9 Fue) Tr oo 5 4 7 7 : - Cn 0 ” By q ? : a Ps 7 i : 7H s ' te : ra: fe a t y 7 = tp i os , - a 7 5 oo a ’ i - ie ‘ ‘ am The Copyrighted 1910 BY 330 The International Carneau Club and Pigeon Association All Rights Reserved Carneau JPR A (CIE Ss Gy OVC) INS Bs: Ec. A275990 w. Ware Jd Vi 747 ,c OFFICERS President FRANK LEE MILES DANVILLE, PA. Secretary J. W. WILLIAMSON Office GLASSBORO, N. J. V ice-Presidents ERNEST L. WINSLOW, /stV. P. WM. J. KINSLEY, 5th V. P. APPONAUG, R. I. NUTLEY, N. J. U. W. IVERSEN, 2nd V. P. MILWAUKEE, WIS. F. WARREN SNOW, 3rd U. P. — SIDNEY ALLEN, 4¢h U. P. PHILADELPHIA, PA. ORCHARD PARK, N. Y. State Vice-Presidents FRANK BARNARD Honeoye Falls, - N. Y. OSCAR H. HEMING Fort Atkinson, s WIS. A. J. MCCAULEY Perryville, E z MO. HOWARD BUTCHER New Britain, 2 : PA. B. PETERSON 20 Jackson Place Jamaica Plain, Boston, MASS. NAT. B. COMSTOCK Peoria a = TEL. M. M. Mc D. PRICE Belcamp, Hartford Co., - MD. ALONZO NEWLIN Marshallton, - - DEL. ASH SOLOMON 16 12th Street Columbus, 2 = GA. W. H. SHERRADEN 412 McCague Bldg. Omaha, = - NEB. T. HERBERT FOX Lynchburg, : E VA. T. J. MACKEY RD: No: 8 Topeka, c : KAS. S.F. WALKER Georgetown, 2 : O. ANDY FROMHERZ 3935 Chestnut St. New Orleans - = LA. PHILIP W. GLEASON 608 16th Street Detroit, : : MICH. JOHN COLE Humbold, - IOWA W. B. ROBINSON Old Orchard, : ME. G. E. HENRY 365 Hawthorne Avenue Palo Alto, - - CAL. CLYDE M. RICE Decatur, - = IND. Buy Our Motto Best KBREED Constitution and By-Laws OF THE International Carneau Club and Pigeon Association containing the only official standard (copyrighted) of the Carneau. Its origin, breeding qualities and valuable in- formation to the fancy and squab-raising industry in general. The Motto of our Club is the 4 B’s Buy Best Breed Better The only authorized Carneau band are those designated by the American Pigeon Club and to be used in accordance with American Pigeon Club Rules. BETTER LAWS Governing the International Carneau Club and Pigeon Association. It shall possess the title of and be known as The International Carneau Club and Pigeon Association, OBJECT AND POWER. Its object shall be to further the interests of Carneaux, to subserve the best interests of its members and their mutual protection, guard against fraud in sales; also in exhibition purposes, to secure proper classification at all shows decmed advisable; proper banding, and to keep this pigeon before the public through the medium of pigeon and poultry press; and in all honorable and worthy manner advance the carneau to the exalted position it should hold in the faney exhibitions and squab- producing pigeon world. It shall be international in its name and nature. While it opens its doors to all good and desirable pigeon men and women, it bars all of questionable character and of undesirable association. It shows no discrimination in ballot or voting, or eligibility to office on account of sex. The only age limit is accountability. OFFICERS. The offcers shall consist of a president and five vice presidents, a secretary and treasurer. Said officers shall constitute the executive com- mittee or board of directors. The decisions and mandates of said executive board shall be supreme, unless reversed by a two-thirds vote at a regular authorized meeting at which there are not less than fifteen members. STATE OFFICE, Each State or Province may have a vice president, to be known as 7 the State vice president of which he is a resident. He shall exercise the power of an executive of State and have jurisdiction of State require- ments. He shall assist the executive officers in their duties. His actions must be subservient to said officials, submit to them a report of his State, and matters of import, with suggestions relative thereto. They are the State representatives, hence are entitled to be present at all meetings of the executive board; the right of floor and speech on all questions, but not the right of ballot on executive questions. VACANCIES. Vacancies shall be filled by executive board, subject to approval at regular meeting. When an appointment of executive board does not meet approval at a regular meeting, then vacancy shall be filled by ballot, and newly elected take immediate possession of his office. MEETINGS, Regular mectings shall be those designated by vote at regular meeting, or called by the duly authorized officers. No meeting can be called and be understood as a regular meeting urless due notice of a private nature to every member, or a public call. The minutes must state said meeting is regular. In the absence of the president, any vice president can preside, preference in their order of territory. In absence of all executive board, then any State vice president shall preside. No meeting can be regular unless called by president, secretary or executive board. DIVISION MEETINGS. Any of the executive board, or any State vice-president may call on brief notice, such as card in conspicuous place at show, or other manner, a division meeting; provided first, unless it is called by president, secretary or board. The vice president of the territorial jurisdiction must have notice, if possible, and preference to preside. 2nd. That no vice president of a State can call a meeting except in the State where he holds the power of offce. And further, any five mem- hers can notify vice president or State vice president to call a division meeting. If he refuses after request in writing, then any five members can hold a meeting and select one of their number to preside. Fifteen members can order the executive officers to hold a meeting at any show; provided, if officers are not present, they must guarantee 8 the pay for general expense of secretary at said meeting, otherwise it can not become a regular meeting. While division meetings are not regular, they shall report to the secre- tary all proceedings ard suggestions. Which shall be presented by secre- tary at regular meeting, and if approved by a majority vote they shall become law. It must be distinctly understood that a division meeting is not a branch or a stationary division, but a temporary action for best carrying out the interest of the club in a territorial section where a regular meeting has not been called. Nothirg herein is to be understood as preventing a division meeting from adjourning from meet to meet, or place to place. A division meeting not reporting to secretary shall be ignored. Report must be in writing. Fees and dues are a matter for legislation. Bands are a matter for legislation from time to time. We approve and recommend to all shows the American Pigeon Club, its rules and laws. We fully believe that under these our pigeon club rules shows are held to a more careful and lawful procedure. We recognize the American Pigeon Club band as the authorized band, and request all carneau breeders who raise for show purposes to use this band. Nothing in the above is to be construed so as to prevent use of other bands in connection therewith, such as color or other bands. In banding we urge all to comply with show regulations, BILLS PAYABLE. Bills are payable by secretary subject to order of executive board or regular meet. BANDS. We recommend as the only carneau band compulsory for show pur- poses the seamless regulation band set apart by American Pigeon Club rules. MISDEMEANOR, The executive board shall hear and pass upon all complaints of any kind and report their decision at a regular meeting. If approved by a majority vote the findings shall stand. If not, they must be dismissed. Grievances must be made in writing in due form to secretary. No 9 attention will be paid to verbal or unsigned communications in nature of grievances. A complaint against a member of club by a non-member shall be acted upon as in the judgment of the executive it may deem best, pro- vided committee or board deem it from a reliable source. If deemed admissible they may call for witness or sworn testimony. The board cannot other than condemn the actions of guilty, and must submit all papers in the case to a regular meeting, who may have the power of repri- mand, suspension or expulsion. No member can be reprimanded except by a majority vote; be suspended except by two-thirds vote; expelled except by over a three-fourths vote. JUDGES, Decided and unquestionable preference shall be given to judges who are members of the Carneau Club. No question of above must antagonize club and show. All judges must use the authorized standard for judging carneaux. Any judge failing to do this when it has been positively proven, then the secretary of club shall lodge a protest against said judge, provided all power to adjust or remove the party fails. If show refuses to remove, or give a competent judge who will use the standard of authority, secretary shall give due notice of same to all exhibitors, and we would decm it unwise to exhibit at such intolerant show. At no time must word or language be used in nature of boycott, as we must as a club be law abiding ourselves, as we ask it of others. MEMBERSHIP, Proposition for membership must be to secretary, accompanied by a sufficient sum to pay for Carneau Book, so that every member shall be in possession of information, standard and laws, the price for book to said applicant being 50 cents. It is urged upon all to take membership ecard, being 10 cents, latter not compulsory. In case of rejections all money must be returned. Upon application for membership, the secretary may record said name, and if deemed advisable by him or recommended by a member, he shall forthwith mail said book to him. Submit name to executive board and after thirty days, if no objections offered, he or she shall be a full-Aedged member of the club. 10 IMPEACH MENT. Impeachment of any officer or officers must be by trial and at a regular meeting, and be effective upon a vote of three-fourths of members; pro- vided there is present not less than 30 members. Meetings shall be held with that decorum due any legislative body. Business shall proceed in regular order, the officers and all members present recorded. The minutes read at close for correction or approval, and at the opening for information. Routine of business shall proceed in usual manner, conducted after the best parliamentary rules and code. Questions governed by any authorized legislative manual. Vice presidents to be chosen as near as possible to best territorial loca- tion, to be numbered in their order, and where possible to have one east, west, north, south, and central. A quorum shall be fixed from meet to meet. If less than six mem- bers, then it shall require a unanimous vote to change law-standard or disperse money. When a quorum of less than ten or nine members, three-quarters vote can change laws. No change can be made in standard unless recommended by all the executive committee and a two-thirds vote of a meeting of not less than fifteen members. It must be distinctly understood that any member has all the rights of membership at any meeting, regular or division, and cannot be deprived of such by his territorial location. That is to say a member from west has same privileges at an eastern meet as at a western meet. 1 STANDARD OF International Carneau Club and Pigeon Association and must be used for Judging all Exhibition Carneaux. Adopted and approved by standard committee, and the only authorized standard for judges and show use. CLASSIFICATIONS SOLID) RED ‘GEASS. Glico eae: Old Birds, Cock...... Glass... Youns:, 19...) Maleseeee Classe. 2. Old” Birds iElene 2.5 Class.... Young, 19.... Female.... ROSE WING, RED. Glasses Old Birds, Cock...... Class.... Young, 19.... Male...... Class... Old Birds, Henge... Class.... Young, 19.... Female.... SOLID YELLOW CLASS. Glasses) Old Birds, Cock........ €lass.... Young, 192.0 Males see Class...... Old Birds, Hen.....-. Class.... Young, 19.... Female.... ROSE WING, YELLOW CLASS, Classave.-- Old Birds, Cock...... Class.... Young, 19.... Mafle..... : Class. ...-. Old) Birds? Henk... =. Class:... Young, 19.2... BKenraleseee BREEDERS, OR OTHER COLOR, CLASS. Glasses. Old Birds, Cock...-.. Class.... Young, 19.... Male.co2. Class...... Old Birds, Hen... ..