horticnltnral Association and the local horti- cultural societies take steps to preserre them? those species which produce a copious flow of honey dew, quassia is a most useful ingredient to add. It acts as an astringent to the leafage and cleans it of all the honey dew and excreta formed by aphides. The quassia chips should be boiled and the extract added to the soft soap wash. For those aphides which attack the roots of plants, there is no better cure than bisulphide of carbon. Inject about one-quarter ounce to every four square yards. This substance being both a deadly poison and highly inflammable, care must be taken in its use. The va- por of bisulphide of carbon liquid used in the beekeeper's "smoker" is another good remedy for green fly, and does not injure even delicate flowers. In all cases aphides should be attack- ed directly they show themselves, espe- cially when the species of aphis has the habit like the plum aphis of curling up the leaves and so protecting themselves from the spray. For the destruction of mussel scale, woolly aphis, mealy-bugs, thrips, and red spider in glass houses, there is no more effectual remedy than fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. Nursery stock will be freed from insect enemies at all stages if fumigated with this poison . The materials used for fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas are: First, potas- sium cyanide of ninety-eight per cent, purity; second, sulphuric acid of a sjje- cific gravity, not less than one decimal eighty-three; third, water, four jars and a glass measure. The following propor- tions of cyanide of potassium, sulphuric acid, and water to be used, and the amount of space jjer unit of cyanide are recommended, viz., One ounce of cyan- ide of ninety-eight per cent, purity to every two hundred, or three hundred or five hundred cubic feet of space respect- ively . The amount of cyanide to be used necessarily depends to some extent on the character of the plants to be fumigated, and their strength, whether they are dor- mant or active, evergreen, or deciduous, and on the season. With tender plants one ounce of cyanide will serve for five hundred cubic feet of space, while hardy plants may be treated with one ounce of cyanide to two hundred cubic feel of space. The first step is to render the glass house or other place to be treated as air-tight as possible. The sulphuric acid must then be very carefully and slowly poured into the water, which may be put into a jam jar or disused crock. Wrap the cyanide of potassium in thin blotting paper, which should then be dropped into the sulphuric acid. The vessel containing the solution should be placed within reach of a window so that the operator can drop the cyanide of potassium into the diluted sulphuric acid at the end of a long stick or lower it by means of a string and pulley. The window must be immediately closed so that the operator escapes the fumes. See that the door is already closed tightly, and all chinks filled with raps or paper, and that the window shuts close. It is important that the fumes should be dis- iributed into .ill parts of the house. This can be effected by an arrangement of l.ins which can be worked from the in- side. Fumigation should be carried out in the evening and not in a strong sunlight. The plants should be dry and the tem- perature between fifty to sixty degrees. The work must be done by a skilful operator, for the fumes of cyanide are deadly jX)isonous. The place which has been fumigated should be kept closed for an hour. Th>- windows and doors should be opened from the outside and no one should enter until another hour has elapsed. When opening the windows after fumigation, be careful that no escaping fumes of the cyanide are inhaled. It is safer not to fumigate plants which are in bloom. OUTDOOR PLANTS It is of the utmost importance to re- member that both cyanide of potassium and hydrocyanic acid gas are highly dan- gerous fX>isons. The cyanide should be kept in a stoppered bottle labelled "poi- son." The gas generated must on no ac- count be inhaled. Fumigation with cyanide wUl destroy all forms of insect life, except the eggs of the woolly aphis. Where there has been previous trouble with these pests, the treatment should be repeated in about ten days. Eggs of the apple mussel scale are also unaffected by gas of the strength mentioned. Fumigation with tobacco is a simple and effectual means of exterminating many kinds of insect pests, and has the advantage of being harmless to those us- ing it. In employing this method of fumigation, procure first of all a wire basket about twelve inches wide and say six inches deep, and fasten to each cor- ner a strong wire with which to suspend it. Into the bottom of the basket throw a few hot cinders, and over them a hand- ful of charcoal. Swing the basket about for a few minutes until there is a good red fire. The best tobacco to use is common shag. When using it get a handful of wet litter from the stable and chop it into pieces about an inch long, and fix well with the tobacco. Then place the whole on the fire and give the bas- ket a good swing in the air. The smoke will fill the greenhouse in a few seconds. Hang the basket in the house, and should it burst into flame, damp it. All plants in flower should be removed. Re- peat this exterminator in two or three davs in the evening, and in the morning give plants a thorough syringing with clean water. Moss roses are, if anything, hardier than most of the hybrid perpetual bush roses, almost as hardy as the Japanese or Rugosa roses.— Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. starting and Growing Plants Indoors Now is the time to sow seed of early vegetables and annuals that you intend to grow during the summer. Of course you have looked over the cata- logues, and selected just what you want in order to prevent delay and consequent disappointment. If you have your hotbed prepared you can sow your seed at once. Sow the seeds in rows about three inches apart, and cover very lightly. Deep covering is a thing to be avoided, as is sowing too thickly. Save some of the seeds for a second planting. If the seedlings come up too thick and crowded, they will be unable to get sufficient light and air to develop into strong, sturdy plants. Fair- ly large seeds, as cabbage and lettuce, may be covered an eighth of an inch or so, but very small seeds should be press- ed into the soil with a smooth, flat piece of wood and just covered from sight. This treatment applies to most seeHs, whether they be started in the hotbed, greenhouse, or living rooms. HOUSE CONDITIONS There are many amateurs who lack lx)th hotbed and greenhouse. They must make the most of the conditions that ob- tain in the house. Even then there is no need to despair, for with a little thought- ful preparation very fine plants can be raised under such adverse conditions. The equipment needed to accomplish this is of the simplest, and incurs no very great exfjense. A light, sunny window where there is room for a generous table or shelf, and where the temperature is not likely to drop below forty-five degrees on average nights, is the first essential. An occa- sional drop below forty will not prove fatal, but each time this occurs it means the progress is just so much retarded. If repyeated at all frequently, it will be at- tended with very unsatisfactory results. GOOD SOIL NEEDED The next essential thing to light and warmth is soil, one light and porous be- ing the most satisfactory. No doubt you have some stored in the cellar. Turn this over and ascertain its "physical condi- tion." Richness is no advantage, in fact it is often a drawback. A soil that will retain moisture, and at the same time be porous enough to allow any surplus moisture to drain off at once and which will not tend to form a crust, is the most important factor in success with seeds. If your soil is not in this condition you can easily make it so by the addition of leaf mould or very old spent manure and sand. If you are not able to get soil in such a condition as this, better purchase .1 bushel or two from the local florist, hut whatever you do have it in just the right Henry Gibson, Staatsburg condition, for "well begun is half done," and with proper soil half the trouble of raising seeds is overcome. SUITABLE BOXES From your grocer you can get a few haddock boxes, which are of a very con- venient size for this purpose, and have the advantage of being very light. Fail- ing these, you can get some cracker boxes. These sawed lengthwise into two inch sections and bottomed so that nar- row spaces, say half an inch, are left between the boards, will provide you with the most useful of boxes for starting vegetable and large flower seeds. For very fine seeds, such as begonias, heliotrope, and petunias, a few seed pans — which are easily obtained from any florist for a nominal sum — are more con- venient to handle. Cigar boxes are use- ful for this purpose, but they are apt to dry out too quickly. ENSURE GOOD DRAINAGE The matter of thorough drainage is so important that besides having porous soil and open-bottomed boxes, still further precaution should be taken by filling the boxes about one-third full of some coarse material. The coarser pieces of soil or sphagnum are the most desirable for this purpose. On this place enough of the prepared soil to come just a little below the edge of the box, so that when water is applied later it will not run over the top. Press the soil down in the corners and along the edges firmly with the fin- gers and level and firm off the surface. Plenty of moisture in the soil is neces- sary to ensure good germination. Give the boxes a good soaking the day before planting, or place them in a sink or tub after planting and let just enough water soak up through the soil from the bot- tom to moisten the surface. This is in- dicated by the soil turning a darker color. Let them drain until all drip ceases before placing them where they are to remain until the seedlings appear. The next problem is to get the seeds to come up strong. This should take place in anywhere from four days to ai» many weeks, according to variety. The surest way of doing this is to apply what florists term "bottom heat." Where steam, hot water, or hot air radiator> are installed this is easily arranged. .Simpy place the seed box over it, ele- vated- on two or three bricks. Other- wise the kitchen range may be utilized or an oil heater may be broug'ht to serve a useful purpose. Care should be taken in the latter case to have a piece of metal between the direct heat of the flame and the box, which should be far enough from it to prevent it getting more than nice and warm. Such a degree of heat as' is hereby obtained will tend to dry out the soil very rapidly. This may be counteracted to some extent by placing panes of glass over the boxes, raised about a quarter of an inch at one end. Until the seeds be- gin to break ground they are as well kept Phlox •nd Petunia* in the Garden of Mr. Jai. Gad«by, Hamilton, Ont. a .14 THE CANADIAN IK) Rl' I (' U l/r H R T ST February, 1914 >5Xl^v Prize Winning Acters in the dark as not. If they are placed where the sun strikes them directly they should be shaded with sheets of news- paper laid on the glass covering. The minute they are up they should receive all the light possible and be kept near the window. From the time the seed leaves appear until the seedlings are big enough to transplant is the critical period of the plant's growth. Prepared as suggested, the boxes will need no further watering until the seeds have germinated. If watering really appears necessary, use the sub-irrigation method as you did when preparing the boxes for sowing. As the seedlings develop care should be taken not to over-water, as they will do better if kept on the dry side. When watering is done, however, it should be done thoroughly, and again sub-irrigation is the method to be adopted. In this way the soil is saturated through, the seedlings are not bent over by the force of water, nor the foliage left wet to start damping off. Where rooms are steam or hot air heated, some difficulty will be ex- perienced in keeping a normal degree of moisture in the atmosphere. This un- favorable condition may be to a large extent overcome by giving all the fresh air possible and evaporating water near the plants, shallow flat pans being best to use for this purpose. In admitting air be careful to avoid cold draughts striking plants. In many cases it may be convenient to admit air through an adjoining room, or to put a layer or two of newspapers, which are splendid non-conductors of heat or cold, between the window and the plants. While most of the seeds sown will do nicely ns suggested in a night tempera- ture of forty-five to fifty degrees, with a rise to sixty or seventy degrees during the day, there are several that require fifty-five to sixty degrees at night to do as they ought. These include tomatoes, peppers, egg plants, melons, cucumbers, and such heat-needing plants as l-)egon- ias, salvias, and heliotropes. These, however, may be brought along after the early vegetables. For instance, if cab- bage and lettuce seeds are planted in February and tomatoes and peppers a inonth or so later, they will be sprout- ed about the lime the former are trans- planted, and can occupy the space thus made vacant. By the time these are ready to transplant the earlier vegetables will be ready to go to the cold frame, and in many locajities into the garden, to make room for the newcomers. All this may seem a lot of trouble, but when one has spring vegetables and (lower beds weeks ahead of neighbors who have not troubled at all, you will feel amply repaid for having started your seeds in the house windows. leaving only the tip or crown bud to each branch. About one week later give a dressing of pulverized sheep manure, and keep the hoe going freely, as long as it is possible to get among the plants. Asters (Callistephus Chinensis) "Marquis" The aster is generally known as one of the most beautiful of all our annuals, as well as one of the easiest grown, when its requirements are known. It will grow in any good garden soil, but is best in a rich loamy soil. The plant may be raised from seed, any time from the beginning of March to the end of May, and good results obtained. The seedlings should not be allowed to become crowded at any time, but as soon as large enough to handle they should be transplanted singly in boxes or in beds, and as the season advances, about the end of May or beginning of June, they should be planted where they are intended to bloom, the ground hav- ing been previously prepared and man- ured. The planting should be carried out, if possible, in showery weather. The plants require a lot of room. They should never be less than one foot apart for Daybreak, Hohenzollern, and Queen of the Market, and one and one- half to two feet for Semples, Vick's Branching, and similar varieties. At no period of their growth should the plants be allowed to suffer for want of moist- ure. I prefer to keep them moist by a judicious use of the hose. During a dry time use the hose once a week. When the plants are about one foot in height, they should be given a light sprinkling of fertilizer, hoed into the soil. The plants should be watched for aster bug. The only relief known to the writer that can be recommended is hand pick- ing. All sprays tried so far have to be handled with such extreme care that it makes the remedy as bad as the pests. As soon as the flower bud shows, it is well to remove all secondary buds, Hot Frames R. B.Rom, Ptterbore, Out. A hot frame is just the same kind of a structure as the cold frame, but is placed upon a quantity of fermenting manure. To prepare this manure, get all you can from the nearest horse stable ; make it into a good sized heap; water well if dry. Leave it for a few days until fer- mentation sets in ; then turn it over, wat- ering again if you think it necessary, that is, if it appears to be dry. The idea is to get the manure into an active and uniform fermentation and have it con- tinue for some time after putting the soil in it. Use the same position for the manure heap as for a cold frame. Have the heap about one to one and a half feet wider than the frame, with a depth of from one and a half to two feet ; tramp it down good and firm, then place the frame on top, and put in the soil to the A Hot Frame Made of Cement depth of, say, three or four inches. Throw some manure up around the out- side of the frame. This will help to hold in the heat. Put on the glass and let it stand for four or five days, when the heat should be even. I would ad- vise a thermometer placed in the frame where it can be easily seen. \\ hen the temperature falls to about seventy-five degrees seed can be sown. .At night do not allow the temperature to fall too low, but keep it as near sixty de- grees as you can. It should not go be- low forty-five degrees at any time. In sowing seeds, sow them the same as in a cold frame. At first keep a small open- ing in the sash to allow the steam caused by the manure to escape, other- wise a damp mould will get on the earth or the seedlings will rot. Keep all seedlings that come up first by themselves, and the ungerminated ones keep well under the glass ; give the seedlings that are showing up more light and ventilation. When they get a little stronger take the flat out of the frame and place in the warm sunlight, so that the young plants may harden be- fore transplanting out in the open beds. Vegetables or flowers can be started in either of the frames, and one can obtain much satisfaction from theiti. February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 35 Pergolas in the Garden A. V. Main, Ottawa, Ont. IN our Canadian gardens the use of per- Many people construct pergolas of golas is as yet limited. Some have been cedar or wire material and have a poor erected that have not been a sue- pathway also. Cedar in its untrimmed cess. Others again see fit to criticize state soon looks shabby and is of short their u.sefulness, in our severe climate, which interferes with their splendour. To my mind we might as well say that our verandahs, arbours, and summer cottages were unnecessary. If pergolas present some difficulties as regards hav- ing them clothed with beautiful climbers, it only means that we must be more consistent in our efforts to overcome this obstacle to success. What is a pergola, anyway? It might be termed a continued archway, with climbers overhead : A leafy canopy, par- tially shaded : A retreat for rest and quietude : An avenue situated near the mansion, that stands out in dignity and adds to the beauty of all around it, by its open entrances and majestic stateli- ness. It bids us come forth and admire. Many pergolas, particularly those of amateur construction, remind me of the hermit build. They are out of propor- tion and lack space in which to stand iip properly. They are inclined to be dingy, pokey affairs. Pergolas are not dungeons. The one here illustrated was built last spring. Where it now stands a row of lilacs and viburnums stood re- lics of many a wintry blast, which pro- vided an excellent breeding space for sparrows and aphis and also shaded a twelve-foot strip of ground. With some reluctance they were beheaded. duration. In winter it does not furnish a pleasant contrast to the snow. The beautiful pillars or columns here shown are seven feet six inches, and are placed on cement pillars eight feet apart. down two sides. There are twelve col- umns to a side. Beams six-inch by four- inch are placed parallel on the top of the column. Cross rafters are then placed overhead two feet apart. These are twelve feet in length, two feet being allowed to project over the columns, the ends being of an ornamental nature. The walk is eight feet wide and pro- jects to the outside line of columns. It consists of a solid four-foot foundation of stone and has a red cement finish. The columns are set on cement three inches above the walk to avoid decay, and the walk itself is situated several inches higher than the ground at each side to avoid splashing of earth in time of rain or washing off. Four wires should be evenly distribut- ed up and down the pillars about two inches from the wood. Along the top, galvanized wire should be stretched the entire length about eighteen inches apart to provide assistance for the climbers. White is the best color of paint. This is a substantial pergola, and pleasant to look at in winter as well as in summer. It is a work of some dura- tion. The entire length is one hundred feet. It is probably the only one of its kind in the Dominion. These pergolas are a specialty of some United States firms and are very much in use across the border. They vary in some small details of design. Very often they are linked with the house, like the conser- vatory. The work of the carpenter or builder is an easy matter, and is soon finished, but the gardener, wh.o has to make the dress for Miss Pergola, has many mis- fits. He fails to see a finish to his work. .•?6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, ig I'o be fashionable many dresses arc called for. Graf)e vines for the rafters, roses for the pillars. Clematis, Dutchman's Pipe, Honeysuckle, Wistaria, Begonia, Radicans, Nasturtiums, Canary Creepers and Bittersweet, all find a place. Any shade trees overhanging the structure shut out light, rain, and another valuable item, the refreshing dew. A good perennial border is the best possible set-off to the sunny front side of the pergola . The primary object is to have the tall five and six feet peren- nial planted at the back, right between the pillars, say one section between two pillars, first helenium, second peren- nial asters, third hollyhocks, fourth heli- anthus, and so on. Nothing can surpass this arrangement of the flowering heads as they nod in the leafy promenade. A strong arrangement of flowers on either side must be an accepted part of the plant. Extra trenching of the soil and manuring is imperative if the climbers are to grow luxuriantly. On the sunny side we have tried Tausendschon Rose on the pillars, also Clematis, Aris- tilochia, Wistaria, and grape vines. The idea is to establish permanently the wild grape vine to cover the overhead rafters and to allow them to remain all winter without pulling them down for winter protection as has to be done with most other climbers. The fruiting grape vines could be introduced and if successful they might replace parts of the wild vine. The vine leaf provides a pleasant canopy of foliage. A water tap and hose is convenient. For several years, before the climbers and suitable material have attained their full growth, the wide and spacious walk can be fittingly decorated with large tubs of hydrangeas, bay trees, palms, coleus, and small groups of geraniums in pots, begonias, abutilons, and several baskets and boxes of summer flowering plants. Chairs, tables, and other acces- sories of the "five o'clock" period, fur- ther enhance the utility of pergolas and igive an acceptable environment to well kept gardens. As this pergola was not finished till June ist, 1912, annuals were resorted to for a summer display. Nasturtiums, co- bea, and canary creepers were rapidly reaching the rafters by August. Annuals were braced up on each side. Sunflowers, seven feet cosmos, marigolds, and zin- nias made a fair show. Patience we must have, for the first year's growth of the permanent plants can not possibly produce complete results. The Care of Cuttings Henry Gibson, The plants of bedding stock which were started into growth as suggested last month, will soon furnish you with a good supply of cuttings. These should be put into sand and rooted at once in order to have fair-sized plants by bed- ding-out time. The rooting of cuttings seems to have lost favor with many amateurs, owing possibly to many past failures. Do not, however, be discouraged by failures. They should only be an incentive to greater effort. The majority of cuttings can be rooted under precisely the same conditions as you raise your seedlings under, save that a little higher tempera- ture is required. For the novice, sand is perhaps the most satisfactory rooting medium. If only a few dozen cuttings are required, make use of shallow pans such as are suggested for use when sow- ing begonia seeds. Fill the pan to within half an inch of the top with sand and press it down firmly. Cuttings that are in right condition and inserted an inch in the sand, watered freely, and shaded from say nine or ten a.m. until four p.m., will root in from ten to twenty days, ac- cording to the kind of plants that are being rooted and the temperature of the sand. The right condition of a cutting is quite a problem to the uninitiated, yet it is easy of solution. Take a shoot of any plant you intend to take cuttings I Staatsburg from, and liend it over. If it snaps 1 you have a cutting in right condition i rooting. If, on the other hand, the she simply bends and does not break, it too hard and is not suitable for prop gating purposes. Cuttings of this nj ure will throw out roots, yet it will slower in doing so, and the roots emitt will be weaker and more wiry than the from a cutting that breaks. Hence t resultant plant will not be so healthy a vigorous. Every care should be taken to mai tain a somewhat close and moist ; mosphere during the rooting pverio Draughts should be avoided at all tim« .^mong the many plants that can be ro< ed in this way are geraniums, pansi< verbenas, petunias, lobelias, ageratunr and fuschias. While the plants named may be ro< ed under practically cool conditior there are many others which require much higher temperature, especially b< torn heat, in order to get them to ro readily. Of these, crotons, ficus (ru ber plant), begonias, Lorraine, and Ci cinnata, duaseneas and bouvardias a the most popular with amateurs. T tops of ficus may be rooted in sand, b a better way is to root them on the plar This is done by making an incision the stem half way between two joint then turn the knife upwards and c through the first joint. Place a piece Barnyard manure not only furnishes plant food for growing the crop, but greatly improves the texture of the soil by adding: the necessary humus. — F. F. Reeves, Hiimber Bay. A Modern Greenhouse A iVlodel ot Its Kind Mr. Jobn H. Dunlop, Toronto's leading retail and wholeeale florist, has recently erected at Riohmond Hill, Ont., a range of greenhouse.'! tiat are the most modem and complete on the continent. An interior view of one of these hotiaes is here shown. February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 37 An Exterior View of Two of Mr. Dunlop't Greenhouses. They are 61 by 400 feet. They 'are worth a visit malch stalk or a grain of corn into this incision to prevent it closing and healing up, cover with moss (asphagnum is best), and wrap securely. Keep the moss moist at all times, and place the plant in a warm, moist place. If you have a warm greenhouse so much the better. When the young roots show through the moss it should be removed, and the young plants severed from the old one and pot- ted up into a good growing medium. The old stems of these plants may be used for increasing your stock by cutting them up into short lengths, taking care to have one or more joints to each piece and placing them in sand with a good bot- tom heat. Bouvardias are rather shy in throw- ing out suitable material for propagat- ing purposes. A better way than wag- ing for the old plants to throw out young growths is to make root cuttings. Re- move the soil to get at the roots, and take off cuttings half an inch to an inch and a half long. Place some coarse soil in a box and over this an inch of sandy soil. On this place the cuttings and cover with the same material. Water well and place where a little bottom heat is to be obtained. Within a month you will have young plants. When rooted all cuttings should be potted into a good, light soil in jxits two to three inches in diameter, and treated carefully by shading- and watering for a few days until they become established. Tomatoes Under Glass Jack W. Collins, Moncton, N.B. Mow I grew one of my best crops of lomatoes in Canada, will perhaps be in- teresting to some readers of The Cana- dian Horticulturist at this time of tTie year. The variety selected was Livingstone's 'ilobe. The seed was sown the begin- ning of Etecember. The plants were planted in fruiting hou.ses 'in February, and ripe fruit was gathered in quantity by the end of April. I had forty-two hun- dred plants planted in five houses. From these I sold thirty-five thousand pounds of fruit. This gives an average of eight and one-third f)Ounds f>er plant. The plant.s were planted at an average dis- tance of two feet apart. This gave a fairly good return per square foot of ground. The method of growing was as fol- lows : Seed was sown in flats in a tem- jKirature of from sixty to sixty-five de- grees, covered until the seed had ger- minated, and then transplanted toa light, sunny position to develop into strong, stocky plants ; as soon as large enough they were potted into three and a half inch pots, and kept growing rapidly, but with plenty of light and air until about two weeks before planting out, when they were transferred to a cooler temper- ature to make the plants good and hardy. I find they do not flag when planted and start off much more quickly when given this treatment. I planted in the row at a distance of two feet between rows, as follows : The first two rows at a dis- tance of one and a half feet, then a space left qf two and a half feet, then two more rows of one and a half feet, and so on. This gave an average of two feet for each plant. The two and a half feet between each two rows, made it much easier to get along each row, to trim, tie and to gather the fruit. In training the plants a wire was stretched over each row right along the houses, eight feet from the ground. A cane was placed to each plant, and then made fast to the wire overhead. The plants were tied to this as they needed it, which kept them in position, and also present- ed a very neat appearance. In trimming out some of the foliage I never cut out more than was absolutely necessary, and then always the entire leaf. Cutting a leaf only half back tends to make that leaf sprout again. That is only wasted energy on the part of the plant. Another method which I pursued, which I know does not find favor with many growers, was tp train two stems to each plant. Als» I never used stable manure or any manure at all when preparilngthc ground but gave fertilizers after five to six trusses of fruit had set. 1 find this makes shorter jointed plants and the fruit sets more freely. The only fault to find with Liv- ingstone's Globe, if there is a fault to Ix; found with it, is that it is thin-skin- ned and liable to crack under certain conditions. One reason for cracking is shutting down with a lot of moisture in the houses. I found it much more pro- fitable to keep a little steam going and the ventilators open a little all night. Success With Garden Annuals p. D. Powe, CainsTille, Ont. Good seed is a prime essential in at- taining success with any class of plants. Nothing but the best seed is cheap in the end. Cheap seed as sold by some firms, is nearly useless. It is apt to be largely the left over stock of former years or seed that has been bought from a grower who having allowed his stock to degenerate, is forced to sell it ch^ap in order to procure a market. No re- liable firm sells cheap seed, or will han- dle it under any consiideration. Mo.st firms demand that growers send them samples of their seed, which they then put through the most rigid tests. Though seed may be procured from many of the general stores we would advise its purchase from some reliable seed company, as by so doing you can get your own choice of seed and not be bound down to a small assortment. Before beginning to plant assort your seed into two classes, namely, those for starting in house, hotbed or cold frame, and the seed that succeeds best when planted out of doors. As many of our best annuals cannot be started with suc- cess, except in a hot or cold frame, that may be said to be the most commonly used rhethod. First obtain a shallow box (such as baddies come in) from your grocer. These usually cost five cents each. If these are not obtainable, any box about two and one-half inches deep by about twenty-four inches long, and fifteen inches wide, will do. These boxes are known to the florist as flats. In the bottom of this box place an Inch of coarse soil and place on top of this an inch of rich soil mixed with one- fifth sand. Level the soil with a piece of lath or other smooth wood, and you will then be ready to sow. THE r'ANADTAN FTO TJ T T C TT L T I ' R T S T February, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which ha« been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Publiihed hr Ths Horticultural Pubjiihinc Company, Limited I^KTICRBORO, ONTARIO The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Okkicial Organs ok the Ontario and Quebec Fru:t Growers' Associations AND of The Ontario Beekeepers' Association H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director ^ EDITORIAL UNITED STATES RERESBNTATIVES STOOKWELL'S SPECdAIi AGENCY Chicago Offlce— People's GtaB Building. New York Offlce— 286 5th ATemue. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist ia published in two editions on the 2Sth day of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The flrst edition is known ae The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The- second edition is known as The Cana^lian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing In the first issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping In- terests of Canada. 2. Suhswription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain. 60 cents a year; two years, $100, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. .?1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Offlce) 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or registered Letter. 4. The Law Is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— Wlien a change of ad drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising corii^spondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ...11,570 August, 1913 12,675 February. 1913 ...11,560 September, 1913 ...13.729 March, 1913 11,209 October, 1913 13.778 April, 1913 11,970 November. 1913 ...12.967 May, 1913 12.368 December. 1913 ...13,253 June, 1913 12.618 July. 1913 12.626 Total 150,293 Average each issue In IM7, S.W ■' 1908. s.ms • 1909. 8.970 " 1910, 9.067 ' ' 1911. 9,541 " ' 1912.11.037 1913. 12,524 8wom detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We gTiarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. 'We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist are as carefully editerl as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with an.v subecriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of it« occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as .>rtated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers vou state : " I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of those columns; but we shall not attempt to ad.inst trifling disputes beween sub^ scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debte of honest bankmpta. Oommunlcations should be addreesed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEiST, PETEEBOBO. ONT SPRAYING The successful fruit growers and well- known authorities on spraying, who have contributed articles on spraying to this is- sue of The Canadian Horticulturist, are agreed that two essentials to success involve the thorough spraying of all parts of the tree, at exactly the right time. Only within the past few years have many even of our leading growers, been led to appreciate the importance of these two points. Com- mercial spraying is still a sufficiently new operation in orchard practice to leave no reason for wonder. The experience of growers in many sec- tions of the country has now demonstrated to a certainty that im the great majority of cases where spraying operations have ap- parently proved to be a failure.that the work was either not done withsufiicientthorough- ness, or at the right moment. Where an unsprayed portion of a tree is left it be- comes a breeding place for insects and a seeding ground for fungus diseases, and lea.ds to much of the work of the grower being lost. There are mainy other factors, such as the proper preparation of the fluids and the use of suitable appliances, that must be attended to if success is desired, but these are points that generally are watched more carefully than the two al- ready specified. A wise man once said that "Wisdom con- sists in knowing what to do next, and doing it." Our fniit growers will profit if they act on this suggestion. Prepare now for the approaching spraying season by seeing that everything necessary for the success of the work is ordered in time to ensure your being able to attend to it without de- lay and with the proper degree of thorough- ness, when the season for spraying ar- rives. ONTARIO FRUIT Three boxes of Baldwin apples, shown re- cently in an open competition at the exhi- bition of the New York Horticultural Asso- ciation, held recently in Rochester, N.Y., added to the already high reputation for quality held by Ontario fruit by winnuig the sweepstakes prize. This victory, together with the premier honors that were captured by Ontario fruit last fall in the competi- tion open to the continent held in Cleve- land, Ohio, and later at the Land Exhibi- tion, in Winnipeg, where Ontario fruit cap- tured first and second prizes, should prove a source of encouragement to Ontario fruit .trrowers. During the past few years we have heard much criticism of the poor quality and poor packing of a large portion of the fruit crop of Ontario. The fruit that has been sent to the western provinces, where it has met the competition of the British Columbia and Pacific Coast States' products, has been criticized with especial severity. Much of this criticism has been deserved. It has been beneficial inasmuch as it has drawn the attention of Ontario fruit growers to the need for improvement. The critics for the most part have been friends who have de- sired to see Ontario fruit maintain its repu- tation in competitive markets. Speaking generally, the Ontario fru-; grower is just as capable, and just as .%;11- ing to make improvements as the fruit grower of any other section. The rouble lies in the fact that he is faced by condi- tions that fruit growers in the newer fruit districts of the west do not have to meet. In the west the orchards are mostly nev; and it has been possible for the grower to introduce modern methods of culture, pack- ing and marketing with a minimum of op- position. In the east the orchards are mostly old and fruit growers are burdened with practices that are relics of the past but which are none the less difficult to set aside on that account. In the east the barrel pack has been popu- lar for years. There has been a steady de- mand for this package. This has encour- aged methods of buying which have en- abled growers to dispose of their crops in bulk, and thus has made it difficult for them to appreciate the importance of following modern methods of orchard practice. We agree with the critics that the time has come for a change. We are inclined to think, however, that we may possibly de- vote a little less criticism to the grower and possibly more elsewhere. An examination, for instance, of the as- sistance given by the Department of Agri- cullure in British Columbia to the fruit growers of that province, and of the work being done by the Ontario Department of .Agriculture, would not prove compliment- ary to the latter. In British Columbia, for instance, compulsory spraying has been fol- lowed for some years. The mere sugges- gestion of introducing such a measure in Ontario would be likely to strike conster- nation to the heart of the Ontario Minister of Agriculture. Yet the time has come when a move along this line is required. Some years ago it was felt that it was im- practical to require the sanitary inspection of cheese factories and creameries. It was anticipated that the opposition to such a movement would be pronounced and influ- ential. Yet such a measure was enacted and has been successfully enforced with a minimum of opposition and with results that have been a benefit to the industry. We believe that the time is ripe for the Minis- ter of Agriculture of Ontario to have legis- lation enacted which will give his depart- ment power to enforce compulsor>' spraying in the leading fruit districts at least of the province. This would protect the largest and best fruit growers and ensure a great improvement in the quality of a large pro- portion of the apple pack of the province. Later the principle could be extended to other districts as conditions permitted. The British Columbia Department of Ag- riculture has a much stronger staff in its horticultural division than is the case ir Ontario. On the whole it is showing more leadership. By its example it is doing much to encourage and inspire the fruit grower? of that province. The Minister of Agri- culture for Ontario has made several for- ward moves of late, but should make more. Additional assistance should be given to the horticultural division of his department, and it should be permitted and encouraged tc show more leadership. A portion of all the criticism of the fruit growing industry oi Ontario may properly be laid at the dooi of the Ontario Department of .\griculture. .\ forward move on its part will meet with e ready response from the fruit growers. February is a month when many of the good resolutions that we made last fall ir regard to the garden we are going to have this year, will be broken if we are not or our guard. By starting many of our plant; indoors now we will obtain a start that wil do much to help and encourage us durinji the late spring and early summer months Don't let this opportunity slip and later re gret your negligence. February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST 39 Our front cover illustration shows a scene in the orchard of Mr. J. C. Harris, of Injfersoll, Ontario. Mr. Harris controls a number of orchards, in which he uses six power sprayers of the type shown. * * * This is the Third Annual Sprayingf Num- ber of The Canadian Horticulturist. We have made an effort to fill it with informa- tion by well-known authorities that will be of practical value to our readers. We feel sure that you will like it. Year by year these special numbers have prown in popu- lar favor. In this issue no less than four- teen firms are advertising: spraying: ma- chinerj', in which they believe our readers should be interested. Thus our advertis- inif, as well as our reading: columns, con- tain much helpful information. We have other reasons for being: pleased with this issue, inasmuch as it exceeds all previous issues of The Canadian Horticulturist, both in the volume of advertising' carried and in its paid circulation. No better evi- dence of the popularity of a paper can be furnished than the fact that both its sub- scribers and advertisers continue their support from year to year in an increas- ing' measure. * » * Some of our readers who looked at the circulation statement published on the edi- torial pag:e in our January issue, which showed an averag:e circulation during- €he year 1913 of 12,002, _and at the statement which appears in this issue revealing- an averajfe circulation of 12,524, may be mys- tified by the apparent contradiction. Both statements are correct. The statement pub- lished last month showed the averag-e cir- culation last year of the first edition only of The Canadian Horticulturist. La,st May, as we announced at the time, we com- menced the publication of a second edi- tion of The Canadian Horticultiurist, which is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Be-ekeeper. The two papers are practically one and the same, the se- cond edition differing: from the first only in its front cover and in a few pages of reading matter. This month, therefore, we decided to show the average circulation for last year of both editions. This repre- s<-nts an increase in average circulation during 191.3 over 1912 of 1,500. This is the largest increase we have ever show-n in one year. Naturally we are pleased to be able to report it. * » * The March issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist will contain some features of special interest. The introductory article will be by a British Columbia contributor. It will expose the misleading statements issued by land agents in regard to the possible profits of fruit growing in that province, and will! show what intending purchasers of British Columbia fruit land may reasonably expect to realize therefrom. There will be a special article in the floral department by Mr. H. J. Moore, of Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, and an in- teresting, well illustrated description of a beautiful London, Ontario, garden. A western contributor will have an illustrat- ed article in the vegetabYe department. The issue all through will be especially helpful. Our readers will appreciate it. » • » Watch for our Spring Gardening and Planting Number in .\pril. The front cover '>f this issue will show one of the finest gardening scenes ever reproduced in The Canadian Horticulturist. It will be the best gardening number of the year. » » * Advertisers desiring space in the March and April issues should make application at as early a date as possible to ensure a service which we may not be able to give them if they are late in forwarding their copy and instructions. SOCIETY NOTES Hamilton The Hamilton Horticultural Society has elected for its president, Mr. J. W. Jones, and for its secretary, Mrs. Ada L. Potts. It w-as Mrs. Potts who delivered the in- teresting address on "School Children and Horticulture" at the recent annual con- vention of the Ontario Horticultural As- sociation. Two flower shows held by this society last year were the most successful ever conducted in the city. Several help- ful lectures were also given during 1913. In tendering his resignation from the office of secretary-treasurer, Mr. McCul- loch presented to the society three hand- some medals, neatly engraved, and said that the medals might be given as prizes in some of the competitions. Then, on be- half of the society. President Jones gave the retiring secretary-treasurer a medal which has been in the possession of the society since 1862. The medal, which is engraved in curious figures, -was presented to the Hamilton Society by the Royal Hor- ticultural Society of Canada. Ottawa The Ottawa Horticultural Society has ar- ranged a programme of meetings, which promise to prove particularly helpful and interesting. These meetings are schedul- ed for every two weeks during January, February, March, and April. They will be held in the Carnegie Library. Each ad- dress will be accompanied with practical demonstrations of how the points touched on in the address should be carried out. iJifl^erent varieties of flowers will be dealt with at the different meetings. It is be- lieved that better results will be obtained by holdin'^- more meetings during the win- ter months when by holding one meeting a month and continuing the meetings dur- ing the summer. Officers of societies might write to Mr. J. F. Watson, 19 James Street, Ottawa, for a copy of the programme of these meetings. St. Catharines The St. Catharines Horticultural Society is mow coming into its own. The Society, which has a membership of seven hundred and fifty, has really made St. Catharines the beautiful city that it is. It has been a large struggle to bring the society to its present splendid standing but the result is well worth the effort. The last Fruit and Flower Show- was the most successful in the history of the organization. The members feel much en- couraged by the splendid support received from the fruit growers of the district. Special attention was paid to the children who exhibited in classes for asters, ar- rangement of flowers, the decoration of dolls' carriages and small tables. It has been the policy of the Society to distribute asters and sweet pea seed among the children but last year the sweet peas were dropped. Nearly six thousand glad- ioli bulbs were sold to the youngsters at five for four cents. For each gladiolus bloom produced they receive from the So- ciety four tulip bulbs. Increased interest is being taken in the work carried on by the Society at the public schools. The young folks of St. Catharines are receiv- ing a training that will count for much in future years. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Convention THE fiftieth anniversary meeting of this association met at Kentville, January 20-23, and was marked by a record attendance and deep interest in the discussion of problems confronting the fruit growers of the province. The opening meeting was held on Tues- day evening and was addressed by the Premier, Hon. P. H. Murray. The people of Kentville also put on a splendid musi- cal entertainment. Wednesday was devoted chiefly to a discussion of the greatest ene- my of the fruit growers of the province the Black Spot or scab of the apple. Prof. Caesar, of Guelph, set the ball rolling and didn't leave it until those pre- sent knew all about its life history, condi- tions of devcloijment and control. The ijrincipal points brought out in the address will be published in The Canadian Horticulturist. / SPRAYING PAYS The experience of some of the best fruit growers in the province was given. These showed that thorough spraying pays a biir dividend on the expense of application, even in a year like this when many are in doubt whether or not spraying is efficient. Mr. J. M. Robinson, of the Experiment Station, Kentville, gave tabulated results of spraying experiments in three orchards in the Valley. In brief these experiments showed that commercial lime sulphur gave better results than the home boiled, that lime sulfur is preferable to Bordeaux, and that the difference between sprayed and un- sprayed fruit per acre gave a gain in favor of the sprayed fruit of over one hundred dollars an acre. A very able address on cooperation and one which should be published all over the Dominion, was given by A. E. Adams, of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia. He went into history, and showed how co- operative organizations had benefited such countries as Denmark, England and Ger- many, and then took up the work and aims of the United Fruit Companies. This or- ganization bids fair to become one of the strongest factors in the progress of our province industrially and agriculturally. Al- ready, by scientific marketing and cutting down expenses of shipping, thousands of dollars had been saved to the farmers, and not only had money been saved in the sell- ing- but also in the buying of supplies. The organization was becoming stronger every day. APPLE APRIDS Prof. Brittain, of Nova Scotia Agricul- tui-al College, gave an instructive talk on the apple aphids and their control. He recommended adding to the ordinary spray mixture Black Leaf 40, a mixture prepara- tion on the market, and spraying after the young aphis have hatched out. Because we are able to put Black Leaf 40 in with the spray we use for scab, and so forth, it is, therefore, better than the emulsions which have to be sprayed by themselves. Dominion Entomologist Saunders told of (Continued on page 54) 40 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February. 1914 >illlllllllllllllllllinilinilllllllilllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII|||||||||MIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIII^ NIAGARA THE MARK PEGl -,ist«^^ Sprays of Quality HIGHEST IN STRENGTH ALWAYS UNIFORM FAMOUS FOR RESULTS RELIABLE OLDEST AND iBEST ALWAYS READY TO USE NIAGARA SOLUBLE SULPHUR (Patented in United States and Canada) THE MOST TALKED-OF SPRAY IN AMERICA A Sulphur Spray in Powder Form. Dissolves immediately in water. No sediment. .^ positive Fungicide and Insecti- cide. Worl«e who are in the habit of comparing an Ontario Snow and a British Columbia Snow, an Ontario Mcintosh and a British Columbia Mcin- tosh, just for a change compare a British Columbia Jonathan and an Ontario Jona- than, a British Columbia Spitzenberg and an Ontario Spitzenberg, a British Columbia Yellow Newtown and an Ontario N<*wtown. I>OI.VT» T from mature orchards. Much, too, of west- tern fruit has in the past been over-irrigat- ed. This produces poorer quality, poorer keeping fruit. However, these poor quality varieties of apples, and apples from young orchards, have been compared by the north- west people, many of whom are from On- tario, to high quality varieties as King, Spy and Russet, from mature Ontario or- chards. Hemce largeh- the impression that western fruit is of inferior quality. I.n.SIXG THl': -M.VKKKT However, if we have better quality fruit, that doesn't alter the fact that the north- west market is slipping away from us. For in addition to poor grading, we have not the color nor the pack, nor the attractive- nes of package of our western competitors. That is, as a general rule, our apples are inferior to western apples in color and at- tractiveness of pack. The exhibitions in which there has been a chance to compare fruit from the two provinces have proved that Ontario can produce just as good fruit No. 28 Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seed- er, Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Rake and Plow The newest and most accurate Planet Jr seeder. Sows all garden seeds in hills or drills, opens the furrow, covers, rolls down, and marks next row all at once, lias steel frame and bandies, and complete set of attncliments. Light enoueh for woman's use. Scientific Cultivation Getaway from Useless drudgery and old-time wasteful cultivating methods in your family garden and on your farm. Use the Planet Jr and do the work of 3 to 6 men better, quicker, cheaper. Planet Jrs are light, strong, lasting. $2 to $100. Fully guaranteed. ■t'Uirir Our new 72-paBe illustrated catalogue of 60 ^ •^■-•'-i implements for all farm and garden uses. Write postal today, S L ALLEN & CO Box 1106G PiUladelpliIa Write !or llie name ol our nearest ageocr Planet Jr Combined HiU and Drill Seed. er. Double Wheel Hoe, Culti- vator and Plow :-^ ^^^^^ ^_ Wnle lor Ibe name ol our nearest ageocr B^p Planet Jr. A capital implement for large-scale gardening es- fiecially. It has a steel rame. and complete seed- ing and cultivalmg attach- ments. The hoes run close to row without danger to leaves or roots. , Two acres a day can be worked with this tool. Planet Jr 12-tooth Harrow, Cultivator and Pulverizer N. 30 1 Planet Jr Single I Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Plow, Rake and Marker [7J—J^ Planet Jr Horse I I Hoe, Culti- vator, and Hiller An invaluable tool in tlie niarket-crarden, truck and strawberry patches. lias new steel wheel which prevents clogging. Its 12 chisel-shaped teeth cut out all weeds, stir and mellow the soil and leave the ground in the finest condition without throwing dirt plants. A new Planet Jr Single Wheel Hoe thnt is light, strong and practically indestructible — the frame and handles are steel. It is completfly equipped for plowing, hoeing, cultivatine. and raking. The marking at- tachment insures rapid, economical wheel- jioeing. Does more and better work than any other horse-hoe ever invented. It is light and easily handled, yet unusually strong. Has new steel wheel which prevents clogging with trash. Quickly adjusted to rows up to 3M feet apart. Vine-turner attachment is great for many crops at last workin.g3;_ February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 43 in every respect as British Columbia. But we are not producing or packing the quan- tity of good fruit that British Columbia is. To retain a fair part of the northwest mar- ket we have got to put up a higher grade of fruit in a better package than the bar- rel. For what quality is it that sells am article? Its appearance? In the majority of cases, yes. Thus it is the color of the fruit, the perfect grading and the appear- ance of the package that are the main fac- tors in selling western grown fruit. Further, people have come to know that they can rely on fruit from the west. They know that when they buy a box of apples from British Columbia or the western states that the fruit will be practically the same throughout the box. It is honestly packed. If it is marked No. 1 it really is No. 1. If they could rely on Ontario fruit the same way it would meam thousands of dollars to the apple growers of this province. It is said that Ontario fruit is preferred in the northwest on account of better dessert and cooking quality. It is preferred, but it does not sell fruit because of the several reasons already outlined — appearance of fruit, appearance of package, and honesty of packing, as compared to western ap- ples. In the Winnipeg Tribune for November 29, 1913, western jobbers are quoted as say- ing "that the American fruit is the best seller because it is better sorted and packed and that Ontario can recapture the western market and drive out American competitive fruits as soon as it standarizes its product and overcomes the efFects on the western- ers of past carelessness and dishonesty in packing." WHAT MUST HE DONE And so, as I have already intimated, if wp r\rc going to build up a market for our fruit in the Canadian northwest, we have got to produce a higher grade of fruit as to color and freedom from blemishes ; we have got to put up an honest pack, and we have got to use the western package — the box. For though a few of the western towns still prefer the barrel, amd there will doubtless l5e a market for barreled fruit for many years to come, yet the box is coming into greater favor. It is a handier package and — -it has a reputation. The barrel has lost its if ever it had one. And further, though the day of high prices for box-packed ap- ples is probably gone forever, this fact in itself brings the box-packed apples in more direct competition with barrel-packed fruit. The result is that the market for barreled fruit will become more and more restricted each year and there will be a demand for larger and larger quantities of boxed fruit. The fact is evident and we must accept it. MUST HAVE AN HONEST PACK Then as to an honest pack. We have got to produce it, that's all. We are not com- peting with British Columbia until we do. We are simply out of the competition. And here again the argument is all for the box package. Here is an extract from a west- ern paper. "Barrels are going out of fash- ion. The demand for them is giving place to the demand for the boxed product." The barrels encourage carelessness in grading for quality and size. It has been the pack- age not so much of inferior grades of ap- ples, as ungraded apples. Let the top and the bottom of the barrel be nicely "faced" and the space between invites ungraded fruit. The box, on the contrary, requires close grading for size, as the apples must be uniform to pack properly. This close grading further insures that all blemished fruit will be found and culled out. The box then does not encourage improper grading. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Our Spring (1914) Planting List Is now ready for mailing A copy will be sent promptly on application Early orders from our list are re- spectfully solicited. It is almost cer- tain that there will not be sufficient plants this year to go around. Early orders will save • disappointment. The newer Snapdragons (Antirrhin- ums) give much satisfaction and they should be in all gardens. We shall have a limited number of the new Silver Pink, which is especially fine. Our China Asters and Stocks are also of high quality. JOHN CAVERS Make Your Own Crop Prices! With a Goulds Reli- able Sprayer you not only increase your yield, but you grow e. higher grade of fruit. Thus you take two extra profits— on© on qjiantity and one on quality. Spraying i8 uselifle unless It is done effectively. Every loaf, every crevice must be saturated with solution. Goulds Sprayers apply the mixture in just the right form and quan- tity. They are made by experts in the largest exeluaive pump factory in America. -f==- RELIABLE The pump, fittings, entire equipment are oonstruoted to last, to withstand chemical action. All workinff parts are made of bronze. The improvements are new, practical. They are the result of countles.s experiments, of the application of skill and long experience by trained engineers. Get the beet spray outfit to .start with Chenp outfits are time and money wasters, more costly in the long run. GET FREE SPRAY BOOK pages, iUuBtrated, Packed full of facts you want to know. Spray formu- 40 *** ,^2V.-'-.-.,t;^ las, how ply. and and sort use, a able Write THE GOULDS MFG. CO l7W.F>IISt..SeicuFalli,N.Y. Largest M.-inuf.-icturers of Piiinps for Kvery Piirpo^ic spray calendar, to mix and ap- how to prevent destro.y insects diseases, what of sprayers to volume of valu- informatlon. for it to-day. For the Land' s Sake Use the best Manure and get GOOD CROPS For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. Marchment 133 Victoria St., TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841; Residence, Park 951 Say you saw this ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist 44 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 4 ■AUTIFUL OLD-FASHIONED GARDENS ofENGLAND KELWAY'S famous Hardy Herbaceous Plants are modern developments of the old English favourites. The cottage " Piny Rose " has become the Paeony, incomparable in form, colour and fra- grance. The old-fashioned Larkspur has developed into the stately blooms of the Delphiniums ; Gaillar- dias, Pyrethrums and the rest, all serve to bring back the charm of the old-world English garden. Special care is taken in packing plants to arrive in Canada in good order, and they can be relied upon to thrive with a minimum of attention. Last, and of most importance, Ontario a provincp, has ffot to produce a better Krade of fruit. Herein lies the most diffi- cult problem, for in Ontario the apple or- chard is usually a side line to general farm- ing. It is umsprayed, unprutied and uncul- tivated, for the farmer does not realize its money value to him. He sells the fniit foi whatever he can get, and every dollar he jfets he considers money found. I would .Tgain quote the Winnipeg Tribune as fol- lows: "The whole trouble lies with the Ontario fruit grower. Fundamentally, he is not a fruit grower at all, but a mixed farm- er, who devotes most of his time to his grain and his stock. He neglects the foui fundamentals of scientific fruit growing, which are judicious pruning, adequate spraying, careful thinning and thorough cultivation of the orchard ground. Onl> when these are attended to can really first class fruit be secured. .A man cannot worli his farm and neglect his orchard and raist good fruit. This is the fundamental faull which has brought Ontario fruit into dis- repute in the west." The farmers of Ontario as a whole have got to be taught the value of cultivating pruning and spraying. Then, and not un- til then, can we look for a general improve- ment in the grade of Ontario apples. Th< western apple growing districts have th« advantage of us in that fruit growing is s comparatively new industry there. The? are not troubled to nearly the same extend with insect pests and fungous diseases and in the majority of cases, fruit growins is the sole means of livelihood of the ppop1( in the fruit growing districts. It is theii occupation, their business, and they havi irot to make it pay. It is not a side lin< to be neglected and the crop sold for wha' it will bring. PICKLING MKTHODS AT FAfLT I believe also that much of Ontario's ap pie crop is picked before it is fully mature and some after it is over mature. This i; partly due to the fact that Ontario grower; take all the fruit off the trees at one pick ing. Immature and over-ripe fruit has lo^ storage and shipping quality. Green imma ture fruit is subject to scald, and if ver] greon will shrivel in storage, while the sam( variety fully matured holds much longer an< in better condition. This principle ha; been found to hold true for all kinds o fruits except pear? and lemons. These an apparently the only fruits which are bette: when picked before full maturity or ripe ness as the term is ordinarily interpreted By full maturity is meant full color, witl iirm flesh, and the seeds fully grown an< colored. It is best, especially with th( earlier ripening varieties, to make mon than one pickine. selecting each time thi fully colored fruits, and allowing the unde veloped to remain. The fruit grown on th( outer branches develops more rapidly an< consequently ripens first. FRIENUI.y CRITICISM I have had the opportunity recently o reading a letter from an Ontario man wh( has lately gone to the northwest. He ha: made a special study of market conditioni there. He writes as follows: "I feel keenlv with regard to the mar keting of Ontario apples in the west, and ' am strongly of the opinion that althougl Ontario is rapidly losing that market, ye it is not too late, were proper methods o holding it adopted. "The most serious phase of the quesfioi is this : The people of British Columbi; are making a rapid advance in the matte: of apple nroduction. They are not onb packing their apples well, but they are im proving- the quality as quickly as possible February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST 45 "The Hardie Power Sprayers" The Sprayer that is Free from Experimental Risks OVER 6,000 IN USE PLACE ORDERS EARLY SEND FOR OUR CATALOG NOW THE HARDIE TRIPLEX Known as the " The Sprayer with the Trouble Left Out" used in over 6,000 of the best orchards of America. Many have been used for over ten years. They are noted for their Simplicity of Construction, Large Capacity, High Pressure, Light Weight and most important of ail. Their Dependability. Thousands of the most successful growers say their success is in a large measure due to the reliable and effective operation of this machine, which never fails,, and which is always ready to_deliver the spray to the tree in large volume and under high pressure. HARDIE FEATURES SIMPLICITY OF CONSTRUCTION— Obtained by leaving oui everything of a compUoat«d and troublesome nature, oaing only Buoi construction as long experience has proven beet. LIGHTNESS— Obtained by usins hieh carbon pressed steel frames such aa ere u.scd under all automobiles, in place of the big heavy timbers or heavy soft steel frames. We get tour times as much strength with le^'s than one-half the weight. Our machine frames only weigh seventy pounds and will carry a load ft three tons. This same principle is carried out through the entire machiae. STRENGTH — Obtained by bearing in mind that anything is only as strong as Ite weakest part, by knowing where strength l9 neeled and bv using material which will stand the wear and tear of high prcesiir© work. ACCESSIBILITY— (Get-»t.»bleneB8)— we build our maohinee so that you oaji get at any part in a moment. Tou never need) to take a " Hardie " to the machine shop if an accident happens. You can fljt it generally in the orchard. Any one who has ever need a power sprayer knows the importance of Accessibility. BIG CAPACITY— Our pumps are properly designed and are specially built by "Sprayer Specialists." Wo know the import- ance of lots of liqtiid at the nonle and build accordingly. HIGH PRESSURE — We use a powerful engine on our machines and our pumps are so light running that we get the highest pressure. All of our machines are guaranteed to maintain a steady, working pressure of 200 pounds. FROST PROOF ENGINE— We use the IDEAL Engines. R. E. Olds, the Pioneer Gas Engine Builder of America, the R. E. Olds of Automobile fame, la at the head of the firm tiat builds them. There is no engine Juit as good as the Ideal. It cools with water, but it JB carried in such a way that freezing will not Injure it. STAY-THERE HOSE COUPLINGS — The kind that you can't blow off. MILO SPRAY ROD— Throws the spray three feet or thirty feet as you want. Juat a movement of the thumb does it ORCHARD SPECIAL SPRAY HOSE- The hose that has made good. THREE SIZES OF POWER MACHINES The Triplex, shown above. Specifloatlons : BED: High Carbon pressed steel. TANK: i% in. Bed Cypress. Capacity, 200 gallons. PUMP: Three 2-in.cvlinderB; Capacity 6^/2 gallons per minute. ENGINE: Full 3 H.P. Water cooler. Magneto ignition. TRUCK: Steel wheel "Havana" truck, wheels 28 in. front, 34 in. rear, % in. x 5 In. tirea. Complete with neck yoke and double tree. PRICE : Lower than any other machine of like Speciflcatione. The Duplex— A smaller machine of the same type. Specifloatlons: BED: High Carbon pressed steel. TANK: I'/j in. Red Cvprees. Capacity, 150 gallons. ENGINE: IVa HP. Water cooler. Magneto ignition. PUMP: Two 2-in. cylinders. Capacity 4% gallons per minute. TRUCK: Havana Steel truck, front wheels 28 in., rear wheels 34 in , with % in. x 5 in. tires. Complete with neck yoke and double tree. PRICE : Lower than any other machine of like Speciflcatione. The Hardie Junior— A still smaller machine. Specifioations : BED: 4 in. X 4 in. Maple. TANK: VA in. Red Cypress. Capacity 100 gallons. PUMP: Single Cylinder, double acting. Capacity 3 giallons per minute. ENGINE: Air cooled 1 H. P. Battery Ignition. PRICE: Lowir than any ever put on a practical power sprayer. The Hardie Hand Pumps— The World's Best. Made almost entirely of Brass. So simple a "Boy with a Monkey Wrench" can take them apart and put them together again. Made In twenty sizes and styles Get our catalog and prices before you buy. You will save money, time and trouble by so doing. DISTRIBUTORS FOR CANADA The Biggs Fruit & Produce Company, Burlington, Ont. 46 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 4 Imperial Bank E>.bii.h«'orse than ever, or to the complaints of some few who expect to purchase ^ruit as cheaply as in Ontario, or to those who have purchased some of the poor fruit that is sometimes sent out from here, or who have received shipments from Ontario not properly packed or loaded, and that has ar- ■-ived in poor condition. * A paper presented at the recent annual meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- tion February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 47 I think I have a right to speak with some confidence when I give you this informa- tion, viz. : That the St. Catharines Cold Storage Company has been giving this market special attention for over ten years ; that their shipments have increased year by year until the past season they sent out to the west one hundred and seventy-eight car loads containing two thousand four hundred and thirty boxes aind forty-four thousand four hundred and eighty baskets of peaches, ninety-one thousand four hun- dred and fifty packages of tomatoes, one thousand five hundred and fify boxes and fifty-eight thousand two hundred and twen- ty baskets of pears, eight hundred and sixty boxes and ten thousand three hundred baskets of apples, fifty-seven thousand five hundred and thirty packages of plums, fourteen hundred and sixty baskets of pep- pers, twelve hundred baskets of crabs, fif- teen hundred amd seventy baskets of quin- ces, one hundred and forty-nine thousand four hundred packages of grapes, besides several hundred baskets each of egg plants, onions, cucumbers, beans, melons, black Let Me Send You My New Big Boar Wljy, How and When to Spray" E; ^VERY farmer, truck- or fruit-grower needs this book. It is more than a catalog. Contains 74 different illustrations from photographs of insects and plant diseases that ' rob the grower of his profits. It gives full details as to how to combat these i>ests the various remedies which experiment has proven successful and directions as to how and when to apply them. The book also contains illustrations, some in colors, of the famous HURST SPRAYERS — 28 different styles and sizes — from small hand power outfits to large ga,-*oline engine sprayers for field and orchard. It explains in detail the liberal terms on which HURST SPRAYERS are sold — 10 Days FREE Trial -S Year Guarantee No Money In Advance— No Freight To Pay I will ship you any HURST SPRAYER on 10 days free trial, without one cent in advance— no bank deposit — no agreement to keep and pay for the machine unless you are thoroughly satisfied. Our liberal selling plan gives you your own terms of payment. The sprayer will pay for itself in the extra profits of one season. I want to tell you about our Mon<"ir'^»vir»t ready LORD AND BURNHAM CO. LTD. OF CANADA GREENHOUSE DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS TORONTO - 12 QUEEN STREET, E. NF.W YORK BOSTON PHII-XI) ELPHIA CHICAGO I ■ I .1 . .■. II Qi I ■ ~^ ml "I . 'L I iJiii jmi I ■■I'lw. I . ROCHESTER U.,1 .1 I ■ g THE CANADIAN HOR TTC T' T/n R T ST February, 1914 Market Gardeners Make Big Profits from Small Acreage by Modem Cultivation smd Spraying If a business doesn't pay there's a reason, and the same may be said of a farm. Many 10 acre market gardens are producing greater profits than 150 acre farms simply because modern culti- vation and spraying are applied on the former and disregarded on the latter. Adopt the spraying policy but, in doing so, seleci Sherwin-Williams NEW PROCESS ARSENATE OF LEAD to effectively exterminate all leaf-eating insect pests. This spraying material is used exclusivelv by many of the largest growers and societies in the fruit growing districts of the country. These people are busi- ness mem as well as fruit growers, and they prefer to use Sherwin-Williams New Process .'Xrsenate of Lead because they find it pays them better. It is very fine and fluffy in character, so remains well in suspension, making a spray, uniform and efficient in poisoning capacity, that covers the largest amount of foliage. S-W New Process Arsenate of Lead, is absolutely safe — it cannot burn the foliage or russet the fruit, because all the .Arsenic acid is thoroughly combined with the Lead. This arsenate can be used with Bordeaux Mixture or Lime Sulphur. S-W NEW DRY ARSENATE OF LEAD has all the requisite qualities of a good paste lead and the advantage of being in dry powder form for dusting on garden truck. It mixes readily with water or spraying mixtures and is somewhat lighter in gravity than the paste lead. One pound of the dry lead wiU do the work as effectively as two pounds of paste lead. This enables you to make a saving of prac- tically half your freight bill. Write for full particulars and prices. The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES Offices and Warehouses ; Montreal. Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Halifax, N. S., London, Eng. ind red currants, cherries and gooseberries, making a total of four hundred and twentr- three thousand three hundred and twenty packages, or very nearly one-third of the total shipments from the comoamies' shii pers. If Ontario is not holding her ow; then all I have to say is that this compai is steadily shipping more each year. Thi have been selling to the same firms year after year, and at the end of each season very flattering letters are received from pur- chasers of these cars in the west. While T say that the west presents a great opening for Ontario fruit, and while our company has made a great success in supplying a portion of their wants, it has only been accomplished after years of pat- ient watching, studying and learning all the ins and outs of the business. This has cost, time, money and hard work, and I do not wonder, nor am I surprised when I hear or read of the many who think all they have to do is to have a car of any kind of fruit brought in and packed, without any experience, in a car and sent west; of course it is only by the merest chance that such shipments turn out well. The only way that shipments to the west can be successful is for a mumber of grow- ers to arrange to plant the varieties that will carry well, to agree in the early part of the season that they will pick their fruit at the proper stage of ripeness, furnish a stated regular supply, have it properly packed, placed in good cars promptly that have been well cooled and see that these cars are loaded so that the fruit will carry safely. Tf this is done then all of the Ni- agara District will not furnish too much fruit. The railways will then give us regu- lar or special fruit trains making the trip as far as Winnipeg in from three to four days, and more rapid and cheaper transportation to more western cities and towns. The citizens of Ontario could have peaches, plums, pears, and so forth, landed :>t a cost of from three to five cents a bas- ket for freight charges — the quantity con- sumed would be so much greater that the merchant could handle the fruit at a small- er cost per package, and he would not suf- fer any loss by delay in sales, nor from the pilfering that takes place when shipped by express. If we had a good fast freight service it would mean a revival of the fruit business, and we older men would be besieging the nursery men for mpre trees to supply our Canadian markets. An exhibit which attracted favorable at- tention at the recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition comprised ten plates of fine ap- ples grown by D. W. Wright, of Cashmere, State of Washington, U.S. .A. They were not entered for competion. The object of the exhibit was to show the effect of extra care and plenty of water in the production of large high colored apples. This exhibit was all the more interesting in view of the well known reputation of apples grown in the State of Washington. The exhibit bore out the high reputation of this fruit. One Northern Spy apple weighed twenty-six ounces. Other varieties included Stay- man's Winesap, Winesap, Missouri, Gano, Delicious, Winter White Pearmain, Winter Banana, Ortley (White Bellflower), .Arkan- sas Black. 1 think it is very important that we should have one size in the Dominion for apple barrels and that this should be fixed by law. — Prof. Saxby Blair, Kings Co., N. S. •ebrunrv, 1914 • THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTURIST 49 AT LAST JUST THE OUTFIT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR The Most Practical, Efficient and Simplest High Pressure POWER SPRAYING OUTFIT ever offered- Goes Like Sixty Light Weight High Pressure Direct Geared No Racking Pump Jack K TV «. ^MHRHn """TK s '""^M BttF^'" l^pipp'^ - "S ^^^^^ ^ Xa/ 100^ Service Engine can be used for other work all the year round. Truck makes a capital farm wagon. Sills of channel steel, with steel platform. Price o! Complete Outfit, Only $230.00 This includes all Accessories, Engine, Pump, Tank, Truck, Bamboo Elxtensions, Agitator, Hose, Nozzles, etc. Do not buy a Sprayer until you have investigated the "Goes Like Sixty" Power Sprayer. Send for Sprayer Catalogue to-day. GILSON MFG. CO., 244 York St., GUELPH, ONT. One Horse Spring Tooth Cultivator HAS NO EQUAL .Read the Following Testimonials : "^b The One-Horse Spring Tooth Cultivator I got from you is the best I ever hitched a horse to ; it does more than you claim. W. P. WILLSON, Union, Ont. ANOTHER The One-Horse Spring Tooth Cultivator that I got from you will equal two others in cleaning out Berry Bushes. J. INGRAM, Union, Ont. If there is not an agent in your locality handling the One Horse to give you prices and particulars. THE HALL ZRYD FOUN HESPELER MAKERS OF PILOT STOVE, BANG Spring Tcx)th Cultivator, write us to-day. Pleasetl DRY CO. LIMITED ONTARIO ES AND FURNACES. ;o tHK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST kFebruary, 1914 li"'f-im»iiiiiM irnffgl READ THE LABEL JJimruiBucui ~LOtWCCTl' Hagic BAKING POWDEB POR THE PROTECTION OF THE CON- • SUMER THE INGREDIENTS ARE PLAINLY PRINTED ON THE LABEL. IT IS THE ONLY WELL-KNOWN MEDIUM- PRICED BAKING POWDER MADE IN CANADA THAT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALUM AND WHICH HAS ALL THE INGREDIENTS PLAINLY STATED ON THE LABEL. MAGIC BAKING POWDER CONTAINS NO ALUM ALUM IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS SUL- PHATE OF ALUMINA OR SODIC ALUMINIC SULPHATE. THE PUBLIC SHOULD NOT BE MISLED BY THESE TECHNICAL NAMES. '■ouiiicoiHirruK'i' ^iSffiasaQS^ E. W. GILLETT COMPANY LIMITED WINNIPEG TORONTO. ONT. MONTREAL :>E Hitch Your Sleeping Schedule to Big Ben Big Ben will wake you early enough for profitable bef ore-breakfast action. His gentle get-up call starts the day with '^Jlying start on thousands of farms. For your accommodation he rings TWO WAYS. HeMI get you up by degrees or in a hurry. Set him either way you wish — to give one long five- minute ring, or ten short rings at one-half-minute intervals, until you're wide awake. He stands 7 inches tall; is triple-ntckc] plated over a tested implement steel coat, the handsomest and truest tborciusbbred in the clock world. He has bif, bold numerals and hands that show the time plainly at a gEance. large keys that anyone can wind easily, and such a pleasant tone that you arc flad tc get up when he calls. Bi? Ben makes early risine easy. He's the leader of the early morning brigade. His cheerful "good morning" ring calls millions of live wires to action. Thousands of successful farms arc run on a Big Ben schedule. He starts you off right in_ the morning and keeps you right all day. From "Sun up" to "Liglils out" be regulates your day. He'll work for 36 hours at a stretch and overtime, if necessary. The only pay be asks is one drop of oil a year. He is sturdy and strong — built to last a lifetime. Yet under bis dust-proof steel coat is the most deli- cate "works." That's' why his on-lhc-dot accuracy has won bim fame. Big Ben's wonderful sales are due to bis having "made good." His biggest bit has been with fdlks with the "make good" habit. He stands for suc- cess— that's why you'll like him for a friend. When 3 million families find Big Ben a good clock to buy and 20.000 dealers prttv* he's a good clock to sell, it's evidence that he is worth S4.00 of your money. Suppose you tradeH.OO for bim today. A community of clockmaker* stands back of him. Their imprint. Made in La SalU. Ul'mois, h l^fst- clox, ia the best alarm-clock insuraiKe yon can buy. Fruit Season at Montreal, 1913 E. H. Wartnun, Dominion Frnil Intpector Commencing the last of April with North Carolina strawberries, and followed by Bal- titnor.; and Delaware, quite a trade was done of a very satisfactory nature to buy- ers. The fruit generally landed in good condition in imperial quart boxes. Our own strawberries followed about June 12th, when American ceased. Our own crop being light good prices ruled all the season. Raspberries being short long prices pre vailed. Compiaints were few as to over- facing crates. .\ few complaints were heard in reference to slack filled boxes, but these grumblers were told by inspector they were easily examined in this respect, and they should pay according to amount of fruits received. Following closely came plums, peachc- and pears. At times these were in larg' quantities and of ungraded poor quaJit> which brought low prices, but good larg graded fruits of these kinds brought good prices all season. Th;- breakage in six and eleven quart baskets that were in car lots was large, du- partly on account of poor material in has kets and loading too deep when the whole car was in one compartment. To avoid this three compartments by stanchions and not over seven feet high may be the remedy. Our apples as a whole were poor. This is verified by the large percentages of num- ber twos and number threes. Some partici: larly fine lots went forward from favorer places where conditions were good. Ther were 209,025 barrels of apples exported fron Montreal, against 300,000 barrels last sea- son, and the record for the port is over 700,000 barrels. Some of the conditions on arrival at this port were anything but sat- isfactory but I am glad to announce condi- tions were generally good in eight hoop barrels well coopered and dry. I examined two tars that arrived in a soaked through and through condition. The fruit was good. The effect of too much moisture is very damaging to both fruit and barrels. The wood so softened, heads and staves warp, nails do not hold, linens slip out, causing in one case ten barrels to break open befoi e reaching the steamer, and many more would break open when lowered for pil- ing in the hold. We have to draw on our imagination as to where this excessive wet- ting came from. The car seemed quite water proof. Likely they were piled in the orchard or at the station or on the dock unprotected. There must have been care- lessness somewhere which would be a great loss to the shipper. The shipments of pears were the largest on record in boxes and barrels. The varieties were Anjou, Keiffer, Duchess and Bartlett. One steamer left fo- London with six car of fruit. Of these only twenty-four barrel were of apples, the rest being pears. In re ference to our Elberta and Crawford peaches that went forward the system of packing and quality of f-niit was excellent, amd no doubt would meet with good results. The inspectors at this port were obliged to brand several lots marked number one that lacked in grading and quality. These lots were no credit to the packers. The grad- ing and packing generally speaking was never better. This should increase our trade wherever they are sent and bring credit to our country. A large association can take more effec- tive measures for ensuring a first class pack than a small association, and thus the stan- dard of quality will be raised. A f'"ehruary, 191/ THE CANADIAN HORTIC tJLTtT RIST s* MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Superintendent Royal Gardening Institute Saxony - Germany Holder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plat\s, Sketches furnished lor all kinds of LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Conifers, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East - HAMILTON, Ont. Phone 148 The "FAULTLESS" Lamp Simplest, Strongest, most Beautiful and Perfect Portable Lamp In the World Cannot Explode Can Roll it on the Floor while Burning Requires No Cleaning Costs Less than One Cent a Night to produce Three Hundred Candle Power of Bright White Light Write for circular MACLAREN & CO., Main St., Merrickville, Ont. The Call of the North Do you know of th* many advan- tages that New Ontario, with its millions of fertile aorea, offers to th« prospective settler ? Do you know that these rich agricultural lands, obtain- able free, and at a nominal cost, are already producing grain and vegeta- bles second to cone im the world? For literature descriptive of this great territory, and for information as to terms, homestead regulations, settlers' rates, etc.. write to H. A. A\ACDONELL Director of Colonization ParliamcDt Bldgs., TORONTO, Ont. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries. Jossel.vn ! Josw^^Iyii ! ! Ked Ja«ket. Downing, Pearl. Houghton.— Currants, Perfo«tion! Perfection!! Euby. Oherry, White Grape, Lec'e Prolific. OhamDion, Black Na.ples, Block Victoria. Boe- coop.— Raspberries, Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Outhb<>rt,. Marlboro. Briiickle'a Orange. Gol' pleasinsr feature of the conven- tion was the presentation to R. W. Storr, of a- resolution of conj^ratulation on havinjr attended fifty consecutive annual meetings of the association, not havinjf missed a meetinff since its org^anization fifty years .1K0. The officers for the ensuing year ar' President, F. W. Bishop, Paradise; vir^ A. E. McMahon. Ayle^sford : secretary-treas- urer, Mr. K. Ells, Port Williams; dele- k'ates to the fourth fruit conference, S. B. Chute, M. K. Ells, W. W. Rineo. S. C. Powker. The following: resolutions passed : That we place on record our sorrow at tho death of Alex. McNeill. That because the Provincial Exhibition is held too early to make a creditable display of winter fruit on account of its immatur- ity, we recommend that winter varieties of apples be cut out of prize list and more money be offered on the early varieties to insure a more attractive display. That we ask the Federal Government to define a number three j^rade of apple, with a view of raising- the standard of the pre- sent pack. That we join with the other associations in asking- for a arrant of .$2500 per year for the National Fruit Growers' Association. That the Valley exhibition be held at a later date. That we recommend the appointment of a nrnvinri.nl plant patholoifist. GLADIOLI GROFF'S HYBRIDS are now more lirgely grown in the United States and Canada, than any other strain They are in good demand in AUSTRALASIA, and English or- ders have nearly exhausted some varieties. AMERICA (Groff'e 1191 stands easily at the head of commercial varieties. PEACE, WAR. DAWN. BLUE JAY. LAVANDULA, PEACHBLOW. and others, will soon be found in all gladioli listfi. We try most of the European kinds, as they come out, but so far have fotind very few, that are likely to secure a i>ermaiient place. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION CAMPBELL BROS. SIMCOE, ONT. We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Alvyays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables, or general prod-uce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to' sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Canadian Bank of Commerce, (JWaj-ket Branch) and Commercial Atencie*. February, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 55 THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR ITSELF. A MAN tried to sell me a horse once. He sai»^ f\ It was a fine horse and bad nothing the mat- '■■■terwithlt. I wanted a fine horse, but, I didnt know anything about horses much. Anal didn't know the man very well either. So I told him I wanted to try the horse for a month. He said "All right," but ' pay me first, and I'll give you back your money If the horse Isn't all right. •' Well, I didn-t lilte that J I was afraid the horse I was'nt "all right" and that I I might have to whistle fori my money if I once partedF withlt. So I didn't buy the horse, although I wanted it badly. Now, this set me thinking, i , You sea I make Wash- , JPV/ ing Machines— the "1900^--iinms. GEO. E. EGERTON 112 CHALMERS ST. ■ • GALT. ONT. STRAWBERRIES Your copy of our Strawberry Cata- logue is now ready. A Post Card will bring it. It describes all the best varieties of Strawberries and Raspberries. Cultural directions and lots of other valuable information. THE LAKE VIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McConoell & Son Qrovesend, Ontario TO THE TRADE ELWAY' (Of LANQPORT, Eng.) RENOWN ED PLANTS & SEEDS ai advertised, are offered at SPECIAL RATES TO CANADIAN NURSERYMEN. I NO AGENTS NO BRANCH STORES { Our House is open to every leoitl- mate Nurseryman and Seedsman In the Dominion. ASK FOR PRICES KELWAY & SON, Sf^Wau?? LANGPORT, ENGLAND. FOR SPRING, 1914 We have a large assorted stock of the best varieties of FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES and PER- ENNIALS. A specially selected stock of Specimen Evergreens, Box and Bay Trees, Rhodo- dendrons, Kalmias and other plants in demand for modern gardening. Plans and estimates for landscape w^ork. Ross & Son Toronto Nurseries 1167 Queen St. E. Oliver Plows OLIVER Plows for .Eastern Canada stand in a class by themselves as satisfaction givers. The Oliver plow line includes walking plows, three-wheel sulkies, walking gangs, hill-side plows, high and low lift gangs, and riding cultiva- tors. There are plows in the line which are specially adapted for most Eastern Canadian conditions. Among these are the Oliver 1-C sulky and 1-C gang. In both these plows most of the weight of the plow is carried on the two furrow wheels which, of course, ride on a smooth surface all the time. There is a spring on the land wheel which, in connection with the two bails on which the plow is hung, insures an even depth of plowing. You can see any plow in the Oliver line at the place of business of the I H C local agent. If you will tell him what kind of plowing you want to do, he can show you an Oliver plow that will do your work best. See him for catalogues and full infoi^ mation, or write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd At Hamilton, Onl.; London, Onl. ; Monlrral, P. Q.; OtUwa, Ont.; St. John. N. B.; Qutbec. P. Q. Oliver plows are built at Hamilton, Oot. Nil. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 4 There's a great difference m spray adhesiveness Arsenates of Lead, which are coarse in construction and contain more arsenic oxide than will remain permanently combined with the lead, cannot be adhesive. To obtain maximum adhesiveness together with effectiveness and safety, use THE CANADA PAINT CO. LIMITED Neutral Arsenate of Lead (Paste) This arsenate is neutral in character and so cannot russet the fruit or burn the foliage. This means unblemished fruit and more of it. This arsenate is sufficiently strong in poisoning power to destroy all leaf- eating insect {jests. It has a peculiar adhesiveness that enables it to remain on the foliage in spite of ordinary rain. It is very fine in texture and is light in gravity, so stays well in suspension. It mixes readily with Bordeaux Mixture or Lime Sulphur without danger of injuring the foliage or the fruit. As manufacturers of insecticides we have been able to obtain a new formula for the manufacture of dry Arsenate of Lead. CP. LIGHT GRAVITY Dry Arsenate of Lead All the good qualities of our paste lead are embodied in this product, and it has the advantage of being proof against deterioration, and so can be kept over from one season to another. Half a pwund of the Light Gravity Dry Arsenate goes as far as a pound of paste lead. To many orchardisls and gardeners considerable saving in freight may be effected by using this material. It mixes readily with water or other spraying mixtures, and can be dusted on such plants as potatoes if desired. Descriptive folders and prices sent on request. TRADE MARK THE CANADA PAINT CO LIMITED PAINT-VAPNISHfe DRYCOLOD AV\KL2S-LINS£ED OIL CRUSHERS MONTREAL' TORONTO'WINNIPEG 'CALGARY-HALIFAX OXIDE MINES -RED MILL-QUEBEC com cro|. of the best !< suits. The advisability of heating orchards dur- ing a frost such as occurred last May was also discussed. Although such a killing frost might occur only once in ten years the expense of providing burners or smudge materials might be more than made up by the saving of a single crop. Growers in Colorado have adopted heating outfits in many cases and have found that they can offset the effects of ten or twelve degrees of frost. . OFFICERS RLECTEO Hon. Pres., Rev. Father Leopold, I Trappe ; president, Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald College, Que. ; vice-president, R. A. Rousseau, .Acton Vale; secretary- treasurer, Peter Reid, Chateauguay Basin; directors— G. B. Edwards, Covey Hill, Rev. H. A. Dickson, Rectory Hill; G. P. Hitch- cock, Massawippi ; J. Crossfield, Abbots- ford ; A. D. Verreault, Village des Aul- naies: F. X. Gosselin, Ste. Famille ; N. E. Jack, Chateauguay Basin; W. H. Thompson, Hudson Heights; Robert Bro- die, Montreal. A paper dealing largely with technicali- ties in orchards was read by Mr. J. M. Fisk, of Abbotsford. In the discussion which followed, Mr. BrodSe maintained that the Fameuse apple was not dying out. The "FRIEND" Hand and Power Outfits are still in the land. Don't buy any spraying equipment until you have seen the new cata- logue just issued by the "Friend" Mfg. Co. of Gasport, N.Y. Get their best prices. Send your contignment* of APPLES to tke Home Country to Ridley Moulding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who .peclalize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Peiaonal attention, promp account tales and remittance Correspondence invited Roses Roses Irisb, Dutch and American. Hybrid Perpetual, Hybrid Teas and Climbing. Strong 2 year field-grown bushes that will bloom the first year— none better, none cheaper. ALSO Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Perennials Git Catalogue A. W. GRAHAM St. Thomas - Ontario Feljriiary. 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTTCULTU R T S T ■l?!^^ Write For |}I>^ ,, >^ Guide i^ K>y' Brown s Auto Spray /// does its work thorough' /^/ ly. Actually does banish / bligrht, disease, insects in less J time, with less work and less so- Ilution. Keeps vines, trees, plants in perfect condition; 40 different sizes and styles. ■ BROWN'S AUTO SPRAYS I I I Hand and power outfits 300.t)00 farmers, or- chardists, garden- ers now use them. Spray No. 1, here shown— 4 gfid. ca- pacity—easily car- ried over should- ers— suitable for 5 acres of tield crops orl acre of trees ^has Auto Pop Kon - cloK^ging: nozzle-all kinds of sprays. Liaru'er sprayers use Brrnvn's Nan Clog Atomic Noz' zle. Cannot clog — sprays any solution equally well. Fits any Bprayer. The E. C. Brown Co. 5< Jay SI.. Rochesler, N. T. Silver black, patched, blue, and red Foxes supplied for • tockingr fur farms. $40.00 per pair paid for ^^ ^ _ sound live Mink * "" "' JOHN DOWNHAM, Strathroy, Ont. ISiSi!! BLACK CURRANTS We have some excellent, plante of the Black Naples variety, erown from the most productive patch in the district. Also some Lawton Blackberry plants. Apply for prices. .1. E. HENRY & SON ■ WINONA. ONT. Luscious^ rrOMATOEl C: To raise the largest and best qual- r: ity and most jprofitable crop of •'. Tomatoes and 'garden truck'* use V. DAVIES Special Mixed FERTI- S;: UZERS. Send for free booklet :iv'^.DAViES^rrir."' WEST TORONTO ONT. 'HtBESTMAOt FOSTER'S stanoaro POT ' FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets and Fern Pans FOR THE SPRING TRADE We make the "Standard" Pot. the beet Pot In the world— uniform, beat of clay, well burned, in every respect superior to all others. All our pots have rim on shoulder, thus allowing them to be placed together per- fectly and preventlne breakage in shipping and handling. Place your Spring Order NOW. A complete line and large stock of all sizes kept on hand to ensure prompt ship- ment. Send for NEW CATALOG and PRICE LIST The Foster Pottery Co. HAMILTON - - ONTARIO Main Street West Guaranteed Fencing Strongly made and closely spaced — making it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9— intermediates No. 12 wire— made by the Open Hearth processwhich time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacture of wire fencing. Send for literature. Ask about our farm and ornamental fencing. Agencies nearly everywhere. Uve agents wanted in unas»lffned territory. Tha Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnipeg. Man., Hamilton. Ont. It Pays to Get Real Tested Seeds For every cent you spend for seeds this spring you expect to reap dollars next fall. If these fail you, you lose not only the cents you pay for them, but the dollars you should get in crops. You lose the labor, time and use of land In which you plant them. That's why it is so important to get seeds that are tested and proven. Carter's Tested Seeds are really tested by actual growing on the famous trial and testing grounds of James Carter & Co. at Raynes Park, London, England. They are tested for purity, germina- tion, quality and production. At the same time other brands are tested alongside them to make certain that Carter's are su- perior. Carter's Tested Seeds have Tested made a big success in Canada because they have given most profitable results. They are your best seed investment. Write to-day for a copy of the new Carter Catalogue of flowers and vegetables with all prices in American currency. Carters Tested Seeds, Inc. 133 A King SL E., Toronto United SlalM Offictt, 100 Clumber of Commerce BIdg.. Boston. Mass. If you are interested in upkeep of Lawn Tennifi-court r or Golf- Course. write for the 'Practi- cal Oreenlteeper." Every Championship Golf-Course in America is today using Carter's Tested Graj» Seed. ^■*m ',m 111 M*JK9TVHIN0 0C0n0I>^ KIT. THE CANADIAN ^ORTIC^LTUEIST Fehruary, 11)14 FHUITLAND NURSERIES axu offering for sale a general aaaorUnent of flnt«lAa8 Fruit Treei, Btuhe*. Vine* and Ornamental Shrubs, etc, at very low prices. Our catalogues are Just out. It will pay you to send for one. • G. M. HILL, Box 42, FRUITLAND, ONT. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Untque collection, Iliiodredvof varieties adap- ted tor the Canadian climate. I'erennial and _ pertecUy hardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. A— Oookiuif I'auk B-Hot Water Tank O— Firo Box I>— A«h Pan E— Smoke ifl»e Make Your Ow^n Spray Hume Bulled Lime Sulpbur in t>uiu|j; uuetl In increasing quau titles uy leadiui; Iruit growers and fruit growers' aBSociatiouii. They find that by making their own spray they can «tlt a con- siderable money saving, and at the same time produce a pro- paration that will do the work thoroughly. It is an easy matter to make home boiled lime sulphur. The chief essential is a proper spray cooker. We manufacture two kinds of cookers, one with a, single tank, and one with a double tank. (Se« illustration.; They aro designed especially for this purpose, and wlU give the greatest efficiency with the greatest saving of fuel. They can be used for either wood or soft coal. The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly rivetted and (soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satisfaction, and are guaranteed. Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 75 gals. Prices and full par- ticulars on application. Got your outfit now. Write us to-day Send for pamphlet illustrating the finest pruning saw on the market. STEEL TROUGH & MACHINE CO., Ltd., TWEED. Ont. For Use in any wagon, cart, etc No. 190. Horizontal, SO-Gallon The Right Kind of Sprayer Means the one that just tits your pur- pose. You need to consider capacity, pump, engine, pressure, mixing, straining sedi- ment, stability on hillsides, using your own wagon, engine or sprayer with balance of the out- fit to fit what you already have. Get the right sprayer for YOUR wori< and you won't have any cause to be dissatisfied. We show here but three of the 70 IS0HM Built up from No. X90 Bucket, Knapsack, Barrel, Power, and Traction Sprayers They are built up in units so that you can buy what you need now and add to the out- fit later if necessary. All have the best pumps in use on any sprayers — least slip- page among eight of the best in a disin- terested test. Solutions touch only brass or galvanized parts. Hemp packing, bronze ball valves, both easy to get at. Pumps outside. Power Sprayers are 50, 100, 150, or 250 gallons capacity. 200 pounds press- ^l^ SO-Gallon Power ure with 6 or 8 nozzles. V=6^ Sprayer Ask your local dealer about this Lin© and write us for our new "Spray" book, spray information and copy of Iron Age Farm and Garden News. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co. Ltd., 46o Symington Ave., West Toronto, Ont. Gear-Driven Double-Acting Pump 2-H.Four-Cyclc Air-Cooled Engine Outside. Sediment Chamber and Strainer Furnished with or without truck He referred to an orchard at Havelock, where five barrels to the tree were aver^ aged. Such orchards, where special at- tention to the standards was paid, were valuable to the province. WORK RECOGNIZED Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticul- turist, spoke on the extension of the work in conection with the Experimental Farms. There are sixteen of these farmci, and several more in prospect, entailing an ex- penditure of eight hundred thousand dol- lars each year. In Mr. Macoun 's depart- ment there are now four assistants who are si>ecialists in their lines of work. These include pomology, plant breeding, orna- mental gradeniag, and vegetable growing. In plant breeding there is a wide field in the originating of new varieties hardy enough for the latitude of Ottawa, and at the same time equal to Mcintosh Red and other standard sorts. Recognition has been given by the American Pomological Society to the work already done in originating varieties. Mr. Macoun had just returned from Washington, where he exhibited one hundred and forty varieties, all of Cana- diyi origin. For these he had been award- ed a silver medal by the Pomological So- ciety, an honor given only in cases of ex- ceptional merit. COOPERATION ADVOCATED A paper on what cooperation had done for fruit growers in Nova Scotia was read by Mr. M. B. Davis, who has recently been BEZZO'S Famous Prize Asters Plants ready last week in May. Everybody should plant them- Special prices to Horti- cultuxal Societies. Prizes at New York State Fair, Canada National Exhibition, highest awards at BerUn Horticultural Exhibitions. 1911-12-13. Write tor prices. C. MORTIMER BEZZO - BERUN. CANADA Watch ForThe^ Trade Mark Know \ftiAT\bu Get teEMAN'S fERTILlZERS A SPECIAL FORMULA FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT. Do not buy a " A Pig in a Poke." Send for booklet showing Just what Fertilizer you should use and the exact composition of it. Your copy will be sent for a post card. The W. A. FREEMAN CO., Ltd. 223 HUNTER ST. E. HAMILTON, ONTARIO. Fehriiarv, U)T4 THE (CANADIAN PTORTICULTURT S T XV. GREAT CROPS OF STRAWBERRIES AND HOW TO GROW THEM IS the title of a beautifully illustrated book of ex- pert information written m every-day language by America's most successful strawberry grower. It explains how the Kellogg Pedigree plants arc grown on the great Kellogg plant farms m Oregon, Idaho and Michigan. It contains pictures of the best va- rieties of strawberries, including fall-bearing kinds, and gives full descriptions. It tells how to grow big crops of fancy berries, and how to market them at big prices. Explains in detail The Kellogg Way. OUR FAMILY STRAWBERRY GARDEN Whether you have a small garden only or a big farm you should grow your own strawberries. Kel- logg's Big Red Strawberry Garden will produce all the delicious strawberries your entire famdy ca n eat, summer and winter. You can have shortcake, straw- berries and cream, preserves, jam and canned berries, the year 'round for less than one cent per gallon. Our Book gives full information. Strawberries yield more dollars per acre and give quicker returns than any other crop. Set one acre t« Kellogg*B Pedigree plants this year, and put from $500 to $800 in the bank next year. Our Book tells you how. IT IS FREE. R. M. Kellogg Co., Box 570 THREE RIVERS, MICH. SPECIAL GUARANTEED LIME- SULPHUR HYDROMETER Both specific gravity and Beaume readings; submitted to Mr. Caesar O. A. C, Guelph, and reported " quite satisfactory.' Sent Postpaid on 'receipt of 80 cents Also the TYCOS INCUBATOR THERMO- METER, absolutely accurate postpaid. 6.5c. PADKF K/ PADKP Wholewle Druggist. fH.Kn.Ct a fHKIVCf HAMILTON. ONT. If you are a MARKET GARDENER it will pay you to look carefully over our Price List of POSITIVELY. ABSOLUTELY our seed, will give you satisfaction. Be friendly Write us about your wants GEO. KEITH 81 SONS Seed Mrrckauts shice iSi-/} 124 KING ST. EAST - TORONTO SAFETY FIRST THE MOST I'p-to-date WARNING ^rVv--^ Applies To Those Contemplating; Building: GREENHOUSES And Is Typical of the PARKES Up-to-date CONSTRUCTION Get our Prices on Iron Frame, Pipe Frame and All Wood Also Ventilating Apparatus and all kinds of Greenhouse Hardware. U'ritv for information and Question Blank to PARKES CONSTRUCTION CO. i67i King Street E. HAMILTON - ONTARIO BUY BRUGES SEEDS The most successful of the market jfardeners in Canada, many of them custom- ers for two generations, and some for three, buy Bruce's Seeds, because ever since this business was established by us sixty-four years ago, they found they could lely on them in every way, getting better results than from any other seeds. To these men quality and germination is the big consideration, as their bread and butter depends on their ctop. We would say to the amateur, and also the farmer, who are not customers — "It Will Pay You to Buy Bruce's Seeds" for it takes the same time and trouble to pla'nt and care for poor seed as for good, and poor seed means dissatisfaction and loss for a surety. Write for our 112-page illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and Flower Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies, and Garden Tools and Imple- ments, etc. It will be mailed FREE to all applicants. WRITE TO-DAY. JOHN A. BRUCE CO., LIMITED SEED MERCHANTS HAMILTON - ONTARIO International Harvester Manure Spreaders TflElHCLfNE GRAIN AND HAT MACHINES Binders, Reapers Headen. Mowera Rakei, Stackers Hay Loader! Hay Presses CORN MACHINES PlaDters. Pickers Binders, CaltiTatora Ensilage Cutters Shcllers, Shredders TILLAGE Combination, Pec and Spring-Tootli, and Disk Harrows Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Engines Oil Tractors Manure Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Trucks Threshers Grain Drilli Feed Grinders Knife Grinders Kiider Twins INTERNATIONAL Harvester ma- -■■ nure spreaders have a score of good features in their construction. Each one is the result of careful field experiment. An I H C spreader is low enough for easy loading, yet it has plenty of clearance underneath. The rear axle is well under the load, rear wheels have wide rims and Z-shaped lugs, insuring good traction un- der all conditions. Frame, wheels, and all driving parts are of steel. Apron tension is adjusted by a simple device. Winding of the beater is prevented by large diameter, and beater teeth are strong, square and chisel-pointed. International manure spreaders are built in several styles and sizes, low or high, endless or return apron, for small farms or large. Examination will show sturdiness of construction in every detail. Repairs, if ever needed, may always be had of the local dealer. Examine International spreaders at the dealer's. We will tell you who sells them, aod we will send you interesting catalogues. International Harvester Company of Canada, lid At Hamaton, Onl.; London. Onl. ; Monlrenl, P. Q.; OtUwa, OaLs St. John, N. B.: Qneboc, P. Q. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 4 MAN WANTED to operate greenhouse for Dominion Canners FarmB at Wellington. Must have expert knowledge of growing tomato plants in lart'e quantitiea. Apply, stating experience, salary cxpeotn7 i Praparations for a Clean Crop in a Waterloo County Orchard —Photo furnished Dy F. C. Hart. VJ.8A portions of one gallon of spray to nine gallons of water to be ready for use. For an average six acre apple orchard it would require about four barrels of this spray, or twenty-four dollars. Being put on before the leaves are on the trees it takes much less of this preparation than is required when the foliage is on. A SECOND SPRAYING The next spraying is with commercial arsenate of lead. This is sold in kegs of different sizes at about eleven cents a pound. For the six acres the quantity required would be about forty pounds of this, which makes about thirteen hun- dred gallons of spray at a cost of about four dollars and a half. This spraying is to kill all codlin moth, apple worms, and so forth, and is applied directly the bloom falls. If a late hatch of these pests ap- pear of course another spraying has to be done. But as I am figuring on a sea- son fairly clear of pests we will cut out this second spraying of the trees with arsenate. The third spraying will have to be made to insure the absence of all aphis (green), foliage pests, and so forth; for this Black Leaf Tobacco Spray is admir- able. This spraying would cost probably thirty dollars to do as the trees are dense with foliage, and the spray itself is ex- pensive. Of course, it goes without saying that the orchard has to be properly plowed and cultivated, and kept cultivated. This would cost probably thirty-five dollars for the season. Thinning the fruit is the next item. No up-to-date orchardist would expect large fruit if no thinning was done, let alone the damage done to the trees by the weight of fruit breaking off the branch- es. This would cost perhaps aboui: one hundred dollars, but this is almost im- possible to determine, owing to the dif- ferent things to be taken into considera- tion, namely the dexterity of the men employed, size of trees, size of crop, and so forth. This is figuring on a full crop. Now, as the booster's advertisement says, figure your six acres as having one hundred trees per acre, or six hundred trees altogether, eight years old, and five boxes of apples from each tree (very good) and you arrive at three thousand boxes of apples. Of this, say, sixty per cent., or eighteen hundred boxes, are number ones; thirty per cent., or nine hundred boxes, number twos ; and the balance, ten per cent., or three hundred boxes, culls. Your account would figure out something like the following: RECEIPTS 1800 boxes No.' I apples @ $1.50.. $2700 900 boxes No. 2 apples @ $1.00.. 900 300 boxes culls @ 40c 120 Your total $3720 Now, for the part the land shark does not tell about, namely, the expenditure incurred before you receive this amount. (Also bear in mind that I have been figur- ing on a full crop and top prices, a com- bination that rarely happens). But to proceed : 008T OP PRODUCTION No. 1 No. 2 Culls Packing, i>er box 06c 06c Not packed Picking, per box OSc 03c 03c Hanline to market, per box 06c 06c 06c Paper for paokinx.per box 04o 02c No papei Put in asm The box itaelf, per box .. 14o 14o O60 Wholesalers 10%oom., per box 15o 10c 04c Incidentals 02c 02c 02c . Total expense per box. SOc 43o 20c Thus for the whole crop it works o as follows for expanses : 1800 boxes No. 1 applee at 50o t 900 900 boxee No. 2 applee at 43o 387 300 boxee culls at 20c 60 Thinning $100, Spraying S80 and cultlTating $J5 215 Tot*l $1,562 Thus it figures this way: Gross receipts $3,720 Cost of production 1.562 Bal. net $2,158 And this is an absolutely full seasc and the prices figured in are very hig If two thousand dollars was cleared would be good indeed. Now, in finishing it would be well say that if it is possible, it would by far and away the best policy to the man, ignorant as yet of fruit far ing, know the business as it is, and tl is, as a good honest, splendid heal giving means of making a livelihood, 1 a tremendous fortune, and to prohibit 1 use of the mails to all those ingenic frauds who are daily catching so ms poor suckers ! Use of Soap in Spray Mixtu Prof. L. Caesar, O.A.C., Gntlph, Ont. A contributor in the February isi of The Canadian Horticulturist intima that soap helped to make arsenate lead spread and adhere better. There just a little danger of those who are ing lime-sulphur with arsenate of 1< thinking that they can increase the va of the mixture by adding soap. If ; get a chance to put some lime-sulp! in water in a glass vessel and add so dissolved soap to it, do so, and see w will take place. The soap at once chan the mixture and causes it to cur< breaking down the compound. No ■ should use soap with lime-sulphur. is very probable that soap can be u with the so-called soluble-sulphur, wl is not a lime-sulphur, but 1 soda sulpl It does not cause this to curdle, and far as one can see without a chem examination, does not alter its charac .At an exfjerimental station in f Hampshire they have found that method of treatment of an orchard wl gives the best results is ..-ultivatioii the early part of the season. They crimson clover in midsummer, and I that in early the following spring. 1 method has given good results. — W. Kydd. Simcoe, Ont. Marcli, 1914- THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 59 Orchard Aphids and Their Control* Prof. W. H. Brittain, B.S.A., Provincial Entomologist, Truro, N.S. IX taking into consideration the most economical and effective method to control any insect, we cannot unfor- tunately, confine our attention to that pest alone, for many other factors inter- vene to influence our results. It fre- quently happens that the time to spray for some insect pest coincides with the time to spray for some fungous disease, so that it is often possible by combining \arious sprays, to make one operation take the place of two or even of three. This is true of the aphids in that the most important aphis sprays coincide with important sprays for other insect [jests and fungus diseases, and it is im- portant to remember at this point in con- sidering how we can best reduce the cost of keeping the orchard free from pests. We must also remember that pro- per pruning, careful thinning, adequate cultivation, the judicious use of cover crops and fertilizers with thorough and timely spraying are all factors in the production of better fruit, and none must be neglected if our work is to prove pro- fitable. In taking up this subject, I realize that you are already thoroughly acquainted with the apfiearance and life history of the different orchard aphids, and that you are only interested in hear- ing of some way to kill them. I will, therefore, only deal very briefly with the former side of the subject, confining my •Extract from an address delivered at the annual convention last January of the Nova Scotia Fruit (irowers' Association. remarks very largely to control methods. Three species of aphids are commonly found in orchards: First, Green Apple .\phis; second. Rosy Apple Aphis; third, Woolly Apple .'Vphis. The first is by far the most common species in Nova Scotia. All of you arc familiar with the small, oval black shiny eggs of this insect, found upon the twigs of the last year's growth during fall and winter. These eggs begin to hatch early in spring, and by the time the leaf buds are showing green most of the aphids have emerged. The tirjie of hatching usually extends over a period of several weeks. The newly hatched aphids are all wingless females that give birth to young without the intervention of the males. A small percentage of the second generation give rise to winged females, which fly to other trees and establish colonies there. The aphids breed con- tinuously throughout the season, some being winged and others, again, wingless. Toward fall true males and females are produced that pair in the ordinary way ; the true females subsequently depositing their eggs upon the twigs. The life-history of the Rosy Aphis is similar to that of the green apple aphis. The eggs are laid on the apple, though not nearly so abundantly as in the case of the previous species. The newly hatched young are dark green in color, but later reddish and brownish forms are produced. During the summer the aphids migrate to some unknown food plant, returning in the fall to deposit their eggs. , The Woolly Apple aphid is in some countries the worst pest of all, owing largely to the fact that it may attack both roots and tops. It is very different in its habits from the two preceding spe- cies, for whereas they are leaf eaters, this species feeds for the most part upon the tender bark of roots or stems. On the roots they form gall-like swellings, and may not be detected until the tree is seriously injured. The chief source of the lice found upon the trees in spring is those that migrate from the roots and those which have remained concealed up- on the trunk of the tree in cracks and crevices of the bark. In spring and early summer they will be found abundant around wounds in the bark or upon stumps of limbs that have been cut back, or in similar locations. Later in the sea- son they are found farther out on the branches, the small limbs, twigs, or leaves being often completely encrusted with the insects. The aphids have an irritating or poisonous effect upon the b^rk, their work causing open cankers upon the twigs. Small galls also result in some cases. Probably the most valuable aphidiscide that has been developed in recent years is a preparation of Nicotine Sulphate, called Black Leaf 40, manufactured by the Kentucky Tobacco Product Company of Louisville, Ky. I do not wish to enter into the ques- tion of spr;iying for the apple scab, but if The Exhibit of Ontario Fruit which carried off the Firit aad SeconJ Prizes in the das* for Five Boxes, at the Canada Land and Apple Show, held in Winnipeg last October. This was the only Open Competition for Apples. British Columbia was Third 6o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. A I Well Loaded Tree Orchard of T. W. Pa/lmer, Victoria, B.C. you intend giving the first or dormant spray with lime and sulphur it is advis- able under some conditions to defer that spray until the buds are bursting, adding the Black Leaf 40 to this spray. This combination is an excellent control for tfie aphis, besides the good it may do m controlling scab. Black Leaf 40 may, moreover, with equally good results be added with the next application, i.e., just before the blossoms open and when the petals begin to show pink at the tips. This is pro- bably the more important spray for aphis and scab as well. Lead arsenate for bit- ing insects may likewise be added with- out impairing the value of the wash, as far as we have determined, for aphis or scab. If necessary the Black Leaf may again be added to the codling moth spray, applied just after the blossoms fall. In these sprays. Black Leaf 40 It u.sed in the strength of one-third of a pint to forty gallons of the wash. When used alone a pound of good laundry soap should be added as well. Soap must never be added to a spray containing lime-sulphur. Another sprav that has been in use for many years and has been used with su?- c->ss for all kinds of sucking insects is Kerosene Emulsion. It is made as fol- lows : Soap, one-half pound ; kerosene. two gallons : water, one gallon. Dissolve th" ■io'ip va hot wat^r, bM oil and churn violently until a creamy emul- sion is produced. This gives a stock solution that may be kept for some time. For use again.st aphids, dUute every three gallons of stock solution with ten gallons of water. The disadvantages of kerosene emul- sion are: First, it cannot be used in combination with other insecticides or with fungi- cides ; second, if a good emulsion is not .secured the spray will be sure to "burn the foliage. The oil will collect on the top of the mixture and some of the trees will receive a pure oil spray. I have seen so much damage done in this way that I am reluctant to urge the general use of kerosene emulsion. There is another spray that is very popular with some orchardists. For u.se one pound is dissolved in five of water. It may be used with Black Leaf 40, but must not be added to lime-sul- phur. There are several brands on the market, differing in cost and eflficiency. Quassia chips are often added to whale oil soap and improves it as an aphidis- ride. The following is the formula: .Soap, three pounds; quassia chips, three pounds; water, forty gallons. Soap sprays are usually fairly satis- factory and are easily prepared. The soap or emulsion sprays can be used at the same time as has been re- commended for Black Leaf 40. All wooly aphis is harder to kill owing to its protective covering of wax, and ac- cordingly the sprays must all be used .somewhat stronger. It, is usually most easily destroyed by a spray applied in the fall when the aphids are out on the terminal shoots. Hardy Apples and Plums Angatt Dnpait, Dirfctor of Frnil Stationi, Vill*(c de AoUaiet, Que. The varieties of apples and plums here mentioned have been cultivated in the north-west part of the province of Que- bec for twenty-five to fifty years with success. The severest winters have not injured them. I could add to this list several varieties which are doing well, but they have not been tested long enough by the orchardists and at the Experimental Station to warrant me in recommending them as yet for general plantation. Nurserymen having agents to sell stock in Quebec province, east of .Mon- treal, ought to offer to their customers only the varieties that have proved hardy and productive after several years of culture. The nurserymen having at heart the success of the fruit industry ought not to sell Baldwin, R. I. Green- ing, King, Newton, and Pippin trees in this northern part of Canada. All at- tempts to cultivate them have failed. Their wood does not mature, our season of growth being too short. Vigor. Hardi- HARDY PLUMS FOR QUEBEC* Fumid- Season. Use. Size. Qual. Cook- ness. ity. Bradshaw 75 75 75 Sept. Doe's Golden D. .. 75 90 90 Sept. Gneii 80 75 90 End Sept Grand Duke 75 75 90 Oct. Hudson Elver Quackenboes .. .. 90 90 90 Oct. Imperial Gage .... SO 75 75 Rept Lombard 90 Mirabelle (native).. 75 Moor's Arctic . . . . 75 Pond's Seedling- ... 75 Agen 75 Reine Olaude Montmorency — 90 Damaa bleu 75 Shipper's Pride .. 75 Green Gage 76 Washington ... . . 75 90 90 90 75 55 90 90 75 75 50 100 90 90 75 75 90 90 75 75 75 8. A Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Rent. Sept. Sppt. Sept. d. d.c d. d. do. d. dc. d.c d.c. dc d. d. d. dc d. d. vl ml 1 vl vl ml sm vl m ml 8 vl m vl ity. B e g vg e vg g vg f f g vg vg f vg e ing. 75 75 75 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 75 90 90 75 90 90 Ship. ping. 50 90 75 76 90 50 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 75 7S Dessert. 50 '.5 75 90 90 90 Extra for canning. 75 V. g. for canning 90 V. g. for proi?crvcs- 50 50 Varieties im- 90Pprtcd from France 1K» -^ and the most f^ generally " cultivated n 50 North-Kasti- 91^ em Quebec 9' on ownroot". HARDY APPLES FOR QUEBEC Vigor .\etraohan 75 Y. Transparent ... 90 Peach of Montreal. 90 Duchess 76 E. Strawberry .... 50 Alexander 75 Longfleld 75 St. Lawrence .. .. 50 Wolfe River .. ..76 Wealthy 90 Am. Gold. Russet.. 75 Bethel 75 90 90 75 75 50 75 Tree Ha.rdy. Prolific Season 75 90 90 90 60 90 90 75 75 90 75 76 90 9" 75 75 fin 50 90 90 90 50 «0 75 50 re 90. 75 50 90 on 75 75 75 75 Sept. Aug Sept- .Sept . & Oct. Sept. Oct. Nov.. Oct. Nov. -Dec. Dec .-Feb. Nov. -May Nov. -Feb. Oct. -March Oct. -Feb. Oct. -May Oct.-Mny Nov.-T'eb. N'%v -■'f-T Use. dc dc d. d.c d. o. c d. d. dc. d. d. d. d. d. d. c Fruit. Size. Qualitv. Cook, m g 50 Ship. Dessert 50 75 1 vl 1 m ml m ml Fameuee (Snow) Mcintosh Red .. Roi. Russet . . . Scott's Winte'- . Winter Arabka TtpTi Davis .... ^ •In the foregoing tables, in the column headed "use" the '«*<*'• ''^^l.'Xm'^sile'' "rTVr^e e g f f f f vg g g g g vg vg g g f f 90 75 75 75 50 50 50 75 75 25 50 75 75 IS 25 75 50 25 25 90 75 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 75 90 90 9^ 90 75 50 SO 50 50 50 90 75 75 75 75 90 90 90 75 5" 40 March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HOETTC ULTTJTITST CI Efficient Spraying Apparatus Required* J. M. Robinson, B.S.A., Assistant for Horticulture, Kentville, N. S. iRUIT growers are waking up to the fact that we need more effi- cient apparatus if we are to do our best work in spraying. Power sprayers are in use in a great many Nova Scotia orchards, and it is a great pity that some of these are not of the best type. A power sprayer should be able to force not less than one hundred and fifty gallons of spray through two lines , of hose, with moderately coarse nozzles, in from twenty-five to thirty minutes in order that thorough and the most econ- omical work may be done. One or two points outside of the sprayer might be discussed briefly with profit. BAKBOOS Any one visiting orchards in the An- napolis Valley is at once impressed with the enormous per cent, of scabbed fruit on the tops of our large and even moder- ate-sized trees. The reason for this is obvious when we look closely at the spraying apparatus used in the general orchard. Very few towers are used on outfits, and dependence for reaching the tops of the trees is placed entirely in the rod used. These rods are with few ex- ceptions too short for the purpose. Long rods are not purchased by the wholesalers as they claim there is no sale for them. No one can reach the tops of trees twenty-five feet in height with a pole ten feet long. This fact was brought strongly to my notice while thinning in the orchard of E. I. Loomer on July 22nd. Mr. Loomer, who is a thorough sprayer and gets results much above the average, was spraying. After the tree which I was thinning had been sprayed, I took the trouble of investigating the thoroughness of the work done. The lower part of the tree was drenched, but on examining the upper portion I found the leaves absolutely dry and without a sign of any spray. The rods used were ten feet long, while the tree was some twenty-three feet high, and though the spray seemed to be reaching its destina- tion, the top of the tree, it failed to do . so. At the time of thinning even a careful observer from the ground would fail to detect scabbed fruit, but a high per cent, of spotted fruit, mostly from the top of the tree, was harvested. This state of things is not the exception, but the rule. One way of remedying this evil is to purchase longer bamboos or to get a tower arrangement so that we are sure that we reach the top of the trees from every side. NOZZLES In order to do thorough work and drive spray through dense foliage, it •Extract from an address delivered at the last annual oonventlon of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Aesooiation. seems necessary to have a spray of some coarseness. If too coarse, however, it does not spread, is wasteful, and there is great danger of skipping. It is there- fore, advisable to use a whirlpool type of nozzle, with moderately coarse discs. TANK FILLING The cost of spraying depends to quite an extent on the time required to fill the tank. The first thing required for quick filling is an abundant water supply, and the second an outlet pipe or hose so that the water may be had quickly. Mr. S. B. Chute, of Berwick, has an ideal plant, with four inch outlet for re-filling and a two hundred gallon spray tank that can be easily filled in three minutes. This means that the sprayer is working practically all the time, and this means reduced cost in spraying. Often where water in any quantity is obtainable the outfit is kept waiting for fifteen to twenty-five minutes to refill on account of too small an outlet. The cost of installing a lead sufficient to do the work in one-fifth of the time is not great and the money lost by not doing so is at times hard to estimate. An old-fashioned dash churn is cheap and very effective for creaming arsenate of lead. COST OF SPEAYING The cost of spraying an acre of or- chard will depend on the efficiency of equipment on the number of trees per acre and on the size of the trees. Rough- ly the cost of spraying an acre of forty medium-sized trees, taking eight gallons per tree for each application, would be as follows : The cost will embrace the cost of three hundred and twenty gallons of lime-sulphur testing 1.0085 specific grav- ity, using five pounds of Sherwin Wil- liams lead to one hundred gallons of spray. The cost of application will allow forty cents an hour for sprayer and gasoline, operating nozzles. The following figures would result : Lime-Sulphur 9.7 gals, at ITj^c per sal. $1.70 Arsenate of lead, 16 lbs. at 10c 1.60 Power outfit, 3 hrs., at $1 per hr 3.00 Total $6.30 Each application per acre thus costs the grower either under or over this amount, according to whether his trees take under or over eight gallons per tree, according to whether he has more or less than forty trees to an acre, and according to whether his equipment will put on more or less than approximately one hundred gallons an hour or one thousand gallons a day. This is, of course, a rough estimate. It is given only for the information of those having limited or no experience in spraying. White grubs do a great deal of damage to strawberries. They are difficult to handle when they once get into the soil. It is wise to plant in soil that has not been in sod very long. The grub re- quires two years in the soil, and the sec- ond year it does the damage. — W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 6s Experimental Work with Shrubs and Flowers* F. E. Buck, Experimental Farm, Ottawa used. Many of the hedges are over twenty years old, while others are only one or two. Most are in fine condition, March, 1914- At the very beginning of the experi- mental farms syjstem in Canada, the work of testing, recommending and m some cases distributing hardy and de- sirable ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers was undertaken on a fairly ex- tensive scale. The wohk was under the direct supervision of the late director. Dr. Saunders, and the present Dominion Horticulturist, Mr. W. T. Macoun, who was at that time curator of the Botanic Garden or Arboretum. In a young coun- try like Canada, work of this character undertaken by the Federal Government on such a scale had an outstanding value. In the first place it allowed reliable in- formation to be issued in the form of semi-popular bulletins, such as those of "Hardy Trees and Shrubs" and "Her- baceous Perennials Tested at Ottawa," very large editions of both these bulle- tins being now nearly exhausted ; and in the second place the judicious distribu- tion of such plants to the branch farms, public and other institutions, where they attracted the attention of the public, has meant that for some years past, and at the present more than ever before, the possibility of beautifying the individual home and making it a beauty spot has appealed to a large number of people who otherwise to-day might have homes as unattractive as those of many districts of the old world or the desolate homes of new settlers in our own land. Countless shrubs have been tested and discarded. Others have proved of great value and the good results rewarding the efforts put into this line of work make it stand out surely as of large im- portance in encouraging the strivings after ithose things which develop the moral and ethical phases of our life. This work is still going forward. Just now, to mention but one of its phases, we have under observation a number of new shrubs and varieties of well-known shrubs which were introduced a few years ago from China and other coun- tries by E. H. Wilson, of the Unite a hedge form the flower buds have to be sacrificed, con- sequently several of the most handsome shrubs make poor hedge plants. How- ever, if a hedge with a distinctive char- acter is required, any one of the follow- ing might be used : Purple-leaved Barberry, Golden Nine- bark, Red-leaved Rose, Cut-leaved Al- der, Red-twigged Dogwood, American Beech, and the following evergreens: Douglas' Golden Arbor-Vitae, Silver- tipped Arbor-Vitae, Irish Juniper, and Swiss Stone Pine. Ordinarily we score a plant as perfect for hedge purposes when it measures up to the following requirements: It must grow vigorously, but not too rapidly, otherwise it will require too much prun- ing. It must have an attractive appear- ance throughout most of the year and must regain that appearance quickly after pruning. It must permit being pruned to a symmetrical form and a form which will not hold the snow on the top in the winter. It must fill out well at the base when planted in single rows at eighteen inches apart in the row. It must not winter-kill in places, and must not suffer from attacks of in- sects or fungous diseases. These are the main paints of a good hedge. At Ottawa we have many which meet these requirements. WORK WITH PERENNIAL FLOWEHfi A few words only on jjerennial flowers. Mr. Macoun's bulletin on "Herbaceous Perennials," published in 1898, shows at a glance the immense number of these imporlant plants. This group has been eulogized of late as being responsible for most of the recent good work in Home Beautification. Our most recent work with perennials has been to test them for their effect un- der certain conditions. All of the best of these flowers previously tested for other information, are now grown in a border twelve feet wide and four hundred and fifty feet long, prepared especially for the purpose in 191 1. In this border the five or six great season groups of perennials are well represented. Such being the bulbs as: tulips, narcissi, and so forth, for the first effect in spring, then the irises, then the paeonies, after which come the great bulk of bloom which is followed by the phloxes for late summer effect, and the asters for autumn effects It should be mentioned here perhaps that there are certain times during the summer when the amount of bloom in a perennial border is very small. One of these periods is that which occurs just after the bulk of the early summer plants have bkxjmed. Since this is a time of the year when a large number of people are expecting the flowers to look at their best, we are just now working to find suitable flowers to fill in these gaps in the floral year. Dahlias require good rich soil, good uniform moisture conditions, and plenty of sunlight, to do well. If the soil has not been sufficiently enriched, or the bed may be more shaded than it should be, or the ground become too dry, the bloom will be disappointing. The Dah- lia requires moderately cool soil condi- tions to do best, and both the applica- tin of water and humus to the soil brings these conditions about. — Prof. W. S. Blair, Kentvile, N.S. The Beeches — A Garden Beautiful unr' «HE Beeches" is the fitting title of the lovely home, on Grand Avenue, London, Ont., of Mr. R. W. Puddicombe, manager of the I-ondon Loan Society. A fine home it is. Mr. Puddicombe's Garden, Looking North Toward the House This was revealed during a visit when the grounds and garden were at their best. Embowered in grand old beeches, evergreens, and deciduous trees and shrubs, and draped in its summer suit of close-fitting Virginia Creeper and Am- pelopsis Veitchii, the house reminded one of the southern colonial home because of its wide and hospitable, pillared veran- dah, garnished everywhere with boxes, pots and other receptacles for flowers. It might easily be passed by a person on the road without ever imagining that so large a home was so near. As you enter the gate from the avenue the driveway describes a circle through the ancient forest, and returns to the gateway. Passing up a rather sharp elevation, and arriving at the top and I)assing the front elevation of the house on the left, you find the primeval and modern hand in hand in great beauty. The only connecting link between the two is a single rank of Scottish firs, [)lanted by a former resident, which seem to stand on tiptoe to make themselves as lall and grand as the lordly beeches they .ire guarding. At their feet stretches a large tennis court, level as a billiard table, closely shaven and well kept, surrounded by lawn, till cut off from the garden by a fine row of syringas, backed by a border of perennial plants. The driveway is left here, and walking across the small pla- teau, on which the house stands, the beauty of the place bursts upon you. THE EOSB GARDKN The ground dips from your feet as rapidly as it rose at the entrance. On A. J. Elliot, Aylmer, Ont/ this decline is situated the rose garden. At the bottom of this descent the lawn proper commences. It is embellished in the centre with a bed of magnificent paeonies. The lawn still rises till the full height of the ascent is reached on the top of which is planted a grand row of pampas grass. Then some eight feet more, and a row of spruce ends the scene. The general view is lovely. Descending to the path at the bottom of the incline, and turning, the full beauty of the roses struck me forcibly. It was a glorious day in June when I first was there, and an ideal day for roses. There they stood, some five hundred bushes, all of strong and vigorous growth, fairly bending under the load of blossoms they bore, from the purest white through all the shades of pink, cream, and scarlet, to the darkest shades. It was a panorama of beauty. I could not see a bug, worm, or aphis in the garden. Questioning Mr. Puddioomlx' The Middle of the Garden, Looking South as to their absence, he told me that he had used tobacco water and helebore, but his panacea for rose enemies was no- thing more than the garden hose. The rich clay soil is where the rose luxuri- ates, and the only manure given is in the fall when strawy manure is put on deep for their protection and raked off in the spring, the fine humus left being dug in. A good lesson might be learned by rose growers as to pruning. The severe winter two years ago froze about all the wood grown the previous year. Yet the following season the roses never blos- somed finer nor were more prolific. Mr. Puddicombe's favorites are La France, Marvel de Lyons, Baroness Rothschild, Gen. Jaqueminot, Polonnaise, and Gen. Grant, all of which are well represented in his garden, besides a great many others. Now, as the rose unfortunately gets through blossoming soon after the month of June is out, the beds would have ra- ther a deserted look ; so in the diamond centre bed, geraniums are planted, and the other beds are filled in with Japanese Pinks, Phlox Drummondi, asters, scabi- osa, salvia, heliotrope, and on either side liberal perennial borders run the whole length of the enclosure, rioting in bloom. Here was found sweet rocket, the lark- spurs, corn flowers, perennial phloxes, garden heliotrope. Sweet William, col- umbine, hollyhocks, paeonies, and many other flowers. This enclosure is in its turn cut off from the vegetable garden by a lattice fence covered with clematis, entrance be- ing gained through arched ways, where the paths command. Entering by the south path a surprise was exjjerienced . Another lawn met the view. It was sur- rounded on three sides with perennials and on the fourth by rows of currants and gooseberries, while a"centre bed was a mass of splendid cannas. North of this was the vegetable gar- den proper in which in profusion is grown in rows currants, gooseberries, beans, tomatoes, beets, carrots, peas, sweet peas, and asparagus, and all around this part, under the spruces that mark the line of property, are grown raspberries. Adjoining this section is the greenhouse, in which some fine chrysanthemums were showing good work for late fall blos- soms. I stated at the out.set that the front was a mass of trees and shrubs. Mr. Puddicombe has spared neither expense nor trouble to gain his desired effect. He has the Mahonia Aquafolia, the seeds of which he got while on a visit to Hei- delberg in Germany ; the Retinospora, Barberry, Thunbergia, Juniper, Azaleas, and the Sciadopitys Virticillata, besides The Ea*t End, Looking West 64 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. A Shady, Bordered Path the more commonly known varieties of shrubs. He also gjrows successfully the Magnolia, which had just got through blooming before my visit. Cuddled up at the foot of this shrubbery is a fine row of Japanese anemones. There are some three acres to this fine place, and it would be impossible for Mr. Puddicombe, who is a busy man, to attend to it. He has a man who has been with him for years, and between them they have made a success of The Beeches, and it is hard to know which takes the most interest in developments there — the proprietor or the gardener Jacques. There is one magnificent beech, close to the house, that has a spread of over 70 feet, and during hot Sundays a nephew who frequently visits them holds the Church of England service under the leafy dome. Planting New Shrubberies John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. Whether the proposed new shrubberies are to be on a large scale or otherwise, every effort should be made to prepare the soil well, to put in the most suitable kinds of shrubs, and to arrange them in the most attractive way. Even a very small shrubbery makes the home look more substantial and comfortable. Not only does the cultivator derive great in- terest from watching the growth of his shrubs, but in association with them he can, all the more effectively, arrange other subjects in his garden. Very fine shrubs can be grown in quite poor soil if it is well treated. Many cul- tivators are under the impression that it is useless for them to attempt the growing of shrubs, or to form a shrub- bery, because the rooting medium is different in regard to quality. Of course good rich soil helps matters consider- ably; but there is a large amount that is of poor quality, and those who have to grow shrubs in such, should make it a2> suitable a* pu&kiblc bclorc puLliu^ in their plants. ~ In preparing the ground, it is absol- utely necessary to have it dug as deeply as possible, adding a good quantity of manure. This being done, it is always wise to mark out the stations, before commencing to plant. The need for a careful spreading out of the roots and for firm planting must be insisted upon. After the operation is completed, water must be applied freely, so that it may sink deep down to the roots. A few deciduous kinds of shrubs, judi- ciously mixed with the evergreen sorts, always add to the general appearance, and give additional interest to those of a non-floworing character. March Work in Indoor Garden and Greenhouse Henry Gibson, Staatsburg With the advent of March the pro- gressive amateur finds plenty to do to keep everything in good shape and pre- pare for Easter. Decorative foliage plants will be greatly improved in ap- pearance by a good spraying with some such insecticide as Lemon Oil, Fir Tree Oil or Aphine. No matter how careful and attentive you may have been, either scale or mealy bug will have found an abode somewhere around the stem or fol- iage. A thorough going over with any of the insecticides mentioned when they are used according to directions accom- panying them, wilJ account for these pests and leave your plants in fine shape. After the cleaning each plant should be unpolled or some new soil added as a top dressing. In the latter case, remove the old soil down to the active roots. This should be done very carefully with a piece of wood, so as not to injure the lit- tle rootlets. For a compost use good loam that has been enriched with thor- oughly decayed barnyard manure and bone-meal. Give the tubs or pots plenty of drainage material in the bottom to allow the water to pass off freely. As the sun gains more power to raise the temperature, more air should be giv- en, and as the weather becomes brighter some means of preventing the direct rays of the sun from striking the plants will have to be devised. This can be accom- plished by placing them in a somewhat shaded corner of the house, and in the greenhouse by whitewashing the glass of the section they occupy. EASTEE FLOWERS If you are bringing along a few lilies for Easter these should be showing buds now. It takes on an average six weeks for these buds to develop without undue forcing, which leaves nothing to spare, as Easter falls on April 12th this year. Keep them well watered and the atmos- phere moist, and you will have fine blooms for the holidays without much trouble. Liquid manure applied weekly until the buds begin to turn from green to white will be beneficial, but as soon as this happens it should be discontin- ued. Spraying or fumigating should be attended to regularly to prevent aphis from getting a hold on your plants. Should any plants color so early as to be past their best by the holidays, place ihem in a cool room. This treatment will retard their progress considerably. Where it is intended to have Dutch bulbs in bloom for the holidays these should be attended to about the middle of the month. It takes very little over three weeks to flower tulips, narcissus and hyacinths, after being brought into the house. Avoid giving them a warm place. They do not need it and they will only become drawn up. The cooler you can grow them the sturdier they will be, and consequently they will keep better and longer. A few hot days will forward these subjects far ahead of all your ex- pectations, but such fxjssibililies should be guarded against by ample ventilation, and if in the greenhouse some shade on ihe glass. Do not forget to lay news- papers on the tulips on hot sunny days when the flowers are opening. sow PRIMULA SEED The middle of March is a good time to sow seeds of primula that are wanted to furnish bloom next fall. Prepare seed boxes or pans with a mixture of loam, leaf mould and sand. Sift some of this mixture very fine for the top and on this sow the seeds. Place in a moist, close place, where a temperature of about six- ty degrees at night can be obtained, cover with glass and a sheet of news- paper until all the seeds germinate, which should be in two or three weeks. When sufficiently large to handle prick them off into flats, and keep well up to the light so as to ensure a sturdy growth 1 f ' The South End of the Garden, Looking Weit March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICUT.TURTvST 6S in a temperature of fifty degrees at night. As they begin to get crowded pot them off into small pots, using a compost of loam with the addition of sufficient leaf mould and sand to make it light and porous. To this should be added a fair sprinkling of pulverized sheep manure. Continue to pot them on as the roots show around the side of the pots. It is not advisable to sow seeds of the baby Primrose (Primula Malacoides) at this time. P. Malacoides is a very de- sirable plant which should have a place in every amateur's collection. It makes a better Easter plant than it does a Christmas plant and to start seeds now would result in many losses by damping off before the plants could be carried through to another Easter. Damping off is about the only thing that can be urged against this primula, and this to a large extent can be overcome by sowing the seeds later. June first is soon enough to start the seeds. CANNAS Cannas are very popular bedding plants and they are becoming more so each year as the new and improved var- ieties are being tried out. Where a large bed is to be planted nothing will give more satisfaction than these plants. They are showy and bloom throughout the summer until frost cuts them down. To make the best showing the roots should be started early enough to produce good strong stock by bedding out time next June. They should be started as early in March as possible. If there are any varieties you wish to add to your collection now is the time to get them. Remove the clumps from the place , where they have stood all winter, shake off all the old soil, and cut away the dried up stalks and roots. They should then be cut into small pieces, and if stock is plentiful, left with two or three "eyes" to each piece. If, however, you are short of stock they may be cut to one "eye," although by so doing weak plants are often produced. Have a few boxes ready such as you would use for sowing seeds in but pre- ferably a little deeper. Place an inch of soil in the bottom of these, on which put the divisions of the cannas closely to- gether, cover with light sifted soil and water thoroughly. Very often some of the clumps are found to have started into growth before being taken from the winter quarters. Where this happens the eyes should be sorted and those with growths on them should be placed in a box by themselves, and all the dormant eyes together. Have but one variety in a box and mark the name plainly on it. When ail the pieces are boxed up and watered they should be placed in a warm position where some "bottom heat" is to be obtained. Cannas will grow and do well in a tem- perature of from fifty to sixty degrees, after they are once started, but to get the dormant eyes into an active condition bottom heat is indispensable. This is where a great many amateurs fail when attempting to grow cannas with such conditions as generally obtain in the dwelling house. Arrange matters so as to have the boxes elevated above the radiator, the kitchen range, or even an oil stove, as was suggested for starting warm blood- ed seeds last month. Don't have the boxes get real hot but maintain a steady brisk heat and your cannas will respond handsomely. If such an arrangement is impossible indoors, make up a mild hot- bed out doors, and start them in a sandy soil. When they have made a few inches of growth they should be potted into three and a half or four inch pots, and grown along until bedding time in a temperature of fifty to sixty degrees. It should always be borne in mind that cannas are sub-tropical plants and are easily injured by frost, therefore plant- ing out should be delayed until all chance of frost is over. The Tuberous Bedding Begonia H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Out. WHERE the culture and require- ments of the tuberous bedding be- gonia are understood the plant is very popular. The tjiree outstanding es- sentials to successful cultivation are shade, moisture and a soil of light tex- ture. These are as necessary as light and air to human beings. Who would not grow tuberous begonias, were such possible? Among the singles we find flowers five to seven inches in diameter, the colors ranging from pure white through all the shades to intense crim- son, while the doubles, many of them resembling roses, are equally as varied in color, and as desirable. The frilled singles of recent Introduction attract at- tention more quickly than the ordinary singles or doubles, and in many locali- ties could be grown successfully. Less known, but equally beautiful, are the varieties Bertiniana, a tall vermillion single with pointed petals ; Count Zep- pelin, a dark orange double of dwarf habit ; Lafayette, likewise of dwarf hab- it closely resembling Count Zeppelin ; and Worthiana, a vermilion single, the flowers somewhat resembling those of a fuschia. For our beautiful tuberous bedding begonias, all of which are annual stem- med,we are indebted to the Andean spec- ies of South America, such as B. Pearcei, Veitchii, and probably Davisii, these be- ing the first tuberous sp)ecies introduced, and being readily crossed have proved worthy progenitors of our magnificent garden types. It is not advisable to attempt to grow any tuberous variety on a large scale in localities where the temperature hovers around 85 or 90 degrees for weeks at a time, and foolish to attempt to grow any with a higher temperature, or where an abnormally dry atmosphere exists. If such be attempted doubles alone should be planted, as their closely arranged petals are more resistant to heat than the singles, whose petals do not afford pro- tection to each other. An average sum- mer temperature of 75, a humid atmos- phere, and a light soil containing humus, retentive of moisture, are ideal condi- tions for promoting vigorous growth, jifamw A Bed of Mixed Tuberous Begonia^ These are not so effective as a bed of one variety. —Photo by H. J. Moore. f,f> THE CANADIAN HORTTC TTLTURTST March, 1914. The Ordinary Sweet Aly*«um Grow* Too Tall and Soon Smother* the Begonia*. Grow Dwarf Varietie* *ach a* "Minimum," "Snow Carpet," or "Little Gem." —Photo by H. J. Moore and splendid flowers. Where the atmos- phere is not sufficiently humid shade must be afforded, otherwise scorching will result. A surface mulch of well rotted stable manure or leaf soil is also advantageous. Those who possess a greenhouse may propagate the plants annually by seeds, or by division of the largest tubers. Sow the seeds in January or early February, if desirous of obtaining plants to bed out in June. It is, however, preferable to sow in March or April, and grow the seedlings in pots during the first year. Disappointment will thus not accrue through failure of many to flower satis- factorily out of doors. By pot culture the first yea^ the small tubers may be readily cared for, and after the growth decays they are not so liable to be lost which often happens when planted out- side. Prepare the seed pans by placing cracks in the bottom and on this a layer of fibrous material. Fill to within one inch of the top with finely sieved soil, composed of sand and leaf soil two parts, and loam one part. The mixture should also contain a small quantity of finely broken crocks and charcoal. Press down gently and u{X)n this layer of soil sift through a very fine screen sufficient soil to fill to within one-half inch of the top. Do not leave the surface flat, but con- vex, so that water may pass to the sides of the pan, and so prevent damping of the seedlings, this damping being caused by the fungus "Pythium." Immerse the seed pans in water without disturbing the surface soil until the soil is thor- oughly saturated. Sow the seed evenly and thinly. Do not cover with soil, place in a temperature of 65 degrees Fahren- heit, cover the pans with a piece of glass, and shade from sunlight. Do not at any time water the seedlings overhead, but partly immerse the pans. The water will thus rise by capillary attraction and the seedlings remain undisturbed. After germination, afford light (not direct sunlight) until the plants strength- en, and are large enough to handle, then plant singly one-half inch apart into larger pans. When about to crowd each other, pot off into two-inch pots, and finally, ere flower buds show, shift into four-inch pots. Afford occasional appli- cations of Clay's fertilizer or guano, one- half ounce to a gallon of water. Dampen the floors, benches, and other • surfaces to create humidity, and to prevent the attacks of red spider, but avoid spraying the plants during sunlight, otherwise scorching will result. Shade from in- tense sunlight at all times. Propagate by division during the first week in April. Select large tubers which possess at least two crowns. A sharp knife is essential to sever the tubers di- rectly between these, each portion will thus bear buds, without which they are useless. Expose the cut surface to air for some time until they cease "bleed- ing," after which dip them into slacked or powdered lime; this will act as an antiseptic, and also check the attacks of slugs, grubs, and other insects which prey upon them. Place the tubers on finely sieved leaf soil in flats, keep the .soil moderately moisi, spray them occa- siosally to encourage growth, and main- tain a temperature of at least 60 de- grees . When two or three inches of growth has been made pot off into four-inch or five-inch pots, and when well rooted re- move to a cold frame to inure to out- door conditions. Air well during warm days, but close the frames on cold nights. By the first of June the plants will be sufficiently hardened to allow of the sashes being entirely removed, and after a week's exposure to outdoor tempera- . tures, shaded, of course, from direct sun- light, they may be planted in their per- manent f)osition. Tuberous begonias, when massed, are always effective, especially when the singles and doubles are separated, for in their distinctiveness lies their attraction. Effective even to a greater degree are they when arranged in beds of separate colors, the merits of each variety being thus readily seen. Also, when so ar- ranged, it is possible to select and mark desirable kinds, and to eliminate weak- lings. As the begonia reproduces itself tolerably true from seed isolation of the varieties it renders seed selection pos- sible, there being little danger of the in- tervention of foreign pollen through nat- Dark Tuberous Begonia* and Al]r**um Minimum in Queen Victoria Park —Photo by H. J. Moore. