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CARNIVOROUS  PLANT 
NEWSLETTER 


VOLUME  13,  Number  2 


JUNE  1984 


YO  i 


CARNIVOROUS 
PLANT 
NEWSLETTER 

Official  Journal  of  the 
International  Carnivorous 
Plant  Society 

Volume  13,  Number  2 
June  1984 


COVER  PHOTOS 

FRONT:  Sarracenia  j lava .  Photo  bvjoe  Mazrimas. 

BACK:  Sarracenia  leucophylla.  World  Insectivorous  Plants  slide  collection. 


The  co-editors  of  CPN  would  like  everyone  to  pay  particular  attention  to  the 
following  policies  regarding  your  dues  to  the  ICPS. 

All  correspondence  regarding  dues,  address  changes  and  missing  issues  should  be 
sent  to  Mrs.  Pat  Hansen,  3321  Hamell  Rd.,  Fullerton,  CA  92635.  DO  NOT  SEND  TO 
THE  CO-EDITORS.  Checks  for  subscriptions  and  reprints  should  be  made  payable  to 
CSUF  FOUNDATION-1  CPS. 

All  material  for  publication,  comments  and  general  correspondence  about  your 
plants,  field  trips  or  special  noteworthy  events  relating  to  CP  should  be  directed  to  one 
of  the  co-editors.  We  are  interested  in  all  news  related  to  carnivorous  plants  and  rely 
on  the  membership  to  supply  us  with  this  information  so  that  we  can  share  it  with 
others. 

Views  expressed  in  this  publication  are  those  of  the  authors,  not  necessarily  the  editorial 
staff. 

Copy  deadline  for  the  December  issue  is  October  1,  1984. 

CO-EDITORS: 

D.E.  Schnell,  Rt.  1,  Box  145C,  Pulaski,  VA  24301 

J.A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  CA  94550 

T.L.  Mellichamp,  Dept,  of  Biology,  UNCC,  Charlotte,  NC  28223 

Leo  Song,  Dept,  of  Biology,  California  State  University,  Fullerton,  CA  92634 

Seed  Bank:  Patrick  Dwyer,  St.  Michael’s  Episcopal  Church,  49  Killean  Park, 
Albany,  NY  12205,  USA. 

BUSINESS  MANAGER:  Mrs.  Pat  Hansen,  c/o  The  Fullerton  Arboretum 

PUBLISHER:  The  International  Carnivorous  Plant  Society  by  the  Fullerton  Arboretum, 
California  State  University,  Fullerton,  CA  92634.  Published  quarterly 
with  one  volume  annually.  Printer:  Kandid  Litho,  129  Agostino  Rd.,  San 
Gabriel,  CA  91776.  Circulation:  602  (114  new,  488  renewal).  Dues: 
$10.00  annually,  $15.00  foreign.  Reprints  available  by  volume  only. 
®1984  Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter.  All  rights  reserved. 


30 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


News  and  Views 


JOSEPH  P.  CANTASANO  (2726  Wallace 
Ave.,  North  Bellmore,  N.Y.  11710)  writes: 
October  of  1983,  I  spent  a  few  days  in  the 
Long  Island  Pine  Barrens.  While  visiting  a 
number  of  bogs,  I  came  across  Sarracenia 
purpurea  venosa  and  S.  purpurea  purpurea 
growing  in  the  same  bog,  both  growing  in 
full  sun. 

Sarracenia  purpurea  venosa  was  growing  in 
foot  deep  sphagnum  moss  while  S.  pur¬ 
purea  purpurea  was  growing  in  coastal 
plain  soil.  I  found  many  large  crowns  of 
each,  plus  many  seedlings.  With  Sarra¬ 
cenia  I  found  large  populations  of  Drosera 
filiformis,  D.  intermedia,  and  D.  rotundifolia. 
Some  crowns  of  Sarracenia  measured  20" 
across.  In  one  particular  bog  I  found  no 
Sarracenia,  but  a  very  large  population  of 
Drosera  fdiformis  in  a  cove  near  a  beach.  In 
another  bog  I  found  so  many  pitcher 
plants  that  it  was  difficult  to  walk  through 


CPN  Seed  List 

Byblis  liniflora;  Darlingtonia  californica;  Dio- 
naea  muscipula;  Drosera  adelae  (3),  D.  aliaae 
(3),  D.  aunculata,  D.  binata,  D.  binata  di¬ 
chotomy,  D.  burkeana  (2),  D.  burmanmi, 
D.  burmannii  (Australia)  (1),  D.  capensis, 
D.  capensis  (narrow  leaf),  D.  capensis  (mix), 
D.  capillaris,  D.  dielsiana  (15),  D.  filiformis 
filiformis  (5),  D.  glanduligera  (5),  D.  indica 
(2),  D.  intermedia,  D.  menziesii  (5),  D.  peltata 
(5),  D.  pugmaea  (10),  D.  rotundifolia,  D. 
spathulata,  D.  spath.  (Kansai),  D.  spath. 
(Kanto),  D.  spath.  (white  11.)  (5),  D.  ivhit- 
takeri  (5);  Drosophyllum  lusitanicum  (5);  Pin- 
guicula  vulgaris  (5);  Sarracenia  flava,  S.  leu- 
cophylla,  S.  leucophylla  (red),  S.  purpurea 
purpurea;  Utncularia  lateriflora  (2);  U.  uli- 
ginosa  (2). 

$.75  each.  For  details  on  sending 
or  ordering  seed,  see  CPN,  March, 
1984,  page  3. 


the  sphagnum  without  stepping  on  pitch¬ 
ers.  I  am  happy  to  say  most  of  the  bogs 
are  protected  by  state  and  federal  law,  and 
the  ones  that  are  not  at  this  time,  some¬ 
day  will,  with  the  help  of  the  Long  Island 
Pine  Barrens  Society.  The  eastern  half  of 
Suffolk  County  is  riddled  with  sphagnum 
bogs  just  waiting  to  be  explored.  This 
spring  and  summer  I  am  going  back,  and 
I  will  keep  you  posted  as  to  my  findings. 

MICHAEL  HALLETT  (25  Grayson  Rd„ 
Epping,  NSW,  2121,  Australia)  sent  along 
some  comments  about  his  experiences 
with  CP  in  Australia,  opening  with  how 
he  grows  Drosera  regia: 

“I  grow  the  plant  successfully  in  pure 
peat  moss  or  peat/sand,  and  I  find  the 
potting  medium  is  not  terribly  important 
in  D.  regia  and  in  many  other  CP’s.  I  have 
two  plants  about  25  cm  tall,  one  in  a 
small  plastic  cup,  and  the  other  in  a  six 
inch  wide,  seven  inch  tall  plastic  pot.  1 
found  leaf  cuttings  to  be  useless  in  prop¬ 
agation  and  I  grew  five  small  plants  from 
four  root  cuttings  very  easily.  The  pieces 
of  root  were  one  inch  long  and  were 
partly  above  the  surface  of  the  wettish 
peat.  Propagation  otherwise  depends  on 
small  plantlets  that  form  around  the 
adults.” 

Michael  then  goes  on  to  comment 
about  CP  botanizing  in  the  Sydney  area. 
“I  go  occasionally  just  south  of  Sydney 
near  where  I  live  where  there  is  a  national 
park  that  hosts  enormous  numbers  of  CP. 
Sandy  sides  of  hills  where  there  are  seep¬ 
ages  usually  have  mats  of  D.  spathulata 
Kanto  white  and  pink  flowers,  D.  peltata 
and  D.  auriculata  growing  so  thick  you 
cannot  avoid  walking  on  them,  and  occa¬ 
sionally  stray  patches  of  U.  dichotomy  var. 
uniflora.  Closer  to  the  stream,  CP’s  to  be 
found  are  D.  spathulata,  D.  binata  multifida, 
U.  ulignosa,  U.  dichotma  and  U.  lateriflora.  In 
the  water  in  certain  places  can  be  found 


Volume!  3  •  June  1  984 


31 


huge  clumps  of  U.  exoleta  that  look  fantas¬ 
tic  when  in  flower.  In  the  more  drv.  Hatter 
sandy  areas  D.  pygmaea  and  occasionally 
D.  glanduligera  thrive.  It  is  great  to  be  able 
to  see  so  many  CP’s  so  close  to  home. 
Further  south  up  in  the  mountains,  I  find 
D.  arctun  growing  in  the  hundreds  of 
thousands  (there  is  no  exaggeration  in 
this),  and  a  Utricularia  that  may  be  U. 
monanthos.  ” 

DONALD  N.  CLEMENTS  (104  Sunset 
Ave.,  Atco,  NJ  08004)  has  recently  ob¬ 
served  two  unusual  growth  habits  of  Dro- 
seras  in  southern  New  Jersey.  Some  pop¬ 
ulations  of  D.  rotundifolia  have  individuals 
that  nearly  all  have  a  forked  flower  stalk 
as  shown  in  the  photo.  D.  filiformis  in  his 
area  nearly  all  produce  a  summer  bud, 
the  enlarged  base  of  which  has  a  dense 
collection  of  pale  plant  hairs  that  almost 
appears  like  spittle  bug  activity  superfici- 
allv.  He  has  not  noticed  mention  ol  these 
habits  in  print  before  and  wonders  if 
they  occur  elsewhere  in  the  range. 

