CARNIVOROUS PLANT
NEWSLETTER

MARCH 1982

VOLUME 11, Number 1

CARNIVORC

PLANT

NEWSLETTI

Official Journal of the
International Carnivorous
Plant Societv

Volume 1 1 , Number 1
March, 1982

COVER

N. x oisoensis = (mixta sanderiana x maxima superba), hybrid made bv N. Ikeda about
1935. Raised by Japan Horuculture Co., Ltd., Oiso, Kanagawa Pref. President was
N. Ikeda. Messrs. Katagiri and Gojima were superintendents. (CPN 8:14). Plant on
cover grown and photographed bv Joe Mazrimas.

The co-editors of CPN would like everyone to pay particular attention to the
following policies regarding your dues to the ICPS.

All correspondence regarding dues, addresschangesand missing issuesshould be
sent to Mrs. Kathy Fine, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum, Dept, of Biology, California State
University, Fullerton, CA 92634. DO NOT SEND TO THE CO-EDITORS. Checks for
subscriptions and reprints should be made payable to CSUF FOUNDATION-
ARBORETUM.

All material for publication, comments and general correspondence about your
plants, field trips or special noteworthy events relating to CP should be directed to one
of the co-editors. We are interested in all news related to carnivorous plants and rely
on the membership to supply us with this information so that we can share it with
others.

Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not necessarily the editorial staff.
Copy deadline for the June issue is May 1 , 1 982.

CO-EDITORS:

D. E. Schnell, Rt. 4, Box 275B, Statesville, NC 28677

J. A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550

T. L. Mellichamp, Dept, of Biology, UNCC, Charlotte, NC 28223

Leo Song, Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634

BUSINESS MANAGER: Mrs. Kathy Fine, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum

PUBLISHER: The International Carnivorous Plant Society by the Fullerton Arboretum,

California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Published quarterly
with one volume annually. Printer: Kandid Litho, 129 Agostino Rd., San
Gabriel, CA 91776. Circulation: 542 (68 new, 474 renewal). Dues:
$10.00 annually, $15.00 foreign. Reprints available by volume only.
®1982 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. All rights reserved.

2

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Editor’s Corner

By Don Schnell

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter is now entering its eleventh year, and those who have
been with us all the way or at least of for a greater part of those ten previous years
have watched this publication grow from a small offset looseleaf format to our pres¬
ent fine journal with wide-ranging articles and features serving many interests world¬
wide. CPN is widely respected, is now being carried by more libraries, and even
crops up now and then in formal journal or book bibliographies.

One of the most popular services we offer is the CPN Seed Bank, which is quite
capably and generously run by Patrick Dwyer. Patrick receives no remuneration for
his efforts and gives time from a very busy schedule to keep things running smooth¬
ly. It does not take much imagination to realize that the Seed Bank operation is not
at all an easy matter, but Patrick has welded order and promptness out of this most
difficult challenge.

The Seed Bank belongs to every ICPS member, of course. Obviously, the seeds
must come from somewhere, from members who are willing to take the time to care¬
fully pollinate and then collect seed. For donating seed, the member receives at least
two rewards: credits for drawing seed from the Seed Bank at no charge, and the sat¬
isfaction of his contribution to CPN and other members.

The seventy-five cents per packet charge for seeds requested by non-contributors
is fair and appropriate. It helps cover Patrick’s cost for containers, wrapping and
mailing. Any money in excess of that required by Patrick for expenses is turned over
to CPN and used to cover the costs of printing and mailing. Last year, there was
sufficient money from the Seed Bank alone to cover the text printing costs of near¬
ly one whole issue.

The unrelenting rise in printing and postage costs have been your editors’ most
netding problem these past years, and we anticipate no less of a problem for the
forseeable future. This year we are able to hold membership fees to last year’s level
by increasing efficiency of operations, and by anticipating Seed Bank returns. No
small journal of this kind can exist for long on membership dues alone, for it would
soon price itself out of the market.

So, help yourself out as a member who wants this journal to remain at its high
level and to grow still more in order to best serve your purpose. Set aside a few min¬
utes to produce seed from your plants to donate to the CPN Seed Bank. The Seed
Bank needs a constant influx of increasingly varied material to continue to be a ser¬
vice to all of you.

SPECIAL NOTICE

In the December, 1981 issue of CPN
on p. 101, we mentioned an Australian
CP newsletter called CP NEWS, giving
subscribing information. We have since
been informed that issues of this news¬
letter have been issued irregularly at best,
with none recently, and that subscribers
with subscriptions outstanding have been
unable to contact the editor/publisher of

the newsletter either by mail or by di¬
rectly visiting his residence, which has
been vacated. The editors of CPN there¬
fore advise that you do not subscribe to
CP News. Please be certain to distinguish
this newsletter from that of the Brisbane
Carnivorous Plant Society, which is a fine
newsletter and publishes a fine newslet¬
ter on time. DES

Volume 11 • March 1982

3

News and Views

HARRY L. ABEL (3431 Landrum Dr.,
Smyrna, GA 30080) is interested in try¬
ing to organize a local CP chapter in the
Atlanta and north Georgia area. Those
also interested should write him at the
above address. He also sent his very kind
compliments on CPN and wishes the an¬
nual photo series on Sarracenia variants
continued.

WALTER BARNETT (195 East Faith Ter¬
race, Maitland, FL 32751) writes: In ref¬
erence to numerous past articles concern¬
ing an appropriate title for one who stud¬

ies carnivorous plants, I propose the term
phytocamivologist: ft-to-kar-niv-ol-5-jist

(from the Greek phyton — meaning plant)
(from the Latin camis — meaning flesh)
(from the Latin voro — meaning to de¬
vour) and, of course, -ologist (one who
studies). Hence, one who studies flesh¬
eating plants, regardless of the plants’
supplementary animalian phvlogenetic
nourishment (i.e., Insecta, Arachnida,
etc.). Also the forms phytocarnivologv —
the studv of; phvtocarnivological — in
such a study; and phytocarnivologically —
adjectivally speaking.

SEED BANK

Patrick Dwver (St. Michael’s Episcopal Church,

49 Killean Park, Albany, NY 12205)

To send seed: Please remove seed from the seed capsules and place it in small en¬
velopes (preferably paper so that they dry out enough to prevent mold.) Label with the
origin and date of collection, including habitat if it is exotic. Fold the envelope once or mice
before taping so that the seeds don’t stick to the tape. After the seed is received it will be
placed in smaller packets; donors will be informed of how' many packets they have donated.
A donation of 10-19 packets earns one free seed packet of comparable rarity, with one addi¬
tional free packet for each additional 10 packets.

Do not ask to trade for seed from the bank. Everyone will have to buy all but the free
packets.

To order seed: Please enclose payment. List the seeds desired and an equal number of sub¬
stitutes in order of preference. If requested, Patrick will add any cultural instructions of
which he is aware. Patrick will answer all letters and orders as quickly as possible; if you
receive no response within two weeks (U.S.) to a month (outside LLS.), please wTite again.
Each issue of CPN will include an update of the inventory. Cost per packet: $.75. (Number
of packets is listed if less than 15 are available.)