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 67 ural or insect agencies. All who desire to see the tuberous begonia at its best should plant a small bed with dark blood red singles or doubles, about ten inches apart, and between these plant alyssum minimum as a ground work. The snow- like carpet of the latter will bring out the color of the former in bold relief, the combination being magnificent. Begonia Bertini nana, B. Count Zeppelin, and B. Lafayette are likewise admired to a greater extent when treated in this man- ner than when planted pure. When the stems commence to decay or when they are cut down by frost, lift the tubers with the remaining foliage, and if possible with a quantity of soil adhering to them. Pack them in shallow boxes, stems upward, place these on a green- house bench or in a shed near a window, so that light may have access to them until the growth entirely decays. Re- move all decayed stems to facilitate the drying of the tubers, otherwise they may become diseased. Carefully remove all soil and spread the tubers on a shelf for a day or so, and finally store them in layers, in boxes containing dry sand, two inches of sand or so between each layer of tubers. Place the boxes away for the winter in a dry frost proof shed, cellar, or green- house, the latter being preferable. Aim to maintain an average temperature of 50 degrees, not allowing it to fall for any length of time below 40 degrees or to rise to 60 degrees. These winter temperatures are deleterious, inasmuch as the former will chill, and catise the tubers to decay, while the latter will in- fluence growth to start at an unnatural and undesirable time. Home Culture of Chrysanthemums W. Hunt, Ont. Agri. THE chief reason why these popular autumn flowers are not more commonly grown by amateurs is because they are so liable to attacks of insect pests. Some twenty-five or thirty years ago the greater part of these plants grown by commercial florists were field grown. To-day one seldom if ever sees a field-grown plant ; they are almost all grown under glass. The small pest call- led the Tarnish Plant Bug (Lygus pra- ctensis) is mainly responsible for this. This is the same pest that is so de- structive to the aster bloom, causing so many blooms to be imperfect in form, large gaps often being seen in the petals, spoiling the appearance of the flower. The buds and terminal points of growth of dahlias, too, are often spoiled by the same insect. These pests are very common on many garden plants besides those named, es- pecially on garden corn. They usually appear in June and continue their attacks all through the- hot weather. As they apparently do very little harm to any of the economic plants in the garden, having a particular liking for the de- corative plants only, they have not re- ceived much attention from entomolo- gists, as there does not appear to be any really effective remedy found yet for them. Another insect that attacks the chry- santhemum is the Black Aphis, a black and near relative of the Green Aphis, so common on house and garden plants. In very dry seasons the Red Spider (Tet- ranychus telarius) is troublesome, but it is not as injurious as the two hrst- named if the plants are given proper attention. There are three methods by which chrysanthemums can be propagated, viz., from cuttings, divisions of the old College, Guelph, Ont. roots, and from seed. The best method for an amateur is by dividing up the old plants. This can be done every year or at least every second year, to prevent the plants becoming too large and cumber- some. Old plants that have been kept in a cool window or a light basement or cellar all the winter should be brought up into a cool, sunny window, away from fire heat in March. When the young growth is about one or two inches in length, divide the plants with a large knife into small divisions or sections, each section having good roots and three or four shoots of top growth. Pot these sections into pots just large enough to hold the plant nice- ly, not too large, four-inch usually, in good potting soil, with about one part sand to eight or ten parts of potting soil. As soon as the roots have fairly well filled these, re-pot them into a two or three sized larger pot, a six-inch pot. This can be done usually about the first week in May, using good, rich, loamy potting soil. Place nearly an inch of broken flower pot or similar material for drainage in the bottom of the pot before potting. One point in potting chrysanthemums, at any time, is that the soil must be packed very firm around the roots. Use a small piece of hardwood for this pur- fKDse. Water the plants well once as soon as potted. Shade them from hot sun for a few days. Keep the soil they are growing in well moist at all times. The soil should never become really dry. Spray the growth with water, especially on the under side of the foliage at least every few days, oftener if possible, in bright, sunny weather. The cuttings are taken from the young growth that starts near to and around the base of the old flowering stem about March or April, or from the top growth of young plants. The stem of the cut- ting should be from two to four inches in length. The base of the cutting should be just below a node or point of the stem. Remove about half of the lower leaves, leaving three or four of the top leaves on. Leave the terminal point of growth intact. The best material to root the cuttings in is clean, gritty sand, sand that will make gtood stone mibrtar. The sand should be well moistened and packed firmly in a flower pot, seed pan, or a shallow flat box, each having good drainage. Set the cuttings upright in the sand about one and one-half inches apart, inserting rather more than half the length of the main stem in the sand. (To be continued) A Conrer of the Roae Garden of Mr. E. E. Starr, Whitby Ont. 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. The Goal of Modern Vegetable Growing L. A. Waitzinger, B.S THE growing of vegetables is recog- nized as increasing in importance year by year. By the use of vege- tables we get the highest yield of human food from the soil, not entirely from the nutriment they contain, but mainly from the quality they possess of rendering more digestible the proteins and carbo- hydrates of other constituents of our food. The rapid growth of our cities and towns, which are mostly without big gardens, makes truck farming very pro- fitable with good paying crops. The providing of the vegetable grower with seeds is surrounded by many diflfi- culties — witness the recently issued vol- ume for 1913 of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association. One of the reme- dies for the improving of these conditions is the selection of seed. Of course the breeding of seeds for the improvement of crops is a very intricate and expensive work, e.g., the quantity of seed produced in relation to the area is often very small, this in part causes the expense. Again, foreign competition, climatic and tech- nical difficulties, not to mention the great labor problem, make the vegetable seed raisers path one of many tribulations. Seeds to produce improved crops can be raised in different ways. One of these is by mass selection, which means the selecting of the best plants and fruits from a crop and saving them for seed. The seed from these best plants are mix- ed and sown and the same process goes on from year to year. This method is defective inasmuch as a plant may be su- perior to its neighbors but only because it had specially good conditions of soil, light, water or protection, not because it has an inherited superiority. INDIVIDUAL SKLE-CTION Individual selection is the selecting of single plants, saving the seed therefrom and planting the progeny under condi- tions which gives each plant the same advantages. The seed from the best plants is then saved and kept separate. The process goes on as long as the inves- tigator likes. In mass selection you can- not guarantee that you have picked' out the best, you only think so. In individ- ual selection you are in a position to be sure. You can apply accurate tests to prove it. One is a hit or a miss; the other gets a bull's eye every time. These methods are generally used in animal breeding. Ordinarily a sheep farmer will let his ram run with a num- ber of ewes. The resulting lambs may be likened to the plants selected in the mass. When the same farmer wishes to produce something which shall do him credit he picks out a specially good ewe and his best ram and breeds from them. A., Echo Place, Ont. The lamb or lambs may be likened to in- dividual selection in plants in this case. The parentage is known and when the samie thing goes on for generations the final results are infinitely superior to those obtained by the first method. When a farmer wishes to test his herd of cows for milk production he treats all exactly alike, gives them the same water, food and shelter. The product from each is noted separately and after deducting the expense of production, he soon finds which cows are profitable. This is in- dividual selection for milk — similar to what should be done in plant life. If the farmer fed some of his cows well, housed them well, and ill-treated others, after- wards testing the results he would or' could only guess which was best. He would not be sure. This is similar to mass selection in plants. People should get firmly fixed in their minds that plants are living organisms, as responsive to treatment as animals, as amendable to improvement under certain conditions. The same lots of heredity rule in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. SIMPLIFYING THE WORK In order that the important work of breeding plants "for improved seed pro- duction may be encouraged, the question of simplifying the work should be con- sidered. This can be materially helped by the reduction in the number of varie- ties of each kind of vegetable. It is far better that the breeder and grower should devote their energies to the in- dividual improvement of the present old varieties rather than be perpetually cross- ing for new varieties. With what a flourish of trumpets is a new variety in- troduced ; what a plethora of adjectives are used to describe it and in a few years it is as dead as Queen Anne. It is bet- ter that improvement should take place along scientific lines. What is recommended is that certain districts should grow only one or at mo.st two varieties of the kind which can be grown successfully in the district. Then the breeders can proceed with their work knowing that their efforts can be con- trolled. Varieties of proved merit should be taken in hand and improved and one name given to each variety. This is another point which should be consider- ed by those anxious to simplify matters. We often find that many names are ap- plied to the one variety. Instead of breeders and growers frittering away their time on hundreds of different varie- ties, the differences only discoverable un- der a microscope (and often not then) they should come together and breed one good variety to a state of excellence. Two advantages would accrue by a dis- trict devoting its attention to only one variety. First from the commercial point of view the crops would command higher prices, because by the formation of small associations transit charges would be re- duced to a minimum. The district would become identified with the particular kind of vegetable specialized in. Instances of how this system has revolutionized num- erous districts could be cited. It would benefit such a district to grow its own seeds for two or three years, by the methods of individual selection men- tioned Ijefore. One or more men support- ed by the association, should be in charge of the .breeding of the stock seed, and after the neighborhood generally had a pure line of a certain vegetable, new seed from another pure line could then be in- troduced and in some cases could be used for crossing purposes. By having the district restricted to one variety a great- er chance of obtaining a pure line in a short time is present. The difficulties of a pure line breed- er of any vegetable are very evident in a district where many varieties of one kind are grown. Cross fertilization when it takes place without knowledge is work of no value. But the difficulties in the way of hav- ing specially trained breeders in each district would perhaps be too great to overcome. It would be a good thing to have breeding stations established in a few well-chosen centres supported by the government if private enterprise was un- able to cope with the problem. These stations would be in charge of men scien- tificaly equipped in every way, whose duty it would be to raise pure bred stock seed. These stock seeds could be sent to their respective districts where the vege- table growers could establish multiply- ing plots. From the plots the seed could be supplied for two or three years — not for very much longer as deterioration might sent in. Then fresh stock seed could be procured from the station and the district could proceed as described. The Glass Culture of Tomatoes R. H. Ellis, LeaminftoD, Ont. The tomato crop, an illustration of which appears on the front cover of this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, was benched last August, started fruit- ing in October and finished in January. The plants were trained to a singe stem. We used twine and tied them to an over- head wire for support. The plants were set twenty by twenty-four inches. We find that three pounds to the plant is a very good average for this season of the year. The growers who get less than that are more plentiful than those get- ting that, let alone more. The house shown is one of our sixty-five by two hundred foot houses. The photo was M.irch, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 69 Vegetable Growers are Rapidiy Discarding the Old in Favor of the Modern Styles of Greenhouse Construction These houses are the Lord & Burnham Construction. Toronto, Oni. J taken about the middle of November. It was a good average crop. Some people would have you think that the growing of tomatoes under glass was just about like going into a mint and helping yourself to gold coin with no restriction. My opinion is that they will know more about it after they have had a little experience. I know several growers who have been getting some of that experience this past winter. Their gross receipts will not pay for the fuel consumed, let alone any of the other ex- penses. It has been said by one inex- perienced grower that he would be quite safe in saying that it would not cost more than ten cents a plant to produce a crop. Most winters it would cost that for fuel alone. It costs four to five cents a pound after the fruit is ripe, to pick and pack it, and deliver it at the express office, saying nothing of the abundance of work re- quired to bring a crop up to that stage. There is good reason, therefore, for warning the would-be tomato grower un der glass not to be misled. Results Obtained fron\ Potato Seed Selection W. E. Turner, Duval, Sask. I COMMENCED during the fall of 1909, when harvesting my Irish cobbler potatoes, to select the best roots for planting the next year by dig- ging carefully and keeping each root sep- arate. I then went over the plot and picked out the most productive roots of uniform quality. These I stored in a large box in the cellar, to be planted in the spring of 1910 as a special seed plot. I selected again from this special plot in the fall of 1910 in the same manner, but during the summer of 191 1 I saw the annual report of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association and I found that the Association had a much better system of selection, so I sent for full particulars and rules and when digging in the fall of 191 1, selected twenty-two of the most productive roots and stored each root sep- arate in compartments in boxes. In the spring of 1912 I .selected apiece of land that was uniform throughout, using no manure, and planted whole, eight of the best potatoes of each of the.se roots in a separate row, numbering each row. Of cour.se I expected to find some improvement, but I had no idea the im- provement would be so great. When digging in 191 2 I kept each row and root separate and then by counting the pota- toes found the most productive rows. The best row had an average of twenty- one potatoes per root, the worst row only thirteen per root. This is where the ad- vantage of planting the pro- duct of each root in a separate row is found. One can see which row has the best pedigree. In this special seed plot there were eight roots with twenty-five or more potatoes per root, one root hav- ing twenty-nine. I selected again twen- ty-seven of the best roots from the most productive rows, keeping each root sep- arate as before, and the remainder of this plot was put in a special bin for the improved seed plot of 1913. The special seed plot of twenty-seven rows was planted as before. Eight of the best potatoes were planted whole per row. These were planted on land that had been cropped five times since it had been broken, so I sprinkled a quart of hen manure around each root just as they were coming through the surface. Al- though the season was too dry for the best results the most productive row av- eraged twenty-five potatoes per root, and the worst was eighteen per root. In this special seed plot there were thirty-five roots with twenty-five or more potatoes per root, one root having forty. Although the season was not as good as 1 91 2 for high production, this shows an improvement on the 191 2 crop. Here again is shown the importance of pedi- gree. The three best rows were from the most productive row of 1912. I do not expect to make much more improve- ment but by careful selection each year under the Canadian Seed Growers' Asso- ciation rules I hope to keep the strain at least as good as it is now. In view of the satisfactory results obtained with the Irish Cobbler, I have commenced to select the Rochester Rose, Wee McGreg- or and Ashleaf Kidney potatoes on the same plan. Growing Ginseng in Ontario Dr. H. F. HacKendrick, Gait, Ont. A few years ago I commenced grow- ing ginseng. The root is the part that brings the money, and at present the grade of roots grown in Canada are bringing the highest price in the open market, being much finer grained and firmer than those grown farther south. Plant your seeds in September or Oc- tober, and they will come up in the fol- lowing spring. Put them in a well drain- ed piece of garden, sandy loam, or any well drained good soil will do, and you will be surprised at the progress of your crop. By raising your own seeds and planting them, each three year old plant will produce about fifty seeds, a four year old about seventy-five seeds and a five year old plant about one hundred seeds, so that quick reproduction may be attained and suflficient seed for sow- ing purposes may be acquired. This fact if often brought forward as an argument against the growing of ginseng, but to prove the fallacy we have only to consider that it takes ten years to produce a crop of apples, which in past years have also remn'red constant attention and its con- sequent expense. THE CANADIAN HORTIC ULTU R T S T March, 1914. The Canadian Horticulturist ^^^ssiiis^^^^^^^is^ rOMBINKC WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hni been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Publi«hed br The Horticultural Publithinc Company, Limited PKTKKBORO, ONTA-RIO The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Ofkicial Organs ok thk Ontario and Quebec PRurr Growers' Associations and ok Thk Ontario Bekkkepers' Association H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOOKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue, GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mount Stephen. :! Rejjent St.. London. S.M'. 1. The Canadian Horticnltnrlst ia published in two editione on the 25th daT of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The first edition le known aa The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is known aa The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition aereral pafres of matter appearlnp in the first Issue are replaced by an equal number of paffcs of matter relating to the bee-keepine In- terests of Canada. 2. Siibsoription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist In Canada and Great Britain. 60 cents a year; two years. $100, and of The Oanadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. 151 00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Office) 25 cents extra a year, Inoltidinir postage. 3. Bemittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or registered Letter. i. The Law la that Bubscribers to newepapere are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an Inch. Oopy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and oopy to our Advertising Manager, Poterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures glyen are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample coll- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people kuown to be interested in the growing of fmits, flowers or vegetables, January, 1913 ...11.570 August. 1913 12,675 February. 1913 ...11.550 September. 1913 ...13.729 March, 1913 11,209 October, 1913 13.778 April, 1915 11,970 November, 1913 ..,12.967 May, 1913 12.368 December, 1913 ...13,233 June, 1913 12.618 July, 1913 12,626 Total 150,293 Average each issue In H«7, «.827 " " 1913. 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon appUoation. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Oanadian Hor- ticulturist are as carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facta to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Oanadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns: but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes beween sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE OANADIAN HORTICULTCTKiBT. PETBEBOEO. OUT ^ EDITORIAL i BH BS SELLING FRUIT BY POST The introduction into Canada, although as yet only on a very restricted scale, of th*" system of parcels post, adds inter- est to a postal arrangement now in force in New Zealand. In New Zealand the government has a post and telegraph de- partment. The railways arc publicly own- ed. The government has made arrange- ments by means of which lists of the dif- ferent fruit growers' associations partici- pating in the scheme are posted in the vari- ous post offices. The lists include the price lists for the various sized packages of fruit offered for sale. The purchaser on paying four cents to the local post master, is supplied with a stamped coupon. Having decided with which association he will place, his order, he writes the address of the fruit growers' associatiom on the stamped side of the cou- pon ; then on the lower portion of the re- verse side he fills in his order. He then hands to the postmaster the coupon, togeth- er with a postal note for the amount of the purchase price of the fruit plus the neces- sary carrying charges, as set out in the re- gulations. Thus, he prepays for the fruit and the postal charges. The postmaster then forwards the order to the fruit grow- ers' association, the four cents covering the charge for forwarding the order. When the secretary of the association re- ceives the order he forwards the fruit, and then fills in the top portion of the coupon and sends it into the post office from which it was delivered, where it is retained as a receipt for six months. Cases of fruit must be delivered by the vendor at a railway sta- tion or at a wharf served by a steamer having contract with the railway depart- ment. House to house delivery of the fruit is undertaken at places where the railway department has a cartage contract. The post office acts as agent for the buy- er only and therefore assumes no respon- sibility with reference to the quantity, qual- ity or condition of the supplies, nor for any delays that may arise in execution. In sending fruit forward shippers are permit- ted to bulk the individual parcels that go to the same destination. The New Zealand system has been in operation only a few months. Should it prove successful it ultimately may mean much to Canadian fruit growers. THE JORDAN STATION For years The Canadian Horticulturist has contended that the Jordan Harbor Experi- ment Station should be devoted principally to the advancement of the tender fruit and vegetable interests. Situated, as it is, in the heart of the only tender fruit district in Eastern Canada, it is largely a waste of time, opportunity, and money to conduct experiments at this station with the more hardy varieties of fruit, which might be conducted to even better advantage in other sections of the province. The addition of a number of experienced fruit growers to the advisori- board of the station has already tended to effect an im- provement in the management of the sta- tion. We understand that it is their desire that the land at the station shall be re- served chiefly for plant breeding and var- iety experiments. If this is the case, the provincial Minister of Agriculture may rest assured that if a move in this direction is decideorta of work that wonld in- terest mem/bers of other Horticultural Sodetiee. A Progressive Society* Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. Thomai, Ont. Back in the fall of 1910, when I was elect- ed president of the St. Thomas Horticul- tural Society, I found a membership of one hundred and twenty-four, but not much work being done. Nothing had been done along the lines of public flower beds and little along educative lines. Realizing that some- thing must be done if the society was to be- come a power in St. Thomas, I consented to accept the presidency only on condition that one hundred dollars be grantea lor tue laying out of fifteen flower beds on the wide boulevard which parallels the Michigan Central tracks for over a mile. These flow- er beds cost us six dollars each, the flowers being bought of a local florist. From the first the people of the city* showed their apreciation of our work, with the result that when we canvassed for new members we secured three hundred and thirty-seven. In the following summer we revived the lawn and garden contests, one hundred and twenty-five members entering. Liberal prizes were offered, but we found that the number of classes was too limited, as, for instance, in the garden competi- tions, the working men's gardens coming in the same class as the gardens of those who could afford to employ gardeners to tend them. Monthly flower shows were organized, starting with tulips and spring flowers, then peonies, then roses, and so on through the summer and fall, each class of flowers in its turn. Where did you hold these shows, you ask ? We held them in store windows, and to this fact I largely attribute the big growth of the St. Thomas Society. Each succeeding show was an increasing success until with the last it was a problem to accommodate the entries. The shows were J •Rxtract from an address delivered at the last annual convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association. always held on Saturdays, which being mar- ket day, and a kind of parade day, enabled large crowds of sightseers to see something of what the society was doing. The show windows were the objective of large crowds all day and especially in the evenings. With the store windows exhibits the peo- ple can hardly help seeing the beautiful flowers and becoming first interested and then converted to the aims and objects of the Horticultural Society. We charge no fees for these shows, because the people who can afford to pay and would pay are those who already grow flowers and are already converted. The society furnishes receptacles for the flowers which become the property of the society. Now there is always a big demand for these prize winning and show flowers, and much money could be made by selling them, but we have adopted in St. Thomas what rve believe to be the better way, in that it has helped immensely in popularising the society and its work. We ask the pastors of all the churches to provide us with the names of any sick and aged people of whom they know, and early on Sunday morning autos are called into service and the bou- quets distributed, each bearing a neat lit- tle card, tendering the compliments of the society to the recipient. Try this in your own town if you wish to make friends for your society. Then, too, in this distribution of one of nature's finest gifts to man, "the stranger within our gates" is not forgotten, the poor foreigner in the hospital receiving a bou- quet along with the rest. Nor are the old folks in the Home forgotten; some of the best are always saved for them, and I wish some of you could be with me and see the faces of the poor old ladies, "somebody's mothers" brighten as they gaze on and touch with almost reverent care, the flowers that remind them of days when fickle for- tune smiled on them from some almost for- gotten flower bed. Another membership campaign is on, and from a membership of three hundred and thirty seven we have jumped to seven hun- dred and eight, with every prospect before the campaign of 1914 closes of over twelve hundred. Here are some of the many rea- sons given for joining the society: "We like the flower shows"; "We like the public flower beds"; "Everybody sieems to be cleaning up" : "We value the premium you give"; etc., etc. It has been customary to give each mem- ber a rose or shrub and a dozen bulbs, and The Canadian Horticulturist. This year sixteen optional premiums have been ar- ranged. Last fall we gave away sixteen thousand bulbs and have imported ninety thousand more for our members at cost price ; some of the options are one hun- dred and fifty bulbs, another is four of the best hybrid roses. Vancouver The members of the horticultural society assembled in the small Pender Hall on the evening of February 4th, to listen to Mr. D. D. England, special lecturer for the pro- vincial government, deliver an address on "Lawns and how to make them." Mr. England spoke very interestingly on the subject of seeding, the proper time, the right kinds of seed to use under certain conditions, and also on the subject of water- ing lawns to the best advantage. Many questions were asked. THE CANADIAN HORTTC UT.TU RT S T March, 191 4. Cooperation in Marketing Apples S. C. Parker, Berwick, N. THE apple growing- area in Nova Scotia is limited and always will be. For practical, commercial purposes the An- napolis Valley is the orchard area of Noya Scotia. This valley is about one hun- dred miles long and from two to ten miles • in width, protected on the north and south by ranges of hills, called by courtesy moun- tains. This is where we grew two million barrels in 1911, and expect to grow five mil- lion barrels before 1920. The beginning of apple growing in Nova Scotia was many years ago. The early Acadians had their apple trees, and small orchards were planted up and down the Valley from Annapolis to Windsor. There are trees now bearing apples that are known to be more than two hundred years old. Pro- ducing apples on a commercial basis, how- ever, is ofimuch more recent origin. About thirty years ago the increase was such that the growers began to look for markets away from home. The English market seemed the best opening and shipments were made from time to time to those markets. There were few local buyers, the business was too small to draw in outside capital and these early shipments were usually consigned. The farmer was not only grower but packer and consignor. Out of this method grew a system of cooperation. .\ number of grow- ers would often be represented in the same carload and hundreds in the same cargo. In the meantime the English commission houses were catering to the growing trade and placing representatives in the orchard sections to solicit consignments. More than a score of English houses had their representatives in the Annapolis Valley. These had their agents and sub-agents at every station in the fruit district, and these subs had subs. Indeed, it recalled the old story of the parasites : "The greater fleas had little fleas Upon their backs to bite 'em ; The lesser fleas had smaller fleas, .And so ad infinitum." Thus, there was an army of middlemen preying on the producer. These people would take charge of a consignment, no matter how small, combine them in carload lots, and forward to the English houses. The return commission, rebates and steals often gave them fifty cents a barrel on the fiirmers' crop; and when this crop ran into the hundreds of thousands of barrels it was ^1 good business. This was a species of cooperation but under this system the mid- dleman was getting rich and the producer often growing poorer. METHOD OF ORG \NI7.ATION The question of cooperation had been talked about manv times. Several attempts were made and failed, possibly because the proposed scheme was too ambitious. About seven years aeo the first successful scheme was launched on a very modest scale. The Berwick Fruit Company. Limited, was or- ganized, made up of six members with a pominal capital of -$10,000. . In the first rear this companv handled about seven fhousnnd barrels. It was a success from its inception. The second year the member- hip increased and eighteen thousand bar- vels were handled. The third year, although •An addreso d<»livered before the annual con- ventio-' of the Ontario Fruit Growere' As»<:cia- tion, NoTomber. 1913. S., Put President N.S.F.G.A. the capital was increased, the stock was quickly taken up and it was found neces- sary to refuse any more members admis- sion. That year the company packed and shipped thirty thousand barrels. At the end of seven years they have a packing house one hundred and seventy- five by sixty feet, an evaporator and all facilities for handling seventy-five 'thou- sand barrels annually. Encouraged by the signal success of the Berwick Company new organizations sprang up. Three others were organized at Berwick and some thirty- five or forty operated in the Valley this season. The organization is extremely simple. A general act was passed by the Provincial Legislature entitled : An .Act to Encourage the Organization of Cooperative Fruit - Packing and Shipping Companies. This act provides that any three persons may organize for the purpose of packing, ship- ping, marketing, warehousing fruit or farm produce, buying and selling flour, feed, fer- tilizers, farming tools, making barrels or practically anything used on the farm. The barrels used are often made by the farmer, usually in cooper shops near the farm. Every village has its cooper shop. The Nova Scotia barrel is crude in appear- ance but it is cheap and strong. I do not think we would consent to change it ; it serves as a trade mark in markets where best known. In the cooperatives there is no individual packing. The farmer picks his apples and delivers them in barrels to the packing house. There they lose their identity and become part of the company output. Each variety is averaged and the farmer is paid the price of his apples, less the packing charges. -After a few years' experience of the local companies it was felt that the time was ripe for the next step in cooperation. There were some twenty local companies at work, each independent of the other and compet- ing with the same goods in the same mar- kets. After a year of experimenting the lacal companies got together and organ- ized a central company — the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia. In this central organization the local company is the unit, taking the same place in the larger organ- ization that the individual does in the smaller. Each local unit must subscribe twenty per cent, of its capital stock to make up the capital of the central ; and each local appoints a representative, usually the manager, on the board of directors of the central. All the apples packed by the local companies arc marketed by the United Fruit Companies, and in this organization the fruit is also pooled, the local being paid the average price for the season on the output. .\ LARGR ENTERPRISE The most sanguine of the builders of this organization did not realize what a tremendous scheme they were floating. Neither did they expect the great machine would run without friction as it has done, and become in one year a power in the fruit . market of the world. In 1912 and 191.3, the first year of its operation, the United Fruit Companies handled three hundred and six- ty-seven thousand barrels of apples, nearlv one-half of the output of Nova Scotia. T-he price returned was very satisfactorv,, for instance : Gravensteins netted. No. 1, $2.07; No. 2, $1.77; Duchess netted, No. 1, $2.09; No. 2, $1.99; Kings netted. No. 1, $2.25; No. 3, $2; Golden Russets netted. No. 1, $3.05; No. 2, $2.32. The central office bought and distribut- ed among the subsidiary companies : Eight hundred thousand pulpheads, seventy-one thousand pounds of grass seed, fifty-four thousand pounds vetches, five thousand eight hundred tons of fertilizer, eight hun- dred and thirty-five barrels lime sulphur, five hundred kegs nails, fourteen hundred barrels of flour, eight thousand bags feed, fifty-six thousand pounds of arsenate of lead. It paid for the foregoing, spot cash, one hundred and fifty-three thousand dollars. It is estimated that on fertilizers alone we saved eighteen thousand dollars to the farmers in the companies, while those out- side reaped a corresponding benefit, prices falling generally, three dollars a ton. The United Fruit Companies have in ad- dition to their office at Berwick, offices in London and Halifax. They employed a traveller during the fruit season, and an organizer and instructor during the entire year. Now, just a word in regard to the cost of this efficient organization. The total cost of the central association amount- ed to fourteen thousand six hundred and sixty-one dollars. In earning and saving for the year, the central made twenty-four thousand seven hundred and sixty-six dol- lars. Thus the entire expenses of the Unit- ed Fruit Companies, including salaries, traveling, cable, telephone and telegraph, up- keep of offices in Berwick, Halifax and London, have been paid out of direct earn- ings and savings, all effected, and could only have been effected, by centralization. In addition, five thousand dollars were plac- ed in reserve on capital account and more than five thousand dollars rebated to the subsidiary companies. Just one concrete instance of how sav- ings are effected by centralization. The Carters' Union in London have from time immemorial charged four pence per barrel, cartagg. Our representative there last year found people who would do the same work for three pence. This one item saved the companies eight thousand dollars. In conclusion I may say that the few years' experience in cooperation, have prac- tically revolutionized the fruit business in Nova Scotia. Some" thirty-five local com- panies are working this season, most of them in cooperation with the central. The people generally, are watching its progress carefully. The machine seems to be work- ing perfectly, and if no serious errors are made a very few years will see the enor- mous apple business of the .Annapolis Val- ley controlled by one organization — the L'nited Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia. Important Regulations The following additional regulation under The Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed by Order in Council, December 4th, 1913: Regulation 18— "The importation of all nursery stock, including trees, ?ihrubs, plants, vines, grapes, scions, cut- tings or buds, through the mail is pro- hibited, excepting greenhouse-grown flor- ists' stock, cut flowers, herbaceous peren- nials, and bedding plants, which will be admitted, provided that a detailed state- ment of the contents is attached to such parcels." This regulation is to take effect on and after the first day of March, 1914. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 73 freeman's ^^"^^ Bone Meai More J phosphoricacid to the dollars worth than in ANYOTHER Fertilizer Send for Booklet on Fertilizers and Fertilizing with Guaranteed Analysis The W. A. FREEMAN CO., Ltd 223 HUNTER ST. E., HAMILTON. FLOWER POTS Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send us your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THEATER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. 'HtBESTMAPt FOSTER'S StandaRP Vegetable Growers are Active The annual meeting- of the directors of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa- tion was held in the office of the secretary, J. Lockie Wilson, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, on February 4th. Delegates from the different branches were present, and were enthusiastic over the work being done by the association. The purchasing agent, Mr. W. J. Kerr, stated that the cooperative buying had been a financial success. He was perfectly satis- fied with the work that had been accom- plished during the year. The last bulletin issued to the members contains quotations on flower seeds, fertilizing and spraying materials, as well as on vegetable seeds. It was decided to continue the vegetable field crop competitions in onions, tomatoes and celery. A vegetable tying machine was on exhi- bition during the afternoon, and after the delegates had examined the work done by this machine, they passed the following re- solution : "That the Saxmeyer Vegetable Tyer ex- hibited and operated at our annual meet- ing is a labor, saver and would be of ma- terial assistance to vegetable growers, and as these machines cost $90 in the United States and the duty is $26, we would re- spectfully recommend that the duty be re- moved from tying- machines until such time as they are manufactured in this country." There was a pleasant break in the routine of business when the delegates presented Mr. Thos. Delworth, of Weston, with a gold watch as a token of their appreciation of the practical interest he had taken in the work of the association. The secretary, J. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Early orders for the following Plants are specially recommended for the coming Spring season, viz. : Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), including pink, 10 for 60c. Aster, China, 6 vars., 10 for 25c, 100 for $1.25. Geraniums, 5 var»., 10 for $1.00. Salvia, 2 vars., 10 for 75c. Scabiosa, 10 for 60c. Stocks, 2 vars., 10 for 25c. Dahlias, plants only, 1 1 vars., 10 for $1.25. Delphiniums, Gold Medal Hybrids, 10 for $1.50. Aquilegia (Columbine), 2 vars., 10 for $1.25. Iris, 22 vars., 10 for $1.25 and up. For descriptions, etc., of the above and of many other plants, ■ see Spring Planting List sent free on application. Above prices include carriage prepaid. JOHN CAVERS RED CYPRESS HOT BED SASH - . -...-. ,: — Size 3 ft. 2 in by 6ft. for 4 rows of 8 in. butted glass. Price, $1.20 in Clear Cypress. What a pleasure to have home-grown vegetables and flowers weeks ahead of the regular season. A' hot bed fitted with our superior Hot Bed Sash will ensure this. DURABLE Our Hot Bed Sash are made of the very best material, put together to withstand the most severe usage, and are guaranteed to last for years. All the joints are tight fitting, blind mortised and white leaded before being put together. A half-inch oak rod runs through the bars and into the stiles. A metal pin is driven into each of the bars and stiles through the rod. in this way each bar is held in the proper place and prevented from sagging. Folder Sent on Request size 3 ft. by 6 ft. for 3 rows 10 in. lapped glass. Price, $1.15 in Clear Red Cypress. BATTS LIMITEDp.r.eWcst Toronto 74 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. hov/ you can nave a BEAUTIFUL OLD ENGLISH^ARDEN zir^ ^:^ ''^: K^ t---^^t M ^f THE OLD ENGLISH GARDEN owes much of its charm to the beauty of its simple herbaceous plants. KELWAY'S COLOUR BORDERS of Paeonies, Delphiniums, Pyrethrums, Gail- lardias and the like will enable you to reproduce this picturesque effect under almost all conditions of soil and climate. Borders are planned to fill any space, and on receipt of dimensions, care- fully selected plants are sent beautifully packed, labelled and numbered in order for planting. The cost is $6.00 for every 1 0 square yards. Full particulars and illustrations are given in the Kelway Manual of Horti- culture mailed Free on receipt of 60c, by KELWAY & SON LANPOHT - SOMERSET ENGLAND i^^ CXJrileior a copy of this uscfuLtoQk^ It corofis toyoix.by retixm, rnxxiJl ^ '^•^H^T' Q KELWAYS PERENNIALS f ^i.a; iai Q FOR i ^ r^ •-« n CANADIAN GARDENS S Direct from KELWAY&SON The Royal Horticulturists LANCPORT ENGLAhfD 4 .■•5CKrj^,-CiCV: -,-»5«;«K&-. r^SsCrV-TTea Lockie Wilson, was also the recipient of a token of esteem of the representatives pre- sent. The foUowinjf officers were re-elected by acclamation for 1914: President, C. VV. Baker, London; 1st vice-president, W. J. Kerr, Woodroffe ; 2nd vice-president, F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay ; secretary-treasurer and editor, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto. Representative to Cana- dian National Exhibition, "thos. Delworth, Weston, Representatives to Horticultural Exhibition, Messrs. J. W. Rush, F. F. Reeves, Thos. Delworth, and James Dan- drid>fe. Annapolis Valley Notes The annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association is looked for- ward to by larg'er and larjfer numbers each year as something that no up-to-date fruit- grower can afford to miss. This associa- tion held their fiftieth convention in Janu- ary at Kentvillc, and had one member pre- sent, Mr. R. W. Starr, of Wolfville, who has been in attendance at every meeting since the Association was organized in 1863. In no other place in Canada' is apple scab quite so troublesome and hard to control as in the Annapolis Valley, and the fruit- growers gave the closest attention to Prof. L. Caesar of Guelph, in his address on the "Apple Scab and its Control." Many who had almost despaired in tr>'ing to grow clean apples, had their faith restored after listening to Prof. Caesar, and this coming season will use the spray pump more vigor- ously than ever. The time of application seems to be the vital factor, but thorough- nfss in applying and a gotd pump are also essential. .-Ml winter apples bring record breaking' prices, some good number three netting PS hi'^h as three dollars, and number ones from four to six dollars according to var- iety. Like the forty cent eggs, however, the big prices only come when there are few apples to ship. The United Companies are just closing th" most successful year since their organi- zation, and have handled no less than sixty ner cent, of the crop of the Valley during the present season. Their next fonvard step will be in th*" direction of some sys- tetm of pre-coolinc^ for fall varieties of apples at their various warehouses. Thou- sands of dollars were lost to the fruit- q-rowers last autumn from the rapid ripen- ing and decay of the softer varieties dur- ing the warm weather of the fall. — M.K.E. Okanagan Valley North Charles Webster, ArmstroBf, B.C. The past season has proved that the "Okanagan United Growers" is thoroughly organized for its purpose — selling and buy- ing cooperatively. It must be said of members in this northern part of the valley that they stood lovally bv their association. Mistakes have nerhaps been made. Oppo- sition from a few established firms, who refused to sell their business, has been keen. This, however, does not alter the fart that the countries or districts where cooperation is established are the most prosperous. .Another year of earnest en- deavor should put the big concern on a thnrouehly satisfactory footing. We have a contribution to the high cost iif living: Celerv. for which Armstrong is justly famous throughout Western Canada, realized the growers here %'% and VA cents \Tarch, 1914- THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 75 NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundred! of varieties adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. COMB FOUNDATION Write for our prices before getting your wax made up. We can please you. Wax taken in exchange at market prices. LEWIS MINOR, SMITHVILLE, ONT. BUY CARNIOLANS IN CARNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet and Price List. Awarded 60 Honors. Johann Strgar. - Wittnach P.O. Wocheiner Feistritz Upper-Carniola (Krain), Austria Bees and Bee Supplies Roots, Dadants, Ham & Nott's goods. Honey, Wax, Poultry Supplies, Seeds, etc. IVrt'/e /or a Catalogue THE CHAS. E. HOPPER COMPANY 185 Wright Avenue, Toronto, Ont. FOR SALE Swarms of young bees in packages. Re- place winter losses and strengthen weak colonies with young, healthy Italians. J-lb. packages, 90c. each; i-lb. packages, $1.25 each ; 2-lb. packages, $2.45 each. Untested Italian Queens, the three-banded hustlers, 75c. each. We guarantee safe arrival. Write for wholesale prices. BROWN & BERRY HAYNEVILLE - - ALABAMA QUEENS Bred from Doolittles best Italian stock. It is to your advantage to book your order now. One dol- lar each. P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave. - Toronto, Ont. Sa/f arrii'al guaranteed STRAWBERRIES Your copy of our Strawberry Cata- logue is now ready. A Post Card will bring it. It describes all the best varieties of Strawberries and Raspberries. Cultural directions and lots of other valuable Information. THE LAKE VIEW FRUIT FARM N. L. McConneil & Son Qrovesend, Ontario First-Class CommerciAl Gardeners Wanted A few good market garden properties for sale or rent. Locations good, prices and terms attractive. Cheap natural gas for green- house fuel. Write for details to O. PATTERSON FARMER - Jcanncttc's Creek, Ontario THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW would like very much to enroll a goodly number of new subscribers for the year 1914. Listen ! Besides the 3,000-colony series managed from one office, we will begin with the January number of the REVIEW a series of articles by a beekeeper "grey with experience" that we will call the Farmersi' Series; or, How to Produce Comb Honey with Two Visits a Year. The editor of the REVIEW has looked into this system quite thoroughly, and believes that, with this method that will be described in the RE- VIEW during 1914, the busy man or farmer can harvest much more comb honey per colony, with about a fourth the work that is required with the ordinary system now in vogue. All progressive bee keepers should subscribe for two or three good bee journals. We are making a special low price on the REVIEW when club- bed with other bee journals. To take odran- tag-e of this low price all remit- tances should be addressed — Here ia a / OLE ANINQS one year, $100)Both, one year, for $I.5fl good on«:lThe REVIEW, one year. $1.00 J Here ( (JLEANING8. one year, $1.00 is an- \ A.MEE. BEE JOURNAL. 1 yr.. $100 other: I The REVIEW, one year. $1.00 Extra for Canadian postage: Gleanings, 30c ; American Bee Journal. 10c. All three listed above 40c. \ All Three for $2.00 THE BEEKEEPERS" REVIEW NORTHSTAR, MICHIGAN COMB FOUNDATION Made by the "Weed Patent Process" The Weed Foundation Sheeter. <^ FOUNDATION made by this process excells all other in strength of texture. This combined in nice, straisrht uniform sheets, with good cell walls and thin bajse, gives it world-wide reputation for general excellence of quality. So much better than the ordinary, and costs no more — Try it. Customers Wax made up by "Weed Patent Process" Beeswax taken in payment of making at trade prices if desirrd THE HAM 8L NOTT CO. Limited BRANTFORD, ONTARIO 7ft THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 4. A— titiea by leadlnir fruit growers and fruit growers' associations They find that by making tiieir own spray they can effect a con- siderable money saving, and at the same time produce a pre- paration that will do the work thoroughly. It Is an easy matter to make home boiled lime sulphur. The chief essential is a proper spray cooker. We manufacture two kinds of cookers, one with a single tank, and one with a double tank. (See Illustration.) They are designed especially for this purpose, and will give the greatest efficiency with the greatest saving of fuel. They can bo used for either wood or soft coal. The Unks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly rivettcd and soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satisfaction, and are guaranteed. Made In five sizes, capacity 30 to 76 gals. Prices and full par- ticulars on application. Get your outfit now. Write us to-day Send for pamphlet illnBtratiner the finest pruning saw on the market STEEL TROUGH & MACHINE CO., Ltd.. TWEED, Ont. ence First fcJAJ.^'>Mt* //» On Both Sides of the Fence You can judge a FROST FENCE by both sides— the outside and the inside. Outwardly, a FROST FENCE is a pleasing thing to see. It stands straight and strong, well made and even all along it's length. The extra heavy galvanizing it receives, defies rust and weather and makes it look well year after year. Observa- tion will prove to your complete satisfaction that A Frost Fence is Good to Look At when it is first put up and when it has been up for yean. Inwardly — and here's where it counts mast — the quattty of FROST FENCE is the quality of the best Number 9 Hard Steel Wire, for we use nothing else. By"using a wire of smaller gauge here and there, we could produce a lighter and cheaper fence, but then it wouldn't be FROST FENCE as you knaw it »ai as Canada expects it. Did you k-now that we get a long start over other fence firms by making our own wire? Only that way are we sure, of the sterling quality and fault-free perfection of every foot of wire in FROST FENCE. We have a strong claim to your trade in the very fact that We Make Our Own Wire The lock we use is unique in fence-making. Notice how it is wrapsed around both stays and laterals, with a doubly secure wrap. That lock is a big factor in FROST FENCE satisfaction. The nearest FROST dealer can give you more facts and a practical demonstration. If you are not already acquainted let us introduce you. Write us direct if you can't get FROST FENCE. We may need an agent in your district. 82 Frost Wire Fence Co. LIMITED HAMILTON - ONTARIO per pound, and was selling in Calgary for 15 cents a pound. Of course, handling, crating, and expressage has to be allowed for. Nevertheless, someone is getting more out of it than the producer. The public market, somewhat despised at pre- ?^ent, I fear, may yet have to be called into service to reduce the cost to the consumer. .Anyway, the producer and consumer must get closer together by their own efforts, those who stand between will not volun- tarily reduce their charges. Tnc New Tariff Conditions R. R. Sloin, PajKeld, Oit. Just what effect the change recently made in the tariff regulations of the Uni- ted States will have on the Canadian fruit industry is hard to foretell. Speaking from a producer's standpoint, T believe they will somewhat stimulate the prices of some of our Canadian fruit, more especially in On- tario. There is always a certain amount of de- mand for such varieties of apples as Spies and Russets on the American market. Now the duty is somewhat lower, I think this demand will gradually increase. When the crops are light in the States then we may look for a good market there, but when the .American crop is heavy then we will have more difficulty selling in the United States markets. A few years ago we disposed of two crops of apples to a Chicago firm, but they found that the duty was too high to continue the business. We found Chicago to be a good market for Spies, Golden Russets, and Talman Sweet. Now the tariff has been lowered, this market mav be again available. One thing we may be certain of it that if we grow good Ontario fruit of any kind, we need not fear the competition on any market. ______ Canning Aoples C. Smith. Highland Creek, Ont. One of the problems before the apple trrowcrs is to increase the consumption of aoples. One way to do this is to can ap- ples after they have been peeled, cored, sliced thin, sweetened and baked about four hours. Prepared in this way they are de- licious. They compare with apnle sauce about the same as strawberries with prunes. They can be used in various wavs. With the use of modern machinen,' for peeling, coreing. and slicing, they can be prepared much more economically thnn by the small consumer; the fact is the con- sumer will not take the time to prepare them. The advantages over evaporated apples would be: they retain their flavor; they will keep indefinitely ; they are not exposed to dust and dirt. If the factories were located in produc- ing centres it would solve the problem of transportation, cold storage and commis- sion men and save the cost of barrels and packing. The grower would haul his ap- ples to the factory as needed during the winter. I don't say that it would save all the cost of transportation, storage and commission, but thev would be much more simole and less costly. The factories now in operation would be able to keep their capital and employ- ees busy the year around. The difference in the price now paid by the consumer and that received by the producer is too great. I advance this suggestion for the consider- ation of others better informed than myself. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 77 THINK of the pleasure of going into your glass-enclosed grape arbor and picking such fine big full clustered grapes as these! Then think of having a continu- ou8 ffupply of various varieties from Mu-skat of Alexandria to Gros Colemans. from May Day to Christmas Day! Not just grapes, mind you. but twautifully colored, meaty, winey flavored fruit, the finest that can be grown. A three - compartment grapery will give you the extreme Umit of crop extension A simple lean-to, cool grai>ery built against a wall, will force your crop along a month to six weeks, without any fuel expense whatever. So you see graperies are not the luxury imagined. If you can afford an automobile for instance, you surely caai afford one of our graperies or green- houses. Wouldn't you like to know what a house like the one below costs? And by the way— why not attach your greenhouse directly to your garage. It has several advantages, done that way. Let us send you our printed matter particularly pertaining to greenhouse and garage link-ups. Lord & Burnham Co., Ltd. of Canada Greenhouse Designers and Builders 12 Queen St. East, TORONTO New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago Rochester BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Prizes New York State Fair, Canada Xatioiial Exhibition and Berlin Horticxiltural Society. Price $1.00 per hundred. Watch this space next month for list of varieties. Special prices to Horticultural Societies. C. MORTIMER BEZZO - BERLIN. CANADA COMING Annual Spring Garden- ing and Planting Num- ber, out April I at. (See Publisher's Desk). Send your conaignments of APPLES to the Home Country to Bidley Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Personal attention, promp account sales and remittance Correspondence invited THE BRANTFORD IDEAL POWER SPRAYER CANNOT BE EXCELLED We also manufacture complete lines of Gas and Gasoline Engines, Windmills. Tanks, THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, i«)ii. Use the Available Kind o£ Fertilizer For many crops all the availaUk plant food that is needed is one grain to each pound of soil. When such a small quantity of food must do all the work for your crop, it is exceedingly important that what you put into the soil in the form of fertilizer shall be avai/ak/e^that it shall have not only the right quantity, but the right quality and right crop value. It has cost us forty years of experience to know how to mix the right kinds and the right quantities of ingredients for fertilizer. Bowker's Fertilizers accomplish also the more difficult task of getting the right blending, the right solubility into a mixture which will run readily and freely from the farmer's planter, and which will remain dry an^l drillable as well as efficient until used in the field. We make a brand to fit every crop need. Write and tell us what your crops are, and we will send you our illustrated catalogue. ROAA/l^FP FERTILIZER COMPANY JD V^ YY ^^f^fX 43 Chatham Street, Boston, Mass. 60 Trinity Place, New Yor.k. P. O. Box 806, Buffalo, N. Y. Try Something New In Your Garden Next Spring Have you ever groven Asparagus — Pole Beans — Cress — Kohl Rabi — Salsify ? Get the new Catalogue of E^^^ing's Reliable Seeds and study up some of these uncommon but delicious vegetables. Plant them along with some of your regular "stand-bys" — they'll add interest to your gardening and pleasurable variety to your meals. Ewing's Seed selections are strictly up-to-the- minute, and at the same time they are backed by a reputation of over 40 years of sterling satisfaction on Canadian farms and gardens. Write at once far our Illustrated Catalogue, and if your Dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds, buy Direct from us. THE WILLIAM EWING CO., LIMITED, Seed Merchants, McGUI Street. MONTREAU 3J British Columbia Secretary W. J. Bonavia, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, reports that the work of the Interior Fruit Pests Inspector, who has had a total staff of sixteen men under his direction was greatly increased last year by the outbreak of fire blight in the Okanagan and Boundary districts. This disease, which is so prevalent in the Paci- fic Coast States to the south, has been vigorously combated, and by the coopera- tion of orchardists, has been largely stamped out. D. D. McLennon, of Fruitvale, a suburb of North Yakima, recently sold his forty- six acre orchard to H. J. Madill of Calgary for one hundred and fifteen thousand dol- lars. Mr. McLennon realized thirty thou- sand dollars from his crop last year. At a meeting of the members of the provincial horticultural staff, held shortly before the first of the year, the opinion was freely expressed that the Canadian apple box will be discarded in the Okana- gan district in favor of its American rival. The packing schools, which assemble in various parts of the province, will still re- tain the Canadian box for demonstration purposes during the coming season, ex- cept in the Okanagan Valley where the .'Vmerican box will be employed, although this year the American box may become the recognized standard throughout the province. The Canadian box measures ten inches by eleven inches by twenty inches. It is longer, narrower, and shallower than the .'Vmerican box, which measures eighteen inches by eleven and a half inches by ten and a half inches. "As will be seen from these measurements the cubic capacity of the two boxes is practically identical," said Provincial Horticulturist R. M. Winslow, after the meeting, "so that the retailer will not suffer, provided that the box price re- mains the same. At the same time there will be an advantage to the trade in a slightly lesser cost in handling, while the standardization of these boxes, with the shocks used in packing other fruits, will slightly lower the cost to the packer. In addition to these slight gains, the American standard has the appearance of holding more apples, which will have some effect in the marketing of the fruit." Bulletins Recent bulletins include one on "Lettuce Drop," by the University of Florida Ex- periment Station, author O. F. Burger. Bulletin 217, of the Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Orono, is entitled Woolly Aphis of the Apple. Corpemrcial Peach Growing in Michigan is dealt with in spe- cial Bulletin 63 of the Michigan Agricul- tural College Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan. The authors are F.' M. Barden and H. J. Eustace. The Con- necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, has issued Bulle- tin 179, dealing with Soy Beans. "A Preliminary Report on the Pollina- tion of the Sweet Cherry" is the title of Bulletin 116 of the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. The author is V. R. Gardiner. Another bulletin just issued by the same station is entitled "An Investigation of Lime-Sulphur Injury: Its Causes and Pre- vention." The author is V. I. Savro. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST J 6^=1^^ ftBFUMEB pOiKOtRtO 1/ w L^fGlLLETT COMPANY LIMITED «Z::ii TORONTO ONT •'""""■ ' Spring Spraying The first spray in the spring is the most important one, and the results obtained from the use of Gillett's Lye have demonstrated that there is nothing to equal it, especially when used properly before the buds begin to swell. One can of Gillett's Lye dissolved in five gallons of water makes a proper solution for full grown trees, but a weaker solution, say, about one can of Gillett's Lye to about 10 gallons of water, is suitable for young trees and vines. A strong solution used on trunks and limbs of the older trees will cleanse the bark of all moss and fungus growth and kill all insects. The earth should be well scraped back from the foot of the trees, and the trunk and limbs should be well sprayed, and in three or four days the bark will be perfectly clean and look bright. The earth around the trees should be well saturated, thus acting as a preventive and fertilizer as well. In a short time the tree will be vigorous and healthy . If you have not received a copy of our spraying pa mphlet, send name and address on postal card, and this valuable little book will be mailed you free of charge. E. W. Gillctt Company Limited Winnipeg TORONTO, ONT. Montrea.1 Sr 500,000 FEET BELTING FOR SALE Leather, Rubber Canvas, etc. 100.000 rods Wire Fencing, 40,000 lbs. Barb Wire at 2c. per lb., 300.000 ft. Iron Pipe, also 1,000 other bargains at Ifi't to 50;: less than regular value. New lists just issued, sent free on request. Write immediately. IMPERIAL MFG. & SUPPLY CO.. 6 QUEKN ST. MONTRBAI,, Qi:E. All kinds of Machinery Bought and Sold. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER IN NEW ONTARIO Millions of acre« of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are bting made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of .\griiulturc Parliament BldCs., Toronto ENGLISH HUD-MUE LACE MADE BY THE COTTAGERS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. This IS the old-fashioned lace made on the cushion, and was first introduced into England by the Flemish Refugees, It is still made by the village women in their quaint old way. Our Lace* were awarded the Gold Medal at tbe Festival of Empire and Imperial Exliibition^ Crystal Palace, LONDON, ENGLAND, for general excellence of workmanship. DUY some of this hand-made Pillow Lace, it lasts MANY times longer than machine made variety, and imparts an air of distinction to the possessor, at the same time supporting the village* lace-makers, bringing them little comforts otherwise unobtainable on an agricuUnral man's wage. Write for descriptive little treatise, entitled "The Pride of North Bucks," containing 200 striking examples of the lace makers' art. and is sent post free to any part of the world, Laoe for every purpose can be obtained, and within reach of the most modest purse. Every sale, however small, is a support to the Industry. OOIiLAB— Pnre Linen. $1.00. DAINTY HANDKIB-7(to. Na 9ia— Iaoo \\ in. deep. Collars, Fronts, Plastrons, Jabots, Yokes. Fichus, Berthes, Hand- kerchiefs, Stocks, Cami- soles, Chemise Sets, Tea Cloths, Table Centres, D'Oylies, Mats, Medal- lions, Quaker and Peter Pan Sets, etc., from 25c.. 60c., $1.00, $1.50, $2.00. up to $5.00 each. Over 800 designs in yard lace and inser- tion from 10c.. 15c., 25c., 45c., up to $3.00 per yard. IRISH CROCHET. Mrs. Armstrong having over 100 Irish peasant girls connected with her industry, some beautiful ex- amples of Irish hand made lacea may be obtained. All work being sold direct from the loce-makers, both the workers and cnstomers derive great advantaga. i\\ in. deep.) STOCK— Wheel Design. Price 25o. each. (Half shown.) No. 122.— tt>o. p«r yarO* MRS. HORACE ARMSTRONG, OLNEY, BUCKS, ENGLAND THE CANADIAN HORTTCUT.Tr R TS T March, 1914. Peerless Ornamental Fencing accomplishes two great purposes. It beautifies your premises by giving them that symmetrical, pleasing, orderly appearance, and it protects them by furnishing rigid, ' effective resistance against marauding animals, etc. Peerless Ornamental Fencing 11^ is made of strong, stiff, galvanized wire that will not sag. In addition to galvanizing, every strand is given a coating of zinc enamel paint, thus forming the best K. tin, $12.50; 2-lb. tin, $3.00; >^-lb. tin, 85c. IN CANADA, Dealers usually charge about 25% to 30% over the above prices because of the Canadian duty, etc. Consult your dealer about this. THE KENTUCKY TOBACCO PfiODUCT CO. (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE - KENTUCKY Items of Interest At a farmers' club meeting held ai Smithdale, Simcoe county, Ont., on Janu ary 6th, it was decided to organize a co operative fruit growers' society on the linei of the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association A committee composed of F. E. Webster Ben. Kerr, T. H. Conner, Dan. Carmichael and Lockey Paterson were appointed t( canvass apple growers not present, and t< call a meeting for the purpose of framinj by-laws, and other business. In Oregon, fruit growers are required t< maintain their orchards in good conditioi or stand the consequences. Recently everj apple tree in a forty-four acre orchard neai Portland — two thousand eight hundred it all — was cut down by the state fruit in spector and a force of men. The ownei stood by protesting, but was unable to stoj the destruction of his orchard. Neighbor; claimed the trees had every disease knowi to apples. The owner was given a monti in which to comply with the law requiring annual spraying. Failing to do so th< trees were cut down and burned. Messrs E. D. Smith & Son, Limited, o\ Winona, Ont., the well-known nurserymen recently forwarded a shipment of a gen eral assortment of the best varieties oi American grape vines to one of the Gov ernment Experimental Stations in Aus- tralia, a shipment of apple trees to Ma- deira, Spain, and a general assortment ol apple, pear, and plum trees and shade trees to Manchuria, China. These ship- ments were arranged and dug with th« utmost care, and the Ontario Govemmeni Inspector, who examined the trees, express- ed the opinion that he had never before seen nursery stock that had been packet so thoroughly or carefully. The Canadian Trade Commissioner al Auckland, New Zealand, under date of De- cember 22, 1913, reports as follows : "Tht V'ancouver boats bring large quantities ol apples, and your commissioner accompan- ied the inspector, who said they were a very fine lot. This business is capable ol great expansion. Many boxes of United States apples arrive by each boat, so it is quite evident there is a large demand. The Canadian shipper does not appear able to transact business on a sufficiently extensive scale in this regard." At a mass meeting of citizens of Arm- strong held recently, the following resolu- tion was passed : "That this meeting is against Chinese oi Orientals owning farm lands within the city of Armstrong, and in the municipality of Spallumchen, and requests owners of farm lands to bind themselves and their heiis and assigns for a period of five years not to sell to Chinese or Orientals nor to lease land to them within that period." Recent Publications Among the publications that have reach- ed The Canadian Horticulturist recently is a book entitled "Every Day in My Gar- den," by Virginia E. Verplanck. It is beautifully bound and well illustrated, the illustrations including a number of colored plates. The book is intended to be a guide for work in the garden and home, during each month of the j'ear, and is based main- ly on the latitude of Eastern New York. The actual reading matter is short. The publishers are Wm. R. Jenkins Company, Gth .Avenue and 48th Street, New York. Price $2.50. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Let the Gas Engine help your wife to do her w^ashing HAS it occiorred to you that your other business partner — your good wife — is still ufeing the out-of-date, back-aching methods of years ago — wearing herself out with the drudgery of the old-fashioned washday ? If you have a gas engine on your farm you need a ^'€;fiX>U^e^^ That little 1 J H.P. gas engine that works your chum and cream separator and operates your Pump Jack, Root Pulper and other small implements, will do the clothes washing and wringing for your wife — and do It quickly and satisfactorily. This Maxwell "Hydro" Power Bench Washer works equally well by gas power or by electricity, and can be driven by a one- "HYDRO" BENCH WASHER sixth H.P. motor. We make it in one, two and three tub machines, and the mechanism is as perfect as science can invent. One of these machines would be a genuine boon to your Tvife when washday comes round. M&ke her a present of one — and let your gas or electric power help her to do her part of the work and lighten the burden of washday I 1 Write to-day for further particulars of this Maxwell "Hydro" Power Bench Washer. DAVID MAXWELL fie SONS, DEFT. "H" ST. MARY'S, ONT. AT LAST JUST THE OUTFIT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR The Most Practical, Efficient and Simplest High Pres- sure POWER SPRAYING OUTFIT ever offered. "GOES LIKE SIXTY" Light Weight High Prettnre Direct Geared No Racking Pomp Jack 100% SERVICE Engine can be used for other work all the year round. Truck makes a capital (arm wagon. Sills of channel steel, with steel platform. Price of Complete Outfit, Only $230 This includes all accessories. Engine, Pump. Tank, Bamboo Extensions, Agitator. Hose, Nozzles, etc. Do not buy a Sprayer until yon have investigated the " Goes Like Sixty " Power Sprayer. Send for Sprayer Catalogue to-day. GILSON MFG. CO.Yorst.GUELPH,ONT. Get One Barrel More per Tree Tha,t's what a good sprayer will add to your fruit crop year- ly- Over 400,000 fruit growers ajoA. orchard- ists are proving this fact eryery season with Goulda Sprayers- BeoauBO Goulds Sprayers apply the spray in such a uniform way that every loaf, every twig is saturxted'; every crevice is treated. The proi>er amount of solution is used and no more- This saving in mixture alone pays for a Goulds Sprayer over and over aga-in- Made in 50 sizes and styles. Guaranteed to give abeolute satisfaction- RELIABLE ^^LaaiBd are dteign d by engineers whose training and experience have worked out countless improvements- Don't fool with out-of- date sprayers. Their waste eats up many times what a Goulds Reliable Sprayer would have cost you first. 40-Page Book Free Brimful of practical spray facts. Tells what mixtures to use. what amount and how to apply them, proper time to spray, how to conquer insects and fungous growths of all ^x)rta. Sent Free- Write for it- (21) THE GOULDS MFG. CO. 17 W. Fall St., Seneca Fallt, N.Y. Largest Mfrs. of Pumps for Every Purpose THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. r EVERY FARMER KNOWS That fertilizers are an absolute necessity to successful farming. The only question that confronts him is getting the right fertilizer. GUNNS SHUR-CROP FERTILIZERS are prepared under tlie supervision of chemical experts — are backed by forty years' reputation, and are guaranteed to be in perfect condition chemically and mechanically. Gunns' fertilizers are finely ground, insuring an even, easy distribution . For users of our fertilizers we are ready at all times to analyze samples of soils and recommend the fertilizer best suited, making it up especi- ally if necessary. For fertilizer book and other information, write 1 GUNNS LIMITED, WEST TORONTO ■^^ssir"— *^ Motor-Pump cludine motor-pumps. « '.fltg on bed without tmoks, and complete ma- chines — built In larfe and small sizes. The SIMPLEST. MOST OOM- PAOr. MOST POWERFUL and FIN- EST WORKING power sprayers ever produced. Manr Westerns sold in Canada last year to srrowers who are STAUNCH FRIENDS this year. WRITE FOR CATALOG TO-DAY, STATING REQUIREMENTS. "FDIEND'MFG. CO., GASPOfiT, NEW YOftK Nova Scotia The apple shipments from the Annapolis Valley for the last four months of 1913 were 105,5.32 barrels less than the corresponding four months of 1912, which were also about forty per cent, less than for the four cor- responding months of 1911. This drop was' caused by the weather conditions of the spring of 1912 being bad for the apple crop, and the spring of 1913 being still worse than for a number of years. The apple shipments from Halifax the last four months of 1913 were 354,397 barrels, against 459,929 barrels during the same period of 1912. The shipments for the month of December, 1913, were 69,974 bar- rels, against 91,147 barrels for December, 1912, showing a decline of 21,173 barrels. While the quantity of apples grown in Nova Scotia has been declining for two years, the prices have so enhanced that it is considered by many that the past sea- son will be more remunerative than for a number of years. The cooperative movement started three years ago has given wonderful results, en- abling the grower to obtain the best prices for his apples and potatoes at the least possible expense. The latter maintained throughout the heaviest shipments the re- cord price of fifty cents a bushel to the grower, who also effected a great saving in the prices he had to pay for the feed and fertilizer he required. The United States Markets D. Johnson, Forest, Oat. I had some experience last year in the United States markets, which was very un- satisfactory. Friends in Cleveland and De- troit advised us that they were paying two dollars fifty cents a bushel for peaches. We found this to be true, so in company with some neighbors we shipped to com- mission merchants in those cities five cars of peaches. I consider that we would have made two hundred dollars a car more had we sold these peaches in Canada, or that my neighbors and myself would have made one thousand dollars more had we not shipped the five cars across the line. The fruit was of the finest quality, carefully' packed and shipped in good refrigerator cars. It appears to me that the .-Ameri- can consumers are paying big prices for their i>eaches, but these big prices are not enjoyed by the producers. Regarding apples, I had heard of the big prices for apples, and had hoped for a good market right at our door for our apples. .A.ccordingly, as soon as the new tariflf came into effect, I visited a number of the big United States cities with the intention of selling our pack to them. I found that I could not make a satisfactory sale there, so returned home and sold at. a much better price to a western firm than we could get on the other side. In view of these facts I can only say that I do not expect much from the United States markets in future years when their prices were so much below our own last season in the midst of one of the shortest crops the United States has had for years. Most of the standard varieties of fruit could be delivered to market in better con- dition and with less loss from decay if they were promptlv cold stored after picking.— J. A. Ruddick, Dairy Cold Storage Com- missioner. il March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ^'s EGGS EXPRESS PREPAID->li lb« jUndirJ kretJl if f Qicknis, Docks. G«« Mil Turkeys. BIGB-CLASS STRAINS. Wrile Itdji fof calilcj destriUiii kfttfa— »lso penltir amUa- ITS FREE. J. H. RUTHERFORD, ««« CiMm Eut. Oriim ■X;W The Earliest Tomato Grown Without exception D & F's O. K. Tomato yields an earlier crop than any other on the market. Grown from single plant selections cover- ing a period of five years. Fruit is exception- ally large, a beautiful red and full of strong healthy new blood. D. 81 F's HIGH GRADE SEEDS are used by successful Gardeners in every section of the Dominion. 58 FIRST PRIZES were awarded at the Montreal Horticultural iExhibition, Sept.. 191J, to Mr F. S. Watson, on products grown from D- & r.'e High-Grade Seeds- Send to-day for our Seed Annual- It is a complete garden guide. We mail it free- DUPUY 81 FERGUSON 38 St. Jacques-Cartier Square Montreal Rennie's Seeds Grow the Finest Vegetables and the Best Flowers in the Land success in planting, whether it be in planting an en- tire garden, a bed of either simple or intricate design, or an exten- sive farm tract, depends upon many things, the principal one being the Quality of the Seeds. are absolutely dependable — have been since 1870 — 44 years ago. Their re- putation for uniform purity and fertility — a reputation that has always been strictly maintained — is YOUR assurance of success in planting. Rennie's Catalogs are unusually comprehen- sive and mighty interesting and instructive. They contain innumerable hints and sug- gestions of great value on cultivation. And the descriptions are not exaggerated, but can in every case be relied upon. Send UJ your name to-day and tve tuilt jend you Iheje injtructitJe Calalo^j aJ ijjued W^ RENNIE C° Limited Also at Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver Cor. Adelaide and Jarvis Streets. TORONTO Glorious New Spencer Sweet Peas KING WHITE— It attains perfection in every detail, which goes to make up a Spencer Sweet Pea. It is the experts' ideal for perfect form. Tlie improve- ment in form, size, vigor, waviness and purity stands eminently out when com- pared to other White Spencers, and calls for unstinted admiration- The number of four-blossomed sprays and the great length of stem will appeal strongly to those wishing a good White for decora- tive work. Packet, 20c. "EMPRESS EUGENIE" — The color is a delicate tone of Oight gray flaked with light lavender- A va«e ocr bunch gives a most charming effect. The flowers are of large size, beautifully waved and crimiv ed. A vigoroua grower and very free bloomer, throwinjr a largo proportion of four-flowered sprays. Packet. 20c. FREE— Our 112-pnfie illustrated cntnlnffue pt'>ntR !fu*hs Implements. Pou ILLUMINATOR — A glorious orange- aalmon Sweet Pea- In dull light the color appears to be a flat orange scar- let, but when in bright sunshine or arti- ficial light, the color is completely changed, and it appears a bright salmon cerise, sparkling witi orange- It intro- duces a new shade of color to Sweet Pea, enthusiasts of rare beauty, and with it« additional attributes of greet vigor, flori- forousnces and symmetry, it is sure to captivate all who give it a place in their garden. Packet, 20c. "WEDGEWOOD"— It is a troe sell and Is appropriately named, as its color throughout is a unique shade of wedge- wood blue, a color so popular in Ohina. It produces profusely flowers of good size, borne almofrt uniformly in four- flowered sprays, well placed, upon long stout stems. Of flneet Spencer form, the standard and wings are well waved- Packet. 2O0- of Ve.i?etnble, Farm and Flower Seeda, Itry Suppl.es. ct-- Write for it. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. I SFED MERCHANTS ESTABLISHED 1850 1,,,11'Uii 86 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1914. W SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooaeberrlet, Josselyn! Joesclyn!! Red Jacket. Downing, Pearl. Houirhton.-CurranU, Perfection! Perfection I! Euby. Cherry, White Qrapo. Ijce's Prolific. Ohatnplon, Blaxjk Naplce, Black Victoria, Bos- coop- Rn»pberrle«. Herbert! Herbert!! Hprb<>rt!!! Cuthbert. Marlboro. BriiK-kle'8 Orange, GoMen Qoeen, Strawberry - Raspberry. — Garden Roots, AsparaRus. Rhubarb. Write for Catalogiie. WM. FLEMING, Nnruryman, 496 ■ 4th ATenue W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. I( you are a MARKET GARDENER it will pay you to look carefully over our Price Lt«t of POSITIVELY. ABSOLUTELY our seeds will give you satisfaction* Be friendly Write us about your wants GEO. KEITH & SONS S^rd Afprvhants since lS(/> 124 KING ST. EAST - TORONTO ARE YOU GOING GREENHOUSES We Design and Manufacture Iron Frame, Pipe Frame and All Wood We Use Only The Best All Heart Red Gulf Cypress Woodwork We Also Supply Ventilating Machinery, Bench Material and all kinds of Greenhouse Hardwrare PARKES CONSTRUCTION CO. I67t KING ST. E. HAMILTON, ONT. For Use In any wagoOi No. 190. Horizontal. 50-Gailon The Right Kind of Sprayer Means the one that just fits your pur- pose. You need to consider capacity, pump, engine, pressure, mixing, straining sedi- ment, stability on hillsides, using your own wagon, engine or sprayer with balance of the out- fit to fit what you already have. Get the right sprayer for YOUR work and you won't have any cause to be dissatisfied. We show here but three of the 70 Bucket, Knapsack, Barrel, Power, and Traction Sprayers IBONM Built up from No. 190 SO-Gallon Power Sprayer They are built up in units so that you can buy what you need now and add to the out- fit later if necessary. All have the best pumps in use on any sprayers — least slip- page among eight of the best in a disin- terested test. Solutions touch only brass or galvanized parts. Hemp packing, bronze ball valves, both easy to get at. Pumps outside. Power Sprayers are 50, 100, 150, or 250 gallons capacity. 200 pounds press- ure with 6 or 8 nozzles. ^8k your local dealer about this line and write us tor our new "Spray" book, spray information and copy of Iron Age Farm and Garden News. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co. Ltd., 46o Symington Ave., West Toronto, Ont. Gear-Driven Double- Acting Pump 2-H.Four-Cycle Air-Cooled Engine Outside Sediment Chamber and Strainer Furnished with or without truck Eastern Annapolis Valley Eunice Bacbanan On January 16th a meeting was held in Berwick, attended by a director from each fruit company, to decide whether or not to put in a cold storage plant. It was con- cluded th.-it the Central Office of the United Fruit Companies, Limited, should go ahead with a trial plant. As yet the location is not decided, but it will probably be near to a source of natural ice, supplying about seven hundred tons which would be re- quired to run this proposed Cooper-Madi- son system size of cold storage plant. It is estimated that the cost will be less than fifteen cents a barrel, and that this will l)c the beginning of a series of cold storage plants through the Valley. Another fruit company has been organized at Hortonville, and a warehouse is to be built there. At the request of the United Fruit Com- panies a subsidy of five thousand dollars was granted by the Government for a steamship service to run from .Annapolis, N'ova Scotia, to ports in England. Yarmouth, to the west of us, closed its first annual seed fair on February 8th. In addition to growing wheat, oats, peas, buckwheat, beans, beets, and potatoes, the Federal authorities are offering bonuses for raising cabbage and turnip seed in com- mercial quantities. In addition to the seed fair, a short course in agriculture, with a staff of instructors from the .Agricultural College, Truro, has also been held in Yarmouth. The attend- ,ince began with 122, and 50 more applica- tions were received. .Another short course of this description will be held in Bridge- water. The winter has gradually been growing more severe. On February 12th the ther- mometer dropped to twenty-two degrees be- low zero in Berwick, where it was said to have been the coldest day within the last thirty years. As another good step in cooperation, our local paper, the Register, is devoting a large space each week to the doings of the United Fruit Companies, which is now their official organ. Bulletins Recent publications that have reached The Canadian Horticulturist include the following: "Plum Culture and District Lists of Plums Suitable for Canada, with Des- criptions of Varieties," by W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Experimental Farm. Ottawa; "The Box Packing of .Ap- ples," by E. F. Palmer, B.S.A,, being Bulletin Number 216 of the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture. This bulletin is well illustrated and contains much helpful information. "The San Jose and Oyster Shell Scale." by Prof. Caesar, B.S..A., be- ing Bulletin Number 219 of the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture, Toronto. The Utah Agriculture College has issued two bulletins, one Number 128, entitled "Blooming Periods and Yields of Fruit in Relation to Minimum Temperatures," by A. M. Ballantyne, Logan, L'tah, and the other. Bulletin Number 129, by E. D. Ball and W. M. Ball, of Logan, Utah, entitled, "Cod- liner Moth studies." "Success with Hens" is the title of a book by Robt. Joos. This book covers the subject of poultry raising with unusual fullness. It is published by Forbes & Company of Chicago and sells at .$1.00 a copy. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST s- Parks, Gardens and Lawns Planned Exi>ert advice regarding varieties of trees, fhrubs and plants- No stock for sale. CHARLES ERNEST WOOLVERTON Landscape Gardener, GRIMSBY, Ont. The Kclway Manual of Horticulture is THE Gardening Book, 60c. post free from RELWAY 81 SON T/te Royal Horticulturists Langport, Somerset, England A BETTER HOME LIGHT Costs less than Ic. a night for 300 Candle Power light. Here is a lamp that ia truly a wonder. "The Fault- leee Lamp" makes ite own gas from - oil — will produce 300 O a n d 1 e Power of bright, white light at less than Ic a night. Simple, strong, most beautiful portable lamp. CANNOT EXPLODE. CAN BE ROLLED ON THE FLOOR WHILE BURNING. REQUIRES NO CLEANING. Why sacrifloe your eyes with a poor Light when the saving of oil alone will pay for a " Faultless " in a short time. Write for free book- let "M," showing how it works, and giving other valuable infor- mation- THE FAULTLESS LAMP mac:lahen & CO. Drawer D. Merrickvillc, Ont. More- Finer Fruit JSE the ^^^ quickest. "^^^^ surest, most econom- ical method of spraying; preventing disease, blislit; ' killing bugs; assuring bump- er crops o£ finest fruit. 300,000 farmers, gardeners have found Brown's Auto Spray most efficient— Style No. 1 shown here. Capacity 4 gallons. Easily carried over shoulder. IDoes more work than 3 ordi- | nary sprayers. Patented Auto Pop Nozzle —throws any kind of spray— does not clog. Better Vegetables, Bigger Crops Just the size for small trei>F», fields up to 6 acres, poultry houses, utc. For large sprayers— Browns NON-CLOG ATOMIC NOZZLE | sprays a-ay solution without cloKKing, GuaranteecT 40 styles, sizes — hand — power. WriU for Free\ S p r a y in i Guide. The E. C. Brown Co. 57 Jay St. Rochester, ^ ' H. Y. i ^ Turns the soif better" Because of their Bhape, plates of " Bissell" Orchard Harrov/s turn over soil cleaner, better than you've been accustomed to have it done. Attach wingsand Harrow extends out 12 ft. or more to cultivate under limbs of trees — closes up narrow enough to cultivate between grape vines. Combination Harrow too— reversible from "Out Throw" to "In Throw." Low seat, well-braced frame. Ask your dealer for information or write Dept. N _ T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd., Elora, Ont. ' J NO. DlitKE PLOW CO., Ltd., 77 Jarvis St., Toronto— Selling Agents for Ontario and Quebec. PAINT WITHOUT OIL Remarkable Discovery That Cuts Down the Cast of Paint Seventy-Five Per Cent. A Free Trial Package Is Mailed to Everyone Who Writes A_ L. Rice, a prominent manufacttirer of Adame, N. Y., hae dieoovered a process of making a new kind of paint without tJie use of oil- He calls it Powdrpaint. It cornea in tJhe form of a dry powder and all that ia required is cold water to make a paint wea- ther proof, fire proof and ae durable ae oil paint. It adheres to any surface, wood, etone or brick, spreads aJid looks like oil paint and costs about one-fourth aa much. Write to Mr. A. L. Bice. Manuf'r., 441 North Bt., Adams, N. Y., and he will send you a free trial package, also color card and full information showing you how you can save a good many dollars. Write to-day. CENTRAL NURSERIES, ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Have a Fine Assortment oT Trees, Vines, Plants, Ornamentals, Etc. For Spring Planting For Satisfactira, Plant St. Rigts, Himalaya and Erer Bearing Berries Our prices are right and so are the trees. Send for priced catalogue if you have none, also your want list for special prices on Apple Trees. We can please you. Try Seed Potatoes, Lincoln, New. Look over our Price List. No Agents. Wanted, a Nurserymzui A. G. HULL 8i SON Fertilizer "Actions" that Speak Louder Tlian Words Every farmer desiring to increase his farm profits will be interesited in this De- partment of Agriculture Eeport on the "Acre Profit" competition held in Welland County last summer under the supervision of K. Austin, B. S. A., District Repre- .sentative- "Home Mixed" Such as would be recommended by "Raw Materials" combines. Competitor— Koy Mackenzie Barron, Ponthill. Ont. Crop: POTATOES Fertilizer Used on Acre: 600 pounds. lOO lbs. Nitrate of Soda^ 300 lbs. Basic Slag } "Home Mixed" 2O0 lbs. Potash J Also 8 loa*38 of Manure- Yield: 135 Bushels. Cost of Production: $44.25 (Inoludiug rent of land, labor, cost o» fertilizer, etc.) Net Profit from Acre: $33.15 "Davies Factory Mixed" g As recommended by those who realize that "Eesulta speak loudesr than Words." Competitor: Will Crysler, Allanburg, Ont. Crop: POTATOES Fertilizer used on Acre: 600 pounds- Daviee 3-6-10 Potato Grower (Factory mixed) Also 6 loads of Manure. Yield: 296 Bushels. Cost of Production: $42.35 {Including rent of land, labor, cost of fertilizer, etc.) Net Profit from Acre: $135.25 (Average yield for Province, 1913-U6 bushels. Marketable rotatoes valued at 60c per bus. in each case.) These results show that increased profits cam be made hy farmers who use Factory Mixed fertilizers, and particukurly those who tise DAVIES SPECIAL MIXED FERTILIZERS The results of this competition show that although 100 pounds more of the Home Mixed fertilizer and two extra loads of bern-yard Manure ^l^^^^^f^''^^"'.!^^^ Mixed fertilizer netted a profit of $102.10 per acre more than the Home Mixed fertilizer. ^Xt°rheSIfetTakr^t!:n.''"Grtr"yr Prtlu^r"Xaler to^y, arrange withTim^ f-the";u!ShLt^f^r.Scien%aviJ special Mix^ fortius. ^^ on your farm crons this spring.-SOO pounds per acre ia a good average application. ^emeXr-Davfve the quality "'J^ ^^''-..^^^^X^e^' Way^' ^ profitable harvest in eveery way- Write for our free book, tarm itevies way. we have or want to have an Agent near You." IS£ DAVIES £?«"™" H. INNES, B-S-A., Manager, W. TOBONTO, ONT. I 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 4. Vinegar Plants Cider Presses Wo ttri> th« exclusive Oanadian Agreiits for the HydrnuLio Preea Mfg. Co., Mount Giload. Ohio. If .vou want a Oid«r Press of any kind or a Vincifar Plant, write ub. The Brown Boggs Co. Limited HAMILTON, CAN. Choice Fruit is the result of systematic cultivation, and spraying with SHERWIN-WILUAMS NEW PROCESS ARSENATE OP LEAD The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES Offices and Warehouses : Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Halifax, N. S., London, Eng. Northern Grown Trees A-pple, I'ear, I'ium. Cli«rry, l'<*a<'ti. Orapes, Small Frait«, D«oiduoQ8 and flvorgrecn Ornamental*, Eosee, Flowering Shrub.i, OlirnlK'rs, eto, C'atj).Io?iK! Fr<«. It tellH tho whole Story. J. H. WISSHER. Nurseryman, Port Elgin, Ont. 50,000 FIRST CLASS FRUIT TREES Two year old, 3 to 5 ft. high. To introduce our stock will Bell while they laHt at $20.TO per 100, $2..'>0 per 10. All varieties of Plums. Pears, Peachen, Cherriesand Apples. Special prices to Associations. W. p. POWE & SON CAINSVILLE. ONT. SUPERIOR Plant Boxes PRICES RIGHT Delivery in March and April. Order NOW to ensure prompt ship- ments. Canada Wood Products Co. ST. THOMAS - ONT. Use The Owen Compressed Air Spraying System — Save Money The Owen system embodies a central plant in which is installed an air compressor driven by a gasoline or steam engine. Two heavily galvanized, high pressure steel tanks are also provided complete with valves, fixtures, etc. The tanks are mounted on a suitable platform which can be placed on any ordinary farm wagon. When spraying, one tank is filled with about 200 lbs. of compressed air and the other with the spraying liquid. The tanks are filled at the central station at the same time. The Owen Compressed Air Spraying System provides an even, steady pressure at all times. The spraying mixture Is kept thoroughly agitatecf by an air agitator. One man with one set of tanks can thoroughly apply 1200 gallons of mixture per day. With two rigs, one man can apply 2000 gallons per day. There is no complicated machinery- no pump cylinders coming in contact with the liquid — no engine to be hauled around courting trouble. It's the most simple, most satisfac- tory spraying system ever devised. When not used for spraying, the engine can be used for any other purpose and the compressor will furnish air for pneu- matic water systems, eto. ^ V Write todav for free Catalog W. H. Owen Sprayer Co., Sandusky, Ohio Directors for Vineland F. M. Clement. B.S.A.. has been appointed director of the Provincial fiovernment Experimental Station at Vineland, in succession to A. D. Harkncss, who recently resig-ned. Mr. Clement is a graduate of the On- tario A(?ricultural College, where he specialized in horticulture. He after- wards acted as district representative for some years in Elgin county, dis- tinguishing himself in the horticul- tural branch. Over a year ago he was appointed assistant in the hor- ticultural departmept of Macdonald College, at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, which position he now holds. He will assume his new duties about the first of April. Ontario Hose Society The annual meeting of the Rose Society of Ontario was, held in Toronto, February 16th, with E. T. Cook, vice-president of the Canadian Rose Society, in the chair. The officers' reports showed that the society had made encouraging progress. Not only had the membership been extended, but the financial position of the society had been placed on a sound basis by contributions, not only from members, but from others interested in rose growing in Ontario. The president spoke of the enthusiasm of the members. Their efforts had shown their determination to make the rose the flower of Ontario. The society, he said, was rapidly attaining one of its greatest objects, which was to have as large a number of affiliated societies as possible. Mr. J. T. Moore, of Moore Park, he said, had help- ed the society greatly by his influence and financial support. It was seldom that any society had secured and retained so much real support as the Rose Society of On- tario had. Three large rose shows were planned to be held this year. Ottawa Flower Guild The Y.W.C.A. was filled with happy chil- dren, Saturday afternoon, February 14, bringing their bulbs and plants to the sixth bulb exhibition of the Ottawa Child- ren's Flower Guild. The affair was entire- ly informal, and as cards had been sent only to the one hundred and twenty children to whom bulbs and plants had been given last November, a great many of the children were absent. The hall was crowded, many parents and friends being present. Mr. W. T. Macoun was judge. The result of the children's work was surprising to every one, the majority of the plants being fit for any florist's window. Mr. R. B. Whyte, the president, presided. Mr. W. T. Macoun expressed his surprise at finding that the children under twelve years of age far surpassed the elder mem- iDers of the Flower Guild. He had found it exceedingly hard work to decide which were the best plants, so keen was the competi- tion, and therefore he had added seven ex- tra prizes to those given by the committee. One plant taking a prize, to which Mr. Macoun drew attention, was planted in builders' sand, so that no one could ofTer the lack of good soil as an excuse for not growing bulbs. Mr. Macoun held up each prize plant for public inspection, giving tte reasons for and against excellence and form. It was a delightfully instructive ad- dress. March, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST U DON'T PAY FREIGHT ON WATER NIAGARA SOLUBLE SULPHUR The Sulphur Peach Curl and Spray other powder form- fungus diseaees. '""'^Oe mark REOISTERV-T) Controte Scale® quicker and better than Lime-Sulphur. A positive control for Apple Scab, It has the following advantages over Lime^ulphur: Is cheai>er, eafiier to handle, no leakage or loss, no sediment, keepa indefinitely, saves freight and storage- 100 lbs. of Soluble Sulphur will make more spray than a 600-lb. barrel of solution. Remember Soluble Sulphur wa9 used by over 5O0 growers in Ontario last year. It will be uaed by thousands this year. There is a reason for this. Soluble Sulphur does the work. Saves time and money and eliminates maJiy of the objectionable features of spraying. This ma- terial can only be procured from us. Place your order early so as to be sure and be supplied. If you have never usied this great sipray let us send you full par- ticulars. ARSENATE OF LEAD The highest grade only. The kind that mixes easiest Does not burn foliage. Contains the highest analysis of arsenic. SWIFT'S is made up to a quality, not down to a price. It ia al- ways full weight, guaranteed. The beet is always the cheapest. NIAGARA LIME-SULPHUR The pioneer and reliable solution, and uniform. Write us for spraying supplies. Highest in Beaume test. Olear Wherever Fruit Excels Niagara Spray is used Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd. BURLINGTON ONTARIO FOR SALE 25 Acres of Choice, Early, Warm Land, specially adapted for the growing of Virginia Leaf Tobacco, and all early Fruits and Vegetables. Five acres in Peach and Cherry Trees about six years old. Buildings consist of Tobacco Barn, Stable and small house, and also a Hot House 20 ft. x 80 ft. This property is beautifully located, and only three quarters of a mile from the Leamington Post Office, a bargain at ^ ^ ^ ___ $12,000 Apply to P.O. Box 504, Walkerville, Oi\t. 16 Acres beautifully located, choice early land Fruit Farm, situated on the Lake Front Road, near Leamington, Ont. Twelve acre.s in fruit trees from one to five years old. Peaches, Plums and Apples. Buildings consist of a new six room Bungalo, Stable and Packing House. Price $9,500 Apply to P.O. Box 504, Walkerville, Ont. SPRAY? ANTIKLOG They Rive the hig-hest efficiency through long hard terms of service. There is an ANT l-KLOC of the right capacity for those who have much and those who have lit- tle spraying to do. They spray better — spray bettor longer — and represent more downright sprayer value — than any other spraying devices manufactured. Ease of operation, simplicity, strength and a number of other individxial features appeal to every user. The ANTI-KLOC nozzcls make it very difficult for any mixture to clog the outlet. GUARANTEED FOR 5 YEARS ^ou are absolutely guaranteed when you buy an ANTI- KLOC, as each is sold under an unqualified guarantee of 5 years' service. Send for our new free catalog and give your dealer's name. You should now make preparations for spring spraving. ILLINOIS METALS COMPANY 2420 West 22nd Street CHICAGO, ILL. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, r i; Strawberry Plants FOR SALE For IflH we are ofTorlndr strong, vigorous, well rootfld Rtock of twelve standard varieties. Price List Free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO., Wellington, Ont. I Mtt«d pairs of Silver.blackand f latched foxea or sale. Also options on I9M puppies for summer de- livery. JOHN DOWNHAM. Box N, Strathroy. Ont. >V TouCan Make Your Orchard my BIG l-KKIC liUUK., "Why, How and When to Spray." Contains 74 illii::- trations of insects and fungus diseases and gives the remedy for each. A book that every farmer, truck- or fruit-grower should have. Also shows a complete line of sprayers— 28 dillerent styles — man- power ^barrel — horse — and gasoline engine power for field and orchard. 10 Days FREE Trial— 5 Year Guarantee No Money in Advance^' No Freight to Pay Our liberal selling plan enables yon to btiy'a HURST SPRAYER without any risk, and pay for it at your convenience. Write today and tell me what size sprayer you need or what you have to spray and get my great Monev Savinir Offer ^""^ '"^' ^'^^f ^^^- " ""' ™^= iT* Gravity" Washer does the work so easy that a child can run it almost as well as a strong woman, and it don't wear the clothes, fray the .dges, nor break buttons, the way all other machines do. It just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. So, said I to myself, I will do with my "1900 Gravity" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "1000 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the ma- chine after you've used it a month, I'll take it back and pay the freight.too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it. ., „ , „ Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Washer must be all that I say it is? And you can pay me out of what It saves for you. Wit will save its whole cost in a few months In wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then It will save 50 to 75 cents a week over that in washwoman's wages. If you keep the machine after the month's trial, I'll let you pay for it ouf of what it saves you. If it saves you 60 cents a week, send me 60 cents a week 'till paid for. 1 U take I hat cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until I he machine Itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day, and let roe send you a book about the "1000 Gravity" Washer that washes clothps In six minutes. AddretJH mo persona-Uy : K. F. MOIIRIH, Manager, 1900 JVaaher Co., J57 YonKe St., Toronto, Ont. International Harvester Manure Spreaders THEIHCtlNE GRAIN AND HAY MACHINES Binders. Reaper* Header!. Mowers Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Har Presses CORN MACHINES Planters, Pickers Binders, Caltivators Ensilage Cutters Shellers, Shredders TILUGE CombinatioD, Pes and Sprinx-Tooth. and Disk Harrows Cnltivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Engines Oil Tractors Manare Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Tracks Threshers Grain Drills Feed Grinders Knife Grbders Binder Twine STEEL frame on steel wheels — that is the lasting basis on which Inter- national manure spreaders are built. All parts, including box, beater, spreading mechanism, apron, are built by experts, using best materials, from careful designs based on field tests. Every detail is strong and durable, built for long life and ease or draft. Among the features that will interest you are these: Simple protected beater driving mechanism, all of steel; load carried on rear axle, insuring traction; reversible! gear and worm; low, easily loaded box, with ample clearance underneath; end gate, preventing clogging of beater while driving to the field; etc. All styles are in the I H C spreader line, high and low, endless and reverse apron, and various sizes for small and large farms. Our catalogues will tell you more. Write for them and let us tell you also where you may see I H C maaure spreaders. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd Al Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont. ; Montreal. P. Q.; Ottawa, Ont.; St. John, N. B.; Qnebec. P. Q. NA-DRU-CO TASTELESS PflEPARATION GOD LIVER OIL The Wonderful Spring Tonic If you have had a hard winter, Na-Dru-Co Tasteless Preparation of Cod Liver Oil will help you to recuperate quickly and avoid the coughs and colds so prevalent during the changeable spring weather. In this preparation the nutritive and curative properties of the best Norwegian Cod Liver Oil are combined with Hypophosphites, Cherry Bark and Malt Extract in a. form that is really pleasant to take and easily digested even by the most delicate. Thus the great objection to Cod ■ Liver Oil Is removed and every one who is run down or suffering from throat or lung troubles can take advantage of Its unique medicinal and strengthening qualities. Add to this the Tonic Hypophos- phites, the healing Cherry Bark and the invigorating Malt Extract, and you have probably the finest food- tonic known. , Get a 50c. or $1.00 bottle from your Druggist. 314 NATIONAL DRUG AND CHEMICAL CO. OF CANADA, LIMITED. THE CANADIAN HO RTICULTU R T ST March, 1914^ SKIPPED HILLS RAISE NO POTATOES Every hill you misa in planting means money lost out of your pocket. No ma- chine can plant per- fectly unless there is hand cor c^fS>^^^^'' e.\»\* ,0 ^* Mfd plecclnevery space and one on- ly. No picket* used — no Injury to seed. Perfect placing of seed and uniform spacini^r. can't you seethat it must pay ' for itself? Write for Ixwklet, ■'/'» per ctMt potato planting" We make full liiie Potato Machines, Gar- .tsn Tools. Sprayers, etc. The Bateman- Wllkinson Co., L*tniteaid. TACONIC, Oroff's beet pink. Twi.-!:" ^ '■« f ■■* , "^^>. ■■^; -*, ^ . -' mm^, iipim ^^:. ■ ,iiiiiiiiiL»^ im lib •1^^^^ - ■-^>^^i«J5^S^*3^iw2i»^t^a^<»«!88ss^ s*. . mti^^.:- ...-., Orchard of W. Palmer, near Victoria/^B. C, in 1903 ■iMrhe trees aj« aucib' mere whips as to be i>ractlc aily indistlnguistiable. Where growth is liable to be too rank, and thus reduce color, as it usual on low or damp g-round, or where dormant prun- ing has been too severe, manuring too heavy, or cultivation too long continued, better color for any one season may be obtained by summer pruning. SECURE PROPER SIZE Obtain size by those methods that give strong leaf and twig growth, and by thinning; but, in so doing, avoid produc- ing that extreme rankness of growth which detracts from color of fruit. Do this by (a) securing a fertile soil, (b) by retaining moisture by mulching or by cultivation and cover crops, (c) by re- placing removed fertility and organic matter by commercial fertilizers, manure and cover crops, especially the legumes, (d) by stimulating growth when needed b\' dormant pruning, and (e) by thinning early and vigorously, and (f) by keeping the leaves healthy through spraying with proper insecticides and fungicides. Healthy leaves mean large, healthy, late fruit. Pears and Pear Culture A. W. Cook, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. IF one were to listen to a fruit grower giving his experiences with twig or pear blight, the sad experiences that had spelled disaster, one would naturally be under the impression that there was not the least chance to make pear grow- ing profitable. The writer remembers very clearly listening to such an experi- ence. The grower said: "Why, do you know, the thing kills them in a night," ' and it does as far as their knowledge is [concerned. The truth, however, is that ; rK'ar blight can be controlled, and is be- ing kept in check to-day. Those who ; contemplate growing pears should not i start unless they do so with a thorough knowledge of this bacterial disease, and a strong determination to control it. If ore does this, (here is monev to be made , in pears. The pear situation is taking on bright- er prospects. In the past fifteen years pear growing has been a doubtful busi- ness for many an average grower, sim- ply lxx:au.se of their neglect to give pro- per attention to the work. We do not (hear of pear orchards being planted to ; such a large extent as some of the other fruits that are not nearly so popular with the consumer. This i,s on account of there having been a very suspicious sen- timent held against this industry because of a few negligent fruit growers. This condition is diminishing. Fruit growers have begun to awaken to the fact that there is money in pears when judicious care, systematic pruning and thinning, and the proper food elements are given to the producing tree. The pear is a fruit that will grow in a large geographical area. In Ontario there is hardly a section in the older por- tion of the province where the pear will not thrive. I cannot vouch for the abili- ty of this fruit to withstand the severe low temperature of the northern parts. There is nothing to be gained by plant- ing a large number of varieties of pears. The consumer should be encouraged to purchase nothing but the best, and the grower should strive to produce a high class article. There is a steadily grow- ing demand for the very best, and it should be the ideal of every grower to produce this grade and place on sale this grade only. There is nothing to be gain- ed by the man who tries to undersell a man who has a good uniform article, no matter what the competition may be. The best article will always command the very highest price, and sell first. Plant just a few, well selected varie- ties, that are strong, hardy trees and which bear uniformly every year. The Ijest to plant would include pears that would bear one after the other, so that all the crop would not have to be har- vested at once. Among the varieties that are .seemingly the best, judging from the experience of various growers, are such varieties as Rartlett, Kieffer, An- jou, Duchess, Rose and Clapp's Favor- ite. Like many other lines of agriculture, the pear should be chosen to suit the market, location, and the demand from outside sources. Some markets have very little use for certain varieties, while for export or canning purposes there is a steady demand for such varieties as the Kieffer. For the city trade there is some demand for an early fruit, which would naturally be the Clapp's Favorite. If one wants a g(xid all-round pear that is a uni- versal favorite with the purchasing pub- lic and a profit producer for the grower, there is nothing like the Bartlett. It has one strong characteristic that distin- The Orchard of Mr. W. Palmer in 1913 Note the differeiico in tun years in the sruwth ol tho treeear growers. The p>ear tree should be •I slow growing tree. The pear tree that i^rows rapidly is very tender. This con- dition is conducive to pear blight. On the other hand, the slow, sturdy growing tree often wards off attacks of this dis- ease, and is sure to put up a stronger fight for existence. The pruning of the tree is another es- sential factor in the successful pear busi- ness. The trees should be headed low, with an open centre. Some growers make it a practice to cut back each year's growth after the tree has come into the bearing stage of life. By following out this method they argue that they can ob- tain the fruit near the centre of the tr;e. One must remember that in all pruning operations, where severe pruning is prac- ticed, it encourages strong wood growth. This naturally increases the amount of labor each year for the pruning of the orchard. Some of the varieties, such as the Anjou and the Bosc, are spreading in their natural growth. If they are plant- ed closer than twenty-three feet they are apt to crowd, which will necessitate un- necessary pruning. The other varieties are more upright in their growth and con- sequently can be put close together. The distance of planting is governed by the nature of the soil and variety. A Last Season's Test of Soluble Sulpher J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg, Ont. SOME seven years ago I was induced to experiment with what at that time was considered a new spray, lime sulphur. As soon as I heard of this spray, I felt confident that it should soon do away with the troublesome bordeaux mixture. The professors at Guelph said that it was not safe to use as a summer spray, and prac- tically forbade its use, but the splendid results obtained with lime sulphur over the old spray were so pronounced that the following season it was strongly rec- ommended by growers and professors, and became the standard as a fungicide. However, growers have been asking and hoping that some more convenient way of using the sulphur spray would be devised and we now have this in the lat- est form called "Soluble Sulphur." In my opinion it is just as much superior to lime sulphur solution as the latter is to the old bordeaux spray. In the way of convenience there is no comparison. I always used to dread the loading and unloading of the heavy six hundred pound barrels of lime sulphur, and the men would nearly go on strike when asked to handle it. Last vear I got the spraying done for about half what it cost the previous year. I used two barrels of the lime sulphur solution and soluble sulphur for the rest of the spraying. As soon as we used the first hundred pounds of soluble sulphur, I could see there was no use asking the men to go back to the old spray. We had absolutely no trouble with nozzles clogging and never had a stoppage from the time we commenced using soluble sulphur. Of course I insisted on the spray tank being cleaned out every night, all the water being strained, and a screen kept over the feed pipe to the pump. We fill- ed the spray tank about half full of water, then put in our soluble sulphur, eight to ten pounds to forty gallons. This was well agitated by the time the tank was filled. We put this spray on just as the buds were bursting, in fact on some trees the blossoms were nearly open. In the summer spray we used from one to two pounds to forty gallons of water, putting the soluble sulphur in when the spray tank was half full of water, and adding arsenate of lead last, two and a j half pounds to forty gallons. Doing it in this way there is ab.solutely no trou- ble. Where aphis appeared in our orch- ards we used nearly two pounds of solu- ble sulphur to forty gallons for summer spray, and only about one f>ound in or-, chards where there was no aphis. Scab and fungi were controlled perfectly in all our orchards. I do not consider it nec- essary to use the mixture stronger than one and a half pounds to forty gallons, except for aphis. Our Mcintosh Red apples were abso- lutely clean and beautifully colored ; nine- ty-nine apples out of every hundred went into number one boxes. The Greenings were just as nice, having a lovely bright glossy appearance. If these varieties come out in this way there is no need to worry about others. We also had good results in fighting aphis, having practi- cally no loss from this pest, while in 191 2, when we used lime sulphur, our loss was well up to two thousand dollars. It is now a recognized fact that solubl' sulphur is bound to take the place of the old material. It is just as eflficient as a fungicide, if not better, than lime sul- phur, and is so much more convenient that every grower should be made thor- oughly acquainted with it. Varieties of Currants and Gooseberries * L. B. Henry, B.S.A., Wiaon*, Oat. The best varieties of black currants are Naples, Champion, and Victoria. The Naples is a strong, upright, vigor- ous bush, healthy and very productive, and the berry is large, of good quality, and borne on .short clusters. It is pro- bably the most widely planted in Ontario. The Champion is a very good variety. The bush does not become as large as the Naples, but it is productive and quite hardy. The fruit does not ripen uniform- ly, and is five days to a week later than the former variety. Victoria is vigorous and hardy, but from my experience is not as productive as Naples or Cham- pion. There are many varieties of red cur- rants. A few of the best ones are Cherry, Fay, Prince Albert, Chatauqua, Perfec- tion, and Raby Castle. The Cherry is the principal red currant grown in sou- thern Ontario for commercial purposes. The berry is large and the bunch short and compact, and the bush very pro- ductive. Fay's Prolific has been widely adver- tised as superior to the Cherry, but is very similar in fruit and productiveness, the bunch being a little longer, but loose towards the base. The bush of the Prince Albert is a •Extract from an addreeg delivered at the last annual conTention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Aeeooiation. April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 93 poor grower while young,, but becomes more vigorous and productive with age. The berry is medium in size and very BKid. ^^BChatauqua has the same fault as the ■Prince Albert, being a very slow grower when young, but very productive. The berry is large, light red, and the seeds are very large. " Perfection is a cross between White Grape and Fay's. The berry is very large, clusters are long and a beautiful bright red. Ripens with Fay's. Raby Castle or Victoria is exceeding- ly productive, but is rather out of favor on account of its small size, larger cur- rants having a preference on the market. GOOSEBERRIES People have been planting gooseber- ries extensively during the past few years, and at present prices they are pro- fitable. Up to a few years ago the pre- ference was for American varieties on account of their resistance to mildew, but recently, in the light of improved spraying methods, the English varieties have been largely planted. On the whole the latter sorts are much larger, but not of better quality. There are innumerable varieties of English gooseberries, but only a few are grown commercially in Ontario, among the best being Industry, Lanca- shire Lad, Crown Bob, Keepsake, and Whitesmith. The Industry is a vigor- ous, upright grower and a heavy crop- per. The berry is red when ripe, hairy, and has a pleasant, rich flavor. Lanca- shire Lad is not as strong a grower as Industry, nor as heavy a bearer. The berry is smooth and roundish-oblong, of medium size. Crown Bob is another red berry favor- ed by some, but we pulled ours all out, as they were poor growers and shed their leaves prematurely. The fruit is large, oblong, and hairy. The Keepsake is a large, straw-colored berry of excellent flavor, and can be pulled very early for green gooseberies. The Whitesmith, in my opinion, is the best of them all. It is very vigorous and an excellent bearer of large, oblong, smooth, greenish-white berries, the ribs of which are plainly marked. There are practically only three Ameri- can varieties that are worth planting commercially, namely, Pearl, Downing, and Smith's Improved. The Pearl is an exceedingly productive variety of good size and quality. It is as productive as Houghton, and larger than Downing. The Downing produces large, roundish, light green fruit which has distinct veins and a smooth skin. The bush is vigor- ous and productive. The Smith's Im- proved is a vigorous grower, and the berry is larger, oval, light green, and has '■lla bloom. The flesh is moderately firm. A Perennial Border at Small Cost H.R.H. THE perennial border is a "thing of beauty" which is within the reach of every garden-maker, and yet, except in very large gardens tended by professional gardeners, very few suc- cessful ones are seen. Many amateurs shrink from undertaking a perennial bed for the same reasons which for many 3'ears caused me to confine my horticul- tural efforts to the cultivation of annuals, in spite of the fact that these require much more care and attention and re- ward one's best care but for a single season. These reasons are, firstly, the by no means trifling expense of establish- ing a well-filled bed of good perennial plants ; and secondly, the mental vision of a semi-naked bit of garden forming an eyesore during the two or three years that must elapse before the plants grow to sufficient size to cover the ground and produce the abundance of bloom desired. As an amateur who has successfully overcome both these difficulties I should like to give others the benefit and en- couragement of my experience. Having decided that I would have a perennial border, and having likewise determined that the cost must not be great, I started operations in the fall, marking out my bed along the west side of my lot, a length of eighty feet, and making the bed eight feet wide. This area I had dug up and the soil thor- oughly worked to a depth of three feet. A large load of well rotted manure was distributed over the surface and dug in- to the soil, then the bed was raked over > Qu«. and made ready for the fall setting-in of plants. Spring planting, of course, is often practised. Behind the bed was an ugly wire fence separating my lot from that of my neigh- bor ; to cover this completely, perman- ently and promptly was my first problem, and a serious one it proved, for to buy enough plants to set out a hedge eighty feet long involved too much expense, and the plants would take several years to grow to the height required to con- ceal the fence and form an adequate background for my border. After care- ful consideration I decided to plant a thick row of common elder which grows wild in large quantities in most parts of the country, and is extremely easy of cul- tivation. A man with a. cart dug, hauled and planted, with my supervision and assistance, enough thrifty young bushes to line the entire fence ; every single root grew and flourished, and, the following season, formed a complete screen of its own peculiarly effective, light green foli- age, surmounted with, white blossoms and later with clusters of red berries. The result has given me cause for much self-congratulation. By the time my background was established, the per- ennial roots and plants I had ordered from the seedsmen had arrived, and these were duly set out in their allotted posi- tions, as shown in the diagram. Thi; supply was modest, not to say meagre, considering the extent of the bed. It consisted of : Ten large-sized delphinium roots, ten -"^%' 7—1 ■r^^^^. ,■--.. ^.^ ^^ •■^■' yi^^^ '•^TH ^.■^•S^'- k. ..;>^^^^^" •^•'■^r' ^W 7^' ^^ ^ W- ite; i K. f ,.,: ^., % V--,V^: ■' .-1 P 'isR^^^ W!^P^' '^**f ^ ' -^'^ ■'4. \ '^H^^^^lkc^ " ' , . ■*■• ,.i 9, ■m^-' 1 -^ '-/ H '\ >«> 1 Hi *■ A Veteran Amateur Geu-dener: Mr. J. G. Graham, St. Thoma*, Ont. Mr. Qra,tiam was awiarded &r8t prize Last yo3.r for hia ve^table trtirdeu, ia a ooatest conducted by the St. Tbomafi Uortaoultaraa Society. 94 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April. 1914 I, I 2 13 ■ 4, ig ■ fc I? , » . 9 , 10. n.ig ,13.14 .,.5^,^ ■,7..^..0jp^ Jder,H edoe a Q © 'Po>,|ale& - (Idfer, A s/e>^s ) J>wa>f Masruvriuyy, s -Dwarf ^weet- /^|l<)^su>^ T^ny^^v QuarleYnSection of 3ofcie-r C2.0ft> J>=Jelb|,ineu^ "P = P*o^. L= LiL paeonies, ten phloxes, ten lilies, twenty dahlias, and twenty gladiolus bulbs. The gladioli and dahlias were saved for spring planting ; the rest were plant- ed immediately and, ine fall work t>e- ing now completed, 1 staked, labelled, and mulched the various plants in pre- paration for their winter rest. Early in April the mulching was re- moved ; every one of my plants had sur- vived the winter and sent up fine strong shoots. I had the bed covered once more with a layer of good manure and dug it in thoroughly, being careful not to dis- turb the plants, after which I worked and pulverized the top soil and smoothed the surface ready for planting. The last week in April I put the gladioli bulbs and dahlia tubers into the ground and on the first of May I planted quantities of poppv seed, the pompone variety, just scatter- ing it and raking it lightly into the ground, between and around the peren- nials and in a solid strip two feed wide in front of them. It was a risk planting poppies so early in this climate, but I had plenty of seed saved from my own garden the previous year and could re- plant if the frost cut down the first seed- lings. Fortunately they were spared, and I consequently had poppies in bloom nearly a fortnight earlier than usual. In front of the poppies I planted a single, perfectly straight row of dwarf nasturtiums, and at the edge of the bed as a border I set out plants of dwarf sweet alyssum. These latter I had planted early in March in the house and later transferred to the hotbed so that at the time of setting out they were already starting to bloom and kept right on with- out setback, making a solid white border from the middle of May until after the heavy fall frosts had killed every other flower in the garden. By the middle of May, when the pop- pies were up, the bed was well covered with green; besides the alyssum, a few paeonies were in blossom, the delphin- iums were sending up promising flower spikes and the border began to be at- tractive to the eye. It was quite con- trary to all rules and to my better judg- ment to allow the paeonies and delphin- iums to bloom the first year after setting out, but it was very gratifying to see something of what was coming, and served to endourage my efforts. The real show began about the middle of June when the pompon poppies came into bloom, and for nearly three weeks they were one glorious profusion of beautiful paeony-like flowers forming one of the most magnificent masses of color that I have ever seen, and that, too, at a time of the year which, in this part of the country, is an "off^ season" in the flower garden. Earlier we depend upon the paeonies, delphiniums, and spring- dowering bulbs for massed color eff'ects ; later we have phlox, asters, nasturtiums, Jahlias and a wealth of other heavy jloomers, but in between are a couple of Weeks when the poppies fill a felt want and are aimost alone. As soon as the glory of the poppy-bed began to show signs of departing, and the plants began to yellow at the base, although many were still in blossom, I ruthlessly rooted up every poppy plant, worked a little more fertilizer into the soil and set out in their place the asters which I had planted in the house early in March, cherished in the hotbed, and finally potted off and plunged into a cold frame to await their turn in the border. By this time, the first of July, the plants were already branching freely in preparation for the flowering season, and, receiving no setback from careful transplanting, they were soon in bloom, and gave abundance of beautiful flowers from mid-July till killed by severe frosts in the late fall. They were of the Os- trich Plume variety which, to my mind, are the most satisfactory where a long- continued, showy mass of bloom is de- sired—I have counted forty to sixty good flowers on a single plant. In the meantime the dahlias, phlox, gladioli, and lilies grew and blossomed, making a very fair show indeed for th. first year's planting, while the dwan nasturtiums, according to their wont, al- most obscured their own foliage com- pletely with their wealth of blossom, throughout the entire season. At no time from May to late October did my border fail to show abundant color. A study of the accompanyin diagram will show how, by careful pla nmg and taking into account the habit „. growth of each variety the plants were placed quite close to one another with- out, in the least, interfering with one .mother above ground or crowding each other for root room. Of course, care should always be taken to see that taller- growing sorts be placed behind those ot smaller growth so as not to obscure them, also that deep-rooted plants be alternated with those requiring little 01 shallow root room ; finally one should plan to have plants flowering at the same season to harmonize in color so as not to "kill" one another. For that reason I have not yet ventured to introduce in- to my border the gorgeous oriental poppy which I have known to ruin many other- wise charming borders of more delicately tinted flowers. SUOCESSION OF BLOOM The following table will show the suc- cession of bloom : Late May and June, delphineums, paeonies, alyssum, pop- pies; July, nasturtiums, dahlias, alys- sum, gladioli, asters; August, asters, alyssum, elder hedge, lilies, dahlias, nas- turtiums; September and October, as- ters, alyssum, nasturtiums, dahlias, phlox. Now to consider the cost of that eighty-foot bed : Two loads manure, five dollars; digging of ground in fall, two dollars fifty cents; hired help on elder hedge, two dollars; ten delphineum plants, one dollar twenty-five cents; ten phlox plants, one dollar fifty cents; ten paeony plants, two dollars fifty cents; ten lilies, one dollar; twenty gladiolus bulbs, one dollar fifty cents ; twenty dahlia tubers, three dollars fifty cents; seeds, one dollar; total, twenty-one dol- lars seventy-five cents. Thus at the small initial cost of twenty- one dollars seventy-five cents (which could have been even more reduced had I been willing to wait a year or two and raised some of the plants from seed) I established an entirely satisfactory per- ennial bed eighty feet by eight feet, which made a splendid showing from the very first year of planting, and which has greatly increased in beauty and value during the two years that have passed since it was planted. In the meantime, in a sheltered, sunny corner of the kitchen garden. I establish- mt i :rej April 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ed a Jittle nursery, out of which I got * more enjoyment to the square inch than froTH any other spot on the place, here I raised rows upon rows of thrifty per- ennial plantlets, delphineums, shasta daisies, perennial chrysanthemums, Can- tirbury bells, gypsophila (baby's breath), foxgloves, and many others, which, as they became large enough, I transplant- ed to the perennial bed, so that now, after three years, I have my border fill- ed to overflowing, and could do away entirely with the annuals, although I still reserve a strip in front of the bed for the gorgeous, annual display of pop- pies, succeeded by an equally beautiful display of asters, and I still outline the border with the staunch alyssum. The result every season is a bed which is the object of interest and admiration to every passerby, as well as the unfailing source of supply for cut flowers throughout the summer, and so a joy also even to my inose distant friends. Orchids: the Goddesses of the Flov^er Families ALD. J. A. ELLIS, M.L.A., of Ot- tawa, is one of the very few men in Canada who has grown orchids successfully. As an amateur who has grown them for many years he speaks appreciatively of the rewards they have given him. On the occasion a short time ago of a visit to his home to see his plants, I asked him if he did not experience a good deal of pleasure in being able to grow the flowers of a millionaire on the income of an ordinary man. To this he replied that the flowers which could be grown with the very minimum of care and with a maximum of results, were or- chids. He added, of course, that this is provided one does not attempt the high temperature section, or some of the ex- [jensive varieties which are often less beautiful than those of reasonable price. "As a matter of fact,' said Mr. Ellis, "I haven't spent a cent on orchids for the past five years. Some of the plants I have to-day are those I began with many years ago. Of course they have Increased, as most orchids do, until to- day the increase of some has been per- haps fifty-fold." Mr. Ellis took me into several rooms of the house where orchids were used for table decorations, and similar purposes, instead of palms or ferns. He remarked about one fine flowering plant that "it had been brought out of the greenhouse when it started to bloom three weeks ago, and was good for another month, when another one from the greenhouse would take its place." Varieties which flower in winter are his choice, because, as he says, "in the summer there ari- plenty of flowers in the garden which can be used as cut flowers in the house. WHY OllClIIDS Orchids are seldom grown. Most peo- ple think that they cannot be grown by the amateur, or that they are the flowers of the millionaire. Such opinions in some cases are well founded, although only in some cases. The experience of Mr. Ellis and others who have grown them, refute such an idea. Actually there is a strong case in favor of the or- chid as a plant for home use, and espec- ially for the winter season. The case is supported by the following facts : First : Orchids require a minimum of care and attention. F. E. Buck, C.E.F., Ottawa, Ont. Second : The expense of growing or- chids is not prohibitive, and after one has started, less than that of other plants. Third : As suitable house plants, won- derful in their beauty of coloring and charm of form, they are unsurpassed. ,WHY EXPENSIVE The varieties which the amateur should attempt to grow are not expensive, but rare varieties fetch sums which only a millionaire could dream of giving for them. Such varieties are bought on the same basis as curioes are bought, to add tQ priceless collections. Some few years ago I was visiting a commercial estab- lishment which has a fine colection or or- chids, and in discussing prices with the manager I was told this : That a short time before his firm made a purchase of several hundred bulbs, paying, I think, on the average about a dollar apiece for them. In this collection were one or two rare plants. About the time they were in bloom another orchid specialist visited this collection and asked to be given a price on two of the rare plants. One was quoted to him at seventy-five dollars, and the other, a very beautiful plant, at one hundred and fifty dollars. He bought them at these prices and a few months later the one hundred and fifty dollar plant was shown by him at a world-fam- ed exhibition where it took the first prize, and was then sold to some admiring rich man for five hundred dollars. An inci- dent like this explains high prices, but the amateur is not to be frightened by such incidents, and they should not keep him from trying his hand at a most in- teresting, even if sometimes a rich man's hobby. There are three essentials to success in growing orchids. Should you be able to supply these essentials try a few or- chids. First : The greenhouse, or that part of it set aside for the orchids, must always be heated to a temperature ranging from 55 degrees F. to 70 degrees F. It would prove fatal to the plants if it fell below 45 degrees F. We shall see why, later. Second : Proper ventilation must be provided. But it must be provided so The Viae, Clemitit Panicnlat*, Growing on the Residence of Mr. Herman Simmeri, Toronto, Ont. Thia is an c^a^.v growing, hardy, free flowcriiiB, fra-grant climlK-.r. The vine on the vorandali is a Clematis Virginiana, a rapid growing, very bardy, native variety of Clematia. It ie not aa nice a vine nor has it as flno foliage as the PanicuLata. 96 THE CANADIAN II O UT [ P IM. T l' R TST April, KiM Lady's Slipper or Showy Orchid that the cold air of winter is warmed be- fore it reaches the plants. Third : A method of watering must be followed which is not too far removed from Nature's method of supplying water to these plants. As one writer says, "common sense" is necessary for success in growing orchids. And what common sense does is to recog- nize that orchids are wonderful and "to be desired" plants, which can be grown quite easily if we provide for them a few simple conditions. In other words as Mr. Ellis says, we must appreciate the fact that the habitat from which they come is quite different to what it is in the case of most flowers. TREAT ORCHIOS RiiASONABLY Orchids come from damp, swampy places, where the air is humid, the tem- perature never cold, and the soil a partic- ular type. They grow on dead trees and the like, — in many cases at least, and their roots never feed in ordinary soil. In practice we find that jjeat will answer as the best material in which they will thrive. With regard to water, they like it with the chill off, in fact they must have it so, they can't stand the cold bath. And then, if a nice warm balmy atmos- phere is supplied they will blossom as if they felt all the better for the change. In fact they like to be tamed if they are not poorly treated, or "herded with the common herd of plants." They soon for- get their native haunts, especially those varieties which have been reared under strange conditions. Many of the children of the older races, the hybrids, are most beautiful, in fact so beautiful that one feels like acknowledging that perhaps they are the very angels and goddesses of the flower world. POINTS IN ORCJIID CtTI/TURE Orchids need very little attention. Orchids are generally free from insects. Orchids need re-potting only about once in three years. Orchids do not need to be trimmed up, or fussed over like other plants. Orchids have healthy and lairly attrac- tive leaves when not in bloom. "Orchids,' says Mr. Ellis, "are easier to grow than fuchsias, begonias or ger- aniums. ESSENTIALS 'TO SUOOEBft A correct temperature; from fifty-five to seventy degrees in summer, and from forty-five to seventy-five degrees in win- ter. Shade from the strong rays of the summer sun. Abundant moisture, especially in sum- mer, in winter, watering with tepid water twice or three times a week is sufficient. .Abundant fresh air secured by a good \entUation system. When these four conditions are pro- vided for orchids, a general condition ap- proximating that which exists in their native haunts is secured. Success is then practically certain. Never take a chance during cold snaps in winter. Watch the temperature. Any temperature below forty-five degrees is fatal, even for one night. For watering, Mr. Ellis has an at- tachment to the kitchen heater, similar to those used in bathrooms. He warms the water by the turn of a tap. This is an ideal plan. The floor, or part of the floor, of the greenhouse should be earth. This will keep the air humid. Pots, cribs, or baskets may be used in which to grow orchids. If pots are used they must be well drained. Soil is seldom used ; in its stead, peat, moss, or fern-fibre are used. Excessive heat and drought are both to be carefully avoided. The night temperature for orchids should be about ten degrees lower than the day temperature. VARIETIES FOR THE BEGINNER In the matter of varieties, Mr. Ellis grows only those which will bloom in winter. Of these he has tried about fifty different varieties. The following are recommended by him : First best six — Cattleya Trianae or Labiata, Cattleya Schroderae, Oncidium variocosum Rogersii, Odontoglossum grande, Laelia Anceps, Cypridedium in- signe. Second best six— Cypripedium nitens, Laelia autemnale, Oncidium Forbesii, Vanda coerulea, Lycaste Skinneri, Laelia praestans. To enrich the lawn and cause a more luxuriant growth, there is nothing bet- ter than raw bone meal evenly strewn over the surface at the rate of ten pounds to three hundred square feet. Or one of the many patent lawn enrichers may be used in the same manner. A brisk go- ing over with a sharp steel rake should follow application of enricher or bone. Planting Roses and the Time Jas M. BrywD, ToroDto, Oit. Ihe planting of roses should always be deferred until the soil is in a proper condition to receive the plants. There is no greater mistake than planting roses in wet .soil. The soil to be in proper condition for planting should be dry and free. The best time to plant roses which have been raised or grown in Canada, is the last week in October, and for import- ed roses the second week in April. With good culture roses may be planted safely up till the middle of June. Care must be taken not to plant loo deeply. By plac- ing the union or callus three inches below ground you will be about right. For dwarf roses see that the roots do not cross or coil around. This is most im- portant. Be particular also to see that no manure comes in contact with the roots directly, and always firm the soil by treading it down with the feet, but leave a rough surface. The best soil is a strong holding ar- gillaceous loam, so tenacious as to al- most touch clay in some of its more in- viting forms. Not a few soils that are called clay when wet, turn into strong loam when dry. Though such loams are on the whole most favorable for the per- fect cultivation of roses it must not be a.'^serted that they cannot be grown on cihers. I have seen prize roses grown on soil so light that it could be driven and drifted like sand during a protracted drought, and also on sheer peat. The natural quality of rose soils is often of less vial importance than might at first sight appear, inasmuch as in many cases the soil is the mere dish, shell or basin to hold the materials which are freely given to roses to feed upon. While say- ing this much, so that nobody may des- pair of growing fair roses with soils such as they have, or can make with the ma- terials within reach, it should be added that no loam can be too good or too rich for roses. In selecting a site for a rose border or rose garden, the cultivator should endeavor to marry the three S's, namely, sun, shade and shelter to air. Making Garden Paths JohQ Call, In|lew*od With the necessary materials at hand, it is a simple matter to make a firm, sound pathway anywhere. The first thing to be done is to peg out the site at the width desired, and the next to dig out a V-shaped trench along the whole length. Then, if the soil is of a light and porous description, it is only necessary to place a -quantity of rubble, composed of broken bricks and large clinkers in the bottom, then a thickness of coarse gravel, and finally enough fine binding gravel to bring the surface up to the required height when well rolled April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 97 It down. Should the soil be heavy, or the situation damp, it is necessary to put in a two or three inch drain pipe along the lx>ttom of the trench. The joints of the pipes must be covered with a turf, grass side downward, then cover with the rubble, coarse and fine gravel as before. A foot is about deep enough to dig the trench. These directions serve for all ordinary purposes, remembering, of course, wherever a drain-pipe is put in. that it must have a slight slope in the direction of the outlet. Paths may be surfaced with gravel, ashes, flagstones, concrete or cement. Where gravel or ashes are employed, the middle of the path must be slightly higher than the sides, and it is most important where these are used, that the rubble and coarse gravel is well pounded before the fine gravel is put on. The gravel should be about three inches deep. Plans for This Year's Garden J. McPherson Ross, Toronto, Ont. WHEN planning the improvement of your home surroundings, have in mind some special feature of ornamentation, either by trees, shrubs, or flowers, different from your neighbors within the bounds of good taste. See in your mind's eye your house as a picture and your grounds surrounding as the frame to set it off. When an artist paints a picture he has first the story to tell. Then with the aid of his canvas, paints and brushes and technical skill he tells the story as best he can. The gardener gives us the real pic- ture. True he has the real sky above him and real nature and things to work with. Then on the canvass of his ground he spreads the green grass, either by sod- ding or seeding it. With real plants he produces real flowers. Real trees grace his lawn, and real roses climb up his cottage window. To have a nice front lawn it should be pro[>erly laid out, and to do this let me point a few rules to observe : Never plant anything in front that will obstruct the view from the window to the street, or obstruct the view from the street to the house. In other words, plant your garden so that it will look nice from the house or the street. Have as much grass as you can. Noth- ing looks better than a nice, green, neat- ly-kept lawn. Place your walk as much to the side of your lot as possible and on that side which you use when you leave your house going or returning from busi- ness. Leave enough room on the nar- rowest side to allow a shrub or group of three to grow in. This enables you to have a larger lawn in front of the house curving your walk gracefully to the steps, and to branch the walk to a side path to suit children and the butcher and baker for kitchen demands. If your ground is low raise it up so as not to have water standing on it after the spring thaws or heavy rains. Noth- ing is more disagreeable than to have to wade through water on the paths. if your plot is large enough to have a border let it commence ten or fifteen feet back from the front fence, running back with dividing fence as far as you wish and desire to plant. If your neighbor and you are good friends, get him to start his border opposite yours having both front outlines run back irregularly, that is never a straight line but vary it as nature does planting your tallest shrubs at the back, the tallest perennials also, tapering down to the front, finishing with some plant that serves as an edg- ing, such as sweet alyssum or sea thrift, pinks. Start your border on the other side on the large side of the lawn in front of your house by the steps, and carry it around to the fence and down towards the street. Never put a bed in the centre of your lot or lawn as it spoils the effect, and breaks it up. A bed of geraniums in the centre of your lawn looks like a scar- let patch on a green coat. Aim to make your lawn or grounds look as large as possible and also at sim- plicity of design, so as to have a grander effect of masses of growth in flowers and shrubs. This is done by having one or two borders full of plants, not breaking it up by numerous meaningless small beds. Another important feature of your home improvement is to make your place attractive in winter. This can be done by having a few evergreens grouped in threes or singly. The contrasting effect of evergreens with the winter snow is fine. Evergreens give an air of com- fort to the place by their appearance. If you have a steep terrace or bold bank its stiffness and barrenness is removed by planting a few dwarf evergreens start- ing near the bottom and gradually work- ing your way diagonally across till you come to the top, dotting an evergreen here and there, just as you may notice them growing up some farm hillside. For this purpose the junipers are just the thing or a few shrubs may be sparingly planted for the same purpose. In the way of manuring, dividing and keeping the weeds down you may have by a judicious selection, plenty of flow- ers and foliage the season through. The earliest flowering plants should al- ways be planted in the most conspicuous place. Such plants as the Bleeding Heart follow any bed you may have of tulips or hyacinths. On the edge of the border or bed in front have a mass of pansies and forget-me-not, or a clump of daisies are pleasant to see. In the shady place caused by a fence or the side of the house, close to a walk, have a clump of lily-of-the-valley and some ferns. Two or more paeonies in variety are indis- pensable. Their bold character of foliage and flower make them fine lawn plants, either singly or in a group. The Firat Prize Lawn of Ex-Mayor Guait, St. Thoma*, Ont. 98 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 I'^or t.-ill lH'r(),-!<'('Oiis plants we select larkspur, rudbeckia, Bostonia, phlox, campanula, fox glove and hollyhock. For shorter growing kinds we have colum- bine, oriental poppy, dwarf phlox, iris in variety, achillea and chrysanthemums. In our garden we must find room for annuals such as asters, petunias, nas- turtiums, stocks, antirrihums and Indian pinks. For a small circular bed at the end of the walk nothing looks better than one of pink geraniums mass- ed and margined with a circle of sweet alyssum. If our space allows and we have room for one of a more ambitious nat- ure let the centre be a castor oil plant encircLd by a row of canna, next a row of ooleus Verschappildint of Perilla Nankiinaii, :i row of scarlet geraniums, margined by a circle of suitable edging;. A little study and observation combined with experience gives anyone interested the necessary knowledge to make any number of combinations. Climbing plants have an imj)ortant partin our decorative work. For brick houses or stone the Boston ivy is unsur- passed, but for training up on a veran- dah or trellises roses are first, and then clematis. For annuals, the most valuable would be cobea scandens, morning glory, doli- chos and scarlet runner. Make it a point to have some floral effect by one flower to dominate your garden. Home Culture of Chrysanthetnums W. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph (Continued from WHEN the roots of chrysanthe- mums are aboutaninch inlength, which should be in about five or six weeks from the time they were set, they can be potted off singly into small two and a half or three inch pots. Chrysaathemuin Cattiogi, Rooted and Not Rooted or set about one and one-half inches apart in shallow boxes. Use the same kind of soil and treatment as recom- mended for the root divisions, and re-pot them into larger pots as soon as the roots fill the smaller ones. About the end of June or early in July the plants may be potted into quite large seven or eight inch pots. The pots may be sunk to the rim out of doors in the open gar- den early in June. Place a piece of slate or stone, or an inch or two in depth of coal ashes underneath the pots outside to keep out earth worms and prevent the roots from getting through the bottom. The plants may be planted out of the pots in the open ground instead of pot- ting them. Give the plants plenty of water at the roots and keep the tops March issue.) sprayed every day with clear or soapy water, in hot weather, as well as with insecticides. Plants can be raised from seed that will flower the first season if the seed is sown early in February indoors. The young seedlings should be transplanted singly into small pots, or be set about two inches apart in shallow boxes in good potting soil when four or five small leaves have developed. Grow these on indoors until about the middle of May, when they may be stood out of doors to harden, and be planted out in the open garden, or be potted into large pots, and the pots sunk out in the garden, and treated as before described for plants, from divisions and cuttings. The summer care and insect enemies of chrysanthemums will be described in a later issue. During the winter place the plants in a sunny window away from fire heat as much as possible to flower. A temper- ature of fifty to fifty-five degrees will suit them. After the plants are through flowering, cut the tops down and place the plants in a cool window, tempera- ^ ^ jM ■m > MP-' w \ ^K '^'^^^^H ^^r B ^P k.-'^n w* W^-:\ Section of Plant Before Dividing ture forty to forty-five degrees, or they may be put in a light cellar or base ment in about the same temperature. Keep the soil moist, not too wet, all win- ter. Bring the plants out in the spring early in March, and start them into growth on the window before dividing them up or taking cuttings. White — Early Snow, Smith's Ad- vance, and White Cloud. Yellow — Golden Glow, Golden Gate, and Golden Chadwick. Pink — Glory of Pacific, Pacific Su- preme, and Uganda. Nellie Pockett, Young Chrysanthemum Plant Before and After " Pinching " or " Topping " Section of Plant After Dividing cream color; Brutus, orange red; and Black Hawk, crimson, are other good varieties. Good pompon (small floweiing) varie- ties are : Rose Travenna and Alena, pink; Snowdrop, Anna and Nic, white; Klondike, yellow ; Mme. Beau, bronzy old gold ; Julia Lagravere, red ; Lady- smith, pink. Liquid solutions of manure water should be given chrysanthemum plants as soon as the buds show, or earlier if necessary. It is best to discontinue the liquid manure as soon as the flowers show color. Clay's Fertilizer or Bon- ora, sold at seed stores, are good com- mercial fertilizers. One-fourth part of a pail of cow manure and about one fXJund of chicken manure put in a pail, the pail filled up with water, well stirred, and April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 99 then allowed to settle, makes an ideal liquid fertilizer for all pot or garden plants out of doors, if diluted with an equal quantity of water before using. Half a pint of the diluted solution once week or so would be beneficial to the plants before the blossoms show. The commercial fertilizers named are best for indoor use for sanitary reasons. Half an ounce of nitrate of soda dissolved in a gallon of water is a good substitute fer- tijizer. About half a pint of this once every week or ten days will benefit the plants. Short Hints on Planting I Wm. Hunt, O.A, IN transplanting fibrous rooted, or in- deed almost any perennial plants, the height and density of habit are the main points to consider as to the dis- tance apart. A good general rule is to have the very tall plants at least two or three feet from any other plant. By setting the taller plants four or five feet apart toward the back or centre of the border, plants of medium height could then be planted between them. The same rule could be followed to some ex- tent with the medium height plants. Plants of medium height should be planted mainly toward the middle of the border. One or two feet apart is a good distance apart for these last. Plant- ed two or three feet apart would allow of dwarf plants and clumps of spring flowering bulbs, such as tulips, narcis- sus being planted between them. These last named bulbs should, of course, be planted in the fall. A plant or two of perennial larkspur or Anchusa Italica dotted here and there about twenty or thirty feet apart may Ix; planted in about the centre of the border. These plants stand out in con- spicuous relief. The plants used for this purpose should be of a fairly com- pact habit, the kinds named are well suited for this purpose. The dwarf per- ennials should be planted about a foot apart. The clump or group system of planting is best for perennials. I consid- er spring the best time for transplanting fibrous-rooted perennials, as the spring flowering bulbs are all showing, and there is not so much danger of disturb- ing them as there is by planting in the .fall. Otherwise, early fall planting for [all perennials is desirable. MOSTBRETIAS The pretty, late-flowering plants known as Montbretias belong to the i bulbous-rooted class. To be correct, [they are produced from corms similar Lto the crocus and gladiolus. Indeed, the [Montbretias might very justly be called '"miniature gladiolus," being much like ' the last named flower, not only in the form of growth and the reproduction of their corms, but also from the habit of their growth and the form of their flow- ers. In the color of their flowers, how- [ever, there is not found the wide range found in the gladioli, the dominant colors rinrl sh.idcs f)f Monlbri-tins Ix-ing main- ly of a yellow or brown, or shades of these colors. They are, however, very C, Guelph, Ont. pretty and attractive. A vase of them with their wavy, graceful, dark green foliage interspersed with their oddly- shaped trumpet-like blossoms of all shades of orange, brown and bronze, make them very acceptable for cut floral decorations toward the end of summer, when flowers are sometimes scarce in the garden. The best time to plant the corms is very late in the fall or very early in the spring, just as soon in spring as they can be got into the ground. The corms (or bulbs) cannot sometimes be obtained early enough in the fall to plant, as the plants are often green and vigorous and in flower until winter sets in for good. If the corms can be obtained, they may be planted successfully In November. They are not quite as hardy as tulips and narcissus, therefore it is best to protect them during winter by placing over them four or five inches of strawy manure. Most of the varieties will come through the winter all right treated In this way. Some growers make a point of digging the corms very late in fall after the tops have been frozen and winter them over in a cool, fairly dry cellar in a tempera- ture of about forty degrees Fahrenheit. They should not be kept in a hot, dry cellar during winter. I have found it a good plan to lay the corms in a shal- low box and cover them with an inch or two of dry sand or dry sandy soil, leav- ing the tops on and standing out from the soil. The tops and the old dry black corms, under the corm to be planted, should be cleaned off just the same as with gladiolus before planting. The culture of the Montbretia is very similar to the culture of the gladiolus. It is [best to plant Montbretias 'in clumps or groups about twelve to fifteen corms in a group. Set the corms about three inches apart and cover them with about three inches of soil. They will grow in any good garden soil, but suc- ceed best in a fairly rich, loamy soil. Like the gladioli and other bulbs, fresh strawy manure for a fertilizer should not be used when planting them. No man- ure or fertilizer should come in direct contact with the corms when planted. I have often wondered that more of these pretty little bulbs with their quaint, oddly colored flowers are not oftener seen in our gardens. Most of our seedsmen catalogue them for sale. Plant a few of them as early as possible this spring. Rose Culture By an Amateur Whatever shade you have for your roses must not be provided by trees. The roots of these rob the soil and their leaves prevent a free circulation of air. Close proximity to buildings and fences should be avoided, as the reflection of the sun's rays upon the flowers causes them to wither very quickly, and in winter the snow is liable to drift too deeply over the plants, breaking them down. LOCATION OF TffE BED The location of the rose bed should be on ground thoroughly drained either naturally or artificially. The matter of soil is of less importance than location, as roses will grow in almost any soil short of pure sand. You will, however, give them the best sort you have or can procure. A Prize Verandah ia a Compelition Conducted Last Year hj the Ottawa Horticullaral Saciaty [ Ifosiilcuoo of iAiiv. D. T. .