-. Class.... Young, 19.... Female.... COLOR: Note 1. In judging as to color, said color is very much the same as that used by artists in depicting the faces of the original Indians, such as Powhatan, Pocohontas, etc., and in the neck shading there seems to blend a slight golden hue bordering on the iris or rainbow midst the beryl shade. Note 2. The markings on rose wing in ornate, should be an emphatic contrast from body color. To conform as near as possible (not compul- sory) to a circle in centre of coverts or an oval corresponding with wing proportion, forming a diameter of 2 to 2% inches, or not to appear as a mottled wing. Note 3. Small scattering feathers on legs or toes are permissible and to be construed as “clear from feathers.” Color and feathers must be judged from EXTERIOR appearance. “Solid color does not always pervade these feathers down to quill, but shades lighter.” The words “solid color” is to be construed as it appears to the eye with bird at ease or in natural position, Under color (not fluff) should be examined carefully. The deeper the color pervades the fluff, the more valuable the bird. Note 4. The under color as it appears to eve when holding wings. so as to expose all exterior feathers of both wing and body, which are hidden when wings in natural position should be judged, and nearer it corresponds to the color not hidden the more preferable (not fluff) but exposed feathers. Judges will smooth feathers to their natural position where fluff shows from handling or cage effect, BEFORE judging. SCORING POINTS. Si Zea eto 6 Colona re 10 Wielolitacragsecee OF OWANSSi oa. ence ae S -SymMMetry sae nies sa. 5 lnlaeyalar aera oreser orate Si Bodyaeansca sro: OweeatherSmerssscutes ce 3 Bealktermeres sis cisicec Sam wd Dieledpearen © Se HIS Gy NW Wanayer “Iekthaichoongowane (os Sy. Cheam a geass 2 Gondition! 5.2... 2. Sy AWEESIO: so ococme atoeer 3 (CO ae Der ehhroatyasceecs sees Sam eeow Colotaaass eee 2 INIGC See eect aoe 6) BGheSte teen crus seals: Semele cryact rican 2 Backes vases beet Sie PlightSascceeescee: 3 Scilla ects 2 ARS) UE Bea eee reek cere 2 sShouldersia. 3-1-1 3 — 100 SCORING POINTS; 1. In Solid and Rose Wing Classes score as follows: 2. Slate or blue rump must be cut down 20 points, or disqualified. 3. Gray rump must be cut down 15 points or disqualified. 4. White rump must be cut down 12 points. 5. White feathers, or off color, must be cut down EACH 5 points or more, 6. In Rose Wing Classes, red, yellow, white and other feathers are permissible in ornate, 7. Birds of less than 70 points, or cut 31 points, would be eligible to Breeders’ Class only and disqualified as show birds in any other than ‘Breeders’ Class.” 8. Birds eligible to Solid or Rose Wing Classes cannot compete in sreeders’ Class. 9. In Breeders’ Class or other color, cut as follows: 10. Slate or blue rump must be cut down 10 points or more. 11. Gray rump must be cut down 8 points or more. 12. White rump must be cut down 2 to 5 points or more. 13. White or other color feathers are permissible as long as red or yellow predominate, but should be judged by comparison, 14. This does not admit of blue or slate, 15. Birds under 50 points disqualified. 16. Scoring points not otherwise mentioned: TO BE USED IN JUDGING ALL EXHIBITION CARNEAUX. MALES. HEAD.—The profile rising perceptibly from wattle, forehead prom- inent, then slightly flattened, showing no great angularity or extreme flatness, to short distance back of eye, then descending gradually to neck. The top view broad from eye to eye, entirely clear from any snake- like appearance, BEAK.—Medium in length, stout and close fitting, showing no ill shape. EYE.—Large and prominent, centrally located. Conspicuous for size, roundness, lustre and general appearance. 14 IRIS.—Color opalescent, shading from orange tint to red; may show deep orange or bright red. CERE (EYE).—Small, not too conspicuous; color cream, or a flesh shading to orange or red, free from roughness and all wart-like appear- ance of any kind. WATTLE—Small and smooth, V-shaped, entirely free from all coarseness, white, cream or flesh in color. NECK.—Strong and well proportioned, showing no angularity or swan-like appearance, such as seen in “hen pigeons,” also of medium length and thickness, gradually tapering from throat and nape to a well developed and good broad chest in perfect symmetry. BACK.—Broad across the shoulders, straight in line from shoulder to tip of tail, entirely clear from any sign of “hog back” or curvatures; this applies to natural position in repose and to be thus construed. WINGS.—Powerful in proportion. Butts not prominent or con- spicuous. Flights carried over tail feathers closely overlapping, lower half of flight, if edged with white in solid color, must be cut not less than 3 to 5 points or more on each feather. ’ TAIL.—Extending slightly beyond flights, carried straight with back; closing as in appearance of two feathers, or straight, not too much wedge shape or point at ending. Objections and disqualifications “Runt drag” orm Hen litt? LEGS.—Decidedly strong. and masculine, straight and erect, clean, clear from feathers. Nothing berein is to be construed as to admit of any bird of the feather leg copy or feather leg birds except scattering on legs or toes which shall be acceptable and termed clean legged. Space about three inches from keel to level, fair spread, red in color. THIGHS.—In keeping with body and symmetry, free from any sign of “hen straddle” or “Runt squat,” legs set well back in body. FEET.—In keepirg with body and symmetry in general, rather strong be not too long in toes, corresponding with substantial tarsus both in size and color. BODY.—Compact, deep in keel, straight in breast, conspicuous front in perfect symmetry, showing no angularity but ideal symmetrical propor- 15 tions in detail; flesh hard and massive, but not so as to mar beauty or elegance of figure, entirely free from “hen” or “Runt” characteristics or appearance. CARRIAGE.—Haughty, bold, rather erect and pleasing to the eye. Male when in admiration quite often standing partly turned toward object in partial repose, spreads tail slightly, forming an ideal picture of beauty and grace. Noticeable when in display pen. WEIGHT.—From 15 to 24 ounces, females averaging about 2 ounces Jess than males. Minimum, females, 15 0z.; male, 17 oz.; preferred weight, females, 17 to 23 ounces, males 19 to 24 ounces. PLUMAGE.—Must be true to color ard close fitting, of a decidedly dark deep copper red with deep set metallic sheen in neck coloring. Chest- nut color, resembling the ripe chestnut when showing in cushion of burr, of deep dark velvet shade, showing a silk velvet sheen, tending to deep copper red coloring. More noticeable in old than young birds, the metal- lic sheen of neck tending into body color for proper blending, and not too great a contrast from body color. The lustre much more pronounced in males than females. The dark velvet-like lustre tending to copper red must be entirely free from blue “rock” slate coloring or even shading on any of the body or other feathers. Breast must agree fully in deep dark color as mentioned above, except where blending with neck, when it may gradually take neck color. The only exception being in variegated shade of neck, in solid red class (see neck color), NECK.—Deep lustrous copper bronze, with bright beryl metallic sheen, objections and disqualifications are mondaine and similar oft coloring. FEMALES may be same standard as above for males, except not so pronounced in color, neck thickness and shading of neck, also more feminine in general appearance and construction, being slightly more slender and delicate. The nearer female corresponds in type and feather to males the more preferable. The above applies to solid red exhibition birds. ROSE WING.—Red Class—( Tigre Rouge )—Same_ standard as in solid red class, except a limited number of white or other colored feathers in body of wing forming a rosette in appearance or ornamental design, not 16 to extend beyond coverts or show too conspicuous in extreme butts or edge of wings, so constructed as not to detract from solid red body of wing or attractive ornate on red background. SOLID YELLOW CARNEAUX.—Same standard as solid red class. as to type and all requirements except color, which must be a deep buff golden yellow, lustrous and pleasing to the eve. Precedence must be given to golden and buff over fawn color. Neck shading opalescent and golden hues. Eves more opalescent. shading to orange, cream or lemon color more so than in red, and beak slightly lighter in color. This bird canrot compete in other than solid yellow class. ROSE WING, YELLOW CLASS.—Same standard as solid yellow class, except wing ornate, which is same as rose wing, red except back ground of wing, which is yellow. When this bird competes with rose wing red, all things being equal, preference must be given to red class. Classes should be separate, if not so arranged, this class must take second con- sideration and can only win over red when judges see so many poimts of virtue that in their judgment they so decide, that of right it ought to be made an exception and given superiority; this judges shall have the right to do, and must be so stated and final. BREEDERS’ CLASS OR OTHER COLOR.—The same standard as to all points, type, general requirements as specified for solid classes, the exception being feather color. Feathers may be: first, red; second, yel- low: third, white. Either of these may have other companion color; pro- vided in all cases, it must consist of those colors when more than two, the red, yellow, white, taking precedence in their order. The red or yellow must be most conspicuous, decided preference given to the predominance of these colors and precedence by points. (A red or yellow showing all the colors in one bird is acceptable. That is to say, it may have red, yellow and white feathers.) The blue, or “rock,” also slate shades, must be cut heavily, if not dis- qualified. Judge shall have the right to disqualify where blue or slate shades is too conspicuous; also in all cases of lack of carneau points Judges must exercise care not to recognize any but decided red, yellow or white. Birds having the predominance of red or yellow preferred. Birds eligible to solid or rose classes must not be recognized in Breeders’ 17 or other color class. The predominant color must be red, yellow or white, in their order, ‘Runts, Mondaines and questionable Caraneaux must be ruled out. DISQUALIFICATIONS.—Others than mentioned in standard, blue, slate, rock or mondaine color, “hog back,” hen or runt eccentricities, swan neck, off color, cut down to less than 50 points. Tampered wwith such as coloring, plucking, general lack of requirements, indications of fraud, also violation of exhibition rules; fraudulent classification, proved fault was preconceived on part of exhibitor to deceive. By order of standard committee. FRANK. LEE MILES, President. ERNEST L. WINSLOW, First Vice President. U. W. IVERSEN, Second Vice President. Attest : J. W. WILLIAMSON, Secretary. FRANK LEE MILES CARNEAUX Out of the unknown of the past we seek to trace the ideal of the present. ‘Whence the beginning, where the resting place, and what the purpose? No man can explain, but this much we know, God made nothing in vain. The origin of pigeons and their primitive state will never be fully explained. Great writers hedge all their references to this subject with a proviso or ambiguous sayings. In fact, as we have historians of many kinds, we also have writers of many minds. The accepted belief and the expressed opinions as to all pigeon source, such as descending from Blue Rock, or Passenger Pigeon, we give little credence. The Darwin theory of the evolution of man, if correct, might corroborate some in these views. But mind the “if.” To accept other than the biblical history of man is to question God and deny Sacred Writ. Still we find many who prefer to trace their ancestry to the pre-historic monkey kingdom. Why, they do not explain. We view man today and say if these writers are correct there must have been a wonderful up- 19 heaval of evolution. If they are wrong they certainly make a mistake, and a big one at that. Then, if such a blunder in man and his origin, why not in pigeons and their derivation? This leads us to the question of pigeon origin. To accept the theory that all pigeons spring from the Blue Rock or its kind is to believe that in-amd-in breeding will increase size, develop better qualities and general intelligence. It certainly is against all laws of nature. View with pleasure and profit the great variety of pigeons today; note their great tenacity to develop characteristics of parents, such as qualities that set them apart. AI] this could have been bred in them, but must have had a type. We here realize the necessity of so-called “crossing” one quality with another. We find no one to contend that birds are the offspring of a single variety, the Bible being explicit on this. Note a few quotations from Genesis: “cc ——and fowl that may fly above the earth.’ And every winged fowl after his kind.” “Let fowls multiply on the earth.” Then the command to preserve for future, the filling of the Ark: “Of fowls of the air by sevens, male and female.” “Into the Ark—and every fowl after his kind.” “Every bird of every sort.” “And he sent forth a raven.” “He sent forth a dove from him.” “The dove found no rest.” “And the dove came in to him in the evening and lo, in her mouth was an Olive leaf plucked off.” ““ The above quotatiors would justify us in saying that pigeons, often called doves, were classified as birds. Possibly all agree that “after their kind and sort” in birds meant size, color and variety. Then why not pigeons the same? Adopting this hypotheist (first ask- ing 1f pigeons are not birds of the air, what are they?) we have the solu- tion of origin and variety to deny. First to the creation “birds after their kind,” no doubt a great variety embracing all sizes, color and qualities. Then in prehistoric times, intermingling and comingling brought about certain changes, possibly most noticeable color and or at least variety of plumage. Possibly medieval man, for purpose of utility combining quali- ties, gave us a precedent to follow. The fact is established beyond con- 20 troversy that promiscuous inbreeding weakens vitalitv, reduces size and is detrimental for all purposes except pygmy effect. We think we have good authority for saying that it would have been impossible to breed our twentieth century birds—who for beauty of plumage vie with peacock and pheasant—from Columba Livia alone, who are pretty much all of a size (less than most of our present-day pigeons), also vary but little in color. Now from the past modern ideas have, by deep study, given us many kinds and many qualities, some of which for brilliancy of color and shading divide honors with the rainbow. As far back as we can trace pigeon variety or kind we trace the Carneau, known, it is true, under different names. This we also find true of most, of not all, varieties. The best authority regarding Carneaux is possibly Brent; also others of the earliest writers. They all, Brent in particular, speak of a large, prolific “red pigeon,” also a golden yellow (the Tigre Rouge) which is a large red pigeon with spots of white on wings, rest of feathers a deep red (meaning no doubt the Rose Wing of present date), coming to Willoughby; of a pigeon smaller than the “Runt,” but much more prolific and adept on wings. If we trace these writings to a later date in France we find it corroborated by those who by exceptional care and segregation gave us our present ideal bird. We find by careful interview with experienced French fanciers, breeders and connoisseurs that France rightfully claims to be the first to give these birds promirence for their great squab producing qualities. The name “carneau”’ finds its first use there. Belgium lays claim to a certain extent, which is justified in the Carneau as it exists today. The French Carneau differs from the Belgium breed, it being as a rule much lighter in build, showing a more slender and lengthy frame, Belgium birds being more stocky. This I noticed in all my travels and importations, Realizing the advantage of each country’s bird, my first move was to import selections from both and cross these breeds and watch results, all of which has proven highly satisfactory and given us a bird superior to either of, or any of the original importations or foreign birds. The standard has been the work of careful study and research, com- bining the experience of fanciers and breeders abroad with those of America, and taken from the best birds that money could buy. The 21 crdeavor of the Club, the correct and explicit points, certainly deserves commendation, Especial at'ertion is called to carriage, symmetry, beauty of color, the glossy, velvety red, the Rose Wing (Tigre Rouge) differing only with rose marking on the wings, which may be of any color. The golden deep yellow in the solid Yellow and Rose Wing class. The Squab class admit- ting of other color, but requiring a positive preponderance in body color. The prominent eye. The above points marking their excellence for show room or exhibition purposes. All combining with their exceptional squab- breeding qualities to place them par excellence. Test after test has been made in this line, and the Carneaux, without an exception, are the victors. That a bird which produces so freely and often, and whose squabs, under proper environments, will weigh equal with the largest of any pigeon known, and at the same time produce safely, as a rule, close to ten pairs per year, may well be termed the Titan of squab breeders. Consensus of opinion places them as the best all-round bird for utility purposes, and under proper care ecmmensurate with their onerous duties, this remains urchallenged. Carneaux require cleanliness. The sanitaticn must be of the best. While they are elite and can be depended upon for their work, environ- ments must assist. The four letters—our motto—will, if carried out, give you results that you will ever be proud of : Buy Best Breed Better. Carmeaux have many claimants for first importation in America. They were littlhe known until possibly 1900, when they were brought into prominence by the writer of this article, who had made a careful study of their merits, which resulted in America raising specimens which far surpassed the original importations. In an interview with an elderly Frenchman he stated that his grandfather, when moving from France to Belgium, had brought quite a number with him, and stated as far back as his memory carried Carneaux were the utility bird of France. Also stating that said grand-parent often spoke of the great numbers in his earlier days in France; further stating that they were very numerous in France and Belgium. The English wood-cuts of some three hundred years ago show a red, also a yellow pigeon, which, with an apology for its crude workmanship and design, resembles very closely the Carneau. Whether the Carneau is of the original or result of careful crossing 22 is wnmaterial, as we find our birds of today are all that could really be desired. The American lofts of today hold American-bred birds that no foreign bird can equal when judged from all points of the standard. As the American Beauty Rose is in the flower kingdom, so is the Car- neau in the pigeon world. It remains for us to hold them to this point of excellence. In’ hoe signo vinces. Life is a mirror for king or slave; It is just what you are and do. Then give to the world the best that you can And tke best will come back to you. ae Uane) Swords, Wer wut Lar win Breeding and Care of Show Birds Hello, Claude! Drop that bag by the roadside and come over into my pigeon house for a minute. I want to ask vou a few questions on how to enter some birds for exhibition. The young man thus addressed by his friend slowly crossed the street, and arm in arm the chums entered a house entirely devoted to pigeons and their comfort. Claude, entirely ignorant of the proper answer to the opening question, suggested, and rightly too, that they write to a pigeon or poultry maga- zine, who always have on hand a record of nearly every coming show, and the addresses of the secretaries, who are the ones to call upon for entry blanks and premium lists. Every exhibit must be entered in proper form, class number, name of variety, band number, whether cock or hen, also selling price can be entered if specimen is to be for sale. When returning entry blank to the show secretary, be sure to enclose the entry fee, ranging from 25 cents to $1.00, according to the rules of the association you are doing business with. Usually entry fees include feed, water, etc., free; but be sure water and feed is provided for the birds en route. Prizes are usually awarded as follows: First prize, $1.50; second prize, 75 cents; third price, V. H. C. (very highly commended) ; fourth prize, H. C. (highly commended). There must be four entries in each class, or the first prize money is withheld; but first prize ribbon will be awarded and second prize money paid. Usually in classes of only one entry, prize money is 50 cents to 75 cents. The transportation charges of express companies are based on merchandise rate one and one-half time; but when 24 birds are returned make sure you only pay half merchandise rate, or one- third of the original payment. To carefully prepare a bird for exhibition involves training and careful care to insure perfect physical condition, and, last but not least, a thorough bath, In selecting your birds for exhibition, choose the best you have, and after selection, improve their appearance by washing and training them. Remove each specimen to a training cage, giving them extra care, a good rest and plenty of wholesome food with hemp; the latter improves the feathers by making them glossy, .etc. Confining them in cages accustoms them to confinement and seeing visitors. A cane or judging stick is used to move them about gently and is passed down the neck and over the back. When visiting the training cages, give them a little hemp seed to coax them to the front of the cage. In this way a habit of stepping for- ward in an expectant mood is formed. Delay washing as late as possible. Use four tubs, one with a thick paste of dissolved white soap in very warm water; souse the bird thor- oughly until the plumage is wet to the skin, then rinse off thoroughly in the other three tubs, using slightly cooler water in each tub. The last tubs contain a small amount of common washing bluing to rinse off light colored birds and all that are white. Place cages before a good fire and with an absorbent on the floor of each, let the birds dry off. When dry, wipe the legs with glycerine or olive oil to intensify their redness. Then let the judge do his work, To breed a show strain of birds by perpetuating the good qualities found in a bird, it is necessary to inbreed, eliminating the new blood, which instantly changes the strain, as the new blood more often than not creates a tendency to assume the characteristics of some ancestor, bring- ing to the surface in an accentuated form undesirable qualties. A proper system of inbreeding can be followed, which will not be injurious to the vigor of the stock, by establishing a relationship that may be distant. 25 The accompanying chart will furnish a safe guide to inbreeding; with- out such a guide no strain is likely to be successfully established. bs : rr 2 The dotted lines mean females, the unbroken lines male. Whenever the two lines meet, the circle denotes the progeny of the two, and the fractional figure outside the circle shows in what proportion the blood of original cock or hen exists in that; viz., three-fourths of the original cock and particular descendant. Thus three contains three-fourths of the blood of the original hen, and only one-fourth of the original cock; whereas four contain just the reverse; viz., three-fourths of the blood of the original cock and one-fourth of the blood only of the original hen. Now, note that in the second crossing a bird from group two is mated to each of the original parents, a hen to the cock and a young cock to the hen. The result of this union has three-fourths of the blood of the cock 26 and one-fourth of the blood of the hen in one case, and in the other, three- fourths of the blood of the hen and one-fourth of that of the cock. A hen and a cock should be taken from the three-fourths blood stock and mated again to the original cock and hen. The result is seven-eighths of the blood of the male and only one-eighth of the blood of the female in one, and in the other seven-eighths of the blood of the female and one-eighth of that of the male. Now a hen is taken from the seven-eighths stock and is mated with young cock from the other seven-eighths stock and the result of this is one-half and one-half blood. In like manner a hen from the three-fourths female is mated with a male from the three-fourths stock, will produce progeny that possess blood of the original birds in equal proportions. By following the above rule you establish a strain in which neither of the original cock blood or the original hen blood predominates. Use great care in selection, eyes bright, showing vitality, and above all, select no bird with “defccts,”’ or you will rue it later on. Use well matured stock and you will have a strain in time that is the envy and admiration of all who come in contact with your persistent genius. Per- sonally you will derive much satisfaction from your own success. Your earnings from your prize winners, together with the proceeds from sales of stock exhibited for the purpose of disposing of them, will materially swell your gross income, thus further adding to your keen enjoyment. ERNEST L. WINSLOW, Greenwood, Apponaug P, O., R. I. 27 IMPORTING CARNEAUX U. V. IVERSEN To the beginner in breeding pigeons, after getting a fair start, the first thing that appeals to him is the idea