(Photos  are  bv  Paul  Porch.) 


D.  rotundifolia  with  forked  flower  stalk. 


D.  filiformis.  Summer  bud  has  enlarged  base  with  dense  collection  of  hairs. 


32 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


CLAUS  THIEDE  (Goslarsche  Str.  70, 
D-3300  Braunschweig,  Germany)  writes: 

Thank  you  for  your  letter  of  22.02.84. 
In  the  meantime  there  has  been  some 
news  about  the  Genrtan  society.  As  I 
wrote  in  my  letter  to  Pat  Hansen  I’ve 
been  looking  around  for  the  society  all 
the  time.  Then  I  phoned  with  Robert 
Kresanek  (Germany)  some  time  ago  and 
he  told  me  that  there  would  be  a  first 
meeting  of  the  Society  in  Mannheim 
(21.01.84).  So  I  decided  to  drive  to  that 
meeting. 

There  have  been  about  25  persons  on 
that  first  meeting  and  they  told  me  that 
Mr.  Metin  Savignano  is  a  16-year-old 
pupil  who  decided  to  form  the  society. 
There  have  been  several  requests  from  in¬ 
terested  people  who  wrote  to  him  and 
that  seemed  to  be  too  much  for  Metin. 
He  just  answered  the  first  letters  sending 
the  Number  “0”  of  a  Newsletter  to  them 
and  took  DM  20,  -fees  for  the  first  year 
membership.  Then  nothing  happened 
until  some  interested  people  met  in 
Mannheim.  As  I  know  there  are  still  some 
difficulties  to  get  the  money  back  from 
Metin.  And  up  to  now  the  Society  doesn’t 
run  because  we  have  some  formalities  to 
do. 

I  think  you  or  another  co-editor  will 
hear  from  the  society  when  it’s  running. 
The  short  name  of  the  society  is  DGffP 
(Deutsche  Gesellschaft  fur  fleischfressende 
Pflanzen). 

So,  the  situation  around  the  Society  is 
turning! 

ANTHONY  REA  (296  Precita  Ave.,  San 
Francisco,  CA  94110)  writes:  The  San 
Francisco  Flower  and  Garden  Show  will 
take  place  August  24-26,  1984  at  the  Hall 


of  Flowers  in  Golden  State  Park.  I  urge  all 
Bay  Area  CP  growers  to  enter  their  plants 
in  the  show.  To  enter  is  simple;  just 
drop  me  a  letter  and  I  will  send  you  the 
official  entry  form  where  you  will  list  the 
plants  (hat  you  intend  to  show  along  with 
a  $1.50  entry  fee.  We  need  a  large 
number  of  plants  this  year  for  display 
since  the  manager  is  giving  us  a 
prominent  place  in  the  main  gallerv. 
Everyone  is  welcome  to  join  this  effort 
and  we  will  trv  to  make  this  show  the  best 
ever! 

PHILLIP  HARCHACK  (Rt.  1,  Box  367A, 
Osceola  Mills,  PA  16666)  has  had  some 
experience  with  germinating  orchid  seed 
on  various  agar  formulas,  a  process  well 
established  among  orchidologists  and  just 
beginning  with  CP.  He  is  interested  in 
corresponding  with  others  who  may  be 
interested  in  or  have  had  experience  with 
this  technique  and  CP,  and  he  would 
particularly  like  to  try  hard  to  germinate 
species. 


Sarracenia  leucophylla 

Drawing  bvjim  Miller 


ADDITIONAL  CP  SOURCE 


CARNIVOROUS  SUPPLIES 

P.O.  BOX  179 
ALBION  PARK 
N.S.W.  2527 
AUSTRALIA 


2  international 
postal  coupons 
or  S.S.A.E.  in 
AUSTRALIA 


Range  of  plants  & 
seeds,  inc.  Drosera, 
Utricularia, 
Sarracenia,  & 
more. 


Volumel 3  •  June  1  984 


33 


MEDICINAL  USES  OF  SOME  AMERICAN 
CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS 

by  Donald  Schnell 


Being  a  physician,  1  am  always  inter¬ 
ested  in  reading  about  past,  current  and 
possible  future  uses  of  various  native 
American  plants  in  medicine.  At  one  time 
earlv  in  the  colonization  of  our  countrv,  it 
was  very  important  for  doctors  to  be  able 
to  accurately  identify  native  plants  of 
medicinal  value  since  these  were  often  the 
only  sources  of  drugs  and  remedies  avail¬ 
able  to  him.  Shipments  from  Europe  were 
not  reliable  and  the  doctor  was  pretty 
much  on  his  own.  Physicians  were  very 
well  schooled  in  botany,  often  to  a  rather 
advanced  degree  considering  the  times, 
and  some  of  our  most  active  earlv  bot¬ 
anists  were  also  physicians.  While  search¬ 
ing  through  the  woods  and  meadows  for 
medicinals,  or  traveling  trails  between 
farms  to  visit  his  patients,  the  doctor  often 
stopped  to  notice  and  originally  describe 
new  species,  and  to  even  do  some  basic 
research. 

The  following  note  describes  some  early 
medicinal  uses  of  two  of  our  native  CP 
genera,  and  one  possible  future  use  for 
another.  At  the  onset,  I  must  warn  read¬ 
ers  not  to  try  any  of  these  various  concoc¬ 
tions  themselves — most  of  the  remedies 
are  unproven  and  based  on  anecdotal  ex¬ 
perience  onlv.  The  various  extracts  and 
even  the  extractants  could  be  quite  poi¬ 
sonous.  All  drugs,  even  our  most  modern 
synthetically  produced  medicines,  are  in 
fact  poisons  administered  bv  the  physi¬ 
cian  in  a  closely  controlled  manner  in 
hopes  of  doing  the  patient  some  good. 
The  margin  between  safety  and  toxicity  is 
often  close  and  sometimes  unpredictable 
in  the  individual.  The  author  and  editors 
of  CPN  cannot  be  responsible  for  any 
mishaps  should  someone  foolishly  try  one 
of  these  remedies.  This  article  is  pre¬ 
sented  for  interest’s  sake  only. 

The  bulk  of  this  note  is  based  on  a 
book  by  Charles  F.  Millspaugh  called 
AMERICAN  MEDICINAL  PLANTS  and 
originally  published  in  1892.  It  is  now 


available  as  an  inexpensive  Dover  reprint 
published  in  1974  (Dover  Publications, 
Inc.,  180  Varick  St.,  New  York  City 
10014).  Any  other  references  will  be  noted 
in  the  article. 

Sarracema  purpurea  ssp.  purpurea 

The  earliest  reports  of  medicinal  use  of 
this  plant  came  to  early  colonists  from  the 
Indians  who  used  it  in  treatment  of  small¬ 
pox  (a  disease  colonists  brought  to  the 
Indian!).  An  infusion  was  prepared  from 
the  rhizome  and  supposedly  shortened 
the  course  of  the  dread  disease  as  well  as 
helped  prevent  pitting  and  scarring  by  the 
pox  lesions.  In  1861  in  eastern  Canada, 
an  epidemic  of  smallpox  broke  out 
among  unvaccinated  Indians  and  a  Dr. 
Miles  of  the  Royal  Artillery  stationed  in 
the  region  stated  that  the  Indians  ex¬ 
pressed  little  alarm  as  squaws  prepared 
infusions  of  the  rhizome  and  treated 
cases,  all  of  which  were  said  to  have  been 
successfully  treated  and  even  cured.  An 
evaluation  of  the  extract  was  published 
and  discussed  bv  the  Medical  Societv  of 
Nova  Scotia  and  a  resolution  passed  in¬ 
dicating  that  the  treatment  was  unproven. 

During  the  American  Civil  War,  the  ex¬ 
tract  was  tested  in  a  hospital  in  Alex¬ 
andria,  VA  on  smallpox  cases,  and  fiftv 
percent  of  those  cases  so  treated  were  lost, 
more  than  anv  other  method  of  treat¬ 
ment.  Still,  scattered  reports  on  the 
eastern  Canadian  frontier  persisted 
among  various  European  physicians  who 
claimed  to  have  witnessed  success  among 
the  Indians,  and  in  one  case  a  physician 
claimed  the  preparation  saved  his  own 
brother’s  life.  I  doubt  that  there  was  any 
degree  of  uniformity  of  preparing  the 
infusions  at  that  time  and  such  variability 
may  have  played  a  part  in  the  differing 
results. 

