CARNIVOROUS PLANT NEWSLETTER VOL.U MF 19 Number 9 JUNE 1983 CARNIVORC PLANT NEWSLETTE Official Journal of the International Carnivorous Plant Society Volume 1 2, Number 2 June 1983 COVER P. grandiflora f. pallida from the southern Jura, Switzerland/ France. Sent by Dorothea Huber. The co-editors of CPN would like everyone to pay particular attention to the following policies regarding your dues to the ICPS. All correspondence regarding dues, address changes and missing issues should be sent to Mrs. Pat Hansen, 3321 Hamell Rd., Fullerton, CA 92635. DO NOT SEND TO THE CO-EDITORS. Checks for subscriptions and reprints should be made payable to CSUF FOUNDATION-1 CPS. All material for publication, comments and general correspondence about your plants, field trips or special noteworthy events relating to CP should be directed to one of the co-editors. We are interested in all news related to carnivorous plants and rely on the membership to supply us with this information so tfiat we can share it witfi others. Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not necessarily the editorial staff Copy deadline for the Sept, issue is July 1 5, 1 983. CO-EDITORS: D. E. Schnell, Rt. 1 , Box 1 450, Pulaski, VA 24301 J. A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550 T. L. Mellichamp, Dept, of Biology, UNCO, Charlotte, NO 28223 Leo Song, Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634 Seed Bank: Patrick Dwyer, St. Michael’s Episcopal Church, 49 Killean Park, Albany, NY 12205, USA. BUSINESS MANAGER: Mrs. Pat Hansen, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum PUBLISHER: The International Carnivorous Plant Society by the Fullerton Arboretum, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Published quarterly with one volume annually. Printer: Kandid Litho, 129 Agostino Rd., San Gabriel, CA 91 776. Circulation: 581 (113 new, 468 renewal). Dues: $10.00 annually, $15.00 foreign. Reprints available by volume only. ®1983 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. All rights reserved. 30 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter News and Views GLENN HICKS (2857 W. San Jose Ter¬ race, Tucson, AZ) sent this note from Grounds Maintenance, February, 1983, entitled “Health Warning.” Sporotrichosis, an infection that has occurred in many parts of the country, develops as a result of a fungus present in rose bushes, ferns, sphagnum moss and other materials commonly used in the landscape industry. Now regarded as an occupational hazard, the fungus enters the system through an open sore or puncture, as might be caused by a rose thorn. The fungus is not very powerful and usually produces only local skin eruptions or ul¬ cers. In extreme cases, it can travel in the lymph vessels and cause eruption on the skin along these channels. A major problem with this infection is the difficulty doctors have in making the correct diagnosis. If peculiar skin diseases are nouced, a doctor should be alerted to sporotrichosis as a possible cause. The usual treatment is a saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) taken orally. Treat¬ ment is continued until evidence of infec¬ tion has disappeared. The major cause of sporotrichosis ap¬ pears to be sphagnum moss. Persons using this material should frequendy wash the skin exposed to it and pay attention to skin abrasions and cuts. JEFFJACOBS (61 14 N. Hermitage, Chi¬ cago, IL 60660) writes: I would like to inform the readers of a new carnivorous plant exhibit in the Chicago area. It is lo¬ cated at the Chicgo Botanic Garden in Glencoe, IL. This greenhouse has tried in the past to show a few CPs which were placed in a large terrarium where they quickly succumbed to neglect. The current exhibit is small, well-made and looks promising. A tall, walk-around, glassed-in area surrounds a landscaped setung. Several genera are represented in¬ cluding Dionaea, Sarracenia, Drosera, Utri- cularia, Pinguicula and Cephalotus. I was told that Nepenthes would soon be added. The exhibit is taken care of by a volunteer as the regular staff could not spare the time to maintain the plant col¬ lection. I wish the exhibit well, as it is the only Chicago area effort to display this lit tie group of beautiful plants. ISAMU KUSAKABE (5-14-6 Chitosedai, Setagaya, Tokyo 157 Japan) writes: In CPN 8, 13 1979, I published a list of hybrid Nepenthes made by Japanese breeders. Since then, I found several errors and I wish to correct now the parentage of these Nepenthes: N. * Minami(-ensis) = oiso x wrigleyana = (mixta x maxima) x wrigleyana (not mixta x wrigleyana) N. x Kikuchi(-ae) = Oiso x maxima = (mixta x maxima) x maxima (not mixta x maxima) N. x Ambrosial Kota = trichocarpa x hookeriana (not gracilis x hookeriana) N. x Balmy Koto = thorelii x maxima (not thorelii x mixta ) STEPHEN W. LAMINACK (9838 Amer¬ ican Ave. SW #7, Tacoma, WA 98498) has found a supplier of silk-screened T-shirts for a very good price and would like some indication of interest on the part of ICPS members. He would appreciate hearing any ideas, possibilities for art work, and an estimate of how many T-shirts people might be interested in. If anyone has art work or ideas for art work, please let him know, but do not send art work at this time. From CLIFF OWENS (4807 SW 30th Way, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33312): I read with interest the attempt made to organize the ICPS with the election of officers and finding no one in attendance. Perhaps the problem lies with the membership: 1) not knowing others qualified to replace the interim officers and 2) they’re not familiar with those who are qualified and vote. It would seem there is more to running an organization than just having an inter- Volume 12 • June 1983 31 est in the club. The officers will need to be experienced in financial, budgetary, and other considerations on a much larger scale than just a normal household endeavor. Many members, who might nominate themselves, may be frightened