Byblis lunflora (3), Cephalotus folliculans (8), Darlingtoma califomica, Drosera aliciae (pale 11.) (5),

D. arctun (10), D. auriculata (5), D. binata (2), D. binata multifida (5), D. brevfolia (1), D. burke-

ana (10), D. burmanii (3), D. capensis, D. capensis (narrow If.), D. capillans (3), D. dielsiana
(5), I), filiformis filiformis (5), D. intermedia, D. linearis (15), D. macrophylla (3), D. montana (6),
D. montana (white fl.) (15), D. natalensis (3), D. peltate (7), D. rotundifolia, D. rotundifoha (Ore¬
gon) (7), D. spathulata (Formosa) (1), D. spath. (Kansai) (4), D. spath. (white fl.) (2), D. steno-

petala (1), D. uihittakeri (4), Dionaea muscipula, Nepenthes ampullana (13), N. gracilis, N. khasiana,
N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana (7), Pinguicula alpina (3), P caerulea (15), P. leptoceras (4), P primuli -
flora (8), P. vulgaris (10), Sarracenia alata (2), 5. flava, S. leucophylla, S. minor, S. purpurea purpurea,
S purp . purp. heterophylla, S purp. venosa (5), S. rubra (6), 5. rubra jonesii (15), S. alata x rubra (1),
S. ex, S. flava x leuco. (3), 5. flava x oreo. (6), S. flava x purp. (3), S. x harperi (1), S. x mit-
chelliana (1), S. psitt. x minor (15), S. rubra x purp. (1), 5. x swamana (1), San. hybrid mix
(2), San. mix (3), Utricularia subulata.

4

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

I support J.W. Kent’s observations
(CPN 10:4 N/V, p. 88) on adventitious
(not spelled adventitous) radicle and plu-
muellic development from the leaves of
the genus Utricularia. My inquisition is
limited to U. longifolia. Though my cor¬
relative studies are in a fornrulative state,
there appears a proportional relation of
adventitious development to levels of ul¬
traviolet radiation (CPN Vol VI, No. 3,
N/V, p. 45). I encourage others to test
this hypothesis by exposing fluorescent
grown Utricularia to variant angular inten¬
sity of direct sunlight. Treat latitude and
time factors as independent variables.

The knowledge gained from the under¬
standing of the organic chemical nature
of adventitious formation should be ap¬
plied to fruiting body development in
edible plants, solving the world hunger
equation.

BRUCE LEE BEDNAR (25 Lake Court
Loop, Ocala, FL 32672) writes: A few
summers ago I located an obscure pop¬
ulation of Sarracenia in the Florida Pan¬
handle, some 40 miles west of Perry
on the Gulf. Sarracenia minor makes up
about 20 percent of the plants; only a
few psittacina can be found there, say
5 percent. The rest of the plants are
x formosa and back crosses. The unus¬
ual thing about the population is that
few ol the plants are pure, if any, and
they all seem to be dwarfed. Adult flow¬
ering minor have pitchers only 5-6 inches
tall; they are found in good growing
conditions but tall grass makes it quite
hard to find them. They seem so meek
compared to their counterparts in south¬
ern Georgia. The few psittacina I found
are little, not very colorful and have
small globosa hoods. The area nearby
is wooded and the plants seem quite
safe.

MARC DeLOACH (P.O. Box 682, Hydes-
ville, CA 95547) has tried the feeding
of dried fish foods to CP in cultivation
as first suggested by Jeff Del Col (CPN
6:9). He uses tubifex worms manufac¬

tured by Blue Ribbon Products. The
food comes in dried cube form which
must be broken up to feed. This is
specified as fresh water fish food; salt
water foods may have too high a salt
content for CP. Marc simply sprinkles
the ground cubes on Droseras, remov¬
ing the excess material on the medium
in order to prevent fungus growth. Di-
onaea are first misted in order to moist¬
en the trap linings, then “fed” pieces.
About 60% of the traps seal, indicating
active digestion and absorption. Marc
has noted a markedly increased growth
rate of all plants and seedlings tried so
far. Sundew spp. so far tried have been
D. capensis, D. rotundifolia, D. burmanni,
D. intermedia and D. binata. About forty
plants of Dionaea have been so fed.

Twin pitchers of Nepenthes (possibly N. raf-
flesiana).

Sent by Isamu Kuskabe
Photo by Mr. Pereira

THOMAS CAROW (Singener Weg 14,
1000 Berlin 37, West Germany) sends
some slides:

Volume 11 • March 1982

5

Pinguicula cyclosecta, summer
state. Leaves spoonlike, red col¬
or of plant according to light.

Same plant three months la¬
ter in winter state. Leaf ro¬
sette grows slowly and pro¬
duces thin succulent leaves
(same size as the summer
leaves).

Same plant two months later
after winter state. In the cen¬
ter of the plant without roots
many young plants grow out.
Now the roots start growing
and the young plants produce
summer leaves.

6

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Pinguicula lusitamca, growing in
northwest Scotland in a wet
meadow.

Drosera rotundifoha , growing in
middle Norway at an elevation
of 1000 meters.

Dionaea muscipula , 10-week old plants growing from bulbs under artificial light: Svlvania neon
tube, warmwhite, 400-watt/square meter, 15 inches above plant.

Volume 11 • March 1982

7

(Miss) K. SHAILER, Secretary, Brisbane
Carnivorous Plant Society (P. O. Box 283,
Paddington, 4064, Brisbane, Australia)
advises that subscription rates to the
newsletter are $7.00 (Australian) overseas
and $.5.00 within Australia. Sundew , the
official Brisbane Carnivorous Plant Soci¬
ety bulletin, will be posted monthly to
all Society members. Sundew will contain
news, views and articles on carnivorous
plants. It will also have a first aid sec¬
tion as well as provide a seed bank.

LARRY MELLICHAMP (Biology Dept.,
UNCC, Charlotte, NC 28223) writes:
The University of North Carolina at
Charlotte will be sponsoring a garden
tour to London, Southern England and
Amsterdam Mav 14-29, 1982. The tour
will especially emphasize cultivated
plants at famous public and private gar¬
dens. We will spend at least a day at
world-famous Kew Gardens, where cul¬
tivation and hybridization of CP began
in the earlv 1800s. A highlight of the
trip will be a day at the Chelsea Flow¬
er Show, where spectacular CP displays
have been arranged in the past. The
cost of the tour is $1400.00 and in¬
cludes all transportation (air and ground),
hotels, baggage handling, breakfasts, sev¬
eral dinners, some entrance fees and
some theater tickets. It is a very rea¬
sonable price for such a tour. Tour will
originate in Charlotte, NC, and leave
from New York to fly to London. Lar¬
ry Mellichamp, botanist and horticul¬
turist at UNCC, will lead the tour.
Academic credit will be available to
students. For further information con¬
tact: Continuing Education Dept., Univ.

SPECIAL NOTICE

The Missouri Botanical Garden in
St. Louis is having its second annual
carnivorous plant exhibit April 24 to
May 16 in the Climatron. Over fifty
different species will be on display.

of N.C. at Charlotte, UNCC Station,
Charlotte, NC 28223.

As I was reading back over old is¬
sues of CPN (which I do regularly, and
each time I notice something I missed
before) I ran across a note in CPN,
Vol. VI, No. 3, pages 46-47 where Bill
Cook of Reseda, CA reported the use
of Truban fungicide and Orthene insec¬
ticide on CP. He says that these are
new applications and he will advise as
results are observed. Then, in a foot¬
note, he reports significant damage from
Orthene. I would like to report that in
the spring of 1981 I lost over 60% of
a group of Sarracenia seedlings (some
were 1-2 years old) by the use of Tru¬
ban fungicide. I am pretty sure it was
the Truban that did the damage since
plants that were not treated (they were
actually inadvertantly omitted!) were not
damaged. Therefore, we would like to
hear from anyone who has used Tru¬
ban fungicide with good or bad results.
Perhaps the Truban contributed to some
of the damage in Bill Cook’s case ear¬
lier.

