CARNIVOROUS PLANT
NEWSLETTER

DECEMBER 1981

VOLUME 10, Number 4

CARNIVORC

PLANT

NEWSLETTf

Volume 10, Number 4
December, 1981

International Carnivorous
Plant Society

Official Journal of the

COVER

Drosera hilaris at Fernkloof, Republic of South Africa. For more details, please
see article “A South African CP Trip” by Alain Christophe. Photo by author.

The co-editors of CPN would like everyone to pay particular attention to the
following policies regarding your dues to the ICPS.

All correspondence regarding dues, address changes and missing issues should be
sent to Mrs. Kathy Fine, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum, Dept, of Biology, California State
University, Fullerton, CA 92634. DO NOT SEND TO THE CO-EDITORS. Checks for
subscriptions and reprints should be made payable to CSUF FOUNDATION-
ARBORETUM.

All material for publication, comments and general correspondence about your
plants, field trips or special noteworthy events relating to CP should be directed to one
of the co-editors. We are interested in all news related to carnivorous plants and rely
on the membership to supply us with this information so that we can share it with
others.

Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not necessarily the editorial staff.
Copy deadline for the March issue is February 1 , 1 982.

CO-EDITORS:

D. E. Schnell, Rt. 4, Box 275B, Statesville, NC 28677

J. A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550

T. L. Mellichamp, Dept, of Biology, UNCC, Charlotte, NC 28223

Leo Song, Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634

BUSINESS MANAGER: Mrs. Kathy Fine, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum

PUBLISHER: The International Carnivorous Plant Society by the Fullerton Ar¬

boretum, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Published
quarterly with one volume annually. Printer: Kandid Litho, 129
Agostino Rd., San Gabriel, CA 91776. Circulation: 768 (184 new,
584 renewal). Dues: $10.00 annually, $15.00 foreign. Reprints
available by volume only. ®1 981 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. All
rights reserved.

86

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Editor’s Corner

We the co-editors sincerely wish everyone a most joyful holiday season and
are happy to announce that Society dues will remain unchanged for 1982. In
order to forstall an increase in dues, several cost cutting options are now being
explored. More details in the March 1982 issue. These changes will involve
mainly mailing and not the quality of CPN.

International Carnivorous Plant Society
SEED BANK
($.75 per packet)

10/29/81

Byblis liniflora (10), Darlingtonia calif ornica, Dionaea muscipula (10), Drosera
aliciae (3), D. aliciae (pale fl.) (10), D. arcturi (15), D. binata (3), D. binata
multifida (15), D. burkeana (11), D. burmannii (5), D. capensis, D. capensis
(narrow), D. capillaris (6), D. capillaris (long) (3), D. dielsiana (3), D. fdiformis
fdiformis, D. intermedia, D. linearis, D. montana, D. montana (white fl. ) (5),
D. natalensis (7), D. pauciflora (2), D. peltata, D. pulchella (3), D. rotundifolia,
D. rotundifolia (Oregon), D. spathulata (Formosa) (5), D. spathulata (Kansai)
(15), D. spathulata (Kanto) (5), D. spathulata (white fl.) (5), Nepenthes gracilis,
N. khasiana, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, Pinguicula alpina (Switz.) (5), P.
caerulea (15), P. grandiflora (France) (10), P. leptoceras (Switz.) (15), P.
primuliflora, P. vulgaris (Switz.) (15), Sarracenia alata (purple throat) (5), 5.
flava, S. flava (red vein) (1), S. leucophylla, S. minor (15), S. psittacina (10),
S. purpurea purpurea, S. purp. purp. heterophylla, S. rubra (3), S. rubra jonesii,
Sa. sp. mix (10), S. flava X oreo (10), S. leuco. X flava (3), S. purp. X flava
(3), S. [(purp. X leuco.) X (leuco.) X (leuco.)] (3), S. rubra X purp. (1),
Utricularia subulata (1), U. sp. (1).

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS

Steve Clancey (5350 Orangethorpe
Ave. #68-W; La Palma, CA 90623)
would like to form a local chapter
of the I CPS. Interested persons
should contact him at the above
address.

A separately mailed renewal
notice will be sent out to all
current members.

The I CPS Bylaws will be
published and mailed in the
early part of 1 982 for those of
you who requested a copy. Any
member desiring a copy please
contact the Business Manager.

Volume 10 • December 1981

87

News and Views

BRUCE LEE BEDNAR (25 Lake Ct.
Loop, Silver Springs Shores, Ocala, Fla.
32672) writes: In the spring of 1965, a
year after I got hooked on CP by mail or¬
der, I found myself on my first field
trip from Princeton to South Jersey.
Heading south on 539, the hardwood
and fertile farming land abrupdy turns
to a sandy low pine barrens. Blueberry
groves and cranberry bogs are scattered
throughout the area, west to a small
speck on the map called Whitesbog.
There tucked way back down roads
through sphagnum bogs, is perhaps
one of the largest populations of Drosera
filiformis filiformis there is. Glistening red
strings in the morning dew, millions
strong; scattered intermedia and rotund-
ifolia too. Perhaps some of the largest
rotundifoha anywhere are here, (depend¬
ing upon weather conditions in the
spring) some better than three inches
across.

Soon I came across the completely
hidden bright green pitchers of Sarra-
cenia p. purpurea — p. venosa intergrades
in thick sphagnum moss and shrubs.
One tends to get frenzied, almost hys¬
terical, with a first encounter with car¬
nivorous plants in the wild. Conserva¬
tion was the last thing on this young
person’s enthusiastic mind.

Not taking time to think (at all), I
pulled up every purpurea I could find.
To make matters even worse, I returned
that fall with a friend and removed the
last four plants we found. Certainly
very poor judgment on my part.

In my case it took years to realize
what I had done. Bv then I was living
in Miami, Florida, some 1,200 miles
away, a place devoid of Sarracenia.

About five years later (1970), I got
to return to New Jersey. Out of guilt
I returned to the area I had devastated.
To my complete surprise the inter¬
grades were back in full force, as though
they have never been disturbed. Thank¬

fully, in my haste to remove the plants
years before, I have unwittently broken
the rhizomes halfway off. I’m sure it
took a few seasons for them to put up
growths and to mature again. Now they
were in full flower with seedling activi¬
ty not noticed the first time. I truly felt
a great sense of relief.

I have returned to Jersey every year
since then and the same colony remains
healthy as always. It remains apparent
to me that field collecting hurts plant
populations, especially with man’s ten¬
dency to drain and clear land with lit¬
tle or no concern for wildlife or flora.
It is indeed a miracle many forms still
remain.

But, carnivorous plants are successful
plants. They have an incredible ability
to recover when given a fair chance. I
have been growing, buying and trading
CP now for 17 years. I still have some
clones of the original intergrades taken
16 years ago. Sarracenia never ceases to
amaze me.

JEFF GOLD (13126 Anza Dr., Saratoga,
CA 95070) was the main feature article
in the Garden section of the San Jose
News (Sept. 18) which was illustrated
with his collection of CP along with a
description of his background and in¬
teresting information about the plants.