of that re¬ sponsibility. I would suggest a listing of candidates submitted by the interim officers and/or membership with their qualifications. A first draft of candidates would be the first step in a vote taking place. With the membership spread out around the country, continent, and perhaps over¬ seas, it’s difficult for them to drop what¬ ever they’re doing and assemble in one place to begin the selection of officers. There will always be someone who can’t attend on one day or another for a variety of reasons. The onlv feasible alternative is to do what is described in my text. It will take time to locate candidates and have them acquiesce to nomination and finallv a vote. Ideally it is possible that officers could be elected within one to two years. The CPN can be used as the medium by which nominations can be requested with an insert placed in the last issue of the volume year describing candidates, offices and ballots. Allowing, at least, one quarter of the next volume year for the member¬ ship to respond the results could be ready for publication in the June or September issue of the CPN. I’m ready to vote! Give me some choices. STEVE SMITH (1159 Trim St., Kirk¬ wood, NY 13795) reports: 1 have been re¬ potting my Nepenthes and taking cuttings the last few davs. I removed the top of the N. bicalcarata below the air-layered cut. A cut was made in the stem and a w;ad of moss was wrapped around it and the whole thing was protected with a plastic waap to prevent it from drying out. After two months to the dav, I had a mass of three to four inch roots. So far, it has reacted well to the transplant. I cannot believe how vig¬ orous this plant is. At its present rate, it will be a weed bv the end of summer. (See photo, right.) JEROME WEXLER (13 Langshire Dr., Madison, CT 06443) wTites: The plant Martynia lutea has been mentioned several times in the past few issues of CPN. 1 have a complete life history studv of this plant photographed in both black and white and in color. (A ‘life history studv’ is trom seed to seed.) If anyone needs some photos for some paper he is writing, they can contact me at the above address. I also have fife history studies of several other carnivorous plants — some in black and w hite and in color and some only in color. Venus’ Fly Trap was photographed only in color. I had to con¬ vert some of the photos to black and white for my book. Secrets of the Venus’ Fly Trap. Anvwav, I thought I’d let you know that professional photographs are available on various carnivorous plants. Details on ordering reprints ol Volumes 1-6 will appear in the September issue. KS Sfc - 4# . N. bicalcarata Photo bv Steve Smith 32 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter ICPS SEED BANK* $.75 each Byblis gigantea (6), B. liniflora (15), Dar/ingtoma calfomica, Dionaea muscipula, Drnsera adelae (2), I) aliciae, D. aliciae (pale) (10). D. auriculata, D. burkeam (6), D. burmannii (4). D capensis, D. capensis (narrow), D. capillans, D. communis (J), D dielsiana (9). D. intermedia, D. lovellae (6), D montana (5), D peltata (10), D. pygmaea (J), I), regia (2), I), rotundifolia, D. spathulata, D. spath. (Formosa) (15), D spath. (Kansai), D. spath. (white) (6), Nepenthes fusca (4), N. gracilis, N. khasiana, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana (2), Pinguicula alpina (10), P. caerulea (9), P. Corsica (10), P grandiflora (4), P graruiiflora patluia (5), P grandiflora rosea (5), P. vulgaris (10), P. vulgans bicolor (5), Sarracema jlava, S. leucophylla, S. purpurea purpurea, S. rubra wherryi (14), S. leuco x alata (1 1), S. rubra x leuco (5), S. rubra x oreo (3), Utricularia subulata (2), U. violacea (2) (formerly listed as U. lateriflora?) "See CPN, March, 1983 for details on sending or ordering seed. SEED STRUCTURE OF CARNIVOROUS PLANTS (The text of Patrick Dwver’s report on the seed structure of carnivorous plants was printed in its entirety in the March, 1983 issue of CPN. Unfortunately, due to space limitations, many of the seed drawings and SEM photomicrographs could not be included until this issue. The drawings were done by Debbie Tolman and John Randall; the SEM's were sent bv Tom Story.) Dr os era adelae Drosera aliciae Drosera anglica Drosera adelae F.Muell. (Australia) - pitted, three¬ angled, almost round, black (Erickson, 1968), length around 0.5 nun. Drosera aliciae Hamet. (S. Africa) - elliptic to fusi¬ form, attenuate at one or both ends, reticulate, length about 1 mm, black. Drosera anglica Huds. (Europe, N. American Bor- real, Japan) - sigmoid-fusiform, 1-1.5 mm, longitudinally striate-areolate, black (Wynne, 1944). Drosera arctun Hook. (Australia, New Zealand). - obovoid (Erickson, 1968), length around 0.8 mm, minutely pitted dark brown. I mm Drosera arcturi Volume 12 • June 1983 33 Dr o sera brevi folia Drosera burmanni Drosera auriculata Drosera capensis Drosera cap„,ans Drosera erythrorhiza Drosera auriculata Backh.Ex. Planch. (Australia, New Zealand) - linear or ellipsoid extended slightly at each end (Erickson, 1968), length about 1.7 mm, brown. Drosera brevifolia Pursh. (N. America) - obovate, oblong, caudate at base, 0.3-0. 4 mm long, cra- teriform, pits in 10-12 rows, black (Wynne, 1944). Drosera burmanni Vahl (Asia, Trop. Australia) - minute, minutely pitted, black (Erickson, 1968), length around 0.25 mm. Drosera f Hi for mis Drosera capevsis L. (S. Africa) - fusiform, reticu¬ late, acute at one end, length around 1 mm, black. Drosera capillans Poir. (N. 8c C. America, Colom¬ bia, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela) - elliptic to ob¬ long-ovate, asymmetric, 0.4-0. 5 mm long, coarse¬ ly papillose, corrugated in 14-16 ridges, brown (Wynne, 1944). Drosera erythrorhiza Lindl. (Australia) — almost round with angled corners, covered with spongy seed membrane, black (Erickson, 1968), length around 1 mm, pitted. Drosera filiformis f. filformis Rafm. (N. America) - elliptic, abrupdv caudate at both ends, 0.5-0. 