of IMPORTING his own birds, thereby increasing the quality of his loft and gaining prestige as to his importance. This is very laudable, were it not for the pitfalls in the way. For a great many years I have imported birds of different species, among them Homers, Hen and Carneaux, and I have found it a most trying portion of my breeder’s experience. I have found it absolutely necessary to have connections in Europe which were honorable, and it has taken years to make such connections. Advertisements galore appear in almost every pigeon publication, at prices that make the American Breeder appear as a robber, BUT when all things are considered, a price of $10 to $12 per pair for a pair of imported Carneaux of good quality, leaves NO profit to the breeder, Just to give you an idea of what happens. The advertisement of a European dealer says “Carneaux $3.00 per pair, f. 0. b. New York; all dead birds replaced.” This sounds good, BUT here is where the first pit- fall comes in. You order say 10 pairs of birds after writing an adver- tiser, and he tells you he will send MATED BIRDS. The birds arrive. Out of the lot most likely one or two have died. If you are in great good luck, none of them have canker ;most likely, however, two or more have it. You put them into your loft and look for the mated pairs. You may in time find that a pair has mated up, but the chances are that they are young, unmated stock, and among them are from five to seven COCKS, which naturally are useless, as cocks predominate in breeding any way. You will also find that one or more of the birds are badly pecked up. The above gives you an idea of what the importer contends with where he gets all Carneaux as ordered, However, here is another case. The birds arrive 28 as per description above, and amongst them are Hens, Crosses of Car- neaux, Crosses of Mondaines and possibly other crosses. Remember you ordered AND PAID for 10 pairs mated Carneaux. How many pair do you think you will get out of the 10 pair ordered and HOW MUCH will the pairs cost you. If you are in great good luck you will get TWO PAIRS out of the lot and the balance will most likely be worthless, and these two pairs cost you $30.00 and express charges. You will say, “Well, the dead birds will be replaced.” All rot. They will be replaced if you pay for more, and no other way, and what recourse have you against this advertiser IN EUROPE WHO HAS YOUR MONEY. None whatever, and the result is that the breeder at large gets discouraged and we lose probably a most valuable member of the fraternity, The importer who has from 300 to 1000 pairs of birds shipped during the year has connections which are usually fairly honest, but even he gets bitten and must in consequence ask a price for his birds that will let him out whole. I have had 200 pa‘rs of birds shipped to me in one lot, at $4.00 per pair, loss $800.00 in one bunch, and found when they arrived that over one-half had died, usually of canker, and the balance had been contamin- ated, necessitating the killing of the whole lot to save my own lofts; and again I received shipments SUPPOSED to contain nothing but Carneaux, and had from 5 to 20 pairs of Hens and Crosses included, and advised by my importer that he was short and thought I could dispose of the outside birds just as well, as almost all his trade now called for those birds to be shipped. To be honest, “IT IS TO GET VILD.” My advice is, don’t do any importing till you really have money to throw away. If you have it to spare and can afford to lose it, try an order; but if you want to succeed, buy American bred birds, or buy and pay $10.00 to $15.00 per pair for imported birds already here, and get birds that are sound, mated and working. This sounds selfish, I admit, but really it is for the benefit of those that really wish to make a success and for those whom we wish to keep as breeders. I have known of twenty cases where parties did their own importing, thinking they were getting something for nothing as compared with American prices, and after getting the birds they were so discouraged they quit altogether. 29 The Carneau as a F ancy E igeon BY. WILLIAM J. KINSLEY Vice-President International Carneau Club, Nutley, New Jersey. IN THE LOFT. Whether in the loft or at the shows, the Carneau attracts about as imvch attention as the so-called “fancy pigeons.” Visitors to my lofts who come to look at Pigmy Pouters, Maltese Hen Pigeons, Polish Lynx or some of the other half-dozen varieties I breed, are frequently attracted by the Carneaux and at once make inquiry as to the name of the breed, where they originated, ete. The deep red or the fine yellow solid colors are very attractive, and the graceful, vigorous carriage of the birds also appeals to the pigeon fancier. I am plied with questions as to whether or not the Carneaux are rapid breeders, good feeders, and adapt themselves to varying climates and conditions. The sight of these large, active, shapely, handsome colored birds, strutting in dress parade upon my loft roof are always more than at- tractive to the “gallery” that frequently is found at my loft on a pleasant day looking over my birds. At first I was in doubt as to the rapidity of the breeding of the Car- neaux, but they have now solved that question and have demonstrated that they are rapid breeders and good feeders of strong, active, healthy squabs. They know how to make good nests and protect their young. The eegs are nearly always fertile and hatch well. 30 AT THE SHOWS. Whoever has stood in “Carneau Afley” at any of the leading shows must have noticed how frequently are the inquiries from pigeon fanciers, as well as those not acquainted with the various breeds, in regard to “those beautiful red birds” or “those beautiful yellow birds.” While they were put on the market as a squab producer (and they are these par excel- lence) they have now won a front rank in the dual position of a squab producer and a fancy pigeon. They train well for the show, stand handling and shipping, look well at the end of a trip, are manageable in the loft and in the show room, and come back home after several weeks on the circuit as fresh and bright as when they started out. A trip through “Carneau Alley” has made many pigeon fanciers from casual visitors, and the Carneau is entitled to con- siderable credit for this alone. It will not be long before the Carneau as a fancy pigeon will be ex- hibited by the hundred in all of the larger shows. 3\ Shipping Birds to Shows BY F. WARREN SNOW My experience in shipping birds for show purposes is to first receive a catalogue and entry list from the secretary of the show they are to be sent to, and note the classes, which will be designated by numbers, then make your entry according to the classes you wish to erter on your entry sheet, stating what variety, color, sex, ete., and price of entry fee. Mail same with U. S. money order, registered letter, to the secretary before the time expires for entry. Then according to distance your birds have to travel depends when to ship. It also depends how direct from shipper to place of destination, but if you know that shipping in the evening will bring vour birds to their destination the next day, by all means ship at night, after birds have been fed and watered. They will not require any food or water; this way you can ship birds 500 miles or more without food or water. Understand, do not ship birds when you send your entry 32 sheet, but so they will arrive the day before the show opens. After you send in your entry the secretary of show will send you entry cards. Fill out cards and fasten on each bird’s compartment. You must have a ship- ping crate designed so as to give birds good ventilation, ard each bird must be separate or else the superintendent of the show would not know one bird from the other. The above picture is a crate I find very handy. The body of the crate is made of 5¢-inch boards; it is 9 irches high, 42 inches long, 16 inches wide, with twelve compartments, which hold 12 birds. Each compartment is 7 inches in front and tapers back to nothing. The compartments are made by boring 34 holes in the top and half-way through the bottom, about an inch from the edge, and placirg dowel sticks 3% inch thick through them perpendicularly ; also two sticks in two oppos:te corners, and then tacking heavy unbleached muslin, about two inches narrower than the inside of crate, to your post in the corner, around the next opposite, then the next opposite, and so continue around each dowel, making triangular compartments about 7 by 16 inches. You see each compartment on either side has a slidirg door which pulls upward; these doors are made of %-inch lumber, with the lorg edges beveled down to about ™% inch, and they slide in runs about % inch wide, %4 inch or 3 inch deep, which is made of 7x2 inch lumber, which can be gotten out of any planing mill. The doors are 6 inches wide by 93¢ inches high. You see the doors have holes for ventilation; so does each end and on top; the top and side holes are 7% or 34; the top holes are directly opposite the top hole in the door, and about an inch from the edge, through which you can place a piece of card and tie each door securely, or else use wire and lead seal. It is coated by using shellac, with a little Bismarck, which makes it a reddish color, like mahogany or cherry. On this crate I have printed “Live Birds”; also name and town. In shipping, direct tag to superintend- ent of show and secure fast. Make arrangements with your express agent for birds to be returned free. You have your express agent call for them or you deliver them to your express office and they will be returned direct. Your expressman will furnish you with a card printed on it “to be returned free,” to whom it may be, which is filled out and secured to crate. In shipping birds from one party to another, almost any box from a grocer, with a little sawdust, dry sand or broken straw in the bottom, with the top nailed on with little space for ventilation will do. Do not leave too much openirg so birds can get heads out. Use same method as above. 5 33 CARNEAUX BY A. THERRIEN West Lynn, Mass. My experience with Carneaux date as far back as nine years ago. While in Europe, traveling in Belgium, my attention was attracted by a large flock of fine deep red pigeons called Carneaux. I was not at first much impressed, to tell the truth. I had at that time other fancy pigeons on the brain. Back to America a few months later, in a large consignment of fancy stock, sent me by the late Dr. M. C. Fondeur—as true fancier as there ever was—five pairs of extra good Carneaux I found. I believe now these five pair were the first ones ever sent across the water. I have as yet been unable to find anybody to dispute this point. These five pairs, with other consignments, were the foundation stock of the breed in America. I perfectly remember the sensation they made when first ex- hibited in leading shows. The more I see of Carneaux, the more I like them. They have all good qualities of other pigeons, with no faults; they are a breed that you can depend upon for breeding most of the year around. They are also most beautiful. Colors are deep red and deep yellow. Also they come in rose wing, red and white, yellow and white. They have only one instinct, it seems to me, to bring up a large family; you almost notice among them a kind of rivalry, who is the pair who will raise the nicer youngsters. They are very tame—mine will eat out of my hand. TI will say to Carneau breeders, don’t enter suddenly in coop; take it easy in going to coop. I always wear the same duster coat and hat, so birds know me, and like my visit. IT always carry in my duster pocket a little hemp seed and make friends with those that are timid. I be- lieve in giving Carneaux the best in feed. I expect good results, so I give 34 birds the best as to quality, variety and quantity. I feed morning and night an equal portion of whole corn, red wheat, kaffir corn, buckwheat. At noon I feed a small quantity of mixture of peas, hempseed, millet. On each Sunday I feed exclusively flaxseed. It gives birds that glossy plumage that made my Carneaux famous. I do not keep grit in coop, as most fanciers do, but I mix it with feed. I have a special grit that I make. I call it “Carnit.’ It is made from a receipt given me by an old Belgium fancier, handed to him from former generations. Lately I have used Red Cross Health Grit, that I find very good. Some pigeons do not like grit of any kind, and will not eat it; but been mixed with feed some of it sticks to it, so that birds eat it whether they like it or not, At present writing I have five lofts of 50 pairs each, all colors banded, and they are doing wonders in line of breeding. I believe in best stock. My motto: Buy best and breed better. Clean water is also very im- portant; also clean quarters. Do no unnecessary tinkering around coop; leave the birds alone. Birds have a business to attend to breeding, so give them a chance. 