\l.u!lja,iifin. lOO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 Progressive Vegetable Culture^ PROGRESSIVE vegetable growers are looking for new and improv- ed ideas regarding the growing of their products, and any method by which they can realize increased returns from their gardens interests them. The fol- lowing methods and appliances are be- ing adopted by vegetable men in parts of the United States, and may prove of interest and value to Ontario vegetable growers. From the greenhouse vegetable grow- ers' standpoint let me say that steriliza- tion of soil is being extensively carried on by practically all progressive growers. In some cases steam boilers are pur- chased for the sole purpose of treating the soil. Some are using the inverted pan method, others the spike method, and one progressive grower in Grand Rapids (Mr. Yonkers) has made a ster- ilizing apparatus which amounts to put- ting a modified skimmer irrigation line under the soil to a depth of four to six inches and forcing live steam through the nozzles. He claims to have had better success from this method than from any other employed. Sterilization will give results. This has been proved by many growers on the other side, and many make an annual practice of treat- ing all soil in the greenhouse. Some growers make a point of grow- ing only one or two crops and making a specialty of those particular ones and improving as they can. They select their own seed and do their own cross-breed- ing and aim to supply the market with the best possible varieties of that par- ticular vegetable that can be found. Some make a specialty of cucumbers, others tomatoes, and others lettuce, and dur- ing their season the quality of the pro- duce from these specialists can be seen on the markets realizing ten and fifteen per cent, more than that of their com- petitors. Improved varieties are due largely to selection of seed. These men do not depend on seedsmen for their seed, but at different times go through the growing crops themselves and pick out the best plants and select their speci- mens from these. The progressive grow- er knows what his market demands, and the main point on his score card is pro- bably his selection of specimens for seed. CUCUMBER CaOWING The large greenhouse plants around Toledo are devoted to extensive growing of cucumbers, and they have adopted a device for training their cucumbers on a stake one-half inch by one inch by seven feet in length. It is fitted with a simple nail lock, one naU being driven through, and another, somewhat longer, being • Extract from an addreas deliTored at the laet annual convention of the Ontario Vete- ta,ble Growers' Association. C. Johnston, B.S.A. driven through the stake and bent so that it forms a lock with the small nail, the bottom of the stake is either driven into the ground beside the plant or is fitted with a small resting shoe, and stands on top of the ground beside the plant. The tops are let into a piece of ribbon wire which is permanently stretched through the houses. This wire holds the cucumbers solidly in place and excellent results are given. Skinner irrigation cannot be spoken of too much. Growers in all sections are beginning to use this system on gardens from an acre to forty acres in size with remarkable results. Satisfied growers are everywhere the best answer to any question regarding Skinner irrigation. It is the custom of some vegetable growers to hold their manure before ap- plying it to the greenhouse. They have told me that they find it worth consider- ably more to them. Some of them have built concrete manure pits. They pile the manure to a depth of three or four feet in these pits and turn the water on to the manure at intervals to keep down the fire fanging. Some turn the manure at different times. These pits are built with concrete walls about one foot thick and eighteen inches to two feet high. As a rule paving brick is laid in an inch or so of concrete for the bottom. They are higher at the ends than at the centre and are made wide enough to permit hauling manure right into them. Several growers are now making an annual practice of holding their manure four or five months in this way. They advocate this method especially for the manure that is to go into the greenhouse. The liquid manure is soaked up by the coarse manure and its full benefit is thus gained. Some growers make pits for this manure only and build it entirely of concrete and do not drive in them, sim- ply throwing the manure into a pile in them and watering as they see fit. A New York firm has a patented celery bleacher which is being tried out by several growers. It consists of a strip of material very similar to some of the com- mon ready roofings, twelve inches wide, and in rolls of one hundred feet in length. This is placed around the celery instead of boards or paper, and is held together by means of I 1 shaped wire holders, which fit over both sides of the pajDer. This method is not more than a year or so old and it has been tried with some degree of success by some growers. 8T.AKING OF TOMATOES Possibly the staking of tomatoes is being tried out more than any other method by progressive vegetable grow- ers. Fully fifty per cent, of the growers visited last summer were either experi- menting with it or were beyond that stage and carrying it on as part of their yearly work. There are different meth- ods of staking employed and as yet it is mainly the early varieties that are being staked and in quantities ranging from a few plants to one and a half to two acres. The commonest method is to drive a stake into the ground beside the plant and tie the plant to it with either twine or raffia. The stakes are of one and one and a half inch material, and are made from five to seven feet in length. The plants are set eighteen to twenty inches apart in the rows and three to four feet between the rows. The vines are trimmed to one stem. Growers claim that they get earl- ier fruit by nearly a week, and that the quality of the fruit is improved. The es- timated cost of staking plants is between five and ten cents a plant. Sowing Vegetable Seeds Mr<. Dell Gnttaa, Port Atthor, Ont. THE time for sowing vegetable seeds out of doors varies greatly. Firsi of all have the ground well pre- pared and enriched. Before starting to sow, remove all stones and rubbish and pulverize the soil thoroughly. Be neat in all you do. Onions, peas, spinach, carrots, par- snips and other hardy vegetables may be planted as soon as the ground is fit. Leave cucumber, squash and corn until danger of frost is passed. Sow the seeds in moist or freshly stirred soil. Do not plant too deeply. Sow radish in good rich soil in order to have quick growth. For a succession, sow every two weeks. Cauliflower seed is very expensive, so when I do not plant in the hot bed but out in the open garden I always put in with it about a cupful of turnip seed, mix them and sow. The turnip plants may be removed before they smother the cauli- flower plants. Early Snowball or Dwarf Erfurt are fine for the garden. A great many sow cauliflower and cabbage in the hot bed. It is all right to plant a few seeds so as to have early ones to use, but as a rule the better plan is to sow them directly in rows in the garden as soon as the weather will permit. Mix cabbage seed with turnip seed the same as with cauliflower. This saves time, and I have had good heads just as quick- ly from plants grown from the start out in the open, although it is hardly consid- ered possible by some. Try both ways. Cabbage is a gross feeder, and needs lots of rich manure. Most of the best growers apply manure broadcast. In growing early cabbage it is an excellent plan to apply a little dry hen manure around the hills when the plants are half grown. This should be put close to the plants, but scattered over a radius of a foot or more from the plants and then cultivated into the .soil. The Early April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The Skinner System of Irrigation at Used at Several Places in Essex County, Ont. _a*l —Photo by W. E. J- Edwards. B.S.A. Winningstadt, Early Express and Glory of Enkhuizen are good varieties. Corn should not be planted until the soil is warm as the seed is apt to perish if the season is backward and wet. I have tried several varieties and have found the Malakoff and Squaw to be the most suitable for the west. Irrigation and Its Practical Results I ONE of the most practical and in- structive addresses delivered at the convention of the Ontario Vege- table Growers' Association in Toronto last November was that of J. J. Davis, of London, Ont. "In the course of a year," said Mr. Davis, "we have a great variety of wea- ther. I have never seen a season in which there have not been periods that I could use water very profitably. Of course, there is a great difference in sea- sons. Sometimes we get very nearly as much rain as we want, but at other times not nearly a sufficient supply. "Our business is in one way a great deal more favored than that of some thers. For instance, the milkman must ot introduce water into his business, ■and there are men behind prison bars Sto-day for selling watered stock. But |we can introduce water into our business nd get a premium for doing so. "The first time I started watering was on a fine patch of pickling cucumbers. fit was a very dry season, and I was needing money. I had a well sixty feet deep, and I pumped the water by hand, raised it into a barrel, and drew it to the cucumber patch. I got fifty feet of hose to run it over something el.sc growing in I he same patch. Athough this was a very crude system the results were so good that it opened my eyes to the value of water, and I began to turn my at- tention to a better system. "I got a windmill and tanks and did some watering that way. After that I purchased a gasoline engine. I laid pipes out through the fields, and when water was wanted I would start the engine and attach hose to the piping. That worked pretty well. One can sup- ply a lot of water in a day with that kind of an outfit. The trouble, however, was that it took a great deal of time to apply the water. "A neighbor of mine had seen the Skinner system in operation, and we got our heads together and came to the con- clusion that the Skinner system was about the thing we needed. The advan- tage that this system has over any other that I have ever tried is that it applies the water itself. The system is direct lines of pipe and the water is applied with pressure from an engine. All you have to do is to start the engine, and by simply sending a boy to oil the pump it will run half a day without being loked at. , "With the old system of watering I found that as long as there was a cloud in the sky a person would put off water- ing in the hope that rain would come. In a dry period every day that the crop is going without water a certain amount is lost. It takes so little time to start the Skinner .system one does not depend on the rain." Mr. Davis strongly advised any mem- ber who was starting to irrigate to start on a large enough scale. If a small plant is put in on the start one cannot add to it, but has to start right at the begin- ning again, for usless you have suffi- cient power it will not operate more than a certain amount of piping. "A man who has never had any ex- perience," continued Mr. Davis, "has no idea how much water it takes to water a small piece of ground. Some soils wil' take a great deal more than others. With the outfit that I have I can apply about two thousand seven hundred gallons an hour. There is practically no water wast- ed, and on account of having plenty of water I very rarely have a poor crop. If it wasn't for the water I would go out of the gardening business and find some- thing more profitable." , Mr. Davis was asked if he had founS it necessary to put in more drains since using this system. Mr. Davis replied that he had not. The idea is not to fill the soil full of water, but just to keep things in good growing condition. Mr. J. Lockie Wilson asked what was the cost of Mr. Davis' outfit and how much land he could irrigate. Mr. Davis replied that as near as he could figure it out, the full equipment had cost him about one thousand dol- lars, and that he had about four acres of garden. Another member asked what widlth apart the pipes were paced and how often they had to be turned when watering. The pipes were fifty feet apart, Mr. Davis said, and a handle was arranged on the pipe so that one could turn it one way and it would throw water for twenty- five feet, then gradually keep turning it until a space of fifty feet was watered with one pipe. The question was asked, "What time of day is best to water?" to which Mr. Davis replied that he considered four o'clock in the afternoon the most satis- factory. A member remarked that a neighbor of his tried watering in the morning and evening and found that the crop that was watered in the evening was nearly sixty per cent, better. This, Mr. Davis said, was easily explained, as the water applied in the evening would have all night to evaporate. "What pressure do you use?" was an- other question. Mr. Davis replied that he had a five horse-power engine which he runs for all it is worth. One can run it with ten pound pressure or a seventy or eighty pound pressure. Before leaving the platform, Mr. Davis was asked if he was in the habit of keep- ing an account of his receipts and ex- penses for each year, to which Mr. Davis replied: "The only book I have around my hou.se is a bank book. It tells mc at the end of the year how much money I have." We should rotate cabbage and potatoes because these are the most exhaustive crops we grow. A ton of potatoes con- tains about twelve pounds of potash, four pounds of sulphuric acid, four pounds of phosphoric acid, and one pound of magnesia. We may replace these substances by abundant manuring, but if we follow a well-planned rotation the amount of manure required will be greatly reduced. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINKD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hai been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Publiihed by The Horticultural Publithing ..Companr, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO EDITORIAL The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs ok the Ontario and Quebec Fru:t Growers' Absociations AND OF The Ontario Beekeepers' Association H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOOKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY Chicago OfiSce— People's Ga« Building New York Office— 286 5th ATenue. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.M". 1. The Canadian HorficnltnrlRt is pnbllshed in two editions on the 25th dav of the month pre oedinsr dote of Issue The first edition Is knowTi ae The Canadian HortlcnltTirlflt. It Is devoted exdnslvely to the horticultnTal Interests of Canada. The second edition Is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition eeToral pafres of matter appearing in the first Issue are replaced by an equal number of napes of matter relating to the bee-keeping In- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- oulturtst In Canada and Great Britain. «0 cents a year: two years. «1 00. and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. .I] 00 a year For tTnlted States and local subccrlptlons in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a year. Includlnir postape. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office OP ^J'?''*™ Money Order, or registered Letter. 4. The Law Is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible nntll all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 6. Change of Address— When a change of ad drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad dresses must be glyen. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following Is a sworn statement of the net nald circulation of The Canadian Hortlcnltnrlst for the year ending with December. 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months. Including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested In the growing of fmlts, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ....11.570 August. 1913 12.675 February. 1913 ...11.550 September. 1913 ...13 729 March. 1913 11.209 October. 1913 .. .13 778 April, 1913 11.970 November, 1913 ...12 967 May. 1913 12.368 December, 1913 ...13.233 June, 1913 12.618 July, 1913 12.626 Total 150.293 Avernite each Issue In IM7. 1(177 • " I91S. 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application OUR GUARANTPn We guarantee that everv advertiser In this issue is reliable. We are able to do thin because .. "ert regarding the trees requiring removal. Even if no more trees are planted in Brit- ish Columbia than are there now, the apple production of the province will be ten times as great as it is at present when immature trees now out come into bearing. — C. J. Thorntoai, M.P. I04 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 Nova Scotia Fruit Growers Face the Future AT the annual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, held in January, President S. C. Par- kf-r of Berwick, discussed frankly the work of the year and the prospects for the future. As his remarks were of more than usual interest, we srive them here al- most in full. Mr. Parker spoke as follows : We are R-athered to-day to review the successes and failures of the past year, to look into the present situation, and to con- sider what can be done in the futurei to place our business on a better basis. The results of the past year have been far from satisfactory. We had our chance and failed to take advantage of it. On the first day of May, 1913, this Valley had a chance to make good. We had a good show of blos- soms, with a prospect of, at least, a fair crop of apples. We gathered a very mod- erate crop of very poor apples. Nineteen hundred and thirteen was a year, when to make good in apples meant a lot of money and much free advertising of our orchards and their products. The markets of the world were open to us — ^no apple growing section on this continent had a full crop. The markets were ready to absorb all good fruit available at a good price. We have not made good, and, in my opinion, this failure is the fault of the fruit grow- ers rather than that of Providence, upon whom too many of us are inclined to put all blame. I know there are hundreds of fruit growers in this Valley, and doubtless some here to-day, who will hasten to dis- pute this assertion. I am prepared to back this statement to the limit. Show me any orchard in the Valley that in the season of 1913 grew a few measly barrels of scabby apples, and I will guarantee to find within five miles of this orchard a farmer who, under practically the same conditions with the same environment, had a fair to good crop of comparatively clean apples. I will make another assertion that some may rise to dispute. Thorough spraving will not only make apples grow clean, but it will make apples grow when otherwise there would be none. I can give you concrete proof, and much evidence to this end will be offered before the meeting is dosed And, just now, all will concede that there Y^j"°l-* crop of clean apples in any or- chard this season that was not sprayed in the most thorough manner. There is only one salvation for apple growing in this Annapolis Vallev, and that is in the gospel of e-ood spraying. We must grow clean apples— nothing else counts. The grower of spotted apples is certain to grow poor, and the more apples he grows the poorer he will become. Scabby apples will not be worth anvthing in the near future, and the man who grows them will not earn his board. Apples can be kept clean even in the worst season, for we have men here to-dav who have succeeded in doing so; and what one has done others may do. THE world's crop The world's crop of apples for the year 1913 was small. Ontario had a small crop, and patchy both in quantity and qualitv Ontario, of course, is a large province and the apple areas are widelv distributed ^K>me sections had good quality and others very spotted; New York and New England had an off year. The crop of the middle umhJT- ^"^P^^t'^'^'y li^ht; British Col- un.bu had the most appks she has ever had. The western states had about half of last year's crop. THE SHADOW OF OVERPRODUCTION It is from the western states that the shadow of overproduction looms large. New York and New England are giving their orchards better care, and improving rapidly in quantity and quality; but the enormous population in the east will take care of an increasingly large quantity! of apples. Ontario this year shipped nearly 400,000 barrels to western Canada and that growing country will consume any On- tario surplus, if she can hold the market. The four states of Oregon, Montana, Utah, Washington, produced in 1911, 18,000 car- loads. This year, with an off crop, 10,000 carloads. Next year they expect to produce 25,000 carloads. This tier of western states is said to have 120,000 acres of orchard just coming into bearing. At 100 barrels per acre, or 300 boxes, as they count them there, we are to face 20,000,000 barrels of apples added to the world's production. That is the problem we are facing, and that is why I say it is useless for us to face that tremendous flood of big, red and yellow apples with a few thousand barrels of miserable spotted trash that is scarcely worthy a place in the cider mill. Many of you who keep in touch with the foreign markets, know that two years ago thousands of boxes of Oregon Newtons, the highest priced apple in the world, were sell- ing in Liverpool and London at four shil- lings a box. This is what increased pro- duction may mean ; and that is the reason this Association is calling on all interested to get busy and grow clean apples, and only clean apples in competition for the world's market. ORG.ANIZATION NEEDED The next step in the fight for supremacy in the struggle, is good organization in marketing. The United Fruit Companies have taken a prominent place in the great selling factors of this country. For an organization in the first year of its history to handle nearly one-half of the output of apples of this province, is certainly a re- markable record. If there had been no central organization to manage the output I am convinced there would have been a far different record, both last year and this. The flood of scabby apples poured on the London market, as without the guiding hand of the central organization would have been the case, must have resulted disas- trously to aU fruit interests. I am convinced that one organization, controlling all the export apples of this province, is essential to the best interests of all progress. The United Fruit Company may well feed proud of its record and its work, and this association may certainly be proud of the part it had in effecting the organization. BRITISH COLTTMBIA ALERT The British Columbia Government sent their Secretary for Agriculture to the head office at Berwick to inquire into the me- thods of organization. British Columbia is organizing cooperative companies, with Government assistance and Government capital. The United Fruit Companies has its present standing without Government grants or Government assistance of any kind. In fact, more than once, the organi- zation has been effected in spite of Legis- lative indifference, if not active opposi- tion. Your president was invited by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to visit their annual meeting in November and address them on Cooperative Marketing in Nova Scotia. I had the honor of giving that association a brief history of the organiza- tion of the United Fruit Companies, in the presence of the Minister of Agriculture and Dr. C. C. James, adviser to the Minister, both of whom expressed a great interest in the work being done in this province. In listening for two or three days to the discussion of the Ontario fruit men, I found their problems much the same as ours. Transportation is a big question with them owing to their long rail haul and enormous output of soft fruit. Their troubles cause ours to shrink into insignificance. They have a permanent transportation commit- tee with a paid secretary. This committee is kept busy in looking after matters in this connection. THE COOPERATIVE AS80CUTION8 Second, only, to the importance of grow- in <» clean apples is the importance of standing close by the cooperative organi- zations ; the next five years means five years of struggle to maintain our ground. We have many advantages that none of our competitors can ever have. The fittest only will survive, and it is up to us to make j/ood . In the death of .Alexander McNeill, for many years Chief of the Federal Fruit Division, this association and the great fruit interests of Canada have lost a tried and proven friend. Mr. McNeill was a familiar figure in these meetings. He came to us many times at much personal sacri- fice. He was always ready to assist when needed, to speak the cheering word and work for the advancement of the fruit in- terests of Canada. Personally, and, I am sure I speak for every member, we deplore the death of our late chief and feel the loss of a friend and co-worker, who was always ready to work for the advancement of a true Canadian nationality. While the Fruit Division is without a head, it seems an opportune time to press on the Government the growing importance of the fruit interests, and to urge the Minister of Agriculture to establish horti- culture as an independent department under a commissioner, rather than remaining sub- sidiary to some other department. A Wasted Fertilizer Jas. SackTille, Bewdley, Oit. Docs it not seem strange that more at- tention has not been turned to the utiliza- tion of the sewerage of the cities and towns for manurial purposes? This material should increase the productiveness of the soil and return an increased supply of food to the markets instead of polluting, as it now does, the rivers and lakes with the filth of towns and cities. There are many thousands of acres all over this fair Dominion, lying almost waste, which under proper cultivation and by the use of the manure husbanded from the sewerap'e and waste of towns and cities might have their productiveness increased in some cases tenfold their present yield. We hear a good deal about government ownership and municipal and governmental control. Why could not city and town coun- cils and municipalities secure the necessary land and turn this filthy nuisance into a profitable asset? April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST los Mated pairs of Silver.black anci patched foxes for sale. Also options on 1914 puppie 8 I for summer de- livery. JOHN DOWNHAM. Box N. Sirathroy. Ont. <^45Sfe 'HtBESTMAB'^ FOSTEPS StandaR" POT FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets and Fern Pans FOn THE SPRING TRADE We make the "Standard" Pot. the beet Pot In the world— uniform, best of olay. well burned, in every resBect superior to all others. All our pots have rim on shoulder, thus allowing them to be placed together per- fectly and preventing breakage in shipping and handling. Place your Spring Order NOW. A complete Une and large stock of all sizes kept on hand to ensure prompt ship- ment. Send for NEW CATALOG and PRICE LIST The Foster Pottery Co. HAMILTON - - ONTARIO Main Street West Ontario Fruit in the West E. F. Palmer, Ontari* Fruit Branch AT the convention of the Interna- tional Apple Shippers' Association, Cleveland, Ohio, Ausrust, 1913, On- tario fruit carried off premier hon- ors, in competition with fruit from Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Virginia, and other states. At the Canada Land and Apple Show, Winnipeg, October 10th-18th, 1913, Ontario fruit was awarded first and second prizes in the five box lots of apples. This was the only open competition for apples. British Columbia fruit came third. At Rochester, at the annual meeting of the New York Stale Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, January 7th to 9th, 1914, Ontario rrun won first prize in the three box lots of apples — the only open competition. Ore- gon and New York State were "also rans." Ontario, in the only three competitions in which she entered, carried off the prem- ier honors in each case. Who says On- tario cannot produce as good or better fruit both as to quality and appearance, as can be grown anywhere in the world, or, com- ing nearer home, in America ? British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, Virginia, and New York States among others had to take a back seat when Ontario chose to compyete. That is one side of the question : On- tario produces the finest apples in the world. The other and vital side of the question, as I stated in the February issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, is that Ontario, as a whole, is not producing such fruit — or what is almost, if not quite, as important, she is not, as a province, put- ting her fruit up in such a njanner that Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. The short list published in this space in the March issue is continued as under: Anemone Japonica, 3 vars., each 15r; 10, $1.25. Artemisia iactiflora, new, each 25c. Asters (Michaelmas Daisies) 13 vars.; each 15c; 10, $1.25. Astilbe, (Spirea) 4 vars., each 15c; 25c: 30c; and 35c. Beilis Perennis (English Daisv), 2 vars., each 15c; 10, $1.25. Boltonia astercldes, each 15c ; 10 for $1.25. Campanula (BelMower) 4 vars., 1 yr plants; each 20c; 10, $1.50. DIcentra (Bleeding Heart), each 20c Digitalis (Fo-xglove), 5 vars., 1 vr. plants, each 20c; 10, $1.50. Helenium, 5 vars., each 15c and 20c. Hemerocaills, 3 vars., each 15c, 20c; 10, $1.25, $1.50. Heuchera, each 20c; 10, $1.50. Kniphofia (Tritoma), each 15c; 10 $1.25. Sliasta Daisies, 3 vars., each 25c; 10, $2.00. Above prices include carriage prepaid These and many other plants are described in our Spring Planting List sent free on applica- tion. Early orders are recommended. JOHN CAVERS RED CYPRESS HOT BED SASH Size 3 ft. 2 in . by 6 ft. for 4 rows of Sin. butted glass. Price, $1.20 in Clear Cypress. What a pleasure to have home-grown vegetables and flowers weeks ahead of the regular season. A hot bed fitted with our superior Hot Bed Sash will ensure this. DURABLE Our Hot Bed Sash are made of the very best materia], put together to withstand the most severe usage, and are guaranteed to last for years. All the joints are tight fitting, blind mortised and white leaded before being put together. A half-inch oak rod runs through the bars and into the stiles. A metal pin is driven into each of the bars and stiles through the rod. In this way each bar is held in the proper place and prevented from sagging. Folder Sent on Request size 3 ft. by 6 ft. for 3 rows 10 in. lapped glass. Price, $1.15 in Clear Red Cypres*. BATTS LIMITEDp.r..Wcst Toronto )o6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 ■ «^n GLORIOUS GARDEN! i;om ENGLAND KE LW AY ' S famous Hardy Herbaceous Perennials— Gail- lardias, Pyrethrums, Paeonies, Delphiniums and others— are from strong, country-grown stocks which flourish under almost all conditions of soil and climate and make it possible to reproduce successfully in this country much of the charm and beauty of the finest old English gardens. Choice named collections (specially picked to suit Canadian conditions) of Pseonies from $3.75 to $17.00; Delphiniums from $2.25 to $13.50; Gaillardias from $1.50 to $4.50 ; Pyre- I'' thrums, $1.50, $3.00 and $5. 10 a dozen. Full particulars and iUustralions are given in the KeVway Manual of Horticnlture mailed Free on receipt of 60 cents, by \ KELWAY 8L SON LANGPOHT - SOMERSET 2087o:ZJLir England: asEK. f> ^!sJ Kelway's Perennials For Canadian Gardens Direct fivm KELWAY&SON The Royal Horticulturists f I &Sc->S LANGPOKT ENGLAND .^ '3f^&- ■.a*W;!g&.-. =-3S;e>::-^ This is the Kelway Book which every Garden lover should write for today it appeals to the consumer. Western deal ers are accused of being unjustly prejudifl ed as:ainst Ontario fruit, and while thef is some truth in this, yet they also haV reason to be prejudiced, to some extent any rate. THE CRITICISM OF A FRIEND The following are the contents of a let- ter, written from Regina, under date ot January 13, 19H, and recently received by P. W. Hodg^etts, Director of the Fruit Branch, from one of Ontario's leading app' glowers "Being desirous of finding out, for m- self, first hand as to the requirements ' the apple market at Regina and Moo Jaw, I took our last car at the beginnii. of December and accompanied it to R' gina, where I placed it in storage. It coi sisted of boxes and barrels, about half a car of each. They were all Spy and No. 1 stock throughout. "I have met practically every dealer of importance in Regina and Moose Jaw (re- tailers only), and could find none who had boxed apples from Ontario. Several cars of Ontario barrel stock were placed here and the most of it was horrible to behold. The only barrel stock I saw, which I was not ashamed of, was put up by a Fruit Growers' .-Association, and sold at Moose Jaw. "Fully 90 per cent, of the retailers here, being so dubious of Ontario stuff, havr- quit it entirely and stock up with the we em fruits. "I have been able in almost every case to interest the retailers sufficiently to have them examine these apples, and they all appear enthusiastic about the wrapped and boxed apples. It was a big surprise to me to hear most of them remark that 'this was the first lot of Ontario boxed stuff they had seen . ' "The one feature which has been most gratifying is the fact that this car of fruit is superior to any Western fruit I have been able to find on sale. "I will list as briefly as possible my ob- servations of conditions as they at present exist at Regina, Moose Jaw, and surround- ing country. "Ontario apples are admitted to possess the highest quality. "Ninety per cent, of the dealers state that they will never buy barrel apples again. "Ninety per cent, of the dealers here are stocked entirely with western boxed apples now. They buy western stuff on account of getting an honest and uniform grade throughout. "Seventv-five per cent, of the retailers are prejudiced against the Ontario pack. These retailers state that they would favor the Ontario apple if they could get it wrapped and boxed and honestly put up. "Ontario can grow the best apples known, but in spite of this Ontario apples have a bad reputation. "It is high time that the crooked dealer? wore roughly handled. "This lot of apples will net us approxi mately five dollars a barrel and two dol- lars a box." I believe I voice the desire of the greater part of the fruit growers and shippers ot Ontario when I say that we want the In- spection and .Sales .Act changed as to give us iinspection at point of shipment, and that inspection there shall be final. — D Johnson, Forest, Ont. April, 1914 THE CANADIAN ROI^TI C ULTUR 1ST 107 BUY CARNIOLANS IN CARNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet and Price List. Awarded 60 Honors. Johann Strgar. - Wittnach P.O. Wocheiner Feistritz Upper-Carniola (Krain), Austria BEES FOR SALE For Sale — Early swarms at fall prices. Vi lb. bees $1.00. 1 lb. bees $1.50. f.o.b. here. Add price ol Queen if wanted. Untested Italian Queens. 75c each. Tested Italian Queens, $1.25 each. These are bred from be«t honey- gathering strain. No disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction I guarantee to any Express Office in Man., Ont. and Que., which has con- nection with Detroit. Mich. Thia is un- doubtedly the best way for Northern honey- produoers to increase and imDrove their stock. Deliveo-y begins about April 5th. Capacity, 40 swarms per day- You will get your bees when wanted, or money back by return mail. W. D. ACHORD, FITZPATRICK, ALA., U.S.A. FOR SALE Swarms of bees in packages. Replace your winter losses and strengthen weak colonies with young, healthy Italians. J-lb. packages, 90c. each; i-lb. packages, $1.25 each ; 2-lb. packages, $2.45 each. Young, un- tested Italian Queens, 75c. each. No disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Let us send you our little circular and price list on our queens and bees, BROWN & BERRY HAYNEVILLE - - ALA., U.S.A. Bees and Bee Supplies Roots, Dadants, Ham & Nott's goods. Honey, Wax, Poultry Supplies, Seeds, etc. IVrtte for a Catalogue THE CHAS. E. HOPPER COMPANY I8S Wright Avenue, Toronto, Ont. Bee Supplies Bees and Queens Improved Model Hives Sections Comb Foundation Italian Queens Bees by the Pound Packages Etc., Etc. EVEHYTHING for the BEEKEEPER Catalogue Free Higheet Pric^ paid for BEESWAX F. W. JONES - BEDFORD, QUE. STRAWBERRIES Your copy of our Strawberry Cata- logue is now ready. A Post Card will bring it.' It describes all the best varieties of Strawberries and Raspberries. Cultural directions and lots of other valuable information. THE LAKE VIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McCoanell & Son Qroveseod, Ontario COMB FOUNDATION Write for our prices before getting your wax made up. We can please you. Wax taken in exchange at market prices. LEWIS MINOR, SMITHVILLE, ONT. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW CLUBBING LIST The Review and Gleanings one year, #1,50- The Review and Ajnerican Bee Journal one yenr, $1 5U. AU three for one year only t2.00. Canadian Subscribers add for postag-e as fol- lows: Gleanings, 30c. ; A. B. J.. 10c. Address THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEIT, North Star, Mich. 50,000 FIRST CLASS FRUIT TREES Two year old, 3 to 5 ft. liigh. To introduce our stocli will sell while they last at $20.00 per 100, $2.50 per 10. All varieties of I'lums. Pears, Peaches. Cherries and Apples. Special prices to Associations. W.P.POWE&SON - CAINSVILLE. ONT. QUEENS Bred from Doolittles best Italian stock. It is to your advantage to order now. ONE DOLLAR EACH The bees from my breeding queens are very gentle and good honey gatherers. P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave. - Toronto, Ont. Saje arrival guaranteed POWER HONEY EXTRACTORS (6 Frame L. Extractor with !<. H. P. Engine) Cut Gears, Heavy Steel Brake, Remove- able Comb-Baskets This outfit combines Simplicity, Strength and Efficiency IVKITE THE HAM & NOTT COMPANY BHANTFORD, ONT. LIJVIITED Apple Shippers Read this before dispos- ing of your Apples IT'S ONLY NATURAL to give your own property THE PREFERENCE - Blood thicker than water. Having no bought apples of our own, we are in a position to look after your interests. Consign we can take care of them for you. your apples to us Have ample storage to hold for improved market. Dawson - Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO PHONE MAIN 1471 io8 THE CANADIAN H O RTT C LM.T U RIST April, 1914 ^-^ff^-O^-l^^fh^^P^IT^ PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE DoeB all you could wish of a poultry fiuico and more. Built close enough to kurp clHckcng In and BtronK tMiongh to kocp cattlfl out. Kven Biuall chicks cannot get hctwecn the cloHO mesh of lateral and vertleel wires. The heavy, hard steel topan'l hotiora wires, together with luterniedlato laterals, will take; eare of a caro essly backed wagon, or an unruly uulmal and sprlngbai-.klntoshape Immediately. The wires are securely held together at every Intersection hy the I'KEULKSS Lock. ThB Fonoo That Savos Exponso \j It neverneeds repairs. It Is the cheapest fence to erect be- cause, owing to its exceptionally heavy top and bottom wires, but half the usual amount of lumber and posts are required. Send for Llteratui-m and address of nearest agent. We .ilso make a complete line of farm and ornamental fencing. Agents nearly everywhere. Agents wanted In unasslgnod territory. ^ Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd. Winnipeg, Manitoba Homilton, Ontario IS5 He's Big All Over And Good All Through Big Ben is built for endless service. He has no "off-days," no shut-downs. His four years of existence have been one long record of on-the-dot accu- racy. 7,000 Canadian dealers say that he does more efficient 'work for less pay than any other clock alive. A Big Ben battalion, over 3,000 strong, leaves La Salle, Illinois, every day. Their sparkling triple nickel- plated coats of implement steel; their dominating seven-inch height; their big, bold, blaak, easy-to-read figures and hands; their big, easy-to-wind keys — all make Big Ben the world's master clock. In return for one little drop of oil, he' 11 work for you a full year. From "Boots on" to "Lights out" — 365 times — he'll guarantee to tell you the time o'day with on-the-dot accuracy. He'll guarantee to get you up either of TWO WAYS— with one long, .steady, five-minute ring if you need :i good big call, or on the installment plan, with short rings one half-minute apart for ten minutes, so you'll wake up gradually y and he'll stop short in the middle of a tap during either call if you want to shut him off. Big Ben is a mighty pleasant look- ing fellow. His big, open honest face and his gentle tick-tick have earned him a place in thousands of parlors. The next time you go to town call at your dealer's and ask to see Big Ben. If your dealer hasn't him, send a money order for 53.00 to his makers — Westclbx, La Salle, Illinois — and he'll come to you prepaid. British Columbia The fruit growers of the Okanagan dis- trict were encouraged by the reports pre- 5ienteefore they pay for them just as I wanted to try the horse. Now,! know what our "1000 Gravity" Washer will do, , 1 know it will wash the clothes, without wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can be washed by hand or by any other machine. (.> I know it will wash a tub fuU of very dirty clothes in Six Miontes. I knownoother machine ever invented can do that, without wearing the clothes. Our ••WOO Gravity" Washer dots the work so easy that a child can run it aimost as well as a strong woman, and It don't wear the clothes, fray the edges, nor break buttons, the way all other machines do. It Just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. So, said I to myself, I will do with my *'1900 Gravity" Washer what I wanted the m-in to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send yon a "1900 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own Docket, and If you don't want the ma chine after you've used It a month, I'll take It back and pay the freigbt.too. Surely that Is fair enough, isn t it. _ _ Doesn't it prove that the "IfiOO Gravity" Washer must be all that ' cay it is? And you can pay me out of what it Mves for you, . It will save its whole cost in a few months fa wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then It will lave 50 to T5 cents a week over that in washwoman's wages. If you keep the machine after the month's trial, I'll let you pay for it out of what It saves you. If It saves you 00 cents a week, send me SO cents a week 'lill paid for. I U take that cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until the machine Itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day. and let me send you a book about the ■'IBOD Gravity" Wasber t^iat WflKM clothw te Ms mMNMK Address me porsonally : K. G- -MORRIS, Mauagcr, 1900 Wnaher Oo., 367 Ton«e St., Toronto. Ont. Why Not Cut Off the Two Cars of Filler ? It takes 400,000 cars to carry American Fertilizers to our farmers and plant- ers every season. Forty per cent — 2 cars out of 5 — of this stuft is Filler, which requires 160,000 cars ! Order less filler, higher grade and Nitrate of Soda for your active Nitrogen and save freight bills. The greater productive capacity of high-grade fertilizers without so much filler means a greater outbound tonnage for railroads and greater purchasing power for farmers, so that railroads and everybody would be benefited. DR. NO BKANCH OFFICES WM. S. MYERS. Chilean Nitrate Propaganda 25 Madlsoo Ave., New York 1 .'Ti^^Vrl?^ t' >»-. lifM '' '^ ' ^'•■* Tested Tf you Hfo iiitorcflted in upkcop of Lawn, TenniH - Cnurtw or Golf - Coume, writr for tlio "I'rm:tical Greonkeeper." Every ChampionHtiip Golf - Oourse in Amortca Ib to-day using Carters Tested Grass Seeds. 5ee c/s voith a Lineage Lovers of gardens and grounds should know that at Raynes Park, London, England, Messrs. James Carter & Co. have the finest and mo.3t complete testing and trial grounds in the world. Their equipment and the unique methods employed guarantee th.^ quality of their seeds. For genera- tions they have been cultivating, se- lecting and perfecting until Carters Tested Seeds have reached the high- est percentage of purity and germina- ation. In England, where the art of gard- ening is most highly developed, Cart- ers Seeds rank first. Ask any gard- ener with experience in Great Britain — -he will know Carter. In Canada, Carters Seeds have achieved a tremendous success, both on large estates ;ind in smaller gardens. We import -these seeds direct from Raynes Park and carry a complete stock at our Toronto warehouse. We issue an American Catalogue, with all prices in American money. Tt includes selccten varieties of Flower and Vegetable Seeds, with valuable directions for planting and cultivation. A copy of this Catalogue will be mailed you FREE. Write for it to-day. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS, Ins. 133 A King Street, Toronto no THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 A— CuokiDK Tank B-Ilot Water Tank O— Firo B"X D— Aeb Pan E}— Smoke ''IP' Make Your Own Spray Home Boiled Lime Sulphur ie beins used in increaslnK quan titles by leading fruit growers and frnit erowerg' a«8ociationR They find that by maklug their own spray they can effect a con- siderable money saving, and at the same time produce a pre- paration that will do the work thoroughly. It is an easy matter to make home boiled lime sulphur. The chief essential Is a proper spray cooker. We manufacture two kinds of cookers, one with a single tank, and one with a double tank. (See iUuBtration.i They are designed especially for this purpose, and will give the greatest efficiency with the greatest saving of fuel. They can be used for either wood or soft coal. The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly rlvetted and BOldered. Will not leak. They are built to eive satisfaction, and are guaranteed. Made in Ave sImb, capacity 30 to 75 gale. Prices and full par- ticulars on applic->i'et ill-Mrntin? tbe finest pruning saw on the market. STEEL TROUGH 81 MACHINE CO., Ltd.. TWEED, Ont. Dollar-Saving Facts Before buying any fence, consider the following points care- fully: Then you'll discover why so many shrewd farmers declare the "Frost Fence" ^ Canada's Best Fence, worth more than it costs We manufacture every inch of wire woven into FROST FENCES in our own mills right here in Hamilton. Therefore we know the Quality of both Laterals and Stays. Our process of galvanizing is thorough and assures a thick, even coat — so we can guarantee it to be free from the » » » ^^ ^^^^ —., corrosive and destruc- JIPOSV Fence tive influence of JFir'St ^ varying climatic conditions. The Laterals are deep- ly waved in the making — hence we can guarantee that heavy spring, the come-back qualities for which the FROST FENCE is famed. The Stays, you will see, are straight and uniformly spaced. That's the reason why we can guarantee eten distribution of strain. The Tie Wire is wrapped around both Laterals and Stays several times, making a pemiauient lock — a double surety of strength and lastingness. Examine fences every chance you get — Study the FROST FENCE in particular — Then, when you buy, you'll make a good investment. If you do not know the FROST FENCE man, write us — we may need an agent in your locality. 51 Frost Wire Fence Co. Limited HAMILTON ONTARIO Annapolis Valley Notes The United Fruit Companies hav« mad arranjfements with a Local newspaper t edit and publish one pajfe each week und' the name of the Cooperative News. Th' name of every member in the local com- panies is on the lists, and in this way th central body is kept closely in touch wi- the members. Part of the space each wei p. is R-iven up to a report on the condition of the apple market, prices, and similar in formation. From time to time articles of an educational nature pertaining to frur Krowinjf are printed. Before this the m jority of the jjrowers did not know wh. was being done, and were easily deceivi by interested parties, thus causing: di satisfaction with the management. Apple prices are still a little stronger, ranging from two to five dollars a barrel, according to grade and variety. The qualitv of the late winter apples is excellent. Fn; growers are beginning to realize that the: is a market for their more tender varieti( packed in boxes. The agents for power sprayers are doinj^ a rushing business, as the experiences of the past two seasons have about convinced the fruit grower that it is either spray well or look to some other line of farming for his living. In fact, the orchardist who does not spray to-day should be ashanff to look a full grown tree in the face. The duty on basic slag, which came in force this winter, is a serious tax on the farmers of this Valley. On the order of the United Fruit Companies alone the duty means all of three thousand dollars extra charge. Almost as many tons of slag are now bought as all other kinds of fertilizer taken together. Uplands that would not yield one half ton of hay to the acre, are by the application of ei.ght hundred pounds of slag made to grow clover most luxuri- antly. By using vetches as a cover crop, and putting on a dressing of slag every few years, apples can be grown with no other expense for fertilizer, .\fter seeing how this and other fruit grower raw ma- terials are taxed, anyone with a sense of humor must have the face ache who reads in his morning paper that the Government have appointelyn!! Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Hou^hton.-Currants. Perfection! Perfection!! Euby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Prolific, Champion. Blacit Naples. Black Victoria. Boe- coop- Raspberries. Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinokle's Orange, Golden Qneen, Strawberry - Raspberry. — Garden Roots, Afiparagus. Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue. WM. FLEMING, Narseryman. 496 - 4tb Arenae W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. Deering Tillage Implements The I HC Line GRAIN AND HAY MACHINES Binders. Reapers Mowers Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters. Binders. CultiTatora Ensitase Cutters Shelters. Shredders TILLAGE Combination. Peg and Spring-TootJl, and Disk Harrows Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Engines Oil Tractors Manure Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Trucks Threshers Grain Drills Feed Grinders Knife Grinders Binder Twine WHEN disked with a Deering disk harrow the ground is so prepared that it stores away and holds the moisture from snow and early rains, liberating it to the roots of your growing crops at the time when they need it most. Deering disk harrows are built to do this work as it should De done. The frame is strong enough to stand up under the strain of penetrating and pulver- izing hard ground. The bearings are as nearly dust and dirt proof as disk bearings can be built. The full line includes every style of disk and smoothing harrow and the best line of drills and cul- tivators built. See the Deering local agent for full information about the line, or send to us for cata- logues. "The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the proper preparations of a seed bed, and gives examples of the value of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four cents to cover postage and packing. Write for it. Interaational Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon. Calgary. Edmonton. Estevan. Hamilton, Lethbridge. London. Montreal. N. Battleford. OtUwa. Quebec. Regina. Saskatoon, St. John. Winnipeg. Yorkton ^ £^V^I N G'S RELIABLE S Reproduce the Choicest Stock "Like produces like". Given proper soil and care, Ewing's Seeds will reproduce, in your own garden, before your delighted eyes, the choice, selected vegetables and flowers from which they themselves grew. Breeding counts in plants as well as in animals, as Ewing's "pure-bred" seeds have been demonstrating by splendid crops for over forty years. Start right— plant Ewing's Reliable Seeds — and get the most out of your garden. Write now for our Illustrated Catalogue, and if your Dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds, order from us direct. THE WILLIAM EWING CO., LIMITED, Seed Merchant*. McGill Street, Montreal. 34 E. E. D S I 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, n CENTRAL Nurseries for Satisfaction No experiment when ordering Irom HULL. Fruit, 8haiimiiT»Omiis w CoMoveTcoir ^^^^^^^^^^^^ &EO.S.CtlAPMAN ^^^^^^^B lOM£f/!gK.BtlT. ^^Hb £6£M"f'-''^ ' 77S0mum jj^^^^^H UNFERTILIZED COMPLETE FERTILIZER ^^^^^1 FERTILIZER WI1H0UI POTtSH ^^^H Fertilizers "I Muriate of Pota=h Applied \ Acid Phospliate Per Acre ) Nitrate of Soda PIotR I II III 160 lbs. — 500 Ibfl. 500 lbs. 200 lbs. 200 lbs. Order Your POTASH *' 0"« The Potassic and Phosphatic Fertilizer.<; should be appHed as soon as the land is workable. Many disappointments with fertilizers are due to the fact that they have been applied too late for the crop to get full benefit from them in the first season. Remember that fertilizers are not used up ill the first sea.son, but are effective for .several .seasons. Nitrate of Soda should g:enerally be applied as a top-dressing at planting time. .Slower acting Nitrogenous fertilizers can be ap- plied earlier with the other materials. Muriate of Potash and Sulphate of Potash can be obtained from the leading fertilizer dealers and seedsmen. ^rite for our Free Educative Bulletins, which include : "Artilicial Fertilizers; Their Nature and Use" " The Farmer's Companion " " Fertilizing Orchard and Garden " "The Potato Crop in Canada" "The Principal Potash-Crops of Canada" etc. GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE, 1102-6 Tcmple^Bldg., TORONTO, ONT. bio This Spray Book Free! .A practical book of working- instructions. Tells how and when to spray. Explains how to select the right mixtures for cer- tain pests, how to treat insects and fun- gous growths, how to prepare, what strength to use, how to apply, which type of sprayer. Forty pages of the very information you want to increase your crop yield 25 to 75 per cent. We send it free. Write to-day. Goulds Reliable Sprayers are more durable, more prac- tical than cheap outfits which only last a season or two. That is why 400,000 orchard- ists and gardeners have chos- en Gould's Sprayers. They never clog, are easily cleaned and spray most uniformly Before you decide on any sprayer, find out about Gould's improved methods. It will save you money and trou- It tells you Send for the book to-day d about every type of sprayer, oi!tfit to big power pumps. from small hand (19) THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Largest Manufacturers o> Pumps for Every Purpose ""17 W. Fall Street, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Greenhouse Glass We manufacture a special line for greenhouses. It is of good quality, flat, squarelv cut and even thickness, virtues which cannot be dispensed with for lap- ping or butting. Shall be pleased to quote prices on application to any of our Canadian depots: MONTREAL Buiby Lute TORONTO Mercer St. WINNIPEG Hirkct St. VANCOUVER PowcUSt Pilkington Bros., Limited Works at St. Helens, Eng. ri4 THE CANAHTAN HORTTC U LTTT T? T S T April, i^«'**"'-'""*" llininilfl lllllmt^- Winnipeg, Man Hamilton, Ont, "m?. iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiit ; Jiiiiuj Strawberry Plants FOR SALE For 19T4 we are offering strong, vigorous, well rooted stock of twelve standard varieties. Price List Free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO.. Wellington, Ont. PRIZE DAHLIA ROOTS 15 for one dollar by mail prepaid. 15 larger root« one dollar by express, not prepaid. Low rate to Horticultural Soeietiea who give Dahlias as preninms. GEO. E. EGERTON 112 CHALMERS ST. OALT, ONT. Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Erery Disease of CnltiTated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Send lor Catalognei WI^OMr^Dl^f Muraiactnrer, and particnlan to : » JuKluUKCrL VILLEFRANCHE (Rhone), FRANCE THE BRANTFORD IDEAL POWER SPRAYER CANNOT BE EXCELLED We also manufacture complete line» of Gas and Gasoline Engines, Windmills, Tanks, Grain Grinders, Steel Saw Frames. Water Boxes, Pumps, etc. Catalogues describing our different lines, sent on request GOOLD, SHAPLEY 8i MUIH CO. Ltd., Brantford, Ont. '^Z and 24 cents respectively. The service was used to Kood advantage because the shipper or shippers did the handling, re- ceived the same despatch, and saved 28 and 26 cents a 100 fbs. respectively on their shipments. Where similar conditions exist, if ship- pers would reix)rt to the committee or my- self, it would receive attention. These are some of the matters which re- ceived the attention of the Transportation Committee and myself during the past year. The concessions granted have been made possible by your assistance in furnishing records, and just here may I express the necessity of keeping the records asked tor from time to time by circular. The power under which your committee can work suc- cessfully is in your hands. We must have these facts well substantiated ; it only re- mains, then, for you to make this keeping of records one of the first things attended to on each shipment. 1 want to assure you that railway companies are beginning now to realize that the Ontario Fruit Growers .Association is a body alive to their rights, and can substantiate a request with some- thins: behind it. Evidence which you snip- pers can produce will demand a hearing at any time, and 1 sincerely hope if this work continues your committee will have the co- operation of every shipper in the province. The Brown Tail Moth In an open letter published in some of the Nova Scotia papers. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion entomologist, deals with the Brown Tail Moth infestation in that prov- ince in part as follows : The serious character of this insect as a pest of fruit and shade trees, and as cause of physical discomfort and possible illness owing to the poisonous nature of the hairs of the caterpillar, needs no emphasizing, as most of our readers will be acquainted with the experiences of the New England States in regard to this insect and the Gipsy Moth. The Dominion and Provincial Depart- ments of .Agriculture are making every pos- sible effort to keep the insect in check by collecting the winter webs or nests on the trees, each of which webs contains on the average about two hundred and fifty young caterpillars. On this work a body of ten in- spectors employed by the Dominion and Provincial Governments, is engaged, and they are covering the whole of the infested territory. Owing to an enormous tiight of moths which were blown across the Bay of Fundy from Maine in July, 1913, the infes- tation has been very greatly increased. With the annual increase of the infestation in Maine we may expect a recurrence of such a re-infestation by wind-carried female moths in the future, and it is therefore more than ever necessary to call the attention of the owners of orchards and trees to the requirements of the law in this regard. The conditions in Nova Scotia are such as to demand the strict observance of the law. While the respective governments are leaving no stone unturned, the duties of their officers are to inspect, and the fact that they are collecting the webs on infested premises does not relieve the owners of such premises of the necessity of conform- ing with the regulations, and taking steps to eradicate the Browntail Moth when the same occurs in their premises. Orders have been issued to the inspec- tors to instruct the owners of properties on which the Browntail Moth has been found in anv abundance to spray their trees thor- April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST W^tchForThe"^ Trade Mark Know WftiAT^bu Get teEMAN^ fERTILlZERS A SPECIAL FORMULA FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT. Do not buy a " A Pig In a Poke." Send for booklet showing just what Fertilizer you should use and the exact composition of it. Your copy will be sent for a post card. The W. A. FREEMAN CO., Ltd. 223 HUNTER ST. E. HAMILTON, ONTARIO. MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Superintendent Royal Gardening Institute Saxony Germany Holder of Gold and Silver Medals Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished lor all kinds ol LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Conifers, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East - HAMILTON. Ont. Phone 118 Send your consignments of .4PI'LKS to the Home Country to Ridley Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season. Personal attention, promp account sales and remittance Correspondence invited TO THE TRADE ELWAY' I Of LANQPORT, Eng.) RENOWN ED PLANTS & SEEDS as advertised, are ollered at 8PBCIAL RATES TO CANADIAN NURSERYMEN. r NO AGENTS NO BRANCH STORES Our House Is open to every legitt- mate Nurseryman and Seedsman In the Dominion. ASK FOR PRICES KELWAY & SON, SrouTilr LANQPORT, ENGLAND. McCormick Tillage Implements ThelHCLine GRAIN AND HAY MACHINES Biodert, Reapers Mowers Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters. Binders, Cnltivators Ensilage Cutters SheUers. Shred Jcrs TILLAGE Combination, Peg and Spring-Tootb, and Disk Harrow* Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Enginta Oil Tractors Manure Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Trucks Tbreshers Grain Drills Feed Grinders Knife Grinders Binder Twine 'T~^HIS year ten disk harrows will be -■■ sold where one was sold five years ago. Why? Because so many farmers have learned that the proper use of a disk harrow is the best guarantee of a successful crop. Proper use of a disk harrow means the purchase of a McCormick disk harrow because they are the ones built to do the best work. The frames are strong, to stand the strain of following the binder or of disking hard ground. The set levers keep the gangs to their work at even depth. The bearings are the most durable that can be put on a disk harrow. _ The full line includes disk, peg tooth, and smooth- ing harrows, drills and cultivators. See this line be- fore you buy. We send catalogues on request. "The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the proper preparation of a seed bed, and gives exarnples of the value of disking— 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four cents to cover postage and packing. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Eilevan, Hamilton. LetlliridKe, London, Montreal, n. Battleford, OtUwa, Quebec, Regina, Saikatoon, St. John, Winnipeg. Yorkton RENNIE'S SEEDS Our new Seed Catalogue is larger and better than ever before. Contains everything in seeds, bulbs, small fruits and plants worth growing. 420 illustrations; 120 pages. Any gardener sending his name on a postal card can have it for the asking. SEND FOR IT TO-DAY. JUK— Send ICy rents (slumps) ^^^ and we will enclose hi the catalogue a packet of our GIANT PANSY. No. I.'J.^7. Itennie'H Itoyal Kxhibilion Pensy. Per pkl. 2.V. Also at Montreal, WinnipcK and Vancouver. W^ RENNIE CVted Cor. Adelaide and Jar vis Sts., TORONTO ' ii6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 Planet Jr Cut down time, labor, and cost of culti- vating. Use Planet Jr guaranteed tools, and raise larger crops. FHFF Out new 72-paKe illustrated catalogue "*-"-'"^ dcscribinu 6U I'lanct Jr implements. Write for it today. S L ALLEN & CO Box 1I06G Philadelphia Write lor the name ol our nearest agency No. 11 Planet Jr Double i Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Plow and > iUke Planet Jr Combined iill and Drill Seeder, Wheel ^Hoe, Cultiva* ' and Plow The greatest cultivatins tool for the crowcr of earden crops from drilled seed. Tt has steel frame. Light enough for woman's use. A favorite with onioo growers. tor I Planet Jr Horse Hoe and Cultivator A practical time. labor, and money saver ir the family vegetable garden and mar- ket gardener. Sows all garden seeds in rills or hills. Plows, hoes, cultivates. The best-known cultivating implement made. Strong, yet light. Cultivates to any depth and adjusts to any width. Has new steel wheel Dofi't Feed the Soil — Feed the Plant In the top eig-ht inches of average soil there is enough plant food in the form of nitrogen to- last for 90 years, in phosphoric acid for 500 years and in potash for 1000 years. And yet that very spot may prove barren. Plants have to take up their food in solution, in the "sap of the soil." All this food may be locked up so tightly by nature that the plants can't get at it fast enough for the commercial farmer, and he has to put in the same food in the soluble form of fertilizer. Just so, a fertilizer may, by analysis, have all the necestary elements and yet not give the plant full value because these elements are not ready soluble. Put into your ground a fertilizer that, will feej not your already overstocked soil but your hungry t>regan June 2nd last, and continued throughout the season, with six to ten in- spectors employed in the work. Beginning at Windsor, all the orchards as far west as Dibgy were inspected. The inspectors were then placed in Hants County and worked eastward into Halifax and Colchester coun- ties. As a result of the inspection fifty- seven trees were found infested with livings scale as compared with seven hundred and ' twenty-three the previous season. Of these fifty-seven, six were the 1911 planting, forty- five of the 1912 planting, and six of the 1913 planting. In addition to the scale work the inspec- tors gathered some valuable data as to the number of orchardists who spray and the acreage sprayed, in comparison with the total area. This information has been tabu- lated according to counties and makes very interesting reading. Though I would not wish to predict that the San Jose Scale has now been wiped out of Nova Scotia, for such predictions are always unsafe, X can at least safely say, that in no country of which I am aware has this pest after having become so widely dis- tributed been brought so nearly to the point of extermination. Though I do not wish to magnify the seriousness of this pest, and am very far from sayinB- that its establish- ment in Nova Scotia would sound the death knell of the fruit growing industry of the province, it would increase the cost of pro- duction, which is already sufficiently high. It would cost the country, at a conservative estimate, about fifty-five thousand dollars. When you consider that by spending about four thousand dollars a year by the govern- ment, we stand a very good chance of keep- ing it out entirely, you will see that a very large profit accrues to the people. At present we are concentrating- our en- ergy in keeping out all infested trees. We are increasing our facilities at the port of entry so that all incoming stock will be giv- en a searchina: inspection, in addition to fumigation, before it is allowed to enter the province. Of course we do not have con- trol of the stock coming in from the United States and other country, but I am assur- ed by the Dominion Government authorities that they are taking all necessary precau- tions. By these methods we hope to keep this pernicious pest forever outside our bor- ders. Nova Scotia A four days' packing school was held at Kentville, beginning February 24th, under the auspices of the College of Agriculture, Truro. The local arrangements with re- jfard to all necessary equipments for the work were looked after by Prof. W. S. Blair and staff of the Kentville Experiment Sta- tion. Dominion Fruit Inspector P. J. Carey of Toronto had charge of the work. The actual packing of apples in boxes and bar- rels along modern lines was taken up. Great interest was shown . The attend- ance was very large. As a result of the benefits derived from the demonstration, it is intended that pack- ing schools shall be conducted next sea- son at different points all through the valley. More and more box packing will be done hereafter throughout the Valley. "Extract from an address ffiven before the last annual couTention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' AsBOciation. April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 117 /Wil Make Your ^' Acres Yield Bigger Crors. t^t our Big Free Book, "Why, How and When to Spray." Contains 74 illustrations of insects and fungusdiseases and gives the remedy for each. Every farmer, truck- or fruit-grower should have it. Show;^ a coniplt'te line of sprayers— barrel— horse.- cngine- and man-power for field and orchard. 10 Days Free Trial — 5 Year Guarantee V No Money in Advance— No Freight to Pay Our liberal selling plan enables you to buy a HuTBt Sprayer without anvri.sk. and pay for it at your conven- ience. Write today and tell us what size sprayer you need or what you have to spray and get our great M-. . C«.^-™ f\(t and Big Free Book. It will Oney OaVing Utter save you money in buying a sprayer and increase your profits. Write at once. H. L. HTTRST BIFG. CO., 983 North Street, Canton, Ohio m/iME ^.. !fi!f!iE!!!(!.,E!!!,!,§ l^.f^f .,P.E!!!f. Helps his wiie to plan her table in busy times. Saves work 5 and worry, saves biiying so much meat, gives better satis- S {action to the help. A good garden will be almost impossi- = ble in your busy life without proper tools. They cost little : and save much hard work. ^WHEEL HOES I AND DRILLS! Vill sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc., better than you can ■ ■with old-fashioned tools and ten times quicker. A woman, L boy or girl can do it. Can plant closer and work these hand s tools while the horses rest. 38 combinations E » choose at $3,00 to Jl4. One z ol will do all of the work. = idealer to show them and = IS lor booklet, "Gardening E Modem Tools" and "Iron ; I Farm and Garden News' ' E both free. ; Tb« Bateman- i Wilkinson Co., : , Limited i 462 Symington • ' AT.,l"oronto,Oan. ' A revolution In spray- ing that you should know about. SHERWIN-WILLIAMS New Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead represents the greatest development in the manufacture of insecticides. In addition to its superiority over pastes, it is a step in advance of present day Dry Arsenates of Lead in its more finely divided condition, proved' by its bulk. Greater bulk means better sus- pension, hence a more uniform and far reaching spray. One pound of dry will produce the same results as 2 or 3 pounds of paste lead. Write for prices to-day, — we will also send de- scriptive booklet. The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES Offices anij Wiirefiouses ; Montreul, Juroiilo, Wlnnipeu, Culuary, Viiiwouutr, Hiilifux, N. S., London, £nu. International Harvester Manure Spreaders THE IHC LINE GRAIN AND HAT MACHINES Binder*, Reaperg He&deri, Mowers Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters, Pickers Binders, Cultivstori Ensilage Cotters Shellers, Shredders TILLAGE Combination, peg and Spring-Tooth. and Disk Harrows Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Engine* Oil Tractors Mannre Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Tracks Threshers Grain Drills Feed Grinders Knife Grindert Binder Twine TNTERNATIONAL Harvester ma- -'- nure spreaders have a score of good features in their construction. Each one is the result of careful field experiment. An IHC spreader is low enough for easy loading, yet it has plenty of clearance underneath. The rear axle is well under the load, rear wheels have wide rims and Z-shaped lugs, insuring good traction un- der all conditions. Frame, wheels, and all driving parts are of steel. Apron tension is adjusted by a simple device. Winding of the beater is prevented by large diameter, and beater teeth are strong, square and chisel-pointed. International manure spreaders are built in several styles and sizes, low or high, endless or return apron, for small farms or large. Examination will show sturdiness of construction in every detail. Repairs, if ever needed, may always be had of the local dealer. Examine International spreaders at the dealer's. We will tell you who sells them, aad we will send you interesting catalogues. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd At Huoilton, Onl.; Londan, Ont. ; Montreal, P. Q.; OtUwa, OnL: St. Joha. N. B.; Qaebec. P. Q. EVERY FARMER KNOWS That fertilizers are an absolute necessity to successful farming. The only question that confronts him is getting the right fertilizer. G U N N S SHUR-CROP FERTILIZERS are prepared under the supervision of chemical experts — are backed by forty years' reputation, and are gfuaranteed to be in perfect condition chemically and mechanically. Gunns' fertilizers are finely ground, insuring an even, easy distribution. For users of our fertilizers we are ready at all times to analyze samples of soils and recommend the fertilizer best suited, making it up especi- ally if necessary. For fertilizer book and other information, writ* I GUNNS LIMITED, WEST TORONTO ii8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1 WSews lye The Standard Lye of Canada. Has many imitations but no equal CLEANS AND DISINFECTS 100%PURE ENGLISH Hhd-Made LACE MADE BY THE COTTAGERS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. This IS the old-fashioned lace made on the cushion, and was first introduced into England by the Flemish Refugees. It is still made by the village women in their quaint old way. Our Lacet were awarded the Gold Medal at the Fettival of Empire and Imperial Exhibition, Crystal Palace, LONDON, ENGLAND, for general excellence of workmantkip. D UY some of this hand-made Pillow Lace, it lasts MANY times longer than machine made variety, and imparts an air of distinction to the possessor, at the same time supporting the village' lace-makers, bringing them little comforts otherwise unobtainable on an agricultural man's wage. Write for descriptive little treatise, entitled " The Pride of North Bucks," contcining 200 striking examples of the lace makers' art. and is sent post free to any part of the world, Laoe for every purpose can be obtained, and within reach of the most modest purse. Every sale, however small, is OOIiLAH— Pare Linen. ILOO. DAINTY HANDKIE-TOo, No. 9ia— Lkoe 1^ in. deep. Collars, Fronts, Plastrons, Jatwts, Yokes. Fichus, Berthes, Hand- kerchiefs, Stocks, Cami- soles. Chemise Sets, Tea Cloths, Table Centres, D'Oylies, Mats, Medal- lions, Quaker and Peter Pan Sets, etc., from ?5c.. 60c., J 100, $l.BO, *2.00. up to $5.00 each. Over 300 desigus in yard lace and inser- tion from 10c.. 15c., 25a, 45c., up to $3.00 per yard. IRISH CROCHET. Mrs. Armst^roitg having over 100 Irish peasant ;^i r Is connected with her industry, Bome beautifulex- runples of Irish hai d made laoes may be obtained. All work bei ng sold direct from the laco-makers, both the workers and customers derive great advantage. a support to the industry. 7^ (1} in. deep.) STOCK— Wheel Design. Price 25c. each. (Half shown.) No. 122.— SOo. per yard. MBS. HORACE ARMSTRONG, OLNEY, BUCKS, ENGLAND The Export Trade in Pears am Peaches* Mr. HarritoB WatsoD, CioadiiB Trade Ccmmittioncr, Loadoi, LC. A FEATURE of the autumn fruit i has been the record supplies of C dian pears which have come to h and there have also been several incuts of peaches. Althou.ifh the extr< ; lii-.;h prices realized have been due to ej (cptional circumstances, there seems to no reason why a profit.able trade should Ix' maintained in the future. The well known firm of Messrs. \V. Del & Sons, Ltd., of Covent Garden Mai who have handled considerable supplie both Canadian pears and peaches, accedi to my request, have been g'ood enoug^b draw up a report which reviews the cb features of the trade which have come their notice, and also contains several pi tiral sujfjfestions. This report is hart reproduced for the information of Ca dian j^rowers and shippers : "The prospects are promising for lucrative and extensive business in future, but the past season being in mi respects abnormal, is not a good basis generalizations as to the future. HIGH PRICES OBT.AINED "The season for Canadian pears c< inenced at a very favorable time for realization of high prices. The Eng and French crops were practically fails and the sprinkling of Californian and I son River pears which had come forw had left the demand unsatisfied. Un these circumstances, we were able to retur to the shipper highly satisfactory prices fo the first arrivals, and had the fruit tinued to come forward in good hard gr ( ondition, prices would have been mair tained at a high figure for the whole c the season. Unfortunately towards middle of the season it became appa that the greater part of the fruit arrivin was over-ripe, which state of affairs cor tinued for the rest of the season. "The early varieties, principally Bar letts, were in by far the most satisfactor condition on arrival, and the strength t the demand for good pears at the con mcncement of the season is illustrated b the first parcel of Bartletts we han'^' which came forward in barrels and found to be in excellent condition. T we were able to sell at 50s per barrei the first grade, and 45s per barrel for .. second grade, prices which we believe coi stitute a record. "The largest part of the arrivals of Bar lett pears from Canada, however, woi packed in half-boxes, which realized s factory prices right through, ranging h 6s to 9s 6d, for sound fruit of the grade, whilst for one parcel of fruit pa in a patent package which we shall after describe, realized lis per half-bo; The half-box averaged in weight about 5 lbs. gross. Boxes of Bartletts, for whicj wo realized up to 12s 6d, were only a smaj proportion of the arrivals. i SHIPMENTS IN IIARRELS ".As regards stocks (other than Bartlr we cannot report altogether favorably, i'- whilst very good prices were realized f( some parcels of fine hard green fruit, thai were few and far between, and most of tt ;\rrivals, if not actually wet and runnin) were too ripe for profitable marketinj Consequently prices ruled lower than tl 'Prom a report to the Dep.Hrtmont of Tr»< and Comnwrce. Ottawa.. Out. (Continued on page .ni r 1' ■ h* I, I9I4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 119 toses Roses h, Dutch and American. Hybrid Perpetual, ^rid Teas and Climbing. Strong 2 year '•grown bushes tliat will bloom the first ••—none better, none cheaper. ' ALSO fees, Shrubs, Vines, Perennials I Gtt Catalogue 'a. w. graham i. Thomas - Ontario. I A GREAT I Parcel -Post Offer! IVonder Working Washer! ()elivered to you for Only $1.50 ; A Beautiful Present Free you order im mediately. See Coupon at the bottom. We are able to make this great offer on xx»unt of the great reductions which hnve ten made in the cost of postage. Are a Few of the Reasons Why You Should Buy the Rapid Vacuumi WASHING MACHINE. X— It is the only machine that has n valve hich is absolutely necessary to create a lauim, and supply the compressed air, hich forces the water through the clothes. 2— It is the lightest machine made. 3— It has been awarded prizes in washing impetitions over $50 washing machines. 4— It will wash the heaviest Hudson Bay nnkets in 3 minutes. 0— It will wash te finest lingerie jrfectly in3miu- es. 9-Tt win wash tub of anything ashable in 3 min- es. 7- It will last a "etime. 8— It will save lu hours of •edless toil. 9— It will save any dollars a ear by not earing out the othes. 10— It can be operated by a child as easily an adult. II— It is as easy to wash with this machine it is to mash a pot of potatoes. 12— It will thoroughly blue a whole family ishing in 30 seconds. 13— It will do everything we claim for it, or we will return every cent of your money. 14— It can be used in any boiler, tub or pail, equally well. 15— After use it can be dried with a cloth in ten seconds. Nothing to take apart. Nothing to loose. After you own one of these washers the hardest part of e work will be hanging out the clothes. If r ANY reason yon are not satisfied with the U»ID VACUUM WASHER we will gladly turn your money. No more boiling. No more rubbing. You can throw your washboard away. REE— A SILVER TEA SPOON To every reader of this paper who sends us this coupon and $1.5(1 for a Rapid Vacuum Washer within two weeks of the receipt of this paper, we will send along with the washer absolutely FREE, a ffenuino Wm. A. Rostra Silver Tea Spoon. Also our agent's terms wliich will show you how you can make 150.00 a week. Don't wait. Send to-day and the washer and spoon will be delivered toany nd dress postage paid for |1.50. Fisher-Ford Mf». Co.. Dept W. ^^^ 31 Queen St. W. - Toronto. Ont. ■ ■ A BETTER HOME LIGHT Costs less than Ic. a night for 300 Candle Power light. Here is a lamp that ia truly a wonder. "The Pault- leee Lamp" makes its own gas from coa^ oil — -will produce 300 0 a n d 1 e Power of brig-ht, white light at less than- Ic a night. Simple, strong, most beautiful portable lamp. CANNOT EXPLODE. CAN BE ROLLED ON THE FLOOR WHILE BURNING. REQUIRES NO CLEANING. Why eaorifloe your eyee with a poor light when the aaving of oil alone will pay for a " Paultleea " in a short time. Write for free book- let "M," showing how it works, and giTing other valuable infor- mation- THE FAULTLESS LAMP MAC LAREN 81 CO. Drawer D. Merrickville, Ont. FRUITLAND NURSERIES are offering for sale a general assortment of flrBt-cIaaa Fruit Trees. Bushes. Vines and Ornamental Shrubs, etc.. at very low prices. Our catalogues are just out. It will pay you to send for one. G. M. HILL, Box 42, FRUITLAND, ONT. "THE BEST BY TEST" Garden Seeder Does tile work oi two men in half the time. Makes the drill, sows, covers and rolls the sted while you walk. No better seeder ca» be built for the fast and accurate sowing of Turnips, Cab- bage, Caj-rots, Beets, Com and all other garden seeds. Price $7.50 delivered at your station. THE SUSSEX MANUFACTURING CO. SUSSEX, N. B. Ltd. STRENGTH-GIVING BREAD If the men of the house have an extra call on their strength at this spring .season they should be fortified for it by having the best of food' three times a day As bread is the main item of every meal much depends upon its wholesomeness and strength-giving quality. Avoid guesswork by al- ways using REINDEER FLOUR The flour that will always produce muscle building loaf- an appetizing, satisfying and YOUR GROCER CAN SUPPLY IT PETERBOROUGH CEREAL CO., Simcoe St., PETERBOROUGH, ONT. CUTS EVEF^YTHING! Bread — meat — cooked fish — vegetables — fruit — any- thing and everything in the fooa line you put into a 7/ HOME 65" FOOD CUTTER is minced to perfection. Here too, is a machine which is quite watertight. No food or juices can escape as is the case with most Food Cutters. No Food Cutter works so easily or is so reliable as the "HOME 65" Four cutting plates (or 3 plates and 1 nutgrater.) Tight fitting screw cap. Machine quite watertight. Open end cylinder, easy to clean. MAXWELLS LIMITED Better than any foreign made machine — and cheaper, too ! With every "Home 65" we give a "Food Chopper Cook Book " free. ST. MARY'S ONT. 12 1 20 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, GLADIOLUS America, !*1..63 per 100. Tacondc. $3.00 p;M' 100 Express collect. 9pnd for list of othei varicUca. H. P. VAN WAGNER H. R XO. 3 • HAMILTON. ONT STRAWBERRY PLANTS Wllliam« Improved I'ariwn's Beauty, Splendid, Sample Fountain, Stevens. Cham- pion, Senator Dunlap and other leading varieties. Writ© for «italogue and price list. W. WALKER - PORT BURWELL, ONT. ROSES 11,000 splendid Hybrid Tea Rose Buaihee, mostly two year old. will be ready for delivery about June 1st in the following varieties: White and Pink Killamey; Eiohmond (red); Hilling- don (yellow); Canadian Queen (pink); American Beauty (dark pink). PUtnte will have splen- did roots and will make flrst-olass summer bedding stock. We are offering- this stock at the following' very attractive prices to clear out quickly: $10 00 per 100 on orders of not less than 2S. Write for special prices on large quantitiesi. Orders will be booked in the order in which they are received. Cultural Inetruotions will be sent with every order. THOS. A. IVEY & SON, LTD., PORT DOVER, Ont. D. ■'1 ivL — 'I & F's HIGH GRADE VEGETABLE SEEDS BEAN— A new, stringless. wax bean of great merit. Early, hardy, stringier, rust P''°™ and exceedingly proUftc. Pck. lOo. 54 lbs. 20c, 1 lb. 30c. BEAN— Stringless green pod. First introduced nineteen years ago. Still unequalled. Pkt. 10c, % lb. 15c, 1 lb. 20c. ^EET— Bobbles Selected Globe. The beat of the Turnip-rooted claas. Pkt. 10c, oz. 40c. tABBAOE— Copenhagen Market. Early as Jersey Wakefield and half again as large Pkt. lOe. y, oz. 30c. 1 oz. 50c. CORN— Golden Cream. Very early, very sweet and juicy. The best for home garden Pkt. 10c, M, lb. 20c, 1 lb. 35c. CUCUMBER— D. & P.'s extra long white spine. The most beautiful and best long green. Pkt. lOo, oz. 50c. LETTUCE— D. & F.'s Peerless. Most distinct and largest solid cabbage lettuces- Pkt. 10c. oz. 30c. LETTUCE— Wayahead. Earliest and most solid of all early lettuces. Pkt. 10c, oz. 20c. ONION— Cranston's Excelsior. Unsurpaased' for exhibition purposes. Pkt. 25c. PEA— World Kecord. Two weeks earlier than Gradus. Pkt. 10c, 'A lb. 30c. 1 lb 50c. RADISH— White Icicle. Easily the best of all early white "Lady-Finger" Radishes. Pkt. 5c, y2 oz. ISc. TOMATO ■ D. & F.'s O.K The best early bright red tomato. Pkt. 15c. H oz 75c. D. & F's Exhibition Spencer Collection of S^veet Peas Sometimes it is difficult for the amateur to intelligently select the best varieties of iweet peas from the seedtnan'a list. The following names with their descriptions will be helpful: King White, pure white; Clara Curtis, waved primrose; Elfrida Pearson, rose; Mar- garet Atlee, cream pink; Countess Spencer, select stock, large bluaih pink, waved: Thomas Stevenson, orange pink; Stirling Stent, orange salmon; Vermillioni Brilliant, ^rlet; Maud Holmes, crimson spencer; George Herbert, orange -nink, deep rose wings; Nubian, chocolate; Margaret Madison, pale lavender; Asta Chan, deep lavender; Ten- nant Spencer, purplish mauve; Elsie Herbert, blush white, picotte edge; Apple Blossom Spencer, waved rose and blush; Afterglow, bright violet blue; America Spencer, bright bloodred striped. Special collection offer: one packet each of the above 18 Tarieties, $2.76 Send a postal for our new 1914 catalogue, the Hnest and most complete, listing only nigh'grade seeds. DUPUY 81 FERGUSON 38 JACQUES- CARTIER SQUARE - MONTREAL, QUE. Pruit Markets of the Putui The European representative of United F"ruit Companies of Nova Sci Limited, Mr. John N. Clute, in a re^ letter to that company, reported in par follows : I am of the opinion that the developn of our fruit industry should be alonj- line of quality rather than quantity. in the next decade or two there v. strong compyetition in the fruit trade. I land, with her cheap supply, and Or? and other western states with their ior class of apple, will both be stron, petitors with us for the English marK We must not disguise the fact that planting of orchards within the last years has been out of proportion to previous period, and out of proportioi the development of the markets. In England not only has the pl-f- been extensive, but growers have ; more scientific methods of caring fc. marketing their fruit. I was forcibly pressed with this when attending the S fruit show at Maidstone this year. Altho only their third annual show, there w: display of fruit that would do credit to country. One thousand two hundred b< of apples packed in scientific western s were arranged in a most attractive n ner. There was also on show one hum and forty-four barrels of apples. There more competition in the Brambley S' than any other variety. The particu. . ject of the show was to encourage pa apples for export. England has aH and growing export trade in apple- South America. With these facts in regard to our c petitors fairly before us, we must et ourselves in the very best manner pos5 to meet the conditions. We must pro< fruit of the best quality, handle it c fully, and pack it honjostly and systen cally. It must be put on the market in very best condition possible, and that ' the least possible expense. There is too much difference betv what we receive and what the English sumer has to pay. If we wish our a trade to increase sufficiently to take th< creased supply we must put in operatic system by which our apples can be pro ed by the consumer as cheaply as orai or bananas. I am pleased to say that United Fruit Companies have a sch whereby expenses can be so reduced the consumer can buy more cheaply at the same time we, as growers, will ceive more money for our fruit. Recent bulletins and circulars that reached The Canadian Horticulturist, elude the following : Bulletin No. 241. sued by the Agricultural Experiment tion, Berkley, Cal., entitled "Vine Pnii in California." This bulletin is well i trated, and deals among others with grape vine. Bulletin No. 171 is being tributed by the Agricultural Experir Station at Lafayette. Ind. It is ent "The Vegetable Garden." Vegetable g ers will do well to obtain a copy of "Peach Leaf Curl" and ''Apple Growin New Jersey" are the titles of two circu Nos. 29 and 30 respectively, being di buted by the New Jersey Agricultural periroent Station. Too many fruit growers forget that spraying done at the proper time ■ much more good than two or three sr in?s done at other times. — H. K. Rp Northumberland Co., Ont. April, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Market Gardeners It will pay you to look carefully over our Price List of Ask for Special Prices on Garden Peas and Seed Corn. Our Seeds will POSITIVELY, AB- SOLUTELY, give you satisfaction. Write us about your wants Geo. Keith & Sons Seed Merchants since itihf) 124 RING ST. E., TORONTO, ONT. r^IX.>\.I I^IVO and ■ B«nelll. ^ .^ They save your crop, increase the yield " ' ^ and improve the quality. Our Spray Cal- endar shows when to spray and what materials to use. Our "Spray" booklet shows 70 combinations of Bucket. Barrel. Power and Traction Sprayers lor orchard and fieldcrops and other uses. Built complete or in units — buy just what you need. Ask your deal- er to show them and let us send you our spray booklet, spray calendar and "Iron Age Farm and Garden New^" free. The Bateman- Wllklnaon Co.. Limited ll)4 Symington Av. Toronto, Can. Peerless Climax Fruit Baskets Heaviest, Strongest and Best In the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Last year the demand exceeded the supply Therefore Order Early Canadian Woodenware Products Co. ST. THOMAS, ONT. BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Rrizea New York State i^ai^, Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto; Berlin Horticoiltural Society, 191011-12-13. Violet King, Eose King^ Royal White, Royal Lavender. Royal Pink, Royal Purple, Roches- ter Pink, PeerlesH Pink, Salmon Pink, Improved Orego Knk, Queen of the Market White or Pink, Branching White, Rose, Pink, Lavemdeir, Crimson, Mikado White- These are very truly the aristocrats of the Ajstea' family All plants sent by Express (unless otherwise arranged) to any part of Canada and guaranteed to arrive in good condition. Price, $L00 per hundred, packed and labelled separately in wet moss. Expreea prepaid on orders amounting to more than $2.00. Special prices to Horticultural Socletie«. All plants oold frame (not hot-bed) grown, and with favorable weather will be ready last week in Miay. Order early as the quan- tity is limited. C. MORTIMER BEZZO - BERLIN, CANADA "The Hardie Pow^er and Hand Sprayers" The Sprayer that is free from Experimental Risk OVER 6,500 IN USE "The Sprayer" (you are looking for) "With The Trouble Left Out" CONSIDER WELL THE HARDIE FEATURES SIMPLICITY OF CONSTRUCTION — Obtained by leaving out everything of a oompLicated or troublesome nature and using only such construction as experience has proven best. STRENGTH — The liberal use of high grade steel and the use of metals which will stand the wear and tear of high pres- BIG CAPACITY— Our pumps are properly designed and built by "sprayer specialieta." We know the importance of lots of liquid at the nozzle and build accordingly. HIGH PRESSURE — Wc use a powerful engine on our maohinea and our pumps' are so light-running that higih pressure can always be obtained. Whether your orchard is large or small requirements, nssurinjS you LIGHTNESS— By the use of a high carbon pressed steel frame we get strength and long service. FROSTPROOF ENGINE — We use the Ideal engine. It ia compact, strongly built and reliable. Plenty of power and always ready to run. PRESSURE REGULATOR — A simple, re liable device to control the presHure. There is no load on the engine when the stop- cocks are off- LITTLE THINGS— Stay-There hose ends which cannot be blown or pulled off. Angle cut-offs, a decided improvement over the old style stopcock. Hose, the kind that gives you the service .von desire. there is a Hardie Sprayer to fill your spraying success, with n Hardie Hillside Triplex Hardie Western Triplex Hardie Duplex Hardie Junior HARDIE HAND PUMPS— The world'.s best, so simple that the only tools i-er\ri? Write for our catalogue giving OUY A. rlAUUlC/. mechaniiv^I details of our full line. which .von will receive, nnd DISTRIBUTORS FOR CANADA The Biggs Fruit and Produce Co BURLINGTON, ONTARIO LTD, Mention The C«nac1ian HortlooHuriiit when writing. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, Florists, Gardeners, Fruit and Vegetable Growers If you are comtemplating butMing GREENHOUSES or CONSERVATORIES We advise you to build right, provide against wind storms, save all your stock from destruction and yourself from worry, produce and work under a glass roo( that will insure your labours and crops, get PARKES MODERN GREENHOUSES. We also supply and manufacture SHELF BRACKETS, PIPE CARRIERS, SPLIT TEES GREENHOUSE WHITE PAINT. PUTTY and GLASS and all kinds of GREEN- HOUSE HARDWARE, HEATING and WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS. If you want a good addition to your greenhouse get a line on our IDBAL SHELF BRACKETS WHITE TO.DAY TO PARRES CONSTRUCTION COMPANY Oflicc, Works and Showroom - KENILWORTH AVENUE, HAMILTON, ONT. Lonit Distance Phone 6102 ^Itnplemeiits for Orchard and Vineyard Spring-Tooth Harrows Spraying Outfits Vineyard Plows Orchard Disc Harrows Cultivators Grape and Berry Hoes etc. The fruit grower requires suitable implements if he is to be successiul. The manufacturer with a knowledge of the require- ments is in the best position to supply the de- mand. Our experience extends back for well over half a century and our imple- ments are in successful use in orchards and vine- yards in many lands. Catalogues and full par- ticulars from any of our agents or by writing our nearest Branch. Massey-^Harris Co., Ltd. Head Offices TORONTO BRANCHES AT Montreal Moncton Winnipeg Regina Saskatoon Yorkton Swilt Current Calgary Edmonton Jigmncies Everytoher* The Brown Tail Moth (Ciintiniiiul fiiini piif/r III/ ou^hly with a spray solution contain not less than two r>ounds of arsenate of 1 (the arsenate of lead is to contain n than fifteen per cent, of arsenic o\ every forty gallons of water after the i- « appear and before the blossoming < ' trees. The spraying is to be carri- in a satisfactory manner, and all c.i which the instructions have not beti. ried out will be reported by our offi( ■ r; charge to the Department. Those fruit growers who are accu^toi to spray thoroughly and at the prop* need fear no defoliation or trouble, b to their interests to cooperate with the minion and Provincial Departments of riculture in seeing that the less progres persons carry out the necessary reqti ments. Pre-cooling Advocated At a recent meeting of the directors The United Fruit Companies of Scotia, Limited, Mr. Davidson repre^ the Fallmouth Fruit Company, prr an indirect argument in favor of tlr cooling plant it has been proposed to tablish for the benefit of Nova Scotia f growers. Mr. Davidson stated that this year management of the United Fruit Comi ies would have to place some ten thous barrels in cold storage at St. John. It been proved that the cost of having • stuff held in St. John is about fifty cen' barrel, or in round figures, five thous dollars. Commenting on this statement Mr. A. Adams, the manager of the United C panics, writes as follows : Five thous dollars to have ten thousand barrels stt under the very worst conditions possi but even then well expended, becaus< would keep that quantity of fruit off market when the market was at the lo\ point. Yet when that five thousand dol was expended there would be nothing show for it beyond the immediate bet derived. "How much better and how much n business like it would be to expend five thousand dollars towards the equipn of a plant right here in the Valley, w! would accomplish even better immed results. The fruit being handled ui much better conditions and immedia after coming off the trees, would arrive the market in much better shape, and that reason realize bigger money. In a tion, we would still have a plant for sin- operations in succeeding years. This sound argument which we commend to consideration of those who are not aire convinced that cold storag« or pre-coo is absolutely essential." Item of Interest Members of the Port Arthur Boarc Trade recently entertained Mr. An Sitch, of Hymers, an agricultural dis" tributary to Port .Arthur, in honor of having established a record production i potatoes of four hundred and twent>i and one-half bushels for an acre, competition was open to the province. Sitch received as a reward a course ati Guclph Agricultural College. The es lishment of an experimental farm in Port Aiihur district is being recouuneii. l-il, I9I4 HE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Ic Export Trade in Pears and Peaches j {Continued from page 118) and for good pears would seem to war- .. The reason assigned for this over- condition by competent authorities Id appear to be the very wet weather irienced whilst the fruit was on the which is considered to have militated inst the keeping qualities and vitality he fruit. However that may be, it is ain that warm weather whilst the fruit in store or in transit must have been determining factor of its condition on val here, and the demand being what as, it was a mistake to have shipped a :le package across the water in ordinary rdgt. On the other hand, many parcels :h came forward in refrigerator on the mer were in over-ripe condition on ar- which we consider to be due to them ,ng been stored for several weeks before iment in ordinary storage. At the be- ling of the season the weather is too m for the efficient transport of pears in nary stowage, and later in the season keeping qualities are likely to be aired. The great bulk of pears in barrels were [ers, but there was a fair sprinkling of TRADE MARK Ploughs — Wilkinson * ^ REGISTIiKiiD U.S.S.SoftCentreSteelMoldboards. highly I tempered andguaranteed tocleaninany soil. '^ Steelbeams.steellandsidesandhighcarbon steel coulter. Clevises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plough is fitted especi- ally with its own pair of handles— rock elm, long and heavy and ihorouelily braced. The long body niake<> it a very steady runiiin^ plough. Shares olall widtiis — specials for stony or clay land. The plough shown turns a beautiliul lurrow, with minimum draft and narrow furrow at finish. Aslc lor catalogue. I0.3 todor General ''urpose 'ionjih. 5 styles o choose rom. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited 461 Symington Ave.. Toronto Canada. inion Grow^ers > you intend to have any weeds in your MI8 this year? If so, ask me for Ht«ra- » which desoribefi a machine that will irate the weeds from the onlone, prao- ■lly doing away with most hand weeding. )n't delay. Act quickly if you want to ire a weeder this season. G. Bruner, Manufacturer OLINDA, ONT. First-Class Commercial Gardeners Wanted w^^^t^m^^mm^m^K^m^amm *i^^^"""^^^^^i"^""^"^ ^BHa^^^^^^^^^^^i^ mmmm^^^^^^^^^ A few good market garden properties for sale or rent. Locations good, prices and terms attractive. Cheap natural gas for green- house fuel. Write for details to O. PATTERSON FARMER - Jeannette's Creek, Ontario I International Harvester Cream Separators THE INCLINE GRAIN AND HAY MACHINES Bindert, Reaper* Headers, Mowert Rakci, Stackers Hay Leaden Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters, Pickers Binders, Calttvatora Ensilage Cotters Shellers. Shredders TILLAGE Combination, Pes and Sprinr-Tostll, and Disk Harrows Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Enginei Oil Tractors Manure Spreader* Cream Separator* Farm Wagons Motor Trucks Thresher* Grain Drill* Feed Grinder* Knife Grinders Binder Twlio A DAIRY farmer who does not use a cream separator is losing up to $15 per cow per year. Complete your dairy equipment by the purchase of an International Harvester creain separator — Lily, Bluebell or Dairymaid. These separators skim closely — leaving barely a drop of cream iu a gallon of milk — and they will do it for years. These machines are furnished with pulleys for the use of power. Belted to a small I H C engine, you have the best outfit it is possible for you to buy. Note the low supply cpn on I H C separators, the height of the milk sp' lit which allows a 10-gallon can to be used for the kim milk, the strong frame with open base which i;an be kept perfectly clean, and the dozen other features which make these I H C machines the best. Your local dealer should have one of these ma- chines on sale. If he has not, write us before you buy and we will tell you where you can see one; also seod you au iateresting book on separators. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, irH4 Potato Profits dcpesd largely on bow the crop Is planted. Every iklpped bill Is a loss lo time, fertilizer flod soil. Every double wastes valuable seed. It means $5 10 $50 per acre extra profit Hall hills are planted, one piece In each. That Is why oflcn pay for themselves In one season on small ftcre-age. They also plant stralglit. at ti^ht .ks. 250 supers of drawn comb, also winter packing casess; 8 ft. board fence sur- rounds yard. Price, $1,200. Good reason for wlliiu;. Write tor particulars- ,1. H. DINCAN TARA. ONT Are you ready to spray, when the petals fall? The young- larvae of the cod- ling moth enters the blossom end of the apple soon after the petals fall. K drop of Neutral Arsenate of Lead in the calyx cup before the lobes close, prevents the worm from en- tering and saves the fruit. This .'\rsenate is not only perfectly saf? in use, but owing to its finely di- vided condition, it stays better in suspension, covers more foliage and sticks to it better than ordin- ary Acid Arsenate. We will he glad to ciuote prices and give fur- ther information. THE CANADA PAINT CO. LI/niTED PA1NT-VARNI5H AND DRY COLOR nAKtRS-LINSLLD OIL CDUiHLPS KONTREAL- TORONTO- WINNIPEG- CALGARY- HALIFAX OXIDE MINES RED HILL QUEBEC British Fruit Salerooms The saleroom in Liverpool belongs to tlie Brokers' Association itself, and in Manchester, although the Corporation owns the building, they leased it to the Manchester Association for a term of years. Both buildings are very similar in internal appearance, being constructed on the amphitheatre or tier system, the seats of the buyers rising one above the other in a three-quarter circle facing the ros- trum, the samples coming up from the cel- lar below the lift. These salerooms are not open to the public, nor indeed to any buyer. Persons wishing to buy from the brokers must be members of the Fruit Growers' Association which was formed in each place some years ago. No other, except duly and for- mally admitted representatives of mein- bers' firms may attend the auctions, and even if the actual owner of the goods wishes to see them sold, he must take a seat with the auctioneer and his clerks and is not admitted amongst the buyers. Adinission to the membership of these buyers' associations is a most difficult matter, as it is to existing members' inter- ests to keep new members out, the result being that while some members are little more than retailers other firms in the dis- trict whose business has so expanded as to well qualify them for membership, are unable to obtain admission to the charm- ed circle. If these wish to purchase goods in the saleroom they are compelled to get a member to do it for them, for which ser- vice a fee is charged. STRAWBERRY PLANTS For sale. Fine stocky, well-rooted plants. Eleven tested rarieties. Write for list ami prices. S. H. RITTENHOUSE, JORDAN HARBOR, ONT. NOTICE TO BEEKEEPERS Those intending to introduce new blood into their apiary will do well to s?nd for my d'tacTiptive price list of three banded Red Clover Italian Queens. It's FREE,. W. R. STIRLING HIDGETOWN - ONTARIO NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundred* of varieties adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD. MIDDLESEX, ENG. Over 60 years Horticultural Experience is offered for the Beaut lying of Your Garden by KELWAY & SON The Royal Hurticultitrists Langport, Somerset, England Don't Worry! Conkey Will Cure Me Do not let your chick- ens mope and die. Send for catalogue, with price list of Reliable Poultry Remedies, and prices of Eggs for hatch- ing from different breeds of Poultry, including Turkeys, Ducks and Geese. J. H. RUTHERFORD Box 62 CALEDON EAST, ONTARIO Glorious New Spencer Sweet Peas KING WHITE— It attains perfection every detail, which goes to make up a Spencer Sweet Pea. It is the experts' ideal for perfect form. The improve- ment in form. .size, vigor, wavineee and purity stands eminently out when com- pared to other White Spencers, and calls for unstinted admiration. The number of four-bloaeomcd sprays and the great length of stem will appeal strcngly to those wishing a good White for decora- tive work Packet. 20c. "EMPRESS EUGENIE" — The color is a delicate tone of li^ht gray flaked with light lavender. A vase or bunch gives a most charming effect. The flowers are of large size, beautifully waved and crimp- ed. A vigorous grower and very free bloomer, throwing a largo proportion of four-flowered sprays. Packet. 20c. ILLU.MINATOR — A glorious orange- salmon Sweet Pea. In dull lig'ht the color app«ar8 to be a flat orange scar- let, but when in bright sunshine or arti- ficial light. the color is completely changed, and it appears a bright 8a,lmon cerise, sparkling with orange. It intro- duces a new shade of color to Sweet Pea enthusiasts of rare beauty, and with its additional attributes of great vigor, flori- ferousness and symmetry, it is sure to captivate all who give it a place In their garden. Packet, 20c. "WEDGEWOOD"— It l6 a true self a.nd lE appropriately named, aa ita color throughout is a unique shad* of wedge- wood blue, a color so popular in Ohina. It produces profusely flowers of good size, borne almost uniformly in four- flowored sprays, well placed, upon long stout stems Of flne«t Spencer form the standard and wings are well waved. Pa<--ket, 2O0. r-nowcrea sprays rucnci . u. i a^.^^-, -.~. FREE— Our 112pa(5e illustrated catalogue of Veiietable, Farm and Flower beeus, Plants. Bulhs. Implements, Poultry Supplies, etc. Write for it. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Ltd., Hamilton, Out. SEED MEBCHANTS ESTABLISHED 1850 XIV. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1914 500,000 PEET BELTING FOR SALE I^alhur, Hublier I'anvaH. etc. lOO.CXX) rods Wire renclnif. ll),0(«) Ib8. Barb Wire at 2c. per lb., 3(ji),txM) ft. Iron Pipe, also 1,(101) other bariralnH at 25% to 60/ I0S8 than regular value. NevrIiHt8JUBl issued, sent free on re<)uest. Write immediately. IMPERIAL MFG. & SUPPLY CO.. 6 yUEKN 8T. MONTBEAL, QliE. f"^ All kinds of Machinery Bought and Sold. Vinegar Plants Cider Presses We are the exclusive Oanadiao Aeent^ for the Hydraulic Preea Mtg. Co., Mount Gilead. Ohia If you want a Cider Press of a.ny kind or a Vinegar Plant, write vm. The Brown Boggs o. Limited HAMILTON, CAN, FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER IN NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country aad are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director ol Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUPP Minister of Agriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto The buyers arc under an agreement with the brokers not to buy by auction within certain limits, and the brokers are in turn bound to conform to a certain standard in the s<'lection and cataloging of the goods, so it will be seen that the brokers' monopoly is well maintained; the same regulations practically applying to both centres. It is not our province to discuss the fair- ness of this, and of course there are strong opinions both ways. Growers who send goods to be sold for their own account inust decide for themselves as to the rela- tive value of the sale by auction as against the sale by private firms. These latter, of whom many are to be found in our adver- tising pages, just sell on the open market, or very often actually on the quay side in the ordinary private treaty manner. What will most interest our readers, however, will be the selecting of apples for the big sales. Each broker has of course a staflf of experienced men who examine the anples on the arrival and discharge of the boat. They are then classified, each according to its own mark and grade, as follows: (First) Tights, or barrels in per- fectly good condition. (Second) Slacks, or barrels in which the apples have sunk a little, but which are not very bad. (Third) Slack and wet, and (fourth) Wasty. The last two designations speak for them- selves. Occasionally we get some almost worthless, others worthless, and in the lat- ter case the goods are only sold for the value of the barrel. These selections have to be very care- fully made, as under certain circumstances buyers can refuse their purchases if the selection is not up to the standard bought. In this case the goods are often sold again at the next sale, with the proviso "No rejections" which of course means a lower price. Extended cooperation, the union of local associations in one central selling body, iis the most urgent need in connection with the fruit growing industry of Ontario at the present time. RENNIE'S I.X.L. TOMATO EXTREMELY EARLY, WONDERFULLY PROLIFIC A week earlier llun the Earliana. More productive tlian llie Chalk's Jewel. AslargeasthePlenlifuL As solid as the New Globe. In fact, the world's leading eitremely early Tomato. In our field tests, I.X.L. Tomato proved to be a week to ten days earlier than the Spark's Earliana. with anabundancooffruitlargerand "^^^l^^^l^^^"^ Tomatn C n^t' JJlfbh^' •T,?'?'.'"? '* Without a single exception theloading extremely early Jro?:^ine?yoTbir?eT™r ' "'" '*' ''"' "'"' ^°"' ""'"" '^'^^ '=^'"> "" '■^L' Tomato.^ Youl^ 1. A beautiful, brillian ired color. !• Jii"™.""!""^'" '"•ssoflarje, smoothfruit, a single planlyieldins! bushel. 8. fYui li sexu-emely early , enormously abundant, ripens al 1 a lonce. 4. vises compac (and can be placed two eelapartinthree-foo trows. 6. IhelargMilitrowers tell usthal wecannotsay loo much in favor of the I.X.L. Tomsts. Price: jib. $2.85, oz. 75c, i az. lOc.pkl I5c OUR SPECIAL OFFER T.™.!""^^ every person who uses seeds to see our 1914 Seed Book and try this Splendid Early n??^^;=Mi p"' ''™:? a packet for 10c. with Seed Book . Thi,, bo.Dk is full of new photographs of Vegetables, Fruits and Flowers. Send your address to-day W**- RENNIE C«- Limited «"• ^'^^'V^^r-oVto" ^'™''' Branches at Montreal, Wiinipef and Vaacouver QUEENS Northern bred It^iljana, Jfardy etock. tj.-m strain honey (raUiaary Faxma ou my list at right prices. H. W. Dawson, Ninety Colbome St., Toronto. SALMON ARM, Shusway Lake. RC , has the finest fruit and dairy land in B.C. No irriga- tion necessary; mild wintere, moderate sum- mers, no blizzards or high wind*-; delightful ciimate; enormous yields of fruit, vegetables and hay; good fishing; fine boating amidst the most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm fruit has realized 26 cents per box more than other fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderatew and terms to suit. Apply to F. C. Haydock. Salmon Arm, B.C. BEES wanted, up to 250 colonies. Particulars to Box 23, Pisherville, Ont BEES WANTED— Kither with or without other equipment. Give full particulars to W m. ^veir, 34 Chester Ave., Kiverdale, Toronto. Ont. BEES WANTED-Particulars to A. D.. Box 86 O.A.C.. Guetph. HONEY LABELS— Catalogue and prices free for the asking —Pearl Card Co., Clintonville, Conn. 50 COLONIES OF BEES for sale. Address, W- 8 Walton, Seajboro Junction, Ontario. I BUY BEES STANDING. Myself pack and load. Owner pockets cash — F. A. Allen, PhiUi>aburg East, Que. FOR QUICK SALE-25 Colonies of Bees, also 24 Ibe. Bees Wax. Price reaeonable.— Mrs. W. H. W'ebster, Bellamy, Ontario. BEZZOS FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS-Bead partiou- lars on page ix. I CAN NOW SUPPLY the demand for Old Country Gooseberry Bushes — 2 year 25c. one year 15c each. Tam O'Shanter Bed Currant Bushes, 25c— Wm. Dick, Hlcho Place. Brantford. Ontetrio. EXPERIENCED BEEKEEPER desires an engage ment for the season. Age 30— Box 20, Canadian HorticultTirist, Peterboro. Ontario. FOR SALE — Bees and Queens. 2 fraim Neuclei Queenleee S2.25. 3 fraim S325. 10 fraim Colonies with Queen $8.00, f.o.b. Berolair.. Queens, tcet- erd »1.26. untested $100— Join W. Pharr, Bor- clair, Texas. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVII MAY, 1914 No. The New Soluble Sulphur Spray LEADING orchardists in Canada are interested in the new spray mix- ture Soluble-Sulphur. In last issue of The Canadian Horticulturist appeared an article by Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomolog^ist, Guelph, Ont., advising its use this year only in an experimental way. In the same issue Mr. J. G. Mit- chell, of Clarksburg, Ont., the well- known fruit grower and manager of the Georgian Bay Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, who used it in his orchard last year, advocated its use strongly. Writing in "Better Fruit," F. A. Fra- zier, of Portland, Oregon, an authority on apple culture, says regarding it : Soluble Sulphur is a compound made by melting under high degree of heat in specially designed furnaces, of sulphur and soda (not caustic soda), resulting in a soluble powder fifty-seven to sixty per cent sulphur. All sulphur in solution is caustic in a certain sense. The sulphur is simply more active in the solvent con- dition. The caustic property of soluble sulphur is due only to the sulphur in solu- tion and not to the solvent agent. Much loose talk has been indulged in pertaining to things caustic. No properly made sulphur spray ever injured a tree. Some- times the fruit or foliage has been burn- ed, but in most cases such burning is be- cause of previous fungus infection and injury admitting the spray to the wounds caused, or a devitalized condition of the tree where it does not have normal power of resistance. Soluble Sulphur is some times spoken of as being more caustic than lime-sulphur. What is really meant is that there is a greater spray value to a given quantity. All contact sprays in general use of any value have the caustic or burning quality. The virtue of crude oil, as a scale spray, over the lime-sulphur is be- cause of its greater burning properties. That is why crude oil can not be safely used on tender trees or foliage which to- gether with its gumming and pore-filling characteristics has rendered it unsafe as a tree spray for continued use. Lime- sulphur Solution re-acts very rapidly in presence of the atmosphere (returns to its solids), thus withdrawing from action a large portion of sulphur. A solution of soluble sulphur does not re-act in the same way. The tendency is to spread and penetrate until evaporation of water leaves the finely divided sulphur thoroughly spread over the surface and effectually carried into the scale crusts. Thus a given quantity of Soluble Sul- phur spray will go farther in effective work than the same quantity in the old time lime-sulphur way. In soluble sulphur the perfect spread ing quality prevents the concentration of spray in drops, so when used in proper proportions it does no harm to the most tender plants. Soluble Sulphur is, there- fore, not only a superior scale spray, but a very effective and economical scab spray. There is also a valuable feature in that the trees assimilate very readily the sulphur in this form, thereby produc- ing a greater vigor and extending to a better coloring of fruit. Soluble sulphur can be safely applied at winter strength when the fruit leaves of apple trees are the size of a squirrel's ear. This com- bines the winter strength spray with the first scab spray and at this time also the aphis are more susceptible to control. Sulphur, even the old time home-boiled and later the concentrated solutions, has been an element of no small value to the western orchards through the assimila- tion by the trees. The orchardists of the east know this truth better because of the comparisons which they have observed between sulphur orchards and those other-wise sprayed or unsprayed. If there is one factor above another to which the success of the western orchards can be attributed, it is the thirty-odd years' use of the sulphur sprays. In the last six or seven years the same thing has been the greatest single factor which is bringing eastern orchards up to the stan- dard of the much and justly famed west ern orchards. Should the western orr chardist ever forget what he owes to the sulphur spravs, just that .soon he stands aside while the east passes him on the way to market with the high-grade fruit. The economy of soluble sulphur is ajj- parent, one hundred pounds being equal in effective value to fifty-seven gallons of thirty-three degrees lime-sulphur solur tion. As to the efficiency, results count for more than far-fetched theories. Hav- ing been under the closest investigation for three years, we find it used exclusively on many orchards of two or three hun- dred acres, the equivalent of fifteen thou- sand barrels of solution being used out msmi^.-: ■"SBMsailHtMiSS Goldan Ruttats in Bloom : Orchard of W. H. Gibion, Newcastle, Ont. Theee Rusfceta were fifteen years planted and averaged four barrels to a tree. This variety is in great demand on the English market and ehoiild be more eiteneJTely grown where the soil is suitable. 121 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1914 Pears and Pear Culture A. W. Cook, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. Mr. D. Johnson, Forest, Ont. The announcement that Mr. Johnson haa been appointed to the newly created position of Dominion Fruit Commiseioner hae met with general approval. Note reference to Mr. John- son published on page 133. of the eastern factories in 1913. In point of convenience, the elimination of the heavy barrel with the high freight and haulage charges, the leakage, freezing, and crystallization are all elements which any fruit grower will appreciate. Scientific investigation is always slow. Progressive spray manufacturers employ- ing the best chemical engineers obtain able, and the progressive fruit growers bent upon results, cooperating with the experiment stations with their equipment for research work, are right along bring- ing efficeincy up to the minute. Soluble Sulphur is a true spray effi- ciency up to the minute. The combina- tion of the materials for spray purposes and the process of making are recognized as new and valuable, after most thorough investigation by the United States and Canadian patent offices and letters patent have been issued. Neither the discovery of the elements nor the fact that they would combine and form a soluble ma- terial is claimed, but the obstacles which have halted previous efforts to produce in a practical way a practical spray have been overcome by the invention of the soluble sulphur. By cultivating early in the season fruit is better matured to a marketable size, and better coloring is secured ; early cul- tivation also induces the fruit buds for next year's crop to form. The tree will grow with a steady, healthy growth, hold- ing the sap at the top of the tree for the sustenance of the fruit buds. Early cul- tivation conserves the moisture. — W. T. Macoun, Ottawa. PRUNING pears must be done with the idea of securing fruit buds near centre of tree. This alleviates the tendency of large limbs to break under the strain of their crop. Remember to dis- infect all large wounds, that are the re- sult of pruning or other causes, with lime-sulphur solution or some other dis- infect. Take the greatest care to thor- oughly treat the pruning tools while go- ing from one tree to another. If this is done it does not leave an opportunity for this disease -to gain a foot hold in the tree. TraN THE FRUIT When the tree reaches maturity and comes into the bearing state there can be a considerable amount of time saved in the thinning of the fruit by pruning off the fruit spurs. There is one disadvan- tage in this method when the orchard is located in a section that is known to have late frosts. As the pruning should be done before the leaves start there is apt to be enough fruit spurs left on the tree that has been late in maturing to give a yield of fruit while if no thinning had been done there probably would have been a light crop of fruit. However, taking into account this one disadvantage, prun- ing can be and should be practiced more throughout Ontario than it is. The pear, like many other varieties of fruit, can be made to yield more regularly by reg- ular, systematic pruning and the thin- ning of the fruit each year. The cultivation of the pear is very sim- ilar to that of the apple. Cultivation should commence as early in the spring as it is fjossible to do so. Cultivation should be very thorough and done sys- tematically. It is very essential to keep a dust mulch at the surface to maintain the necessary moisture for proper plant and fruit development. As all fruits are composed mostly of water, the necessity of maintaining the soil moisture will at once be seen. This is the case in prac- tically all orchards. The humus can to a large extent be enlarged by the use of cover crops. Among the best cover crops we have vetch, rye, rape, turjiips and winter oats. The rye and vetch are sown in the later part of August so as to at- tain a good heavy crop. After this is ploughed in during the spring it is gen- eraly followed by rape or summer tur- nips. In cultivating the orchard one should not continue it later than the latter part of June for the southern counties. If cultivation is kept up it induces large twig growth. If a high color is desired, this is a serious handicap. There has been a feeling amongst fruit grow- ers in Ontario that certain chemical fer- tilizers would produce highly colored fruit. From experiments conducted by the Ontario Agriculture College, it has been found that very little of the color is derived from the use of fertilizers. If one were to alternate the use of barnyard manures with commercial fertilizers it will be found more profitable than if either is used separately. In some sections of the western states pears are put up almost exclusively in boxes for the fancy markets. In Can- ada, up to date, they have been handled very carelessly. This may be accounted for to a large extent from a large percen- tage of them being disposed of to the canning factories. The size of the pack- age that has been used in the north- western states is somewhat smaller than that of our standard apple boxes. The Britsh Columbia growers use a box somewhat the same. The majority of pears that are marketed are usually put up in small baskets holding eleven quarts. This is used for the local trade. By us- ing this size of a carrier the pear can be made to appear pleasing to the eye. However, if thie fruit is to be shipped to a distant market it is best to pack it in a box that would be about half the size of our regular apple boxes. By doing this the pears present a better appear- ance upon reaching their destination, be- cause they have been provided better protection. If one takes the care to pack regularly the fruit should always be wrapped. If the points here touched upon are borne in mind and followed out, pear growing can be made a success. Fruit Tree Borers I. F. Mctcalf, B.S.A., Gore Bay, OiL An enemy of fruit trees that has done a great deal of damage is the borer. The presence of borers in a tree is indicated by the lack of growth and by the pres- ence of sawdust like gnawings and ex- crement that are pushed out from their holes. These may not be detected until after the damage is done, unless the sod is kept away from the base of the tree. Frequently a tree will be entirely girdled before you are aware that the borers are working in the tree. When the work of the borers is noticed the best remedy is to cut them out with a sharp knife, or a very flexible (copper) wire may be pushed in and they may be killed in that way. However, there are several ways of preventing this trouble, he idea is to prevent the female beetle from laying her eggs on the trunk of the tree. These eggs may be laid any time in the early spring, and would soon develop into the borers which would later on do the damage to the trees. Any pre- i Afav, Tgt4 THE CANADIAN HORTTC ULTUBIST '2:; ventative treatment must be given in the spring, as these treatments would have no eflfect on the borers themselves. AN EFFECTIVE WASH A great variety of washes have been used for preventing the female beetles from laying their eggs upon the trees, the following is probably as effective as any that can be safely used without in- jury to the bark (after having removed all loose bark with a dull hoe or scraper). Dissolve one-half gallon of soft soap or five pounds of whale oil soap in one- half gallon of hot water, and add a half- pint of carbolic acid. When mixed, add five gallons of warm water and enough lime to make a whitewash of about the consistency of paint. Finally, stir in one-fourth pound of Paris green. Apply the wash with a stiff brush, covering the bark thoroughly and completely, and fill- ing all cracks and crevices. Another ap- plication should be made in about three weeks' time. The use of something that will not only protect the trees from the attack of the borers, but also from the heat of the sun, is more useful and economical than a simple wash. The parts of trees injured by heat are more liable to the depreda- tions of borers than the healthy, unin- jured portions, and so anything that will prevent sunscald and will at the same time keep off insects, will be a double benefit to the tree. Take some wood veneer, such as is used in basket-making, or birch bark, and wrap around the trunk of the tree beginning just below the surface of the ground and extending upwards for about two feet. Bank the base of this up with some soil to prevent the insects getting in that way, and fill the top with cotton wool. See that there are no openings along the length of this covering where insects could get in. If applied in the fall this covering would also protect from mice. A small amount of money and a little time spent in looking after the trees that you now have will be much better spent than it would be in buying and setting out new trees. Orchard Aphids and Their Control* Prof. W. H. Brittain, B.S.A., Provincial Entomologist, Truro, N.S. THE rot form of orchard aphids is the most troublesome, and I have been informed by several Nova Scotia fruit growers they have been troubledwilh it, especially in young trees. The best treatment known for this form is tobacco waste, which can be obtained from to- bacco factories at small cost. Nursery trees can be protected from the aphids by laying a line of dust in a furrow on either side of the tree loosely covering •Extract from an address delivered at the last annual convention of the Hova Scotia Fruit Growers' Aseociation. with earth. Larger trees can be pro- tected by removing the earth to a depth of about four inches for a radius of thi'ee feet around the tree and putting in about a peck of the tobacco waste. It is most convenient to do this in the spring when plowing. Throw a furrow away from the tree on each side, having a man fol- low the plow with a hoe and scraping away the earth for a short distance around each infested tree. COST OF DIFPEREJ^T SPKAYS (40 GALLONSi Black Leaf 40 and soap, 55 cts. ^ - •1' .- i ■?>^^ BJ^$k'^x3ifc 1 w :^r 1^^ n 1 f> 1 "^S ■^^^iU^jfll St i 1 mm- -il >' ^ 'W^ K 1 1 1 1 '■{" 1 \ n 1 Netti of tli« Tent and Foreit Caterpillars which hara done «o much damage of lata year* The et^ga of these caterpillars ms/y be found in little lumps around the ends of the branches of the trees early in the sea«on. Out them ofT before tliey hatch out. If you neglect to do this an early spraying will quickly destroy them. — Photo by Rev. Father Lsoipold, La Trappa, Que. Black Leaf 40 and iime-sulphur (i-io), $i-35- Black Leaf 40 and lime-surphur (1-30), 80 cts. Black Leaf 40 and lime sulphur (1.30), and lead arsenate, $1.04. KEBC«ENE EMULSION Kerosene at 17 cts. per gallon. Soap at 5 cts per lb. Cost of 40 gallons of spray, 78 cts. WHALE OIL SOAPS The cost of the different makes will range from about sixty to seventy-five cents for forty gallons of the diluted wash. I have purposely omitted mention of several mixtures of which a good deal is heard, because I consider the cost pro- hibitive. A number of years ago it was con- fidently stated that the dormant spray of lime-sulphur was a specific against all kinds of aphis eggs. This has since been disproved both by experiment station workers and practical men all over the country, even when the spray is deferred until, the buds are bursting and the aphids hatched, only a small percentage are destroyed. It is significant to note in this connection that in British Col- umbia last year, whereas the amount of lime-sulphur used fell off forty-one per cent., there was an increase of twenty- four per cent, in the sales of Black Leaf 40, indicating that the growers consider- ed aphis the chief pest, and found con- trol during the growing seasons most satisfactory. APPLY IN TIME Though in bad years more than the one spray will be found necessary, one thing must be recognized, and that is, that the spray must be applied before the aphids have had time to curl the leaves, or subsequent sprayings will be of little value, even with the use of a fairly high pressure. In spite of its relative high cost, I am inclined at the present time to recommend the Black Leaf 40, as from the standpoint of efficiency, cost, con- venience of application, ability to mix with other sprays, it has, in my own experience, proved most satisfactory. I do not believe that when there is reason to fear an attack of aphids a grower would be justified in "taking a chance," and risking no spray. By doing this, he would stand to lose, not only a large proportion of his crop, but also the time and money he had spent in cultivating, pruning, thinning, and all other opera- tions incidental to the production of his crop. I am convinced that most of the cases of non-success that have been re- ported by those using this spray have been the result of two factors : First, not spraying until the leaves have curled, and second, insufficient pressure. 124 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1914 ;iS^:.¥ iJt > ^ ^t: 'i \i i>' 4.t ^i^^ ^^5 '^ A Row of King of Tompkins Apples in Bloom in the Orchard of W. Palmer, Victoria, B.C. The Pollination of Fruit Wm. Gibbs, Appin, Ont. POLLINATION is accomplished through two agencies : To a small extent by wind under favorable conditions, and to a large extent by pol- linating insects. Of these the honey bee is the most important, because of its great numbers, owing to the many apiaries that are kept throughout the country. The relatives of the honey bee, which also assist in poUinizing fruit trees and flowers, include the bumble bee, which is almost the only medium by which red clover is pollinized. The balance of her relatives include ants, lonely wasps, dig- ger wasps, and colony wasps. These lat- ter have little effect on the pollination of fruit blossoms on account of their not being present in sufficient numbers. Investigations have shown that bees are an absolute necessity for the produc- tion of fruit and clover seed. They are also the only agencies by which cross- pollination takes place excepting that affected by wind, which is not considered to take place to any great extent. In some flowers the pistils are sterile to their own pollen. Thus they are dependent entirely on cross pollination for their very existence. It is claimed that be- cause of cross-pollination the apple is more vigorous and more resistant to dis- ease, better able to withstand frost with- out killing, grows larger, and has more color. Prof. F. A. Waugh, of the Massachu- setts Agricultural College, has frequently warned fruit growers against the danger of spraying fruit trees when in bloom because of the destruction of honey bees that results. Speaking at a convention Inst June he gave some conclusive evi- dence, showing that the honey bee was the principal and almost the only agent in the pollination of fruit trees. He refer- red to the claim to the effect that there are other agencies than bees for doing this work, principal among which is the wind. To determine the relative import- ance of these fa,ctors he stated that he had taken pieces of glass, coated them with vaseline, and secured them on the windward side of fruit trees in full bloom, at a distance that was about equal to the distance between trees. He found that these glasses, smeared as they were with grease, received almost no pollen dust, even when the wind blew through the trees in full bloom in the direction of the plates. He further stated that there are practically no insects except bees that are flying when fruit trees are in bloom, and that nearly all the cross-pollination that is efl^ected is through the agency of the bees. There are some varieties of trees that are self-pollinating, but even these varieties have more and better fruit when bees are present. Prof. Waugh is not only not a beekeeper, but he is re- garded as one of the greatest authorities on fruit culture in the United States. Changing Varieties D. L. Msckiotoik, Calvary, Alberta There are by far too many varieties of apples grown in British Columbia, as well as in most other fruit districts. Growers are aware of this, but when you mention the advisability of changing to varieties that have proved themselves worthy of culture they shake their heads and seem to have the idea that this is going to involve a great loss. Most growers consider that the trees should be taken out and young trees planted in their places. This is wrong. The thing to do is to cut over the pre- sent trees, leaving about one-half dozen branches about six inches long above the crotch, and more if the tree is of any size, and crown graft at least four scions into each branch. This would ■ give at least twenty-four young growths right away, and owing to the vigor of the roots they would make great growth the first and second year. The chances are that if everything was favorable there would be a quantity of fruit the third year. Thus the whole character of the orchard could be changed in a few years with very little loss. If the right varieties were worked on the old trees, the grower would be more than compensated for any trouble or ap- parent loss he might have had. I should never think of taking the old trees out, because the change can be made so much sooner by cutting back and grafting the desired varieties. A Remedy for Plum Aphis A. H. Raff, Toronto, Ont. The following remedy has been used by me as a remedy for the plum aphis (aphis pruni). I feel that I can highly recommend it : Thirty pounds of soap (soft soap is the best), one gallon of coal oil, three pounds of napthalene, and nine parts of water for the stock solution. If boiled until the soap is dissolved it will readily mix. Use eighteen pounds of the stock solution to one hundred gallons of water. Spray before the buds swell. Better Fruits at Less Cost Prof. H. A. SnHacc, PeanijlTania Obtain uniformity of size by a uniform system of- pruning, and especially by systematic thinning, feeding, cultivating, mulching, manuring, etc. Both increased size and color can be obtained by making several pickings, taking each time only those that are well developed and colored, leaving the others for future development in size and color. Avoid blemishes from diseases by spraying with fungicides, according to the teachings of our plant pathologists, and by planting varieties on ground suited to each resjjectively. For exam- ple: Champion peach, on low ground or where there is no air drainage, is almost sure to have ripe rot ; and Salway in such a location is very liable to have scab and crack. Also spray with strong lime- sulphur solution once each dormant sea- son, better immediately before the leaves appear; and with bordeaux mixture or self-boiled lime-sulphur just before the blossoms open ; and spray again with the same, at proper intervals, two or three times after the blossoms fall. The road that leads to the orchard is the pathway to a simple, happy pros- perous life. Making a Lav^n J. H. Grisdale, Director of Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Ont. "The lawn [Which, after sweeping broadly round the house, fWent trickling through the shrubberies in a stream 'Of tender turf, and wore and lost itself [Among the Acacias." Mrs. Browning here paints such a pic- [ture as all love to dwell upon. Who among us has not some pleasing memory of just such a grass set scene. Such surroundings bespeak the peace, the fCalm, the restfulness so welcome to the [weary soul, so kind to the tired eye. Not lone of us but admires a well kept lawn, [and better still, not a man or woman among us but may have one at small outlay of time and money. THE soil' The best grass growing land is a good loam. Any well drained, well prepared area of any other sort of soil may, how- ever, be so handled as to ensure a pleas- ing result. Where building operations have recently been going on such resi- dues as bricks, stone chippings, etc., should be buried at least six inches below the surface. The surface should be graded with a slight fall away from buildings and any depressions or hollows should be filled in, even something higher than the surrounding land to allow for settling. Manure should then be ap- plied, about one pound per square foot of lawn surface. After scattering the manure evenly over the surface, the whole area should be well ploughed or spaded. If time presses or labor is too expensive, ploughing or spading may be done only the once, and that to a mod- erate depth. If it is desired to ensure the very best results possible the land should be ploughed, burying the man- ure to a moderate depth (four or five inches) then later, after harrowing and rolling several times, or when in a good state of tilth ploughed again about half an inch deeper than before. Harrowing and rolling will be again in order and any new unevenness due to settling should now be corrected. After harrow- ing, levelling and rolling till in good shape it should be left untouched for a week or ten days. 8BBDINQ After the surface has lain fallow for ten days or so, it should be again levelled and well harrowed. If not very firm underfoot it will be advisable to roll with a heavy roller once or twice before seeding. The seed should be divided in- to two equal portions and the first part scattered as evenly as possible over the whole lawn, walking from east to west while sowing, liach and every square foot of the whole lawn having received its fair share of the first half of the seed, the sower should then proceed to sow the second half of the seed as evenly as possible over the lawn walking from north to south during the process and again being careful to give every square foot of land its fair share of this, the second part or other half of the seed, as well as a fair proportion of the first part. Carelessness in seed scattering is responsible for many patchy looking lawns and is in fact the cause of not a few failures. The seed once sown, the whole surface should be lightly and even- ly raked or harrowed. On most soils a rake will give better results than a har- row. The main point is to cover the seed, although at the same time, one must guard against too deeply burying it. After raking or lightly harrowing the land should be rolled again, unless very damp, in which case the rolling operation should be postponed till a later date. Many lawn grass mixtures are to be had at seed stores. Not infrequently these ready prepared mixtures contain a rather to large proportion of weed seeds, It is important to buy grass seed free from weed seeds, since if preparation has been made as above outlined, the chances are very strongly in favor of a lawn free from weeds other than such as spring from seeds sown by wind or mixed with grass seed. Taken all in all probably the best grass to sow is Canadian Blue Grass, or failing this, Kentucky Blue Grass. Pains should be taken to secure a good sample of this grass and it should then l>e sown liberally at the rate of about fifty pounds an acre, or one pound to the hundred square yards. After the seed is sown the lawn should be well rolled, care being taken to pack as evenly as possible and retain a smooth surface. No rolling should be done, how- ever, if the surface is at all damp when the seeding is performed. It would be much better to postpone the rolling for a day or two, or if the soil continues moist it might be advisable to postpone the rolling for two or three weeks . After the grass is well up should a drought occur or a heavy rain come and the surface later become very dry, it would be found advantageous to roll again, using a light roller. This will break the surface crust, create a mulch, and so encourage growth and ensure a better stand- Care should be taken not to use a lawn mower upon the young grass, since this machine is almost certain to pull out by the roots rather than clip it at this stage of growth. If weeds spring up or the grass becomes unsightly, the whole area should be carefully gone over with a sharp scythe rather than with the lawn mower. The process of getting a lawn by sow- ing is of course rather slow. The seed- ing down method may be very often im- proved upon, at least so far as speed is concerned, by sod laying. For laying sod, practically the same preparation An Inezpantivc Beauty Spot Where the Bird* Delight to Stay. Lily Pond in the Garden of Mri. McNair, Hamilton, Ont. 125 ia6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST M ay, 1914 should be made as for seeding. The lawn maker should see that the sod sup- plied is thick enough to include a fair proportion of growing roots, and so en- sure the grass getting a good start in its new feeding ground. Planting and Pruning Shrubs H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. N order to arrive at the proper time I and method of pruning shrubs a study of their characteristics is necessary. For this purpose we must recognize two distinct types, distinct in the sense that one flowers upon the current year's wood, and the other upon the old or previous season's growth. It is easy to disting- uish between the two. As a general rule shrubs should be pruned at once after flowering if pruning is necessary, but in the case of the more tender ones which flower upon the current season's growth, it is unwise to prune before danger of heavy frosts is past in the spring, say about the first week of April, roses and hydrangeas. There is always danger when these are pruned early in the season, of the remaining buds being killed, which is often the case when bright sunlight succeeds excessive frost. When this occurs the plants may be seriously injured, and the resultant growth and flowers worthless. Lilacs, Shrubby Honeysuckles (Loni- cera), Weigelia, Snowballs (Viburnum), Deutzias, Forsythias, and similar hardy shrubs should all, if necessary, be prun- ed at once after flowering, and the old flowers removed from such as the lilac before seed formation has occurred. In the case of shrubs, except ever- greens, which are dependent upon the formation of new growth for the follow- ing season's flowers, the immediate re- moval of old flowering wood or branches favors the development of new growth and the subsequent ripening of vegeta- tive or flowering buds ere winter sets in. Shrubs, however, bearing berries (fruits) which mature during the fall should not be pruned after flowering, as this will eliminate their winter beauty, as upon the flowering branches the berries are borne. In this category are such ex- amples as Berberis of many kinds, snow- terries white and red fruited (Symphori- carpus racemosus and Vulgaris), and deciduous species of Euonymus, many of which bear very ornamental fruits. BENEFITS OF PRUNING The objects of pruning are: To en- courage the development of vigorous growth and the subsequent production of flowers; to eliminate worthless bran- ches and superfluous growth, and thus favor the equal distribution of air and light: To remove defective parts, and to promote growth to replace these and thus assist nature to restore symmetry. It is an easy matter to remove all un- desirable growth, providing certain principles are observed. When remov- ing branches, do not leave stubs, each undesirable portion should be removed with a slanting cut at its junction with another stem or just above a bud. When- ever it is necessary to shorten or "head back" the longest branches all should not be cut at the same height. Growth should be encouraged close to the ground rather than at the apex of the shrub. To induce this the longest branches must be gradually removed. As the stronger branches grow more quickly to the source of light, the weaker lateral ones eventually succumb. It is a case of the survival of the fittest, con- sequently the main stems near the ground appear bare and unsightly, there- fore, the stronger must be removed to be replaced by the weak. Dilapidation quickly ensues where careful pruning is not exercised, but where the practice per- tains renovation is constantly taking place much to the enhanced appearance of the subjects. It is utter folly to clip shrubs into grotesque shapes unless they are planted as hedges or are included in a formal garden scheme. Clipped shrubs are not desirable for any other purpose, neither are they natural, as usually all their beauty and grace vanishes with the removal of growth which produces flow- ers. A well pruned shrub should ap- pear to an artistic eye a perfect object, no sign of mutilation should be visible, the head should be perfectly symmetri- cal with being grotesque. Clipped shrubs are always grotesque, as the pernicious practice of hacking these beautiful sub- jects results in their total failure to pro- duce annually their abundant blossoms. Shrubs differ from trees in that they pos- sess no well defined leader (trunk). When pruning trees it is proper to re- tain the leader, but in the former no such leader should be encouraged. BOSEfi Roses planted in the spring should be cut back somewhat severely. Other shrubs may simply require thinning to counterbalance the loss of roots caused by lifting. Roses, however, which are established are pruned according to the characteristics of the class to which they belong. Hybrid perjjetuals are stronger growers than hybrid teas, while climb- ing or rambling roses are distinct from either of the former. Strong growing plants should be pruned lightly, weak growing ones such as many hybrid teas . severely, but in the case of ramblers it is only necesary to remove old or dead branches to prevent crowding of young A Well Pruned Hyarangea growths, or to allow such growths to be trained into desirable positions. It may also occasionally be necessary to shorten back the longest growths to keep the plants within bounds. Briefly the shoots of hybrid p)erp>etuals should simply be severed at points six inches or so from the previous season's wood, and all superfluous or weak growth removed. The mistake of cut- ting all at the same height should be avoided. Hybrid teas should be severe- ly thinned, completely eliminating weak growths, leaving only the strong, say, three or four to each plant, or if these are exceptionally weak, only two. Cut these back to four inches from the old wood and the resulting growth will be much stronger than were a larger num- ber allowed to remain, and will produce flowers of finer quality and in greater profusion . HTDRANGEA Prune the shoots of hydrangea panicu- lata back to two buds and after growth has commenced ruboff^ one of the shoots, leaving the stronger in each case. Re- strict the number on the plant to four or five. In this way weak unsightly plants will become rejuvenated, and if care- fully cultivated and mulched enormous flowers will result. The illustration is that of a plant bearing individual flow- ers eighteen inches in depth and sixteen inches in diameter at the base, pruned in the manner indicated above. Some of the Clematis are almost her- baceous in character, dying down to the ground in winter. Others, by protec- tion, or during mild winters, come through the winter without the growth being killed back very much. If the wood is not killed back when start- ing them in the spring, it is well to ■ leave some of the strong live wood ra- 9 Iher than cut them right down to the ground. The variety Jackmanni is one of the best varieties grown. They flower on the new growth produced from older wood. — Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. May, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST iiy The Culture of Sweet Peas J. H. Bowman, Elmira, Ont. THE sweet pea is one of the most popular of annual flowers, and de- \ servedly so. I know of no other flower that will yield so much beautiful 'bloom over so long a period. Disease has been very prevalent dur- ing the past few years, and appears to be increasing each season. The disease, commonly known as streak, is said by some authorities to be caused by root rot fungus. Light to dark brown streaks appear on the lower parts of the stem and on the leaves. The points of the shoots are often abnormally thick and of a yellowish color. The flowers often come malformed and are usually very poor in color, thin and flimsy. The stems are also weak. Whatever the cause may be, I am convinced, after three years' careful ob- servation and experiment, that heavy dressings of animal manure encourage the development of streak. If your soil is in fair condition, I wouldn't use any animal manure at all, but would advise the use of a phosphate and potash fer- tilizer . Those authorities who hold that "streak disease" is caused by root rot fungus, Thulavia basicola, advise dis- infecting the soil by one of the following methods : By heating to two hundred and twelve degrees F. This is hardly practicable where any quantity of soil is to be treated. By soaking with form- alin— one per cent, solution, one part, to twelve and one-half gallons of water. By making holes all over the ground, twelve inches apart and ten inches deep, dropping half an ounce of petrol in each, and closing immediately to keep vapor in. This disinfection should be done at least two weeks before sowing or plant- ing. Some writers also advise soaking the seed the night before sowing in per- manganate of potash, a half-ounce to a gallon of water. Dig your trenches about two feet wide and twelve to eighteen inches deep. Don't use any animal manure unless your soil is in very poor condition. After you have worked up the soil, dust on the following fertilizer, and rake in thor- oughly: Two ounces bone meal, two ounces superphosphate, two ounc-es sul- phate of potash f)er square yard. It is important to get your sweet pea seeds in as early in the season as pos- sible. Sweet peas do best if they have an opportunity to make good root de- velopment before hot weather sets in. Sow seeds in two rows, one foot apart, and three inches apart in the row. They may be thinned later to about six inches apart. A trellis or support of wire netting or string should be provided before the plants make any tendrils. Sweet peas never grow away so freely if the sup- port is not provided in time. After the plants are up a few inches, they should be cultivated thoroughly, and this cultivation should be kept up through the season at least once a week. The Buco cultivator is an excellent tool for this purpose. If you have room for but twelve var- ieties, the following (selected as the best of over fifty Spencer varieties I grew last season) are recommended : Elfrida Pearson, blush ; Etta Dyke, white ; Her- cules, pink ; Mrs. Routzahn or Gladys Burt, cream pinks ; Mrs. R. HaJlam, deep cream pink ; Clara Curtis, cream ; Nettie Jenkins, lavender; Maud Holmes or King Edward Spencer, crimson ; Queen of Norway, mauve ; Nubian, maroon ; Mrs. C. W. Breadmore, pico- tee pink on cream ground ; Thos. Stev- enson or Edna Unwin Improved, orange scarlet. Making Flower Beds ^P. D. Powe, Caintville, Ont. Making the beds for garden annuals is one of the most important steps to be taken in the getting of good flowers. In the city, where manure is hard to obtain, the scrapings from the road are good if mixed with a little prepared fertilizer (obtainable from all seed dealers) and worked into any fairly good garden soil. Where manure is plentiful and soil abundant, a good bed may be made up of one-third man- ure, well rotted, and if the soil is dry, one-fifth sand- Remember, the richer the beds the better the plants if you can keep the weeds down. When we have our soil well worked in a pile we must decide what shape our bed will take and its size. This depends greatly on experience. If you are not an expert and a true judge of beauty, you had better stick to the plain square, round, diamond or oval bed. and not try any of the more complicated designs. Leave these to the florist or landscape gardener. The size of the bed should be deter- mined by how much land you have at your disposal. We can only say that one large bed is far more beautiful and ar- tistic than several small beds. These points decided, turn again to your compost heap and after spading the bed you have laid out wheel your pre- pared soil upon it and with a rake round it up and make it to the size and form decided on. Remove all grass, weeds, stones and other matter, and make the whole firm and smooth, gently sloping towards the edges of the bed. Long, narrow beds may be made in the same manner at the foot of a trellis or along the porch, where vines may be planted. These beds are best prepared as soon in the spring as the ground is ready to work. When trees are starting leaf take a stick and make shallow lines in the beds. Sow An Arch of Dorothy Feikint Roiet in Bloomlat entrance to Rc«e Gaiden of Wm. Hartrj Saaforth, Ont. Fully one thousand oboioe rosee are irown in Soaforth by some ha.lf doien enthuaiauu. They inolude all the standard varieties and nutny new sorts that promise to inoreaae in popularity Mr. Hartry keeps bees as well as roses. Ilis honey bouse may be sapn in the bochrmnnd. t28 THE CANADIAN H O HI I (' T I/I U R I S T Mnv, I f m Something of the Beauty of a Well Arranged Pergola is Here Revealed I'ergolas in the garden are gaiiiiug rapidly in public favor. They make ideal le- treats at almost any time during the growing season. This i>ergola is in the garden of Mrs. D. Lumsden, Ottawa, Ont. these thinly and cover Hghtly or they may be sown broadcast if the whole bed is to be planted solidly in one variety of plants. One of the most beautiful beds we ever saw was planted in this manner. It comprised all the mixed poppies in all colors. The beauty can- not be described in words and can only be understood by making a similar bed. Balsam, petunias, phlox or other quick growing plants of a like character, are the best for this purpose. Where a border is desired a drill or light furrow one half inch deep, may be made around the edge of the bed with a sharp stick, and sown thinly with the seed of alys- sum, mignonette, portulaca, or many other low growing plants. As the seed is mostly small, give a very light cover- ing of earth. Experimental Work with Flowers' F. E. Buck, Experime SINCE 191 1, the seed of several hun- dred different varieties of annual flowers has been obtained each year from seedsmen in this and other coun- tries, and tested at the Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa. Details are not possible here, but some re- sults have been obtained which are sug- gestive and encouraging. Some results have suggested other lines of experi- ment, for instance, the seed of a number of annual plants left over from previous years and saved for a test as to germina- bility, was sowed just before the period of drought of last June and July. A cer- tain number of the young plants which came up did not succumb to the heat and drought but survived under the most ad- verse conditions and gave bloom late in the year after those of the regular test were over. As a point of interest it may be stated that they bloomed with us at Ottawa up till the end of October. From this we conclude that it may be well for us to try out most annuals under similar conditions in order to know what can be recommended to people who wish to raise flowers under conditions that would make a weed blush to do well. •Extract from an address delivered before the Ontario Horticultural Aasooiation. lital Farm, Ottawa One very interesting point of general interest which has been called to our at- tention by visitors from the old world in connection with these annuals is that the intensity of their colors is greater with us at Ottawa, than it is, say, in England. The brilliancy of the whole patch of an- nuals tested at Ottawa was very great this past dry season. To tell you anything about the recent experiments, commenced in 191 1, with roses, more particularly the hybrid tea varieties, other than this, that already a first edition of a pamphlet on roses has been exhaused and another edition will be ready shortly, is unnecessary per- haps, because what we have to say about the test so far will be said in that pamph- let. I must mention, however, that wo started tests with sweet peas about the year 1910. So far these tests have been chiefly variety tests but in future we are planning to make them cover in addition methods of growing, and so forth. We need definite information on several points, such as whether sweet peas will do well when grown under certain condi- • tions in the same position year after year. We want more information as to the control of sweet pea diseases and trou- bles, reliable data regarding which can- not be given till definite ob.servalions lia\e been carried on for .several years. We do know certain things alxjut certain methods which seem to contradict certain l)rcvailing opinions. On*; is that sweet peas grown in a trench did not do so well in our soil as those grown by their side which were sown in level ground. An- other is that tho.se planted from six to twelve inches apart did not do so well as those planted about three inches apart, and that those planted closer than this did best during the early part of the year only. In all our experimental work at Ottawa we wish to keep in mind at least two things, one is improvement, that is, in the widest meaning of the word. Im- provement is sought by selection, by in- troducing new things and di.scarding old, by rearranging old and new, by modern technique, by methods of culture, of con- trol of insects and diseases, by the cul- tivation of that taste and knowledge of the best which leads to the improvement of those things that make better home surroundings possible. Improvement, that is, in things themselves and in the way of doing things. This must be the raison d'etre, the basis of our experimen- tal work. The other thing is this : we do not seek the new things so often as the slight improvement of the old, and there- fore our chances of success are greater. So long as we do not duplicate the work of others but remember to do work called for by local conditions, and do it without deviation, by discouragement of seasons or events, even so long will the experi- mental work be of a quality and quanti- ty justifying, we hope, its continuance and increase. Geraniums Wm. Hnit, O.A.C., Gnelpb, Oat. To secure good geranium plants for flowering in winter, slips should be taken m the fall or very early spring. A nice plant potted from a three and a half or four inch pot into a six or seven inch pot in June in bedding out time and put into good potting soil, will make a good plant for winter flowering. Plunge the pot to the rim out in the open ground early in June. Pinch the tips of each shoot out when about eight inches in length until about the second week in July. This induces a bushy, -Turdy growth. Keep all the blooms and buds pinched Dff' until the middle of August. Lift the pot from the ground early in September and bring it into the window when it should flower all winter. The plant should have plenty of water at the roots during the summer when plunged in the ground. After bringing it into the house some liquid fertilizer should be given the plant about every ten days. "Bon- ora," sold at seed stores, is the best plant food for pot plants. May, igi^ THE CANADIAN H O RT I C U L T UEIS T 129 The Art of Potting John Gall, Ingle\vood THOUGH it may seem a simple mat- ter enough on the surface, there is some art in potting plants properly. The pots should be well drained, using for this purpose pieces of broken pots or crockery, and placing one large piece over the hole in the bottom of your pot. A little Sphagnum or rough material of some kind should next be placed over the crocks to keep the soil from being washed down and blocking the drainage. Then put on an inch or so of soil before placing the plant in po.sition, and fill in with the compost, pressing this down firmly with the fingers until the pot is nearly but not quite full. If the pot is .overfilled, insufficient room is left for watering, while, if not filled full enough, not only does the pot not contain enough soil, but the plant is liable to become "drowned" when water is given. There ought always to be enough space left l>etween the top of the pot and the surface of the soil to allow the giving of sufficient water to saturate the whole of the soil and moisten all the roots. .Some people seem to throw the plants into the pots almost anyhow, and still they grow and do well. This plan may answer well enough in a country garden, where plants seem to thrive under any condition, but too much care cannot be taken in the suburban or town garden. Most plants, especially those of the "hard-wooded" or shrubby type, require to be potted very firmly — that is, to have the soil made almost hard in the pots, but in the case of soft-wooded plants generally, pot rather loosely for rapid growth and more firmly for early bloom. In all potting operations, see that the roots of the plants are spread out in the soil, that is to say, they should not have the soil thrown on them, but among them. The soil should always be slightly lower at the rim of the pot than at the neck of the plant. Hardy Perennials* H. W. Cooper, Ottawa, Oat. Of all the plants that are cultivated for ornamental as well as for cutting purposes there are none which have made such rapid strides in public favor as the hardy garden flowers. Their popularity is not at all surprising when we consider the many varied and pleasant changes which take place throughout the growing season in a garden, or portion of one, given over to this class of plants, which every week, yes, almost every day, brings forth something fresh and new to interest and delight. Beginning in April the early flowering kinds, such as the anemonies, hepaticas, Arabis and others, open their flowers soon after the snow has left the shadier parts of our gar- dens. From then on we have constant •A pamper read at a recent meeting of the Ottawa Horticultural Society. changing variety throughout the sum- mer until the fall, when only the severe frosts stop the more persistent and late blooming kinds. The most effective position for this class of plants in general is an open bor- der surrounding a lawn, or backed by a fence dividing a garden or lot. They will not thrive if given a northern ex- posure. The method of cultivation is of the simplest nature. Begin with any good soil as a foundation. When preparing the soil for planting the ground should be dug to at least two fe^t in depth and enriched with well-decomposed manure, or other fertilizer. The best time to plant perennials is in the spring as soon as the plants show signs of growth. Hardy plants, such as hemerocallis, dor- onicums, paeonies, and Oriental poppies, which produce their growth from a crown of close compact roots and flower in the early summer, are best planted in the autumn, as these take some time to get established. Fall planting of these varieties saves a season's bloom. The.se particular kinds should be left undisturb- ed for several years. Add a suitable fer- tilizer as a surface dressing each spring after growth is well started. The late summer and autumn bloom- ing kinds are usually of -a more vigorous growth than the former. They are of such sorts as the rudbeckias, heleniums, helianthus, the perennial phlox and as- ters. On these the original crowns die out each season and many new side growths are made. These are best re- planted every second spring, selecting from three to five growths, which, after the ground has been redug and enriched, may be replanted in their same positions or in another part of the garden. Treated in this manner they will not only produce more and larger flowers, but will pre- vent these stronger and more rampant growing kinds from crowding out their equally interesting, but less vigorous, neighbors. Spring Bloom in the Garden of Charle* Hunter, Niagara-on-the-L«ke, Ont., whera'many Beautiful Shrubs and Noveltiei *uch aa Fig* are grown May Garden Notes Ferns may still he IniMsphinled from the woods to a sheltered spot about the house or yard. Morning glories, wild cucumber, aiul hyacinth bean are good vines to cover up unsightly fences or rock piles. Sow annual flower seed such as nas- turtiums, portulaca, California poppy, and Shirley poppy in the open ground. It is not too late to spade up that weedy place on the lawn, add well-rotted manure and sow good bluegrass seed. Dahlias and gladiolus may still he planted. In fact, it is an excellent plan to plant gladioli at intervals in order lo get a succession of bkxMu iJn- whole season. MO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1914 Commercial Prof. E. M. WHEN are all the people to disre- gard the size of the fertilizer bag and the color and perfume of the contents? These matters need not con- demn them for they have nothing to do with values; but the analysis printed on the bag — printed there for the pro- tection of the grower — cannot afford to l)c neglected. One hundred pounds of fertilizer may be good value at one dol- lar, and it may be good value at two dollars. It (lepends upon the amount and form of the plant food present. It is of primary importance that the grower should know, that what are sup- plied in the fertilizer, is complete, is potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen — the three plant foods which become ex- hausted in soils. He must also know that these elemental substances exist in the fertilizer in the form of compounds, that the potassium will be stated in terms of potash, the phosphorus in terms of phosphoric acid, and the total nitrogen may be present partly as a nitrate and partly as ammonia, or other form stat- ed in terms of ammonia. All this is very confusing. The grower will not have proceeded far when he will conclude that the amounts of essential food exist in the bag in very small amounts, and he will wonder why he cannot purchase them in a pure state, and apply them directly to the soil. He will find that a few pounds of plant food and no more, are contain- ed in one hundred of the mixed and complete fertilizer. He will find that the attempt to apply plant food as elements would be far from practical, and would never pay. Nitrogen is abundant, but a gas. As such it would be found exceed- ing difficult to purchase and harder to apply. The form in wh-ch the food is found in the fertilizer is second in importance to the food itself. Plants take up their food from the soil in solution, so that if the chemicals applied are insoluble they are not used. For example, the phosphorus present may be stated as (first) phosphates soluble in water; (sec- ond) reverted phosphates; (third) insolu ble phosphates; and (fourth) total phos- phorus, which would be the sum of the other three. Reverted phosphates are soluble in a solution of ammonium cit- rate, and are sometimes referred to as ''citrate-soluble phosphates." Ammon- ium citrate, to a certain extent, exerts a solvent power upon the reverted phos- phate comparable with that exhibited by the roots of plants. Such phosphates are less valuable than those soluble in water. To make the total phosphorus Fertilizers straight appear large the insoluble part is added 10 the soluble and reverted, but it is only fair that the grower should know this. The materials used as sources of nitro- gen by the fertilizer manufacturer are quite varied. One of the commonest forms is nitrate of soda, commonly called Chili saltpetre. This important sub- stance is found in large deposits, occur- ing in the rainless regions of Chili and Peru. The commercial article is about ninety five per cent, pure, and contains about fifteen or sixteen per cent, of nit- rogen. ■Sulphate of ammonia is a by- product of the local gas works. It con- tains about twenty p>er cent, of nitrogen. Calcium jyanide is a new com- pound containing nitrogen, which prom- ises well. The inexhaustible supply of nitrogen in the air is drawn up)on in its making. Dried blood is a by-product from the slaughter houses, extensively used. It contains about thirteen per cent, of nitrogen. Tankage is a by- product from the slaughter houses, of various composition. Bone, hair, skin, blood and complete animals, condemned for other purp>oses, are boiled, and the fat removed. The dried product is then ground and offered for sale as tankage. The amounts of nitrogen contained in tankage depend upon the materials enter- ing into the composition. Ground bone is one of the chief sources of phosphoric acid. It is a very slow acting substance, however, so slow that for many purposes it is of little immedi- ate value. - When acted upon by sul- phuric acid it becomes immediately avail- able for plant life. This material is known as superphosphate. On account of the limited amount of bone, phosphatic rock has been used for the same pur- pose. In many cases this dissolved rock, or acid phosphate as it is com- monly called, has given good results. In other cases results have not been striking. Basic slag is a by-product of the Bessemer steel manufacture. The slag is ground to a fine powder. It contains When the various amounts of plant food are known, as stated on the bag, it is an casv matter to compute what should be paid per hundred, if the com- mercial values of the fertilizer constitu- ents are known. The.se values vary from year to year, so that the commer- cial prices are no indication that the price is on a par with what the grower can afford to pay. This must be deter- mined by comparing price with increase in crop, and what it sold for Commercial prices not long since were something as follows: Nitrogen in nitrates 16 cents Nitrogen in dried blood and tankage . . 