8 rnm long, coarsely crateriform, pits in 16-20 rows black (Wynne, 1944). 34 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter D. capensis Mag. 1300X D. capensis Mag. 6700X Volume 12 • June 1983 35 D. capillaris Mag. 130X D. capillaris Mag. 650X D. filiformis var. tracyi Mag. 1 100X Carnivorous Plant Newsletter D. filiformis Mag. 100X 36 Dr os era gigantea Drosera hilar is Drosera indica I mm I mm Drosera gi an dull g era Drosera intermed i a Drosera gigantea Lindl. (Australia) - almost round (Erickson, 1968) reticulate, length about 0.5 mm, black. Drosera glanduligera Lehm. (Australia) - ovoid with honeycombed membrane, slate grey (Erick¬ son, 1968), length around 0.5 mm. Drosera hilaris Cham. Et Schlechtal. (S. Africa) - linear, truncate at both ends, very rugose, length about 1.25 mm, brown. Drosera indica L. (Asia, Trop. Australia, S. Africa) - pointed, minutelv pitted (Erickson, 1968), about 0.5 mm long, broadly ovate - elliptic, slightly acute at one end, longitudinally ribbed and cross lined (Ohur, 1965), black. Drosera intermedia Hayne (Europe, N. America, Guyana) - oblong, blunt at ends, 0.75-0.95 mm long, densely and irregularly covered with long papillae, reddish brown (Wynne, 1944), rhom- boidal (Cruise &: Cading, 1974). Drosera linearis Drosera linearis Goldie (N. American Borreal) - rhomboidal, oblong-obovate, 0.5-0. 8 mm long, densely and irregularly crateriform, black (Wynne, 1944), densely pebbled (Wood, 1955). Volume 1 2 • June 1 983 37 D. gigantea Mag. 1 70X D. gigantea Mag. 700X D. gigantea Mag. 1 7,000X (Continued on page 45.) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Utricularia menziessii: An Amazing Plant P. Temple (20 Buzzard Rd., Luton Beds, LU40 OVW, England) Utricularias are not everybody’s favour¬ ite plants. They are still relatively uncom¬ mon in collections, probably because they are most undemonstrative plants except when in flower. As U. menziesii is also a rel¬ atively expensive species it is not surpris¬ ing that few people seem to have grown it yet. But it is possibly the most rewarding of all. This Australian species lies dormant for much of the year as a tuber. At this stage the tuber resembles a pea-sized hairy co¬ conut, the upper end being a narrow, hairy extension. When in growth the tuber rapidly pro¬ duces a web-like network through the soil, and above the surface one finds a bunch of the very tiny leaves, barelv 4 mm long at the most. The flowering scape is very nar¬ row and about 6 to 8 cm. long. Supported by this slender stem is an almost grotesque¬ ly large flower which is certainlv more beau¬ tiful than any description 1 have read. It could well rival other flowers such as orchids; it is a riot of colour varying from all shades of yellow through orange to red. I am not a believer in waiting for plants to grow. In nature conditions often retard or hasten growth, so whv shouldn’t I? In April the tuber was placed with its grow¬ ing tip 3 cm below the surface of a sphag¬ num peat/sand mixture (equal parts). At this stage there was no sign of growth which is normally indicated bv the devel¬ opment of small white hair-like structures from the growing point. I then placed the pot in rainwater such that the entire tuber would be submerged and maintained a temperature of 75-80° F. In June the first leaf suddenly erupted from the soil and this was rapidlv followed by the rest of what ended up as an unusually large bunch. U. menziesii Photo by P. Temple Volume 12 • June 1983 39 I allowed 14 to 16 hours of artificial light (a single “Grolux” tube) held 35 cm above the soil. In Julv a first flower stem began to emerge from within the leaf cluster fol¬ lowed two weeks later by another. These each took about a month to reach their full height. The buds took a full week to burst open after the first glimpse of petal colour¬ ation could be seen. The flowers lasted 5 to 6 weeks and pollination proved to be fairlv straightforward, especially as the flowers are quite robust. It took a further 5 to 6 weeks for the seed to ripen after the flower had fallen. The unpollinated flower remained on the other scape even despite my attempts to remove it. All this information is a guide based on the performance of just one plant. I do not know of anv other reported flowering of this species in cultivation but feel our Austra¬ lian colleagues must be familiar with this. If anyone else has managed I would be in¬ terested to hear or read of anv differences between their experiences and this one. In particular I would like to hear of germin¬ ation methods for the seed which I have yet to trv. In the event that this proves easv I see no reason why U. menziesii should not become one of the most popular of all car¬ nivorous plants. U. menziessii 40 U. rnenziessii Photos by P. Temple Carnivorous Plant Newsletter A Photographic Primer of the Pinguiculas of the Southeastern United States by Donald E. Schnell (Ri. 1, Box 1 45C, Pulaski, VA 24301) This is the fourth in the annual primer series, and we are leaving the pitcher plants. Many readers and fellow CP stu¬ dents have asked for an article discussing the southeastern United States Pinguiculas, and we will attempt to provide some guidance. For economic reasons, we try to limit these primers to two facing pages, usually for a total of eight photos maximum so that they will not be too small to be of use. Therefore, I have selected photos to em¬ phasize certain points of differentiation. The interested reader should look into the general references listed below for more details and complete coverage of each of the six species (Godfrey and Stripling, 1961; Schnell, 1976; Godfrey and Wooten, 1981). In order to identify a plant of the six species in the general region under con¬ sideration, one must consider: 1) Location, whether Atlantic coastal. Gulf coastal or peninsular Florida; 2) Leaf characters, par¬ ticularly size and color; and most impor¬ tantly 3) Flower characters. To identify any one plant with certainty, examination