35 Quality in Carneaux BY GEO. FEATHER Dorcester Center, Mass. Having been called upon probably more than any other judge to pass judgment on this most interesting and popular variety of the pigeon family, and having also been requested by several members of the Club at our last meeting in Philadelphia to write up a few notes for publication in this, our new Club Book, I venture to comply with their requests, and trust that what little I have to say will prove of some little benefit to at least a few who are strivirg to reach the front rank in this variety. {n penning these notes I have taken my theme from a somewhat crude copy or proof of the Standard, sent me by one of our members just prior to the opening of the New York show. He, knowing I was down to judge the New York and Boston shows, thought it would at least help me to familiarize some, and I am pleased to say it certainly did, ard in one case, perhaps, to the disadvantage of the member himself, for it seems that a misunderstanding or misconstruction of one or two properties had gone the rounds, viz., with regard to color of beak, some members (myself heing one) concluding that the beak should be clear white throughout. Then again, shape or type did not seem to be quite understood. Now, with regard to shape, it is universally conceded, both in poultry, pigeons, dogs, ete., that shape makes or denotes the breed. Any one who has gore the rounds of the shows this last fall and winter must have noticed that two distinct types have been shown, and, strange as it may seem, have in some cases come from the same lofts. One known as the French type, which is rather narrow in skull, somewhat 36 long in neck, narrow in breast and back, and long in feather. The latter, to my way of thinking, denoting the Runt cross. The other, termed the Belgium type, best suits the Carneau, being shorter and stouter in neck, broader in chest, wider in back and shorter in feather, which gives it a little more of that cobby appearance so much desired. But it should be understood that the Carneau, as well as some other varicties, can be too short, as well as too long in feather, so that breeders should try and select their matings to produce the happy medium, the pleasing whole. I am a firm believer in this, in all things. Now with regard to beak, the standard says, medium in length, stout and close fitting, showing no ill shape, color bone, or lighter shade or cow horn. The above to me seems to be a fair description, but the two latter phases have given rise to a misunderstanding; some, I may say many, construing it to mean an entirely white beak throughout. If we take and examine a cow’s horn it will be found that it varies in shades of color from a pure hard white at some distarce down from the tip, to a very much darker shade of color as it approaches the head. At the last meeing of the Carneau Club this matter was discussed at great length, and if I am not in error it was agreed that the beak of the Red Carneau would be permissible if it was white shading to a little darker color as it approached the beak wattle, but the entire white beak was preferable. Personally I am still of the opinion, as I always have been, that the entire white beak is the one that best suits the Carneau, and the one that will give the least trouble in judging. I have noticed in the young bird classes that very few birds are shown with stained beaks, this defect only appearing after the second or third moult, so that specimens that retain their white beaks after their second and third moult would be the ones to hold as breeders, and by careful selection in this way this defect may be entirely obliterated from any strain. Regarding the legs, standard says: Small, scattering feathers on legs or toes are permissible and to be construed as “clear from feathers.” I never believed in construing anything to mean that which it does not mean, and I can not bring myself to believe that it was ever intended that the Carneau should be anythirg but a clear legged pigeon, from the knee joint down and including the toes. So that under a competent judge a good Carneau that was perfectly clear from short stubbs of feathers on 37 the legs and toes should beat another Carneau that was just as good, but unfortunately possessed of this glaring fault of growing these un- sightly short stubs of feathers just where they were not wanted. This defect will give way and can easily be bred out of any strain by always selecting stock birds that are entirely free from this fault. I might have written more regarding under color, fluff, scoring points in judging, etc., but think these are fairly well understood. However, what I have said are only suggestions, and the opinion of one man. But if they are correct and well founded, it behooves all those interested in the production of the standard bred exhibition Carneau to strive, and strive hard, to breed out the defects I have mentioned, and when this has been accomplished we shall have added to the great pigeon family a most beauti- ful, very interesting and useful variety. 38 Why | Prefer Carneaux Ten years ago July 4th next (1910) I reeteived my first shipment of French Carneaux. I cannot say that I was at all pleased with them. They did not seem to measure up to what I thought they should be; but after they became acclimated and bred a few pairs of squabs my opinion of the bird was entirely changed. During all these long years I have devoted hours to the study of the nature and habits of these birds, so that now I am fully convinced that the squab demands of the future will make this breed of birds one of the most popular of any known breed up to the present time. Experience has taught me that they breed more and a better grade of squabs at a smaller cost for feed than any of the other larger varieties. The tendency of the market makes it imperative for breeders to pro- duce larger squabs if they keep pace with the demands of the times, and I am satisfied that in no other way can this demand for larger squabs be so satisfactorily met as by breeding the birds that produce them—the French Caneau. In the past the Homer has held a leading place among breeders, and I would not say a word to the detriment of the Homer, as I bred them successfully for seven yeats with excellent results, and until my experi- ments with the Carneau I considered them superior to all others, ard, while fully realizing the superiority of the Homer over the common run of pigeons, I cannot be so blinded by their goodness as squab producers as to render me incapable of recognizing the better article after | have proven its superiority by every test possible to employ to determine the value of a bird as a breeder. These tests have been ¢ritical, and now, aftet ten years’ experience with the Carneau, I find they are as superior to the Homer as the Homer is to the common pigeon, and I believe that in the next few years every 39 breeder who follows the business on a large or small scale will agree with me that the greatest degree of success in squab raising can be obtained by breeding these birds exclusively. My experience proves conclusively that the French Carneaux will produce twice as many pounds of squabs in a year as any other known breed, and the most conspicuous point in their favor is the fact that the cost of keeping them is no greater than the more common varieties. They are docile, not easily frightened, in fact become very tame with a little careful handling; endure hardships like a soldier, are extremely hardy, good feeders, take the best of care of their young, and_ their symmetrical beauty by far surpasses that of any other pigeon I ever owned. Their faults are few, their virtues many, expresses my long experience with the Carneau. I have no fault to find with them whatever, and their virtues are so many that I can never tire of singing the praises of these wonderful birds, my, favorites—the Carneaux. GEO, H. HUGHES: 40 JUDGING AND BREEDING THE CARNEAU BY The Carneau, like all new varieties entering the arena of the show room, passes through the usual grilling, one judge forming his opinion as to type, while another will favor something else, which for a new variety is no more than natural, and with the usual dissatisfaction of exhibitors; vet much could be avoided if the standard was strictly ad- hered to, and fewer complaints would be heard of. In this connection a standard should not be so lax as to leave portions to the discretion of the judge; the judge does not like it, and it leaves too much of an opening for general complaint. I am pleased, however, to state the Carneau standard has very few such gaps, as all points have been carefully considered. It is only reasonable to expect that Carneaux showing poor profile of head should be cut, as the standard has always been on head as follows: The profile rising perceptibly from the wattle, forehead prominent, then slightly flattered, showing no great angularity, same as the head on the cut of bird in the frontispiece of this book, which shows the standard head (similar to the eagle), while the one shown above in my hand has a perfectly round head, which world be favored by many judges, but it is 41 not what may be favored, but what the standard calls for where the best scoring should count, when the standard changes the head to more top skull, or a change in other ways than the present, then such change should be given preference, but not until then. From year to year changes in standards are always occurring, both with pigeons and poultry, more fre- quently with the latter, so we should not be surprised to find changes from time to time. ’ The frontispiece shows a typical Carneau; its only weak point is the pose, which the photographer must take the blame for, more than the bird, as the bird’s natural carriage is more erect, with tail touching the ground, with a beak the color of a yearling cow’s horn. While the word yearling does not appear in the standard, I am of the opinion it is the cow horn color desired. Mr. Miles and myself have argued this point in several lengthy letters, our conclusions reached being yearling cow horn color, which most of the Carneau members, I am of the opinion, will agree on as the correct color. TY PE.—This we have in all animals and plant life in the inorganic bodies and manufactured goods, the latter running in series of letters, such as A type, B type, and so on, with twenty-six continuing in a series. All parts are listed which we may term its standard. To be brief, type is the construction of the article or animal differing in certain parts from all others, being built or bred on different lines. In a few words, the standard makes the type, and when a Carneau is bred in accordance with same, as a builder would build carefully after the plans and specifications of the architect, we have the finished type; but in pigeons type is not made in a mechanical way, but by scientific breeding, except where faking is indulged in to improve a poor specimen. The following, in my opinion, should give sufficient definition for the word, viz., general form or construction. Symmetry is a word I like, carrying with it, as it were, due proportions of the several parts in perfect curves and lines in alignment with each other in harmony; noticeable in the Carneau on the frontispiece, as is noted in every curve and straight line, being devoid of any abrupt or faulty angularity. When walking through the aisles of a show room, fanciers’ attention is frequently called to certain bird’s station with the remarks, “That bird 42 has a grand carriage,” or “That's what I call type. While the bird’s carriage and marner in which it deports itself is de- serving of more points than it usually receives, being very commendable and pleasing to look upon, yet you should never consider for a moment that in carriage you have the whole type; why you could pull the bird’s tail and it would show better carriage. Its head points may disqualify it, or its legs, grouse and other faults. The whole bird must be considered as the perfect typical bird (few existing) is the one possessing all the points of the standard. I have heard it said typical show Carneaux are easy to raise, but the mention of same by fanciers that never raised them. “AIl you have to do is raise big solid red birds.” (?) We welcome all to try their hand and see if solid colors of deep red and golden buff in standard birds are so easy. During the past show season I attended nearly every leading show, and did not notice among the hundreds of Carneaux on parade from all the best lofts, one perfect specimen. Where the body was all that could be expected, color or head points were at fault. HOW TO BREED FOR TYPE.