One can never be sure about any
chemical effects on plants until they are
tested; always proceed with caution when
using chemicals on CP since they are
apparendy more sensitive than most
other plants. Perhaps if enough readers
sent in results (successes and failures,
or catastrophes, as the case may be)
of their use of chemicals of all kinds
on CP (insecticides, fungicides, miticides,
fertilizers, soil conditioners, powders,
sprays, etc.) we could compile them
and have a major article on effective
and damaging chemicals. Any observa¬
tions, no matter how slight, could be
useful; but when sending in observa¬
tions, you must be fairlv sure about
the accuracy of what you report. We
can draw conclusions and make explan¬
ations later, but first we must compile
data, including names of chemicals,
form in which they were mixed and
applied, and especiallv concentration of
application.

8

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

From

SINNESORGANE IM PFLANZENREICH

by Gottlieb Haberlandt

Insectivores: Dionaea muscipula

Translated by Carla R. Powell
Departments of Chemistry and Foreign Language
Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA 17003

The tactile bristles on the upper sides of the
leaf of Dionaea muscipula (Fig. b) were noted
by Ellis, who first described the plants, named
them, and also guessed that they trapped in¬
sects for food. However, he had not recog¬
nized their function. In the translation by
Schreiber (1780), the passage reads as follows:
“Although the small animal struggles to save
its life, it cannot free itself because of three
small upright spines located in the middle ol
the lobe between the glands, which frustrate
all of its efforts.” It would seem that Ellis
believed that the insect is pierced by the
“spines.” Sydenham Edwards (1804) and Nut-
tal (1818) recognized the sensitivity of those
small bristles to stimulation by contact. Ed¬
wards described his discovery, so very signi¬
ficant for the sensorv physiology of the plants,
as follows: “The small spines mentioned and
figured by Ellis, are the only irritable points.”
Curtis (1834) and Lindley (1848) subsequently
concurred. Meyen (1839), on the other hand,
designated the upper side of the median nerve
as the irritable part of the leaf.

The work of Oudemans. published in 1859,
first pointed out an important step toward
the solution of this quesdon. Independendy
of those prevously mendoned, this research¬
er also established that the irritability is main¬
ly centered in the si bristles (Fig. b). He

investigated their anatomical structure furth¬
er and found that the lower, more swollen
part is separated from the footpiece by a
definite construction (Fig. 10). But Oudemans
is not only the discoverer of the “hinge” of
the tacdle brisdes; he also determined the
footpiece to be the most sensitive part of
the enure bristle. However, he seems not to
have understood the significance of the hinge.

In contrast to this, what Charles Darwin
(1876) said about the tactile brisdes consti¬
tuted a step backwards, because he believed
that the bristles were sensitive to an instan¬
taneous contact over their entire length. Thus
he could not help but fail to understand the
function of the hinge in the perception of
stimuli. He believed that its sole purpose was
to prevent the brisdes from breaking off
when the halves of the leaf closed.

The detailed work of H. Munk, published
in the year 1876, was introduced bv an an¬
atomical examination of the Dionaea leaf,
which F. Kurtz carried out. What this said
about the anatomical structure of the tactile
brisdes is very incomplete. Kurtz entirely
overlooked the hinge; therefore, his illustra¬
tion of the base of the brisde is incorrect.
Nevertheless, Munk arrives at the same view
as Oudemans regarding the localization of
the irritability, although he did not know
Oudeman’s work. “Pieces may be cut off from
the point down to the base with fine, sharp
scissors, without causing the motor response,
until one approaches the button-shaped pro¬
trusion of the alar parenchyma: contact to
this area immediately causes the leaf to
close.® Also the upper portions of the hair
itself are easily bent without causing the leaf
to move. While any similar bending, any im¬
pulse, any pulling on the hair, which results
in a distortion of the base causes the leaf

"Footnotes will appear at the end of the article, which
will be continued in the June issue.

Volume 11 • March 1982

9

Field Studies on CP at UMBS

by Larry Mellichamp

This past July my wife Audrey and I
were privileged to spend five days at
the University of Michigan Biological
Station (UMBS). The station, one of the
country’s largest and most famous, is
located near Pellston in the extreme up¬
per tip of the lower peninsula of Mich¬
igan. It is just 25 miles south of the
Straits of Mackinaw. The station will be
celebrating its 75th year in 1983 and
has had an illustrative history of teach¬
ing and research in this highly interest¬
ing part of the Great Lakes region. Dr.
David Gates, who has been director since
1972, has done an outstanding job in
improving the quality of the overall
program of UMBS.

The climate at the station is wonder¬
ful — usually cool nights and mild
days. Sometimes it is cold and wet. I
remember one night when I was a stu¬
dent there in 1972 and it got down to
39° F in mid-July! This of course re¬
flects the location, and perhaps contri¬
butes to the unique and unusual flora
of the northern Great Lakes region.
There are many exciting habitats and
interesting plant species to be found
there. On this particular visit we accom¬
panied Dr. Edward G. Voss on field
trips to bogs and lake shores, and saw
beds of Drosera rotundifolia, D. linearis,
and a few D. x anglica ! (See CPN, Vol.
9, p. 16.) These lush sundews with their
glistening sticky tentacles were surround¬
ed by hundreds of Sarracenia purpurea.
All of these CP may be found growing
in marly (alkaline), moist beach flats
along the edges of pools or on rotten
logs; and, with the exception of Drosera
linearis , in acid sphagnum bogs. The
pH does not seem to matter as much
as constant moisture and lack of com¬
petition from other plants. The pitcher
plants can be quite spectacular as they
literally carpet the sandy beach flats

along the shores of Lakes Huron and
Michigan in the Straits region. Many
are now preserved at Grass Bay, a large
lakeshore tract recently acquired by the
Nature Conservancy.

Those of you who like more subde
CP will not be disappointed, either. In
those wet beach pools may be found
Utricularia vulgaris, U. intermedia, U. mi¬
nor, and U. comuta ; and the very rare U.
resupinata has been found in the UMBS
region by Dr. Voss (see H.W. Rickett’s
Wildflowers of the U.S., Vol. 1, Northeast¬
ern States, p. 518 for photos). Pinguicula
vulgaris, one of the gems of the rockv
shores and boreal habitats, is frequent
also in the region. Much research could
be done on the ecology and distribu¬
tion of CP here. Aspects of the pollin¬
ation, seed dispersal, habitat specificity,
pH and moisture relationships, and oth¬
er ecological aspects of Drosera and Utri¬
cularia would be especially lucrative en¬
deavors. The pollination biology of CP
in general has been terribly neglected
and this area offers many opportunities.

UMBS has many excellent facilities, in¬
cluding a fine reference herbarium, many
unique and varied field habitats, and
well-equipped modern laboratories. The
faculty encourages independent research
projects as well as conducting some
very educational and exciting courses.
Dr. Voss, who is an expert on the flora
of the Great Lakes region, teaches courses
in boreal (northern) flora and aquatic
plants. Other courses in the well-rounded
curriculum include ecology, physiology,
mammals, birds, insects, and nature pho¬
tography; and there is a new and grow¬
ing naturalists program. The modern
dining room mixes plenty of good food
with rustic living; and ample opportun¬
ity is provided to encounter nature face
(Please turn to page 13)

10

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Sarracenia purpurea
UMBS — Tr. End Bay

Drosera linearis

Marly Beach, Charlevoix Co.

