CARNIVOROUS PLANT
NEWSLETTER

VOLUME 16, Number 1

MARCH 1987

CARNIVORC

PLANT

NEWSLETTI

Volume 16, Number 1
March 1987

Offic lal Journal ol the
International Carnivorous
Plant Society

COVER PHOTO

The plant of Nepenthes sanguinea, grown by Ray T riplett, won Best of Show at the
1986 San Francisco Fair Flower Show.

The co-editors of CPN would like everyone to pay particular attention to the following
policies regarding your dues to the ICPS.

All correspondence regarding dues, address changes and missing issues should be
sent to Joanne Klingensmith, 437 Las Riendas, Fullerton, CA 92635. DO NOT SEND TO
THE CO-EDITORS. Checks for subscriptions and reprints should be made payable to
ICPS.

All material for publication, comments and general correspondence about your
plants, field trips or special noteworthy events relating to CP should be directed to one of
the co-editors. We are interested in all news related to carnivorous plants and rely on the
membership to supply us with this information so that we can share it with others.

Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not necessarily the
editorial staff.

Copy deadline for the September issue is July 1, 1987.

CO-EDITORS:

D.E. Schnell, Rt. 1, Box 145C, Pulaski, VA 24301

J.A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550

T.L. Mellichamp, Dept, of Biology, UNCC, Charlotte, NO 28223

Leo Song, Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634

Seed Bank: Patrick Dwyer, St. Michael’s Episcopal Church, 49 Killean Park, Albany,
NY 12205, USA.

BUSINESS MANAGER: Mrs. Joanne Klingensmith, c/o The Fullerton Arboretum.
PUBLISHER: The International Carnivorous Plant Society by the Fullerton Arboretum,

California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Published quarterly with
one volume annually. Printer: Kandid Litho, 129 Agostino Rd., San
Gabriel, CA 91776. Circulation: 430 (65 new, 365 renewal). Dues: $10.00
annually, $15.00 foreign. Reprints available by volume only.

©1987 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. All rights reserved.

2

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

NEWS AND VIEWS

R.A. BARTLETT (7, Barbados Close,
Safety Bay, W.A. 6169, Australia) writes:

I recently looked back through all the
back issues of CPN and also the various
carnivorous plant books that I have, namely:
SLACK, SHIVAS, CHEERS, KONDO,
and KONDO, OVERBECK and SHIGEO
KURATA. My purpose was to list all the
colour photographs of the different Nepen¬
thes species that these sources contained.

At the end of the exercise I was surprised
at the number of species for which I could
not record a photograph - a total of 27 in fact.
They are:

N. Anamensis

N. Klossii

N. Belli

N. Leptochila

N. Boschiana

N. Mollis

N. Burkeii

N. Muluensis

N. Campanulata

N. Neglecta

N. Deaniana

N. Neo-Guineesis

N. Decurrens

N. Northiana

N. Densiflora

N. Paniculata

N. Dubia

N. Papuana

N. Ephippiata

N. Pilosa

N. Geoffrayi

N. Spathulata

N. Globamphora

N. Tomoriana

N. Inermis

N. Insignis

N. Vieillardi

My reason for writing to you is to ask if the
society has any photographs of these species.
If so, could they be published in future
issues? Also, perhaps if any members have a
decent colour photograph they could submit
it for publication. Certainly I, and I’m sure
other members, would love to see what these
species look like.

STEVE A. BODDY, (2312 Anndel
Court, Grove City, OH 43123) writes:

Here is a slide of a Genlisea hispidula
plant which was given to me by a friend.
Several months after uprooting the plant to
take photos, the plant died! It lost most of
its leaves and sent up a flower stalk. The
flowers never opened and the plant finally
perished. I would guess that this species
might be sensitive to disturbance.

Although my own experience with Genli¬
sea is limited, I wanted to give you some

information on my own and some informa¬
tion from other growers. I believe that the
cultivation information is as correct as the
limited experience of a few growers will
allow at this time.

Genlisea species can be grown as an
aquatic or as a terrestrial, and seems to be
rare in cultivation because it’s rarely col¬
lected, slow to reproduce and fragile. G.
hispidula is native to S. Africa and doesn’t
seem to have seasonal growth periods or
dormancy. It grows very slowly compared to
many terrestrial Utricularias, as it produces
an offshoot in 6- 1 2 months. The plant grows
as a rosette with new leaves coming out of
the center of the plant. It can be divided
when offshoots are large enough. It flowers
twice a year and can be self-pollinated to
produce seeds that take 3 months to ripen.
Germination of the seed is unknown at this
time. The flowers, which emerge on 2-5
stalks, are similar to Utricularia flowers with
various shades of purple and brownish-
purple color. (Contd.)

Uprooted Genlisea hispidula

Photo by S. Boddy

Volume 16 • March 1987

3

As far as cultural conditions, they are
similar to those for terrestrial Utricularia in
a mix composed of 80% peat and 20% sand.
The growers seem to agree that the media
should be soggy wet and has been grown
under light and in a greenhouse with about
70% sunlight. One grower managed to grow
it successfully for over two years.

1 also wanted to mention that I found a
source for seed of Cap sella bursa-pasloris,
mentioned in CPN 7 (3). It can be ordered
from the catalogue put out by: Redwood
City Seed Co., P.O. Box 361, Redwood
City, CA 94064.

DAVID E. BUTLER (127 Wright Road,
Concord, MA 01742) has just recently
moved to this address and would appreciate
hearing from any fellow CP enthusiasts in
the New England region, particularly around
Boston, who would like to correspond with
him or visit. David has been busy exploring
and has recently located a new site for
Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea f hetero-
phylla in the New England coastal area. Two
plants appear well established with surround¬
ing seedling activity in the tundra-like area.
He has also noted some “near heterophylla”
(intermediate) plants nearby which are not
completely anthocyanin-free, but do have
green sepals. In the winter, the pitchers turn
a distinct bronze-red rather than the usual
purple of common ssp. purpurea. He will be
studying this area further.

JOSEPH P. CANTASANO (2726 Wal¬
lace Ave., N. Bellmore, NY 11710) writes:

Suffolk County, Long Island, on July 24,
1 986 signed a landmark resolution authoriz¬
ing the County to buy $60 million Parkland
to preserve 5000 acres of open wetlands and
swamps. In this bill, I am happy to report
there are many bogs and swamps with large
populations of CP which will be preserved.

For the last three summers, I have been
correlating topography maps with a Suffolk
County atlas (Hagstrom), to indicate locali¬
ties of CP. I have used a color legend which
is easier than writing in the names of the
areas. The legend will read as follows:

Multi-colored dots indicate scattered
species.

Circles indicate species found near the
edge of a pond or bog.

Thickness of line represents degree of
abundance.

I should have this map completed by the
summer of 1987. In one bog, surprisingly
close to the Riverhead County Center (Gov’t.
Bldgs.), I found a sphagnum bog with a rich
population of S. purpurea which were highly
colored. Also located in the same bog are
D. x roundifolia x intermedia. These were
very large, and of course, I did not dig them
out, although the temptation was over¬
whelming. Unfortunately, it was too early in
the season for se* ds, and so this fall I will be
collecting seeds.

