^ TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. also like sowed cane, which I think makes an ex- cellent feed for young colts in winter." J. L. Dodge writes : "Regarding feeding, I be- lieve that too much is worse than too little. You seldom see a sick hungry man. If your colt doesn't thrive and you increase his feed and he improves you know the reason. If he gets sick and you in- crease his feed and he gets w'orse, what do you do? Over-feeding causes nearly all the sickness. One big strong colt eats no more than some runts. It's what they digest, not what they eat, that does them good. Too much rich food makes too much expensive manure and heavy doctor bills. Feed the colts all the good oats and timothy they will eat up clean, and see that they get exercise enough to warrant such feeding. Reduce the feed when sick or not exercising. Don't feed rich food at any time. During the time of strenuous work, feed crushed oats, but don't practice this. Fletcheriz- ing w^ould leave us no stomachs at all in a few generations and concentrated foods do only for emergencies." Ben White writes: "I think the most important thing of all is the feeding of the weanling, and no man could improve on what Roy Miller says in regard to feeding youngsters. I like a few car- rots three times a week to feed to colts. They will drive worms from a colt and keep their bowels in good shape." THE WEANLING COLT. 23 The attendants should handle the colts carefully so as to inspire confidence and friendship. The colt should be groomed daily in order to improve its coat and to break it to the use of the currycomb and brush. Halter-Breaking. After the colt has become accustomed to a stall, the next thing is to halter-break it. The horse- man who advised tying the colt in stall, with a rope around girth, makes this suggestion : "The first day the colt is weaned and after it has stood in the stall for awhile, the rope should be taken oft and a plain leather strap substituted. Bring the dam out. Let the colt go up to her, then have an assistant lead the mare away. Then lead the colt after her, until the colt gets used to being led about. Then take the mare away, without let- ting the colt see you do so, and continue the les- son in leading." Dr. \V. A. Barber writes: "My idea as to the best time to halter-break a colt is the next day after it is foaled. Slip a good fiting halter on the colt and handle it at every opportunity. If you have a boy that loves a horse he will soon have the colt broken to halter as well as to lead at will. From that time the colt will grow up to know what restraint is." Ned AlcCarr, colt man at the Savage Farm, writes : "We halter-break a colt by putting a piece of three-eighths-inch bell cord around it, 24 CARE AM) TKAINIXG OF TKOTTEIiS AND PACERS. the same as a breeching, and then a short piece to run over the back, directly over the flanks, con- necting both sides, to keep it from falling down over the heels ; then the two long pieces are run through the halter ring. The colt breaker takes the halter shank in one hand, and the two ends of the cord in the other, then gently pulls on the halter shank and gives the cord a sharp jerk. The colt will generally make a jump forward, and in some cases attempt to kick, but it takes, as a rule, only one lesson for the colt to grasp the idea that with a pull of the halter shank it will also re- ceive a jerk on the cord, so that after a few les- sons it will obey and lead on the first pull of the shank." Frank E. Alley of Roseburg, Ore., uses this same method to break his colts to halter ex- cept he is careful to give "an equal pull on the halter rope and the rope which goes around the colt. Give a steady pull and the colt will always step forward to get away from the pressure be- hind." 'T have always considered that I knew some- thing about breaking colts, but my superintend- ent, Mr. McDonald, showed me a new wrinkle in bitting a colt, which is the finest thing I have ever seen. He uses the ordinary bitting rig, consist- ing of a surcingle, back band (with a ring on either side), crupper attachment, plain, open bridle without check, and a soft leather bit with a leather guard at either side of the rnouth. Th^ THE wr:ANr-ixci colt. 25 colt is led out into the yard or paddock and a short strap attached to the bit on one side and tied through one ring on the back band, tight enough to draw the colt's head around to one side. The colt is then turned loose and allowed to wander where it will. As the head is turned to one side, the colt will continue to go in a circle and cannot run. After a few minutes the strap is changed to the other side, and in a very few lessons the colt is perfectly bridle-wise. An important advan- tage of this method is that you can go up to the colt at any time, for it is impossible for the colt to get away from you, and the colt will learn the purpose of the bit without inflicting any dam- age whatever." This method of breaking is cer- tainly a success with ]\Ir. Alley, for he furnishes us a picture of four weanlings in motion, hitched four-in-hand to a light cart, and all well-behaved. Leading Beside Pony. You will now have to decide whether you are going to break your colt to lead beside a pony, or not. Authorities are at variance on the subject. One man will say it "makes speed," another "it is harmful," w^hile still another will take the middle ground and say "it does not make speed, it is not harmful, and it will add to a colt's value if it passes through a sale ring, or if you wish to show it to advantage to a possible purchaser." Even among those who break their colts to lead beside 2r. CARE AND TRATXINC OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. a pony, there is some difference of opinion as to when this should be done. One prominent colt man advises breaking the colt in this manner with- in a day or two after weaning. He says the advantage of breaking beside a pony the next day after weaning is : the colt will be lonesome and will follow the pony naturally. Start the lesson in a yard with an assistant to go behind the colt till it is used to leading. The leading should be done every day till the colt is well broken. If the colt handler is not an expert in leading colts beside a pony, give only a few lessons in this direction, as the colts will get to side pulling and will learn other vices. If the handler is expert in this direc- tion, the colt's leading may be increased, with an occasional brush at nearly the limit of its speed, but do not overdo it. Let the colt have his head and trot as naturally as possible. O. H. Sholes is one who does not believe in breaking a colt to lead beside a pony. He says: ''It is time thrown away. It is eft'ort in the wrong direction. We drive horses in races, we do not lead them. It does not add to their value, but diminishes their worth. It costs money to make speed beside a pony and you have to do it all over again when the time comes for driving. I don't think a colt should be taught to follow." Roy Miller writes : 'T am not in favor of lead- ing colts, never was, and I don't believe I ever will be ; however, a great many of our very best colt TUK WKANLIXr; rOLT. 27 trainers are advocates of this method, and as you say, if carefully done, and within reason, by some one that understands his business, good results can be expected." Booting. Xow comes the disputed question of when to boot a colt. One colt man writes: "Before being led at any speed the colt should be fitted with a few boots for protection against injury. Put on shin boots in front and behind, quarter boots in front and scalpers behind. If the colt has not been shod, then in place of scalpers use a small rubber bell-boot behind. In booting remember that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. If the little fellow once hits himself he is apt to lose confidence. It is better to put on too many boots than too few. When the colt is turned in paddock, put on front shin and quarter boots." Another man writes : ''Don't get too anxious to put on boots. \\'hen a colt gets sick because it has scalped a little, then it is time to inject a little new blood into your great stable. When you see marks on your colt's feet, call them to the atten- tion of your blacksmith, or write the shoeing editor of The Horseman. The chances are the angle of the foot is wrong." Xed ]\IcCarr says: 'T never put boots on colts or shoe them until they are perfectly broken and ready to be trained for speed. This idea of boot- ing and shoeing a colt, that is not perfectly broken, ^S CAKE AND TRAININC; OF TKOTTEKS AND PACERS. is, to my mind, a bad one, as they cannot hurt themselves if they are not shod, and the boots are a decided hindrance to freedom of action, and are apt to give a wrong idea as to how the colt is gaited. I prefer to train them in the afternoon, turning them out in the morning and then handling them after they are brought in. In this way they are not apt to be so frisky and consequently be- have far better, and there is less danger of their being injured." While the colt is receiving its lesson (which is usually in the morning), have its stall cleaned and bedded and a little hay thrown in for it to nibble at on its return. Let the colt stay in the stall about an hour, or until it is entirely cooled ofif, and then turn it out in a paddock for a few hours. The colt's feet will need attention. One horse- man's advice is : ''Keep hoofs rasped to proper angle and level once a month." Some authorities insist the colt's feet should be cleaned with a foot pick every morning, others object to using a pick, but agree that the feet should be handled. The preponderance of opin- ion is with the former method. Nature requires a certain amount of moisture in the foot, and if colts stand on dry ground, some horsemen advise packing the feet, at least three times a week, with some kind of hoof dressing. Some use clay, while others object to it, because it draws out the nat- THE WEANLINO COLT. 29 ural oils. One horseman says: "Cut out the oil meal packing, as it was discarded with the 149i methods. I prefer clay." A packing recommended by a well-known horseman is old-process oil meal and water mixed to the consistency of bread dough, with any good indisfectant added to pre- vent souring. This packing supplies moisture and oil and prevents thrush. Other horsemen object strenuously to packing of any kind on colts. One horseman writes: "Don't pack the colts' feet. If you can't think of anything else to do, sit down and smoke. If you don't smoke, play with the dog" Another horseman writes: "Outside of the feet being kept properly trimmed and kept clean, we do not use any packing or hoof dressing until after they are shod. Nature provides for this and a foot will keep in a good, healthy and soft condition, without any artificial methods, until the hoof is shod. Then it is time to provide the necessary moisture, that the shoeing takes away." Bitting. A prominent colt man writes: "I bit all my colts with a halter, using a double snap, with one snap in the halter ring and the other in the bit. This can be used for half an hour in the morning and evening. After the colt has become used to the bit, then by all means use a bitting harness, first for twenty minutes to half an hour morning and evening, and. after a few days a little longer, 30 CAKP] AND TK.MNINCJ OF TKOTTERS AND PACERS. and it isn't a bad idea to turn a colt out in a pad- dock for a half an hour with it on." Joseph L. Serrill writes: "I think looking after the colt's teeth a very important thing. If a colt fights the bit much, look at his mouth, and you will probably find a sharp tooth has cut his cheek, which is very sore." Ground Breaking. The colt is now ready to be ground-broken, that is, broken to harness. Get a harness that will fit it properly and put it on carefully and slowly. Let the colt stand in the stable with the harness on a short time each day till accustomed to it. Then the colt should be driven in the barn. Have two men at first, one to lead the colt, the other to hold the reins. One horseman objects to the preceding sentence. "Don't have two men to handle a poor little colt. A fifteen-year-old boy can give a colt its first lessons, or one man can, if he is fearless and not too heavy in the arms and doesn't make a sled of his feet." Teach the purpose of reins, that is, to turn in either direction, or to back. It is im- portant to teach the colt the command "whoa." and to stand still, especially when tied to a hitch- ing post. Be careful in harnessing not to check your colt too high. Many colts are unbalanced by checking too high. Ned McCarr describes his method of ground- breaking: "After our colts are broken to lead, a harness is applied. Care is taken to see that it THE WKAXLIN(; COLT. 31 fits snug, especially the bit, which is a leather cov- ered one. One attendant leads the colt and an- other takes up the lines and drives it. We do not have to repeat this performance very oftrn, as the colts can be driven alone, after a few lays, depending naturally on the headway made." Joe Heather writes : "After colts are thorough- ly gentle I slip a harness on them, using a com- mon slip-noose halter, with a long lead, and com- mence to break them to drive, using the halter to control them. This avoids bruising and hurting their mouths which are very tender at this time. I do not need any attendant to help me drive them the first time or two as some others have suggest- ed, as they don't work together all the time, mak- ing more or less confusion with the colts, irritat- ing them unnecessarily and so on. I have never tried to drive a colt under this plan that withm thirty minutes I could not drive him almost any- where I wanted to go. Of course this depends on his having been properly handled by the man at the barn. After he is well ground-broken and thor- oughly bridle-wise, there are very few that will give any trouble when hitched to a light cart." One colt man writes: "I hitch my colts to the lightest kind of a low-wheel rubber-tire cart. With an attendant to lead them a short distance, and the driver up, they are started off, and, as a rule, they go on and pay no attention to the rig at all." 32 CAKE AND TKAIMXCi Ol' TUOTTEUS AND I'ACEKS. Before hitching" the colt to cart, some horsemen run two light poles through the shaft holders and let the colt become used to feeling them along his sides. If this is done, they claim it is not neces- sary to hitch the colt to a heavy breaking cart. This advice is objected to by one colt man, who says : ''Don't run poles through the shaft holders. Don't play dog with the colt." Another expert writes : "Cut out the poles, as we are, at this day and date, breaking intelligent horses, and the broncho methods don't go. Any colt that is prop- erly ground-broken, and has been driven for three weeks, at the age of a weanling, will be ready to hitch to the lightest bike cart that is made." ]\lany good colt breakers object to the use of a very heavy cart, preferring a lighter one from which the driver can descend quickly and easily. On the other hand, one man says: "Don't think about a cart you can get out of quickly, but one you can stay in easily. If you are a coward and too good to die, give up breaking colts. They know when you are afraid and will show you a fast time." Charles Marvin, in his book, w^rote against the use of carts, and advised a skeleton wagon, but later in life he told A. L. Thomas he had changed his mind and given up the use of the skeleton wagon. Hitching to Cart. The colt is now ready to be hitched up and driven. Take an assistant along, as his help will be required in cases of accident, An objection is THE WEANLING COLT. 33 raised to this by a horseman, who writes: "Don't take an assistant along. It is no time for visiting. If you are afraid of the colt, let your wife drive it the first few times." Some colt breakers prefer to hitch the colt alongside an older and well broken horse for its first few lessons, but this method is somewhat antiquated and little used. Some advise carrying a whip from the first, so that the colt will become used to one, but do not be in too great a hurry to use it. An objector to this advice says: "Don't carry a whip the first few times. The colt doesn't need whipping.'' Be careful about pulling on the lines so as not to make the colt a "puller.' One prominent trainer, in the early lessons, always uses a rope halter under the bridle, with the rope extending back to the seat of the cart and ahvays pulls the colt to a stop with this, and even guides to certain extent with it. Another trainer says : "Don't be afraid of the bridle making pullers. It's the driver who does that." Do not break a colt before a crowd of specta- tors. Do not lose your temper. Do not pull the colt over backwards. Dr. J. C. McCoy says : "The way to begin breaking a colt is to ahvays have the same man harness it and the colt won't be scared. Let the one who hitches the colt drive it around with the harness on for al:out a week and be sure not to hurt its mouth. After the week is up, hitch the colt to a cart and walk it for another week. Never :M (.'AUK AM) TKAIM.NC; OF TUOTTKKS AM) I'ACERS. going faster than a walk, if possible. When this has been done, the colt is ready for anything, and he will soon show whether he is of any account or not. Above everything, in breaking the colt, don't use any check for about a month." With the exception of leading beside a pony nothing has been said in this chapter about "mak- ing speed," as that will be treated in the next installment. Shoeing. We have purposely reserved for the closing par- agraphs of this chapter the subject of shoeing, as authorities differ as to just when the colt should be shod. Some have gone so far as to suggest light front shoes on colts in pasture late in the summer, but this is a theory and seldom, if ever, practiced. Others shoe shortly after weaning, or just before leading beside a pony, especially when the soil is sandy. Others do not shoe until the spring of a colt's yearling form. This subject is treated exhaustively in chapter 4 by Dr. Seiter. The natural gaited colts will need only light shoes for protection. Double gaited colts require heavier shoes at first, but the weight should be gradually reduced, if possible. In applying weight some horsemen object to the use of toe weights, unless sure a colt needs them, and prefer heavy shoes. Toe weights have their uses, they claim, but sometimes get a colt to hitting his elbows. On the other hand, Roy Miller THE WEANLING COLT writes: "I consider toe weights one of the most important inventions made to assist trainers in the training of horses of all ages, and especially colts. It is safe to estimate, I should think, that fully 90 per cent of the progressive trainers of to- day use toe weights. A heel weight (or loaded heel boot) is just as essential for some colts, and has been used with a great deal of success here at Lexington, for the past half-dozen years." We notice that on two of his colts (General French and Princess Xelda ) 'Mv. Miller used a two ounce toe weight on the left foot and a three ounce weight on the right foot. In cases of defective gait, a colt handler must use his own judgment or consult an experienced farrier. It is just as necessary to have the advice of an experienced farrier in cases of defective gait, as it is to call a veterinarian when a colt is sick. The colt's feet should be trimmed regularly. Finally, remember, in the words of Charles Marvin: "There is nothing more senseless and injurious than punishing a horse or a colt for not doing what he does not understand you want him to do." CAKE AND TKAIMNG OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Chapter 3 — "Making Speed" with Yearlings. RAINERS are not agreed on when to commence with a coU to "make speed." Some train- ers do considerable speed work in the fall, right after breaking, but the majority wait till the spring of a colt's yearling form. In these articles we are assuming that a colt is being trained for the futurities. In the last chapter our colt had been broken to drive. After breaking the colt should be jogged until it is accustomed to all strange sights and ex- periences. This jogging does not call for any speed. But sooner or later the time comes for speed ivork, or "making speed." The old way was to drive a colt for a certain distance, say half a mile, at a slow gait, and on each succeeding occasion drive him a little faster. This system is still in use but has been superseded to a great degree by the "brush" system as introduced by Gov. Leland Stanford and made popular by the success of the colts trained at Palo Alto Farm by Charles Mar- vin. Alarvin is often credited with having intro- duced the brush system of training but in his book he tells us that it was in use when he be- came connected with the famous California estab- lishment. MAKING SPEED WITH YEARLINGS. 