In  1892,  the  preparation  for  use  was 
done  by  collecting  the  rhizomes  or  the 
whole  plant  early  “in  fruiting,”  chopping 
it  up,  and  extracting  it  in  alcohol  for  eight 


34 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


SPECIAL  NOTICE 

CARNIVOROUS  PLANT  WORKSHOP 

WHEN:  August  11,  Saturday,  1:00  -  3:30  PM 
WHERE:  University  of  California,  Botanical  Garden  Meeting  Rm., 
Berkeley,  CA 

WHO:  For  all  between  the  ages  of  10  to  adult. 

COST:  $15.00  with  check  payable  to  U.C.  REGENTS. 

Send  to:  Education  Program,  Botanical  Garden,  University 
of  California,  Centennial  Drive,  Berkeley  CA  94720 


INSTRUCTOR:  J  A.  MAZRIMAS 

CLASS  DESCRIPTION:  In  this  course,  carnivorous  plants  will  be  the  subject  of  a  brief 
history,  a  discussion  of  the  different  trapping  mechanisms 
and  some  aspects  of  how  to  grow  them  successfully.  A  slide 
show  will  depict  examples  of  some  exotic  species  and  live 
plants  will  be  used  to  point  out  interesting  adaptations  for 
attracting  and  digesting  insects.  Students  will  be  able  to  take 
home  some  plants  provided  by  the  Botanical  Garden  and 
detailed  instructions  will  be  given  on  how  to  grow  them. 


days  in  a  cool,  dark  place.  The  extract  was 
then  recovered  for  use.  Various  chemical 
substances  claimed  to  be  in  the  extract 
included  an  alkaloid  called  sarracenin 
isolated  as  crystals,  acrylic  acid  as  a  sour 
liquid  and  sarracenic  acid,  along  with 
some  tannin. 

At  the  time  of  publication  by  Mills- 
paug,  physiologic  actions  of  the  alcohol 
extract  were  described  as  diuresis  (in¬ 
creased  urinary  output),  catharsis  and 
gastric  “excitation,”  and  “increased  and 
irregular  heart  action  with  congestion  of 
the  head.”  One  worker  noted  that  use  of 
the  extract  caused  an  eruption  on  the  skin 
similar  to  smallpox  itself! 

Clearly,  medicinal  use  of  this  plant  in 
early  days  was  of  dubious  value,  but  one 
wnders  what  more  modern  methods  of 
research  with  careful  controls  might  yield. 
Drosera  rotundifolia 

In  the  sixteenth  century,  this  species 
(which  also  grows  in  Europe)  was  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  curative  of  consumption,  an 
older  name  for  tuberculosis.  It  was  also 
claimed  to  be  of  value  in  treatment  of 
asthma.  Rafmesque  stated  that  “the  juice” 
destroyed  warts  and  corns,  and  when 
used  topically  with  milk  helped  freckles 
and  sunburn  (the  sap  caused  milk  to 


“clabber”  or  semi-solidify).  The  most 
famous  and  constant  use  was  as  an  anti- 
tussive  (cough  suppressant)  for  sympto¬ 
matic  treatment  of  various  diseases  in¬ 
volving  coughing. 

At  the  time  of  publication  of  Mills- 
paugh,  the  extract  was  prepared  bv  chop¬ 
ping  and  pounding  the  entire  fresh  plant 
to  a  pulp,  then  placing  the  material  in  a 
small  piece  of  clean  linen  which  was 
twisted  causing  the  juice  to  filter  and 
exude  through  the  linen.  It  was  collected 
and  added  to  an  equal  part  of  alcohol, 
and  this  mixture  was  also  allowed  to  stand 
for  eight  days  in  a  closed  container  in  a 
dark,  cool  place.  The  only  chemical  iden¬ 
tified  at  the  time  in  this  extract  was 
alizarin. 

The  whole  plant  was  early  on  con¬ 
sidered  poisonous,  especially  to  grazing 
sheep.  One  experiment  resulted  in  three 
cats  being  poisoned  and  autopsy  dis¬ 
closed  lung  and  gastrointestinal  tract 
lesions.  In  excessive  doses,  the  juice  re¬ 
sulted  in  “shuddering,”  sense  of  pain  and 
constriction  in  the  chest,  rawness  in  the 
throat,  cough,  hemoptysis  (bloody  cough), 
abdominal  pain,  diarrhea  and  increased 
sweating.  Still,  in  carefully  moderated 
doses,  the  extract  was  held  to  be  of  value 


Volume13  •  June  1984 


35 


as  an  antitussive,  “where  in  fact  it  gives 
many  a  patient  a  restful  night  and  more 
peaceful  day”  when  suffering  from  var¬ 
ious  ailments  involving  cough. 

Sarracenia  Jlava 

Skipping  ahead  to  1974,  “modern 
times,”  Miles  et.  aJ.  (j.  of  Parm.  Sciences 
63:613-615)  reported  on  antitumor  ac¬ 
tivity  of  various  extracts  of  this  species. 
The  foreword  to  the  paper  describes  how 
“moonshine”  (ethanol,  mostly  one  would 
hope!)  extracts  of  this  plant  were  used  as  a 
folk  remedy  among  residents  of  south¬ 
eastern  Georgia  in  the  Okefenokee  region. 

Testing  was  conducted  in  a  highly  con¬ 
trolled  fashion  against  one  tumor  of  the 
tvpe  known  as  epidermoid  grown  in  tissue 
culture.  Cruder  extracts  using  methanol, 
water  and  chloroform  indicated  some 
antitumor  activity.  No  preparations  were 
active  against  at  least  two  other  kinds  of 
cancers  being  grown  in  tissue  culture 
(lymphoma  and  carcinosarcoma). 

After  further  testing,  extractions  and 
isolations  of  various  compounds,  it  was 
felt  that  betulin  was  the  active  principle  in 
the  results  noted.  Further  testing  of 


various  species,  extracts  and  tumors 
might  indeed  be  of  interest  since  treat¬ 
ment  of  malignant  tumors  by  chemicals  is 
very  prominent  in  today’s  medical  arma¬ 
mentarium. 


Summary 

The  early  uses  of  our  native  CP  in 
medicine  are  highly  dubious  by  modern 
standards,  although  use  of  Drosera  ex¬ 
tracts  for  treatment  of  cough  persisted 
into  the  1930’s.  Still,  many  of  our  modern 
drugs  were  originally  derived  from  plants 
and  given  the  numbers  of  species  of  all 
plants  in  the  world  and  the  possible 
numbers  of  chemical  substances  in  any  of 
them,  medically  useful  compounds  might 
still  be  waiting  undiscovered.  This  possi¬ 
bility  is  one  more  reason  to  encourage 
conservation  of  all  our  native  plant  stands 
in  reasonable  numbers  consistent  with 
civilization’s  demands,  and  also  encour¬ 
aging  research  toward  successful  cultiva¬ 
tion  and  tissue  culturing  of  all  threatened 
species. 


Sarracenia  flava,  Pensacola,  FL 


36 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


Animal  Associates  of 
Carnivorous  Plants 

bv  Oliver  T.  Massey 

(Suite  140,  1300  N.  Westshore  Blvd.,  Tampa,  FL  33607) 


Among  CP  enthusiasts  there  seems  to 
be  a  continuing  interest  in  learning  just 
what  these  plants’  limitations  are  regard¬ 
ing  the  capture  of  non-insect  prey.  Since 
my  move  to  Florida,  1  have  established 
my  CP  collection  outside.  I  have  discov¬ 
ered  that  a  frequent  victim  of  Nepenthes 
and  Sarracenia  is  the  garden  snail.  Among 
the  Sarracenia,  S.  purpurea  is  bv  far  the 
most  successful  in  trapping  snails,  with  S. 
X  catesbei  a  distant  second.  1  have  ex¬ 
amined  S.  purpurea  pitchers  with  as  many 
as  two  dozen  shells.  S.  alata  and  S.  rubra 
manage  to  trap  a  few  specimens,  but  the 
Hat  spiral  shells  are  often  too  large  to 
allow  the  animal  to  be  caught,  and  a  few 
inevitably  jam  the  pitcher’s  mouth.  The 
large  erect  species,  such  as  S.  flava  and  S. 
leucophylla,  attract  very  few  snails,  perhaps 
because  of  their  height.  Interestingly,  S. 
psittacina  and  hybrids  of  S.  psittacina  and  S. 
purpurea  do  not  appear  to  attract  snails. 

Nepenthes  also  trap  these  animals  with 
the  number  of  shells  found  in  traps  in¬ 
versely  proportionate  to  the  distance  of 
the  pitcher  from  the  ground.  There  are 
apparently  some  differences  between  spe¬ 
cies  in  their  ability  to  attract  snails,  with 
N.  khasiana  being  particularly  successful, 
although  the  differences  are  not  complete¬ 
ly  clear. 