15 to 20 cents Phosphorus in water-soluble phosphates. 10 cents Phosphorus in ammonium-citrate soluble phosphates 9 cents Phosphorus, insoluble in ammonia citrate 4 1-2 cents Potassium 5 to 6 cents MIXING FKRTIUZER8 The mixing of fertilizers is not a dif- ficult matter, and may be performed by any grower if a barn floor and shovel are available. A sand sieve is also an aid in getting rid of lumps and in bring- ing the mixture to a uniform mass. There is a saving in the home mixing of fertilizers. The amount of the saving will depend somewhat upon the quanti- ties of chemicals purchased, wholesale or retail. Sulphate of ammonia should not he mixed with wood ashes or lime. Bone meal should not be mixed with lime. Barnyard manure should not be mixed with lime or nitrate of soda. Thomas slag should not be mixed with nitrate of soda, kainite or muriate of potash. If some fertilizing constituents are mixed, valuable plant food may be lost in the air, or hard, lumpy masses obtained. The common fertilizers, other than those mentioned, may be mixed with safety. It is an easy matter to determine the required amount of each material with which to make a fertilizer of a given for- mula. Suppose we desire to mix a fer- tilizer containing four per cent, nitro- gen, eight per cent, phosphoric acid and about twelve per cent, of phosphoric ten per cent, potash, and that we have acid. One of the best potash fertilizers is the muriate of potash, a salt mined in Germany. ■ It contains about fifty per cent, of potash. Kainit is a low-grade pota.sh salt, varying somewhat in compo^ on hand nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and muriate of potash. Nitrate of soda contains about sixteen per cent, of nit- rogen. Every one hundred pounds of fertilizer must contain four per cent., or four [x>unds of nitrogen. It is seen at sition but averaging about twelve per o"*^^ ^^at we must have four times twen- ty or eighty jjounds of nitrogen to meet this formula, and as each one hundred pounds of nitrate of soda contains six- teen pounds of nitrogen, we must have five times this quantity, or five hundred pounds of nitrate of soda. cent, potash. Wood ashes is a valuable source of potash, which also contains lime. Much more of it should be used in New Bruns- wick, as it is a cheap source of supply- ing potash. May, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 131 ■ i^ ■1^ p ^Hfl^^. "H . ^■^ ifi jH ■'mk -•^».->wyv, . i^H tfifliHi^ ^^ :S 41 IL. n V* - - ^^-. ,- ■ J -.:,'<^»;, 4D New Brunswick Bebkekpers' Associations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES 8'XXX>KWBLL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. GKEAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1 The Oanadiaji Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25th da.v of the month pre- ceding date of iaene. The first edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist.. It is devoted exclusively to th« horticultural intexeets of Canada. The second edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this odition eeveral pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an equal number of imgies of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terest* of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain. 60 oenta a year; two years, .$100, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet Offioe), 25 cents ejTtra year, including' postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express 'Money Order, or Registered Letter- 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearagea are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to the. 20th. Address all advertising corresiwndenoe and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Becember, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Uoet months, including the saimile con- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ...11.570 August, 191S 12.675 February. 1913 ...11.560 September. 1913 ...13.729 March, 1913 11.209 October, 1913 .....13.778 April, 1913 11,970 November, 191J ...12,967 May. 1913 12.368 Becember, 1913 ...15,233 .Tune. 1913 12 618 July, 1913 12626 Total 160,293 Average each Issue In 1907, 6.627 1913, 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will 'be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this iseiue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist ore as carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loesi, provided such transaction occurs ■within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It la a condition of this contract that in writing to adverlsers you state: "I earn your advertisement In The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not nly their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are oTir friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest Ijankrupts Oommunicatlona should be addressed THE C.\NAOTAN HORTICULTURIST, PETEBBORO, ONT. I EDITORIAL I THE IMPROVEMENT TAX Our system of taxing improvements is a relic of the past. It should have been abol- ished long ago. It operates continuously to prevent people from improving their homes by the establishment of lawns, the planting of vines, shrubs and flowers, the more general use of paint or the construc- tion of sun rooms or conservatories. Ex- penditures of this class may involve only a few dollars but they improve the ap- pearance of a home so greatly as fo lead rhe inexperienced to believe that a large outlay has been made. The result is that when the assessor next calls one's assess- ment is likely to be marked up several hundreds and possibly a thousand dollars or more above its original figure. The an- nual increase in taxation thus brought about may equal and even exceed the money laid out on the improvements. Only those who have studied this ques- tion, or who have had special opportunities for observation, can realize what a check 001 enterprise is this tax on improvements. At one time in France there was a tax on window panes. It finally waJs. abolished when it was found that thousands of houses in the poorer districts were being erected without windows. Even the larger houses had so few windows it was seen that the health of their inmates was likely to be seriously affected. At another period, in the city of Brooklyn, a frontage tax was imposed on houses according to the num- ber of stories they had on the street line. Within a few years houses were being erected that were only one or two stories high on the street line but several stories higher at the rear. History shows clearly that there is no law more certain "than that people will resort to all manner of expedi- ents to evade the tax collector. A ridicu- lous and aggravating feature of the law is the fact that where people neglect to paint and otherwise improve their homes, and thereby permit them to deteriorate in ap- pearance their taxes are likely to be re- duced in proportion to their lack of enter- prise or thrift. ■ The issue has a more serious side. These are days when the increased cost of living is recognized' as a heavy burden on the wage earner. When a man erects a house and thus helps to reduce the cost of liv- ing by , lowering rents, we fine him by im- creasing his taxes, whereas had he held the land out of use for an increase in land values, he would have escaped such a fine. The fruit grower, who lowers the cost of living by converting unused or only partly used land into an orchard or garden, is pen- alized by a heavy increase in taxes. It is true that the earning powers of the land are also increased but nevertheless the net returns to the grower from his enter- prise are in every instance reduced by the exact amount of the increase in his taxes. The imjustice and folly involved in this method of raising municipal revenue is re- alized by the people of western Canada, who in several provinces are rapidly re- moving all taxes from improvements and raisin.g them by a tax on land values in- stead. The officers of the Guelph Horticultural Society have found difficulty in inducing citizens to enter the lawn and .garden competitions, because any improvement these citizens might make in the appeai ance of their homes would tend to increasi their assessment. They are asking the of- ficers of other horticultural societies in Oi - tario to unite with them in an appeal t the provincial government to have the la\' so changed that municipalities need nf be required to tax such improvements. Tli appeal deserves to meet with a hearty r< sponse. COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES Elsewhere in this issue appears an articli by Mr. A. E. Adams, of Berwick, N.S dealing with the principles that underli all truly successful cooperative enterprise Much of the remarkable success of the Uri ted Fruit Companies Limited of Nova Scotia has been due to the capable work of Mr .Adaips. Mr. .Adams is, therefore, well qualified to deal with this subject. Canada is on the eve of a wonderful dr yelopment of cooperative enterprise. Du; ing the past ten years our attention h.i- been devoted mainly to the organization of local associations. During the past fev years the movement has reached a ne stage, which has resulted in the formatio of provincial organizations that, by linkin up the local units, have greatly strengthei cd the whole movement. .Mready we hav in Canada several large organizations th;! compare favorably with the most successful enterprises of the kind in the world. The United Fruit Companies Limited of Nova Scotia, the Ontario Cooperative .Appli Growers' Association, the Grain Growers' Grain Company of Winnipeg, and several British Columbia organizations are all strik- ing examples of cooperative enterprise- conducted on a large scale. The Grain Growers' Grain Company, while not purely cooperative, is largely so, and is probably the greatest farmers' organization in the world. It has assets of over one million dollars. The business it transacted lasl year exceeded fifty million dollars in volume. To-day there is a widespread demand fo information relating to the true principle- of cooperative enterprises. The article bv Mr. .■Adams makes a number of these clear. In the June issue of The Canadian Horti- culturist we purpose publishing a continu- ation of this article, which will be equalh as instructive, and which will deal mor fully with the cooperative situation as '■- exists in the Maritime Provinces. Oui readers are advised to follow these articli '^ closely. TWO WELCOME ANNOUNCEMENTS Fruit growers heard with pleasure tli. double announcement made recently by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Dominion Minister of Agriculture, that he has separated the fruit from the dairy division, giving it the status of a separate division, and that he had ap- pointed Mr. D. Johnson, the well-known and successful fruit grower of Forest, Ontari place to become generally disreputabl;-, and an eye-sore, and in many icases a nuisance to the neighborhood, actually re- Ncw Fruit Commissioner Mr. D. Johnson, of Forest, Ont., whose appointment a? Dominion Fruit Commis- sioner, a new position, has been announc- ed recently, was bom on a fruit farm at Forest, Ont., thirty-six years ago. He took charge of the orchards when only sixteen years of age, and for ten years served as foreman at the spraying, cultivation, pick- ing and packing of the fruit. Ten years ago he became interested in the cooperative movement and took a leading part in the organization of the Forest Fruit Growers' and Forwarding Association, one of the first and largest associations established in Ontario, and was for six years its presi- dent and manager. Four years ago Mr. Johnson withdrew from the Forest Association to devote all his time to Johnson Bros., fruit growers, shippers and exporters, of which he was a half owner. This firm desired to cut out the wholesaler and sent its own salesman to the West, who sold in car lots during the fall months. Th" firm'is output last season from its own farm was six thousand seven hundred boxes of apples, wrapped and tiered, thirteen thousand eleven-quart baisfcets of peaches, eleven thousand bas- kets of plums, and ninety-five thousand seven hundred pounds of dried fruit. In ]!)]2 their output was over four thousand barrels of apples* In Mr. Johnson's orchards spraying is done with power sprayers. They make their own lime-sulphur, barrels and boxes. Their peaches and plums are sold largely by their own mail order system. All their apples are now packed in boxes. The lower grades of apples are worked into evaporat- ed apple rings by their own plant in the orchard, and shipped in car loads to Eur- ope and the West. The peelings and cores arc dried and shipped to Germany. Ar- rangements are being made to convert the lower grades of tender fruit into jam. Mr. I Johnson was for some years on the executive board of the Ontario Fruit Grow ers' Association, and was for two years president. He was also president of the Cooperative Fruit Growers of On.ario /or two years, and is now president of the Lambton Fruit and Vegetable Growers' As- sociation, an organization composed of fif- teen active cooperative fruit and vegetable associations in Lambton. Mr. Johnson was a delegate at the last Dominion Fruit Conference. ii 1 •.i4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1914 The Cooperative Marketing of Fruit A. E. Adams, ot the United P/uit Companies, Ltd., of Nova Scotia, Berwick, N.S. BEFORE takiiiK part in any coopera- tive movennent, . however larpe or however small, it is absolutely es- sential ope should thoroughly under- stand what c6operation really is, what the object of cooperation is, and what are us irreat and beawtiful principles. Unless the membership of all cooperative organi- zations thoroughly understand this it vs a difficult matter to make the movement a success. What is cooperation? Cooperation is the pow€r of individual effort associated for the common welfare. Therefore, when allying himself with any cooperative movement, the individual must be prepared if necessary to make sac- rifices; having absolute faith that if called upon to do so, the sacrifice, being for the eood of all, is therefore his own good. There is cooperative organization^ erasping, greedy man, who ultimately for no place in any for the selfish, for the very spirit of^cS^'per'atTorrs unselfishness and a /eadi- pess to help one another, a splendid bro- therhood of interests. There are some people we meet soeak of the cooperative movement that has obtained such a firm footing in the Annap- olis Vallev as though it were something new. as though it were a dreamer s ideal as though it were an experiment, but 1 can assure vou that cooperation passed the experimental stage vears and years ago. and is now recognized to be the only means of remedying many of the evils and disad- vantages under which we labor. The cooperative movement started, as most successful movements do start, very humblv, and has onlv succeeded bv actual demonstration continuously maintained, that it iis not onlv right in principle but thpt it is justified bv its success financially The idea of roonemtive effort was first evidenced in Scotland over one hundred vears ago. but it was not until 1S44— iseventy vears a^o-that it took a reallv tangib e form In that vear a number of Rochdale weavers', who hnd long been discussing var- ious social p-oblems. came to the conclu- sion that profits derived through dealings in the r.ecessities of life, should be paid out on the same basis as they are paid m —that as thev are first reckoned and ob- tained on the purchase price, they should be paid out as dividends on purchases, while canital should onlv receive a fair in- terest; This seemed to have been the orig- inal discoverv bv these Rochdale weavers. They held verv stronenia), and Sweden the Cooperative Wholesale So- ciety has purchasing depots with resident buyers, whose office it is to purchase and ship home the productions of thes« coun- tries as required by English cooperators. On arrival in England the goods are divid- ed among the warehouses at Manchester, Newcastle. London, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Leeds, Huddersfield, Blackburn, Northampton, etc., so that the subsidiary societies can conveniently draw their sup- plies as needed. The total amount of the (roods imported direct by the Cooperative Wholesale Society from foreign countries in the twelve months ended December, 1910, was $35,363,350. (To be continued) Mr. A. R MacLenn.-.n. B.S.A., Demon- strator m Pomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, has been appoint- ed lecturer in horticulture at Macdonald College, P.Q., succeeding Mr. F. M. Cle- ment, B.S.A., who has recentiv been ap- pointed director of the Vineland Experiment Station, Ontario. Mr. MacLennan gradu- ated from the Ontario Agricultural College in 1908, and for the past four vears has been connected with the horticultural de- partment at that institution, where he has had charge of the vesretable work, in which he has had a very wide experience. He has been closely identified with the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association, and has done _ much valuable work for them in experimental investigations, and will prove a valuable acquisition to the staff of Mac- donald College. May, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 135 Administration of the Fruit Marks* Act By F. H. Grindley, B.S.A., Assistant Chief, Fruit Division THE chief \york of the Fruit Division is the administration of the Inspection and Sales Act, Part IX., commonly known as"The Fruit Marks Act." This Act.passed in 1901, was the result of a desire on the part of progressive fruit growers for an improvement in the methods of market- ing fruit, in order to prevent complaints by th« consuming public against fraudulent packing. With the passing of the Act, fruit inspectors were appointed for its enforce- ment. In those early days, on account of the ignorance on the growers' part of the provisions of the Act, much educational work was found' necessary. Consequemtly, the inspectors spent a great deal of their time among the growers, in orchards, in pack- ing houses and at public meetings. It was not till several years later that the initial leniency ishown towards growers was lessened, and the inspectors began to rigid- ly einforce the Act. .^t that time all reports of inspection were sent to the Fruit Divi- sion at Ottawa, and when a prosecution was advised by an inspector, such prose- cution was not carried on until authorized by the Fruit Division. Between 1907 and 1910 all cases of prosecution in Ontario were handled either by the Chief of the Fruit Division or his Asisistant, and even before those dates many of the Ontario cases were handled from headquarters. NUMBER OF INSPECTORS INCRE.SSE') With the extension of fruit growing areas, and the consequent increase in pro- -" --tion, there came the necessity for in- sing the number of inspectors, in order ill a fair percentage of the fruit packed niiH-ht be satisfactorily examined. Since Peerless Climax Fruit Baskets Heaviest, Strongest and Best in the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Last year the demand exceeded the supply Therefore Order Early Canada Wood Products Co. ST. THOMAS, ONT. I 1905 this increase has been gradual. In 1905 there were seven permanent and five temporary inspectors. Last year ther<' were sixteen permanent and thirty-five tem- porary inspectors. In the summer of 1912, in order that supervision of the inspection work might be more complete, the country was divided into five did with, only sixteen out one being at present retained perm; These men devote their time duri slack season, as far as possible, to meetin<''': p^d other den-on <:tration In ]!)12 th« position of "Apple P; Demonstrator" was created, and a competent in packiTig and in pi; sncakintr. now d"Vote'; rn'acti'-ally his time at orchard and other meeting: monstrating modern method's of fruit ing. The services of this man are in demand, and much good has P from the work he has done. No small task is the keeping of a tl oiinh index, at Ottawa, of all inspection ixirts. Thousands of these are recei duriTig the season, and a tabulation made of the grower's name and addr^ number and kind of packages ex and the date and result of inspectio index has been kept since the incey the .'Vet of 1901, and has been of gre. in many cases where a grower's rec been desired. Imported Nursery Stock The quantity of trees, shrubs and o' plants, including ornamental and trees, all of which are classed as '■ stock," imported into Canada is int annually. .According to the place o: these trees are fumigated or inspectfd der the Destructive Insect and Pe?t before their entry is permitted, to pre the introduction of insect pests.. To increase the facilities for im trees into western Canada, the Mir. .Agriculture established an additio.i of entry and a fumigation station :- Portal, Sask.. last summer. A new a.«. larged fumigation station was also at St. John, N.B., to provide more modation and better facilities. Ai ments are now being made to erect ditional fumigation and inspection at Niagara Falls, Ont.. to meet the ii^ ed importations entering Canada via port and destined chiefly to points Ontario. The importation of nurser through the mails wa.s prohibitc;. March 1st. WiUii At a meeting in Morrisburg, Ont., of St. Lawrence Valley Fruit Growers' A ciation, held on April 20th, it was i not to make another exhibit of aj the fruit department of the Ontario n cultural F.xhibition in Toronto unless a be made prohibiting Government men, act, assist, or advise as packers, from dating as judges. One such official said to have shown bias at the last si In certain instances Baldwin apples \ rated as a better apple than the Mcln Red. Members of the Fruit Growers' sociation of the St. Lawrence Valley tend there is no comparison between two. Mnv, 19T4 THE CANADIAN HOETTCULTURIST 137 PURE -BRED ITALIAN QUEENS AFTER JUNE ISth I'iitested Queens $1.00 each, $10.00 a dcz. \\ arraiitcd purelv mated Queens $1.10 each, ■i;l2.00 a, doz. Tested Queens $1.50 each, $15.03 a doz. Breeding- Queens S2.50, .$5.00 and $10.00 each. Lil>eral dlseount on l.;rje orders. JOHN A. McKINNON - ST. EUGENE, ONT. BEES I We make a specialty of supplying Bees. Italian I Queens, supplies, etc., tor Bee-keepers. C'irculars sent upon request. Address ALISO APIARY CO. GLENDALE, CAL., U.S.A. Italian Queens and Bees NORTHERN BRED Superior Win tress. Descriptive List free. Un- teMted, $1.00. 8el. tested, $1.50. Plane, " How to introduce Queens, loc. " How to Increase," 13c. ; both, 25c. E. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH.. U. S. A. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW CLUBBING LIST The Review and Gleanings one year, $\.M- The Review and American Bee Journal one year, $1.50. All three for one year only 12.00. Canadian Subscribers add for postage as fol- lows: Gleanings, 30c. : A. B.J.. 10c. A fl publii, lies g cgraphically in Italy and pes e?8ste the best kind of Beea known. Mention in writing — The Canadian Horticulturist and Heekeeper Northern Bred Hardy Stock Italian Queens from selected stock of the best strain of honey gatherers for 1914. Qiiick delivery Cash with order. Prices— April till June, Untested Queens, $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00 ; in lots of 25 or more, 75c. each. Selected Tested, $2.00. Breeders, $5.00. W. B. Davis Company AURORA, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fighting Everj Disease of CoItiTated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Dr&wn Power Sprayers S«Bdvn into the highest silo, ordrystraw or hay to the mow. V.i' mouth, rolls raiseSinches Liul set close toknives,makinKSoUd compact :;lting surface. Requires less power than any <'ther of same capacity. No lost power. Direct pneumatic delivery, no worm gears or sp*!cial blower attachment. Knife wheel also uriesthe fans. No lodjjin^ on wheel arms. v'rything cut, wheel always m balance. Steel :m-case. Supplied with pi[)e enough to ; 'uchany silo, also pipe rock, tools, etc. Ask -. < air dealer alx)ut thom and write for catalog. vVe also make a "H" machine unmounted. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO. LIMITED ^ 468Campb.II Aveoae, Toronto, Ontario. V the houses, but can be moved about when necessary. In England grapes are success- fully forced in this way. A large number of plants are needed for beCding on the ornamental grounds at the Central Farm, and the greenhouses will be utilized for propagating these. STRAWBERRY PLANTS For sale. Fine stocky, well-rootod plants. Eleven tested varieties. Write for list and pricea. S. H. RITTENHOUSE, JORDAN HARBOR. ONT. Experimental Cold Storage Warehouse The experimental cold storage warehouse for fruit which the Dominion Department of Agriculture is erecting at Grimsby, Ont., is now nearing completion. This ware- house, which has beem erected' according to the design of the Dairy and Cold Stor- age Commissioner, Mr. J. A. Ruddick, is intended to afford facilities for carrying on experiments in the cold storage of different varieties of fruit, and also in demonstrat- ing the value of pre-cooling for long dis- tance shipment. The totnl refrigerated space is about fifty thousand cubic feet. There are four rooms on the ground floor, each with a capacity of fully two carloads of fruit. The basement floor contains one large room and a separate chamber for experimental purposes. The warehouse is equipped with what is known as Cooper's gravity brine system, with special facilities for a quick cooling in two or three chambers at a time. Some of the finest gardens in the world have been arranged by KELWAY & SON The R(yyal HortictiUurists Langport, Somerset, England FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating,when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue International Harvester Haying Machines TlelHCLine GRAIN AND HAY MACHINES Binders, Reapers Moweri Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters, Binders, Cultivators Elnsilage Cutlers Shelters, Shredders TILUGE Combination, Pes and Spring-Tooth, and Disk Harrows Cultivators GENERAL LINE Oil and Gas Engines Oil Tractors Manure Spreaders Cream Separators Farm Wagons Motor Trucks Threshers Grain Drills Feed Grinders Knife Grinders Binder Twine VI T^HEN haying time comes you can- ^^ not control weather conditions, but you can make the best of them if you use the rakes, tedders, stackers, loaders, and sweep rakes sold by I H C local agents. With a line of I H C haying tools in your sheds you can come out of the least favor- able weather conditions with the highest percentage of bright, well cured hay. I H C haying tools are carried in stock or sold by local agents who can take care of you quickly iu case of -accident. It is tlieir business to see that you are satisfied with the I H C haying machines and tools you buy from them. You cannot go wrong if you buy only haying tools with the I H C trade mark. Write the nearest branch house and get the name of the nearest agent handling I H C haying tools, and catalogues on the machines in which you may be interested. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Cslgary, Edmonlon, Estevan, Hamilton, Lethhridge, London, Montreal, M. Battlelord, Ottawa, Quebec, Regiu, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg , Yorktoa '1» THK CANADIAN HO RTTC H LTUR TST May, U)i FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Million* of acre* of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and tich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliameitt Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF MiiiiBter of Agriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto "THE BEST BY TEST" Garden Seeder l»t>ee* Uie worti ot two men iii liu.il tlit- time- Makes the drill, sows, oorere autl roi..-, the Bted wiiile you wsulk. No better seeder can be built for the fast ajid accurate sowing of Turniijs, Oab bage, Caxrot*, Beeta, Cora and all oihci- garden seeds. Price $7.50 delivered at your station. THE SUSSEX MANUFACTURING GO. SUSSEX, N. B. Ltd. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES- PARH SEATS Are as necessary to the improvement of your parks as flower stoclc. When making your plans for this year's park improvement, include our PAilK SEATS- We make well finished, durable Park Seata that will give satisfaction, at reasonable prioee. Among the parks already supplied are: Medicine Hat. Moose Jaw, Sault St- Marie. Welland, Windsor, Stratford and Tororto. Catalogue " G " will give full information about this seat. The Stratford Mfg. Co. Ltd., Stratford, Canada THE BRANTFORD IDEAL POWER SPRAYER CANNOT BE EXCELLED I Wc also manufacture complete lines of Gas and Gasoline Engines. Windmills. Tanks. Giain Grinder*. Steel Saw Frames. Water Boxes. Pumps, etc Catalogues describing our different lines, sent on request GOOLD, SHAPLEY 81 MUIR CO. Ltd., Brantiord, Ont. The fruit growers of the district will afforded the facilities of the warehouse payment of the usual charges for si service. The warehouse is conveniently cated next the public school grounds the village of Grimsby, and a sidimg fr the electric railway has been laid do for convenience in shipping. The services of Mr. Edwin Smith, B.S. who has been engaged during the ■p two years on cold storage and trari tion work in British Columbia, havj secured to take charge of the estaUj ment under Mr. Ruddick's direction. I Smith has had special training in H work, and is well qualified to carry the details of such experiments and r" ~ strations as may be undertaken. } assume his duties about the first of .".iij Poison on Apple Peel Canadian Trade Commissioner J. Ray, stationed at Birmingham, Eng., ! sent the following report to the Departm of Trade and Commerce, at Ottawa: The following paragraphs appear in current issue of the London Daily T graph : Some consternation has been caused b letter which has appeared in the press the subject of poison on apple-peel. 1 Maurice S. Salaman, anab-tical chem has drawn attention to the presence o deposit of copper sulphate (blue vitri with some admixture of lime on cert 'imported' apples of excellent quality i flavor.' The analyst's letter says: 'Samples of imported apples of excell quality and flavor were brought to me day, in my professional capacity, with inquiry comcerning what was described a peculiar green mildew near the stalk, proved on analysis not to be a mildew' a deposit of copper sulphate (blue vitri< with some admixture of lime, and was < dently left behind in spraying the ft against parasites. 'The presence in appreciable quantity rank poison, and this of a partially cumt tive kind, in fruit largely eaten by ch; ren, is so grave a public danger that y< assistance is urgently asked in calling tention to it. '.\pples having any sign of green dept in the stalk cavity should not be eai unless peeled. 'But surely some steps should be tal to stop the importation of fruit thus d gerously contaminated.' An exhaustive examination of the app now on the market revealed the fact tl the only variety affected was the Albema Newtown. Unfortunately this hapi>ens be the best flavored .inple ;iv;iilablc at * moment. But all Albemarles have not poisonous deposit in the cavity which ho the stalk. The bulk have been carefu washed before shipment from Ameri Nevertheless, nobody is amxious to take 1 risk of eating poisonous matter, and that need be done is carefully to wash ' apple if one is desirous of eating the pf If in addition the peel is removed then 1 danger disappears. In less than a week the first cargo apples from .Australia is due on the mark and it is to be hoped that the public v not allow the colonial growers to suffer cause of the trouble which has arisen fr< the .American Albemarle Pippin. In a case a peeled apple is quite safe. Acco ing to the analyst, . no deleterious st stance has been found beneath the skin i-Iay, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 143 CARNIOLAN QUEENS Carniolans are excellent winterers, build up rapidly in the spring', enter supers rapidly, are g^entle and the best of honey gathereis. Atk for our free paper, ''Superiority of the Carniolan Hee." Untested, $1,00 each ; dozen, $9.00. Full Colony in 8 fr. dovetail or JJanz 10 fr. hive* $10.00 f.o.b. here. ALBERT G. HANN Carniolan Queen Breeder - Clinton, N.J., U.S.A. Superior Golden Queens that produce workers for honey. The gentlest beee on the earth to handle and the yelloweet. Untested, each $100, six $5.00. Tested, $2.00 to $S.OO. Breeders, $5.00 to $1000. BROCKWELL. BARNETTS, VA.. U.S.A. THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR rrSELP. A HAN tried to sell me a borse once. He saki It was a fine horse and had nothing the mat- ter with it. I wanted a fine horse, but, I dldnt know anything about Horses much. Anal didn't know the man very well either So I told him I wanted to try the horse for? month. He said "AU rlKht," but I pay me first, and I'll give you back your money if the horse isn't all right.'' , Well, I didnt like that 1 i was afraid the horse! was'nt "all right" and that I i might nave to whistle fori my money if I once partedl witbit. So I didn't buy thel horse, although I wantedf it badly. Now,thi3 8et mel thinking, L You see 1 maKe Wash.r"' ing Machines— the "1900^ Gravity" Washer, And I said to myself, lots of people may thini about my Washing Machine as i thought about the horse, and about the man who owned it. But I'd never know, because they wouldn't write and tell me. You see I sell my Washing Machines by mail. I have soldoverhalf a mil. lion that way. So. thought I, it is only fair enough to let people try my Washing Machines for a month, before they pay lor them just as I wanted to try the horse. Now, I know what our "IflOO Gravity" Washer will da..,! know it will wash the clothes, without wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can be washed by band or by any other machine. L> I know it win wash a tub full of very dirty clothes in Six Minutes. I know noother machine ever invented can do that, without wearing the clothes. Our ••ISIOO Gravity" Washer does the work so easy that a child can run It almost as well as a strong woman, ctnd it don't wear the clothes, fray the edges, nor break buttons, the way all other machines da It Just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. So, said I to myself, I will do with my "1900 Gravity" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "1900 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the ma chine after you've used it a month, I'll take it back and pay the freigbtLtoo. Surely that is fair enough, isn t it. Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Washer must be all that I fKW'''i^'^"'"W fff ■> No/./.lt:. 4()<,th*'r KtylcH ^ W\ luui .sixuH— liitnd anil power ouititK. E. C. Brown Co., 5 7 J»j Si.. Rocheatar, N.Y. "Twist the Coin The best polishes in the handiest box. Black, Tan and White The F. F. Dalley Co. LTD. Buffalo, N.Y. Hamilton.OQt. Beautify and Protect Your Property Peerless Ornamental Fencing accomplishes two great purposes. It beautifies your premises by giving them that symmetrical, pleasing, orderly appearance, and it protects them by furnishing rigid, effective resistance against marauding animals, etc. Peerless Ornamental Fencing is made of strong, stiff, galvanized wire that will not I H' sag. In addition to galvanizing, every strand is given , a coating of zinc enamel paint, thus forming the best ^ possible insurance against rust. Peerless ornamental Kf^^^r- fence is made in several styles. It's easy to erect ^L„^w= and holds its shape for years. ^^SB^^5>j_ ^ ^^^ Send for free catalog. If interested, ask about our IMllW^^ farm and poultry fencing:. Agents nearly every' lllfll]^^ where. Agents wanted in open territory. lljUJ^JIJUl^Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd, Ullllllllllllllllllinnl^k.''''''"''"'' ^^^ — Hamiltoti, Ont nnimiiDuiinnimlil^^^^ ^wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii HHHHttliiliiiii .iimnnnnjc: iiiiiiiii Illlllllllllllllilllllllll fs^^ EARLY VEGETABLES AND FRUIT Sold At HIGHEST PRICES We have special facilities that will ensure prompt handling of your Fruit this season. Market informa- tion freely Supplied. Write to-day and make arrangements with us. H. J. ASH 44 Church Street TORONTO, Out. New Cyclopedia of Horticultur Thi' Caiiiidiaii Jlorticulturist is in rruit Farm, Ontario, wiU this season ii troduoe a new fruit package. This pacl age will be a crate holding about one bushi of fruit. It will contain a number of sma crates, each holding one dozen or more ( say peaches. Each peach will be wrappe so as to expose to view a small portion < each peach in the crate, and thus facil tate immediate inspection bv all concerr''^ This crate will be useful as a cold st< package, as it provides for a free ciix... tion of air through every part. Twent; five years ago Mr. Armstrong introduced new thirty-six quart berry crate whic proved a success. The British Columbia Departmemt of Agr culture had one of its representatives give series of demonstrations of top working ai pie trees during April in several of tl leading fruit districts of the province. May. 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTlC ULTUi? il?T IX. MOST PERFECT MADE THE INCREASED NUTRITI- OUS VALUE OF BREAD MADE IN THE HOME WITH ROYAL YEAST CAKES SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT INCENTIVE TO THE CAREFUL HOUSEW/IFE TO GIVE THIS IMPORTANT FOOD ITEM THE ATTENTION TO WHICH IT !S JUSTLY EN- TITLED. HOME BREAD BAKING R DUCES THE HIGH COST OF LIVING BY LESSENING THE AMOUNT OF EXPENSIVE MEATS REQUIRED TO SUP- PLYTHE NECESSARY NOUR- ISHMENT TO THE BODY. : E. W. GILLETT CO. LTD. TORONTO, ONT. WINNIPEG MONTREAL A practical hand machine for field and orchard spraying. tinve3 time, labor and money. JHijh pres.sure. perfect agltiition. High, wide-tired wheel makei puslilng easy. Has liorso hltc h for hilly ] cmintrj". Mndo to last. Has brass biill Talvea. pliinger, cylinder, etc., and 10- and 20-Bal- 1 Ion rust -proof tank. Much larger capacity than [ liand Bprayer, and costs much less than the horse- power maclilae. A great crop increascr. READ TfflS OFFER I will send you this machine on 10 days' trini wltlunit your advancing mio cent. If satisfied with It keep It and pay on terms to suit. If not, sem It lia.k at our cvpenso. WE PAY Tin; FUilKiliT TI1I3 freo trial backed by our 5-year guaranlee an- over 27 years' experlenco in making sprayers insure, you complete satisfacUon. Send to- day for my big Fr«e Book and Money Sanng Offer This offer Is made to ttio first Ij'iyer in each locality. Wiite nie today — be tho first — and I will 'ave am address relating to tne teaching of horticulture to the children in schools is inrorrectlv g-iven. It should ' " Mrs. R. B. Potts. 16 Bnice St., Hamil The paper by Mrs. Potts was hit>inv praised when read at the convention. Socie- ties or others de«irine to get in touch with Mrs. Potts will be able to do so at the ad- dress given. Items of Interest .An international conference on city plan- nino- will be held in Toronto, on May 25th to 27th. During the last five years national conferences on city planning have been h"''' annually in various cities of the Vti States, and have aroused wide-spread . terest. This is the first conference of the kind to be held in Canada. The Dominion and Provincial Governrnents are contribut- ing to the expense of the proceedings. It is expected that matiy towns and cities ki Canada will be officially represented. "Gardens of Delight," is the title of a most attractive booklet being distributed by Kelway & Son. the Royal Horticulture Establishment, Langport. Somerset, Eng- land. It contains profuse illustrations, many of them beautifuly colored, of leading Eng- lish gardens. The illustrations are n revel- Chas. E. Woolvcrton Landscape Architect Gritnsby, Ontario THE CLIPPER re are three thing-s ihai destroy your lawns — Dandelionn. Back Plantsin aijd Crab Gra^:». In one season th«C!inp«r will dri\'e them all out. Your de- aler should havethem— If he ha.'^ not drop us a line and we will ("end circulars and pricei ^CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CO Box 10. nixM. III. My, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST XIII. iDn of the perfection to which the garden- r art has attained in England, ^r. J. J. Kelso, superintendent of Ne- rlrted and Dependent Children, Toronto, ^ilanninjr to place from two to three hun- lid boys now in industrial homes to work II firuit farms in the Niagara District liing the summer months. The money ;jned by the boys is to go towards the Uport of poor relatives or to the boys' in bank accounts. •rof. Lloyd, of McGill University, gave i( address recently before the Royal Cana- lin Institute in Toronto, on "Artificial l)ening of Fruit." In the course of his jress he changed a bunch of bananas m a green to a ripe condition in less n an hour, by means of the fumes of a mical substance. Prof. Lloyd claimed t the flavor, aroma and quality of the it were in no way injured, and that one the greatest benefits to be derived Bugh artificially ripening fruit is the t that it makes it possible to transport it over long distances. 'he death occurred recently of Colonel 1. Windle Pilkington, V.D., D.L. Col. kington was the head of the well known fflish firm of Pilkington Bros., Limited, have been regular advertisers in The nadian Horiculturist for years. This is one of the best known firms engag- in the manufacture of glass in the world. e home of the late Colonel Pilkington was Helens, England, where for many years was one of the leaders in all public en- prises, and where he held many inipor- t positions. Lt an open meeting of the Burlington, t., Fruit Growers' Association, held re- tly, addresses were given by Prof. R. rcourt, of Guelph, and Mr. W. T. Ma- tt, Dominion Horticulturist, of the Cen- l Experiment Farm, Ottawa. Mr. coun stated that Nova Scotia is produc- apples at a lower cost than any other t of Canada. British Columbia cannot 11 does not grow better fruit than On- io, but they pack it better, and adver- ? it much more. .A letter from Mr. A. W. hn, of Burlington, was read dealing with I history of the Association and the great •tor it had been in the promotion of hor- ialture in the district. ■\n effort made by the United Fruit Com- lies of Nova Scotia, Limited, to estab- 1, a Madison Cooper Plant, for cold stor- ; and pre-cooling purposes this year, had be abandoned owing to the work having |en started too late to make it possible ! the company to secure the necessary liply of ice. A cheap method, which it is iderstood has been successfully operated various parts of the United States for cooling, will be tried with the io© on nd. \t a meeting of the members of the nit ITnion of Summerland, B.C., held re- itly, a resolution was passed giving ireholders the privilege of shipping pri- ;ely to consumers any variety of their lit or produce providing the quantity ;s not exceed ten per cent. Growers who ip over ten per cent, will not have the ht to expect the Union to handle the lance of their crop of that variety. In ad- ion the directors will make whatever argc per box may be necessary towards ay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvin Gavman & Oo.. 6t. Oatharinee. ASK DAWSON' He knows. IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me. IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me. I HAVE some of the best Fruit, Stock, toain and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices. H. W Dawoon. Ninety finlhome at. Tnrnntn. SALMON ARM, ShuBway Lake. B.C., has the finest fruit and dairy land in B.C. No irriga- tion necessary; mild winters, moderate sum- mers, DO blizzards or high winds: delightful climate: enormous yields of fruit, vegetables and hay: good fishing: fine boating amidst the most beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm fruit has realised 25 cents per box more than other fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderate, and terms to suit. Apply to P. C Haydock, Salmon Arm. BO I BUY BEES STANDING. Owner pockets cash— F. F/ast, On«. Myself pack and load. A. Allen, Philipaburg BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS— Bead particu- la.r<» on page %. WANTED FOR THE SEASON— Young Man who has had experience to work as assistant in Queen rearing yard^ State experience and wages expected'. — John A. McKinnon, Queen Breeder. St. Eugene. Ont. BUY THE CIRCLET, a new, up-to-d'ate, hand en- graved Aluminum leg band for fowl. Fits all sizes, simple, neat and durable. Send 25o for one dozen. — Wm. A. Curry. 28 Water St. E., Brookville. Ont. WANTED — Prime swarms; hives furnished. Address Box 18, The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, Peterboro, Ont. GOLDEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIAN AND Carnlolan Queens, ready to ship after April 1st. Tested, $1.00; J to 6. 95o each: 6 to 12 or more, 90c each. Untested, 75o each; 3 to 6, 70o each ; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per lb $1 50 Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. — 0. B. Baukston, Buffalo. Leon Co.. Texas. U.S.A. FAMOUS NORTH CAROLINA BRED ITALIAN Queens for sale (red clover 3-banders). Honey- gatherers, good as the best. Strictly reared from Geo. B. Howe's best breeders; mated with Boot's, Moore's, Davis' Select Drones; bees that get the honey. Free from disease. Un- tested, one, 75c; per doz., .$7.50. Select untest- ed, one, $1.00; per doz.. $9.00. Tested, one $1.25. Select tested, $L50. Extra select tested, $2.ro. Breeders, $3.00 and $5.00.— H B. Murray, Li'-erty. N.O.. .U.S.A. FOR SALE— A bargain, one. two and half horse power Sprayer. Two seasons in use. Good state of repair. Complete, sixty dollars. — Lawrence Harvey. Wardsville. Ont. WANT TO SELL YARD OF BEES or some one to run them near Toronto.— J. Alpaugh, Innerkip, Ont. Top Working Fruit Trees R. M. Window, Prorincial HoriicaltorUt, Victoria, B.C. The fruit growers of the Okanagan Valley have shown, a great increase of interest in making- remunerative unsuitable varieties of trees by working them over to the best commercial kinds. Inquiries and requests to the Horticultural Branch of the Depart- ment of .'Xgriculture have been far more numerous than in any previous year. While top-working fruit trees, especially apples, is often justifird by the increased roturns after the new top is well establish- ed, there are certain conditions under which it is not advisable. I refer particu- larly to the top-working of black-hearted trees, or those which have been badly af- fected by fire blight. The wood of a black-heart tree is brittle, and much of it is dead ; decay starts very readily in the cuts made for grafting, and the scions either fail to grow, or if they grow, make a poor union, ard eventually break off. The appearance of a tree severely cut back in the effort to control an attack of blight, naturally suggests top-working to a blight resistant kind. If blight were quiescent or absent from the district, top- working might be feasible, but when blight is active, the inevitable crop of water sprouts furnish the best possible condi- tions for blight, and effort to save the blighted stock on which to build a new tree is likely to meet entirely with failure. Aside from blight or black hearted trees there is a large number of sound, healthy land vigorous trejeis, of non-remunerative or non-productive varieties ; these may be grafted over to the better commercial kinds ; in fact, it is highly desirable that they should be so treated. Iten\s of Interest Sunscald is found almost entirely in trees having an open habit of growth or where they are headed very high and prun- ed out severely in the centre. — S. E. Todd, Lake Huron District. Ont. The use of iced cars for the carriage of fruit is increasing year by year and fruit growers are learning that the question of temperature in transit is of as much im- portance as the length of time occupied in carrying the fruit from one place to an- other.— J. A. Ruddick, Dairy Cold Storage Commissioner. The cooperative purchasing of supplies has built up in our vegetable growers' as- sociation a spirit of brotherly love and mutual confidence that has been of untold benefit to us. Our members have increas- ed, our finances have grown (until one year we paid out over one hundred and fifty dollars in prize monqy), and still had a nice surplus at the end of the year. — W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. Since the creation of The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Limited, the fruit industry of Nova Scotia appears to have taken a new lease of life. The company hais established a department in The Reg- ister, of Berwick, N.S., which is published weekly, and which keeps the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley fully posted in re- gard to important matt-ers relating to the fruit industry. This is creating greater confidence among the growers and assisting in bringing about reforms and improve- ments more rapidly than would otherwise be possible. Muted pairs of Silver, blackand patched foxei tor tale. Alto option! on 1914 puppies for suininer de- livery. >^'.: JOHN DOWNHMV1,-Bo«-N. Str.throy. Q THK] STRATFORI EXTENSION LADDER It U the safest and best on ths market. Fitted with automatic hooks that lock at cTery rung and unlock between the rungs LIGHT, 'sTHON( EASILY OPEKATED AND DURABLE IF Interested write for Catalotne TMB StraKord Mfg.Co Limite STRATFORD, CANADA Maken o* Ladders for every con- ceivable purfKJse If you buy a cheaper Arsenate of Lead "to save money" don't buy any at all and you will save all the money. Neutral ^Arsenate of Lead is not made to sell at a low price, but is produced by a process, that gives it qualities which makes it more economical and efficient than the Arsenates selling for less money. THE CANADA PAINT CO. LIMITED PAINT-VARNISH AND DRY COLOR /ViKtRS-LINSLED OIL CDU5HED5 MONT REAL- TORONTO- W'N'NIPEC-CAUJARY-HALIEAX OXIDE MINES RLDWa QUEBEC The Canadian Horticultun^ Vol. XXXVII JUNE, 1914 No. 6 Reducing the Cost of Productioiv' GOOD fruit land is generally cheap- er than rich or more level farm land that may be less desirable for fruit production. Proper fruit soil produces trees of good size, and fruits of best quality and in large quantity ; thus reducing the relative cost of pro- duction. Proximity to market or ship- ping station, to reduce the cost of haul- ing, is an essential factor. Where there is 'good air drainage or local elevation, spring frosts do not '■o often injure blossoms or tender buds or fruits, and thus there are more frequent and larger crops, resulting in relative cost reduction. Well drained soil means healthy, vig- orous trees. Wet soil means poor trees, and worst of all, apple tree diseases, such as root rot, collar blight, and others. Instead of a good income from a fine crop on healthy trees money must go to replace dead ones, or there will be very serious loss that comes from leaving vac- ant pl.'ices in the orchard. Wet or- chards should be well drained ; but the economy of dynamiting is yet to be prov- en in 'general, for we know where it has been very unsatisfactory. Good varieties are quoted constantly in price above poor kinds. Compare to- day's quotations on Stayman Winesap, Rome Beauty or Baldwin, with those of Ben Davis, Smith Cider or Shockley. Adapted varieties give finer fruits and larger yields than those not adapted to the regif)n, and of course as these sell more easily and for higher prices, they help to reduce the relative cost. A very important economic consideration is that' it pays all commercial growers of a com- munity to put their efforts into growing perfectly only those varieties (often but one or two) that are decidedly Ix'st there. Healthy young trees from reliable nur- serymen mean ready vigorous growth without stunting by transplanting,' and large early crops, if properly handled. Trees not true to variety ordered may mean years of loss. Plant at sutlicient distance, and on the square system. The writer now plants all permanent apple trees forty feet apart and all others at twenty. This permits profits from inter-croppin'g, cultivating •Kx ra«t fix)m aii • ddre « (le.iverod before thnil)er» of the Niai^ara I'cninsula Fruit (Jrowers' AKfKK'.iation. Prof. H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Pa. each direction, and the development of large trees with full crops. Low-headed tops cheapyen the cost of production by reducing the work of pruning, spraying, thinning and picking; and prevent heavy loss by wind falls, as well as mulch their own soil. Reduce the necessity for exjjensive commercial fertilizers by growing legume cover crops. The writer uses chiefly crimson clover with buckwheat and har- vest the latter. One orchard gave eighty-four bushels of buckwheat this year. In another the crimson clover was sown with cow horn turnips, and we now have a good stand of the former, with over one hundred dollars worth of excellent turnips, without detriment to the young trees. Nitrogen, the expensive element in commercial fertilizers, is not needed where the legumes are grown in an or- chard. We need buy only muriate of potash and acid phosphate, and need but little of these where orchards are com- paratively young and occasionally culti- vated. Pruning can be done at any time of the year, if not too severe ; and neces- sary severe pruning can be done at any time during the dormant season. Thus it is a "filler" job that can be done with economy when more important work is not pressing. For cover crops we grow our own seed between the cultivated tree rows in the young orchards, and in any orchard that will not produce fruit that year. A uniform head of symmetrical trees helps to maintain the income by insur- ing fruit where otherwise there would be vacant .spaces. Plant varieties to ripen in succession, and thus keep the pickers engaged. We make all our own spray materials, saving time and expense by preparing stock solutions during bad weather. We spray as many times as are neces- sary, but no more. This is four (or at most, five) times in the year for pomes, and three times for drupes. Owing to our low-headed trees the thinnin'g is done easily and quickly, mostly from the ground, and chiefly by :.v-;^'^^*^ ?*c «; J. .u •<>♦« m fr^.il «" *»»••> •'•' *" *•■' A Revenue Producing Orchard in the Georgian Bay District This orchard, owmyi by Win. Beekie, Oamperdown. Out., has l>een sprnyed. praiicd and ft-rtll- iaid. It oongtats principally of QraTenHtein, Snow, .Spy, Baldwin and Spitz v.irietiea. At the time the i>liotograph was taken Ur. Reekie expected it to produce two hundred barreh) an acre. 146 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1914 A Productive Strawbeiry Plantation in Britiih Columbia This four-acre strawberry plantation, owned by O. J. Wigen, Wyndel, B.C., produced 53,000 quarts of strawberries. Mr. Wigen grows Kellogg thoroughbred plant*. (Photo copyrighted by The B. M. Kellogg Co.) women and girls, thus greatly reducing the cost. There i.s much less financial loss from fallen fruits from trees with very low spreading tops, because less droppings and less bruising. Low trees permit economy in time and methods of picking. Cooperative or wholesale buying of supplies and selling produce helps much in reducing the cost. Our friends may expect us to recom- mend the elimination of spraying for the scale by the introduction of scale para- sites (of which much recently has been printed) but we can not yet be sure that in all orchards they will do their work as thoroughly as they have in our own and in hundreds of others we have carefully inspected in Pennsylvania. It is sure- ly worthy of careful consideration. We have discovered and published regardin'g certain entomological conditions, and have been criticised by a few who have been too narrow to understand or believe them, and of course by certain agents of scale-spraying materials. We have seen enough to give firm faith in the adequate reduction of the San Jose Scale by min- ute internal hymenopterous parasites. If any unprejudiced person will come to Harrisburg, Penn., and go with me to see a score or more of orchards that have been cleaned of San Jose Scale by the parasites, and then not agree that these natural agencies have been efficient in suppressing the .scale I am willing to pay the expenses of the trip. Hence, our recommendation to "Reduce the cost of production by the application of modern methods." * How. Often and When to Spray* Prof. L. Caeiar, Provincial Entomologist, Guelph, Onl. IT is difficult for one who has not lived in Nova Scotia to advise Nova Scotia growers how often and when to spray. We shall, I believe, all agree on at least two of the applications, name- ly one just before the blossoms burst, beginning with the earliest varieties, and then going right on with the later, and the other just after the blossoms have nearly all fallen, say eighty to ninety per cent, of them off. Without these two in a wet cold May or June no one need hope to control apple scab. One of these is almost as important as the other. There will be a difference of opinion as to the other sprayings necessary. I think you should carefully test the value of one earlier application. Try it on at least one-third of the orchard and con- tinue it for at least four or five years, as one year's results are often quite incon- clusive. When this application should be put on is a debatable questiom. If you have oyster shell scale, blister mite or much canker to combat it should be before the buds burst or just as they are ready to burst. If these things are not troublesome I should feel like suggest- ♦ExtTa«t from an address delivered before the Nova Sootia Fruit Growers' Association. in^ that the spraying be done not be- fore but as the buds are bursting, or just after they burst, so that the unfolding leaves may be covered with the spray mixture and protected against scab un- til the application just before the blo.s- .soms open can be given. As for any later sprays one must be guided by the weather. I think it pro- bable that it will pay to spray again about ten days after the codling moth spray. It seems to me that better re- sults will be got by not waiting for two weeks as ordinarily recommended, be cause each week after the blos.soms fall the danger of apple scab begins to grow rapidly less and the all important thing is to get the apples safely throiygh June because there is seldom danger in July. All are aware that two years ago the injury by apple scab was done chiefly in the latter part of .\ugust and Septem- ber. This injury could have been largelv prevented by an application of spray mixture the last week in August, supple- mented perhaps by another about two weeks later. The Production of Gooseberries* L. B. Henry, B.S.A., Wino'a, Onf. ONE difficulty in growing gooseber- ries is to bring them to maturity without having them become slightly scalded. .\ few hours exposure to a very hot sun will scald them very badly causing the skin to become tough and destroying the flavor of the berry. I remember three years ago we lost quite a quantity of fruit which was exposed in this way. We have one patch of three thousand bushes planted out in the open and that particular year we had them just a little over half picked by a Satur- day night. Sunday was a roaring hot day and as a result we had stewed goose- berries by Monday. You could notice the j cooked odor quite a distance. f At the same time another patch of nearly one thousand bushes, just across a lane but planted underpeach trees remain- ed practically uninjured on acount of the shade afforded by the trees. Gooseber- ries seem to require shade for their best growth. Even in England the best and hirgest berries require shade for their best growth. . They can be grown in an orchard witn very little extra work as they can be cul- tivated lengthwise when the orchard is worked and a one-horse cultivator can be used crosswise. Two bushes can be planted between the trees in the row. Spraying can be done easily and the pick- ing of them is more of a pleasure than being picked and pricked to small bits in the sun. Our Whitesmith patch under •FTtract from an addrees delivered at the last j annuaKlon^ntion of the Ontario Fruit Grow- ! ©rs' Astociation. June, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 147 the trees averaged six quarts to the bush, while the other one which is in the sun [averaged three quarts. English varieties are not propagated [to any extent in this country, the main Ipart of them being imported, as nur- [serymen find that they can do this cheap- |er. American varieties are usually grown I by mound laying, which consists in Ithrowing up the earth in June when the lyoung shoots are a few inches long. sThey root in this and are left on the stools for a year when they are planted j out in the nursery rows for another year. i English varieties may be propagated in fthis way, but they are usually left on the stools for two years. Cuttings six or eight inches long, tak- [en in August or September, and stored I as currant cuttings will succeed with •American varieties and with English i sorts in England but stronger plants are Eproduced by the layering methods. Gooseberries require the same cultiva- tion as the currant. It is important that tit should be shallow and frequent. Some people use a mulch system claiming that ■they can obtain good results and also I prevent mildew to a large extent. Plan- stations thus treated have borne large Icrops for twenty years. The mulch Iwhich is usually straw should be at least ■six inches deep and may be thrown on the bushes in the winter and placed in the spaces in the early spring. It con- serves moisture, prevents weeds and keeps the fruit clean. Its chief advan- tage is the prevention of mildew but its use has largely disappeared on account of improved methods in spraying. PRUNING Gooseberries bear on two-year-old wood and canes should not be allowed to remain after they are five years old. The young bushes do not require much prun- ing for the first three years except to cut back about half the new growth each year. This encourages the development of fruit spurs all along the branch in- stead of having them situated mostly at the ends. Low branches and those which have been injured should be removed as well as superfluous new wood. When pruning we have to keep in mind that the bearing canes or branches will not last forever, so young shoots should be saved to take their places. For English varieties leave five or six bear- ing branches and as many more young shoots. More branches may be left in an American variety on account of their smaller size. The idea of thinning out the bush to admit sunlight is altogether wrong, as the crop may be severely injured by the hot rays of the sun. The Culture of Raspberries and Strawberries Jos. Frappe, TO make a success of growing small fruits one should not do things f simply because others do. There r should be a good clear reason back of everything. The more thought and in- telligent workmanship one puts into any work the more pleasant and agreeable it Stirling, Ont. becomes ; and this is abundantly proved in the culture of berries. There is a pleasure in the great windrows of lus- cious fruits, the work is light and agree- able, and the profits to the painstaking are often large. For the little care and work that are A Well Sprayed Apple Orchard In this orchard, owned by W. J. Owens, Duiitroon, Ont.. flftund has been cleaned by a summer fallow or some hoed crop, such as potatoes, it will save a good deal of labor. Weeds grow fast in strawberries. The ground must be well drained. Berry plants "cannot stand wet feet." A place well sheltered so that snow is likely to remain long on the ground is favorable. For ordinary cultivation the plants are set out in rows four feet apare and eigh- teen inches apart in the row. Some place the rows as closely as three feet, and if they are kept narrow enough by trimming the ends of the runners the plan is good. But it is never wise to have the rows too wide or matted, as besides giving weak plants it interferes with the picking. For a small patch dig small holes with a hoe, make a small cone shaped mound in the centre of each, and over this place the plants, letting the roots hang around the cone, but deep. Then cover and pack tightly. This enables the moisture to rise by capillary action. Lastly cover with a loose layer of earth. This keeps the moisture from escaping. Avoid planting too deep, or too shal- low. Large patches may be set out by using a spade, trowel or better a dibble. .■\n opening is made, the plant inserted the proper depth, the roots shaken well out, and then the earth is pressed tightly against it with the hand or foot. In the spring after the leaves are nice- ly started I go through and trim off the ends of the branches, cutting off a third or a quarter of the length, and remov- ing dead wood. The remainder will do much better if this is done. Directions given for the strawberry are also applicable for the raspberry. Land sloping gently to the north is favorable to the raspberry as the changes of tem- perature are not so sudden. This location also more nearly approaches the state of the wild strawberry. What is termed "winter-killing" is more properly .spring killing. Plants are goneraly set in rows six feet, apart and three feet apart in the row. If the .soil is goeing one hundred and sixty two feet. In figure one a good view of it is ob- tained. The bush hydrangea in the right foreground, the weeping ash and maples also show well in this cut, which gives the .south west aspect. The front en- trance from Kingston Road has massive hammered iron gates with heavy lamps, flanked by maples. It opens invitingly into an avenue of more maples that are in excellent keeping with the rest of the estate. These gates were made by the Canada Foundry Company, weigh quite a few tons, and cost several thousand dol- lars. Part of the finer work on them required two or three years to accom- plish. Most of the trees shown in the illus- trations have been in the hands of the T. S. Hall-Abell, B. Sc, Cobourg dentist. All rottenness has been remov- ed, and all holes filled. They look good enough to stand for centuries. The driveway is made on the Telford Road system. The other paths are mac- adam on ten inches of crushed stone. Figure two is the clay tennis court — originally the upper half of the vegetable garden — enclosed by a cedar hedge, and surrounded again by lilacs, high bush cranberries and bush honeysuckles. In the background of this illustration and to the left are the stables, to the centre the poultry house and to the right the tool house, while two beautiful English white hawthorns also show up well to the right of the willows. This photograph was taken from the nursery window in the rear of the house, and the view is due north. In figure three we see part of the for- mal garden laid out in double Maltese •^•'•fV' -^tmBSt^/t-b::,'^ ' --^t^-. .--^.,. ■) - - ■■ ill SS^^^^^^^^^^^B B^ ^s m^^^^LltS.''' m The Clajr Tennis Court With Border of Shrubbery— Fig. 2 »50 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1914 The Formal Gardan Showing Part of the Perennial Border — Fig. 3 Cross formation. Perennial borders cir- cumscribe all the beds, and the rose here reigns supreme. One is not exagger- ating when one says there are thousands uf>on thousands of rose bushes here. Mc- Gredy of Porterdown, Ireland, supplied the majority of these, and they consist of the choicest the earth produces. One bed alone contains the following : In the centre. King George V., and around are Mrs. Maynard Sinton, Mrs. Muir Mac- Kenna, General Jacqueminot, Madame Abel Chatenay and Etoile de France. Others are Mrs. Wallace H. Rowe, Kais- erin Augusta Victoria, John Laing, Lib- erty and Frau Karl Druschki, the last the best white rose in cultivation. The two large chestnuts on the left of this cut and the apple tree to the right, stand on the spot where one of the three brick houses originally stood. These houses, of course, were demolished at the time the plans were approved of. In figure four is pictured an artificial pord formed by damming the creek ; and the German irises in the foreground with the dogwtxid, Cornus Siberica, altogether make this spot a charming retreat on a summer day. The maples on the east side of the entrance drive can also be seen well in this cut. Mr. Rowe bought the land in 1904, and in 1908 was in residence. The land- scape architect, Mr. F. G. Todd, of Mon- treal, the man who laid out .Sir William McKenzie's palace, spared no pains, brains or money, and from motley cut- up farms covered partly with old brick houses, has been evolved a most splen- did residence and grounds, a pleasure to its owner, a valuable asset to the town of Cobourg, and a beauty sf)Ot for Canada. Mr. Buckler, the gardener, and his staff of assistant gardeners are to be congrat- ulated on the very smart and correct ap- perance of the whole at all seasons. Summer Care o{ Roses By u Amateer Frequent culii\ation will ke«!p rose plants thrifty and strong and will coun- teract the ravages of insects materially. After the leaves are well out an appli- cation of arsenate of lead, two ounces to a pail of water, applied with a sprayer so that every leaf is covered, will kill all chewing insects. The arsenate of lead leaves a white sediment on the leaves, but this will be all washed off by the rains and by the necessary spray- ings with pure water before the roses open. Weak solutions of ordinary soap dis- solved in warm water and applied with a sprayer to the under side of the leaves will hold the thrip in check, while spray- ing with the garden hose in the evenings will get rid of the aphis, which infects the young and tender growths. Mildew will not likely trouble plants in good lo- cations, but if it should appear, it is best held in check by dusting the plants with flowers of sulphur or soot while the plants are wet with dew, and allowing it to remain for a day or two and then washing it off with water from the hose. If it appears in the autumn, when cool nights follow warm days, it will not do any considerable harm. When transplanting many varieties of rooted plants the iron trowel is very useful. — H. M. Speechly, Pilot Mound, Man. While the first cost of many varie- ties of paeonies may seem high, it is really the most economical plant one can buy, from the fact that it represents a permanent investment and one which pays annual dividends of increase of at least one hundred f>er cent. — J. H. Ben- nett, Barrie, Ont. Lawn and Garden Hints for June LANTS for bedding may be placed in the open early this month. In color schemes, harmony should be ihe first consideration. Do not attempt Ftoo much. Be sure to have plenty of mignonette I the annual flower beds. It is a useful flower for cutting. Other common an- luals worth growing in every garden Fare marigold, petunias-) zinnias, poppies, jportulaca, calliopsis, and balsam. Keep the perennial border well culti- Lvated and clean. Pick off all flowers [when they commence to die. Plant some gladiolus bulbs, and plant [some more two weeks later for a suc- fcession of bloom. Get the window boxes ready and put ' them in position as soon as danger of frost is past. The time has come to look after vour hanging baskets. You can increase the size of ypur pansy flowers by watering two or three times a week with water in which cow manure has been soaked. They will take lots of it. Hollyhocks are well worth growing, but d(> not plant them singly. They make a better effect when grouped. Keep ahead of the insects on rose bushes. If you have not already done so, give the leaves a good sprinkling of helebore. Sprinkling plants and bushes once a \lay with water alone will keep down many pests. Dahlias planted now usually will give better results than if planted earlier. For l)est results in the flower garden, four essentials in June are thinning, weed- ing, cultivating and watering. Sweet peas should be watered often. Never let the ground get thoroughly dry, and do not keep it too wet. Old geranium plants that have be- come tall and unsightly can be cut back to within a few inches of the old hard wunds of seed should be used on a lawn, one hun- dred by one hundred and fifty feet. The seed should be sown broadcast, raked in, then watered. A good lawn-grass mixture is fourteen pounds of Kentucky blue-grass, two of white clover, and two of red-top seed — buv good clean seed and mix it your.self. Besides this reseeding, it is well to scatter nitrate of soda over the lawn before ai rain or just before the lawn is sprinkled. Fifty pounds will fertilize a lawn one hundred by one hundred and fifty feet. We have learned by experience that in a border where continuity of bloom is de- sired all the tall plants should not be put at the very back. The late bloom- ing sorts are most of them tall, and if they are all kept in the rear there is a dearth of bloom near the front in late summer or autumn unless annuals are used, most of which do not go well with perennials. — W. T. Macoun, C. E. F., Ottawa, Ont. June, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 'D.> I Chrysanthemums Wm. Hunt, O.A CHRYSANTHEMUM plants, whe- ther plunged in the ground in pots or planted out in the open garden, require plenty of water at the roots, as well as spraying to prevent insect pests. The tips of the young growth from time of starting of each shoot should be pinch- ed off when the growth is about eight inches in length. This "pinching off" or shortening should be discontinued early in July and the plants allowed to grow after that. The last repotting should not be later than the second week in July. Early in September, or jjerhaps late in August, the plants planted out should be dug when the ground is wet, and potted into large pots into rich soil. Give them some shade for a few days or a week. Keep the soil well moist at the roots and spray the tops every day with clear water. Those in pots should be lifted and treated in the same way, except that they would not require to be potted. Keep the plants out of doors as late as possible under partial protection, the early white frosts will not injure them if slightly protected at night. Take them into the window toward the middle of September so that they will not be exposed to more than two or three de- grees of frost. By protecting them on cold nights, they may sometimes be kept out of doors until quite late in the fall. This is better than taking them indoors too early. and Their Culture C, Guelph, Ont. The buds of the large flowering varie- ties may be thinned when they are about the size of peas if large flowers are wanted. Thin out the smallest and weakest buds here and there on each branch or shoot. I do not advise dis- budding to only one bud to a stem, for amateurs. If this is done, leave the largest and best buds near the top of each stem or branch, what is known as the crown bud. Pompons or single, small flowering varieties are best not disbudded at all. The Pompons make splendid pot plants for the window. One of the best remedies for almost all of the insect pests that attack chry- santhemums is to fumigate the plants with tobacco or hydrocyanic acid gas. It is not possible for amateurs to fumi- gate plants with these unless with spe- cial conveniences. The next best rem- edy is to spray the plants with strong tobacco solutions or with kerosene emul- sion. The last-named should not be quite as strong as is used for fruit trees. One of the best solutions I have found is to make a kerosene solution by boil- ing in two quarts of soft water, two ounces of finely sliced common soap until dissolved. Take it away from the fire, and at once, while the soap solution is quite hot, stir in half a pint of coal oil, stirring it well for ten minutes, then add three gallons of cold water and mix thor- oughly with the soap mixture. Instead of using water as last mentioned, the same quantity of water in which about one half pound of tobacco leaf stems, re- fuse from the cigar factory, or dried tobacco leaves, or even a large plug of smoking tobacco had been boiled, will make the solution more effective. Apply the solution when cold in a fine spray to the tips of the shoots for the plant bug, and to the other parts infest- ed with the insects, more especially to the under side of the leaves for red spider. Kept in a cool place the solution will keep good for several weeks. Dust- ing the terminal points of growth with dry Pyrethrum Powder, dry, soft coal soot, or tobacco dust when the foliage is damp (not wet) after the kerosene emulsion has been applied, is an addi- tional remedy for the attacks of the Tarnished Plant Bug. The Tarnished Plant Bug is a small insect barely half an inch in length, of a bronzy brown color. It punctures the extreme point of growth, causing "blind" or non-flowering growths. It is very quick in its movements, especi- ally in the heat of the day. It does not seem to work very much in the shade, and can be caught with the hand very- early in the morning. Shading the plants during July and August would be beneficial. Spraying every day early in the morning with clear or soapy water through the hot weather is a good pre- ventative for the attacks of all insect pests. Sulpho-Tobacco Soap, to be had at seed stores, is a good insecticide. Summer Care of Palms B. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. After the apple blooms fall, place palms outside in a sheltered position, where they can be given plenty of water. At this time, if they are not repotted, bone meal should be worked into the surface of the soil and a liquid manure of bone meal given once a month or so during the growing season. Both during winter and summer, shower the leaves frequently with as forceful a stream as possible, to prevent scale and mealy bugs getting a start. Keep the leaves and stems clean by wip- ing off every once in a while with a soft cloth and soapy water, syringing with clean water afterwards. A Fir»t Prize Porch in a St. Thomas Competition: That of J. A. M'Cance Close to the house on the south side is not a good position for a climbing rose. The heat is too intense and con- centrated in the summer to get good roses. Insect pests are also induced in this position by the heat. An east or west aspect is the best for climbing roses. The north side, if not too close to the building, would do fairly well. In any case, the roses should not be trained too close to the house. A few inches of space to allow for spraying and circulation of air is best. Successful Mcthods'^with Strawberries and Tomatoes A DOZEN years ago a school teacher in southern Ontario began to study the complex problem of living and coming out in the end with enough hard cash to tide over the winter of old age. School teaching, while one of the most important branches of national upbuild- ing, was not what could be called a money-making occupation. Viewing things from this attitude the school teacher began to search for some employment which would yield larger monetary returns. After careful study, he decided on farming. In the back yard of his simple home he had some money from a small piece of land, and by using the ordinary act of multiplication he had determined the amount he should make from a ten acre lot. In due time this school teacher, who, we might state, is Mr. William Walker, of Port Burwell, Elgin, Ont. , moved to a twelve acre lot on the edge of Port Bur- well, which, after taking out the ground occupied by the buildings and waste land contained about ten acres. To his friends theideaof making a living from ten acres was as new as it was absurd. Although Mr. Walker did not know a great deal about his new vocation, he did know that the sandy hilltop soil on the edge of the town was adapted for the production of small fruits and tomatoes, which were just then coming into publicity. He had also observed that the hilltop was the last piece of land to get hit with the frost in the early autumn. A part of the ten acre farm was what is commonly known as "a low spot." It had never produced much un- der the old management, but it had been left as nature designed it. In wet years it was practically useless. Mr. Walker felt sure that the low spot should be drained and made productive. He had an idea, too, that it would improve the whole farm if it were properly tiled. So he put in what is known as a deep drain twenty rods apart, over the whole ten acres. While it cost considerable, he has not kicked since about "wet spots," or a cold unnaturaJ soil. One of Mr. Walker's next steps was to contract with the two town livery men for all the manure produced in their stables, it comprised a lot of fertilizer, but he thought that he knew what he was doing, so he spread it all on the lit- tle ten acres just as fast as it came. This was done in spite of repeated warnings from kind friends who feared that he would sour the soil. The first year he did not do much but fit the land up al- though he did plant some of the ordinary farm crops, from which he secured some wonderful returns. J. C. Intnan, Eden, Ont. The preliminary work was money and time well spent. When a small patch of tomatoes was planted the next year they produced a crop that gave Mr. Walker some new ideas regarding making a liv- ing off ten acres. The strawberries also did well, and as there was a good mar- ket for them he planted out more the next year and began to feel the genuine pride of the man who grows things and gets well paid for his labor. The story so far is much the same as Mr. Walker'* Tomato Starting Bed It is not very artistic but has proved decidedly efficient aa a money-malier. any other story of its kind, so we may as well skip ten years and come up to 1913. Last season the crop was as fol- lows: Strawberries, two and a half acres, tomatoes four acres, and three and a half acres in raspberries, cauliflowers, cab- bages and potatoes. The returns from this three and a half acres were not kept track of except in a general way, but they paid for the general expense of running the farm, such as hired help, repairs, interest on investment, and liv- ing expenses. It may hardly seem pos- sible to make three acres do all this, but that it did will not be doubted when the exact proportions of the other six and a half acres is given. Taking the strawberries first : the two and a half acres produced seven hundred and sixty four crates or three hundred and five and three-fifths crates per acre, which sold at an average of two dollars and sixty cents a crate at the farm. After deducting fifty cents per crate for crates, picking, and so forth, we get six- teen hundred and four dollars as the in- come from two and a half acres. The tomatoes returned two thousand one hundred and fifty-two bushels. At thirty-five cents that equals seven hun- 154 red and fifty-three dollars, besides seven- ty-four dollars for early tomatoes, ihis brings the total up to eight hundred and twenty-seven dollars and twenty cents, and a grand total of twenty-four hun- dred and thirty-one dollars for the six and a half acres. The method of strawberry culture fol- lowed is perhaps not a great deal dif- ferent from the average but it is at least worth outlining. The first requiremen; is to have the land well fertilized with manure and an occasional application of the commercial product. The plants come next, and although he may be old fashioned Mr. Walker sticks by the old stand-by (Williams) because he believes he can get no better. He selects the largest and healthiest plants and places them in rows four feet apart, and two feet apart in the row. He has also ex- perimented with the block system but as yet prefers the rows as they require less work in proportion to the returns. The rows are allowed to become two feet wide and are kept from fruiting the first sea- son. An application of manure is given in the fall, and the plants covered with a good straw mulch, in which condition they are left through the winter. When the first real warm days of spring arrive the straw is raked between the rows and acts as a weed preventative and as a knee rest in picking. The plants are kept from spreading as much as possi- ble in order to force the growth into the berries to get them as large and uni- form as possible. This is very important as it is the well formed, good colored and uniform fruit which commands the top price regardless of market conditions. Only one crop is taken off as it has been found rather risky to depend on a crop the second year, as if the season is dry, the berries will dry up and the crop will be practically a loss. The following spring the plants are dug up and sold to future strawberry growers at a good pro- fit and the area put into tomatoes. Tomato growing is different from strawberry growing but the two crops have grown together admirably. The waste strawberry plants and wheat straw- berry form a good mixer for the soil, and put every foot of it in truck garden con- dition. The plants which are raised in a hot house until eight or ten inches in height, are planted about the middle of May, or after all danger of frost is over. The method followed may be a little new and startling to most people. The plant is set in a hole, partially filled with good manure. The plant is laid fiat on the ground, as it has been found that the June, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 155 Cultivating Strawberries on Mr. Walker's Farm. Mr. Walker and his Hired Man are Shown I plant will keep more moist and alive when lying down than when standing up, in which f)osition it often wilts from the fierce heat of the sun. The plants are set four feet apart each way and culti- vated continually until they become too large to allow a cultivator to pass through without injury. At least twenty loads of manure are applied per acre previous to plowing and this in addition to the por- tion given to each individual plant brings the total up to twenty-five loads, which is as much as some one hundred and six- ty acre farms get in grain growing sec- tions. Great care is taken to select strong, healthy, well advanced plants, before the early fall frosts. Chalk's Jew- el and Matchless are the varieties grown. The tomatoes are picked in bushel crates and drawn on wagons to the fac- tory, a quarter of a mile away, the price being thirty-five cents per sixty pounds. The first few that get ripe bring a much better price, from a dollar and a half up to two dollars and seventy-five cents for an eleven quart basket. These tomatoes go direct to the cities to satisfy the early tomatoe hunger of those who are rich enough to pay the price. AN EARLY VARIETY Mr. Walker is constantly obtaining new ideas which improve on his past attempts. For instance he struggled along for years trying to perfect an early tomato plant, which would be certain to mature before the fall frosts, and while he has greatly improved on the old orig- inal, he still loses from one to four hun- dred bushels per acre from frost. With the idea of saving this he started to ex- periment with different coverings to be put over the plants in the spring to save them from the late frosts and to enable him to get the plants in earlier. The main difficulty was to get something in- expensive. After various experiments he has decided on cheese cloth bells on wire frames which can be manufactured for about four cents apiece, and which may earn their cost several times over the first season. During 1913 the receipts were nearly twenty-five hundred dollars net, not in- cluding the amount received from plant sales in the spring, which amounted to over six hundred dollars. Tomatoes Under Glass In the annual report of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for 1912, the results of a variety test of tomatoes in a small greenhouse at the Central Ex- perimental Farm were recorded. During 1913, eighteen varieties and strains were again tested in the same house. This house is used for ornamental plants as well, and only part of the space was available for the tomato plants. The plants were set fifteen inches apart in a single row on the benches on each side of a central walk, sufficiently far back so that a row of begonias could be grown in front of them. As they grew, the plants were tied to wires and kept prun- ed to single stems. Four plants of each variety were used, two plants of each variety being on each side of the walk opposite each other. The seed was sown on June 12, 1912, germinated on June 18, the young plants were pricked out in a cold frame on June 24, and planted in the greenhouse on July 24. The plants made rapid growth and the first ripe fruit was picked on September 16 from Sparks Earliana No. 10 strain. Early in the season, the plants produced large clusters of flowers, the fruit set well, and there were prospects of a good crop, but, during the months of August and September, there was much rain and dull weather, there being 99.9 hours less sunshine than the average during Au- gust, and 108.0 hours less than the average during September. As a result there was a poor setting of fruit during September. By the end of that month the plants had reached the top of the house and, as there was practically no fruit on them except near the bottom, it was decided, as an experiment, to head them back to within three feet of the soil. This was done on September 28. Most of the plants, though checked severely, recovered from the effects of the heading-back and made medium growth again. On the new growth some moderately good fruit set, but the results obtained from such severe checking of the plants were not such as to warrant recommending it, as the different varie- ties did not recover equally well from the heading-back. The yields obtained in 1912-13 are not reliable, but, as indicating the varieties which are likely to give the largest yields in an unfavorable season, and under such treatment, the following record is given of the six most productive sorts, the var- ieties tested being Winter Beauty, In- dustry O.A.C. Selected 1910, Industry O.A.C. Selected 1910-11, Improved Ex- press, Sutton's Satisfaction, Sparks Ear- liana No. 10, Bonny Best, Sparks Ear- liana (C.E.F 2-12), Chalk's Early Jewel, Debbie's Champion, Dominion bay, Wealthy, Sutton's Ai, XXX Ear- liest Scarlet, Cox's Earliest, Greater Bal- timore, Livingston's Globe. Last year, in a test of twenty-one var- ieties and strains, the most productive six in order of yield were Industry (O.A.C. Selected 1910), Sutton's Satis- faction, Industry (O.A.C. Selected 1910-11), Livingston's Globe, Dobbie's Champion, and Bonny Best. It will thus be seen that the three varieties which did best for the two years were Industry, Sutton's Satisfaction, and Bonny Best. Potato Scab Prof. E. M. Straight If the soil on a certain area is free of scab, it may be kept so by paying pro- per attention to the seed, bags, baskets, 'barrows, plows, planters, cultivators — all of which may carry contagion, if they have been in contact with diseased tubers. One of the cheapest and simplest di- infecting agents is formalin. Formalin is a liquid, having a sharp, pungent odor. It is a solution of formaldehyde ggs, containing about forty per cent. Formalin should cost about forty cents a pint. The formula commonly used is as fol- lows : Add one-half pint of commercial formalin to fifteen gallons of water, stir thoroughly and soak uncut tubers for two hours in this solution. Growing Melons. — The most suitable soil for melons is a rich, warm, deep, sandy loam, having a southern or south- western exposure. The latter is to be preferred, as it gets the last rays of the sun and the soil is thus warmed up for the night, and being sheltered from the northern and eastern winds, holds the warmth until the morning. This makes several days' difference in the ripening of the fruit, which may be equivalent to quite a sum per acre in the value of the crop. — John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. '56 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINKD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hn« been incoiporated The Cimadian Bee Journal. Puhlished by The Horticultural I'ubliiihing Company, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Oroanb of the Ontario and Quebec Fbczt Growkks' Associations AND or The Ontario and New Brunswick Bbbkeepeks' Associations. representatives UNITED STATfiS STOCK WKLLS SPBOIAL AGKNOY Chicago Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue, GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editione on the 25tlh day of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The ilrst edition is known ae The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturi.st and Beekeeper. In this edition several page« of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced hy an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, .$1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post OfBco or Express Money Order, or Roistered Letter. 4. The Law la that subscribers to new.spapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and tihe new ad- dreepes must be given. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence, and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterlwro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a swoj-n statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and fjpoi ed copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to ipeople known to be interested in the growing of fniits, flowers or vegetables. Januar.v. IWJ ....11,570 August. 1913 12,«75 February. 1913 ...11,55') September, 1915 ...13.729 March, 1913 11,209 October, 1913 ....13,778 April, 1913 .11,970 November, 1913 ..12,967 Miay. 1913 12,368 December, 1913 ..13,233 June, 1913 12.618 — July, 1913 12.626 Total ....150,293 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " 1913, 12,524 Sworn detailed statemente will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser dn this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Oanadian Hor- ticulturist are ae carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and bocauso to protect our read- ers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of hisi loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to tis within a week of its occurrence, and that we ftnd the facta to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Ca,nadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribera and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PBTERBOEO, ONT. EDITORIAL 1^*^ The late Linus Woolverton The announcement of the death of llip late Linus Woolverton was heard with a sense of pcrsoinal loss by an unusually lar^e number of Canadians. From 1887 to 1!K)4 Mr. Woolverton was the editor of The Can- adian Horticulturist. In this position he became widely known 10 those interested in horticulture all throug-h Canada. Beins' a recognized authority in ajfricultural mat- ters, Mr. Wool vei ton was a worthy succes- sor of hi,-; predecessor, the late D. W. Bea- dle, and did much to establish the reputa- tion of The Canadian Horticulturist as an authority on horticultural matters. Probably Mr. Woolverton's greatest mon- ument is his book entitled "The Apples of Ontario," on which he spent many years of work and which is the recognized author- ity an this subject in Canada, He also ac- complished much on behalf of the interests of the fruit growers of Canada while he was secretary-treasurer of the District Experiment stations of Ontario. Mr. Wool- verton was ever ready to help the novice or to give aid whenever opportunity allowed. His death removes one who never spared himself to advance the interests of his brother fruit growers. AN ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVISION Several years ago The Canadian Horti- culturist pointed out editorially that the Dominion Government might well pay more attention to the work of the Entomological branch of the Dominion Experimental Farms. .-Xttentioin was called to the fact that there was no sufficient reason why this branch of the work of the Department of .Agriculture should be classed with the work of the experimental farms. It was. sug- gested that it should be made a separate department with a head responsible onlv to the Deputy Minster and the Minister of .Agriculture. Such a division has now been made. Credit must be given to Hon. Martin Burrell, for inaugurating the change. The Entomological Division is one of the important branches of the United States Department of Agriculture. This has been because its head has had greater power of iniative than would have been the case had the work of his department been maintain- ed as a mere branch of some other line of govermmental activity. Under the new ar- rangement we may expect to see our Cana- dian Entomological Division increase in importance. It should also receive more liberal financial assistance than it has hith- erto. This division is charged with the re- sponsibility of preventing the introduction amd spread in Canada of injurious insects, the investigation of insect pests affecting agriculture, horticulture, forestry and the health of domestic animals and man, and the imparting of the information so obtain- ed to the public by means of bulletins, press notices, addresses, and in other fin:>il.->r wavs. Its chief. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, is well qualified for the position he holds. He may be expected to take full advantage of the increased opportunities he will now have for public service. CIVIC BEAUTIFICATION In young countries it is always difficult to arouse public interest in schemes of civic beautifi- district and work on the basis of acreage and average in former years, and actual conditions om stated areas. These men will be experts, and by a double system of estimating fairlv approx- imate figures can be secured. I'sing this system of estimating the Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' -Association one season esti- mated within two carloads of its entire ton- nage, and another season within twenty car- loads. The general adoption of methods such as these will ultimately give the grow- ers full control of their industry. The extensive scheme of civic improve- ment that has been launched by the Peter- boro Horticultuial Society, imcluding as it does a complete plan of parks driveways, is an indication of the truth that it is often easier to accomplish things on a large than on a small scale. Many organizations put forth more effort and achieve less returns by trying to do small things in a small way than could be effected were they to take a broader view of the problems in hand and devise a plan and method of work that by its uniqueness would be sure to challenge attention and enlist public support. Other horticultural societies may not be able to carry out just such a scheme as the Peter- boro Society has launched, but they may be able to learn something from the methods jhat the Peterboro Society has followed. me, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 157 SOCIETY NOTES HAMILTON A number of novel and interestinR lines work are being- carried out this year by R officers of the Hamilton Horticultural kiety. Arranjrements are being- made for a Iries of meeting-s in some of the best gar- ]ns of the city. This is a most popular d helpful line of work. Photographs are be taken in a number of gardens which 11 be used for lantern slides at winter ?etings. A perennial border has been irted at Dundurn Park for educational rposes. A June flower show is planned. PETERBORO The officers of the Peterboro Horticultural dety have launched a most ambitious lieme of civic improvement. The city of terboro has many natural advantages, lese have never been properly utilized for ? benefit of the public, The city is with- t a park commissioner. Its expenditures ■ horticultural purposes have been small. Feeling- that there was little use in wait- ffor the city fathers to move in the di- rtion of civic improvement the officers of ' society, early in the year, oppointed a -nmittee to consider the matter. This nmittee held numerous meetin.efs, as a ;ult of which a parks driveway was draft- which would link up all the parks, resi- itial and manufacturing districts,' and ler points of interest. An effort was de to raise $1200, in part from the Hor- ultural Societv, amd in part by private )_scriptions. The required sum was rais- in a few hours' canvass. This money is be expended during the next three years prizes for the best lawns, verandah de- ations, flower beds and window boxes ncd by residents along the driveway, ■fanufacturers and business men were im- viewed and asked to improve their places business by the setting out of window ces and the planting of shrubs and vines, e response was immediate and enthus- [tic. Officers of the Board of Trade and ■ Ad. Club cooperated. This preliminary rk was carried on quietly for several ■;ks. Recently a citizens' banquet was d, attended by the mayor, members of city council and other leading citizens map of the city showing the proposed veway was produced and the plan of civic irovement explained in detail. The erne was enthusiastically endorsed. The •' council was asked to improve the road- ys and to look after the boulevards and planting of trees along the several miles roadway. Its cooperation was promised, 'k Commissioner C. E. Chambers, of ronto. was in attendance and gave a st helpful address, warning the city linst mistakes that it might easily make, 1 giving valuable suggestions based on at he had seen during an automobile trip r the proposed route made earlier in the '. Mr. Morton, of the Forestry Division, awa, described the best varieties of 3S to plant. V committee is mow at work appointing rd committees to look after the work in h ward. The people living along the te of the driveway are to be canvassed, i urged to give their cooperation. The rirrnan of each ward committee will be a inbcr of a central committee that will 'c general oversight of the whole work. .Among the main workers have been Presi- dent, C. Beal: vice-president, F. Wise; Secretary, C. Williamson; R. Denne, H, b! Cowan ; B. Hall, president of the Board of Trade, amd G. O. Cameron, president of the Ad. Club, , ST THOMAS Mayor J. H. Bennett, of Barrie, the presi- dent of the Ontario Horticultural .Associa- tion, gave an address recently before the members of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society, on the subject "Hardy Perennials and Herbaceous Paeonies." The Society took advantage of the visit to the city of the Duke of Connaught, Gover- nor-General of Canada, and his daughter. Princess Patricia, to have the Duke plant an English oak in one of the city parks. Dr. F. E. Bennett, president of the society, presented their Royal Highnesses with a spade prepared for the occasion. During the proceedings a beautiful basket of flow- ers was placed in the roval auto by mem- bers of the society. The basket bore on engrossed card, which read as follows : "To the Princess Patricia: May it please your Royal Highness to graciouslv accept this basket of flowers collected from the gar- dens of the members of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society." The spring flower show of the society was held recently in one of the city stores. Fifty exhibitors had one hundred and twen- ty-five entries on exhibiton. The exhibits were in the main tulips, but hyacinths, pan- sies, polyanthus and violets were also shown. The ladies of the society served tea m the gallery of the store. The store was kept open until ten o'clock, when the flowers were sold. Some trouble having been experienced through the depredations of tulip thieves the society recently ofl^ered a reward of ten dollars for information which would lead to their detection and conviction. Five latls ranging in age from five to thirte.-n \-cars,' were caught and their parents were requir- ed by the police magistrate to pay fourteen dollars and costs incurred by reason of the depredations. The boys were let off with a warning. The society on May 9th conducted a tree planting ceremony at Pinafore Park The trees planted included Willows-of-Babvlon, Weeping Teas, elms, magnolias, and catal- pas. Each tree was nicelv labelled bv an iron sign, giving the common and botanical Tif^c: iit^"a"t' and, words "Planted by tne St. Thomas Horticultural Society " The mayor of the city cooperated in the cere- monies. dent Bennett, visited Rochester on Vic- toria Day to see the azaleas and rhododen- drons in bloom, and the other horticultural features of the city. OTTAWA The children that are members of the Ottawa Flower Guild met recentlv in the garden of Mr. R. B. Whyte, where Mr F K. Buck of the Experimental Farm, ga've a practical demonstration of seed planting The secretary's report, read at the recent annual meeting of the Guild, showed that there were two hundred and thirty-three children enrolled. The officers of the cur- rent year are President, R. B. Whvte ; vice- presidemt, J-, A. Ellis, M.L.A. ; secmary- treasurer. Miss E. McManus. Mr W T Mncoun and Mr. F. E. Buck are on' the executive committee. PICTON The Picton Horticultural Society held a meeting recently at which the subiect c'ls- cussed was "Beautifying Picton"" The main speaker was Mr. E. Edward Starr of Whitby. The society is arousing an inter- est in civic beautification. ST. CATHARINES On May I6th the membership of the St Catharines Horticultural Society passed the nine hundred mark, which is one hundred and twenty more than the total for the pre- vious year. The officers expect to reach the nine hundred and fifty mark. Floral Ezhibii* in a Marckant'i Store Window These OJthibita were arranged b.v the offli^PH of the St, Thomas Societ,v. Th«v were much admired hv the citizens Horticultural THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 19 Cooperative Work in the Annapolis Valley A. E. Adams, of the United Fruit Companies, Ltd., Berwick, N.S. YOU are all familiar with th^- forma- tion of the Cooperative Fruit Com- panies in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, and are to a Rreater or lesser extent familiar with their his- tory. It is a curious fact that the originators of the movement here knew lit- tl» or nothing of the movement elsewhere, and shaped their course purely by what they considered the immediate necessity of the moment. Our lending fruit growers felt and knew that there was something radically wrong with the method in which the products of their orchards were being handled. They knew that individuals speculating with their fruit were making money much faster than was the producer. Thev had the right idea, the same as that of the pioneers of the movement across the water, namely that profit derived from apples should go to the producer of the apples. That is the principle under which we are working to-day. Unlike Denmark, Nova Scotia started on the marketing end of cooperation first and having got that fairly under way is now giving her atten- tion to cooperative buying, but whichever end is handled first the result is and must be the same. Cooperation is bound to be a success wherever and to whatever pro- blem it is applied, the only thing necessary is that all members thoroughly understand the great principle for which they are working. FUP.TMK" C'^r'T'KR VTION NKrF.SStT.\Tl!D When, owing to the success that had at- tended the initial efforts of the fruit com- panies, others had been formed, it was re- alized that through the multiplicity of com- panies they were defeating their own ends, inasmuch as they were competing the one with the other to market their products, and the wily speculators were pitting one company against the other, and thus se- curing the apples almost as cheaply as ever. On account of this multiplicity of companies they were unable to accomplish that which they set out to do. namelv. "bring producer and consumer closer to- gether," they were as it were so many units whose power for good was ineffectual on account of their lack of central organi- zation. Instead of working together they were fighting against one another. At last their leaders realized : "Cooperation — not strife — Is the Divine law of life." And proceeded to incorporate all the com- panies into one central association, obtain- ing a special charter from the provincial government for that purpose. Thus did The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Limited, come into existence. My paper would be incomplete without naming John N. Chute the father of coop- eration in Nova Scotia. John Donaldson, S. C. Parker, your president, and A. E. MacMahon, who by their zeal and untir- ing efforts without reward, alone made this important centralization possible. THE WORK ACCOMPLISHED Possiblv it is un-ccessary for me to give in detail the splendid work accom- plished by the Central during its brief ex- istence. In the first year before it was incorporated, realizing that the record crop with which the Valley was blessed' would never be harvested with the help at hand, 'ilxtreiot from an addreos deliver^ bei'ore the last annual convention of the Nova Sjotia fruit Growers' Associatiuu. it brought in some four hundred helpers, and thus saved the situation for many a grower. The same year, realizing that the steam- ship companies had utterly failed to pro- vide sufficient transportation for the tre- mendous crop and that thousands of bar- rels of soft vnrieties were lying at Halifax sweltering in the sun, it made arrangements with the Intercolonial Railway (the Peo- ples's railway) and sent train load after train load up to Montreal to load in the fast mail boats. It follow 'd this up by chartering four great steamships of the Warren Line and lifted forty thousand barrels of fruit which would otherwise have rotted. This action forced one of the greatest steamship com- panies in the world to buy out the Warren Line, and has thus secured for the fruit urrowers of the Valley a service of sDlcndid fast steamships to carry the fall fruit. It thus saved all growers, whether cooperators or not, thousands of dollars. In the same year the company opened up the western markets for our famous Gravensteins, and thus gave a new lease of life ta that exrel!c>nt apple. It also se- cured for the Valley a supply of specially lined cars almost equal to refrigerators by which every grower in the Valley bene- fits during the cold weather. In spite of th" onnosifioi in its own membershirt it reduced the price of fertilizer in the Valley by five dollars or six dollars a ton. OOOPER.-VTIVB MARKETING Before starting to explain the ladvan- tages of cooperative marketing I would like to impress on you one aspect of coopera- tion that I am afraid is not properly un- derstood by our fruit growers. .1 feel this lack of knowledge among our membership and even I am sorry to say, among the di- rectorate, hence my excuse for dealing with it here. Very few of the members seem to realize that thpv are themselves The United Fruit Companies, they speak of letting the Cen- tral have their fruit as though the Central were some speculating firm buying their apples. They speak of buying their feed and flour, their fertilizer and seeds, from the Central if the price is right, all of which is evidence that they do not under- stand the situation. The United Fruit Companies do not sell an ounce of anything to any member , they simply distribute what the members have authorized them to buy for them. It is exactly similar to the case of the Eng- lish cooperator and his pair of boots that I cited a while back. When that humble artisan goes to the store and gets his boots he pays a sum ol money spot cash for them which is not .1 cent less than he could get a similar pair for from the store next door. He does not concern himself with the price; all he both- ers about is the quality. He wants a cer- tain kind and a certain quality, and gets it ; the price is immaterial. Why ? Be- cause he knows that at the end of the sea- son all the profit made on those boots, after necesary expenses are deducted, will be refunded to him in his dividend. Had this cooperator and his fellows told the manager of their store that they could get a similar pair of boots next door for the same money and had got them, would the cooperative movement have developed as it has in England? Certainly not. It is simply the abiding faith of these operators in the ability of their servai the Central, to ultimately do better them than they can themselves, their ■ lute loyalty to their fellows, that ha^ success possible. Efforts are constantly being made England to get cooperators to be d'-'- to their fellows by offering them sna- these cooperators so thoroughly, und' the great principles of their movemi all these efforts are futile. SIMILAR BFPORT8 HBRE Yet here in the Annapolis Valley pany manager will write to Cemtral has been instructed to buy the yeai tilizer by tl^at actual company, ^ "Please quote your prices and if li: members will probably buy." The\ seem to realize- that we have alrea owed th,eir instructions and have ■ their fertilizers for them, and havi all arrangements to, in due time, • ute it. They don't seem to realize that i local agent has given them what thr sider a tempting price, it is only done fight their own society, only done in endeavor to kill their own business. They don't seem to realize that if fei izer agents are quoting low prices it only the fact of their own action in operating in buying, that has forced 1 fertilizer agent to bring his price down. They don't seem to realize that t themselves can through their own tren dous buying power, obtain their supp lower than any that can be supplied iniddlemen. They don't seem to realize that cen firms are prepared to sink a large sum money to supply goods at a price as \o\ the Central's if by doing so they can ( discredit and disrupt- this coopera movement. Cooperators must be loyal to themse! if the great benefits of cooperation art continue. I know of actual cases that I can pi by documentary evidence, of wholesale fi right here in the Valley, supplying wl carloads of fertilizer at over a dollar a less than it cost them in order to k certain companies out of the central, even then did not get as low as centr price. I hope that all cooperators think of that aspect of cooperation, and derstand the true import of it. Recent Bulletins M Circulars and bulletins that have reac The Canadian Horticulturist recently, elude the following : "Ten Years' Profits from an Apple chard," is the title of Bulletin No. 376. U. P. Hebrick, of the New York .\gri tural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. This bulletin contains valuable infor tion relating to the cost of tillage, grow of cover crops, pruning, spraying, harv ing, as well as the average profits of ar chard. -Another valuable bulletin by the s author and station is one entitled "Till and Sod Mulch in the Hitchings Orcha; This is bulletin No. 375. This bulletin most instructive one, is well illustrated should be applied for by all growers ir ested in the subject. The New Hampshire Experiment Stat Durham, N.H., has issued Bulletin 168 J. H. Gourley, entitled "The Effects of tilizers m a Cultivated Orchard." une, 1914 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST 159 E^xperiments at the Central Experimental Farm rHE report of the director of Experi- mental Farms for 1913, contains the following: description of the work of the Horticultural Division : The area of land/ in the Horticultural )ivision at the Central Experimental Farm, )ttawa, is ninety-nine acres, divided as allows — Fruits and vegetables, 46 acres ; Forest ■elts, 21 acres ; Ornamental grounds, 30 cres ; Nursery and rose garden, 2 acres ; otal, 99 acres. On this land are grown tree fruits, small ruits, vegetables, forest trees, and oma- aental trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants n more or less permanent plantations and n nursery rows. The lawns are extensive nd require much care to keep them in good omdition. Owing to the large number of xperiments in progress, the work involv- d in giving the necessary attention to hem on this ninety-nine acres is very eavy compared with what it would be on he same area under icommercial crops, /here the labor involved could be reduced D a minimum. I SUB-DIVISION OF THE WORK I The Horticultural Division may at pre- sent be divided imto five parts or heads 'nder which most of the work falls. These jre as follows : Pomology, Vegetable gar- JRning, Ornamental gardening. Plant breed- lig. Correspondence and office work. . In addition to these, or rather included ii them, is the work in connection with the jranch farms, the forest belts planted both iir ornamental purposes and to test the lite of tree growth ; meetings attended : ihlications; and visits to the horticultural ts for the purpose of studying con- - in different parts of Canada. Under pomology is included the study of varieties of fruits for the purpose of learn- ing their relative merits in regard to yield, season, quality and profit. It also includes the identification, classification, and des- cription as well as the propagation, planting, and care of fruits, with experi- ments in cultural methods, including spray- ing. The exhibition and judging of fruits may also be grouped under pomology. During the past year, this part of the work has received much attention. Many varieties have been described in detail on cards, which are filed for future reference and compilation. Varieties sent in for identification have been named, and: the information sent to the correspondents. Many new varieties were propagated for test on the Central and Branch Farms and for trial in other places, and a number of new ones have been planted out at Ottawa. Fruit was exhibited at the Provincial Exhibition, Quebec ; the Central Canada Exhibition, Ottawa; and the annual meet- ing of the Society for Horticultural Science, at Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit was also judg- ed at several places by Officers of the Horticultural Division. The general care of the orchards at the Central Experimental Farm also involved much work. VEGETA4)LE G.VKDENINO This includes the testing of varieties of ve.getables for comparison of their relative merits as regards season, yield, quality, etc. ; the comparison of different strains of the same variety ; cultural methods, and isprayjng; and the study of commercial methods, both in the field and under glass. In 1912 especial attention was paid to pota- Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Bedding Plants China Asters — Queen of the market, white. Queen of the market, pimk ; Lavender Gem, Royal Purple. Upright white, and Crego pink. Grown in pots in fine form. Price, 10 for 25c ; 100 for $1.25. Not less than 25 of the one sort at the rate per 100. Antirrhinum (Snapdragon) includ- ing silver pink and Scabiosa. Prices 10c each ; 10 for 60c. Salvia, "Bonfire" each 10c ; 10 for 75c. Caraniums (only a and 12c each. Dahlias, choice sorts and plants, each 15c; 10 for $1.25. Stocks, fine plants in two varieties, 10 for 25c. Arabis Alpina, 10 for $1.25, 100 for $10.00. Gladioli, light colored, unnamed, 25 for 75c. Red and Scarlet, unnamed, 25 for 60c. Above prices include carriage prepaid. and "Zurich," few left) at 10c fine JOHN CAVERS L. H. BAILEY'S STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE The New York • says NATION" "No on« who Itnows anything at all about fch« literatnre of gar- dening needs to be told that the Cyclo- pedia is unique. It is tie Bible and Bri- tannica of the gardcll-folk, amateur and pro- fessional alike. And the remarkable thing is that, while it is fundamentally a work of reference. It also contains limitless quantities of good reading of the sort dear to the heart of Uie garden enthusiast." VOLUME I. JUST OUT "Nothing is denied to well-directed industry," said one wise man. True, but it must be "well-direoted," and that is where thorough knowledge oomes in. The more you know, the better able you are to succeed. The more your men know, the greater their efficiency and value to you- This Oyolopedia is the united work of recognized experts, men who are busy and pra/ctioal, who know the facsts and can tell you them. Why not make them your silent partners? It is well worth while. In the end will call them j^our "friends." The six volumes are being published periodically. A* small sum occasionally for each volume makes purchase both light and easy. Write for the descriptive prospectus by filling in the form below and mailing to us. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTBATED U Exquisite plates In natural colors, full page half-tone plates and over 4,000 engravings In the text. FRUIT GROWERS FLOWER „ VEGETABLE „ NURSERYMEN AMATEURS AND OTHERS DR. L. H. BAILEY has made this Cyclopedia TO HELP YOU To The MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 70 Bond St., TORONTO Please send me per return of mail a copy of your free illustrated Prospectus of Bailey's «<^ STANDARD CYCLO- PEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. Name Address Occupation i6o THE CANADIAN IIORTTO ULT URIST June, ig TO THE TRADE ELWAY' (Of LANGPORT, Eng.) RENOWN ED PLANTS & SEEDS as advertised, are offered at SPECI AU RATES TO CANADIAN NURSERYMEN. I NO AGENTS NO BRANCH STORES I Our House Is open to every legiti- mate Nurseryman and Seedsman In the Dominion. ASK FOR PRICES KELWAY & SON, S^ouVl".?? LANGPORT, e nguan d. THE CLIPPER Threare llirce IhiiijcH ihat destroy your lawns l>aiHlclioiiR. Hack Plantain and Crab (Jra^H, In one HWLHon the ('Upper will drive them all out. \ our de- aler HhouUi havethem— If ho has not drop usa line and w« willecnflcircuIarR and prices CLIPPER LAWN MOWeit CO. Box lU. DIxoa. IIL "Johnny-on-thc-Spot" Will Operate your cream separator, honey extraL-tor. pump, washing machine, pulper. etc. for one cent an hour. Can you afford to be without him ? He costs only $47.3f). Write for particulars on Gilson "Goes Like Sixty" Engines. Made in all sizes from \% IIP upwards. IGILSON MANUFACTURING CO., LIMITED 2701 York St., GUELPH, Ont. He's Big All Over And Good All Through Big 'Ben is built for endless service. He has no "off-days," no shut-downs. His four years of existence have been one long record of on-the-dot accu- racy. 7,000 Canadian dealers say that he does more efficient ivori for less pay than any' other clock alive. A Big Ben battalion, over 3,000 strong, leaves La Salle, Illinois, every day. Their sparkling triple nickel- plated coats of implement steel ; their dominating seven-inch height; their big, bold, blaak, easy-to-read figures and hands; their big, easy-to-wind keys — all make Big Ben the world's master clock. In return for one little drop of oil, he'll work for you a full year. From ■"Boots on" to "Lights out" — 365 times — he'll guarantee to tell you the time o'day with on-the-dot accuracy. He'll guarantee to get you up either of TWO WAYS— with one long,' steady, five-minute ring if you need a good big call, or on the installment plan, with short rings one half-minute apart for ten minutes, so you'll wake w^ graJuatly, and he'll stop short in the middle of a tap during either call if you want to shut him off. Big Ben is a mighty pleasant look- ing fellow. His big, open honest face and his gentle tick-tick have earned him a place in thousands of parlors. The next time you go to town call at your dealer's and ask to see Big Ben. If your dealer hasn't him, send a money order for $3.00 to his makers —Westctox, La Salle, Illinois— mA ' he'll come to you prepaid. toes, thoujfh all the principal kinds vejjptables were under experiment. ORNAMENTAL GAKDENrNG Under ornamental (fardening comi culture of ornamental trees, shrubs, <, herbaceotis plants ; the study of their dividual characteristics, saich as heig form, coloring, and season of bloom, that information will be available to C adiams to enable them to plant their pla in such a way that the trees, shrubs, i herbaceous plants will blend or be o trasted with one another to form pleas] landscape effects. The education of ' people by lectures and bulletins on or mental gardening and the encouragement the beautifying of home surroundings, much needed in Canada, is also a part ornamental gardening which received tention during the year. In addition, la; collections of roses, irises, phloxes, pae ies, lilacs, gladioli, geraniums, and * ornamental plants have been got t< to studv. There was a fine display of .;. at the Central Farm in 1912, and vii were much interested in them and pi with the ornamental grounds as a whol* The forest belts, planting in which i begun in 1888, furnish interesting data the relative growth of the different tim trees amd the merits of having the spec or planting them in blocks of one kind. 1 annual measurements of a number of ti were taken in 1912, as in previous years. PLANT BLEEDING The improvements of fruits, vegetab and ornamental plants by cross-breed and selection and the study of the laws inheritance in different kinds and va ties of horticultural plants is, in brief, field of work which is covered in pi breeding in the Horticultural Division. to comparatively recemt years, Canada had to depend almost entirely on ot countries for her new varieties of fru vegetables, and ornamental plants, while many of these succeed admirably this country, it is felt that, if origins in a climate more nearly like where they to be grown than has been the case in m instances in the past, those that show pecial merit are likely to prove more us than those introduced from climates \ dissimilar. During the past twenty- years, much attention has been paid to breeding of horticultural plants at the ( tral Experimental Farm. Many vari« of hardy hybrid apples, crosses bet« the Siberian Crab (Pyrus baccata) and apple originated by Dr. Wm. Saund have already been introduced into prairie provinces and have proved bar than any previou^ tested there. Sec crosses made by Dr. Saunders with r] blood' of the larger apples and having : of good marketable size were propag in 1912 for introduction. Many varietie apples of handsome appearance and j quality have originated in the Horticult] Division and the best of these have I sent out for test to different parts of 'I ada to compare with those already ra\ market. More than two hundred of ti new sorts have been propagated, I eighty-two of the best, named. A large number of seedling strawbe has been raised in the Horticultural sion, and some of the best are being pagated for introduction. Special attei is being paid to the development of strains of vegetables which will be of ( value in the colder districts of Canad well as in the more temperate parts. ' progress was made in this work in and provision has been made for gr June, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 161 PURE -BRED ITALIAN QUEENS AFTER JUNE ISth Untested Queens $1.00 each, SlO.OO a doz. Warranted purely mated Queens $1.10 ea«h. $12.00 a doz. Tested Queens $1.50 each, $15 0 a doz. Breeding- Queens $250, $5.00 and $10. Of each- liiberal discount on larsre orders. JOHN A. McKINNON - ST. EUGENE, ONT. QUEENS by return mall or your money back, fiuar- aJiteed purely mated. J. E. Hand strain of three-banded Italians. Write for price list and free Iwoklet, " How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." .1. M. OINZERICH. ARTHUR. II.I,.. U.S.A. Well- 'red Italian Beet and Qneens Standard Bee-Keepers' Snppliei ntustrat,-d Price List Free EARL M. NICHOLS Lyonsvjile. Massschasetts, U.S.A. BUY CARNIOLANS Viii IN CARNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet and Price List. Awarded 60 Honors. Johann Strgar, • Wittnach P.O. Wocheiner Feistritz Upper-Carniola (Krain), Austria i CARNIOLAN QUEENS \ Carniolans are excellent winterers, build up rapidly in \ the spring, enter supers rapidly, are gentle and the best \ of honey gathereis. A^k for our free paper, ''Superiority I of the Carniolan Bee." I' Untested, $1.00 each ; dozen, $9.00. lib. package Bees, $1.50 without Queen, with un- tested Queen $2.50. ALBERT G. HANN Carniolan Queen Breeder - Clinton. N.J., U.S.A. QUEENS Tested. $1,00 each; 3 to 6, 90c. each. Untested, 75c. each ; 3 to 6, 70c. each. Bees per lb., $1.50, no Queens. Nuclei per frame, no Queens, $1.50. I. N. BANRSTON Box 141, Buffalo, Texas, U.S.A. 3-BAND LONG-TONGUED RED- CLOVER ITALIAN QUEENS For Sale, — My long- tongued Ckildena are proving themselvee to be the l>ee to clean Foul Brood. This is why I , have such a large trade 1 Canada. Mr. E. L. Oox, of Jesup, Iowa, In troduced SO of my 3-band queejis in Foul - Broody I'olonies in 1912; and he said tho disease was cleaned up where each of those queens was put. The.v gathered such a ;'J crop of honey in 1912 that he bought 50 re in 1913. One Untested, 7.ic; C $4.09: 12, $7.S«; 25, $13.50; 5}. $25.00. !)^-lb. tin, 85c. IN CANADA, Dealers usually charge about 25% to 30% over the above prices because of the Canadian duty, etc. Consult your dealer about this. THE KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO. (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE - KENTUCKY availiible has been so limit.ed that it w.i<; not possible to do much experimental w under glass, but with the five ranges i avnilable it will be possible to do much more and b-ttor work. Annapolis Valley Notes Tlu- >c.iM)n still rontinucs >liii;; s.vsleiiis, fariii scjilcs, liaiuJ and |)(>\v«'r tools, t'ti: I'ar- ticiilar.s on re)»,^»j^ Fight Flics with Tanglefoot! For 30 years Tanglefoot has been America's surest, safest, most sanitary fly-destroyer. It is non-poiBonous, Cflsy to use. and costa but a tnlle. Each sheet is capable of killing 1,000 flies. And Tanglefoot not only kills the fly but seals it over with a varnish that deatroyn the yerms as well. In buying, ask for the genuine " TANGLEFOOT"-it costs you no more and lasts twice as long as the no-name kinds sold merely as fly-paper, or sticky fly-paper. Made only by The O. & W. Thum Co., Grand Rapids, Mich- GnsoUni' ■will quickly remofe Tanglejoot from clothes or furniture. Ho\v to Use Open Tanglefoot slowly. In cool wealhor warm slightly. For best results place Tanglefoot on chair near window at night. Lower all shades, leaving one at the Tanglefoot window raided about a foot. The early morning light attracts the Hies to the Tanglefoot, where they are caught. (,si) ^ ^ -^ «%, -^^ %, «|k^ <%, % ^ % -1^ 'Ik Send your consignments of .\PPLES to the Home Country to fiidley Moulding & Co. COVENT GARDEN LONDON, ENGLAND who specialize in APPLES and PEARS dur- ing the Season, Personal attention, promp account sales and remittance Correspondence invited FLOWER POTS 1 FOSTER'S i STANDARP POT Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send us your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. YQl^ COULD MAKE DOZENS OF TASTY DISHES IF YOU HAD THIS ^2ra?2/Jte^- HOME 65" FOOD CUTTER A handle to turn — that's all. Cuts up meats, vegetables, foods of every kind quickly and without trouble. Cap fits close, rendering the machine perfectly watertight. None of the food juices can escape, and you can open the cylinder after use and clean the machine quite easily. Four different cutting plates (or 3 plates and a nut grater) with every " Home 65." MAXWELLS LrMITED £t. Mary's, Ont. A free " Food Chop per Cook Book " is given away with every"Hoiiie 65.' Ask your Dealer. which preceded the season of 1911, when the record crop of Nova .Scotia was har- vested. The weather still remains cool ;wid the trees are somewhat late in com- ing: out. In Ontario conditions are generally fav- orable. The early winter was very rii but during January and February s( cold weather was experienced throuiy the province and a great deal of dan w.is done to the peach crop in the Ni peninsula. All other varieties of fruit to have withstood injury and the buds set for a good crop. There have been ports of a probable shortage im plums, ticularly in western Ontario. It is not likely that such a condition will prev inasmuch as the crop harvested last y^ was a particularly heavy one, and one wh| might almost be considered exceptional. British Columbia reports a mild win| and practically no injury in any of the fr sections. The spring has been one of earliest experienced for many years. Th( general prospects are that a large crop o all varieties of fruit will be produced.-i« Fruit Division, Ottawa. '- Fruit Imports into Glasgow The great bulk of the fresh fruit im; ed into Glas'^ow consists of well-ki ■ varieties of apples from Canada and thi United States. The Glasgow market sup 'plies all consumers throughout Scqt! and weekly shipments are forwarded i larly to fruit dealers throughout the nortl of Ireland and the north of England. Thi wide field that the Glasgow market is c; " upon to supply acounts largely for th' markable expansion of the apple trade tn;i has taken place in recent years. The ap proximate quantitv that is imported annu ally is about 500,000 barrels. North .American apples are preferred ii Great Britain to amy others. The qualit; the regularity of varieties, the sizes, ani the nature of the packages are considere superior to any known- in the old world. .Apples are consigned to Glasgow in bai rels and in boxes. The standard barrel 0 Ontario, Canada, containing about on hundred and forty pounds of fruit, is th one most preferred. Next to that is th barrel used by the growers in Western Ne\ York. Following that comes the barrt from the New England States, then th Hudson River barrel, and lastly the Nov Scotia barrel, the least favorably regarde of all. Apples in boxes containing about fort pounds of fruit have been received in th United Kingdom, especially in Glasgow for some years past, and have been greatl appreciated. The apples are regarded a the finest quality procurable, and sell ac rordingly. They come for the most pai from Oregon, Washington and California being carried across the continent an shipped at New York, Boston and occj sionally Montreal. The business in thes western box apples is well established, an the Panama Canal will doubtless be utilize in the trade when it is opened and whe refrigerator ships are put on. If it is foun that this effects economy in shipping, th business will be still further developed. The prices of apples delivered vary at cordingly to the nature of the season. Brit ish Columbia is the only serious competito of the United States, and there is very littl difference between Canadian values an those established is Oregon and Washint ton. Details of the apple trade are we understood here as it has been in existenc many years. — Consular Report. line, 1914 THE CANADIAN H O ET I C U LT URIS T 165 The better the spray tiaterial you put on our orchard or gar- en, the better the profits you will put in the bank. OF Neutral Arsenate of Lead is made to give results that cannot be realized with other Arsenates made by the cheaper process. The difference is told in our descriptive booklets. Write for one and ask for prices. THE CANADA PAINT CQ LI/niTED PAINT-VARNI5H AND DRY COLOD MAKERS -LINSEED OIL CRUSHERS MONTREAL- TOBONTO-W'NNIPEC-CALGARY-HALlfAX MIVZ MINES- RtDMILL QUEBEC "tJERE is why the owners of the biggest barns in Canada choose Neponset Paroid Roofing: "Slowly made" roofings are the only kind that wear out slowly. You can't make good roofinK quickly. Rush the manufac- ture and you get "patchy," uncertain products. Omit tests and inspections and you get roofing products quick to "run" in summer — quick to become brittle in winter —quick to start a leak— quick to wear out altogether. Get "Neponset Roofings"— the "slowly made " kind. Nothing skipped. Nothing skimped. Every dollar's cost gives a dol- lar's worth of durability. Any one can easily lay them. They are the finest kind of insurance against repair bills— fire — and all roofing troubles. Bold by dealers everywhere. Write for name of nearest dealer Surely send for our Roof Book — Free NEPONSET PAROID ROOFING Neponset Proslate is an ornamental col- ored roofing for residences. BIRD & SON fEst. 1795) Heintztnan Building, Hamilton. Ont. MonUcal bL Juhu, N. B. Wiaui^g Vancouver 963 I /■■ makers 0/ Ntponset IValt Board, utfii i '.)(-*■ of laths aiu{ planter, and Nep-ttMt tyattrproof and iittildUtg I'afer Apple Trade Statistics Dtirinfi- the season of 1913, two million nine hundred and six thousand, four hun- dred barrels of apples were g-rown in the Dominion, according: to statistics compiltd by the Department of Trade and Com- merce. Of this total, two million barrels were grown in the Provimce of Ontario, or over two-thirds of all the apples produced in the country. Recently Canadian apples have been realiz- ing very high prices in the British mar- kets, and it was reported that in Glasgow, Ontario Baldwins set a wholesale price of two dollars and seventy-five cents a box, and seven dollars and ninety cents a bar- rel. During March at a public auction in Liverpool, fifty-three barrels of Ntimber one Spies from an Ontario packer brought as high as eight dollars and fifty cents a bar- rel. .According to reports received from the Do- minion Fruit Inspectors, the quantity of Ontario and Nova Scotia apples received west of the Great Lakes in 1913-14, was as follows : From Ontario oee hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-two barrels ; Nova Scotia, nineteen hundred and eighty barrels. In the Ontario estimate, twenty-one thousand, eight hun- dred boxes are included, compared with six thousand -five hundred boxes in 1912-13. Eastern Annapolis Valley Eanice Bnchanaa The first aphides were found crawling on apple buds on May 8th, but there being so few or only one on a bud, they were hardly visible to the naked eye. However, an ex- amination under the glass showed that the orchards were badly infested, but as aphides are very susceptible to changes of temper- ature things may not prove so bad as ex- pected. We have had a cold, long spring, with frequent showers, which may check their development ; should the temperature become warm and moist we may expect an enormous increase of the pest. The far- mers are now on the alert and the United Fruit Companies have disposed of ome thousand six hundred dollars' worth of "Black Leaf 40," and still have had to order more. Last year they handled only fifty dollars' worth. Young trees which were attacked by aphides last season are weak and lacking in fiuit buds, where they have not been killed the growth has been arrested. CARNIOLAN QUEENS After July tst Untested f — - I $1.00 6 12 $9.00 $1.00 $5.50 're8t:ed, the same price. Addreii, WM. KERNAN. DUSHORE, PA., U.S.A. R.F.D. No. 2 QUEENS QUEENS Tiiree Banded and Golden Italians. Vigor- ous iiueens, from clean, healthy colonies. Safe delivery at your Po, t Offloe guaranteed. See our catalogue. THE HAM « NOTT CO., Ltd. BHANTIORU • • ONT Make the best of your Garden. Have it planned by a Firm that has known how for over 60 years. KELWAY & SON Tlif K'oyitl Hfyrtirutturistfi Langport, Somerset, England SELECT UNTESTED QUEENS. 75c. EACH One lb. package o\ Bees, no queen, $1.25. Two lb. package of Bees, no queen, $2.25. THE STOVER APIARIES MAYHEW, MISS. Weighs from 350 to6o01bs. Suitable for rolling any soil. Special features for Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Mamtfactttred only by T. E. Bittell Company Ltd., Dept. N., Elora, Ont. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER IN NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are bting made comfortable and tich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of .Vgriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto liii naiiiiiiiii: iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ■ill I iiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 'M^ CYCLONE, LAWN FENCE is the highest grade fence on the market, heavier, slion(jcr and closer spaced Ihan any other— it 13 heavily galvanized and rust-proof, durable, and made by the exclusive Cyclone method of weaving which makes it sag-proof. Can be put up on wooden or iron posts; does not re- quire an expert. Is self- adiustingtounevenground; does not lose Us shape. Cyclone Fence COSTS LESS than inferior makea because it is made in enormous quantities in one of the bieeest fence factories on earth. We carry a full /inelL of Cyclone goods'- Ornamental Fences and G a t e s ; 11 Flower bed border. Trellis. || Write E. L. DYER, The Fence Mui 47 B East Wellington St., TORONTO Please send Catalogue And Prices 1 66 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, igi SPRAYING ECONOMY BY using- a spray material that has all the requisite poisoningf qualities, such as Arsenate of Lead, for the destruction of leaf-eating pests, you may think that you have done all possible to derive the g^reatest profits from your spraying-. THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHERS Some larg« users of Areenate of Lead have tested out many of the better leads on the market with the end in view of finding- which lead is the beet investment. B'or instance, the Oka Institute at La Trappe, Quebec, found that the New Pro- cess Arsenate of Lead made by The Sherwin-Williams Oo. was a more floury and lighter Arsenate and so mixed and covered better than other leads, also that it remained on the foliage even after several heavy rains; this adhesive quality saved them many dollars worth of mate- rial and a number of daya' -work doing the spraying over. Write to us for further information regarding S-W Process Arsenate of Lead' (paste) and New I>ry Arsenate of Liead (powdered). We will be glad to tell you where you can buy it and the price. The Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Limited MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES Offices and Warehouses : Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Caioary, Vancouver, Halifax, N. S., London, Eng. Heaviest, Strongest and Best In the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Last year the demand exceeded the supply Therefore Order Early Canada Wood Products Co. ST. THOMAS, ONT. Unlike most insects, the aphis is peculiar in fifivins: birth to living- younR ; it is not unusual to see a biff aphis on an apple leaf surrounded by a brood of little ones, very much like an old hen. The number of younj? produced in a day varies, but it is said to be from ei^ht to twenty-five ; thesr in a fe-w days go on producing: other younjf, so that a chain letter wh<^n compared with the multiplication of aphides is insignifi- cant. Not only do the aphides reproduce vivi- parously.but also parthenog-enetically, until the fall when the males appear as well as females ; finally eggs are laid and the in- sects (in our cold climate) winter in this stage. The eggs are laid, as a rule, at the tips of twigs, so that when they hatch there will he a supply of food near to the youn'< .iphides where they may suck the juice in the buds and thus continue the cycle. After the first generation some of the creatures develop wings and fly to other orchards; in this way the pest quickly spreads. The eggs are very hard, and it is difficult to kill them with insecticides, but the adult insect is easily killed if its body can be covered sufficiently to stop its breathing pores (having a long beak of mosquito style, it cannot chew poisoned leaves) — now comes the big "if" again. If we can suffo- cate it, the increase is arrested, but this must be done before the leaves curl, other- wise it is almost impossible for the spray to find its way to them ; so if we can kill the "stem-mother," as the first of the sea- son is called — and persuade neighbors to do the same — the source of the trouble has gone. . Apart from sucking the juices of the plant, the aphis damages the foliage by covering it (thus closing pores) with honey- dew, which they seem to produce for the benefit of ants. So if ants are noticed crawling up the trunk of an apple tree, look for aphis. Sometimes bees are tempted to collect this honey-dew, which spoils the sample of honey. There are many families of aphides, but .Aphis mali is the one which concerns us at present. On May 12th we had a severe white frost, with ice on the water, amd next day a few- flakes of snow fell ; on the morning of May 2nd the ground was white with snow, which was followed by rain. A few people spray in the first week of May, but generally far- mers began about May 11th, using lime- sulphur and Black Leaf 40. The Govern- ment sprayer began work in experimental orchards in Berwick on May 1.3th. Planting and seeding are late, and vege- tation backward, but there is promise of a big blossom show in the orchards. The islands of Bermuda have removed the embargfo on Nova Scotian potatoes. While this only effects a few Nova Sco- tians, it makes a considerable difference to many Bermudians, as they supply par- ticular varieties of tubers to the Maritime Provinces to be grown and returned to them for seeding. Ordinary potatoes are not sent to Bermuda. Germany's Apple Imports Reporting to the Department of Trade and Commerce. Ottawa, Canadian Trade Commissioner, C. F. Just, writes froni Hamburg as follows, regarding imports of apples into Germany : "The apple imports from Canada fell off fifty per cent, owing to the short crop in eastern Canada. The British Columbia fruit has not yet entered this market, although apples from the northwestern United States GARDEN LIBRARY Of low-priced, practical hand- books on home gardening. Bound in cloth and well illustrated. 