—First, Buy Best, then Breed Better. You must first buy best, but your greatest pride will be in what you breed best. Don’t buy squab-raising stock with a view to raise near-standard specimens, any more than you should buy squab-raising Homers and expect to raise show Homers. Buy a few pairs of the best types your means will allow, then study and breed. Ralcre BANDS.—The size of the Carneau band is ideal for Carneaux, as it is not necessary to place them on until the squeakers are 8 to 10 days old. At this age, where large numbers are being raised, the color can be noticed on the rump and tail having sufficient growth of feathers; if slate or white it would be useless to band, but market as squabs when they become about four weeks old, as the color of their skin is far superior to any other squab. I always band the largest of a pair on the left leg, as it usually proves the cock. I have the right leg free for the use of the color mating dis- tinguishing band. These open colored bands judges would prefer you to remove before 43 showing, but it is not necessary to do so, as it causes considerable trouble to replace. What is positively objected to is distinguishing bands with initials, whch you should be careful to remove, as all careful judges will pass such birds. In breedirg, you will be fortunate indeed to get one grand type out of each good breeding pair in a season, with good, solid red or yellow rump and tail. After you do get some of the desired color, or if fortunate in getting many good deep chestnut and golden buffs, save the largest, and by watch- ing the heads you will gain experience in selecting the best shape, giving allowance for filling out with age. After the youngsters show signs of mating, they have gone through the moulting of their nest, or baby feathers. Here you will be surprised to notice how your selection of solid colors changed to splashes, white flights, poor colored rumps, rose wings and mottles; then after another moult or two, more off color and beaks changing color. Well, you have them now for the matings. The mating of Carneaux for standard results is no easy task. Experience with other varieties may help some, but your greatest help will be derived from KNOWING YOUR BIRDS. To know them your coops should have apartment nests, a nest card and each pair color banded with the same color as on the nest card, and each of the double nest apartments to contain a pair of birds; never have an empty apartment or a perch bracket on the wall for a roosting place, or any place except their own, and every pair of birds will keep their place. (1 will cheerfully give any member information how to build the CORRECT double nests that will prevent the mates from changing nests.) For brevity, we will say you know your birds, that is to a certain extent. For instance, pair banded green and white are good colored birds, but continually throw splashes. Get rid of them or use for squab breed- ing. Pink and black are throwing deep red birds, but legs show stubs; hold them, but change mates, and try and breed out the stubs, as some of the best colored breeding birds for show purposes have that fault. Among your flock you may have some splashes throwing solid reds or yellows; such birds you should hold. A visitor to your lofts would not give you 44 half as much for that mated pair as he would a near-solid red or yellow. It would be business on your part to sell the solid colored youngsters and hold the breeders of them after saving all you desire, and you have learnt a part of the lesson of knowing your birds, wherein lies the greatest secret of raising show and squab birds. It is more valuable to you than all the science a fancier may tell you about birds. Now for the mating of your various types of Carneaux, for as you look at them you notice every kind imaginal le, but among them is possible a very large Cobby Cock, and if free from Runt or Mondaine characteristics, if it has tauits such as poor eye-cere, and forehead a little flat, you should look over your hens and select one that has the most promirent forehead and small eye-cere and mate. I have a pair mated in just that way that are giving me “yellow peaches.” You may also reverse the matings. Again, you may have a cock that is ideal except color, which should be mated to the best colored hen. If you have birds with white rumps and others with blue, don’t mate the white with white, but white with blue, and if they do not produce desirable colors, keep for squab breeding. GOLDEN BUFFS.—To get same, mate yellow hens to red cocks, but don't expect crackerjacks at the start. The two hardest classes are the Rose Wing and Mottles, as they will breed more splashes than anything else. Very frequently Rose Wings and Mottles come from solid colored birds, yet by being persistent and mating best to best in class, by knowing what your birds are capable of doirg, and at times you will find it necessary to mate back son to mother, by following out line breeding and by careful recording and planning, your object in view brings results and crowns your efforts with success. The highest priced birds are the Mottles. In Pigmy Pouters I can breed the V mottle with but little trouble through the strain, | have but to breeda great many with Carneaux. I confess I cannot. Instead of getting the handkerchief mottle I get a “whole sheet,’ and when a good one is pro- duced it’s a question whether it was through careful breeding or chance. To be highly successful in breeding show specimens and then selecting them you should be a good observer and carry in mind continually the Carneau_ standard. The above is not written with a view to discourage the amateur, as in part it’s true of most any variety taken up. What has been written in the main is well known by old farciers, while some Carneau points may be new. The whole I give the amateur to digest. 45 The Price of Pigeons BY FRANK M. GILBERT [In askirg me for an article on the above theme, I do not think the publisher of this work reailzed the enormity of the task. One can easily give the market price of corn, wheat, poultry or eggs, or of eating squabs, Al and ready dressed, but when one thinks of the great variety of fancy pigeons extant, and the great difference in the general quality of the individual specimens of each yariety, it is indeed hard to say what pigeons are “worth.” A common rule is that the price is governed by the quality of the bird and the “gameness” of the buyer. If he is a true fancier and sees a bird that he believes will be a help to his loft, he will have it, if he has to stint himself on other things. Many years ago I said in one of my articles, “T would rather give $500 for ten high-class birds than $5 for one hundred poor ones.” As a matter of fact, a “poor” farcy pigeon is worth exactly what it is worth to eat; not one cent more. In all my writings I naturally drift into white fantails, for I have bred these birds and studied them day after day, and night after night, for about fifty-six years. In fantails the general make-up of a bird governs the price. In all these years of selling I have gotten from $5.00 a pair up to $50, $75, and even $100 each for the best specimens [ could turn out, But these latter sales are not made every day, by a great deal. I have been trying for several years to import a few better birds than I have in my own loft, and I am willing to pay a good rourd price for them, but IT ean’t find them. 46 Of all the varieties the three most popular ones are Pouters (English type), Pigmy Pouters and Fantails. A fine pair of Pouters, long in limb, well set, slender in girth, and with good globes are easily worth $50. In fact, I could cite at least four fanciers who would pay $250 per pair for birds that far excelled their own—but they can’t get them. It is the same with Pigmies. They are worth from $10 to $50 per pair, and even $50 each for choice specimens and I know several game fanciers who would jump at the chance to pay $100 each for very diminutive speci- mens good in all points. One reason that prices fluctuate is because so many good fanciers keep changing their “hobbies.” I can remember when D. H. Jenkins would look at nothing but a Magpie. Now he is a Pigmy man. Dr. Gibson was also a magpie enthusiast. When such fanciers change they sell out, usually for what they can get. But there are a lot of old timers who can be found just where they were years ago. Take Hoskins and Crawford. They have always stuck to Jacobins, while the Howlands, whom I bought out some thirty years ago; Rutter, who once bred the “Fearless” fans, and Fred Weiss, whom I started in the fancy when he was a boy, have always stuck to Fantails. I can go back to the time when there were just three Fantail lofts in all America, long before we ever dreamed of Havemeyer, Johnson, Sham, Hook and other shining lights, who are now breeding crack birds. I see lots of grandiloquent advertising by men who have the “only winning strains.” These “strains” are simply made up from the old stand- ard lofts. I know of one man who on the advent of his second year in “ec the fancy, boldly advertised his “strain.” So, the good name of the breeder has a great deal to do with the “price.” Who would rot rather pay George Ewald $20 for a pair of his good Owls, than pay Jos. Q. Higgins, Rural Route No. 4, $2 for a pair of his “prize winning Owls, winners wherever shown.” I see men advertising “Gilbert’s straight Fantails” for $2 per pair, and, looking over my books, find that I never sold them a bird in my life, not even a cull. When a man offers you “winners wherever shown” for a song, write him that you are from Missouri and must see where they won. 47 Often a very mediocre loft will produce three or four good birds— by some accident. The owner will go on showing these same birds for several seasons, and, on the strength of their wins, will get good prices for scrubs. I got cavght in just that way orce. I decided the birds must ke good, and ordered some, When they came I barely gave them time for a good hath and feed, and sent them back. I could not even afford to let them be seen in my loft. I see I am getting away off again. As this is a Carneau book, let us see what they are worth? A fair estimate is $3 to $8 per pair for market- ing squab breeders, while the show specimens sell from $5 to $25 apiece, some fanciers refusing more than that in the reds for the dark, velvety chestnut shade, and the Golden Buffs an advance in price over the reds. Frank Lee Miles would not sell “Yellow Chief” for $50. It should be remembered that only a few years ago the above named variety was almost unknown, and our best and largest shows made no ‘ classes for them. 1] can remember when they first began to “sit up and take notice,” and then they all went in the A. O. V. class. That they have gained such rapid strides is due to their great prolific qualities. And now the Homer, the squab-breeding Homer, the bird most ‘talked about in this country today. When first they began to be popular, it was simply on account of their racirg qualities. But as game began to grow scarce, and the demands for eating squabs grew apace, a craze equal to the Belgian Hare craze went over the country, till now one finds Homer plants in all sorts of little villages. At first they went $5 per pair, and even more, and many were imported from Belgium and other points, but the price soon dropped, till now one can buy good birds, and by this [ mean “good” birds, at $2 per pair. How quickly the fakirs and thieves, that are a curse to the fancy, got in their trickery. Some would buy any common street pigeon, just so it was blue, dun or silver, or even an approach to those colors, and adver- tise them as imported Homers. When one can buy a stolen or trapped blue pigeon from a boy for ten cents, and then after hunting up another to match it, sell the pair for $5, he is making some money—and then some. And these fellows cared 48 nothing for the sexes. An order for five pair, $25, would often be filled with eight cocks and two hens. Fortunately these fellows soon get found out, are kicked out of the pigeon press and the fancy, and drift back to their old vocations of steal- ing chickens and robbing clothes-lines. In conclusion, there is money, and good money, in breeding any variety; but a man who aspires to handle high-class birds must not breed Pouters one year and Turbits the next, or he will never make a record, Sticking to one variety is what counts. And the buyer can almost