Photographs by Larry Mellichamp

Volume 11 • March 1982

Pinguicula vulgaris
Waugoshance Point

11

Dionaea (continued from page 9)
to close, whether the stimulus is applied on
the point or lower down.” Munk, like Dar¬
win, did not believe the sensiuvity was con¬
fined only to the tactile brisdes. He believed
that the motor response would also occur
when strong pressure was applied on the
epidermis of the upper side of the leaf.
Therefore, his interpretation of the impor¬
tance of the bristles was merely “that it is
possible to stimulate portions of the sensi¬
tive parenchyma by means of a long, flex¬
ible lever ann." Had Kurtz correctly de¬
scribed the structure of the footpiece with
its hinge, then Munk certainly would have
recognized that this provides a much more
specific adaption for the purpose of sensory
perception.”

Almost simultaneously Batalin (1877), who
knew Oudemans’ work, arrived at the con¬
clusion, which he offered only as a possi¬
bility, “that the upper part of the small hair
up to the constriction is not at all irritable,
and if it appears to be sensitive to contact,
then it is because pressure is placed on the
lower parts of the hair when it is bent,
thereby causing stimulation.”

Goebel (1891) drew the now obvious con¬
clusion, that it is the hinge cells of the bris¬
tle which perceive the stimulation, since they
undergo the most severe deformation when
the bristle is bent. He was, however, unable
to supply a more detailed explanation for
this view, because the appropriate research
material was not available to him at the
time. Goebel was also the first who gave an
essentially correct, although very briefs de¬
scription of the more approximate structural
relationships of the bristles, particularly of
their hinges.

Macfarlane’s (1892) work basically agrees
with Goebel’s conception of the function of
the hinge. A few errors in reference to the
histological structure of the bristle, especial¬
ly the hinge, will be discussed later.

Finally, 1 have given a brief description of
the structure of the bristles and the related
experimental evidence (Haberlandt 1896).
Contact to the stiff upper part of the bris¬
tle initially causes bending only at the con¬
stricted hinge point. On the convex side, the
membrane fold is stretched, and on the
concave side it becomes even narrower and
deeper. In one particular case, the exten¬
sion of hte hinge after bending amounted to
21 percent on the convex side It is obvious
that very severe deformations of the proto¬

plasts occur in connection with this.

I will now proceed to my more recent
investigations into the structure and func¬
tion of the tactile bristles of Dionaea. In so
doing, I will assume that the approximate
morphological relationships of the leaf and
the distribution of the bristles are known
(Fig. b).

The tactile bristle, from the tip to the
insertion, has four parts (Plate VI, Fig. 10);
these are:

1 . The stiff, roughly 1 mm long, sharply
tapering endpiece, which represents the mech¬
anically active part of the entire apparatus,
the lever arm which functions as a stimu¬
lator. It consists of living, elongated, pro-
senchymatous cells, whose walls are only
moderately thickened and are neither ligni-
fied nor cuticularized (one cannot really call
these cells, as Goebel did, “thick walled.”
Goebel himself (1891) illustrates them as
rather thin-walled, by the way, see his Fi^.
12). When treated with zinc chloride-iodine ,
they take on a muddy greenish-blue color.
The cuticle is delicate, and very finely stri¬
ated lengthwise at the point of the bristle.
Because the pointed apical cells often split
apart, the tips of the brisdes become, as
Darwin noted, bi- or tripartite. Often the
basal cells are very short.

2. Bordering on this is a tissue layer con¬
sisting of crosswise lamellar cells which con¬
tain 2-3 cell layers in the middle, and 3-4
at the edges, where the epidermis forms
part of the structure. All of the cells con¬
tain living protoplasts. According to Goebel,
their walls are suberized. Although 1 have
found only the walls of the middle cell lay¬
er to be suberized, on thin microtome sec¬
tions these suberized walls appear as a pair
of sharp, dark brown lines, which traverse
the bristle at the aforementioned place (Plate
VI, Fig. 10k)4. The lateral walls also exhibit
this quality. It is quite possible, under dif¬
ferent growing conditions than those enjoyed
by the plants I examined, that the cell layer
in question is suberized all the way through.
What this “suberization” has to do with the
function of the tactile bristles remains un¬
certain.'. In any case, it does not prevent
water and soluble nutrients from being sup¬
plied to the terminal piece of the bristle
above it. The cells of the terminal piece are,
after all, alive.

(Continued on page 21)

*See plates pages 21-22.

12

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

An Introduction to Genlisea

By Glenn Claudi-Magnussen, 26861 Quevedo Ln, Mission Viejo, CA 92691

Genlisea was discovered in 1833 by Aug¬
uste de Sainte-Hilaire in Brazil. It be¬
longs to the family Lentibulanaceae , along
with Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Polypom-
pholyx. Its range is more extensive than
that of most other carnivorous plant gen¬
era and includes South America, Afri¬
ca, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Its
trap is unique, most closely resembling
that of Sarracenia psittacina, but substan¬
tially different from even that species.
Genlisea is, however, probably the least
well-known genus of carnivorous plants.

Like Utricularia, Genlisea is a roodess,
aquatic or semi-aquatic herb. This per¬
ennial plant grows from a slender, oc¬
casionally branching rhizome. There are
two leaf types which grow simultaneous¬
ly: foliage leaves and traps. The foliage
leaves are linear or spathulate, and often
grow in a dense cluster (less dense in the
larger species), forming a hemisphere of
leaves.

The traps vary in size (depending on
the species) from 2.5 to 15 centimeters
in total length. The trap consists of a
bulb-shaped cavity atop a long footstalk.
From the end of the cavity there is a long
cylinder with the trap’s mouth at the end.

UMBS (continued from page 10)

to face in creating a unique atmosphere

of study and social interaction.

If you are a junior or senior under¬
graduate student, graduate student, or
post-graduate researcher and have a ser¬
ious interest in field biology, then you
would certainly profit from a summer
at UMBS. The experience is invaluable
for meeting other students from all over
the country in the fascinating environ¬
ment of northern Michigan. Financial
aid grants are available. For further in¬
formation on course offerings and ad¬
mission write: Dr. David M. Gates, Di¬
rector, University of Michigan Biologi¬
cal Station, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.

On each side of the mouth, there is a spi¬
ral “arm.” The trap is attached to the rhi¬
zome by the footstalk, and usually hangs
in an inverted position with the arms
reaching downward. Copepods, nema¬
todes, water spiders, and other small
prey apparently follow the spiral arm
to the trap’s mouth. Once inside the
mouth, long, pointed hairs which line the
cylinder prevent the prey from backing
out. Eventually the prey makes its way to
the bulb, where it is decomposed and its
nutrients absorbed.

The scape is simple, slender, erect, and
often very tall. There are several to many
evenly spaced flowers. The calyx has five
pans, but the corolla is bilobed. The
lower lip of the flower is large and tri-
lobed, and the spur is incurved.

Genlisea africana. This species is found in
wet grasslands in much of tropical Afri¬
ca, including Guinea, Sierra Leone, An¬
gola, Zimbabwe, and the Ivory Coast. It
has numerous, spathulate leaves which
range from 0.5 to 3 centimeters in length.
It has from two to twelve violet (or, rare¬
ly, white or yellow) flowers on a scape
which may reach 35 cendmeters in height.
The 0.6 to 0.8 cenumeter flowers are dense¬
ly covered with gland-tipped hairs. The
lower lip of the flower is deeply incised,
forming three disunct lobes. This species
has two subspecies: Genlisea africana ssp.
africana (= G. subviridis) and Genlisea africana
ssp. stapfu (= G. stapfii).