1. GARDHN PLANNING, by W. S. K. ers. Kspecially designed to help t maker of rmall gardens who wants start properly, in fitting his deeiro to t- conditions and situations. 2. THE VnOETABLE GARDEN. By |. D. Bennett. This book deals fully w. the various vegetables that form t staple of the small garden, and conta:: excellent chapters on fertilizers, in." ticides and garden tools. 3. LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THLM By Leonard Barron. With formulae i seed mixtures for special roi\b a-nd sit^ 4. THE CANADIAN GARDEN. By M Annie L. Jack. Contains useful infori!! tion such as cultivating the land, how ' fertilize, and what and when to S' and plant, peets, trees and shrubs. buH vines and hedges. AH these are de:! with in a simple, easily understood wa \ An added feature is a list of monthly reminders telling what to do each month. 5- THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Ida D Bennett, A clear and concise summary of every possible sort of information that might be desired by any one interested in gardens. 6. CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND HOW TO GROW THEM. By I. L. Powell. A com- plete manual of instruction in the grow- ing of the Queens of Antnmn in the garden border, and for specimen plants and blooms under glass, but with special regard to the opportunities of the ama- teur who has only an outdoor garden to deal with. 7. ROSES AND HOW TO GROW THEM. By many experts. The only recent book on this most popular of all flowers, which deals directly with American practico both outdoors £ind under irlass, in ;i sections of the country. 8. THE GARDEN YARD. A handbook of intensive farming. By Bolton Hall. For the plain man or woman who has a back garden lot out of which he might make part or more than a living, a book that will show how to do It. EACH $1.00 POST PAID Special Offer Any one of the above books sent post paid free for Three Subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist at the regular price'of 6oc. each. MdJreti Book Depl. The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd. PETEHBOHO, ONT. e, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 167 Peach Crop Injured The reix)rts, as published in The Cana- In Horticulturist and elsewhere, that the II ch crop of the Niagara District had been .iously injured by the cold weather last ,-iter led Dominion Fruit Commissioner ; Johnson to send a representative to the (igara District to iinvestig'ate conditions, iwas found that throughout the Niagara ;itrict the situation is a serious one. It ^safe to predict that the crop of com- ■rcial peaches will be the lightest that ; been harvested in twenty-five years, •"■ollovving mild weather during Decem- i- and the earlier part of January, the Operature dropped on January 13 and 14 (between nine and eighteen degrees be- l zero, depending on the location, and (5 followed one month later by a similar >d period. The January frost was the lise of most of the injury, since a num- f- of the buds had swollen during the i'^ six weeks. The cold spell ii ry also did damage. Throughout 1 .Niagara peninsula the peach buds were j'atly injured. .n some orchards not a live bud could be ind, and where there were any live buds (y were on trees of no commercial value, itrees which had been protected to some 'ent from frost by proximity to water, i^ng the shores of Lake Ontario, between 'inna and Jordan, there was a scattering ., on Triumphs and Longhursts. At :.; -ton on the Niagara River,a few buds re found on Dnglo's Mammoth and Eumph. In several orchards live buds 1 white flesh sorts were found, usually I the upper branches, and never more In a dozen on a tree. There is no sec- |,i in which the injury was not great, ire good buds were seen at Queenston |iD at any other point in the peninsula, ;1 even there the number was so small H the amount of fruit produced will I essarily be very slight, "here are certain features that are wor- I of consideration, inasmuch as they are I only ones upon which to base the pro- Jiility that there will be a few peaches. h most important one is the development t retarded fruit buds. A comparatively ire number of very small buds .were Ind at several points throughout the dis- |t. These, on accoumt of their size, were \ so greatly affected by the extremie I' tuations in temperature. At the time '.■ nspcction they were still small, but there ! some likelihood that a percentage of Im will later develop and blossom, in It they do not show the dark centre which E characteristic of the larger and frozen lils. ija the second place, there are many or- 1 rds which are within a very short dis- ice of either Lake Ontario or the Niagara \ er, ;iind on account of the protection » ch they received from frost through Hre equable temperature, were found to !r a scattering of live buds. Only a few these orchards were examined, and the editions found in them must apply to fier orchards in which conditions may be ijgood or even better than in those in- ;(cted. Thirdly, it was noted that in cases where J buds had survived the winter, they H e more often located in the upper [Inches of the tree than in the lower ibs.. The tendency of frost is to settle, i:l in some cases a difference of from Ije to five degrees in temperature is not- 'between the ground level and a point fif- «a feet higher. It is possible, then, that McCormick — The Binder of Satisfactory Service TLTERE are some of the things that stand ■^ -■- back of McCormick binder service. On a McCormick binder the reel has a wide range of adjustment and handles successfully, tall, short', down or tangled grain. A third packer assists in handling frain that is full of undergrowth or that is very short. The ottoms of the guards are nearly level with bottom of the platform, allowing the platform to be tilted to cut close to the ground without pushing trash ahead of the knives. Ttie floating elevator on a McCormick binder handles grain in any quantity and does not clog. The cutter bar IS built to use either smooth section or serrated knives. The improved McCormick knotter does good work without the usual close adjustments. The McCormick local agent will explain these and other important features on the McCormick binders which are built especially to meet Eastern Canadian conditions. You can get catalogues from him, or, by writing the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Ginada, Ltd Hamilton, Oat. LondoD, Ont. Montreal, Qae. OtUwn, Ont. Qnebec, P. Q. St. John, N. B. These Buchines nre built at Hamilton, Ont. Apple Barrels If you contract now we can guaran- tee delivery of well-made barrels. Apple crop prospects generally good and we may expect a rush later. Write for Prices Delivered your Station TRENTON COOPERAGE MILLS, Ltd. TRENTON, ONT. 1 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Juni SHOE. I^'POLISHES^' BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS A few choico plants left at $l.iiU per lOD. Kxpre-is prepaid on order over $2.00. Sec lUt of varieties in April and May Nuniberg of this paper. C. MORTIMER BEZZO ... BERLIN, CANADA MAX STOLPE Landscape Architect Ex-Supenntendent Royal Gardening Institute Saxony Germany Holder of Cold and Silver Medals EGG CIRCLE STAMPS For neat Egg Markers lor Circles or Individual Poultrymen WRITE W. E. IRONS 115 BAY ST. - TORONTO Artistic Plans, Sketches furnished lor all kinds ol LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION WORK. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Conifers, Hardy Perennials, etc. ASK FOR PRICE LIST 17 Main Str. East • HAMILTON. Ont. Phone :«I7 No More Agents ! Former Prices $30 now $24 $60 now $48 $90 now $72 Make Big Profits With This Canning Machine at Home! Here is the ideal pracllcal canning' apparatus for home canning surplus Fruit and Vegetables. It is t-imple, easy to operate and in- expontiive. Knables you to get top prices for product**, saves early ripenings and wind-falls, and protects^ you againet the price-lowering effects of an overloaded market. The MODERN CANNER does away with hen vy waste, and earns big profits. Built in three hizes, — 1000, 2,iKI0and 4,000 cans in ten hourc. We have eliminated all middlemen and agents. Every fruit grower, farmer Jand market gardener needs our free booklet. Write (or it to-day before you leave this page. THE MODERN CANNER CO. Canadian Branch ST. JACOBS, ONT. jMP—f?— ff— f^=nfa=ff-H[>-i]^}^= >=, FUhLlll-un-lludHon, New Vork. Deering New Ideal Binder ADeering New Ideal binder will go into any grain field and cut, bind and de- liver all the grain in that field. Any Eastern Canadian farmer can prove this statement to his full satisfaction by studying Deering binder features and trying the machine. The reel is adjustable for tall, short, down or tangled grain. The special T-shape cutter bar enables the oper- ator to tilt the platform close to the ground when neces- sary. The bottoms of the guards are almost level with the bottom of the platform, preventing trash being pushed in front of the knife. Either smooth section or serrated knives can be used. Three packers and three discharge arms aid in doing efficient work. The main frame is made of tough, strong steel bars, forming a unit which the hardest usage can not twist out of shape. Then there is the famous Deering knotter— simple, accurate, unfailing. Get a catalogue from your local agent, or, write the near- est branch house. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1914 BOOKS FOR BEEKEEPERS 1. How to Kc«p Bees, by Anna B. Oomstock —a well illustrated volume on the out- fit, first steps and methods in Beekeep- ing. Illustrated and cloth bound, $1.00. 2. The A.B.O. and X.Y.Z. of Bee Culture, by A. I. Root — ■ an alphabetically arranged cyclopedia of everything pertaining- to the care of the honey bee. Beautifully illuBtrated and cloth bound. $1.50. J. The Beekeepers' Guide, by A. J. Oook— a manual of the apiary, treating of the scientifio and the practical part of Bee- keeping. Illustrated and cloth bound. $1.26. Address Book Dept. THE Horticultural Publishing Co. PETERBORO, ONT. Better Cultivation Increases the yield. It retains the moisture in the ground and permits the chemical properties of the air to get to the roots. The size of the increase depends upon the number of times you cultivate and the kind of a machine you use. JSONM RIDING CULTIVATORS Carry every possible adjustment of teeth, gangs, wheels, frame, etc., to care for all row crops in any kind of soil. They are built with high or low, pivot or fixed wheels, grooved, flat or zig-zag gang bars, for one or two rows and with many attach- ments for special work. See them at your dealers and write for booklet, "Two-Horse Riding and Walking Cultivators" Grooved Ganc Bateman-Wilkinson Co., Limited 467 Symington Ave. TORONTO - ONTARIO mary of recommendations for control of Powdery Scab are j^iven : Use only "seed" from a crop free from the disease. Disinfect such "seed" to destroy any stray disease germs. Use land known to be free from the dis- ease. In most areas this will have to be land not previously planted to potatoes. Do not plant potatoes again in lamd which has shown the disease. If possible, seed such land down to grass. Isolate the crop from any field showing the disease, and take all possible precau- tions to avoid the spores from this crop scattered where they infect other potatoes. Pay special attention to the cleaning, and, if necessary, dir. monuy Baver. Cannot clojf with •praying /•"/solution. Fit8 any make of sprayer noxzles BROWN'S AUTO SPRAYS parehi.ed 40 styles and aizM. Over 300,000 in use. kr ■"« Write for SuniyinK Guide— FKEK. d««l*rl The E.C.Brown Co., B TJsy tl.. Roclwter, N. Y. , -- POTATO Sprayers FKKKTUIAL. Nomoney . ' Inadvanee— Mobanlidcpoilt Duu'tli-i IrliKht itcab, ret or bags culjouryitldiDhalt. HnntBprsr em pay for thenMctres [d Bxtra Profit, Mao aiwl Hone Power — high pr«wnre— cyclone aJi^tatlon. Brau ball TalvcB, pluDgert, oyliader and strainer. No leather or rubber to cause trouble. Guaranteed 0 yian. Wa pay frdght. Write today for catalog, ~ * I spraying guide and I our Special Free i 1 Sprayer Offer. , jThoM.i.HurstMtg.Co.l ;;9810North St. Canton, Ohio. FOR SALE AND WANTED Advertisements in this department in- serted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each flgrure, sigrn or sing^le letter to eount as one word, minimum cost, 30 eents, strictly cash In advance. ALL KINDS OF FAR.MS— Fruit farms a specialty. — W. B Oalder. Grimeb.v NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FAR.MS— Before buyinir it will pay you to ooneult me- I make a specialty of fruit and g^rain fanna.— McMn Gavroan A Co.. St. Catharinea ASK DAWSON. He knows. IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me. IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me I HAVE some of the beet Fruit. Stock. Grain and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices. H W. Dawson. Ninety Colbnme St Tornnto SALMON ARM. Shusway Lake. B.O.. has the finest fmit and dairy land in B.C. No iiriga- tion necessary; mild winters, moderate sum- mers, no blizzards or high winds: delightful climate: enormous yields of fruit, veffetablee and hay: good flahing: fine boating amidst the moet beautiful scenery, and the Salmon Arm fruit has realized 25 cents per box more than other fruit in B.C. Prices of land moderate, and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0. Haydock, .Salmon Arm. BO GOLDEN AND THREE-HANDED ITALIAN AND Carniolan Queens, ready to ship after .\pril Ist. Tested, $1.00; 5 to 6. 95c each: 6 to 12 or more, 90o each. Untested, 75o each : J to 6, 70o ©aoh; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per lb., $1.50. Nuclei, per frame. $1.50. — C. B. Bankston. Buffalo. Leon Co.. Texas, TT.S.A. WANTED — Prime swarms; hires furnished. Address Box 18, The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, Peterboro, Ont. BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS— Read particu- lars on page 168. BARGAIN — Greenhouse. Residence and Stock; no competition: live village. 30 miles from Buffalo, excellent shipping facilities. Write Ellis Broa., Springrille. N. Y. WANTED — An experienced helper to assist in an apiary. — G. A. Deadman, Brussels, Ont. FOR SALE— Fourdation Mill, secon-d hand, thin super, 2Vj in. by 6 in. Root make in good order lor immediate shipment. Price, $18.00. Samples of foundation from it on request.— p. W. Jones Bedford, Que. FOR SALE— A bargain, one, two and half horse power Sprayer. Two seasons in use. Good state of repair. Complete, sixty dollars. - Lawrence Harvey, WardsviUe, Ont. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVII JULY, 1914 No. Cover Crops for the Orchard By J. E. Smith, B. S. A. I A FEW years ago the idea of a cover crop in the orchard was comparatively new to most far- mers. For a decade or more a good tough blue grass sod was considered about all that was ne- cessary under the apple trees. One would get apples anyhow, whether the ground received any care or not. This may have been quite true in the earlier days when our soils were richer, and we had a greater rainfall, and the country was less windswept so that the orchard always held a good coating of snow dur- ing the winter. But the day is past when farmers are persuaded that they can raise two good crops on the same piece of ground at the same time. The soil may be rich enough, but the smaller amount of moisture avail- able must result in both crops being stunted. It is impossible to raise a good crop of apples, and a hay or grain crop on the same piece of ground except in cases where we have a wet summer sea- son or the subsoil is particularly moist. Those who have kept close to the apple growing business will readily note the dry texture of the apple grown where the orchard is in sod or grain, and the lus- cious, juicy texture of the one grown under proper cultivation. In the mixed farming districts of On- tario where practically no care is yet given to the orchard, the amount of growth of the trees per season is, in many cases, less than half of that in ^ orchards that are well cultivated and pVuned. This largely marks the differ- ence between those stunted, thick, close- headed trees that are so common every- where over Ontario, and those vigorous, tlean-barked, big-foliaged orchards that are to be found in our apple districts. The one is the product of neglect — the other that of intelligent care. The cover crop has a five-fold pur- pose in the orchard. The clean cultiva- tion of April, May and June allows the tree to forge ahead at a rapid rate, but the growth of the cover crop a little later has the same effect as dry weather, for by drawing the moisture from the soil, and thus from the roots of the tree, it rhrrks excessive or late growth, and in this manner the wood is more fully rip- ened. This is of supreme importance in view of the severe winter killing of apple trees during the past few winters. This reduction of soil moisture is of much importance farther north in securing a better color in the fruit. Again, the cover crop is one of the cheapest means of adding humus, one of the essentials both of our light and our heavy soils. On the light soils, especi- ally the sands of Southern Ontario, this humus is absolutely necessary. On the clay soils, the plowing under of a cover crop is much the same as the application of manure, making the soil much more friable. At the same time the roots of a cover crop hold much plant food, which would otherwise leach away, while the roots of the trees lie dormant. On roll- ing land it prevents washing, and in exposed districts and in districts of light snowfall, it holds the covering much bet- ter than a clean sod, or soil on which there is no plant growth at all. COVER CEOPS PEOTECT Peach trees killed by root freezing dur- ing the past few years have largely been those with no cover crop or other pro- tection to hold the snow about their roots. Moreover, the cover crop forms a clean mat in the orchard for the hand- ling of the fruit in the fall. Cover crops are of two kinds — the leguminous and non-leguminous. The former are those with the power of ga- thering nitrogen from the air, and stor- ing it in the little knots on the roots. The leguminous crops used for this pur- pose are clovers (such as mammoth, red and crimson), cow peas, common field peas and hairy vetch. As nitrogen is the great energizer of plant life a legume should be used where trees lack vigor and vitality. Rye, buckwheat, rape, and oats are the chief non-leguminous ones used in the orchard. CROP SELECTED As to what cover crop one should sow depends upon a great many different conditions, such as the age of the trees, the nature of the soil, and the location in the province. Fruit growers who for the first time have broken up the sod under their old trees will find that one of the legumes will give them the best results in stimulating renewed youth in the old trees. In a richer soil where a heavy pruning has been given any of the other cover crops can be used to good advantage, the main point being that whatever is used, it should make a fairly rapid growth during the summer months to take up the excess of moisture, leave the orchard with a clean mat for handling the fruit in the fall, and at the same If) 170 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 S ^^H^"' ri B|M ■T^L^b. .y» ^ r 1 6> '■■ ' ' mmk t "i^ Intercropping with Tomatoes in Orchard of Frank Shearer, Vllloria, Ont. time give protection by holding the snow in the winter. Where mature trees are clean and vigorous the use of too much of the legumes in the cover crop tends to give an over-production of wood growth. Old trees that have been heavily pruned will invariably throw a great number of suckers the same season. The use of a heavy cover crop will go a long way in checking the growth of these after the summer pruning is done at the end of June or in July. USE OF OLOVEB In the younger orchards clovers are used to a great extent in shoving for- ward the young trees. By the use of a clean cultivation followed by an enrich- ing cover crop, together with proper pruning at the right season, many fruit growers tell us they bring their trees into bearing several years earlier than otherwise. Jas. E. Johnson, manager of the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association, has demonstrated that by skilful orchard- ing he can bring spy trees into bearing at ten or twelve years of age. Of course many fruit growers are not satisfied to use cover crops in the young growing orchard. By liberal manuring and judicious inter-cropping many of the best fruit growers are securing large re- turns per acre, even while the young orchard was coming into maturity. Mr. Samuel Soudan, of Simcoe (a cut of whose young orchard appears herewith), secured a net return of sixty-six dollars per acre by intercropping with canning beans. Similar good results can be se- cured with strawberries, potatoes, toma- toes, or in fact any crop which will allow of much cultivation, and which does not pull heavily upon the soil moisture in the early part of the season. Many instances are known of where wideawake young fruit growers have paid for their land while the fruit trees were coming into bearing. IJuring the past few years the follow ing cover crops or combination of cover crops were tried out in Norfolk county, and found to give good results : First — Peas, one and one-half bushels per acre. This should be sown from the first to the twentieth of June to se- cure a good growth, as they freeze down with the first frost. They cannot be recommended for the northern part of the province. Second — Buckwheat two pecks, and hairy vetch twenty-five to thirty pounds. This makes a good combination of a legume and a cereal. The buckwheat makes the rapid growth the first season, while the hairy vetch will make consid- erable growth in the spring, before be- ing turned under. Some orchard grow- ers object to the use of buckwheat, as the heavy growth in the fall is rather objectionable in harvesting the apple crop. Third — Rye one-half bushel, and red clover twelve pounds. Fourth — Rye one-half bushel, and hairy vetch twenty-five to thirty pounds. Numbers three and four are probably the most popular cover crops in the pro- vince to-day, and form one of the best mats for the winter season, while at the same time combining both the legume and the cereal. Fifth — Rye, one and one quarter bushels. As a single, separate cover crop it is used largely where the soil is not at all rich. Sixth — Rape, three to five pounds. It is not considered a good cover crop, but many farmers sow it in the older orchards and hog it down later in the fall . Seventh — Red clover, eighteen pounds. Eiohthi — Peas and oats mixed, two bushels. This latter is not used to any extent as a cover crop, but should be a good one in that it gives a rapid growth right after planting, and forms a good mat to hold the snow. One objection to it is that there is little or no growth from it in the spring. Many orchard growers like a cover crop that will start up again in the spring, and give con- siderable growth before being plowed down . Cover crops for southern Ontario as a rule should Ix; sown between July firs and August first. For central Ontario the date of sowing should be a couple of weeks earlier. Later sowings give only short growth before winter. Orchard growers in general should make it a point to have their orchard ground in the very best of condition pre- vious to sowing the cover crop, in order that a good stand may be secured and a heavy growth made as early as pos- sible. In a few orchards of which I know, mouse-eared chickweed grows so rapidly that it is only necessary to stop cultivation in order to have a good cover crop of this weed come on. In another orchard in Norfolk county the soil is so moist that it is kept in sod the whole year round, yet the fruit shows plenty of size, and takes on an excellent color. A few orchard growers in Ontario never make use of a cover crop at all, using clean cultivation the whole season through. .4bout the end of June they heavily roll the land, which causes it to dry out in much the same way as a cover crop would suck away the moisture. Of course the greatest good cannot be secured from any cover crop, unless the other care of the orchard, such as prun- ing and spraying receives every at- tention. Marketing the Cherry Crop* IT is when the cherries are ripe for pick- ing that the cherry grower's wor- ries often begin. Poor marketing methods may result in the wiping out of the profits that should result from the work of a year or perhaps several years. Care should be exercised in picking. The stem must be left on each cherry in- tended for shipment otherwise the juice would spoil the whole package. If pick- ed for the canning factory or for immed- iate use, this precaution is not necessary. PREiPAMNG TO ATTRACT THE TRADE Shipments are made in eleven quart and in six quart baskets, principally the former. The purchase of the baskets is a serious item of expense. We fill each basket full of carefully selected cherries, then the stems of the top layer are turned under — making a great improvement in the appearance of the package. .\ sprig of green leaves is also placed on the ♦An article prepared eom«> months aso tor The Canadian Horticulturist by the late W B. I#avens Prince Edward Co.. who had one of th? largest cherry orchards in this province. July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST I fruit ; then the cover is put in place and kept there by use of six fasteners. These fasteners hold the baskets firmly together also. An attractive, oval-shaped, bright- red label is put on the end of each basket, announcing that these cherries are from the "Leavens Orchards," of Prince Ed- ward Co. This label serves as a modest advertisement for our fruit, and a guar- antee to the purchaser that the contents of the package are what he paid for. After the orchardist has invested his money in trees and land, has cultivated, pruned and sprayed for a number of years without returns, and he at last has a crop which he thinks will reward him for his trouble, he comes face to face with the proposition which brings failure or success to his venture. His problem is to get sufficient of the consumer's dol- lars to have a margin of profit on his investment. I cannot answer the question of direct shipment to the consumer satisfactorily. In a small way one can sell direct to the consumer but with any considerable quan- tity of perishable fruit, like the cherry, some other means of marketing must be employed. Consumers might help them- selves sometimes by clubbing their orders and sending direct to the farm for sup- plies. Edison says that it requires fully as much genius to make money out of an article after it is invented as it does to invent it. The same is applicable to fruit production. When we can sell direct to the retailer, in my opinion we are getting as close to the man who eats the fruit as we may reasonably expect, there be- ing then only two bites out of the cherry between the orchard and the table, those of the express companies that convey, and the shop keeper who distributes. Profits from an Apple Orchard' WHAT returns may be expected from an apple orchard? Whe- ther a definite answer can be given is a debatable question, but a very j close approach is the statement of ten ' years' profits from Auchter orchard near Rochester, N.Y. The experiment was conducted by the Geneva Experiment Station. In a ten-year period any un- usual conditions which might arise in a single season would be lost sight of in the general average. The trees are Baldwins, now thirty ' seven years old, just entering their prime. For the whole period the aver- age yield per acre was 116 barrels, of which seventy-nine were barrelled stock and thirty-seven evaporator and cider stock. The latter was unusually high because of two heavy windstorms, yet these are to be expected. Reduced to a tree basis the average yield was 4.33 barrels total, 2.93 barrels barrelled stock, and 1.4 barrels evaporator. INTEREST ON INVESTMENT Interest on investment is a difficult factor to arrive at. In this case the orchard was valued at $500 an acre, which at five per cent, is twenty-five dollars an acre or twenty-one cents a barrel for 116 barrels. Taxes were rated at $1.50 an acre or 1.2 cents a barrel. No charge was made for depreciation of outfit, but the orchard was debited with cost of work and workmen which the Station hired. For the average or- chard the items would probably be Team, $400; spraying outfit, $250; harness, $50; waggon, $75; other equip ment, $225; total, $1 ,000. At twenty per cent, for depreciation and interest, •Summary of a bulletin by U. P. Hedrick, of the Geneva Experiment Station. N.Y. seventeen cents a barrel would need to be added to the cost. The annual cost of tillage was $7.39, an acre, equal to 6.3 cents a barrel. The orchard was plowed each spring, rolled and then harrowed an average of seven times each season. Teaming was hired at $4.50 a day. The cover crop was usually red clover, the seed of which cost $2.74 an acre or 2.3 cents a barrel. Pruning was done at a cost of $3.56 a year per acre — equal to 13. i cents a tree or three cents a barrel of apples. The wages paid for labor was two dol- lars a day of ten hours. The Station paid three hundred dollars a year for superintendence of the work. This is equal to thirty dollars an acre, $1.10 a tree, and twenty-five cents a barrel. The apples were sorted and packed in the field, then hauled one and one-half miles over a country road to the sta- tion. For these operations 24.4 cents a barrel was allowed. Barrels were pur- chased at an average price of thirty six cents. COST or BARREL OF AiPPLES From the foregoing data the cost of a barrel of apples at the shipping point is compiled as follows : Interest on investment $0.21 Taxes 012 Tilling 063 Pruning 03 Spraying 096 Cover crop 023 Superintending orchard 25 Picking, packing, hauling... .244 Cost of barrel 36 Total $1.29 During the ten years the average price received for barrelled stock, which in- cludes firsts and seconds, was $2.60. For evaporator and cider stock seventy- two cents was received. Subtracting $1.29, the cost of production, from $2.60, the selling price, there remains a profit of $1.31 a barrel for firsts and seconds. Multiplying by seventy-nine the numl>er of barrels an acre, there was a net profit of $103.49 an acre for bar- relled stock. No barrels were required for the evaporator stock, which cost ninety-three \^nts a barrel. As these sold at seventy-two cents a barrel, there was a net loss of twenty one cents on each of the thirty-seven barrels, or $7.89 Sorting and Packing Chenias at Hillciett Orchards, Kentville, N. S. 172 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 an acre. The average net profit then was $95.60 an acre for ten years. Add- ing to this the twenty-five dollars an acre charge for interest on investment, the actual annual dividend has been $120.60 an acre, or 24:12 per cent on $500. The author of the bulletin from which this summary is taken states as his opinion that the profit is greater than the average orchardist receives, but it is not abnormal- for a well cared for orchard. Cultivating the Young Orchard B. H. C. BUncbard, Hants C«., N.S. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance of cultivating the young, growing orchard. In most young or- chards intercropping is practised. If the crop be a hoed crop or small fruits, the orchard trees probably get their share of cultivation, but if the intercrop be grain or hay such is not always the case. Not many orchardists allow a crop of hay or grain to grow up close to the trees ; a space of several feet is usually left clear on each side of the rows, but not a few neglect to cultivate this un- cropped area. In our own orchard more than a year ago we were treated to an object lesson of the value of cultivation. This orchard was planted three year:; ago. Each tree received a dressing of farmyard manure at planting time. In spite of a dry season the loss was less than three per cent. Between the trees were turnips and mangels ; adjoining was a field of grain seeded down. The or- chard received cultivation during the summer, and in the fall we applied ano- ther dressing of manure. The next year we intercropped with strawberries, potatoes and mangels and cultivated as before. The row next to the hay field was an exception. This row was cultivated on the side next to the root crop, but the hay was allowed to grow close up to the trees on the other side. As the season advanced it became evident that this particular row was not making the same growth that the others were. The leaves had less color and the trees as a lot had a less thrifty appearance. Aside from cultivation all the trees re- ceived the same treatment. During the summer they received an application ol ammonium sulphate. To us the condi- tion of these trees was ample proof thai a growing orchard should not be ex- f>ected to flourish when proper cultiva- tion is lacking or when it is obliged to dispute with a crop of hay for its food supply. Cultivation late in the season is not advisable, as the growth made may not mature early enough and injury result. But during the summer growing season cultivation is essential to place the plant food in the most available form and con- serve soil moisture. It is false economy to give the young orchard anything but the very best attention. The Why o! Summer Pruning F. W. Brady, Canning, N. S. THE object of summer pruning is to increase the number of fruit spurs and fruit buds. A common fauli with much of the pruning of young trees that is done is that all the suckers are cut off, leaving a long bare stem. This is bad practice for two reasons. First, there are no fruit spurs on the low- er parts of the limbs and consequently the area upon which the tree can bear fruit is limited to a portion of the outer end of the branches. Second, the lever age produced by the fruit being at the end of the branches is so great that they either lie on the ground and the fruit becomes soiled or else they break because of the load. WINTER PRUNING AN AID It is often possible to correct this fault by cutting back severely in the winter or early spring. This forces adventitious buds or causes those that have been dor- mant to grow. When a good growth of water sprouts, or suckers as they are sometimes called, has been obtained in this way they maybe pinched back. Thus fruit spurs will be produced upon the limbs near the trunk, which is the proper place for them. The time for summer pruning depends upon the climate and period of growth. Pruning in June will not be effective if there is a period of growth after the summer dry spell. Instead of fruit spurs many branches will be formed on the limbs. ynder such conditions pruning must be done later. If. however, the season of growth ends in June, pruning in the latter part of that month is usually effective. DEPENDS ON FOOD SUPPLY The physiology of summer pruning is a matter of food supply. The food that is being prepared for the buds of next year would naturaly pass on to the leaves. But as the terminal leaves of a pinched stem have been removed, the food is stored at the end of the stem. Ihus at this point a strong fruit bud is usually secured. As a fruit bud is only a better fed leaf bud the reason is at once apparent. I might state that four years' experience in British Columbia had con- vinced me that the western man is more keenly alive to this fact than is his east- ern brother. The method just outlined is intended for young trees. For old stock a simpler plan may be adopted — pinching back late in the growing season. The food will be stored in the remaining wood and the gro\Vth of fruit buds encouraged. The larva of the Lesser Peach Borer looks like that of the ordinary Peach Borer and the adult also resembles it, bu; the female has not the orange band around the abdomen. The life history of both insects is very similar. The main difference is that the Lesser Peach Borer attacks chiefly above ground, in- cluding the larger branches as well as the trunk. It regularly enters only where there has been a wound. This suggests that the proper means of con- trol is to dig out the larvae when pre- sent, and endeavor by careful pruning and orchard practice to have as few wounds on the trees as possible. Where wounds are made they should, so far as practicable, be cleaned out with a knife and painted with white paint diluted with linseed oil. This insect as a rule is not very common. It attacks cherry and plum trees, as well as peaches. — Prof. L. Caesar Provincial Entomolo- gist, Ontario. Many of our best varieties of straw- Iserries have pistillate or imperfect flow- ers, and one must be careful to provide staminate or perfect-flowering varieties close to them. The beds of staminate and pistillate varieties could alternate; that is, five rows of one, then the path, and five rows of the other. — W. A. Dier,^ Ottawa, Ont. July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 173 Some Impressions of a St. Catharines Garden ST. CATHARINES is a city that can boast of many fine gardens and lawns. Situated as it is in the heart of the best tender fruit district of Canada, one might expect to find, and does find, gardening brought to a high state of perfection. Probably the most extensive and in many respects the finest garden in the city, is that of Dr. Merritt of Rodman Hall. Last summer a representative of The Canadian Horticulturist had an op- portunity to visit and admire the Rod- man Hall gardens. The training that Mr. S. Clark, the gardener, has receiv- ed in the Old Land is evidenced in the careful cultivation and attention which the grounds receive at his hands. At the 1913 St. Catharines Fruit and Flow- er Show fourteen firsts were awarded to the products of the Rodman Hall gar- dens. These included a collection of ten foliage plants, six foreign ferns (among which was a fine bird's nest fern and also a stag's horn), adiantums, dracenas, be- gonias, and collections of annuals. NATURAL ADVANTAGES The grounds are admirably adapted for a residence and when originally laid out full opportunity was taken of the natural advantages. Extending to one side and back of the house are four acres of lawn and garden. From the flower garden one obtains a magnificent view overlooking the Twelve Mile Creek. The lawn proper is about two acres in extent. Among the trees are some fine specimens of tulip tree, catalpa and pau- lonia. Directly behind the house is a smaller expanse of lawn. Extending be- yond and to one side of the latter is the flower garden. From the house a walk winds among the beds which contain some of the finest examples of bedding to be found in the city — sub-tropical bed ding, carpet bedding and the more gen- eral run of carpet schemes. THE KITCHEN GARDEN From the flower garden we passed through an archway in the neatly trim- med privet hedge, which surrounds the vegetable garden at the rear. This- kit- chen garden of one and a half acres, is laid out in English style. It is a splen- did example of intensive cultivation as the ground is cropped twice each sea- son. Extending through the centre of the garden is the main walk which is edged on either side by an herbaceous border. The other walks are edged with the old fashioned box hedge. All the herbaceous plants are in the two borders mentioned which are one hundred and twenty-five yards long. .A plant being tested out is the Montbretia. Its hardiness is being ascertained, and should it prove resistant the Montbretia will be a valuable acquisiton. At the corners of some of the beds pyramid trained pear trees effect a relief. TOMATOES A SPECIALTY A specialty is made of tomatoes, which are trained on trellises. About one hun- dred and fifty plants, giving half a ton of fruit, are grown each year. Onions are another specialty. This season an exceptionally good crop of peas was raised. Sutton's Excelsior proved the most satisfactory variety. Some fine English gooseberries also figure in the selection. An interesting novelty was a tomato- potato combination. A tomato stem was grafted on a potato plant. The former bore several trusses of fine tomatoes, while the roots of the latter produced a number of fine tubers. We believe the practice is fairly common among French gardeners. The fact that both plants belong to the nightshade family accounts for the readiness with which they may be grafted. THE GBEENHOUES In the kitchen garden are three green houses, each one hundred by twenty feet, which are devoted to the culture of ferns, foliage and flowering plants. Recently more attention has been paid to the growing of roses. Two smaller houses are utilized during early spring for the growing of bedding stock and in the summer for the production of English cucumbers. These houses produced the cucumbers that won first prize at Ottawa last year. Grapes are grown under glass in two graperies, each thirty feet long. From these houses come the grapes which were so well commented upon at the Canadian National Exhibition last year, and which were judged by some to be the finest ever shown at Toronto. At the St. Cathar- ines show fruit from these graperies was first in its class. — B.H.C.B. Preparations for the Perennial Border H. Gibson, THE latter half of July is a suitable time to sow seeds of any plants that are required for planting to permanent quarters, the latter part of September. A shady corner containing good earth or a cold frame is the best place in which to sow the seed. The soil should be of a friable nature and worked up finely. Sowing in drills is preferable to broadcasting the seed, as the different varieties are less likely to cet mixed. Tuxedo Park Draw the drills an inch deep, and sow as evenly and thinly as possible. Thick sowing tends to overcrowding aj an early stage. Cover the seed with fine earth, and then water with a fine rose on the watering can. Care should be taken to label each variety correctly so as to avoid future disappointment and delay. During the hot, dry days some shade from the direct rays of the sun will be necessary to prevent too rapid evapor- »74 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 V-^^ 1 V ■i- BBP^^WW ■'3 ^MHb|^ - ' ■ Sf . 0 ««• . ^^i 1 L-. ^^-ii ^■^M^ ^ ' '-f^S^U^Hjji^ 1^^ m^i- ■ ^ ^^ ^ ^^"--fitcy »- ' '-77- r • Walk with Herbaceous Border through Vegetable Garden, Rodman Hall ation. This can easily be accomplish ed where a cold frame has been used by making an awning of cheese cloth or mosquito netting. A similar ar- rangement may be devised where the seeds have been sown in an open border. When the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be transplanted three or four inchs apart into nursery beds. With good cultivation they will grow into desirable sf)ecimens for per- manent planting. It is essential that grouping or mass- ing of individual varieties be practised when planting into permanent quarters. A group of plants of definite form, habit and color are far more effective and pleasing to the eye than an indis- criminate planting of miscellaneous varieties. Rochester, the City of Parks THE recent trip of the St. Thomas horticulturists to Rochester, was one of much interest, the visitors seeing much, thanks to the courtesy of the Rochester officials. On Sunday, May 24th, the party was taken in tow at Highland Park, al- ternately by A. B'. Lamberton, superin tendent of parks ; J. Dunbar, assistant superintendent, and C. Sullivan, the man- ager of Highland Park. Standing on the brow of the hill one has a good view of the magnificent collection of lilacs, of which there are two hundred and eighty- six varieties, the name of each variety be- ing painted on a sign at the foot of the plant. Great beds of tulips proudly held blos- soms up high as the visitors passed by. The party were informed that this had not been a good year for tulips as three- fourths of some varieties were "blind," the complaint being general over an area of hundreds of miles. There were many beds of different kinds of azaleas, four hundred varieties of peonies, many varieties of rhododen- drons, some of them very rare ; njagnol- las by the hundred, some fine pansy beds, one of them sixty by fifteen feet. The conservatory contains hundreds of tropi- cal and semi-tropical plants. Highland Park also includes Hemlock reservoir, which furnishes the city water supply. In the centre of the reservoir can be seen a fountain throwing the crystal water to a height of about twenty feet. A movement is now under considera- tion to find means to purchase a few of the most important shrubs seen at High- land Park, which will be the beginning of a scheme to make St. Thomas a minia- ture Rochester. On Monday the local party were joined by sixty members of the St. Catharines Horticultural Society, marshalled by Aid. W. B. Burgoyne, proprietor of the St. Catharines Standard, and Thos. J. Hold- en, city editor of the same paper, fiiey were eager to see everything pertaining to horticulture The Durand-Eastman Park of four hundred and eighty-four acres, is one of the latest of Rochester's breathing places. Deer and other wild animals have been placed in this park. It extends along the shore of Lake Ontario for nearly a mile. The next place of interest was Maple- wood Park. In it there is a beautiful grove in which is a fully equipped play- ground and a handsome bandstand. Sen- feca Park of two hundred and eleven acres, was the next spot visited. This park has an extensive zoo, a children's playground, a swimming hole, and a baseball diamond. In addition to the parks mentioned here there are twenty small parks varying in size from a thousand square feet to fif- teen acres. There was not enough time left at the disposal of the party to visit the beautiful Genesee Valley Park of five hundred and thirty-six acres, where the annual water carnival is held. The city spends $190,000 per annum on parks and $1 1 ,000 a year on municipal music. Rev. Father West, who was an in- terested visitor, remarked that living in such beautiful surroundings has a most pronounced influence over the morals of the people and that the effect of the horti- cultural splendor could be noted in those with whom they came in contact. Cities are measured to-day more than ever be- fore by the happiness of the people, and that city is greatest which gives to its citizens the most in protection, educa- tion, recreation, amusement and beauty. There will be an effort by the St. Thomas and St. Catharines Societies to have excursions organized next year at many points in Ontario, all to converge at Buffalo and to run by special train to Rochester, where the Chamber of Com- merce will arrange a royal time for the combined parties. — St. Thomas Times. Exhibiting Sweet Peas Emett Heggs, Hamiltra, Ont. If you are planning to exhibit some of your sweet peas and have to ship them, or if you would like to send some to a friend, a wooden box four to six incHes deep and eighteen inches long will be found admirable to pack them in. Give the blooms at least one hour in water before packing them. Do not use any damp moss. Remember, they have the moisture in their stems. Pack them dry, and place soft tissue paper over each layer. Do not be ner- vous about crushing the blooms, as the tighter you pack them, the fresher they will be when they have reached their destination. When they arrive put them in water, and place them in the darkest place you can find, for an hour; and they should be none the worse for their journey. The setting of sweet peas is an art in itself, in connection with which there are one or two points to which I should like to refer. Always have something inside your vases to hold the stems where you want to place them. A good method is to get some coarse grasses and bind the stems with ratfia or cotton so as to fit tightly inside the vase. Cut the ends with a sharp knife so as to leave them about an inch from the top of the vase. By doing this you not only hold the stems in position, but you are able to give a mpr? graceful effect. Seasonable Paragraphs for the Gardener CULTIVATION and watering are the two important operations in the garden during July. Thorough cultivation keeps down weeds and con- serves moisture. It is a fact that a crop of weeds will evaporate more moisture from the soil than will be lost from the bare surface, provided the surface soil is kept loosened. When watering give the ground a good soaking. A little may do more harm than none at all. It soaks down into the soil just far enough to make continuous capillary attraction, and when the surface soil becomes dry from evaporation the water rises from the lower levels, a continuous loss resulting. Iris may soon be transplanted. This is an easily grown plant, having many delightful varieties. Sweet peas are at their best in July. Keep the blossoms picked to prolong blooming. If a few very choice flowers are desired disbudding may be prac- ticed and only the best buds allowed to .nature. .Ml seed pods should be kept picked off. Don't think that because the increas- ed growth which the flowers are mak- ing hides the weeds that weeding may be discontinued. Keep the garden clean- ed up ; it will look much neater. Plants that have been in pots out- doors can be re-potted and established for winter flowers. Some of the early planted flowers will be through blooming before the end of the season. There is plenty of time to sow seeds for late flowers. Pansy and mignonette are two suit- able flowers to plant just now. Are you getting the maximum results from your garden by practicing a pro- per rotation? Take the time to make a good survey and plan to fill in the Wanks that will soon be appearing. Now is the time to study color effects and mass arrangements and find where improvements can be made for next year. The pansies should be close picked for best results. Seeds of perennials, such as holly- hock, columbine, larkspur, and foxglove may be sown now. As .soon as large enough, transplant the seedlings to flats, protect them during the winter by put- ting them in a cold frame and covering with straw. Cover the frame with sash or shutters to keep the plants from be- coming wet. They may then be planted out as .soon as the garden is in condi- tion in the spring. After the raspberries have been picked prune the young, growing canes back to the proper height so that they will bush out well and not grow too spindly. Keep a sharp look out for all insects. Soap washes are effective for the suck- ing varieties while hellebore makes a suitable lunch for biting kinds. If you have some fruit trees that have set heavily don't be afraid to thin. The increased size and the quality of the fruit will well repay you. July is usually lx>th hot and dry and the lawn should receive careful attention. Give plenty of water and do not cut too close. Gladioli bulbs may be planted now for fall flowering. When planting late annuals select a cool, moist place. THE VEGETABLE GARDEN Do not despair because you were not able to get as large a garden planted this spring as you intended. There is still time to plant peas, radish, beans, Swiss chard, beets, lettuce, carrots, in fact any of the vegetables that do not require the full season for growth. More water will need to be applied than to the spring sowings. Don't be tempted to lie back and take things easy just because the garden is all planted. The weeds never rest and the drought may be long. Late celery may still be set out. Bos- ton Market, of the green celeries, and Golden Self-Blanching are good varie- ties. If cut worms are giving trouble try the poisoned bran remedy. Mix fifty parts of bran with one part of Paris green. Moisten just sufficient that the Paris green will adhere to the bran. Spread this mixture about where the cutworms are doing the damage. Remember that potato bettles are par- tial to egg plant and sometimes to tTSEASE Sanitary measures, such as the re- moval and the destruction of the dis- eased tops, the burning over of the beds in the autumn or the spraying of the surface with a strong copper sulphate solution (one pound of copper sulphate to five or ten gallons of water) will do much to hold this disease in check, but cannot be relied upon to. prevent loss when conditions favorable to the de- velopment of the fungus occur. Pro- tecting plants from infection by the Alternaria Fungus by spraying them with some good fungicide is the only sure way of preventing loss. Growers differ in their opinion as to what is the best fungicide for spraying ginseng. In the United States Bordeaux mixture has been found to give good results. Pyrox, which is a combined fungicide and in- secticide, being constituted largely of Bordeaux and lead arsenate mixed to- gether, has been found by some growers to give better results than Bordeaux mixture. Mr. Peter Menzies,'the vete- ran ginseng grower, claims to have had good results by spraying with lime- sulphur of the strength of one gallon to forty gallons of water. Whatever fun- gicide is used, the success obtained will largely depend upon its thorough and timely application. The time to spray to prevent Alternaria Blight is just be- fore a rain and not just after a rain as many growers seem to think. The fun- gus which causes the blight only gains entrance to the plants during rainy and cloudy weather when the plants are sat- urated with moisture, and thais it is important if infection is to be prevented to have the plants covered with a fungi- cide at such times. Thorough work can only be done with a nozzle giving a fine mist and with a pump which gives a pressure of not less than sixty pounds. I'rofessor Whetzel of Cornell Univer- sity, says: "The most important times at which to spray to prevent Alternaria Blight are just when the plants are com- ing up and expanding; when the leaves are fully expanded ; just before the blos- soms open ; just as the berries begin to enlarge and just before the berries be- gin to color. " BUST. FTBRE BOT OR fjND BOT Rust or Fibre Rot is a very serious fungus disease of ginseng; it sometimes causes more loss than the Alternaria Blight. The symptoms of this disease vary very much with the age of the plants and the character of the weather. In seedlings the most noticeable symp- toms during a dry season are the grad- ual change in the color of the leaves from dark healthy green to a sickly light green, followed by a premature coloring in shades of red and yellow. Later, the leaflets wither and the stems wilt. In damp weather the color changes are not so marked and wilting is more sudden, the seedlings toppling over and the tops remaining green. If the roots of the diseased seedlings are examined, the fibres will be found to be brown and rotted. Very often all the fibres of a root will be completely destroyed, giving the root a trimmed up appearance. On the larger roots rust spots are noticed, and frequently pocks and scars. These are often superficial, but sometimes ex- tend deep into the flesh of the roots. Applications of acid phosphate at the rate of from one thousand to two thou- sand pounds per acre are recommended for the control of this disease. Acid phosphate is now quite extensively used by the ginseng growers in the United States and has been found by many to greatly reduce the amount of rust. Ster- ilization of the soil with steam or for- malin is recommended for seedling beds or for old beds that are to be reset. Phytophthora Mildew is a fungus dis- ease which up to the present time has not troubled ginseng growers in Ontario, but as it has proved quite troublesome to Michigan growers it is advisable that a careful watch should be kept for it. The symptoms of this disease are very likely to be confused with the symptoms of Alternaria Blight. The most common symptom is the drooping of the leaflets of one of the leaves down around the petiole. Another noticeable symptom is the killing of the basis of the leaf stalks where they join the stem, causing the leaves to droop and die along the stem. But these symptoms are also characteristic of Alternaria Blight, but in the case of this disease the dead stems are covered by a brown velvety covering of spores, wrile stems attacked by mil- dew show in the early stages an almost indiscernible silvery-white coating due to the presence of the spores of the causal organism. This coating, how- ever, soon disappears and the diseased parts become soft and slimy especially in damp weather. Spots similar to those of Alternaria Blight are produc- ed upon the leaves. In the early stage they are dark green and water-soaked, but soon the centre of the spot becomes white, the margins remaining dark gren and water-soaked. In damp wea- ther the disease spreads down the stem and causs the root to rot. Diseased seedlings should be removed from the beds as soon as they are notic- ed. Give a thorough spraying with Bor- deaux mixture early in the spring while the plants are coming up. DAMPING OFF OF SEEDLINGS "Damping Off" is another fungus disease which very frequently destroys seedlings, especially in wet seasons, and in ginseng beds which are not properly underdrained. The fungus rots the stem just at the surface of the soil and the tops drop off. The symptoms are so characteristic that the disease is familiar to nearly every ginseng grower. Professor Whetzel recommends the July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST 177 preventing of excessive water in the seed beds either by the exclusion of part or all of the rain. The planting of the seedlings in rows or drills will permit the soil between the rows to be loosened after each shower by a hoe or other tool and so prevent excessive moisture ac- cumulating round the tender stems of the seedlings. The following advice is given by the editor of "Special Crops" for the prevention of Damping Off of Seedlings: "Take off the shade at once, then stir the soil well around the seed- lings and spray well with water to which is added two ounces of common spirits of ammonia to the gallon. PREVENT FUNGUS SPREADING "If the seedlings are going down in solid patches it is well to dig a trench around the spots where they are going down as the fungus travels in and on the soil and goes from one plant to the next. We allow no rain to fall on the seedling plants until after the isth of luly, and are not troubled with Damp- ing Off." Soft Rot is thought to be a bacterial disease. The leaves of plants attacked by Soft Rot lose the dark green color so characteristic of healthy plants and become thin and delicate and tinged with red and yellow as though maturing for the autumn, and finally the leaves wilt and the stems drop over. If the roots of plants showing the early symptoms of the disease are dug up some part will be found to be rotted. The rot may be at the crown or on the fibres and larger rootlets. As the disease advances the whole root becomes soft, ill-smelling, and rotten. This disea.se is usually most destructive during wet periods in July and August, and is especially a disease of ginseng beds which are not properly underdrained. All plants showing signs of rot should be removed from the beds as soon as they are noticed. Care should be taken to see that the beds are properly tile drained. If the disease becomes des- tructive in a bed, remove the plants and sterilize the soil with steam or formalin. Growing Pickling Onions Successfully By J. C. DOWN near Leamington, Ontario, where they grow thousands of bushels of tomatoes and melons every year, there has grown up another industry — the growing of pickling on- ions. It is doubtful if the tomato busi- ness or anything else can compete in point of returns for time and money in- vested. Several years ago dredges were put to worki and after the expenditure of .several thousands of dollars the huge Pelee marsh was turned into one of tht most productive spots in Canada. The original idea was to drain the grain lands back of the marsh but in doing so it was necessary to drain the marsh itself, and thus the rich black muck land was uncovered. It was found that there was from four to seventeen feet of purest muck. SELLS BY OONTRACT It is here that onion growing has be- come a noted indlustry. One of the most successful onion growers on the marsh is Mr. John Campbell. He has a con- tract with the Heinz Pickle Company, who have a large factory at Leamington, calling for six and a half acres of pickling onions, no more and no less. They have figured pretty closely just what is re- quired. Picklers, as they are called, are plant- ed in loose well fertilized ground, about the same time regular onions are plant- ed and are kept weeded by hand during the few weeks that they are in the ground. Belgian labor is employed by Mr. Campbell the season through. So much hand work is necesary that only Inman people who are used to the hardest work can or will stand it. One of the main advantages of foreign help is their relia- bility as they do nearly all the work they undertake under the contract system, guaranteeing satisfaction as far as thor- oughness is concerned. A HANDSOME INOOMB Mr. Campbell's income last year was $4,700. Few people would believe that so much money could be made from six and a half acres, but it must be remem- bered that the land is worth one thousand dollars an acre, and that only a small acreage of such land is obtainable in the whole of Canada. The expense in con- nection with this pickler crop was $1,600 everything included, leaving a clear pro- fit of $3,100, for the use of six and a half acres for some sixty days — the time required to raise a crop of picklers. This however was not the only income from th • land as p)otatoes were planted as soon as the onions were off. Tomato Pruning H. P. Blaachard, Ellerihoute, N. S. All pruning and thinning depends up- on the axiom that "Not the branch, but the root Is what bears the fruit." The method I follow is the "Potter Sys- tem," with which I have had good suc- cess. The tomato plant in growing throws out from the stem the leaf ; and in the anigle between the leaf stock and the stem, the "armpit," as someone called it ; the branch a little later starts. It is by pinching or cutting out these budding branches or suckers that the pruning is done. One should not remove the leaf growth . Allow the plant to grow until, in ad- dition to the main stock, there are about three branch stocks. Diligently remove every branch sprout just as soon as it appears in the "armpit," but permit the four main stems to grow in length at their tips. However, pinch off the ends of the stems just beyond the third clus- ter of blossoms. This gives to each plant four main stems, three clusters of fruit to each stem ; twelve in all. GIVE PLANTS PLENTY ROOM Every plant is at least four feet from its neighbor ; five feet will not hurt in choice soil. This space permits the stems to be supported on small stakes, to keep the ripe fruit from the ground and also to spread the branches to the sun heat. In tomato culture - there are some things one may omit and yet succeed. For instance, where the soil is not too dirty, on gravelly soil, the stakes may perhaps be omitted and the vines allowed to lie on the ground. A little fruit thus will be ruined, not as much in value, perhaps as the labor of staking. But to crowd the plants; to neglect the pruning; to allow grass and weeds to multiply; these things are fatal. It is unquestionable that two plants on the space proper for one will give less and poorer fruit than a single plant on that space; and the multiplication of blos- soms and suckers robs the roots of just so much food that was required for the maximum quantity of choice fruit. 178 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist ^^mmmmmmmm^mmm§ OOMBINBD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Cnnadlnn Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Puhliih:ng Company, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director Tlie Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs op the Ontario and Qoebec Frc:t Growkbs' Associations AND of The Ontario and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY Chicago Oflice— People's Gas Building. New York Office— 286 5th Avenue. GBEAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the 25tli day- of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The first edition is known a« The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural intereets of Canada. The second edition is known as The Oanadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Oanadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year: two years. Sl.OO, and of The Oanadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States nnd local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra year, including postage. 3. Bemittances should be made by Post Office 6r Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Oopy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist tor the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested in the growing of fruits, tiowers or vegetables. January. V)1S ....11,570 August. 1913 12 675 wf "■k^'TcW"'^ ■■•.^•o^„^ September, W13 .',:i3',729 March, 1913 11,209 October ign t?77S ^r"- 1^ J1.9J» Nov°ember."mj ' l '.S? •f"'y- 1513 12:626 Total .. ..150 293 Average each issue in 1907, '6,627' uZ°'lJr:^iti statements will be mailed OUR GUARANTEE j„. suarantee that every advertiser in this Jhe»JfvJrr ''•''"'■ ^^ ^""^ «■*"« '« 0° this because H.nlfnH J '""^ columns of The Oanadian Hor- tuultunst are as carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our read- ers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers, saould any advertiser herein deal dishonestly witn any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, tnat It 18 reported to us within a week of iia "^""T^nce, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your a spring should be continv^. Spasmodic efforts count for little. Fruit growers should cooperate with the inspectors and with one another to do all in their power to stamp out scale, yellows, and other fruit tri°e diseases. MORE SCHOOL GARDENS A m:itter of Rreat importance is the place of the school garden in the education of the city child. The broad outlook and wide sympathy that characterize the really great man or woman are almost invariably traceable to a more or less constant inter- course with nature. The child that is denied such a privilege is heavily handi- capped. A great responsibility rests upon 'i the parents and educators of city children. Some theite are who have shown how to take advantage of the assistance that nat- ure offers. A splendid opportunity awaits horticul- tural societies. Good work has been done by those societies which distributed sf)eds nnd awarded prizes to school children. The aim of all interested in this work should be to have a school garden, or system of home gardens, among the pupils in con- rlection with every school in this province. Juh 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST »7ij PUBLISHER'S DESK This is the season of the year when nature appeals to all. To the city dweller, the cool, shady parks are inviting' re- treats. Our front cover illustration is a park scene, in which the landscape artist 'has taken nature into full partnership. The picture is all the more pleasing be- cause of its quiet naturalness. With the exception of a few shrubs which are seen bordering the ri\-er, the effect is one of nature left undisturbed. In the reading jcolumns the reader will find interesting ■matter relative to parks and city beautifi- rcation. Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the importance of this phase of Icity activity. .; Last vear our Special Greenhouse Num- jber was so well received that a similar number will be issued next month. It will (Contain timely suggestions as to what may .1)6 planted in the greenhouse and the pre- parations that will be necessary. Perhaps tyou have not a greenhouse. Read the I.August issue carefully ; it will tell you :the advantages of having one. The September issue will be the regular Packing: and Exhibition Number. We making every effort to surpass all for- ■ iir issues. . We have had several favorable comments im the page of "Seasonable Paragraphs lor the Gardener" that is now appearing ;.n each issue. We are pleased that this 'eatur© has been so favorably received. This page may be looked for during the ;iummer months. I ' We feel that we have in this issue a lumber of strong: articles dealing- with the 'arious phases of horticulture. We have nade an effort to have interesting- matter n each department. This is in line with he fact that The Canadian Horticulturist s the only magazine in Canada which «vers the whole field of horticulture. A Taxation Blunder F. E. Ellu, B.S.A. The Guelph Horticultural Society should )e congratulated upon the stand which it las taken in regard to the taxing of im- )rovements. I read with interest the ar- ick which appeared in the May number f The Canadian Horticulturist, and I hope hat it is the forerunner of a campaign or a better system of taxation. The utter jolly of taxiing improvements which add to ;he appearance of the city was impressed » pon me by a concrete instance which came fo my notic last fall. ! Several years ago, when attending the )ntario Agricultural College, I roomed j.ith a family that had just rented a new lOuse. The surrounding^s were of the ! ind that usually characterize a recently jrectfd dwelling. Out in front were heaps j'f clay as bare as the street; at the rear i.ere piles of stones and rubbish. With ommendable enterprise the tenant levelled jhe clay in preparation for a lawn and had .he rubbish carted away. ' Last fall 1 happened to be visiting In Guelph. My former boarding-house Vas now hardly recognizable. Facing he street was a nice lawn, with some ijrees and shrubs planted in the propel places. .At the back was a small but well cared for g-arden. I made some appropri- ate remarks about the improved appear- ance. "Doesn't pay in this town," was the reply. "When you were here last our assessment was $1,400. The next year the lawn had made a good start and we had a g-ood garden. The assessor called and pushed the assessment up $50. To tcp it off, the landlord complained that he did not see that the improvements would add 50." Is it anv wonder that home owners and home rent! --s hesitate tc add to the appear- ance of their properties in the face of a discouraging- increase of taxes ? Parcels Post and the Fruit Grower Geo. Powtll, New York Stat^ Parcel post makes it possible in the United States, where the regulations are more liberal than they are in Canada, for many fruit growers who have friends and acquaintances in cities to send small pack- ages of apples, pears, peaches, and other fruits two or three times a week, when con- sumers may receive the same in the very best possible condition. Under parcel post, fruit may be left on trees until nearly ripe, then shipped when their finest flavors have developed. When consumers know that they may receive fruit of this kind in small quantities they will extend the information to friends, and thus a very largely increased consumption and demand will follow by which larg-e numbers of producers whose land and orchards are in the nearest zone to cities will be bene- fited by an individual line of trade which will in the future be possible to obtain. The rates for such shipments are favorable for their encouragement. The rates of postage, up to 50 lbs. in weight, are, for the first zone of 50 miles, five cents for the first pound, and one cent per pound there- after, which would make the cost of a 12- Ib. package of fruit, about one-fourth of a bushel, sixteen cents. This cost will be the same for the second zone of 150 miles. For the third zone of 300 miles, the cost for such package will be twenty-eight cents, and for the 600-mile zone, fifty-one cents. This makes possible the delivery of fruit to consumers in the best possible condi- tion, at a reasonable cost, with telephone calls and car fares cut out, while the pro- ducer may receive a higher value that would be difficult to obtain in any other way. While the parcel post regulations are being changed and perfected, the present limit of weight is fifty pounds. The size, length and girth of the packag-e combined must come within seventy-two inches. On mer- chandise valued at fifty dollars insurance may be had for five cents and the regular postage, and on a value of one hundred dollars for ten cents and the regular post- afire. Still further chang-cs will be made in the law that will be of much benefit to producers, especially those who have small places of a few acres. Already some growers on the Hudson are selling apples, through parcel post, direct to city families, putting up two dozen Baldwins, Greenings or Spies for one dol- lar and delivering at a cost of sixteen cents postage. As a result of the lessened cost of delivery cf many food products to con- sumers by parcel post, express companies that long- have reaped enormous and un- reasonable profits, will reorganize their systems and thus add to a cheaper and bet- ter service than has heretofore been pos- sible to obtain. SOCIETY NOTES We InTlte the offlceTB of Horti- onltural Societies to eend In ehort, DlthT reporu of -work that would In- tereet memibera of other Horticultural ■ocletiee. Guelph Members of the Guelph Horticultural So- ciety this year, in addition to receiving the Canadian Horticulturist free, were offered their choice of nineteen splendid options. The officers of the society have sent out a notice calling for cooperative effort to make Guelph known as one of the prettiest and most beautiful cities in Canada. Lawns en- tered m the lawn competition will be judged during the months of June, July and Au- gust. In the lawn and flower garden com- petitions special prizes are being offered in each ward. Special competitions include one tor vegetable gardens confined to working people only, and one for window and veran- dah boxes confined to members only. St. Catharines Over one thousand sets of gladiolus bulbs were distributed to the school child- ren of the city. These sets were given to the pupils at the nominal price of five cents. The ordinary retail price would be at least thirty-five cents. Each set includes four varieties—America, Augusta, Colum- bia, and Mrs. F. King. The early part of June was very favor- able for roses. The hot weather brought the wood and foliage along rapidly. It is expected the best rose show ever will be held on June 23 or 25. Hamilton The garden meeting held at W. D. Flatt's, Lakehurst Villa, Burlington, on June 17th was a pleasant outing. Photo- graphs have been taken of a number of the gardens and slides for the use of the so- ciety will be prepared from these. A flower show was held on June 24th and 25th, par- ticulars of which will appear later. St. Thomas Much pleasure and profit resulted from the society's trip to Rochester, N.Y. The beautiful and numerous parks were a revel- ation. Those who viewed them were fired with a determination to make St. Thomas a city beautiful. An effort will be made next year to orgainize excursions at points in Ontario which will converge at Buffalo, and proceed by special train to Rochester. The prize list totals over $400. It com- prises fifteen classes, some of which are divided into sub-classes, making eighteen small lawns, floral beautification of th'e home, perennial garden, rose garden, school lawn, porch and verandah jjeautification, flower and vegetable gardens, beautifica- tion of business premises and factories. b|pst back yard, aster bed, tulip bed, and class for school children. A charge was recently laid by President Bennett against a contractor for damaging a tree while moving a house. The society upheld the president in this action. i8o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 The Cooperative Marketing of Fruit* A. E. Adams, of the United Fruit Companies, Ltd., Berwick, N. S. T(IK rooperators own nnd operate their own factories. Considering- the pre- sent state of cooperative production as carried on by the Cooperative Wholesale Society, certrin facts must b? noticed. Cooperators have undertaken pro- duction solely to supply their own needs. The goods made ''vy the Cooperative Whole- sale Society are made not to be sold for profit, but to be consumed by the pr6prie- tors of the factories where they) are pro- duced. Though one hears of Cooperative Wholesale Society goods being bought and sold, riid of profits made on them, it is of the utmost importance in studying certain aspects of the Cooperative Wholesale So- ciety production to remember that neither in the Cooperative Wholesale Sociiety nor in the distributing store are the goods "sold" to the members at a "profit" as we under- stand these terms in the world of competi- 'ive trade. Wb?n the Cooperative Wholi- sale Society sends boots made at Leices- ter to a society, and the latter hands them to a member, there is no "sale" or "bar- ter" in the economic sensie, but merely a process of distribution. The man who gets the boots, being the part owner of the Co- operative Wholesale Society factory, the Cooperative Wholesale Society warehouse, and his local store, was really the principal in the transactions where the leather was bought and the labor hired for putting- it together. He deposited a sum represented by his share of capital with certain agents or employees of his who undertook to supply him with a pair of boo^^vhen he wanted them. When he t^uH^e pair of boots from his local sto^^^Preduces the amount of his deposit wij^^Bose agents by the value of his boots, ^nd his payment when he obtains them is really making up that deposit to what it was before with a small ;sum added, which at the quarter end he may either withdraw or allow to remain in their hands. That he should choose to call his payment at the time of taking the boots the "price" of them, his taking them the "buying" of them, and the extra sum added to his deposit account with his em- ployees the "profit" on them ishould not be allowed to mislead us as to the real nature of the transaction involved. In ordinary commerce the manufacturer, the shopkeeper and the customer are independent, free to buy or not to buy, to sell or not to sell, and free to fix prices. A little consideration will show how different cooperative trade is in these particulars. The Cooperative Wholesale Society of Great Britain own and operate some of the largest and best equipped factories ir. Europe. They have five splendid flour and provender mills, the one at TrafTord Whar; being the largest flour mill in the king- dom. There are four large soap factories turning out tremendous quantities of that very useful article. The soap works on the Manchester Ship Canal has a weekly output of three hundred tons of soap and fifty tons of candles. They have in Man- chester a large tobacco factory, with a yearly turnover of $2,600,000. They own several large printing and boxmaking works at various parts of the country. At their Longsight printing works they employ over one thousand hands. They own and operate their own factor- ies for the manufacture of fabrics of all kinds, clothing, hardware, ironmongery, brashes, mats, furniture, bedsteads, bed- ding, boots, drugs, preserves, and practi- cally everything the mind can imagine. The boot factories are said to be the largest in the world, their output being two million pairs per annum. Their tea warehouse in London has the same distinction, their output being two hundred tons a week. They own three large tea estates in Ceylon. They claim to be absolutely self-supporting. They even go in for farming, and at Roden have a farm of eight hundred acres mostly in fruit. Here they also have a large convalescent home for the families of cooperators. .^t Maden they own another one hundred and fifty acre fruit farm. There are employed by the central in their factories alone, no less than one hun- dred and twenty-three persons, the pay-roll amounting to the respectable eum of forty- five million dollars a year. CONTHOI, .\ BANK To my mind one of the most important departments of the Cooperative Wholesale Society of Great Britain is their bank. They operate their own banks, the turnover of that department last year being no less than six hundred and eighty-two million five hundred and .seventy-five thousand. We in Nova Scotia will never feel that our work is complete till we are powerful enough to obtain a Dominion Charter to likewise do our own banking. The Cooperative Wholesale Society also owns its own fleet of steamships, so that they are independent of outside assistance even in the matter of transportation. I hope after this year's experience the time is not Tar distant when the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia will be in a position to avail themselves of the powers they possess under their charter and oper- ate their own steamships for the transpor- tation of the fruit of the Valley. You will see by the facts and figures I have given that the cooperative movement started by that hajidful of humble Rod dale weavers has grown to be a tremend body and one of the most powerful orM zations for good this world possesses. ^ have the cooperators shown what a foofl blunder the retail merchants of Engli made in trying to kill cooperation, the merchants of Canada, both whole and retail, and let the operators and brok of Canada be curoful thit thty make similar blunder. In England they si forced the cooperators into all kinc: manufacturing and wholesale enterprijj much sooner than they would have undl taken them even as the big fertilizer ^ — "• bines in Canada amd the United States ed the United Fruit Companies to fi< rect to the fountain head for its suppli What might be done if men were wi What glorious deeds, my sufi. brothers Would they unite In love and right, And cease their scorn for one anothci Let those who are offering such a s' :_; uoas opposition to cooperation in the napolis Valley of Nova Scotia bear in that nobody who serves any legitin economic need has cause to fear coop tion, for by cooperation we are united assist not combined to injure as are great trusts and monopolies and combines. From the European movement all othe cooperative movements have sprung, idea has been applied to many probl and has been equally successful with It has been applied to municipal probl and has resulted in municipal ownership_j water and supply of gas, electricity, tr ways, etc., and, what will possibly inter you mostly, it has been applied to agrifl tural problems also with equal success. It is a curious fact, however, that matters agricultural, it requires a serie misfortunes before the farmer will hold of anything new, especially when to him, new theory will possibly do : with much of his individual independ< Hence the examples that can be given c success of cooperation in agricultural mat ters are all the more striking. The known success of cooperation in Deni is a splendid illustration. '^ '^'^tract from an address delivered before the teet annual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association. Govarnment Pre-cooUng and Cold Storage Plant at Grimsby, Ont. The refrigerator capacity will be 50,000 cubic feet. The space on the ground floor is dlvidel into four rooms, each large enough to handle two carloads of fruit at the same time. These rooma are intended for pre-cooling, port of the basement being available for storage. The equipment is the Gravitv Brine System, in which crushed ice and aalt are used. July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 181 St. Lawrence Growers will Exhibit Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist, — Im e May issue of your paper there appeared 1 article stating that the St. Lawrence alley Fruit Growers' Association have de- ded to discontinute exhibiting at the Hor- rultural Exhibition unless a rule be made ohibiting: Government men who act, as- st, or advise as packers, from officiating , judges. I wish to correct the misunderstanding at the article in question may cause. hile a few of the members warmly dis- issed the injustice of the above practice, id Kvre supported by the meeting, yet ere was no mention made of discontinu- g exhibiting at the fair for that reason, he majority of the members have con- ience enough in the judges appointed, to el that the fruit would be judged fairly id that the final placing of awards would • done conscientiously, and they feel that is was the case in this instance. The lint that they did raise, as was mentioned the article, was the chance of a judge 10 knew all the fruit in the boxes of one ihibit and not in that of another being imewhat biased in his final sizing up of le two exhibits and placing the awards. '.4gain, we did not feel that the Baldwin iple was rated as a better apple than the ;Intosh, simply because it was placed St, because we know that no judge of lit would consider it such, other things ling equal. We take it that it was chiefly (■ fault of our pack which had gone some- iat slack with the long shipment that jised us to lose some points and intend I make every effort to overcome that diflfi- ;ty when exhibiting again. The St. Law- tional tracks to be laid north of the pi sjent yard. Niagara Peninsula Indications are that there will be a recc crop of cherries. Growers are hoping receive from, sixty to eighty cents for soj cherries en bloc. Sweet cherries are i| expected to be any higher than in previoj years. _ i The peach crop is practically a failui; Peach leaf curl is appearing in nearly evi locality, and shows in abundance in ■ chards that were not carefully sprayc There is more curl thacn there has been two seasons, but if warm, dry weather p vails for the next few weeks the dama will not be so great. Growers have gc in more extensively for tomatoes to off the peach shortage. The strawberry crop will be below av age and prices will run high. In Brit Columbia a fair crop of berries is expt July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 183 SELECT ITALIAN QUEENS We will both be disappointed if vou do not order a half dozen of our select untested It' Supplies Illustrated Price List Free EARL M. NICHOLS Lyansvlllt, Massachmclts, U.S.A. SELECT UNTESTED QUEENS, 75c. EACH One lb. package ot Bees, no queen, $1.25. Twro lb. package of Bees, no queen, $2.25. THE STOVER APIARIES MAYHEW, MISS. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW CLUBBING LIST The Review and Gleanings one year, §1.50. The Review and Arne^Hcan Bee Journal one year, $1.50. All three for one year only $2.00. Canadian Subscribers add for postage as fol- ows: Gleanings, 30c. ; A. B. J., 10c. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, North Star, Mich. BEES AND QUEENS Queens bred from Doollttle's best stock, untested, 60 cts. each; $6.60 per dozen; $50 per 100. Same stock of yearold queens re- moved from our colonies to prevent swarm- ing, 50 cts. each; $5.40 (per dozen; $40 per 100. Delivery guaranteed. Nuclei, two- frame, $1.50; three-frame, $2.00. Add price of above queens wanted. We have a rare bargain of apiary of several hundred colonies of bees for sale on eas.v terms. Particulars on request, SPENCER APIARIES - NORDHOFF. CAL. MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS By return mail after June 5th to 10th. or money refunded; bred from best red-clover strains in United States, in full colonies; from my Superior Breeders, northern bred, for business, long tongued, leather color or three banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not Inclined to swarm, roll honey in. 1 Untested $1.00, 6 $5.00, 12 $9.00. 1 Sel. Untested $1.25, 6 $6.00. 12 $11.00. A specialist of 17 years' experience. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. I. F. MIL,l,BR, BROOKVILIjE, PA., U. S. A. SUPERIOR ITALIAN QUEENS July and August is the best time to requeen. Have your colonies go into winter with vigor- ous, young queens. Send your order now. $1.00 each, Six for $5.00, $9.00 doz. P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave. - Toronto, Ont. QUEENS Tested, $1.00 each; 3 to 6, 90c. each. Untested, 75c. each ; 3 to 6, 70c. each. Bees per lb., $1.50, no Queens. Nuclei per frame, no Queens, $1.50. I. N. BANKSTON Box 141, Buffalo, Texas, U.S.A. LEATHER COLORED ITALIAN QUEENS NOW HEADY Untested Queens, $1 eacb, $10 doz , or 75c. each in lots of 'Wor more. Warranted purely mated Queens, $1 each, $12 doz. Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Breed- ing Queens, $5 each. I can mi your order for one queen or by the hun- dred and guarantee you a square deal. JOHN A. McKINNON. ST. EUGENE, ONT QUEENS hy return mail or your money back. Guar- anteed purely mated. J. E. Hand strain of three-banded Italians. Write for price list and free booklet, " How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINZERICH, ARTHUR. ILL., U. S. A. BUY CAHNIOLANS IN CARNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet «nd Price Ljsl. Awarded 60 Honori. Johann Strgar. - Wittnach P.O. Wocheiner Feistritz Upper-Carniola (Krain), Austria CARNIOLAN QUEENS Carniolans are excellent winterers, build up rapidly in the spring, enter supers rapidly, are gentle and the best of honey gatherets. Ask for our free paper, "Superiority of the Carniolan Bee." Untested, $1.00 each; dozen, $9.00. lib. package Bees. $1.50 without Queen, with un- tested Queen $2.50. ALBERT G. HANN CamioUn Queen Breeder - Clinton. N.J., U.S.A. Am now shipping untested Queens from my Celebrated Pedigreed Strain My Bees are the product of many years of breeding by Swarthmore and Henry Alley. Both names stand out like beacon Lights among our past and present breeders for the best queens ever produced in the United States. Never had foul brood. SWARTHMORE APIARIES SWARTHMORE - PA., U. S. A. Famous Queens Iz' Italy Bees more beautiful, more gentle, more industrious, the best honey gatherers. PRIZES— VI. Swiss Agricultural Exposition, Berne, 1895. Swiss National Exposition, Geneva, 1896 Beekeeping Exhibition. Liege, Belgium, 1896 Beekeeping Exhibition, Frank- fort, 0. M. (Germany). 1907. Universal Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A., 1904. The highest award. Extra Breeding Queens, $3.00; Selected, $2.00; Fertilized, $150. Lower prices per dozen or more Queens. Safe arrival sruaran- teed. Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture, Oentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 5th Seiit., 1514. I am pleased' to inform .vou that the three queens were received in good condition, and have been safely introduced. I have the honor to he. Sir, Your obedient servant. (Signed) 0. GORDON HEWTTT. Dominion Entomologist. ANTHONY BIAGGI PEDEVILLA, NEAR BELLINZONA ITALIAN SWITZCRLAI^O This country, politically, Switzerland Be- public, lies geographicall.v in Italy and pos- B<'ss*« the best kind of Bees known. Mention in writing — The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper '84 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July. iqT4 SOCIETY NOTES Hamilton The Societyl held a most enjoyable out- injf. June 16th, at the honne of Mr. W. D. Flatt, Lakehurst Villa, Port Nelson. Mr. amd Mrs. Flatt had a cordial welcome for the two hundred ladies and gentlemen who were present. The party spent some time admiring the grounds and the fine view of the lake, which nearly touches the back of the lawn There are several terraces from the back of the house, the last one being a short dis- tance from the lake beach. Along the side and across the frcmt is an artistic cobble stone wall, with large iron gates attached to tall stone pillars. All around this wall is a continuous flower bed, three yards wide, which was a mass of bloom, from the lovely old flowers, many of which are seldom seen now — giant poppies, fleur de lis, sweet wil- liam, larkspur, cosmos, pinks in great var- iety and many other kinds of old flowers. In the comer where the front and side walls join, is a fine large rockery, filled with ferns and flowers that bloom in the shade, as it is under some large trees. At the back of the house is a large star-shaped bed, each point of the star being a solid mass of a different color of pansies, the effect of which is charming. A pedestal stands in the centre,, upom which a sun dial will be placed later. Mr. and Mrs. Flatt had after- noon tea served on the lawn, chairs being placed under the trees for the guests. The outing was voted by all as a most enjoyable one. Ten Million Egg Masses Destroyed From last November to the first of June a campaign was waged by the schools of Connecticut against the tent caterpillar. The State Agricultural College organized a cocntest and suitable prizes were offered to schools and pupils. As nearly as can be estimated over 10,000,000 egg-masses have been collected through the efforts of the pupils of the state. While there seems to be more tent-cater- pillars than ever throughout the state and the collection of over ten million masses does not seem to have materially lessened the tent caterpillars, such is not the case. In the localities where the children have collected large numbers of egg-masses there is a marked difference in the number of defoliated trees aaid a large amount of dam- age has been averted. Also by the efforts of the children many roadside trees have been kept free from the ugly nests and de- foliated branches. While collecting ^gg- masses of the tent-caterpillar the egg- masses of other insects have been found and sent to the Connecticut Agricultural College for identification. One f sign of the times is the increased interest that is being shown in connection v.ith school gardening. A re- presentative of Prof. McCready's depart- ment at Giiclph recently called at the office of The Canadian Horticulturist and gave am optimistic report of conditions as he found them while dcing inspection work. Last year the number of rurs schools in Ontario conducting a regula system of school gardening was one hur dred and seventy-seven. This season th number has increased to two hundred an ninety-three. About five hundred more g« seeds from the department, but have n"t spiecially prepared garden at the s' for the use of all the pupils. In add each district representative — there is on in nearly every county — has on an averag twenty schools which hold school fairs have the children conduct plot experin at home. Eight inspectors travel throiughcut th province in the summer, inspecting th gardens and also giving instructions an holding meetings wherever necessary. Th inspectors comfine themselves mostly t rural schools, but occasionally visit the citi schcols. These men are also available fO lecture work, and on several occasions ai dnesscs on school gardening have beei delivered before horticultural societies, i number of societies have set excellent et amples by cocperating with the school and aidimg by such means as donatinj prizes and distributing seeds. Item of Interest Mr. Marshall, .i business orchardist o' Fitchburg, Mass., who last year pi' 4,000 boxes of choice apples, has had years a standing offer, posted on the v of his packing house, of one dollar to man, visitor or laborer, who found a worm} apple on any tree or under a tree. Th< dollar is there yet, and the wormy ;ii "'■ has not been found. This speaks voli: for the thoroughness of Mr. Mar«h spraying. Send for this Unusual Greenhouse Catalog JUST from the glimpse you get of the>^/;oc, C.T I July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 185 Change in Pooling System A number of important changes have been made bv the Central Selling Agency of British Columbia in regard to the rules and regulations covering the grading, packing, and standardizing of fruit. The most important change is perhaps in the method of pooling which has been one of the most difficult problems with which the management have had to deal, and a care- ful consideration of the new method would indicate that much of the unwieldiness of the former method has been disposed of. Up to now it has been the practice to open a separate pool for each variety of fruit, and last season for apples alone there \verc more than 140 pools. This ye;n tliere will probably be less than fiftyi pools for apples, thus greatly reducing the ex- penses of operating and bookkeeping. Seadons Seeds To all who ask for our useful illustrated hardy Hower book wc send with FREE offer of 2=; cents worth of Seadons Seeds g^uaranteed to succeed post free /r'>/V, t'lahklll-uii-Ilu•;« York. Fight Flics with Tanglefoot! For 30 years Tanglefoot has been America's surest, safest, most sanitary fly-destroyer. It is non-poisonous, easy to use, and costs but a trifle. Each sheet is capable of killing 1,000 flies. And Tanglefoot not only kills the fly, but seals it over with a varnish that destroys the germs as well. In buying, ask for the genuine " TANGLE FOOT "~it costs you no more and lasts twice as long as the no-name kinds sold merely as fly-paper, or sticky fly-paper. Made only by The O. & W. Thum Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Gasoline will quickly remove Tanglefoot from clothes or furniture. How to Use Open Tanglefoot slowly. In cool weather wa.rm slightly. For best results place Tanglefoot on chair near window at ni^ht. Lower all shades, leaving one at the Tanglejoot window raised about a foot. The early morning light attracts the flies to the Tanglefoot, where they are caught. (31) TO DESTROY APHIS, THRIPS, ETC. Without Injury to Foliage SPRAY WITH "BLACK LEAF 40" Sulphate oi Nicotine "Black Leaf 40" is iighly recommended by experiment stations and spray- ing experts throughout the entire United States, also by Canadian experts. Owing to the large dilution, neither foliage nor fruit is stained. Black' 'Lc«f 40" is perfectly soluble in water; no clogging of nozzles. PACKING : In tins containing 10 lbs. each, 2 lbs. each, and % lb. each. A 10-lb. tin makes 1,500 to 2,000 gallons for Pear Thrips, with addition of 3 per cent, distillate oil emulsion ; or about 1,000 gallons for Green Aphis, Pear Psylla, Hop Louse, etc., or about 800 gallons for Black Aphis and ■Wool^>, Aphi.- — with addition of 3 or 4 pounds of any good laundry soap to each 100 gallons of water. Th« smaller tins are diluted in relatively the sam« proiwr- tions as are the 10-lb. tins. PRICES : In the United States, our prices for the respective eizes are as follows : 10-lb. tin, $12.50; 2-lb. tin, $3.00; >^-lb. tin, 85c. IN CANADA, Dealers usually charge about 25% to 30% over the abovo prices because of the Canadian duty, etc. Consult your dealer about this. THE KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO. (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE - KENTUCKY Fruit Crop Report From Ontario there have been no verse weather reports. In parts of Maritime Provinces frosts were experiem on June 3 and 4. In British Columbia weather has bet-n admirable, the sea being two and three weeks earlier. APPLES The season for apples will be a vi satisfactory one. In Nova Scotia the I reports are very pessimistic. In On there are "certain sectioais where the ages of tent caterpillar have reduced crop. Spies are reported short in Brai and in Middlesex late varieties have not s«t well. In Quebec there has been m"*^ damage from caterpillars in unspr^ orchards, particularly in Huntingdon C The general report from British Colum- bit is that a crop well above average will be harvested, particularly of the ' varieties . PEARS The pear crop in Ontario will be a light one. Id the southern counties the crop reported fair, with Kieffers particulai abundant, but in eastern Ontario the will be an entire failure. In Nova Scoi over fifty per cent, of a full crop is pected. An excellent crop is reported British Columbia. PLUMS The set in southern Ontario was light and the crop will be below averai In the county of Lincoln, Japanese ieties are almost a failure and Europ© sorts are light. Farther east in Onta the plum crop is a total failure. In Q)ue- bee the native American varieties are gc^d. Xova Scotia reports a heavy blossom. British Columbia a greater crop than year is expected. PEACHES So far as Ontario is concerned the re ports remain practically the same as those which were published a month ago. Witb the exception of the Essex Peninsula and a slight scattering in Lambton county, the peach crop in Ontario is a total failure. In the Okanagan Valley of British Colum- bia reports on early varieties are still quite promising, and for the later varieties the general report appears to be that sli.ghtly over half a crop will be harvested. In 'lif Kootenay Valley the peach crop i^ tailure. tomatoes In Western Ontario, the acreage undei tomatoes is the largest for many years. .As a direct consequence of the peach cro? failure, a number of growers planted to- matoes. There is danger that the supply oftomatocs will be much greater than thede- mand and that prices will be low. There has been a heavy planting of tomatoes in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia. CHERRIES .An abundant crop of all varieties ol cherries is reported from the Niagara dis- trict and from the southern and western counties of Ontario. In Norfolk, Peel and Wentworth sweet varieties will yield only a light crop, but the report is extremely f>-ood for all other verieties. In eastern Ointario there will be a very light yield Practically a full crop is reported from Nova Scotia. In the Okanagan district the set was not a particularly good one ; im the Kootenay Valley the prospects are excellent. r.R\PES Reports from the Niagara district indi- cate a crop between medium and large, and in many instances fully twenty-five per cent, larger than was harvested a year ago. June Report of Fruit Bramch, Ottawa. July, 1914 THE ( fl 1 THE H STRATFORD EXTENSION 4 LADDER i It it the safest and best on the market. Fitted with automatic hooks that lock at every runs and unlock between the rungs - LIGHT, STRONG * EASILY PHERATED AND DURABLE « IF Interested write for Catalogue E E THE Stratford Mfg.Co. sj Limited P J STRATFORD, CANADA ^£ ^J Makers ot Ladders for every con- ceivable purpose CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST It Pays to Spray Not only for protection from bugs and blight but to increase the yield. Practical farmers and experiment stations have clearly proven that the yield is increased enough with every spraying to pay for solu- tions, time and labor many times over. umM Traction Sprayers Have capacity, power and adjust- ment to suit every need and pumps with tlie least slippage of any in use on any sprayer. They are made with single or double acting pumps, 55 or 100 gallon wood tanks, wood or steel wheels regular or wide spray bars, combination pole and thills, or either separate. There are special spray bars for many different crops, potatoes, to- matoes, pickles, cantaloupe, grain, cotton, tobacco, etc. This list in- cludes a new one with drop nozzles that cover the underside of the \ leaves as well as the top. A six-row bar enables potato growers to cover large acreages thoroughly and in less time. An orchard attachment increases the value of these machines to the man_who also owns an orchard. .Sec t.hem at your deakTH and wirito for "spray" booKlot, nhow- ing full line of Hand. Knapsack, Bucket. Barrel. Traction and Pow- er Rprayers. BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., LIMITED tM Symlontiiti Ave., TORONTO, OST, Latest Crop News In Lake Ontario counties, apple crop double that of last season ; cherries and plums a failure ; caterpillars plentiful. Essex county — Peaches promise a full crop, with no leaf curl. Lambton county — An abundant crop of all fruits, except peaches, .Annapolis Valley — A light crop between Bridgetown and Kentville ; other districts better. Okanagan Valley — Apples, 25 per cent, increase ; pears, 20 per cent, increase ; plums, 15 to 20 per cent, increase ; cherries and peaches, no increase over 1913. Pacific Coast — Srawberry crop badly injured by drought and softened by recent rains ; raspberries good. Quebec — Prospects bet- ter than for several years past ; strawber- ries came through the winter well, but drou,ght is shortening the crop ; slight win- ter killing of raspberries. London, England, June 12, — All fruits damagtd by frost in May, June weather unfavorable. Trade predicts 50 per cent, crop of apples and black cherries. Late varieties of cooking apples badly damaged. Pears and plums estimated at 75 per cent. Present season regarded as most unfortun- ate ever experienced, D. Johnson, Fruit Commisioner, British Columbia The Hatzic Fruit Growers' Association has petitioned the B,C.F,G,A. to take some action in regard to fruit packages. The Cana'dian grower is compelled to ship in two-fifths and four-fifths quart baskAs, while the foreign shipper can use any size he wishes. If American fruit is allowed to come on our market in smaller packages Weighs from ;«0to6o01bs. Suitable for rolling any soil. Special features tor Kruit Glowers and Gardeners. Manufactured only by T. E. Bissell Company Ltd., Dept. N., Elora, Ont. FLOWER POTS I FOSTER'S i StandaR" POT Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send us your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete liiu! of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue Nurscries-F. DELAUNAY ANGERS - FRANCE SPECIJtLTlES Fruit tree stocks as : Apple, Angers Quince, Mazzard Cherry Mahaleb Myrobalan, Pears, Etc. Etc. Forest tree seedling and transplanted. Ever- greens, Ornamental Shrubs, Manetti, Multiflore Roses in great quantities. Afy General Catalogue ivill be sent tree on application. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER IN NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Agriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. Pat, No, 104.535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to 'J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers Brighton, Ontario 1 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION AUGUST 29th TORONTO SEPT. 14th $55,000.00 IN PRIZES For Products of the Home, the Garden and the Farm All Entries close Aug. 15th. For Prize Lists and Information write J. O. ORR, General Manager, CITY HALL, TORONTO This Beautiful Tea Set PDPp of Bavarian China rilL/L/ EJHH 1; This beautiful Set contains 40 pieces, i dozen cups, dozen saucers, dozen plates, 2 cake plates, i cream jug and a dreg bowl. The set is Bavarian China, nicely de- corated and the shapes are the very latest. A large order placed with a local wholesale house enables us to offer these sets to you in return for a very small amount of work on your part and without a cent's expense. If you will send us 8 new yearly subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist at 60c. each, or 5 new two year subscriptions at $1.00 each, wre will send you one of these sets at once. This is a wonderful opportunity for you to get a Tea Set FREE. Write us immediately. THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO. PETERBORO, ONT. LTD. it should be so stamped by the inspect© that the consumer will realize that there a difference in size. The Hatzic growe complain bitterly against this unfair l)etition. Were allowance mad< fo difference in size of package, they »^ be willing to stand by the merits ofll fruit. ^M It is estimated that 175,000 tomato plan were s^et out in the Summerland district, these yield as expected, they should tot seventy-five car loads. Last season, toi shipm(aits were less than ten car i Strawberries are a heavy crop. Growers in Mission City, Fraser \ are elated over the success of then operated association. A steady market assured, and the members are being pa cash f.o.b. Eastern Annapolis Valley Enaice Bachinao On May 29 there were masses of blossoms and orchardists were very lant over the exceptional promise o orchards, especially old trees. Some : trees and old Kings, also those whiclj wg not sprayed much last year, did not mise so well, probably due to weak caused by last season's aphis attacks. June 4 there was a heavy frost. On, 3 there was one not so apparent just] but two miles distant it browned the ' blossoms. Until the fruit sets it is cult to estimate the amount of da caused by these frosts, but in orehart near rivers and on low-lying lands thei is no doubt that the loss is very hea\ the blossoms and seeds were black' The suddenness with which the floy went made one feel that we had lost sd thing. On "Blosom Sunday" everyt| had gone, with the exception of late ieties which had not opened. An optimistic forecast of the apple crc for 1914-15 is about one million two ^i"' dred and fifty thousand barrels for Scotia, but it is likely that this esti will be cut down to one million b.r .^fter the frost in 1910 an old gentl. remarked that nature's thinning good fruit and good prices, and he that the next year he would have anoS frost to "help him out." Raspberries were badly winter-killed, als roses and other perennials. The straw berry blossoms have suffered after the ' ' frosts. Tomato plants which were fi soon began to send out new leaves in l.i=. where the larger frozen leaves were cut of Cherries have set well, and currants hav had an abundance of blossom. A new an big demand has arisen at nurseries f<^ currant and gooseberry bushes. In spite of the dry time, garden seed sown on May 15 have come up splent' Fortunately we covered up the ti things before the frost, but even then of the beans were frozen through the s It is better not to let the covering ' the plamts when trying to protect from frost. An orchard meeting is tu ■ held at Mr. R. S. Eaton's, Kentville, o June 26 to demonstrate the control of th bud moth. Prof. Brittain, Prof. Blair, an Mr. George Sanders will address the meei ing, for which the railway will run speciz trains. As potatoes are now allowed to be ei ported to Bermuda, if accompanied by "certificate of health" from the Nova Scoti Government, the officials, owing to the e^ peese of inspection, have decided to charg three cents per bushel, but would like t hear the opinions of farmers interested. So far we find no trace of black spot. \ 111 :i,, f inofflf July, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Learn this by heart:-— Only Slowly Made Roof- ings are Slow to Wear Out We do not trust to bought felt— the foun- dation of roofing — we make our own from all-rag fibre, no cheap stock. Asphaltums, good and bad, look alike. Trained chemists select ours and blend them to stand torrid heat and Arctic cold. We give ample time to tests and infec- tions at every step of manufacture. That is why Neponset Paroid wears so long, is so truly economical, resists sparks and embers. Surely send for our ROOF BOOK— free. NEPONSEI PAROID ROOFING BIRD & SON (E>t. 1795). < Heintzi Hamilloo, Ont. I Baildiitc Also makf re of N<'i)onHnt Wall Board iiiul Biiil'liiiK I'fiiKTs I- FOR THE PURPOSE or RAISING STOGK,GRAINJRUIT ORMARKET GARDENING ^ fi Af^DK^i ABOUT ONE MILE FROM CLA«KSTON Station, on ** .r^X^X^JwvJ Erindate Boad, suitable for fruit growing, or poultry raising:. Considerable tree fruit. Seven-roomed house; small stable. Price, five thousand. NIAGARA TOWNSHIP, Lincoln County. Seventeen acres orchard, peaches, plums, cherries, pears, well oared for. also small frmt. Frame house, verandah all round Bank barn. Price, seven thousand. FIVE MILES NORTH OF COOKSVILLE. A number one stock and grain farm, fair buildings. Excellent situation. Price, nineteen thousand. We can supply almost anything you require in stock, grain or fruit. Sign and mail this coupon for further pnrticulars. 19 ACRES oared for, also barn. Price, sev 200 ACRES The Dovercourt Land Building & Savings Company, Limited, 82-88 King Street, East, Toronto. Gtentlemen,— Kindly send me price, terms and full particulars of the above acre farm. Name Address 30 Years in Busineij WSDinnick. (g@,J^^^iM^=ILD&:iO'if/ Jw 1 X^l 1 v3j and Commission Agent Spitalficlds Market, LONDON, ENGLAND Consignments of all classes solicited Accounts and Cheques sent each mail SPECIALITY-APPLES and PEARS WHOLESALE PROVINCIAL SALESMEN SUPPLIED THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1914 Recent Bulletins "Cucumber Rot" is the title of Bulletin 121, issued by the Florida Agricultural Sta- tion. Maine Ag-ricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine, issued Bulletin 225, entitled ''Currant and Gooseberry Aphids in Maine. The University of Nebraska, Lin- LIBKABY For Amateur Gardeners and Beekeepers 1. GARDEN PLANNING, by W. S. llog- ere. Especially designed to help the maker of small g-ardens who wante to start properly, in iitting his desire to the conditions and situations. 2. THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. By Ida D. Bennett. This book deals, fully with the various vegetables that form the staple of the small garden, and contains excellent chapters on fertilizers, insec- ticides and garden tools. 3. LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THEM. By Leonard Barron. With formula* for seed mijttures for special soils and sites. 4. THE CANADIAN GARDEN. By Mrs Annie L. Jack. Contains useful informa- tion such as cultivating the land, how to fertilize, and what and when to sow and plant, pests, trees and shrube, bulbs, vines and hedges. All these are dealt with in a simple, easily understood way. An added feature is a list of monthly reminders telling what to do each month. 5. THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Ida D. Bennett. A clear and concise summary of every possible sort of information that might be desired by any one interested in gardens. 6. CHRYSANTHEMUMS AND HOW TO GROW THEM. By I. L. Powell. A com- plete manual of instruction in the grow- ing of the Queens of Autumn in the garden border, and for specimen plants and blooms under glass, but with special regard to the opportunities of the ama- teur who has only an outdoor garden to deal with. 7. ROSES AND HOW TO GROW THEM. By many experts. The only recent Iwok on this moat popular of all flowers, which deals directly with American practice, both outdoors and under glass, in all sections of the country. 8. THE GARDEN YARD. A handbook of Intensive farming. By Bolton Hall. For the plain man or woman who hafi a back garden lot out of which he might make part or more than a, living, a book that will show how to do It. EACH $1.00 POST PAID 1. HOW TO KEEP BEES. By Anna B. Oomstock— a well illustrated volume on the outfit, first steps and methods in Beekeeping. Illustrated and cloth bound. $1.00. 2. THE A. B.C. AND X.Y.Z. OF BEE CULTURE-By A. I. Eoot-^n alphabeti- cally arranged cyclopedia of everything pertaining to the care of the honey bee. Beautifully illustrated and cloth bound, $1.50. 3. THE BEEKEEPERS' GUIDE— By A. J. Cook— a manual of the apiary, treat- ing of the scientific and tie practical part of Beekeeping. Illustrated and cloth bound. $1.85. Jtddrest Book Dept. The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd. PETERBORO, ONT. coin, Neb., has published Bulletin No. 142, entitled "Vegetable Gardens on Irrigated P'arras in Western Nebraska." The Ontario Department of Agriculture is distributing the annual reports for 1913 of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and of the Horticultural Societies of On- tario. The annual report for 1914 of The Fruit Growers' Association of Nova Scotia is being distributed. Copies may be ob- tained from the Secretary, Manning Ells, Port Williams, N.S. The Division of Horticulture of the De- partment of Agriculture, Ottawa, has pub- lished Bulletin No. 77, by W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, and the Superin- tendent of the Branch Experimental Farms and Stations. It is entitled "Summary of Results of Horticulture, 1913." 1 he Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry .Associatioin has commenced the publication of a monthly bulletin which will be known as The Manitoba Horticulturist. It is to be devoted to the better growing of trees, fruits, vegetables and flowers in Manitoba. Membership in the association will include a free subscription to The Manitoba Horti- culturist. Lambton District This vvas to have been a red letter year among peach growers. The large plant- ings of peach trees made three years ago are now bearing the first crop. The heavy winter-killing has blighted hopes for a record yield, but the crop will be fair. The drop was heavier than expected. In Thedford, Arkona, and Forest a big crop of apples is expeaed. Strawberry and raspberry acreage has imcreased by forty acres. Currants and gooseberries are be- ing introduced so the local association may be able to ship cars of mixed fruits. Heavy fall planting of small fruits is expected. At Arkona the crop is estimated at 20,000 bas- kets of plums, 3,000 baskets of peaches, and 40,000 barrels of apples. The Lambton County Council is cooper- ating with the District Representative to stamp out San Jose Scale, which has made its appearance in the south of the county. .\ sum of money has bteiii voted for the work . New Books on Orcharding A splendid book that deals with all the phases of apple orcharding, has just been issued by the Lippincotts. This new book is one of the series of Lippincotts' Farm Manuals. It is compiled in an attractive style, on good paper and is profusely il- lustrated. The matter is so arranged that any particular line of information can easi- ly be found. Each chapter is reviewed in a series of questions which makes the book suitable as a student's text. The author, Prof. F. C. Sears, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, is a thorough expert in orcharding, and anything that comes from his hand is of the best. We are not half careful enough in the handling of our fruit. It is often marked and bruised before it goes into the bar- rel.—W. F. Kydd, Simcoe, Ont. The successful fruit grower must first have a liking for his work, he must un- derstand something about the laws of nature, he will study his soil, he will have a knowledge of insects and fungus growths, he will know what varieties are suited to his soil, climate, and market, and he will be honest in his dealings.— C. Young, Richard's Landing, Ont. FOR SALE AND WANTEl AdTertiMmenu in this department li sarted at rate of 3 cents a word for eae Insertion, each figure, sign or single letu to count as one word, minimum cost, 3 eents, strictly cash in advance. ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit f arnia a Bpet , — W. B Oalder. Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS—] buying it will pay you to consult me- I a specialty of fruit and grain farms.—] Gavman A Co.. fit. Oatbarines. 1 ASK DAWSON. He knows. IF YOU WA.NT to sell a farm consult me. IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me. I HAVE some of the beet Fruit. Stock, f'.rai and Dairy Farms on my list at right pr H. W. Dawson. Ninety Colbome 8t . Tor OOLUEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIAN Oarniolan Queens, ready to ship after 1st. Tested, $1.00; 3 to 6. 95c each; 6 to more. 90c each. Untested, 76c each; J 70o each; 6 or more, 66c. Bees, per lb.. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. — C. B. Bauh Buffalo, Leon Co.. Texas. U.S.A. HONEY WANTED.-Will contract now for . .„ Olover and Basswood Honey.— O. A. Deadmai Merlin. Ont. SALMON ARM, Shutway Lake. BC has tb finest fruit and dairy land in B.O No irrigi tion necessary: mild winters, moderate sun mers. no blizzards or high winds; delightfi climate: enormous yields of fruit, vegetable and hay: good fishing; fine boating amidst Ut most beautiful scenery, and the Balmon An fruit has realized 25 cents per box more th* other fruit In B.C. Prices of land modera« and terms to suit. Apply to F. 0 Haydook Salmon Arm. BO PEERLESS FEMOE HOLDS Made of htarr Op«n Ueuth iteel vtr« wall calTaBla«d. Wit* intereections Mourely looked t<«iMb«r vhh PeericM lock. Tb«7 wa't eUp. PmtUm tooa (uannteed to be weatber proof and ttadi pnvt Write for oatalog. Acesu iraoud in opiB tMTiMj. . BMWcIl-Hozle Wire Fcdm Go^ Jitd. Wmnrvo, H*m. Hakiltox.Ovt. WHEN YOU NEED QUEENS We will be pleased to fill your order. Our business of rearing Queens wtis escabii.sbcd in 18.S1. We know what It means to have a good strain of Bees and QueenK that .stand second to none. Three-band Italians only bred for business and free from disease. Tested Queens. $1 each. Un- tested, 75c.; S7 per dozen. Send for Price Li«L J. W. K. SHAW & CO., LOREAUVILLE, W., U. S. A WANTED Elxpert Box Packer (Apples) to manage central packing house for Thedford Fruit Growers' Association. Good wages to hustler with experi- ence ; no other need apply. Duties to commence September Ist. A. J. GRANT Secretary THEDFORD - ONTARIO "Johnny-on-thc-Spot' Will operate your cream separator, honey extractor. pump, washing machine, pulper, etc. for one cent an hour. Can you aflTord to be without him V He costs only $47.50. Write for particulars on Gilson "Goes Like Sixty" Engines. Made in all sizes from IH HP upwards. GILSON MANUFACTURING CO., UMITED 2701 York St. GUELPH, Ont. iThe Canadian Horticulturi^ ^ol. XXXVII AUGUST, 1914 No. 8 Growing Grapes Under Glass A. J. Logsdail, B.S.A,, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa innd REKN HOUSES, in the form of conservatories or forcing-houses are no longer exceptional luxur- Many of our new country homes the larger of our suburban resi- lences now possess some such adjunct the house. These greenhouses are ^evidence of the increasing appreciation feand interest of the public in; horticul- [ture. This growth of interest is particu- Harly noticeable in amateur circles. It lis responsible for many new and ambi- :ious schemes, which are materially )r()adening the whole field of horticul- ture. One of the recent ideas is that of a [fruit or orchard house, or a vinery, [it is with respect to this latter phase, 'namely that of the vinery, that the fol- lowing remarks have been written. Such suggestions as may be given in this short article have been written in the .hope that they may be of some assist- ince to amateurs who are thinking of growing some of the delicious European grapes (Vitis vinifera) for the first time. The growing of grapes under glass [in England is an old, well established, fand extensive business. Moreover, it is in the hands of men who as horticultur- ists are second to none, and whose ex- perience with the varieties they are now growing can be of material assistance to us in our endeavors along this line. The amateur in making a selection of varieties for himself is liable to be misled if his choice is guided solely by the de- Iscriptions of the fruit qualities to be found in catalogues, for many of these varieties are little grown but are still maintained because of their marked adaptability to certain conditions. As this crop is grown under artificial conditions, the matter of climate is not so pronounced as is the case with im- ported fruits grown in the open ; the .chief differences, perhaps, being those 'of less atmospheric humidity, and great- er light and heat intensity. Hoth of the.se conditions can be greatly modified by more frequent "damping down," and by the use of a light shade sprayed on the glass. A list of the varieties of Vitis vinifera would be legion, but the amateur can console himself with the knowledge that perhaps seventy-five per cent, of the total glass crop of Great Britain is pro- duced by only six or eight varieties. These varieties have proved themselves to possess in a marked degree the char- acteristics of vigor, prolificacy, and quality. The varieties in question are: • L|dHf^^K^HBn*^« 5a, IrjJBHI pi m^m pern^i L Alicante Grapas. No. 1 This Is a young vine in a twelve inch pot. Note the method of training. It is carrying nine bunohee of grapes and is somewhat heavily loaded to obtain the best results. Black Ramboro or Black Hamburg, Mu.scat Hamboro, Alicante, Gros Col- mar, Gros Maroc, Foster's Seedling, Madresfield Court, and Muscat of Alex- andria. The last-named is liable to be somewhat shy in setting fruit under cer- tain conditions. The best way to grow the European grape is in a thoroughly drained and carefully prepared vine border, built within the greenhouste and along its sides. The young vines should he plant- ed at least twelve inches from the wall, and if two rods are to be grown from ench vine, the vines should be planted eiiiht feet apart, to allow two feet on cither side of each rod for the growth of the laterals. From a dormant condition the vines should 1x3 induced to break into leaf gradually. Undue haste at this time 18« often .spoils a crop. If budding out is slow or uneven, this may Ije remedied by laying the rods on the ground and syringing more frequently, or syringing with tepid water. The average length of time taken to grow a crop of grapes from that of start- ing the canes into growth till the fruit is ready to cut, is usually from five to six months. It depends upon the time of year the crop ripens, after which the vines require a rest, and an opportunity to ripen the- wood made. The grape crop is really a quick crop when com- pared with the crops of other hard- wooded fruits, but it requires continual attention. Successive annual crops are obtained only by experience, often of a most disheartening nature. The writer spent several years with one of the largest commercial grape growers in England, who had consider- ably more than twelve thousand linear feet of glass in grapes alone. Annually these vineries would produce crops of perfect fruit, and varying but little in yield from year to year. The estimated standard of yield for such varieties as Gros Colmar, Black Hamboro, and Ali- cante was one pound of fruit to each lin- ear foot of vine rod. Thus a vine bear- ing two main rods each eighteen feet in length, making a total rod length of thirty-six feet, iwould be expected 'to yield thirty-six pounds of fruit. During the time of flowering, the .set- ting of the fruit is greatly assisted by gently tapping the canes once or twice a day. Sometimes a rabbit's tail or soft camel's hair brush is u.sed to distri- bute the pollen, and a third expedient is that of dusting the blos.soms with Pampas Grass bloom, and so doing the duty of Nature and the bees ; this has been found to produce the desired re- sult. ENRICH THE SOIL. 'I"he grape is a heavy feeder or, in other words, to produce best results commercial fertilizers require to be liber- ally used. In connection with the use of commercial fertilizers though, the motto of the amateur should be "festina lente." A little at a time given regu- larly will produce far better results th:in liberal applications at distant dates. The grower should bear in mind the different igo THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1914. A Young Foster Seedling Grape. No. 2 This grape is also in a twelve inch pot. It is car- rying seven well filled bunches of fruit. This is a more satisfactory method of trainine than that shown in the first illustration. requirements of the grape at different stages of its growth. During the first two months leaf growth is required, and the use of a nitrogenous manure, such as Ammonium Sulphate, is beneficial. Nitrate of Soda is not quite so safe to use, especially in the case of vines grow- ing in pots. Ammonium Sulphate is best applied in solution at the rate of a quarter of an ounce to each gallon of water, twice a week. With vines grow- ing in a border, the application is .some- what stronger as watering is not so fre- quent as is the case with pot^grown vines. When the fruit clusters appear, the tips of the laterals are usually nipped off, leaving two leaves beyond the fruit cluster. During the flowering period, and while the fruit is .setting, feeding is generally withheld, though some grow- ers, with marked success, use a little Muriate of Potash (KCT-) at this time. With hard-wooded plants in pots. Muri- ate of Potash should be used with care. When the fruit has set and is about the size of small garden peas, sufficient leaf and wood growth should have been oblained and the further use of nitro- genous manures is apt to be harmful to the full maturity of the fruit. The bunches of fruit at this period are thinned by means of fine-pointed scissors. The smaller berries are remov- ed and the remainder are thinned in tiers so that each berry will have room to develop to its full size, and the whole bunch ultimately develop the form of a symmetrical cone hanging point down- wards. .\t this lime the energies of the vine are engaged in the development and maturing of the fruit, and the feeding of phosphates and potash in available form will quickly show beneficial results. When the fruit ijegins to color the pro- portion of potash may be slightly in- creased. PBEOAUTION8. A careful watch should be kept for any appearance of red spider. This danger- ous pest can generally be controlled by syringing and maintaining a humid at- mosphere. When using commercial fertilizers it is well to remember that underfeeding is a far safer course than liberal feed- ing, as an unduly heavy application may prove fatal. Lastly, certain varieties arc very subject to Sun-scald and in this instance the variety "F-ady Down .S«cd- ling" may be particularly mentioned. When any evidence of scalding appears on the berries, the shading should be increased, if this can be done without unduly hindering other vines in the same house. The Sod Mulch vs. Cultivation AN interesting controversy is now en- gaging the attention of apple growers across the line. A few months ago a bulletin was issued by the Geneva Experiment Station giving the results of sod vs. cultivation on the Hitchings' orchard of western New York State. In this orchard the trees in sod came out ahead of those under cultiva- tion. The bulletin explains at length the exceptional conditions that made the sod mulch method a success in that particular case. Later an article appeared in The Country Gentleman dealing with the ad- vantages of the sod mulch, particularly for hilly land. In the article mentioned reference was made to the work of the Ohio Experi- ment Station to solve the problem of suc- cessful orcharding on the hills of south- eastern Ohio. There the great difficulty is to prevent the land from washing. The sod mulch system proved to be the solu- tion. The manner in which one particular orchard was treated is summarized in the following paragraph. "From those hills the humus had been farmed out and in summer the land dried out as hard as a board. The soil was so poor that cover crops would not grow. Some trees had not made any growth in fifteen years. In 1910 the trees were mulched with straw and in 191 1 each tree got five pounds of nitrate of soda and five pounds of acid phosphate. They made one and a half feet of growth. In 1912 and 1913 one thousand pwunds per acre of a mixture of two parts nitrate of soda, two parts acid phosphate and one part of muriate of potash was ap- plied. Another orchard was mulched with straw but received no fertilizer, .it yielded only one-fifth the crop of the fer- tilized orchard. But straw was expen- sive so the land was allowed to go to grass which was then cut and allowed to lie on the ground. This was effective at the same cost as straw at six dollars a ton." Continuing, the writer of the article states: "The experimenter in the case of the Hitching's orchard says in his bulletin that the grass mulch trees were hungry. On the other hand he gave the cultivated trees nitrogen in the form of clover which he plowed under. He didn't even up the race by giving the mulch trees some of the nitrogen they needed. Nor did he try any legume as a form of grass mulch ; he let it go at orchard grass. There are many legumes that would be suitable. "Available plant food is the vital thing; cultivation is a detail, not a fun- damental. Available plant food may come at times without cultivation and by easier and cheajjer methods. Cultiva- tion is merely one way of feeding the tree. Give a tree plenty to eat and it will do lots of things — carry apples through moderate freezing for instance, and also weather surprising drought. "On sandy soils the mulch system might be a failure and in dry farming areas cultivation is a necessity. But the .sod mulch has many advantages. Mr. Hitchings manages the tillage end of one hundred acres of apples easier than he Black Hamburg Grapes. No. 3 This vine i.-? carryiutr only four bunches. In weight of fruit they will probably cQual the nine Alicante clusters. In quality they will far surpass them in &a.yans, a!»o make very effective shows. A full description of this greenhouse vaa published in the last August Issue of The Oa-nadiaJi Horuoulturlst. Managing a Greenhouse for Profits ONE of the pioneer market garden- ers of Nova Scotia is Mr. H. Loomer, of Falmouth, Hants Co. Eighteen years ago Mr. Loomer made a start in gardening by purchasing thirty-six acres, most of which at the time was rough land. His total initial capital was just seven hundred dollars. For upwards of twelve years no exten- sive greenhouse work was attempted ; cold frames and hotbeds only were used to get a longer growing season. No attempt was made at first to grow any- thing out of the ordinary line of market vegetables. The nearby town of Wind- sor was the nearest market, and a large part of the truck Mr. Loomer sold by going from house to house with his team. But gradually the market was enlarged, until to-day shipments are made to most large towns of the province. Over five ye)ars ago Mr. Loomer's trade had reached considerable propor- tions, although he had as yet made no attempt to grow vegetables out of sea- son on a large scale. By early starting and careful methods he got his produce on the market before the general crops came on and thus obtained the top price. But Mr. Loomer believed in the possi- bilities of growing vegetables under glass and backed up his belief by erecting a one hundred and fifty by thirty foot greenhouse. Year by year the plant has been increased, until now there is about fifty thousand feet of glass. When visited by an editor of The Canadian Horticulturist early in July, one hundred dollars' worth of products were being shipped out every day; the annual out- put is over ten thousand dollars. During July the chief greenhouse crops are cucumbers and tomatoes. From a half-acre of glass Mr. Loomer turns off an average of one thousand cucum- bers a day for a period of two months. Greenhouse lettuce, radish, and spinach are over by that time. By the first of August, when the outdoor stuff is com- ing on, the greenhouse crop is about done. The vines are cleaned out arid manure is spread four to five inches deep. This manure is kept watered down till September when a team is taken into the greenhouses and the man- ure is plowed under. This is the .only dressing of manure that the ground re- ceives during the year. Successive crops receive applications of commercial fer- tilizers. Towards the middle of September the first sowings of lettuce, radish and spin- ' ;tch are made. Lettuce is sown thick in one of the houses and then transplanted to some of the others. The first cut is made in November and continued sow- ings give a supply through the winter. Sowings of cucumber are made from January first to the end of February. Previous .sowings of lettuce are made with a vacant row every seven feet, and this row is sown to cucumbers. At other times the cucumbers are placed seven feet apart, with two rows of beets between and a row of radish or lettuce between each row of beets. Cucumbers are sown fifteen inches apart in the rows. The vines are trained on upright trellises to a height of six or seven feet and then overhead on setting. The laterals are pruned at the second bud, leaving two fruits to each branch. A hive of bees is kept in each house to en- sure the setting of the fruit. Mr. Loomer's favorite variety is a cross that he has himself made between two varieties — Rawson's Hothouse and Granite State. From this cross he has made continual selection and has a splen- did cucumber of medium length. The spring tomato crop is sown in December and January. Four or five transplantings are made before bearing. The final settings are in rows two and one-half feet apart, with sixteen to eighteen inches between plants. The vines are trained upright on a string and pruned to single stem leaders. The me- thod of pruning for fruit is practically the same as the Potter system, as de- scribed in the July Horticulturist. Bees fly in the tomato houses during the win- ter and a satisfactory set of fruit is ob- tained. The bees are fed sugar syrups at that time. During the winter and early spring, celery, lettuce, beets, cabbages, toma- toes, cucumbers and squash are all start- ed in the greenhouse for early planting out of doors. These come on the mar- ket early and bring the top price. Irri- gation has been found necessary to bring transplanted lettuce along nicely. The Skinner system of irrigation is used. The best possible use is made of the land ; between the rows of early vege- tables late celery is sown. About the first of June celery is sown out of doors, where it remains till Octo- ber. It is then brought into the greenr house and marketed at Christmas time; it gets a good growth before much heat is needed in the houses. In one small house tomato seed is sown about June 15 and cucumber seed at August 15. These are turned off for the fall trade. The tomatoes are sown earlier because the fruit does not set well during the dark days of late fall. For spring planting Mr. Ivoomer uses the Bonny Bess variety but prefers the -Stone for fall planting. The former does not color well in the greenhouse during winter. Grand Rapids is his favorite variety of lettuce for the greenhouse, as it is about the only one that will stand as much heflt as the cucumbers. It must be well supplied with water. There is something of the supernatural about Mr. Loomer's water supply. He spent several thousand dollars boring artesian wells in order to locate a suffi- cient flow of water, but without suc- cess. A lady visiting at his home not long ago remarked that she could locate water with a forked apple branch. Mr. Loomer was quite willing to let her try, so they went out to see if water could be found. After a while his friend indicat- ed where she thought there might be \\ater. Men were set to work, and at a depth of ten feet a supply of water was found that a gasoline engine, pumping forty gallons a minute, cannot drain in a day. Interior of one of the Greenhouses of Mr. H. Loomer, Falmouth, N. S. (See aooompanyincr article.) IQS August, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST igg Planting Lettuce in a Pipe Frame Greenhouse. Lord & Burnham, Construction, Toronto, Ont. Questioned as to his marketing me- thods, Mr. Loomer replied that he thought for a man lieginning in a small way near a large market it would be best to specialize in a few crops. In his own case his market is so scattered and so many small and varied orders come in that he is obliged to raise a large variety of crops. Where the mar- ket is not large in any one place, it is difficult to get back the packages. When near a large city one can team the pro- duce and get the packages back ; other- wise an additional outlay is required. Vegetable Growing Under Glass A. H. MacLennan, B.S.A., MARKET gardening in Ontario as a business has been growing rapid- ly. In growing it has changed its character greatly. For many years it was carried on entirely in the field. What early plants that were required were pro- duced in the field. But of late years the grower finds that he must change many of his methods, must build a greenhouse. And why? To answer this question, if we look closely we will find several reasons. First, we find the city population has increased ; more wealth is being added to our bank account. With this increased wealth has come the desire to spend more freely, our tastes have changed, so that now we desire to have on our table many things which are out of season ordinarily. Next the grower has come up against the queslion of labor supply. The open- ing up of the Canadian west ; the ease with which a man may start a business for himself; the sudden booms in land values which often made a man wealthy in a short lime ; the tendency to drift to the cities in the fall, and there to re- main, are the main rqtisons for this Macdonald College, Que. scarcity. The growers find they must overcome this if they would succeed. How can they do so? Not by following the former routine. They must build greenhouses wherein they can grow crops winter and summer. Here they can give men work the year round, their own business and profits increasing at the same time. They find their men much better satisfied. The wet dis- agreeable work which formerly often had to be done when transplanting their crops in hotbeds is now done in warmth and comfort. The plants themselves do bet- ter. Lastly arises the question of earliness. Anyone who has had any connection with gardening in Ontario knows that to ob- tain the best prices one must try to have his produce on the market earlier than his neighbor. While this was done, for- merly in hotbeds, the labor required to operate them and uncertainty of weather conditions during the transplanting per- iod, made too much of a handicap. Much better plants came from the greenhouse ; he could start earlier and thus gain time. Greenhouses in Onlario to-day are mainly of four types. The first is the sash house, made by two sash fastened together in the shape of an A (inverted V) with a path dug out eighteen inches to two feet in the centre for working. This type is heated by a stove and is used only to produce early plants for outside planting. The second has wood- en sides, four feet high, and glass roof ; is fourteen feet wide, with no supports for the roof. This house is good for winter lettuce growing and early plants in spring, while under the benches one can force rhubarb. The third type, and the one most commonly fourud in On- tario, is called the pipe frame. These houses are generally thirty or forty feet wide with two or more rows of supports made of pipe. This type of house ap- peals to the grower, since he can ag«s of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subecriptlon price of The Canadian Ilorti- culturiat in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law la that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad'- dreases must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to tie 20tb. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Moat montihs, Including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to i>eopIe known to be interested In the growing of fruits, fiowers or vegetables. January. 1913 ....11,570 August. 1913 12.675 February, 1913 ...11,55D September, 1913 13 729 M^J«h. IWJ 11.209 October. 1913 . 13 778 April. 1913 11.970 November. 1913 ..12 %7 ^v- WIS 12.368 December. 1913 ..13.233 June. 1913 12,618 ' •f"'y- 191J 12.626 Total ..150,293 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 _ ' 1913, 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue IS reUable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hor- tiuulturist are a« carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our read- ers we turn away all unscrupulous advertlaers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, tliat it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertiserB you state : " I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor i>ay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTIOUI/TUBIST, PETERBORO, ONT. EDITORIAL AN ECONOMIC IMPOSSIfilllTY These are days when we hear much alxiut the "back-to-the-land" movement. Majfa- zines feature articles which describe the jfreat financial success some former city dweller has made by deserting^ the city and taking^ up market gardening, fruit growing, dairying, or some other kindred farm oc- cupation. These articles create an im- pression that the time is ripe, consequent upon the high cost of living and rurall de- population, for many city people to move out to the country. Many people really expect to see such a movement take place ere long. There are many! reasons why such a migration can never take place under ex- isting conditions. One of the principal of these is the tendency of land to increase in value in proportion as the demand for it increases. Fruit growers especially have inoticed this tendency. Let us illustrate how this principle works. Toronto has a population of approxi- mately five hundred thousand. Suppose ten thousand people in Toronto decided that they were going to give up city life and go in for farming. The first thing they would have to do would be to take stock of their resources. Next they would have to ascertain what investment they would have to make to obtain the necessary land. Suppose they found that the best fruit ■land, such as that in the Niagara district, was worth two hundred dollars to fifteen hundred dollars an acre, the best ordinary farm land from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-five dollars an acre, medium good farm land from forty to seventy-five dollars an acre, depending on its location, and poorer land twenty to forty dollars an acre Of the ten thousand would-be fruit grow- ers or farmers, two thousand might be able to purchase the higher-priced land, three thousand the best farm lamd, three thou- sand ordinary farm land, and the remain- ing two thousand the poorer class of land. With these facts before them, suppose these ten thousand people set to work to purchase land at the prices w'hich they had decided were within their reach. What would happen ? Simply this : As soon as the first two or three hundred of the first two thousand began to purchase the best fruit land at the prices memtioned, the holders of such land would advance its purchase price ten, twenty-five, fifty, pos- sibly one hundred per cent. The result would be that only a small percentage of the two thousand would be able to secure such land as they were looking for. Those who could not would then be forced either to give up all idea of settling on the land or to buy poorer land than they had first intended to purchase. This would increase the number of peopfle seeking that class of land, and it also would increase in value with a similar result. The same principle would hold true of all the other grades of lamd on the market, limited only by the amount of it offered for sale and the Tium- ber of people desiring to purchase it. This tendency of the price of land to increase in even more rapid ratio than the demand will always make it impossible for any large number of city dwellers to leave the crowded cities to engage in rural oc- cupations. It is because our available free land is about exhausted and because occu- pied farm and fruit land is held at values that are high, considering its productive I)OWer, that immigrants and farmers' sojis are unable any longer to obtain Jand at prices which are within their reach and thus are forced to settle in our urban cen- tres and engage in occupations in which the ownership of land is not essential. This is the main explanation of the pro>- blems that have been raised by the more rapid increase of urban than rural popula- tion by the increased cost of living and by the growth of slum areas in our cities. It explains, also, why we are hearing more and more about the '"land" question. The sooner we recognize that these problems are going to increase in importance, and that existing conditions are going to be- come worse rather than better, particularly in our fruit districts and in the market gar- dening sections adjoining our larger cit- ies, unless we settle this land question, by among other things, taxing land accord- ing to its value, the sooner will we make progress toward their solution. The onlj difference between the land question in Great Britain and in Canada is that it is farther advanced there than here, and thus thev h.'ivc been forced to deal with it. PROTECTION OF BIRD LIFE Every observant fruit grower has long re- cognized the fact that the great majority of birds are beneficial rather than injurious to the orchard. While some species consume considerable quantities of fruit at certin seasons, they are beneficial at other periods. Were they in time to become exterminated the number of pests of different kinds that the fruit grower would have to contend with would be greatly increased through the dis- turbance to the balance of nature now main tained by bird life. We have been slow to recognize the im- portant part played by birds, but as a re- sult of costly experience we are begimning to find how necessary it is ..hat bird life shall be protected. In May the United States Senate passed an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars for the enforcement of a new federal law for the protection of migratory birds. The president of the -American Game Protective .Association, Mr. John B. Burnham, is now urging the adop- tion of a treaty by the United States and Canada that will have for its object the protection of all birds that migrate between the two countries. Such a treaty has been drafted and is mow being pushed in Con- gress by friends of the .Association. While the provisions of such a bill may require careful consideration, the general principle is one which will meet with general ap- proval in Canada. THE SOD MULCH A short time ago there appeared in a United States periodical an article dealing with the sod mulch method of orchard man- agement. Much stress was laid upon the merits of this system as proved by investiga- tions conducted by experiment stations in the states of New York rnd Ohio. The ar- ticle in question leaves the impression that the sod mulch is to be preferred to cultiva- tion. It must be remembered that the or- chards in which the sod mulch proved so successful were located on hilly ground or possessed unusual soil conditions. In or- der to give both sides of the case, extracts from the article mentioned and from the New York state bulletin are published else, where in this issue. August, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST 201 Whatever the conclusions drawn from this (Oiiitroversy may be, the history of orchard- ing in Canada proves the efficiency of cul- tivation. Sod orchards that had not yield- enough fruit to pay for the picking- have improved management given good re- »ms. Of the improved methods adopted, jlltivation has been one of the most im- |»rtant. There is little fear of any wide- bread return to the sod mulch. ! Several features of the sod mulch me- hod, however, are worth consideration. Iccasionally we find orchards located on a Jeep slope. These are always difficult to lltivate and soil washing is prevalent. We ave in mind several orchards situated on leepy hillsides iin which the roots are near Be surface because of soil washing. Every linter a few trees are heaved out. Were be grass cut and left to serve as a mulch Ind fertilizer applied we believe the sod 'mulch would prove satisfactory in those orchards. In any case, however, owmers would be well advised to carefully consider ( onditions before making a change. SCHOOL GARDENS Thire are this year two hundred and ninety-three school gardens in Ontario, ain ir.crease of sixty per cent, over last year. In addition, there are five hundred schools that distribute seeds to the children. Most of the district repriesentatives, of which tflere are about forty, have on an average twenty schools holding school fairs. Such progress is encouraging, but when it is considered that there are nearly six thousand schools in this province, much vet remains to be done. Teachers every- A hei(B report that the greatest need is more sympathetic assistance on the part of the parents. Many hold that there is no need for a school garden where children are irought up in a natural environment. \ reater mistake could hardly be made. It that same familiarity that dulls the llild's mimd to the beauties about him and reates the longing for the "real" life of he city. Under the direction of the school each.er, new interest in the wonders of Jature and the true worth of the country ife can be aroused through the medium of the school garden. large centres increases we may also expect to see an increasing aiumbcr of conserva- tories erected in connection with private residences for the production of flowers. The increasing interest taken in horticcl- tural exhibitions, as well as the greater number of these exhibitions that are now held, is an indication that horticulture in Canada is rapidly assuming a position of greatly increased importance. SOCIETY NOTES In calling the fourth Dominion Fruit conference for next September the Domin- ion Minister of .Agriculture Hon. Martin Burrell, has acted wisely. The fruit indiis- Iry in Canada is developing with such rapid- ty that new and important problems are ;o.nstant!y coming to the front while old ines, which have never been fully settled, isist on receiving further attention. Those 'ho attended the last Dominion Confer- nce, as well as the one held previous to „, realize that the delegates present had too much business to deal with in ;he time at their disposal. Much of their work had to be hurried, and some neglected altoge- ther. It is well, therefore, that these con- ferences shall be held with sufficient i^e- ijuency to ensure the important subjects dealt with receiving the attention their im- portance deserves. As the ratio of urban to rural popula- tion in Canada increases the demand for fresh vegetables at all seasons of the year will increase in proportion. Thus we may expect to see a marked increase within the next few years, as we have within the past five years, in the number of greenhouses erected for the production of vegetables. As the number of wealthy people in our Western. Notes The Winnipeg Horticultural Society has definitely decided to hold another provin- cial Horticultural Exhibition this year. It will be conducted to some extent along the same lines as the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition inasmuch as an effort will be made to have the board comprise as many related organizations as possible. The date has not yet been set, but it will likely be about the beginning of September. The Souris Society will also hold an exhibition in September. What is called the Three Towns Horticultural Show will be held on .-Vugust 21 at Crystal City. The three horti- cultural societies in Kiliarney, Crystal City and Pilot Mound unite in holding the show. Mr. R. Jamieson, of Crystal City, is the exhibition secretary-treasurer. Hamilton The Hamilton Horticultural Society held a most successful flower show on June 24th, when the grouind floor of the old Library Building was transformed into a fairyland of flowers. The display of roses of all col- ors and varieties was particularly beauti- ful. Mr. J. T. Moore, of Moore Park, Toronto, had a most spectacuJar dis- play. It was the most successful exhibition the society has held for years. There was a large supply of the old-fashioned flow- ers— Sweet William, Canterbury Bells, and others. The gold medal offered in the rose competition, open to amateurs only, was won by J. W. Harper, and the silver medal by T. H. Hayhurst. The society's prize for the best collection of decorative plants was won by J. .