On  the  negative  side,  the  condition 
favorable  for  snails  is  too  wet  for  healthy 
CP  growth.  Additionally,  the  snails  are 
capable  of  damaging  CP.  I  have  seen 
emerging  Sarracenia  traps  damaged,  even 
though  the  snails  alone  do  not  appear 


capable  of  killing  the  plants.  Nepenthes,  on 
the  other  hand,  do  not  suffer  damage  to 
the  new  leaves.  In  the  case  of  Nepenthes, 
the  undersides  of  the  lid,  the  inner  side  of 
the  pitcher  below  the  peristome,  and  the 
peristome  are  eaten. 

Besides  snails,  I  have  also  had  the 
opportunity  to  observe  how  tree  frogs 
relate  to  CP.  These  small  frogs  are  gener¬ 
ally  about  2-3  cm  long  and  are  thus  small 
enough  to  conceivably  be  trapped  bv  the 
larger  species  of  Sarracenia  and  Nepenthes. 
A  large  number  of  these  frogs  live  in  and 
around  the  sphagnum  in  my  CP  plant¬ 
ings.  Surprisingly,  I  have  also  found  them 
living  in  Sarracenia  pitchers.  The  first  frogs 
were  found  in  S.  X  catesbaei  and  the  older 
dried  pitchers  of  S.  leucophylla.  I  assumed 
they  would  avoid  the  newer  traps  of  the 
upright  species.  In  the  fall,  however,  I 
found  them  in  newly  opened  pitchers  of 
S.  leucophylla  and  S.  flava.  They  spend  a 
large  part  of  the  day  in  these  pitchers,  and 
retreat  down  the  pitcher  tube  when 
threatened.  I  do  not  know  the  extent  to 
which  they  take  advantage  of  insect  prey 
attracted  by  the  pitchers.  They  are  most 
active  at  dusk  and  during  the  night  when 
they  migrate  toward  light  sources.  These 
frogs  also  live  among  my  Nepenthes,  and  I 
eventually  discovered  that  they  utilize 
Nepenthes  pitchers  in  much  the  same  way. 

As  a  final  note,  I  recently  discovered 
that  at  least  one  frog  survived  a  week  of 
15  degree  nights  in  December  by  taking 
refuge  in  a  N.  alata  pitcher. 


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ICPS  since  1982.  If  you  do  not  wish  your  name  and  address  included,  please  notify  Pat  Hansen, 
3321  Hamell  Road,  Fullerton,  CA  92635,  before  October  1,  1984. 


Volume13  •  June  1984 


37 


A  Field  Trip  to  Gunong  Trusmadi 

bv  Johannes  Marabini 

Am  Grundla  24,  8522  Herzogenaurach,  West  Germany 


Borneo  is  well  known  as  the  center  of 
Nepenthes  species  especially  the  higher 
mountain  regions  in  Sabah,  which  are 
called  “Mossy  forest.” 

I  visited  Sabah  in  March  1983  to  make  an 
exedition  to  the  second  highest  mountain  in 
Borneo,  the  Gunong  Trusmadi.  This  enter¬ 
prise  had  to  be  well  prepared  because  there  is 
no  trail  up  to  the  summit  and  also  to  the  base 
of  the  mountain.  The  chief  of  the  party,  Mr. 
John  Briggs,  organized  the  guide  and  the 
porters  so  that  my  companion  Mr.  Paul  Deb- 
bert  from  the  Botanical  Institut  Munich  and  I 
could  start  in  the  early  morning  after  spend¬ 
ing  one  night  in  Tambunan,  a  small  town  in 
the  Tambunan  Valley. 

It  took  three  days  traveling  through  the 
lowland  jungle  to  reach  the  base  of  the 
mountain.  Gunong  Trusmadi  is  the  highest 
peak  (2900  meters)  in  an  east- western 


mountain  range  called  the  “Crocker  Range.” 
The  soil  consists  mainly  of  gleyic  podzol  and 
orthic  acrisols;  the  parent  material  is  sand¬ 
stone  and  mudstone  compared  to  Mt.  Kina¬ 
balu  which  consists  of  acid,  igneous  and 
ultrabasic  rocks. 

On  the  fourth  day  we  started  to  climb  the 
mountain.  After  a  few  hours  we  reached  the 
first  spur  which  was  covered  bv  mossy  forest. 
Itwas  at  an  altitude  of  nearly  1800  meters.  All 
the  stems  of  the  trees  and  the  surfaces  of  the 
rocks  were  covered  by  moss.  It  didn’t  take  a 
long  time  until  I  found  the  first  pitcherplant: 
Nepenthes  fusca.  This  plant  grew  as  a  epiphyte 
in  the  crown  of  a  small  Eleocarpus  tree.  The 
other  species  w'hich  was  wide-spread  from 
there  on  was  Nepenthes  tentaculata,  also  well 
known  from  Kinabalu.  This  dainty  species 
grew  on  the  ground  and  many  pitchers 
were  imbedded  in  the  moss.  Our  guide 


38 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


Nepenthes  edwardsiana 
on  Trusmadi 


Nepenthes  lowii  Hook.  f. 

Photos  bv  J.  Marabini 


The  new  hybrid:  Nepenthes  X  trusmadiensis  Marabini  (N.  edwardsiana  X  N.  lowii ) 


Volumel 3  •  June  1 984 


39 


Nepenthes  tentaculata 
Hook.  f. 


led  us  through  dried-out  brook  valleys 
and  sometimes  along  ridges.  After  we 
climbed  again  300  meters  I  found  the  first 
example  of  Nepenthes  lowii  with  its  really 
imposing  pitchers.  The  difference  of  size 
between  these  pitchers  and  those  from 
Kinabalu  was  clearly  recognizable.  These 
pitchers  were  much  larger  than  the  Kin¬ 
abalu  ones.  A  few'  meters  distant  we  also 
found  N.  edwardsiana  with  immense  pitch¬ 
ers.  The  leaf-blades  were  nearly  60  cm 
long,  but  their  shape  was  quite  different 
from  those  on  Kinabalu.  These  were  not 
so  slender,  more  cylindrical  and  the  peri¬ 
stome  not  so  extremely  padded.  From 
there  on  we  walked  through  a  gallery  of 
pitchers,  consisting  of  Nepenthes  lowii,  Ne¬ 
penthes  edwardsiana  and  Nepenthes  tentacu¬ 
lata. 

In  the  late  afternoon  we  reached  the 
summit.  I  used  the  rest  of  the  day  to 
explore  the  near  summit  region  and  after 
a  while  I  found  a  hybrid  between  Ne¬ 
penthes  lowii  and  Nepenthes  edwardsiana.  The 
pitchers  were  very'  large  and  combined  the 
characteristics  of  both  species.  It  could  be 
possible  that  this  hybrid  is  endemic  on 
Trusmadi  as  the  locations  of  Nepenthes 


Peristome  of  N.  edwardsiana 
Hook.  f. 

Photos  bvj.  Marabini 

lowii  and  Nepenthes  edwardsiana  do  not 
overlap  so  much  on  Kinabalu.  Therefore  I 
gave  this  hybrid  the  name  Nepenthes  X 
trusmadiensis.  From  all  species  I  took 
herbarium  material  for  the  University  Er¬ 
langen  (West  Germany).  It  should  help  tc 
compare  the  plant  association  on  Trus¬ 
madi  with  that  on  Kinabalu.  We  had 
sunny  weather  all  the  time  and  the 
temperatures  at  noon  reached  up  to 
30°  C.  In  the  late  evening  the  top  of  the 
mountain  was  covered  by  clouds  and  we 
felt  the  misty  rain.  The  next  morning  w'e 
got  up  early  and  we  had  a  w'onderful  view' 
to  Mt.  Kinabalu.  The  minimum-maximum 
thermometer  showed  us  a  nightly  low 
temperature  of  5°  C. 

This  big  temperature  difference  makes 
clear  how'  difficult  it  is  to  imitate  in 
culture  the  natural  conditions  which  are 
essential  for  these  highland  plants.  It’s  not 
only  the  low  temperature  which  is  nec¬ 
essary  for  growing  but  rather  the  change 
of  temperature  between  dav  and  night. 
And  this  is  only  one  factor  which  is 
necessary  for  survival  in  culture. 

Hybrid  name  officially  published  in  Mitt. 
Bot.  Miinchen  79:449-452.1983. 


40 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


Sarracenia  Hybrids  -  The  F-l  Generation 
Part  I  S.  Flava  Hybrids 

byJ.A.  Mazrimas  &  L.C.  Song,  Jr. 