tell at first glance, when his birds arrive, whether or not they are all right. If their plumage is clean, their feet clean and they come in a nice clean box, with feed and water all in place, those birds are bred by a good man. But put this down and remember it: If your birds come in a dirty old box, no sawdust, and an old empty tin cup rolling around the bottom, while the flights are all nasty and the feet a mass of dung, you can bet the birds are not much force. A decent fancier who knows anything about his own stock would never send out such a shipment, but a lazy, trifling, alleged fancier, who hardly knows one of his birds from another, keeps no pedigree, never separates the sexes, and is simply content to throw down feed once a day and fill an old pan with water—if not too lazy—is just the kind who sends out birds as last mentioned. The “prices” of his “birds” are always too much. 49 Anatomy of the Pigeon BY J. W. WILLIAMSON How true is the saying: “We are fearfully and wonderfully made,” and as we study the frame of man with its worderfvl organism held intact and the wonder{ftl mechanism of each organ, one depending upon the other and each fulfilling their several functions with the heart pumping away day and night from birth till death, it is no wonder we look with amazement at our own construction, but can we not find something inter- esting in the construction of the squab or pigeon. I[ believe we can, which will be found interesting in the three following plates, the squab, male bird and female, which [ believe of value to the fancier and squab raiser, It is surprisirg to note how fully developed are the organs of a squab, for when only four weeks old the respiratory organs, the heart, liver, gizzard and intestines appear as fully developed as a bird one or fifteen years old, and the carcass in many cases the same size as its parents, but with fowls it takes a squab broiler chick a year to get the growth of its parents. Plate I is a photograph of a squab 4 weeks old. Figure 1 shows the heart on the right side, just the reverse of the human being, although it is found in the center and left side as well; 2 the liver, 3 the gizzard, and 4 the intestines. 50 By permission of the J. W. Williamson Co. From “Practical Squab Raising, from Egg to Market.” 5] permission of the J. W. Williamson Co. From “Practical Squab Raising, from Egg to Market.” PLATE It MALE PIGEON. f a 1—Aesophagts. 7—Ureter. 2— Trachea. 8—Vas Deferens. 3—Bronchial Tube, 9—Rectum. 4—Lung. 10—Vent Bones. 5—Testicle. 11—Ants. 6—Kidney. 52 By permission of the J. W. Williamson Co. From ‘Practical Squab Raising, from Egg to Market.” PAGE, Ui FEMALE PIGEON. Two small eggs within the ovary about the same size. Two a trifle larger than the above. Two that are about ready to enter the oviaduct. Oviaduct. SES TS) 53 5. Egg about ready to be released. 6. Extended vert bones, showing the great distance between theft compared to the male bird, In dissecting a female pigeon, the first thing that excites a person’s curiosity is the difference between a female pigeon and female fowl. As will be noticed in the ovary commonly called the egg bag. As there is hot a large quantity of eggs as there is in a fowl. In a fowl they gradually increase in size due to laying every day or skipping a day now and then. But with the pigeon they are noticed in pairs as the pigeon lays two close together, and then does not lay again until the embyro is grown into a squab, 2, 3 or 4 weeks old. I trust the remarks and illustrations given here to the public for the first time will be of interest and some practical use. HOW WO TELE Tre er The best way to determine the sex of pigeons is to watch their actions, and one of the surest signs we have noted by close observation is, that the cock bird when flirting will occasionally turn all the wav around, but have never noticed a hen to turn more than half way. The cock is usually larger than the hen, and its head is more round, its neck thicker and coarse, while the crown of the head of the hen is as a rule, slightly concaved. But the shape of the head cannot always be relied upon. The eves of the cock are bold and defiant, while the hen has a more mild expression. The bones at the vent of the cock are closer than the hen, the older the hen the wider the vent bones are apart, due to laying. The latter rule is used by most breeders and dealers, but is not always a sure sign, as we have had cocks where the vent bones are wider than the hens. Again this rule cannot be relied upon with young birds, as it is only the laying of eggs that distends the vent. Another rule is to feel the end of the breast-bone, which will be found to extend further back in the cock than the hen. A rule I used when a boy was to hold the bird by the feet in the right hand and bill in the left, and stretch it. If a cock, the tail would drop or lay even with the body; if a hen, the tail would he thrown above the level of the body. 54 T very often follow this old rule, but as we have become more familiar with the birds and their actions, we do not always test in that manner, but guide ourselves more by their actions and the expression of the eyes, and very seldom go any further. When I do get a doubtful bird and have tested it according to above rules, I place it in a mating coop with a good vigorous cock bird and am soon satished as to its sex. To tell the sex of a dead pigeon when it is the object to re-mate, dissect by cutting down the back, which will positively reveal the sex the same as is noticed when dressing poultry for the table. Or as noticed in plates II and III. American Pigeon Club Rules 1. These rules shall be printed in the premium list of all shows held under the rules of the A. P. C. 2. Permission to hold shows under the rules of the A. P. C. must be made in writing at least thirty days before the premium list of the show applying goes to press, 3. Application of a show for permission to hold its show under A. P. C. rules is considered as a guarantee that the show rules will be faith- fully observed. 4. Shows will be divided into three classes, as follows: First, those having less than 500 entries to be one point shows; second, those having more than 500 entries ard less than 1,000 to be two point shows, and, third, those having more than 1,000 entries to be three point shows. 5. The show obtaining the annual meeting of the club shall have an added point for the honor. 6. At shows held under A. P. C rules a certificate shall be given to each exhibiting member for each first prize winner shown by him. This certificate shall be withheld if there is only one entry in the class. 7. Birds wearing bands other than those approved by the Board of Directors shall be passed by the judges. Approved bands are the Ameri- can Conference bands, the English Conference bands and the bands of the National Flying Association, The latter shall be eligible for use on flying homers only. Birds wearing bands which are of the wrong size shall be passed by the judges as if they were unauthorized bands. 8. Rule seven shall apply only to birds bred after 1907. Birds bred prior to this date may wear any band so long as it does not bear dis- tinguishing marks, as initials. 9. Every pigeon exhibited at this show must be the bona fide property of the exhibitor at the date when entered. 56 10. An exhibitor or his agent may, prior or subsequent to judging, pen or unpen such exhibitor’s birds in the presence of and with the con- sent of an officer of the show, but not otherwise. 11. No bird shall, without the written consent of the secretary of the show, be removed before its close. Such unauthorized removal shall dis- qualify the exhibitor in respect to all his entries. 12. The committee of the show may reject any entries. 13. Judges officiating at this show shall not alter any decision after they have delivered same to the show authorities, except to remedy errors in expression. 14. Judges shall disqualify each exhibit found to have been dealt with fraudulently, and if the owner thereof gives notice of appeal, within three days of the close of the show, the exhibit must be forwarded to the Sec- retary of the A. P. C., who shall bring the matter before the Board of Directors for their action. 15. Any person may lodge a protest against any bird that has been in his opinion fraudulently dealt with or is exhibited in a class for which it is not qualified, on payment of a deposit of five dollars. The deposit to be forfeited if the show committee consider the protest frivolous, but that it be returned if the protest is sustained. The protest must be lodged before the close of the show. 16. When an exhibit is disqualified under Rule 14, or a protest is sustained under Rule 15, the Secretary of the show shall forward to the Secretary of the A. P. C., and the exhibitor and protestor a written statement of the case and the report of the judge. All other prizes won at the show by any other exhibit of the same exhibitor shall be withheld pending final decision; the show Secretary shall include a list of such wins in his statement. The A. P. C. Board of Directors shall determine whether any and which prizes in respect of the other exhibitors shall be forfeited, and shall determine as to whether the exhibitor shall be debarred from exhibiting at A. P. C. shows and the length of the sentence. 17. Where a protest is decided by the Show Committee, either party may, before the expiration of three days after notification of such decision is received by him, appeal to the Board of Directors of the A. P. CG: by lodging with its Secretary and with the Secretary of the show written 5d notice of appeal. 18. An exhibit against which a protest has been laid shall be retained by the Committee of the show for seven days from its decision, and then shall be forwarded to the Secretary of the A. P. C. in all cases where the Secretary of the show has received notice of appeal under Rule 17; pro- vided that an exhibit fraudulently dealt with shall be forwarded to the Secretary of the A. P. C. immediately after the close of the show. Appeal or no appeal. 19. Representative or representatives of the A. P. C. shall be ap- pointed to act in the interests of fanciers accordirg to its rules, and shall wear distinctive badges, lent by this club. Their names and addresses shall be printed in the catalogue, 20. Judges at A. P. C. shows shall be selected from the nrembership of the club. The Board of Directors may in certain cases waive the enforcement of this rule. 21. Judges at A. P. C. shows shall record, on specially prepared blanks, the variety, color, sex, kird of band, number thereon, the year, the number of birds in the class, and the name of the owner of each class bird in each and every class. The blanks for this purpose shall be fur- nished to the Secretary of the show by the Secretary of the A. P. C., and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the show to see that these blanks are filled out and signed by the judges and returned to the Secretary of the A. P. C. 22. Judges who do rot comply strictly with the rules of the A. P. C. in judging birds, awarding prizes, and filling out blanks shall be subject to a fine levied by the Board of Directors. They shall be debarred from judging birds at shows held under A. P. C. rules until such fine has been paid, 23. The Secretary of the A. P. C. shall furnish each exhibiting mem- ber with a certificate for each first prize bird shown by himat A. P. C. shows where the judge reports the same for record. The certificates shall give all the data furnished by the judge, and shall include the point value of the show as laid down in Sections 4 and 5. Birds whose total point winnings amount to ten shall be granted a certificate showing this fact, and shall be known as Champions. The first certificates shall be free of charge to all members, but the latter shall be only sent out upon receipt 58 of fifty cents to pay for the cost of production. 24. A diploma shall be offered as a prize to the best bird of any variety wearing club bands, at sanctioned A, P. C. shows. 25. The above rules shall be binding on all exhibitors at shows held under A. P. C. rules. The presence of the exhibits shall be considered as binding on the exhibitor as if he had signed a statement binding himself to be governed by them. RICHARD WHITNEY, Secretary, 40 Wales Street, Dorchester Center, Mass. 59 The Carneau is not only a grand specimen of a show bird, but 1s one of the best utility pigeons raising eatable squabs. Following are a few recipes how to cook the toothsome Carneau Squab. Pigeoneau a la potter Potter Squab By MRS. J. W. WILLIAMSON. The above cut shows the leading table decoration that adorned the table of the famous contest for a gold medal at which the gas- tronomical duel was fought to a finish at Los Angeles, between Herr Joseph Reichl, Maitre d’ Hotel, of the Van Nuys and Edward Naud, the most celebrated chef of the culinary art on the Pacific Coast, was watched with interest both East and West. When the jury awarded Herr Reichl the medal, he said: “I hope the recent contest will stimulate Americans to study the art of good eating; an art which, when at its best, maintains health and beauty.” 