37 Before proceeding with an explanation of the brush system, the opportunity here presents itself to mention a few hints about the hitching and driving of a colt for speed work. Pulling. "Xo foot, no horse" is an old and true axiom, but ''no mouth, no horse" is just as true. Great care should be exercised not to spoil a colt's mouth. Do not teach a colt to "pull," by "taking too strong a hold'' on the reins. Drive with a light hand. Hold the reins just tight enough to "steady" the colt in his gait and to prevent stum- bling or swerving. (It will be understood that these remarks refer to colts just being broken. An old-time confirmed puller cannot be driven with a loose line, unless one is lucky enough "to break him" of the habit. — Ed.) If you take too strong a hold the colt will "fight the bit," or "lug." or become unbalanced in gait or acquire a bad temper. The habit of pulling is sometimes caused by checking the colt too high. ]\Iany successful trainers do not use a check until the colt has had several weeks of speed work. When the check is put on let it hang a trifle loose at first, adjustment can be made later as experience demands. If the colt starts to pull when you jog him, bring him to a walk. Then start him up again slowly. Re- peat this till he learns to jog without pulling. It is important to teach the colt to trot at uni- ;5S CAUE AND TKAIMXG OF TROTTERS AND I'ACERS. form speed on a lightly held line, when started at a certain gait. An intelligent colt will soon learn this habit. A colt should be taught to respond to the voice, so that when he shows an inclination to "take the bit in his teeth," the driver can "talk him back." As a colt's speed increases a firmer grip on the reins will be necessary to steady him in his gait, and keep him in his stride — but don't pull. It is important for the driver to learn how to "catch" a colt when it makes a break. Marvin wrote: "My plan is to give him a square pull back, and swing him very slightly to one side, giv- ing him a chance to catch in the cross stride." "Catching" is an accomplishment which can be acquired only by practice, certainly not through written advice. Don't lose your temper when a colt leaves its feet, don't jerk nor snatch nor see-saw. It is hardly necessary to advise against teaching a colt to be a "handy breaker.'' This was an old time idea that happily has been practically discarded. Do not allow the colt to learn the side-pulling habit, which may be caused by an uneven hold on the lines, or by poor teeth, or by too large a bit. or by speedy cutting, or by wrong shoeing. If a colt starts to hitch, scalp, or forge, correct the evil be- fore you go on w-ith its speed lessons. As to a whip, don't carry one unless you know how and when to use it. MAKINc; SPEED WITH YEARLINGS. 39 With these preHminary remarks we will pro- ceed to take the yearling to the track for a speed lesson on the brush system ; but first let us warn the driver not to start in speed work until the colt is properly hardened and "legged up" for the coming ordeal. Inasmuch as Marvin was the great exponent of this system we wnll quote his own w'ords : "Colts need practically no jogging, yearlings cer- tainly none whatever. Of course no colt or horse should be worked soon after a meal. You will find the yearling (although a trifle nervous) ready to work as soon as you get him on the track. Start him up at a good, fast jog for about 150 to 20O yards. Then turn slowly, giving him time to get his breath, and let him brush back a little faster. After going about the same distance, stop again, turning slowly, and send him back again, this time carrying him right up to his clip at some point of the brush, preferably near the end of it. In all his work, especially when the brushes are sharp, be careful to let him get his wind at each turn, and after this sharp brush that I have just described give him a little longer to breathe than you did before. Now straighten him out and brush him up the stretch again about the same distance, going up to his clip about the last of it, and that will be enough work for that day. "Take him in where no cold draft can blow on him, and take off the harness and boots. Give him a swal- low or two of water, rub him off lightly, and let the boy walk him a little, then put him in his box and leave him undisturbed, so that he can lay down, as a colt youngster will, and rest. "As I have said, young colts require little jogging and no sweating or scraping. Young animals do not take on fat internally like matured ones, and there is in fact no superfluous flesh in this rapidly growing period. The colt requires not to be reduced, but rather to be made stouter and stronger. Physicing, sweating and scraping are just the things no colt can CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. take and thrive. It stops his growth and muscular development to strip him of his tiesh, for the growing body, the maturing muscle and bone, need that nour- ishment which is only afforded in a condition of marked thriftiness. Only in this condition will the colt be in good fettle and spirit, and capable of taking his work with relish and being benefited by it. It therefore behooves the trainer to watch constantly that the colt does not go back in condition, for this loss of condition may be at first almost impercept- ible. It is all the better if the colt carries a fair de- gree of flesh, which will not be of the soft kind with the work here prescribed. Keep him in good, vig- orous condition, so that he will perspire freely with work, but leave heavy blankets, hoods, sweating and scraping alone. "The first day's training in harness should be ad- hered to without any increase for the first ten days or so. From four to six brushes will be sufficient at first, but in say, two weeks, it can be increased a lit- tle. Don't increase the length of the brushes, but the number and speed of them, but this increase must be slow and gradual, according to the size and capacity of the colt, and the relish he shows for the work. "It is a good plan to let the colt up for two or three days, every three or four weeks, for a run out and a rest. This will freshen him up, and these breaks in the monotony will, if he is not overdone or harshly worked be an effective preventive of track sickness and staleness. After each little let up he will go to work again with more keenness and vim. Barring these rests, the colt's work will go on every day — Sundays excepted — presuming that he has been kept well and right. When he is two years old he will take more work, but not a greatly increased distance. I am not prepared to say that the length of the brush should ever be increased to over a quarter of a mile. We are now, mark you, working our colt for speed. You will, no doubt, inquire how a horse can trot a race without being worked mile heats. You cannot cut much of a figure in a race without speed, and, after you have developed speed sufficient to go a\vay from home with, it will be time enough to condition him to carry it. You must have the speed before you MAKINc; SPEED WITH YEARLINGS. 41 can win races. It is of no use to condition your horse to go mile heats, if you haven't first got the speed to beat somebody else. You will see, then, that the Palo Alto system proceeds on the logic of the author of the recipe already quoted for cooking the hare: First catch your hare. We aim to first de- velop the speed, and after that to condition the horse to carry it. The merit of this system of training in short, sharp brushes lies in the fact that it is the quickest and most effective way of at once toning up and hardening the muscles, and bringing out a high rate of speed — of teaching the colt to trot fast." ^Marvin's book was published in 1890. We have always considered it unfortunate that he did not publish a revised edition before his death, be- cause he changed a number of his methods before his death. However, he never discarded the brush system explained above. Marvin's book was widely read — especially by owners, who tried U V^-Ss along their absorbed knowledge to their trainers, with sometimes laugh- able results, so that the term "]\Iarvin-book- trained-owners" became quite common. As time flew by ^larvin's book and other contemporaneous works became out-of-date. There was a call for a modern treatise on the subject of training trot- ters, which we are endeavoring to fill by the pub- lication of this book. By combining the ideas of practically all of the various authorities on the subject, we hope to escape the criticism which has been heaped on past efifort. Special care should be taken at this period of a colt's life to see that it has plenty of water. 42 CAKE AM) THAIXINC; OK TUOTTEKS AND PACERS, Fix a hoop in the corner of his stall so that the water bucket may be kept at all times in reach of the colt. Naturally, you will not allow him to drink much after a work-out until he is cooled off. While it is not wise to load a jolt up with boots, he should have enough for protection. You will doubtless have discovered, during the first lessons to cart, what boots he will need. Be especially careful the colt doesn't speedy-cut otherwise he will get to going "sideways" and in an otherwise bad-gaited manner. Do not put the boots on too tight, but as snug as possible, without interfering with circulation. Of course, ihe boots should be cleaned each time after they are used. If, in breaking, the colt has not been taught to stand still, while being hitched or unhitched, you had better complete that neglected part of his education before doing much speed work. In unhitching be sure everything is loose before backing the cart away. Horsemen disagree about when to start ban- daging a colt. One collaborator writes: "After speeding or jogging a colt I always apply leg wash, then wrap the legs in cotton and put on a set of bandages. After the colt is thoroughly cooled out, the l)andages should be removed and the legs brushed out and given a good hand rubbing of about fifteen minutes to each leg. MAKi.N(; sri;i:i) with vi:aui.i.\(;s. 43 Brush the colt off and then put him away in cotton. Be sure and pack his feet, for they are growing and developing and need plenty of moisture. The bandages should be changed again in the evening and legs given a good, hard rubbing." ''As to blanketing," one horseman writes, "the guy at the wheel is supposed to know when to blanket. I always put on a blanket and hood on cold, windy days. Never allow a direct draft to hit the cnlt wlien he is in a heated con- dition." We have now given the essential features of speed work. The subject might be extended in- definitely, but further details would make our re- marks too cumbersome. As Charles Valentine very expressively set forth : "This thing of be- ing able to find out in a book how to break, shoe, train and feed a colt is all a frost. As you know, you can't handle all colts alike. The first thing owners should do with a colt ready for speed de- velopment is to send it to a first class trainer." The man who wants to win a futurity, and who can aft"ord it, should either hire a good trainer, or send his colt to one. But if an owner cannot aft'ord this, or if he is one who owns colts for the pleasure of training them himself, he must carefully study what others have done and apply the knowledge gained to his own colts to the best 44 TAKE AM) TRAINING OF TKOTTKKS AND I'ACERS. of his ability. He must never do anything with a colt unless he knows why he is doing it. One of our collaborators suggests that this chapter include a short story of the methods of training some of the famous yearlings of both the present and past. We are glad to accept this suggestion, and find our work lessened by refer- ence to Roland Drake's article in the 191 2 Christ- mas number of "The Horseman." Airdale, 2:153^ Airdale, i, 2:15^, the world's champion year- ling trotter, was foaled in April, 191 1. Before he was weaned he had learned to eat grain and was halter-broken. In October, 191 1, he was broken to harness, and after twelve hitchings or less was turned out for the winter. He was in training (at Lexington, Ky.) where this could be done. Incidentally, without any efiforc to "search" the colt, he stepped an eighth in 25 seconds. About March i, 1912, Airdale was taken up and shod and jogged on the road for a month ; then sent to the track for training. He was brushed every other good day, for a short distance, to make speed. On June 25 he was driven a half in I :i2^ and a quarter in 135, and turned out for a month. After his short vacation he was taken up, and after another month's training was driven his first full mile in 2 150, about Aug. 25. In the next two weeks he was given three miles better than 2:40, the fastest in 2:28>^. In the mean- MAKING SPEED WITH YEARLINGS. 45 time, he had been a half in i 107 ;<; and a quarter in 33 seconds. On September 18 he was started for a record, and trotted in 2 :20. A few days later he trotted in 2:41, then 2:27. On Sept. 30 he was driven a mile in 2 :2i^, last half in i :o6^, last quarter in :2,2ji. The next day he was given slow jog work, and the following day (Oct. 2) started publicly to beat 2 :20, and trotted a mile in 2:15^, breaking all yearling trotting records. This was the last of his fast work for ihe year. He was kept up and jogged for a while and let down gradually. Airdale was broken as a wean- ling and trained and driven as a yearling by Hunter C. Moody, who uses the system explained above on almost all of the colts he trains. He does not favor leading colts beside of, or ahead of, a pony. Peter Volo, 2:19. Peter Volo, i, 2:19, thar was the champion yearling trotter for about six weeks, and second onlv to Airdale, was foaled April 25, 191 1. He was weaned about October i, and halter broken and led beside a pony. The usual custom at the farm where he was foaled is for colts to be ground broken shortly after January i, but not hitched in shafts until about Alarch i, when they are driven through the fields barefooted. But in the case of Peter Volo it was expected to sell him at auction in May, so he was not ground broken, but trained beside a pony in the spring. He went 46 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND IMAGERS. to the sale, but was bid in and returned to the farm. He was hitched to a cart for the hrst time about Alay 15. He was practically broken the first time he was hitched. The third time in har- ness he was hooked to a bike cart and trotted a quarter in 40 seconds. Before long he trotted a quarter in 36 seconds. Note that he was broken to drive about seven months after Airdale, but soon stepped a faster quarter than Airdale had trotted at the same time. About July i Peter Volo was driven a mile in 2 :33. In tw^o weeks he trotted in 2:26^, and a few^ days later in 2:23^. On August 16 he was started to beat 2'3oj4> and trotted in 2:19, lowering the world's yearling record, held by Miss Stokes, by one-quar- ter of a second. Later he w^as driven a half in I :o6, with the last quarter in 31^ seconds. Peter Volo was trained and driven by Ed Willis, who was also responsible for ^liss Stoke='.. Hester C, 2:2i><, was foaled in the spring of 191 1. She was weaned and halter broken in the fall, then harnessed and driven ahead of a pony, not to make speed, but to teach her how^ to behave in harness ; then she was turned out, without being hitched, shod or booted. About April i, 1912, she was hitched to a cart and jogged without shoes until ready for speed work. She was given full miles in training, not driven any extremelv fast quarters or halves, as her trainer (Henry Williams) believed thev take too much out of a MAKING SrEED WITH YEARLINGS. 47 colt. She took Iier record at Lexini^ton on Octo- ber II, 1912. Wickliffe Curry, who has given records to more vearHngs than anyone except Moody, halter breaks as soon as colts are weaned, then has them shod and leads them beside a pony. He boots his colts for protection. After being led a few times, he ground-breaks them, and later on, dur- ing the winter months, they are hitched and broken to drive. The speed making comes in the spring. Stewart Chandler handles his colts in much the same way as Curry. Previous to Peter \^olo, the champion yearling trotter was Miss Stokes, i, 2:igl4, that w^as trained by Ed Willis in his usual manner, as pre- viously outlined. Wilbur Lou, 2:19!/2. Previous to Peter Volo, the champion yearling trotting stallion, was Wilbur Lou 2:19^, devel- oped by the late Frank H. Hollow^ay, of Hemet Stock Farm, Hemet, Calif. Wilbur Lou was weaned and halter-broken in the month of De- cember, 1909. \\'hen he was nicely halter-broken, he was bitted and ground broken for about a month. He was then hitched and driven a few- times, and then turned out. On the 20th of April he was taken up again and driven for several days before being shod with 6 oz. half round shoes in front, and 4 oz. plain shoes behind. The next day he stepped an eighth in 130 yS, two days 4S CARE AND TRAINING O'' TROTTERS AND PACERS. later in 128}^, and two weeks later in :22^ sec- onds. Up to this time he had not been asked to go further than an eighth of a mile, and in working was not turned around, but kept on going the same way of the track. For the next two weeks, he was repeated quarters every other day. He made speed so fast that through the month of June he was worked only once a week. The 25th of June he trotted a quarter in 39}^ seconds, with an eighth in 18 seconds. He was not worked again until the 6th of July, and on through that month was brushed quarters twice a week. July 29th he trotted a quarter in 36><, an eighth in I7>4- August 1st he was worked his first mile in 2:55, l^st quarter in 39 seconds. August 5th, 2:45; August 9th, 2:42^^, last quarter in 36^; August I2th, 2:37^, last quarter in 36. On August 1 6th he was brushed quarters, one in 3S/i^ ^^^^^ one-eighth in 17^4; August 20th, mile in 2:50; August 25th, mile in 2:40^; Sept. ist, mile in 2 130^/^ ; Sept. 8th, mile in 2:28^; Sept. I2th, 2:45; Sept. i6th, mile 2:331^; Sept. 19th, mile 2:27%, last quarter in 136. All this work was over the farm half mile track. The last mile was 6^ seconds faster than the world's half-mile-track yearling trotting record made the same year by Benear. This concluded his work at home, as he was shipped to Phoenix, Arizona, where he got his record. His first workout on a mile track was in 2:24^^. A few days later. MAKIXC Sl'EKD WITH YEARLINGS. 49 on Nov. 8th, he trotted a pubhc mile in 2:23, eqiiaHng Adbell's record. Three days later he trotted in 2:19^/^, with the quarters in :34>>4, :2>4Hy -36 and :35. The same system was used on Harry R. (i) 2:243^ and Hemet, p., (3) 2:o8j4. Adbell, 2:23. Previous to Miss Stokes, the world's champion yeariing was Adbell, 2:23, that took his record at San Jose, Calif., Sept. 27, 1894, driven by Walter Maben, although his speed was developed by John S. Phippen. We know little about the method in which his speed was made. His first start was on Aug. 17, when he won a dash on a bad day and on a slow track in 2:28, a new record for a yearling colt in a race. On Aug. 27, in another dash, he won in 2 :26, further reducing the year- ling race record, and also the yearling stallion record of Athadon, 2:27. On Sept. 27 he trotted a mile against time in 2 :2^, quarters in 136, 136. ■35H^ ;35M- Previous to Adbell, the champion yearling trot- ting stallions were Athadon, 2 :2'/, driven by Mart Dwyer at Stockton, Calif., Xov. 28, 1891, and Freedom, 2:2934, driven by John A. Goldsmith at Xapa. Calif., Oct. 18, 1890. Previous to Adbell, the champion yearling trot- ters, without regard to sex, were : Pansy Mc- Gregor, 2:23^, driven by O. M. Keets at Hor- ton, Kas., Xov. 18, 1893; Frou Frou, 2:25^a, 5U CAKE AND TRAINING OF TUOTTEKS AND I'ACERS. driven by Millard Sanders, at Stockton, Calif., Nov. 28, 1891 ; Bell Bird, 2:26j4, driven bv Charles Marvin, at Stockton, Calif., Oct. 21, 1891; then Freedom, 2:29^, already mentioned, the first yearling to trot in 2:30. Marvin's Three Champions. Charles Marvin, the great colt trainer of his day, drove three yearling champions to their rec- ords: Hinda Rose, 2:36;^ (1881), Norlaine, 2:3i>^ (1887) and Bell Bird, 2 :26>^ (1891). We quote from Marvin's book, which describes the training of Norlaine. With less than a month's preparation, she reduced the world's rec- ord for her age 4J4 seconds : "From the day that Hinda Rose made her record of 2:361/2 in 1881 there was no yearling produced in America to threaten that record until the season of 1887, and as long as it was not menaced we made no effort to improve it. But a surprise came from Kentucky in ihe year last mentioned, when the deeds of Sudie D. made her famous. * * * George Bowerman started her at Lexington, October 15th, and she went the mile in 2:35^. When the news arrived that the Palo Alto yearling record had been eclipsed we at once set to work to bring the honor back. The time was short, and we had to pick a good one of our youngsters and push development at high pressure. The most forward of our yearlings was the filly Norlaine, by Norval (present record 2:17^), out of Elaine, 2:20— the fast mare by Mes- senger Duroc, out of Green Mountain Maid, whose history I have already given. She was a rather dull brown in color, a trifle pony-built in some respects, but with a long, low-set body, short sloping hip of the pacing formation, and low at the withers. Her legs and feet were of the best quality, and she had a level head. Norlaine was not impressive in ap- MAKING. SPEED WITH YEARLINGS. 