of llowering material is most often necessary. Geographically, only P. caerulea, P. lutea and rarely P. pumila are found along the Atlantic coast. They tend most often to grow in sandy savanna soils; sometimes two species will be adjacent but only rarely admixed. P. lutea seems capable of colon¬ izing slightly drier areas, while P. caerulea will be found in somewhat more moist habitat. P. pumila is of course characterized by its very small size in this locale, and a white flower. P. lutea has a yellow flower (Fig. 1) and P. caerulea has a large violet flower with deeply colored veins (Fig. 5). It is almost impossible to tell lutea and caerulea apart vegetatively. Of course, variations always rear their heads. A white flowered variant of P. caerulea has been recently described (Schnell, 1980) and is proving to be rather widespread. What does one do about the floral color variants? Godfrey and Stripling (1961) and Godfrey and Wooten (1981) have excel¬ lent drawings of the plant hairs of the internal corolla. Examination of the three types in combination and comparison with the illustrations allows one to identi¬ fy a species verv accurately. This re¬ quires a low power dissecting microscope, but with some experience is a very easy process. One can also correlate such fac¬ tors as geographic location, plant size, leaf character, etc. We would strongly urged serious Pmguicula students to be¬ come familiar with this type of examin¬ ation. In the broad aspect, all six species are found along the Gulf coast, although prac¬ tically, P pumila is the only species found in southern peninsular Florida. P. caerulea, P. lutea and even P. pumila generally are larger plants in their southern extremes, and this larger size carries over in culture side by side with Atlantic coast plants. P. pumila leaf rosettes will be larger, have flatter leaves and often some venation near the rosette center (Fig. 7). In addition, although flowers are “typically” white, yellow flowered and pink to rose flowered variants are commonly found and indeed become most prominent in hummocks of the Everglades and in the Big Cypress Swamp (Fig. 8). The inexperienced have excitedly reported P. lutea and P. caerulea in the latter areas, and here is an ideal situation for plant hair examination as noted above. P. ionantha has the smallest range of all in the Florida panhandle, tending to occur in very wet areas with standing water. The leaves are always green (so far!), and the flower is white with a pink to rose center (Fig. 6, right). P. plamfolia has a much wider Volume 12 • June 1983 41 1) Pinguicula lutea with large bright yellow flower 2) Pinguicula planifolia in flower. The large flat leaves of this rather large plant will most often be dark red, but sometimes green. 3) Pinguicula pnmuliflora . The typical flower has a white center with rose colored petal tips. 4) P. pnmuliflora , showing vegetative budding at leaf tips, a rather specific feature in nature for this species, although in culture several other species can occasionally exhibit this process. 42 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 5) Pinguicula caerulea with typically purple veined flower. Color variants from diffuse dark purple to white have been found. 7) Pinguicula purmla in southern peninsular Flor¬ ida. In this area, the rosettes are larger and frequendy partially pigmented if growing in full sun in moist habitat. 6) Flowers of P. planifolia (left) and P. lonantha (right) for comparison. Note difference in color of petal tips and depth of clefts in petal tips as well. 8) P purmla , showing yellow (v. buswellii ) and pink flower forms. Volume 12 • June 1983 43 Gulf coastal distribution and is a huge plant (rosettes 15-20 cm across when ma¬ ture). The leaves are usually dark red to purple in full sunlight, and the plant pre¬ fers a sandier to marly location. However, forms with green leaves are also found and the inexperienced may have a problem differentiating P. plamfolia from P. wnantha. The flowers of P. plamfolia also have a dark center, but the petal tips are lighter pink to rose rather than white, and the clefts in the petal tips are deeper (Fig. 6, left). Figure 2 shows a mature, typical specimen of P. plamfolia in flower. P pnmuliflora is an interesting species often difficult to locate out of flower. The species grows in rather wet areas, usually in shaded places such as streamsides or be¬ neath tufts of bunch grass and sedges. Vegetatively, the plant is interesting be¬ cause it can reproduce bv budding at leaf tips (Fig. 4) in the field, and thus the species often occurs in clusters of many plants of variable size with the larger toward the center in “hen and chick” fashion. The llower is very distinctive, having a white center and rose petal tips (Fig. 3). Hybridization between species in the field has never been confirmed, nor have valid hybrids been obtained in culture. However, the various color variant forms of a species (such as white and typical P. Question: How about a photographic primer sometime on the variants of S. alata that have been described? I understand that there are as many forms as in S. rubra. Answer: Trying to sort out true forms of the genetic species Sarracenia alata can be extremely difficult since the range of the species encompasses the range of several other species and the area is well-known for extensive hybridization with interest¬ ing backcrosses that often puzzle even the most experienced “Sarraceniologist” as to parenthood. After many years of looking and grow¬ ing and crossing, my tentative thought is that there is actually little intrinsic variation in the species, that being color. The most common expression is yellow-green with light venation, but individuals with deep maroon coloration ol the upper pitcher 44 caerulea) do commonly hybridize. So far, there have been no floral variants of anv significance described for P. plamfolia, P. wnantha, P. primuliflora or P. lutea , although anecdotally several of us have seen a rather lighter straw-colored floral form of P. lutea along some Florida panhandle roadsides. The yellow-flowered form of P. pumila has been described and named v. buswellii (Moldenke, 1934). Barnhart, J.H. 1933. Pinguicula caerulea. Addisonia 18:21-22, PI. 587. Godfrey, R.K. and H.L. Stripling. 