I am sure that most interested people will
agree that there is something about wetlands
that draw you in. Though I sink up to my
waist in muck, smelled of sphagnum moss,
and was attacked by what seemed like
monster mosquitoes, I have already made
plans for my next trip into this forbidding,
but beautiful, wetland.

DANA CRAIG, (American Representative,
International Asclepiad Society, 67 Hill
Street, Norwood, MA 02062) writes:

I would like to make a suggestion in
response to Bob Hanrahan’s commentary in
the June 1986 CPN.

It may be feasible for CPN to purchase
bogs to protect CP, but may I suggest that
individuals with knowledge of threatened
habitats appeal to:

The Nature Conservancy
1800 North Kent Street
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 841-5300

To quote from their 1985 annual report
“The Nature Conservancy is a national
conservation organization committed to pre¬
serving natural diversity by finding and
protecting lands and waters supporting the
best examples of all elements of the natural
world.” They go on to say that since 1951
they have preserved 2.5 million acres in the
U.S. and elsewhere in North & South Amer¬
ica. I myself have been a member for many

4

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

years and recommend them to anyone with
an interest in conservation. I am sure they
would be interested in hearing from anyone
who has specific information con¬
cerning threatened habitats.

There are now many field offices, includ¬
ing the Southeast Regional Office at:

P.O. Box 270

Chapel Hill, NC 27514

(919) 967-5493

Perhaps the ICPS could coordinate with
them. Wetlands and bogs are disappearing
at an alarming rate nationwide.

By the way, the Conservancy now has
more than 275,000 members.

JIM EMRICH (1125 Hayes Ave., Fre¬
mont, Ohio 43420) writes:

I am writing in hopes that I can provide
some topics to cover in future CPN issues. 1
presently cultivate all my CP in terrariums,
so I have run into many problems. First,
how does one eliminate grey mold? I get
grey mold in spite of keeping plant matter
cleaned up etc. 1 need the dosage of specific
fungicides. Can I achieve the acidic condition
I need by putting white distilled vinegar in
my distilled water? What about Miracid
fertilizer at very low doses? Concerning
Nepenthes, how is one to prune this plant,
how often, and I need a diagram to show me
the location of the cuts. My Nepenthes are
out-growing their tarrariums. When I re¬
move the growing tip, the new buds directly
below the cut grow very fast and are soon as
large as the previous dimensions. I have very
large terrariums, but I need instructions on
how to make a vining plant into more of a
bush.

How about some information on green¬
houses, especially sources for plans on home-
builts? How about sources for terrariums,
grow bulbs and fixtures? How about more
info on distillers, i.e. best make, lowest price?
I water all my CP with distilled water.

Since the vast majority of readers are
neophytes, how about a rehash of basic
cultivation of each specie with emphasis on
terrarium grown. How about a profile of our
members devoting some space to a brief
biography and what they are growing? How
about a survey on favorite CP and other
basic information such as background, time

spent on growing CP and belief in evolution
of the plants? Finally, I would like to see
future issues spend more time on basic
cultivation, to keep a blended format and to
include greenhouse ads etc.

ANDY LANIER (901 N. Greene Ave.,
Lake Worth, Florida 33461) writes:

I’m starting my campaign to try and get
some US stamps issued on CP. I’ll write to
Mary Ann Owens who is on the Citizen’s
Stamp Advisory Committee. She was the
featured speaker at a new issue ceremony for
orchid stamps in Miami. A letter writing
campaign by members of ICPS would help
and I would suggest a set of stamps for the
endangered species program that they have.

I am convinced that Nepenthes are much
hardier than most people believe. I left my
plants growing outside since 1 978 in a screen
enclosure with 40% shade. That is fairly
intense light since I live far to the south
where the relative humidity is almost always
60% or better, so they don’t suffer from low
humidity. The plants get red spots on the
leaves and the older leaves get rather ragged
at times. On really cold nights, 1 will run a
sprinkler under the benches which seems to
prevent frost (in the winter before last we
had tropical fruit trees killed to the ground
and severe damage to palm trees and or¬
chids.) The Nepenthes are potted in mostly
pure Canadian peat moss with osmunda
fiber or tree fern added to the mixture. I
repotted most of them three times, and some
of them I rooted in pure peat moss and left
them there. They are watered with very hard
water; however, we get drenching rains here
that help to leach out the minerals. Lately,
it’s been dry with only a half-inch falling last
month.

The plants all have pitchers on them now
and most bloom every year. I’m growing N.
khasiana, kampotiana. mirabilis, xhookeria-
na and a narrow-leaved variety from Peter
Pauls Nursery. I never fertilize the plants, as
we have plenty of insects here the entire year.
Almost every winter we have at least one
night when the temperature falls to around
the 30 degree mark. The plants don’t always
look pretty, but they have large, stiff leaves
and large pitchers. We have many nights
with temperatures in the low 40s and high
30s with no problem. I’ve never had any

Volume 16 • March 1987

5

insect pests to bother them except for the
normal loss in trying to root cuttings. I’ve
found that I can get almost 1 00% rooting if 1
use live sphagnum moss, but only about 50%
success in peat moss. Several times I’ve
forgotten to water until the leaves wilted, but
a good soaking would return the plant to
normal shape with some browning of the
leaf edges. The N. khasiana plants grow into
huge plants in 3 gallon pots with many new
growths up to 3 feet long. I tried all kinds of
growing media, but the best results have
been with 50% peat moss and 50% ground
osmunda fiber. Our growing season lasts
about 10 months, and even in the other
months they still grow but don’t put out too
many pitchers. Maybe my experience will
allay some fears about growing Nepenthes,
as certainly they are not as delicate as I was
led to believe.

PHIL MANN (57 Hoylake Ave., Bun-
bury. West Australia 6230) writes:

In answer to Mr. Yax in CPN 15 ( 1) in
which he criticized me to the effect of “let’s
not go out and kill every living thing” shows
his little understanding of the Australian
bog, let alone its most aggressive inhabitant,
the tiger snake. As most of the bogs that 1
visit are often an hours drive from the
nearest town, the dangers of this very poison¬
ous and common snake cause me much
concern, and, therefore, 1 am forced to carry
the shotgun. Last season, I encountered no
less than 23 tiger snakes, all of which I
managed to avoid, except this one. I assume
that with the lack of many poisonous snakes
in the American bogs, others do not under¬
stand our situation. Unfortunately, the CPs
and these snakes share the same habitat. I
have been involved in conservation since
early teens and 1 have a full understanding of
its importance but 1 place my enjoyment of
life and CP collecting before an agonizing
death by snake bite. The snake in the article
was extremely aggressive and hell bent on
striking so there was “no easily walking
away!” 1 wish to thank CPN in their honesty
in printing letters as such and also to all
those who wrote expressing understanding
of the situation. Keep up the good work.