J. W. KENT (17, Suffolk Crescent, Gal-
mington, Tauton, Somerset, UK) says
he has found no reference to the for¬
mation of adventitous buds on aerial
Utricularia leaves, such as occurs with
Droseras and Pinguiculas. This sum¬
mer he noted spontaneous bud forma¬
tion on aerial leaves of U. prehensilis, U.
racemosa and U. calycifida. He wonders
if this is a common phenomenon to
which no one refers or if it is unusual.
Buds also developed normally on stems
of U. calycifida.

Please see N/V p. 101.

88

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

From

SINNESORGANE IM PFLANZENREICH

by Gottlieb Haberlandt

V. Insectivores: Aldrovanda vesiculosa

Translated by Carla R. Powell
Department of Chemistry and Foreign Languages
Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA 17003

Continued from September, 1981.

The radial walls of the hinge cells are
likewise thin, and have numerous very
small pits shaped like transverse fis¬
sures, which are only apparant on bris¬
tles treated with Javelle water. When
treated with zinc chloride-iodine, these
walls turn light violet, like those of the
elongated cells.

All of the cells of the tactile brisdes
have a mature cytoplasmic tube with a
more or less elongated nucleus pointed
on both ends. In comparison, the pro¬
toplast of the hinge cells is even more
strongly developed. The nuclei here
are, as a rule, finely pointed only at the
end facing the point of the bristle; the
lower ends are rounded off (Plate VI,
fig. 2). 3

Because the hinge cells are undoubt¬
edly the senstive elements, one may ex¬
pect to find very fine pit channels with
plasmodesmata in their lower trans¬
verse walls, through which the received
stimulus is conducted downward. It is
however, difficult to prove the exist¬
ence of these plasmodesmata, because
it is not easy to cause the transverse
walls in question to swell sufficiently.
After the fresh, intact leaves had been
soaked in iodine-potassium iodine solu¬
tion for 24 hours, they were pulled
apart in water on the slides. The excess
water was drawn off. Several drops of
50 percent sulfuric acid were added,
and then after a few seconds, the slides
were completely immersed in a glass
dish filled with water. The rinsed leaf
fragments together with the tactile bris¬
tles protruding over their edges were
then treated for 24 hours with toluidine

blue solution. After rinsing, glycerine
may be added only with very great care,
because the tactile bristles collapse eas¬
ily.

The lower, as well as the upper trans¬
verse walls of the hinge cells have no
pits. From their very thick periphery,
they simply thin out toward the middle
of the hinge. If treated in the previously
described manner, most swell a great
deal, some even swell too much. By
contrast, if the soaking time is reduced,
or if more dilute sulfuric acid is used,
the swelling hardly occurs at all. Ap¬
parently it is difficult for the trans¬
verse walls to swell. When they do begin
to swell however, swelling takes place
so rapidly that the desired degree of
swelling is easily exceeded. Nevertheless,
it is possible now and then to obtain
suitable preparations, in which the trans¬
verse walls are not too severely swollen.
Then, using strong magnification, one
can observe that the thin, unswollen
portions of the transverse walls are pene¬
trated by a few extremely delicate plas¬
modesmata. In a few cases in which
the plasma filaments did appear clearly
enough, I was not able to count more
than three filaments (Plate VI, figs. 5-8).

Touching the upper part of the hair
does not cause it to bend evenly length¬
wise. The sections above and below this
hinge are stiff and resist bending be¬
cause of their thickened outer walls.
The hinge itself, with its thin and very
flexible outer wall is easily bent. Touch¬
ing the point of the bristle results in
a distinct buckling of the hinge. One
Please see ALDROVANDA p. 92.

Volume 10 • December 1981

89

A NORTHWARD EXTENSION OF PINGUICULA

PUMILA MICHX.

by

Jeannie Wilson
Hampton Mariners Museum
N.C. Museum of Natural History
Beaufort, NC 28516

This is a report of a northward siting for the dwarf butterwort, Pinguicula
pumila Michx. in Carteret County, North Carolina.

On May 23, 1981, Ken Moore, super¬
intendent of the North Carolina Bo¬
tanical Garden, conducted a field trip
to the Croatan National Forest, and had
requested that I come along as a local
botanist. It turned out to be a very re¬
warding day as I was pleasantly sur¬
prised to see Pinguicula pumila. Even
though 1 make regular trips into the
Croatan National Forest, I have seen
the dwarf butterwort on only two pre¬
vious occasions in 1 977. On this earlier
date, fewer than 5 plants were seen at
each of two longleaf pine savannah
and pocosin ecotones. Jim Snvder (1978)
noted that the presence of Pinguicula
pumila in the Croatan National Forest
was a northward range extension. Ac¬
cording to the Manual of the Vascular
Flora of the Carolinas, Pinguicula pumila
occurs only in Brunswick, New Hanover
and Pender Counties to the south in
North Carolina.

The typical habitat for Pinguicula
pumila is wet soils of savannahs and low
pinelands of the coastal plain. The range
is from North Carolina to eastern Texas.
Except in the gulf coast area, it is
rare throughout its range.

The best ume to look for Pinguicula
pumila is when it flowers during April
and May. The flowers make the plant
more conspicuous because the leaves
are rather indistinct unless one looks
closely. It is not surprising that the
plant is easily overlooked.

The group from the Botanical Garden
observed about 25 flowering plants in
an ecotonal area between a longleaf
pine savannah and a pocosin. Several

plants were also located along the road¬
side ditch. I believe that the wildfire
that swept through this area in June of
1980, accounted for the unusual number
observed. Frequently, small herbaceous
plants, particularly carnivorous plants,
will regenerate quickly after a fire. In
addition to Pinguicula pumila, Dionaea
muscipula, Drosera capillaris, Sarracenia
flava and S. purpurea were numerous and
quite vigorous.

This longleaf pine savannah is a site
that John Fussell and I wrote an in¬
ventory report for the N.C. Natural
Heritage Program. We suggested in the
management plan that the area be
burned every few years to promote many
herbaceous species that are dependent
on fire. It appears that Pinguicula pumila
is one of the plants that requires fire
for continued survival.

If anyone has seen Pinguicula pumila
recently, I would be interested in in¬
formation on the approximate number
of plants, location and habitat.

References:

Correll, D.S. and H.B. Correll. 1975.
Aquatic and Wetland Plants of South¬
eastern United States. Vol. II. Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, Cal.

Fussell, John and Jeannie Wilson. 1980.
Millis Road Longleaf Pine Savannah.
Report submitted to the N.C. Natural
Heritage Program, N.C. Dept, of Nat¬
ural Resources and Community De¬
velopment, Raleigh, N.C.

Radford, A.E., H. Ahles and C.R. Bell.
1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of
Please see PINGUICULA p. 93.

90

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC
STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE,
AND OF SECRETORY MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED
BY STIMULATION OFTHE DIGESTIVE GLANDCELLS
OF DROSERA CAPENSIS L. WITH REFERENCE TO
THE GOLGI APPARATUS

by Robert Lynn Outenreath, Ph.D.

The University of Texas at Austin, 1980

Supervising Professor: W.G. Whaley

The modern definition of secretion,
which among other things includes cell
surface modification, is a concept which
has been extensively studied in animal
systems. Recognition of similar pro¬
cesses which may be at work in higher
plant cells is, however, on a compara¬
tively primitive level. For this reason,
a study was undertaken of the digestive
gland cells of Drosera capensis with the
view of determining the role of the
Golgi apparatus in the secretory pro¬
cess, and to use the data obtained in
order to make comparisons with other
secretory systems, both plant and ani¬
mal.