1961. A synopsis of Pinguicula (Lentibulanaceae). in the southeastern United States. Am. Midi. Naturalist 66: 395-409. Godfrey, R.K. and J.W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of the southeasteran United States: Dicoty¬ ledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens. 933 pp. Moldenke, H.N. 1934. Pinguicula pumila var. buswellii Moldenke, var. nov. Phvto- logia 1: 98-99. Schnell, D.E. 1976. Carnivorous plants of the United States and Canada. John F. Blair Publisher, Winston-Salem, NC. 125 pp. Schnell, D.E. 1980. Pinguicula caerulea Walt, forma leucantha : A new form. Castanea 45: 56-60. and hood interior can be seen scattered in the same bog. Of the examples you cited in your letter, the short, stocky plant with pubescent ex¬ terior is almost certainlv a backcross. I have seen these in the field and have grown plants sent to me. The “stocky” appearance and external pubescence speak for a S. purpurea ssp. venosa influence, such as the possible formula (S. alata x S. purpurea ssp. venosa) x alata. Backcrossing of a fertile hy¬ brid back into a parent is more likely in the field than two hybrids crossing. The lid of S. alata is typically round, and a “wavy” margin with larger hood, and a tall slender pitcher would speak for a similar backcross with S. leucophylla. In a complex field situation such as manv Gulf coastal U.S. locations, one must be extraordinarily careful to sort out hy¬ brids from true variants of a species. (DES) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Drosera rnontana St.Hil. (Brazil, Venezuela) - fusi¬ form, reticulate, acute at one end and truncate at the other, length about 0.2-0. 3 mm, brown. Drosera rutidula Planch. (Australia) - three-angled, ovoid, glistening and smooth, black (Erickson, 1968), length about 0.7 mm. Drosera pauaflora Banks Ex D.C. (S. Africa) - ovoid to almost deltoid, strongly ribbed longitudinally and faindv cross ribbed, length around 0.5 nun, black. (Continued from page 38.) Drosera peltata Sm. Ex Willd. (Australia, Japan, Formosa) - round, pitted, minutely ribbed, black (Erickson, 1968), length about 0.8 mm. Drosera planchomi Hook. F. Ex. Planch. (Australia) - shortly cylindrical, black (Erickson, 1968), slightly truncated at one end, length about 3 mm. Drosera pygmaea DC. (Australia, New Zealand) - ellipsoid, almost smooth, black (Erickson, 1968), retticulate, length around 0.5 mm. Drosera I mm rnontana Drosera I mm nitidu/a Drosera peltata Drosera planchonii Drosera pygmaea Drosera pauciftora Volume 12 • June 1983 45 Drosera rotundifolia L. (Northern Hemisphere) - sigmoid-fusiform, finely and regularly longitudi¬ nally striate, shiny with metallic luster, 1-1.5 mm long, light brown (Wynne, 1944). /' Drosera spathulata Labill. (Formosa type) (For¬ mosa) -ovate to ellipsoid, reticulate, length about 0.3 mm, dark brown. Drosera spathulata Labill. (Hong Kong type) — ovate to ellipsoid, redculate, length about 0.5 | mm mm, black. Drosera spathulata Labill. (Kansai type) (Japan) — minute, fusiform, obtuse and mucronulate at both ends (Ohwi, 1965), reticulate, length about 0.75 mm, dark brown. Drosera trinenna Spreng. (S. Africa) — orbiculate, Drosera rotundifolia reticulate, length about 0.4 mm, brown. Drosera whittaken var. praefoha (Tepper) Black. (S. Australia) - almost spherical (but some are square), spongy seed coat with many pits, length or width no more than 1 .0 mm, black. ' \ I mm A A < .1 , W I mm < mm Drosera spathulata (Formosa) Drosera spathulata Drosera spathulata ( Hong Kong) (Kansai) l mm Drosera trinervia 46 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter I mm I mm I mm Pinguicula grand/ flora Pinguiculo /onantha 3; .. V dixS g, - ' Pinguicula leptoceras - ■,'K !’$K m MM Sif:?- • pp : ... T K-Uu ' E E I mm ■Ppy' r £j Pinguicula lusitanica Pinguicula lutea Pinguicula macroceras Pingwnda grandiflora Lam. (Ireland, Spain, France, Switzerland) - scobiform, fusiform, (0.6) 0.85 (1.1) mm long and (0.2) 0.3 (0.4) mm wide, alveo¬ late (Casper, 1966), brown. Pingwada wnantha Godfrey (Fla.-USA) - sco¬ biform, oblong-cylindrical, 0.6-0. 8 mm long, al¬ veolate, brown (Casper, 1966), alveolae with 1-2 cross lines (Godfrey & Stripl. , 1961), black. Pinguicula leptoceras Reichb. (Switzerland, Aus¬ tralia, Italy, France) - scobiform, fusiform, ± 0.7- 0.8 mm long and 0.2-0. 3 mm wide, alveolate (Casper, 1966), light brown. Pinguicula lusitanica L. (Portugal, France, Great Britain, N. Africa, Spain) - scobiform, subcyl- indrical, 0.5-0.65 mm long and 0.2-0.26 mm wide alveolate (Casper, 1966), brown. Pinguicula lutea Walt. (La., Miss., Ala., N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla.-USA) - scobiform, fusiform, 0.5- 0.8 mm long alveolate (Casper, 1966), oblong, alveolate with 3-4 cross lines (Godfrey & Stripl., 1961), black. Pinguicula macroceras Link. (Japan, USSR., N.W. & N. America) — scobiform (Casper, 1966), length around 1 mm, reticulate, ovate, brown. Volume 1 2 • June 1 983 47 Pinguicula primuliflora Pinguicula pumila I mm Pinguicula vallisnem folia Pinguicula primuliflora Wood et Godfrey (Ala., Ga., Fla., Miss. -USA) - scobifonn, subcvlin- dricaJ, truncated, 0.5-0. 7 mm long, brown (Cas¬ per, 1966), obpvramidal to subcylindric-trun- cate, alveolae without cross lines (Godfrey & Stripl., 1961). Pinguicula pumila Michx. (Tex., La., Ala., N.C., Ga., Fla. -USA, Bahamas) - scobifonn, fusiform, 0.3-0. 5 mm long and 0. 2-0.3 mm wide alveo¬ late (Casper, 1966), oblong to obpvramidal, al¬ veolate mostlv with 2-3 cross lines (Godfrey & Stnpl., 1961), brown. IHnguicula vallisnenifolia Webb. (Spain) - scobi- form, alveolate (Casper, 1966), slightly atten¬ uate at one end, length around 1 mm, light brown. ftnguicula vulgans L. (Europe, Siberia, Ameri¬ can Borreal) - scobifonn, cvlindric-conical, (0.5) 0.68-0.8 (0.96) mm long and (0.16) 0.2-0.28 (0.32) mm wide alveolate (Casper, 1966), brown. 