51 pearance until you saw her go. She was always fast from her first lesson on the miniature track, and I began working her in April, but gave her only the easiest of work, as the intention was not to start her until she was two years old. But Sudie D.'s brilliant performance in October changed all this, and I then began training the filly in earnest, work- ing her twice a day. In doing this, of course, I took chances of injuring her, and, indeed, of breaking her down. Had we begun earlier, she could have been given more work, and could have been developed to a higher point, with little or no risk, but we never allow such considerations to stand in the way when the supremacy of Palo Alto in colt records is at stake. The filly took her hard work with relish, and improved under it until November 12th, when we felt that she was equal to the task of plucking the fresh laurels from Sudie D.'s brow. The trial was made at the Bay District track. San Francisco, and she trotted the mile in 2:31^4. a yearling record that has a good chance to last as long as Hinda Rose's. The time by quarters was :39, :36. :38. •.3Sy2." We will quote also from ^Marvin's description of Hinda Rose's training: "Hinda Rosa was our first youngster that earned fame at the early period of yearling form. She was foaled Februarv 22. 1880, and is a brown mare, by Electioneer, out of Beautiful Bells. 2:29^. * * * She was well broken early, and in her yearling form T began working her. Her serious training began July 5. 1881; T had now gotten well into the Palo Alto system of training, and could work the new fanglcd ideas pretty skillfully. She was worked on the method described in chapters further on. until November 5th, the date of her first public perform- (Note. — The reader will note a reference to the training paddock svstem used at Palo Alto Farm. This was an improvement over the ordinary paddock. Corners were rounded off, so that when colts were chased around they would not trot up into a corner and stop. Later two covered tracks were constructed, one 313 feet in circumference, the other 5^6 feet around. After the colts were thoroughly halter broken they were turned into these tracks and chased about to develop their speed. The Palo Alto miniature track system had ouite a vogue, as did the other old-time plan of hitching a colt in double harness by the side of an older horse, but both methods have practically gone out of use.) 52 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. ance. The yearling record was then 2:56^, and at the Bay District Track a set of harness was offered to_ yearlings to trot against this record. The first trial was made by the filly Pride, by Buccaneer, owned by Count Valensin, and driven by John Gold- smith, who has since handled Guy Wilkes, Sable Wilkes and other horses so successfully for Mr. Corbitt. Pride made the mile in 2:44^. I then drove Hinda Rose and she went from wire to wire in 2:433^. On the 24th we gave her another trail, when she went in 2:36^, and this stood as the yearling record until 1888, when it was lowered successfully by the Kentucky filly, Sudie D., and our lost Palo Alto star, Norlaine." Half-Mile Track Yearlings. Edna the Great, 2:2934, former champion year- ling trotter on a half-mile track, was trained and driven by Dr. W. A. Barber, a dentist of Spring- field, Ohio, who finds recreation in horses. The following is his own story : "Edna proved to be a bear-cat to subdue, be- ing unbroken when I bought her early in her yearling form. We found it necessary to pad her stall with baled straw, in order that she would not do injury to herself in her attempts to get away from her tor- mentors. Halter breaking and bitting required all of April and a portion of May before we hitched her. She was a broncho when we hitched her. The brush system was not used, as she had all the speed on tap that was necessary. She was low in flesh and gentle exercise was all that we aimed to give her for the next few weeks. She was hitched daily for a couple of weeks at a time, then a run in the paddock for a few days and she began to take on flesh. With an abundance of feed, plenty of grass and a tonic to tone up her system, we started in to give her a mile every morning, very slow at first, with a brush home, gradually increasing the distance that she was stepped at speed until we were going a pretty fair quarter in almost every workout, keeping always in mind not to ask her for more than she could do well within herself, never at any time did I carry MAKING Sl'KED WITH YEARLINGS. her to the extreme limit of her effort, or to the point of exhaustion. The chief thing in the training of Edna the Great was to be able to say 'whoa' often enough, as she had ambition enough to try to beat any horse on the track. It was not very long before she began to go miles. A mile around three minutes seemed a romp for her, and she was given a mile every morning that we had favorable weather con- ditions, with a brush at the end of the mile. A little later in her work we began to take her down to the eighth pole at a good, stiff clip, then ease her up to within a short distance of the wire and let her step a short distance at the end of the mile. "She was worked very early in the morning in order that she w^ould have a light rub and then walked through the dewy grass and allowed to have a good lunch of grass; and made an effort to have her legs well bathed in the cool dew each morning when it was at all possible. She never had a bandage on, and her legs or her general physical condition would not indicate that she had ever worn harness. "She was gradually dropped down in her work to the 2:40 mark and beat that notch upon two oc- casions prior to her record mile. One mile was in 2:33^, with the last half in 1:10. On the 29th day of August, at the Columbus, O., State Fair Grounds, upon a track that was exceedingly slow due to rainy weather, she was sent against the record of 2:34^ made by Benear at Goshen, N. Y., with the result well known to all that love the American trotter. "Her shoeing and rigging was of the simplest kind; in front she wore a 4^-oz. shoe, no toe weight at any time, with a short toe, and behind she wore a shoe as light as could be made to afford sufficient protection to her feet. "Her harness was plain, breast collar, blind bridle with a nose band attached to a standing martingale, and carried her head level with her body. Her boots were the lightest that I could procure and she never showed any marks on them." The next cliampion yearling trotter over a half-mile track was U. Forbes. Despite a sticky track and high wind he trotted a mile in 2:213/^, 54 CARE AND TUAIMNC OK TKOTTEKS AM) TACEKS. driven by Hunter C. Moody, at Louisville, Ky., September ly, 191 3. The colt was sent away slow, first eighth in 119^. The next eighth was in 17 seconds, making the quarter in :36^. The next quarter was in '.2)?)^,/i (a 2:13 gait), making the half in 1:10. The next quarter was in 135^ and home in :36. Ail dale, 2:15% (in 1912). World's Champion Yearling Trotter. i'Ki;i'Ai;i\<; ii>k iwo-vkak old ftttkities. Chapter IV — Preparing for Two-year-old Futurities. E HA\E written of the care and training of the cok from the day it is foaled till the time when it is desired to "make speed." We assumed that the speed-making was to he done in the colt's yearling form — we have even shown how colts are worked for yearling records. If it is not desired to make speed in a yearling, this part of the colt's education may be postponed a year or two, at the owner's option, but even if colt is not to be raced tmtil its aged form it is desirable to "make speed" while it is young and impressionable, for the colt will be easier to train later. This chapter is to be devoted to preparing two-year-olds for the futuri- ties. By this we do not mean to advise that all two-year-olds be prepared with that purpose in view, but in case it is desired to train a tw^o-year- old this chapter will be found to contain valuable hints from noted trainers. In many cases the two-year-old that is to be trained for the futurities will have been running out during the winter, especially in southern clim- ates. Some trainers, of whom J. B. Chandler is one, do not believe that colts that are to be trained for the tw^o-vear-old futurities should be turned 56 CAUK AND TRAINING OF TKOTTEUS AND PACERS. out at all, but should be kept up all winter, and carefully fed, perhaps jogged a little, and occasion- ally turned out in a paddock. Even if turned out in the fall, it is advisable to take the colt up early (some advise January i) so that it will be- come well-muscled and hardened in flesh before the spring speed-work commences. Almost every trainer has a different way of working colts, some give no jog work at all (only brushing), some jog a great deal, and others com- bine or alternate jogging and brushing. We will illustrate the various methods by citing specific cases. One prominent horseman, who usually trains in the South and who is too modest to allow the use of his name, writes : ''We begin as early as possi- ble and jog and brush our two-year-olds, begin- ning with two mile jogs which include two or three brushes of % mile. These jogs are gradually in- creased in length and speed until we are jogging four miles and brushing quarters. Then we begin working miles around 3 :30 three times a week, dropping down two seconds a week until we are going miles in 2 140, when we begin repeating. Now we work miles in 3 :oo and another one in the same time. We gradually reduce the time of both miles according to how the colts progress. We do not work three heat repeats until about two weeks before we expect to race, and not at all if we do not expect to start." PREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 57 J. B. Chandler writes: "I do not believe in jog work for two-year-olds. I only brush my colts. When the colt gets so he can brush a quarter in 32 seconds then I commence working miles. I be- lieve in working colts in training a little every good day. I start in miles about as fast as the colt can go without tiring and let the colt drop himself down at successive workouts as he learns to trot. When you have speed enough (a man will have to judge for himself) you can commence working two-heat repeats. I do not believe in three-heat repeats for two-year-olds.'' Amos Whiteley writes: "It is my opinion that two-year-olds should never be prepared for futuri- ties of that age. We bring our two-year-olds along, commencing with them about the ist of April of their two-year-old form, and go right along mannering and jogging them for the first thirty days ; then we commence making speed with them for short distances, say a sixteenth to an eighth of a mile, and keep brushing them for about sixty days. We never give them any full miles where they can step, but we do brush them quar- ters, give them slow miles, stepping them the last quarter. What we want is good three-year-olds, four-year-olds, and five-year-olds, and we do not approve of over-developing them as two-year- olds." Dr. W. A. Barber writes: "I believe in starting- early wnth a two-year-old, say January i, so as to r.S (AKK AM) TUAININC OF TKO'I'IKKS AND TACEltS. harden it up for the brush work later. I believe in jogging every good day, but as to how much of it, that depends on the colt. Many colts take as much work as an aged horse and thrive on it. I begin working heats as soon as weather and track get good in the spring. I work every other day, at first, if colt is strong, starting in with miles from 3 130 to 3 :5o and drop down very gradually. I begin giving slow repeats within 40 days after working a full mile, the first one very slow, the second one the same to past the three-quarters, with a brush home. I never give three-heat re- peats until within a few weeks of first engage- ment." James Benyon writes : "All the colts I have been connected with were worked a little in the fall as a yearling and jogged all winter. In my opinion, a colt should be taken up in its two-year-old form as soon as possible. A colt has everything to learn and the more chance you get to school him or her, the more it is bound to learn. The colt should be jogged every day that is favorable. I never jog a two-year-old over three miles and the next day after working one I usually jog only two miles. We start working them one heat, every other day, from the middle of March, when the weather per- mits. How fast the colt should be worked at first depends entirely on how fast the colt is. We usually go very slow miles and step the last eighth or quarter near its limit, say miles around 3 :oo I'KKPAKINM; I'OK TWO-YEAK-OLl) FUTUUITIKS. 59 to 3 130 to Start on. I would drop a colt from 3 :oo in the latter part of ]\Iarch to 2 130 by the first of May. Commence to repeat colt when you cut down to 2 :30. that is by fore part of May. When we start repeating we usually go the first heat in 2 140 to 2 :45 and second heat in 2 130 to 2 :35. About dropping one down. I can give you my idea from Sweet Alice's work as a two-year-old. She worked in 2:30 about ]\Iay loth, went from there to 2 :2^ by June 5th. Was working her three heat repeats by ^lay 20th. Two heats the forepart of week and three the latter part, altogether five heats a week. She went in 2 -.22 by June 20th, going seven heats a week then, three first of week and four latter part. During Grand Rapids meet she worked in 2:19, at Kalamazoo two heats the same day in 2 :i9>^ and 2 119, at Detroit two miles in 2:173/2 and 2:17, at Cleveland two miles in 2:18 and 2:16^4. Then went to the post the next week at Pittsburgh. This is about all I can tell about working colts. You can seldom work any two colts alike because you seldom see two of the same kind, some want more work and some don't need as much. Some want to be brushed a lot and others need very little brushing." Ed F. Geers writes: "Two-year-old colts shoula be taken up in February, if possible, and jogged two or three miles every day, except Sunday. After the colt is seasoned he should be brushed a little every other day at three-quarter speed. GO CARE AND TUAIXING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. After working him a month or six weeks that way, he could go an easy mile, twice a week, let- ting him move a little strong at the finish. Along in June, after having several of these easy miles, he might be repeated, well within himself, finish- ing a little strong through the stretch. Drop him down a couple of seconds every week. Three or four weeks before his race I would give him three heat repeats to key him up for his race. Care should be taken not to tire the colt ; the main thing is to keep him cheerful. Use an easy bit, handle his mouth gently, and have him drive good and straight on the bit." Roy Miller writes: "A two-year-old should be jogged every clear day, except Sunday, from three to six miles, or enough to keep him quiet. After four or six weeks commence giving him slow miles every other day, with a skip, depending on a colt's spirits and his ability to take work. I would train him from then on just as I did Justice Brooke. Enclosed find a summary of his work." (This will be presented later.) Charles A. Valentine writes: "There are no two colts that can be trained alike. It would be impossible for any man to tell you how to train colts. There are a few general rules — colts should be broken when they are eight months old and have nice big paddocks with plenty of grass and plenty of good oats and then have a competent trainer, who will train them according to what PREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 61 they can stand. Aly way of handling colts, after I break them, is to keep them going from that time on, according to their condition. Xo two can be trained exactly alike." Budd Doble writes: "I have had but very little experience in handling colts, having devoted most of my time to aged horses. However, in my judg- ment, you should commence w^th the two-year-old as early as possible. As to how far and often to jog, and when to speed, etc., depends very much on the colt, and has to be done entirely on judg- ment. Hardly any two will need the same training." Jos. L. Serrill writes: "I start in November of a colt's yearling form to prepare him for the two- year-old futurities and jog him every clear week day from three to five miles. I start working heats, twice a week, as soon as the weather per- mits. I work quite a lot of miles at first in 3 :30. then drop down two to three seconds. \'ery soon after I get the colt down two or three seconds a week. After I get him down to 3:15 I work re- peats and after 2:50, three heat repeats." O. H. Sholes writes : ''Nowadays we expect a ten-year-old finished race horse at two years of age, so time is the most essential thing ; therefore commence as soon as the colt is born and keep busy, teach it something every day. Ask yourself every day what you have taught the colt that day. The most necessary things are speed, manners, and G'2 CAKK AND TUAIXING OV TIJOTTKKS AND rACEl{f>. condition. Teach it manners first and then speed, then more manners, and then more speed. The condition is easy, it will usually come itself. To make manners, be gentle and kind, and not always too firm. Treat the colt as you would your son, if he cracks a joke laugh at it. It will be your turn to crack a joke next. To make speed,- never let a colt know how fast he can go. Drive him his best often, but don't let him know it. The way to do this is by letting it step fast for an eighth or a sixteenth; speak to it, tap it with the whip, and let it go for fifty to one hundred feet, and take it right back to the clip it was going before it makes a break. I don't believe in making speed by forc- ing to a break, as many do. Don't let the colt make a hop or a skip. If it does, and continues, take him to the blacksmith. Have perfect bal- ance and a perfect gait. Boot him for protection only and if he should hit himself, don't wait for him to wear his boots out (thinking there are more where yours came from) but take colt to the smith. When you think he can step an eighth in the spring in sixteen seconds, take out your watch on him and if he steps an eighth in twenty or twenty- three seconds he is a good colt. When you hear of a colt stepping an eighth in sixteen seconds the fourth time it was hitched it is usually a lie or they lost track of his workouts. Such talk is misleading to the new trainer and to the owner. Along in June I would work colt two repeats, l'i{i:rAi;iN(; jok rwo-vKAit-oLi) FrTrurriKs. 