INTRODUCTION 


With  this  article,  we  begin  a  new  phase 
in  our  series  of  articles  on  Sarracenia. 
Hybrids  have  always  fascinated  growers 
of  plants  and  CP  fanciers  are  no  exception. 
In  this  article,  the  first  name  listed  is  not 
necessary  the  seed  parent.  More  work 
and  observation  is  needed  on  how  the  F- 1 
hybrids  may  differ  if  the  order  of  cross¬ 
ing  is  reversed  as  well  as  the  forms  of  each 


respective  parent.  Some  idea  of  the  effect 
of  different  parental  forms  on  the  resul¬ 
tant  hybrids  was  illustrated  in  Clemesha 
(1983).  The  Latin  name  for  the  hybrid 
is  given,  where  applicable.  According  to 
Slack  (1979),  all  but  one  of  the  possible 
hybrids  with  S.  flava  are  found  in  the 
wild.  The  only  hybrids  not  found  in  the 
wild  are  hybrids  of  S.  oreophila. 


1.  S.  flava  X  S.  purpurea  =  S.  X  catesbaei  (Elliot)  Bell 

Name  origin:  Mark  Catesby  (1749),  an  English  naturalist  and  traveler. 


Pitcher:  Widely  tapered  from  its  base  to  the  lip  with  coloration  varving  from 
nearly  all  green  to  heavily  veined  with  dark  purple. 

Petals  are  rose  colored  or  vary  with  red  on  the  outside  and  yellowish 
Flower:  on  the  inside  surface. 

Range:  Found  from  south  central  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina  and  Florida. 


2.  S.  flava  X  S.  leucophylla  =  S.  X  mooreana  (Veitch)  Bell 


Name  origin: 
Pitcher: 


Flower: 

Range: 


Thomas  Moore,  1821-1887,  curator  of  the  Chelsea  Botanic  Garden. 
Trumpet  shaped  and  is  evenly  expanded  from  its  narrow  tapered 
base  to  the  lip.  The  areoles  around  the  opening  are  pale  green  and 
the  throat  is  sometimes  marked  with  a  pale  red  patch. 

Petals  are  pinkish  or  varying  with  a  reddish  surface  on  the  outside 
and  yellowish  on  the  inside. 

Southwest  Georgia,  Northwest  Florida  and  Southern  Alabama  to 
Mobile. 


3.  S.  flava  X  S.  minor  =  S.  X  harperi  Bell 

Name  origin:  R.  M.  Harper,  the  first  collector  of  this  hybrid. 

Pitcher:  Tall,  yellowish-green  and  widely  tapered  from  base  to  rim  with 
some  reddish  tinge  in  upper  portions.  The  hood  and  upper  pitcher 
is  veined  with  maroon  or  red. 

Range:  Southeast  North  Carolina  down  to  South  Carolina  into  Georgia  and 

Northern  Florida. 


Volume13  •  June  1984 


41 


1.  Sarracenia  j lava  X  S.  purpurea  (S.  X  catesbaei). 

Photo  byJ.A.  Mazrimas 


2.  Sarracenia  j lava  X  S.  leucophylla  (S.  X 
mooreana)  in  habitat  in  Florida. 

Photo  by  D.E.  Schnell. 


3.  Sarracenia  flava  X  S.  minor  (S.  X  harperi) 

in  habitat. 

Photo  by  D.E.  Schnell. 


42 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


5.  Sarracenia  jlava  X  S.  psittacina. 

Photo  byJ.A.  Mazrimas 


6.  Sarracenia  flava  X  S.  alata.  Clump  grow¬ 
ing  in  bog  in  the  Fullerton  Arboretum. 

Photo  by  L.  Song. 


7.  Sarracenia  oreophylla  X  S.  flava.  Imma¬ 
ture  specimen  growing  in  the  lath  house 
at  CSU  Fullerton.  Throat  patch  is  barely 
visible.  Others  lack  even  a  hint  of  a  patch. 

Photo  bv  L.  Song. 


Volume!  3  •  June  1984 


43 


4.  S.  flava  X  S.  rubra  =  S.  X  popei  Masters  (no  photo  available) 

Name  origin:  Raised  by  Pope  of  Glasnevin  Garden,  Dublin. 

Pitcher:  Tall  and  tapered  from  its  base  to  the  opening  with  the  basic  color 
being  a  light  yellow-green.  The  upper  part  of  the  pitcher  is  veined 
and  shaded  with  maroon.  The  hood  is  green  with  dark  red  or 
maroon  markings. 

Flower:  Petals  are  maroon  but  have  a  yellow  margin  and  are  yellow-pink 

on  the  inside.  Flower  is  large  in  size  and  petals  have  the  obobate 
shape  of  S.  rubra. 


Range:  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Southern  Alabama. 


Northern  Florida  and 


5.  S.  flava  X  S.  psittacina 

Pitcher:  Decumbent  to  suberect  that  taper  strongly  from  the  large  inter¬ 
mediate  globose  hood  with  a  slotted  opening  to  the  narrow  base. 
Hood  is  basically  green  with  red  reticulation  and  white  areoles  on 
curvature,  having  a  broad  straight  wing. 

Flower:  Large  flowers  with  rose  colored  petals. 

Range:  Southern  Georgia  and  Northern  Florida. 


6.  S.  flava  X  S.  alata 

Pitcher:  Erect  and  more  robust  than  S.  alata.  The  lid  is  oriented  similar 
to  S.  flava  but  the  neck  is  less  pronounced.  No  throat  patch  seen  in 
specimens  available  to  us. 

Flower:  Similar  in  size  and  color  to  S.  flava  with  petioles  not  exceeding  the 
height  of  the  pitcher. 

Range:  Southern  Alabama,  the  only  place  where  the  two  species  overlap. 


7.  S.  flava  X  S.  oreophila 

Pitcher:  Intermediate  with  traces  of  throat  patch  visible  in  some  specimens. 

Exhibits  die  late  summer  die  off  of  pitchers  as  in  S.  oreophila.  Ours 
may  not  reflect  the  full  potential  as  they  have  not  flowered  yet. 

REFERENCES 


Bailey,  L. H.  (Ed.).  1930.  The  Standard 

Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture.  The  Macmillan 
Company  of  New  York. 

Bell,  C.  R.  and  F.  W.  Case.  1956.  Natural 
hybrids  in  the  genus  Sarracenia.  II. 
Current  notes  on  distribution.  J.  Elisha 
Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.  72:142-152. 

Bell,  C.  R.  1952.  Natural  hvbrids  in  the 


genus  Sarracenia.  I.  History,  distribu¬ 
tion  and  taxonomy.  J.  Elisha  Mitchell 
Sci.  Soc.  68:55-79. 

Clemesha,  Steve.  1983.  The  Influence  of 
different  forms  of  Sarracenia  species  on 
their  hvbrids.  CPN  12(3):68-69. 

Slack,  Adrian.  1979.  Carnivorous  Plants. 
Eburv  Press,  London. 


44 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


Byblis  gigantea 

by 

Bruce  Pierson 

P.O.  Box  179,  Albion  Park,  N.S.W.  2527,  Australia 


Most  failures  of  this  species  in  culti¬ 
vation  seem  to  be  caused  by  keeping 
the  compost  too  wet.  By  using  the  follow¬ 
ing  method  of  cultivation,  you  should 
be  able  to  grow  this  species  very  success¬ 
fully.  Use  a  150  mm  plastic  pot,  and  line 
the  drain  holes  with  sphagnum  moss. 
This  acts  as  an  indicator,  while  retaining 
the  potting  medium,  which  should  be  2 
parts  river  or  horticultural  sand,  and  1 
part  peat. 

The  plant  can  be  planted  in  this  mix¬ 
ture,  and  the  pot  watered  by  placing  it 
into  25  mm  of  water  for  about  14  hour. 
Then  remove  the  pot  and  place  it  on  the 
bench.  By  watching  the  sphagnum  moss, 
you  will  know  when  to  re-water  the  pot. 
As  the  pot  becomes  drier,  the  moss  will 
get  lighter,  but  don’t  allow  the  pot  to 
become  too  dry,  as  the  plant  may  be¬ 
come  water  stressed.  Place  the  pot  back 
into  the  water  as  necessary,  always  re¬ 
moving  it  to  drain  after  about  *4  hour. 

On  reaching  maturity,  the  plant  will 
flower,  and  if  you  wish  to  collect  the 
seed,  the  flowers  will  need  to  be  cross- 
pollinated.  Using  a  small  brush,  collect 
the  pollen  from  one  flower,  by  tapping 
the  anthers  in  order  to  make  them  re¬ 
lease  their  pollen,  which  is  collected  from 
the  petals,  and  transferred  to  the  stigma 
of  another  flower,  whose  pollen  may  be 
used  on  the  first  flower.  Seed  is  excepti¬ 
onally  difficult  to  germinate,  but  some 
success  will  be  achieved  by  placing  the 
seed  in  a  container,  and  pouring  boiling 
water  on  it,  and  allowing  it  to  soak  over¬ 
night  before  sowing  on  the  same  medium 
as  for  the  parent  plant,  moist  only. 


Byblis  gigantea 

Photo  byj.  Mazrimas. 