\. Anderson. Max Stolpe had an interesting section devoted to landscape designs, plans and drawings. A green rose exhibited by Benjamin Johnson and a miniature Japanese garden, shown by Mrs. Valance, attracted much attention. Much of the credit for the success of the show was due to the efforts of the secretary, Mrs. Potts, and superintendent J. A. An- derson and Mr, A. Palmer. Belleville During June the Belleville Horticultural Society held a successful public meeting. The principal speakers were Rev. Geo. W. Tebbs, of Orangeville, and Mr. C. W. Nash of Toronto. Mr. Tebbs showed on a screen a number of hand-painted slides dealing with gardens, lawns, orchards, and fruit. The slides were shown from natural color photography. The coloring was magnifi- cent. Mr. Nash spoke on the subject, "Friends of the Flower Garden." He de- scribed the habits of various denizens of the garden, including beetles, dragon flies, birds, and the common toad. By the kill- ing of snakes, hawks and owls man has destroyed those creatures which prey upon troublesome meadow mice. Thus man suffers when he tries to upset the balance of nature to suit his own ideals as to the fitness of things. A Floral Novelty The illustration here ehown was eent The Canadian Horticulturist by Mr. Walter T. Boss, of Picton, the secretary of the Picton Horticul_ tural Society. It shows a couple of steme of fox elove with a Canterbury Bell on the top of each stem. They were grown in the gar- den of Mrs. J. M. Mallory. of Bloomfleld. PUBLISHER'S DESK Our front cover illustration this month shows a conservatory in a private residence in Montreal. While there are not many ot us who can enjoy the possession ot sucn a conservatory as the one shown, it is gratifving to know that the number of such conservatories in Canada is increasing rapidly. The delightful opportunities of such a conservatory are limitless. In the August issue of The Canadian Horticulturist last year we devoted special attention to topics bearing on the con- struction and operation of greenhouses and private conservatories. The information contained in this number was so appreciat- ed by our readers we have again given spe- cial attention in this issue to topics bear- ing on the greenhouse and the production of various crops under glass. Amateur flower growers who would like -.o erect in- expensive greenhouses will be interested especially in the illustration of the in^ expensive greenhouse of Mr. R. B. Whyte, a full description of which was published in our August issue of last year. Our September issue will be our Annual Fall Packing and Exhibition Number. It will be particularly strong both in illustra- tions and subject maerial. Many of Can- ada's leading authorities on the production and handling of fruit will contribute. Lack of space prevents our giving a more com- plete description of this issue, beyond say- ing that it will be a larger issue than usual and one of the best numbers of the year. 203 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1914. Success o! Cooperative Effort in Nova Scotia THE reports presented at the second annual meeting of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Lid., held in Berwick .N.S., June 30 and July 1, showed that the principles of coopera- tiom have become firmly established in Nova Scotia. In spite of adverse conditions the year was one during which great progress was made by the company and a large vol- ume of business transacted. Some idea of the business done may be gained from the following extracts i-aken from the annual report of the Board of Managemont, composed of Messrs. John Donaldson, president ; A. E. MacMahon, F. W. Bishop, F. H. Johnson, B. W. White, S. B. Chute, general manager, and A. E. Adams, secretary. The year through which we have passed has presented problems of a most extra- ordinary and unusual character, and your Board feel much gratified thar., even under most trying and adverse conditions, they are able to present a report which records success in all its undertakings and a justi- fication of the various policies which have ■ been pursued. The previous year had, as you are aware, been a year of low prices, and tha season under review opened with indications of a short crop all around. Speculators, aware of these facts, visited cooperators and offered prices that in com- , parisooi appeared large indeed. " These prices would not have been offered but for the cooperative movement, and we are glad to report that practically all of our members remained loyal to their fellows and turned down all offers made, thus success- fully defeating the efforts of self-interested speculators to break up the cooperativ^e movement. Not only did these cooperators demon- strate thereby their loyalty to their fellows and to their cause but they also showed common sense in recognizing that specula- tors were buying for profit and that their central association had exactly the same means of earning that profit as the speotv- lators ; the only difference being that in one case the growers marketing through their own business would own and retain the profit for themsielves, while in the other case all the profits would go into the pockets of the speculator." The test that tucse circumstances made possible has shown what sterling qualities are ix)ssessed by the majority of our mem- bership, and should s«rve as a lesson that it is futile to throw away money in bait to cooperators now that the great superiority of the cooperative method is so thoroughly understood. During the year six Companies have tak- en stock in the Company, making a total of thirty-eight Compamies holding shares in the Central Association and necessitat- ing an increase of authorized capital. During the season vour Central has handled 274,000 barrels of apples and 38.- 700 barrels of potatoes; a grand total of 312,700 barrels. Out of this quantity, however, there were only 79,531 barrels No. 1, 36,459 barrels No 2, the balance, 158,000, being No. 3. There were also in this quantity no fewer than 170 varieties, comprising a very large percentage of apples difficult to market on account of the fact that they are unknown. Yet, in spite of that overwhelming pro- portion of No. 3 and all those odd varieties, your Central has been able to make a re- tirrn which works out as a mean average (including absolutely everything) at $2.57 per barrel, ones, twos and threes. While we are prepared to admit that a general shortage of the apple crop has in a meaisure been the reason for such high prices, yet the system under which we have marketed the apples entrusted to our care has been principally instrumental in enab- ling us to make such large returns for such a percontage of the entire crop as we handled. EXPi>N8B OF OPEUATION. A meeting of your directors was held on September 27th, and an estimate for the ensuing year was submitted. According 10 this estimate, which was made before the real business of the year started, the expenses would work out at $]3,.'i00 for ap- ples and ixjtatoes, and $2500 for supplies, a total of $15,800. In actual fact the expenses for the year only amounted to $12,300 for apple amd potato accounts, and $5452.48 for supplies, or a total of $14,663.48, about $1,100 less than our estimate. That portion of expense applicable to ap- ples and potatoes works oui at four cents per barrel. We consider, and it is also the opinion of the various Government Departments of both Canada and the United States who have investigated our system, that our ex- penses are absurdly low, considering the amount of work accomplished and the great saving effected in the cost of handling, the enhanced prices realized for the Valley's crop and the reduced prices now paid for nearly all necessities of the farm. We have, however, investigated the ex- penses of various other organizations and we find that our expenses are ridiculously small in comparison. For instance, we find, according to the Bulletin of Economic and Social Intelli- gence, that the Califoruian Fruit Growers' Exchange show an expense of 7 2-3 cents per box. The secretary of this company claims that this is the lowest marketing cost for any agricultural product in the United States. The North Pacific Fruit Distributors write us thait the cost of their central is fifteen cents a barrel, while the sub-central's expenses amounted to thirty cents a barrel. They state that salaries vary all the way from $1200 for a manager of a small local, to $10,000 for their central manager. They further sta,ie that it is the man who can successfully manage the business they want ; if successful he can secure about any salary. We feel, therefore, we need make no apology for the expense of only four cents a barrel, especially in view of the fact that another 200,000 barrels could have been handled with practically no additional ex- pense. During the season your Central loaded apples and potatoes om to no less than 118 boat's. One steamer and three schooners were chartered to carry potatoes to Cuba. Wilh reference to the pack of this year we are able to report a vast improvement in the direction of uniformity. This is borne out by the daily report of our local inspector and also by the detailed and tab- ulated report of your European representa- tive, who has met each boat and examined all packs. It is also borne out by the trade on the English market, who report a dis- tinctly more uniform pack than at any time previously. Reviewing the whole year we consider that to have maintained the reputation of the cooperative pack on a year when our apples were so atrociously scabby and spot- ted has been quite an achievement and re- flects the utmost credit on all concerned. We were gratified to note that, generaii speaking, fiui'. growers have realized tl; absolute necessity of spraying and that th spring spraying has been carried on in manner never before approached in the V,i ley. As an indication of the increased atten- tion that has been given to this vitally uu portant master, we would state that yoh office handled three times the quantity oi spraying material this year compaied with last. We wish to give some explanation in coi. nection with our method of handling tl, large tpot.ed apples. Durjng the first few weeks of the scasf; we were permitted to pack such fruit .. numbers twos but later in deference to ttj< requirements of the Fruit Marks .\ct .hi pack was discontinued. Your Board of Management did not fe. that they , would be protecting the intercht of the growers by allowing such splendid fruit as represented by these apples to be simply marked No. 3. They therefore in- stituted a special pack known as Coopera- tive No. 3. On the face of the end of th. barrel was attached a label reading as hil lows : "IMPORTANT." The apples in this barrel are guaran- teed to be number one in size, but have the defect of being either off-color or spotted. The Dominion Fruit Marks Act forbid this class of apple being marked number one." The idea of this label oiiginated in th. mind of Mr. F. M. Chute, of Waterville, t whom we accord the credit of an idea th.i has put considerable money into the pockei of the Cooperative Fruit Growers of tli Valley. British Trade Prospects Writing to the Department of Trade an. Commerce from Birmingham, Eng., Cana dian Trade Commissioner J. E. Ray report as follows : Canadian fruit is always saleable in thi district, and direct shipments are becorn mg more frequent every year. Complaint- re quality and packing were frequent tci years ago, but each season recently has found buyers and sellers satisfied with their transactions Apples, pears, peaches, and plums are in demand, the most popular variety of apple in Birmingham being th< Golden Russet. Imports of Canadian ap pies into Great Britain were £838,283 it. 1908 and £847,583 in 1912, while imports of pears have declined from £13,541 to £7,996 during the same period. CANNED FRriT ,VN.T VECiKT.AULES. .Although Canadian canned fruits are on sale here, observation shows that the oppor- tunities for extension of sales are practi- cally unlimited. All the retail stores carry heavy stocks of canned fruits aaid vege- tables from the United States, and several packers in that country conduct extensive advertising campaigns throughout the British Ides. The quality of Canadian fruits is highly appreciated in Birming- ham, but very few buyers appear to differ- entiate between the United States and Canadiam products, both of them being in- variably referred to as ".American." Can- ned and bottled peas command good prices and the trade is sufficiently large and re- irular to repay Canadian packers. Inves- tigation does not reveal the existence in this district of Canadian peas thus pre- pared. Aiit;ust, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 203 LANARK GINSENG Fortune awaits any man who will give 'ime and attention to the growing of Gin- n?. We have made a complete success of and ape ready to point the way to others. i he time to prepare the ground is now, ■ time to plant is September and Octob- /inark Ginseng Seed is noted for its strong ininating- qualities. ;, a naxk Ginseng Boots are sure growers and ■ at producers. )ont' fail to make investigation of this jlily profitable industry. Write to the Se- cretary and he will tell you all about it Address c. M. FORBES Sec. Lanark Ginseng Garden Co. LANARK. ONT. BULBS Now is your chance to get your Fall Bulbs At ROCK BOTTOM PRICES We represent in Canada one of the largest Wholesale Bulb and Plant Growers of Holland and we are going to sell at retail better Bulbs at less than you have paid before for inferior kinds. Send us your List and we will quote you, as we have no Retail Catalog and you do not help pay for one. a NO ORDER TOO LARGE - NO ORDER TOO SMALL THE "''"'''' To-duy—NO TV GARDEN & ORCHARD SUPPLY GO. 637 King Street East, HAMILTON, ONT. Phone 3514 Dominion Fruit Crop Conditions The report of the Dominion Fruit Divi- sion on crop conditions under date of July 13th, stated that the June or July "drop" now being over, reports generally are not so favorable as those sent in a month ago. There is, however, a tendency on the part of growers to underestimate their crop at this time, just as they are inclined to over- estimate it at the time of blossoming. In eastern Ontario the crop will equal that of last year, and in western Ontario will ap- proach that of 1912. Nova Scotia, while suffering seriously from frost in some sec- tions, will produce the best crop since 1911, if nothing further interferes. The crop of British Columbia will surpass that of 1913. It- is therefore clear that the Cam- adian apple crop, from present indications, will be above average, and with proper attention given to distribution and market- ing, one that will return to the growers satisfactory figures. The apple crop in southern and western Ontario and in the Niagara district will, from present indications be an excellent one. Greenings and Baldwins have been reported short in Wentworth county, but taking the western portions of the province as a whole, the yield promises to be well above the average and of good quality. Conditions in the inland counties of On- tario correspond very closely to those in southern and western Ontario. Im both districts the drop hais been exceedingly heavy. Huron county reports fall varieties particularly good, with winter sorts lighter. Spies being about equal to the 1913 crop. Brant county promises to equal the 1912 yield, and prospects are almost equally fav- orable in Middlesex. In the main apple-producing counties of Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. The Rhizomatous Irises, including Pu- mila, Interregna and Germanica, should be planted not later than August for best results. We strongly recommend Iris Koonig, 50c each ; Rhein Nixe, 50c each, Wyomissing, $1 each, Juniata, 75c each, Mandraliscae, 25c each, Mme. Chereau. 15c each. We have five fine sorts of Pamila Hybrids, and five of the best of the Interreguas. Nearly all the varieties of Peonies that we offer this year are one year plants. The other varieties will be in strong divisions. These should be planted in the latter half of September and orders should be given now. We have a fine lot of "Miss Lingard" Phlox, Delphiniums, Aquilegias, Shasta Daisies, and other Herbaceous Peren- nials which are described in our fall planting list now ready for distribution. This list will be sent to all on our mail- ing list and to others who send their names and addresses. EARLY ORDERS ARE SOLICITED. Cash with orders, please. JOHN CAVERS £. D. Smith & Son LIMITED NURSERYMEN HORTICULTURISTS AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS WINONA ONT. Every Landscape Problem Must Be Considered By Itself In order that everything may harmonize when the work is completed, the architecture of the grounds must be handled just as carefully and with the same difinite purpose as the architecture of the house. If you are building a New Home and need Planting Plans or if you wish to re-arrange what has already been done, we are at your service with Practical Suggestions. 304 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, iqi4. CABBAGE WORMS I^^^^royed by Dust. ^2ij£i!h HAMMOND'S SLUG SHOT So used for 30 years. SOLD BY ALL SEED DEALERS. For pumphleu worth having »rlte ». HAMM«M>. Kl»hl.lll-uii-llinl«ori. v<« V..rU. The Pick of the Bulb World All our bulbs are grown for us especi- ally and are personally selected by the James Carter & Co. experts. Thorough tests, both before exporta- tion, and at the Carter establishmenf at Raynes Park, London, assure sound healthy bulbs of the very highest quality. Our Tulips and Narcissus are exceptionally hardy and well suited to the Canadian climate. '^cc^itm^aMi are unequalled for bowl or bed cul- ture. The Carter catalogue und handbook— ■Bulbs" — illustrates and describes the choicest varieties of Tulips, Narcissus. Daffodils, Crocus, and many others. It lists all well-known favorites and many exclusive kinds not to be had elsewhere. Complimentary copy on request. Write for it to-day. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS INC. 133A King St. East Toront-5 Ontario, that is, those alon^ the north ^hurv of Lake Ont;irio, the failure or success of the crop seems to have depended to a very great extent upon the attention given by the growers to spraying. In spite of thi very heavy drop, the general opinion ap- pears to be that a crop about equal to '!■ ■■ of last vear will be produced. Orel. that were neglected wil!l be almost em: worthless. In Prince Edward county re- Ijorts are for a crop below average, cspf- cially of Kings. Kings, Baldwins, Spies will run about seventy per < throughout the district. Some of the more tender trees, particularly Ben Davis, are showing the results of the severe winter, which so greatly affected pears, plums, and cherries. The yield in eastern Ontario and Que- bec will be a heavy one, if no fur'- - "drop" takes place. It is very gratif to learn that in Dumdas county, the htj,... of the Mcintosh, there is promise of an abundant crop of that variety. Famencf '•=0 look we'l. The June drop was heavy, but where the tent caterpillars v : kept under control, there is stfll sufficient fruit for an abundant crop. E.^STERN CONDITIONS. In the province of New Brumswick some injury was done to early varieties by frost. .-\ less serious cold spell was also experienc- ed during the latter part of June. Pros- pects g-enerally are very promising, par- tinilar'ly for the fall and winter sorts. The early June frost is generally con- sidered to have reduced the apple crop in the .Annapolis Vallcv by somewhat over half ;> million barreils. The blossoms set for a r'Tord crop which wo'i'd probablv h?vp reached almo-st the two million barrel mark. '•Jeports .now are that about one million two hundred thousand barrels will be harvested FARM BOYS The Ontario Agricultural College GUELPH, ONTARIO OPENS SEPTEMBER 18th, 1914, for Courses of two and four years. Every Ambitious Farm Boy in Ontario CAN COME TO COLLEGE. BECAUSE Ordinary public school education is sufficient for ad- mission to the Course. The College Year begins September 18th, and ends April I5th, so that students from the farm may return to their homes to assist in the spring and summer work. Five months during the spring ajnd summer gives many students opportunity to earn sufficient money to defray College expenses for the following year. The tuition fee for Ontario students for two \'iears is only $20.00 per year, while board and room in residence is obtained at $4.00 per week. A portion of the cost during the first year is defrayed by work on the farm and the various departments. Students wishing to take the full Four Years' Course for the degree of B.S.-A. conferred by the L^niversi y of Toronto, do not require matriculation standing. Students are accepted for this Couise if their standing on second vear examinations warra.nts it. Write for a Calendar of the Regular Courses G. C. CREELMAN, B.S.A., LL.D. President August, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 205 r Nurscries-F. DELAUNAY ANGERS SPEC/JtLTIES FRANCE Fruit tree stocks as : Apple, Angers Quince, Mazzard Cherry Mahaleb Myrobalan, Pears, Etc. Etc. Forest tree seedling and transplanted. Ever- greens, Ornamental Shrubs, Manetti, Multiflore Roses in great quantities. Afy General Catalogue 2vi7l be sent Free on application QUEENS Buy your Queeua from the man that gruar- autees eve!-y one to be purely mated or re- placed free Pricis for guaranteed Queens: 1 queen, $1.00; 6 queens, $5.00; 12 quetns, $9.00; 2.' queens, $18.00; 50 queens, $35.00; ICO queens, $1)8.00. Queens raised from tile same stock, but not guapantet'd, $7.00 per dozen. You may order 25, 50, or 100, ajid have them sent in half- dozen or dozen lots, or in different batches a-s yon wish. Queens furnisJied till Nov. 15th CURD WALKER The-Queeu-H, reder. Jelllco, TtnO , U S.A. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW CLUBBING LIST The ReA'ieui and Gleanings one year, #1 oO* The Review and American Bee Journal one year, $1.50. All three for one year only $2.00. Canadian Subscribers add for pottage as fol- owa: Gleanings, 30c. ; A. B. J.. 10c. Address THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Nerlh Star, Mich. TRY MY IMPROVED STRAIN of 3-banded Italians, Gentle, Handy, White Cappers. Hustlers for Honey. Select untested— $1.00 each. Select tested— S1.50 to $2.0 Oeach. No di.-->ease, safe delivery, a sqaure deal. Send for descriptive price ILst, free. A. J. SEAVEY, FARMINGTON, Maine INCREASE YOUR HONEY CROP liy introducing some of Ijtininser's strain of Italians. Have Ijeen a breeder for 26 years. No better bees in America. Untested one ■'Sl.OO, six .$5.00 Tested one .$1.26, six $6.00. Breeders, $10,00 each During August and September we will sell tested Queens, one year old, at 80o each. Will guanantee ever,' Miieen . FRED LEININORR & SON DELPHOS. flHin. U .S A. LEATHER CO' O^ED ITALIAN QUEENS NOW HEADY I'ntested Queens, $1 each. $1*' doz , or 7oc. each in lotsof 2oormore. Warranted purely mated Queens, $1 each. $r2doz. Tested Queens, $1.50 each. Breed- ing Queens, $5 each, I can fill your order for one queen or by the hun- dred and guarantee you a square deal. JOHN A. McKINNON. ST. EUGENE, ONT. QUEENS AND BEES Wo can supply choice leather colored Ital- ian Queens promptly at the following prioee: 1 6 12 Unteeted $1.00 $5.50 $10.60 Tested 1.60 8.50 16.00 Select tested 2.00 11.25 22.50 For prices on larger quantities please write u». We offer bees in pound packages from the same stock as above as follows after July Ist: 1 lb. 2 lb. -3 lb. .$1.50 $2.50 $3.50 These prices do not include a queen. Add price of ciueen you may select to price of package when ordering. Safe deUvery iruar anteed. Full directions for handling sent with each shipment. A full stock of bee-keepers' supplies always on hand for prompt shipment. Catalogue on request* We Want More Beeswax. F. W. JONES - BEDFORD, QUE. SELECT ITALIAN QUEENS We will both be disappointed if ,\oii do not order a half dozen of our select untested Italian Queens at six for $4.00. 1 lb. Bees with Queens. $2..50. We have a number of satisfied Canadian custumers. We want you too. Circular Free, write J. B. HOLLOPETER BOX 56 - - PENTZ. Pa,, U.S.A. CARNIOLAN QUEENS After./ Illy 1st (I 6 12 Untested I I 31.00 SS.SO $9.00 Te ted, tlie same price. Address, WM. KERNAN, DUSHORE, PA., U.S.A. R.F D No. 2 Italian Queens and Bees NORTHERN BRED Superior Wintress. Descriptive List free. Un- tested, V.ic. each. Sel. ■estod, $1.50. Plans, "How to introduce Queens," Idc. " ilovv to hicrea.^o," loc. ; both, 25c. E. E. MOTT. GLENWOOD. MICH,, U. S. A. BUY CARNIOLANS IN CARNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet and Price List. Awarded 60 Honors. Johann Strgar. - Wittnach P O. Wocheiner Feistritz Upper-Carntola (Krain), Austria QUEENS QUEENS Three Banded and Golden Iti,liaiis. Vigornus queens, fioni clean, he.ilthy colonic-'. Safe de- livery at your Post Oftlcc guaranteed. See our catalogue. THE HAM & NOTT CO., Ltd. BRANTFORD ONT. Bees and Bee Supplies Roots, Dadants, Ham & Nott's goods. Honey, Wax, Poultry Supplies, Seeds, etc. Write for a Catalogue THE CHAS. E. HOPPER COMPANY 185 Wright Avenue, Toronto, Ont. QUEENS by return mail or your money back. Guar- anteed purely mated. J. E. Hand strain of thrce-bajided Italians. Write for price list and free booklet, " How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINZERICH, ARTHUR, ILL.. U.S.A. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock Unteited Queen*, $1 each, $5 for six Selected unte>ted,$1.25 each, $7 for six Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each Cash. With Order W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Ridgetown, Ont. Now is the Time to Requeen Have your colonies go into winter with vigorous young queens. Send your order now. $1.00 each, Six for $5.00 P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave. - Toronto, Ont. Well- Bred Italian B and Qncens Standard B«c-Keepeit' Soppliet Illustrated Price List Free EARL M. NICHOLS Lyoi!Svlllc, MassachnscUs, U.S.A. REQUEEN YOUR BEES this fall with young queens biewer book wc send with KKKE oflFer of a.s cenls worth of Sfadons Secd» guaranteed to succeed ^os^yl-x^' IVrife /odaySEA DONS. St. Alhans. England FREE Read the Advertisements for Beekeepers on Page 205. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue FLOWER POTS ^HEBESTMAOt FOSTERS STANDARD POT Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send us your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. Tclriphone. : LONDON WALL 1009 „„ ^ j LONDON COUNTY & WESTMINSTER. SHOREDITCH Uanlcers ^ j^q^dqi^ ^ PROVINCIAL, LEYTON, ENGLAND 1'^XT^ ¥ '^^^^IW'^^ Fruit Salesman, Nurseryman ClV^C/ Jw I \^l^>3j and Con\missioi\ Agent Spitalfields Market, LONDON, ENGLAND Consignments of all classes solicited Accounts and Cheques sent each mail SPECIALITY -APPLES and PEARS WHOLESALE PROVINCIAL SALESMEN SUPPLIED > sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fishting Every Disease of Cnltirated Plants Haapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Stod for Citalognct \71^D|U[/\DI?f Manaiactnrer, and particaUrt to : " CfKlUUlCdv VILLEFRANCHE (Rhone), FRANCE A handy pump for farmers It is a direct lift pump that can be attached to wind mills, a Fairbanks-Morse Eclipse Engine, or operated by hand. This is one of the least expensive and most efficient of our high grade farm pumps. Adapted for lifts from 30 to 125 feet. Alto- gether an ideal pump for any farm — easy to operate — will keep in good repair for years. Send for free catalogue of pumps and water systems. If you are interested in farm engines, spraying outfits, lighting systems, power and hand tools, scales or mechanical goods of any kind, full particulars will be sent to you on request. Address Dept. No. 43 The Canadian Fairbanks • Morse Co., Limited Montraal Toronto Quebec Ottawa St. John Hamilton Ft. WitiUm (kinLHhi's l)L'Hiirtiiient;il Winnip«s Caleary RcRina EdmontOM Saskatoon Vancouv«t Victoria tor Mfchanir.il (.(K)i1> Fourth Dominion Conference I lu: iJuininioii Minisltr of AKiicullure has called a conference composed of dele- gates from the various provincial fruit growers' associations to meet in Grimsby, Ont., September 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, to dis- cuss subjects of vitail interest to the fruit growing industry of Canada. It is expected that certain standards of packages grades of fruit, and methods of transiK)rtation will be recommended for adoption for the whole country. The object of the conference i = largely that the minister may come in di- rect contact with the representatives of the fruit growers and shippers, and discuss with them methods whereby the fruit grow- ing industry may be developed in the best ' possible way. Delegates have been appointed from the different provinces as follows: Prince Kdward Island — Murdock McKin- non, Charlottetown, A. E. Dewar, Char- lottetown, Theodore Ross, Charlottetown. Nova Scotia — S, B. Chute, Berwick, S. C. Parker, Berwick, F. VV. Bishop, Paradise, I'rof. P. J. Shaw, Truro, W. VV. Pineo, Uaterville, A. E. McMahon, Aylesford, Manning Ells, Port Williams, W. H. Brit- tain, Truro. New Brunswick — C. N. Vroom, St. Ste- I)hen, A. G. Turney, Fredericton, S. B. Hathaway, Fredericton, \V. B. Gilman, Fredericton. Quebec— Robt. Brodie, Westmount, N. E. Jack, Chateauguay, T. G. Bunting, Mac- donald College, Dr. F. C. Harrison, Mac- donald College, Father Leopold, La Trappe, H. A. Dickson, Rectory Hill, R. -A.. Rous- seau, Acton Vale, Representative of Que- bec Department of Agriculture (not yet named) . Ontario — F. S. Wallbridge, Belleville, C. VV. Gurney, Paris, A. VV. Peart, Burlington, Robert Thompson, St. Catharines, Waiter Dempsev,Trenton,P. VV. Hodgetts,Toronto, John Brown, Brighton, Elmer Lick, Osh- awa, A. E. Kimmins, Winona, Dr. A. J. Grant, Thedford, A. Onslow, Niagara-on- the-Lake, R. VV. Grierson, Oshawa, J. W. Crow Guelph, M. Snetsingcr, Thornbury. Manitoba— Professor. G. VV. Brodenck, Winnipeg. British Columbia— W. C. Ricardo, Ver- non W. S. Foggo, Veimon, Jas. Rooke, Grand Forks, R. M. Winslow, Victoria, John E. Reekie, Kelowna, J. C. Metcalfe, Hammond, Thos. Abriel, Nakusp, Repre- sentative of Okanagan United Growers (not yet named.) Prolonging the Season John Donaldson, president United Fruit Companies of Xova Scotia, says: I have long considered the prolongation of sea- son, of some of our choice varieties, e.g., the season of the Gravenstein, Nova Scotia's great apple should be extended to embrace the Christmas home markets, that is to have the season extended from first September to Christmas. What quantities of that delicious apple could be consunied if we had that extension of time! What prices we would obtain in the far western m:!rkets, if bv some system of pre-coo>ling both apples and cars, we could see that apples arrive there during even a whole month in the pink of condition. Again the season of the Ribston and King must be extended in the foreign mar- kets, from October to January, if we are to make those varieties the most proht- able. .Spies and some other varieties should never be placed on our own markets be- fore April, and the season should then ex- tend to July. August, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 207 Daisy Apple Press Used by all leading apple packers in Can- ada, United States and England. Write for prices and complete information to- J.J.ROBLIN&SON Manufacturers BRIGHTON, ONT. Canada Peerless Climax Fruit Baskets Heaviest, Strongest and Best In the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Last year the demand exceeded the supply Therefore Order Early Canada Wood Products Co. ST. THOMAS, ONT. British Columbia Several appointments of interest have re- cently been made by the Provincial Govern- ment in the horticultural branch of the De- partment of Agriculture. F. L. Goodman, who has just completed his third year at the Ontario Ajfricultural College, will be in temporary charge of work which will cover investigations in the Cold Storage of Apples— the" shipments of rhubarb, pre-cooling, careful handling and transportation of strawberries and raspber- ries ; the operation of the pre-cooling plaint on tender fruits at Summerland and hand- ling experiments with the various orchard fruits; investigations of the suitabilitv of refrigerator cars, etc. T. C. Sanderson, an Ontario Agricultural College under-graduate, who has just com- pleted his third year's work, has been ap- pointed vegetable expert and will be at work for the next five months. He will be in charge of experimental investigation work and general instruction work in the vegetable industry of the province, especi- ally in the Lower Mainland, for the pre- sent year. W. VV. Hayes, who graduated in horticul- ture from the Ontario .Agricultural College, Guelph, in June, has been appointed as as- sistant horticulturist. L. F. Burrows has completed his third year's work in horticulture at the Ontario .Agricultural College, G\ielph, and has been appointed temjwrary assistant to P. E. French, assistant horticulturist at Salmon .\rm . E. C. Hunt, a graduate in agriculture of the W.S.C., Pullman, Wash., took up his duties on the 15th February as assistant to M. S. Middleton, in charge of Pruning Schools in West Kootenay, and on the 1st May took charge of the blight control work at Grand Forks. H. M. Scott has taken third year's work at the Ontario .Agricultural College, Guelph. He will be temporary assistant to M. S. Middleton, and have headquarters at Nelson. M. H. Howitt, graduate from the Ontario .Agricultural Coilliege, Guelph, 1913, who has been in the Fort George district, has been appointed temporary assistant to A. H. Tomlinsom, assistant horticulturist. Prince Rupert. M. H. Ruhmann, who has been on bli.ght control work at Grand Forks for several months, will go to Vernon as assistant to the pathologist amd enttomologist, which position has been filled by the appointment of J. W. Eastham, lately assistant to H. T. Gusfow, Domiinion Botanist. PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER Recommended by Government Inspectors U»»d with Perfect Retoitt by largest Growers Take No Chances with Untried Papers Large Stock, following sizes always on hand: 8x9 9c. per ream (480 sheets) 10 X 10 lOc. " " 20 X 30 55c. " " 30x40 LOO •* " Per 1000 II X 20 Pulp Boards - $3.50 I 1 X 20 Corrugated Boards - 8.50 11x20 Lace Box Tops - 1 0.00 Lace Paper, white and colored, in boxes of 1 2 pieces, 1 0 yards each, per box 40c. Also Wrapping Papers, Twines, Manilla Tissue. Buntin, Gillies & Co. LIMITED HAMILTON - - CANADA Mention The Canadian Horticulturist Wc Solicit Your Consignment s Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables, or K^.°"^l produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury. North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Canadian Bank ol Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 208 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1914. ALLOW ME TO PRESENT MY BEST FRIEND ROYAL YEAST CAKES CAKES ' DECLINE SUBSTITUTES. E.W.GILLETT CO. LTD. TORONTO. WINNIPEG. MONTREAL. No More Agents ! Former Prices $30 now $24 $60 now $48 $90 now $72 Make Big Profits With This Canning Machine at Home! Here is the ideal practical canning: apparatus for homo canning^ surplui Fruit and Vegetables. It la piniplc. easy to operate and in- expenelva. Enables you to K'ct top prices for products*, save-* early ripenings and wind-falls, and protects you against the price-lowering effects of an overloaded market. The MODERN CANNER does away with heavy waste, and earnfi big profits. Built in three sizes,— 100(». 2,0tK)and 4.OO0 cans in ten hourri. We have eliminated all middlemen and agents. Every fruit grower, farmer and market gardener needs our free booklet. Write for it to-day before you leave this page. THE MODERN CANNER CO. Canadian Branch ST. JACOBS. ONT. CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION AUGUST 29th TORONTO SEPT. 14th $55,000.00 IN PRIZES For Products of the Home, the Garden and the Farm A// Entries close Aug. 15th. For Prize Lists and Information write J. O. ORR, General Manager, CITY HALL, TORONTO THE WESTERN FAIR LONDON, CANADA September 11th to 19th, 1914 THE GREAT Fruit and Flower Exhibition All Fruit to be Judged by Standard. Approved by Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. The Live Exhibition OF WESTERN ONTARIO Special Railway Rates for Exhibitors and Visitors. Prize Lists and all information from the Secretary, London, Ont. W. J. HEID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary Late Fruit Crop Reports The foUovvinjf tcliKraphic reports dcal- iiiK with fruit crop conditions were receiv- ed by the Dominion Fruit Commissioner, and published undairy Fartns on my list at right prioee- H. W. Daw«on. Ninj-tv Oolbome 8t . Toront« GOLDEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIAN AX Carniolan Queens, ready to ship after Apr Ist. Tested, $1.00: J to 6. 95c each; 6 to 12 i more. 90c each. Untested. 75c each; 3 to 70c each; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per lb.. Sli Nticlei, per frame. $1.50. — 0. B. Bank- BnfTalo, Leon Co.. Texas. U.S.A. HONEY WANTED—Will contract now for yotj Clover and Basawood Honey.— G. A. Deadma: Merlin, Ont. FOR SALE.— Ten shares of The Horticultnri Publishing Company's stock on which h« been paid ■$400.00. balance uncalled. Make « offer.— Dr. E L. Marshall. Big Island. T;. U.S A. FOR SALE. — House and grounds, suitable apiary. Bargain.— Mrs. J. Kendrick. New ; lin. Ont. FOR SALE.— 25,000 Ibe. white honey. Will se to the highest offer.— Jos. Martineau. Montoerl Que. FOR SALE.— Pruit farm of forty-four aoTB' Fourteen a«i^ee apple orchard, twenty • a«res peach, plum, pea-r and cherry or. in bearing condition. Thoroughly spiii and cultivated. Situated in Arkona Prui Belt.— For particulars, write E. D. Momim star. Arkona. Ont. FOR SALE.— By 'return mail. Hoot and Mo" strain select tested Italian Queens. $1.00 i- unteeted 75o. : breeders $2.00; gradetj 50i disease — WilmeT ClaJkc Box 200, Ear.- M,->d. Co.. NY. U.S.A. LISTEN TO THIS WE DON'T REQUIRE TO BLOW OUR OWN HORN OUR SHIPPERS DO THAT FOR US ASK THEM The best market for Fruit and Vegetable* of all kinds is TORONTO, and you will get the Best Returns by sending to THE DAWSON -ELLIOTT COMPANY 32 West Market St., TORONTO Phones: Main 1471-6990 V^rite for Stamp and Pad Greenhouses OF UP-TO-DATE CONSTRUCTION All Types to Meet Your Requirements We also Manufacture Complete Lines of VENTILATING APPARATUS SHELF BRACKETS SPLIT TEES PIPE CARRIERS and carry in stock All Kinds of Greenhouse Hardware. FOR HOT BED SASH WHITE US It will pay to enquire before you decide to build, we have made a number of great improvements which should prove interesting. WRITE TO-DAY. Parkcs Construction Co. I Office, Works and Showrooms Kenilworth Avenue - HAMILTON, Ont. Long Distance Phone 6102 August, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTIC ULTUETST 211 BOX PACKED FRUIT COMMANDS THE HIGHEST PRICE ON ALL MARKETS Why not pack your fruit in boxes and enjoy more profitable returns. Our complete organization, with every modern equipment, insures service, quality and satisfaction. Prices submitted on boxes, made up or knocked down, including printing. State quantity. FIRSTBROOK BROS. Limited BOXES AND SHOCKS TORONTO - ONT. Honey Containers 5-lb. Pail Lithoi,^r;ipheJ Stock Design and Lettered with Customers Name (JO-lb. Jacketed Can fitted with Ji"Can Screw Gli-]b. Square Cans fitted with 4i" Can Screw Our increasing sales show our pails give entire satisfaction. Our stock already in our Warehouse insures Prompt Delivery. Orders filled in accordance with the date of their receipt. Write for Price List and Illustrated Catalogue Macdonald Manufacturing Company SPADINA AVE. and RICHMOND ST. Limited TORONTO - ONTARIO JUST OUT The "Daisy" Folding Apple-Sorting Table This is another of the famous "Daisy" Apple Packer's Outfits which is being put on the market this seaton. It is light yet strongly built to meet rough usage. It folds compactly and can be readily carried from place to place in the orchard. It is thoroughly tested for strength and efficiency. The table frame is of oak and all metal paits are of flrpt- class malleable, thu^ being Interchangea ile in case of breakage. The cover is of No. in canvas. An Article Every Packer Should Have This Season // interested •write for circular and prices J. J. fiOBLIN & SON Manufacturers - BRIGHTON, Ont. Special Quotations to Cooperative Societies APPLE BOXES The package that com- mands the highest prices. Let us quote you prices on your Box require- ments, made up or knock- ed down. No charge for printing. BARCHARD & CO. Limited PIONEER BOX FACTORY 135-151 DUKE ST. - TORONTO, ONT. 2»2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST August, 1914, Welghi from .'UO to6,Wlbg. Snltabla for rolHrii; any ■oil. Special features for Fruit Qiowere and Gardeners. Manufactured only by T. E. BisicHCampaiijrLtd., Dept. N., Elera, Ont. TRADEMARK fX%» ** Wilkinson ClimaX B REGISTERE'> Ensilage and Straw Cutter Our**B" machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the highest silo or dry straw or hay into the mow. 12 -inch throat, rolls raise 6 inches and iet close to knives ~8olid, compact culling surface. Can change cut with- out stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans. No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. Madeintwostylcs— mounted orunmounted. We also makelarger type machine for custom worlc. Ask your dealer about this well-known machine and write us lor new catalog sliowinif all styles, THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO.. LIMITED 4fi8 Campbell Ave. Toronto, Canada Quick and Easy That i> the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot bring* the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. Pat. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturer* Brighton, Ontari British Buying Methods Changed For years Canadian apple shippers have complained against the system of buying and selling apples by auction that has been followed in Liverpool. During the past two years this system has been changed for the better largely through the efforts of Mr. T. N. Chute. European representative in England of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Ltd. .^t the recent annual meeting of the company the Board of Man- agement rfiferred tO' this change as fol- lows : In ]ast year's report Mr. Chute explained in detail the svstem under which fruit was bandied in this important market; he ex- plained the operations of th;- various or- ganizations, the Importers' .Association, the Brokers' Association and the Buyers' .Asso- riation. Strong protests have been made | for generations by apple shippers from all | tiarts of the world, especially concerning | tV"- ODerations of the Buyers' Association, who hnd the monopofly of the auction rooms and who persistently refused to allow anv but members to buy in the rooms. Such Drotests, however, have always be^-n in vain because there was no organization nowerful enough to withhold supplies and thus com- pel recognitiom. We are unable to go into detail"; as to how it has been accomplished but have the satisfaction to be able to report to you to- day that any firm of good financinll standing and clean business re'-ord can enter the auction room and bid for your apples, so that in future instead of a few men being able under certain conditions to fix the prices they will pay before the 'ale com- mences, \-our apples will be sold to the highest bidders drawn from all p^Tts of the country, manv of whom hav nreviously h^d to pay the old Buyers' .Association as hitrh as fifty cents a barrel profit. The fact that this extra competition means enhanced prices and prevents mar- ket rigging is of course apparent. In addi- tion to this, none of your apples are now tolled bv the Imoorters' Association, sav- ing in that direction approximately twenty cents on every barrel. We feel that this is the most important achievement of The United Fruit Compan- ies of N. S. Ltd., and feel sure that all cooperators will share our satisfaction in the knowledge that it is by their concerted ac- t'on alone that this sweeping reform has been brought about. Australian Fruit Exports Complete figures in regard to the exports of .Australian fresh fruit for the 1914 sea- son are not yet available. The subioined t;>ble shows, aproximntely, the totals for the reason, compared with 1913. The Hobart fi.r,i>-ns establish fresh records for Tas- mania, which is the principle apple-grow- ing state: Tasmania to United Kingdom. 1913, 465,- 103 cases; 1914. 766.703 cases. Tasmania to G-rmanv. 1913, 17.275 cases: 1914, 72.175 cases: Tasmania to South .Amerira, 1913, 115.763 cases; 1914, 37.308 cases. Total for Tasmania, 1913, 598,141 cases; 1914, 876,186 cases. . Victoria to F.uronein ports, 1913, 580,1.54 rasp"; : 1914. 352,055 ca«es. .South Australia to Fn'opcan iwns. 1913. .37,864 cases: 1914, 100..58S cases. Approximate total to Mav 7, 19J4, 1913, 986,159; 1914, 1,328,829. TO THE TRADE ELWAY' (Of LANOPORT, Eng.l RENOWN ED PLANTS & SEEDS as advsrtiasd, are offered at SPECIAL RATES TO CANADIAN NURSERVIMEN. I NO AGENTS NO BRANCH STORES I Our House is opan to every legill- mate Nurseryman and Seedsman la the Oomlnlon. ASK FOR PRICES KELWAY & SON, Sf^'ouVl",?? LANGPORT, ENGLAND. MERRYWEATHER'S are noted throughout the world They are Cheap ; they are True to Name ; the Trees are Strong and Sturdy. They defy Competition. ALL THE NEWEST VARIETIES Dwarfs, Standards, Climbers, also Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Trees Send for Catalogue, Post Free Henry Merrywealher & Sons Ltd. SOUTHWELL, NOTTS., ENG. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made con fortable ard lich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full infoimation as to terms, regula- tions, and settleis rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Agriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto The Canadian Horticultun^ Vol. XXXVII SEPTEMBER, 1914 No. 9 The Exhibition of Fruits Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonzild College, Que., President Quebec Province THE successful exhibition of fruit is a study that largely comes through practice and experience. It requires a knowledge of what perfection is in the different varieties, as well as how to exhibit fruit in its most attractive form. A comparatively small percentage of fruit growers will make any pretence at exhibiting their produce. There are plenty of reasons they may give for not doing so. One frequently heard is that their fruit is not good enough. There is nothing that will so surely encourage a man to grow good fruit as exhibiting and competing for honors at the various exhibitions. It is largely through our exhibitions that our most prominent judges and pomologists get their experience, as here they can see large numbers of fruits of the various varieties, grown under different condi- tions, competing side by side. No one man can be expected to grow all varie- ties, and have them at their very best. Thus his experience will be more or less limited until he comes in contact with the larger exhibitions. Another reason that is sometimes giv- en by the average man for not exhibiting is, — he would have no chance against the larger exhibitors some of whom have been exhibiting for years on a large scale. Naturally they have profited by their past experience and know just how to get the most out of their fruits, not only in exhibiting but also in growing it. But this does not in any way pre- clude the small grower from securing a fair share of the awards. JUDGING Judging is a difficult position for any man, even of wide experience, especially at the larger exhibitions, and it is true judges do not always agree in their de- cisions. When we consider that judging consists of balancing up the good and bad points of the different exhibits and then placing them in their relative posi- tions, we can see how difficult it would be to obtain at all times the same placing by various judges. Frequently they are called upon to judge fruits which are be- low the average and which contain many defects. Then it may be a case of choosing the plate with the least or less serious defects, and in such decisions there may be room for dispute. Our exhibitions have been one means of training our fruit growers and pro- fessional horticulturists in pomology and giving them the practice and experience necessary to qualify as judges. Any pro- fessional or amateur fruit grower may feel sure that he will be given a fair Fruit Growers' Association chance at our exhibitions even when com- peting with the largest exhibitors. To win a prize should be an honor more highly prized than it sometimes is. .At some of the fruit exhibitions as many as fifty to a hundred exhibitors may be competing in the same class for some of our better known fruits, and competi- tion must of course be keen. Those who are unsuccessful — if having the right spirit — will make even greater effort the next year to produce the prize winning fruit. SELECTING THE FRUIT The selection of fruits for exhibition purposes will bring out all the finer points of the different fruits, and one cannot really know the number they may possess until he comes in contact with individual fruits in making these selec- tions. A tree of Crawford peaches will have no two alike and when one comes to select five specimens for a plate, he should have some ideal in mind and each should conform as nearly as possible to that ideal. This tends to produce uni- formity which should be one of the first things required, even if the plate does not possess some other quality in as high a state as one would like. An un- usually large or very highly colored specimen on a plate with others, will A Britiih Columbia Packing School in Operation. These School* are conilucted in Leading Fruit Districts and have been Productive of much gocd. 214 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1914. Packiag Apples in an Ontario Packing House not produce uniformity and will hardly secure the prize unless the other plates are markedly inferior. Uniformity can- not be too greatly emphasized in fact one would make no mistake in placing this point before all others. Uniformity consists in having each .specimen like all others on the plate as far as size, form, color, freedom from blemish, maturity, and so forth, are concerned. Freedom from blemishes should i;e rigidly insisted upon. Many will pick up a plate consisting of one or more wormy apples which of itself should be suffic- ient to put the plate outside of first place, because the prize-winning fruit should be at least No. i, and a wormy fruit is certainly not. Too often this jKjint is not given enough attention. Small scab spots, scale insects, bruises, broken stems, and so on, may be found on the fruits that are sometimes exhibi- ted. These should never be allowed. They have frequently been the means of losing first prize for otherwise good fruit. EEQUIBBMETS TO OBSERVE In order to choose good color, one should know what good color is in the variety under consideration. Abnormal ly high color is not to be desired, but good color for the variety with all other points equally developed, should pro- duce a plate of the right kind of fruit. Good color in fruits is usually found on sp>ecimens grown in the sunlight in- dividually rather than in pairs or clus- ters. Most fruit have a natural bloom and this should be preserved without any unnecessary rubbing in handling. Form, which is almost as important as color, should be as nearly normal for that variety as it is possible to have it. One familiar with fruit will know that the majority of varieties have a distinct form peculiarly their own, and the nearer this form the better. One will occasionally look for the largest specimens obtainable. These are usually overgrown, coarse and poorly colored and are seldom to be desired. Specimens somewhat above the average in size with a nearly ideal form, high color and free from blemishes, are the most valuable for exhibiting. Just how large or how small they should be will depend on the other factors that go to make the individual. Avoid abnormal specimens. Quality and texture are largely judged by color and finish. Speci- mens should Ije mature, or nearly so, at the time of exhibiting, and for this pur- pose one has recourse to retarding or hastening maturity for the exhibition. Cold storage should be resorted to when necessary to hold the fruit a considerable time. A cool and comparatively dry place will answer for holding the fruit a short time. The season of the different varieties is a varietal difference and varies somewhat with the different seasons. The fruits on a tree are not all at the same stage of ripeness at one ttme, and earlier or later specimens can be chosen as required. In collections one must know the re- lative value of the different varieties in order to determine what varieties should go in a specified collection. This is largely gained by experience and com- parison with the -winning collections. Score cards are excellent as an aid to standardizine our ideas as regards fruit, and can be followed with profit by any- one intending t^o make his first exhibits, .^s experience is gained one imconsrious- ly fixes in mind the noints that are im- portant and seeks these in making all selections. The Prairie Markets F. C. hart, Deputmenl of Agricultue, l«raots THE conditions which obtain this fall with regard to the western markc 1 for Ontario fruit are without pr« - cedent. .Nobody knows what is g<)ing to happen, and it is impossible to pro- phesy. We can readily understand, how - ever, that for Ontario the west may b<- the main market. The diliiculty is in forecasting what the consumption will l3e, and how this consumption will be supplied by apple growing sections oth< , than Ontario. Nova Scotia has a largi crop this year and their markets across the water will Ije seriously curtailed. An endeavor is being made to find a mar- ket for some of their fruit in South America. If however, quantities from Nova Scotia are sent west it will have an effect on the market. Financial conditions in the west are reported not to be of the best. This will have an effect on consumption. A good deal depends on the decreased west- ern crop finding a profitable market on account of the war. A large part of the British Columbia apple crop has been of- fered to England by the Government. The apple growing sections south of the line however, have a good clean crop, and much of this fruit will, as usual, seek our western market. Various possibili- ties are open. It may be that the prairie provinces will be flooded with apples from Ontario, Nova Scotia and the United States. This together with lack of money in the west may make this market a very poor one. On the other hand conditions may cause a material increase in the price of all food products, in which apples will have a share, although not to the same extent as the more staple articles of food. There seems 10 be no doubt that the western grain crop will find a good market this year, and this to some extent will relieve the financial strain that at present exists, so that the market for apples may not be as difficult as might be anticipated. In view then, of the uncertainty of the western market and of the partial stoppage of our usual export market, Ontario growers should ship only their best fruit of their best varieties west this year, and even then it is likely they will have to be satisfied with lower prices, as the expected prices may not be re- alized if an endeavor is made to bring up the total returns by shipping infer- ior grades and varieties. In view of the financial conditions, care should be tak- en to ensure returns. Credits should be closel)' watched. Many customers will buy a box who will not buy a barrel. Boxed fruit is more easily handled. — C. J. Thornton, M.P. Modern Marketing Problems — How we are Meeting Them R. M. Winslow, B. S. A., Provincial Horticulturist, Victoria, B. C. RL'IT growing in British Columbia has in it many of the elements of a liberal education. One can hard- hope to succeed without a practical astery of the problems of marketing as well as of culture and packing. Thus the members of our large (xwperative organ- izations, who pay capable men to handle their marketing must constantly be study- ing changing problems of market de- mand and competition, if they are to con- tinue to give confident support to the men they employ to sell their fruit. Many kinds Off British Columbia fruit do not lend themselves to cooperative sale and lor these lines the individual grower must be his own salesman. Practically ninety per cent, of all Brit- ish Columbia fruit that is .sold goes to conisumers at least four hundred miles away. Probably not more than five per cent, of our fruit is marketed within ten miles of the point of production. Ten per cent, of our apples are marketed from six hundred to twelve hundred miles from home. Such conditions re- quire some study of geography and trade routes, to say nothing of the study of human nature at long range. Because of the long distance from markets and the varying climatic and soil conditions, British Columbia fruit growing lends itself to specialization and, on the whole, requires highly perfected organization for its success. A PKESSING PROBLEM One of the most pressing of marketing problems is that of increasing produc- tion. In 1900, British Columbia had 8,000 acres in fruit ; in 1910, this was increased to 33,600 acres, and in 191 3 to 38,200 acres. Of the total planting, not twenty-five per cent, is yet in bearing, but the total production increased from the value of $200,000 in 1903, to $1,- 030,000 in 1913. The 1914 fruit crop on the whole will be 20 per cent, to 25 per cent, greater than in 1913, but the total value will also increase, though not quite in proportion. The values given are not nearly as great as credited to the crop of igio by the Dominion census officers, but it re- presents only the product handled in re- cognized commercial channels, and the values are on a f.o.b. basis. This increasing production, in view of the large market for high class fruit, would Ix; more of a pleasure than a pro- blem if it was not for a steadily increas- ing production in the north-western states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana. In these four states, which had practically no fresh fruit in- dustry twenty years ago, there are now over 280,000 acres planted in fruit, which have every rea.sonable prospect of commercial success, and an almost equal amoimt of orchard which is not likely to do so well, but will still add materially to the production. The north-western states moved only about 2,000 carloads of fruit in 1912, but in 1913 they had 1(1,000 carloads of apples alone, and in 1914 they will have about 15,000 car- loads of apples, about 4,000 carloads of peaches, pears, plums and prunes, and over 200 carloads each of apricots, straw- berries and cherries, and over 300 car- loads of raspberries, in all of which lines British Columbia growers must face for- midable organized production, capable of shipping straight carloads of fruits into our markets just as our own crops are coming on. WHAT COMPETITION NECESSITATES Increasing production and increasing competition will compel our growers, with a new industry on their hands, to be constantly on the alert and to cut cost of production as low as possible consis- tent with efficiency. Over the whole of the province, cooperative organizations for the purchase of fruit growers' sup- plies and for the sale of their products have developed. Many of these handle flour and feed, spray materials, and other similar commodities, while in some ca.ses fruit growers are operating highly suc- cessful retail businesses in household supplies. Both in the markets of the coast and the prairies, the principal fac- tor in determining our prices and even the entry of our products into these mar- kets, is competition from the north- western states, and the continuous ad- justment of British Columbia fruit mar- keting to meet competition is the most important consideration. We are being compelled in a multitude of ways to meet .American competition. Most important is the constantly rising standard of perfection in grading, pack- ing, and particularly in the matter of the weight of fruit per package, on all of which our markets are very critical. The British Columbia packages are, in general, very closely copied after those of the north-western states and Califor- nia, but changes in their particular styles have to be followed more or less closely by us to meet their competition. Taking a striking and fresh instance: It is generally known that the United States Government has finally passed a law creating two standard boxes for berries, a full pint holding 33.7 cubic inches and a full quart holding 67.4 cubic inches. The Canadian standards are two-fifths of a quart, which is 27.7 cubic inches, and four-fifths of a quart or 55.5 cubic inches. North-western straw- berries were shipped into western Can- ada in dozens of car loads packed in the full pint crate. The consumers made practically no distinction in price between the American full pint and our four-fifth quart, which held one-half more berries. The fact must be said that the consumers took very kindly to the full pints as against our four-fifths. The Dominion Inspection Service do not require it to be marked short in the regulations and in consequence our growers must in 191 5 adopt the full pint. The full pint is also used for American raspberries as against our two-fifths quart, which holds about nine ounces as against ten and a half ounces in the pint. The advantage in this case was on our side, but the trade handling American berries objected strongly to handling our hallack of less capacity, and it is like- ly if not next year, the following year, we will l>e compelled to come to the full Fruit Packing on the Fruit Farm of J. W. Smith, Winona, Ont. 215 2l6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST .StipUinlxT, 11(1.1. pint for raspljerries. It will be used ex- perimentally next year by the Depart- ment of .Aiiiiruitiirc in cooperative ex- periments. All apples from the north-western slates are marketed in a box ioj4 by 1 1 ;4 by 1 8 inches, that has practically Ihf same cubic capacity as our own, which is 20 by 11 by 10, but it has the favor of the trade and the consuming public to such a degree as to warrant our adopting it for our Canadian busi- ness. Over one-half of the British Co- lumbia apples this year have been mar- keted in the so called American box to meet ihe demand, and it is found to be facilitating sales considerably. I am of the opinion that, generally speaking, where the trade favors Ameri- can practice, as to packages, grades, packing, and so forth the most effective way of meeting competition is to adopt the American standards. Because of the fact of our Federal law governing many such matters and of the natural conser- vatism of British Columbia fruit grow- ers, we do not as quickly arrive at con- clusions with respect to trade practices as do our north-western competitors. (To he continued.) Packing Fruit for Exhibition and Market E. F. Palmer, Assistant Provincial Horticulturist, Toronto,; Ont. THE box package has been rapidly gaining in favor throughout On- tario during the past few years because of its superiority as an apple package only. It is reasonable to expect too, that it will continue to gain in favor until a large percentage of Ontario's No. 1 apples, at least, are marketed in this way. And, in the face of competition with western box packed fruit together with the fact that the markets for our best fruit are gradually coming to prefer the box package it is certainly no mis- take to begin to use, or continue using, the box. It would seem also that if the present European War is long continued, only the best fruit, the most attractive, will find a ready sale for this season at least. Prices on necessities are already going up rapidly at the time of writing (13th August), and this will mean that many people who. under normal conditions buy considerable fruit, will be unable to afford any. Fruit must be regarded as a luxury, not a necessity, and while the price of one goes up the other must go down in proportion. It must also be borne in mind that Europe and particu- larly Germany, is a large consumer of American apples. If this market is cut off this year, as seems likely, there will be much more fruit to be disposed of on the home markets. In the face of these last conditions, it is evident that fruit growers should make every effort this year to put out only a clean, honest, attractive pack, whether in boxes or barrels . STYLES Off PACKS. Of the three common styles of packs, the straight, the diagonal, and the offset, the diagonal has much the most to re- commend it, and is used far more than either of the others. With the straight pack each apple rests directly on the one below it and there is, therefore, great danger of bruising. With the dia- gonal pack, no one apple rests directly on another, but cushions in between the apple below, thus greatly reducing any chance of bruising. The diagonal pack lends itself to a much greater variety of sizes and shapes of apples. It is far easier to make a good commercial pack with it and more weight is secured to the box as the apples fit more into the crevices, making less waste space. The third system of packing — the off- set— is generally considered inferior to 3-2 Diagonal; 5 Layers— 100 Apples the diagonal. However, it is sometimes desirable to use it with inexperienced and unscrupulous packers, as any defect in the pack is easily detected. With the diagonal system it is much easier to vary the size of the fruit in the bottom and centre layers without materially spoiling the appearance on top. Again, in the off-set pack the spaces show at the sides, giving the box an unfilled appearance, whereas, in the diagonal, only small spaces occur, and these at the ends of the box. Another point against the off-set is that it contains from four to twelve apples less than the diagonal, making the box light in weight. The term diagonal comes from the fact that the rows do not run straight across the box, but go at an angle. It includes the commonly called 2-1, 2-2, and 3-2 packs. In beginning the 2-2 pack, an apple is placed in the left-hand lower corner of the box and another mid- way between the cheek of the first apple and the right hand side of the box. Two spaces of equal size will then be left. Into these spaces two apples are placed, it being understood that the apples an too large to fit across the box. Tin; spaces left by the last two apples plac<(l are then filled, and so on, until the layer is completed. The second layer is pack- ed in the same manner, except that it is started in the lower right hand corner for the half-tier packs. This throws the apples of the second layer into the poc- kets formed by the first layer. When completed the third layer will be directly over the first layer and the fourth over the second. In the straight packs the rows run straight across the box and parallel to the sides. It is very neat in appear- ance, but as stated above, it is rather severe on the fruit, as each apple presses directly against surrounding apples ra- ther than into the crevices. As the straight pack should be discouraged on account of its several faults, no descrip- tion of how to pack will be given here. It is necessary to remember only one thing ; the apples must fit snugly across the box lengthwise and in height. It is quite apparent then that a comjiaratively small per cent, of an orchard run of apples will be of right size to pack pro- perly in the straight pack. If the ac- companying illustrations are studied, the idea of the different packs can be seen and understood far better than from any descriptions that can be given of them. The off-set pack, with ordinary sized apples, is started by placing three apples firmly together cheek to cheek in the lower end of the box with the first of the three in this row against the left hand side. The space then left is all on one side of the box. In this space the first apple of the three constituting the second row is placed. W'hen the remaining two are in, the space will be on the left hand side. The layer is thus completed, the space alternating from side to side of the box. The second layer is started in the right hand low-er corner by placing the apples into the crevices formed by the apples of the first layer. In the com- pleted box the alternate layers will then be directly over one another. For this pack, as in the diagonal 2-2, it is neces- sary to have apples too large to fit four across the box. Similarly the 3-2 dia- gonal requires apples too large to go five across. In the straight pack, before the lid is nailed on, the apples at either end of the box should come up a little better than flush with the top. With the diagonal the ends should be a little higher — about September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 217 one-quarter of an inch to three-eighths of an inch in all. Then from either end there should be a gradual bulge amount- g at the middle of the box to about ■ne and one-half inches. Thus, when e lid is nailed on thoroughly, there ill be a bulge of practically three- urths of an inch each on top and bot- tom. Less bulge is desirable with the straight packs on account of their un- yielding nature. There is no settling of the apples into the crevices as in the diagonal. The proper bulge is obtained, in the straight pack especially, by selecting apples that are a trifle smaller for the ends. With apples that are being packed on the cheek, it sometimes be- comes necessary to turn the end rows flat to ensure the desired bulge, and at the same time have the ends low enough. In the diagonal pack the small spaces left at the ends of each layer aid ma- terially in securing the proper bulge. This, and pulling the apples tighter to- wards the centre of each layer, is suffi- cient to give the necessary bulge in wrapped fruit. By packing closer in the centre you close the pockets between the apples more, and the next layer will not go so deep down in ,and therefore builds up the centre. The ends being left a t little looser, the pockets are opened a little more and the apples drop in fur- ther, and therefore do not build up so nigh. Practice alone will give the know- ledge of just how tight to pack the centre or how loose to pack the ends. Then unwrapped, of course, this difference in firmness cannot be made raw?; 2-2 Diagonal Pack; 4 Layer* — 56 Apples and the packer has therefore to take advantage of the small irregularities and differences in the sizes of the apples. The difference in size must not be so great as to attract attention. It is es- sential to begin the bulge with the first layer of fruit and to pack each layer with the same end in view, placing the slightly larger or higher apple in the centre rows of each layer. The bulge should form an unbroken arch when the box is finished, so that the pressure of the lid will be equally dis- tributed over the fruit. A bulge high in the centre and dropping off to the sides will not be held firmly in place by the cover, causing the whole pack to become loose. G'RAI>ING. Without good grading, rapid box- packing is impossible. To do good work and to do it rapidly, the packer must have before him an even run of apples in point of size and quality. In fact, pack- ing, simplified, is simply grading and sizing, then placing the fruit in the box so that it fits systematically and snugly. Unless the fruit is sized properly, it can- not be made to fit systematically. STEMiONG. To prevent the stem of the apple be- ing bent over by the top and bottom of the box and puncturing the fruit, stem- ming is practised to some extent. Part of the stem is simply removed by small pincers especially made for the purpose. It is questionable whether stemming is practical in commercial box packing. In barrel packing, where only a small per- centage of the apples have to be stem- med, namely, the face layer, it is an economic operation. With boxes how- ever, two layers, the top end and the bottom, or half the apples in the box, are stemmed. F'or exhibition fruit this may be permissable, but there seems to be a fairly general impression in Ontario that all box packed fruit should be stem- med. It would be far more economical to pack those varieties of apples that re- quire stemming calyx end up or on their side, for stemming must add consider- ably to the cost of packing. A good packer will pack half a box in the time required to stem the fruit for the top and bottom layers of a box. Thus where he would pack a box and a half when not stemming, he would only pack a box if he were required to stem the fruit. This seems an increase of practically one- third in the cost of packing, which is far too big an expense to overlook. Wrapped fruit needs no stemming, as the wrappers prevent any puncturing by the stems. The apples give more when the pressure of the lid is brought to Ijear, tending to obviate any danger. Further- more, since the fruit is wrapped, it mat- ters very little whether the fruit is pack- ed stem-up, calyx-end up, or on its side. Offtet Pack; 4 Layer*— 84 Apple* In varieties of apples, therefore, in which puncturing is to be expected, the top and bottom layers may be packed calyx- end up or on their cheeks. There is no serious objection to packing apples on their sides even when unwrapped, and there certainly is no objection to packing wrapped fruit so. It is better, however, to pack the apples on their ends when- ever possible and use the side pack only when necessary. Time to Wake Up. — On our average Ontario farm the tillage and care of the orchard is the most neglected part of the farm work. Spraying, pruning, culti- vating, the sowing of cover crops, the scraping off the old bark of the trees and grafting worthless trees to good fruit, is exceptional rather than general. — W. J. Baker, Warkworth, Ont. Those who admire our fruits as they see them from day to day in boxes, bar- rels and baskets or on the trees, should be able to see in them real l:>eauty and inspire their minds to produce something beautiful, yet simple, in the way of a trade mark, that would perpetuate and increase our trade in Canadian fruits from year to year. A man or an association having only a small quantity of fruit to sell can neith- er command the attention of buyers nor make an impression on the market. — Prof. J. W. Crow, Guelph, Ont. 2lK THE CANADIAN H () R T T O U L T H R T S T ScplcrnlxT, l<)i I The Modern Herbaceous Paeony' H. W. Cooper, Ottawa, Ont. TllOSH who have observed the im- provements made by specialists in the modern herbaceous paeony, which is the most hardy of all the showier hardy perennials, now concede to it the premier position as the gayest and most l)rilliant of lx)rder plants. In fact it bids fair to outrival the rose as the Queen of all early summer flowers. It gives its wealth of bloom each and every year with scarcely any attention other than to maintain the fertility of the soil. It is perfectly hardy, standing our winters in ihe most exposed positions without injury and without any protection whatever. In fact it is now conceded that this plant is better without winter protection, the frost aerating and sweetening the soil. Paeonies are beautiful from the mo- ment their carmine stems and leaves push through the ground in early spring until flowering time when they are the glory of the garden. Their foliage is ornamental throughout the summer, and again in early autumn when their foliage is changing into rich bronze and red tones as the early hoar frosts begin to ripen them. The fragrance of the mod- ern paeony in some varieties is redolent of the purest attar of roses; others re- semble that of violets, and others that of the carnation. SOIL AND LOCATION Any soil or situation suits the herba- ceous paeony. They are indifferent as to whether the soil is light or heavy, . or whether they be planted in full sun or half shade, in beds by themselves, in the lx)rder or in the grass. To get the best results the ground should be dug to at least two feet in depth in plenty of well rotted cow manure or other suitable fer- tilizer added before planting. Great care must be taken to see that the manure does not come in direct contact with their spindle shaped roots, or the crowns. Growers now agree that this is the cause which promotes the disease they are .sometimes subject to. PLANTING This is best done in September after the first frosts, or during October. The plants have then matured their growth and root action is dormant for a short time. This permits them to get estab- lished without losing a season's bloom. Propagation may be accomplished by lifting large plants in the autumn and dividing. Make sure that there are one or more eyes to each piece, and immed- iately replant in suitable soil. Place the crowns not more than two inches below the surface. New varieties are obtained from seed, which is sown as soon as convenient after ripening. The seeds •Read before the Ottawa Horticultural So- ciety. are planted in a shallow box or pot and covered about half an inch. The pot or box being placed in some quiet, shady spot in the garden and watered occas- ionally through the next summer. rhe seedings appear the second spring after sowing. Give them attention until iht? autumn when they may be transplanted into open ground and grown on to flow- ering size, which is usually four years from the time they germinate. If a few seeds are planted each autumn after the first four years you will have new varie- ties coming into bloom each season, some with single and some with double flowers. There is a possibility of ob- taining a new variety of merit worth naming. The fragrant blooms are of extreme beauty for room decoration. They should be cut just as the bud is expanding. Their delicate tints are not then faded out by the sun's rays, and they will keep in good condition for about a week. VARIETIES I will not attempt to say what are the best varieties to grow, for this is largely a matter of individual taste; all the named varieties are good. I will, how- ever name a dozen good sorts, and which are easily procurable at reasonable prices from dealers in this class of plants : Whites — Early, Festiva Maxima ; mid- season, Duchesse de Nemours ; late, Marie Lemoine. Pale Pinks — Early, Umbellata Rosa ; mid-season, Eugene Verdier ; late, AI- tjert Crousse. Deep Pinks — Early, Rosa Superba ; mid-season, M. Jules Elie ; late, Living- stone. Reds — i'^arly, Adolph season, Felix Crousse; lage. Anyone cultivating a the above list will be well repaid by the fragrance and the abundance of bloom with which his garden will be filled. Rosseau ; mid- late, M. Kre- selcction from Garden Notes R. S. Rose, Petcrboto, Osl. Loosen the earth around each plant. ;\ good tool to use for this purpose is a mason's trowel sharf>ened at the edges. It gets under the weeds and through the soil easily without disturbing the roots of the plants. Take a section of the l)ed each day and do it thoroughly. Do not try to do more than you can handle. Do a little at a time, and do it well. It will pay better in the long run than try- ing to do more and skimping it. In the dry weather it would be a good plan lo put around the plants that need more moisture than others the grass clippings before watering in the evening. This will retain the moisture and the plants can drink it in at their leisure. If your garden is a large one it would also be a good plan to water by sections and give each section a good soaking. This is better than watering the whole garden with a light sprinkle, which is worse than not watering at all. The water should reach the roots, and not only ^o down an inch or two. Surface watering is useless. Paeoay Fcktiva Maxima: One of the Finest White Varietie* in Cultivation This plant, grown by J. E. Thompson. 53 Ontario Ave., Hamilton, had sixty four buds on it at once. Several of the flowers measured eight inches acroes. Fall Notes for the Flower Garden HK first early fall operation for the plant lover is to take cuttings or slips of any perennial plants that lare required for keeping over winter. fColeus, salvia, iresine (Achyranthes), and ageratum cuttings should be taken early in September before cold, chilly nights A Petunia Plant !n January Prepare this fall to have plants like this next winter. Thin plant was dug up from the bord- er in October. appear, as cuttings from these plants do not root successfully after they have been chilled, much less when they have been frozen. Geranium cuttings may be left until a week or so later on, but even these should be taken before the leaves are touched by frost, as they rot much quicker and better. The best material to root cuttings in is clean, gritty, rather coarse sand, sand that will make good stone mortar. Pit sand, river sand, or rinse sand from the side of a stream or from the roadside will do for the purpose. It should be free from vegetable and woody matter such as leaves, sawdust, or chips. A little light soil with no fertilizer in may .some- times be mixed with the sand but pure sand usually gives the best results. Moisten the sand well and pack it firmly in a shallow box that lias holes bored through the bottom for drainage pur- poses. Empty fish boxes from the gro- cery store that baddies have been packed in do well for this purpose. .Soak these boxes in water before using to dissolv< any salt that there may be in them. Flower pots may also tx; used to start the cuttings in. Select a healthy growing cutting from a terminal or side shoot. A fairly short jointed cutting is usually best. The ba.se Wm. Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph, Oat. of the cutting should be cut flat across with a sharp knife close underneath a node or joint of the stem where a leaf stem joins the stem ;the texture of the base of the cutting is an important point. It should not be too hard and woody or too soft and pulpy. .'Vbout the texture of a young tender carrot is about the right texture. Securing the proper texture for the base of the cutting is of far more importance than the size or length of the cutting. Cut off about one-half of the lower leaves close to the stem. Remove all bloom buds "and blossoms where pos- sible. The stem of geranium cuttings should be about four to, five inches in length ; coleus iresine, salvia, and ager- atum cuttings about an inch shorter than the geranium cuttings. SETTING AND OAEiE OF OUTONGS. A hole or drill should be made in the sand deep enough to set about twcj- thirds the length of stem upright in the sand. Water the cuttings well and set the box in a temperature of sixty to .seventy degrees Fahr. .Shade them from the hot sun and keep the sand well moistened until cuttings are rooted, which should be from four to six weeks or longer after setting. Pot the cuttings when rooted, singly, into two or two and a half inch pots, or put them in shal- low boxes about two inches apart in ra ther sandy potting soil. The rooted cut- tings may be kept in the sand all winter and potted in the spring if the sand is not kept too wet. KEKPING OI/D PLANTS Dig the plants about the end of Sep- tember before the stems are frozen. Cut the tops well back, about one-half the growth, and shorten the roots about one- third their length. Plant the roots in sand or sandy soil in pots or in shallow, well-drained boxes about four inches deep. The plants may be set quite close together. A box four inches deep and twelve inches square will hold sixteen or eighteen good-sized plants when tops are cut off. Water them well once and set the box in a cool win- dow, temperature about fifty-five de- grees. These plants may be potted after five or six weeks' time singly into three or four inch p>ots when rooted and start- ing into growth. Or the box or pot may be placed in a light basement or cellar in a temperature of forty to forty-five de- grees, and the sand kept only barely moist. These may he brought out into I he window in a temperature of about sixty degrees later on, watered and start- ed into growth, and potted singly into four or five inch pots in good soil. Plants treated in this way will usually make splendid plants for the window in spring and for setting out in the border in early June. OLD PETUNIA PLANTS. If you have an extra fine double or single flowering plant of petunia growing in the border and wish to save the plant, the top growth can be cut down early in September to within about eight inches of the ground, leaving any young new shoots of growth at ba.se of plant. After a week or so, dig the plant up care- fully vvith all the roots and soil possible attached. Pot the plant into a not too large-sized flower pot, a four or five inch pot, in good soil. Water it well and set it in the window and keep the soil well *> ■y?T JJLj ^ ^^ ikA^k- ||«^1 ■•* =■■■ i ■ < - >4 ^.^ ■ ^i;^^^ " Ji 1 1 Experimental Paeoniei at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelpb, Ont. 219 220 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 191 4. f^t Cobea Scandens Growing on a Toronto Verandah moist (not too wet). When well rooted in the small pot which should be in five or six weeks from the time it was first potted, repot the plant without disturb- ing the root system into a two size lar- ger flower pot. Put some broken pieces of flower pot in the bottom for drainage, and use good, rich, loamy potting soil for this second repotting. Keep ithei plant in a sunny window in a temperature of fifty-five to sixty degrees, not too near the radiators. The young, non-flowering shoots of petunias will root readily in sand the same as other cuttings men- tioned if taken before they are frozen. FUEESIAjS. Six or eight freesia bulbs put into a five-inch flower pot before the end of September will usually produce their sweet-scented blossom by Christmas or New Years. Water the bulbs and put them into the window as soon as potted. A great many people pot these bulbs and put them in the cellar the same as Dutch bulbs to root. This is a mistake. They should be put in the window as soon as potted and kept there until they flower. The plants must be staked and tied up when about eight inches high. GAiLAS. If callas have not already been repot- ted in July or August, it would be best now to dig out about an inch or a little more of the top soil and fill in (top dress) them with a good, rich compost of about half dry cow manure and good loamy potting soil mixed together. A little sand or leaf mould or both, about one-sixth part, may be added to this if the soil is at all of & heavy nature. This' method of top-dressing, as it is techni- cally termed, is very often better than repotting callas. Many other bulbous rooted plants can often be treated in this way rather than to repot them, especially when they have passed their regular season of repotting. Callas should be taken into the window before frosts. Do not place them too close to the heat radiators. FALL PLANTING. All border plants having thick, fleshy rhizones or root stocks, such as paeonies, German iris, Dicentra spectabile (Bleed- ing Heart), Funkias or Day Lily, or the Hemerocallis flava (Lemon Lily) or the later flowering Hemerocallis fulva (Tawny Lily), lily of the valley should be planted or transplanted late in September or early in October. Bulbous rooted lilies such as the Madonna, Tiger and Elegans type of lilies are best planted or transplanted early in September. Avoid planting German iris 'or the ^Funkia or Hemerocallis too deeply in the ground. The fleshy rhizome roots of these should be only just under the sur- face of the soil when planted. Bulbous rooted lilies such as the Madonna and the other varieties named should be planted four to six inches under the sur- face. In light soils plant fully six inches deep, in clay soils a little shallower. If the lilies are doing well every year, it is best not to dig or disturb them, as they often do not do so well after having been removed or transplanted. It is best to "leave well alone" in connection with the culture of lilies. After an experience of several years - in g'arden work, I should feel it an ir- reparable loss to attempt to teach in eith- er a rural or city school without the inspiration which a garden affords. — Harvey Gayman, Jordan Harbor. Cobea Scandens J. McPhtrMB R«s<, Toranta, Oit. Cobea Scandens has long been grown as a greenhouse or conservatory climb ing plant and under glass is a perennial. Outdoors wherever known, it is one of the most popular of annual climbers. lieing a remarkably free grower and the ease with which it attaches its ten- drils to anything convenient to cling to after once established you can almost see it grow. The foliage i.s a delicat< green — leaves oval, regular and free from any known insect, it is to Ix; recom- mended as a useful plant for covering arbors, trellises and verandahs), while the permanent creepers of slower growth are making headway, such as roses, aristolochin and honeysuckle. Besides being a rapid climber with nice foliage, Cobea Scandens blossoms very freely in tulip-like purplish or green- ish-white flowers set in a saucer-like corolla, hence the name cup and saucer plant. It is grown readily from seeds by florists, or anyone for that matter, by sowing early in March or April under glass. Seedsmen usually direct growers to place the seed on edge when planting in seed box or pot, but this is unneces- sary. It is a great favorite with city dwellers. Garden Notes Lawn grass may be sown early in Sep- tember, provided the ground is moist enough. Geraniums and other plants that are to be kept in the house this winter must be taken up in September. As soon as the leaves fall make hard- wood cuttings of the currant about eight inches long and plant them in the gar- den. They should become well rooted by winter. Some Uses for Fallen Leaves Rnby A. Tillett, Huniltos, Oat. In districts where gardeners have com- mand of or easy access to plenty of re- cently fallen leaves, they are advised to make the best of their opportunities to get together as large a heap as possi- ble. Unlike stable manure, even a large mass of leaves may be stored quite near the dwelling house without causing any inconvenience. Whenever possible an| open shed or other protection should be ' provided in order to prevent the leaves being constantly wet. These leaves will he found of great value later on for mix- ing with equal parts of freshly-gathered hor.se manure when making up the earl- iest hot beds for forcing bulbs into flow- ers or such highly-appreciated forced ^ vegetables as asparagus, sea-kale or rhu- Wt barb, or such popular flowering plants as begonias, gloxinias, petunias and lobelia. Where the interior of the house is not suitable for making up a hotbed in the usual way, or other reasons exist why this should not be made up, it will be September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORT I C ULTUE I S T 221 Frames, containing lettuce, endive, parsley, or some flowering plants, which do not require much protection in severe weather, can have a good bank round them as another useful way of utilizing fallen leaves. This outside layer not only spares covering material, but as it helps to keep up a greater warmth inside the frame, the plants inside receive great- er benefit than when covered only at nieht. Gardan Plan A 1, Golden glow; 2, hollyhocks: J. hardy aster or Michaelmas Daisy : 4, bleeding heart ; 5. delphinium; 6, campanulas (Canterbury Bells); 7. phlox: 8, fypsophila (Baby's Breath); 9, doxini- cum ; 10, achillea ; 11, pyrethrum ■ 12. gaillardia, Grandiflora; 13, sun flowers; 14, Iceland poppy. found a really good plan to fill a rather large deep wooden box with thismixture standing it in one corner of the house where it may be covered with large sheets of glass, or failing that, light newspapers. Such a box will be found to retain a steady heat much longer than would have been the case had the box contained only manure ; usually long enough, in fact, to allow whatever seed- lings are raised in it to become quite .sturdy before the heat has entirely left the bed. If sufficient can be gathered to make up a hot-bed of the usual dimensions for growing cucumbers and other vegeta- bles in frames, the gardener with an eye to the future should take full advantage of the chance, for if these large beds are made up as advised for filling the boxes, the heat after doing duty next hot sea- son, should turn out a small gold mine to those whose aim is to grow universal fav- orites like begonias, chrysanthemumsand fuchsias, to perfection. In fact, if to this mixture is added equal parts of good sound loam a compost well suited for the majority of soft-wooded plants will be to hand. Others having no glass houses, whose ambitions lie in the direction of large clean roots of almost every kind of \ege- table and those of good shape and qual- ity, would find the contents of such a heap very valuable, for even when used liberally, badly shaped or forked roots rarely result. In fact for show carrots, licet roots and parsnips this may be re- lied upon by the addition of a few potfuls to a barrowload. The value of fallen leaves as a cov- ering and protection for old stumps of scarlet lobelias, fuchsias and other flow- ers, may be known to many. A few dry leaves banked around the stems of choice roses often saves them from dying. Even leaves alone, a good heap of them, over well-established crowns of rhubarb and sea-kale, soon start these into growth, and although the growth may be more tedious than when manure is used the result is much finer. The time to do this is after the turn of the days. A piece of wire netting or a tub or box should be placed over the stools before covering them. After this place a wheelbarrow load over each clump. Simple Garden Plans R. S. Ro»e, Peterborough, Ont. BY laymg out your garden in the fall, it can be put into good shape for the spring planting. If the work is all left to be done in the spring there will be too much to do to get the ground into proper shape in time for bedding out plants or sowing the seed for an- Garden Plan B 1, Background, phlox and perennials in various colors; 2, four o'clocks; 3, stocks; 4, sweet alyssum; 5, dwarf nasturtiums; 6. sweet peas: 7, sun flowers ; 8, hollyhocks ; 9, golden glow ■ 10, salvia; 11. asters; 12. pansies; 13, eweet Wil liam; 14, vegetables. nuals. This should be done from a month to a month and a half before bed- ding out time, so leave as little work as you can for the spring, when you wil! have your hands full of other work be sides laying out the beds. In the hope that it may help some 1 here give some plans for a small back garden with names of some of the plants that can be raised to advantage. In diagram A the flowers are at the rear. Vegetables can be grown in the front of the flower bed, or it can be left for a grass lawn. In diagram B the flower beds are at the sides and end. The centre can be used as one thinks fit. In diagram C the flower beds are at one side, with spaces left for vegetables. The plans are all simple and can easily be made with very little work. The seeds or plants can be got from any of the num<"rous seedsmen or nursery men, and can Ix; grown in any ordinary back yard that gets lots of sun and has fairly good loam. After your beds are finished cover with a top dressing of decayed manure and dig this into the earth after the frost is out of the ground in the early spring. Floral Notes I have a seedling Pelargonium, leaves very round, and young shoots branch out from stem. It is a year old, but has not yet flowered. I would like to know if any subscriber has one like it, or anything on the market similar to it.— Chas. Harlock, Hillside P.O., Mus- koka, Onit. The Wistaria cannot be grown out of doors successfully in Ontario outside of the Niagara District unless under special conditions, such as winter pro- tection. Even there they are sometimes injured materially during winter. — Wm. Hunt, Guelph, Ont. There are two points in the culture of gladioli by amateurs that should be emphasized : the season of blooming of the variety and the size and age of the corn. In European catalogues buyers are advised of the season of blooming of each variety offered, while in Amer- ca little attention is given to this im- portant piece of information. — John Cav- ers, Oakville, Ont. Garden Plan C 1, Golden glow ; 2, goldt'n treasure : 3, naatur- tium ; 4, sweet peas ; 5, morning glory : 6, asters, stocks, eweet william and other annuals: 7. ntbbage heap, with sun flowers in front; 8, vegetables. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 191 4. Mushroom Culture on a Large Scale B. H. C. Blanchard, B.S.A., EUershouse, N. S. A CROP that requires years of study and experienc-e before the grower can be assured of a regular yield is mushroeets, and carrots are set down wherever most convenient to the exhibitor. Such confusion is void of educational value or of any benefit to those inter- ested. The exhibits should impart a les- son of improvement to the unsuccessful, so that the individual can adjust matters better in succeeding seasons. The space for each section should be set aside and distinctly labelled or else a competent man placed in charge to keep the exhib- its in order. All the entries of one class should be kept by themselves. Such a system commends itself to the judges whose du- ties are lightened ; to the competitors, who see at a glance how they stand and profit by results for future contests, and to the spectators who can obtain a more comprehensive view of the exhibits. This is away in advance of the old method of having a first prize cabbage here and the second prize alx>ut twenty yards off. A SLOPING EFFECT. Collections of vegetables should com- mand a good effect. A sloping face is necessary for the best results. Tall en- tries should be confined to background. There should be at least six samples of each sort with the possible exception of three hundred pound squashes or pump- kins. A few indiscriminate representa- tives in each class are not even worthy of name. I consider naming an impor- tant p)oint. Neat tickets are preferable, wired several inches clear of samples. In preparing for the exhibition, clean and trim the material well. Leave the soil in the garden ; it is not required on the show board. Competitors must re- member to adhere to the regulations of the prize list. If a given number of September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 223 A Crop of Celery as Grown by John Williams, Peterboro, Ont. Mr- Williams is on© of the successful market girdeneis of Peterboro. Althougih his soil is a rich muck, he fertilizes it heaTlly. The celery is planted in double rows on the flat, no trench ee being dug. The soil is cultivated almost daily. specimens is mentioned neither more nor less is wanted. Fraudulent exhibiting sometimes occurs, such as showing stuff not grown by the exhibitor or displaying wrong varieties. The officers may not detect every case but the offender will suffer in the long run. With collections, the allotment to a certain space or the stipulation of a given number of varie- ties would be preferable to the wide range method at present In vogue. THE JUDGING. For the judging of the groups, cards should be used. So many points should be allowed for each vegetable, the ar- rangement, effect, quality and naming. This gives satisfaction all around. Sec- retaries should forward the judges copies of the prize list so that they may look up the regulations, for no two are framed alike. The services of up-to-date horticul- turists should be obtained, men of experi- ence from the experimental farms, prac- tical market growers or professional gardeners. Amateur horticulturists have often been selected. A few are profic- ient , others are quite incapable. With many, size and quantity is placed before quality. Over grown beets, car- rots or tomatoes are always coarse. Size with quality combined counts with cel- ery, onions, leeks, cauliflower, parsnips, and muskmelons; it shows cultural skill. In other clas.ses abnormally large specimens are only secondary for table or culinary purposes, in comparison with typical medium ones. A few choice speci- mens are worthy of more points than a bushel of the poorer kind. The produc- tion of the former requires skill ; the latter can be grown with random meth- ods. Fine blanched celery, specimen onions and tomatoes can rarely be had without judicious cultivation. Judges are slow to withhold prizes, yet many exhibits are not worthy of the judge's attention. When competition is not keen and material poor, premiums are better withheld. It will cause the competitor to, exert himself a little more although his temperature may run high at such procedure. Celery Blanching Our markets demand a clean, white- stalked celery. This is obtained by a process called blanching or growing the leaf stalks in darkness. This destroys the color in the stalk and prevents any more forming. It also makes the stalk crisp and tender. If earth is used a characteristic sweetness and nutty flavor is obtained. Early celery is usually blanched with boards, paper or something of that kind. If earth is used before the cool weather of fall it is likely to cause rust or decay on the stalks, which of course destroys their value. Late celery may be blanched with' boards or with earth. Sound hoards ten or twelve inches wide, one inch thick, and twelve to sixteen feet long are laid on each side of the row. They may be cleated at the ends and centre to prevent splitting or warping away from the plants. Hooks are also used to keep the upper edges close to the celery stalks. Treated jn this way celery will bleach in from one to three weeks, de- pending on weather conditions. Warm, moist weather will hasten blanching, while cool weather will retard it. As fast as the bleached celery is used the boards may be put on other plants. Build- ing paper, or even newspapers, may be used if the season is not too wet. F.arth-blanched celery has a better flav- or than board blanched. Where earth is used, draw it up about half or two-thirds of the way to the top of the plant when both plant and soil are dry. After a few days more earth may be put around the plant, leaving from four to six inches of the top above the soil. This may be ac- complished by a celery hiller or on a small scale with a hoe. It is sometimes an advantage to "handle" celery before hilling, that is to draw the stalks close- ly about the heart of the plant, holding them in place either by tying or with .soil. From ten to eighteen days are required to bleach celery for use by this method. Celery well protected by soil will not be injured by quite severe frosts. Where celery is to be stored for winter use, it should be bleached but very little, if at all, in the field. Soil Sterilization for Ginseng Prof. J E. Hewitt, O.A.C., Gaelph, Onl. In my addresses I have frequently recommended the sterilization of soil with steam or formalin, but have not yet explained how the sterilization is done. The formalin method is for most growers the handiest and cheapest. This is best done in the fall of the year. Remove the roots from the beds and throw the soil up loosely. The soil should be dry when the sterilization is done. The formalin is diluted in water. If the soil is wet the solution should be stronger about one part of formalin to fifty parts of water. This solution should be applied to the soil at about the rate of one gallon to the square foot. Two men can do this work best, one man applying the solution with an ordinary sprayer or watering can, the other man spading over the soil as the solution is applied. As soon as the soil can be worked without puddling after treat- ment, it should be thrown up loosely to permit of the evaporation of the formal- dehyde. Do not plant the bed for about ten days after the treatment and before planting is done the bed should be thor- oughly spaded over several times. Where live steam can be obtained, steam ster- ilization is very satisfactory. The inverted pan method is most suit- able for ginseng beds. The apparatus consists of a galvanized iron pan about four by ten feet and six inches deep. This is inverted over the soil to be ster- ilized, the steam being emitted through a hose connected at one end of the pan. The sharp edges are forced down into the .soil to prevent the steam from escap- ing. Fertilizers should be applied be- fore the sterilization is done. The steam should be kept at as high a pres- sure as possible, eighty to one hundred pounds, and the sterilization continued from three-quarters of an hour to an hour and a half, depending upon the pressure maintained. This treatment will destrov the spores of the various fungi and the weed .seeds in the soil. "4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1914. The Canadian Horticulturist (;OMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which ha» been incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural PuMlth:nf[ Company, Limited PKXKRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs ok the Oktario and Qcebko Fru:t Gbowkrs' Associationb AND OK The Ontario and New Brunswick Bekkeehkrs' Associations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWErj/R SPECIAL AGENCY ChW-aeo «imce— Peonle's Gas Building New Vork OIHce -Trib>ine Buililiog GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountntephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1 The Canadian Horticulturist is published in two editions on the ZSth day of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The first edition is known ae The Canadian Horticulturist. It is devoted exclusively to the horticultural intereets of Canada. The second edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first issue are replaced hy an equal number of pages of matter relating to the bee-keeping in- terests of Canada. „ .■ 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year: two years. $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subsoriptiona in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents eitra year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post OfHce or Erpress Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- drees ia ordered, both the old and the new ad^ dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an Inch. Copy received up to the 20th. Address all advertising oorreepondenoe and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables^ January, 1913 ....11.570 August. 1913 12,675 February. 1913 ...11.55D September. 1913 ...13,729 March, 1913 11209 October, 1913 ....13,778 April, 1913 ..11,970 November. 1913 ..12,%7 May. 1913 12.368 December, 1913 ..13,233 June, 1913 12,618 July:, 1913 12.626 Total ....150,293 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " I9I.1, 12,524 Sworn detailed statitments will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns '>f The Canadian Hoi^ ticulturlst are as carefully edited as the read- ing columns, and because to protect our read- ers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs vrithin one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its ooourrence, and that we find the facte to be a« stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, througih the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupt*. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTIOUI/TURIST. PETERBORO. ONT. S EDITORIAL 1 THE EUROPEAN WAR The human mind is incapable of grasping- the horrors of the Europeam War. All wars of ancient and modern times pale into insignificance when compared with the car- nage that is taking place in Europe. Never before have the armies engaged been so enormous, the instruments of warfare used so destructive, or the world at large so affected. No wonder that Christian people everywhere are appalled at the thought that these things are possible nineteen cen- turies after the birth of Christ, whose com- mand was that thev should love one ano- ther. Vet who can doubt but that this war will lift the world '.o higher and better levels of thinking and of living? So it has ever been. Over one hundred years ago the streiets of Paris and towns and villages of France ran with blood as the people arose in their fury and with unspeakable ferocity slaughtered the ruling classes who had been oppressing them for centuries. But out of these troublous times arose the French Republic which ever since has beicn .1 leaven which has been spreading demo- cratic principles of government among the peoples of Europe. The freedom of man- agement of their own affairs enjoyed by the people of the British Empire was ob- tained only as the result of bitter civil wars which in one case cost a king his head. The Civil War in the United States lasted for four years and cost scores of thooisands of lives, but it put an end for ever to legal- ized slavery. Even the Boer War in fifteem short years has resulted in the Union of South Africa and the establishment in that now thoroughly loyal colony of conditions that apparently could not have been effected in any other way. For years the peace of the world has been threatened by the existemce among the nations of Europe of militaristic parties whose favorite motto has been "In times of peace prepare for war," and whose creed has been "God fights on the side of the biggest armies." The activities of these groups of reactionaries sowed the seeds of mistrust and national animosities until Europe became an armed camp and the people groaned under a burdein of taxation that was rapidly becoming unbearable. The militaristic class of Germany has been the domina'ing factor in this movement. It has vaingloriously set the pace that the other nations of Europe have been forced to follow. It has arrogantlyi refused to listen to proposals looking for a reduction of national armaments. Now! what was feared has taken place. This sentiment has had its way. Almost universal war has been declared. The blame, as the published correspondence clearly proves, rests squarely at the doors, first of Austria-Hungary and secondly of her ally, Germany. Both nations, under the flimsiest excuses, persistently brushed asile .' nd ignored the almost frantic efforts of th" other nations, which were persisted in to the last DOssible moment, to preserve the peace of Europe. The outcome is plain. Events to date seem clearly to nrove that God is fighting on the side of the .Mlies. This being the case, the complete overthrow of Germany and Austria-Hungary is assured. With their defeat will come the downfall of the militaristic party in Germany. It is not too much to expect even that Germany will become a republic. Thus from the ground that is now runniaig red blood promises to arise new conditions that will release the people of Europe from fetters that have bound them for years. Long needed re- forms will thus ' become possible. Ulti- mately the peace of the world will be pro- moted. The price being paid is a fearful one. Let us believe that in time it will be justified. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR Year by year, as though by a divinely ordered plan, the nations of the earth have been becoming more and more interdepend- ent. In spite of protective tariffs, which aim to make the nations which rely om them self-sustaining in matters of production, the countries of the world have been spe- cializing more and more in the production of those commodities which their natural advantages have made it the most easy for them to produce. This condi'ion has been brought home to us by the European War. Suddenly we have beem led to realize, as never before, that the rest of the world is largely depend- ent on Germany and others of the warring nations of Europe for its supply of certain standard fertilizers, seeds of many kinds, and other necessities, to say nothing of their being imporiant markets for the pro- ducts which other natioais produce. Fortunately we are not likely to suffer as much in Canada from a shortage in seeds and bulbs for next year's grain and gar- den crops as at first seemed probable. Many consignments from Europe had been made before war was declared. Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and portions of France, as well as Britain, seem likely to be able to fill most if not all the orders for seeds of all kinds and bulbs that had be«n sent forward from this side. Canadian seedsmen, it is estimated, have in stock from 1913 about thirty per cent, of the requirements for the 1915 crop. In addition. North .\merica produces an abundance of seed of cereal grains, clover and the leading grasses, as well as of many common vegetables. There may be a short- age in supplies of certain flower seeds, but the losses, if any, from this will be light. Should the war be continued for a couple of years, the effect will become more ap- parent ; but this is an eventuality that hardly seems possible. SHIP ONLY GOOD FRUIT WEST Mr. F. C. Hart, Director of the Markets Branch of the Ontario Department of .Agri- culture, points out to Ontario fruit ship- pers that owing to the war situation, in catering to the western market this year they will be well advised to send only the best varieties, and the No. 1 grade. In anticipation of the market being a difficult one, the fruit sent should be only such as should be able to compete successfully with the fruit from other sections. Ontario apples find favor in the west. This in part is because a large part of the population of the west formerly lived in Ontario. The "fruit from home" and "Ontario flavor'" has found, therefore, a ready sale in the past when it has been put up in an attrac- tive manner. The knowin varieties of Ontario fruit are familiar names to consumers in the west. Spys. Baldwins, and similar varieties are apples of which they have only heard, but of which they have had their share be- fore going west, and they want more of September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST them. In placing^ these varieties on the market, however, Mr. Hart reminds us that it is not only the name that sells, but the apple itself. Even a good sample may find a poor market ; a No. 2 or 3 grade shipped west will likely result in loss this year. Particular attention should, therefore, be paid to the grading: at packing- time and no inferior fruit allowed to go through to spoil (he chances of sale. Nothing but the very best should at any time be put in boxes, but more particularly so this year. Occasionally fault has been found with the Ontario pack in the west. It is not necessary to inquire into the justice of the criticism. It is enough to know that the criticism exists and Ontario packers should be careful not to justify it by an inferior pack in a single instance. What is true of boxes for Saskatchewan and Alberta is equally true of barrels for Manitoba. This excellent chance of putting up a good pack for the west should not be lost. Canadian Horticultural Association Convention The Canadian Horticultural Association is planning to extend the scope of its work and make it more truly national iin char- acter. It has serious difficulties to sur- mount but a wide field of usefulness before it. Wi'hout receiving any govermment as- sistance the association has accomplished much good work in the past. This pro- mises well for its future. The European war promises to seriously affect the European apple market. The now conditions thus created call for the highest possible efficiency in marketing this year's crop. Some losses on this vcar's crop may be unpreventable, but there are prospects that by good manage- ment these may largely be avoided. For several years the annual conventions of The Canadian Horticultural Association have shown a yearly increase in the general attendance and enthusiasm. This improve- ment was continued at this year's conven- tion, the seventeenth, held since the Asso- ciation was organized which took place in Toronto Tuesday to Friday, August 4th to 6th. On the Friday following the con- clusion of the convention tne members of the Association went as the guests of the Gardeners' and Florists' Association of To- ronto for a trip across Lake Ontario to Niagara Falls. A remarkable feature of the convention was the fact that out of the six- teen past-presidents of the Association, one of whom held office for two years, fourteen were present at the convention. The two absentees are both alive. The social features included a visit on Tuesday afternoon to the green houses of Miller & Sons at Bracondaie, and later on, the same afternoon a visit to the magnificent residence of Sir Henry Pellatt. On Wed- nesday afternoon the members were the guests of the Dale Estate of Brampton, and were taken by special train on a visit to the wond.;rful establishment of the Dale Estate which is the largest in Canada. The green- houses of Wm. Fendley and some of the other well-known Brampton florists were also visited. On Thursday afternoon the members were the guests of the Richmond Hill Horticultural Society where the green- houses of W. J. Lawrence. Harold Mills, J. H. Dunlop and Endeau's Nursery were in- spected. The green-houses at Richmond Hill have all been erected in the past three years and include, particularly those of Mr. John H. Dunlop's, many innovations and modern improvements that were a revela- tion to all who were present. The following officers were elected: Pres- ident, H. B. Cowan; First Vice-President, F. W. Adams, Toronto; Second Vice-President, Jas. Fraser, Prescott; Secretary-Treasurer, Julius Luck, Montreal; Executive Commit- tee, F. Dicks, London; Geo. Douglas, To- ronto; Luke Williams, Ottawa; R. L. Dunn, St. Catharines; R. J. Eddy, Montreal; S. Jordan, Peterboro; A. Ferguson, Montreal: John Milford, Sherbrooke, Quebec, and Frank Wise, Peterboro. BUSINESS SESSIONS A number of extremely interesting ad- dresses were given. Park Commissioner Chas. Chambers of Toronto, gave an illus- trated lecture entitled "Park Systems." Mr. H. J. Moore, of Qu^en Victoria Park, Nia- gara Falls, Ontario, advocated the establish- ment of a National Plant Registry, this to be supplemented by trial grounds in which new introductions could be tested before being registered. The matter was consider- ed to be an important one, and Mr. Jas. Mc- Kenna, of Monfeal, Mr. Moore and Mr. VV. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, of Ottawa, were appointed a committee to gather further information and submit it to next year's convention by which time it may be known whether or not ttie Association is likely to receive a government grant. THE CONVENTION CITY London, Ontario, was selected as the place for the holding of the next conven- tion. Mr. A. C. Wilshire, of Montreal, spoke briefly on "Greenhouse Construction," set- ting for'h the mierits of the single against block houses. The following papers were read: "Cyclamen," by E. I. Mepsted, Ottawa; "Recent Rose Introductions." by Walter Muston, Toronto, and "New Green- house Plants," by E. F. Collins. THE ONE COMPLETE WORK WHICH MEETS CANADIAN CONDITIONS descriptive circular is sometimes mis-leading. You will there- fore wish to see a volume before placing a definite order for the complete set STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA - HORTICULTURE By L. H. BAILEY Volumes I and II NOW READY YOU CAN EXAMINE VOLUME I. AT OUR EXPENSE Mail, us the attached form and it will be sent you "on approval" subject to return within 7 days ^,---^ win of receipt. Whether you are an old hand or a young beginner, this work meet your requirements. "It is the Bible and Britannica of the garden folk, both amateur and professional alike" says the ''New York Nation." That paper is correct. THOUSANDS OF ILLUSTRATIONS WILL APPEAR IN EACH VOLUME o 0.1. S -O t. o " •-„ Oj3 O '^'C So© S =02^-2 2 < a < z. < u O d o z < a ■s. u < X H -^ c - s: o a: 5 »- 3 :n x >. 4/ --»_ — *^ SP3 = ^^ L- o s _ « ?* rf >>r^ bet: CO Q, re d- aoSg - • o S3 3 -1. -,-5? <0% Li * X o 3 or; S eS g ■a •a 1 Packing Fruit for Export W. W. Moore, Chief, Markets Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa IN this article I intend to deal witli the general deniaiHls and preferences of the markets abroad to which Canadian fruit is shipped. The apple is the most important factor in our exports of fruit. It constitutes about 95 per cent of our sales abroad. I will deal first, therefore, with some features of oiir rxport trade in this fruit. THE KXl'OKT APPLE TR.\DE In 18S4-5 Canada exported aliout 240,000 barrels of apples; in 1892-3 slightly over one million barrels, and in 18<)(i-7, l,G6't,470 bar- rels, a total not since surpassed. In 1911-12. however, when exports fell short of the above total by 305 barrels the total value was $5,104,107, as compared with $2,502,968 in 1896-7, or more than double the value for practically the same quantity of fruit. The crop of 1911, therefore, holds the record for value of apples exported and the enterprise of Canadian apple shippers Is demonstrated by the fact that in that season shipments were made to twenty-eight different coun- tries, of which the United Kingdom, Ger- many, Newfoundland, United States and South Africa were the largest customers in the order named. KEEPING IN TOtlCH It is advisable to push tlie sale of Cana- dian apples over as wide an area as possible as there is a great advantage in having com- mercial connections in many diflferent coun- tries for a product that depends so much on the local supply in the various markets to which we export. It should be remembered that the sale of apples abroad depends not only upon the quality of ttie fruit, means of transportation and mutual confidence be- tween buyer and seller, but also upon gain- ing the favor of the consumers, and this can be done only by giving them the opportunity to sample the fruit and thus determine their good qualities by actual test. Under these circumstances it is desirable that as many as possible of the twenty-eight markets re- ferred to, should receive some shipments every year, so that close relations may be retained and the reputation of Canadian ao'^les kept constantly before as many cus- tomers as possible. COMPETITION GP.OWING KEENER In the past ten years there has been prac- tically no increase in the quantity of apples imported yearly into the United Kingdom where the main demand foi Canadian apples is found. It is obvious, therefore, that this country can only secure a larger proportion of that market at the expense of our compe- titors. In order to achieve this result it is imperative that better fruit must be grown and greater care and skill developed in both barrel and box packing. Consumers are get- ting more critical every year and it is the inferior grades of apples that cause sales to drag and prices for all grades to decline. It should always be remembered by fruit grow- ers and packers "that two good apples are worth more than two gooa apples with two poor ones thrown in," DEM.\ND FOR BOXED .\PPLES In Great Britain the demand for boxed apples is increasing in the high class trade, which is catered to almost exclusively at present by the product of the Western States which reaches the market entirely in boxes, packed in faultless style. The size: most in demand during the greater part of the season are those packing from one hun- dred and thirty to two hundred apples in a l)Ox. In Liverpool. Manchester and Glas- irow there is usually a good demand for well colored varieties of early apples packed in boxes. In the past these soft varieties have usually been shipped from Canada in bar- rels and the weight of the upper layer? (jften led to the bruizing of the apples lielow mak- ing the package "slack" and reducing the selling value. In the early part of the sea- son the London market is generally well supplied with home-grown apples from the great apple-producing countries near by. INKM'E.NCE OF THE PANAMA CANAL Canadian apple growers should take note of the fact that the Panama Canal, now about completed, will very seriously in- crease the competition from growers in the western states. At present the railroad freight rate on apples in refrigerator cars from Oregon shipping potnts to Eastern markets is about sixty-two cents a box, but when shipped by water via the Panama Canal apples will be carried in cold storage for less than half that rate, probably twen- ty-five cents a box. It is expected that steamers equipped with refrigerated cham- I>ers will ply between ports on the Pacific coast and Liverpool, Hamt)urg and other European ports so that the rate to foreign markets will at least be cut in two. It is claimed that if the canal rates were avail- able this season it would mean a saving in freight rates to apple growers in the Hood River section alone of at least $240,000. In order to meet the situation Canadian apples packed in boxes both for domestic and ex- port trade will have to be finer in quality and more scientifically packed than has Ijeen the case in the oasv, if remunerative prices are to be obtained. THE EXPORT PEAR TRADE Last season was a remarkably good one for exporters of pears. English and French crops were almost a total failure, and sup- plies from these sources were consequently very light. Unfortunately a considerable proportion of the Bartlett pears shipped from Canada were packed in barrels, an en- tirely unsuitable package for this variety. The greater weight in a barrel of pears, as compared with apples, is apt to lead to less care in handling in transit and the conse- quent bruizing of the fruit. Even with care- ful handling the heavy weight of the upper layers on the bottom ones flatten the latter and leave room for the balance of the fruit to move about in the barrel each time it is handled. Some three hundred barrels of Bartlett pears shipped by a well known Canadian apple shipper were condemned and destroyed in Liverpool last season. If these pears, which were a good quality, had been wrapped and packed in half boxes they would likely have arrived in good condition and realized a good price. It is essential that pears shipped abroad should arrive in a hard green condition so that they will Stand up until they reach rne ultimate con- sumer. Pears arriving in a ripe condition may be utterly thrown away if weather and market conditions are unfavorable. It- is also necessary that pears should be properly graded and only fruit of thw same size pack- ed together. COLD STORAGE NECESSARY Cold storage is a very important factor in the shipment of pears, especially the Bart- lett and other early varieties. Whenever possible this class of fruit should be pre- cooled at the initial point of shipment and refrigerator cars and ocean cold storage should be taken advantage of for every ship- ment. The diflference in condition on arrival in Great Britain between pears that had been pre-cooled and shipped in iced cars and steamship cold storage and those lack- ing some or all of these advantages was clearly demonstrated to the writer during a visit there last autumn, as shipments from the United States received under the former conditions arrived in excellent shape, while a large proportion of the other consign- 2% ments were landed in a damaged condition and were often a total loss. Some of the pears received in LonOTS 'crn Pans ADE Pot, the beet best of clay, t superior to boulder, thus together per- ;e in shipping • NOW- stock of all prompt fihip- PRICE LIST *vy Co. ONTARIO t other varieties. In all otlier sections of Ontario the crop is practically a failure, with a few scattered exceptions in the inland counties north of Lake Erie. Nova Scotia and British Columl)ia both report a crop be- tween medium and full, altliough consider- able damage has been done to the latter pro- vince by Fire Blight. PEACHES In spite of the fact that the peach crop in the Niagara district is practically a failure, some Triumphs are upon ttie market, and at least in one instance these were purchased at 55 cents for six quart baskets f.o.b. ship- ping point and retailed in Ottawa at 75 cents. At figures such as these, the few growers who are fortunate enough to have hardy cling-stone varieties in their orchards, will be in an enviable position, at least in the eyes of their less fortunate neighbors. The prices should also be good for the peaches of Essex, Kent and Lambton coun- ties. In British Columbia the apricot sea- son was ended by the first of August, which is two weeks earlier than in the ordinary year. All peaches are reported a good crop. TOM .X TOES The long spell of hot, dry weather ser- iously affected the tomato crop in all parts of Ontario, and the chances now are that in spite of the very heavy acreage the total crop will not greatly exceed that of previous years. The crop in British Columbia is in practically the same condition as in Ontario, except, of course, in irrigated sections where the eflfects of drouth have been large- ly prevented. In other sections, however. tli£ lack of rain has resulted in a falling off Seadons Seeds T» all who ask for our useful ustrated hardy fiower book we send with FREE offer of 35 cents worth of Seadons Seeds g:uaranteed to succeed /^.v/yVfr IVHte today 'S¥.^ViOy.%, St. Albans. England FREE FOR PROFIT Pl.int our Top Notch FRUIT. SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TREES this Fall. EVERGREENS, SHRUBS. ROSES. VINES, BUSHES. Ask for Price List (No Agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL & SONS St. Catharines - Ontario BULBS The Quality of our Stock is the Best Darwin Tulips, Single Early Tulip.s, Hyacinths, Chinese Lilies, Narcissus, Daffodils, Paper Whites, Snowdrops, Crocus, Spanisii Iris Write for our Price List GEO. KEITH & SONS Seed Merchants since /-Wi 124 King St. East TORONTO Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinds of Per- ishable Goods. THE CANADA COLD STORAGE CO. Limited 53 William St.. MONTREAL, Que. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. TJie etageration in many lines of business caused by the European War furnishes an opportunity for many business men to make improTemente in their gardens and home grounds. No line of plants will give such large results for the outlay as Herbaceous Per- enmals. Of these the Paeony. Iris, Del- pJiinium. Phlox, Helenium and Hardy Chry- santhemum aj« the best six. We have fine stocks of theee and of many others, grown in our own grounds— all described in our Fall Planting List, just issued, which is sent free on request. We offer 50 varieties of Paconies at from 30o to $2.50 each; 30 Tars, of Irises at from lie to .$1.00 each: 5 vars. of Phloxes at 16-20c ea«h; 5 vars. of Heleniums at 15-20c each; Gold Medal Hybrid Dslphiniums at 20c each. 10 for .$1.50- 5 vars. of Hemerooallis at 15- 20c each; 6 vars. Astilbe and Spirea at 15- 35» each; 4 vars. of Campamilps at 20c ea«h; 5 vajs. of Heuchera at 20o each, Dicentra Spectabilis at 20c each; 3 vars. Shasta I>aisits at 26c each, 10 for $2.00, and many others. At the hour of writing, it is doubtful whether the usual importations of Daffodils and Tulips can be re-seived because of the war. The best substitute for these is Irises. of which we have a good stock. These should be planted at the earliest day jkjs- sible in September. Cash with order, including postage, as per schedule, please. JOHN CAVERS Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the end. of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. Pat. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers Brighton, Ontario 22.S THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 191 4. _ The Pick of the Bulb World All our bulbs are grown for us especi- ally and are personally selected by the James Carter & Co. experts. Thorough tests, both before exporta- tion, and at the Carter establishment at Raynes Park, London, assure soun I. healthy bulbs of the very highest quality. Our Tulips and Narcissus are exceptionally hardy and well suited to the Canadian climate. mcCiti^jSid^ are unequalled for bowl or bed cul- ture. The Carter catalogue and h-nidbo()l<— ■Bulbs" — illustrates and describes the choicest varieties of Tulip.s, Narci.s.sus, Daffodils, Crocus, and many others. It lists all well-known favorites and many exclusive kinds not to be had elsewhere. Complimentary copy on request. Write for it to-day. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS INC. 133 A King St. East Toronto Costa leas to keep in repair than any other '" Elevator Digger Digging Potatoes Avith an jjmAGi Ad]a8tablc la every r.ecessary way aid easily coatrtlled. Saves time, saves labor, gets all of the potatoes, helps you get to an early market when the price i^ right. Digs, separates thoroughly, drops the potatoes where you want them, and in most cases fairly well sorted. The question is: Can you alFord to be without a digger? Four styles from which to choose the one that suits your conditions best. You pay for and your horses draw only what you need. We have been making Diggeri 10 years and know what to build for this work. Our Booklet "D" tells the whole story in an understandable way. May we send it? Co., Limited Toronto, Ont. The Bateman-Wilkinson 460 Symington Ave. z^W- Fairbanks-Morse Spraying Outfit The most satisfactory system for every spraying purpose. It offers you the most con- venient and economical means of destroying insects, curing or preventing plant and tree diseases. Made in many sizes— both hand and engine operated. Send for free catalogue. It tells you what and when to spray, the best compounds to use, how to prepare them, etc. Farm Knftinea Scales Grinders ■ Feed Mills Tractors Windmills Pumps Water Systems Lighting Systems The Canadian Fairbanks • Morse Co., Limited Montraftl Toronto Quebec Ottawa St. Join Hamilton Ft. Willi.ni 1«F V WinnipcB Calgary Rcuina Edmonton Sdiikatoon Vancouver Victoria Cliiiuula's IX'iMrfnieiiTi! IIiniAt' I in prospects, and much of the fruit produc- ed, while abundant in quality, will be of small size. GRAPES Reports still point to an almost excep- tionally heavy crop in the Niagara penin- sula.. The average for the district is 86 per cent and from practically no sections have any adverse reports been Kceived. The red varieties are not so promising as some of the others. PORBION CONDITIONS United States. — A telegram from Por# land, Oregon, dated August 10, estimates the apple production in the rour northwest- ern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana at 15,000 cars. Of these, Yaki- ma Valley will produce 5,000 cars, H River 1,500, Wenatchee Valley 4,500 Western Oregon 900. The crop in New York state promise> be 12 to 15 per cent greater than the crop I'l 1912 and to doul)le that of last year. In the large producing sections of the states the increase is great. Baldwins are particularly heavy, some growers reporting the crop :n the best since 1896. Greenings arc light fair, Kings and Twenty Ounce good. i peach crop is a total failure, and plums aic light. London, England. — Weather conditi' favorable for fruit. Apple crop larger t; previous estimates. Owing to war and Ir price of sugar, fruit growers now recei\ very poor prices. — Dominion Fruit C- Report. Items of Interest A meeting of the Ontario Ginseng Grow- ers' Association will be held in the Temper- ance Hall, 1087 Queen St. West, Toron*- at half-past-one in the afternoon of Septi bcr 9th. At the annual meeting tield August 21s^ in Morrisburg Ont., of the St. Lawrence Valley Fruit Growers' Association W. G. Robertson of Matilda township was elected president; L. E. Parisien of Cornwall, vice- president; E. P. Bradt, B.S..A.., of Morris- burg, secretary-treasurer. Because of the European war Montreal buyers have offered prices below the normal. It was resolved to again make an exhibit at the annual flower and fruit show in Toronto, and to agitate for the holding of a similar show in Otta A much larger exhibit will be sent to i ronto than in former years, probably three liundred boxes of Mcintosh Reds. The selling of apples cooperatively, with a cen- tral packing place, which would insure uni- formity, was favored by all, though the meeting concluded that until the war ended the making of definite plans was not advisable. Canada's recently appointed Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Mr. D. Johnson, vis- ited Nova Scotia during the latter part of Juine and early July, in order to acquaint himself fully with fruit conditions in that province. In company with leading fruit growers and government oflficials he visited many of the largest orchards and also at- tended the annual meeting of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Ltd. Everywhere he went he made a most fav- orable impressiotn. At the closing session of the annual meeting of the fruit growers' company, the following resolution was pass- ed: "Resolved, — That that United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Limited, express their appreciation of the visit of Daniel Johnson, the fruit commissioner of Canada. From him we have received inspiration in our work and advice that will be most help- ful. We congratulate the government of Canada on their having obtained for the important position of fruit commissioner a man so eminently fitted for the office." September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUE 1ST 220 QUEENS OF QUALITY 3-band leather color. Unt., fiOo. each, $7.00 per doz. .Sel. I'nt., 7.5c. each $8.00 per doz. Circular free. J. I. BANKS - - LIBERTY, TENN. IF YOU WANT SOMETHING BETTER than what you already have in the Queou and Beo line, try one of the Atchley l>ollar QueunH. I make a specialty of Uollar Queens, or ^10.00 per doz. Goad, st'*ong two-frame nuclei with Untested Queen, $L\oO each: three-fram , $:i.O0. Safe arrival and .^.itisfiiotion guaranteed. WM. ATCHLEY, BEEVILLE, BEE COUNTY, TEXAS REQUEEN YOUR BEES this fall witi young queens bred from Doo- little'B best breeders. We have 500 or more choice untested queens on hand at all times. Prices, 60c each, .?6.60 per dozen. Delivery guaranteed. Nuclei. 2 frame .$1.50. 3 frame S2.25. W© have apiary of hundred colonies for sale at bargain, on easy terms of pay- ment. PflTticulare on request SPEHCFR APHRIES CO.. - NORDHnFF. CAL., U. S. A. THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW CLUBBING LIST The Review and Gleanings one year, 81. 50. The Hevieio and American Bee Journal one year, $1.50, All three for one year only »2.00 Canadian Subscribers add for postage as fol- o ws : Gleanings, 30o. ; A. B. J., 10c. Address THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, North Star, Mich. FOR SALE Hillcrest Fruit Farm of 48% acrce, the pro- perty of the late H. T. Stevens. This pro- perty is situated IX miles froon the villa.ge of Norwich, Oxford County. 14 acres plant- ed with apple, pear, plum and cherry trees and most all kinds of small fruit in bearing condition. Frame house and barns and 2 grrenhou.ses on premises. For particu- lars a.pply to the undersigTied Executors ANDREW COHOE, R. R. No. 1, BURGESSVILLE GEO. CRAIK, R.R. No. 2, MOSLEY, ONT. QUEENS AND BEES We can supply choice leather colored Ital- ian Queens promptly at the following prices: 1 6 12 Untested $1.00 $5.50 $10.80 Tested 1.50 8.50 16.00 Select tested 2.00 11.25 22.50 For prices on larger quantities please write us. We offer bees in pound packages from the same stock as above as follows after July Ist: 1 lb. 2 lb. 3 lb. .$1.50 $2.50 $3.50 These prices do not include a queen. Add price of queen you may select to price of pookage when orderlnr. Safe dellTery Kuar- antecd. Pull directions for handling sent with each shipment. A full stock of bee keepers' Piipplies always on hand for prompt shipment. Catalogue on request We Want More Beeswax. F. W. JONES - BEDFORD, QUE CARNIOLAN QUEENS After July 1st (I 6 12 Untested { [ 7Sc. $4.25 $8.00 Address WM. KERNAN, DUSHORE, PA., U.S.A. R.F.D. No. 2 WHEN YOU NEED QUEENS We will be pleased to till your order. Our business of rearing Queens was wstablished in 1884. We know what it means to have a good strain of Bees and Queens that stand second to none. Three-band Italians only bred for business and free from disease. Tested Queens. $1 each. Un- tested, 75c, J S7 per dozen. Send for Price Li-t. J. W. K. SHAW & CO,, LOREAUVILLE, LA„ U, S, A. SELECT ITALIAN QUEENS We will both be disappointed if you do not order a half dozen of our select untested Italian Queens at six for $4.00. 1 lb. Bees with Queens. $2.50. We have a number of satisfied Canadian custumers. We want you too. Circular Free, write J. B. HOLLOPETER BOX 56 - - PENTZ. Pa., U.S.A. INCREASE YOUR HONEY CROP by introducing some of Leininger's strain of Italians. Have been a breeder for 26 years. No better bees in America. Untested one $1.00, six S5.00 Tested one $1.25, six $6.00. Breeders, $10.00 each During August and September we will sell tested Queens, one year old, at 80o each. Will guarantee every oiie<»n. FRED LEININQEB & SON DELPHOS. OHIO. US A QUEENS by rettim mail or your money baxjk. Guar- anteed purely mated. J. E. Hand strain of three-banded Italians. Write for price list and free booklet, " How to Transfer, Get Honey and Increase." J. M. GINZERICH, ARTHUR, ILL., U.S.A. BEES FOR SALE Having to reduce my stock of bees I offer for sale a few (hives. All bees on good straight worker combs in factor.y-made frames. 8 frames to the hive. CHAS. BLAKE, SNOW ROAD STATION, ONT. (CP.R.) MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS liy return mail or money reliindtHl, bred from the best red clover strains in United States, in full colonies; from my Superior Breeders, northern bred, for business, long- tongued, leather color or three-bajided. gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not inclined to swarm, roll honey in. 1 untested, 75o: 6, $4.00; 12, $7.50; 1 eel, untested, $1.00; 6. .$5.00; 12, .$9.00. A specialist of 17 years' ex- lerience. Safe arrival ajid satisfaotion guaranteed. I. F. mili.br. ■brookvilt.k. fa... U.S. a BUY CARNIOLANS IN CAHNIOLA Pure Carniolan Alpine Bees Write in English for Booklet and Price List. Awarded 60 Honors. JohaRn Strgar, - Wittnach P O. Wocheiner FeUtritz Upper-Carniola (Krain), Austria QUEENS QUEENS Three Banded and Golden Italians. Vigorous queens, from clean, healthy colonic.". Safe de- livery at your Post Office guaranteed. See our catalogue. THE HAM & NOTT CO., Ltd. BRANTFORO OnT. Bees and Bee Supplies Roots, Dadants, Hanti & Nott's goods. Honey, Wax, Poultry Supplies, Seeds, etc. IVrite for a Catalogue THE CHAS. E. HOPPER COMPANY 185 Wright Avenue, Toronto, Ont. TOAR QUEENS AFTER JULY 1st Tested Strait Untested Bees per pound Nuclei per frame 75c. each 50c. each . $1.00 $1.00 each I. N. BANRSTON BUFFALO - - TEXAS, U.S.A. Famous Queens "r Italy Bees more beautiful, more gentle, more industrious, the best honev gatherers. PRIZES— VI, Swiss Agricultural Exposition, Berne, 1895, Swiss National Exposition, Geneva, 1896 Beekeep:ng Exhibition, Liege, Belgium, 189G Beekeeping Exhibition, Frank- fort. O. M, (Germany), 1907. Universal Exposition, St. Louis, Mo.. U.S.A., 1904. The highest award. Extra Breeding Queens, $3.00; Selected. 52.00; Fertilized. $1.50. Lower prices per dozen or more Queens. Safe arrival guaran- "^"^ ANTHONY BIAGGI PEDBVILLA, NEAR BELLINZONA ITALIAN SWITZERLAND This country, politically, Switzerland Ri^ public, lies geographically in Italy and pos sessee the best kind of Bees known. Mention in •writing — The Canadian HorticuUuriat and Beekeeper Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp Fruit and Vegetables Solicited WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, veg-etables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests, H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 230 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1914. — Bissell Steel Stone Boat — SrecIRailingaroundcJ^eK. Steel Runners. lU-\eI Corners 7 ft. by a, >< or.i ft. SViite Depl. N. tor I'ulJerand Prices — T. E. BISSELL CO., LTD., ELORA, ONT. -i^ Common Mistakes in Barrel Packing of Apples p. J. Carey, Chief Fruit Inspector, Ontario TRADi; MARK ^^f * V^ Wilkinson tlimaX D RI£GISTERl-n Ensilage and Straw Cutter Our "B" machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the higbestsiloordrystrawor hay into the mow. 12-inch throat, rolls raise 6 inches and act close to knives —solid, compact cutting surface. Can change cut with- out stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carriea fans. No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. Madcintwostyles— mounted or unmounted. Wc .-ilso makelarifer type machine for custom work. Aslc your dealer about thisw^Il-known iiiacltine and write us for new catjlog sliuwin^ all styles, THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., LIMITED 408 Campbell Ave. Toronto, Canada Mr. Fruit Grower Each year more and more of the celebrated " Friend " hand and power Sprayers are to be found in Canada; THERE'S A REASON-Let us tell you. "FRIEND" QUEEN A popular model on which sales have doubled. We have many others. "FRIEND" MFG. CO. GASPORT, N.Y. FOR a half-century the barrel has been the package sfcnerally used for the shipment of Canadian apples for ex- port. It is only within recent years that the box has made its appearance, and while the latter has come to stay as far as our domestic trade is concerned, the same cannot be said of the export trade. The reasons for this are plain. With the ex- ception of some portions of the north of England, where our apples are purchased by the package by the more wcalhy con- sumers, the great bulk of our fruit is -sold by the pound. This being the case it matters little, therefore, what trouble we may take in pu'ting on the European market neat and attractive packages with a view of impress- ing the consumers, when such packa.ges scarcely ever reach the public, but have their contents brokem up and sold in small quantities. Generally speaking, it would seem then that the apple package for ex- port for some time to come is nothing more than a carrier. I am ready to admit, therefore, that the barrel is the cheaper package and likely to hold is place for the greater portion of the export shipments, notwithstanding the fact that the number of boxes exported is increasing yearly. This being (rue, them, perhaps the last word has not been said on the proper methods of bar- relling apples. It is my intention to point out some of the mistakes commonly made by the great bulk of apple handlers. PACING. Taking the operations in order, I woxtld like to say a few words abou' the facing of the barrel. The Inspection and Sales Act requires that the face of a package shall fairly represemt the contents. Of course, this means as to quality of fruit. There is no law to prevent a packer from making th'S face of his package look attractive by removing the stems from the apples and using fruits of a uniform size ; or say a half-way between the maximum and mini- mum of the lot being packed as to size and color. There is easily twenty-five cents a barrel in value in the same lot of apples between a slovenly faced barrel and one properly faced. PROPER FULLNESS. In the particular of proper fullness, pack- ers have made the greatest mistake in the past The large number of slacks reported from the Old Country and the low prices returned for such alarmed the apple hand- lers, and orders were given to all packers that the trouble of "slacks" had to be met. Quite naturally the first thought was to fill to overflowing, and as a result he fruit was heaped on the end of the barrel before the head was being placed on. Strangeh' enough it took almost a quarter of a cen- tury to convince the apple growers hat this was a faul y method and that thou- sands of barrels of the worst kind of "slacks" was the result of this style of packing. .Apples crushed into a barrel with skin broken, followed, in many cases, by heating while in tr^insit, spells failure, and ■he account sales and check in such cases are heartbreaking to the shipper. The word "racking" as it applies to bar- rel-packing was coined by the apple packer and is commonly understood to mean the shaking and settling down of the apples in the barrel. So important is its application in the operation of barrel packing that the difference between it being properly and improperly done is the difference between success and failure in the packing of apples. The process of racking is well understood by all apple men, and it is no' my purpos<' to go into detail ; only to emphasize the importance of that particular part of the work. TAILING. Perhaps fifty per cent, of the barrel packers still practice what may be termed jumble tailing. This is where an attempt is made to roughly and hrurriedly level the top surface before placing the head. This mayt be put down as one of the common mistakes in barrel packing. When the head is put on, the high apples take he whole pressure first and are crushed or broken before the head is in place. What may be called proper tailing is when the apples arte placed in solidly and evenly, so that each one will take its share of the pressure. Where this is done the operator ran more easily de"ect if he is filling too high, and if the rest of the operation has been properly done the surface apples will not show more than a slight flattening and the fruit below not damaged. It has been admitted that up till a few years ago sevemty-five per cen'. of the export apples have been overpressed. Experiments have shown that where proper racking and tail- ing has been done it is not necessary that apples should projea above the end of staves, and considerably lower for domestic markets. PRE COOLING. This introduKTes another phase of 'he operation that is a big factor in successftil applie handling. The packing of summer or fall apples in an airtight barrel when the temperature is high can certainly be classed PS one of the mistakes. Experiments this season have shown ;hat small fruits pre- cooled sold for double the price of the same class of fruits shipped in the ordinary way. The same difference has often been shown between apples that have been heated in barrels and the same class of fruit that had arrived in a sound condition. Where pr;-cooling cannot be put in practice it is a wise plan when the weather is warm to pick apples from the trees the day before packing Orchard boxes for this purpose ane used to good advantage in the ."Anna- polis Valley, and Ontario handlers and fruit growers' associations would do well to put this into practice where possible. As the barrel is still to be the package fon the shipment of a large proportion of export apples as well as for a proportion of the domestic supply, surely it is wor*h while for those engaged in the trade to make a study of the very latest methods in orde' to secure for all concerned the best results. The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Ltd.. last year paid salaries amount- ing to $8,858.00. The general manager re- ceived $2,500, the secretary and the combin- ed organizer and inspector $1,200 each: the European representative, $1,111 ; the Halifax representative, $1,000; and office help $1.- 847. These officials incurred expenses in the course of their work amounting to $1,963. Mr. J. L. Hilborn, who at one time con- ducted "he Fruit Experiment Station at Leamington, Ont., for the Ontario Depart- ment of .Agriculture, has recently been ap- pointed by the British Columbia Depart- ment of .Agriculture, 'o take charge of an Experimental Station for small fruits and v"getnbles that is to be opened by the Pro- vincial Government at Summerland, B.C. i September, 1914 THECANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 2^> ANNOUNCEMENT E ARE PLEASED to announce to readers of The Canadian Horticulturist the incorporation of a Canadian greenhouse construction firm, under an Ontario charter called The Glass Garden Builders Ltd., and financed entirely by Cana- dian capital.. All the executive oiTicers of the Company are men of repute in business and financial circles. The President is W. J. Keens, a prominent business man of Toronto; the Vice-President, Dr. J. M. Baldwin, at one time Vice-President of the Toronto Horticultural Society; the Sec- retary-Treasurer, C. M. Baldwin, for some years an officer of the Imperial Bank of Canada, and later connected with Real Estate Companies of Toronto. The Company is most fortunate in having the services of Isaac Cassidy, formerly Secretary of the Lord & Burnham Co., Limited, of Canada, who has been in the greenhouse building business for about twenty years. He will devote his entire time to the activities of the Company. R. Derbyshire, formerly Canadian Manager of The Parkes Construction Company, has also consented to give his entire services to the Company. He has been in the business for the past ten years and is well acquainted with the Canadian trade. The policy of the Company is to build all types of commer- cial and private greenhouses, including all kinds of equipment. As an evidence of progressiveness on the part of the new firm two new houses are already under way for J. H. Dunlop of Richmond Hill. One of these, 61 by 40Q feet, is being built of the flat rafter full iron frame type. The other is a pipe frame house, 24 by 236 feet. Several private houses are also being erected in the City of Toronto. We would be pleased to submit plans and estimates on any work in this line. We know that our figures will interest you as all parts are manufactured in Canada. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS LIMITED 43 SCOTT ST., TORONTO, ONT. lyj. THE CANADIAN TTORT TC ULT UR TST Septemljer, 1014 FACTORY CLEARANCE SALE ROOFING 95 C Per Roll 108 Square Feet Regular S2.00 Quality. ASPHALT FELT ROOFING 100 per cent. Saturation Contains no Tar or Paper Lowest price for Government Standard Roofing ever offered in Canada. Sale neces- sitated by business conditions. Send for Free San\ple THE HALLIDAY COMPANY, LTD. Formerly SUolcy Mills & Co. HAMILTON CANADA True to Name — Free From Disease .Mr. Fruit Grower, you are looking for the best .\pple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry and <,}uince Trees you can buy. Kolly Trtfs are Bo!d at Growers' Priceti— Shipped direct from our own nurseriee in Dansville and guaranteed sturdy, free from disease and True to Name. For 28 yearB we have had the nam© of know- ing how to grow trees right. From »eed ing to frpight car we watch oar own trees p.>r6onally and know we are shipping joy' what you order. We have an up-to-date uursery plant and can ship all orders promiptly, a« well as grow and ship at a low coet. We giv^' vou every advantage on price- Plant apples thia fall. Write tor our catalogue TO-DAY. and get our prices. KELLY BROS. ^'^«"y»iLries 216 Main Street, DANSVILLE, N.Y. YouU never regret planting Kelly Tree's. WANTED, APPLES AND BASKET FRUITS GEO. VIPOND & CO Montreal, Quebec Branches : OTTAWA WINNIPEG REGINA BRUCE'S REGAL FLOWERING BULBS We offer a complete asaortment of Bulbs for Winter Flowering in the house and Spring Flowering in the garden— Planting time Oct. Ist to Pkicss at HAMII^TON Crocus, in 4 Colors - - - Freezias, Refracta Alba, large I^illies, Calla, White, large Lillies, Chinese Sacred, large Hyacinths, Roman, 4 Colors Hyacinths, Dutch, 4 Colors Narcissus, Paper White Grandiflora Narcissus, Sintrle, 6 varieties - Narcissus, Double, 4 varieties - Scilla Siberica - - - - Snowdrops, Single - - - Tulips. Single, named, 6 colors Tulips, Single, choice mixed - Tulips, Single, good mixed Tulips, Double, named, 6 colors Tulips, Double, choice mixed - Tulips, Double, good mixed TheTANGO Tufip, a beautiful Tango colored var- iety, with very sweet perfume, Doz. .35, 100 for $2.50. Where Bulbs are to be mailed (parcel post) add one- fifth to amount of order for postage— where there are Express Offices, Express is cheaper than rat.il on all orders amounting to 82.50 and over. FREE— Write for our 28 page Illustrated Catalogue of Bulbs, Plants, Seeds, Poultry SuppUes, Etc. This offer subject to the contingencies of war. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., LIMITED Each Doz. 100 % .02 % .15 $ .75 .03 .25 1.50 .20 1.80 .10 .80 .05 .50 3.75 .06 .hf, 4.00 a .05 .30 2.1X) .04 .30 1.75 .Oi .30 2.00 .03 .25 1.50 .02 .15 1.00 .04 .30 1.75 .03 .25 1.25 .03 .20 1.00 .04 .35 2.00 .04 .30 1.50 .03 .25 1.25 SINGLE NARCISSUS SEED MERCHANTS Established 1850 HAMILTON, ONT. I The Effect of the War on Frul Prices Fruit growers everywhere are wonderinv what effect the war will have on fruit prices. The folhjwing views on this point. of well known authorities, have been ob tained by The Canadian Horticulturist: P. W. Hodgctts, Secretary (Ontario Fruii Growers' Association, Toronto, Ont.: "Without doubt the European war will Icwcr the prices of our apples and v/e must be prepared to accept just enough to make livinK wages and fair returns on our invest- ments, perhaps less. The crop over the entire continent is good and prices would have been lower than last year if the war had not occurred. With millions of people affected by the shutting down of factories, absence of soldiers and breadwinners at the front in all larije countries except the United States, disturbed trade conditions, both here and abroad, the outlook is far from favorable. About three million bar- rels of our apples, besides millions of pounds of dried apples arc sent yearly to Germany, Great Britain. Denmark. France, Holland and Belgium. The greater part of the trade will be lost, and the fruit must be consumed at home, adding a large vol- ume to that usually marketted here. The only policy seems to be to sell as inuch as possible this fall at lower prices, then pre^ pare to pack and store the balance await- ing more favorable conditions of trade later in the year. By all means, pick and pack only the best grades this year." Senator E. D. Smith, Winona, Ont.: "I feel that the effect of the war will be very in- jurious on the prices of Canadian fruits. Fruit is more or less of a luxury and in times of financial stress people are sure to cut off luxuries first. Furthermore, the shipping of apples to the Old Country will be under less favorable conditions than usual, not only as to freight rates and in- sui^ance, but the consumptive power of the British people will be impaired by the war. The two kinds of fruit which I look to be affected seriously will be apples and grapes. We have no peaches of any consequence in the country to be affected. Our plum and pear crops are comparatively light, and will be sold at reasonable prices, though not nearly so high as they would bring under normal conditions." A. Prominent Government Official: "I hesitate to venture an opinion as to the ef- fect the present European war will have on the demand and prices for Canadian apples and Canadian fruit generally, be- ■ cause there are many uncertain factors in the situation which may change rapidly in the course of a week or two. With ship- ping, freight rates and marine insurance :' rates in a state of fiux and the exchange., market demoralized it will likely be those| vyho know the least about the actual situafl tion who will be most ready at this time toj offer a hard and fast prediction. In Grea€ Britain the question of unemployment wil| have an important bearing on the demand for Canadian fruit. A great many largeJ maufacturing industries in the Old Coun- try, which depend absolutely on the export trade, will be closed for an indefinite per- iod and the purchasing power of a large section of the public will therefore be con- siderably diminished. In another week or two it is probable that the question of un- interrijpted shipping, freight rates and the financing of export shipments will be bet- ter determined and that a forecast can then be made with some degree or confidence." Dominion Fruit Division: In its August report this division says: "With European countries in their present unsettled state, it would be imprudent to give any but the most indefinite prediction until some more (Continued on page 2S5.) September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 2.1.