63 about twice a week for a few weeks, say at 2 140 to 3 :oo, and then go back to short brushes through July and get more brush. In August the w'ork would be quite severe, say 2 140 down to about 2 :20. The week before his race I would work him to step one mile in 2 :i4 and then I w'ould be ready to beat Lord Allen in 2 :ii. If the colt came out of his first race sound, I would expect him to race well the next week, and then I w^ould not be great- ly disappointed if he trained off. ]\Iany of them do, and you must expect it. Possibly I would get another good race out of him later. Condition is like an ax, once you lose the edge it is hard to get back. ^Manners in shipping is a big help. Many race horses work good at home, but as soon as loaded on the cars, the stuff is oft'. Anna Axme 2:o8'4, the futurity winner of 1912, w^ould lay down on the cars and snore w'hile they were running. She was at home wherever I was. The futurities should be w^on by men with only one colt, as they have more time to educate it than we fellows do who have a great many. I think all colts should be worked and raced in bandages. I do not believe in working a two-year-old three repeats." Harold M. Childs writes: "A colt to be trained with a view of starting in the tw'o-year-old fu- turities should, in the first place, have natural speed and be good headed and good gaited. I think also that they should have enough work as (J4 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. yearlings to thoroughly manner them and de- velop and grow them. They should commence jogging about February i and, when the footing is good, should be jogged fast, right up to their gait. I do not jog over two miles at first, and never over three miles later. There is nothing so harmful to a colt as slow jogging over a long distance. They get thoroughly tired and sick of the game and learn all the bad habits in the cata- logue. As soon as there is a track in the spring they should be worked the Gov. Stanford (Palo Alto) brush system, working them a little every day, except Sunday, and being very careful to not do too much with them any one day. After a month of this kind of work they can be worked two heats of the brush work, every other day, jogging two to three miles the day between or, what is still better, be turned in a nice grass pad- dock the day between the repeats. I will say here, that the failures I have seen in the use of the brush system have been because trainers make too much use of their colts. They think because they are using the brush system, that they must keep their colts right up on their toes all the time, and they go too far with them, not stop- ping to consider the distance they have been. If they would stop and figure the quarters they have been, it would often be from a mile and a half to two miles at speed. This would soon make a colt stale and tired of the game. After three or PREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 65 four weeks of the repeat work at the brush sys- tem they can then be given two repeats every other day. Start them at 2 150 and drop them down three or four seconds a week, letting them step the last eighth within themselves, but up close to their speed limit. Gradually increase the brush at the finish of the miles until they can step the last quarter fast, then, later on, increase the fast brush to a half mile and so on, in the same manner as you would prepare an old horse for a race. I think colts should be worked some every other day. or three times a week, but after they can brush a fast quarter or half, the fast work should be limited to about once a week, going the other two workouts of that w^eek say in 2 140 and 2 :35 each day, letting them step the last part of the last heat up near the limit. When you get your colt to within a month of a race he should have three heats, once each week, letting him step the last one within five seconds of when you think he will have to go, provided he can do it well within himself." \y. H. Smollinger writes: "It seems to me that the trainers should be able to give more practical information than those who, like myself, can only speak from the experience gained by observation. And yet, taking into consideration that you can count, almost on the fingers of one hand, the trainers that have been successful with colts, and that their methods are as manv and varied as the 86 CAKE AND TKAIXING OF TKOTTERS AND PACERS. religious denominations, it is doubtful if even they can lay down any hard and fast rules which will be of value. I apprehend that it all depends on the hand and temperament of the driver and on the colt to be trained. Some years ago I was very much interested in colt training, and took advantage of every opportunity to observe and to question the successful colt trainers. Only one, a Kentuckian, who had a large measure of suc- cess with colts, gave anything like an answer to my question 'What is the best way to train colts?' 'Train 'em like aged horses, sir,' he said. In answer to my inquiry if such a method did not produce lameness he replied *Yes, sir, but it don't hurt 'em.' As there seems to be so many good ways to train colts, any method adopted, if it happens to be suited to the colt, is like the old lady's opinion of the doctrine of total depravity — *a good thing if well lived up to.' J apprehend it is after all a question of training the colt to make what he lacks. If it is true, as I believe, that, ow- ing to our advance in breeding, 'speed is born with the foal' more frequently every year, it may be that the mile on mile system, with a good stiff brush at the end, will now produce more useful colts than the brush system. Every farm seems to have an abundance of speed. We seem to have found or stumbled onto a way to produce speed. Useful speed is now what we want. For that reason I think the colt should be in harness all PREPARING B^OR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 67 winter every day to develo-p manners and muscle, if he is to be trained for the futurities. ^Manners and individuahty, I believe, will mean more every year. In conclusion I am forced to admit that I know nothing practical about the matter." Peter Vole, 2:04/2. The present champion two-year-old trotter is Peter A^olo, 2:04^, that trotted faster than any three-year-old trotter or pacer or any four-year- old trotter up to his time. After Peter \'olo had made his yearling record, he was let down for the winter and sent back to Patchen Wilkes Farm. On January 9 of his two-year-old form he was shipped to Thomas ^^'. ]^lurphy at Poughkeepsie. X. Y. He was carried along slowly. At Grand Rapids, the week before his start in The Horse- man Futurity, Murphy worked him a mile in 2:i2->4. last half in i :05, last quarter in -.^1^4, and back in 2:13^4, last half in 1:04^4, last quarter in \^i^2. The following Tuesday saw his first futurity. Adbella Watts led to the three-quarters in the phenomenal time of i :35-V4. Peter \'olo then moved up from trailing and carried her to a break and won by five lengths, pulled up, in 2 :c<), a new world's trotting record for his age and sex. In the second heat Murphy began to drive from the word "go." doubtless hoping to reduce the world's record of 2:o7^)4» held by Native Belle. He was at the three-quarters in i-35^- -"^t the head of the stretch, when about 68 CAKE AND TRAINING OF THOTTKHS AND TACEKS. 15 lengths in the lead, he went to a break on a wet spot where the sprinkler had turned in the track. He soon caught and won by ten lengths in 2:10^. Peter Volo's next start was in the Horse Breeder Futurity at Salem on August 20. On account of heavy track Murphy made no effort to step a fast mile. In the first heat, while Peter Volo was leading in the stretch, Airdale came up very fast. IMurphy sat still, thinking he had the heat won, but Airdale was coming faster than Murphy judged and, before he realized it. he had lost the heat in 2:15^. Peter Volo won the next two heats easily in 2:12^ and 2:143^, although he made a break in the first turn in the second heat. The next start was in The Horse Review Futurity at Columbus, O., on September 25. Peter Volo showed slightly lame in warming up (some hidden trouble in front). He won both heats off in front in 2 :o6j4 and 2 107, although Alma Forbes or Lady Wanetka was after him all the way. The last start of the year was in the Kentucky Futurity. In the first heat Lucile Spier led to the three-eights but made a break, and from there on Peter Volo was never headed, win- ning in 2:09^4- Lady Wanetka made him trot the last quarter in 31 M seconds and the two went under the wire, a half length apart, in better than a two minute gait. In the second heat Peter \'olo went out for a record and was never headed in 2:04^, although Lady Wanetka moved up along- PREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 69 side him at the three-quarters in i :^t,. Peter \'olo was given very little fast work between races. Native Belle, 2:0734. The champion two-year-old filly is Xative Belle 2 :o7% that took her record in the second heat of the Kentucky Futurity on Oct. 6, 1909, at Lexington, Ky., driven by Thomas W. Murphy. She was perhaps the most wonderful two-year old that had then shown. She reduced by three full seconds the mark of Arion, against time, that had stood for 18 years. She was born great because she was not broken till April, only six months previous to her great performance. She had showm fast beside a pony the previous winter, however. Murphy went slow^ in her training at first, so as not to spoil her, yet by the last of July he worked her a mile in 2 123. About Sept. 15 she was worked in 2:1434, last half in i :04^. The next week she was w^orked in 2\i^y^. The following week she started in her first futurity and won in 2:13% and 2:1214, equaling, in the last heat, the tw^o-year-old trotting race record of her day. She stepped the final quarter of this heat, against a wind, in 31% seconds. In the Kentucky Futurity she won the first heat in 2:1234 and was then sent for a w^orld's record in the second heat. She made the quarters in :33, 131, :3i (middle half in 1:02) and 13224. 70 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Arion, 2:1034. The previous two-year-old record, as has been mentioned, was held by Arion. His mile was in 2:10%, made to high-wheels (no ball-bearings) against time, on Nov. 10, 1891, over the Stockton, Calif., kite-shaped track, driven by Charles Mar- vin. Samuel Gamble once wrote that Arion fin- ished this mile strong, while Palo Alto and Stam- boul finished theirs, over the same track, "like drunken sailors." Gamble timed Arion in a race an eighth in 14^ seconds and three-eighths in \j[y. Arion wore a peculiar six-ounce shoe in front, when he made his two-year-old record. On the inside from the middle of the toe to half way down the side, the shoe was wider and heavier than elsewhere. Marvin was of the opinion that this side-weight shoe kept Arion from brushing his knees and arms. Incidentally Arion wore al- most all the boots in the catalogue in this record performance, except elbow boots. The quarter time of the record mile as reported in "The Horseman," was :33J'^, 31 (the fastest quarter on the track), :33,^/^, '•Z'^Va (this quarter was slightly up hill). Justice Brooke, 2:09!/2. The first two-year-old trotting colt to lower Arion's record, was Justice Brooke, 2:09^, that took his record October 5, 1910, as did Native Belle, in the second heat of a winning Kentucky Futurity. He was a PREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 71 late foal (June 2). He was broken in the fall of his yearling form by Dromore Farm Su- perintendent, A. B. Scott. On March i of his two-year-old form he was turned over to Roy Miller, who then began his duties as farm trainer. He was jogged on the road till March 25. Then he was brushed on the covered speedway at the farm, in connection with road work until April 10. The next day he was given his first mile over the farm half mile track. The diary of his work- outs (and a diary is a good thing to keep on all colts) and races is kindly furnished us by Mr. Miller. April 11—3:40, 3:20, quarter In :44. April 14—3:28, 2:59M;, quarter in :43. May 4 — (Rainy weather, jogged) — Slow mile and repeat. May 7—3:10. 2:55. 2:56. May 10—2:56, 2:4Syo. quarter In :38V>. May 13— 2:52^,. 2:48yo, 2:42y2, quarter in :38. May 17—2:58, 2:45y2. May 20—2:54 (rain). May 24 — Brushed in soeedway (rain). May 27—2:50, 2:43%,' 2:45. May 31 — Brushed in speedway (rain). June 4—2:30, 3:10. 2:43. June 9—2:56. 2:46. 2:40Vo, quarter In :37y2. June 13— 2:.52, 2:45, 2:42. June 15—2:59, 2:51%. June 17—2:46. 2:35V2. 2:35%. quarter in :37. June 23 — Shipped to mile track at Detroit. June 28—2:51, 2:36, 2:34y., quarter In :35. June 30— 2:46y2, 2:36%. 2:28%, half 1:13%, quarter :3K. July 6 — 2:49. 2:35, 2:25y2, quarter in :35%. July 11—2:47%. 2:36^.. July 14—2:47, 2:34. 2:29Mi. 2:26%, half 1:09%, quarter :33%. July 18—2:47, 2:33. July 20— 2:45yo, 2:30. 2:20yo. quarter In :33ya. July 23—2:48, 2:34. 2:36. July 26—2:49, 2:36, 2:34%. quarter in :34. July 28—2:45. 2:30. 2:21. 2:18%, half 1:08%, quartor :33. August 1—2:47. 2:32. quarter in :34. August 4— 2:44y2, 2:34, 2:23 (half 1:08. quarter :33). 2:24. August 5 — Shipped to Goshen. N. Y. Rain. August 12—2:55, 2:40. 2:26, 2:28%, half l:liy2. Aueust 14—2:48, 2:33. 2:24^,^. August IS— First start won in 2:??%, 2:26%. August 22—2:48. 2:35^^. 2;34yo. August 25 — Shipped to Detroit. August 29— 2:47yn, 2:.34%, 2:28%. quarter in :34%. CARE AND TKAIXIXG OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. September 1—8:45%, 2:33, 2:20, 2:23, half l:07y2, quarter :31%. September 7— (Rain between)— 2:43, 2:30, 2:20, 2:15%, ^4 in :33V4- September 10 — 2:49, 2:34%. September 13—2:40, 2:2Sy2, 2:161/. (i/o, 1:041^; %, :31%), 2:151/2. September 17—2:50. 2:37. September 19— Second start won In 2:27%, 2:22i4. September 21 — Shipped to Columbus. Ohio. September 23-2:42, 2:29, 2:21, 2:19y2, quarter in iSOVa, September 24— Third start. 1-2-2 in 2:14%, 2:09%, 2:lli/2. September 30 — Shipped to Lexington (delayed in shipping). Octi ber 3— 2:43. 2:28i/o. quarter in :35y2. October 5— Fourth start, won in 2:liy2, 2:09 1/2. October 10— 2:4iy2. 2:271/.. October 13—2:45, 2:401/.. October 17 — Shipped home. October 19 — Shoes off and retired for season. Shoes weighed 5% ounces forward, 3 ounces behind. Axtell, 2:23. The two-year-old training of Axtell, a cham- pion two-year-old trotting stallion, on both mile and half-mile tracks, was rather peculiar, and will doubtless be of interest. He was driven to a record of 2:23 at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 8, 1888, by C. W. Williams. The following is an excerpt from Mr. Williams' own story from the Christ- mas number of "The Horseman" in 1889: "Some time between March 1st and 15th he was taken up and Jogged from four to six miles a day. It will be hard for any one to believe that he could be made to eat the amount of feed given him during March and April: as, think of a two-year-old being fed live quarts of oats, two of bran, two of carrots, and three or four e-.'TS of corn, ihree times a day. and all the coarse feed he would eat. This is not exaggerated in the least. As the weather became warmer he was fed less, but could not. at this time, trot a quarter in less than a minute, while I am informed Sunol could, at that time, go the same distance in thirty-five seconds. Up to this time I had driven Axtell but a few times, but as the man that had been jogging him was sent to Michigan with some mares, I took him to work. At first I wa.s not pleased with the way he drove, as he was stubborn, and wanted to have his own way a little too much to suit me. "After driving him two or three times I became disgusted, and one day struck him rather sharply with the whip. He squared away and went straight far enough and fast enough to convince me he would make a trotter if I developed him as I should. Up to this time I had never worked a colt that could trot in 3:00, did not know how others worked their colts, and the only thing for me to do was to use what little common sense nature had given me. "I had for years been quite a pedestrian, practicing a great deal for pastime, and the exercise. I knew b.v experience how long it took to get the muscles i» condition for hard work, and how sore and lame it made me after any great effort, be the distance ever so short, and this after I had supposed I was in condition for this kind of work. I also knew to have great speed for a short distance It was necessary to cultivate the muscles for such efforts, and the rREPARING FOR TWO-YEAR-OLD FUTURITIES. 73 oi)]y way this could be done was to make these great efforts every two or three days, but not too often. I also knew by experience tliat it was necessary for me to consume plenty of muscle-making rood. In fact, I had learned how to condition myself for this kind of work and husv to take care of myself after a great effort. "After considerable thought I decided to work Axtell as I developed myself and see what the result would be. His road-work was continued, with an occasional brush where the footing was good, and every time I started him up he could go faster than he ever had before. About the 20th of May he was hitched to the sulky for the first time and taken to the track. Up to this time I had no oppor- tunity of knowing how fast he could go, but the first time he was moved to harness I found he could go an eighth in less than 0:20. That was not very fast, still it showed a big improvement over the sfeed he had shown in the fall. "Being pleased with the colt. I was determined to do the best I could with him. He only saw the track about two days in a week, the other days (he was never harnessed on Sunday) being set aside for jogging on the road for eight or ten miles in an hour. He was driven without a check and always in an open bridle. The days he was given track-work I jogged him about three miles the wrong way of the track, then turned and went the right way about two miles, and started him up from two to four times in that distance. I would drive him about thirty or forty rods at speed, then jog him a short distance before asking him for another burst of speed. After I thought him in condition I drove him in these brushes about as fast as he could go. "During all this time he was fed large quantities of grain and all the hay and grass he would eat. About the middle of July he was asked to go his first half-mile and did it handily in 1 :15. Ten days from that time he covered the same distance in 1:12. About August 1st he was driven a easy mile in 2:3Si'o, the first one he had ever gone. In this mile he was brushed four or five times, and the rest of the time only moved along at about a 3:00 gait. This mile was about as fast as he was driven in his work in his two-year-old form, and on August 9th he started at Keokuk. Iowa, in his first race. All of the other starters were three-year-olds. In the third heat, over a poor half-mile track, he distanced the field in 2:31%, and the next morning Axtell's name appeared in the daily papers for the first time. Since that time none has appeared as often." CAKE AND TRAINING OF TUOTTEHS AND PACERS. Chapter V — Three-year-olds. HE training of three-year-olds does not differ greatly from that of the younger colts except, witii added age, most youngsters re- quire more work. It has been thought advisable to devote a separate chapter to the three- year-olds, as such a division admits of a more care- ful study of several prominent colts of that age. whose training will be of interest to the reader. If a colt has been trained as a yearling, or as a two-year-old, its training as a three-year-old will be along the lines previously written of, but ex- tended as, in the opinion of the trainer, best suits the individual case. If a colt has not been previously trained ; and the owner desires to race the colt as a three-year- old, it will be necessary to proceed with early training, as previously set forth for colts of a younger age, except that the education and train- ing will have to be rushed and crowded into a shorter space of time. To save repetition of advice we will assume that the colt has been previously trained — raced as a two-vear-old if vou wish. THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 75 In the late fall of its two-year-old form, the trainer must decide whether the colt is to be turned out. Some horsemen turn two-year-olds out from Xovember i to February i and then commence jogging, while others prefer to jog the colt all winter — each owner or trainer must de- cide this point for himself. The jogging will consist of from three to six miles a day (trainers' opinions differ) except Sun- day. As the jogging progresses a little brushing may be indulged in, at the end of the jog, if de- sired. About April ist the trainer should begin to work colts for speed. Some drivers start with a full mile in about three minutes, others start with half-mile heats and gradually increase the distance till a mile is reached. Each succeeding work day the colt is asked to go a little faster mile, but the drop must be gradual, and, if the colt gets to going rough or bad-gaited, the fault should be corrected, if possible, before much more is done, unless the colt be one that improves in gait as he improves in speed. The dropping down has to be done as the trainer thinks best. W. O. Foote says : "The more speed a colt shows at this time the less fast work I give him.'' This is good ad- vice, for many colts are made speed crazy .by dropping them too fast. In some families the colts come to their speed more quickly than oth- ers, and, as a consequence, careless trainers have militated against the success of such families, by 7G CAKE AM) TJ{AI.