At  the  end  of  the  growing  season,  this 
species  will  start  to  die  down,  at  which 
time,  the  pot  should  be  allowed  to  dry 
out  completely.  At  the  start  of  winter, 
the  pot  should  be  re-watered  by  using 
the  above  method,  taking  care  not  to 
allow  the  potting  medium  to  become 
soggy  at  any  time,  which  may  result  in 
the  death  of  the  plant.  Watering  may  be 
necessary  every  day  in  hot  weather,  while 
in  cooler  weather,  every  few  days  may 
be  adequate. 


REMINDER:  Changes  of  address  should  be  sent  to  Pat  Hansen,  3321  Hamell  Road, 
Fullerton,  CA  92635.  No  further  issues  of  CPN  will  be  mailed  to  people 
whose  copies  are  returned  by  the  post  office  until  a  change  of  address 
is  received. 


Volume13  •  June  1984 


45 


The  following  are  translations  of  the  photo  captions 
of  Japanese  books  dealing  with  carnivorous  plants. 
The  translations  were  done  by  Yasuhiro  Fukatsu 
(49,  Ohkan-dori,  Hacchocho,  Okazaki-City,  Aichi- 
Pref.  444,  JAPAN).  See  CPN,  March  1984,  pp.  16-22. 


ASAHI  PLANTS  OF  THE  WORLD 


page  comment 

227  above;  A  mass  of  U.  vulgaris 
below;  P.  alpina  in  habitat 

228  P.  vulgaris  in  habitat  — Nagano  Pre¬ 
fecture 

229  P.  vulgaris,  whole  plants  in  tlower 

230  P.  ramosa:  This  tinv  butterwort  is  en¬ 
demic  in  Japan,  and  has  quite  a 
verv  limited  distribution.  A  scape 
branches  in  two  or  three  portions, 
which  come  into  llower  at  the  same 
time.  The  Latin  name  “ ramosa ” 
means  branching.  Alter  flowering 
the  scapes  grow  much  longer,  and 
turn  can  the  ground  to  sow  their 
seeds  surelv.  The  tiny  rosette  and 
oddlv  long  scape  is  another  habit 
of  P  ramosa. 

231  above;  An  inflorescence  of  U.  vul¬ 
garis  in  Alaska 

below  left;  A  mass  ot  U.  inflata 

floating  in  the  water 

below  right;  A  stand  of  U.  bifida 

232  above;  U.  minutissima  (svn.  U.  nip- 
ponica),  our  smallest  bladderwort 
below;  Flower  of  U.  racemosa,  note 
the  long  horizontal  spur  of  the  lower 

lip- 

233  U.  affinis 

1485  D.  rotundifolia,  the  most  common 
species 

1486  A  clump  of  I)  anghca  in  Oze  moor, 
our  most  famous  bog.  This  species 
has  a  verv  limited  distribution.  We, 
however,  can  find  here  this  interest¬ 
ing  sundew  in  large  colonies. 


page  comment 

1487  above;  D.  rotundifolia,  this  sundew 
ofte  grows  well  with  sphagnum 
moss. 

below  left;  D.  spathulaa  (Kanto  tvpe) 
below  right;  D.  spathulata  (Kansai 
type).  ‘Kansai’  can  be  seen  in  Tokai 
area  only,  so  ‘Kansai’  has  more 
localized  range  than  ‘Kanto’. 

1488  D.  x  obovata  (D.  anglica  x  D.  rotundi¬ 
folia)  in  Cze  moor 

1489  above;  D.  peltata 

Tuberous  sundews  in  Australia 
grow  in  winter,  while  the  trap  season 
of  Japanese  D.  peltata  is  from  April 
to  June,  for  winter  ol  Japan  is  very 
severe. 

below;  D.  mdica  (white  flower) 

This  species  has  a  verv  limited  dis¬ 
tribution,  and  has  two  color  form, 
white  flower  tvpe  and  pink  flower 
tvpe. 

1490  Aldrovanda  vesiculosa  in  flower 
Dionaea  muscipula 

1491  N.  villosa 

1492  N.  burbidgeae 

1494  above;  N.  gracilis 
middle;  N.  maxima 
below;  N.  mirabilis 

1495  N.  rajflesiana 

1496  above;  N.  bicalcarata 
below;  N.  rajah 

1497  left;  N.  lowii 

right;  N.  edwardsiana 
below;  N.  veitchii 

1 498  TV.  stenophylla 


46 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS 
by  M.  Kondo  8c  K.  Kondo 


page  145 


n — 

\  5 

4-  J — 

^  y 

/ 

2 

b 

r 

1 

2.  Kbu?.7-;l-?=- 

3.  KbC5-ci°7'V7 

4. 

5-6.  KpC77f'^i- 


Drosera  arctun 
D.  burmanii 
D.  pygmaea 
D.  drummondii 
D.  adelae 


page  146 


r 

t 

2. 

3 

r 

4~ 

1.2. 

3.  y'v^y-jC-  yi  t 

4. 

5. 


7>.  spathulata 
D.  burkeana 
D.  capillaris 
D.  glanduligera 


page  147 


1 .  K'p-epvTfijTr/LiZ 

2.  y'v  ep*  1/^/7/ ij- 

3.4.5. 


/7.  fdiformis 

D.  brevifolia  (syn.  D.  leucantha ) 
D.  capensis 


page  148 


2 

! 

- 1 - 

1 

£ 

1.4.  pp 

2.  YvVp-V'')'Tffr}J 

3.  K'o 

5.  K'p't? '  a”  7"9 

6. 


/).  binata  var.  dichotorna 
D.  rotundifolia 
D.  ovubata 
D.  binata 
1).  hamdtonii 


page  149 


1.3.  KpI:.')  wvl9  7 

2-4- 

5-  Y'v  il>7t^"'t7 


I),  pelt  at  a 
7  D.  auriculata 
D.  gigantea 


Volumel 3  •  June  1  984 


47 


page  150 


4 

r 

r 

c? 

page  151 


page  152 


page  204 


\i 

page 

205 

4 

/ 

ZL 

7  I 

4 

$ 

page  206 


2  / 

^  1 

0? 

4- 

?  7 

page  207 


l. 

I).  menziesii 

2.3. 

■  -74 

D.  planchonii 

4. 

KoC7  -7f-0  -7X7 

D.  stolonifera 

5. 

KaC47?5;l}V 

D.  macrantha 

6. 

Yav?*i\) 

D.  erythrorrhiza 

7. 

y\n’5  424970 

D.  whittakeri 

above  two 

Drosophyllum  lusitanicurn 

below  two 

Dionaea  muscipula 

above  three 

Aldrovanda  vesiculosa 

below  three 

Byblis  ggantea  &  B.  liniflora 

1.2. 

Heliamphora  nutans 

3.  M7'Zt?*\Vp|4  4 

II  heterodoxa 

4.  ■vl7~7r>-’  74f- 

H.  minor 

1.5. 

Nepenthes  ventricosa 

2.  4AVf4'7h|7t 

N.  merril liana 

3.  '1a -47' >'7? '1 7 

N.  gracilis 

4 

N.  khasiana 

6.  ;fAVfZ-s?c  1)7 

N.  mirabilis 

7.  ^vf>rZ'  ;4i77'1 

N.  burkei 

8. 

N.  truncata 

b  %WL‘J>T?'\J 

N.  ampullaria 

2. 

N.  albomargnata 

3.  ^\°7TZ‘U>2-F7f7r 

N.  reimvardtiam 

4.  £nVjZ'P'77/1 

N.  lowu 

5.6.  .%^TZr'dV'Lt)7~P 

N.  bicalcar at  a 

7.  44T 44^4 

N.  maxim 

8.  74'TZ-  2-  7 

N.  rajah 

1.  77-4Z«A-c-'yrTi 

N.  burbidgeae 

2.3.  4742- cb  4 

N.  villosa 

48 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


4-  ■* 

2  / 

4 

7 

page  208 


page  249 


4- 

/ 

r 

4 

. 

page  250 


0 

/ 

3 

L 

4 

_ , _ 

page  251 


4 

/ 

i 4 

2. 

4 

page  252 


2 

/ 

4 

4 

o’ 

4.  TV.  stenophylla 

5.  TV.  thorelii 

6.  4/f^rZ-  t7,vf  TV.  x  nagoya 

7.  7  ~\z  ''  TV.  x  princeps 

8.  CZ'7-’7|  TV.  x  mastersiana 

L2- 

3.  -4/f-  TV.  x  coccinea 

4.  Tx’ttZ1  ’)7'iTT  TV.  xunigleyana 

5.  7-cff  1'  >7  AT.  x  minamiensis 

6.  ■rA’^rT-i  >y7/  7  TV.  x  mixta  (I  think  this  is  not  TV.  x  mixta  but  TV.  x  ohisoensis.) 