- First Sales of Ontario Prc-coolcd Fruit J. A. Ruddick, DomiAion Cold St THE first carload of pre-cooled fruit to be shipped from the Grimsby Cold Storage, was a carload of Montmor- ency cherries, purchased by the De- partment of Agriculture from the growers at thirty-seven and a half cents per six (luart basket, delivered at the cold storage. After cooling, the cherries were loaded in efrigerator car and consigned to the It Fruit Company, of Winnipeg. The left Grismby on the evening of Thurs- . July 16th and was opened in Winnipeg on Wednesday, July 22nd. The account sales were as follows : ACCOUNT SALES: orage Cotntnissioner, Ottawa, Otit. state that the cherries were in perfect con- dition. A little calculation will show that the net proceeds of this car was nearly one hun- dred dollars in excess of the price paid the growers. The commission of twenty per cent, for handling seems altogether too high. I do not see why a commission agent should receive nearly twice as much for disposing of a car of fruit as the railway company receives for hauling it nearly four- teen hundred miles. A second carload of cherries, which was put through the warehouse and pre-cooled Winnipeg, July 24, 1914 Pkgs. Kec. Descr iption Car 340.232 Total No. Sold cts. 2277 Baskets cherries, sold for 60 10 Raspberries $1 .25 Freight '. $148.00 Commission 275.74 $1,366.20 12.50 $1,378.70 423.74 Other sour cherries were selling in Wim- nipeg on the same day (July 22nd) at 38 cents. The car was accompanied as far as Winnipeg by Mr. Edwin Smith, who is in charge at Grimsby and both his report and the report of the Scott Fruit Company Net proceeds $ 954.96 for E. J. Woolverton & Sons, was sold in Montreal on Monday, July 27th. These cherries were picked at different times dur- ing the ten days preceding shipment, and they were placed in the cooling room . the day they were picked. Some of them had been in storage for over a week when the car was lifted on Friday, the 24th. The Montmorencys in this lot sold as high as forty-five cents and Windsors as high as seventy-five cents per 6-quarr basket. The fruit inspectors report that the cherries ai> rived in Montreal ex-refrigerator car in good condition. Messrs. Woolverton's object in this shipment was to extend the season a week or ten days and thus avoid the glut which prevailed at the time of picking. They seem to have succeeded in their object. Demonstration Orchards The Fruit Branch of the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture has secured long term leases on three orchards in Prince Edward, Ontario and Brant Counties, respectively, which are to be used for demonstration purposes. Hitherto demonstrations have been conducted only once in the same or- chards. It is realized that very little of val- ue can be gathered from experiments con- ducted only once. It has been decided, therefore, that by getting orchards in sev- eral localities and treating each orchard, 'the same for six or seven years, it will be possible to find out something of value to the apple growers of Ontario. Some or- chardists have had good results with one spray material, others prefer something else. Some growers prefer Bordeaux mix- ture and Paris green, and say they cannoit grow apples with any other mixture. The Department has not been in a position to say that they would have done better by applying some other material. It is the intention of the Department to have about half of each orchard in sod and to compare the apples grown on it with those grown on cultivated ground. The Have Your Grounds Been Satisfactory This Season? It is during these months that you become best acquainted with your grounds. You realize where improvements might be made and promise yourself that next year things will be different Do you know that the time to make your improvements is dur- ing the next few weeks? You have this season's experience keenly in mind and know what should be done. Have you thought of having professional advice to show you how to accomplish the most satisfactory result? Remember that when your grounds are once laid out to a well studied plan, pre- pared by one who has had a thorough training and wide experi- ence in Landscape improvement, your expenditure is closed and with the growth of your shrubs and trees your place becomes more beautiful each year. We place such training at your service and for a moderate cost you may have plans prepared providing for building location, design and specifications for walks and drives, drainage, orchard plantings, gardens, in fact we handle your en- tire estate through to completion. Write at once acquainting us with your problems and we will be pleased to advise you as to the best procedure. Address E. D. SMITH 81 SON, LIMITED WINONA [Landscape Department) ONTARIO ^M THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, i0'4- WE ARE NOW BOOKING ORDERS Kor Fall I'laiitinir, wliidi is the Ite.^t liiue lo plant. My upp.e tri'te are erowii fioir. Pronch Crab Seed, which is the hardiest and best for Orohard Planting; also a long: list of lending varieties of Fruits and Ornamentals. FRUITLAND NURSE«IES - FRUITH^ND, ONT. G M. HILL, Prop. The New Style Limn Phonograph and your choice of ovtT ^r>^)0 records nowshipiX'd direct to you for a full free trial ri^ltt in your own home. Vcs, try it out rit.'ht in your own home. Enter- tain your family and f lienda. Scud it back Bt our GXt>cnse if you lon*t want to keep it. A few doUars a month now pays for a jrenuine ^^ Edison at the Rock-Huitom Price and withotit even interest on monthly payments. Writ© Today for Our Free Edison Book Tolls abniit the wi.ntifrful i-nUrtuiiuis. Show y..u all the ma- chiri •« nnil reconls V"U hiivc to chrxists fri'tn. No obtitriitiuna (ntuikinir foroiir FKKK FDISON HOoK. U rite Tt«Iiiv-NOW. F. K. OABSON. Edison Ptiwosrsph Dlmtrlbutor, 3S5 PprUBj Av«nti>, D«pt. '676, Winnipeg, Man. PAEONIES Among the best of the newer varieties, are " M. Leonie Calot " "Marguerite Gerard" " Monsieur Jules Elli " and "Albert Crousse" "Festiva Maxima" is still among the best, and we have a large stock of it. In "Phlox" we have a number of the best and newest varieties. " Japanese and German Iris," Perennials in variety. Send for List CAMPBELL BROS. SIMCOE Beautify and Protect Your Property Peerless Ornamental Fencing accomplishes two great purposes. It beautifies your premises by giving them that symmetrical, pleasing, orderly appearance, and it protects them by furnishing rigid, eflfective resistance against marauding animals, etc. Peerless Ornamental Fencing is made of strong, stiff, galvanized wire that will not sag. In addition to galvanizing, every strand is given a coating of zinc enamel paint, thus forming the best possible insurance against rust. Peerless ornamental fence is made in several styles. It's easy to erect and holds its shape for years. Send for free catalog. If interested, ask about our .^RlUllllL farm and poultry fencing. Agents nearly every- ^p^liiilliL k^wbere. Agents wanted in open territory. ^■nlllllllllL. ^SlimlllWj'''"*:'' Hoxie Wire Fence Co. Ltd^^«*,^,l[i»«||«»it limilllllllllllllllilH^J*'""""^' "'"—Hamilton, "■' ^iHlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ^TmmniniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiL: ALPHANO HUMUS An ODORLESS Plant Food of Exceptional Merit We have not the space to tell all tliat "Alphano Humus" will do for your Lawn and Garden, but if you are interested in Lawns, G.irdens, Bowling Greens, Golf Links, Etc., we want >'PnilUllinCMCUT Dnfll^ll which tells you why you to send for our uUH V IIIUCItIlII I DUU^ "Alphano Humus" is Better and Cheaper than Chemical Fertilizers and Animal Manures, and gives Useful Information for Gardeners. It is Odorless, Sanitary and Holds 14 Tin\es its own Weight in Moisture. PRICE -$2.00 per 100 lbs.. Freight Paid. TEHMS-Cash with Order THE GARDEN & ORCHARD SUPPLY CO., «"^r,P* HAMILTON, ONT. SEND FOR i'OUK SAMPLE AND BOOKLETS TO-DAV that of associate professor, and A. VV. Baker, who has been demonstrator, is madi lecturer in fungus diseases and insects. G J. Spencer, a graduate of the 1914 class, who has taken a special interest in entomological work, has been appointed demonstrator in succession to Mr. Baker. These appoint- ments went into effect on the first of July. At the annual conference of the Ministers of Agriculture in the Australian slates, opened at Brisbane during the summer, it was resolved that "what is known as the Canadian standard fruit case be included in the list of Australian fruit cases already ac- cepted by the authorities.— i.e., that fruit imported from Canada, packed in standard cases, could be sold in Australia without re- packing. Should the New South Wales Government decide to give effect to the re- soluti'on passed by the conference, in time for the Canadian export season of 19U, cabled advices will be forwarded to the De- partment of Trade and Commerce. Ottawa, front which Canadian shippers will bi- advised. -About fifty prominen; fruit growers of the Grimsby District in Ontario met recently, and decided to appeal to the Railway Com- mission in reference to the poor service that has been given the frui. growers of that district this year by the Canadian Express Company. It is claimed that the delay in shipments through 'o Montreal has cost thousands of dollars. Growers who shipped to Vipond & Company, of Montreal, claim that the delay and the way the ship- ments were handled, resulted in a ten thou- sand dollar loss in two days. f I Reports which are coming in from the English fruit growing districts tend to in- dicate that this season's apple crop will be a short one. Frost has been the main set- back, but drought and insect pests _have also been harmful. September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HOETIC ULTUR IS T "JD The War and Fruit Prices (Continued jnim pagr 232.) decisive developments take place. Under these circumstances, the wisest attitude for fruit growers to adopt is to wait until the crop is ready to handle, to harvest and pack it, and if at that time the facilities for mar- keting abroad are inadequate, and the de- mand at home is not sufficiently keen to keep prices at a satisfactory level, then the only logical alternative will l)e to hold what remains of the crop in storage for later dis- tribution, and hope for the best." Robert Thompson: Manager. St. Catha- rines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co., St. Catharines, Ont. : "I fear that the war sit- uation is likely to have a depressing effect upon the sale of fruits in general in our local markets, and especially in apples for export. The higher prices likely to prevail for good products may create more of a home demand for our fruits and vegetables, especially if they are lower in price." Effect of the War on the Bulb at\d Seed Trade The war situation has led many to won- der what the effect is likely to be on next year's supply of bulbs and seeds, as large quantities are imported annually from Ger- many, France, BelgiunV, Denmark, Hol- land and England. In an effort to gain in- formation on this point The Canadian Horticulturist recently wrote to a number lit the leading seed firms and florists. Their lies indicate tliat there is likely to be sufficient supply of bulbs, l)ut that the seed trade may be consiaerably affected. The letters received from tnese firms fol- low: J. A. Simmers, Limied, Toronto, Ont. — "It is too early to give an intelligent reply but we anticipate that we are going to be able to supply most of the European stock of bulbs that we usually list this fall. We consider that it is entirely too early to make an estimate of the outlook on seeds " Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Toronto, Ont.: "We believe that we shall Iiave sufficient bulbs this fall to cover all orders, with the exception of, possibly. Spiraea, which, of course, matures very much later than other stocks. Owing to the war conditions we cannot give any definite information re- garding them. As regards the balance of bulbs such as tulips, hyacinths, narcissus, crocus, etc., we have alreaay received ad- vice that they have been shipped and should reach New York during this week. At this writing it is impossible to give any information regarding seecis, as no one can say what percentage of tlie German crop will be harvested and ready for the market." Carters Tested Seeds, Inc., Toronto, Ont.: "Last week we received news from our parent house in England which indi- cated that we should not obtain very much of our stock of bulbs. The major portion of these, of course, come Irom Holland, and although this is one of the very few countries not at war, their troops are mobilized and their ports are practically closed, and all business is at a standstill. Later news has been more favorable, and it would seem that after all, shipments are being made, and present Indications point to there being very little shortage of Dutch bulbs. We tire not yet in a position to give any definite information regarding French bulbs. The outlook is dark regarding them, but we hope and feel that eventually mat- ters will work out as satisfactorily with them, as with the Dutch bulbs. It must be remembered that customary freight rates across the Atlantic are suspended, and we now have to pay in some cases, double this, and a partial shortage should mean a slight tendency to enhancement in prices, which we suspect will be largely modified by the present stringent condi- tions here, there being indications that the demand for bulbs this fall in Canada will not be s'o brisk as in former seasons." W. W. Gammage, London, Ont.: "As this is a wholly new experience it is but a conjecture what or when the termination may be. So far as the bulb situation is con- cerned there seems to be some prospects of shipments coming through although this is as uncertain as are the dates of delivery. Azalias and other plant stocKs are quite uncertain. American agents for European concerns can give no information. Their opinion is that there will oe no ihipments this fall. What the efleci will be is prob- lematical. It may be a blcssm.g in disguise. The public have been educated to buy this class of stock but at a margin of profit to the grower that is not commensurate with the risk. There is little anticipation of a falling off in demand. Crops are good — and with the cutting off ^t supplies from Germany and other European countries, new industries will spring up that will create a wave of prosperity which will be shared in by those who arc prepared." Kenneth McDonald & Sons, Limited, Ottawa, Ont.: "It is our impression that while numerous delays in transit will sure- ly occur, still there is a likelihood that a sufficient proportion of Dutch and French bulbs will reach this side of the water to satisfy early orders. Aftei our first sup- plies are exhausted, however, we would not venture sending repeat orders depending upon the goods reaching us In time for planting. The larger portion of our French bulbs have, we understand, just reached New York, while the bulk of our Dutch grown bulbs have left Holland. Regard- ing seeds, just a few varieties which can r OTTAWA, CANADA SEPTEMBER 11th to 19th CENTRAL CANADA FAIR Entries Close Sept. 4th, 1914 Special Excursion Rates on all Railways and Steamboats CANADA'S GREATEST EAST- ERN FALL LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY SHOW New $50,000.00 Horticulture and Agriculture Building L For Full Information Prize Lists Programmes and Entry Blanks Address E. McMAHON Sec. and Man. Central Canada Fair Office! : 26 Sparks Street OTTAWA, Ont. Mew $75,000.00 General Purpose and Machinery Hall Two Big Main Building 2,500 EXHIBITS OF PRIZE CATTLE (Freight Paid upon all Live Stock ExhibiU) Daily Butter Making Dcmonttrationi A Mid-way o! Fifty oS the Finest and Largest Shows A World ol Fun. Grand Stand Performance Every Afternoon and EveninK UNPRECEDENTED NIGHT FIREWORKS SpCCtclCUldr Burning ol Rome A presentation invoUins the introduction a fully One Thousand Persons. JUST OUT The "Daisy" Folding Apple-Sorting Table This is another of the famous "Daisy" Apple Packer's Outfits which is being put on the market this season. It is light yet strongly built to meet rough usage. It folds compactly and can be readily carried from place to place in the orchard. It is thoroughly tested tor strength and etHciency. The table frame is of oak and all metal parts are of flrot- olass malleable, thus being Interchangeaole in case of breakage. The cover is of No. 10 canvas. An Article Every Packer Should Have This Season If interested write for circular and prices J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers - BRIGHTON, Ont. Special Quotations to Cooptratiue Societies -.^'J THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Septi-mljer, i«)i4 Choicest Bulbs Grown in Holland Imported for YOU w E import the finest liulbs grown — sound, large, and full of vitality. _, Hyacinlhs-Tiilips-Narclssus-trocus The bulbs come from Holland's quality bulb fields, and are offered at prices usually paid for ordinary stock. Don't buy elsewhere until you've heard our story. Send for Catalog now. Wm. RENNIE CO. Limited, TOROIVTO. Also at Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries, Josselyn! Joes«Iyn!! Red Jacket. Downing, Pearl. Houghton.— Currants, Perfection! Perfection!! Euby, Cherry. White Grape, Loe's Prolific. Champion, Blaxsk Naples. Black Victoria, Boo- coop— Raspberries. Herbeirt! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Cnthberrt, Marlboro. Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry • Raepberry. — Garden Roots, ABparagus. Rhubarb. Write for CatalogTic. WM. FLEMING, Nurteryman, 496 -4th ATcnne W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. Sprayers Sulfur Dusters F«r Fifhting Every Disease of Coltivated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Power Sprayers Scad for CatdoKoes \/l^D]U[AD1^f Maaufactorer, and particnlart to : » Eta.Pfl\Ja.uLl VILLEFRANCHE (Rhone). FRANCE be harvested early have reached us, and we feel that many sorts whicli are produced in Germany and France will not be harvested. This will prove disastrous to the seed trade throughout the world. Seedsmen every- where depend largely upon France for its supplies of such seeds as carrot, beet, celery, mangel, etc., and upon Germany for fine varieties of stocks, asters, pansies and other flowers. Great Britain also produces annually immense quantities of various seeds and we expect they will be harvested as usual, but it will be impossible for Brit- ain to supply sufficient quantities to make up for the shortages of these other coun- tries. This will result in higher prices rul- ing generally." Morgan's Supply House, London, Ont.: "We liave had information which assures us that our supply of bulbs irom Holland, with very little doubt, will be here at tht usual time. We think that in all probability Canada will be supplied as usual, with these goods." Wm. Rennie Co., Limited, Toronto, Ont.: "Owing to the European war it is poss;' that certain varieties of hi.u'h class flo steds will be somewhat difficult to oblaiii, and particularly so as many of these spec- ial seeds lose their vitality in a year, and any stocks that may be carried over would scarcely l)e saleable. This refers to certain varieties produced in Germany and France. As far as our own position is concerned, we are large growers of home product seeds, and with a fair harvest, will be in moderately good shape for the coming sea- son's trade. Some varieties, of course, will be sure to be short and unobtainable from the scenes of trouble, but from general re- ports, we reasonably expect that there will be sufficient seed of satisfactory varieties of both field and garden seeds to supply the demands for the coming season at least." APPLE BOXES The package that com- mands the highest prices. Let us quote you prices on your Box require- ments, made up or knock- ed down. No charge for printing. BARCHARD & CO. Limited PIONEER BOX FACTOBY 135-151 DUKE ST. - TOfiONTO, ONT. J WHITE DUPLEX FRUIT WRAPPER This wrapper is a product of many years of experimenting by the larger fruit pack- ers. It protects, as no other wrapper can, the individual fruit from spread of any decay which may accidentally get into the box. The thinner tissue wrappers cannot give the protection from bruising, given by the thicker substance of our Duplex. 9x9 10 X 10 12 X 12 Corrugated, Pulp and Lace Barrel Heads. Corrugated, Lace and Wax Paper for Boxes. Tissue Fruit Wraps. Samples and prictM apon teqaeat J. H. GAIN 124 RICHMOND ST. W. TORONTO, ONT. September, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Cold Storade For Apples We have the only public Cold Storage Plant in Toronto that has railway facilities ( both G. T. R. and C. P. R.), and you can store your apples here with the minimum of handling. By employing our facilities you are saved the expense of carting to and from cold storage plant. Every extra hand- ling, as you know, is bad for the apples. We have a strictly modern plant. Low insurance rates. Splendid facilities for quick handling. Write for rates and reserve space early, as there is certain to be a big demand for storage space this fall. Public Cold Storage SI Warehouse Co. Strachan Avenue, Toronto Phone, Adelaide 600 *£>• 3 Buy Your Ladders Now Almost before you realize it, the busy fruit picking season will be here. Have you got the new ladders you will need ? Get them NOW before the rush starts. Fruit Picking Ladders A SPECIALTY We Make Ladders of All Sizes and For ALL Purposes Co-Operative Associations ! We Especially Invite Correspondence Prom Secretaries of Associations We are prepared to quote attractive prices on large orders Catalogue " E " is yours for the asking THE STRATFORD MFG. CO. LIMITED STRATFORD, ONTARIO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST September, 1914. GINSENG Now is the time to oranark Ginseng Seed is not«d for its strong germinating qualities. iiB nark Ginseng Boots are sure growers and great producers. Donf fail to make Investigation of this highly profitable Industry. Write to the Se- cretary and he will tell you all about it Address c. M. FORBES Sec. Lanark Ginseng Garden Co. LANARK, ONT. FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue BULBS Now is your chance to get your Fall Bulbs At ROCK BOTTOM PRICES We represent in Canada one of the largest Wholesale Bulb and Plant Growers of Holland and we are going to sell at retail better Bulbs at less than you have paid before for inferior kinds. Send us your List and we will quote you, as we have no Retail Catalog and you do not help pay for one. NO ORDER TOO LARGE - NO ORDER TOO SMALL THE IVrite To-day —NO W GARDEN & ORCHARD SUPPLY GO. 637 KInt Street East, HAMILTON, ONT. Phone 3514 Standard Packages for Fruit FOR SALE AND WANTED ONE of the important subjects that will be discussed at the Dominion Fruit Conference to be held in Grimsby, Ont., e.'irly in September, will be tht; adoption of standard sizes for fruit pack- ages other than the apple box although it too will probably be considered, as ithe Pa- cific Coast standard box had many admirers in British Columbia. This being the case, the following report by Dominion Trade Commissiiner D. H. Ross, of Melbourne, to the Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, on the Commonwealth regulations in respect to fruit, should be of interest : Under the Commonwealth Commerce (Trade Descriptions) Act and regulations, the sizes of fruit cases, either for import or export, are not questioned. If, however, the cases are marked 'one bushel' it is stip- ulated that the contents shall be of a capac- ity equal to that of the Imperial bushel. The fruit must be correctly described and should the contents be marked on the case it is imperative that the quantity shall be correct. The Commonwealth Quarantine .A.ct applies to all imported fruit, and pro- hibits the importation of fruit from certain places on account of the existence of fruit pests or diseases. Montreal E. H. Wartman, Fruit In«pector, Montreal We are receiving large quantities of apples from all directions: Delaware and New York State in bushel baskets, and Ontario in barrels, boxes and eleven-quart baskets. For anything but fine quality prices are very low, about one hundred per cent less than last year at this date. This should be the year that number three apples would be better absent from our markets. There is a better use for them, apple chop or animal feed in moderation. Although this is August 18th, about six hundred baskets of cherries arrived, and quantities of gooseberries and currants. As these fruits come in by the middle of June it has been a long season. One of our big fruit firms here claim to have sold one hundred thousand baskets of cherries this season. I have no reason to doubt it. This would mean sixty-six cars of ordinary loading. But this is only one firm's sales. What has been the grand ag- gregate, who knows. I think I might safe- ly say it has been the record crop for the last half century. This crop was predicted and never failed.. FREE LAND Fon thebSETTLER in NEW ONTAfilO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable tree and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home a^vaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Agriculture Parliament Bldgs., Toronto ALL KINDS OF FAR.MS-Pniit faruui a specialty -W B Oalrter, arimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT F AR.MS.-IJefo buying it will pay you to oonault me. I ma) a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Kelvi 1 Gay man & Co.. St. Catharines. ASK DAWSON. He knows ;F„\<>U WANT to buy a farm c-onault me. ^ Vr :''°""' "' •*" '"■'" '•"'•"ii Block. Grain and Dairy Farms on my Ust at right prioee n. W Dawson. Ninety Colbome St . Toronto GOLDEN AND THREE-BANDED ITALIAN AND Oarnlolan Queens, ready to ship after April tst. Tested. SI.OO; 3 to 6. 95c each: 6 to 12 or more, 90o each. Untested, 75c each: 3 to 6 70o each : 6 or morn, fSc. Bees, per lb $1 50 Nuclei, prr frame. $150. — C. B. Bankston. Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas, U.S.A. FOR SALE.— By return mail. Root and Moor strain select teeted Italian Queens. $1.00 eaoh, tinK^sted 75-: brc«-Ie8. plums, grapes and some wonderfully well ]>re«erved epecimena of fruit that were shown in glaee bottles. The exhibit Hhow<-d something of the fruit poesibiUties of Ontario. It was arranged bv tile Fruit Branch of the Department of Agriculture. 238 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1914 Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner Mr. Johnson presided at all the sessions of the recent Fruit Conference at Grimsby. Ont. which is fully reported in this issue. Other than stamped forms on and after January ist, 1915." "That we would recommend that the Dominion Fruit Commissioner make in- quiries with a view to selecting a stan- [ dard box for domestic use." EXPORT PACKAGES "Whereas, certain countries require, either by law or custom, that fruit im- ported be contained in packages of a fix- ed size, thereby preventing our exporting in packages other than those they de- mand : Be it therefore resolved, That we respectfully ask our Government to legalize exporting in such packages as meet the requirements of the countries with whom we wish to trade." PACKAGES FOR HOME USE "Resolved, that we respectfully peti- tion our Government that such legal re- quirements as to size or capacity of fruit packages for Canadian fruit shall apply ■ equally and as rigidly to fruit imported into Canada." Note. — This resolution does not apply to boxes or barrels. MARKING OF IMIPORTED FRUIT "Resolved, That we endorse the fol- lowing resolution passed by and for- warded by the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association as follows : Where- as, the amendments to the Inspection and Sale Act recently passed require that all shipments of imported apples should be marked in accordance with the amend- ments of the Inspection and Sale Act, part 9, and that other marks inconsistent with the marks specified by the Act shall be erased : And whereas the designation 'C is allowed by the Inspectors to be retained on boxes marked by the im- porters 'No. 2,' such apples subsequently being sold as 'C,' which is recognized as equivalent to 'choice.' Be it there- fore resolved. That we respectfully re- quest the Honourable the Federal Min^ ister of Agriculture to take such steps as are necessary to have this mark, and all marks on imported fruit inconsistent with the provisions of the Act, removed by the importer at point of destination." SHOULD FILL PACKA0B8 "That all fruit packages, infcluding berry boxes, shall be well and properly filled,, and in cases where there is evi- dence of under-filling inspectors shall have the right to weigh or measure fruit in such packages to find out if there is violation, and prosecutions shall fol- low at the discretion of the Depart- ment." "That this conference respectfully asks the Government to consider the trans- portation conditions in Canada with a view to having the shipping difficulties with which fruit shippers have to con- tend removed. " CARGO INSPECTORS "Inasmuch as a cargo inspector is ap- pointed by the Government, and he ap- parently has no duties outlined and is practically without authority we would recommend that legislation be enacted giving him authority to protect the un- loading, transfer, and packing of our fruit at all terminal points." FOREIGN MARKETS "That the Department of Agriculture should take the necessary steps to keep Canadian growers in closer touch with the importers of fruit, if necessary by the appointment of special commission- ers in Great Britain, Europe, South America, Australia, and South -Africa ; and that the Department should set aside a sum of money for trial shipments on a commercial scale for the development of additional markets." THE LATE ALEXANDER McNEILL "Resolved, That this fourth Dominion Conference desires to express its appre- ciation of the admirable services render- ed the fruit growers of Canada by the late Alexander McNeill, chief of the Fruit Division of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, whose unselfish, untiring and capable administration of his office it is desired to record. "Among other important matters re- lating to the fruit industry, Mr. Mc- Neill strongly and continuously advo- cated cooperation among fruit growers in Canada, and did much, both in his ad- dresses and by his reports and bulletins, to bring before Canadians the great ad- vantage of cooperative methods ; and it is particularly desired in this resolution to emphasize this phase of his work and the service he rendered for so many years. "Owing to Mr. McNeill's attractive personality, his unselfishness, his geni- ality, and his unbounded enthusiasm for horticulture, he made many friends; and his death late last year has been a great loss to those who knew, admired and loved him ; and as most of the members of this conference knew him well, it is hereby resolved that they record in the minutes of this conference the deep sense of their loss. "It is further desired and resolved that a copy of this resolution be forward- ed to Mr. McNeill's daughters, that they may know that though their father is no longer with us he is not forgotten by his many friends." Several other somewhat formal resolu- tions were passed. These inculded one thanking those who assisted in arrang- ing a motor trip given the delegates to St. Catharines and Niagara Falls ; thank- ing the speakers, and thanking the Gov- ernment for having arranged the con- ference. The Exhibition of Fruits Prof. T. G. Banting, Macdonald College, Que , Preiidest Quebec Proviice Fmil Growert' Attociatioa The handling, packing and transporta- tion of fruit intended for exhibition pur- poses should be carefully supervised. Fruits at their best are mature or nearly so and in this condition are very easily damaged, or decay may quickly set in. As little handling as possible should be given in order to avoid bruises. In picking secure plenty of the desired type of fruit which should be immedi- ately taken to some place under cover, where a more careful selection can be made. The specimens so selected should be carefully wrapped and packed away until required for the exhibition. This will lessen the amount of decay that is apt to occur. The exhibition of fruits is exceedingly interesting and fascinating, so much so that one can scarcely refrain from taking part when once enthused, and the re- turns are not so much in money as in the pleasure and training obtained. A knowledge of varieties is a splendid thing to have, and few have it for any considerable number of varieties, largely because of lack of opportunity. Exhibit- ing gives this opportunity, to see and study the varieties of others as well as one's own. It also affords a splendid training to those who may aspire to qualify as judges. There is room for many more exhibitors than we now have, and with the development and improve- ment of our exhibitions there will be a corresponding development and improve- ment of the fruit interests of Canada. The Prc-Cooling of Fruit MUCH interest was taken in a dis- cussion on the pre-cooling of fruit which took place at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference held, Sept. 2 to 4, at Grimsby, Ont. The delegates having investigated during the afternoon the splendid pre-cooling plant erected at Grimsby by the Dominion Government under the direction of Cold Storage Com- missioner J. A. Ruddick, were prepared to discuss the subject to advantage. Mr. Ruddick led the discussion. "We first heard of the pre-cooling of fruit," he said, "through the establishments erected in California by the railway com- panies. These were large plants and cooled the fruit in several cars at one time. This led at first to the impression that all fruit was pre-cooled in this way. This is not the case, as most of the plants to-day are smaller and cool the fruit be- fore it is loaded. "There are a number of objections to the car-cooling plant. Such plants must be large, and therefore are expensive to operate. There is a considerable wast- age of the cold air, also in adusting the ducts between the plant and each car. It is difficult to so adjust them that either more cold air than is needed is let rush into the car or too much warm air from outside is taken into the plant. Then also considerable time is wasted in ad- justing the air ducts to each car. This is an important consideration. "In our small plant here in Grimsby we can cool fruit for shipment in twenty- four hours. Such plants are useful also for the purpose of holding fruit over periods of temporary gluts, or on occa- sions when there may be delays in the jam factories . Thousands of dollars can often be saved in this way. "These plants can be used also for the storage of apples in the winter season. "Our plant is operated on the gravity brine system. Mechanical refrigeration is the other system, often called the am- monia system. There has been some ob- jection to this system on account of the danger of explosions from the gas. Im- provements in the methods have largely overcome this objection. "There is not much difference in the cost of installing the two systems. Our plant cost us $17,300 for the building and $6,ioo for the cold storage equip- ment, with some extra charges for car- pentry work, the figures for which I have not obtained as yet. We spent also $250 for electrical thermometers, which are most important and a great conven- ience. We are able to cool three to four carloads a day. "When considering the cost of opera- tion, the ice supply is the first consider- ation. We obtained ours in Burlington Bay. The cost of hauling was quite an item. We have put in about seventy-five tons of sea grade rock salt, which cost us about six dollars a ton laid down in Grimsby. As the control of the temper- ature is largely dependent on the supply of salt it is most important to have an ample supply of good quality. "As far as effectiveness is concerned, a mechanical plant has a larger reserve of power than the gravity brine. One system is as dry as the other. "Dampness in a plant may be due to an improper circulation of the air or to a leakage which allows warm air to come in from the outside. Where the air circulates properly the moisture congeals on the cold surface of the pipes and is drawn off. "We obtain a temperature of twenty degrees. I have seen a temperature of fifteen degrees. It is now realized that it is more important to hold the fruit longer than twenty-four hours if neces- sary to ensure its being cooled to the proper degree of temperature. An extra few degrees of temperature may make a great difference in the shipping qualities of the fruit. I don't think much is to be gained, however, by cooling the fruit much lower than the temperature of a refrigerator car. In one of our rooms to-day I noticed that the temperature was thirty-eight degrees. A temperature of forty degrees is a pretty good one for a refrigerator car. We have a canvas cover that we fasten closely around the door of the building and of the car, which prevents a leakage of air while we are loading the fruit. PSOPEE LOADING The proper loading of a car is just about as important as the pre-cooling. We use a rack, costing about eight dol- lars a car, which allows a good circula- tion of air from the ice bunkers. Some growers load so carelessly that instead of facilitating they prevent the proper cir- culation of the air. "This plant is largely experimental. It is intended to show us if it will be practical for growers to erect similar plants elsewhere in the fruit districts. In addition, this plant is going to give me a chance to conduct experiments in the marketing of fruit held at different de- grees of temperature and with fruit pick- ed and kept at different stages of ma- turity. "We are charging the growers one cent for an eleven-quart basket and three- quarters of a cent for a six-quart basket, as well as eight dollars for the frame- work used in the car. The railways re- fund three dollars of the cost of putting the flooring in the car." Q.— "How many barrels would your plant hold?" Prominant Fruit Grower* and Government Official* from all Part* of Canada Who Attended the Dominion Fruit Conference at Grimaby, Ont. September 2nd to 4th. 239 240 THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1914 Loading Nova Scotia Apple* at Ht.lifax for Export A flimpso of Mr. G. H. Vroom, the Dominion Fruit Inspector, may be obtained on the ex- treme rig-ht. 'Five thousand to six thousand 'How big a plant do you re- A.— ' barrels . Q— quire?" A. — "The one here is not nearly large enough. I heard one grower say that it should be four times as large to meet the requirements of this district." Q. — "What is the best insulating ma- terial?" A. — "I do not know of anything bet- ter than shavings. They are drier and better than sawdust, which is apt to en- courage mould. We have about one foot of shavings in our outside wall." Q. — "Do mice ever get in the shav- mgs?" A. — "Never when the boards are pro- perly put om If there are knot holes or cracks where mice can get a start, they may make trouble, but not otherwise." Q. — "Which is better for covering ice — sawdust or shavings?" A. — "I would prefer sawdust." Mr. M. Snetsinger, Thornbury, Ont. : "One of the best features of a pre-cool- ing plant is that when fruit is put in it, it not only stops decay but the fruit holds up better after it is put in the car. (Continued on pa(ie 252) The Barrel Packing of Apples' ALTHOUGH the boxpackage for ap- ples is becoming more popular every year, the greater propor- tion of our apples are still packed in barrels. Packing in barrels is a much simpler operation than packing in boxes, but judging from some of the fruit that we see on the market the packing meth- ods of many growers who adopt barrel packing are in need of improvement. Clean barrels are a prime requisite. Dirty or second-hand barrels should not be used, especially for export fruit. A necessary convenience is a proper pack- ing table. The most convenient pack- ing bench for orchard use is made on the same principle as the ordinary stretched couch or an enlarged saw horse 'Oondenaed from bulletin on Apple Pocking, iasued by tb» Dominion Fruit Division. with a bolt where the supports cross each other. The upper points of these supports are joined with a two by two strip as long as the required length of the table, and on these pieces a sheet of stout burlap or canvas is securely fas- tened. For indoor work a more durable table can be built of lumber. It should be lined with burlap having straw or sim- ilar material placed between burlap and the wood. When everything is in readiness the first operation is the preparation of bar- rels. The quarter hoop should be forced down firmly and three nails driven in in a slanting direction, and clinched upon the inside. The face end of the barrel should be nailed and the headlines placed in it. The fruit for the face should then be placed neatly in the barrel. For this purix)se if is well to support the barrel a few inches from the ground while per- forming the operation. The grade of the apples should be precisely the same in the face as in the rest of the barrel and there should not be the slightest at- tempt to get high-e collected and destroyed The spraying of the leaves with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead, should be effective in keeping these insects in control. CURRANT WORM The currant worm or currant saw fly (Nematus ribe.si) is particularly injurious to the garden red currant by r(x;ding on the leaves and completely de- foliating the plant. The greenish larvae which hatch from the eggs laid on the under surface of the leaves, are very active feeders and .soon strip off all the leaves if unmolested. When fully de- veloped they pupate and later emerge as an active four winged fly. They may be controlled by the use of white hellebore in the proportion of two ounces to one gallon of water. Diseases o{ Ginseng Prof. J. E. Howitt, O.A.C., Gaelph, Oat. Sclerotinia disease is widely spread. It is reported as occurring in ginseng gar- dens in Michigan, Wisconsin and Ohio. I have never been able to find it in On- tario, nor have I met any growers who are familiar with it. Although quite widely spread it does not appear to be very destructive, only a plant here and there in the beds being destroyed by it. This disease usually appears during wet weather in the spring or early sum- mer. Attacked plants wilt and fall over owing to the rotting of the stem at the base. This rot usually extends into the crown of the root. The rotted stems are soft and white and often covered with a cottony, felty, fungus growth. Black resting bodies of the fungus are often found inside the stem in the pith. The diseased roots become soft and doughy, very watery, and tough, but non elastic. The diseased parts remain white, hence the name White Rot. The fungus threads penetrate through the tissues of the root and grow out through the breathing pores (Lenticels), forming tufts of white, felty, fungus growth in which black hard resting bodies devel(^, varying from the size of a grain ot wheat to that of the end of the fingc These lie in the soil and carry the dis- ease over the winter. To eradicate the disease remove and destroy the affected plants before the resting bodies have time to form. Soak the soil from which the roots have been removed with a solution of copper sul- phate. IP October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 247 Fruit and Vegetable Production Combined Mr. Taylors young orchard, Rutland Bench, B C, in which onions were grown with marked euocosfl. (Photo by G. H. ■£. Hudson, Kelowna. B.C.) Forcing Rhubarb' Claude Dyer, Canadian Trade ABOUT three-quarters of the total amount of forced rhubarb grown in the United Kingdom comes from within a radius of ten miles of Leeds. I'"ormerly the proportion was even high- er, but the methods of production in Leeds have been gradually extended to other parts of the country. The annual crop in the Leeds rhubarb district is between twelve and fourteen thousand tons, and is valued at from $650,000 to $900,000. The amount of capital sunk in the industry is estimated at $1,250,000. London takes the best quality and large quantities are bought by other cities. Considerable supplies are also exf)orted to Germany and other countries. The method of cultivation in force may be described for the benefit of growers in Canada. In its simple form the forc- ing process was merely one of surround- ing each rhubarb root with a pot for the purpose of protecting it against the cold and excluding the light. The system has now been elaborated. In place of the crude environment of the pot, big sheds, some of them with a floor .space of a thousand square yards, are used. Heat is supplied by coke fires and flues running the length of the shed, and the tempera- ture can be scientifically regulated so as to ripen the rhubarb when it is required. PIMX!E8S OF FORCINU BHUBAEB The forcing of rhubarb is carried on in winter, the season lasting from about October until March. Before being taken into the forcing shed the plant spends two or three years out in the open field gathering strength. It yields no crop •Special rerport to the Department of Trade and Commerce. Ottawa. Commissioner, Leeds, Eng. while out of doors ;the stalks and leaves grow but are not gathered. Formerly this process of strength accumulation was considered wasteful, but experience has taught growers that leaves are es- sential to the building up of the plant. If the leaves are taken away the supply of carbonaceous matter is materially cur- tailed and the plant is deprived not mere- ly of strength but also of the opportuni- ty of gathering strength. The leaves and stalks are therefore now allowed to remain until they rot away. They are not, however, altogether wasted mater- ial, as the decayed matter proves useful to the soil. In this way fine productive roots are built up. When the forcing season arrives these roots are plowed up, taken into the sheds and there planted close together. A large shed with an area of a thousand square yards will take the yield of anything from two to five acres, according to the weight of the roots. Light is entirely excluded from the sheds, and through its exclusion the forced rhubarb is given its distinctive delicate coloring. In a few weeks after planting, white shiny bulbs spring from the roots. These develop into brilliant yellow leaves, and at the end of six to eight weeks, the stalks, pink or crimson, are ready for pulling. The first roots are transferred from the fields lo the sheds for forcing usually at the end of October and the crop is ready about Christmas. A second lot of roots then goes through the same process, and the produce is ready for marketing early in March. The size of the rhubarb farms in the neighborhood of Leeds varies from a few acres up to fifty acres and over. About six thousand roots are planted to an acre, and if such a quantity yields four thou- sand roots suitable for forcing, the grow- er is satisfied. Nowadays the roots are destroyed after yielding one crop of forced rhubarb, whereas, formerly they were replanted in the ground to be used again. The grower finds that if he forces the yield of two-thirds of his land' he can replant it all from the crop upon the other third. What Growers Say When potato growers have large quantities of seed to be treated, for- maldehyde gas, generated by the use of potassium permanganate, is the most practical disinfecting agent. Place seed tubers in bushel crates or shallow slat- work bins in a tight room. For each thousand cubic feet of space spread twen- ty-three ounces of potassium perman- granate over the bottom of a large pail Or pan in the centre of the room. Pour over this three pints of formalin, leave the room at once and allow it to remain closed for twenty-four or forty-eight hours. If one is obliged to plant scabby potatoes, one of the methods of disin- fecting here recommended should be employed ; but absolutely clean potatoes is a luxury which every farmer should enjoy . Onion seed grown under certain con- ditions seems to develop thick necks. Our experiments conducted over two years show two definite causes for thick necks. One was climatic condi- ditions and the second the date of sow- ing. For this climate one needs seed that will mature rapidly and the best time to sow is as soon as the ground will permit. — G. W. Baker, Tamblings, Ont. In order to get the maximum results from storing any crop it is essential to have the crop well growm. In all cases, with the exception of tomatoes, celery and the like, which of necessity must be placed in storage in an unripe state, the produce to be stored should be ripe and sound. In the early fall a good top dressing of hardwood ashes for the strawberry bed is most valuable. Beds supplied with this top dressing of ashes produce fruits of the finest possible flavor and color. — W. A. Dier, Ottawa, Ont. One good result from transplanting celery is that the straight root or tap root is broken, causing a large mass of fibrous roots to be formed. — F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay, Ont. When taking up celery plants in the fall they must be handled carefully so as not to break or bruise the stock, which hastens decay. — J. C. Black, Truro, N.S. 248 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1914 The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which has been incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publiahlng Company, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Officiai. Organs op thk Oktario and Quebec Frutt Growers' Associations AND OF The Ontario and New Bkunswick BEKKEKFKRS' ASSOIIATIONB. REPRESENTATIVES TTNITBH STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY ChicaiJo Omce— People's Gas Building New Yorli Office— Tribune Buildinsr- GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St.. London, S.W. 1 Tlie Canadian Horticulturist is published in two eddtione on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding' date Of issue. The first edition Is known ae The Canadian Horticulturist. It is da- Toted excluslTcly to the horticultural InterMta of Canada. The second edition is known as "me Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appeanne in the flret issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping m- tereeta of Canada- 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Grent Britain. 60 cents a year: two years, $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local sub-wriptions In Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office). 26 cent« exrta a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be m^de by Post OfRce or Erpress Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers ore held responsible until all arrearages are ■paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondenco and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net ipaad circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December. 1913. The figures given are exclu.iive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interesed In the growing of fruita, flowers or January. 1913 ....tl.570 August, 1913 12,675 Februarv 1913 ...11.560 September. 1913 ..13.729 March, 1913 U,209 October, 1913 13.779 April, 1913 11,970 November. 1913 ...12.%7 May. 1913 12,368 December, 1913 ...13.233 June. 1913 12.618 July. 1913 12,626 Total 150,293 Average each issue In 1907, 11,(27 " " " " 1913, I2,SM Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are a« carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is rei)orted to us within a, week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state : "T saw vour advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our Bubscribers. who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adiust trifling disputes between sub- scribers and honourable bu.sinese men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debt« of honest bankrupts, Oommunlcn.tiops should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICTTLTURIST. PETBRBOBO, ONT, ^ EDITORIAL METHODS OF THE FUTURE The Dominion conference of fruit grow- ers, which took place last momth at Grims- by, 'Cnt., was noteworthy, possibly not so much for the business completed— impor- tant as that was — as for the srlimpses it gave of problems still unsolved that will confront us in the possibly not distant future. One of these relates to the mar- keting of the apple crop. History, by the light it throws on how difficulties have been overcome in the past, often enables us to grapple more intelligently with the issues of to-day. The history of cooperative effort in the marketing of fruit in Canada is soon told. Yet it points to wonderful possibilities in the future. Within the memory of most of us there were no cooperative apple growers' asso- ciations m Canada. Twelve years ago local associations began to be formed in leading fruit districts. A little later these local associations began to cooperate and form central organizations for the marketing of their crops. In Ontario, for several years, there has been a provincial organization which has represented a number of the local organizations of the province. Within the past three years, what is practically a pro- vincial organization has sprung into exist- ence in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia and now controls the major part of the fruit output of that great apple pro- ducin.g district. In British Columbia there are a number of large central associations which cooperate in various ways through the British Columbia Fruit Growers Asso- ciation and Department of Agricuclture in gathering reliable information relating to crop and market prospects and in standard- izing their pack. So much then for the developments of the past few years. What may we expect for the future ? An imcident which hap- pened at the Dominion Fruit Conference gives us an inkling. The Nova Scotia growers showed that as a result of a threatened advance in steamship freight rates from Halifax they might be unable to find a market for a large part of their crop in the British markets. This would force them to flood the Montreal, Ontario, amd western markets with their apples to the disadvantage of the apple growers of Ontario and British Columbia. The grow- ers from these provinces were quick to see the point. They realized that what had ap- peared at first to be a provincial issue was really of national importance. They ouick- Iv agreed to cooperate with Nova Scotia fruit growers in waiting upon the Domin- ion Government in am effort to have the threntened adv.Tnce in steamship rates pre- vented. Thus it was made clear that anv- thing that materially affects the advan- tageous distribution of the apple crop of one province is likely to have an import- ant bearing cm the prosperity of the fruit erowers in the other fruit growing pro- vinces. Thus has the necessity been revealed for the creation within a few years of a strong central organization which will largely con- tral the marketing of the apple crop of the Dominion. Within a few years the various provincial orcranizations will have increas- ed in strenirth. When this has taken place they will be quick to cooperate among themselves. Each may be expected to re- port to the other what their output will be pf the different varieties and grades. They will know the consumptive possibilities of the different markets. The placing of their crops on these different markets to the best '■ [X)ssible advantage of each, as well as to that of the consumer, will then become a comparatively easy accomplishment. To- ge,ther with all this will go joint efforts to develop European markets for the eastern K;rowers and the southern Pacific and Asia- tic markets for the growers of the west. Thus it will be seen that the future is fraught with great possibilities and that it will demand the services, in executive posi- tions, of fruit growers of outstanding abilitv. CIVIC IMPROVEMENT There is a great variation in the interest taken by the citizens of different Ontario municipalities in the improvement of their cities by the laying out of parks and drive- ways, the planting of trees, and the mak- , img of other civic horticultural embellish- " ments. The responsibility for this condi- tion rests largely on the local newspapers and horticultural societies. Where these show proper leadership it is not difficult to obtain the hearty cooperation of the citi- zens to any reasonable expenditures. As far as we have been able to learn, Toronto stands far in the lead of any other town or city in Canada in the interest it takes in civic horticultural improvement. Last year with a population of slightly less than five hundred thousand its expenditures on parks and boulevards amounted to over eight hundred thousand dollars ,or to one dollar seventy-four cents per head of its population. The city of Ottawa also makes large expenditures, but being the capital of the Dominion its funds for these pur- poses are largely derived from Govern- ment sources. Even at that it does not expend nearly as much per capita as does Toronto. The expenditures for park purposes of many towns and cities in Ontario fall far below what they should be to be even cred- itable. Per capita expenditures of a num- ber of Ontario municipalities last year werr as follows : Woodstock. forty-ei.ght cent? ; Hamilton, forty-six cents; London, thirty- one cents; Gait, twenty-seven cents; King- ston, fourteen cents; Belleville, five cents. Some others spent practically nothing at all. Truly there is room and need for a vigorous campaign in Ontario for civic improvement. A number of cooperative apple growers' associations, as well as private growers, are likely to experience difficulty this year in marketing their crops to good advan- tage. There are many thousands of people in the towns and cities of Ontario who would readily pay two dollars to three dol- lars and fifty cents a barrel for good apples if they knew where they could be obtained. By advertising in the daily papers of the province that they will be willing to ship direct it should be possible for producers to do a mail order business this fall with many consumers to excellent advantage. We would like to see the experiment tried. What is the Ontario Minister of Agricul- ture arranging to do to help the apple growers of Ontario to market their crop this fall in the towns and cities of the province to good advantage? Those cooperative apple growers' asso- ciations which this year, in their anxiety to market their output, are spreading false tales about their competitors have much of which to be ashamed. October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 249 British Columbia in 1914-15 appropriated one hundred and five thousand dollars to promote the horticultural interests of that province. Ln spite of her vastly larger pro- duction of fruit Ontario will have to "go some" to equal that appropriation. SOCIETY NOTES The Fourth Dominion Fruit Conference St. Thomas The membership of the St. Thomas Hor- ticultural Society has long- since passed the 1,000 mark and is rapidly forging towards 1,300. This year 100 public beds were planted on the boulevards, containing over 5,000 plants. Over 4,000 roses and shrubs vrere given to the members last spring and 21,000 tulip bulbs have been ordered for this fall's distribution among the members, as well as 14,000 for use in the public beds. The beds will be of solid colors and of good varieties. A practical gardener has been engaged to take charge of the beds. There was a large number of entries in the con- test for lawns, gardens, factories, and schools. The, prizes, consisting of cut glass vases, medals, lawn mowers, and water rollers, are valued at over $400. The contest between the schools this year was so close that three of them stood equal on the first inspection. Hamilton As a result of much good work, includ- ing the lundertaking of a number of new activities, the Hamilton Horticultural So- ciety his year has taken on a new lease of life, with prospects improving for still bet- ter work and an increased membership in the future. As much of the credit for this condition has been due to the efforts of the efficient and indefatigable secretary, Mrs. Ada L. Pons, the directors recently show- ed their appreciation of Mrs. Potts' good work by presenting her with a handsome umbrella, suitably inscribed. Many nice things were said by the directors of Mrs. Potts' accomplishments. Descriptions of some of the leading gardens of the city have been published in some of the city papers, and public visits have been made to some of the best gardens. Dundas The Dundas Horticultural Society, only recently organized, has already attained a membership of almost one hundred. The committee is still at work canvassing for members. Pctcrboro Mb. E. F. Collins, Superintendent of Parks, Toronto, acted as judge recently in the annual lawn and garden competition, in which much interest was taken. He pronounced the lawns of Messrs. T. F. Matthews and S. D. Hall as being almost perfect. Mr. W. J. Kennedy won the prize for the best display of flowers, with Mr. John Williams a good second. During July, Bliss H. Fawcett, Upper Sackville, N.S., marketed twelve tons of strawberries from six acres of land. T'' gather this crop he employed forty men, women, boys and girls. lor a ■'ncnth. The industry employs five men and five women from May 1 to October 1, keeping down weeds, planting, and keeping the patch in order. Mr. Fawcett plantej sLk acres ai new plants this season, and will have twelve acres in strawberries for the market in 1915. THE fourth Dominion conference of fruit growers was held a; Grimsby, Ontario, September 2nd to 4th, under the auspices of the Dominion Depart- ment of .-Xgriculture. Asi will have been seen by the list of resolutions adopted by the conference, published on page 237 of this issue, many important subjects were dealt with. The conference proved, as did its predecessors, that the best interests of the fruit indusry of Canada require that national gatherings of this kind shall be held in order that national problems may be dealt with on a national basis. These gatherings also serve to bring the scatter- ed fruit interests of Canada into closer touch. The idea of holding the conference in Grimsby, Ontario, which is in the heart of the Niagara fruit district, proved a good one. The delegates were able to concen- trate all their attention on the business in hand until it was completed, and at the same time the fruit growers from the other provinces were given an opportunity to get in touch with the great fruit interests of the Niagara district. CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS The conference opened on Wednesday afternoon. September 2nd, with practically all the delegates present. Canada's recent- ly appointed Dominion Fruit Inspector, Mr. D. Johnson, was appointed chairman, to preside at all the meetings. Tables were so arranged throughout the hall tha|t the delegates from the different provinces were able to sit in separate groups around con- veniently arranged tables. On the con- vention platform was a display of fruit from the different provinces, which was examined with much interest by the dele- gates. THOSE PRESENT The conference was a most representa- tive one. The delegates present were as follows : Prince Edward Island — A. E. Dewar and Theodore Ross, Charlo^tetown. Nova Scotia — F. W. Bishop, Paradise ; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro; Mannin.g K. Ellis. Port Williams; A. K. McMahon, Aylesford; S. C. Parker, Berwick; W. W. Pineo, Waterville ; Prof. M. Gumming, Truro; A. S. Banks. New Brunswick — W. B. Gilman, S. B. Hatheway, and A. G. Tumev, Fredericton ; H. H. Smith. Ouebec — Robt. Brodie, Westmount ; Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald College; Rev. H. A. Dickson, Rectory Hill; N. E. Jack, Cha- 'eauguay ; Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe ; Peter Reid, Chateauguay Basin ; R. A. Rousseau, .4cton Vale; Mr. Fisk, Abbots- ford. Ontario — G. C. Brown, Brighton; W. H. Dempsey, Trenton ; Dr. A. J. Grant, Thed- ford; R. W. Grierson, Oshawa ; C. W. Gurney, Paris ; P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto ; Elmer Lick, Oshawa ; A. Onslow, Niagara- on-the-Lake ; A. W. Peart, Burlington ; M. Snetsinger, Thornbury ; Robt. Thompson, St. Catharines; F. S. Walbridge, Belleville; Prof. J. W. Crow, Guelph. Manitoba — Prof. F. W. Broderick, Her- bert Emery, and D. Dingle. Winnipeg. Saskatchewan— C. L. Walker, Regina. British Columbia — Thos. Abriel, Nakusp ; J. G. Metcalfe, Hammond; John E. Reekie, Kclowna; R. Robertson, Vernon; Jas. Rooke, Grand Forks; R. M. Winslow, Vic- toria; Jas. Johnson, Nelson; G. J. Coulter White, Summerland. In addition to the foregoing a number of other prominent people were present, in- cluding W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horti- culturist, and J. A. Ruddick, Dominion Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, of Ottawa ; Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial En- tomologist, G-uelph; P. J. Carey, of the Dominion Fruit Division, Toronto; and the following fruit inspectors : R. G. L. Clarke, Vancouver; R. R. Waddle, Simcoe, Ont. ; C. W. Baxter, Ottawa; G. H. Vroom, Mid- dleton, N.S. ; A. H. Flack, Winnipeg; F. L. Gable, Ancaster ; B. Honsberger, St. Catharines ; J. J. Pritchard, Harrison ; W. G. Smith, Burlington ; F. L. Derry, and E. H. Wartman, Montreal. In addition to the fruit inspectors, other prominent frui'c growers present included Senator E. D'. Smith of Winona, M. C. Smith of Burling- ton, and many others. OPENING SESSION The opening session on Wednesday after- noon was occupied with the organization of committees. This was followed by a most able address, entitled "Transportation as .'\pplied to Fruit," by G. E. Mcintosh, Traffic Expen for the Ontario Fruit Grow- ers' Association. Mr. Mcintosh had pre- pared a paper, the reading of which occu- pied an hour. He pointed out that until recently fruit growers had devoted their attention almost entirely to improving their methods of production. Of recent years it has become evident that the question of the marketing and general distribution of the fruit crop is almost equally as important. In this connection the question of trans- portation presents many important pro- blems. Lack of space makes it impossible to more than mention this paper here. Ex- tracts from it will be published from time to time in The Canadi'm Horticulturist. Mr. Mcintosh showed that Canadian rail- ways discriminate against the fruit growers in many important respects and that they are not giving the service that is provided by the railroads in a number of the States in the American Union, which were men- tioned by Mr. Mcintosh. Later the confer- ence adopted a resolution asking the Gov- ernment to investigate the various points brought out by Mr. Mcintosh. COI,D STORAGE PROBLEMS On the conclusion of the afternoon ses- sion the delegates were invited by Cold Storage Commissioner J. A. Ruddick to visit the pre-cooling and cold storage plant established recently by the Dominion Gov- ernment at Grimsby, an illustration of which appeared in the July issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. The visit proved a most interesting one. Several carloads of fruit were in the building being cooled in the different chambers preparatory to shipment. A car of fruit was being loaded while the delegates were there. Mr. Rud- dick and his assistant, Mr. Smith, took (he delegates all over the plant, explained its construction, its cost, the system of refri- gerating used, and the benefits to be de- rived by the location of such a plant in all large fruit exporting districts. The plant is splendidlv constructed and reflects cre- dit on the Department of Agriculture. At the Wednesday evening session Mr. Ruddick gave an address on the pre-cooling of fruit. The subject being an important one was followed with interest by the dele- gates. This address and discussion is re- ported separately. STKVMaHlIP R.VTES One of the most striking incidents of the conference took place over a matter brought up by the Nova Scotia delegrates. Mr McMahon informed the conference that Nova Scotia growers were faced with 250 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 191, Hon. Martin Burrill, Dominion Minister of Agricollnre Being a practical fruit grower, Hon Mr. Burrill is much interested In the fruit industry. During the three years he has been Minister of Agricul ture, he has held two Dominion conferences of fruit growers. He attended and spoke briefly at the conference held at Grimsby, Ont. a serious situation due to 'he fact that the steamship companies carrying: the bulk of the Nova Scotia opple pack from Halifax to the Old Country had given .notice of a proposed advance in carrying- charges of 32c. a barrel. As a reason for this they had mentioned additional war risks. At the time the advance was announced it was known that the additional charges due to the war risks would not amount to more than .15c a barrel. The steamship com- panies were evidently endeavoring to take advantage of the situation to impose an additional burden on the fruit growers. There was reason to believe also that the advance had been contemplated before war was declared. In view of the fact that the Government subsidized these steamship companies heavily Nova Scotia fruit grow- ers_ felt that the Government should take action to prevent such a large increase in rates. Mr. McMahon appealed to the con- ference .to assist the Nova Scotia fruit growers in obtaining a satisfactory ad- justment. At first, as the Nova Scotia growers ex- plamed the situation, the growers from the other provinces listened with interest, but without showing any tendency to give' spe- cial support to the Nova Scotia growers in dealing with the situation. They were ready to do what they could to help, but seemed to look on it as a Nova Scotia matter which the Nova Scotia growers should deal with themselves. A sudden and remarkable change in this attitude was brought about when one of the Nova Scotia delegates pointed out that the situaition was ooie which affected the other provinces fully as much as it did Nova Scotia, be- cause unless a considerable reduction was obtained in the proposed advance in the steamship rates it would practically pre- vent the shipment of certain varieties of Nova Scotia apples now shipped to Euro- pean markets. Being unable to market these apples in Britain, Nova Scotia growers would be forced to unlo?d them on the markets of Ontario and the west at low prices, where they would compete with the products of the other provinces. This point scored a bull's ey(?. Within a few minutes it was decided to have a delegation wait on Hhe Government at Ottawa. Ontario and British Columbia riuickly agreed to stand the expense of be- ing represented on that delegation in or- der to prove to the Government that it was a matter of national importance. The dele- gation was duly appointed and waited on the Government on the following Saturday. The Canadian Horticulturist has since been looking into the matter. Partly as a with am encouraging reception. At the re- quest of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia the Government had already been looking into the matter. Partly as a result of the work of Sir Geo. E. Foster, and partly on account of the fact that the United Fruit Companies had commenced to charter boats independent of the com- bine, the growers have obtained a reduc- tion in the proposed advance of not less than .19c a barrel, and are satisfied with the new arrangement. The incident brought home to all present the solidarity of interests between the fruit growers in all parts of Canada, and seemed to indicate the possibility thiit within a few years the fruit growers in the different provinces will be cooperating in the mar- keting of their crops. During the discus- sion Mr. A. W. Peart pointed out that cold storage charges on shipments of fruit had been grea'ly increased this year as com- pared with last year. Mr. Ruddick stated that one of the chief difficulties this year is going to be to get any space at all on vessels, as many of the steamships will be required to be used as transports, and may not be available to handle apples when most needed. About twenty vessels would be required to transport the troops at Val- cartier alone. The Nova Scotia delegates did .not seem to think that there would be much difficulty in their obtaining all the accommodation necessary. Their chief concern was to prevent the proposed ad- vance in rate. thubsd.^y's sessicns According to the programme, Thursday morning was to be devoted to an automo- bile ride through the Niagara district. The Jrive lasted, however, until six o'clock. Most of the automobiles were loaned by local fruit growers. The delegates were taken from Grimsby to the Fruit Experi- ment Station at Jordan Harbor, and from there to St. Catharines and Niagara Falls, where dinner was served. The drive took the delegates through some of the best fruit sections of the Niagara district. SUCCESSFUL COOPERATION At the Thursday evening conference, Mr. A. E. Adams, the secretary of the United Fruit Companies Ltd. of Nova Scotia gave a most instructive address en- titled, "Systematic Cooperation in Nova Scotia." Mr. Adams traced the initial efforts of the fruit growers of Nova Scotia to cooperate, their failures and successes. He told of the Acts that it was necessary for them to get passed through their local Legislature in order that they might co- operate effectively, and concluded by de- scribing the wonderful success that has been attained. Last year the United Com- panies handled 6,044 tons of fertilizers or over 300 car loads, saving at least $18,000 to their members on fertilizers alone. In addition they handled 575,000 pulp heads, 35,000 pounds of nails, 67,800 pounds of grass and clover seed, 104,000 pounds of arsenate of lead, 8,900 rods of wire fenc- ing and 1,800 barrels of lime-sulphur, as well as handling many other articles of a similar Jiature. Last year the companies did a fire insurance business, exceedinj ■$450,000. Extracts from this paper will bi published in The Canadian Horticulturis as space permits In reply »o questions Mr. Adams stated that the Companies d( not sell to middlemen, nor to private in dividuals. Their sales are made to thei local affiliated companies. Where ^ ' are made to outsiders the companies ■ a profit on each transaction and the out siders do not participate in the rebatei given to members. Friday's sessions Three busy sessions were held on Fri day. These were devoted mainly to dis cussions of the Inspection and Sales Ac and to the standardization of packages Mr. Robt. Thompson of St. Catharines wa; the chairman of 'he committee appointee to deal with standard packages. This com mittec reported tl'at they had decided aftei thorough discussion not to recommend anj changes in the present standard barrels 01 boxtes. The six-quart and eleven-quarl baskets were also looked on as standard, It was felt that it was not desirable thai there should be any change here, also ex- cept that the style of basket used might be standardized as at present some of th« manufacturers were making baskets that; while they contained the same amount oi fruit, were made in different shapes. Senator E. D. Smith said that previous to 1900 there was no standard size of bas- ket. The twelve-quart basket was common- ly used. Gradually growers began to shave off half an inch in the length 01 width or depth of the basket, while still calling it a twelve-quart basket. This con- tinued until the so-called twelve-quart bas- ket contained only nine quarts. Berry boxes were not touched for a long time, but finally the growers began to tamper with them. When standards were set and the fruit division was given power to deal with the matter an improvement in condi- tions became noticeable. Fruit Commissioner Johnson wanted to know if the committee did not deem it ad- visable to require that the baskets should be made of a certain thickness of veneer to ensure their being made of good ma- terial. Mr. Thompson replied that this did not seem practical, as thick veneer made of poor material often was not as strong as veneer, that while thinner was made of better material. Senator Smith agreed with this conten- tion. Commissioner Johnson suggested that the law might require that the material used should be of good quality. THE 8T.\NDARD BOX A discussion was held as to whether or not it is advisable to discard the Canadian standard apole box in favor of the stand- ard box recently adopted by the United States. The discussion soon showed tliat the British Columbia growers, who have had the most experience in box packing were seriously divided on this point. Aside from some of the western growers, how- ever, the opinion of the western dealers present and others who spoke seemed to be favorable to adopting the American s*andard box as the Canadian standard. The Canadian standard is 10x11x20. The .American standard is 10^x11 '4x18. It was said that while the .'\merican box is twenty odd inches smaller than the Can- adian box, it is a little squarer and gives the public the impression that it is larger ^nd holds more. It therefore sells better. It also holds better in the car and lends itself better to certain packs. J October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUE 1ST 251 Dominion Pruit Conference At the recent Dominion Fruit Confer- ince, during- the discussion of the Standard :ipple box, one of the arguments advanced favoring the Canadiam box was that it can, with only a slight alteration, be made suit- able for use in the New South Wales trade. Messrs Ells and Parker said that as Nova Scotia is beginning to adopt the box with the idea of going after some of the United States trade they would like to have a standard box definitely decided upon. The discussion was concluded by the adoption of a resolution asking the Govern- ment to investigate the matter and re- port as to the best box. A NO. 3 APPLE There was a big discussion over what comstitutes a No. 3 apple, and whether or not that grade of apple should be allowed to be placed on the market. The British Columbia delegates claimed that they did not market any No. 3 apples. One of the Nova Scotia delegates said he had seen apples graded No. 3 sold that were a dis- grace to the trade . There were some grow- ers who would not spray or take proper care of their fruit as long as they thought there was any chance to sell their No. 3 apples. Mr. Laing, a fruit dealer of Winnipeg, said that he had handled large quantities of No. 3's with good results, but they were a better lot than usual for that grade. Fruit Inspector G. H. Vroom said that he had been in England and was asked by some of the dealers why the Nova Scotia growers shipped No. 3 apples. He replied by asking them why they continued to buv them. "Well," they said, "we feel that when men go to the trouble of pack- ing a barrel of apples and sending them over here it is too bad not to be able to make them any returns." If, therefore, their No. 1 apples sell for 18 shillings, their No. 2 apples for 14 shillings, and their No. 3 apples for little or nothing, we dock a little off their first two grades in order that we can make the growers some return on their poor grade. Mr. M. K. Ells claimed that there are apples not quite good enough for No. 2's that are too good to be wasted, and for which in parts of the Maritime Provinces and Quebec there is a good demand for use for cooking purposes. Commissioner Johnson summed up the discussion by saying the questiom seemed to be governed largely by crop and mar- ket conditions. In years when there was a large crop of good quality of fruit it was a mistake to market No. 3's. Other years when there is a shortage in the better grades and a larger percentage than usual of the poorer grades there was often a de- mand for the poorer grades. It was decided not to recommend any change in the definition of a No. 3 apple as given in the Inspection and Sale Act. There has been no serious objection taken to the 20x11x10 apple box. Why not legalize it for the whole of Canada, both for the home trade and for export? — W. A. Pit- cairn, Kelowna, B. C. The Oregon Agricultural College, at Corvallis, Oregon, has issued Bulletin 117, entitled "Loganbery By-Products," by C. I. Lewis and F. R. Brown. There has been formed in Louth town- ship a new cooperative association, which will be known as The Port Dalhousie Co- operative Fruit Growers' Association. The capital is placed at $10,000, in $50 shares. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. The stagnation in many lines of business cansed by the European War furnishes an OM>ortunity for many business men to make improvemento in their ga-rdens and home grounds. No line of plants will give such large results for the outlay as Herbaceous Per- ennialB. Of these the Paeony. Iris, Del- phinium. Phlox, Helenium and Hardy Chry- santhemum are the best six. We have fine stocks of these and of many othere, grown in our own grounds— all described in our Pall Planting List, just issued, which is sent free on request. We offer 50 varieties of Paeonies at from 30o to $2.50 each; 30 varB. of Irises at from 15c to $1.00 each; 5 vars. of Phloxes at 15-20o each ; 6 vars. of Helenlums at 15-20o each ; Gold Medal Hybrid Delphiniums at 20c each. 10 for $1.50 • 5 vars. of Hemerooallis at 15- 20c each; 6 vars. Astilbe and Splrea at 15- 35o each ; 4 vars. of Campanulas at 20o each : 5 vajs. of Heuohera at 20o eadh; Dloentra SpectabiHs at 20c each; 3 vars. Shasta Daisies at 25o each. 10 for $2.00, and many others. At the hour of writing, it is doubtful whether the usual importations of Daffodils and Tulips can be received because of the war. The best substitute for these is Irises, of which we have a good stock. These should be planted at the earUest day i>06- sible In Seiptember. Cash with order. Including postage, as per schedule, please. JOHN CAVERS CHOICE APPLE BARREL STOCK Staves, Hoops Heading, Head Liners Coopers Nails For Packers who are unable to get barrels made, we can arrange to furnish them with Apple Barrels at lowest prices for first-class Barrels. THE SUTHERLAND-INNES CO., LTD, CHATHAM - - ONTARIO 253 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 19 14 Tclrjihnnf. : LONDON WALL 1009 Hankers ' LONDON COUNTY a WRHTMINSTEH. HHOHKPITUH LONDON 3j and Commission Agent Spitalficlds Market, LONDON, ENGLAND Consiftnments of all clasacm solicited Accounts and Cheques sent each mail SPECIALITY -APPLES and PEARS WHOLESALE PnOVINCIAL SALESMEN SUPPLIED Sprayers Sulfur Dusters For Fifhtiog Everj Disease of Caitirated Plants Knapsack, Pack Saddle or Horse Drawn Powrer Sprayers Stnil (or Cttaloinet l/I^DM/^DI^f Mtoalaclnrer, (Rhone), FRANCE and particnlart to : VILLEFRANCHE Every farmer should hire him You pay him only $3.00 for 365 full 24-hour days a year — and no- body knows how many years he'll last, for he has never been known to wear out. His board amounts to a drop of oil every twelve months — that's all the ' pay he asks. His work is getting the farm hands in the fields on time, starting the before-breakfast chores on time, and telling the right time all day so the women folks can have the meals on time — these are easy jobs for him. Bi^ Ben stands seven inches tall. He IS triple-nickel plated and wears an inner vest of steel that insures him for life. His big bold figures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light. His keys almost wind themselves. He rings for five min- utes straight, or every other half minute for ten minutes as you pre- fer. The next time you're in town just drop in at your dealer's and ask to see Big Ben. If your dealer hasn't him, send a money order for J3.00 to Westdox, La Salle, Illinois, and he'll come to you, transportation charges prepaid, all ready for work. Hire Big Ben for your farm and he'll prove uie promptest hired man on tlie place. The Pre-Cooling ol Fruit (('iiii.'iiiiiril Iniiii III I If 210) Whom hot fruit is put in a car the ice in the bunkers jfocs down fast." Mr. Kuddirk : "One objection to coolinfr fruit in cars is the long: time it takes to cool the fruit. In some cases it require three or four days to cool the fruit." Q. — "Would you prefer one 1 'rge several small plants?" A. — "Where there are several stor;i; warehouses around one shipping point, central plant conineded with the others . probably the best. Often some of the warehouses are not in use when the others are. In such cases the supply of cold ■■ can be shut off in those warehouses." SMALL PUNTB Mr. Edwin .Smith, assistant to Mr, Ri ' dick : "There are certain fruit distri' where tender .small fruits ar<> shipped dur- ing limited periods where it is not practical \o establish lartfc plamts. as the overhead operating expense would be too srreat. The Washington Department of .Airriculture has devised a simple system that is sufficient for such districts , I pu!' up one of these in British Columbia, with satisfactory re- sults. It cost to construct about $2,500, not counting a few extras. The rooms have a capacity of about two carloads. Such a plant is all right for holding: temperatures for short periods, but not for use as a cold storage, " Recent Bulletins Recent circulars and bulletins that have reached The Canadian Horticulturist in- clude Circular No, 172, issued by the Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Urbana. Illi- nois, entitled "The Blight of Apples, Pears, and Quinces," This bulletin is by Prof, P. S, Pickett, formerly of Ontario, The same Station has issued Circular No. 173 entitled "Onion Culture," by John VV, Lloyd, The Dominion Department of Agriculture is distributing a number of circulars for use at the fall exhibitions. These include three by the Dominion Horticulturist, W, T, Ma- coun, entitled "How to Make and Use Hot- beds and Cold Frames," "Protection of Fruit Trees from Mice and Rabbits, includ- ing the care of Injured Trees." and "Top Grafting." The largest and heaviest apple ever grown in the world, says an English paper, has been raised this season in England. It is a Gloria Mundi, and was produced by the same grower who a few seasons ago raised the famous giant apple of the same variety, which measured 26 inches In circumference and weighed 27 ounces. Sent for sale in Covent Garden in October the 19th, 1909, it realized the astonishing price of £14 (|70) by public auction, breaking all previous record. The new record breaker weighs no less than 32i^ ounces. This wonderful apple was grown in an 11-inch flower pot, the tree producing six mammoth fruits at the same tmie. It was this very tree which bore the giant of 1909, .\n unusually full description of the Cod- ling-Moth is given in Bulletin No. 147 of the Iowa State College of .Agriculture, .Ames, Iowa. It is entitled "The Codling-Moth in Iowa." Bulletin 148, issued by the same college, is entitled "The Effect of Potato Treatments on Seed Vitality." The Michigan Agricultural CoUege, at East Lansing, Michigan, is distributinc: Bulletins 67, 68 and 69, entitled "Onion Culture on Muck Land," "Two Michigan Bean Diseases," and "Sprav and Practice Outline for 1914." October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ^53 Famous Queens IZ' Italy Bees mere beautiful, more gentle, more industiioue, the best honey eatherere. PRIZES— VI. Swiss Agricultural Exposition Berne, ISsDj. Swiss National Exposition. Geneva, 1896 Beetceep^ng Exhibition, IJegc Belgium, 1896 Beekeeping Exhibition. Frank fort. 0. M. (Germany). 1907. Universal Exposition. St. Louis Mo.. U.S.A., 1904. The highest aw.Md. Extra ilreeding: Queens, $3 00; Selecieii. .S2-00: fertilized, $1.50. Lower prices per dozen or more Queens. Safe arrival euaraii teed. ANTHONY BIAGGI PEDEVILU. NEAR BELLINZONA ITALIAN SWITZERLAND This country, politically, S^'itzerlaiid iU-- public, lies fftH)&raphJcally in Italy and po;* Sf'SSfB the beat kind of Rees knov^ri. Mention in ivrtttng — Tlifi Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR ITSELF. A HAN tried to aei' m? a h^rw once. Tie 9^ l\ tt was a Qiie horse and bad ncitbini; the mat *■ ■'ter with It Iwanteda6nebot3e,but,lrlce List (No Acenls) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL & SONS St. Catharines - Ontario WE AfiE now BOOKING ORDERS Foj- Fall I'lantiiig, which ia the beet time to plant. My apple treee are grown from French Crab Seed, which t<5 the hardiest and best for Orohaid I'lanling; also a long list of leading varieti<« of Fruits and Ornamenmlfi. FRUITLAND NURSERIES - FRUITLAND, ONT. G. M. HILL, Prop. FLOWER POTS Large stock of all sizes for the Spring trade. Send ua your order NOW and receive your supply before the Spring rush. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO.,iLtd. HAMILTON, ONT. 'Ht B|^T MAllt FOSTERS 1 STANDARD Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinds of Per- ishable Goods. THE CANADA COLD STORAGE CO. Limited 533Winiam St., MONTREAL, Que. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries, Josselyn! Joaeelyn!! Bed Jacket. Downing. Pearl, Uougrhton.~Currant«, Perfection! Perfection!! Baby, Cherry, White urape, Lees Prolific. Champion, Black Naples, Bla,ck Victoria. Boe- coop.- Raspberries, Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Outhbert, Marlboro, ariiickles Orange. Golden Qneen. Strawberry - Raspberry. — Garden Koots, ABparagus, Bhubarb. Write for Ca.talo«n«. WM. FIEMIMG, Nnrseryman, 496 ■ 4th Avenue W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. True to Name— Free From Disease Tji ^'^- ^"i' Grower, you are looking for the best Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees you caji Buy. Kelly Trees are sold at Growers' Prices— shipped direct from our own nuijenes m Daneville and guaranteed sturdy, free from disease and True to Name. For !J8 years we have had the name of knowing- how to grow trees right. From seedling to freight car we watch our own trees personally and know we are shipping just what you order. We have an up-to-date nursery plant and can ship all orders promptly, as well as grow and ship at a low cost. We give you every advantage on price. Plant apples this fall. Write for our catalog TO DAT, and get our prices. KELLY BROS., Wholesale Nurseries, 216 Main St., Dansville, N.Y. You'll never regrrt planting Kelly Trees ^W- Fairbanks- Morse Farm Engine 1^ Serves every power pur- pose on the average farm. Easy to operate, slmplyanddurablymade, reliable at all times and will run on cheap fuels. Of the 160,000 Fair- banks-Morse Engines built during the past 35 years, 90% are still in activ c service. The best possible evi- dence of their dependability. Many types and powers. Ver- tical and horizontal— portabl e and stationary— 1 to 200 h.p. Send for free booklet, "Farm Power." The Canadian Fairbanks • Morse Co., Limited Montreal Toronto Quebec OtUwM St. John H*mihori Ft. Waiijim Winnipeg Calcary RcKina Edmonton 5.ukstoon Vancouver Vicloria than unwrapped as any packer skilled in both methods will testify. The fruit stays where it is placed. As to the benefit to the fruit of wrap- ping-, there is no question. It prevents the rapid spread of disease, the fruit keeps longer, it is protected from outside influ- ences, as sudden changes of temperature and excessive moisture. It tends to pre- vent the apples bruising one another, it makes an elastic but firm pack much less liable to shift than unwrapi>ed fruit, and it gives a more finished appearance to the package. It presumes a high grade pro- duct so finding a readier sale and a higher price. In wrapped fruit, the top of the box should be packed last, while in unwrapped fruit the top is packed first. Packing the top of wrapped fruit first is a poor method. It wastes time and should be discouraged. PACKING FOE EXHIBITION. Packing for exhibition is essentially the same as commercial packing in so far as the actual operation is concenned. Great care should be taken, however, to choose only apples that are as near perfect in regard to color and freedom from blem- ishes as it is possible to get them. A single wormy apple in a box is enough to disqualify that box in the eyes of most judges, if the competition is at all keen. It is good practice to clip the stems of the top layer of apples so that the apples may be packed stem end up. They pre- sent a better appearance than if packed caJyx-end up. Im competitions where more than one box is called for, have the (samje pack and the same number of apples to each box. In fact, have the boxes as nearly alike in every respect as possible. Uni- formity counts many points in judging. Before shipping your fruit to the exhi- bition, take every precaution to ensure its arrival in perfect condition. It is a good plan to line your boxes with corrugated paper, double wrap your fruit, and re-pack at the exhibition. It takes only a short train journey to loosen up what looks like a perfect pack. Needless to say the pack should be firm at judging time. Above all things keep to the letter of the rules as given in the prize list. In close competitions judges often have to re- sort to technicalities to simplify their work, and if you don't agree with the judges' decision— don't kick. He has a thankless job at best. Items of Interest Philip J. Gabler. Cargo Inspeaor for Canada at Liverpool, reports in the Census and Statistics Monthly as follows. "It will be generaly admitted that in these days of keen competition continued improvement is necessarv if we are to hold our own or keep ahead, and I would like to call the attention of Canadian packers to the fact that the Western New York State people are making a big effort to capture the best of this market. Their fruit is of veiy good quality generally, and very well grad- ed, and they go sometimes to the extent of what mav be termed fancy packing in bar- rels (i.e.', fancv paper lace for the face of the barrels and a pad at top and bottom.) These apples easily command top prices. An association with 50,000 or 100,000 bar- rels to sell can command a better price than an association with 2,000 to 8,000 bar- rels because the cost of making sales in large bulk is much less than the cost of making a number of sales in small bulk. i Oriober, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUE IS f 255 Should Fruit Inspectors Give Out Certificates SHOULD the Dominion fruit inspectors, after they have inspected packages of fruit, give the growers a copy of their report concerning it ? This point was rai-cd at the Dominion Fruit Conference ii' ill in Grimsby, Ont., September 2 to 4, and led to a lively discussion. It resulted linally in the conference adopting a resolu- tion favoring the idea if the Government can arrange to do so without injury to the work of the fruit inspectors. When the point was first raised Domiaiion Fruit Commissioner D. Johnson explained how the work of inspection is conducted. He said that Ontario has been divided into districts, but the districts are so large it is impossible for the fruit inspectors to get around as often as the growers seem to de- sire. This is because there are not enough inspectors. Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, of Toronto, said that he had heard the suggestion made that if necessary fewer inspectors should be engaged permanently in order that more inspectors might be engaged temporarily during the shipping season. Fruit Inspector C. W. Baxter pointed out that where a buyer was handling a lot of iifferemt packs the inspector might inspect Dnly one pack. Were he to give a certifi- :ate for one pack it might not be repre- sentative of the other packs, and yet the dealer might use it to help to sell the other lacks also. Some method of guarding this Kiint would have to be found. Mr. M. Snetsinger, of Thornbury, Ont., lid not think this difficulty was likely to 36 serious, as each packer has to be re- ponsible for all the packs he sells. Mr. A. E. McMahon. Aylesford. N.S.. xiiinted out that the inspectors have to re- port to the Department of Agriculture on each lot of fruit they inspect. He thought that it was only fair that the packer should be given a copy of that report. Mr. Elmer Lick, Oshawa, Ont., thought that it would be a good idea if an associa- tion or packer could get a report covering a lot of inspections showing them to have been packing a consistently uniform aind high quality pack. Prof. M. Gumming, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Nova Scotia, was in favor of copies of the inspector's reports being given to the packers, although there was a danger that the reports might be used as a guarantee of quality to help sell other fruit and thus lead possibly to law suits. This would have to be guarded against. Mr. P. W. Hodgetts pointed out that Ontario fruit sent to the west sometimes deteriorates in the dealers' hand. He has it inspected there, and in some cases has used the inspector's reports when applying for rebates from the packers. If the pack- ers had a copy of the inspector's report as obtained at their end of the line, it would in some cases serve to protect them. He felt that it would not be long before the trade would recognize that the reports were in no sense a guarantee of quality, but merely a report on conditions at the time of the inspector's visits. Mr. A. E. Dewar, Charlottetown, P.E.I.. was afraid that after the inspector left, dis- honest packers would take advaintage of the inspector's reports to use them in selling- inferior lots of fruit that the inspector had not inspected. Mr. A. W. Peajrt. Burlington. Ont.. favor- ed the suggestion that the inspectors should give the packers a copy of their reports Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. Pat. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturer* ' Brighton, Ontario Associating the Garage and Greenhouse Two pleasure givers — two essentials — the auto and the greenhouse. Adding so much to the enjoyment of country living, the associating of them in thought seems but natural. To carry the thought still farther : The garage and the greenhouse are a logical link- up. Logical and economical . You save the cost on one gable of the work room. The one boiler will heat them bo^h, to the economy of both. There U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVt. NEWYORK. CANADIAN Of net tO rKlUIPS TLACt . MONTRtM are, however, certain important factors that must be con- sidered for the safety rnd efficiency of each. We won't go into them here, but will gladly advise you about them. If you would like our suggestions concerning the design' and layout of the "link-up," we will gladly arrange to make them for you. Or should you employ an architect, we would be glad to cooperate with him. In any event, let's talk the question over. as6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 191 The Pick of the Bulb Worid All our bulbs are grown for us especi- ally and are personally selected by the James Carter & Co. experts. Thorough tests, both before exporta- tion, and at the Carter establishment at Raynes Park, London, assure sound, healthy bulbs of the very highest quality. Our Tulips and Narcissus are exceptionally hardy and well suited to the Canadian climate. are unequalled for bowl or bed cuN :ure. The Carter catalogue and h.andbook — "Bulb.s" — illustrates and describes the choicest varieties of Tulips, Narcissu."!. Daffodils, Crocus, and many others. It lists all well-known favorites and many exclu.sive kinds not to be had elsewhere. Complimentary copy on request. Write for it to-day. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS INC. 133 A King St. East Toronti BRUCE'S REGAL FLOWERING BULBS We offer a complete assortment of Bulbs for Winter Flowering house and Spring Flowering in the garden — Planting time Oct. T^ „,,,,^^_^_ « ,. T^ ,»« Nov. 15th. Prices at HAMIIyTON «-.-!- t^-- ^-/^ Crocus, in 4 Colors - - - Freezias, Refracta Alba, large I,illies, Calla, White, large Lillies, Chinese Sacred, large - Hyacinths, Roman, 4 Colors Hyacinths, Dutch, 4 Colors Narcissus, Paper White Grandiflora Narcissus, Sinple, 6 varieties - Narcissus, Double, 4 varieties - Scilla Sibericn . - - . Snowdrops, Single - - - Tulips, Single, named, 6 colors Tulips, Single, choice mixed - Tulips, Single, good mixed Tulips, Double, named, 6 colors Tulips, Double, choice mixed - Tuliixs, Double, good mixed The TANtiO Tulip, a beautiful Tango colored icty, with very sweet perfume, Doz. .35, 100 for ?.. Where Bulbs are to be mailed (parcel post) add one- fifth to amount of order for postage — where there are Express Offices. Express is cheaper than mail on all orders amounting to $"-.50 and over. . in the Ist to FREE— VX'rite for our 28 page Illustrated Catalogue of Bulbs, Plants, Seeds, Poultry Supplies, Etc. SINGLE NARCISSUS JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., LIMITED SEED MERCHANTS Established 1850 HAMILTON, ONT. Mr. McMahon favored every packer bi in^ registered. It would help the inspec toi in the performance of their duties and i looking: after sortie of the packers. Mr. Max Smith, Burlinjfton, Ont., clain ed that an honest packer does not need a inspector's certificate. Dishonest p: are the men who need certificates ti them make sales. Dealers in the would require that all shipments shot: accompanied by ccnificates. To start ^n infi- certificates would make it necessary t employ an army of inspectors. Lome Carey, of the Wentworth Frui Growers' Association, told of a carload c apples that had been shipped west. Th retailer wired back an its receipt that i was unsaleable. The fruit inspector wa called in and reported that the fruit wa first-class. In the course of the trouble t| apples became frozen and had to be sm at a great loss. Had the shippers had * inspector's certificate in the first place, i would have been a great protection. Senator E. D. Smith, of Winona. Ont was strongly in favor of the grantir--- - inspecors' certificates If necessary a inal charge per barrel might be im in connection with each inspection to an undue number of applications for ii, ,._. tion being made. The granting of certij rates would tend to help young grower whose pack was unknown to the tr.-i' gain a quicker acceptance for their fn Rev. Mr. Dickson, Rectory Hill. Que. wanted to know if the first inspection woul be final. Mr. Lick replied that this would be in possible, as it would lead to many attempt at fraud. Fruit might deteriorate and r« quire to be reinspected. The matter was referred to the committe cm resolutions, which later brought in report which was adopted recommending th Government to issue the certificates if ; satisfactory method of doing so could b devised. I know of claims in Ontario that hav been standing against railway companie for five years, and for amounts as great a $1,500. One of the powers that should b given to the Dominion Railway Comm: is the right to adjudicate cases that been standing for over three months.— E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont., Traffic E: for the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Mr. Charles H. Williams, B.S.-'V., wh( has for the past two years been residen horticulturist at Charlottetown, in connec tion with the Dominion Department of .\g riculture, has been promoted to the posi tion of ."Assistant Superintendent of thi Dominion Experimental Farm at Nappan \. S. Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR racilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of con- gestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References : The Canad- ian Bank of Conunerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 3^ October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Quebec Pruit Growers Meet THE summer meeting of the Pomoligi- cal Society of the province of Quebec was held at Abbotsford, September 9-lOth, in conjunction with the ex- hibition of the Abbotsford Fruit Growers' Association. The programme included an introduc- tory address by the President,, Prof. T. G. Buntipng-, of Macdonald College, and an address of welcome by J. M. Fisk, of Ab- botsford ; Mr. C. E. Fetch, of the Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa, spoke on "New Sprays," Mr. Robt. Brodie, of Montreal, on "An Amateur Rose Garden," Mr. M. B. Davis, of the Experimental Farm, Ot- tawa, on "Cooperation," and Rev. Father Leopold, of La Trappe, on "Cherries." Among those present were delegates from Quebec, who had been in attendamoo at the Dominion Fruit Conference held in Grimsby, Ontario, shortly before. Rev. H. Dickson, of Rectory Hill, presented a re- port of the proceedings at the conference at the Thursday morning session. This was followed by an address entitled "In- sects of the Orchard," by Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College, and a talk on "The Packing of Fruit," by Mr. P. J. Carey, of Toronto, representing the Dominion Fruit Division. A keen interest was taken in the papers which were followed by animaited discus- sions. Much interest is now being taken in orchard pests of all kinds and means of control, and Prof. Lochhead's and Mr. Fetch's papers were specially interesting. During the past four years there has been a great improvement in the general care of the orchards in regard to spraying and as marked results are now showing in these well-sprayed orchards the growers are keen for information. The five demonstra- tion orchards of the province have fine crops of beautiful fruit this year, and the infiu- onoe of these is being felt in their respec- tive districts. From general reports there will be a great increase in the number of spraved orchards next year. Much interest was taken in Mr. Carey's address on the packing of fruit, which had special reference to box packing. In the afternoon a practical demonstration in box packing was given by Mr. Carey. As ydt the box has not been adopted to any ex- tent in the province, but now the growers of the Fameuse and Mcintosh are begin- ning to take to it as a package for these varieties . A new mechanical grading machine was in operation during the afternoon. It made a very favorable impression. Between meetings a visit was paid to a neighboring orchard owned by Dr. C. W. Byers of Montreal. This orchard largely consists of Fameuse and Mcintosh, and it is about eighteen years old. It is estimat- ed that there will be twelve hundred bar- rels of these two varieties, and a finer, cleaner or better crop was never grown. The color and uniformity of the apples on the trees was particularly noted by the visitors. This orchard is considered one of the best in the province. The annual meeting of the society will be held at Mac- donald College, December, 2nd and 3rd, 1914. Bulletins and Reports Recent bulletins and reports that have reached The Canadian Horticulturist mclude the following: "Fertilizers in Relation to Soils and Crop Production," by R. Har- court. Professor of Chemistry, and A. L. Gibson, Demonstrator in Soils, of the On- tario Agricultural College. This is Bulletin Coats less to keep in repair than any other Elevator Digger Digging Potatoes with an IRONASE Adjustable In Dccessary way aid easily coalrellcd, Saves time, saves labor, gets all of the potatoes, helps you get to an early market when the price la right. Digs, separates thoroughly, drops the potatoes where you want them, and in most cases fairly well sorted. The question is : Can you afford to be without a digger? Four styles from which to choose the one that suits your conditions best. You pay for and your horses draw only what you need. We have been making Diggere 10 years and know what to build for this work. Our Booklet "D" tells the whole story in an understandable way. May we send it? The Bateman-Wilkinson Co., Limited 460 Symington Ave. - Toronto, Ont. This Beautiful Tea Set PpPp of Bavarian China ^ tli^I^ This beautiful Set contains 40 pieces. 1 dozen cups, dozen saucers, dozen plates, 2 cake plates, i cream jug and a dreg bowl. The set is Bavarian China, nicely de- corated and the shapes are the very latest. A large order placed with a local wholesale house enables us to offer these sets to you in return for a very small amount of work on your part and without a cent's expense. If you will send us 8 new yearly subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist at GOc. each, or 5 new two year subscriptions at $1.00 each, we will send you one of these sets at once. This is a wonderful opportunity for you to get a Tea Set FREE. Write us immediately. THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO. PETERBOHO, ONT. LTD. VIII. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST rvtofwr. 1014 Costs You Nothing to try this wonderful new Aladdin coal oil mantle lamp 10 days right in your own home. You don't need to send us a cent in advance, and if you are not perfectly satisfied, you may return it at our expense. Twice the Light on Half the Oil Recent tests by noted scientists at 14 leadinir Universities, prove the Aladdin gives more than twice the light and burns less than half as much oil as the best round wick open flame lamps on the market. Thus the Aladdm will pay for itself many times over m oil saved, to say nothing pf the increased quantity and quality of pure white light it produces. A style for every need. Over Three Million people now enjoy the liKht of the Aladdin and every mail brings hundreds of enthusiastic letters from satisfied users endorsing it as the most wonderful light they have ever seen buch comments as You have solved the prob- lem of rural home lighting"; "I could not think of parting with my Aladdin"; "The grandest thing on earth": "You could not buy it back ^' ^?y.P."?? : . Beats any light I have ever seen ; A blessing to any household"; "It is the acme of perfection": '"Better than I ever dreamed possible"; "Makes my light look like a tallow dip ; etc., etc.. pour into our office every day. Coed Housekeeping Institute, New York, tested and approved the Aladdin. We Will Give $1000 to the person who shows us an oil lamp equal to the Aladdin (details of this Reward Offer given m our circular which will be sent you). vyould we dare invite such comparison with all other lights if there were any doubt about the superiority of the Aladdin? Get One FREE special introductory offernnder wtiich one lamp is S™."? u"- •■ ',' '''■'''! "' ^ !"»'>'' ""d we will send TrV»i olfi'^ 'n'r?! "*""!.' ""'■ Kfe^tlO Day Free Trial oner, and tell you how you can get one tree. JloJS3,J!f"'Jf7^^ "•"•* COMPANY 409 Aladdin BIdg., MMIml tat Winnip:,. Cuidi Largest Manufacturers and Difttrihtdors of Coal Oil Mantle Lamps in the n'urld. Men With Rigs Malce Big Money delivering Aladdin lampe. No previous experience necessary. One farmer who had never sold any th na Jl^'? ','.'? n">^« •"", »««,■«> in six weeks. Anothe? says: I dupoaed of 34 lamps out of 31 calls. No Money Required We fumish capital * „. , . . , . ~ — r r~ to reliable men to ff'r?'?""'- .^'^ tor ourdistributo'r'3''EM'y-System- of -Delivery plan quick, before territory is taken. 223. 1 1 is Ix'ing issued by the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture, Toronto. "Plant J, ice on Currant and Gooseberry Bushes," is the title of a circular by Edith M. Patch, bcinjf issued by the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, which is also dis- tributing Bulletin No. 227, entitled, "Pow- dery Scab on Potatoes." The author of the bulletin is Dr. VV. J. Morse. When writing advertisers, say you saw their advertisement in THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Apple Crop Prospects The present se;ison, so far as production is concerned, and speaking broadly for the whole Dominion, is a most satisfactory one. The crop is large and the fruit is clean and of good size. Such a condition is ex- ceptional, and if the means of distributing and marketing were normal, the growers woujd unquestionably reap abundant re- turns. The foreigin market, however, at the pre- sent time is greatly demoralized. In prac- tically every section of the country the growers arc exceedingly pessimistic regard- ing the ultimate distribution of their fmit in a satisfactory manner. This feeling Ls particularly marked among independent growers, who have in previous years relied upon the itinerant buyers to purchase their fruit. Many of these buyers are not oper- ating this season, and even in cases where they have quoted prices, their oilers are far from alluring. The consequence is that gnowers are practically at a loss as to any means of selling their crop. Many of them have had no experience in marketing, hav- ing formerly sold their fruit on the trees or packed in the orchard. Cooperative as- sociations are not so seriously affected. Being groups of growers under capable management and with experience in dis- posing of previous crops, most of the as- sociations have established connections up- on which they can place some reliance in the present season. The average over the whole Dominion for early apples is seventy- eight per cent., for fall apple(s seventy- eight per cent., and for winter apples seventy-four per cent. This gives a total crop of seventy-six per cent., which is an increase of twenty-eight per cent, over that of 1913. HARVESTING On account of the very exceptional con- ditions which are at present existing throughout the world, there are certain features which Canadian fruit producers should keep in mind when harvesting their crop. There is a general laxity on the part of consumers in making purchases, and the demand for any inferior fruit from pre- sent indications, will be slight. It is there- fore desirable that only the better gnades should be packed and shipped, at least until a more equable state of affairs is reached. There should be a satisfactory home mar- ket for the better grades, and the growers would be wise to limit their shipments to such grades and hold the lower grades for later sales. The main thing to bear in mind is that, just as long. as the demand . for fruit is limited, it should be stipplied only by the better grades and every barrel of No. 2 or No. 3 apples that is placed on the market interferes to just that extent with the sale of higher grades. FOREIGN CONDITIONS The crop m Great Britain is larger than was anticipated early in the season, and the rnarkets are well supplied. Large quantities of bananas and pineapples, ori- ginally intended for European points, have been diverted to British markets, with the result that the public are being well sup- plied at low prices. Local apples, pears, and plums are all excellent crops. — Bo- minion Fruit Crop Report. FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when Installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable- fVri/e tor Illustrated Catalogue FREE LAND FOB THE SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are bting made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director ol Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of .-Vgriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto GARDENS Canadians will be glad to learn that it is possible to get Glass Gardens entirely made in Canada by a Canadian Company —Glass Garden Builders, Limit- ed. The Company will erect pri- vate or commercial greenhouses of any type or size with full equipment of any sort. The Company's staff incltides Mr. Isaac Cassidy, formerly of Lord & Burnham Co.. 3tr. K. Derbyshire, formerly Canadian Manager of the Parkes Con- struction Co. Mr. W. J. Keens, of Toronto, is President. Dr. J M. Baldwin, late Vice-President of Toronto Horticultural So- ciety, Vice-President, and Mr. C. M. Baldwin, Secretary Treasurer. It has already under con- struction two large houses for J. H. Dunlop, of Bichmond Hill, and several private gardens in Toronto. Further particulars or plans and estimates will be gladly furnished to anyone interested Glass Garden Builders, ud. 43 Scott St., TORONTO October, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Market Prospects p. W. Hodgetts, Sec'r, OaUria Fruit Growers' Attocia- Tsrsato, Ont. The apple markets still continue very slow and prospects are not brightening' as yet. It is felt that there may be a fair market in Great Britain for shipments go- ing forward up to the first of October. Liverpool advises us that only about half of the usual quantity will be required, and that largely of the No. 1 grade. The peo- ple who are suffering most from the war are those who consume the lower grades of apples. Sales of apples have been made for the western market at prices al] the way from $l2.00to $2.70 per barrel f.o.b., depending on the percentage of Spys in the shipment. Competition is very severe, many salesmen being in the west and some unfair tactics have been adopted. One of our Ontario Associations in a circular issued to the trade, stated that thev are continuing to use the large Ontario barrel, but that some Ontario .Associations and Nova Scotia are using the small barrel. The fact is that not an association nor dealer in Ointario is using the small or what is generally known as the Nova Scotia barrel. Horticultural Exhibition In spite of the war and the change in conditions created by it, the Ontario Horti- cultural Exhibition will be held this year as usual. For a while- it looked as though the exhibition would have to be abandon- ed. Certain financial support that the -As- sociation has always received, it was found could not be counted upon. Hearing of the situation the exhibitors quickly rallied to the support of the directors with the result that at a meeting of the directors held on Friday, September 18th, it was decided un- animously to hold the exhibition as usual The dates selected were November 9th to 14th. This year's exhibition may surpass all previous ones. D-^siring to show their pat- riotism, both to their country and to the exhibition, the exhibitors have offered to make exhibits without drawing any prize money. In consequence no prizes will be offered. Sufficient promises have already been made from the flower, fruit, hoiney and vegetable sections to ensure a splen- did exhibition. The city of Toronto has agreed to give the use of their Horticultural Building on the Exhibition Grounds, heat- ed and lighted, free of cost. The entire gate receipts will be given over to the Red Cross Society, which will look after the advertising and ticket sellimg, the funds going through this channel to aid in car- ing for the sick and wounded in the war. Not a cent of the gate receipts will be tak- en for the expenses, the growers receiving only the advertising for their expemse and trouble of putting up an exhibit. The names of all growers will be placed on the fruit or other produce which they send in, and a sale will be held of all the goods on exhibit on the last day of the show. Ex- hibits on' these terms are invited. Market Fruit Carefully Onlv a little exra time and skill are re- quired to market plums and apples pro- perly. If they reach the market poorly graded and bruised, or in dirty, broken packages, they cannot command good prices. Clean, neat packages are necessary to show frui's advantageously. Pick with care. Don't wait for plums to soften or apples to become mealy. They should be well colored and large, but still Ontario Horticultural Exhibition EXHIBITION GROUNDS TOBOMTO, ONTARIO November 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Fruit Flo^vcrs Honey Vegetables This year's Exhibition promises to be just as large and splendid as the many successful Ex- hibitions of former years. The Growers in each section have consented to exhibit the best in their possession, and to forego the acceptance of prize money, which will enable the giving of the entire proceeds, in- cluding the gate receipts, to the Red Cross Society Entries should be made at once with the Secretary. P. W. HODGETTS, Secretary Parliament Buildings, TORONTO WM. COUSB President THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST October, 1914 FOR SALE AND WANTED ▲dvertliements in this department in- serted at rate of 3 eents a word for each inaertlon, each agure, sign or single letter to eount as one word, minimum eost, 30 •ents, strictly cash in advance. ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Frnit farmsaapeoialty. — W. B. Oalder, Qi-imsby- NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS—Befoie buying It will pay you Us consult me. I make a, BDeoialty of fruit and frain farms.— Melviu Oayman db Oo^ fit. Oatharinee. ASK DAWSON. He knows. IP YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me IF VOU WANT to buy a farm consult m«. I HAVE aome of tbe beet Fruit. Stock. Grain and Dairy Farms on my list at right prices- H. W. Dawson, Ninety Oolbome St., Toronto. WANTED— Clean, bright beeswax and fancy comb honey.— B. N. Smeall, 95 4th Ave., Viau- Tille. Montreal. Que. PEDHWa SHEAR EHODES DOUBLE OTJT^,, cut» from Y(XC-;^ both Sides of limb and dors not bruise the bark. We pay Ex- press charges on all orders. Write ror circular and prices. 536 S. DivUlon Ave. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. RHODES MFG, FRUIT FARM FOR SALE Complete in every way and situated on out- skirts of growing county town in Ontario. Comprises 28 acres, planted with young apple, peach and pear trees, and bearing small fruits, etc. Greenhouse, 25 x 50 feet, also steam bottling and preserving outfit. Com plete water system and natural gas. Houses and bams in first-cla^s condition, with newly ereoted fruit-packing barn hav- ing cement lower story and storage cellar. Very valuable gravel-pit next to road. Write now, before this is snapped up, and get full particulars from the owners. BOX 10. CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST /^FACTORY CLEARANCE SALE... Unusual business condi- ■'^/ tions are forcing large i^^ manufacturers to sacrifice stocks in order to keep their mills running. To the alert buyer this repre- sents an unprecedented opportunity to save money. These chances come only once in a long time— when they do come it pays to act quick. WALL BOARD Wall Board take^the place of f^A Cents both lath and plaster. Itgives "# I c„,,„_„ a finished wall without further Mh 5'*"^'^ decorating. Anybody can put Mi& root it on. Now selling at a special price. SAMPLE FREE. ROOFING Lowest prices on record. ^V^^ Cents Genuine Asphalt Felt Roofing #U Roll 100 per cent, saturation, con- ■ ^B 108 tains no tar or paper. In full ■ ^t Sq. Ft rolls of 108 square feet with nails and cement. SAMPLE FREE. Building Paper A great snap at this price. Full measure rolls 400 sq. feel in each. Use it plentifully at this price. SAMPLE FREE. 35 Cents Roll 400 Sq.Ft HAMILTON ^r^^ CANADA. firm. A soft plum will not stay up in the market, and neither will the price. Fall ap- ples may be picked when full size is reached without rejfard to color, or the color may be allowed to develop if desired, but the fruit must not. be allowed to soften or drop if it is to be handled profitably. Discard all bruised, stung, or mis-shapen plums and grade as No. 1 those of good color, and as No. 2 ihose inferior in color- ing. Sort according to size so that every package is uniform throughout in size of plums which it contains. The same sug- gestions apply to apples, especial care be- ing taken to discard those that are wormy, scabby, bruised or stung. Uniformity in color and siz<; of fruit and size of package, combined with neatness and cleanliness of package, will add greatly to the market price of fruit. Eastern Annapolis Valley Euaice Bachanan We now find that the apple crop of the An- napolis Valley is not as large as was at first expected; probably the United Fruit Com- panies will handle about seven hundred thousand, and a liberal estimate of the Valley yield would be eigtit hundred thou- sand packed out of nine hundred thousand barrels. Golden Russets have a lull crop, while Starks seem to be generally scarce. Where the fruit has been sprayed It is very clean, but spot has developed in unsprayed or- chards and there is likely to be fifteen to twenty per cent of spotted fruit. At first it was thought that there were no aphis worth mentioning, but now the damage by these insects is noticeable. Cherries have been plentiful, and plums promise to be good; this year the growers are thinning them. Currants were eight cents to eleven cents a quart. Strawberries and raspberries have been scarce owing to the effects of frost and gall-root on the lat- ter. Blueberries have not been less than eight cents a quart. Tomatoes and other things are late. The price of barrels is twenty-six cents to twenty-eight cents delivered with time until fall for payment. Some barrels have been sold for twenty-five cents cash. Mr. George Saunders, entomologist of the Bridgetown Dominion Experimental Station, has succeeded with experiments which indicate great cheapening in the cost of arsenical sprays; these experiments will shortly be made public. Mr. Saunders finds that powdered arsenates have not the adher- ing qualities of the pastes. Of course the thing uppermost in the minds of the farmers is the war, and its effect on the apple market and harvest. Several men are holding themselves in readiness to leave the Valley should the militia or volunteer regiments call upon them, some have already gone. However, the apple companies are hoping to send fruit to England and to receive fair prices, also they are sending men to open up new markets in western Canada. South Amer- ica and Cuba. Much depends on the ship- ping rates and increased marine insurance. Items of Importance It is reported that the Dominion Govern- ment is arranging to conduct an energetic advertising campaign in the leading con- .suming ceetres of Canada with the object of aiding apple growers to market this year's crop to the best possible advantage. Canadian Trade Commissioners resi- dent in the United Kingdom as the result of a special enquiry, report that so far there have been no indications that the re- quirements of the United Kingdom for can- ned fruit and vegetables will be greater this year on account of the war than in ordinary years. It is not anticipated that the army and navy will purchase any con- siderable quantity of these goods. According to investigations conducted the United States Department of Agricul- ture it is estimated that the commercial apple crop of 1914 will be much larger th. - that of last year, but not so great by ^^ enal million barrels as in 1912. K t< production of 220,000,000 bushels is f( casted. CHOICE SELECTED BULBS Tulips, mixed. HinRle or double TSc. per hundrid ; Heparate colorB $1.00 per hundred ; DamxlilR. Kiutrle or double. 25c. doz. ; $1.7.5 per hundred. Mixerminating qunliticB. Lanark Ginseng Roots, are sure growers and great producers. Dont' fail to make investigation of this highly profltnhle industry. Write to the Se- cretary and he will \oxe,s are filled to ovcrflowinir with trailinit vinee. coleus. eer- aniume, petunias and han^iner fuchsia, the "whole makinjr one mass of color from the irround half way up the windows 257 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1(114. A Campanula Persifolia or Bell Flower Lilie other biennials it may either be sown where it Is to remain, any time after midsum- mer, or may be sown in bsds in the epring for transplanting". forcing pit should be at 70 degrees ; to go beyond that point will cause the at- tenuated growth and poverty of color. CULTURE IN GLASSES It is of little consequence whether rain or spring- water be employed in their culture in glasses, but it should be pure, and in the glasses it should nearly but not quite touch the bulbs. Store at once in a dark, cool place to encourage the bulbs to send their roots down into the water before the leaves begin to grow. When the roots are developed, bring the glasses from the dark to the light in order that the leaves and flow- ers may be in perfect health. It is not desirable to introduce in the water any stimulating substance, but the glasses must be kept nearly full of water by re- plenishing as it disappears. If the leaves become dusty they can be clean- ed with a sponge dipped in water, but particular care must be taken not to injure them in the process. MINIATURE HYAOINTH6 The charming little sparkling hya- cinths are invaluable for baskets, bowls, and other contrivances for the choicest decorative purposes. In quality they are excellent, the spikes being symmetrical and color brilliant ; but they are true miniatures, growing about half the size of the others and requiring less soil to root in. They will flower well if planted in a mixture of moss and charcoal. Keep them moist and covered with the green- est moss to give the ornament contain- ing them a finished appearance. Mayflowers in January W. W. MtNeeIr Among the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist there are many who long for the woodsy things, the flowers, ferns and plants that draw us to the forests ir- resistibly as soon as the robin returns. How often during the long winter months we rebel against the snow and would gladly exchange all our hyacinths and tulips and freesias for one whiff of the hepatica's spicy fragrance To all such I bring greetings, to a few, perhaps, I bring joy — not this year maybe, but in the years to come. For as I write my window is bright with the blue and pink and white blossoms of the hepaticas, whose delicate aroma carry me back to the days when we went may- flowering, and dared each other to take off our shoes and wade the icy puddles. This, however, is distressing — but who could resist reminiscencing when one's window is full of mayflowers? To have mayflowers or hepaticas in January requires ab.solutely no know- ledge of floriculture. All that is neces- sary is to dig up a few roots in the woods just Ixjfore the snow falls (or even after) and plant them in pots or boxes. Then place them in the cellar for a few weeks and bring them up to the light and heat. Keep them well watered and you will have an abundance of blossoms in two \\eeks. They never fail, and for an in- valid or shut-in nothing will bring more pleasure than a little bowl of hepaticas when winter blasts are blowing. After the flowers are nearly done the leaves grow luxuriantly. In .some varie- ties the markings are quite pretty and the fresh green of the leaves is so appeal- ing that I feel sure you will want the plants to remain on your windows after the flowers have delivered their message of hope and good cheer. Planting Suggestions J. McPherton Ron, Toronto, Ont. For houses with low foundations plant low-growing plants and evergreens. These make a suitable frin,ge. For a house with high foundations and base- ment windows, taller growing shrubs and plants are suitable, as they hide the nether nakedness and give grace and beauty to otherwise ugly features. The same enthusiasm evinced in spring gardening should be continued till the snow falls. Neatness and order give as much pleasure as floral effects. Autumn has really more work to do in preparing the soil, rearranging beds and determining the effects for next season than the hurried time in spring will allow. Observe now the effect of cer- taii> combinations and aim to produce them in the most prominent places next season. Flowers such as Lilius Candi- dum, Canterbury Bells, Foxglove, and all whites and blues give more pleasure during hot weather than the gaudy reds and yellows — which are more suited for cooler fall weather. Dahlias will not bloom during very hot weather, the intense heat having a deterrent effect on buds, which frequent- ly dry up and fall off. Garden Promptings Rake a pile of leaves into .some out of the way corner to decay and furnish leaf mould for next year. There is still time to plant tulip bulbs outside or hyacinths, tulips, narcissi, or daffodils for forcing indoors. As soon as the ground begins to freeze cover the tulip bed with about four inches of heavy manure. Well-rotted manure put on the lawn in the late fall will help to hold the snow and make a much better lawn next year. Cover Boston ivy vines with straw as a protection against winter. Rake up and burn all prunings and weeds in the orchard and garden. As soon as the ground freezes cover the strawberry bed and bulb beds. Place oak boughs that are holding their leaves over tender evergreens. Prune and burn all diseased limbs or dry fruits clinging to the plum or apple tree. Mulch orchard trees and shrubs with manure as soon as the ground freezes a little. Draw the currant branches together and tie them to prevent their being broken down by the snow or sleet of winter. Cut and burn asparagus canes. If well rotted manure is available mulch the bed well with it, plowing it in as early in spring as possible. Place burlap, cornstalks, or ooards on the south side of small smooth-barked lawn trees and apple trees to protect from sunscald during the winter. Clean hay or straw may be placed on perennials and covered with boards or tar paper to prevent the plants from getting wet. It is well to avoid putting on any material that will smother the plants or permit of their getting wet. Do not allow house plants to stand in water in the jardiniere. Water as frequently and thoroughly as the plant needs, but keep the jardiniere dry at all times. After the chrysanthemum plants bloom cut down the flower stocks and set in a cool, light place until ttoward sprijng when cuttings may be made for next season's growth. Rose bushes may be laid down and covered with earth, later covering the earth with hay or strawy manure. Winter Flo^vcring Plants IT is rather surprising how few people make any effort to grow flowers dur- ing the winter. Yet there are quite a large number of plants which naturally blossom at this season. With a little care it is possible to have the house gay with flowering plants, the bulbs to pro- duce them being all easily obtainable and at small cost. In most years we have long, spells of wintry weather, when outdoor work in the garden is necessarily suspended, but that should instil in us a greater desire to carry on gardening work within doors. Of course, indoor flowering plants, except for those who possess hot- houses, are limited to those kinds which lend themselves to indoor culture in pots and which moreover do not need a great amount of artificial heat. But apart from flowering plants, there are a large number of other plants, such as palms, ferns, and those plants which although having no flowers possess charms in the way of ornamental foliage throughout the year. Among the many flowering plants which can be successfully cultivated in rooms and which will flower during the winter and early spring months the fol- lowing are favorites, I think, with most of us : Lily of the valley, hyacinths, primulas, cyclamen, daffodils, freesias, wallflower, and geraniums. The lily of the valley, with its delicate B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. little white bell-shaped flowers and its exquisite and unique perfume, /claims first attention. This plant is a per;- ennial, that is, it is not a plant which requires to be raised every year, but one which will, with care, flower year after year. It is one of the easiest to force, and can be grown in pots, in flat, wood- en boxes such as nurserymen use, or in bowls. The plants are raised from' bulbs, or "crowns," as they are usually called, and these should be set in some good soil containing leaf mould, about two inches deep and about two inches apart. If retarded crowns can be ob- tained ; these will come into bloom in two or three weeks. For table decora- tion the bulbs should be planted in a bowl and then once the shoots are well out of the soil, this can be covered over with either moss or grass, which greatly improves the effect. A tempera- ture of 55 degrees is all that is needed, and is preferable to a greater heat, as the blooms will be stronger and will last longer. HYACINTHS There are several ways of growing hyacinths. Some people merely place the bulbs in a vase containing water, and made for the purpose, which is an easy way of growing them ; but there is nothing very ornamental about this me- thod of cultivation, nor is it the plant's natural way of growing. It can be A Prize Winning Perennial Border in St. Thomas, Ont. In the Uttle space here shown some 75 varictiea of perennials were erown. The (Tardea won a second prize in a irarden competition. It is owned by Mrs. Waterbuxy- 262 much more effectively grown by plant- ing a few bulbs of different colors, say white, pink, and deep blue, in a good- sized bowl filled with fine gravel or peb- bles. If the bulbs are set firmly in a little hollow three or four inches apart, the one in the centre being raised a little above the others, and the bowl filled with water until it touches the bulbs, a very pretty effect will be had when the plants burst into flower. The bulbs should be kept constantly in the water, and here too, a natural touch may be added by putting moss or grass about the bulbs. PEIMUIiAS There is an advantage in cultivating primulas owing to their continual suc- cession of flowers, for if the plants re- ceive proper care and attention they will flower for several months. One of the most beautiful kinds is, I think, the giant white — Primula Alba Magnifica, to give it its proper and well-merited title. To preserve the flowers in good condi- tion they should be kept in a moderately dry atmosphere, but primulas like a damp bottom to stand on, and 't is a good plan to keep the pots in flower pans, though in the winter season they do not require quite so much feeding as during the dry summer months. CYCLAMEN Cyclamen like a good mixture of sand loam and leaf mould, and as with prim- ulas, unless one has a small glass house in which to place seedlings, it is more satisfactory to purchase plants in the first instance. However, there are some who have glass, and when purchasing cyclamen tubers they will bear in mind the necessity of pressing them well into the soil so that not more than half the tuber is under the soil. Give the tubers a slight watering only until they com- mence growing. Cyclamen and primu- las, too, -are the better for a little liquid manure. DAFFODILS AND NARCISSUS Daffodils and narcissus can be grown with excellent results in a window box if of sufllcient depth to permit of the bulbs being planted at least three inches below the surface. The plants do well in loamy soil, and the bulbs may be placed about four inches apart. Al- though more suited to outdoor culture scattered in grass, they make a good show in a room, especially the long, trumpet-like varieties. All growing bulbs should be watered fairly freely when in active growth, and plants in warm rooms sometimes need daily waterings to prevent the soil be- coming too dry. No indoor flowering plant is more easily forced than the freesia. They are excellent plants for our little greenhouses 264 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 191 4. and can be brought into the room, where its sweet fragrance will soon reveal its presence. All they need is a well-drain- ed light soil, to which a little well de- cayed manure and a handful or two ot leaf mould has been added. They can be readily multiplied from seed. The cut flower is much in demand for de- coration. The freesia was originally only an exotic, and its introduction from South Africa is one of comparatively recent date. THE GEBANITJM It will greatly benefit stock geran- iums to give them a good pick over, as those lifted and potted when clearing the beds will have lost a good deal of foliage. Cut back any decaying shoots into the older wood. To keep geran- iums alive during the winter months in a greenhouse without heat, the plants should be kept moderately dry, especi- ally when the weather is frosty and should have all the light possible. Also remove all faded or mouldy leaves. In very sharp weather remove the plants indoors or warm the greenhouse, as the frosts must be kept from them. A Question About Shade Trees Several ot my neighbors and I want to plant maple trees. I ordered Norway Maples, but some of the others thousrht it best to stay by the Canadian maple and I changed the order. The nursery firm informs me that they have discon- tinued Browingr the Canadian marile because the.v say that it ia too slow a grower. They recom- mend the Norway or Silver Maple. Tour opinion will be appreciated.— W. J. K.. Gait. Ontario. The Norway Maple is particularly use- ful as a shade tree for a city street, as it withstands street conditions remark- ably well. The Sugar or Rock Maple — sometimes called Canada Maple — is also a jwpular street tree, but it does not thrive in cities so well as the Nor- way Maple, as its foliage is sensitive to dust and smoke. Experiments at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, indicate that the Norway and Canadian Maples both make about the same rate of growth yearly. The wood of the Silver Maple is soft and brittle and the limbs are easily broken off in sleet or wind storms. It should not be selected except for some special pu.rpose. A bulletin entitled "The Planting and Care of Shade Trees," by F. E. Buck, B.S.A., No. 19, has been issued by the Department of Agriculture of Ottawa. We should advise you to write ^or it. Protecting Trees from Mice and Rabbits W. T. Macoon, Dominioa Horticultorist, OtUwt, Ont. Every year thousands of fruit trees are injured in Canada by mice, and, in the new districts, a large number of rab- bits also. There could be nothing more discouraging to a fruit grower, or would-be fruit grower, than to see his orchard which he had cared for, perhaps, for five or six years, ruined by mice ; and yet this frequently happens. All this could be prevented if the farmer or fruit grower would use the information avail- able and protect his trees from mice. Somes years there is less injury than others, and this fact leads to careless- ness, and when a bad year comes the trees are unprotected. While the depredations from mice and rabbits in winter vary from one year to another, depending on the scarcity or abundance of food, the number of mice which are in the vicinity and the char- acter of the winter, the injury is always greatest when the orchard is in sod, and when there is rubbish lying about; hence the latter should be removed be- fore the winter sets in. In most cases it is not necessary nor advisable to have the orchard in sod, particularly when the trees are young, although it is high- ly important to have a cover crop, which also may sometimes become a harbor for mice. As mice may be expected in greater or less numbers every winter, young trees should lie regularly protect- ed against their ravages. Mice usually begin working on the ground under the snow, and when they come to a tree they will begin to gnaw it if it is not protected. A small mound of soil from eight to twelve inches in height raised about the base of the tree will often prevent their injuring the tree, and even snow tramped about the tree has been quite effectual, but the cheap- est and surest practice is to wrap the tree with ordinary building paper, the price of which is merely nominal. Tar paper is also effectual, but trees have been injured by using it, and it is well to guard against this when building paper will do as well. After the paper is wrapped around the tree and tied, a little earth should be put about the lower end to prevent the mice from beginning to work there, as if they get a start the paper will not stand in their way. It may be stated, however, that although several thousand young trees have been wrapped with building paper for years at the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, there have been practically no instances where the mice have gnawed through the paper to get at the tree. The use of a wire protector, or one made of tin or galvanized iron, is economical in the end ,as they are durable. There are a number of washes and poisons recommended for the protection of fruit trees and the destruction of the mice and rabbits, but none of these is very satisfactory, as if the mice or rab- bits are numerous the poison has not sufficient effect upon them to prevent injury altogether. The following method of poisoning has been found fairly suc- cessful for mice, but rabbits are very difficult to deal with. Make a mixture of one part by weight of arsenic with three parts of corn meal. Nail two pieces of board, each six feet long and six inches wide, together so as to make a trough. In- vert this near the trees to be protected and place about a tablespoonful of the poison on a shingle and put it near the middle of the run renewing the poison as often as is necessary. Just before snow comes cover the lawn with well-rotted manure. Rake this lit- ter off in the spring after the rains have worked the manure into the soil. Better sod will result. Weeds will be kept in check more easily by the grass. November, 1914- THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 26; Hardy Flower Border in Manitoba* By Mrs. H. Lys, Dauphin, Man. THE border that I am going to de- scribe is one of the most attrac- tive spots in the garden from the lime the snow goes until it comes again. It is irregular in shape and might be described as a triangle with two long curved sides. The straight end is at the west and it has a high rustic fence for a background. The long north back- ground is one of Nature's own design- ing, the lovely trees along the river bank and amongst them are two noble speci- mens of silver birch. The curve of the drive is the other side. This arrange- ment has a great advantage, as flowers are all more or less sun worshippers, and often turn their best sides to the south and east. Nearly all the plants are hardy herb- aceous perennials, some hardy bulbs and a few flowering shrubs. When the early bulbs have done flowering, iheir places are taken by some annual, and there is room left for a few clumps of variegated and rainbow corn, and in the corner near the rustic fence a clump of our old friend, the sunflower. The first flower that blooms is the Scilla Siberira, the old-fashioned squill of our grandmother's garden. This brave little flower is- a clear true blue, •Paper read before the recent annual gather- inir of the Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry ABKKjiation at Winnipeg. and altlTOUgh the cold nights freeze it quite stiff it thaws out and smiles again in the sunshine. The hyacinths and tulips follow close- ly. I was surprised last year to see how much frost the hyacinths stood after they were in full bloom, but although they do well some years they are not to be depended upon. Between these bulbs are plants of Ara- bis Alpina or rock cress. Its greyish green leaves and delicate white blossoms make a beautiful contrast and the edg- ing of the border is cerastium, also known as snow in summer. Its silvery leaves are always beautiful, and, when covered with white flowers, it deserves its name. The yellow, white and red Iceland poppies are with us before the bulbs are over, their delicate stalks holding the beautiful fragile flowers with a dignity of their own and these are so useful for cutting (but don't use too many in one room, as they have rather an unpleasant odor). If kept cut and not allowed to go to seed, they will contribute their share of beauty to the border for many weeks. The old favorite bleeding heart is one of the most graceful of the early flowers. If you have an especially fine clump of this, do not let it grow on too long with- mu dividing it. If left more than three Choice and Rare Varietie* of French and English Paeonies TTiis illustration Kivoa only a faint idea of the teauty of these paoonies. aa prown by Mr. J. E Thomp^n liamiiron Ont. Th^v include Marechal VaiUaut. a da,rk mauve pink: PeUx Croupe r brilliant red- Madame Emile GaMi. a lilac white, tinged with pink ; Couronne d Or a whTte with yellow Rtamen.s. the «.ntre petals tipped carmine: Mathilde de Bo«oneck^ ^l^J^T ^loSr a very large flower: and Monsieur Jule« Elie, a pale Ulac rose and a very fine variety. or four years, the centre of the crown will decay and the beautiful plant will dwindle away. These plants delight in being shared with your neighbors, and simply will not grow in one huge clump for years. In this respect they differ from the glorious queen of the herbaceous border, the paeony. This lovely flower resents disturbances, except at considerable in- tervals, and, as you probably know, sel- dom blooms the first year or two after moving. The glorious clumps of Fes- tiva Maxima, L'Esperance, and others shed a delicious fragrance over the bor- der so diff"erent from the old-fashioned red paeony. There is one gorgeous flower that blooms at the same time as the paeony — the Oriental poppy. Its brilliancy is so great that it almost kills every color near it ; so it needs very careful placing in the border. I have mine near the rustic fence which is then covered with the soft green leaves of the Virginia creeper and native grape and near the brilliant orange scarlet I put plenty of white, such as clumps of arhillea. LATER BLOOM From the early part of June the flow- ers are so abundant that I hardly know which to mention first. The pyrethrums are very pretty and are such good flow- ers for cutting ; the long slender stalks and varied shades of pinks, reds and whites make them one of our best all- round early flowers. Be especially care- ful of any good double ones, as they do not come true from seed ; most of them come single. Near the front of my border are clumps of dianthus of various kinds. These are so varied in coloring and marking that they are an endless delight to grow. I had almost forgotten the beautiful iris, well named "the poor man's or- (-hid." Of course, not all kinds are suitable for our climate, but the Siberian and German varieties are amongst the most profitable plants in the border. They bloom freely, are past descriotion with regard to the rich and delicate colorings and markings, and their folii' e is always decorative. The dainty columbine or aquilcgia, also known as "doves in a nest," from the form of the back of the flower, is one of the indispensable perennials. There are many varieties of these. The long spurred ones are so fairy-like that one almost expects to see fairies danc- i"e: amongst them in the June moon- light. The varied shades, from white, lavender, pink, red, blue, purple, yellow and combinations of these give every- one a chance to have their favorite col- ors. I have never seen a wedding de- er, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 267 A Crop of Onions Well Worth Harvesting < South-Weswm Ontario, includine Dortions of Essex. Kent and Lambton counties, are becoming noted for their possibilities in the croduction of vegetables. Vegetables are grown on a scale unknown elsewhere in Ontario. Many are shiuped across the border and up the lakes. This crop was grown near Sarnia. ter vegetables and flowers for home use. If the supply exceeds the needs, there is generally a profitable market for such prooucts. Potato Storage Two distinct types of storage rot may occur on potatoes. Both are common. The tuber may become infected with a dry rot in which case it gradually shrivels up, becomes powdery, and changes to a light brownish color; or a soft rot may occur in which the tuber is rapidly reduced to a soft shiny foul- smelling mass. The organisms causing these rots, attack the potatoes either through wounds or following the attack of the wilt fungus. Primary infection may occur in the field and spread to healthy potatoes when the latter are placed un- der improper storage conditions. It it iiTiportant therefore to reject all tubers showing any signs of rot at dig- ging time, and to provide a dry, well ventilated cellar for storage. A storage cellar that is warm and moist is very favorable for the rapid growth of the rot inducing organisms. The tempera- ture of the storage cellar should be kept as close to 35 degrees F. as possible. Great care should be taken to avoid bruising' the potatoes in digging and handling. The most certain and satisfactory way to ascertain the vitality of vegetable seeds is to plant them in soil under ac- tual conditions rather than make sprout- ing tests in various devices. Vegetable Reminders Squash and pumpkins keep best in a warm, dry place. Clean straw from four to six inches deep should be placed on strawberries. Go over the cabbage and other vege- tables stored in the cellar and pick out the diseased specimens. Cut and burn the foliage of the as- paragus bed. Prepare soil for next season's hotbed. Cover this deeply with horse manure so it will not freeze during the winter. Fall plowing of the garden destroys cutworms and other insects, beside get- ting rid of fall weeds. Go over the garden and burn all rub- bish remaining. This will destroy many insects. Carrots, beets, and salsify keep bet- ter if covered with a small amount of sand to prevent drying out. Squash and pumpkins should be stor- ed in a dry cellar or building where the temperature is between fifty and sixty degrees. Only mature specimens should be used, and these should be handled carefully to prevent injury. Snow will be flying in many sections before the month closes. No time should lie lost in attending to fall work. Just so miich must be done, and the safe |)olicy is to make haste before rough, stormy weather interferes. The hardy onions should be mulched with coarse material as manure, straw or old hay, after the ground is frozen. The cold frames and hotlx'ds should be cleaned of weeds or rubbish which would interfere with their use later in the winter. Such rubbish also harbors mice, which are so annoying sometimes in frame work. Horse radish, salsify, and parsnips are hardy roots and may be left in the ground all winter without danger of loss. There is a demand for these roots, however, throughout the winter and pro- fits may be made larger and tne spring work lighter by storing some of the roots to sell during the winter. Make certain to have enough soil stored to start early vegetable plants. It should be selected from fields where troublesome diseases have not been known to occur. Celery trenching should be well under way in many sections, where there is a large crop to be handled. Early trench- ing is a disadvantage to long keeping, but it is usually necessary to start the work soon after November i when there is a large amount to be stored. The storing of late cabbage should al- so be delayed as long as possible. Bury- ing is one of the best methods to keep the heads bright and crisp. Any me- thod of burying is troublesome, but it usually pays to care for at least a por- tion of the crop by this method, unless special storage houses are available. It does not usually pay to store vege- tables which can be sold at fair prices in the fall. The grower should always take into account the cost of storing, risk of losing part of crop, shrinkage, and additional expense in preparing for market. A supply of rhubarb may be had dur- ing the winter if a few clumps are taken up before the ground freezes and put in boxes or on the cellar floor. These clumps may be broken into pieces and covered about one inch deep with soil. Water thoroughly and keep dark, so that only a small leaf surface will be formed. It is well to let the roots freeze until about December twentieth. The forcing of rhubarb is a profitable industry where there is equipment for such work. The old roots may be dug in the fall, and the large roots used for forcing during the winter and the smaller ones replanted in the open the following spring. Rhubarb forcing may begin at any time. If the ground is not frozen too hard, a mould-board plow may be run along one side of the row and the roots may then be removed with ease. Allow them to freeze a few days before plant- ing. Then store a supply in an out- building, cover with soil and hold them for later planting. Onions may be forced in warm cellars. The partial darkness will make the stems more tender. If soil is placed between I he stems as the tops grow it will in- crease the length of the white tender portion. 268 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1914. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINRD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which ha« been incurporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs of thk Ontario and Quebec Fro:t Growers' AsaociATiONs and of The Ontario and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associations. REPRIiSENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOOKWELL'S SPEOIAL AGENCY Chicago Offlce— People's Qa» Building New York Office— Tribune Buildinir- HBEAT BEITAJN W. A. IMountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticnltnxist is published in two editions on the 25th day of the month (pre- ceding date of issue. The first edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist. It is de- voted exclusively to the horticultural interests of Canada. The second edition is known as The Oanadiau Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearinfc in the flret issue are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter rela-ting to the beekeeping in- terests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The OanadiaJi Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00, and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United Statee and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office). 26 cents exrta a year, including postage. 3. Kemittanoea should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontittued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the oew ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re- cedved up to the 20th. Address all advertising oorreepondence and copy to our Advertising Hanager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net (paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 191J. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Host months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to i)eoiple known to be interesed in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ....11,570 August. IMS .12,675 February. 1913 ...11,550 September, 1913 ..13,729 March, 1913 11.209 October, 1913 15,778 April, 1913 11,970 November, 1913 .,.12,967 May, 1913 12,368 December. 1913 ...13,233 June, 1913 12.618 July. 1913 12,626 ToUl 150.293 Average each Issue In 1907, 6,627 " " " " 1913, 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and becatise to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we "will make good the amount of bis loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers youi state : "I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our sul»cribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns: but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between suh- scribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the debts of honeet bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST. PETEBBOBO. ONT. EDITORIAL S THE LATE DR. WM. SAUNDERS The Jate Dr. VVm. Saunders, formerly di- rector of the Dominion Experimental Farms, who died at London, Ont., on Sep- tember 13, 1914, in his seventy-ninth year, was keenly interested in many things, but we believe that in horticulture he had his greatest delijfht during the past thirty-five or forty years. .