The digestive glands are remarkably
complex structures which are capable of
a variety of responses. For this investi¬
gation two secretory phenomena were
studied. The first involved changes
taking place during maturation of the
glands from a non-secreting state to
fully mature glands having a full com¬
plement of trapping mucilage. Such
studies were possible due to the dis¬
continuous nature of gland population
maturation, which permits selection of
glands in different stages of maturity
from the same leaf. Of special interest
were the changes which take place when
mature glands are stimulated to secrete
additional mucilage after contact with
living insects. These studies were carried
out using electron microscopic and radio-
autographic techniques, using H3-galac-
tose as the radiosugar.

Morphologically, young, non-secreting
glands exhibit inactive Golgi apparatus,
which have few stacks of parallel cis-

ternae. As the glands mature and com¬
mence mucilage secretion, certain di¬
gestive gland cells are often seen to
be almost filled with cytoplasmic vesi¬
cles which are Golgi-associated. Even
when such vesicles are not observed,
the Golgi apparatus exhibit numerous
cisternae which may be irregularly
stacked or curled. When the full com¬
plement of mucilage has been exterior¬
ized in mature glands, numerous vesi¬
cles are no longer seen, but the Golgi
exhibit characteristics distinctive for
this stage of development. In addition,
certain cell wall characteristics were
correlated with developmental stage.
Radioautography revealed incorporation
in young glands to occur primarily over
the still immature central tracheary
element. In mature glands, however, ex¬
tensive labeling was observed over the
outer periclinal cell walls. The long
label times necessary to achieve suf¬
ficient incorporation did not make pos¬
sible determination ol other sites of
organelle label accumulation, however,
morphological evidence indicated the
Golgi apparatus to be the major source
of mucilage.

The most striking aspect of this study
was the finding of the selective acti¬
vation of the Golgi apparatus only in
certain gland cells. When insects such
as Drosophila are placed on the glands,
a marked increase in the amount of
mucilage exteriorized occurs. This is
characterized by very active Golgi ap¬
paratus in these glands, reminiscent of
the beginning of developmental secretion.

Please see GOLGI p. 93.

Volume 10 • December 1981

91

ALDROVANDA continued from p. 89.
can see this very clearly under the mi¬
croscope. In this case, the cells or
plasma membranes of the longitudinal
wall are greatly stretched on the convex
side, and they are highly compressed on
the concave side. In the case of more
severe buckling, the outer wall of the
concave side turns inward, forming a
transverse fold. (I have given an illus¬
tration of this in my Physiol. Pflanzen-
anatomie, 1896.) This residts in exten¬
sive deformation of the protoplast of
the hinge cells. The entire structure of
the hair evidently is designed to concen¬
trate the mechanical effect of any con¬
tract on one particular area on the hair.
That this spot must be the sensitive part
of the hair is the indisputable conclu¬
sion.’

Darwin assumed that the hinge had
a purely mechanical significance: to
protect the brisdes from breaking when

the leaves closed. But this is, at best,
a secondary function, and would apply
in any case, only to the peripheral tac¬
tile bristles. The tactile bristles located
on both sides of the midrib are either
not bent at all, or are only slightly bent
when the leaves close. The bristles are
at most 0.7 mm long, and the diameter
of the bladder at its widest point is
1.2 to 1.7 mm. The distance from the
midrib up to the closure is 1.2 to 1.5
mm. Indeed, if a closed leaf is made
sufficiently transparent by extracting
the chlorophyll with alcohol, one can
see that the tactile brisdes of the mid¬
rib in the bladder are completely
straight. This is also true for those bris¬
tles which are located even nearer to the
base or to the top of the leaf blade,
where the bladder is considerably smal¬
ler.

Please see ALDROVANDA p. 93.

Endnotes

by Stephen E Williams

1. An English translation ofthis workbyM. Drummond hasbeenpublishedbvMacMillanandCo.,
Ltd., London, in 1914 as G. Haberlandt, Physiological Plant Anatomy.

2. Javelle water is a solution of chlorinated potash. When freshly prepared, it contains about
2.5 percent active chlorine. The Merck Index, 8th Ed., Rahway, Newjersey (1968).

3. The histochemical and cytological work in the preceding three paragraphs is, to the best
of my knowledge, the most thorough and up-to-date study of this subject. However, Lloyd
(p. 200 and plate 19-Fig. 20) has added the important observation that there are four
sensory cells and four elongated cells connected them to four basal cells. An electron
microscopic investigation would be desirable.

4. Anyone who has worked with these tiny hairs can appreciate the magnitude of Haberlandt’s
accomplishment here. Plasmodesmata were observed by him in the sensory cells of Dionaea.
Electron microscopic verification of his observations would be desirable.

5. It has since been demonstrated by Ashida (Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ. Ser. B 9, 141 -244,
1934) and Lloyd (Lloyd, pp. 200-201, Carnivorous Plants, 1942) that these hairs trigger
the trap, that one stimulus suffices to close some young traps. Young, healthy traps sent
to me by Joseph Mazrimas always closed with a single stimulus delivered to any sensory
hair. The hairs bend at the hinge and, by analogy with Dionaea, the hinge cells should be the
sensory elements; however, I know of no direct proof of this. Both Dr. Takao Sibaoka (in
Skoog, Plant Growth Substances 1979, 462-469, 1980) and I (Fhroc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 120, 187-204,
1976) have independently confirmed that Aldrovanda trigger hairs initiate action potentials
which spread through the lobes of the trap in a manner analogous to the action potentials
of Dionaea. Dr. Sibaoka has a student who is presendy doing further work on the physi¬
ology of this sensory mechanism so that the anatomical work of Professor Haberlandt
should soon be supplemented with modern physiological information.

Translator’s Acknowledgments:

I am truly indebted to Dr. James W. Scott, Professor of German at Lebanon Valley College, for his
guidance in all aspects of the grammar and style of this translation. I must also thank Dr. Stephen
E. Williams, Professor of Biology, for his expert technical advice and annotations.

92

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

ALDROVANDA continued from p. 92.

REFERENCES

Cohn, Ferd. 1875. “Uber die Funktion
der Blasen von Aldrovanda und Utri-
cularia." Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflan-
zen (3): 71-92.

Darwin, Ch. 1876. Insektenfressende Pflan-
zen, trans. V. Cams (Stuttgart, E.
Schweizerbart), p. 293.

Goebel, K. 1891. Pflanzenbiologische
Schilderungen II (Marburg, Elwert), 57-
72.

Haberlandt, G. 1896. Physiologischen
Pflanzenanatomie (2nd ed., Leipzig),
p. 480 (3rd ed., p. 521).

Lassus, Auge de. 1861. “Analyse du
memore de Gaetan Monti sur l’irrita-
bilate des follicules de cette plante.”
Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de France 8: 519-
523.

Stein, B. circa 1876. Insektenfressende
Pflanzen. Monotsschrift des Vereins
zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in
den konigl. preuss. Staaten.

GOLGI continued from p. 91.

In both cases, active Golgi were found to
be located only in those gland cells
located at the outer apical areas of the
glands. Radioautography revealed intense
labeling over the Golgi apparatus, with
little incorporation occurring else¬
where. Additionally, the time necessary
to achieve good label incorporation was
drastically reduced in labeled glands,
indicating a marked increase in radio¬
precursor utilization.