JOE MAZRIMAS, CPN co-editor re¬
ports:

The San Francisco Fair flower show is
getting better every year with more and
better plants which were exhibited in the
central hall. Large crowds of people admired
the diversity of CP shown which even in¬
cluded professional photographers taking
closeup pictures of the plants for sale. A
VCR and TV monitor was set up to periodi¬
cally show the “Nature” show of “Deathtrap”
to the visitors. The show took place August
22-24, 1986 and since this is an annual event
in our area, this year’s show will occur at
approximately the same dates. We urge all
local CP growers to participate since we are
given plenty of room to display our plants
and it’s fun to win cash prizes. Write to me
for details.

The exhibitors were: myself, Larry Logo-
teta, Louise Avila, Ray Triplitt, Richard
Goodwin, Jeanne Savarese, Mickey Urdea
and Marc Stephenson. The plant of Nepen¬
thes sanguined grown by R. Triplitt won
Best of Show and L. Logoteta won the Bris¬
bane Award for the best-grown Australian
CP of Cephalotus. Other CP such as N.
spathulata, N. truncata, N. veitchii and N.
infundibulensis were handsomely displayed.

Larry Logoteta won the Brisbane Award for
the best grown Australian CP of Cephalotus.

6

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Nepenthes vletchii on display at the San
Francisco Fair Flower Show.

Larry Logoteta won 1st prize for this Venus
Fly trap specimen.

Ray Triplett won 1st prize for his Drosera regia specimen.

Volume 16 • March 1987

7

There are two new products on the
market called HYDRESERVEand BROAD-
EEAE P4 which are tiny polymer granules
that hold hundreds of times their weight in
water. They adhere to plant roots, making
water available to plants without causing
soggy soil or overwatering. These products
are especially useful in container plantings.
The pre-moistened granules are mixed with
the soil and the manufacturers claim that
watering chores are reduced by as much as
75%!! 1 would like to see these products
used for CP, especially terrariums. These
products last for years in the soil and are
neutral and non-toxic.

LARRY MELLICH AMP, CPN co¬
editor:

Some of you knew Mr. J.C. Moore, Sr.
of Mobile, Alabama and have been asking
about what has happened to him lately. 1
have been corresponding and talking with
him since July of 1984. 1 have visited him
twice and hunted for pitcher plants with
him. He was becoming very knowledgeable
about the plants in his area of Mobile, and
took a very keen interest in learning about
them, growing them, sharing them, and
preserving them. About 6 months ago he
suffered a series of strokes, so he told me. He
was not recovering well from them and
could not talk or typewrite very well, so all
correspondence ceased. 1 heard from him in
November, 1986, sent him a Christmas card,
and told him in the card that he need not try
and respond, but that we were all thinking of
him. 1 received a letter from him in February
and am happy to report he is again functional
and back to looking at pitcher plants. 1
named a hybrid Sarracenia cultivar after
him; it will appear in the June CPN. 1 have a
great deal of data on the plants and habitats
which we visited in Mississippi, Alabama,
and Florida. No more avid supporter of CP
in south Alabama exists.

BRUCE PIERSON, (P.O. Box 179,
Albion Park, N.S. W. 2527, Australia) writes;

This year, one of my seedling S. flavas
flowered for the first time, and 1 was quite
surprised to find that the flower had 9 petals.

There were the normal 5 petals in one row,
then another row of 4 petals above (or
below) these. ( 1 think there is a petal missing
from the second row, as 1 would have
expected 10 petals and not 9.)

1 have labeled this plant and will observe
the flower next year to see how many petals
it produces. 1 have also selfed the flower, and
will plant my seed produced and observe if
any of the offspring produce abnormal
flowers. The parent plant will be observed
over a period of several years (assuming it
survives of course) to see if, and how often,
abnormal flowers are produced. 1 will keep
you informed of the developments.

J.B. STAHLE, SR. (700 Mulberry St„
York, PA 17403) sends the following;

“1 thought that it might be of value to
mention that in Garden Magazine, March/
April 1986, there appeared an article, “The
Nuts and Bolts of Wild Orchid Protection,”
by Faith Campbell. Of three examples cited
for convictions obtained against “diggers”
who supply nurseries, one reads:

‘In New York last summer (1985), a
teenager was apprehended while digging
orchids and carnivorous plants from a
privately protected bog. New York is
among the states that have prohibited
collection of certain plants and are prose¬
cuting violators. In this case the New
Y ork State Department of Environmen¬
tal Conservation brought charges under
the Environmental Conservation Law.
The youth paid a fine of $1,200 for 68
illegally dug plants, a surprisingly severe
penalty considering the defendant’s age,
and an indication that New York is
serious about efforts to protect its flora.’

“Soil and water quality is critical in
promoting healthy plant growth. You can
obtain a FREE 147 page catalog “Chemical
Test Equipment-Water Soil Air” by writing
or calling:

LaMotte Chemical Products Co.

P.O. Box 329
Chestertown, MD 21620
Phone: (301) 778-3100
Telex (WUI) 6849068

8

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

“There are kits for any test required,
dissolved solids (TDS), soil and water PH
Kits etc., priced for any size wallet. Just read
it slowly, it’s loaded with items. Send for a
catalog and perk up those plants.”

WILLIAM L. TRICKNOR (2827 Middle-
boro Dr., Falls Church, VA 22042) writes:

This past summer, I picked up a brochure
listing the parks in the North Carolina State
Park system. One of the pictures in the
brochure showed S.flava, and the brochure
stated that the Carolina Beach State Park
was a good spot to see carnivorous plants in
the wild. The park is located in the small area
where Dionaea grows naturally.

I wrote the park for further information
and received a polite and thorough response.
There is a “Fly Trap Loop”trail, which goes
through an area where both Dionaea and
Drosera grow. In addition, 5. flava and S.
purpurea grow in the park, but only can be
found “off the beaten path. "Both Pinguicula
and Utricularia are also found in the park.
The letter stated that late May or early June
would be the best time to visit to see the
plants in bloom.

The park is located about 20 miles south
of Wilmington on U.S. 421. For further
information, the address of the park is:

Carolina Beach State Park

Post Office Box 475

Carolina Beach, North Carolina 28428

D.M. JOEL (Division of Weed Research,
Agricultural Research Organization, Newe
Ya’ar, P.O. Haifa 3 1999, Israel) has sent us a
photo to print to illustrate the work he, BE
Juniper and A. Dafni recently published
(New Phytol. (1985) 707:585-593).

The work concerns photographing repre¬
sentative species of CP under incident light
with and without a UV filter (305-385 nm)
on the camera. It was disclosed that most CP
(the one Nepenthes was an exception) had
UV absorbance and reflective patterns of
their leaves and/or glands reminiscent of
many patterns in flowers visible in the insect
U V spectrum. Thus, the various U V patterns
may serve to attract insect prey. In the
Heliamphora example shown, UV photo¬
graphy clearly shows that U V absorbance of
the external surface and reflectance of the

internal surface clearly accentuates the latter
in the insect visual light range. Other photos
in the paper showing stalked gland leaves
(Droseras and Pinguiculas) are even more
startling.

Heliamphora nutans: Normal Photography.

Heliamphora nutans: UV Pattern, with UV
Filter.