-Xs a diversion from the confiming occupation of a chemist, he, when a young man, sought the pleasures and benefits that the culture of fruits and flowers brings to those that love them. As early as 186S he began to plant a fruit farm near London Ont., and a committee of the Ontario Fruit Growers' .Association visit- ing this farm in 1873, have, in their report the following words: "The fruit farm of Mr. Saunders in the immediate vie nity of London, is the most extensive in the west- ern portioin of the Province of Ontario. It consists of a hundred acres under the closest fruit culture." When the large fruit farm was just be- urinning to profluce a considerable crop of fruit, the management of it became bur- densome and Dr. Saunders therefore sold his farm and purchased a smaller place nearer to the city where, without any thought of making it profitable financially, he could continue to cultivate fruits and flowers in great variety. It was on this smaller farm, especially, that he collected ornamental trees and shrubs in great vari- ety and obtained the knowledge of them and their culture, shown by him in later years, and which enabled him to intelli- gently supervise the work in horticulture of the Dominion Experimental Farms. The desire to originate new, and if possi- ble, better varieties, was very strong in Dr. Saunders. He was one of the earliest hybridizers in Canada. He believed that the best way to obtain new varieties of merit was by combining the good qualities of two in one. In 1872 he read a paper be- fore the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- tion on "Experiments in Hybridizing," in which he described the methods adopted by him and the results of his work between 1868 and 1872. "For five years," he states, "I have been workLig more or less in this interesting field and have experienced some successes and many failures." Beginning in 1868 he made crosses with the gooseber- ry, grape, raspberry and pear, during the next five years. It takes a long time to originate, thoroughly test, propagate and introduce a new variety, and while Dr. Saunders did not live to see all his best things in the hands of the nurserymen, he had the satisfaction of knowing that at least some were well and favorably known. Elsewhere in this issue more about his work is told by his former co-worker, Mr. W. T. Macoun, now Dominion Horticulturist. In the death of Dr. Saunders horticulture has lost one of its best friends and warmest advocates. A LESSON FOR ONTARIO The cooperative apple growers' associa- tions of Nova Scotia have set an example this year in cooperative marketing which should not be lost on the local associations in Ontario. In Nova Scotia, where practi- cally all the local associations are united through the United Fruit Companies Ltd. of Nova Scotia, the growers have been ^ible to charter numerous steamship.'^ and ilius to semd their product with the least possible delay to the European markets. They have also sent specia.1 trains of cars loaded with their apples to the westeri markets in record time. By the enterprise thus shown they have triumphed to a very considerable extent over the adverse con- ditions of even such a year as this. In Ontario, where there are even mor- local associations than there are in Nov. Scotia and where the apple crop is on siderably larger, only a small portion o; the local associations are united in a cen tral organization. Thus they have been unable to unite their forces to the sam. advantage as have the growers in the east Instead of working together to marki their large crop, Ontario Cooperative A- sociations have been underbidding eac! other, especially on the western market:-, and one association at least has been de tected making false and derogatory state- ments about the pack of other associations In some cases local associations have sold fruit at what has amounted to a loss. If this year's experiences lead the On- tario cooperative associations to unite in a large centra] organization, such as con- trols the situation in Nova Scotia, it will be looked back to in future years as a sea- son which marked a great advance in the fruit marketing methods of the province. Even yet, if the local associations will gt t closer together this season, they shoul,: be able to market the remainder of thi crop with advantage to all. A NEW SITUATION TO FACE Now, that the Panama Canal is rapidly reaching the point of completion and oper- ation, the fruit growers of eastern Canada will soon have some new problems to face. The apples shipped from British Columbia and Pacific Coast States have made a high reputation for themselves on the European markets to say nothing of the oranges and other tender fruit produced in California. The growers of the west have established a name for their fruit in these markets in spite of high railway and shipping charges. The completion of the Panama Canal i< going to greatly reduce the transportation charges on their fruit. To the -extent of this reduction they will be able to compete that much more favorably with the eastern growers for the markets of the eastern coast states and of Europe. British Columbia papers recently have been pointing out that while no rates from British Columbia points to Europe have as yet l>een announced, rates from Seattle and Portland to Europe on dried fruits and canned goods will be thirty-seven and a half cents a hundred pounds. .Apples and dried fruits usually go at the same rate, and if thirty-seven and a half cents a hundred pounds is fixed for boxed apples, even with the extra refrigerating charges, Washing- ton growers will save from one hundred and twenty to two hundred dollars a carload on shipments to England and Hamburg. British Columbia growers may expect to obtain rates similarly advantageous when traflSc begins by way of the canal from Vancouver. The first effect of the improvement in shipping charges will be to increase the production of fruit in the west. This will constitute the chief danger to the eastern fruit growers. In time, -however, conditions will tend to balance themselves once more, as the final effect of the completion of the canal will be to increase the land values of western orchard land to an extent exactly corresponding with the reduction in ship- November, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 269 ping- charges. As it will then be more difficult for fruit growers to obtain a start in fruit growing or to enlarge their per- manent acreage the benefits at first derived from the cainal will in time be offset by the burden imposed on western growers by the increased value of their land. An examination of the financial state- ments of the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation for the past few years shows that when the balance brought forward each year is eliminated approximately one half of the receipts of the Association have been paid out in the form of an honorarium or salary to the secretary of the association, and in the form of small grants to his stenographer and similar help. The sec- retaries of most horticultural societies re- ceive little or no remuneration for what often are most arduous labors. They per- form their work because of their desire to promote the cause of horticulture. The local societies generally have need for all the money they receive. Still they wisely support the provincial association by mak- ing grants to it of from two to five dol- lars each out of their limited funds. The secretary of the provincial organization is a government official who receives a lib- eral salary from the government to sup- erintend the work of the horticultural so- cieties. His duties as secretary of the pro- vincial association are light indeed. It is a little difficult to understand, therefore, why he should receive such a large share of the funds of the associatiom, derived, as they are from the funds of the needy Jocal organizations. Protests against this condi- tion have been made privately in the past without effect. It would seem, therefore, as though the delegates to the approaching convention might give the matter a little of their attention. The Department of Trade and Commerce at Ottawa, under the direction of Sir Geo. E. Foster, has shown commendable enter- prise this year in appropriating fifteen thousand dollars to advertise the apple as an article of diet in the consuming centres of Canada. The advertisements that have been running in the press have been weO written and should be productive of good. It is unfortunate that it was not found possible to advise would-be buyers where they could procure the fruit. Local grow- ers who have fruit for sale would do wall to take advantage of the advertising that has been done by the Government by plac- ing smaJJ advertisements in the papers which have been carrying the advertise- ments of the Government, stating- the var- ieties of fruit they have for sale and their price by the box or barrel. Some growers who have already done this have been well repaid for their outlay. The annual convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association will be held this month in Toronto. As usual it will be conducted in connection with the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, The provincia,! association has done much more to pro- mote the interests of the local horticultural societies than most of the societies realize. We hope, therefore, that the local societies at their annual meetings this month will make it a point to see that delegates are api)ointed to attend the convention in Tor- onto of the Central Association. they have confidence in him. While Mr. J'ohnsoin had had as wide an experience as a fruit grower — and a successful one, too — as probably any man in Canada, he is un- assuming and modv^st and thus the morie easily obtains the hearty cooperation of those whose support he requires. We pre- dict with confidence that through his efforts much will be accomplished during the next few years on behalf of the fruit interests of Canada. W« luTite the offloers of ilorti- oultuxal Societies to send in short, pithy reports of work that would in- terest members of other Hortloiiltnral Sooletiee. CUELPH The Guelph Horticultural Society held a flower show and sale this fall in aid of the Red Cross Society, the returns of which were handed over to be used for the bene- fit of the wives and families of the voltin- teers who are now representing the city on European battlefields. The show was held in the armoury and one hundred and sixty dollars was realized. Messrs. A. and J. Gilchrist provided five thousand beau- tiful gladioli free of cost. They were sold in no time amd three times the number might have been disposed of. Some chrys- anthemums donated by Captain Taylor also found a ready sale. The variety. Princess Patricia, was much admired. An interest- ing programme of songs and music was provided. DUNDAS The Dundas Horticultural Society started its fall and winter meetings in October by an illuminated lecture on bulbs and their treatment. Excellent views of tulips, daffo- dils, gloxinias, calceolarias, and some beau- tiful orchids, were shown from the gardens of Sir Edmund Osier of Toronto. The lecture was given by Mr. Allen, who is Sir Edmund Osier's head gardener. Mr. Allen is a man well up in all branches of horti- culture. He has had a wide experience in England and Ireland. It is our intention to keep up these illuustrated lectures and thereby try to create a greater interest in flowers, not only among the members of our Society, but the town in general. — J. A. Kyle, Secretary. ST. THOMAS Rivalry in the lawn, vegetable and flower garden contest conducted by the St. Thom- as Horticultural Society this year, was very keen. Seventy-five places were entered. The Collegiate Institute, Jos. Clarke, care- taker, woin the silver medal and seven dol- lars in cash offered for the best school. The Balaclava St. School, with I. Wright, caretaker, and Wellington St. School, with Jos. Gillard, caretaker, tied for second place. The Merchants' Bank won the first prize offered for floral bcautification of business places. Handsome prizes were of- fered in the different classes. These were on exhibition for some time in one of the city stores. One point that was clearly revealed at the Dominion Fruit Conference last month was that fruit growers are "pleased with the appointment of Mr. D. Johnson as Dominion Fruit Commissioner and that At a meeting of the Ginseng: Growers' Association of Canada, held in Toronto, September 9th, the following officers were elected : President, Mr. Austin ; first vice- president, D. Menzies; second vice-presi- dent, Mr. Leary ; secretary, P. Wilson; executive, Rev. Dr. Medd and Mr. Sawyer. British Columbia New regulations empowering the British Columbia provincial fruit inspectors to seize all infected fruit, no matter where it is on display, even though it has previously been passed by the inspectors, have been made by the Provincial Board of Horticul- ture. This is the most drastic step yet tak- en in the campaign against the importa- tion of fruit affected with any form of plant or insect disease. Cases have been report- ed where evidences of infection were not apparent at the time of inspection, but the shipments, on being opened up on the fruit stands a few days later, showed that in- fection had ripened. These shipments will no longer be protected by the inspector's certificate and wiU be open for inspection and seizure as if they had never been pre- viously inspected and passed. Another regulation aimed at stamping out the risk of infection from codling moth calls for the inspection of all fruit cars that enter Canada from any point in the United States. These regulations, under the powers granted by Sir John Thompson, when he introduced the Horticultural Act over twenty years ago, acquire the force of statute ilaw after being gazetted in the official Gazette. Another important decision of the Board of Horticulture is a request to the Ottawa authorities to place "black leaf forty" on the free list. Black leaf forty is a prepara- tion of nicotine and sulphur which is used extensively for spraying purposes. It^ is recognized as the best contact insecticide known, and is made only in Kentucky, where a special kind of tobacco is grown for its manufacture. At present it pays a dutv of twentv-seven and a ha,lf per cent, in Canada. In the United States it retails for twelve dollars and a half a gallon. In this province, buying it in very large quan- tities, the Government has to pay fifteen dollars and twenty cents a gallon, the growers still more. Carbon bi-sulphide, which is used for fumigating insect pests, was placed on the free list a short time ago. The Board of Horticulture, which has charge of horticultural regulations for the province, is composed of the Minister of Agriculture; Deputy Minister, W. E. Scott; Fruit Inspector, Thomas Cunningham, and a number of prominent fruit growers from each distritct, including Messrs. Stratfield, Metcalfe, Ricardo, McHardy, Palmer and Woodward, representing respectively Van- couver Island, The Lower Mainland, Okan- agan, Kootenay, Kamloops and Victoria districts. In order to thoroughly abolish any risk of fire blight infection in the Okanagan Valley, a field corps of ten men has been out. under instructions from the Govern- ment fruit inspector to inspect every tree in every orchard in the Okanagan. Any traces of fire blight were followed up, and infected limbs or trees were committed to the flames. The evidence of fire blight in the province has only been slight, but In- spector Cunningham and his staff are de- termined to completely eradicate every ves- tige of the blight for fear it gets a foot- hold and works havoc in the orchards of the Okanagan, as it has done in many of the orchards of the adjoining state of Washington. The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Ltd. some weeks ago sent F. M. Chute to South .America to find a market for a portion of their crop of apples. Trial shipments during the past few years have somewhat prepared the field. 270 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 191 4. Fruit Conditions in Winnipeg and the West* Prol. F. W, Broderick, Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man. SHIPPERS of fruit, and more particu- table luxury are now coming to regaixl it larly Cainadian fruit, are looking more as an article of necessity, intently to the Canadian west as an There are several factors which will do ovulct for their products. The Can- much to widen the sale of fruit. Amcmg adian west must continue to be a customer the more important of these are: (1) Plac- for the fruits of British Columbia, Ontario, ing the goods on the market ioi prime con- Quebec, and Nova Scotia, and a customer dition ; (2) using an attractive and con- whose wants will go on increasing with venient package; (3) getting the goods in the growth of population im Manitoba, Sas- the hands of the consumer as quickJy as katchewan, and Alberta. possible after arrival ; (4) regulating the There is a large trade of fruit to these supply so that goods may be obtained by western provinces. To a considerable ex- the consumer at a reasonable price, tent it will depend upon the shippers them- The comdition of the fruit on its arrival selves as to how this trade is retained and ivill depend to a large extent on the way increased. Fruit is every year becoming a vht fruit goes into the car and the way it commodity of greater necessity in the diet- is handled during transhipment. Pre-cool- ary of western households. The many uses ing of fruits, particularly of tender fruits, to which fruit, cooked amd uncooked, may judging from the results which have been be put IS causing it to be regarded as an obtained from experimental shipments, will article of necessity rather than a luxury. do a great deal to improve the quality of To give an idea of the immense amount these fruits on arrival. By removing' the of fruit received into Winnipeg, I might natural heat from the fruit before it goes quote from the figures of the Chief Fruit into the car it will carry much better dur- Inspector for Winnipeg. According to his ing shipment and stand up for a much figures there were received into Winnipeg greater length of time after it is removed the following quantities of fruit during the from the car on arrival. Pre-cooling with years 1913 and 1914: long distance shipments of tender fruits ONTARIO will do a great deal to bring the goods on 540 care apples W,2«)Tbs. the market in prinie condition. 30 cars apples 18,000 boxes Another point attecting the condition of 107 cajs grapes 267,500 bekts. the fruit on arrival is the character of the 139 cars grapes, peaches, plums, package in which the fruit is shipped The tomatoes, app^ 347,500 bskta. ^^^ ^hing in this connection is that the 32 oars applet .™ .^ ™.'^ 19 200 boxes ^^^f^^^^ ^^ ^'"^K ""^^^ i« °rder that goods 12 cars crab apples •• 7,200 boxes "^^'"^ ^°^ oe crushed during transhipment, NOVA SCOTIA ^tid probably the most important of all that 2 cars apples 400 bbs. the package be of moderate size to limit IMPORTED the amount of fruit in each package. 116 cars Am. apples 20,880 bbs. nvfnT«ini>if. 146 cars Am. apples tf?,000 boxes overlo.vding 24 cars loaches, plums, cherries. Many carloads of fruit coming into the locaTrears-:::;::;;..;:;:;:.::;.:; li^SS;. '^''' '°-^^y ^'^ overloaded, tms, of course. 26 cars strawberries 12,845 crs. qt . '/ .°°"e to get advantage of the lower 10 oars strawberries 8,154 crs. pts. freight rates. If the same rate could be 7 freezers and 15 ca^es do 740 qts. obtained from eastern and western points MS^t^mares^.^:::::::::;:::::: '^.T^. f-/ i^««« p°-d car that is being paid ON HAND DECEMBER 318T. 1913 '"-^^^^ ^°' f f.'^^ "^.,^'*^ 5°"°'^ 'PP^'^- 3,152 barrels. 15,686 boxes apples. car, a great shift vvx,uld be made to ensure Fruit receiTod in Winnipes to August 10, 1914. tne sate arrival ot tender fruits. Cars fre- EXPRESS UNITED STATES quently come into our western markets over- 3,000 pints strawberries. ' loaded, and if there has been any defect in BRITISH COLUMBIA ^^^^S en route there is considerable waste 500 packages oherries-Expreae ^^n? ^^sriilt 1 car apples. Much ot the success of shipment depends IMPORTED upon the way the goods are placed in the 57 oars strawberries— pints. ^^'■- . The placing in of false floors, proper 15 cars strawberries— quarta. spacing in the case of box packages, leav- 30 oars tomatoes-crates. ing an open space in the centre of the car, 35 cars Washington ap5)les— boxee.. a„j r^rr^no-r h,--,^;,,,^ .,,„ • . i,- I u 5 cars Am. aj)pie8-bbls. J"^ proper bracing, are points which have 65 cars Oal. and Wa^h. small fruits. °?en introduced to good advantage in long 25 cars raspberries and loganberries— pints. distance shipments into Winnipeg. The 10 cars blackberries. main factor in long distance shipments, of ONTARIO course, is free circulation of air about the 25 care barrel apples. fruit. To ensure this the false floor should 18 cars basket fruits and tomatoes. u,p _4. io„<,» f«,,_ ;„„i,„„ (, ^\. a ■• 2000 packages tomatoes, etc., by express. "L^ ^^ ^^^/^ ^"""^ ',"ches from the floor, and A large proportion of these goods was '^'tCt H.f?^" "' "''"'^- \ shipments .consumed in Winnipeg, and the balance ,honld ^.^^.1,^ j^™" T""'^^' ^^'"^"^^'l was shipped to points farther west. Win- '>"^^ \f^rt\f^t■7^ precaution of nipeg is very largely the distributing point the /,;'^' ?" '""^ "?'' '^""^ '^""l for fruits coming from the east and south. 't^. ^e,JZlZl l""""^'!- °P'"''' ^"'^ In addition to the quantities mentioned. For winter .h^n^ . f '^"'T• considerable quantities are shipped to other of false^iH.. .=^1^ °/,^PPJ^^' *^« "?5 points in the prairie provinces from British "A f^ltfT'^L '^ ^ ' ^"^""n Columbia and the Pacific Coast states. come hrn.f^h t nZ^ ^^v" ^°°1' ""'" Fruit to^av is in great demand in the 'dditional Srer.^,.>. • ^°"'1'*^°\. "'^^ ^" Canadian west, and shippers will find a 'hfnne "^o^H ^ ^l /" '''\ shipments, ready sale if their goods are put on the '^^f'!/" w,^ ^ V°.»,''' 'l!^' *^ '^"'" market in attractive form. The users of „ ,t "n o^ fnn^oTfv "^ ^ '^' P'"^' "^ r .,. ■ „• J put in on top ot the car. fruit are every year increasing, and many who a few vears ago regarded fruit as a , '''^^ p.^ck.\ge — In connection with the second point, that *A paper read at the Dominion Fruit Confer- is an attractive and convenient package, a ence held in Grimsby, Ont., 8?pt. 2 4, 1914. great deal could be said. We hear a great deal to-day about the box as the most suit- able package, and from the returns of ship- ments into Winnipeg of goods from British Columbia and the Pacific Coast states, it is growing in popularity there. From many standpoints the box is an ideal package — neat, compact, uniform, and a desirable package for loading cars Its uniformity makes it a desirable package for the dealer to handle and tends to encourage its popu- larity. It is an ideal package for certain conditions, but it cannot be said that there is not a strong demand for certain classes of goods in baskets and barrels. From return of shipments during recent years to the west from the eastern provinces the barrel and basket seem still to be popu- lar packages. Western markets will con- tinue to use large quantities of basket fruit providing it is well assorted and attractively put up. The six-quart basket, from the standpoint of carriage during shipment and suitability for market purposes, seems to be the most desirable package. Cars of properly loaded basket fruit arrive on our markets in excellent condition, showing tha,t the basket is a good package from the standpoint of carriage. As a market package it is popular for the reason that it is convenient to handle and holds a suitable amount of fruit to be readily saleable. Eastern shippers have an exclusive market in basket fruit and should make a specialty of it. THE USE OF THE B.\RREL The barrel has come in for some criti- cism as a package for the shipment of the hardier late fruits on account of its size and the difficulty with which it is handled. There is a demand in the west for barrel apples. As figures will indicate the larger shipments of apples from the eastern pro- vinces are in barrels. Many people living in the west are accustomed to buying their apples in barrels, and will continue to de- mand them put up in this way. In order that this barrel-apple trade be retained and enlarged, shippers will have to keep a uni- formly high standard of packing, having their goods well graded and carefully marked. Probably the greatest problem before the shipper and dealer to-day is the question of distribution. Irregularity in shipments, with the gluts which follow, results in a period of low prices, with a subsequent loss to the shipper. If the question of effective distribution is ever to be settled, there must be a getting together of ship- pers and a scheme marked out whereby a central distributing agency will be estab- lished and goods will be distributed to different points as the market demands. Western markets will handle considerable amounts of fruit during the entire season, providing it is put on the markets with regularity. This is particularly true of the apple trade. Nova Scotia, Quebec, On- tario, and British Columbia are now be- coming heavy producers of apples, and a great many of these apples are finding their way into our western markets. If these apples which are handled during a short season could be properly distributed, the producer would receive a relatively higher price for his goods, and the range of con- sumption would be considerably extended. In summing up the situation from a west- em standpoint, it could be said that the success of the Cainadian fruit trade will depend largely on good shipping facilities and a careful handling of a perishable pro- duct ; neat, attractive, saleable packages ; uniform and systematic grading, and a re- gular and consistent distribution. November, 191 4. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 271 How Nova Scotia Grow^crs Have Overcome Trade Conditions By A. E. Adams, WHILE Nova Scotia depends more on the English market as an outlet for her fruit products than any other fruit producing district on this side of the Atlantic, it is curious that she ap- pears to be the least affected by the pre- sent unfortunate war. While other districts seem to be panic stricken, and while thou- sands of barrels of good apples will never be packed and marketed. Nova Scotia's ap- ple "business is carried on as usual." The cause of this splendid confidence is to be found in its cooperative organizations working through their Central Association, the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Limited. During the first nineteen days of its op- erations this year (from September 11th to 30th) this organization shipped 70,000 bar- rels of apples and marketed them so well that good returns were obtained for the whole. In addition to this over $70,000 was distributed to its members by October 3rd as an advance payment for fruit ship- ped. That is an accomplishment that the writer feels safe in stating has not been equalled by any similar organization in the Western Hemisphere. The manner in which this organization met the threatened increase of ocean freight rates by the international combine is now a matter of history but its other transpor- tation operations are not perhaps so well known. Its western shipments were hand- led with a despatch that establishes a re- cord. The United Fruit Companies is never content to do things as others do them, and therefore when it had apples to Berwick, N. S. ship west it never considered for a mo- ment the old method of shipping cars as they were ready and then keeping tracers after them. It adopted other methods. On Septem- ber 11th i^ started twenty-nine of its forty- seven warehouses packing Gravensteins. On September 12th it started a special train of twenty-nine cars from the Valley to Win- nipeg. Arrangements had been made with the C.P.R. for especially fast haulage for that train. The C.P.R. sent special 'men to various divisional points where delay was likely to occur, to prevent it. It was 5 o'clock in the afternoon when that train left the Valley, at 8.30 p.m. the next day it passed St. John, having negotiated the weakest link in the chain (the transferemce from the D.A.R. to the I.C.R. at Truro, and the divisional point at Moncton and delivery to the C.P.R. at St. John) without delay. Engines were waiting at every divisional point to pick up this special, every divis- ional point passed wired advices to head- quarters, and at three o'clock p.m. on the lEth, it pulled into Winnipeg. On the 15th a similar train was started with similar results and later in the week yet a third train. This splendid service not only re- flects the greatest credit on the United Fruit Companies' methods but serves to demon- strate what excellent service the C.P.R. are prepared to give when shippers will co- operate with them. The same number of cars shipped on dif- ferent days could not have made Winnipeg Douglas Gardens OARVILLE, ONT. PAEONIES and many other Hardy Herbaceous Perennials may be successfully planted any time before the ground becomes hard frozen. Belated orders for such will be promptly filled and forwarded. Fall Planting List, 1914, will be sent on request JOHN CAVERS Get One Barrel More per Tree That's what a gocxi sprayer will add to your fruit crop year- ly. Over 400.000 fruit growers and orchard- ists are preying this fact eyery season with Goulds Sprayers. Because Goulds Sprayers apply the spray in such a uniform way that every leaf, eyery twig is saturated: every crevice is treated. The proper amount of solution is used and no more. This Bavins in mixture alone pays for a Goulds Sprayer over and over again. Made in 53 sizes and styles. Guaranteed to giye absolute satisfaction. RELIABLE are designed by engineers whose training and experience have worked out countlese iraproyements. Don't fool with out-of- date sprayers. Their waste eats up many times what a Goulds Keliable Sprayer would have cost you first. 40-Pagc Book Free Brimful of practical spray facts. Tells what mixtures to use, what amount and how to apply them, proper time to spray, how to conquer insects and fungous growths of all sorts. Sent Free. Write for it. (21) THE GOULDS MFG. CO- 17 W. Fill St., Seneca Fiili, N.Y. Largest Mfr'». of I'umps for Tvefy I^urpcic APPLE REFRIGERATION Finest Frost-Proof and Refrigeration Plant in Central Ontario. Stop-off Privileges on all Railway Lines. RATES : Frost-Proof, I Oc. for Season. Refrigeration, 1 Oc. per Month, or 25c. for Season. Write TRENTON COLD STORAGE TRENTON, ONTARIO 272 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1914. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundred! of varictiei adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardjr. Own having. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. SS ™«1c»„*;h\ Write for Hix bookH on indoor and outdoor irri- Kalion. THE SKINNER IRRIGATION CO. OEPT. R., TROY, OHIO OF IRRIGATION 'IRAI>I-. MAKK NEW COAL OIL LIGHT °I*r1aVI5;I'^ / , 10 Days FREE— Send No Money We don't ask you to pay as a cent until you have used this wonderful modem light in your own home ten days, then you maj' return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied. You can't possibly lose a cent. Wc want to prove to you that it makes an ordinary oil lamp look liko a candle; beats electric, casoline or acetylene. Lights and isjjut out like old oil lamp. Tests at a number of leading Universities show it ^ Burns 70 Hours on One Gallon _.^^3 common eoal oil, no odor, smoke or noise, simple. -^^^ clean. won't explode. Three million people already " enjoying this powerful, white, steady light, near- " est to sunlight. Guaranteed. $1,000.00 Reward will be given to the person who shows ns an oil lamp equal to the new Aladdin inevery way (de- tails of offer given in our circular). Would we dare make such a challenRe if there were the slightest doubt as to the merits of the Aladdin? CET ONE FREE. Wc want one user in each local- ity to whom we can refer customers. To that per- son we have a special introductory offer tomake, under which one lamp is given free. Write quick for our 10-Day Absolutely Free Trial Prop- osition and learn how to get one free. WeWantMen With Rigs or Autos to Deliver the ALADDIN on our easyplan. Noprevious experience necessary. Practically every farm home and small town home will buy after fryinK. One fanner who had never Bold anything in hia life boforu writes: Jd61 larn^B th« first "."1. diBI Another osed of 84 Jhousundswhoarccoinina motny t-ndcjrse the Alatt dinjutitas etroosly- No Money Required W<; furnish capital to re- liable men to pet Rtarted. Ask for our aistributor'B plan, and learn how to make bis monoy in unoc- fu[>jfd tiTritnry. MANTLE LAMP CO., 408 Aladdin BIdg., Montreal and Winnipcii. Csnada Lai^MtManufacturars and Olstrlbutors of Coal Oil Mantle Lamps In the World TREE PRUNEBS ALL PATENTED BEST IN QUALITY EASY TO OPERATE THE STRONGEST MADE =c=£ Happy Thought Orchard King Sold by all good Hardware Stores MADE ONLY BY Taylor-Forbes Company Kansas GUELPH, ONTARIO Limited in less than 10 days and possibly 13 or 14 days. The effect on the fruit in box cars during the hot fall weather of these extra days is too well known to need description, and the saving: in value of perishable pro- ducts by quiclv transportation and expedi- tious handling is beyond estimation. With its transatlantic shipments the United Fruit Companies has also done much. This year great activity i' ' 'nn-; displayed in the direction of chartering special fruit boats. At the present moment the Central Asso- ciation has under charter the following steamships : S.S. "Boston," now on way to Glasgow. S.S. "Viator," destimation to be settled later. S.S. "Katie," destination to be settled later. S.S. "Annetta," destination to be settled later. .'\melia," destination to be settled "Bella," destination to be settled S.S later. S.S later. S.S. "Vincenzo Di Georgio," destination to be settled later. These steamers will be used by the Unit- ed Fruit Companies to place cargoes of fruit on markets that require supplies whem the regular lines will not be available, a part of the system of market regulating practised by the Central and which was fully explained in The Canadian Horticul- turist some time back. The schooner "Silver Leaf" is also under charter to The United Fruit Companies for use in the potato trade. New Brunswick This province is awaking to the fact that it is very favorably situated for the pro- duction of such fruits as apples, straw- berries, raspberries and cranberries. This is especially true of the southern portion of the province, where the proximity of the sea ameliorates the severity of the winter, and where the more tender varieties of plums, pears and cherries have been grown. During the past four years one hundred thousand young apple trees have been set out in the province. The annual report of the provincial hor- ticulturist. Mr. A. G. Tumey, which has been issued recently, shows that the oper- ations of the illustration orchards have proved successful, as they have been oper- ated at a profit. Part of an orchard in Lower Cloverdale, .Mbert Coumty, was taken over in 1911, and one hundred and fifty-two dollars was expended on it in spraying, plowing and fertilizing. The harvesting and marketing of the crop, and six per cent, interest on the va-lue of the orchard, amoumted to five hundred and six- ty-nine dollars more, a total of seven hun- dred and twenty-one dollars. The net pro- ceeds of the sale were one thousand two hundred and sixty-eight dollars, showing a clear profit of five hundred and forty-six dollars, after paying interest on the value of the property and all expenses. In 1912 the expenditure was four hundred and six- ty-two dollars, and the revenue seven hun- dred and three dollars, showing a profit of two hundred and forty-one dollars. Ln 1913 the expenditure was three hundred and four dollars, and the revenue six hundred and eighteen dollars, showing a profit of three hundred and fourteen dollars, or one hundred amd four dollars an acre. On the remaining four acres of the orchard the owner made a profit of seven hundred and two dollars in 1911, one hundred and twen- ty-four dollars in 1912. and five hundred and ninety-four dollars in 1913. November, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 273 Fruit Packages and Government Regulations' p. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit Division, Toronto, Ont. SECTION 326 of the Inspection and Sales Act allows in addition to the two specified sizes any size of berry box, providing- that the word "short" be s'amped on the side of the box. This has been shown to be very unsatisfactory to all concerned inasmuch as it has encourag- ed placing on the market many different sizes. R has also been shown that any de- signation stamped on the side of a pack- ai;r means nothing to the consumer gener- ally and only gives an opportunity to the unscrupulous dealer or grower to take un- due advantage of the consumer. It seems advisable then that two sizes and '.wo sizes only be allowed by law, full size and half size. The present sizes are four- fifths of a quart and two-fifths of a quart. The wholesale men say that the sizes should be a full quart and a pint. The growers say that the four-fifths and two-fifths sizes are good enough for them. B.4SKETS The law as it stands specifies four sizes of basket, viz., fifteen quarts, eleven quarts, six quarts, and two and two-fifths quarts, bu/*: it also provides that any sue may be used if capacity of basket is stamped on the basket. As in the case of berry boxes.but to a greater extent, this has resulted in the placing on the market of all sizes of bas- kets. The stamping on the side of bas- kets is often very indistinct, and in any case means nothing to the consumer, who is entirely at sea as to what constitutes the lawful size. The fifteen quart size and the two and two-fifth size are very little used, the eleven quart and the six quart sizes fill the bill for the great bulk of bas- ket fruit. The wholesale trade seems unanimous in recommending that the sizes between the six quart and the eleven quart be eliminated and a number are in favor of the smaller baskets being made one- half of the full size, that is five and one- half quarts. It would seem desirable then that the_ two baskets for general use should be either eleven quarts and six quarts or eleven quarts and five and one-half quarts. In the case of large peaches, three tiers cannot be placed in an eleVen quart baske't, and some growers are using a nine-quart size, placing in two tiers. I submit that in all fairness to growers, dealers and consumers, if a special basket is allowed to hold three tiers of large peaches it should be of such a size as to still hold eleven quarts. Uni- formity in sizes of packages should be a matter of first consideration. STRENGTH OF PACKAGE Many of the baskets on the market are very frail and poorly made, resulting in great losses to growers and handlers of fruit. It is desirable that the attention of manufacturers should be called to this and something recommended as to strength of package and number of nails used in mak- ing same. PROPER FILLING OP BASKETS Many complaints have been made by the trade generally of the practice of under- filling the baskets. It is not an uncommon occurrence to see baskets not more than two-thirds full. This is becoming a serious source of ^nnovance as well as loss to both the dealer and consumer. Inspectors have done what they could to discourage this practice, but of course hive no jurisdic- tion to deal with the matter in the way of prosecutions. It is agreed bv all branches of the trade that there should be some en- •A statement submitted at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference in Grimsby, Ont. actment by law in order to bring about the necessary improvement along the line of better filling of fruit packages. It seems desirable that a clause should be inserted in the -Act requiring that all packages of fruit offered for sale should be properly and well filled, and in cases where there was evidence of slack filling of packages Inspectors would have the right to weigh or measure the contents of such packages in order to ascertain whether there was a violation. It is believed that the moral effect of such a law being in force would go a long way in correcting the trouble, and prosecutions would be few in number. THE APPLE BOX The Canadian apple box lOin. by llin. by 20in., and the Western apple box have been well tried out side by side, both in the matter of packing and marketing, and there seems to be but little choice in the two boxes. Either one will fill the bill PEAR BOXES .'\s the pear boxes used for export are only carriers and fruit does not reach the con- sumer in the original package, and as spe- cial boxes are used by the different shippers in order to insure the safe carrying- of fruit, it would be difficult to fix a uniform pear box for both export and domestic trade, but it is desirable that a uniform pear box for domestic markets should be fixed by law. Whatever size of pear box is adopted the length and width should be the same as the apple box. PEACH PACKAGES Every attempt that has been made on the Toronto market at least to displace the basket by the introduction of any other style of peach package has failed, perhaps not on account of the superiority of the baskets, but because the dealer seems sus- picious of any new package. So far, it seems to have been a costly experiment for the man who attempts to introduce a new fruit package. Canadian Apples in South Africa W. J. Egan, Canadian Trade Commissioner, Cape Town, S.A. The Canadian apple is looked for in South Africa from early October to De- cember 15, at the latest. After that date the South .'\fricam fruit is on the market in large quantities. The good reputation held by Canadian apples in this market received a decided setback last year owing to the arrival at this port of some badly graded Ben Davis apples, and a particularly poor lot of Gold- en Russets. It is unfortunate that these apples should be allowed space on a service that, owing to the time limit of the market, is limited to a capacity of fifteen thousand barrels at the most, and particularly when all that could be sent of the better fruit would find a ready market at top prices. An inspection of the Canada-Cape steam- ers on arrival last year showed that all Canadian fruit sent on consignment was good fruit, well graded, properly packed, and made good prices. The fruit which was the cause of the trouble was purchased in Canada by South African dealers. The fruit did not sell well, with the result that the anticipated profit on the good name of Canadian apples was not realized, and it helped to keep down the bidding on the better fruit. The apple which will meet with a good sale in South Africa is a hardy, well col- ored red apple, medium size, in one and two grades. Number three grade should not be shipped. The fruit must of course ONE DAY SERVICE We will ship your parcel -vrithln one day of the time we receive your order. WE PAY DELIVERY CHARGES on every article catalogued, to your nearest Post Offlco. A post card will bring our big catalogue to you free. Robert SIMPSON Limited TORONTO FOR PROFIT Plant our Top Notch FRUIT. SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TREES th{s Fall. EVERGREENS, SHRUBS. ROSES, VINES, BUSHES. Ask for Price List {No Agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL & SONS St, Catharines - Ontario Gravity " design THIS WASHER MUST PAY FOR ITSELF A MAN tried to sell me a horse once. He said it was a fine horse and had nothing the matter with it. I wanted a fine horse, but, 1 didn't know anything about horses much. And I didn't know the man very well either. So I told him I wanted to try the horse for a month. He said "All right, but pay me first, and I II give you back your money if the korse isn't alright." Well, Ididn^tUkethat. I ^ was afraid the horse wasn't "alright" and that I might have to whistle for my mon- ey if I once parted with it. So I didn't buy the horse, although I wanted it badly. Now this set me thinking. I You see I make Washing Machines— the "1900 Grav- ity" Washer. And I said to myself, lota of people may think .bout g"" fraates, co^vemf net. my wishing Machine as I ""','" " f"" i°P."""l thought about the horse, «"* »""'* '""^ lho„uih J u . .L _ 1. work. Do not overtook tha and about the man who , , ,, , , owned it. detachable tub feature. But I'd never know, because they wouldn't write and tell me. You see, I sell my Washing Machines by mail. 1 have sold over half a million that way. So, thought I, it is only fair enough to let people try my Washing Machines for a month, before they pay for ' them, just as I wanted to try the horse. Now, I know what our "1900 Gravity" Washer will do. I know it will wosh the clothes, without wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can b< washed by band or by any other machine. I know it will wash a tub full of very dirty clothe* in Six minutes. I know no other machine ever in- vented can do that without wearing the clothes. Our "1900 Gravity" Washer does the work so easy thata child can run it almost aa well as a strong woman, and it don't wear the clothes, fray the edges nor break but- tons, the way all other machines do. It just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. So, said i to myself, I will do with my "1900 Gravity" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. l,rt me send you a "1900 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the machine after you've used it a month, i I'll take it back and pay the freight, too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it. Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Washer must be all that I say it is ? And yuu can pay me out of what it saves for you. It will save its whole cost in a few months in wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then it wilt save 50 to 75 cents a week over that on washwoman's wages. If you keep the machine after the month's trial, I'll let you pay for it out of what it saves you. If it saves you 60 cents a week, send me 50c a week till paid for. I'll lake that cheerfully, ami I'll wait for my money until the machine ittelf earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day* and let me send you a book about the "1900 Gravity" Washer that washes clothe* in six minutes. Addrees me personally: B. T. MORRIS, Mffr.. 1900 Washer Co.. 557 Yonge Street. Toronto, Ont. Factory: 79-81 Portland St.. Toronto, Ont. 274 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 191 4. c Members of the United Fruit Companiea, Ltd., of Nova Scotia, a« Tliey Gathered During the Summer for Their Two Days' Annual Meeting at Berwick, N. S. be well packed, sound and healthy in every way. Apples with scab or diseased in any way will not be allowed into the country Durimg the short season fc^r Canadian and American apples on this market, a great many thousand boxes of Washing-ton apples are sold. One firm alone handled fourteen thousand boxes, which consisted for the most part of Wine Saps, Rome Beauties, Jonathans, Spitzenbergs, these varieties being very popular. It is claimed that these apples mature more quickly than eastern Canadian apples and for that reason they arrive here at the end of Oc- tober in much better condition than eastern apples do at the end of November. If ap- ples from the State of Washington can be marketed to such good advantage it would seem that British Columbia fruit should also find a ready market. One dealer stat- ed in an interview, "There is no reason why we should not be buying all our ap- ples from British Columbia instead ot from Washington." The British Columbia packers know the conditions under which Washington fruit is packed for export, and the kinds men- tioned will show them at once which of their own fruit would find a sale here. Some trial consignments to South Africa would surely create a demand for the high grade British Columbia boxed apple, which would mean a permanent market. If ar- rangements can be made for space in the cold storage chambers on the Camadfl- Cape steamers from Montreal, the British Columbia apple should be shipped across Canada in refrigerator cars for immediate transfer to the steamer. In connection with possible consignments to South Af- rica, there is on file at the Department of Irade and Commerce, Ottawa a list of firms who would give every attention to consignments. as compared with £1,^m in 1912-13. No other kinds of fruit were imported into New Zealand from Canada to any considerable extent. Packages for marketing fruit procured in good time. should be Liverpool Sales Organizations* A. E. AdsBi, Sec'x, United Fruit Conipa«ic«, Ltd., Berwick, N. S. OOPERATIO.X less<.ns considcrablv the cost of getting our products to the consumer. Let me give just oaic illustration of the terrific toll that is being taken out of the fruit of the unor- ganized growers. At our annua] meeting, Mr. J. N. Chute reported on conditions in Liverpool as follows : "Liverpool presents problems totally dif- ferent and much more difficult than Lor don. Here are organized forces that ;ii really formidable. Their rules and reg i lations have been framed entirely in th( , own interests and at the expense of the shipper. "There are three associations, the brok- er's, the importer's and the buyer's. It is of course obvious that none of these associations look after the interests of the shippers. The various organizations arc composed as follows : The Brokers' Asso- ciation consist of some seven brokerage firms who own the building, and who be- ing established for a great many years, consider they have a monopoly of the fruit auctioneer business of Liverpool. They are very wealthy mem and are willing to ad- vance any amount of money to responsible men who can secure apples for them. They make a flat charge of two per cent, on gross sales and fourteen cents a barrel. "The Importers' Association is composed of men like Simon Shuttleworth.Pritchards, Hamilton and others, who go out to vari- ous countries and secure fruit. In consid- eration of the fact that the brokers advance the money with which these men conduct their business they are compelled to put all their fruit through the sales room, the •Extract from a paper read at the last annual convenfion of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association. ■ The imports of fresh apples and pears from_Canada by New Zealand during the last fiscal year were over double those of tne preceding year, amounting to £lb.ie,7 Last Year's Prices for Nova Scotia's Fruit The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Ltd. obtained the following prices last year for the fruit handled for their members. The cost of handling the fruit by the Company was only four cents a barrel : No. 1 No. 2 Coop. No. 2 No. 3 Gravensteins, general average $3 26 $2 83 $1 50 $111 Gravensteins, complete average 3 36 2 81 1 98 1 12 Blenheims 2 52 2 01 1 50 1 02 Ontario 2 22 1 75 1 20 1 15 Kings 2 84 2 32 2 10 135 Ribstons 2 03 175 100 70 Emperors, general average 2 60 2 10 1 53 1 14 Emperors, complete average 2 81 2 43 1 53 1 14 Wolf Rivers, general average 2 56 2 10 120 108 Wolf Rivers complete average 2 67 2 10 1 20 1 16 Pewaukee 2 20 1 70 1 68 1 30 Bishop Pippins 3 15 2 83 2 02 125 Greenings 3 00 2 42 1 65 1 31 Wealthy, general average 3 27 2 20 1 72 1 21 Wealthy, complete average 3 57 2 80 2 00 1 15 Wagners 3 05 2 42 1 72 1 25 Seeks 2 87 2 30 2 05 1 60 Talman Sweets 2 20 1 80 1 26 1 18 Pomme Gris 3 50 2 60 1 63 1 60 Red Starks 3 40 2 30 2 10 1 80 Starks 3 60 3 02 2 35 1 75 Mann 2 76 2 16 1 90 1 47 Vendevere 2 70 2 14 180 1-30 Gold-n Russets .- 4 60 .S 80 3 10 2 55 Baldwins 3 51 280 220 160 Northern Spys 8 50 2 85 2 15 1 40 Red Russets 3 21 2 61 2 10 1 70 FaJlawaters 3 10 2 54 2 00 1 60 Ganos 3 60 3 02 2 90 2 37 Ben Davis 3 51 2 83 2 43 1 73 Salomes 3 75 3 02 2 93 2 20 Coopers Market 4 00 3 50 3 30 2 60 Nonpareils 4 15 3 60 2 73 2 50 Novemljer, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27s brokers in turn agreeing- not to sell for anyone for a less commission than the brokers charge, viz., five per cent., plus eighteen cents a barrel, all the importers agreeing to abide by the same terms. The Buyers' Association is composed of the wholesale men who buy the fruit in the sales room. These men contended in their own interests that no one but the original members should be admitted to the sales room without being elected by their association. Firms that are heavy buyers have repeatedly tried to get in but without avail. This is naturally so when these people are charging one to two shil- lings a barrel for buying. In consideration of their having the monopoly of the room they agree not to buy in any other auction room. "These are indeed a splendid set of or- ganizations, all so perfected as to abso- lutely assure their own interests. The im- porters to get the farmers to send the fruit to the market where it shall be doubly tolled by brokers and importers, and a third or- ganization agreeing to buy the fruit pro- viding no outsider is permitted to interfere with the prices. The parties naturally look with admiration on their splendid structure and the mill works well, netting the first two organizations five thousand dollars a day. These organizations do not look with favor on our cooperative organization for the simple reason that it seriously inter- feres with the working of their machine." We have seriously interfered with this set of orga.Tiizations. Last year they held a joint meeting and agreed to grant the United Fruit Companies special terms, which they assured us could be obtained by no other shipper or combination of ship- pers. It was unnecessary, however, for us to accept their terms, as we found another way of marketing our apples in the north of England. Fruit Inspection in the Prairie Provinces G. W. Baxter, Chief Fruit Inspector for Eastern Ontario and Quebec THE prairie provinces, extending from Port Arthur to the western boundary of Alberta and British Columbia, and frorn Edmonton to the international boundary, present exceptioinal features to the fruit inspector, as they are the main Canadian market for imported fruit, and therefore the market in which competition between American and Canadian fruit is most keen. The district is divided into nine sub-districts — Port Arthur, Winnipeg, Brandon, Regina, Medicine Hat, Leth- bridge, Calgary, Edmonton and Saskatoon. A permanent inspector is located at Winni- peg, and one at Calgary, while temporary inspectors are stationed at the other points during the busy months between .August and December. I'ntil apples commence to move in car- load lots, it is seldom necessary for the in- spector to leave the central point, as prac- tically all other varieties of fruit are diverg- ed from these centres in less than car lots, and can be inspected before being re-ship- ed. Whenever possible, the wholesales have cars consigned to the most convenient point and reshipped from there, as this means to them a saving of freight charges and a quicker delivery. The inspectors receive in- formation as to the movement of these cars through the courtesy of the wholesal- ers, railway officials, and, in the case of imported fruit, from the customs official. The Inspection and Sales Act does not re- quire that fruit packed in "open" packages shall be graded. ,The only requirement is that it shall not be over-faced, and it is pleasing to note that the old custom of placing the larger and better fruit on the top and bottom of the package is practi- cally a thing of the past. The inspection of apples and pears con- stitute the greater portion of the work. These are practically all packed in "closed packages," which are required by the Act to be branded with the name and address of the packer, the variety of the fruit, and one of four grade marks: Fancy, No. 1, No. 2 and No, 3. The three former grades are defined in the Act and it is the duty TEA ROOM WITH CONSERVATORY ATTACHMENT Ny attractive, cozy room, providing it O/Ontaiiis a tea table in a ^^ more or leas outofthe-way position, is eligible, bo they say. to be called a tea room. The term it would seem is a broad one — its pleasurable inclusions many. It happened that this particular tea room is so sunny with it« group of long casement windows, that it might equally well l>e called a sun room. Opening direcstly from it by glassed doors, is the plant and bloom-filled con- servatory. In the centre is a fountain — Send for our Catalofi, or send for us or both. U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVt. NEW YORK. CANADIAN OFFICfc 10 PHILUPS rLACt . MONTKEM a choice one of rare treatment. The complete effect fiom the tee room is best described by the word, alluring. But that Isn't all— it's soothing, to tired nerves, is all that restful greenery with its spots of bloom color. To daily chum with the plants and do little things for them, will turn many a la-gging Winter hour into ouite the moflt Joy-receiving one of the day All of which haj< much to do with the reason for our building so many conaerva- tories. 276 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 1914. Protect Your Fruit BY USINQ WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PAD It cOBts LITTLE ftii.l PAYS BIO Manufictured by ROSWELL B. WARNER. INWOOD, ONT. PEARSON BROS. Temple Court, Liverpool, Eng. WANT YOUR APPLES WRITE MR. E. PEARSON c/o. W. H. GIBSON Phone 'i.i r4 NEWCASTLE - ONTARIO FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogxte GLASS GARDENS "MADE IN CANADA" With everyone interested in the "Mad© in Canada" movement we feel that we are particularly fortunate in being- able to offer .lust at this time, glass gardens and ereenhouses that are entirely "Made in Canada" by a Cana- dian Company. Of course the real question is "are they made as well in Canada?" The knowledge and experience of these men, who are connected with the Company, assure that the chai-acter of its work will be equal to any; Mr. Isaac Cassidv. formerly of Lord & Burnham Co.. Mr. R. L. D.rbyshire. formerly Canadian Manager of the Parkee Construc- tion Co., Mr. W. J. Keens, of To- ronto, is President. Dr. J. M. Bald- win, late Vice-President of Toronto Horticultural Society. Vice-Presi- dent, and Mr. C. M. Baldwin. Sec- retary-Treasurer. It has already under construction two large houses for J. H. Dunlop. of Eichmond Hill, and private cardens for Mrs. G. A. Cox and Mrs. W. R. Williams in Toronto. Further particulars or plane and esti- mates will be gladly furnished to any- one interested or they will be welcome to view our methods at the factory. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Ltd. 201 Church St., TORONTO of the inspector to see that the fruit is up to the requiremcints of the jfrade mark on the package. In the matter of imported fruit the importer is required to brand the packages in the same way as the packer in Canada, and is responsible for the grading of the fruit. In the Province of .Alberta and western .Saskatchewan, the greater portion of the fruit is received from British Columbia and the north-western states, and all such fruit is packed in boxes or crates. Barrels are never used. The careful packing and grading of the fruit from these districts makes the work of inspection much easier than when packed in barrels. In the Provinces of Manitoba and east- em Saskatchewan the great bulk of the fruit is supplied from Ontario. Nova Scotia and the central states. The principal package is the barrel, although it is worthy of note that the quality of boxed apples from the east, and especially from Ontario, has greatly increased during the past three years. , More time is required to inspect fruit in barrels than when put in boxes, and on ac- count of the pressure which has beem put upon the fruit in packing, great care must be exercised in examining the contents, as any injury to the fruit might lessen its keeping quality. .Although it is the first duty of inspectors to sec that fruit is pack- ed in accordance with the requirements of th( Alt. It 1- also their duty to do every- thing possible to promote the interests of the fruit industry. The opportunities for this are probably greater in this district than in any other, because of the fact that more shippers have no opportunity of see- ing their fruit at the receiving end. Infor- mation with regard to the loading of bar- rels, the c:irrying qualities of the different varieties, the most suitable styles of pack- ing, the conditions of the market and many other details of the work are regularly for- warded to the Fruit Branch at Ottawa, and transmitted to the shippers. , The work of organization and inspection has for the past two years been in charge of the writer, who has been transferred this season to the Lake Ontario district to fill the vacancy caused by the death of W. W. Brown. Mr. A. H. Flack, who has had many years of experience in the growing and packing of fruit in British Columbia, and who has also been fruit inspector in the cities of Fdmonton and Vancouver is now in charge of the work in the prairie provinces, with headquarters at Winnipegr. The following is a list of the inspectors under his supervision : Winnipeg. J. Carman ; Winnipeg Dis- trict, C. Weld; Brandon,, J. H. Fleming; Regina, J. W. Clement; Medicine Hat. F. Metcalf: Lethbi-idee, T. C. McCauley : Cal- gary, M. P. McNeill ; Edmonton, F. H. .Steele; Saskatoon, R. J. Wallace. Fruit Jobbers are Organized R. M. Winslow, B.S.A., Victoria, B.C., Aside from competition, the greatest feature of fruit distribution in the Canadian prairies is the attitude of the fruit jobbing trade to our product. The Fruit Markets Commissioner connected with the Horticul- tural Branch of this Department reports to me seventy-two jobbing and brokerage houses handling fruit in the three prairie provinces. Twenty-nine of these houses are more or less independent of each other and one of the twenty-nine is said to be controlled by the Ontario fruit growers. British Columbia fruit shipping concerns have a total of eight established jobbing and brokerage houses, and of the remaining thirty-five houses, twenty-six are closely affiliated with one organization known as the Nash House or equivocally "The Amer- ican Ring," while the remaining nine are the Scott Houses, which are said to be closely affiliated with the rmg. At any rate these thirty-five houses dominate the situation in Alberta and Saskatchewan, where British Columbia fruit is largely marketed. These houses, it is reported are owned by American capital, controlled by Amer- icans, and affiliated with similar fruit dis- tributing houses on the American side. One organization reported to Pe affiliated with the Nash House is one of the largest fruit shippers in the northwestern states. The total capitalization of the Canadian Nash Houses is said to be about two million dol- lars. These houses have buying agencies in Calgary, Edmonton and Alberta, through which most of their British Columbia, and many of their American purchases are made. This organization has grown rapidly from comparatively small beginnings of a few years ago, and its rapid growth has been a matter of great concern to British Columbia growers.. Most . certainly the Ring Houses do not encourage less than carload shipments, nor do Hiey have much sympathy with unstandardized fruit. Practically all of the fruit Jobbing houses in the prairie provinces are more or less opposed to handling Ontario fruit if there is any prospect of handling western fruit. Sec'yi B. C. Fruit Growers' Association This prejudice is probably nothing more than a rnatter of fruit packages, but at any rate it is a strong factor in the constant approachment of Pacific Coast fruit, whether Canadian or American, into sec- tions which had largely been supplied by Ontario a few years ago. Experience has shown that British Columbia has little to fear from this organ- ization, but the same experience amply de- monstrates that there is safety only in a large and equally strong organization of our own. That requirement is very largely met by the formation of the Okanagan United Growers, which is the central sell- ing agency of nine cooperative packing associations. RASPBERRY SHIPMENTS. The Mission-Hatzic section in the Lower Mainland is the principal raspberry district we have, and marketed this year about 24.000 crates. Up to this year, none of its crop had been handled by houses of the .American Ring, which had gotten their sup- plies from Washington in carloads. To get a better distrilnition and to displace the American raspberries, it was necessary to put our own raspberries into carloads, and to this purpose, the growers of this pro- vince formed the Eraser Valley Fruit Growers' Union, and put their own repre- sentative into Calgary to oversee the mar- keting of their fruit. They shipped eleven straight carloads of raspberries by express to the American House and got excellent satisfaction. Each car displaced an Amer- ican car. The growers are well satisfied with the results and intend to continue and develop and 'perfect their organization for next year along the same lines. The prairie farmer demands cheap fruit. He is not particular as to grade, providing the fruit is sound, of reasonable quality and true to description. He has no use for fancy colors, fancy packing, or high prices. The American C. grade meets this aemand, which is at once lower than our No. 1, and higher than our No. 2. To meet the C. grade on equal terms, the Okanagan United Growers are putting out a No. 2 grade which is much superior to our old No 2. November, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 277 With all odd varieties of apples, there may be only one grade, all marked No. 2 for this trade. It shows every prospect of being the best possible method of meeting the demand at a remunerative figure. Putting low grade cooking apples into boxes is an unnecessary expense and exper- iments are being made m marketing all this low grade stuff in crates, effecting a considerable saving in the cost of package and packing. There is a definite demand for such commodities, which has heretofore been supplied very largely by barrelled apples and a crate weighmg about eighty pounds seems to fit the conditions. Still another problem is the supply of fresh tree-ripened soft fruits to consumers over one hundred to twelve hundred miles distant. Fruits shipped in carloads by freight must be picked too green to pre- serve their full quality. Our peaches, apri- cots, etc., marketed in carloads, by freight, met similar carloads from the American side and prices have, as a rule, been unsatis- factory. The growers have been urged to develop a "direct to retailer or consumer" business, by express, for which low express rates have been secured. This is already becoming an important item. In 1911 the Dominion Express Co. shipped 2,785,000 pounds of vegetables. This increased in 1912 to 4,330,000 pounds, and in 1913 increas- ed still further to 5,204,000 pounds. 1914 shipments will show a similar increase, in- dicating a great development in the direct to retailer and consumer trade. The cooperative organizations marketing British Columbia fruits and vegetables this year are as follows: Fraser Valley Fruit Growers' Union, Mission and Hatzic Rhubarb Growers' As- sociation, Chilliwack Farmers' Exchange, Ashcroft District Potato Growers' Associa- tion, Okanagan United Growers, ltd., Ver- non, with affiliated organizations at Tappen, Salmon Arm, Enderby, Armstrong, Vernon, Kelowna, Peachland, Summerland, and Penticton. Grand Forks Fruit Growers' Association, The Kootenay Fruit Growers' Union, Ltd., Nelson, Creston Fruit Union, Creston. There are besides, other concerns which are cooperative to the extent that they are owned and controlled by the orchard own- ers, but not on a strictly cooperative basis. British Columbia has solved the problem of meeting American competition in whole- sale and jobbing channels of fruit trade by growers organizations, making carload ship- ments and meeting American trade on the same basis. The same result has mot been achieved to any extent by Ontario growers. Some British Columbia organizations, usually limited companies and partner- ships, are doing their own distributing to retailers in the prairies, but this is yet limited in extent and likely to continue so at least for the immediate future A Large Orchard — Cm Sunday, Aug. 16th I visited a friend and horticulturist on the Island of Montreal. For tea we iiad fresh picked strawberries and raspberries. The patch which they came from I visited. There was quite a shipment of each ready to pick. Mr. C. P. Newman said he got fifty cents a quart for his last picking of raspberries last year. He will have about four thousand barrels of apples this season. This, I think, will surprise some fruit men in the West to find one man on the little Island of Montreal raising such a quantity. No shipments of apples have gone forward to England yet, but, I assi glad to know, there are some inquiries for our very noted apples.—.^. H. Wartman, Montreal, Que. I would like to see Canada adopt the same size apple box that has been made the standard size for the United States. There Guaranteed Fencing Strongly made and closely spaced— raakmg it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9-mtermediates No. 12 wire-made bythe Open Hearth processwhich time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacturTlf wire fencing. Send for literature. Ask about our farm and ornamental fencing. Aeencles nearly everywhere. Live acents wanted In unaiwlcned territory. The Banwell-Hoxle Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnlpea. Man., Hamilton, Onf -OiiK -#- Dominion Portable Truck Scale The handiest all-round Scale for farm use. Built for accuracy, convenience anfl durability. Swivel handle and swivel ball-bearing casters. Low, bevelled beam. Steel bag rack. Specially tempered bearing points. Capacity, 2,000 lbs. by ', i lbs. Guaranteed. Fully described in " Profits and Pounds," an interesting booklet on weights. Sent free. Farm En;.'ines Pumps Tractors Windmills I.ightinE Outfits Water Systems etc., etc. The Canadian Fairbanks ■ Morse Co., Limited Montreal Toronto Quebec Ottawa St. John Hamilton Ft. WUilam Winnipct Calsary RcKina Edmontoi Saskatoon Va Victoria Dcpurtint was a time when the Americans used to send their culls in apples aed other fruit to Canada, but now they send us their best, and we should meet them with just as good fruit and as full a measure. — R. Brodie, Montreal. Que. Market for Canned Fruits and Vegetables In accordance with cabled instructions from the Minister of Trade and Commerce, the Canadian Trade Commissioners resi- dcmt in the United Kingdom, have conduct- ed an inquiry into the conditions of the de- innnd for canned fruits and vegetables in that country, with special reference to the possibilities for increased supply from Can- ada. The results of this inquiry have now been submitted in the form of a report, prepared in the office of Mr. Harrison Wat- son the Trade Commissioner at London : NO BXTRAORDIN.^RY DEMAND All the London authorities consulted state th.it there has so far been no indica- tion that the requirements of the United Kiigdom in canned fruits and vegetables will be trreater than in ordinary years, and several firms mention that whereas immed- iately after the declaration of war there wa."* a small amount of panic buying of r.nnnrd goods in common with other com- modities- the trade has experienced since then a distinct decrease from the usual de- mand. . The purchase of any consid'crable quan- tity of these goods as supplies for the .'Vrmy and Navy would obviously cause some special demand but the trade does not anticipate that they are likely to be called for to any large extent. The future depends so greatly upon the course of events that dealers are unwilling to make any forecast, but the general opinion ap- pears to be that unless som^e development at present totally unexpected should occur, there is some likelihood of a falling off rather than an increase in the demand from the ordinary public for both canned fruits and vegetables. The chief reason for this is that neither canned fruits nor vegetables form a pirt of the staple food of the population of the United Kingdom, in which respect they differ essentially from canned meats and salmon. Indeed, canned fruits are mainly regarded in the light of a lururv. 278 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 191 4. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Million* of acre* of virgin *oil obtainable free and at a nominal coat are calling for cultivation. Thouaands of farmer* have reaponded to the call of this fertile country and are bfcing made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home await* you. For full information a* to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto As regards fruits, the only line in which Canada has captured any considerable trade is in g-:illon apples, which reajly provides the bulk of the Canadian business in this country in canned fruits and vege- tables, the California packers of peaches and pears having obtained a hold on this market with which it has sc far been dif- ficult to compete. The Strawberry Root Weevil in British Columbia, with Notes on other Insects At- tacking .Strawberry Plants in the ].,ower Fraser Valley, is the subject of Bulletin No. 18 of the Second Series of the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. This publication, which has been prepared by Mr. R. C. Tre- herne, B.S.A., is based upon a careful study of the insect carried out in 1912 and 1913, by the writer, under the supervision of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist. The Strawberry Root Weevil constitutes the greatest obstacle to the successful grow- ing of strawberries in certain sections_ of the Lower Fraser Valley; the investigations carried nut demonstrated that the control Every farmer should hire him You pay him only $3.00 for 365 full 24-hour days a year — and no- body knows how many years he'll last, for he has never been known to wear out. His board amounts to a drop of oil every twelve months — that's all the pay he asks. His work is getting the farm hands in the fields on time, starting the before-breakfast chores on time, and telling the right time all day so the women folks can have the meals on time — these are easy jobs for him. Bi^ Ben stands seven inches tall. He is triple-nickel plated and wears an inner vest of steel that insures him for life. His big bold figures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light. His keys almost wind themselves. He rings for five min- utes straight, or every other half minute for ten minutes as you pre- fer. The next time you're In town just drop in at yoiu: dealer's and ask to see Big Ben. If your dealer hasn't him, send a money order for $3.00 to Westclox, La Salle, Illinois, and he'll come to you, transportation charges prepaid, all ready for work. Hire Big Ben for your farm and he'll prove die promptest hired man on the place. of this insect was dependent upon cultural methods and the system of cropping, and for this reason these aspects of the problem are fully discussed. British Fruit Imports That there is an almost unlimited demand for cheap fruit in the United Kingdom is illustrated by the enormous quantities of bananas which are now sold all over the country, their appearance having created an entirely new demand. Fruit from Canada and Australia, South Africa and the We.si Indies is sold throughout the country in quantities which seem to be limited only by the carrying capacity of the cold storage in the steamships. The total value of fruit, not liable to duty, imported to the United Kingdom in 1918 was as follows: From — British possessions £ 1.671,955 Foreign countries 10,406,000 Total £12,077.955 APPLES Of all the fruits which are the subject of international trade, apples represent the greatest aggregate value, though bananas appear to be rapidly overtaking them. The following table shows that forty-seven per cent of the apples imported to the United Kingdom in 1913 came from British Pos- sessions: I. \f PORTS or .APPLES From — Canada £ 730,036 Australia 296,245 Channel Islands 11,844 Other British 1,958 Total British £1,040,083 United States £1,000,074 Other foreign 190.213 Total foreign £1,190 287 Total £2,230.370 The exports of apples from Canada during the eleven months ending February, 1914, were 889,932 barrels, value $3,201,834. The following table shows the imports of pears to the United Kingdom in 1913: From — Canada £ 32.169 Australia 30,650 Cape of Good Hope 20.929 Other British 2,498 Total British £ 86,246 United States £232.470 Belgium 162.171 France 99.765 Netherlands 52,707 Other foreign 16,725 Total foreign £563.838 Total £650,084 The exports of fresh fruit from South Africa in 1913 amounted in value to £54,315, and included grapes £12,270, oranges £11,530, pears £9,674. plums £5.961, peaches £4,090, naartjes £2,217, and pine- apples £1,687. Boxes vs. Barrels F. Due, Canadian Trade Commiisioner, Glasgow, Scotland InteiTiews with importers, brokers, and the retail trade indicate that the box pack- age is becoming a more important factor in the apple trade than formerly. Which is the better package cannot be answered offhand. One class of package suits ome Xovember, 1914. THE CANADIAN HOUTIC ULTUE 1ST 279 Now that the tremendous power of Advertising is being applied we will see the "bumper" crops pushed out of the rut. trade while another class of package is looked for by a different trade. , Those who follow up the matter dosely say the market for the box trade is in- creasing all the time, so that the matter is becoming one of importance for the Can- adian shipper. Under normal conditions the box trade is likely to increase. Horticultural Exhibition and Allied Convention JUST as The Canadian Horticulturist was going to press, word was received from Toronto that it had been found necessary by the directors of the On- tario Horticultural Exhibition to cancel all arrangements for the exhibition which it had been proposed should be held this year as usual on the grounds of the Canadian National Exhibition. This sudden decision was made necessary by the announcement that the buildings of the Canadian National Exhibition have been requisitioned by the Militia Department for recruiting and drill- ing purposes. As no other buildings at all suitable for the purpose of the horticultural exhibition were available, there was no- thing else the directors could do but ain- nounce that this year's exhibition would have to be cancelled. This is unfortunate, but it could not be helped. FRUIT growers' CONVENTION The conventions of the Ontario Fruit Growers' .Association and of The Ontario Beekeepers' Association will be held as usual. The Fruit Growers' Convention will be held November 11 to 13. The programme is as follows : Wednesday, November 11th — 2 p.m.. President's address, R. Thompson, St. Catharines ; address, D. Johnson, Domin- ion Fruit Commissioner; "Citrus Fruits and Banamas in Relation to the Marketing of Ontario Apples," by Prof. J. W. Crow, Guelph; "The Business Side of Coopera- tion," by F. C. Hart, Director of Coopera- tion and Markets Branch for Ontario. Thursday, 9 a.m. — "Experimental Re- sults on Peach Canker," by W. A. McCub- bin, St. Catharines; "Cherry Fruit Flies and How to Control Them," by Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist; "Pre- cooling of Canadian Fruits," by Edwin Smith, Grimsby, Ont. ; "Vineland Experi- ment Station : Its Purposes, Aims, and Methods," by Prof. F. M. Clement, Di- rector. Thursday, 2 p.m. — Election of Directors. Illustrated Discussions led by well-known authorities on various important fruit topics. Question Drawer. Friday, Morning Session, 9.30 a.m. — "Direct to the Consumer," by W. H. Bunt- ing, St. Catharines; "The Fruit Business from the Retailers' Point of View," by D. \V. Clark, Toronto; "Yields of Varieties of Apples at Different Ages," by W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa ; "Cooperative Experiments," by Prof. J. W. Crow, Guelph. OTHER CONVENTIONS We had expected to be able to publish in this issue the full programmes for the con- ventions of the Ontario Horticultural As- sociation and of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' .Association. The secretary of these associations, Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, was written to early in October and asked for copies of the programmes or particulars concerning them in order that they might be published in this issue. Mr. Wilson re- plied that they would be forwarded when completed, but at the time this last page went to press, October 27th, they ?.ad not been received. We presume that these con- ventions will be held as usual. The Late Dr. Wm. Saunders W.T, Maconn, Ottawa, OomiBioa Hotticultariit For many years before he was appointed Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, the late Dr. Wm. Saunders took a deep interest in horticulture. On his fruit farm, near London, Ont., he experimented for years in the hybridizing of fruit, and succeeded in originatimg a number of valu- able varieties. Of his earlier work, the Pearly and Red Jacket (Josselyn) gooseberries have won for themselves a good reputation among fruit growers. His Saunders black cur- rant, though in the trade for a number of years, is not so well known. His Eclipse, Magnus, Clipper, Climax, Eagle, Kerry, Success and Beauty black currants, ajl ex- cellent varieties, are available to anyone who desires to grow them. His work with raspberries was mostly confimed to the crossing of the red with the black cap. Many of these crosses, while heavy crop- pers, were not attractive in color, and while excellent for home use, did not appeal to the trade because of their dark color. The Sarah is one of the best of these, and is a most excellent variety for home use, being late, it lengthens the raspberry season. Two other early red varieties are Brighton and Count, which are very hardy and pro- ductive, the former especially being a very heavy yielding early sort. None of his grapes are offered for sale, but his Emer- ald, a white grape, is one of the highest quality and excellent for home use, and his Kenington is a fine white variety. At the Colonial Exhibition in 1886, the Emerald grape was considered the best of the Can- adian sorts exhibited. While director of the Experimental Farms his enthusiasm for the production of new things did not becomf; less, and the many hours of hard work spent in his garden at the Central Farm are known only to a few who were intimately associated with him. His work with gooseberries, currants and GLADIOLUS Lifting now. For a short time we offer at less than trade prices — Princeos. immense scarlet; Halley, the earliest pink. $1.50 pit tOO; .\merica pink. Anna Wierman. yellow and red; Hulst, the finest blue: Taoonic. brieht pink and crimson ; Monnerett. rose pink : Lucretia, white and pink, $1.25 per 100; Inde- pendence, deep pink ; Pink Beauty, the earliest of all; Klondyke, yellow and maroon, $1.00 per 100. express collect; Peace White. Niagara yellow, 10c; Glory of Holland, the larpreet white, 7Sc; Panama, larerest pink. 20c each, prepaid— 25 at 100 rate. H. P. VAN WAGNER, R.R. No. 5, HAMILTON, Ont. Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinds of Per- ishable Goods. THE CANADA COLD STORAGE GO. Limited 53 William St., MONTREAL, Que. APPLE BOXES Prices submitted on Green Apple and Evaporated Apple Boxes in Shook Form. State Quantity. wilso:n box company LIMITED ST. JOHN, N.B. EUROPEAN SEEDS Order from ENGLAND WOW {(ELWAY'S |\ QUOTE and CAN DELIVEB \^ Aniie Cauliflower Lucerne Rape Beet Celery Mn»tard Rutabga Cabbage Kale Pepper Spinach Carrot Kohl Rabi Raddiih Turnip Vetcb and Flower Seedi If you have hitherto placed your orders in other quarters, OUR PRICK under present circumetances, will compel you to buy from us. Pleaio write AT ONCE while stocks last for immediate and later delivery : also on contract for next Kail. British Sailing to Canada continues all the time. KELWAY & SON, T..^T^' LANGPORT, ENG. 28b tH£ CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST November, 191 4. raspberries was continued there. He crossed the gooseberry with the black currant, pro- ducing an interesting but sterile hybrid. Some work was also done with plums. Among ornamental plants he was especial- ly interest-cd in roses, and his Mary Amott and Agmes roses, two fine varieties, are the results of his efforts. He originated some very interesting and ornamental hybrids, between the Thunberg' and Purple-leaved barberries, which are at present under test at Ottawa. His most important work in hybridization has been left to the last. Visiting the prairie provinces frequently, as he did, he saw the need of hardy apples there, and the success of the wild Siberian crab ap- ple (Pyrus bacata) at Indian Head, Sask., gave him the hardy material with which to work. This hardy little crab apple, smaller than a good cherry, from one half to three quarters of an inch in diameter, was used as the female parent of many crosses with hardy Russian and American apples of good size as the male. This work was be- gum in 1894 and continued in succeeeding years. The first fruit was produced in 1899, when thirty-six trees bore, and five of these were of such size and quality as to justify their being propagated for more general test. In time about eight hundred trees were set out, a large proportion of which fruited. The largest of these first generation crosses were from one and one- quarter to one and three-quarter inches in diameter, a substantial gain in size over This Beautiful Tea Set pDPp of Bavarian China ^ tli^i^ This beautiful Set contains 40 pieces, i dozen cups, dozen saucers, dozen plates, 2 cake plates, i cream jug and a dreg bowl. The set is Bavarian China, nicely de- corated and the shapes are the very latest. A large order placed with a local wholesale house enables us to offer these sets to you in return for a very small amount of work on your part and without a cent's expense. If you will send us 8 new yearly subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist at 60c. each, or 5 new two year subscriptions at $1.00 each, ■we 'will send you one of these sets at once. This is a wonderful opportunity for you to get a Tea Set FREE. Write us immediately. THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO. PETERBORO, ONT. LTD. the mother parent. As rapidly as possible the best were set out for test and some of these have proved very hardy, fruiting abundantly on the open prairie without protection. Among these may be mention- ed the Jewel, Charles. Silvia, PrLnce.Tony, Robin and Elsa. So hardy are these, that fruit of these crosses has been produced at the sub-station at Fort Vermillion in latitude 58 degrees, where the temperature frequently falls to between fifty and six' degrees Fhr. beJow zero. Not content with hardy apples of so small a size, Dr. Saunders re-crossed the best of these first crosses with apples of larger size in 1904, and from this work over four hundred trees were obtained. Many of these have now fruited, some of which have produced apples two and a half inches in diameter, and of good quality, which are being propagated and sent to the prairie farms for test. It is expected that some of these will prove hardy in places where apples of this size cannot at present be successfully grown. Even should they not prove sufficiently valuable to satisfy the settlers, who would like to have apples equal to any grown elsewhere in Canada, Dr. Saunders has, at least, laid the foun- dation of a hardy race of apples from which probably will eventually come varieties even better than those available at present. The love of the beautiful in nature was very strong in Dr. Saunders, amd he was able to give expression to this love in his work in beautifying the Central and Branch Farms. Many countries, many bo- tanic gardens, nurseries and seed cata- logues were searched for plants and seed to test, in order to learn their value under Canadian conditions. Beginning in 1887, and continuing until 1911, he continuously endeavored to bring to Canadians from other countries, all that was best and most beautiful among trees and shrubs and flowers, and from the abundant material available he was able to plan and plant the grounds at the Central Farm especially in such a way that it is to-day one of the most beautiful places in America. Comparatively few know of the work Dr. Saunders did in planning and planting the trees and shrubs along the Government Driveway in Ottawa, but it should be re- corded here that a large proportion of the driveway between St. Louis Dam and the Rideau River was planned and planted by him. Canadian horticulturists have lost a warm friend in Dr. Saunders. He was a true amateur horticulturist, the love of the work standing out in everything he did. He was a member of the Ontario Fruit Growers' .Association from its early years, and was one of the few enthusiasts who kept the .Association in existence before the commercial side of horticulture had de- veloped much in Canada. British Columbia In accordance with an arrangement be- tween the Dairy and Cold Storage Com- missioner and the Deputy Minister of .Ag- riculture for British Columbia, Mr. Edwin Smith, who has charge of the Governmemt Experimental Cold Storage Warehouse at Grimsby, Ont., operated by this branch, spent a couple of weeks during the summ<'r in British Columbia conferring with local officials and fruit shippers regarding fruit transportation investigations now under way. Arrangements were made with the head of the Canadian Pacific Railway refrigera- tor car service to carrj- on experiments in the Okanagan Valley with the use of salt November, 1914. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST and ice mixtures in brine tank cars for fruit shipments to be forwarded by the Okana- gan United Growers, Limited, Vernon. Careful records have been kept in regard to temperature in transit, ventilation and humidity. The raspberry growers of the Mission and Hatzic districts this year for the first time began shipping raspberries in straight carloads by refrigerator freight. Eleven carloads were thus shipped with highly satisfactory results, as the berries reached the market im a vastly improved condition, and the growers received from forty to sixty cents more than they would have se- cured under the old system of express shipments and individual marketing. In pursuance of the policy of making known the excellent quality of British Co- lumbia fruit in outside markets, the Brit- ish Columbia Fruit Growers' Association has just issued an attractive eight-page booklet entitled ".'Vdvertising British Col- umbia Fruit." One hundred thousand copies were printed so as to cover a large part of our Canadian markets. Sample copies were sent to over twenty five hundred retailers of fruit, and secretaries of farm- ers' organizations in the prairie provinces inviting them to ask for quantities to dis- tribute to customers.lt is expected that this demand will make excellent advertising. Consumers of fruit in Alberta and Sas- katchewan are responding in numbers to advertisements in their papers inviting them to secure copies. The booklet con- tains much information about British Co- lumbia fruit and will be popular among fruit users. It contains a few simple jam making and canning recipes, tells how to buy fruit, and the varieties to buy for dif- ferent purposes, and the months when they are in season. Transportation Problems' Geo. E. Mcintosh, Traffic Expert, Ontario MANY Ontario shippers take the view that freight rates west of Winnipeg are excessive, and that the blanket rate covering western Canada for the fruit shippers of the western states is an in- justice, but the most s-erious complaints of the shippers centres on lack of railway equipment ; ineiBcient terminal facilities, a service in transit that assures no certainty of reaching a market in proper time ; de- lays in supplying cars ; rough handling, lack of shelters, pilfering, neglect in ic- ing cars or attending heaters, according to season, the need of a uniform express rate, assembling rates, and certain privi- leges now established, but not accorded the shippers of fruit. All the provinces are more or less interested in remedying these grievances, because success for one means better service for all. I would suggest, therefore, that united action be taken to solve some of these problems. They are important. For instance, that of pilfering. From accurate information received from the shippers of Ontario last season, the fact was established that tern per cent, of their express shipments were pilfered. This meant a loss of approxi- mately ten thouand dollars on local ship- ments, and yet it is not so much the mone- tary loss, as the dissatisfied customer, that the shipper fears, because the industry suffers thereby. The supplying of cars is another serious problem, but the fault is not all upon the •Extract from a paper read at the recent Do- minion Fruit Conference held at Grimsby, Ont. Fruit Growers' Association, Forest, Ont. railways. Consignees do not release cars promptly, and on the other hand railway terminals are not adequate for prompt placing. If, however, through organiza- tion or any other influence a quicker move- ment of cars and their return to the rail- road could be brought about, it would be a factor which would eventually have to enter into the basis of ratemaking. Refrigerator car equipment previous to 1913 was not increasing in proportion to the growth of perishable tonnage handled. For five years previous to 1913, the in- crease only averaged one hundred and thirty-one cars a year, while in 1913 it was increased by eight hundred and twenty- nine. Returns, however, show that even that season with a small crop, the entire refrigerator car equipment of Canadian railways was required by the fruit shippers during the movement of the apple crop alone from the province of Ontario during October and November. Therefore, we should do all that is possible to encourage the reileasing of cars, as it is evident the supply of refrigerator cars is far short of the demand. This shortage of cars is one of the most serious grievances confronting the fruit shipper, and is a matter demand- ing careful attention. Present regulations all favor the carrier. Perhaps they do all they can to meet the demand, but legislation less stringent than that appearing on the statutes of the state of Texas might help some. In that state the railways must supply ten cars or less in three days ; over ten and not exceeding forty-nine in six days ; fifty or more in ten days, under a penalty of twenty-five dol- lars a day for each car failed to be furnish- ed. This is pretty severe legislation, but I venture to say, it guarantees prompt ser- vice to the shipper, for while he is also penalized the same amount for detention, there would be prompt releasing of the cars. In many other states the prompt SMALL FRUITS Gooseberries, Red and Yellow; Currants, Red, Black and White; Raspberries, Red, Pur- ple and Yellow; Black Berries; Grape Vines. Strawberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus Roots, etc., etc. Ask for Price List. W. FLEMING, Nurseryman Owen Sound, Ont. We have a large i ^^^^^^^B j stock of all size 1 IHtbESTMAO' f FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS 44 AZALEA POTS 1 FOSTCPS I StandaR" 1 Orders Filled HE FOSTEl HAW Prompt^ Send for 'Prices T ^ POTTERY CO., Ltd. ULTON, ONT. PRUNING SHEAR EHODES DOUBLE OUT^., cuts from Wden, Newcastle, Strectsville and Westboro. Only one socie- ty, Vankleek Hill, had failed to make its re- turn. The membership of the St. Thomas Society last year was 1,100, an increase of 392, Stratford 500, an increase of 313, St. Catharines 995, an increase of 270, Wind- sor 406, an increase of 172, Brantford 372, am increase of 170, Walkerville 197, an in- crease of 120, Berlin 285, an increase of 100, Hamilton 618, an increase of 79, Winches- ter 146, an increase of 66. Most of the superintendent's repott was composed of re- ports from individual societies and showed the interesting work they had accomplish- ed during the year. While the con.vention was in session a magnificent vase of Wm. Turner chrysan- themums, grown by the Dale Estate, was brought in and placed on the table. It was a revelation to all present of the perfec- tion to which these flowers can be grown. A feature of the convention was the pre- sence of Ontario's recently appointed prem- ier, Hon. W. H. Hearst, who gave a brief address, as did also Hon. James Duif, and Hon. F. McDiarmid, Ontario's new minis- ter of Public Works. Rev. Mr. Scott, of Perth, who was acquainted with Hon. Mr. Hearst .when he was a young man, made a most pleasing speech setting forth his early acquaintance and impression of Ontario's new premier. Letters of regret for their inability to be present were read from J. Horace McFar- lane and R. B. Watrous, the president and secretary respectively of the American Civic .'\ssociation. EDUC.\TI0NAI, ADDRE8SB8 A feature of the convention' as usual were a number of splendid addresses of an educational character. Mr. Dunbar, super- intendent of the famous parks of the city of Rochester, gave an address and showed a large number of slides illustrating scenes in Rochester's city parks. In these parks are grown evergreens from all parts of the world. The speaker stated that he be- lieves that they grow all the known varie- ties of crab apples. Views of Japanese crab apples in bloom and of Chinese magnolia planted down the centre of a city street were very fine. On what is now known as Lilac Sunday the parks are crowded by thousands of people. Mr. James M. Bryson, of Moore Park, Toronto, gave a lengthy and splendid ad- dress, also illustrated by stereopticon views, on the subject, "The Best Varieties of Roses for Amateur Gardens." .^s there are eleven acres of roses in Moore Park, where some fifteen thousand roses are grown, an idea of Mr. Bryson's qualifica- tions to deal with this subject may be gain- ed. An extract from this address appears elsewhere in this issue. Further extracts will be published later. Mrs. .'Vda L. Potts gave a valuable ad- dress on the subject, "Gardens for School Children," in which she advocated having the study of nature placed on the curicu- lum. Discussions of nature subjects could be conducted in connection with gardens (Continii.ed on page 299) Ontario Fruit Growers in Convention^ Discuss Problems ONTARIO fruit growers are in favor of the suggestion made in the last issue of The Canadian Horticulturist that their chief product, the apple, should be generally recognized throughout the Dominion of Canada as the national dish of its people. At the fifty-fifth annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, held in Toronto, November 11th to 13th, President Robert Thompson, of St. Catharines, brought the matter before them in his anmual address, when he pointed out that England had roast beef, Scotland oatmeal, and Ireland the ijotato. "We in Canada," said Mr. Thompson, "might well take the apple as our national dish, as in no other country does the apple flourish as it does in Can- ada." Later the Presidemt's suggestion was embodied in the following resolution : "As the apple reaches the highest state of perfection in Canada ; is both beautiful to look uix)n and ver>- pleasing to the taste ; is popular with both rich and poor ; is one of the most health-giving and stim- ulating articles of diet ; it is therefore the opinion and wish of this Association that the apple henceforth will be regarded as the national dish of Canada." The resolution was adopted amidst ap- plause. Who knows but that in later years this may be regarded as the most impor- tant act of the Fifty-fifth Annual Conven- tion of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation. The discussions at the convention showed that all has not gone well with Ontario fruit men this past season. Severe frosts in the spring practically destroyed the peach crop. A general money stringency seriously interfered with the marketing of earlier fruits, and war conditions have now somewhat demoralized the apple market. But the fruit growers are not discouraged. They have adopted the national motto, "Business as Usual." The past year has accentuated a situa- tion that has beem developing for many years — the difficulty of marketing the apple crop with economy and efficiency. Growers now realize that this rather than the pro- duction of fruit is their most difficult pr.o^ blem, and they have set themselves resol- utely to solve it. Discussions of a business nature took first place in practically aU sessions of the convention. Fruit Commis- sioner Johnson opened the discussion that held an important place in the proceedings of three days. GREATER PRODtTCTION AS8TTRED "If we don't find some way to increase consumption," said Mr. Johnson, "we will soon have over-production. We iave 25,000,000 fruit trees in Canada. In the Annapolis Valley not 50 per cent, of their trees are in bearing. New Brunswick is also planting. Quebec is coming in once more with Mcintosh and Fameuse. Two- thirds of the orchards in British Columbia are under five years of age, and the other one-third are only beginning to bear." The Commissioner was not pessimistic. He pointed to great possibilities of market extension right in our own cities. One- half of our urban population, he estimat- ed, do not eat apples at all, and not one- quarter of the amount that should be con- sumed is now marketed. It was to bring the merits of the apple before city con- sumers that the Government conducted its advertising campaign this fall. The re- sults were gratifying. Mr. Johnson stated that fully 30,000 inquiries had been received at Ottawa as a result of the campaign. "More apples would be consumed were it not for the price," was his comment. He recommended the bulk car method of ship- ment adopted extensively for the first time this season. He contrasted the desirability of two methods of handling these bulk ship- ments by using as illustrations two cars shipped to Ottawa this fall. In the first instance the apples were purchased at twenty-five cents a barrel, loaded on the cars in bulk, carried one hundred and fifty miles to Ottawa, and sold at one dollar to hucksters. The dealer made forty cents profit on the shipment. The hucksters sold to consumers at two to three dollars a barrel. Hence the economy of this me- thod of handling fruit did not redound largely to the benefit of the consumer. In another instance the City Council of Ottawa interested themselves in the mar- keting problem. They bought the apples in Western Ontario, paying the truit grower forty cents delivered at the car. The bottom of the car was protected with six inches of straw, the sides were padded, and the apples piled in to a depth of three feet. At Ottawa the apples were bagged at a total cost of seven cents, and delivered in the consumer's cellar at sixty-five cents a barrel. A single notice in the paper was sufficient to sell the whole car. "In this case," said Mr. Johnson, "the producer got all he asked, and consumers had their apples at less than one-half what it usually cost them. Had more apples been available at this price, twice as many would have been used." There will always be a demand for good barrelled and boxed fruit. But for the marketing of inferior goods even in the best of seasons, Mr. Johnson recommended the bulk shipment. MARKETING PROBLEMS Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C, Guelph, car- ried on the discussion. He drew a sharp distinction between the responsibility of the grower and the consumer. Retail mar- keting by the producer he did not consider either practicable or desirable. "When the grower follows his apple to the wholesale market," said Prof. Crow, "from then on it is the consumer's problem." He attri- buted high retail prices, not to the im- mense profits that are being made by re- tail dealers, but to the multiplicity of fruit stands, each with a very small turnover. He saw very little hope of giving the con- sumer fruit as cheaply as he should have it until municipal governments recognized that fruit distribution was a subject for Government regulation and did something to curtail injurious competition among re- tail dealers. The idea of growers advertising their products more extensively appealed to Prof. Crow. He believed that through season- able advertising it would be possible to educate consumers to call for the different varieties in their season and not to limit their demand, as many do, to Snows and Spies. A more immediate duty of the grower, however, is to place on the market a product of higher uniform quality. No one operation, he contended, would con- tribute more to this end than thinning, and he gave figures estimating increased re- turns on one hundred barrels of fruit at twenty-three dollars and forty-nine cents, all as a result of thinning the fruit on the trees. Marketing from a cooperative standpoint was dealt with by F. C. Hart of Toronto, who enunciated some of the principles which lead to success in cooperative deal- ing, such as a sufficient supply of capital, the establishment of a surplus fund for 294 permanent improvements and a real busi- ness manager. He scored some associa- tions severely for their laxity in keeping ac- counts, and announced that his department was prepared to audit the books of any society that desired to take advantage of his offer. Mr. G. E. Mcintosh, of Forest, the asso- ciation's transportation expert, embodied some of the general ideas laid down by Mr. Hart in one concrete suggestion. He be- lieved that Ontario fruit growers should be organized, as are those of Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and the citrus growers of California. He suggested organizing local societies into district societies, a dis- trict covering one or more counties. The districts in turn would be organized in a central body, through which the main busi- ness of all the fruit growers of the province would be transacted. This, he believed, was in harmony with the modem spirit of centralized enterprise. . The "direct to the consumer" aspect of the marketing problem was handled by Mr. W. H. Bunting of St. Catharines, who told of his success in building a "direct to the consumer" trade through the medium of newspaper advertising. This method of marketing Mr. Bunting characterized as "a remunerative side line." He emphasized the fact that much of his fruit is still sold to the commission man and reaches the consumer through the medium of the re- tail dealer. In his belief the greater por- tion of Ontario's crop must continue to be so marketed for a long time to come. To fully round out the discussion on mar- keting, a retail grocer of Toronto, Mr. L. W. Clark, was given an opportunity of presenting the retailer's case. Mr. Clark apparently proved to the satisfaction of all that retailers work on a narrow margin. He took occasion to call attention to some of the abuses of the trade, such as partially filled berry boxes and the shipping of im- mature fruit. In his experience he has found that Canadian shippers were more addicted to these forms of dishonesty than were growers in the United States. THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM Unsatisfactory service by express com- panies has long been a source of irritation and of considerable loss to Ontario fruit growers, and the subject was again up for discussion at the convention. Member after member told of losses that had been sus- tained through rough handling, pilfering, and delayed deliveries. Suggestions for reform were embodied in a series of resolu- tions, the most important of which called for the extension of the powers of the Rail- way Commission to cover the regulation of all transportation agencies doing business in Canada. They all asked for the pas- sage of Bill 85, now under consideration at Ottawa, the provisions of which have been given in a previous issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Other resolutions bore directly on the marketing problem. One expressed appre- ciation of the enterprise of Sir Geo. E. Foster in conducting the advertising cam- paign this year, and asking that the cam- paign be continued next year. Legislation was asked allowing the use of a box the same length and width as the standard apple box, but only five inches in depth, for use in the export trade. The conven- tion again placed itself on record as favor- ing such additions to the staff of fruit in- spectors as will make possible inspection of fruit upon shipment during the packing « season, the inspectors to issue certificates W December, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUE IS T ^95 I Robert C ONE-DAY ^ IMPSOil ^^m^ r-1 MIO-WINTER SALE CATALOGUE Every page is filled with bargains — t-very article dependable Simpson merchandise marked closer to cost than ever before. To get the mostfor your money you needthis book. Send a post card to-day. Wo pay delivery charff«8k We erive a one-day service. ROBERT SIMPSON LIMITED ^^^_^__ TORONTO .^^_.^^^ EHODES DOUBLE OUT, FBIJNIII0 SHEAB Cuta from both sides of limb and does not bruise the bark. We pay Ex- press charges on all orders. Write tor circular and ^ ^^^ prices. 1536 S. Division Ave. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. RHODES MFG FREE LAND FOHITHE SETTLER IN NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Agriculture I^rliament BIdgs., Toronto EUROPEAN SEEDS Order from ENGLAND NOW KELWAY'C |\ QUOTE and CAN DELIVER |^ Anise Cauliflower Loceme Rape Beet Celery Maitard Rutabga Cabbage Kale Pepper Spinach Carrot Kohl Rabi Raddiih Turnip Vetch and Flower Seedi If you have hitherto placed your orders in other quarters, OUR PRICE under present circumstances, will compel you to buy from us. Please write AT ONCE while stocks last for immediate and later delivery : also on contract for next Fall. British Sailing to Canada continues all the time. KELWAY & SON, ''''' '''"''' LANGPORT, ENG. stating the results of inspection so far as it has gone. The Federal Government, it was believed, might render assistance in the solving of the transportation problem as the Provincial Government has already done. Educational addresses were this year placed somewhat in the background by the urgency of the market situation, but as usual they were of a high order. Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, as usual an appreciated speaker, dealt with the Cherry Fruit Fly, a pest first discovered by him im 1910, but now recognized as one of the most serious affecting the cherry. This address is published elsewhere in this issue. As a result of his investigations, Mr. W. A. McCubbin, St, Catharines, attributed peach canker to definite fungus diseases, and not to borers, as was once so common. Extracts from this address also appear elsewhere in this issue. General discussions were a source of much informaticm. Prof. Crow strongly advised year-old sweet cherry trees for planting, emphasizing the superior value of Hazard stock. In selecting nursery stock of many of the plums and of sour cherries, he favored year-old trees, but with apples and pears he believed two-year-old stock will generally give better satisfaction. F. M. Clement, of the Jordan Harbor Experi- ment Station, reported results in the fall planting of cherries, pears, amd plums. His remarks will also be published in full. A comparatively new phase of fruit growing was discussed by M. B. Davis, C.E.F., Ottawa, under the title "Fire Pots." In his work Mr. Davis found that an acre could be heated for one hour on a frosty night at one dollar sixty cents to two dol- lars fifty cents. If a crop were to be saved this expenditure would be well worth while. Apple growing in the far eastern coun- ties, where natural conditions are none too favorable, found its exponent in Mr. Har- old Jones, of Maitland, Ont., whose re- marks are published elsewhere in this issue. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Hardy Plants Grown in Canada Paeon ies Irises Phlox Delphiniums Heleniums Hardy Asters Hemerocallis Shasta Daisies etc., etc., etc. JOHN CAVERS QKINNER 0 YSTEM OF IRRIGATION TRADE MAKK THE RAIN MACHINE Write for six books on indoor and outdoor irri- gation. THE SKINNER IRRIGATION CO. DEPT. R., TROY, OHIO ^1; JA Guaranteed Fencing Strongly made and closely spaced — making it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9— intermediates No. 12 wire — made by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacture of wire fencing:. Send for literature. Ask about our farm and ornamental fencing. AiEcncles nearly everywhere. Live ajEcnta wanted til unastilffned territory. The Banwell-Hoxlo Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnipeg. Man., Hamilton, Ont. Peerless Apple Shipping Baskets Complete with Covers This package is light, strong, durable, easy to pack and load, will carry safely any dis- tance—contains a suitable quantity of apples for the average buyer,— and is attractive to the consumer, as a handy basket around the home. Write to-day for full particulars to : CANADA WOOD PRODUCTS CO. ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO 296 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1914. The Bec-Kccpcrs' Review Is out on a hunt for new subscribers and has a special offer to make to those subscribinjf at the present time. The regular subscription price of The Hevitw is $1 a year. Our special of- fer is to give the last nine months of 1914 and all of 1915 at the resular an- nual price. The nine months of 1914 comtain all the valuable papers read at the National Convention at St. Louis, Mo., last February, including one from Prof. Morley Pettit, and one from Prof. F. W. Sladen, of Canada, besides many from over the border. Twenty-one months for a dollar. A bargain worth considering. No ex- tra charge for Canadian postage. Address, with remittance. The Bee- Keepers' Review, Northstar, Michi- gan. BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES SEASON 1915 Early Cash Order Dis- count 5 % — November Ist to December Slst. Send for our New Catalogue BEES -WAX WANTED Best Market Price Cash or Exchange ThcHam&NottCo.,Ltd. BHANTFORD, ONT. A crackerjack of a Xmas present Remember when you were a kid? The presents that were all shiny and bright, and that "worked!" Were'nt they the ones that you were proudest of? Something for your room — something you could use all year — something like big people had in their rooms. The sensible presents appealed to you best when you were a kid. Think back a bit and see. Then think of Big Ben for those boys and girls. Toys, of course, should never be displaced. It wouldn't be Christmas without them. But mix in usefulthings — things that develop pride and that make little people feel responsible. Give them presents to live up to and to live up with. Don't make the mistake of thinking they don't feel the com- pliment. Let one thing that meets the eye of your little boy and girl on Christmas Morning be that triple nickel-plated, jolly, handsome, pleasant looking. serviceable, and inspiring clock— BIG BEN. See if yon don't hear them say: "Why! Isn't that a crackerjack? Is that for me to use myself? Big Ben is a crackerjack-of-a-Christmas-pres- ent to give to any friend. He's two presents in one, a dandy alarm to wake up with, a dandy clock to tell time a// (/ay by. He stands seven inches tall. He's got an inner vest of steel that insures him for life, —big, bold, black hands you can see at a glance in the dim morning light without ever having to get out of bed— large, comfy keys that almost wind themselves and a deep, jolly ring that calls just when you want, and either way you want, five straight minutes or every other half minute for ten minutes unless you flag him off. Big Ben is sold by 23,000 watchmakers. His price is $2.50 anywhere in the States. $3.00 any- where in Canada. If you can't find him at your dealer's, a money order mailed to Westclox, La Salle, Illinois, will send him anywhere you say, attractively boxed and express charges paid. "Pre-cooling of Canadiam Fruits" was dealt with by Edwin Smith, in charge of the Grimsby Cold Storage. F. M, Clement, who has now been in charge of the farm at Jordan Harbor for one ye;ir, told some- thing of the work they are doing there, and extended a hearty invitation to all fruit growers to come and inspect the farm. Mr. Robert Thompson and several others pre- sent concurred in the statement that Mr. Clement had wrought a wonderful change on the farm. Of particular value to those planning to set out orchards in Eastern Ontario was Mr. W. T. Macoun's paper on "Yields of Varieties of .Apples at Different .Ages." Full reports of these discussions .Tind papers will be given in future issues of The Canadian Horticulturist. INCREASED ME.MBER8HIP W.\NTED Ways and means of increasing the mem- bership of the association were discussed. Ax present, of the fifty-four fruit growers' associations of the province only seventeen are affiliated with the Ontaiio Fruit Grow- ers' Association. Of the growers outside of the associations, only (ninety-one are members of the cential organization. The good work that the association might do is thus greatly curtailed. .A committee ap- pointed to consider the subject recommend- ed that the director of each division be requested to take a census of the local organizations in his district and visit these associations urging them to affiliate. Several members who have long beem prominent in the membership of the asso- ciation have passed away since the last annual meeting. .Among these are Dr. Saunders, Mr. Linus Woolverton, and .Alex. McNeil. The convention expressed its ap- preciation of the work of these men and grief at their loss. The appointment of Mr. D. Johnson as Fruit Commissioner was endorsed, and thanks tendered to Mr. J. A. Ruddick for his services in the past as head of the fruit branch. Sympathy was expressed for the secretary, Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, who had been ill for some weeks. The Hon. Mr. Duff, Minister of .Agricul- ture, was thanked for his interest in the association, personally and financially. Government regulation for the business in Nursery Stock to prevent the operations of unscrupulous dealers was called for. .Any one who has planted an orchard to find several years afterward that the trees were not true to name and of an inferior var- iety will appreciate the importance of this last resolutiom. The various districts of the province were fully represented at this year's con- vention, but on the whole the attendance would not compare favorably with conven- tions of previous years. This falling off may be accounted for largely by the can- celling of the fruit show. Next year, how- ever, if the growers have their way, they will hold the greatest fruit show in the his- tory of the association. A special effort is to be made to increase the attendance at the convention of 1915. DIRECTORS ELECTED The directors for the following year were elected as follow : J. B. Smith, Moun- tain; C. W. Beaven, Prescott ; F. S. Wall- bridge, Belleville ; Elmer Lick, Oshawa ; W. J. Bragg, Bowmanville ; H. G. Foster, Burlington ; R. H. Dewar, Fruitland ; R. Thompson, St. Catharines ; Geo. Schuy- ler, Simcoe ; Dr. Grant, Thedford ; C. W. Gurney, Paris ; Kenneth Cameron, Lucknow, and W. J. Saunders, East Linton. .An ad- ditional director, F. M. Clement, was elected to represent the Jordan Harbor Experimental Station. The directors elect their own officers at their first meeting. December, 19 t 4 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST 297 Frutt Business from the Retailer's Standpoint' D. W. Clark, Retail THERE are people under the impression if a grocer buys an article for ninety- nine cents and sells it for a dollar he is making- a profit of one per cent. Such is not at all the case. I have been in the grocery business in Toronto over thirty years, and from my own experience and the experiences of others in the trade, the expenses of a grocer reach from twelve to eighteen per cent, on the turnover. So that if a retailer sells a basket of fruit for one dollar, he must figure that from the time that basket entered his store until it was handed in at the door of the consumer, it cost him anywhere from twelve to eighteen cents. Suppose it cost him the average fifteen cents — you can see that if the first cost of the article was eighty-five cents and he sold it for one dollar, he is actually just breaking even and no net profit what- ever has been made. The overhead expenses of a retail grocer include many items. There are wages to be paid the manager or proprietor, and the selling staff ; there is rent, or interest on investment, light, fuel, the upkeep of de- livery horses and waggons, amd drivers' wages ; taxes, insurance, store equipment and fixtures ; depreciation on everything ; stationery, stamps, etc., bad debts which freqtaently necessitate the writing off of considerable money ; and sometimes un- foreseen occurrences, such as the death of a horse or the smashing of a delivery wag- gon in a runaway. Goods which we pur- chase and stock in our stores so as to have them convenient for the consuming public must each and all bear their share of these •A paper read at the recent convention in To- ronto of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Grocer, Toronto, Ont. inevitable overhead expenses. In the case of fruit and other perishable goods, there is always the additional expense of waste to be added, for no merchant, mo matter how careful he may be, can gauge his purchases and sales correctly at all times. RET-\ILER8 PROMOTE CONSUMPTION I think you will all agree with me that the consuming public would not buy as much fruit and vegetables if they had to get their supplies direct from the country. The attractive displays of the retailers of Toronto every season are responsible for the great majority of sales, and if there were no displays to tender suggestions to the people, and if the consumers were left upon their own initiative to write or wire to the country for supplies, there would be a large amount of stuff go abegging. I would just like to see the retailers of the country give up the sale of fruit and vegetables for one year, and allow the con- suming public to send to the country for everything they wanted. You can depend upon it, there would be very little fruit comsumed this year. If, then, the retail grocer is a necessary link in the chain of fruit and vegetable marketing to secure the maximum turn- over, the next question to decide is the cheapest and best way for fruit and vege- tables to reach his store. You growers, who obtain the maximum benefit from your crops, appreciate the fact that the harvest you produce should all find its way into consumption, and at prices that will bring you a reasonable net profit. If you pro- duce more than a market can be found for, you lose. If the prices you receive do not The Fruitland Nurseries are now prepared to book spring orders for all kinds of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Vines at lowest prices. Send for price list. G. M. HILL BOX 42 FRUITLAND, Ont. Strawberries 50 varieties Raspberries i, varieties 10 varieties Seed Potatoes FREE CATALOG THE LAKEVIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McCONNELL & SON, PORT BURWELL, ONT. DISSOLUriON OF PARTNERSHIP NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that the partnership heretofore carried on by the "CHAS. E. HOPPEE COMPANY," as deal- ers in beelteepers' supplies, etc., has been this day dissolved by mutual consent. All debts owiner to the said partnership are to be paid to The Boot-Oanadian House, at 183 Wright Avenue, Toronto, Ont., and all claims against the said partnership are to be presented to the said Bcot-Canadian House, by whom the same may be settled. DATED at Toronto this 20th day of Nov- ember, 1914. THE CHAS. B. HOPPER CO. JOHN A. PATERSON. The business will be continued at 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont., by The Root- Canadian House. Pruning Saws A STYLE FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT No. 10 Socket handle for attaching to pole. Adjustable blade. 14 inches centre to centre of holes. No. 25 Flat steel frame, riveted sockets, ewivel stretcher. Beech handle, varnished edges, two nickel-plated screws. Blued steel blade. 14 inches. D-24 Narrow point crucible steel blade, copper handle with beechwood grip. 14 to 24 inches. One-Man Cross-Cut Made on the same principles as our Disston handsaws. Designed to withstand maximum "thrust" without buckling, and for easy rapid cutting. Write lor " Pruning Saw Booklet " HENRY DISSTON 81 SONS, LTD 2 ERASER AVENUE TORONTO, ONT. One-Man Cross-Cut 298 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 191 4. DUPUY & FERGUSON'S CATALOGUE OF HIGH GRADE SEEDS FOR 1915 will bo ready for diKtrilintioii about the first of Jajiuary; the handsomest, most practical and oomplet« seed catalo^ie publiahed in this country. It tells the plain trtith about D. & F.'s High Grade Seeds that Grow The descriptions are accurate, absolutely correct and free from exaggeration and ex- travag'ant claims. Write a post card for a FREE COPY to-day. 56 FIRST PRIZES were awarded at the Montreal Horticultural Exhibition. 6ep,t., 1914, to Mr. F. S. Watson, on products grown from D. & F.'e seeds. DUPUY & FERGUSON 38 Jacques Cartier Sq. MONTREAL YOU Have Many Uses for This Machine ! WE are frank in telling- vou that a SPRAMOTOR, rijfhtly used, wfll earn its cost the first season, and pay you a handsome profit besides. Our SPRAMOTOR is a very adaptable machine — one that will benefit you in many ways. It saves orchard trees and row crops with equal certainty, destroys weeds, kills rot, blight, canker, lice, beetles and all parasites. It throws paint or whitewash on to buildings twenty times as quickly as by hand and does a better job. Used with disinfectant it protects horses aind cattle from biting, tormenting flies and lice. A Spramotor "It isn't a SPRAMOTOR unless _w_e make it" of loss reduces the percentage of loss in fruit over 80?o as shown by Govern= ment tests in 19 different orcliards. Used on potatoes, a SPRAMOTOR has increased a yield of almoet nothing to 40O bushels an acre. The SPRAMOTOR stands unequal- led in the whole world as an effec-t- ive spraying machine. It has won over 100 Gold Medals and First Awards against all comers. Twenty distinct patented improvements on the SPRAMOTOR that no other ma- chine can have. Prices run from $6 up to $350 — dozens of styles and siisee. Iiet ua send you FREE, oxir valuable illustrated treatise on Crop Diseases. Postcard brings is quick- ly. Spramotor Works 207 King St.. LONDON, Can. pay you a net profit, you lose. Your aim is quite clear. My opinion is that fruit can be bought to the best advantage by the retail dealer from the commission merchant. It seems to me to be the only fair way for you to market your goods. • My reason is this : When the merchant buys from one party at a distance he has no choice in appear- ance and quality. The goods may be satis- factory to-day and to-morrow they may bring all kinds of complaints from con- sumers, and you must remember that we make good to our customers anything that is not right. Melons may arrive too ripe or too green ; peaches may be ofl color, etc., and as we are the final distributors we get the blame. If we purchase goods w'e cannot conscientiously recommend, we must lose in the price. METHODS COMPARED But on the other hand, when goods are bought from the wholesale market when competition is keen, we have our choice from scores of growers. If a retailer has .1 market for only one kind of fruit, he can personally select what he wants from all the offerings on the open market. A mer- chant, too, soon gets to know the shippers who send in the most reliable fruit and vegetables, and at the commission house he has an opportunity of obtaining his daily supplies from one or another. The dealer must also protect himself from the standpoint of price. Should he purchase direct from one shipper, he pays the one price. But on the commission market the prices are up to-day and down to-morrow, so that if the price a merchant has paid to his own shipper happens to be higher tham the ruling commission mar- ket quotation — as it would frequently be — he must cut his retail price and lose his net profit. It is, therefore, much the safer method — despite the recommendations of many of the daily papers, and others, ig- norant of the situation — and surely the most satisfactory method to buy our fruit and vegetables. Some of you probably will be able to point to instances to the con- trary, but for the best interests of the larger section of the growers aind retail dealers, the marketing system I have out- lined must prove the generally accepted one. FAULTS OF THE FRUIT GROWER The majority of us like to be commend- ed for the good things w^e do, but we are usually loathe to hear of those things that ought not to have been done. Nevertheless, let me recall a few errors of commission and errors of omission that the fruit we frequently receive in our stores point to. Sometimes, for instance, we receive boxes of berries a little better than half filled. Out of a crate of twenty-seven boxes it may require three or four boxes to fill the remainder in order that we can oflFer them to our customers without fear of com- plaint. Suppose a crate of twenty-seven boxes cost thirteen cents a box. That would mean a total of $3.51. Suppose we were to sell the remaining twenty-three boxes that have been filled up at fifteen cents a box, or an advance of two cents — which is the usual margin — we would only receive $3.45 altogether. That would mean a loss on the first cost without taking into consideration the cost of doing business, which is from twelve to eighteen per cent. There you have an example of an error of omission. When we purchase berries that come from the United States, the boxes are jammed full. Of course you realize that what I have said about Canadian boxes does not apply to all cases, but it has occurred fre- quently, and that is why I have mentioned December, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 299 it here. The retail grocers are in a posi- tion to give the growers great assistance in the marketing of fruit if we receive it in good order and properly packed. The bet- ter condition it reaches us ,the lower is the margin of profit we tan afford to take, and the lower the price to the consumer, the more will there be consumed — and that is what you men are striving for. From my own experience, I must say that a great deal of credit is due the Leam- ington fruit growers for the fair way in which they put up their goods. Most of the shippers there are dependable, and you can be certain that the retailers soon be- come acquainted with the good men, and endeavor to get their goods from them. Every man, of course, thinks his goods the best, just as every athlete thinks he has greater powers than his competitor. There are some shippers who mark their goods No. 1, whereas other producers would call them No. 2. Here we have an error of Commission. If the marketing of fruit is to be put upon a satisfactory basis, as a retailer I wouIq think that more care should be taken in this respect. We often purchase goods supposed to be as the top row indicates, but when those underneath are investigated, we find an inferior qual- ity which we cannot send out to our cus- tomers. All of this injures the fruit busi- ness in general, and is not good business on the part of the shipper. It tends to rob him of a good name he would otherwise possess. In retailing it is just the same. If we do not give satisfaction to our cus- tomers, somebody else will, and we lose the trade. There are too many disturbing influences in the trade. Supposing a man goes out to the country to visit a friend, and brings home with him what fruit he wants. He usually gets it at a lower price than the retailer can buy in quantities — and he doesn't forget to tell us about it. We are frequently reminded by those who have just come in from the coujntry how cheap apples are. Sometimes they tell us they can al- most get them for carrying them away. They forget that we have high rents to pay, and wages, and everything else con- nected with the stocking, displaying and sellin'^ of apples, and they think they should get them from us as cheaply as they can occasionally obtain them in the coumtry. It is up to the producer, if he wants to get good prices for what he grows, to help maintain prices and not to demoralize them for the retailer from whom he expects so much in the way of getting the goods into consumption. Those of you who read some of our daily papers have seen the abuse we receive from Householders' Leagues about charg- ing exhorbitant prices. I assure you that competition is too keen in grocery staples for that. These people do mot understand the methods or cost of doing business, and in their ignorance create all kinds of tin- just prejudices against us. The service demanded by the public nowadays is one of the large factors in price advances. I'm sure you will agree with rne that the retailer is a necessity in the distribu- tion of fruit and vegetables if the maxi- mum is to be sold in a seasom. I believe in such conferences as these, and I hope that there will be more of them. Thoy afford us an opportunity to obtain a better un- derstanding of the difficulties with which each of us have to contend. [Note. — On the conclusion of Mr. Clark's address, the fruit growers present were afforded an opportunity to ask him ques- tions. The growers present appeared to be satisfied that Mr. Clark had made out a good case for the retailer. — Editor.] Annual Rally of the Horticul- tural Societies of Ontario {Continued from page 293) owned by the children themselves. [Correction. — .\fter page 293 had gone to press it was noted that the preceding few remarks had been made by Mr. Hamilton, of Torornto, not by Mrs. Potts. — Editor] Mrs. Potts, as she did last year, gave another inspiring address this year, this time on the subject "Home Gardens and the Homemakers." "Nature," she said, "is the old cure that will repair the dis- locations due to the mechanical conditions of life." This was the central thought of her address, which was an earnest appeal to women to take a more direct interest in horticulture, to be homemakers both in- side and out of the house as the woman oinly can make a home. "Horticulture," said Mrs. Potts, "broadens the interests of the woman in the home, affords a pleasant diversion from the regular housework, and is calming to the overwrought nerves of the mother." The speaker referred to the influence of a live interest in horticulture in making her own life more enjoyable and predicted similar happy results to all others who would, through horticultural study and practice, come closer in touch with Mo- ther Nature. Mr. E. T. Cook, of Toronto, in the course of an excellent address, stated that homes without a garden suffer in monetary value as in these days a garden is becoming a profitable adjunct of the home. While Can- ada is to-day largely a land of farms it will in time become a land of gardens. Mr. Cook advocated simple planting and plenty of flowers suited to the environment of the home. This address also will be dealt with more fully in a later issue. "Town and City Backyard Development" was dealt with ,at length by Mr. W. S. Din- nick, of Toronto, who last summer offered $1,000 in prizes in a contest conducted in Toronto, which proved a great success. Mr. Dinnick described the successful results that have attended the efforts of the Nat- ional Cash Register Company, which at Dayton, Ohio, transformed a slum district into one of the show places of the city. In Baltimore, the appearance of much of the city has been transformed through the ef- forts of a committee, which conducted com- petitions for the best backyards, vacant lot gardens, window boxes, and other similar contests. The work of the Garden Club in Minneapolis was dealt with, as well as work conducted in Philadelphia, and last year's competion in Toronto. Mr. Benjamin Hammond, of Beacon, N. Y., was to have spoken oin "School Garden and Welfare Work," but was unable to be present. An interesting report of the Experimental work conducted at the Dominion Experi- ntntai Farm, Ottawa, and the best flowers grown there, was given by Mr. W. T. Ma- coun, the Dominion Hoiticulturist. The aim of the Experimental Farm has been to learn by experiment and experience what are the best varieties of hardy ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and the best ways of growing them. The in- troduction of many species suitable for the colder sections of Canada has been the re- sult. Many kinds of annuals are grown each year and there are large collections of irises, phloxes, paeonies, cannas, galdioli, geraniums, tulips, narcissi and other kinds of perennial plants which are grown for the purpose of learning their relative mer- its. New greenhouses that have been erect- ed give about 7,500 square feet of glass in which to experiment with tender plants. One member of the staff, Mr. F. E. Buck, de- Protect Your Fruit BY U8INO WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS It costs UTTLK and PAYS BIG Manufactured by ROSWELL B. WARNER, INWOOD, ONT. Costs You Nothing to try this wonderful new Aladdin kerosene (coal oil) mantle lamp 10 days right in your own home. You don't need to send us a cent in advance, and if you are not perfectly satis- fied, you may return it at our expense. Twice the Light on Half the Oil Recent tests by noted scientists at 14 leadinR Universities, prove the Aladdin gives mora than twice the light and burns less than half as much oil as the best round wick open flame lamps on the market. Thus the Aladdin will pay for itself many times over in oil saved, to say nothing of the increased quantity and quality of pure white light it produces. A style for every need. Over Three iVIiliion people now enjoy the light of the Aladdin and every mail brings hundreds of enthusiastic letters from satisfied users endorsing it as the most wonderful light they have ever seen. Such comments as ' You have solved the prob- lem of rural home lighting"; "I could not think of parting with my Aladdin"; 'The grandest thing on earth": "You could not buy it back at any price"; Beats any light I have_ ever seen"; A. blessing to any household"; It is the acme of perfection"; 'Better than I ever dreamed possible"; "Makes my light look like a tallow dip"; etc., etc., pour into our ofTice everyday. Good Housekeeping Institute, New York, tested and approved the Aladdin. We Will Give $1000 to the person who shows us an oil lamp equal to the Aladdin (details of this Reward Offer given in our circular which will be sent you). Would we dare invite such comparison with all other lights if there were any doubt about the superiority of the Aladdin? Get One FREE We want one user in each locality to advertise and rocomnn-nd the Alatidin. To tlmt prson we have a special introductory offer under wliich one lamp ia Kiv«n free. Just drop us a postal and we will »end you full particulars ahoiit our Kieat 10 Day Wr9» Trial Offer, and tell you how you can get one fra*. THE MANTLE LAMP COMPANY 411 Aladdin Buildins HMtful Md Wmavst. Cm^ Larvfst Krrnnene (Cnal Oft) Mantle Lamp IJon»e in the U'orld, Men With Rigs Make Big Money delivcrin^f Aladdin lamps. No previous experience necessary. One farmer who had never flold anything in his life made over $500.00 in six weeks. Another says: "I disposed of 34 lamps out of 31 calls. No Money Required Jj;'^J;-r,i-'-Ji;"S| get startf-d. A^k f'T our dtsf ril.utor's iOasy-RyKtem- of-Delivery plan quick. U-fore territory is taken. 300 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST December, 1914. WE PAY HIGHEST PRICES FOR RAW JohnHALUM We receive more ship- ment* of Raw Furs than any five houses in Canada HALLAM'S TRAPPERS GUIDE Fre:ich or Englisli HALLAMS TRAPPERS SUPPLY CATALOG (Illustrated) and HALLAM'S RAW FUR QUOTATION worth )5O.I>0 to any Trapper Wilta To-day— Address WE5ELL ANIMAL lBAIT.TRAPS GUN5&C LOWEST ^PRICES LIMITED Desk 385 TORONTO This Beautiful Tea Set PDPp of Bavarian China ritt/LV This beautiful Set contains 40 pieces, i dozen cups, dozen saucers, dozen plate?, 2 cake plates, i cream jug and a dreg bowl. The set is Bavarian China, nicely de- corated and the shapes are the very latest. A large order placed with a local wholesale house enables us to offer these sets to you in return for a very small amount of work on your part and without a cent's expense. II you will send us 8 new yearly subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist at 60c. each, or 5 new two year subscriptions at $1.00 each, we will s6nd you one of these sets at once. This is a wonderful opportunity for you to get a Tea Set FREE. Write us immediately. THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO. PETERBORO, ONT. LTD. votes his whole time to study and experi- ments with ornamental plants. LAWN AND GARDEN COMPETITIONS Prof. H. L. Hutt, formerly of the Guelpb .\Kricultural ColleK*', in presentinjc the re- port of the committee on lawn and garden competitions, took advantage of the occa- sion to announce that he \v;is no long^er connected with the Agricultural CoUege.his resignation having been asked for by the Minister of Agriculture, who had declined to give him a satisfactory reason for his action. Prof. Hutt stated that he had laid the matter before Premier Hearst. The committee in their report described the methods of conducting l;iwn and garden competitions that have been tried by differ- ent horticultural societies in the province, and gave helpful suggestions for the con- duct of such work. Further mention of this work will be published later. Mr. M. L. Lay, of Walkerton, gave a practical and interesting address on the "Culture of .Sweet Peas." An extract from this address is published elsewhere in this issue and the balance of the address will be published later. Mr. Bertrand H. Farr, of Wyomissing, Pa., one of the most successful growers of perennials in the United States, gave a lengthy address in which he dealt with stic- cession of bloom and varieties of paeonies and perennials that have given him the best satisfaction. We expect to publish extracts from this address later. THE APPLE OfR NATIONAL DISH A suggestion contained in the presi- dent's address that the association should endorse the proposal to have the apple se- lected as the national dish of Canada was heartily endorsed by the convention in the form of a motion moved by Mr. W. T. Ma- coun, the Dominion Horticulturist, and sec- onded by H. B. Cowan, President of The Canadian Horticultural .Association. The adoption of this report suggested the idea that steps might be taken also to select a national flower. Several different flowers were suggested and a resolution was car- ried authorizing the directors of the Asso- ciation to consider the advisability of hav- ing the paeony selected as the national flower. The directors were requested to make ar- rangements, if found practical, for conduct- ing excursions of members of the local hor- ticultural societies to the parks of Roches- ter, N.Y., and Ottawa. The members approved of having the .Association affiliate with the National Coun- cil of Women, and Mrs. R. L. Brierton was elected its representative to that Associa- tion. Mr. T. D. Dockray, of Toromto, led in a helpful discussion of the best methods of conducting flower shows. He stated that they were useful for the purpose of stimu- lating an interest in horticulture and in- creasing the membership of societies. The arrangements should be left in the hands of a show committee. Messrs. J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont , J Cavers, Oakville, and Prof. H. Thompson, of Toronto University, were appointed a committee to act in conjunction with an al- ready existing committee appointed by the Canadian Horticultural Association, to take steps to see that a National Plant Registry be established at as early a date as possi- ble. It wa,s suggested that the committee should correspond with the authorities of the Ceintral Experimental Farm to ask that a qiialified member of its staff be appointed to aid the committee in all wavs possible Mr. F. E. Buck, of Ottawa, presented the report of the committee on Names of Vari- eties. The report this year dealt with an- December, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 301- nual plants. The committee aims to have only one name used, tne common t-ngusn name. VVnere tne ootauicai name is com- mon It win De accepted in tne case 01 sucn nowers as phlox, r urtner mentioai ot tius report will oe g-iven later. It was decided to asK. tne Uominiou Gov- ernment to modify us regulations so at> to make it pos,sible tor roses to be imported uy parcels post. Ine following- officers were elected: Pre- sident, J. il. rsennett, Barrie ; nrst vice- president, (j. Vv. iebbs, Urangevule; sec- ona vice-president, Ur. t\ t,. ±>ennetc, St. ihomas; treasurer, C. A. Hesson, bi. Catn- armes ; secretary and editor, J. l^ocKie Wil- son, loronto; nbnorary directors, VV. i. iviacoun, Ottawa ; i'rof. rl. L. Hutt, Guelph ; Vv. u. aurgoyne, St. Catharines; directors, 1- . ii. Jjowden, Hawkesbury ; K. t. Kont, ivingston; Geo. Vickers, iiarrie ; T. D. uocKray, Toronto; jas. Ogilvie, Hamilton; 1 nos. Cottle, Clinton; K. VV. Brooks, iirantford; J. H. McKay, Windsor; Ur. iSothwell, St. 'Ihomas. t An Apple Consumption Campaign R. M. Wiostow, Victoria, B.C. Taking advantage of the stimulus given to thfe apple inaustry by the advertising campaign of the Dominion Government, Calgary, Vancouver, and Victoria institut- ed "Apple Weeks"; Calgary's and Vancou- ver's ran from November 2nd to 7th, and Victoria's during the following week. The British Columbia Markets Commis- sioner reported from Calgary that the Al- bertans rallied to the support of the luscious apple from British Columbia, recognizing that they got full value for their moiney. Prizes were offered for the best window dis- play. In the schools, domestic science classes gave special attention to apple cooking, and the children had an oppor- tunity to compete for prizes. The C.l^.K dining- cars, hotels and restaurants offered their patrons menus of special apple dishes. 1 he British Columbia Department of Agri- culture donated $250 towards the expenses of the campaign. Vancouver took up the "Week" with en- thusiasm, wholesalers and retailers com- bining in an effort to make the week the greatest boost the apple, the British Col- umbia apple in particular, has ever re- ceived. Prizes for windows most attractive- ly dressed were offered, and as in Calgary all hotels put on special apple menus and newspapers filled their columns with mat- ter eulogistic of King Apple. Every sec- tion of British Columbia exhibited at the show held all week at the Vancouver In- dustrial Bureau, which was enlivened by a choir of children singing apple and patri- otic songs. Victoria's apple days were of ,specia-l benefit to the Island growers and consum- ers, and the project was keenly supjxjrtcd by the wholesale and retail trade. The British Columbia Fruit Growers' .Associa- tion, recognizing the great benefit of these "Apple Weeks" to the industry at large, contributed $250 towards the advertising expenses in Vancouver and $100 in Vic- toria. The Okanagan United Growers con- tributed three cents a box on their sales for the campaign, and it is expected that the other growers will fall into line and do the same. A bearing orchard makes annual de- mands upon the soil almost as heavy as a twenty-five bushel crop of wheat, not al- lowing anything for the yearly growth of wood. — E. E. Adams, Leamington, Ont. D 1 M ■ ■ 1 ^ PUREST- CLEAN EST MOST RELIABLE FOR SALE AT BEST DEALERS WRITE FOR CATALOGUE f 1 1 1 M P i i WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER L H J L3 H 3 ^hmJ DOLLY DIMPLES A5BIG A5 A BABY 27 INCHES/ TALL FREE-3DDllies LITTLE GIRLS CAN LOVE THEM TO & ^Last year there were 394 in-patients from 210 places outside of Toronto, and in the past twenty years there have been 7,000 from places in the Province other than Toronto. It costs us $2.34 per patient per day for maintenance. The municipalities pay for patients $1 per patient per day; the Government allows 20 cents per patient per day; so, deducting $1.20 from $2.34, it leaves the Hospital with $1.14 to pay out of subscriptions it receives from the people of Toronto and the Province. The shortage last vear ran to $18,000. Since 1880 about 1,000 cases of club feet, bow legs and knock knees have been treated, and of these 900 had perfect correction. Nearly all these were from different parts of the Pro- vince outside of the city of Toronto. Remember that every year is a war year with the Hospital; every day is a day of battle; every minute the Hospital needs money, not for its own sake, but for the children's sake. The Hospital is the battle-ground where the Armies of Life have grappled with the Hosts of Death, and the life or death of thousands of little children is the issue that is settled in that war. Will you let the Hospital be driven from the field of its battle to save the lives of little children for the lack of money you can give and never miss? Every dollar may prove itself a dreadnought in the battle against death, a flagship in the fleet that fights tor the lives of little children. Remember that the door of the Hos- pital's mercy is the door of hope, and your dollar, kind reader, may be the key that opens the door for some- body's child. > Win you send a dollar, or more If you can. to Douglas Davidson, Secre- tary-Treasurer, or ' J. ROSS ROBERTSON. Chairman of the Board of Trusteei, Toronto. December, 1914 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST fruit, the market house being controlled by the municipality; the fruit must be disposed of by the importers to dealers by direct sale. Locally grown apples are most plentiful in market during January, February and March; hence the advantage of the imported fruit being shipped in time to arrive here before the South African fruit is marketed. Under no consideration is it advisable to send apples or pears to siiipping ports ex- cept in refrigerator cars. There is a good refrigerator service from Cape Town and other South African ports to Johannesburg for fruit shipments, but it is regarded as es- sential to have the fruit landed at Cape Town, the first port of shipment to the in- terior points, as, owing to the hot weather prevailing at the East Coast ports, fruit is liable to deteriorate very quickly. If American firms ship the right class of goods in accordance with these directions and at the time mentioned, importers state that they can be sure of getting better re- sults in this country than in almost any other foreign market. At least twenty- eight thousand boxes of imported apples found a market in JohannesDurg last sea- son, the majority of these being imported from Australia. Pears are usually required in one-half boxes, these having proved to be the most successful sellers. The varieties mostly in demand are Winter-Nellis, Gloutmorseau and Howells. The usual terms granted to purchasers are thirty days. Of all the Australian states. New South Wales and Tasmania only are enforcing legislation with respect to the size of cases in which imiwrted and locally grown fruit is to be sold. While an Act has been passed in Queensland, the regulations have not yet been proclaimed, hence Canadian ap- ples packed in the standard Canadian case can, so far as the 1914 season is concerned, be shipped to that state without restriction. In Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia no state laws have yet been en- acted regulating the size of cases in which apples or other fruit are to be sold. As Sydney is the terminal port of the Cana- dian-Australasian steamers, it is obvious that New South Wales is the principal mar- ket in Australia for Canadian apples land- ed during the months of October to Decem- ber each year. Represeatations were made to the Department of Agriculture of New South Wales that the Canadian apple case, packed with a crown on the top side of the case, contained more fruit than it is, in the ordinary Australian packing, possible to place in the New South Wales case, and request was made for the suspension of the regulations in so far as they affected Can- adian exports until the season of 1915. The reply has been to the effect that the Fruit Cases .'^ct specifically provides that when fruit is sold in a case within New South Wales it shall be of a size, measurement, and capacity specified in the regulations, and, as the Canadian standard apple case does not conform with the regulations, the sale of fruit in such a case cannot legally be permitted. The difference between the two standard cases is as follows : Canadian apple case.. . .10x11x20 ins. inside New South Wales apple case 10x11^x20 ins. inside The New South Wales cases vary in size, but the popular case (as above) has a capa- city of not less than one Imperial bushel, .and its cubic contents are 2,225 inches, or 25 cubic inches larger than the Canadian. As the New South Wales Act came into force on July 1, 1914, it will be necessary for British Columbia exporters of apples and pears for sale im New South Wales to ship fruit in cases of the prescribed s.izes. PINK BEAUTY GLADIOLI i.H the earliest of all. It is a lon^ time till Gladioli bloom outside. You can shorten the time by planting Pink Beauty. It is not in the America class, but it has the "Award of Merit," Haarlern, 1909. "Award of Merit." Amsterdam, 1910. "First Class Certificate." Scottish Horticultural A.S8oeiation. Edinburgh, 1910, "First. Class Certificate." Royal Caledon- ian Hort. Society, 1910. "Certificate," National Gladioli Society, London, 1912. Price $1.00 per 100 Express Collect. In November advertisement "Hulst" should bo "Baron Hnlst." H. P. VAN WAGNER, R.R. No. 5, HAMILTON, Onf. TWO SURE MORTGAGE LIFTERS P»> 11 IVe /lave others . Catalog Free FRIEND" MFG. CO. GASPOBT, N. Y. im- A Fairbanks-Morse Water System can be quickly and easily installed on any farm. It will furnish you with an abundance of running water in the house, stable, creamery or wherever wanted. At the same time it affords you ample pro- tection from fire. Many styles — hand or power operated. Write for Booklet " Fairbanks-Morse Water Systems." Farm Engines Ijcales Tractors Grinders Feed Mills Windmills Pumps Lighting Systems Spraying Outfits The Canadian Fairbanks • Morse Co., Limited MontrsKl Toronto Quebec Ottawa St. John H amiltoa FuWUIwm Cm 1 atliib DtJiDin? till e n t ii I Winnipes Calgary Resina Edmonto« Saskatoon Vancouve* Victori* A CROP- SAVER AND MONEY-MAKER That's what every SPRAMOTOE is to its owner. The outfit shown here is only one of many styles and sizes. It will do all kinds of spraying, whe- ther trees, row crops, potatoes or weed killing. The horse doea all the work and you simply direct the spray. As many as eight nozzles may bo used, and you get 150 lbs. pressure. With this moderate-price outfit, the largest trees can Ik- properly sprayed. We are sole makere of the Spramotor "It isn't a SPBAMOTOH unless we, make it" and have concentrated on spraying outfits only. for the past 20 years. We make HI'llAMC'roue from $6 up to $550, to oiM-rate by hand, horse or gasoline power. The SPKAMOTOH won Canadian Goveriiment Spraying Contest at Grimsby, Ont against eleven other makes. It wins every year in field a"OTS 'crn Pans ADE Pot, the beet best of clay, t superior to lonlder, thus together per- ^e in shipping • NOW- etock of all prompt ehip- PEIOE LIST try Co. ONTARIO t A Packing Demonstrator Owing to the increased demand for box- ed apples, more particularly in the western market, and on account of the inability of most eastern growers to pack boxes with sufficient skill to render them attractive, it was considered expedient by the Dominion Government to appoint an apple packing demonstrator. This appointment was made by Mr. J. A. Ruddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, under whose direc- tion the work of the Fruit Division was at that time carried on. The position was filled by Mr. P. J. Carey, who had been in the employ of the Dairy and Cold Storage Branch for several years as Chief Fruit Inspector. Since then Mr. Carey's services have been much in demand, and he has found ample scope among the growers of Ontario and Eastern Canada for his ability. Ap- plications for Mr. Carey's services, made to Mr. D. Johnson, Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa, will receive prompt attention. Great skill is required in the packing of fruit iin boxes. There are many growers in the east who have never packed fruit in any other package than the barrel, and to these the art of box packing is particularly difficult. Mr. Carey has done much to raise the standard of boxed apples in On- tario, and has also given demonstrations in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces.with the result that many of the more progres- sive growers in eastern Canada are now fairly expert packers. In addition to demonstrations at exhibi- tions and similar meetings, Mr. Carey has visited many packing gangs in the or- chards of Ontario, particularly, and in this way has been able to give first hand as- sistance to many whom he could not reach in any other way. Much instruction work of this nature has been done and as the ciuality of boxed apples shipped from On- tario is increasing every year to meet the growing demands, there is every likeli- hood that demonstration wotk in apple packing will continue to effect excellent results. It is a mistake to think that men capable of running a large business, like a coopera- tive fruit growers' association, successfully are plentiful. They are scarce. It is a mis- take to underpay them. They should be given a remuneration that satisfies them, and their work will be better. If their work is not satisfactory they should be dismissed but if it is satisfactory there shoiuld be no haggling over remuneration. — D. Johnson, Canadian Fruit Commissioner. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection, Hundredi of varieties adap- ted tor the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue BARTLETT PRUNING TOOLS are designed on scientific principles, made of the highest grade materials and sold on their merits. We make a complete line, fn- cludlngour JOINTED TREE TRIMJWER, and will be glad to send catalogue and booklet on pruning upon request. No. 18, Pruning Saw Price $1.75 No. 777, Two Hand Pruner 26-in. Ash Handles, S2.00 Your dealer can supply yo If he does not. mall money ordei to us and we will ship prepaid. No. 18 BARTLETT MFG. CO. No. 77 7 4 Boydell Building DETROIT, JMichigan GPEENHOUSES OF "THE WOOD ETERNAL" LOUISIANA RED CYPRESS DURABILITY AND STRENGTH GREENHOUSE SASH 8L BARS Plans and Estimates upon request BATTS LIMITED 365 PACIFIC AVENUE WEST TORONTO '^ -. I FR' tc fit be de ai 4C V iiii!; fllil I. m lillliiiiliiiliiii ■liPi iiiitiili* ill: iliil ! iiii itiliiiiiiiilliiiii!!!^ :i :!iit"" WM iii' iiiiiili :iliii||i||i|: ^^iiiii ^iiil^