\IXG OI' TKO T'lKUS AND PACERS. ruining colts. In addition to working miles, it is assumed that those who believe in the brush sys- tem will make speed with it as described before. After the colt has been worked mile heats, and from two weeks to two months later (according to individual judgment, location, or weather), the colt should be worked two heat repeats. Later, say from two to four weeks (by this time it will be May or June) three heat repeats are in order. Still later most trainers work four heats, includ- ing the ''opener," but very few go beyond that, as most futurities are decided under the 2 in 3, or three-heat system. In midsummer, if it is ex- pected to start in the Kentucky Futurity (a 3 in 5 event) it may be thought advisable to work five heats. It is important that a colt be worked in com- pany as much as possible and taught to trail, also to come out from behind and race beside another horse without trying to rush past. Experience Not Always a Criterion. It would be useless to go into the minor de- tails of training and working colts. No set rules can be laid down. If the colt shows considerable speed he will doubtless be placed in the hands of an experienced trainer. Experience even is not alwavs a teacher. Take, for instance, the ca^e of Don Chenault and Etawah in 19 13. j)on Chenault won the Review futuritv at Columbus. THKKE-YEAK-OLDS. T7 defeating Etawah. Two weeks later Etawah turned tables on him. There are many features of interest in both races, and about what took place between and afterwards. At Columbus Don Chenault defeated Etawah by an eyelash the first heat. The second and final heat w^as easily won by Don Chenault, after an early break had put Etawah out of the contest. After this race Don Chenault was worked very little. Two weeks later he started in the Kentucky Futurity and won the first heat, off in front all the way. In the second heat he seemed very rank, made two breaks and finished seventh. In the third heat he became practically unmanageable and was dis- tanced for running. Don Chenault's driver at- tributed his defeat in the Kentucky Futurity to the fact that the colt had not been worked enough between the two races. He points to the fact that after the Kentucky Futurity the colt was given a stiff" workout and, six days after his de- feat, won the Championship stake in two straight heats. As Etawah was not a starter in this last race it cannot be brought into comparison with the other two. Etawah, that had been defeated at Columbus on September 24, participated in a race against aged horses on October 4 and trotted five hard heats, finishing 5. 3. i, i, 2 in 2:o8y\, 2:iO;/4, 2:10, 2:095^, 2:13, and then was drawn, as he was becoming exhausted, and the Kentucky classic was in mind. In the Kentuckv Futuritv 78 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Etawah was a sorry looking spectacle. After Don Qienault had won a heat in 2:05^, and Peter Johnston one in 2:08^, Etawah was the freshest horse in the race and won the next three heats handily in 2:08^)4^ 2:10, and 2:12. The driver of Etawah, who had been criticised for giving his colt so much work between futurities (the same people criticised the driver of Don Chenault for not doing the same thing!) is of the opinion that the hard work between the two futurities put Etawah "on edge," as the saying goes, for the big race. Others believe that Etawah won on his gameness and would have won without such harsh treatment. A.nd so we say, even experi- ence is not an indisputed criterion for training colts. Henry M. Jones writes : "Three-year-olds should be taken up not later than February i and jogged five to six miles a day, except Sun- day. One should start to work heats not later than April i, starting with miles every other day in three minutes and dropping down. If colt has shown speed in its two-year-old form it can be dropped down to 2 145 in two weeks. I brush an eighth away from the wire and an eighth home. In two weeks from the time of working heats the colt should be given two heat repeats, and from two to four weeks later three heat repeats, first mile in 2 '.40, last two in 2 135 or 2 130, with first and last quarters in 35 seconds. When the THREE-YEAR-OLDS. colt has been dropped down to 2 :2o, brush it to the half in one heat and then home from the half in the other fast heat, but rating the slow half so both miles will be practically the same. Finally the colt may be worked four heats, the first an opener, the second mediumly fast, and the last two the fastest but in about the same notch. Never allow the colt to slow up immediately after passing the wire. I trained Waverly, p., 2 104 >4 ( which I drove a quarter in 28 seconds as a three- year-old), Maggie Winder (3, p.), 2:o6>^, and Fleeta Americus (3), p., 2 :09>^, in this manner." W. O. Foote, who trains in Texas, writes : "The colt should be taken up the fall or winter before he is three years old and jogged three to five miles a day, Sunday excepted. In March start working half mile heats and gradually in- crease to a mile. The time of these heats depends on speed shown. The more speed a colt shows, the less fast work it should have. No two colts are alike, so cannot give any advice about drop- ping them down. Two heat repeats may com- mence in April in a warm climate, then three heats in May. Four heats are plenty. A very important thing in educating colts is their shoeing and balancing. Unless this is done carefully and correctly it will be almost impossible to win a futurity. Colts should be shod as lightly as pos- sible, and, as a rule, with as short feet as possible. The balancing of a colt depends 80 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TKOTTEKS AND PACEKS. largely on the proper angle of his feet. He should also be taught to go on as light a line as possible, but, of course, all will not do this. Colts should be taught to trail other horses and work beside them without wanting to rush by as fast as to cause them to break or trot themselves out before the end of a mile. Colts do better with an occasional let up of a week or ten days and jogged every day or turned in a paddock to exercise them- selves. I never work my colts miles as fast as they will go. Governor Francis' fastest workout as a three-year-old was in 2:1414, yet he trotted in 2:iij4, 2:111/2, 2:1214 — the fastest three heats trotted by a three-year-old stallion until 1913. The Climax's fastest workout as a three-year-old was in 2 :i2^, yet he paced in 2 lO/ in a race." Sam J. Fleming writes : "Futurity prospects should be jogged three to six miles daily all win- ter after two-year-old training or campaigning. Start to work mile in three minutes and drop down slowly to 2 :40. Then 30 to 60 days later start repeating. The trainer will have to use his own judgment from here on. Baroness Virginia (3), 2:0814, was worked in 2:1754 as a two-year- old and could have trotted in 2:15 or better. As a three-year-old she was not worked faster than 2 :26y2, and was raced into condition over the half- mile tracks, beating the half-mile track record for her age. At Indianapolis, in the Western Horseman Futurity, she trotted four heats around THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 2:15. At Columbus the next week ^Murphy worked her in 2:14 and 2:io>4 and won the Stock Farm Futurity around 2:10 three times. At Lex- ington he worked her two heats around 2:15 and then won the Kentucky Futurity. All together she had less than 20 heats better than 2 :2o, in- cluding all her work and races. In my opinion colts need to be kept fresh. They should not have too many miles, but plenty of speed making and conditioning. They will race with this work if game, and if not game no amount of staying- up will get them to Futurity form." Champion Three-Year-Olds. Let us conclude our chapter with a consideration of the champion three-year-olds. The present champion is Peter \^olo, 2 :03>{', trained and driven in his two and three-year-old forms by T. W. Murphy. Previous to Peter A^olo came Colo- rado E., 2:04^, trained and driven by Guss Alacey. The preceding champion was General Watts, 2:0634. trained and driven by ^like Bow- erman. Previous to that was Fantasy, 2:08^, trained and driven by Ed. F. Geers. Pre- vious to that was Sunol, 2:io>^, trained and driven by the late Charles Marion. Previous to that was Axtell, 2:12, bred, owned, trained and driven by C. W. Williams, practically an ama- teur at the time. This takes us back to 1889, beyond which there is little to be learned that 82 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TKOTTEUS AND PACERS. would be of interest or benefit to present-day horsemen. Peter Volo 2:03!/2. Peter Volo was the first trotter to obtain world's champion records at one, two and three years of age. We have previously described his training as a yearling and two-year-old. As a three-year- old he was trained on the brush system at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., along with the rest of Murphy's horses. On July lo, the day before shipping away to the races, Peter Volo was worked a mile in com- pany in 2:14, last quarter in 31 seconds. We do not know what work he received before his first futurity start except that he had been one mile in about 2 :o7^. Peter A'olo's first three-year-old race was The Horseman $10,000 Futurity, decided at Kala- mazoo, Mich., on Aug. 12. Although he was start- ing against five three-year-olds that had already raced around 2 lO/, and had not worked any faster himself, he was a top-heavy favorite in the pools. Peter Volo won in straight heats, time 2:04^4, 2:05^, 2:06^. This was at the time the fastest three heats trotted by a stallion of any age, lower- ing The Harvester's record, although the three- heat stallion record was further reduced later in the season by Etawah. The first heat in the 1914 Horseman Futurity was a wonderful duel. Peter \"olo and Lee Ax- worthv raced to the half in 1:01. The former THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 83 pulled away in the next eighth and then, having the held at his mercy, almost jogged in. Even so he reached the three-quarter pole at a 2 103 gait and, although he only trotted the final quarter at a 2:10 gait, he passed under the wire in 2:04%, equalling the world's three-year-old record of Colorado E, which was made two months later in the season. The next two heats were easier. At Hartford, Sept. 10, over a slow track, Peter Volo won the $5,000 Alatron Stake easily in 2 113^ and 2:17^. He was eligible to the Western Horseman Futurit}- but, owing to a conflict in dates, could not start. At Columbus, Sept. 26, Peter \'olo won the $8,000 Horse Review Futurity in a jog; time 2:07^ and 2:o8}i. The following week, Sept. 30, over the same track, he had another easy vic- tory in the American Horse Breeder $6,000 Fu- turity, time 2:09^ and 2:09^. In the $14,000 Kentucky Futurity, at Lexing- ton. Oct. 6, Peter A'olo sulked a bit and Murphy had to shake him up the first heat to beat Lee Axworthy in 2:0754- The second heat was easier in 2 :o5, while in the third heat the colt seemed entirely thawed out and won off in front in 2:03^, a new world's three-year-old record, and he could have trotted faster. It was intended to step him to his limit the fol- lowing week in the $7,500 Stallion Stake, a 2 in 3 event, but a succession of rainy days necessitated 84 CAKE AND TItAIXIXG OF TKOTTEKS AND PACERS. the declaring off of the program. In the distribu- tion of the purse Peter Volo was awarded first money by consent of the other starters. Peter Volo's winnings as a two and three-year- old totalled $42,546. Thomas W. Murphy, driver of Peter A'olo, is one of the most taciturn and reticent of all reins- men, especially has he been so in recent years when, as the leading money winning driver, he is being constantly bothered with questions from bet- tors looking- for information about the condition of horses he is going to race, but to his friends, when asked about Peter \'olo, he became almost loquacious and would expatiate on the greatness of his three-year-old. "He is the greatest trotter the world has ever seen," Murphy said to the writer, after winning The Horseman Futurity. "Driving him is like running an automobile. If you want him to go fast he will go fast, if you want him to go slow he will go slow. He can change from one speed to another without missing a step. His round fric- tionless action in front is simply marvelous. When I drive him I imagine he is running on a wheel in front that just keeps rolling on and rolling on. You know what most trotters will do while going at a high rate of speed if you attempt to take them back — they will roll and toss and hop and hitch, but I can talk Volo back from a two minute clip to a 2:10 shot without observing the least rough- THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 85 ness in his stride. He will just slow up naturally like a good horse does that has just finished a fast mile. I never felt so safe behind any other horse in my life. He takes just the right hold of the bit. it is a leather one by the way, and does not pull an ounce. I never saw a horse gaited exactly like him. He is almost a line trotter, except for being a trifle wide behind, still he goes straight behind, that is he is not what is called passing gaited. He is even better gaited than last year. He carries less weight, no toes weights, and has narrowed up behind. I wouldn't know where to improve him a particle even if I could do so. He is a perfect horse. Id^e doesn't know a thing but trot. He is a good feeler. a good eater, and one of those kind that doesn't care whether school keeps or not, and game to the core. He is the only trotter I ever had that T didn't have to make speed with. I like to brush my horses occasionally at somewhere near their limit, but I have never dared to do that with Peter \V)lo. He could always trot faster than I wanted him to in any workout. In the spring if I wanted a quarter in 32 seconds he gave it to me. if 1 thought he was ready for one in 31 seconds he was ready too, and so it went." Peter A^olo wore no toe weights at Kalamazoo but a pair were used on him later in the season. As a three-year-old Peter \^olo wore a 9 ounce plain shoe with double crease toe and a 3 ounce toe weight r.nd rubber pads in front and a 4^2 ounce 86 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. swedge shoe with trailing heels behind. The length of his front feet was 3% inches, angle 48 degrees ; length of hind feet 3^ inches, angle 53 degrees. He wore a two-minute harness with traces added, standing martingale, blind bridle, leather bit and plain overdraw check. His front boot equipment was a pair of rubber bell boots, cotton and bandages. Behind he wore shin-and-ankle boots with speedy-cut attachments and scalpers. Colorado E., 2:04^. Colorado E was sensational as a yearling and was driven a quarter at that age in :33>^ by W. W. Evans. This resulted in the colt's sale to Geo. H. Estabrook for $5,000. Colt was then turned over to Guss Macey. As a two-year- old the colt sprung a curb and could not be worked properly, yet in the Kentucky Futurity he was second to the great Native Belle, 2:07^. After the Futurity, Colorado E. was turned out at Lexington. He was taken up December i and shipped to Denver. His jogging began on his arrival in Colorado. He was jogged about four miles a day, except Sunday, until March i, when he was double-headed miles in from 3:15 to 3:00 every other day through March. By April i he had worked a mile in 2 135 and was dropped down about 3 seconds a week. In April Macey began giving him two-heat workouts, twice a week. By May I he had been in about 2 :2o. During this month he was given two heats the first of the THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 87 week and three heats the last of the week. By June I he had been in 2:15. On June 14 al Detroit he worked in 2:11. At Grand Rapids, on July 22, he won easily in 2:12^ and 2:12^4. At Kalamazoo, on July 29, driven by Reamey Macey, young son of Guss, he worked a mile in 2:o6>4 or a half second faster than the world's record, last half in 1:01 >^, third quarter in 30 seconds. At Cleveland he worked in 2 :o7^ and 2 :075/2- At Empire City, in his second start of the year, the Matron Stake, he won easily in 2:o7j4> 2:07^, the fastest tw^o heats trotted by a three-year-old up to that time. At Boston he won the Horse Breeder Futurity pulled up in 2:o6j/^ and 2:07%. At Syracuse he won the Horse World futurity in 2:1314, 2:0814. At Co- lumbus he won the Stock Farm futurity in 2 :o8^ and 2:05 ^4- I" the Kentucky Futurity every- body was out to beat him, and here he suffered his only defeat. In his final start, the Kentucky stake, he won in 2 :ii>4 and 2:04^, a new world's record. His winnings for the year were $19,- 790.25. Colorado E was a large rangy colt, with a sweeping yet frictionless stride, which enabled him to cover ground in a deceiving manner. Colorado E. wore four ounce square toe plain shoes all around, very light close-fitting quarter boots in front, ankle and speedy-cutting boots be- hind, two-minute harness, blind bridle, snaffle bit, and Crabb overcheck bit. SS CAKE AND TltAIXlXlJ OF TItOTTEKS AND I'ACEKS. General Watts, 2:06^. General Watts was trained lightly as a two- year-old by Harold Childs and given a time rec- ord of 2\2'jy2. He was then the property of Senator J. W. Bailey and Gen. C. C. Watts. Shortly thereafter he became the exclusive prop- erty of the latter gentleman, who placed him in the hands of Mike Bowerman on March i8, 1907. The colt was thin and weak, following a severe illness, and was naturally small in size, so his training was done carefully, yet he made speed fast. He was jogged until May i, then was given slow repeats from 2 40 to 2 130^ twice a week. Around July i he showed a mile in 2:15^. At Cleveland, Aug. i, in his first start, he was in- terfered with in the first heat and was 5-4 in 2:i3>4 and 2:11^. At Readville, on Aug. 20, in the Horse Breeder futurity, he won in 2 :09J4 (middle half in i:oi)4) and 2:09}^, lowering the three-year-old stallion record of 2:10}^, held by Arion. In the Stock Farm futurity at Co- lumbus he led to the half in i \02y2, but was beaten by Kentucky Todd in 2:0834, which equaled the world's record held by Fantasy. Gen. Watts seemed to tire and was only fifth the next heat in 2'ii. Mr. Bowerman attributed his de- feat to lack of work. Ihe race seemed to leg him up and the next week, at Columbus, he won the Review futurity in 2:11, 2 1095^ and 2:09^, losing the third heat. At Lexington he won the THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 89 Kentucky futurity over a slow track in 2:12^, 2:1 1^4 and 2:11. The cecond week at Lexington he trotted the first heat in 2:06^ (last half in I :0234 — lowering the world's record by two sec- onds) and 2:09^4. His year's winnings were over $20,000 and he retired sound. The follow- ing is quoted from Mike Bowerman's account of the training of Gen. Watts, which appeared in the Horse Review of December 17, 1907: As to any system of training colts, I have none. I train horses differently from any other man that I ever saw train. After I thought I had Gen. Watts thoroughly seasoned, I did less jogging tlian any one generally does. 1 went t'^ the track less than al- most any one else goes. If I can get out on ihe road I care little al'oul the track, only for speeding purposes. After getting him into condition I would work out Gen. Watts twice a week; ^ood fast miles, rated all the way, not driving him any fast quarters or eighths. After I drove him a mile in 2:15H. which, my recul lection is, was some time the first part of July, I began to teach him to get away from the wire fast; after going about an eighth taking him back and stepping the last eighth at the end of a mile. I have seen trainers go out to work their horses, it being what they called "work out day" for certain ones. Possibly the horse, for some unknown reason, would not work as well as he had at other times. Then the trainer would whip him and run him and say, "Well. I will work him another heat; I will make him worse or better." I never do that. When I start to work a horse and he does not act right, I take him to the stable, for it is a sure thing that there is something wrong with him. and he not being able to talk. I will wait and see what the trouble is or was. I use less bandages than any one, I use no body wash at all, nothing in the way it is mostly used. In short I trained General Watts as I do all other horses in my charge. Trained him when he felt good, if it was his time to work. As to what shoes he wore and the angle of his feet, he wore a bar shoe in front, weighting 6^^ ounces, with 3-ounce quarter boot, the angle of his foot Ijeing 47 degree, with a 3-inch toe. His hind shoe weighed less than three ounces, 3-inch toe, angle 51. He wore shin boots behind with a very light coronet boot, a very light knee boot for protection only, for I had driven him without any hoots a little ways as fast as he could go. he never touching a hair. I wore an open bridle on him with his head checked a lit- tle above the level of back. No martingale. I fed him twelve quarts of grain a day. with all the hay that he would eat. His stomach and digestive organs were always in perfect order. After I said he was re;'.dy to trot he should never have lost a heat, and the only time that he did I myself was to blame for it. not him. While he has done what no other three-yenr-old ever ap- proached, the world does not know what his real ability was, for I am just as sure in my own mind, had I hit the right day and track, lie would have trotted a mile in 2:0.5 or better, as I was sure that he would trot a mile in 2:07i^ or better, which I did not hesitate to say the day he trotted in 2:06%. 