Volume 16 • March 1987

9

THE NATURE OF PIGMENTATION IN

DIONAEA MUSCIPULA ELLIS

by Gregory T. Shanos, 160 Budlong Ave., Warwick, R.I. 02888

A mature Dionaea plant often develops a blood-red coloration on the inner surface of the
traps. (Fig. 1.) The probable function of this pigment is to aid in the luring of prey.5 The
pigment is located in the vacoules of the digestive glands, thus rendering them conspicuous.2
The alluring or nectar-secreting glands possess no such coloration.2

This red pigmentation is due to the presence of an anthrocyajim('-4). Anthrocyanins are
not unique to the Venus Flytrap and are distributed universally throughout the plant
kingdom.4 Their presence imparts a characteristic color to the leaf, stem or flower.4

The specific anthrocyanin of Dionaea muscipula is the secondary metabolite cyanidin-3-
glucoside.1 The chemical structure of this compound is illustrated in Figure 2. Cyanidin-3-
glucoside is a flavanoid consisting of two six-carbon aromatic rings linked by a three-carbon
unit. (4,7) A molecule of glucose is attached beta to the three positions of the flavanoid
nucleus.6 The presence of glucose is partially responsible for the water-soluble nature of the
pigment.4 The flavanoid moiety is also able to ionize depending upon pH, thus further
increasing water solubility. (4,7)

The characteristic color of a particular anthrocyanin is dependent upon the pH of the
containment vacoule. Cyanidin-3-glucoside in vitro is red in acid solution, violet in a neutral
solution, and blue in an alkaline environment.4 The acidic nature of the digestive enzymes of
Dionaea muscipula are therefore responsible for the red coloration of cyanidin-3-glucoside
in vivo.

The color of a mature Venus Flytrap is thus a result of the anthrocyanin pigment
cyanidin-3-glucoside. The acidic environment of the digestive enzymes interacts with the
pigment to produce a red coloration typical of this carnivorous plant.

REFERENCES

1. DiGregorio J.G., DiPalma J.R. 1966. Anthrocyanin in Dionaea muscipula Ellis (Venus
Flytrap), Nature 212: pp. 1264-1265.

2. Lloyd F.E. 1942. The Carnivorous Plants. Chronica Botanica Co. Waltham, Mass. pp.
177-194.

3. Pietropaolo J., Pietropaola P.A. 1974. The World of Carnivorous Plants. R.J.
Stoneridge, N.Y. pp. 28.

4. Raven P.H., Evert R.F. and Curtis H. 1976. Biology of Plants, second edition. Worth
Publishers Inc. New York, N.Y. pp. 380-381.

5. Schnell D.E. 1976. Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada, Blair
Publishing Inc. Winston-Salem N. Carolina, pp. 16-21.

6. Shinzo M., Robertson A., and Robertson R. 1931. Experiments on the Synthesis of
Anthrocyanins Part VI. A Synthesis of Chrysanthemin chloride. J. Chem. Soc. pp.
2665-2671.

7. Windholz M. et al. 1983. Merck Index, tenth edition, Merck and Co. Inc. pp. 2680.

10

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Fig. 1 An anthrocyanin pigment is responsible tor the red coloration in mature Venus Flytraps.

Flavanoid

moiety

Fig. 2 Chemical structure of Dlonaea anthrocyanin: cyanidin-3-glucoside.

Volume 16 • March 1987

11

SPECIAL LITERATURE REPORT

By J.A. Mazrimas

Steyermark, J.A. Realignment of the Genus Heliamophora, Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden 71: 302-312 1984.

In 1978, D. Bassett Maguire published a review (see CPN 5(3): 82-83 1979 for summary)
in which 2 new species, H. ionasi and H. neblinae, and four varieties were added to H. nutans,
H. heterodoxa, H. minor and H. tatei.

The genus is extremely variable and it is difficult to find characters that are sufficiently
constant to distinguish various taxa. Many morphological variations are induced by changes
in the environment with water supply and sunlight exposure being the most influential. But
certain characters seem to be more or less constant and they are: the relative number and
length of the anthers, the total length of the upper pubescent zone of the pitcher’s interior and
relative length of the hairs in this zone.

A) The number of anthers separate the taxa into two geographical areas: Territorio
Federal Amazonas with 15-20 anthers on H. tatei and H. neblinae and from Estado Bolivar
there are 7-15 on H. minor, H. heterodoxa, H. nutans and H. ionasii.

B) The length of the anthers: small (H. nutans, H. ionasii)

large (H. heterodoxa, H. tatai, H. neblinae)

C) In H. nutans and H. minor, the pubescent zone occupies 1/4-3/ 8 of the upper pitcher
interior surface.

In H. heterodoxa, H. tatei, H. neblinae, this zone is 3/8-1/2 the entire length.

D) Minute trichomes are found in H. nutans, H. heterodoxa, H. tatei and H. neblinae.
Longer type of trichomes prevail in H. ionasi and H. minor.

It is interesting now to turn our attention to the height of the plants which have
considerable variation due to environmental conditions. Maximum pitcher lengths are:

cm

inches

H. minor

5-30

2-12

H. nutans

15-29

6-11.6

H. heterodoxa

12-42

4.8-16.8

H. tatei

25-50

10-20

H. ionasii

40-50

16-20

If you add to this, the overall height of the plant due to the elongation of the cauline axis
(the base stem), then H. tatei can reach a height of l-2m (40-80 inches) and in one case 4m or

1 3 feet!

Finally, the author re-examined the dendroid (branching nature) of H. tatei alluded to by
Dr. Maguire. In the field, on the summits of Cerro Duida and Cerro Huachamacari where
thousands of H. tatei grow, the author found many individuals with only a single, solitary
stem. Some plants had an abbreviated rosette or leaf cluster along the side of the stem and
even near the apex producing a bifurcated plant. But these were in the minority and most
were simple, unbranched stems which lack any attached leafy rosettes or leafy clusters.

In conclusion, this isolated genus of 5 species and 7 varieties or forms would appear to be
of ancient geological origin. However, the author believes that due to the high degree of
variation and overlapping characters, the species separated from one another in only recent
times and that divergence is still in the process of sharply differentiating them from one
another.

12

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

BOGS IN SWITZERLAND AND THE U.S.A.

by Christoph A. Belanger, 3847 Bowling Green Way, Atlanta, Georgia 30340

I have always had the good fortune to live or spend vacations in areas where carnivorous
plants are found. I lived with my family in Switzerland until July 1985 and then moved to
Atlanta. Before we moved I had found two bogs in our neighborhood. Both bogs were found
by accident.

One day in the summer of 1 984 I went for a walk and passed a strange looking field near
our home in Steinhausen, Zug. The grass was not dark green but sort of brownish looking. I
was curious and went into the field and stepped on something soft and spongy which turned
out to be sphagnum. I remembered from an article I had read that where there was
sphangnum there would also be Drosera rotundifolia. As 1 walked I looked down at the
ground to see if there were any plants and it was there that I saw my first Drosera in nature.