This investigation has resulted in a
body of data which firmlv establishes
morphological criteria characteristic
of the various developmental stages. In
addition, several new techniques were de¬
veloped to facilitate study of these
glands. The finding of the selective ac¬
tivation of the Golgi apparatus only in
the outer apicla digestive gland cells is
most significant, and indicates a degree
of specialization in this species not
usually found in higher plants. These,
and other findings, are discussed in the
context of the universality of the
secretory process which may be oper¬
ative in all eukaryotic cells.

PINGUICULA continued from p. 90.

the Carolinas. UNC Press, Chapel Hill,
N.C.

Schnell, Donald E. 1976. Carnivorous
Plants of the United States and Canada.
John Blair, Pub. Winston-Salem, N.C.
Snyder, James R. 1978. Analysis of
Coastal Plain Vegetation, Croatan
National Forest, North Carolina.
Master’s Thesis, UNC, Chapel Hill,
N.C.

Pinguicula pumila
Drawing by Ron Fleming

Volume 10 • December 1981

93

Nepenthes alata block print by Dietrich Varez, Jr., 1981.

94

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

New CP Cultivar Received in 1980

by James T. Robinson

Box 1625, Connecticut College Arboretum
New London, CT 06320

The following cultivar has been received
for publication in CPN during 1980:

Drosera filiformis (California g.)

‘California Sunset’

Originated by Joseph A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550;
received July 17, 1980. California grex resulted from crossing Drosera filiformis
var. filiformis X Drosera filiformis var. tracyi . The cross was originally made in spring
1973 when the parents bloomed at the same time, about 50 flowers were pollinated.
In resulting hybrids “leaves grow up to 0.5 m. long; tentacles are light red or
deep pink in color. Flowers are large like v. tracyi, color is rose pink and they
are borne on tall scapes. Outer margins of flowers are scalloped. The anther lobes are
separate and stamen filament is green. Hibernacula seem to be more hairy than
v. tracyi and more like v. filiformis.” ‘California Sunset’ is the only selection thus
far from the cross and it possesses characteristics of the group as a whole. Known
synonyms (invalid alternate names): Drosera X calfomka, Drosera ‘Californica.’
(January 5, 1981)

For background information on the creation of the above new names, readers
may refer to Articles 18, 19, 26, and 27a of the ICNCP. Readers with new cultivars
for publication in CPN are urged to submit them to the above address. Reference:
Publication of New CP Cultivars, CPN (( 1 ) : 20.

Drosera filiformis (California g.)
‘California Sunset’

Photo by J. A. Mazrimas

Volume 10 • December 1981

95

A SOUTH AFRICAN INSECTIVOROUS PLANT TRIP

by Alain Christophe
Avenue Turgot
77330 Ozoir-la-Ferriere
FRANCE

The choice of a place for traveling
is always difficult, especially when the
purpose is the studv of the flora, since
there are so many beautiful places in
the world.

I have chosen South Africa because
it is the land where you can find the
greatest diversity of plants. Out of some
200 orders in the vegetal kingdom, 180
of them exist here with 18,000 species.
This great variety is mainly due to the
great diversity of climates. On the north¬
west coast, the Atlantic Ocean, with its
cold stream of Benguela from the Ant-
artic, inhibits precipitation on a strip
of land between the sea and mountains
and intercepts nearly all the humidity
that the wind brings from the open sea.
Beyond the mountain barrier, we dis¬
cover the aridity of Namaqualand and
Karoo with the famous Kalahari desert
in the north. (Fig. 1)

The southwest portion has a Mediter¬
ranean climate with remarkable land¬
scape. In the inland, the ground rises
up to form a high plateau (Highveld)
attaining a height of 2,000 meters. Al¬
though the sun shines during the day
in the winter, the ground is frosty at
night. Further east, the land becomes
flat and tends to be warmer (Lowveld);
it is the land of the African animals.
Meanwhile, the east coast enjoys a semi-
tropical climate because it is heated bv
the warm air flows off the Mozambique
current.

The flora is very characteristic of the
varying climates. In the arid portion,
it’s mainly the succulents but near the
cape there are many examples of the
Proteacae, Ericaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Com-
positae, Geraniaceae, Liliaceae, Orchid-
aceae . . . and Droseraceae, Roridulaceae,
and Lentibulariaceae\

In South Africa, there are 18 species

of Drosera and many are easy to find.
Mv trip took place between August and
October, 1980, which is the best time
to view these plants. In October, most
of the Droseras can be observed to bloom
in the spring.

The first species that I discovered was
on Table Mountain, near Cape Town. It
was Drosera trineruia which grows on
wet places on the south side along the
trail that takes you to the top (Level
Traverse). This plant grows in a rosette
3 to 4 cm in diameter and its name
comes from the ribs which are evident
on the inferior epidermis of the leaf
when not unfolded. The flowers are
either white or pink. This mountain is
a plateua and D. trinervia is even more
abundant on the summit. Near the
catchment area there was plenty of Dros¬
era cuneifolia, with some giant specimens
basing diameters of 6 cm. On the east
side, a natural park belonging to the
Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden has some
Drosera hilaris growing in a shady spot
which looked like and were as large as
D. capensis with pubescent leaves. Nor¬
mally, D. capensis is seen on the west
side since it is easy to confuse these
two species, though I have never seen
it personally. Also, I saw Utricularia cap¬
ensis with white flowers.

Drosera are frequently seen on the
mountains in the southwest, but it is
at the Fernkleef Nature Reserve (at Her-
manus at about 100 km from Cape
Town) that I saw the greatest number
of species. At the reserve the spring
and winter seasons are humid and cool
but without frost. The summers are
warm and dry except on the mountains,
where clouds maintain a high humid¬
ity. However, autumn is the best sea¬
son since it is not as warm as summer.
For the most part, the ground rises

96

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

steeply along the south facing escarp¬
ment in a manner typical of the geo¬
graphy developed on Table Mountain
sandstone in the Western Cape. (Fig. 2)
By far the major part of the reserve
lies above 300 m. and there are several
peaks of approximately 600 m., the
highest being 825 m. The area is ex¬
tensively dissected by steep, mainly
south-facing ravines and kloofs and of¬
fers a wide range of habitats; from moist
wooded kloofs through which small
streams trickle even in summer, to steep
rock faces in hot dry valleys; to extensive
areas of marshy black ground to boulder-
strewn sandy plateaus. It is this variety
and range of habitats which contributes
to wealth of the funbos even in such a
relatively small area.

SOIL. Because of the generally steep
topography and the slow rate of weath¬
ering of the quartzitic sandstone, there
is little possibility for soil development.
Most of the soil is clay-free and consists
of coarse sandy residue which is rarelv
deeper than 30 cm and is comprised
of gravel and small boulders. Organic

residues slowly decompose because of
the acidic conditions and it is dispersed
in the sandy soil and seems to plav an
important role in improving water hold¬
ing capacity. This soil mixture serves
to minimize moisture loss bv drainage
and evaporation and accounts for the
green appearance of fvnbos vegetation
even in the hot mid-summer period.
On permanently wet sites, peat moss ac¬
cumulates and characteristic flora may
develop.