90 CARE AND TRAINING OP^ TROTTERS AND PACERS. Fantasy, 2:0&^. Fantasy was broken and worked as a two- year-old and showed speed at once. As a three- year-old she started seven times and was never defeated, except in one heat. At Nashville after winning the fast heat in 2:16^, distance was waived and a runner sent along to prompt Fan- tasy and she trotted the second heat in 2 :o8^. She was a nervous, high-strung mare, but very steady. She was driven by Ed. F. Geers. Sunol, 2:0854. Sunol (the last of the high wheel three-year- old champions) was a mare of somewhat whim- sical form. She was 15.2 hands high at the withers and 16 hands behind. She was fast in the paddock but gave trouble in breaking, being high strung and cranky and had to be handled gently. She was broken to harness at a year old, worked a little beside a steady going horse, then tried to single harness while she was very jnruly. At first it took about an hour to hitch her up. She was worked carefully during the winter of her yearling and two-year-old form, but brushed at speed a short distance (say a quar- ter in 35 seconds) every other day or two. On Aug. I of her two-year-old form, four days be- fore her first start, she worked her first full mile at Los Angeles in 2 40 V2 and repeated in 2 :38. The next day she was merely exercised and on THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 91 the following was repeated in 2 -.^6 and 2 1331/2. She won her race in 2:341/0 and 2:25. She was taken home and brushed quarters and halves. She was shipped to Petaluma and on Aug. 20 worked in 2 138 and 2 133 . Two days later she won in 2 :28^ and 2 126% and w^as returned to Palo -Alto until the second week in October. She was then shipped to San Francisco, where she was given two repeats, the first in 2:32 and 2:35, the second in 2 \2^y2 and 2 123, the latter on Oct. 18. Two days later she started against the world's two-year-old record of 2:21 held by Wildflower, and although suffering from sexual excitem.ent reduced the record half a second. A week later, with only brush work in the mean- time, she trotted in 2:18. She was then taken home and jogged all winter to skeleton wagon. She was turned out in a paddock and one day, in playing, strained a tendon in her right hind leg. The resultant swelling was kept dowm by cooling lotions and cold show-ers. Jogging was commenced on May 19, but she w^as not brushed for a month, as her hind ankles looked suspicious. She was then given the brush system till she could step a quarter in 30 seconds, then mile and repeat work. On being shipped to San Francisco she contracted a very severe case of distemper. At Napa the weather was hot and this, with her nervous temperament, kept her much reduced in strength. At Petaluma she w^as defeated by Lil- i)'2 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TKOTTEKS AND PACERS. lian Wilkes after she had won the fast heat in 2:21^1/2. A week later, at Oakland, she turned the tables and won in straight heats, best time 2:20. At Sacramento, on Sept. 12, she walked over in 2:16^2. Five days later she won, best time 2:18. At Fresno, on Oct. 2, she went against time in 2:133^. At San Francisco, Oct. 12, she walked over in 2:15^, and again on November Q in 2:io}2. She closed the season at Napa, on Nov. 16, when she trotted against time in 2:15. Axtell, 2:12. Axtell's training as a two-year-old, as re- counted by C. W. Williams, appeared in the last chapter. From November i of his two-year-old form till the first of March following he was not jogged, but turned out every day and fed all the oats, bran and carrots he could eat, with corn- stalks for coarse feed. On March i his jogging commenced with one mile. This was increased a mile a day till he was taking twelve miles of road work a day. This was kept up till May i, when he was worked on the track twice a week, but jogged twelve miles every other day. His track work was on the brush system. In addition to all this work he w^as bred to 22 mares between March I and July 4, but was not given much work the days he served mares. Up to the last of June he had not been a mile faster than 2 140, but had he-en speeded fast quarters and halves. The last THREE-YEAR-OLDS. 93 week in June, at Cedar Rapids, la., he reduced the three-year-old half mile track record from 2 :26}4 to 2:2134. On July 2, at ^Minneapolis, ^linn,, he started against the three-year-old stallion record of 2:18, held by Sable Wilkes, and, although it was a cold raw day, with a light rain falling, he trotted in 2:15^. On July 4, at Independence, la., he reduced the half-mile track record to 2:20^/2. For the next few days he was jogged eight to ten miles, then shipped to St. Paul, ]\Iinn.. and started to beat 2:15^4, and equalled it, which constituted a losing performance ; the track was dead and cuppy and thought to be about three sec- onds slow. Axtell was then shipped to Independ- ence for a few days' rest, then to Cleveland, O., where he further reduced his record to 2:1444. Then on to Chicago, where he went an exhibition mile in 2:1554 and. two days later, won a race, best time 2:14. The next week at Independence he worked in 2 :22, the following w^eek at Des Moines in the same notch. He was then sent home and jogged three weeks. At St. Louis he worked in 2:19, then was shipped to Terre Haute. Early in the w-eek he was driven an exhibition in 2:i4j4. The next day he was not harnessed, the following day he was jogged six miles ic cart on a country road The next day, Oct. 11, he reduced the three-year-old record, and also the all-aged stallion record to 2:12. That night he was sold for $105,000. 94 CAKE AND TKAIXIXG OF TKOTTEKS AM) TACERS. In Conclusion. We have now followed the colt from the day of its birth to the fall of its three-year-old form. By this time the reader, if he has absorbed and di- gested all that has been written, by the famous horsemen who have contributed to this work, and even if he is an amateur, will have formulated ideas of his own on the proper way to train and race. When a man reaches that stage, further ad- vice is superfluous. The remainder of our pages will be devoted to various matters of general in- terest. Peter Volo, 2:03y2 (in 1914), World's Champion Three-Year-Old Trotter. SHOEING COLTS. 95 Chapter VI— Shoeing Colts. By Dr. Jack Seiter. HEX shoeing a colt I have found that a study of the gait of its parents, when possible, is of great assistance, for, in correcting a fault, it is well to know whether it is individ- ual or hereditary. And before going into the subject of this chapter I wish to register a note of warning as regards heredity of gait. How often have I seen a breeder attempt to produce a colt of good conformation, by crossing a horse of excellent structure (one with which the most exacting judge of horse flesh could find no fault) with a spindle-legged, knee-knocking mare, simply because she was well bred, or had considerable speed. Naturally he figured that the stallion would predominate in this union, and the colt would be of the desired conformation. T have seen this mistake made year after year. The influence of heredity (for bad as well as good) can not be better illustrated. The result is usually a leaning toward the bad ; the colt is almost always an animal of faulty conformation in one or more points. Naturally this condition will also exist if we reverse the order of things, and cross an ill structured stallion with a perfectly developed Gen. French, 2:10% .2-3 9 47 3% 4 ■ 54 3V, Henry Todd, 2:11%.... . 3 9 47 4 52 • 3% Native Spirit, 2:09%. . . . 0 6 46 3% 314 50 3% Prelma. 2:16% 2 714 49 it 314 55 3% 3% Rova McKinney, 2:09% . 0 714 48 4 " 55 Sparkle Watts, 2:10i/o.. 2 7 '" 49 314 4 52 3V2 Thre e-Ye ar-Old Trotters. Three- Year- Old Trotters c f 1911. Wt. Wt. Aug. Lgth. Wt. Aug. Lgth. Toe front front front hind hind hind wt. shoe. feet. feet. shoe. feet. feet. Atlantic Express. 2:0814 . 0 514 49 3% 3 54 3% Beirne Holt . 3 8 49 3% 4 * 3% Box. 2:2414 . 3 50 414 6 52 Va 4 Burt Axworthy, 2:15i/4. . 0 514 48 3% 31/2 54 31/2 Fay Kirk. 2: 15 14 . 3 8 53 31/2 SVa 60 3% Gustavo, 2:1814 . 0 6 47 3% 4 521/0 3y2 Jack Swift. 2:10VL. . 3 8 49 3% 41/2 55 3% Justice Brooke. 2:0814 . 2 7 48 3% 3 55 3V2 Mamie Guy. 2:16i/..... .' 0 7 4.-. 3% 5 50 3% Margaret Parrish. 2:0814 . 0 7 46 * 3 51 * Mightellion, 2:19% . 3 S 50 3% 6 52 3% Miss Stokes, 2:08%.... . 3 8 48 3% 3 * 3% Peter Thompson, 2:07 1/2 3 8 48 3% 4 53 3% Three- Year-Old Trotters of 1912. Adlon. 2:07% 0 714 47 3% .31/2 54 3% Baldv McGregor. 2:06% * 8 47 3% 52 3% Brighton B., 2:11% ." 3 s 48 3% 5 54 3% King Clansman. 2:181,4 • . * 6 52 3% 31/2 * sya Mahomet Watts, 2:10.. * 9 49 3% 4 55 3% Manrico, 2 :07i4 0 414 50 3% 31/0 59 * Medinmore 2"12¥> .3 71,4 * 314 ^ Rhythmell, 2:08 . 0 5 " 49 3% 4" 52 3y2 116 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Three- Year- Old Trotters Barbara Overton, 2:16%.. * 11 * Binville, 2:17i4 0 51/2 49 Bonington, 2:lli4 3 5% 47 Dillon Axworthy, 2: 10%. 3 7 48 Col. Cochran, Jr., 2:14i4. 0 8 50 Don Chenault. 2:05% 3 61/2 48 Etawah, 2 :07y2 0 7y2 48 George Rex, 2:11% * * ♦ Hallmark, 2:11% 0 9 48 Ima Jay 0 6 47 Ladv Elmhurst. 2:12%... 3 7 48 Minna Ward, 2:10 4 8% 48 Nowaday Girl, 2:13% 3 8 46 Peter Johnson, 2:08% 0 7 43 Pine Knot, 2:11% 3 SV2 * Ruby Watts 0 7 46 Sure Mike. 2:14% 3 lo 50 Sweet Spirit, 2:09% * 10 * Willow Mack, 2;24yo 3 7 48 Three-Year-Old Trotters Adbell M., 2:09% 0 9 47 Airdale, 2 :09 0 6 48 Baroness Parmelia, 2:16% 0 7 48 Billy Bing, 2:13yo 3 S 51 Electric Patch, 2:09%... 3 7% 48 Esperanza, 2 :09 0 6 * Lady Wanetka 0 r> 48 Lee Axworthy, 2:08 2 7 * Mabel Trask, 2:14% 0 6 52 Miss Perfection. 2:09%.. n 4% 52 Ortolan Axworthy, 2:07y2 0 7 48 Peter Volo, 2:03y2 3 9 48 Virginia Barnette, 2:08% ^ * • of 1913. 3% 3 50 3% 3% 3y2 55 3% 3% 4 52 3y, 3% 4 50 3% 3% 3 50 •6% 3% 4 53 3V. 3 ♦ ♦ 3% 5 52 3% 3% 4 49 '6V9 3% 3 54 3% 3% 3% 55 3% 3% 3y2 52 3% 3% 4 52 3% 5 * 3% 3y, 52 y2 3% 3y2 4y2 52 V2 3% 3y2 4 48 2% cf 1914. 3% 5 51 3% 3y2 3 52 3% 3% 4y2 53 3% 378 5y2 56 3V, 4y8 4 52 3% 3% 4 * 3% 3% 3y2 52 3% 3 * * 3y2 4 48 3% 3% 3 54 2% 3% 3y2 50 31A 3% 4y2 53 3% Table II— Pacers. Two-Year-Old Pacer of 1911. Wt. Wt. Ang. Lgth. Toe front front front wt. shoe. feet. feet. The Conclusion. 2:11\^... 0 4 50 3% Three-Year-Old Pacers of 1911. King Daphne, 2:07% 2 4 50 3y2 Mis-s De Forest, 2:05%... * 7 * 3y2 The Climax 0 * 47 3y2 Three-Year-Old Pacers of 1912. Anna Ax Me, 2:08% - S 51 3y2 Herman Wenger, 2:13%.. * s 51%. 3% Impetuous Palmer, 2:05% * 4 48 3% Three-Year-Old Pacers of 1913. Direct Gentry, 2:15% 0 0 50 3% Homer Baughman, 2:08% 0 6 49 3% Little Bernice. 2:09% * 8 * * Tilly Tipton, 2:09% * 9 * * William, 2:05 3 9 49 3ys Three-Year-Old Pacers of 1914. Anna Bradford. 2:00%... 2 7 48 3% Baron Marque, 2:07% 3 7 48 3% Squantum, 2:09% 0 8 48 3% ♦Information not given. Wt. hind shoe. 4 Ang. hind feet. 54 Lgth. hind feet. 3% 3% 4 55 49 3% 3% 3% 6 3 3 50 54 4 3% 3% 4 4 4 51 54 3% 3% * 5% 48 3% 5 5 4% 54 53 52 3% 3% 3% THE SHOES WORN BY COLTS OF 1911 TO 1914. 117 The previous tables indicate the weight of shoes. W'g will now describe the style of shoes used. The shoes are classified as follows : Table III — Classification of Shoes. quarc toe > rS. Creased toe Oblique toe Creased toe Grab Heel calks Three calks Four calks 4. Grab and "{ o. Heel calks 6. Three calks 7. Four calks 1 . Plain shoe 2. Bar shoe 3. Swedged shoe 4. Swedged bar .J. Half swedged 6. Rim shoe 7. Half rim shoe 8. Memphis bar 9. Memphis nub [Note — A special copyright has been secured on this numerical method of indicating ^tyle of shoes used on trotters and pacers.] In the following tables the style of shoes is de- scribed by numbers which may be translated by reference to the above table. Style lOO is a plain shoe, the first digit ( i ) refers to "plain shoe," the two ciphers indicate no variations. Style 130 is a [)lain shoe with creased toe, the first digit (i) in- dicating "plain shoe," the second digit (3) indi- cating "with creased toe," and the cipher indi- cating no further variations. Style 135 is a plain shoe with creased toe and heel calks, the first digit (i) indicating "plain shoe," the second (3) "with creased toe," the third (5) "and heel calks." The following table gives the style of shoes used !)}• the colts mentioned in the tables I and II ex- cept of those colts whose shoes were not furnished us for illustration. lis CARE AND TJiAIXIXG OF TKOTTEKS AND PACERS Table IV— Trotters. style Style of of front hind Name, age and record. Driver. shoe. shoe. Adlon, 3. 2:07% J. H. Diclierson 230 300 Airdale, 1, 2:15% 11. C. Moody 100 310 Atlantic Express, 3, 2:08% J. H. Dickerson 110 150 Baldv McGregor, 3, 2:06% W. J. Andrews fSOO 350 Barbara Overton, 3, 2:161/2 T. W. Murphy 250 * Baroness Parmelia, 3, 2:16i/4 Ben Bliss 200 115 Billv Bing. 3, 2:13V2 W. N. Albin 100 150 Binville, 3, 2:17% Thomas- Clayton Jr. 200 150 Bonington, 3, 2:lli4 J- H. Dickerson 300 350 Bonnie Setzer, 2, 2:23 C. W. Lasell 15f> 150 Box. 3, 2:24% John Young 245 145 Brighton B., 3, 2:11% E. F. Geers 300 3()0 Burt Axworthv, 3, 2:15% Hiram Tozier 230 315 Col. Cochran, Jr., 3, 2:14% E. J. Scott 100 150 Dillon Axworthy, 2, 2:11% J. L. Serrill 400 315 Don Chenault, 2 H. C. Stinson 150 300 Don Chenault, 3, 2:0534 H. C. Stinson 115 350 Electric Patch, 3, 2:09% Railey Macey 350 115 Eudora Spier, 2, 2:22% E. I. White 110 100 Esperanza, 3, 2:09 W. G. Durfee 115 315 Etawah. 3, 2:07^0 Ed F. Geers 130 135 Fav Kirk, 3, 2:15Vo F. S. Kirk 270 100 Gen. French, 2, 2riO% Roy Miller 130 400 George Rex, 3, 2:11% T. W. Murphy * 150 Grace O'C, 2, 2:21% West 140 100 Hallmark, 3, 2:11% A. McDonald 350 550 Henrv Todd, 2, 2:11% C. W. Lasell 135 315 Hvdrvad, 2, 2:18% Chas. Grubb 300 150 Ima Jav, 3 Harvey Ernest 100 150 Judge Jones, 2, 2:12% Harold Childs 130 310 Justice Brooke. 3. 2 :08M> Roy Miller 410 300 King Clansman, 3, 2:18% R. D. McMahon 150 150 Ladv Wanetka, 2, 2:10 W. R. Cox 100 100 Lord Brussells. 2, 2:12 Reamy Macey 300 350 Lucile Spier, 2 J. H. Dickerson 400 550 Mabel Trask. 3, 2:14% Jos. Hogan 250 hll3 Mahomet Watts. 3. 2:10 Zaeh Chandler 170 115 Mamie Guy, 3, 2:16i/. Joseph Lemelin 130 145 Manrico. 3. 2:07% W. G. Durfee 250 450 Margaret Parrish, 3. 2:08% W. J. Andrews 300 300 Mediumore, 3, 2 :12i/2 Farnsworth 100 100 Mightellion, 3, 2:19% Andy Holmes lOi) 300 Minna Ward, 3, 2:10 Harold Childs 230 300 Miss Perfection. 3, 2:09% Chas. Durfee 210 300 Miss Stokes. 3. 2:08% A. McDonald 200 3O0 Native Spirit. 2, 2:09% W. R. Cox 110 110 Nowaday Girl. 3, 2:13% C. W. Lasell 250 150 Onset, 2, 2:19% C. W. Lasell 150 150 Ortolan Axworthy, 3, 2:07%. A. McDonald 110 550 Peter Johnson, 3, 2:08% W. R. Cox 100 100 Peter Volo, 2. 2 :04V. T. W. Murphy 250 300 Peter Volo, 3, 2:03%. T. W. Murphy 130 300 Pine Knot, 3, 2:11% Joe Rea 100 350 Prelma. 2. 2:16% Ray Snedeker lOO 150 Princess Nelda. 2. 2:14% Roy Miller 235 240 Rhvthmell. 3, 2 :0S Bert Shank 200 * Roberta Bingen, 2, 2:17% J. S. Murray 145 150 tOne bar only, h — Heel calks. *Information not given. THE SHOES WORN BY COLTS OF 1911 TO 1914. Roy a McKinney, 2, 2:09% Walter Traynor 260 300 Royal Hall, 2, 2:19i4 Otto Griggs 100 150 Ruby Watts. 3 R. W. Wright 100 500 Sparkle Watts, 2, 2::0V'. E. F. Ge'ers 115 185 Sure Mike, 3, 2:14% Chet Kelly 90<1 550 Sweet Alice. 2, 2:16i4 Jas. Benvon 100 350 Sweet Spirit. 3. 2:09i^. T. W. Murphy 250 * The Rieht, 2. 2:2ni/i Mntt Williams 115 115 Todd Forbes, 2, 2:20% Ray Moore 130 100 U. Forbes. 1. 2:21 1/> H. C. Moodv 110 310 Virginia Barnette. 3 2:08% w. G. Pnrfee 215 315 Willow Mack, 3, 2 :24i^ George Brown 135 550 Table V— Pacers. Anna Ax Me, 3, 2:^ SV4 ■ • • T. W. Murphv lOO 100 Anna Bradford. 3, 2:!!034 t. W. Murphv 400 500 Baron Marque, 3, 2:07% T. W. Murphv 2.35 520 Direct Gentry, 3, 2:15% O. Amundsen 450 1,50 Herman Wenger, 3, 2:13% R. D. McMahon 145 245 Homer Baughman, 3 2:08% E. F. Geers 1.30 315 Impetuous Palmer. 3, 2:05% C. A. Valentine 60O 70i) King Daphne. 3, 2:07% W. .J. Andrews hl24 145 Little Bernice. 3, 2:09% Chas. Atkinson .300 650 Miss De Forest, 3. 2:05% A. McDonald 200 550 The Climax, 3 W. O. Foote 300 300 The Conclusion. 2, 2:171,4 Matt Williams 600 145 Tilly Tipton. 3. 2:09% T. W. Mnn^hv ?,C0 5-50 William, 3, 2:05 W. W. Marvin 245 145 In order to show what styles of shoes are the most often worn, the following tables have been prepared : Table VT— Trotters. Front Shces, (After each style number ai'iiear the names of trotters- wearing that style shoe in front, the final figure showing the total number using that style.) 10 I'ACKI:?;. lowering the inside heel and leaving the inside toe. will in itself aid in giving the foot and leg a bet- ter direction. These manipulations require deli- cacy and unless such is applied the changes had better be made in the shoe itself after trimming the foot down to a perfect level. (2) Paddling. This is more or less the reverse of knee hitting, being caused by "toeing in" and a consequent out- ward curve of the foot. There is here no such interference with the opposite mate or fore leg, but there is an annoying "speedy cutting" with the hind foot on the same side. In other words, the fore foot either "scalps" that hind foot at the toe or it hits it on the inside all the way from the middle of the cannon bone to the pastern. Pad- dling has its origin in a wrong articulation of the elbow and knee joint. While in knee hitters we often find an elbow joint close to the body, w-e find it rather well separated from the body in paddlers. The toe of paddlers "toes in" in most cases, and the reverse remedy of that applied to knee hitters will generally produce an improve- ment in the outward swing of that disturbing curve. The endeavor here should be to have the breakover on the inside of the toe, to lower inside toe of the hoof and keep inside heel high, to leave outside toe high and lower outside heel. Again, if the shoe is to su])ply the remedy, first get the hoof level, then apply a shoe whose inside is a THE SIX IMUNCIPAL DEFECTS IN GAIT. 131 little wider and heavier in web, set the bar or the calks toward inside of toe to effect an inside break- over and roll the web from point of toe towards the heel for the same purpose. Of course the reader will understand that the combination of all these changes will hardly be necessary in each case, and he should not proceed too rapidly in his correction of the gait. It would be better to start first with the trimming of the foot and note its effect, and then try the application of the shoe suggested. And again, it should be remembered that an adjustment of the tissues to the changes made requires time if we do not want something to snap suddenly or if we want to reap benefit rather than damage. (3) Hind Interference. At a slow gait, such as a roadster often takes, there is sometimes a striking of one or both ankles by the opposite mate. This is caused by a vicious direction of the hind leg from the hip or by an inward curve of the foot from the hock or pastern joint. Since the hind legs are more looselv hung than the fore it is more difffcult to make them re- spond to a remedy, but a separation of the feet may be eff'ected by a somewhat higher outside foot. In the shoe a similar eft'ect could be had by a slightly wider outside web and a slightly longer outside heel. Again, inward curves of the motion of the foot may be modified by paring the hoof in the same manner as stated in the two previous 132 LAKE AM) THAIMNG OF TKOTTEKS AM) PACERS. cases. The comparative rigidity of the fore legs makes them more responsive to small changes, but in the hind legs such corrective changes may be emphasized or increased somewhat without as much danger to the limb or foot. That is to say. twists due to a wrong adjustment are apt to cause more damage to the fore than to the hind legs, (4) Cross Firing. The same kind