48 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter liiy Sarracema flava Mag. 1000X Sarracenia flava Mag. 4000 K Volume 12 • June 1983 49 Sarracema alata Wood. (Ala., Miss., La., Tex. -USA)-obovoid-clavate, bullate-areolate, 1.9-2. 2 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), brown. Sarracerua flava L. (Va., N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla., Ala. -USA) - obovoid, tuberculate areolate, 1.8-2. 5 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), brown. Sarracerua leucophylla Raf. (Ga., Fla., Ala., Miss.- USA) - verrucose-areolate, 1.5-2. 1 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), brown. Sarracema minor Walt. (N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla.-LISA)- obovoid, tuberculate-areoiate, 1.1-1. 3 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), light brown. Sarracerua purpurea L. (Eastern N. America) - obovoid, areolate- tuberculate, 1. 7-2.0 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), yellowish brown. Sarracema rubra ssp jonesii Sarracema rubra Walt. (N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla., Ala,, Miss. -USA) - irregularly obovoid, tuberculate- areoiate, 1.2-1. 5 mm long (McDaniel, 1971), light brown. Sarracema rubra ssp. jonesii Wherry (N.C., S.C., Fla, Ala, Miss. -USA) - obovoid, tuberculate- areoiate, around 2 mm, brown. 50 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter A RE-VISIT TO FLORIDA AND GEORGIA C.P. Gary De Puy (4301 Confederate Point Rd. #259, Jacksonville, FL 32210) After having lived for several years in Virginia and finally moving back to Flor¬ ida in September of 1982, one of the first things I wanted to do was revisit some of the many CP sites in the area. On the last weekend in September, I left for the Georgia border from Jackson¬ ville. As 1 approached the border, patches of Sarracenia minor became more numer¬ ous. Drosera capillaris were very common in the wet drainage ditches, and Pinguicula were very common in the areas along the roads. Just over the border, I found lots of S. minor, D. capillaris and P. lutea in the damp sandy areas and Utricularias were in very wet and flooded areas. After driving 30 miles into Georgia, and several more miles on a dirt road, there was a very low-lying area, mosdy sandy but some sphagnum in spots. There was the usual S. minor, D. capillaris, D. inter usual S. minor, D. capillaris, I), intermedia and P. lutea , and in the sphagnum moss areas 1 saw S. ) lava and S. psittacina growing. After reaching Rt. 84, going west, I passed through a small town which had a three- street interchange in the middle of town. There, on the corner lot which was vacant, were hundreds of S. minor growing in the grass, weeds and brush and it was evident that it was not mowed for ages. It was quite a contrast to see this thriving bog in the middle of a town and seemingly unnoticed. I remembered this lot from several years ago and wondered from time to time how it was doing. I was glad to see it still untouched. While I was in Georgia, I was told by a state employee that the highway depart¬ ment no longer cuts the roadside grass and weeds due to the damage they were causing carnivorous plants and 1 was glad that they were allowed to grow freely. This gives me something to remember as we can help to preserve areas by simply informing or caring enough about CP. I left this area on the way to Folkston to visit the Okeefenokee Swamp. I went to a small area which was under several inches of water with plenty of sphagnum, where in the past I found probably the largest and most beautiful Drosera intermedia that I’ve ever seen. For whatever reason, I didn’t find even one single plant now, which was a real loss. I’m hoping to see them in the spring, if they do return. I did see some really nice plants of the “Okee Giant” S. minor. All the plants were going through the dormancy process, but the good pitchers “Okee Giant”, Sarracenia minor in Okeefenokee Swamp Park. Photo by Gary De Puy Volume 12 • June 1983 51 that were left did show their tall and stately appearance as compared to their shorter cousins outside the swamp. It was inter¬ esting that the “Okee Giant” S. minors were going dormant and yet most of the shorter S. minor were still in flower and many were actively growing. I also found lots of S. psittacina which were still in bloom. Well, by now it was now raining, and I had donated enough blood to the mosqui¬ toes, so I headed for home. I regretted that I didn’t get the chance to view some other areas where other species of Sarracema and D. filiformis grew. Hopefully, in the spring I'll have more time to do this. It was good to return to areas where not much has changed and many small stands of CP are surviving. Looking back on my trip, I noted that the S. minor, S. psittacina, Drosera capillaris, and D. intermedia were all flowering but neither the Pinguiculas nor S. flava were in bloom. Utricularias were in bloom every¬ where, sometimes just filling a drainage ditch or wet fields with flowers. Although most ol the plants seemed to be actively growing, several weeks later we had some cool weather here, and judging from the CP in the Jacksonville area, that cool spell finally sent them on their wav to dormancy. And with that, this field trip comes to an end with bites and wet feet — at least until spring. Pinguicula in Folkston, GA Photo by Gary De Puv Review of Recent Literature Aldenius, J., et. al. 1983. Effects of insect trapping on growth and nutrient con¬ tent of Pinguicula vulgaris L. in relation to the nutrient content of the substrate. New Phvtol. 