Genlisea filiformis (= G. luteo-viridis or G.
anfractuosa). This small species is found
in swampy areas of Brazil, Venezuela,
Guyana, Cuba, Colombia, Guatemala, and
Belize. There are few to many spathulate
foliage leaves in a rosette. The leaf blades
are about three to five millimeters long
and rounded at the apex. The leaf stalk
is about as long or somewhat longer than
the leaf blade. Two to four greenish-yel¬
low or yellow flowers are found on a wiry
scape which may be up to 20 cendmeters

Volume 11 • March 1982

13

tall. The spur is rounded and extends be¬
low the lower lip of the flower. The ped¬
icel is covered with long, gland-tipped
hairs.

Genlisea glabra. This species is found in
swampy areas of Venezuela, the narrow¬
ly spathulate leaves form a dense rosette.
The leaves are one to four centimeters in
overall length (including a long leaf stalk),
and about 1.2 millimeters wide at their
widest point. There are two to four flow¬
ers atop an erect scape w'hich is about
18 centimeters in height. The lilac flower
is about seven millimeters long, and has
a deep purple ring along the edge of the
lower lip. The spur is about as long as
the lower lip.

Genlisea guianensis. This species is found
in wet savannas in Guyana, Brazil, Vene¬
zuela, and Belize. It has lanceolate leaves,
and violet or purple flow'ers with a long
spur. New plants may sprout from the
ends of the leaves.

Genlisea hispidula. This species is found in
tropical Africa. Its foliage leaves may
reach five centimeters in length. There
are two to six violet flowers atop a scape
w'hich may reach 30 centimeters in height.
The lower lip of the flower is slightly in¬
cised, forming three lobes. This species
has two subspecies: Genlisea hispidula ssp.
hispidula and Genlisea hispidula ssp. subglab¬
ra (= G. subglabra). The latter subspecies
is found in eastern Africa.

Genlisea pygmaea (= G. exmeraldae, G. ni-
grocaulis, or G. oxycentron). This small spe¬
cies is found in damp savannas in Bra¬
zil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Belize,
and Trinidad. The leaves are spathulate.
The yellow flowers are densely covered
with both short hairs and long, gland-
tipped hairs, and they are found on a
slender scape which is usually over ten
centimeters long. The conical spur extends
below' the lower lip.

Genlisea repens (= G. pulchella or G. pusilla).
The trap of this small species is about
three centimeters in total length. The fo¬
liage leaves are spathulate with a some¬
what long leaf stalk. The flower is yellow,
atop a tall scape (usually over ten cen¬

timeters tall). The lower lip of the cor¬
olla is slightly trilobed. The spur is con¬
ical and extends below the lower lip.
This species is distinguished from Genli¬
sea pygmaea primarily by the lack of (or
small number of) hairs on the flower.
Genlisea repens is found in Brazil, Vene¬
zuela, Guyana, and Paraguay.

Genlisea roraimensis. This species is found
along stream banks in Venezuela. It has
spathulate leaves. The yellow flowers are
on a thick scape which is less than ten
centimeters tall. The flowers are densely
covered with short hairs and long, gland-
tipped hairs. The spur is no longer than
the corolla’s lower lip.

Genlisea sanariapoana . This species is found
in wet, sandy areas of Venezuela. Its leaves
are lanceolate. The flowers are violet or
purple with a long spur. The lower lip
is slightly trilobed, and the scape and
calyx of this species are denselv covered
with gland-tipped hairs.

Other species:

Genlisea angolensis — Angola, Zaire.
Genlisea aurea — (= G. minor or G. or-
nata) — a large species from Brazil.
Genlisea glandulosissima — Zambia.
Genlisea margaretae (= G. recurva ) —
Zambia, Tanzania, Madagascar.
Genlisea violacea (= G. biloba, G. cylin-
drica, or G. reflexa ) — Brazil.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hutchinson, John, and Dalziel, J.M., Flora of
West Tropical Africa, London, The Crown
Agents for the Colonies, 1931.

— , Flora of West Tropical Africa, Lon¬
don, Crown Agents for Overseas Govern¬
ments and Administrations, 1963.

Lloyd, Francis Ernest, The Carnivorous Plants,
New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1976.
Maguire, Bassett, and collaborators, “The Bot¬
any of the Guayana Highlands — Part VII,”
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden,
XVI! (December 1967), 1-439.

Slack, Adrian, Carnivorous Plants, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 1980.
Standley, Paul C., Williams, Louis O., and
Gibson, Dorothy Nash, “Flora of Guatema¬
la,” Fieldiana: Botany, XXIV June 1974).

14

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

E.

KEY:

A. Distribution — shaded areas are those in
which Genlisea can be found. Map may not
be complete, particularly in Africa.

B. generalized plant

C. typical trap

D. cross section of “arm”

E. generalized flower

Volume 11 • March 1982

15

16

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

The Problem of Carnivory in the
Common Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.)

by M. Studnicka ; Liberecka 36, 466 01 Jablonec n. N., Czechoslovakia)

The genus Lathraea of the family Scro-
phulariaceae is distributed over Europe
and Asia and comprises five species. All
are parasitic. The most widespread is the
Common Toothwort, which is parasitic
on the roots of hazel, poplar, alder and
other trees. It has an extensive under¬
ground network of stems with white
fleshy leaves. In April to May it shoots
up inflorescence 4 to 8 inches high above
the ground

It is the underground leaves of the
Toothwort which particularly interest ad¬
mirers of carnivorous plants. Some boe
anists offer the opinion that these leases
may act as capture organs (Managetta
1897, Heslop- Harrison 1976, and others).
Heslop- Harrison writes, “A strange exam-
ple indeed is seen in root parasites of
the genus Lathraea of the Scrophularia-
ceae, where the much reduced leaves of
the rhizome have cavities lined with en¬
zyme-synthesizing glands. Insects and
other small soil organisms are readily
caught in the cavities, suggesung the pos¬
sibility of a form of carnivory not unlike
that of Genlisea.”

Let me describe the inner arrangement
of the leaves of Lathraea. Under the epi¬
dermis, which is without stomata, there
is a thick layer of reserve tissue with
starchy grains. There is a richly articu¬
lated cavity inside the leaf which ends in
a perforation in the lower side. The epi-

Anatomy of leaves of Lathraea and Genlisea.
A: Longitudinal section of a leaf of Lathraea.
B: Gland of the inside of the leaf. C: Trans¬
verse section of the leaf. D: Interior view of
a leaf of Genlisea. Below the dashed line: the
smooth entrance of Lathraea in comparison
with the neck of Genlisea with detentive hairs,
(left)

Underground stem of Lathraea squamaria and
lower side of two leaves, (right)

dermis at the perforation is smooth but
further inside the leaf the walls of the
cavity are covered with pesde- shaped
glands.”

Il we dip the cut end of an under¬
ground stalk into coloured water, the wa¬
ter is absorbed into the vascular system.
The veins cam' the coloured solution to
the interior of the leaf and the glands
expel it into the cavin'. In the growing
plant the water or water solution expelled
bv the glands soaks into the earth close
to the leaves. This simple experiment
demonstrates that the main work of the
glands is to eliminate surplus water from
the plant. This is essential to enable the
plant to absorb constantlv new supplies
of nutrition (Danert et al. 1973: 270). In
most plants water is evaporated from the
stomata, but plants growing in a verv
damp atmosphere often eliminate w'ater
in drops bv means of glands (so-called
hvdathodes) like the Tootlnvort. Tropical
plants of the family Piperaceae have the
same hvdathodes as the Toothw'ort.

What remains unexplained, however, is
the similarity between the leaves of the
(Continued on page 20)

Volume 11 • March 1982

17

Utriculana dusenii Utricularia dusenii

UTRICULARIA

Photos by Michel Depaz

Utriculana tricolor Utriculana dichotoma

18

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Cultivating Drosera Linearis (Goldie)

by Jim Korolas, 36 Eastlea Cr., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada MIT 3A6

Before I discuss cultivation and prop¬
agation techniques, it would be most
beneficial to discuss my observations of
D. linearis in natural habitat.