In April of 1 985 I found another bog near Steinhausen. It was a different kind of bog than
the one I had found before and was the locale of many beautiful flowers and butterflies. I
walked further and saw the largest Pinguicula vulgaris I had ever seen. It measured 5'/2 inches
in diameter! Walking still further I saw large patches of ground coverd with Drosera
intermedia and Pinguicula vulgaris which surprised me because they are reported to be very
rare.

Those were the only two bogs I encountered in Switzerland and then in July 1985 we
moved to Atlanta and I was out of reach of any bogs.

My sister and I were invited to spend a couple of weeks in Covington, Louisiana, in June
of 1986 which excited me very much because I knew that Sarracenia could be found in its
natural habitat there. On June 12, after driving for 5 hours, I saw patches of Sarracenia
leucophylla just northeast of Mobil, Alabama, growing along the highway. In southern
Mississippi I saw a lot of patches of Sarracenia alata.

During my second week in Covington my friend and I drove around the area and saw
what appeared to be a field where Sarracenia alata should be found. After spending a couple
of hours and not having found what we wanted we then decided to go back home. On the way
back we stopped at a drugstore to get a few things, looked across the road, and from a
distance saw some pitchers of Sarracenia alata.

Two or three days later we returned to the same field and saw our first wild Sarracenia
close up. The mouth of one Sarracenia alata was 2 inches wide! The plant appeared to be
healthy; no pitchers were infested with larva of the Exyra moth and there was a lot of young
pitcher growth. We went on and found a drainage ditch and saw submerged in the water
Drosera capillaris. Further in the field we noticed there were fewer Sarracenia, and a lot of
the few pitchers we saw were collapsed because of the Exyra moth larva. There was not much
young pitcher growth. I took some photographs, and then decided to return to the car
because the heat became unbearable and the mosquitos were having a feast — and we had
become the main course.

A few days later we went to another field which also contained patches of Sarracenia
alata. We went into the field and had the refreshing experience that water covered most of the
ground and came up to our ankles. As we came to the patches we noticed right away that
these plants were much healthier and more robust than the plants we had seen a few days
earlier.

While we were examining the plants, crawfish were crawling all over our feet. After seeing
what we wanted, we went back to the field we had seen earlier in the week. We were looking
for Drosera brevifolia, Pinguicula and Drosera capillaris.

We walked further than the last time and found a spot where there were hundreds of little
Drosera. At first we could not identify them because they were so small. I then realized that
the size of the plants had caused the confusion between Drosera capillaris and Drosera
brevifolia. They were hardly an inch in diameter. We went further to look for some

Volume 16 • March 1987

13

(Above) Sarracenla alata in natural habitat near Covington, Louisiana

(Below) Droaera rotund! folia in sphagnum bog In Stelnhausen, Kanton Zug in Switzerland

Photos by Christoph A. Belanger

14

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Pinguicula pumila and Drosera brevifolia. Unfortunately, we did not find any, nor did we
find any other carnivorous plants, probably because it was so dry in the part of the field we
visited last. We went back to the car disappointed and thought - maybe another time.

A few days later my sister and I went back to Atlanta, and, once again, I enjoyed the sight
of Sarracenia alata and Sarracenia leucophylla along the highways in southern Mississippi
and Alabama.

Note about the author: Christoph is one of CPN’s younger enthusiasts. He is 15 years old
and has been interested in carnivorous plants since he was 13.

FIELD TRIP TO GASQUET, CALIFORNIA

By Peter D’Amato

Box 1372

Guerneville, CA 95446

After six months of talking about it, I was off on a six day camping trip to Del Norte
County, CP capital of California. Joining me was my friend Charmaine Rable, landscaper
and horticulturalist of the resort where I work. On previous vacations I had briefly stopped
along Hwy. 199 while on my way to other destinations, just long enough to find one good
stand of Darlingtonia and Drosera rotundifolia. This time, with four days to spend in one
location, I hoped to see Pinquicula macroceras nortensis and the rumored red-leaved
variety, as well as D. anglica, a plant I have never seen. Charmaine was familiar with my
small, but varied collection of CP, and found it hard to believe such plants actually “grew in
the wild.” We were in for a frantic holiday, with both disappointments and a totally
unexpected surprise.

Del Norte County, in the extreme northwest of California, is the wettest part of the state,
receiving as much as 70 to 100 inches of rain from October to May. The summer is generally
dry, with warm days and cool, foggy nights. Winter may see some freezing, especially at
higher altitudes. CP can survive the dry summers mostly by growing along the many cold
water springs, seeps and creeks that are common in the mountainous terrain.

Before even hunting out a campground, we decided to make a quick stop at the one
Darlingtonia stand I knew of, near the east limit of Gasquet, a town of 400. The highway
parallels the Smith River, a turquoise ribbon that winds through the rugged serpentine
mountains which are covered with pines and firs. In April the river is rather wild and noisy, a
great contrast to the serene wilderness. Rhododendren and azalae brightened the woods with
color, and many unusual wildflowers were in bloom. Any Darlingtonia stand is impressive to
look at; this one was especially so, as the plants were flowering and the early morning light
glowed in the puffed hoods as though they were lanterns. The cobras grew densely in an area
no more than 200 feet across, where a bubbling cold creek breaks off into streams and seeps.
The ground is a base of crushed gravel, with the Darlingtonia rooted in a dense, but porous,
peat made not of sphagnum, but other decaying mosses and plants. At first sight, most of the
peat mounds are crusty dry and sun-warmed, but pushing your finger into it reveals cold
wetness a bare inch below the surface. Glittering D. rotundifolia carpet the ground, so
different from east coast bogs I have seen where this sundew only grows in sphagnum. Here,
the bright red plants are barely V/2" across, growing on the “dry” peat, in the wet gravel, on
rotting wood, moss covered rocks, and greasy clay overgrown with grasses. Only April, and
flower stalks were already pushing above the rosettes. Here rotundifolia is dormant only

Volume 16 • March 1987

15

from November to February. They will continue to flower as late as early October, as I had
seen the previous fall. Intermixed with the Darlingtonia flowers were dry capsules brimming
with seed. They appeared so old I could only presume they were leftovers from the previous
year, and how they remained unscattered through winter was beyond me.

We followed the stream on the other side of the highway down a steep, wooded slope
towards the river. There were several surprises, one after the other: a campground I hadn’t
even known existed, some friendly snakes, a mat of shade covered sphagnum, and plenty of
Darlingtonia. It was strange to see this lonely mat of sphagnum - stranger to see no sundews
taking advantage of it. (Sundews came up from this moss when planted at home, apparently
remaining dormant longer than those receiving full sun.) A few cobras grew in the
sphagnum, and the moss only grew in a ten-foot wide area where the stream was slow
moving. We set up camp here. Darlingtonia grew thick along a shaded stream not 25 feet
from our tents.