93: 53-59. Plants fed insects or given soil nutrients or both in controlled enviroments grew larger and had greater dry weight. A single “dipterid” insect was applied to one leaf of each test plant in the series, and those plants so fed seemed better able to take up nutrients applied in the soil, suggesting some other component absorbed from the insect that seemed to increase root absorption efficiency. (Ed. comment — It would seem that these re¬ sults can only be related to the experimental environment since in nature many insects of diverse kind and over a period of time are trapped by a plant.) (DES) Broussaud, F., and C. Vintejoux. 1982. Etudes ultrastructurales et cytotech- niques de tissue superficiels places a l’entree des urnes d 'Utriculana (Lenti bulariaceae). Bull. Soc. Fr., 129, lettres bot., 191-201. IN FRENCH Examination ol the utricle entrance of Utricularias by ultras tructural and cyto- 52 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter chemical techniques disclosed different zones whose characteristics have been described. The outer portions produced long wall expansions with superposed lipid and polysaccharidic substances that seem to play a role in the mech¬ anism of the trap. (DES) Kaul, R.B., Am. J. Bot. 69(5): 793-803. 1982. Floral and fruit morphology of Nepenthes lowii and N. villosa, mon¬ tane carnivores of Borneo. The floral nectar glands are similar in structure to nectar glands and digestive glands of pitchers. Only 4.596 of the seeds in the sample bore embryos and fertile seeds lack endosperm. There is more need for field observations on pollination. Lerner, Carol. 1983. Pitcher plants. Wil¬ liam Morrow & Co., Inc., 105 Madison ave., New York 10016. 64 pp. $11.00. This super!) little book is officially des¬ ignated as a children’s book, but should be in everv CP enthusiast’s library. The author-illustrator is experienced in bo¬ tanical illustration and there are multi¬ ple line drawings as well as full color watercolors of each of the species of Sarracenia and Darlingtonia. The line drawings also cover basic morphology and the various insect parasites. The text is very clearly and accurately written and includes a surprising amount of infor¬ mation in the 64 pages. The book is more than worth the price for the il¬ lustrations alone. Conservation is em¬ phasized throughout, but not in a boor¬ ish or pedantic way. The book also has a list of gardens where growing plants may be observed. (DES) Mellichamp, T.L. Cobras of the Pacific Northwest. Nat. History 92: 46-50. 1983. This article describes the history of discovery, the name Darlingtonia, and the type of area where these plants can be found growing. The author also discusses the relationships to other CP and the geological and ancestral history of its origin on the West Coast of the U.S. Beautiful photographs taken by Makoto Honda of the plants in their natural environment grace this article. New Scientist, July 1, 1982. Plant thieves threaten rare species. This magazine article relates an inter¬ esting incident regarding an upsurge in thefts of rare and endangered plants which the Nature Conservancy Coun¬ cil is looking at with some alarm. It seems that in Britain a warden of a nature reserve discovered someone dig¬ ging up a sundew (Drosera anglica). The man admitted to being a member of the Carnivorous Plant Society and was made to replace the plant. The British Society condemned the theft and added that the plants were commercially avail¬ able. At last report, the NCC has de¬ cided not to prosecute the man under the Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act of 1975, but Friends of the Earth is considering legal action. The penalty for uprooting a sundew or orchid is a fine up to $150 for each specimen taken. Some rarer plants like the lizard orchid can bring a fine of $750 per plant! Beware! Peng, C. and Kenton, A., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69:418-419. 1982. Chro¬ mosome number of Byblis liniflora Salisb. (Byblidaceae). The authors report a 2n = 18 for B. gigantea and 2n = 32 for B liniflora. The latter number of chromosomes differ from a report bv K. Kondo which reported a 2n = 24. This difference may be due to the sticky ends which would cause aggregation. The “long” chromo¬ somes that Kondo showed in his draw¬ ings were absent in the present authors’ pictures and the lower count could be due to aggregates. Rea, Philip A. 1982. Fluid composition and factors that elicit secretion by the trap lobes of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Z. Pflan- Volume 12 • June 1983 53 (DES) zenphysiol. Bd. 108. S. 255-272. The acid secretion is found to be HC1. Stimulation of secretion is effected by a wide range of ions, including many low' molecular weight nitrogen compounds and even several alkali metal salts. Salt- free protein suspensions were found to be inactive and it is postulated that Dar¬ win’s experiments with ovalbumin and Venus’ flytrap secretions worked because of salt contamination of the protein; pure ovalbumin did not work for this author. Some other cations are also secreted along with H , but in ex¬ tremely small amounts. Rea, Philip A. 1983. The dynamics of H+ efflux from the trap lobes of Dionaea musapula Ellis (Venus’ flytrap). Plant, Cell and Environment 6; 125-134. Hydrogen ion efflux from trap lobes of Dionaea was increased by FC, IAA and 2,4-D, and suppressed by ABA and DES. Also, potassium, ammonium ions and urea caused efflux of a rapid as well as prolonged character. The mechanism of these agents is hypothesized in phys¬ iologic terms in the paper. Steffan, W. A., Kodani A. and Evenhuis, N„ Mos.Q Syst. 14(1): 11-13. 1982. Tox- orhynchites nepenthicola, new species from Papua, New Guinea ( Diptera : Cullicidae). The above new species was described. The adults were bred from larvae col¬ lected in Nepenthes pitchers in the upper Fly River area of New Guinea. Watson, A.P., Matthiessen, J.N. and Sprin- gett, B.P., Aust. J. Ecol. 7(1): 13-22. 