The habitat preferred by most carniv¬
orous plants is acid conditions but D.
linearis is usually found in soil of pH
8.0, although there are some exceptions.
Schnell, in his book Carnivorous Plants of
the United States and Canada , discusses in
brief D. linearis and its preference for
alkaline soil. I have seen large colonies
of D. linearis along the western shore
of Bruce Peninsula of Georgian Bay in
Lake Huron which were growing in
slightly to moderately acidic soil. In the
same locality were an abundance of D.
rotundifolia and large S. purpurea (‘terrae-
novae’). In cultivation, D. linearis grows
well in acid soil as it does in alkaline
soil.

The surrounding vegetation in a typ¬
ical bog are Sarracenia purpurea purpurea
var. ripicola (a nomenclature preferred by
some Ontario botanists for the speci¬
mens found in the Georgian Bay area)

Utricularia

Micheal Depaz (18, Rue J. Henduchx,
4391 Berloz, Belgium) sends these slides
of various Utricularia. The flower scapes
of U. tricolor were initiated during the
cold winter temperatures in the green¬
house (5° C) and 12 hours of light a
day. They form as early as February but
they grow very slowly, and the flowers
open in July- August U. dusenii under¬
goes the same conditions, but the flow¬
er scape appears much later. However,
it grows much faster and flowers about
the same time. Plants are growing in
German peat

U. tricolor, flower height about 1 cm
U. dusenii: flower height about 2.5 cm
U. dichotomy: flower height about 1 cm

and Drosera rotundifolia and D. anglica as
well as various small grasses and non¬
sphagnum mosses which are all impor¬
tant as competitors to D. lineans. In al¬
kaline bogs, the population of D. lin¬
earis is so large that it is difficult to
walk without crushing them. The alka¬
line medium gives a competitive edge
to these plants where other CP are
scarce.

- - ■■ ■ • ■ ^ _ up 4o inaeife

Or m ore

Figure 1

The soil composition where D. lineans
is commonly found is made up of three
distinct layers (Fig. 1). The top layer is
peat, where most of the roots are. The
second layer is peat and sand, wh^re
some roots are found. The bottom lay¬
er is sand. At this time I do not have
have any data on the pH of each lay¬
er but I intend to acquire this in the
future.

The temperature conditions where
these plants grow naturally vary from
extremely cold to very hot: 30 to 40 de¬
grees Celsius in summer, and -5 to -15
degrees Celsius in the winter. (See Fig.
2.) Precipitation in this area is high es-
Tea 'ipEfi.aTUP.e.

MONT U

Figure 2

Volume 11 • March 1982

19

ftfitN Fflt-L

3c-

S 2?
u Xt
*

" 15

si

- 1 0

I 5

§ J _

u jFnfin-jjfiSONV

Month
Figure 3

peciallv along the shores of Bruce Pen¬
insula so that a rainfall of 15 cm per
month during summer is normal. The
winter dormancy lasts anywhere between
six to eight months.

In cultivating this Drosera in my house,
D. linearis is kept with all my other CP.
The plant receives direct sunlight in
summer of about 6 hours. The plants
are grown in living sphagnum moss in
clear plastic cups containing two plants
per cup and no drain holes. I keep the
medium very wet, to the point where
the w'ater is clearly visible at the sur¬
face. One can also use peat moss or
dried sphagnum as alternatives.

The medium used for seed germina¬
tion is made up of a 50/50 mixture of

sand and peat with a layer of fine
chopped sphagnum on the surface.
The seeds are sown on the medium,
and then placed in the refrigerator for
4 weeks followed by a freezer treat¬
ment for 4 months and finally a two
week refrigerator treatment before being
placed in an area receiving a minimum
of 6 hours of sunlight.

The most difficult factor in dealing
with D. linearis is the dormancy period.

I found that beginning in September, one
must place the plants in an area w'here
sunlight is limited to 4 or 5 hours per
day, and temperatures are below 18° C.
After two weeks of this, the plants can
be placed in the refrgerator in their
pots which should be only damp, and
covered with a plastic bag. This dor¬
mancy period should last until late
April. The refrigerator temperature is
approximately 38° F, and the freezer is
about 10° F.

Lighting conditions for seed are the
same as for adult plants: full sun in a
southern window'. The seeds are sealed
in a cup with a plastic bag on a damp
peat medium. I have not had fungus
(Continued on page 27)

Toothwort continued from page 17

Genlisea and those of the Lathraea and the
question of the secretion of enzymes and
the catching of prey. I examined over 100
leaves of the Lathraea but nowhere did
I find the remains of any prey or living
organism. The absence of the ubiquitous
protozoa, mites, nematodes and other
organisms in the cavities of the leaves
is not favourable for animal life and the
Toothwort thus protects the inner sur¬
face against the harmful influence of or¬
ganisms from the soiL Maybe the en¬
zyme mentioned by Heslop- Harrison has
an effect here

The trap of Genlisea would then differ
in principle from the “trap” of Lathraea
only in the fact that Genlisea has a mech¬
anism preventing its prey from escaping
which Lathraea does not have. Therefore

the inner pan of the hollow leaves of
Genlisea kills the prey whilst that of Lath¬
raea probably repels it

Despite the similarity between the
leaves of Lathraea and those of Genlisea
and the fact that both belong to the re¬
lated families Scrophulariaceae and Len-
tibulariaceae, I have not found any signs
of camivorv in the Toothwort
References

Danert, S. 1973. Urania Pflanzenreich.

Hohere Pflanzen 2. Leipzig etc
Heslop- Harrison, Y. 1976. Carnivorous
Plants a Century After Darwin. En¬
deavor 35/126: 144-122.

Managetta, G. B. 1897. Orobanchaceae. In
Engler, A et Prantl, K., Die natur-
lichen Pflanzenfamilien, voL 4, sect 3h
Leipzig.

( Received 8/17/81)

20

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Dionaea (continued from page 12)

3. The irritable hinge of the bristle is exter¬
nally characterized primarily by a severe con¬
striction running all around it (Plate VI, Fig.
lOg). It consists of a ring of peculiarly trans¬
formed epidermal cells and a central cell bun¬
dle (Plate VII, Fig. 2). The epidermal cells,
which obviously function as the sensory cells,
possess a radial-laminar, or more precisely,
a wedge-shaped form, because their width
naturally decreases from the outside toward
the inside. Their length, on the other hand,
increases considerably from outside to inside,
such that their outline at the median lon¬
gitudinal section resembles a trapezoid.

These sensory' cells contain a strongly de¬
veloped, heavily reticulated protoplast with a
centrally located, rounded nucleus, which is
somewhat larger than the nuclei of the re¬
maining cells of the bristle and of the mes-
ophyll.