7.  ^A<r~TZ*  '/>  «.  k  AT.  x  tsujimoto 

8.  AT.  x  hybrida  (I  think  this  is  not  AT.  x  hybrida  but  AT.  alata.) 

1.2.  ^7712  ZZ*7fij^V7i|Z  Cephalotus  follicularis 

3.  '7>'77^,7. 77  -£7  Pinguicula  pumila 

4.  T5.  planifolia 

5.  c*-7'(^7'  P.  heterophylla 

6.  '^'-  ‘JWxp  •  t'Lt,)  />  caerulea 

1.2.  7°-7it;^.5''tT7  Z5.  lutea 

3.  74^*9' 17vv'VVa’  P.  oblongiloba 

4.  ?'7i)  T"  7 7  p  colimensis 

5.  V  7  7  7 "  ‘7  7  7  7  7  V1.  gypsicola 

e.  P.  moranensis  (syn.  P.  caudata ) 

1.2.  p  lept  oceras 

3.  74  P.  nevadensis 

4.  Hyf]  P.  Corsica 

5.  (  hibemaculas) 

1.  'C "^A%d)‘lc>'>fAy<?')  P.  glandiflora 

2.  C3>74't^7'  X  P.  vulgaris 

3.  p.  macroceras 

4.  p)d'7Jp)7A‘iy  P.  vallisneriifolia 

5.  7^  t|"  P.  ramosa 


Volume13  •  June  1  984 


49 


page  253 


9 

r 

i 

c? 

page  254 


1 

4- 

i 

sr 

page  255 


(4 

1 

J  J 

!r 

4 

m 


1.2. 

P.  longifolia 

3. 

P.  alpina 

4. 

Utricularia  inflata 

5.6. 

v^a" 

77  gibba 

1.3. 

77  livida  (syn.  7/.  denticulata ) 

2. 

77  subulata 

4.  fy'rt 

U.  comuta 

5.  ^\^‘i7-4]7-y? 

77  striatula 

6. 

77  minutissima  (syn.  7/.  nipponica) 

1.2.3. 

77  dichotoma 

4.  PV^'IT-^tVp? 

77  lateriflora 

5.6.7. 

77  vulgans  (not  77.  a  urea) 

1.2.  17449  77  resupinata 

3.  77  uliginosa 

4. 

77  caerulea 

5.  •  ‘p^^Tr/j  7/.  dimorphanta 

Nepenthes  Hybrids 
Horticultural  name 

Parents 

7/.  x  nagoya 

TV.  x  mixta  x  TV.  thorelii 

TV.  x  princeps 

TV.  x  mixta  x  TV.  khasiana 

TV.  x  mastersiana 

TV.  sanguinea  x  TV.  khasiana 

TV.  x  dyeriana 

TV.  x  mixta  x  AT.  dicksoniana 

TV.  x  coccinea 

TV.  x  hookeriana  x  TV.  x  mirabilis 

N.  x  wrigleyana 

TV.  mirabilis  x  TV.  x  hookeriana 

TV.  x  minamiensis 

TV.  x  mixta  x  TV.  x  wrigleyana 

TV.  x  ra'.vta 

TV.  northiana  x  TV.  maxma 

TV.  x  tsujimoto 

unknown 

TV.  x  hybrida 

unknown 

50 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


A  REWARDING  HOBBY 

by 

Curtis  Yax,  12  Division,  Apt.  1,  Oneonta,  New  York  13820 


I  have  been  studying  and  cultivating  CP 
for  a  few  years,  collecting  as  many  species 
as  I  have  room  for  in  my  55,  30  and  10 
gallon  terrariums,  and  a  couple  of  gold¬ 
fish  bowls  for  the  aquatic  Utriculana.  In 
addition,  I  have  a  half  dozen  mini-ter¬ 
rariums  for  the  enchanting  pygmy  sun¬ 
dews.  It  is  a  most  rewarding  hobby  and  a 
topic  of  conversation  with  anyone,  especi¬ 
ally  children  who  love  to  see  the  Venus’- 
fly-traps  do  their  thing! 

Although  I  am  an  amateur  grower  of 
CP,  I  hope  that  some  of  the  things  I  have 
observed  may  benefit  other  growers.  For 
those  who  grow  aquatic  Utriculana  or 
Aldrovanda,  you  may  find  that  putting 
water  into  a  fishbowl  or  aquarium  a  diffi¬ 
cult  task  especially  with  a  2  inch  layer  of 
soft  peat  moss  sitting  on  the  bottom.  I 
float  a  sponge  in  one  corner  and  pour  the 
water  gently  in  a  steady  stream  over  the 
sponge  which  fills  the  tank  without  dis¬ 
turbing  the  peat  moss  layer. 

Last  winter,  I  used  Drosera  rotundifoha 
hibernaculum  ‘leaf  buds’  for  propagation 
of  this  plant.  The  tiny  buds  or  leaves  act 
like  pygmy  gemmae.  The  grew  verv  fast 
when  placed  under  live  sphagnum  moss. 
The  resulting  plants  were  healthy  and  vig¬ 
orous,  forming  hibernaculum  the  follow¬ 
ing  fall.  The  parent  plant  suffered  no 
harm  by  the  removal  of  a  row  of  leaf 
buds. 

The  tiny  pygmy  sundews  are  incredibly 
pretty  and  fascinating.  I  grow  mine  under 
lights  about  3"  from  the  plants  for  16 
hours  in  summer  and  8  or  less  hours 
during  the  winter.  Plants  which  are  18"  or 
more  from  the  lights  will  not  develop 
their  sweet  traps.  An  easy  pygmy  to  grow 
is  ‘Lake  Badgerup’.  One  day  last  summer, 
I  fed  my  plant  a  minute  crumb  of  a 
Tubifex  worm  and  if  I  winked,  I  would 
have  missed  the  action  for  the  speedy 
tentacle  movement  was  astounding,  per¬ 
haps  even  surpassing  the  speed  of  D. 


burmanii.  In  order  to  observe  this,  use  a 
magnifying  lens  of  about  20x  and  give  the 
plant  about  16  hours  of  light. 

D.  spathulata  seems  to  lose  its  appetite 
when  given  only  8  hours  of  artificial  light 
per  day.  There  is  no  noticeable  leaf  move¬ 
ment  when  digesting  its  meal. 

Another  tip  for  the  I).  adelae  and  D. 
indica  lover  is  that  a  large  surface  area  is 
needed  for  D.  adelae  since  this  plant  prop¬ 
agates  itsell  naturally  from  roots.  Old 
crowns  are  constantly  being  replaced  with 
new  ones  which  are  alwavs  growing  up  to 
the  surface.  The  roaming  D.  indica,  a 
difficult  species,  would  also  benefit  from  a 
wide  container  for  whenever  the  plant 
tails  to  the  moss  it  roots,  enabling  it  to 
trail  along  as  if  growing  outside. 

1  agree  wit  It  Michael  Homick  who  gave 
advice  on  cooling  seeds  in  the  refrigera¬ 
tor.  This  treatment  seems  to  enhance 
germination  among  tropical  Drosera  such 
as  D.  indica  and  D.  glabnpes. 

I  licked  the  fungus  blues!  Instead  of 
risking  poisoning  myself  and  my  plants,  I 
simply  spray  the  surface  of  my  moss  with 
rainwater,  soaking  the  surface  twice  weekly 
but  being  careful  not  to  wet  the  Drosera 
or  Pinguicula.  It  works!  All  the  white 
lungal  growth  disappears  the  next  day. 
Perhaps  the  fungus  cannot  cope  with  the 
soaking.  One  problem  is  fungus  on  the 
surface  of  large  seed,  such  as  Byblis  gigan- 
tea,  which  needs  to  be  rotated  once  a  day 
to  keep  fungus  off. 

I  have  read  in  Adrian  Slack’s  book, 
Carnivorous  Plants,  about  the  problem 
with  keeping  Pinguicula  caerulea  alive  for 
more  than  a  year.  I  am  growing  mine 
since  the  spring  of  1981.  They  grow  under 
two  lamp  grow-lights  with  an  8-hour  cycle 
in  winter  and  16  hours  during  the  sum¬ 
mer  and  are  kept  warm  under  ambient 
room  temperature  all  year  long.  I  trim 
back  the  leaves  with  a  clean  razor  blade 
(Continued  on  page  55) 


Volumel  3  •  June  1  984 


51 


Drosera  prolifera  C.  White  (Sect.  Arachnopus) 

Photos  by  Yoshiaki  Katagiri 


Drosera  prolifera  C.  White  (Sect.  Arachnopus) 


52 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


The  Leaf  Blade  Movement 
of  Dr o  sera  prolifer  a 

by  Yoshiaki  Katagiri 
3-1-8,  Inaba,  Kameda-machi, 

N akakam bara- gun,  N i igata- pref. 

950-01  JAPAN 


a.  mature  leaf 

b.  after  29  hours 

c.  after  52  hours 

d.  after  76  hours 
1.  after  1 5  hours 
g.  after  23  hours 
li.  after  29  hours 

e. ,  i.  young  leaf 
r.  mature  leaf 


e.,  i.,  1.,  o.  =  young 
leaves,  food  placed 
in  different 
locations. 