The next day we set out to find some Pinquicula, and I nearly drove Charmaine crazy
with my constant cry of “Seep!” We must have stopped twenty times along roadside cliffs
where water trickled and mosses grew, but Pinquicula seemed to be elusive. Pretty soon
Charmaine was crying out “Seep!” as well. Exhausted after a few hours, we went to the
Gasquet ranger station. Although the wall was covered with a botonist’s photos of local flora
- including butterworts and their location - the rangers looked at us as though we were
hunting for Cannibus, a local law enforcement problem. But they were friendly and helpful,
browsing with us through manuals that covered the rich local wildlife of the region, including
many descriptive pages and photos of Darlingtonia. They directed us to the location where
the photo of Pinquicula on the wall was taken, which was old and labeled "vulgaris. "

There, a few miles up river, we searched and searched, but no butterworts. The river had
formed a beautiful canyon, and roaring creeks ran into it. We did find more friendly snakes,
alligator lizards locked in prehistoric combat, beautiful ferns and succulents growing side by
side. Then a short distance upriver we finally found what we were looking for - but on the
other side of the raging waters! With binoculars we were in awe of a spectacular sight: tall
cliffs with twenty-foot-wide clumps of Darlingtonia hanging in air over the edge, a misting,
rainbow-covered waterfall, and hundreds of Pinquicula macroceras, their violet flowers
teasing us with their safety. We tried to cross the river, fools that we were, and turned back in
frustration. Another location had to be found.

And it was found the next day, at Sheep Pen Creek further east towards the Jebediah
Smith Redwood State Park. I had recalled photos in CPN of Pinquicula taken at the creek
and a ranger gave us directions. And there, roadside next to a covered bridge, grew
thousands of P. macroceras ssp. nortensis in bloom. They were green leaved, growing
typically on shaded, moss-covered rock; some were upside down under ledges with water
continuously dripping off of them. The leaves, long and narrow, had barely an upturned
margin, making the plants look large and flat. The distinctive flowers, with their widely-
separated and long, lower corolla lobes, were a richer violet than photos I had seen, and they
had a white throat patch and beard. Just a hundred feet away was a beautiful sight. Here the
plants grew along a seeping slope of gravelly, clay-like, blue-grey serpentine, soft and as
greasy to the touch as the butterworts themselves, without any other plantlife around them.
And they were red! Growing in full sun, the leaves were short, triangular, and deeply
marooned, some almost a chocolate color. The contrast of their violet flowers with white
throats against the background rosette of bloody leaves made them seem an alien species.

And an alien species was indeed what we found on the surprising last day of our trip. Back
at our campsite, our first ironic surprise was a tiny colony of red-leaved P. macroceras
nortensis growing a stone’s throw from camp, right on the highway near the Darlingtonia
patch. Under our noses all the time; CP will do that to you.

But the biggest surprise was back in the Cobra stand. Charmaine, by now as obsessed as
any veteren CPer, was crawling on hands and knees studying rotundifolia with a magnifying

(Continued on page 20)

16

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

CARNIVOROUS PLANT EVOLUTION

Family Lentibulariacea

by Ivan Snyder, 110 Meyer Court, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254

Carnivorous plant evolution has been a mystery for a long time. This is because it is
difficult to see how such complex structures could arise on a plant, when it seems there is
nothing on a plant that could possibly become a trap. How could a leaf grow tentacles, or
become a pitcher, or a flytrap? How could a root become a bladder trap when it seems
anything in between a root and a bladder trap would be disastrous for the plant? The answer
is that this is misleading. There are intermediate steps that can be advantageous for certain
purposes, and structures have not developed from something that was not already there.
Even noncarnivorous plants contain within their genetic blueprints the traits needed for
traps. Modification and recombination of already existing genes brought about their
carnivorous habit.

The butterworts evolved from a noncarnivorous plant that favored wet ground and had
sticky, gland-tipped hairs covering its leaves to discourage plant-eating animals. This plant
first became carnivorous when a mutation occurred which relocated a gene that controlled
the manufacture of protein-dissolving enzyme to the glandular hairs. This gene was
originally expressed in the seed, where the embryonic plant used the enzyme to break down
food sources stored in the endosperm. With this mutation the plant became able to digest
small insects that would sometimes be ensnared by the sticky glands on the leaves. The
insect’s soft tissues would be digested by the enzymes in the glandular secretions and
absorbed through the leaves. Proteins that make up the insect’s body contain nutrients which
the butterwort needs and which are low in the type of environment that the plant lives. With
these made more available, survival is easier. Offspring carried on this trait, and following
generations improved the insect capturing and devouring ability. They did this by evolving
separate glands that produce enzyme only. These glands developed from modified mucilage
glands that lost their stalks to rest on the leaf surface. The enzyme glands produce enzyme
when excited by the capture of insects and are responsible for absorption. Another ability
acquired by the butterwort is the capability of bending its leaves around digesting prey. This
was better for holding and assimilating the resultant fluid. This capacity was adapted from
the plants ability to bend toward light. The phototropic response became modified so that
the leaf bent in reaction to protein instead of light.

It is evident from the study of floral anatomy that general Pinguicula, Genlisea,
Polypompholyx and Utricularia are closely related. They have all been grouped together in a
single family: Lentibulariaceae. The butterwort, genus Pinguicula, has the least complex
trapping method of its family. This plant, I believe, gave rise to all its more complicated
carnivorous relatives.

Butterworts grow on wet ground, often near bodies of water, also around springs on
rocks. At one time, long ago, a genetic accident produced air spaces in a butterwort ’s roots.
These cavities became very advantageous when they enlarged into floats, like those seen on
some seaweeds. The float bladders kept the plant more buoyant when it was washed into the
water. The butterwort could then grow on the water surface where there was less competition
for growing space.

A butterwort of this kind was later affected by another mutation that relocated glandular
hairs and enzyme glands to the inner surface of the float bladders. Plants that acquired this
trait benefited when small aquatic animals found their way into the bladders and became
digested and absorbed in the same manner as if they had been trapped by the butterwort leaf.

Volume 16 • March 1987

17

Stages of Bladder Elaboration

Drawings by Ivan Snyder

C. Genlisea

(see description bottom p. 19)

D. Trap bladder with oneway door

E. Vacuum trap bladder with trigger
hairs on door

18

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

CARNIVOROUS PLANT EVOLTUION (Cont’d.)

This new trapping device developed a good passageway into itself and proved to be very
efficient. Aquatic animals are much more available than flying insects. Bladder traps were so
much better that butterwort leaves were no longer necessary, in fact were a burden. Primitive
bladderworts lost the gluey trap on their leaves and developed smaller leaves, more easily
kept above water. Some plants in the proper area found it suitable to grow beneath the water,
with only the flower above. A plant such as this, advanced in its trap mechanism, came to be
Genlisea.

Among the primordial bladderworts evolving, some formed oneway doors on their
bladders. These doors easily pushed open to let animals enter, but prevented the animal’s
escape. Natural selection favored bladders with doors, which allowed animals to pass with
least difficulty. Mutations caused recombination of genetic material and gave the bladders
the ability to alter turgor pressure in some of its cells when touched. Cellular turgor is
controlled in the plants phototropic response to make possible the ability to bend toward
light. When this became relocated to the walls of the bladders, the bladders could warp and
produce a vacuum in the trap. The vacuum would suck animals through the door and into
the trap. With time, specialized cells developed into the trigger hairs on the bladder door to
signal when they received tactile stimulation.