As Goebel previously noted, the outer walls
of the hinge and sensory cells are very' duck,
and thin out only at the base of the hinge
furrow (Plate VI, Fig. 10 and Plate VII, Fig
1). They are covered by a strongly developed
cuticle, which is also described in the illus¬
tration bv Goebel. Macfarlane. on the other
hand, mistakenly argues that the cuticle over
the “irritable joint" is completely absent or
at least extremely delicate’. In the surface
view the outer w'alls of the sensory cells are
very finely and closely perforated ( Plate VT
Fig. 11). Macfarlane considers these spots to
be pores, and leaves the question open as
to whether they are completely open or are
sealed by a fine membrane. Of course he
is inclined toward the latter hypothesis be
cause he is of the opinion that the water
eliminated during a motor response escapes
through these supposed pores. He has not
succeeded in direcdy observing such a dis¬
charge of yvater, hoyvever. What Macfarlane
now considers to be pores are none other
than very' small nodules, or small tooth¬
shaped thickenings on the inner side of the
cuticle, which protrude into the adjacent
cell wall layers. This can easily be observed
on longitudinal and surface sections When
examining such sections; one focuses on the
edge of the hinge furrow, such that one can
see the optical cross- section of the cuucle
Here, the delicate denticulation of the inner
side of the cuticle is very- clearly percepuble
yvith sufficiently strong magnification' . After

The addidon of zinc chloride- iodine3, the
small points appear as more darkly colored
spots on the yellowish broysm cuucle Upon
swelling and disintegradon of the hinge cells
with sulfuric acid, the cuucle is preserved
together yvith its nodule shaped sculpture
The evert dense perforation of the cuticle
extends only up to the epidermal cells ad¬
joining on both sides. Those adjoining on
die upper side exhibit only sparse perfora¬
tion yvhen seen from the surface; those ad¬
joining the underside, te, the uppermost
epidermal cells of the base, exhibit some¬
what larger cuticular denticulation, as do
those which may be observed over the ra¬
dial walls of the epidermis right up to the
base of the pedestal. Thev also occur over
the radial walls of the hinge cells themselves.
The extensive fine meshing of the cuticle
with the underlying wrall layers of the hinge
cells probably is for the purpose of increas¬
ing the tightness of the connection, and for
preventing the connection between the cuti¬
cle and the underlying cell wall layer loos¬
ening or releasing due to the severe stretch¬
ing to which the outer walls of the hinge
cells are exposed when the brisde is bent.

(To be continued)

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

There have been some problems
with people requesting missing issues
several times. The following policy
will now be observed with respect
to missing issues.

1. After two requests for the same
issue, anv further requests lor that
issue must be accompanied by a S2.00
per issue and mailing charge.

2. No requests for a missing issue
can be honored after six months past
the date of issue.

Coming in June issue:

“A Photographic Primer of
Variants of Sarracenia rubra Walt.”
by Donald E. Schnell

Volume 11 • March 1982

21

LEFT SIDE

PLATE VII

22

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

PLATE VI

RIGHT SIDE

Volume 11 • March 1982

23

1982 CP SOURCES

Name and Address

Catalog Price

Stock

Carolina Exotic Plants

P.O. Box 1492

Greenville, NC 27834

75c

Dionaea, Drosera, Sarracenia,
Darlingtonia, Pinguicula, Utnculana,
live Sphagnum

Chatham Botanical

P.O. Box 691

Carrboro, NC 27510

Telephone (919) 929-2003

50c

Pinguicula, Drosera, Dionaea — tissue
culture, other tissue cultured CP —
inquire

Country Hills Greenhouse

Rt. 2

Corning, OH 43730

$2.00

refundable
with order

Nepenthes (20 varieties)

Lee's Botanical Garden

P.O. Box 7026

Ocala, FL 32672

Free

Sarracenia, Utnculana, Pinguicula,
Nepenthes, Drosera, Dionaea

Milingimbi Nursery

World of CP

P.O. Box 5

Seaforth, NSW, Australia 2092

Free

Byblis, Cephalotus, Drosera, Dionaea,
Nepenthes, Utnculana, Sarracenia,
Pinguicula

Orgel's Orchids

Rt. 2, Box 90

Miami, FL 33187

Free

Byblis, Dionaea, Drosera, Nepenthes,
Pinguicula, Sarracenia

Peter Pauls Nurseries

Canadaigua, NY 14424

50c

Sarracenia. Dionaea, Drosera,
Utnculana, Darlingtonia, Nepenthes
seed, Pinguicula, live Sphagnum

Plant Shop’s Botanical Garden

18007 Topham St.

Reseda, CA 91335

$1.00

refundable
with order

Drosera, Byblis limflora, Pinguicula,
Sarracenia, Nepenthes, Cephalotus,
Dionaea, Utncidaria

West Australian Carnivores

P.O. Box 62

Vinton, VA 24179

50c

serving only
US members

Cephalotus, Utnculana, Polypompholyx,
Drosera

World Insectivorous Plants

P.O. Box 303

Grant, FL 32949

50C

Cephalotus, Dionaea, Drosera,
Drosophyllum, Nepenthes, Sarracenia,
Pinguicula, Byblis liniflora, Utnculana

W.T. Neale & Co., Ltd.,

B.M. & S. Lamb

16/18 Franklin Rd

Worthing, Sussex, BN132PQ

England

inquire

Sarracenia, Dionaea, Darlingtonia seed

Nurseries in Great Britain (sent in by Christopher Hvnes):

Heldon Nurseries
Ashbourne R<1.
Spath

Uttoxeter ST14 5AD

Sarracenia Nurseries
Links Side
Courdand Ave.

Mill Hill, London NW7

Cvril G. Brown
65 Highfield Cres.
Hornchurch
Essex RM 1 2 6PX

South West Seeds
Doug & Vivi Rowland
200 Spring Rd.

Kempston, Bedford MK42 8ND

24

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

(1982 CP Sources continued)

The co-editors and CPN do not endorse any of the above vendors. This is being provided only
as a service to our subscribers. Information correct at time of receipt. Please contact them for fur¬
ther information. Not responsible for omissions. Inquiries for inclusion in future lists should in¬
clude a catalog/price list of CP available, cost of catalog and address. Send information to J.A.
Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550.

Review of Recent Literature

Carlquist, S. 1981. Wood anatomy of Ne-
penthaceae. Bull. Torrev Bot. Club 108:
324-330.

Wood anatomy of this family is herein
described for the first time. Details of
wood anatomy are consistent with the-
alean (order Theales) relationship for
the family as suggested by other stud¬
ies, although the wood studies are not
specific.

Chapman, A.D. 1981. The propagation of
Drosera binata. Australian Plants 11:175,
182.

This is actually a summary of an 1866
article by the author (Trans. Bot. Soc.
Ediborgh 8:542-544) in which the auth¬
or describes propagation of the species
by root cuttings in detail. An interest¬
ing aside is how the species was intro¬
duced to Kew by accident in 1823 (!)
when it came up in some soil shipped
from Australia. (DES)

Dixon, K.W. 1981. Drosera. Australian
Plants 11:170-173.

A review of the biology and phenology
of tuberous Droseras in general with
special emphasis on D. erythrorhiza .
There is a drawing of the plant’s ana¬
tomy and tuber/rhizome/dropper ter¬
minology, a phenology diagram, and
three color photos of other tuberous
species. Some comments on flowering
and culture are included. (DES)

Dudley, T.R. 1981. Taxonomic and no-
menclatural notes on the flora of Isla
de los Estados (Staten Island), Tierra
Del Fuego, Argentina. Rhodora 83:477-
519.

Along with a large number of non-
CP species collected (herbarium) by
the author, he lists two CP species:
Drosera uniflora and Pinguicula antartica.

Estey, R.H. and S.S. Tzean. 1981. An
ultrastructural examination of nema¬
tode-trapping fungi. Can. J. Plant Sci.
61:785-789.

Species ol Arthrobotrys, Dactylaria and
Monacrosporium penetrate captured ne¬
matodes by chemical dissolution of
the cuticle. The nematodes show no
physiological response to this pene¬
tration. The three cells of the con¬
striction rings of A. dactyloides do not
share equally in the production of
hyphae that penetrate nematodes.

Schnell, D.E. 1981. Sarracenia purpurea L.
ssp. venosa (Raf). Wherry: Variations
in the Carolinas coastal plain. Casta-
nea 46:225-234.