of interference that occurs in trotters — namely: the injury sustained by hind and fore on the same side — takes place in the pacei between the fore and hind of opposite sides, hence the name "cross firing." Inward curves of mo- tion are generally at the bottom of such interfer- ence, and only by closely observing the angles which the feet make on the ground with reference to the general straight line of motion of the horse can we arrive at anything like the real cause and a probable remedy. Besides this there may exis* an excessive approach of the fore and hind in thei; motion from side to side ; that is, there is too much roll from side to side in the pacer's motion. In the trotter the hind feet are usually wider apart than the fore feet, while in the pacer the fore feet usually are farther apart than the hind feet. Now a good many defects in either gait are due to an excessive separation of the hind in tlie trot and to an excessive approach of the hind in the pace. Another common fault in sj^cedy horses is an ex- cessive forward extension of the hind legs, and THE SIX PKIN'CirAL DEFECTS IX GAIT. 133 this, together with the above defect, produces ag- gravated cases of speedy cutting and of cross firing. Whether such interference can be rem- edied depends largely upon the possibility of bringing these distances between the feet back to the normal, which can be done provided the fault of an open or close locomotion behind is not a matter of a faulty construction or conformation of the hind quarters. In all excessive approach of fore and hind feet and their consequent inter- ference we should not entirely work on the hind feet, but should also consider the fore feet as be- ing somewhat responsible for too great a back- ward extension and vicious curves of motion. For instance, trotters that paddle and pacers that hit their knees are both subject to such an interfer- ence with the hind feet. The remedies for cross firing are mainly obtained by modifying the in- ward curves as in the previous defects discussed, and by controlling or rather by developing the hind action by shoes that bring about slightly more elevation and backward extension of the hind legs. (5) Forging and Scalping. This defect is due mostly to (i) lack of ex- tension of fore, and (2) extension of hind ; that is to say, presuming that the motion of the legs is straight and the foot level, we may still have a very faulty adjustment of the foot by having a wrong angle of the foot or too long or too short a length of toe. As a rule, a long toe or a low 134 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. angle, or both, will increase extension and decrease elevation or action, while a greater angle or a short toe, or both, will decrease extension and in- crease elevation or action, other things being equal. In most cases of forging the hind action has the usual fault of low elevation with extreme forward extension. It has always been my opinion that the hind action of both trotter and pacer has been much neglected as far as shoeing is concerned. All sorts of devices are contrived to stop the hind extension without directing it into greater eleva- tion and backward extension. Most horses should have more backward extension because it is this that causes propulsion in an eminent degree. Merely checking the forward extension by higher heels, calks, etc., does not convert it into back- ward action; but a shoe that will lift the foot higher, such as more weight, square i toes, \ocker motion shape with sharp rim at toe, and hee'. calks with rather short heels, and other devices such as our skillful farriers can be depended on, will tend to divert this forward extension into higher action, and gradually also into backward extension, with- out imposing any absolute checks to the hind motion that do so much toward causing skipping and running behind. In these few words of ad- vice lies also the remedy for forging and scalping. (6) Elbow Hitting. Every once in a while an elbow hitter is being gradually developed from a trotter with good and THE SIX PHIN'CIPAL DEFECTS IN (JAlT. l3o bold front action, l)nt perhaps little action behind. Xext to hopples on a pacer the sight of elbow boots on a trotter is the greatest abomination at the races. They are the slow result of inefficient shoeing and indiscriminate use of toe weights. An increase in the hind action or elevation would by itself modify the high front action. Furthermore a shoe that does not roll or slip, together with a reasonably long toe and fairly low angle of the foot, would comprise the remedy in a general way. As in the other cases, we should always remember that while we work on one extremity we should not neglect to do something at the other end be- cause of the intimate relation that ever exists be- tween fore and hind action. Miscellaneous. When a trotter or pacer tries to recover lost ground because of a deficient extension of either one fore or one hind leg, we notice that distressing and laboring motion familiar to all observers of a horse driven beyond his capacity or to his limit before being in proper condition for such a trial. These revolutions in front and hops behind always indicate an uneven extension between the two fore and the two hind legs ; that is to say. one leg pre- cedes its mate to too great an extent for the good of a square gait. It is then that trainers are ape to "take it out of a horse" by trying to wipe out this "rough" gait by a still greater speed and moro severe training. From my point of view as an in- 136 CAKE AM) TRAINING OF TIJOTTKKS AND PACERS. vestigator of faulty gaits and one who knows the effectiveness and simpHcity of the remedies sug- gested, such a course is sheer folly and only ag- gravates matters by confusing and exhausting the intelligent horse. In these annoying unequal ex- tensions of the legs the use of a heavier shoes or a toe weight on one foot only, or of a different adjustment regarding the angle and length of toe of one foot as compared with its opposite mate, have always proved to be very effective remedies, either permanent or temporary, when carefully applied and given time to work out. Again, the legs at either extremity are sometimes of unequal lengths, the same as with many human beings, and a longer hoof or thicker shoe, or both, will soon straighten out the defective gait into a square one. Shifting to one side behind or carrying the head to one side are defects that need something besides the usual pole, because the root of the evil lies deeper than these external applications can pos- sibly remedy. They may be all right as auxiliaries, but the gait should be analyzed by measurements so that a better remedy can be found in the way of a different adjustment of the foot and shoe. The carriage of the head and its elevation play quite a part in proper balance, and the check line is re- sponsible for many of the evils of a disordered gait. A free head promotes a pleasant mouth. It is a great pity that most of our harness horses are hard mouthed and therefore very unpleasant road- THE SIX rKINClPAI. DEFECTS IN GAIT. 137 sters. Tlie control of the horse lies more in the proper gaiting- and balancing and therefore in the resulting confidence of the horse in the man be- hind him than it does in the holders on the lines. Each animal may be taken as a specific case, but the principles herein upheld will apply to any de- fect in gait. How to apply them well and sensibly will demand a thorough investigation of the loco- motion of that particular animal. 13S CAUK ANI> T1;AI.\IX(; of IKOT'lKItS AM) PACERS. j ' - „ ■ • ■ r 3 r ^ 00 L^ fr 1 i '\ " '.'. 4- ' ' .^. i«( •H .>^- Chapter IX — Types of Shoes. 1]Y DR. JACK SEITER. The large cut on this page represents thirteen styles of standard shoes in use today to correct various defects of 2;ait. The shoes from which THE SIX PRINCIPAL DEFECTS IN GAIT. 139 the photograph was taken were made by me for a subscriber of "The Horseman." There are four well known shoes not illustrated ; (a) the plain front shoe, which should be used wherever possible; (b) the plain front bar shoe, which gives frog pressure; (c) the half swedged front shoe, an excellent shoe to prevent knee- knocking in some horses; and (d) the side-weight shoe, intended to prevent knee-knocking, but it is a freak shoe seldom used and we do not recom- mend it. The numbers of the following paragraphs refer to the name numbers in the cut on the previous page. (i) ]^Iemphis Xub Shoe. — This is a modified form of the Memphis Bar Shoe (see Style 9) and has practically replaced it as a shoe to gait trotting colts with. It is used where a rolling motion is needed. An eight ounce shoe of this kind gives practically the same amount of rolling that for- merlv required a shoe of twice the weight. (2) Rim Shoe. — This is an ideal pacing shoe where a horse needs a good foothold. Unlike the calked shoe it requires no effort on the animal's part in breaking over on the toe. The material can be bought in all sizes and consequently it is a simple matter to obtain any desired weight of shoe. It also makes a good form of hind shoe. (3) Sv^EDGED Shoe. — This is an ideal type of shoe on trotters as it is easily fitted and furnishes a 140 CAKE AM> TKAIXING OF TH0TT?:KS AND PACEKS. g-ood flat bearing surface, together with a firm foothold on either a hard or soft track. It does away with the toe grab and its difficult break-over. It usuall}- works better when fitted with a pair of heels or jar calks to break the concussion on a hard track. It also makes a good foundation for a bar shoe. The swedged shoe works well behind also ; it gives the horse a perfect toe grab without any elevation of the toe and with no danger of a badly cut quarter, which is often caused by the ordinary toe grab. A swedged shoe is considerably lighter in weight than a plain grab shoe and at the same time furnishes a better surface for the foot. The op- ponents of the swedged shoe say the swedge fills up with dirt, but, as someone else has asked, what gives a better foothold on dirt than dirt itself? (4) ScooPED-RoLLED ToE Shoe. — This is an excellent type of shoe for trotters, as it allows a free break-over while the ridge which separates the roll and scoop, when properly made, furnishes a fair grab or hold to prevent slipping back. (5) Four-Calk Shoe. — This form of shoe has not been in great demand of late years, but at one time was very widely used as an anti-knee knocking shoe. The four sharp calks were supposed to keep the foot from making a twist when about to leave the ground. (6) Scooped Toe Bar Shoe. — This is an anti- elbow hitting shoe invented by Ren Nash and has THE SIX PRINCIPAL DEFECTS IX GAIT. 141 been used with great success on several well-known horses, but its general use is not advised. (7) Three-Calk Pacing Shoe. — This is a good form of shoe for a bold, high-going pacer; the calks minimize the concussion and the toe rim furnishes a firm foothold. This is the style of shoe worn by Dan Patch in all of his fast miles. (8) Three-Calk Trotting Shoe. — This is a style of shoe widely used ; the calks break the con- cussion on hard tracks and the grab gives a good foothold. The grab is set back from the toe so as to give an easy break-over. (9) Memphis Bar Shoe. — This shoe was very popular several years ago, but was the cause of many bad tendons owing to the hind bar being set ahead too far from the point of the heels, letting the foot drop down too low. The strain of getting up and over this bar caused much injury to ten- dons. The forward bar supplied what little virtue the shoe possessed, as it furnished a good roll and breakover. See notation on the Memphis Xub Shoe (Style i). fio) Half Swedged Oblique Toe Shoe. — This shoe is used for pacers. The swedge part furnishes a firm foothold and prevents the foot from being carried in too far. The hoof is left projecting over the oblique toe, the sharp edge of the hoof being rounded off to prevent cutting the quarter. This shoe may be used without heel calks, especially where inside cannot be cut low enough to put the 142 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. foot in proper shape. The hoof of a cross-firing horse must he cut low along the inside, especially the inside toe. (ii) Hind Pacing Shoe. — This hind shoe, like the Style 7 front shoe, is for use on a bold, high- going pacer. The toe grab runs down the outside pretty well and if the foot is properly dressed the grab prevents a horse from going over to the opposite quarter and cross-firing. This shoe was worn by Dan Patch in his trials against time. When the horse has a long, sloping pastern and the low heels which usually go with it, it is ad- visable to use a long high side-calk on the outside heel or else let the toe grab follow the oirter edge of the shoe all the way to the heel. (12) Hind Trotting Shoe. — This style of shoe is used more than any other on the hind feet of trotters (generally without the toe calk). Where a grab is needed set the calk back well so as not to be dangerous in case a quarter is struck. (13) Half-Swedged Cross-Firing Shoe. — This shoe is the same as Style 10 except that the toe is not oblique. It is the shoe generally used on pacers. The swedge part furnishes a firm foothold and prevents the foot from being carried in too far, while the inside is half rounded. FEEDING. 143 Chapter X— Feeding. 1 il{ chief t'urms of life are ani- f?^^ mal. plant and mineral. The chief f o o (1 of animals are plants, and the chief food of plants are mineral,^. Plants in i^rowing absorb certain ele- ments from the ground and air. Animals in eating' absorb certain elements from these plants. The refuse of animals goes back to earth and aids the growth of new animal food. A detailed study of the cjuestion of feeds and feeding would recjuire a large sized volume in it- self. We will mention only the important fea- tures. Introductory to our main subject we will insert a few brief ])aragraphs, more or less dis- connected, relating to the physiology of horses. Colin estimates that a horse requires 1^4 hours to masticate 4 pounds of dry hay during which period saliva is poured out at the rate of from II to 13 pounds per hour. He states that if the food of a horse for one day amounts to 1 1 pounds of hay and 11 pounds of other dry fodder thi^ will re(|uire four times its weight of saliva, or 88 pounds. Saliva consists of 992 parts water out of 1. 000. 144 CAUE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. The Stomach of the horse contains from 17 to 19 quarts. The small intestine is y^y^ feet long, the large intestine 24I/2 feet long. An important feature of any food is digestibil- ity. Crushing or steaming food does not increase digestibility, neither does a keen appetite result- ing from hard labor do so. Horses digest less of a food than cows and sheep. The digestibility of coarse fodder is not increased by the addition of other feeds. The normal body retains only about 1% of the food passing into it each day. About one-quarter of the daily waste from the body is by respiration, about one-sixth as urine, the re- mainder as solid excrement. The composition of the customary feeds is as follows : Total digestible substance Total In 100 lbs. in 100 lbs. Dry. Carbo- Feeds. Water. matter. Protein, hydrates. Fat. (Roughage.) lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Corn stalks 40.5 59.5 1.7 32.4 0.7 Red clover nay 15.3 84.7 6.8 35.8 1.7 Timothy hay 13.2 86.8 2.8 43.4 1.5 Oat straw 9.2 90.8 1.2 38.6 0.8 Alfalfa 8.4 91.6 11.0 39.6 1.2 (Concentrates.) Corn, dent 10.6 89.4 7.8 66.7 4.3 Oats 11.0 89.0 9.2 47.3 4.2 Wheat bran 11.9 88.1 12.2 39.2 2.7 Linseed meal (0. P. i 9.2 90.8 29.3 32.7 7.0 (Green forage.) Kentucky blue grass 80.0 20.0 2.5 10.2 0.5 Timothy 61.6 38.4 1.2 19.1 0.6 Sorghum 79.4 20.6 0.6 12.2 0.4 Red clover 70.8 29.2 2.9 14.8 0.7 Alfalfa 71.8 28.2 3.9 12.7 0.5 Green corn fodder 79.3 20.7 1.0 11.6 0.4 (Ensilage.) Corn 79.1 20.9 0.9 11.3 0.7 Sorghum 76.1 23.9 0.6 14.9 0.2 Alfalfa 72.5 27.5 3.0 8.5 1.9 FEEDING. 145 It is estimated that a horse at medium work needs 24 pounds of dry matter a day from which he will obtain 2 pounds of protein, 11 of carbo- hydrates and 6-10 of a pound of fat. The average weight of a trotting foal at birth is no pounds. It gains about 3 pounds a day the first month, 2^^ pounds during the second month, 2Yx pounds daily the third month and 2 pounds daily the fourth month. Protein (pronounced pro'te-in, with the o as in old, e as in event, i as in ill) is a tissue building element. Carbohydrates and fats produce heat and energy. The heat value of fats is 2^14 times as great as carbohydrates. Oats have long been considered the best and safest grain for horses. There is less danger in overfeeding oats than any other grain because the digestive tract cannot hold enough oats long enough to produce serious disorders. Oats should be fed whole. New oats are considered a dan- gerous feed by some. Musty oats should be avoided. Barley is preferred to oats as a horse food by the Arabs, but on account of its cost is not widely used in America except on the Pacific Coast. It should be fed whole or crushed, but not ground. Wheat may be fed occasionally or as a part of a horse's rations, but it is not advisable to use 146 CAIJK AM) TRAINING OF TKO'ITKKS AM) I'ArER??. wheat alone as a grain ration as it will derange thu digestion. Bran and shorts has been proven -by experi- ment to be of almost equal value to oats. Corn is a common food for horses. It is not quite equal to oats, but its low cost compensates for any inferiority. It is best suited to horses at plain steady work. It is not suited to growing colts or horses in training because of lack of ash and protein and excess of carbohydrates. For work horses 6}^ pounds of corn and 12 pounds of oats makes a nicely balanced daily ration. Clean timothy hay will always be the standard roughage for horses. Clover hay and alfalfa, if free from dirt and well cured, are valuable feeds because of their high content of protein. Their use is not adaptable to horses in active service but it may be fed to growing colts or idle horses. Corn fodder if cured in the shock and free from dust is an excellent roughage, also bright clean straw if the horse has time for thorough masti- cation. There should be a definite allowance of hay for the horse at each feeding time. It is a mistake to keep filled mangers of hay in front of a horse. The proper feeding of mares with suckling colt is important. Good pasture grass is the best but if this is not available, and if the mare fails to supply proper nourishment, feed oats, rolled barley or wheat bran, with an equal part of corn FEEDING. 147 or corn and cob meal. If the mare's milk is too rich her rations should be restricted and some of her milk drawn by the groom. Weanlings are usually fed on oats, but if they are troubled from teething steamed crushed oats or barley, thickened with bran, should be used once a day, preferably at night. A fair daily al- lowance of grain for a weanling is from 2 to 3 pounds : from one to two years, 4 to 5 pounds ; from two to three years. 