FLORA. The same tvpe here exists on
Table Mountain. We can see beautiful
Erica, Berzelia, Protea and numerous Drosera
species such as D. cistiflora with white
to pale pink flowers. This plant grows
20 to 30 cm high. It is well distributed
in the reserve, although it is rare to find
more than 4 to 6 specimens together.
During the summer, the plant disappears
and renews growth in the winter. Another
species which is frequently seen is D.
glabnpes which exists all year but I have
not seen (lowers since I think they ap¬
pear in summer. This plant has a stem,
Please see TRIP p. 100.

Volume 10 • December 1981

97

Drosera trinervia at Table Mountain, R.S.A. Drosera glabripes at Fernldoof, R.S.A.

Utricularia capensis, purple flower at Fernldoof.

A SOUTH AFRICAN INS!

ALL PHOTOS BY

Utricularia capensis , purple flower at Fernloof.

98

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

r i

Drosera cistiflora at Table Mountain.

Drosera aliciae at Fernkloof growing mainly
on the paths.

TIVOROUS PLANT TRIP

.IN CHR1STOPHE

Roridula gorgoruas at Fernkloof.

Volume 10 • December 1981

99

TRIP continued from p. 97.
with old leaves of about 25 cm in length,
but most of the time it is prostrate next
to the ground.

The most prevalent Drosera is certainly
D. trinervia which, as on Table Mountain,
is everywhere but the plants are smaller
and flowers are only white. Drosera aliciae
is seen sometimes in the reserve, but
it resembles mosdy the description in
the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of
S.A. when the former name was D.
curuiscapa var. esterhuysenae rather than
D. curuiscapa, which is nearly identical
to D. cuneifolia. It may be that the variety
was joined to D. aliciae and D. curuiscapa
has become D. cuneifolia but I’m not sure.

D. hilaris is less abundant but it is a
more beautiful species. Here, the plant
is redder because it receives more sun
than at Kirstenbosch. The flowers are
magenta and they began to open in mid-
September. I have seen here another
species that appears only in the reserve
and it’s probably a hybrid between D.
cistiflora (tuberous) with a rosette of
leaves. The stem was shorter (5 to 7 cm)

with only one cauline leaf (D. cistiflora
is 20 cm). Unfortunately, the flowers were
already over, but it may be a new D.
cistiflora form.

On passing a small stream where the
soil was very sandy, I noticed some
Utricularia capensis with pink flowers.
These plants have the same height as
the white ones have on Table Mountain.

the white ones have on Table Mountain
(3 to 4 cm). The leaves are almost impos¬
sible to see without the flowers. Leaves
are 1 mm long.

Another plant that can be found in
the reserve is Roridula gorgonias (giant fly
catcher), which was once considered to
be an insectivorous shrub. If it catches
insects, it doesn’t digest them. It is inter¬
esting that a small beede lives on this
plant and feeds itself on the trapped in¬
sects that are caught by the extremely
sticky resin. This plant and its smaller
cousin R. dentata belong to the Roridu-
laceae which comprises two species en¬
demic in S.A. This shrub can reach 100
cm tall and leaves are found at the ex-

100

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

tremity of the branches. The flowers are
pinkin color and the plant is rare and
localized to the Hermanus location in
small clumps and in a few other parts
in west South Africa.

I have seen all of the above species in
the Cape Province. It is also possible
to find D. alba, ramentacea, capensis, regia,
paudflora, Roridula and other Lentibulariacea.
All other Drosera sp. (burkeana, collinsiae,
dielsiana, natalensis, madagascariensis and
indica) are situated in the east (Natal,
Transvaal).

My interest here was also for succulents
and Proteacea and so I did not have time
to find other CP species. I hope next
year I’ll be able to return and do it.

NOTES:

Botanical Society of South Africa

Botanical Society of South Africa
Kirstenbosch, Claremont 7 735, Cape
Republic of South Africa

Journal=Veld & Flora

Namaqualand: a semi-desert area where
succulents grow and where in spring,
after the winter rains, thousands of
wild flowers appear.

Karoo: a semi-desert area.

Fynbos: a low-growing, woody shrub that
is characteristic of the Cape. The word
is derived from Africans which means
“short-lived” and these drought re¬
sistant plants live rarely more than 25
years. Fires allow the regeneration of
these plants which are a significant
element in the Cape flora.

A nursery who sells seeds of indige¬
nous and Australian shrubs and trees
maybe will be able to sell some Drosera
seeds (hilaris, cistiflora, . . .). Write for
seed list to:

WOODSEED (PVT) FTD
P.O. Box 28
Veelklip
7203

Republic of South Africa

I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Woodvine
for the help in elaborating this article. Mr. Woodvine
is the oumer of this listed nursery.

NEWS AND VIEWS

continued from p. 88.

JOE MAZRIMAS reports that the re¬
cent San Francisco Flower Show was a
rousing success again this year. It took
place Aug. 21-23 and we had 9 exhibi¬
tors showing off their CP which num¬
bered about 38 plants. The Best of Show
award was given this year to Eileen
Masterson for a beautiful and large Ne¬
penthes alata plant. Others in the show
were: Paul and Mike Morris, Leo Carrillo,
Joe Mazrimas, Ilse and Allan Ber, Irene
Dowmen and Jeff Gold. Entering the
show is very simple and we urge the
50 or so CPN members living within
75 miles of S. F. to enter their favorite
plants next August. You will be sent a
Premium Schedule book and applica¬
tion next summer. All you have to do
is to fill out the list of plants you in¬
tend to bring and send this along with
$1.00 to the manager for Carnivorous
plants listed in the book. Bring the plants
on Wednesday or Thursday up to 12
noon to the Hall of Flowers in Golden
Gate Park so your plants may be judged.
That is all there is to it. Pick your plants
up Sunday evening or Monday after the
show is over. We like to see a large num¬
ber of you there next show so good
luck with your growing!

LAURIE WATSON (33 Ashgrove Ave.,
Ashgrove, Queensland 4060, Australia)
visited the United States this summer
and revealed some good news regard¬
ing the start of a CP newsletter called
“CP News” of which he is publisher.
This 24-page CP News whose format
and size is similar to our CPN is full
of interesting articles about CP and peo¬
ple that grow them. Send A$ 10.00 to
CP News, P.O. Box 214 in Ashgrove if
you wish to subscribe to this quarter¬
ly. Send $5.00 extra for airmail service.
U.S. Subscribers should send interna¬
tional bank or postal money order.

Volume 10 • December 1981

101

The Northern Rainbow Plant — Byblis liniflora

by Dr. P. S. Lavarack

Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service
Pallarenda 4810
AUSTRALIA

The genus Byblis consists of two
species — B. gigantea , a species restricted
in range to southwest Western Australia,
and B liniflora , which occurs across the
northern part of the Australian conti¬
nent and also Papua New Guinea. These
two species are the only members of the
family Byblidaceae. Although super¬
ficially resembling Drosera to a marked
degree, Byblis is now almost always
placed in a separate family which is not
usually seen as being closely related to
Drosera by most modern taxonomists.
In northern Australia, where B. liniflora
occurs, it is frequently mistaken for Dro¬
sera indica, one example of this being
in a recently published book (“A Wil-

Typical habitat of Byblis liniflora. This was
photographed at the end of the wet season.
A few months late this area would be dry
and no plants of Byblis would be visible.

derness in Bloom,” by Bill and Betty
Hinton).