The main variation consists of all
red/purple leafed, red-veined on green
leaf, and intermediates. The red/pur¬
ple character is only expressed in full
light but this is genetic since not all
plants have this capacity. There is a
discussion of flower petal and sepal
coloration variation as well, and a
brief discussion of the fragrance of
ssp. venosa flowers versus that of ssp.
purpurea flowers in northern ranges.
Finally, possible values of anthocya-
nin pigments are discussed, and it is
concluded that under present habitat
conditions, the variation is probably
non-adaptive. (Reprints (N/C): D.E.

(Continued on page 27)

Volume 11 • March 1982

25

THE 1982 LIST OF CP BOOKS

Not available through CPN. Order direct from publisher or your local bookshop.

*=books intended primarily for children.

1. Insectivorous Plants, Charles Darwin, AMS Press, 1893, 56 E. 13th St., N.Y., NY 10003,
$27.50.

2. Plants that Eat Insects: A Look At Carnivorous Plants*, Anabel Dean, Lemer Publica¬
tions, 1977, 241 First Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55401. $5.95.

3. Plants of Prey in Australia, Rica Erickson, Univ. of W.A. Press, 1968, World Insectiv¬
orous Plants, P.O. Box 303, Grant, FL 32949, Cloth, $15.00.

4. Animals & Plants That Trap*, Phillip Goldstein, Holiday, 1974, Holiday House, Inc., 18
E. 53rd St., N.Y., NY 10022, $5.95.

5. Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu (in English), Kurata, S., Sabah National Park, World Insec¬
tivorous Plants, Box 283, Grant, FL 32949, $7.00.

6. Carnivorous Plants, F.E. Lloyd, Dover Publicadons, Inc., 1976, 180 Varick St., N.Y., NY
10014, soft cover $5.00.

7. The World of Carnivorous Plants, J. and P. Pietropaolo, R.J. Stoneridge, Peter Paul Nur¬
series, 1974, $6.30.

8. Insect-Eating Plants*, L. and G. Poole, T.Y. Crowell, 1963, 666 Fifth Avenue, N.Y., NY
10003, $4.50.

9. Plants that Eat Animals*, J.H. Prince, Thomas Nelson, 1978, 407 Ave. S, Nashville, TN
37203, $7.95.

10. CP of the U.S. and Canada, D.E. Schnell, John F. Blair, Publisher, 1976, 1406 Plaza Dr.,
SW, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, $19.95 plus shipping.

11. Carnivorous Plants, Randall Schwartz, Avon Books, 1975, 959 Eighth Ave., N.Y., NY
10019, soft cover $1.25.

12. Carnivorous Plants, Adrian Slack, MIT Press, 1979, 28 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA
02142, $19.95.

13. Cultivating Carnivorous Plants, Allen Swenson, Doubleday & Co., 1977, Garden City,
NY 11535, $7.95.

14. Carnivorous Plants*, John F. Waters, Franklin Watts, Inc., 1974, 845 Third Avenue,
N.Y., NY 10022, $4.90.

15. Carnivorous Plants*, Cynthia Overbeck, Lerner Publications, 1981, 241 First Avenue,
Minneapolis, MN 55401, $7.95.

16. Secrets of the Venus’s Fly Trap*, Jerome Wexler, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1981, 79 Madi¬
son Ave., N.Y., NY 10016, $6.95.

CARNIVOROUS PLANT NEWSLETTER

PRICES

1982 (VOL. 11)

BACK ISSUES
1981 (VOL. 10)
1978-1980 (VOLS.. 7-9)
1976-1977 (VOLS. 5-6)
1971-1975 (VOLS. 1-4)

US & CANADA ONLY

$10.00

ALL OTHERS
$15.00

10.00
8.00 ea.

6.00 ea.

SOLD OUT

15.00
1 0.00 ea.
8.00 ea.

Please remit in U.S. funds only. Make check or money order pay¬
able to “CSUF- FOUNDATION — ICPS.”

26

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Literature Review continued

Schnell, Rt. 4, Box 275B, Statesville,
NC 28677.)

Thompson, J.N. 1981. Reversed animal-
plant interactions: The evolution of
insectivorous and ant-fed plants. Biol.
J. Linnean Soc. 16:147-155.

In this interesting article, the relative
ecologic strategies of plant carnivory
and another insect-plant relationship,
the mutualistic one of tropical ant-
plants, are discussed in evolutionary
terms. It is concluded that while both
guilds have similar environmental
stresses in terms of soil nutrient de¬
ficiencies, CP are primarily adapted
for “what they do” because they are
mainly herbs growing in wet soils,
or vines in close, wet forests (e.g.,
Nepenthes), whole ant-plants are main¬
ly vines or other kinds ot plants in
open areas or canopies, often reason¬
ably dry. The theorv that such plant-
insect relationships occur in evolution
multiply suggests that plants as a
whole have limited responses to nu¬
trient lack in soils or water.

Dionaea muscipula
Photo by Thomas Carow

WANT ADS

When submitting Want Ads, please be
sure to print clearly for best results and
to eliminate mistakes. Please circle the
correct letter before each item (Want,
Trade, Sell or Buy). Want ads are limited
to carnivorous plants, terrariums, green
houses and moss. There is a charge of
ten cents per item, with no limit to the
number of items you may submit per
issue.

Send coin or check to:

Arboretum, Want Ads
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92634

Bruce Lee Bednar (25 Lake Court Loop; SSS
Ocala, FL 32672) |TS| red tube flava, giant Okee
minor, rubra gutfensis, rubra wherryi, rubra x alata,
rubra x leuco, rubra x psitt, rubra x purp, psitt x
leuco, psitt x minor, purp x leuco, purp x flava, purp
x alata. alaata x leuco, and many more. [WT] Ne¬
penthes plants or cuttings, Heliamphora .

Grant Birmingham (88 Sturocks Rd.; Christ¬
church 5; New Zealand) [WTB] N. rajah. N.
villosa, N. northiana, anv New Caledonian CP,
anv Heliamphora, P vallisnerianaefolia, D x col-
linsiae, D alba, D. ramentaceae, D. banksii, D. in-
dica, D. arenicola, plus any other uncommon
CP. | T] D arcturi (NZ), D. stenopetala, D. spath-
ulata (NZ), D. adelae, P mexicana, U. monathos,
plus other NZ and Australian Drosera.

Joseph P. Cantasano (2717 Jerusalem Ave.;
North Bellmore, NY 11710) [WB] Cephalotus.

Mark Forster (do Bucklev Hutton; 167 Collins
St.; Melbourne; VIC 3000; Australia) |BT] seed
of Nepenthes spp. (except mirabilis, khasiana ), Syb¬
ils gigantea, Drosera regia, Heliamphora, Mexican
pinguiculas, Polypompholyx. [T] seeds of Drosera
auriculata, D. peltata, small seedlings of Darling-
tonia califomica (Australia only).

Steve Smith (Rd. #1, Box 296; Kirkwood, NY
13795) [ST] rooted Nepenthes cuttings, Mexican
pinguiculas, Drosera, and Utriculana plants. Send
SASE for current list of species available. In¬
clude your list if interested in trading.

Drosera (continued from page 20)

problems, as the full sun and low mois¬
ture level seem to keep this problem to
a minimum. The seeds should germin¬
ate in four weeks with a 60% success
rate (lower il the plant is self-fertilized).
When seedlings are three weeks old,
they are placed in plastic pots in the
same medium as adults and treated as
mature specimens.

Volume • March 1982

27

Utricularia cornula, which can be found at the University of Michigan
Biological Station.

Photograph by Larrv Melliehamp