7 to 8 pounds. Asa Danforth says: "My plan has been to feed a growing colt all the oats it will eat when supplemented with bran and clover. I would dis- like to raise a trotting colt without clover, or its first cousin, alfalfa, but they must be absolutely free of dust." If it is necessary to rear a foal artificially and if it has never received any of its dam's milk, it should first have a dose of castor oil. Cow's milk should be fed to the colt but it should be diluted with one fourth of its volume of water and some sugar added. The sugar used should be at the proportion of i pound of sugar to 100 pounds of the diluted milk. Gruels made from boiled beans or peas passed through a sieve, or from oil meal or shorts boiled to a jelly, are excellent for orphan colts. Horses should be fed regularly and, on account of small stomachs, at least three times a day ; some horsemen feed four times. The bulk of roughage 148 CARE AND TRAIXIXCx OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. should be fed at evening. Horses should not be put to work directly after eating. A horse should be watered frequently. Salt should be kept before a horse in limited quantities at all times, but not mixed with the feed. The following table of approximate weights of various feeds may prove of interest : One quart Wheat, ground l.T weighs in Wheat, bran 0.5 Feeds. pounds. Oats 1.0 Corn 1.7 Oats, ground 0.7 Corn meal 1.5 Rye 1.7 Corn bran 0.5 Barley 1.5 Corn and cob meal 1.4 Linseed meal ( O. P. ) 1.1 Wheat 2.0 Linseed meal (N. P.) 0.9 How to Feed and Water. In the feeding of horses remember that the horse digests oats in the stomach and takes care of water and hay in the large intestines. For this reason the feeding and watering should be con- ducted upon the following theoretical plan : Water first, then hay, then oats. Mastication of the food is absolutely necessary in horses that are to do well and escape indigestion of any kind. Where ground food is given it is taken into the stomach without much mastication, hence it is not properly mixed with saliva which is necessary for its sub- sequent digestion. When oats are in process of mastication, four times its bulk of saliva is se- creted in the mouth and this is needed to digest it. Where corn meal is fed, but a quarter of the proper amount of saliva is secreted and so on with the other ground foods. FEEDING 149 Water Before Grain. The stomach of the horse holds but 3^ gallons. If he eats his oats, which remain in the stomach for digestion, and then drinks four or five gallons of water, the latter, as explained above, passes through the stomach and lodges in the large in- testines, and in doing so must of necessity wash out undigested oats into the intestines, where they are not digested, but decompose and set up irrita- tion or give forth gas, which causes colic. Schedule for Feeding. Feed the horse hay after drinking water the first thing in the morning and his oats after the small am^ount of hay has been eaten; at noon, water, then oats ; at night, water, then oats, and two hours afterwards all the hay he will clean up before morning. More than twenty pounds of hay should never be offered to any horse, no mat- ter how large and heavy he may be. Hay should not be kept in front of a horse all of the time, as it is on many farms ; so used it is a positive detri- ment, rather than a benefit to the animal. Feeding Colts. wh^t is the best system and food for yearling colts through the wintef montt, to make them thrive and grow? Am feeding on good oats and Lay' bnt if there is any ^"f titute 7^^^" \/\^" ^f^^^ ^ desired results T would like very much to kno« it. (1. i.. h.. iii. ■ We should advise feeding a mixture of 60 per !-.() CAKE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. cent ground oats, 15 per cent corn meal and 10 per cent bran and 15 per cent cut alfalfa hay. Allow the colts to clean up all they want of this mixture. At the Wisconsin experiment station 1 1 colts were thus fed and they each consumed on an average 16:5 pounds of the mixture per day. They were draft colts, however, and light bred colts will take less in proportion. During the feeding period, which ranged from 140 to 223 days, the foals gained 2.1 pounds per day at an average cost of 18 cents. The estimated average cost of feed for the foals for the entire first year was $51.66. Year- ling colts will do well enough on whole oats and we should add at least a sixth part of wheat bran by weight, along with mixed clover and timothy hay, or part timothy hay. Some breeders are feeding skim-milk to growing colts and have had good results. Instead of allow- ing the colts to drink the milk, a good plan is to use the milk to wet the feed at meal time. A quart twice a day is helpful, although some feed a larger quantity. Care must be taken not to cause scour- ing, or "pot belly." In addition to oats, bran and hay, allow the colts carrots, or even a little nicely made corn silage ; but do not give silage and milk together. Oat straw and bright corn stover also are useful as part of the roughage for growing- colts, — (Answer by Dr. A, S. Alexander.) Chronic Indigestion. By Dr. A. S, Alexander. There is on ahnost every stock farm, where horses are kept, at least one horse that does not ''do well." His coat is coarse and stands on end; his urine at times is plentiful, but at other times scant and like honey. When he stands in the barn for one day without work or exercise, his hind legs stock up and when he is put to work he sweats easily and without hard labor or sweats profuse- ly after he is placed in the barn at noon or night. He is a ravenous eater and gets all he wants to eat, but is not satisfied and so proceeds to eat his bedding. If he is watched closely, it will be seen that he has the habit of raising his upper lip as if yawning; his manure differs in composition from time to time. Sometimes it is composed of small, hard, dry balls ; at other times the balls are larger and covered with slime ; again it comes in masses, undigested and foul smelling. The horse is troubled with chronic indigestion and such animals usually bolt their food without proper mastication. Examination will sometimes disclose the fact that the molar teeth are in such condition that proper mastication is impossible. It should be understood by all owners of horses that the molar teeth in the horse do not com- pletely pass each other when chewing. The outer edge of the upper molars and the inner edge of 152 ("ARK AND TKAIXIXG OF TROTTEKS AM) PACERS. the lower molars in time becoming long and sharp and interfere with proper mastication. This neces- sitates having the teeth "floated" (filed down) once a year after the horse is seven years of age. The first step, therefore, in seeking to cure the chronic indigestion alluded to is to have the teeth put in good order by a veterinary dentist. To go back a little, it should be mentioned that as a rule in practice we find most of these cases in barns that are close from poor ventilation, dirty from lack of cleaning and damp from improper drain- age of the building site or from inadequate meas- ures adopted for removal or absorption of liquid excreta. We also find the same condition existing where horses are given very hard water to drink, where sewage impregnates the drinking water, and where drinking water is habitually given after instead of before feeding. The teeth having been attended to, the next thing is to stop bolting of the food, and for this purpose practical horsemen place the feed in an extra large, shallow feed box or put a few cobble stones in the feed box or mix a handful of old, dry, hard shelled corn or field peas among the oats or use one of the patent boxes. To stimulate secretion of saliva, rock salt should be kept before the horse at all times, and when this is done he will drink more water and should always have it before but not after feeding. Kremlin Kentucky Prince P.arhioii. b. o :]"% Kavalli Pii?taohio Basilia. b. f :17i4 Kremlin America Beira. b. f :17 V2 Egotist Expedition Berdica, b. f :17% Kremlin Waltham Brillion. b. c :17% Kremlin Mazatlan BIngie G.. b. f :1S Alfred G. Barma. br. f :18 Kremlin Expedition CARE AND TRAIXINT; OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Bresca, b. f :18i4 Kremlin Belmont Binaxla, b. f :1S% Expedition Lord Russell Belgay, b. f :19 Pistachio Kentucky Prince Bodoin, b. c :19 Kremlin Lancelot Betuline. br. f :19% Kremlin King Wilkes Belen, b. f ' :2u Kremlin Belmont Bromia, b. f :20 Kremlin Kentucky Prince Beauvais. b. c :20 Kremlin Mazatlan Bavius. gr. c :20i4 Lancelot Conwar Breen, b. c :22y2 Bertini Robert McGrepror Yearlings by Bertini. Bertron, b. c :17 Bingara Kremlin Bassali, b. c :17% Bingara Kremlin Lucifer, ch. c :20 Unknown Unknown Barani, b. f :2o :Mazatlan Belmont Bertori, b. c :23 Hisliwood Yearlings by Del Coronado. Delmore. blk. c :23 Milton S. * * * What We Did on the Farm During October. [Note — The foUowiufr letter by "Xenophon Jr." was awarded a $5 prize in the October (1914) contest of "The Horseman."' We would like to obtain similar letter.s covering other mouths.] October was a very busy month with us on the farm. To commence with, we had a large num- ber of yearlings we were getting ready for a sale. We also had about twenty-five mares that had to be shipped to their owners. There were also about 40 colts to wean and halter-break. Most of them were given a few lessons alongside a lead pony. It is surprising how quickly our colts now grasp what they are expected to do. The amount of nat- ural speed some of them can show is marvelous. Our racing stable arrived home about the first of October, and, after resting them a couple of days, we began "letting them down." We gave each of the four members three slow heats on a Tuesday. The following Saturday we gave them their last workout for the season. After a week's MISCELLANi'. 169 more jogging we gave them all a physic ball and turned them out in the day time where they could have their till of grass and took them up nights. W'e intend doing this until January ist, when they will commence with slow jog work for the next year's campaign. I also had six two-year-olds that had been left home, also a green trotter and pacer that had been trained along slow during the time 1 was away to the races; so after a couple of workouts 1 searched them and found I had a good trotter and slow class pacer to stake over the twice arounds another year. I found a pair of two-year-old trot- ters that worked in 2 124!/^ over a half-mile track, so ought to have a good stable to start out with in 1915. I have given you some ideas from both the stock farm superintendent's and driver's side. I asked Slew- foot Frank if he could suggest a few words to add to my story from a groom's standpoint. This was his reply: ''Tell them Dame Fortune is on my side this fall. After making a very strenuous campaign, which lasted sixteen weeks, I finally got back home with my hopple bird and spent three whole weeks trying to reduce an en- larged knee enough to put a mild blister on. after which his shoes were pulled off. as well as mv own. but. owing to the number of good races mv pony went, I was presented with a brand new outfit from head to foot. I will take back mv win- 170 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. ter job as night man in a livery stable; so things look pretty rosy for me. When the spring opens up I will be back with my meal ticket again." Yes, October has been a busy month. After I had arranged to have the brood mares taken care of for the winter and had set the farm hands to work top-dressing the pastures with a light cover- ing of manure, I found Nov. i staring me in the face. How to Stop Pulling. J have a pacer and when I eet him on the track he pulls and I can get no bit with which to manage him. He is vei'y tender mouthed and cannot put a severe bit on him. A trainer had him a short time before I did, hut is a good fast horse and I would like to train him so as to be able to race him. If you could give me any suggestions I would certainly appreciate them. — (H. C, Kan.) This animal was probably spoiled by some strong-armed driver. You can make a puller out of the best of them by simply hanging onto the reins. Generally speaking, the more ambitious the animal is the easier it is to make a confirmed puller out of it. Especially is this the case when severe bits are resorted to. As it is late in the fall, and you will not have to work your horse on a track for several months to come, I would take him out on the road and see how slow you can get him to go, even if you have to let him walk for several miles at a time, then let him ease into a jog, but as soon as he acts as though he wants to take hold, pull him up gently and make him walk again. I saw a rank pullei MISCELLANY. 171 cured this summer. The mare got so she would make an attempt to run away about every time she was driven. She changed hands and the new owner simply took all the rigging oil her head, and never took hold of the reins at all. Of course she started ofi on a fast trot, but after going for a mile or so she simply slackened up herself. As soon as she saw that there was nothing to pull on she naturally quit trying to do so. After you get your animal so that you can drive him with a loose rein on the road, it would be good policy to occasionally take him to the track. Let him walk around several times, or as long as he is inclined to behave, but never give him a chance to even try and take a hold of the iron. I would use nothing on him but the plainest sort of rigging, and either a leather or rubber bit ; but remember that your judgment and hands can do more in this case than all the rigging that ever was made. A mixture of tannic acid, coric acid and alum (one ounce of each) can be used to toughen his mouth, putting a pinch of the mixture on his tongue, three times a day. (Answer by Dr. Jack Seiter.) ^ >fc ^ Public Trainers. How can trainers afford to winter horses at $30 a month? asks a trainer whose prices are consid- ered hieh. 172 CARE AND TRAIXIXG OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Here is how it can be clone with a ten horse stable. Monthly receipts, $300. Monthly expenses : Two caretakers' wages, $50; board for two men, $30; stall rent, $10; feed, $150; balance for train- er's services and board, $60. Of course, the bal- ance left for the trainer is not much, but some- how he will manage to "get by." Naturally, the horses do not get much jogging or much care, but if the owner is satisfied the trainer "should wor- ry." Shoeing and incidental expenses are not in- cluded because they are charged to the owner. A trainer said recently: "If a man has a colt he just wants jog"ged a little through the winter and only expects to race in a few purse races in the summer, he may send his colt to a low-priced train- er who lets one man take care of five or more horses, but if he wants the colt trained carefully with the futurities in view, he should send it to a high-priced man. The two great mistakes made by owners are sending cheap horses to good train- ers and good horses to cheap trainers. The latter is the greater mistake. If the bill comes in with extras the owner hollers because he has been cheated. He ought to be cheated. He invites cheating." One successful trainer charges $45 per month during the winter and until April i and this is not an unreasonable charge. He has one man on four horses. He pays a little more for help and their MISCELLANY. 173 board than in the first schedule. Each horse gets a long jog in good weather, with an occasional brush. Here is his monthly account on each four horses. Receipts, $i8o. Expenses: Caretaker's wages, $30 ; board for caretaker, $20 ; feed, $60 ; stall rent, $4 ; balance for trainer, $56, or $14 per horse. During April this trainer puts one man on three horses and charges $50 per month on each horse. Here is his monthly account on each three horses : Receipts, $150. Expenses: Caretaker's wages, $30 ; board, $20 ; feed, $45 ; stall rent, $3 : balance for trainer $52. or $17 per horse. After May i this trainer puts one man on two horses and charges $60 per month on each horse. Here is his monthly account on each two horses : Receipts, $120. Expenses : Caretaker's wages, $30 : board, $20; feed, S15: stall rent. S2 : balance for trainer, $53, or %2y on each horse. As soon as the races begin there are many incidentals, including extra help on race day that reduce the trainer's profit. Although no figures are available, it is safe to say that trainer's charges have not increased in anything like the same proportion as wages and feed. Remember that a trainer is worthy of his hire and don't kick at his bill unless you have good cause. 174 CARE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Masturbation. I have a stallion, bred in the purple, that several weeks ago looked like 2:10. Since the extreme hoi weather he has lost his lick or trot by reason of abuse as we think. He will stand at his door with men all around him and masturbate. We have shield and ring on but with no success. Would feeding saltpeter prevent same, and if so in what quantities. It is used extensivel.v at college and in the armies. Why not for horses? — (.7. O. F.. Del.) Stop all grain feed and let the stallion live on good hay, wheat, bran and roots. Put him to hard work in harness so that he will become reduced in condition. Bathe with cold water, three times a day, along course of penis. Ice may be put in the water at first. If the vice continues, give him a dram of iodide of potash twice a day until he starts to discharge from the eyes or show other symptoms o-f iodism, at which time the drug" should be discontinued. It will be likely to cause temporary impotence. If possible, the stallion should be bred to a mare daily. The iodide of pot- ash is commonly used in such cases, but we do not know how effective saltpeter (nitrate of potash) would prove. No harm in trying it in dram doses two or three times a day. It acts strongly on the kidneys, but does not readily poison a horse. — (Answer bv Dr. A. S. Alexander.) INDEX. INDEX Adbell. 1. 2:23 49 Adbella Watts 67 Airdale. 3. 2 :09 44, 68 Alexander. Dr. A. S 7, 151 Allen Farm Statistics 161 Alley, Frank E 24 Alma Forbes 68 Alta Axworthy, 3, 2:10yo 11 Anna Ax Me 63 Arion, 2, 2:10% 70 Athadou. 1, 2:27 49 Axtell. 3, 2:12 72. 92 Bailey. Senator J. W 88 Bandaging 42, 154 Barber, Dr. W. A... 8. 23, 52, 57 Baroness Virginia, 3, 2:0814. . 80 Bell Bird. 2:2614 50 Benear 48 Benyon. James 58 Between Heats 155 Bitting 29 Blanketing 43 Bodv Wash 157 Bon Courage 123 Booting 27, 42, 155 Bowerman. George 50 Bowerman, Mike 88 Bradhurn, John 11 Branham Baughman 165 Breaking (i. e. running) 38 Broodmares. Feeding 13 i Brush System 36, 39 Burgoyne, Harry 10 I Catching From a Break 38 i Chandler, J. B 55, 57 Chandler. Stewart 47 | Charlier Shoe 107, 111 i Childs, Harold M 63, 88 Chronic Indigestion 151' Cleveland. Watt Ill i Colorado E.. 3. 2:04% 86 Cox, Walter R 122, 164 Curry. Wickliffe 47 Daingerfleld. Major 11 Dan Patch Shoe 142 Defects in Gait 124 Diarrhea 11 Digestive Process 148 Doble, Budd 61 Dodge. John L 22 Don Chenault, 3, 2:05% 76 Dwyer, Matt 49 Dykstra, Dr. R. R 8 Edna the Great. 1. 2:29M... 52 p::sperauza 123 Estabrook, Geo. H 86 Etawah. 3, 2:071/2 76 Evans, W. W 86 Fantasy, 3, 2:08% 90 Feeding. 13, 21, 143, 148, 149, 162 Feeding Paddock 15 Feeds, Analvsis of 144 Feeds, Weight of 148 Feet, Dressing 95 Fleeta Americus, 3, p., 2:09 14 79 Fleming. Sam J 80 Footo, W. 0 75, 79 Freedom, 1, 2:29% 49, 50 Frou Frou, 2:25i4 49 Gait 124 Gamble. Samuel 70 (leers. Ed. F..59, 78, 90, 122, 165 General French, 2, 2:10% 35 General Watts, 3, 2:06% 88 Goldsmith. John A 49 Governor Francis 80 Grooming Horse on Race Day 153 Ground Breaking 30 Halter-Breaking 23 Harry L 112 Harry R., 1, p., 2:24^2 49 Hazelton, James 7 Heather, Joe 20, 31 Heel Boots 35 Heels, Sore 155 Hemet, 3, p., 2:0814 49 Hester C 46 Hinda Rose, 1, 2:36i/2 50, 51 Hitching to Cart 32 Holloway, Frank H 47 Hoofs. Packing 28 Howard. Dr. S. R 9 How to Feed and Water 148 Jogging 154 Jones, Henry M 78 Jordan, Jr., Rudolph 124 Justice Brooke, 3, 2:08% 70 Keets, O. M 49 Kentucky Todd, 3, 2:08% 88 Kindred, T. H 162 Eady Wanetka 67 Leading Beside Pony 25 Lee Axworthy 82, 83 Leg Wash 160 Lillian Wilkes 91 Lucile Spier, 3. 2:07% 68 176 CAKE AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS AND PACERS. Maben, Walter 40 Macey, Guss 86 Macey, Reamey 87 Maggie Winder, 3. p., 2:06i4 79 Making Speed 36 Manrico, 3. 2:01 V^ Ill Mare, Feeding the 146 Marvin, Chas ..32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 50, 70 Masturbation 174 McCarr, Ned 23, 27, 30 McCoy, Dr. J. C 33 McDonald 24 McGraw, Joseph 20 Miller, Roy. 11, 21, 26, 34, 60, 71 Miss Perfection 123 Miss Stokes 47 Moody, Hunter C 45, 54 Murphy, T. W 67, 69, 81. 84, 122 Native Belle, 2:06i/. 69 Native Spirit, 2. 2:09% 165 Navel Disease 12 Norlaine. 1, 2:3iy2 50 October, What We Did In... 168 Packing Feet 28 Palo Alto Training Paddock. 51 Pansy McGregor, 1, 2:23%... 49 Peter Volo 45, 67, 81, 82, 123 Physiology of Horse 143 Phippen, John S 49 Pony, Leading Beside 25 Pride 52 Princess Nelda 35 Public Trainers 171 Pulling 37. 170 Saliva, Amount of 143 Sanders, Millard 49 Schedule for Feeding 149 Scott, A. B 71 Scraping 156 I Seiter, Dr. Jack 95, 138 Serrill. .Joseph L 30. 61 Shipping 63 Shoeing 34, 95, 110, 114, 1.38 Sholes, O. H 26. 61 Smollinger, W. H 65 Sparkle Watts. 2. 2:10% 165 Siilan. John 16 Stanford. Gov. Leland 36 Stoniach, Size of 144 Suckling Colt 7 Sudie i) 50 Sunol. 3. 2:101/. 90 Sweet Alice 59 The Climax, 3 80 Thomas, A. L 11 Thomas. Arthur C 114 Three- vc;ir-t)hls 74 Toe, XVearii'.i; Shoes at 110 Toe Weights 34 Trainer's Charges 171 Training Paddock 51 Trimming Feet 14 Two-year-olds, How to Train 55 U. Forbes, 1, 2:21i4 53, 114 Valensin, Count 52 Valentine, Chas. A 43. 60 Virginia Barnette 94 Warming Up 154, 164 Watering 41. 148. 149 Watts. Gen. C. C 88 Waverly. p. . 2 :04 1,4 79 Weanling Colt 19 Weight of Foal 145 White. Ben 22 Whitely. Amos 17. 57 Wilbur Lou. 1. 2:191/. 47 Wilhelm, Ray Ill Williams, C. W 72. 92 Williams. Henrv 46 AVillis. Ed ■ 10. 46, 47 Yearlings 36. 167 Illustrations. Airdale. as a Yearling 54 Feeding I'addock 15 Colorado E.. as a 3-y-o 109 Native Belle, as a 2-y-o 18 Peter Volo as a 3-y-o 94 Tvpes of Shoes 138 Webster Fs" dicina Cummin^ ,18 at 1536