B. liniflora is a plant of sandy situations,
usually in areas which are moist for at
least part of the year. The climate over
northern Australia is monsoonal with
a wet season in the hot part of the
year from about December to April.
The remainder of the year ranges from
dry to very dry and remains warm to
hot even in winter. B. liniflora is abun¬
dant around soaks or seasonal water
holes, usually in areas at least partly
shaded by herbs or larger plants. In
permanently moist situations this species
may be a perennial, but in areas subject
to drving out it is more commonly an

Byblis liniflora

102

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

annual.

It is an abundant species in coastal
Queensland north from Rockhampton, in
Cape York Peninsula, the northern part
of the northern Territory, and in the
Kimberley area of Western Australia,
but is often overlooked as it is hidden
by the prolific growth of the ground
layer in the wet season. It also occurs
in the Western Province of Papua, New
Guinea and presumably in West New
Guinea (Irian Jaya) as well. In New
Guinea it grows in low altitude mon-
soonal savanna woodlands similar to
those in northern Australia.

Each flower is borne on a long slender
peduncle. They are bluish-pink or oc¬
casionally white, and are about one cm
in diameter, with five broad petals. The
leaves are thread-like, up to several cm
long(and are relatively sparselv covered
with glandular hairs. The whole plant
is commonly about six to ten cm tall but
may be as large as 30 cm. The plants
tend to have a weak root system and
larger plants often lie along the surface
of the soil with the apex bent upwards.
Flowering time is irregular but mainly
in the wet season from December to
April. Plants growing in permanently
moist situations may flower at any time
of the year.

As mentioned earlier it is easy to
confuse this species with even more
abundant Drosera indica. However, the
many flowered inflorescence and the
coarser leaves of the latter are useful
field characteristics to separate these
species. As well as Drosera indica. B. lini-
Jlora often grows in association with other
carnivorous plants such as D. petiolaris,
D. spathulata, D. burrnanni, Utricularia
chrysantha and in northern parts of the
Peninsula, Nepenthes rnirabilis.

Cultivation. Plants collected in the
wild rarely seem to survive and they cer¬
tainly do not travel well. Propagation
is best achieved from seed which ger¬
minates readily on a damp sand and
peat mix. The plants grow well and will
last for several years if not kept overly
wet and if given half shade and humid,

Volume 10 • December 1981

warm conditions. As an insurance it is a
good idea to harvest seed each vear and
treat as an annual. Some more infor¬
mation on cultivation is available in a
useful article in an earlier CPN. (J.
Mazrimas: The Bvblis Familv. CPN IV
(2): 30, 31, 1975).

Conservation. This is one carnivorous
plant species which is not subject to
threats of extinction. In some areas of
Cape York Peninsula with which 1 am
familiar this plant is abundant and, even
in the drv season, plants mav be found.
It occurs in most, if not all of the large
Cape York National Parks and would
certainly be in several Parks and Reserves
in the northern Territory and Western
Australia.

Byblis liniflora
Drawing by Ron Fleming

103

\JJeqinnG rs /Corner

UNUSUAL AND SOMETIMES WORRISOME GROWTH PATTERNS IN
SARRACENIA PITCHERS

by Donald E. Schnell

It would be nice if all cultivated plants
behaved themselves all of the time, and
with proper cultural techniques they usu¬
ally do. However, occasionally something
unusual happens in a growth pattern and
the observant grower quite properly be¬
comes concerned. The author, Joe Maz-
rimas, and several other growers have
noted some pitcher growth habits or shapes
in Sarracenias that have not been reported
previously and we felt that the readership
might benefit by these observations and
perhaps send some comments about their
experiences to share with others.

There is an interesting growth pattern
noted in Sarracenia leucophylla rather regu¬
larly each season, and sometimes also in
S. alata and 5. rubra ssp. gulfensis. In plants
of S. leucophylla in outdoor or even green¬
house cultivation in the temperated zone,
the spring pitchers are not usually the
best. They are often elongate with rela¬
tively little hood and mouth expansion,
and many are ensiform. Later in the sum¬
mer and into autumn — often just weeks
before the first killing frost! — a beautiful
crop of large, nicely formed typical pitch¬
ers appears only to be laid low by a hard
freeze. Greenhouse plants, of course, re¬
tain these pitchers nicely through most of
the winter, as do more protected outdoor
plants further south. This pattern seems
to be of no consequence to the overall
health of the plant and in fact very often
occurs in nature where the three taxa
mentioned grown on the US Gulf Coast.
Above ground plant stmctures usually ap¬
pear in response to complex situations
regarding photo-period (length of light ex¬

posure each day), temperatures, water
availability, etc. Study of this phenom¬
enon by a student using controlled environ¬
ment such as in a growth chamber might
be very enlightening. Intuitively, the
author feels the answer will be found in
the pattern of photoperiod and tempera¬
ture among the many possible variables.

And now to another interesting situa¬
tion. This one is fortunately more spor¬
adic. During the spring and early summer
of 1981, the author received several anx¬
ious phone calls and letters from Sarra¬
cenia growers stating that the pitchers of
many of their species growing outdoors
and sometimes in greenhouses were se¬
verely deformed. The author and Joe
Mazrimas discussed this occurence and
both had noted it occasionally in pre¬
vious years as well. The unusual pitchers
consisted of elongate, twisted or spiral,
narrow forms with incompletely expanded
hoods. Many of the pitchers had depres¬
sed dimples or lines across them at in¬
tervals, and sometimes only ensiform
leaves were produced by species that
usually do not produce them in the
spring. Nothing had changed with water
or potting medium used, and several
plants were lifted from the pots to check
for root disease, soil parasites, etc., and
sample leaves were carefully examined
microscopically for mites. None were
found. The author noted this abnormal¬
ity in his moderately heated greenhouse
as well as outdoor plants. Joe Mazrimas
did not note it as much in his unheated
greenhouse but did see it in his outdoor
plants. The species mosdy affected were

104

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

S. flava, S. alata, S. rubra (note that all
subspecies often produce a different
spring pitcher than summer pitchers, but
these were more bizarre than usual), S.
purpurea and sometimes S. leucophylla.

Two clues were helpful in defining the
problem to some extent. One very ob¬
vious one was the thankful appearance
of completely normal pitchers quite sud¬
denly with the passage of early spring
into late spring and early summer. The
second was noting the character of the
weather during the troublesome early
springs.

In both widely separated areas (Cali¬
fornia and North Carolina), warm weather
had come earlier than usual in spring
while there was still a relatively short
photoperiod. In addition, the warm
weather pattern was erratic: Nights were
cool, sometimes near or at freezing, and
days were quite warm, more like later
spring and early summer. This was all
coupled with a tendency to less cloudv
weather than usual for the season. These
warm day/cold night cycles were some¬
times interrupted by a brief run of uni¬
formly cool days, but then the warm
periods began agiain.

Since the problem cured itself as the
weather and day length fell into more

S. flava grown by J. A. Mazrimas with 42
inch/103 cm pitchers. Yardstick for scale.
Photo byj. A. Mazrimas.

usual patterns as the season went on, we
felt that the problem was indeed related
to the earlier spring weather. It seems
a classical case of a variation on etio¬
lation due to warm stimulus to growth
with inadequate light during the day, and
very cool nights arresting or slowing
growth. Once the photoperiod length¬
ened and the nights became warmer,
normal pitchers appeared.