60 CARNEAU SQUAB RECEIPES Used by the Leading Chefs at the Most Fashionable Hotels and Clubs. Squabs are cooked by the same general rules for cooking poul- try and wild game birds; but the cooking must not be carried so far, as squabs are very tender and their fine, mild game flavor should not be destroyed by over-cooking. The fine game flavor of squabs is best when four week old. They are then at the right age, plump and well filled out. When properly prepared they are fit to set before a king. Four and twenty Carneau squabs Baked in a pie, When the pie was opened, The squabs began to sing, “Tsn’t this a dainty dish To set before the King.”—V. B. W. 6] Fried Squab on Toast.—After cleaning, split down the backs, place in a frying pan with a little water added, pepper and salt; then cover. After steaming a few minutes, put some butter in pan, and fry until a nice brown, keeping a little broth in pan, when ready to take up, toast some bread nice and crisp and lay half a squab on each slice and pour the broth over and serve hot; sprinkle with a little celery salt. it. Roast Squab on toast.—Withdraw entrails and wipe with a damp cloth, do not wash. Cut off heads and feet and sprinkle with pepper and salt. Fasten thin slices of salt pork over the breasts, place in roast- ing pan with a little water. Baste every 5 minutes. About 10 minutes before taking up, lay a slice of toast under each squab and serve on this. Fry coarse break crumbs to a nice brown in butter and pour over each squab; send bread-sauce to table with them. Boil the liver and pound into paste with butter; salt and pepper and use this to spread on the toast on which the squabs are to be served. 62 188 Boiled Squab on Toast.—Clean squabs and place in kettle of boiling water, deep enough to cover. After boiling one hour sprinkle with white pepper and salt. When near done add a small quantity of rice and milk that has been boiled soft, and keep all under water with an inverted dish. Have slices of bread a day old toasted and place half a squab on each piece. Pour on the broth and sprinkle over a little mint sauce. Garnish with parsley and a few leaaves of bleached celery; serve hot. IV: Boiled Squab on Toast.—The birds should be full-grown, at about four weeks old, and not yet out of the nest. Draw the entrails and split down the backs. Crack the large bones, flatten with a heavy cleaver; season with salt and pepper and boil slowly. Serve on dry toast with hot maitre d’ hotel butter poured over; garnish with water- cress. V. Boiled Squab.—Take one-half dozen squabs and prepare same as recipe No. 3, and chop up small pieces of parsley, mix with crumbs of bread, pepper, salt and a piece of butter; stuff and then boil 20 to 30 minutes in mutton broth. Then add the following, which should be prepared while the squabs are cooking: Boil some rice soft in milk; when it begins to thicken beat the yolks of two or three eggs with two or three spoonfuls of cream; add a little nutmeg and mix well with a small piece of butter rubbed in flour. 63 VA. Boiled Pigeons.—Pigeons are rather tough and can be boiled same as squabs in recipe No. 4, but to cook pigeons the cooking must be prolonged again as long as squabs. VII, Broiled Squabs.—Clean and split down the backs and pepper and salt them. Broil until a nice brown; make a dressing of melted butter and stewed mushrooms and serve hot. Garnish with water-cress. VIIl. Broiled Pigeons.—Split down the backs and spread open as flat as possible, and crush down the breast-bone. To broil them it is necessary to first steam them well. Then sprinkle with salt and pepper and rub well with butter before laying on the broiler. Cook the inside next the fire first. then turn and cook the skin side until a handsome brown; after each side is brown turn often until well done. Covering the broiler with a pan keeps in both heat and steam, and finishes the work in less time. Butter well and serve on a hot platter, garnished with celery. IX. Steamed Squab.—Take half dozen squabs, wipe very dry after cleaning, rub salt, pepper and lemon juice, fill with oysters well seasoned with salt, pepper and butter. Lay them in a dish and set them in a steamer to cook two or three hours. In the meantime cook a pint of chopped celery till it will rub through a seive. Make a pint of white sauce with the liquor of oysters; add the celery and pour it over the squabs on the platter. Garnish with parsley and serve with baked sweet potatoes and boiled rice. 64 X. Roast Squab.—Clean half a dozen squabs; slice an onion and place over the fire in a pint of milk. Rub the squabs all over with butter; season with pepper and salt, and roast before a very hot fire for about fifteen minutes, basting three or four times with butter. Have some slices of toast laid under them to catch the drippings. While the birds are roasting, make a bread sauce as follows: Roll a pint bowl full of rye bread and sift the crumbs, use the first ones for sauce, and the largest for the frying later; remove the onion from the milk and stir into the milk the finest portion of crumbs; season with salt and white pepper and grate one nutmeg and stir in a tablespoonful of butter and keep stirring the sauce until smooth. Then place the sauce pan containing it in a pan of boiling water to keep it hot. Put two tablespoonfuls of butter over the fire in a frying pan, and when hot put it into the coarse half of the crumbs. Dust then with cayenne pepper and stir until they are a light brown, Then at once put them on a hot dish, put the bread sauce into a gravey boat and serve. Arrange to have the fried bread crumbs, sauce and squabs done at the same time. Serve the squabs on toast which has been laid under them. Lay each on a hot plate, pour over them a large spoonful of the bread sauce and on that place a spoonful of the fried bread crumbs. 65 oor. Roast Squabs With Oyster Dressing.—Remove heads and feet from a dozen squabs and after cleaning dry with a cloth, then make the dressing of stale bread seasoned with pepper and salt and a piece of butter. Take a pint of oysters and place in the dressing, tie the necks of the squabs and stvff them; then place in a roasting pan. with water. laying the squabs in rows, breast up. Bake until a nice brown, basting quite frequently. Make a gravy from the liquor by adding a little water, then thicken with a little milk and flour. XII. Roast Squabs Stuffed With Chestnuts.—Roast same as in recipe No. 11. Prepare stuffing as follows: Remove the sinews from one pound of lean veal, and the strings from the same weight of leaf lard; chop separately until well blended; moisten with one-half pint of broth, add one teaspoon of salt, one saltspoon of pepper, one pint of chestnuts blanched and boiled; fill the squabs; one cup of the cooked chestnuts may be reserved, mashed, sifted and used to thicken the gravy. This should be lightly browned, not to cover the chestnut flavor. 66 XIII. Sine Squabs a la Cendre.—Dress as many squabs as there are to be covers. Dry them and put the livers inside again with a little salt and butter. Wrap each in a thin bairde of salt pork, tucking a leaf of sage under each wing. Wrap again in well-buttered white paper and roast half an hour in hot wood ashes, as you would potatoes with the jackets on. Remove the paper and serve with maitre d’ hotel sauce. XIV. Stewed Squabs.—Clean and stuff with onion dressing and a little parsley. Put a slice of salt pork in a kettle and let fry until it begins to brown, then lay the squabs in with pork and add enough hot water to cover them. Cover tightly and boil about an hour, then take up and add more water, pepper and salt; thicken gravy, dash a little mint sauce over them and garnish with parsley; serve hot. XV. Stewed Pigeons.—Stew about again as long as stewed squabs. 67 XVI. Squab Potpie.—Split the sqrabs down the back and flatten with 4 cleaver. Boil half a dozen squabs until tender; drain off the liquor from a pint of oysters, line the sides and bottom of a large round pan with crust, put in a layer of oysters and squabs until pan is full. Season with pepper and salt, bits of butter and salt pork, and the oyster liquor; add some of the squab broth. Cover with crust and bake % to 34 of an hour. Serve with sliced lemon. 10-4606 SPOULTRY SHOW... @. 4.) 25) a ee ee XVII. Pigeon Pie—Can be made same as squab pie, but cooking must be longer, XVIII. Pigeon Pie.—Stuffi the pigeons with dressing, same as is used for chickens; loosen the joints with a knife and stew. When tender take up and season with pepper, salt and butter, and thicken the gravy with flour. Butter sides and bottom of a large glazed nappie, and line with rich crust. Place in.a layer of pigeons and slices of thin salt pork until full, and cover with a crust and bake. XIX. Giblets.—Clean the giblets, cook and chop fine, use them in gravy or in the filling of roast, or mix with bread crumbs well-seasoned and inoistened. Brown in butter. 68 Mint Sauce.—If unable to buy the prepared sauce, make the following: Three tablespoonfuls of white vinegar, two of mint, one of sugar, and one of salt; mix at least 10 minutes before using. XXI. Maitre d’ Hotel Sauce.—Add to one teacup of fresh made drawn butter, the juice of one lemon, chopped parsley, minced onions and thyme, cayenne peppersand salt. Beat while simmering. XXII. ; Stewed Mushrooms.—Always test mushrooms; if good the silver spoon with which they are stirred will not tarnish. Put them in a sauce pan with salt, and a very little water, let cook half an hour and then add to one quart of mushrooms one tablespoonful of butter and one of flour, with one-half pint of cream. Let all cook for five minutes and sérve on squab and toast. 69 BI The Miles Ideal Stock BI Exclusively Select Carneaux STANDARD COLOR AND SYMMETRY Blue Ribbon, Champion, Select and Ideal Lofts Containing Solid Red, Solid Yellow, Rose Wing Red and Rose Wing Yellow Also Standardard Squab Breeders We Bought the Best We Breed much Better If you want the best, write just the class SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR REFUND OF ALL MONEY FRANK LEE MILES No. 105 Ferry Street DANVILLE, PENNA. The Miles Ideal Lofts All birds bred from New York, Philadelphia, | Boston and Baltimore PRIZE WINNING CARNEAUX Carneaux=:2ED, YELLOW, SPLASHED Bread from stock imported by myself and from New York and Philadelphia. Pater- son, Trenton, Newark. Orange first prize winners. Maltese--WHITE, BLUE, SPLASHED Our birds are from imported and giant California stock. Amoag them are New York, Paterson and California winners. Polish Lynx--BLUE, SPANGLED, MUFFED The handsomest squab pigeon. Fine for 12-14 lbs. to doz. white meat squabs; and a beautiful fancy pigeon, Pigmy Pouters--WwHlTE, BLACK, RED, BLUE, YELLOW, CREAM, &c. Our Pigmies are from birds imported from England, either by myself or Dr. Jones. 1 have Crystal Palace and Dairy Shows (London); New York, Bostoa, Philadelphia, St. Louis, &c., first prize winners. A HOBBY--NOT A BUSINESS We advertise not to make money--but to make room and keep down numbers. Shipments on Approval We refuad money and and pay return express charges on birds, that for any reason, are promptly returned to us. SUNNY CREST LOFTS WM. J. KINSLEY, Proprietor 244 Prospect St., Nutley, N. J. How to Raise Pigeons is told in our paper. Published twice every month. Treats every variety. Full of information for the Squab Breeder. Generally admitted to be the Biggest, Brightest and Best paper devoted exclusively to pigeons, PRICE ONE DOLLAR A YEAR The American Pigeon Keeper Room 87.---163 E. Randolph St. CHICAGO, ILL. Tobacco Stems 400 lb. Bale - $3.00 WE TAKE PAINS To Please You 100: 1b: Balee, [10 sae To Breed Best Carneau, Homer,. Mondaine, Runt, Maltese, Runt-Duchess-Homer, Runt-Maltese and Homer Pigeon’s Red mi Grit $1.50 per 100 lbs. Poultry Red se Grit $1.50 per 100 Ibs. Married pairs guaranteed personal supervision Double Banded, Aluminum and Linenoid. Cock, night leg. Hen on left leg. Mailing list also sent on all orders. Earthen Nest Nappies Porus---Sanitary Linenoid Colored Mating Bands Band and Disc Styl Wide Band with Con- 9-inch, $5.50 per 100 and and Misc style trasting Narrow Band 10. “a 6.00 “. 100 2 - $40 25 - $.70 9 ube Se 50: 2 002 50" 1.20 10) «= © 3750:- e100 } a_i |