The bladderworts are a very diverse group. They have evolvd as aquatic, terrestrial and
epiphytic plants. Their great success in nature reflects the effectiveness of their trapping
mechanism. The bladder traps are the most complex of all the carnivorous plants. Their
evolution is difficult to explain without easily recognized steps in increase of complexity
leading up to them. To write this article I compared the most advanced, and most simple,
features shared by the carnivors to hypothesize the most logical evolutionary scheme. A few
of the facts that have led me to believe the ideas expressed in this article are: Utricularia
pubescens has mucilage glands on its leaf surface. This suggests it may have once had
butterwort leaves. Bladderworts have mucilage glands on their bladders. This shows they
may have become relocated from the leaves. Aquatic bladderworts use their bladders not
only for trapping, but also in floatation. U. inflata even has inflated structures for floatation
other than its bladders. It is reasonable a butterwort could benefit having air bladders on its
roots because of the plant’s proximity to water. Perhaps such a plant still exists and awaits
discovery.

Literature Cited

Adrian Slack, Carnivorous Plants, pp. 18-28 (1979)

Ching, T.M., Metabolism of Germinating Seeds, chap. 2 pp. 103-218. In: Seed Biology. T.T.
Kozlowski, ed. Vol. 2. New York, Academic Press. 1972

Ivan Snyder, CPN 14(4): 108-109, 1985. Evolution of the Venus Fly Trap

Illustration page 18: Butterwort with float bladders. Depiction of possible evolutionary
intermediate linking butterworts to bladderworts.

Illustration by Ivan Snyder. Photo by Bob Mailloux

Volume 16 • March 1987

19

REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE

Ayuga, C.E., E. Carretero & P. Bermejo.
Contribution to the study of flavonoids
in Drosera rotundifolia. An. R. Acad.
Farm. 51 (2): 321-326. 1985.

The authors continue to identify new
compounds of the flavonoid type which
could be used for identification.

Damtoft, S., S.R. Jensen & B.J. Nielsen,
lridoid glucosides from Utricularia austra¬
lis and Pinguicula vulgaris ( Lentibularia-
ceae). Phytochemistry (OxO 24( 10): 228 1 -
2284. 1985.

The authors found similar iridoid com¬
pounds in both of the above species in
this family.

Farkas, M.J. and R.A. Brust. Phenology of
the mosquito Wyeomysia smithii in Mani¬
toba and Ontario Canada. Can. J. Zool.
64(2): 285-290. 1986.

The water-filled pitchers of 5. purpurea
were studied in bogs near The Pas and
Patricia Beach, Manitoba, and Kenora,
Ontario. Larvae enter a third-instar dia¬
pause by mid-August and remain over
the winter until the following spring.

Survival over the winter was about 9% to
68% in one winter and about 50% in
another season. Winter snow insulates
the larvae at these sites. A small percent¬
age of the summer generation at each site
continued their development to adults
and give rise to another generation.

Joel, D.M. and H.S. Heide-Jorgensen. Ultra¬
structure and development of the pitcher
epithelium of Sarracenia. Isr. J. Bot.
34(2-4): 331-350. 1985.

The bottom zone cells of this pitcher
plant have dense cytoplasm, a large nucle¬
us and many mitochondria and chloro-
plasts. The hypodermal cells have simple
pits traversed by many plasmodesmata
that connect each hypodermal cell with
the neighboring rectangular epidermal
cell, hypodermal and mesophyll cells.

Nicholls, K.W., B. A. Bohm & R. Ornduff.
flavanoids and affinities of the Cephalo-
taceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 13(3): 261-
264. 1985.

The flavonol-based chemical profile
found in Cephalotus resembles the profile

FIELD TRIP TO GASQUET (Cont’d. from page 16.)

glass. And so was I, when suddenly to my shock I saw a cluster of about ten giant-sized
sundews! " Drosera capensis!" I cried. In Gasquet? “No! It must be anglica! Can’t be! Is
it some transplanted hybrid? Anglica xfiliformis? x linearis? Some new, unknown species?”
I was baffled. The attractive plants, growing on short stalks, had extremely narrow petiholes,
as long as the thin leafblade, covered with bright red tenticles. The entire plant was over 7
inches across. We scoured the area, but we could find no others. I examined the peat it grew
in for signs of a transplant. It was an unfamiliar tan muck, but the plants could have come up
from root-cuttings or seed. I wondered why, if put there by some CPer, no other species were
tried. Perhaps they were, but were better hidden. I collected two plants, then took leaf
cuttings and pressed them into the peat where they grew so more would multiply. And I
wondered what they were the whole trip home.

Back in Sonoma County, I called Joe Mazrimas and described the plant to him. “Sounds
like Drosera capensis narrow-leaf,” he told me. So my first guess was right. “They survive the
winters up there?” I asked. “They’ll survive just about anything!” Joe laughed. I had never
seen the true narrow-leaf variety of capensis, even though 1 grew for a local nursery, plants
cloned from an original (what I thought to be capensis N.L.) purchased a few years ago that
were sold under the narrow-leaf name. I’m surprised at the variation and the hardiness. Even
though 1 never did find any D. anglica on this trip, it certainly was exciting.

Joe also told me that the red-leaved butterworts loose their color when moved from their
native habitat. From the couple of plants now in my collection, he was right about that as
well.

So to whoever planted cape sundews in Gasquet (and he or she may well be reading this),
the plants are doing just fine, and my apologies for taking a couple of them. By this time next
year. I’m sure there will be a few dozen more.

20

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

of the Saxifragaceae more than it does
the Crassulaceae. Morphological features
also suggests it is most closely allied to
that family.

Ruiz, S.Z. and J. Rzedowski. Three new
Pinguicula species ( Lentibulariaceae) of
Mexico. Phytologia 60(4): 255-263. 1986.
The three new species of Pinguicula are:
P. barbata from Chiapas
P. emarginata from Veracruz and
Puebla

P. takakii from San Luis Potosi

Sheridan, Phil. 1986. The Sarraceniaceae of
Virginia. Virginia J. Science. 37: 83.
(Abstract of paper presented at Virginia
Academy of Science, May, 1986).

The current and historical ranges for
Sarracenia f lava and S. purpurea were
analyzed over a two-year period based on
field work, personal interviews, biblio¬
graphic searches and herbarium speci¬
mens. S. /lava was found to have occurred
in eight counties for a total of seventeen
locations. Three sites were relocated in
three counties, and two new ones found.
5. purpurea ranged over 1 4 counties with
1 9 populations. Three historical locations

were refound in three counties with four
new colonies in one county. Color variants
were noted, and the ideal habitat was a
springhead. Recommended status for
both species in the State is threatened.
DES

Teryokhin, E.S. 1986. The development and
structure of the Aldrovanda vesiculosa
( Droseraceae) seed. Bot. Journ. 71: 527-
533. /'Russian, Leningrad./
Embryogenesis of Aldrovanda, Dionaea
and Drosera is similar. The seed of
Aldrovanda is possessed of a thick seed
coat of 3 layers. The storage tissue (endo¬
sperm) fills about 2/3 of the seed volume.
Cotyledons, apex and hvpocotvl are
morphologically indicated, but no ana¬
tomical signs of primary root are present
in the embryo. ST.