Meterologists inform us that the regu¬
lar cycles of seasonal weather w'e have
grown used to are in fact aberrant in
terms of the long term wreather pattern,
and that w'e can expect more cycles as
wTe had in the spring of 1981 (and a few
earlier ones), so growers should be aware
of this pitcher habit pattern.

We and the readers would certainly like
to hear comments and experiences with
either of the growth patterns mentioned
above, particularly from different parts
of the US and the w’orld. The author has
also noted the same problems mentioned
in letters from folks in England and
Australia, so the phenomena are cer¬
tainly not isolated!

Volume 10 • December 1981

105

Overall view of bog with Climatron plantings
and dome in background.

View of part of bog with Sarracenia sps.

CP SHOW AT THE MISS

ALL PHOTOS SUPPLIED BY MISSO

View of part of bog with plexiglass dome in background displaying unusual or smaller CP.

106 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

View of part of bog with Sarracenia sps. and Drosera sps. visible.

JRI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Li BOTANICAL GARDEN, ST. LOUIS

I

Close-up view of part of bog.

Volume 10 • December 1981

107

REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE

Earley, Lawrence S. 1981. Cloning en¬
dangered plants. Wildlife in North
Carolina 45:20.

A brief introductory article featur¬
ing ICPS member Bill Carroll discus¬
sing his work with plant tissue cul¬
ture of rare and endangered native
species, including CP. Features a
photo of Bill with some of his prog¬
eny en flasque. The work is conducted
at the North Carolina Botanical Gar¬
dens.

Fineran, B. A. & Gilbertson, J. M. Ap¬
plication of lanthanum and uranyl salts
as tracers to demonstrate apoplastic
pathways for transport in glands of
the carnivorous plant Utricularia mona-
thos. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 23910: 66-72
1980.

The electron microscope tracers men¬
tioned above reveal that deposits of
these salts occurred in the cells walls,
but not in the protoplasts of intact
cells.

Fineran, B. A. Ontogeny of external
glands in the bladderwort U. mona-
thos. Protoplasma 105 ('A): 9-26. 1980.
The author used electron micro¬
scopy to study earlv differentiation
of the external glands which are main¬
ly used to absorb solutes from the ex¬
ternal medium before any traps were
present in very young plants. When
traps developed, the external gland
became modified for water secretion.

Fromm-Trinta, E. Revision of the species
of the genus Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae)
in the southeastern and southern re¬
gions of Brazil. Rodriguesia 31(49):
17-140. 1979.

Genlisea and Utricularia belong to
the same family; the former has a
flower calyx that is 5-lobed and the
trap leaf is a straight body attached
by a pedicel to the rhizome, with a
middle bladder and an elongated

neck with two twisted arms. Utricu¬
laria is differentiated by a 2-lobed
calyx and urn-like bladders. There
are five species of Genlisea in Brazil:
G. violacea, aurea, filiformis, repens
and pygmaea.

Kingsolver, J. 1981. The effect of envi¬
ronmental uncertainty on morpho¬
logical design and fluid balance in
Sarracenia purpurea L. Oecologia 48:
364-370.

This rather ephemeral paper uses
engineering analysis techniques and
wax models of leaves and bowls of
the same volume to determine the re¬
sistance of S. purpurea pitchers to dry
weather dessication stress as a func¬
tion of the “design” of the pitcher.
The work indeed concludes that the
design is efficient, and that larger
pitchers are more resistant to dessica¬
tion than smaller. There is also a dis¬
cussion of some fine points of eco-
logic jargon and semantics.

Moeller, R., The temperature-deter¬
mined growing season of a submerged
hydrophyte: Tissue chemistry and
biomass turnover of Utricularia pur¬
purea. Freshw. Biol. 10(5): 391-400.
1980.

At Mirror Lake, New Hampshire,
USA, the dynamics of thermal strat¬
ification limit the growing season de¬
pending on depth. At 6 m depth the
growing season is about 8 weeks and
at 2 m it is 17 weeks. Light may limit
the growth at 6 m but not at 2-4 m.
This species is unusually rich in zinc,
relatively rich in nitrogen, but quite
poor in phosphorus.

Reznick, A. A., John Goldie. 1891. Col¬
lecting site near Lake Simcoe, Ontar¬
io, Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 94(4):
439-442. 1980.

Goldie travelled in 1819 near Lake
Simcoe by the present town of Hol-

108

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

land Landing. He reported Drosera
linearis as growing here. In 1976, this
site was rediscovered, but D. anglica
was nowhere to be found. Another
rare plant is gone.

Toth, R. and D. Toth. 1980. Cvtochem-
ical localization of acid phosphatase
in the nematode-trapping fungus Ar-
throbotrys oligospora. Mycologica 72:
813-817.

The function of lysosomes intracellu-
larly in digestive processes is well-
known, and the commonly associ¬
ated acid phosphatase enzymes in
these organelles was selected as an
indicator of lysosomal activity. Acid
phosphatase was virtually absent
prior to prey capture, increased sub¬
sequent to capture, and then ap¬
peared in the nematode body grad¬
ually. This points toward active di¬
gestion rather than autolysis of the
captured prey.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN’S
FIRST ANNUAL

CARNIVOROUS PLANT EXHIBIT

by Marilyn Maupin
Staff horticulturist and
curator of CP

Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis
held its first carnivorous plant exhibit
in the Climatron April 25 to May 17.
It was very well attended by curious vis¬
itors, many of whom previously had no
idea that there are so many different
kinds of CP.

The main feature of the exhibit was
a simulated bog environment. We used
a free-form fiberglass pool, 7' X 13' at
its maximum points, and elevated it on
a platform for easier viewing. Long-fiber
sphagnum moss was used inside the pool
as a filler between the potted carnivorous
plants. Sheet moss that had been sprayed
with a waterproof green florists’ dye was
used over the top of the bog to hide the
Please see EXHIBIT on p. 111.

Nepenthes display at Missouri Botanical Garden CP Show. Photo supplied by MBG.

Volume 10 • December 1981

109

INDEX

TITLE INDEX

A northward extension of

Pinguicula pumila Michx . 90

A photographic primer of vanants

of Sarracenia purpurea L . 41

A poem bv David Tavlor . 51

A South African insectivorous plant trip . 96

Are there any ants in your plants? . 52

Byblis gigantea . 14

Carnivorophytes on stamps and coins . 11

CP show at theMissoun Botanical Garden . . 106, 109

Drosera zonaria in flower . 75

How exclusive are carnivorous plants? . 65

In reply to the article on “Cannington Swamp” ... 8

More on predacious fungi . 8

Nepenthes alata (block print) . 94

Nepenthes tmrabilis in Australia . 69

New CP cultivar received in 1980 . 95

On growing Drosera regia . 10

Polypompholyx . 38

Sinnesorgane in Pflanzenreich

(V. Aldrovanda vesiculosa) . 73, 89

The British Carnivorous Plant Society . 15

The Czech butterwort Pinguicula bohemica . 38

The evolution of carnivorous plants . 62

The northern rainbow plant — Byblis liniflora . 102

The Oxford symposium on carnivorous plants ... 36
The role of indoleacetic acid in the control of leaf

blade movements of Drosera capensis . 37

Ultrastructural and radioautographic studies of the
developmental sequence, and of secretory modi¬

fications produced by stimulation of the digestive
gland cells of Drosera capensis L. with reference to

the Golgi apparatus . 91

Unusual and sometimes worrisome

growth patterns in Sarracenia pitchers . 104

Adrovanda

Arthrobotrys

Byblis

Cephalotus

Dactylella

Darlingtoma

Dionaea

Drosera

Drosophyll um
Exyra
Genlisea
Helm mphora
Nepenthes

Pinguicula

1981 CPN GENERA INDEX

6, 7, 1 1, 13, 18, 23, 48, 62, 64, 73,
76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89, 92.