^  is  a  cheese  or 
an  insect. 


Volume13  •  June  1984 


53 


Review  of  Recent  Literature 


Conn,  B.J.  Review  of  the  infraspecific 
classification  of  Drosera  macrantha  Endl. 
Muelleria  5(5):  347-349  (1984). 

There  are  two  geographically  distinct 
subspecies  of  D.  macrantha  said  to  exist 
in  Australia  mainly  in  Western  Aus¬ 
tralia  and  another  in  Southeastern  Aus¬ 
tralia.  They  were  distinguished  merely 
on  the  size  and  shape  of  the  sepals. 
This  author  refutes  this  distinction  on 
the  basis  of  actually  measuring  the 
length  to  sepal  width  ratio  of  160  spec¬ 
imens.  Therefore,  ssp.  macrantha  and 
ssp.  planchomi  are  morphologically  in¬ 
distinguishable. 

Daniels,  Patricia.  1984.  Eating  on  the  fly. 
National  Wildlife  22:4-5. 

A  brief  (one  hall  page)  popular  article 
on  Utrit  ularias,  featuring  a  one  and  a 
half  page  of  U.  radiata  color  photo  of 
flowering  plants  in  a  pond,  and  two 
smaller  photographs  of  traps  (photos 
by  Makoto  Honda).  DES 

Hutchinson,  J.F.  1984.  In  vitro  propaga¬ 
tion  of  Dionaea  muscipula  Ellis  (Venus  fly 
trap).  Scientia  Horticulturae  22:189- 
194. 

Variations  that  improved  shoot  prolif¬ 
eration  of  the  species  on  Linsmaier 
and  Skoog  medium  were  use  of 
kinetin,  pH  5.7,  maintaining  nitrogen 
in  formula,  use  of  salt  concentrations 
prescribed,  or  replacement  of  the  latter 
two  factors  with  casein  hydrolysate. 

DES 

Taylor,  Peter  and  Martin  Cheek,  1983. 
Pinguicula  agnata.  Curtis’s  Botanical 
Magazine  184:159-161  (plus  plate). 

This  article  gives  a  complete  descrip¬ 
tion  of  the  above  species  along  with 
details  of  its  habitat  and  successful 
cultivation.  A  feature  of  the  article  is  a 
full  page  color  drawing  print.  DES 


BOOK  REVIEW 

Shivas,  Roger  C.  Pitcher  plants  of  Penin¬ 
sular  Malaysia  and  Singapore.  Maruzen 
Asia,  Singapore.  1984. 

This  58-page  book  is  packed  with  in¬ 
formation  on  Nepenthes  from  the  forests 
of  Malaysia.  Organized  into  6  chapters, 
this  book  describes  the  general  biol¬ 
ogy,  where  to  find  them,  a  key,  an  in¬ 
dividual  description  of  the  species  and 
hybrids  and  finally  a  short  course  on 
cultivation.  There  are  some  21  plates 
reproduced  in  full  color  and  a  half 
dozen  shown  in  B&W.  It  was  the  au¬ 
thor’s  intention  to  make  this  book 
serve  as  a  field  guide  and  he  succeeded 
in  this  by  giving  us  good  closeup  pic¬ 
tures  of  upper,  lower  and  sometimes 
intermediate  pitchers  of  all  12  species 
that  are  described.  Although  the  book 
is  small,  and  ideal  for  field  use,  it  does 
not  lack  any  of  the  essential  infor¬ 
mation  that  one  needs  to  use  in  find¬ 
ing  these  plants  and  admiring  them.  I 
recommend  this  book  to  anyone  who 
is  seriously  turned  on  by  the  Nepenthes 
genus,  as  I  am.  This  book  may  be 
ordered  from  the  above  publisher,  51 
Ayer  Rajah  Crescent  #  07-09,  Singa¬ 
pore  0513.  The  cost  is  U.S.  $9.80. 


Nepenthes  dyeriana 

Drawing  by  Ron  Fleming 


54 


Carnivorous  Plant  Newsletter 


HOBBY  (from  page  51) 
when  they  start  to  die  and  rot  during  die 
winter.  They  are  cut  back  very  gently 
down  to  a  tight  ball.  This  is  done  when 
the  plant  stops  growing.  After  a  month  or 
so,  new  leaves  and  flowers  emerge  from 
the  sides  of  the  ball.  All  of  my  P.  caerulea 
have  multiple  crowns  and  are  flourishing 
well. 

Drosera  capensis  is  one  of  the  most 
charming  and  beautiful  of  the  Droseras. 
They  are  a  hardy  lot  and  adapt  easily  to 
different  conditions.  Since  my  plants  all 
live  together,  tropicals  with  the  temperate 
species,  they  all  receive  the  same  amount 
of  humidity  during  the  winter. 

There  are  many  bogs  in  my  area  full  of 
CP.  I  have  explored  some  of  them,  find¬ 
ing  the  pearl-like  bladders  of  Utricularia 
macrorhiza  shimmering  in  the  sunlight. 
Last  spring  I  discovered  a  clear,  cool 
spring  nearby  in  the  woods  which 


streamed  out  into  a  clearing.  I  dammed 
up  the  area  with  logs  and  mud,  digging 
out  a  lot  of  earth  and  grass  to  form  a 
pond.  I  placed  some  U.  purpurea  and  U. 
gibba  in  the  water  and  they  grew  like 
weeds.  By  summer’s  end,  large  clumps 
could  be  seen  growing  in  every  direction. 
Also,  leopard  frogs,  too,  found  a  home 
there.  I  will  plant  some  S.  purpurea  and 
various  Drosera  around  the  pond  when 
the  moss  takes  over.  The  water  is  neutral 
in  pH. 

1  like  to  end  this  note  with  a  beautiful 
picture  of  S.  purpurea  which  I  saw  in  an 
exotic  flower  book  which  was  mistakenly 
labelled  as  S.  flava.  There  was  a  nice 
ground  covering  of  U.  pubescens.  The  book 
described  briefly  what  gorgeous  flowers 
the  plant  had.  The  supposed  (lowers  were 
merely  the  deadlv  crimson  pitchers  of  the 
pitcher  plant. 


WANT  ADS 

When  submitting  Want  Ads,  please  be 
sure  to  print  clearly  for  best  results  and 
to  eliminate  mistakes.  Please  circle  the 
correct  letter  before  each  item  (Want, 
Trade,  Sell  or  Buy).  Want  ads  are  limited 
to  carnivorous  plants,  terrariums,  green 
houses  and  moss.  There  is  a  charge  of 
ten  cents  per  item,  with  no  limit  to  the 
number  of  items  you  may  submit  per 
issue. 

Send  coin  or  check  to: 

Arboretum,  Want  Ads 
California  State  University 
Fullerton,  CA  92634 


Carnivorous  Supplies,  P.O.  Box  179,  Albion 
Park,  N.S.W.  2527  AUSTRALIA  (TS)  Drosera, 
Utricularia,  Sarracema,  Pinguicula.  Also  CP  seeds. 
Please  send  2  international  postal  coupons  for 
list.  (W)  Unusual  species  (seed  only)  Please  send 
list  of  available  seed. 

Michael  Hallett  (25  Grayson  Rd.,  Epping,  2121, 
N.S.W.,  AUSTRALIA)  (S)  D.  adelae,  D.  arctun. 


D.  ‘Bannister’,  D.  regia,  U.  lateriflora,  U.  uliginosa, 
plus  many  other  native  Aust.  CP.  (WB)  Anv 
Heliamphora,  Aldrovanda,  Pinguicula. 

Joachim  Nerz  (Arndtstr.  2,  7030  Boblingen, 
WEST  GERMANY).  (WTB)  Drosera  falconeri  (I’ve 
Heliamphora  minor  or  other  species  to  exchange 
for  it),  N.  clipeata,  Biovularia. 

Bruce  Pierson  P.O.  Box  179,  Albion  Park,  N.S.W. 
2527  AUSTRALIA,  Has  plants  and  seeds  for  sale 
and  swap.  Interested  in  rare  or  unusual  plants 
and  seeds.  (W)  Seeds  of  Heliamphora,  Genlesia, 
Roridula  dentata,  or  anything  rare  or  unusual. 

Jeff  Williams  (4407  Peridot,  Friendswood,  TX 
77546)  (TS)  21  varieties  of  Sarracema  (S)  D.  spath- 
ulata  Kansai,  D  burmanm,  D.  capensis,  D.  intermedia, 
U.  phrosa,  and  LI.  longifolia;  (TB)  Nepenthes  cuttings 
(B)  Cephalotus,  Byblis. 

Note:  All  individuals  or  organizations  selling, 
trading  or  buying  CP  are  advised  to  be  cognizant 
of  certain  restrictions  under  the  U  S.  ESA  and 
international  CITES  for  certain  species  (see  edi¬ 
torial,  CPN  12  3,  1983). 


Volumel  3  •  June  1  984 


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