1982. Arthropod associates and mac¬ ronutrient status of the red-ink sundew (Drosera erythrorhiza). The authors studied the above plant in a bushland site of Spearwood Dunes System near Perth, Australia. An insect new to the area was found to supply 100% of the nitrogen and phosphorus to the nutrient pool of the plant. The soil supplied sufficient potassium to the plant. Other insects were found that could be called “opportunistic pred¬ ators” because they scavenge captured prey items. Book Review - Flora of Australia, Volume 8 by P.S. Lavarack (Queensland National Park, Pallarendo, Tow'nsville, Australia) Australia is one of the world centers of carnivorous plants and, in particular, of the genus Drosera. Australia has 54 spe¬ cies of Drosera out of a world total of about 100. Since this genus becme popular in horticulture a few years ago, there has considerable confusion over the taxo¬ nomic status of many of the Australian plants. Late in 1982 a book was published which sheds a considerable amount of light on this topic. This is Volume 8 of the new series Flora of Australia. This series which will run to some 49 volumes and will take 20 years to complete will provide the first complete study of the flora of the Australian continent since Bentham’s Flora Australiensis published between 1863 and 1878. It is a massive undertaking and will eventually include contributions by hundreds of botanists. Volume 8 is, in fact, the third volume to be published-the numbering is in systematic sequence, but the volumes are published according to the availability of suitable authors and other factors. The first volume contains an introduction and a series of essays on the Australian flora. Volume 29 includes the family Solanaceae, and Volume 8 contains 19 families among which are Nepen- thaceae and Droseraceae. In all, the vol¬ ume consists of 420 pages of which the two carnivorous families contribute 62 pages. Other families covered in this volume include Lecythidaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Bix- 54 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter aceae, Cistaceae, Violaceae, Tamariateae, Frankeniaceae, Passifloraceae, Cucurbita- ceae, Datisaceae, Salicaceae, Capparaceae, Brassicaceae, Moringaceae, Resedaceae, Gyrostemonaceae, Bataceae. Other carniv¬ orous families will be covered in Volumes 10 (Bvblidaceae) and 7 (Lentibulariaceae). Australia has one species of Nepenthes , 54 of Drosera and one of Aldrovanda , each of which is covered by a concise, but detailed, description. Synonyms, references to type specimens and to illustrations are also given along with a brief description of the habitat, notes on distribution and a short list ol representative herbarium specimens. The distribution of each species is further illustrated on a series of small maps and there are fourteen full-page line illustra¬ tions and three quarter-page colour plates. Notes on identification are given for most species. File genus Drosera is subdivided into three subgenera and thirteen sections, all of which are briefly described. A key to these and to the 54 species is provided. Three new species and three new subspe¬ cies are described and four other taxon¬ omic changes are made in the appendix. The authors are all professional botan¬ ists and specialists in their own fields. Nepenthaceae was written bv T.D. Stanley, Drosera bv N.G. Marchant and A.S. George and Aldrovanda by H.I. Aston. This volume includes the first review of Drosera in Australia since Rica Erickson’s Plants of Prey was published in 1968 and it is interesting to compare the two. At first glance they may be thought to be quite similar, as Erickson lists 56 species and Marchant and George list 54, but there are some major differences. Five species have been described since 1968 (D. fimbriata DeBuhr, D. marchantii DeBuhr, D. graniti- cola N. Marchant, D. radicans N. Marchant, D. subtihs N. Marchant) and several of those listed by Erickson have since been shown to be synonyms or have been demoted to subspecific rank. D. peltata and D auri - culata have been kept separate despite some recent contrary opinions. It must be stressed that this is a scien¬ tific book and is not intended for the popular market. However, it should have appeal to serious lovers of carnivorous plants as it is well laid-out and is full of botanical facts expressed in clear and concise terms. When coupled with Plants of Prey it gives very good coverage of Nepen¬ thaceae and Droseraceae in Australia. The cost of this volume is A$34 (fiard cover) and A$29 (soft cover) exclusive of postage. It is available from the Australian Government Publishing Service, Post Of¬ fice Box 84, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, Aus¬ tralia. The catalogue numbers are 82- 08573-3 for the soft cover edition, and 82- 0856-1 for the hard cover. WANT ADS When submitting Want Ads, please be sure to print clearly for best results and to eliminate mistakes. Please circle the correct letter before each item (Want, Trade, Sell or Buy). Want ads are limited to carnivorous plants, terrariums, green¬ houses and moss. There is a charge of ten cents per item, with no limit to the number of items you may submit per issue. Send coin or check to: Arboretum, Want Ads California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Don Clements (104 Sunset Ave., Atco, NJ 08004). Wants to buy or trade for Drosera line¬ aris and D anglica. Offering for trade D. filiforrms, D rotundifolia, D. intermedia, D. capillaris, D. brevi- folia. Bruce Pierson (P.O. Box 179, Albion Park, NSW 2527, Australia). (WT) Anv CP seed, especially Heliamphora. Send list of seed you have, for list of seed 1 have. Keith Shoesmith (32 Pendas Mead, Lindisfarne Way, Homerton E9 5PX, London, England). (WB) Rooted Nephenthes cutting, Mexican Pinguicida, Heliamphora, American Pinguicula, tropical Utnculana (epiphytic). Volume 12 • June 1983 55 LIRRARV JUL2 9 BOTANICAL M \ Y L- w MBgmriSF -FTh • rrZf*- ,‘jj jw f p V Vf « P. X kewensis growing on a moss-covered pole. This Pinguicula is relatively easy to grow. Photo by f.A. Mazrimas.