9, 21, 82, 109

2, 8, 4, 19, 21, 23, 27, 34, 48, 102,
103

6, 16, 23, 34, 48, 50
83

6, 23, 48

6, 7, 23, 36, 48, 49, 50, 64, 82, 90,
92

6, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 34,

35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 60. 62, 64,
65, 74, 75, 79, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90,
91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
103, 109, 112

6, 23, 36, 48, 64, 65, 79, 82
33

36, 81, 108
13, 18, 23, 48

5, 13, 16, 23, 34, 35, 48, 49, 51, 58,
60, 61, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74,
75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 94, 103, 109

6, 13, 18, 20, 23, 35, 36, 38, 40, 44,
45, 46, 47, 49, 63, 64, 65, 81, 82,
90, 93

Polypompholyx

Roridula

Sarracenia

Tnphyophyllum

Utricularia

Wyeomyia

38, 39, 47
99, 100, 101

11, 12, 20, 23, 26, 30, 33, 34, 35, 41,
42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56,
60, 61, 82, 88, 90, 104, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109
65, 79, 80

7, 15, 20, 21, 23, 36, 48, 49, 50, 51,
63, 81, 82, 88, 93, 96, 100, 103, 108
50

AUTHOR & PHOTOGRAPHER INDEX

Barnett, B . 60
Bednar, B., 88
Bopp, M., 37
Brokenbro, T., 60
Burfield, T., 60
Carow, T., 60
Carroll, B., 33

Christophe, A., 96, 98, 99, 1 12

Claude-Magnussen, G. , 8

Dixon, K., 74

Dodd II, C„ 5

Gold, J., 24, 60, 88

Haberlandt, G., 73, 89

Hansoti, A., 61 , 34

Jacobs, P , 6, 10

Karohl, D., 6

Kent, J., 88

Lavarack, P., 34, 57, 69, 70, 71, 84, 102, 103
Lindquist, J , 6 1

Lowrie, A,, 1, 8, 14, 19, 27, 38, 39, 74, 75

Maupin, M., 109

Mazrimas, J., 7, 26, 95, 101, 105

Mellichamp, L., 16, 52

Miller, J., 17, 20, 26

Missouri Bot. Gar., 106, 107

Morrison, N., 6

Mrazek, W., 62

Outenreath, R., 91

Pate, J., 74

Persch, F., 34

Powell, C., 73, 89

Robinson, J., 95

Russell, G. , 62

Schnell, D , 6, 29, 31, 41, 42, 43, 55, 56, 104
Simons, P. , 65
Sizemore, S., 33
Smith, S., 6

Speirs, D., 11, 18, 62, 63
Story, T., 62
Studnicka, M., 38, 46
Taylor, D., 51
Varez, D , 94
Watkins, J, , 15
Watson, L. , 101
Webber, B., 7
Wielbrenner, T, 37
Weiss, E., 35
Williams, J., 35
Williams, S., 7, 36, 92
Wilson, J., 90
Zart, S., 7, 35

110

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

WANT ADS

When submitting Want Ads, please be
sure to print clearly for best results and
to eliminate mistakes. Please circle the
correct letter before each item (Want,
Trade, Sell or Buy). Want ads are limited
to carnivorous plants, terrariums, green¬
houses and moss. There is a charge of
ten cents per item, with no limit to the
number of items you may submit per
issue.

Send coin or check to:

Arboretum, Want Ads
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92634

Jim Comia (18701 San Rufino Dr.; Irvine,
CA 92715) (B) Cephalotus, Drosera binata,

Pinguicula caudata, P mexicana, and Sarracenia
leucophylla.

Mark Forster (c/o Buckley Hutton; 167
Collins St.; Melbourne Vic 3000; Australia)
(WB) mature plants of Darlingtonia califomica,
Sarracenia sp. & hybrids, Drosera regia seed,
(Plants sphagnum grown). (T) seed of D. pel-
tata & auriculata for Mexican Pinguicula seed.

Ron Gagliardo (1216 Cooper Dr.; Raleigh,
NC 27607) (WTB) Hehamphora tatei, nutans,
minor, etc. tuberous Drosera, Byblis gigantea
seed, Genlisea sps., temperate pinguiculas,
Sarracenia hybrids, large Darlingtonia, Nepen¬
thes wittei, dried Nepenthes pitchers.

Jeff Grothaus (1265 lliff Ave.; Cincinnati,
OH 45205) (TS) N. gracillima cuttings.

Steve Smith (Rd. #1, Box 2976; Kirkwood,
N.Y. 13795) (T) Small division Heliamphora
heterodoxa to trade ONLY for H. minor, nutans or
any other Heliamphora. (S) N. gracilis $7.50
each, 2 for $12.00.

Phillip van de Velde (829 Main St.; Kangaroo
Point, Brisbane; Qld 4169; Australia). (BT)
any seeds of the following: Nepenthes, Heli¬
amphora, Pinguicula, Sarracenia hybrids, Drosera
anglica, D linearis, D. regia, D. cistiflora, D.
breviflolia, D trinervia, D villosa, D. affinis, D.
andicola, D. pauciflora and D flexicauhs.

West Australian Carnivores (P. O. Box 62;
Vinton, VA 24012) (S) Byblis ggantea, Cepha¬
lotus follicularis, Utricularia menziesii, Polypom-
pholyx multifida, assorted tuberous droseras.
Price list 50c USA only.

EXHIBIT continued from p. 109.
pots and to give the appearance of live
moss. Many of the potted sarracenias
also had live sphagnum growing in them
which added bright green touches to the
bog. Thirty-seven different species and
hybrids were used in the bog for a total
of 110 pots of CP.

Additional features in the show' in¬
cluded two plexiglass domes which dis¬
played some of our more unusual or
smaller CP. We also had a small Nepenthes
display next to the waterfall in the Clima-
tron. In addition, located near the bog
display wras a sample CP terrarium show¬
ing people how1 a finished terrarium may
look and a brochure describing the pro¬
cedure in planting one. Several panels
of educational material were on display
also, to tell people more about the plants
and how they trap and digest insects.
Another brochure describing CP trap
types and home culture wTas also avail¬
able.

In all, there were forty-seven different
species and hybrids belonging to nine
genera in Missouri Botanical Garden’s
first carnivorous exhibit. Next year we
hope to have an even bigger and better
display.

Utricidaria purpurea

Drawing by Ron Fleming

Volume 10 • December 1981

111

Drosefca Oufttifolia^ ap' Table Mountain, Republic of South Africa.

£ ■ - '

Photo by Alain Christophe

JAN 18 1982

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