Zavortink, T.J. Zinzala, new subgenus of
Wyeomyia with two new species from
pitcher plants in Venezuela. Wasmann. J.
Biol. 43( 1/2): 46-59. 1985.

The immature stages of the mosquitoes
W. zinzala and W.fishi inhabit the leaves
of the Heliamphora pitchers found in the
Gran Sabana region of Venezuela.

DROSERA ANGLICA FROM THE ALAKAI

SWAMP, KAUAI, HAWAII

by J.A. Mazrimas

On the oldest island of the Hawaiian chain, stands an old 5, 148 foot extinct volcano, Mt.
Waialeale. At the base of this volcano is a 30 square-mile bog which is constantly being
rained on throughout the year. This area receives more than 460 inches of annual rainfall and
is noted as one of the wettest places on earth. In this bog one can find many unusual flora and
tauna which are either very rare or became extinct due to man’s predation. However, we are
fortunate to still have in the Alakai bog the small, herbaceous plant called Drosera anglica.

Several years ago 1 acquired a few plants from a friend who visited this area. The plants
were carefully adjusted into some Canadian sphagnum peat moss and kept evenly moist in
my tropical greenhouse. They grew vigorously and seemed to flower throughout the spring
and summer season. The flowers produced seed on their own and the seed germinated into
tiny plantlets after several weeks. 1 found by experimentation that the plants do not form
hibernicula to carry them over the cold, winter frost and snows as do the North American
types. The plant growth slows down and even seems to stop during the winter despite the
warm temperatures and artificial lights extending the daylight hours. Em almost tempted to
think that this plant is an annual, producing copious seed to assure its continuance in the
bog. Plants in cultivation seem to die off during the winter. (Coni 'd. next page)

Volume 16 • March 1987

21

The plant can also be propagated from leaf cuttings which are pressed firmly on the peat
moss medium and carefully watered to keep evenly moist. Small buds emerge after several
weeks which grow into mature, flowering plants the following season.

When compared with N. American plants, the Hawaiian Drosera is about one-half the
size in all its parts. It is an interesting species to grow because it is easier to grow this plant in a
terrarium or warm greenhouse, and it grows over a long season with plenty of flowers
throughout its growing cycle. This is not true with the N. American type which flowers only
once in spring and tends to go into dormancy after 4-5 months. 1 am propagating this plant to
obtain seed which will be sent to our seed bank in the near future and available for CPN
members who ask for it.

SEED BANK

Patrick Dwyer (St. Michael's Episcopal Church,

49 Killean Park, Albany, NY 12205)

To send seed: Please remove seed from the seed capsules and place it in small envelopes
(preferably paper so that they dry out enough to prevent mold). Tabel with the origin and
date of collection, including habitat if it is exotic. Fold the envelope once or twice before
taping so that the seeds don’t stick to the tape. After the seed is received it will be placed in
smaller packets; donors will be informed of how many packets they have donated. A
donation of 10-19 packets earns one free seed packet of comparable rarity, with one
additional free packet for each additional 10 packets.

Do not ask to trade for seed from the bank. Everyone will have to buy all but the free
packets.

To order seed: Please enclose payment. List the seeds desired and an equal number of sub¬
stitutes in order of preference. If requested, Patrick will add any cultural instructions of
which he is aware. Each issue of CPN will include an update of the inventory. Cost per
packet: $.75 (Number of packets is listed if less than 1 5 are available.)

(as of 12/25/86)

Byblis lini flora ( 10), Capsella bursa-pastoris [earn, seed] ( 13), Darlingtonia californica,
Dionaea muscipula, Drosera aliciae, D. anglica (10), D. auriculata (3), D. binata (5), D.
binata multifida extrema (2), D. burkeana, D. burmannii, D. capensis, D. capensis [narrow
leaf], D. capensis [wide leaf], D. capensis [mix], D. capillaris (4), D. cuneifolia (4), D.
dielsiana, D. filiformis (3), D. filiformis, D. filiformis filiformis x D. fill for mis tracyi ( 1), D.
gladuligera (4), D. indica (10), D. intermedia, D. intermedia maxima [Gulf Coast], D.
macrantha, D. montana (3), D. montana [white fls.](3), D. natalensis (3), D. pulchella ( 1),
D. pygmaea (I), D. rotundifolia, D. spathulata (6), D. spathulata [Formosa] (1), D.
spathulata [Kansai] (10), D. spathulata [Kanto] (1), D. spathulata [New Zealand] (1),
spathulata [white fls.] ( 1 ), D. stolonifera ( 15), D. trinervia (4), D. villosa (6), D. whittakeri
(7), Drosophyllum lusitanicum (4), Nepenthes bicalcarata (4), N. khasiana, Pinguicula
agnata (3), P. alpina, P. lusitanica (10), P. macroceras nortensis (3), P. moranensis (3),
Sarracenia alata, S. flava ( 1), 5. /lava [green] (6), S. flava [Green Swamp] (3), 5. /7uva [mixed
strains] (5), 5. leucophylla, S. minor (10), S. psiltacina [Gulf] ( 1 ), S. purpurea, S. purpurea
[Gulf Coast] (3), S. purpurea [NJ-MD], S. purpurea purpurea, S. purpurea venosa ‘Louis
Burk’, 5. rubra gulfensis ( 5), S. rubra jonesii( 1), S', rubra wherryi, Utricularia aurea( 12), U.
capensis (4), U. lateriflora, U. longi folia (1), U. pentadactvla (7), U. racemosa (12), U.
subulata, U. ulignosa (4).

SARRACENIA HYBRIDS

flavaleuco [Gulf], purpurea ‘Louis Burk’ x flava [red] (1), psitt/purp x minor, flava x
leuco / purp (2), purp x flava x alata (2), oreo/psitt x leuco( 4), leucof minor x rubra ( 1), (purp
x flava) x self (7), oreo f minor x psittf oreo ( 1 ), oreo x purp purp (6), leuco [dk] x Jlava [red
tube/ green lid] ( 1 0), alata [red throat] x flava [red tie/ green lid] (6), rubra gulfensis / leuco x

22

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

leuco/ minor (1), alata x leuco (3), purpurea hybrid, minor hybrid, psitt/purp x rubra (3),
purp/psitt x minor x alata / minor (4), rubra-gulf ensis / leuco x leuco / minor (4), psitt / purp x
minor x psitt / rubra x /pmco (4), oreolalata (13), purp-venosa/ leuco (7), a/a/a [red] x
oreo/ alata (7), alata/ minor (5), leuco/ purp ( 6), flava x purp ( 6),flava x purp (11), rubra-
gulf x /euro (3), leuco/ minor x psitt / oreo (2), rubra-gulf x ps/7/ ("27, /eweo x rubra-wherryi

(2) , wriglevana x rumor [Okee. giant] (2), /euro x minor [Okee. giant] x psitt (5), rubra-jonesii
x purp-purp (4), /euro [dark] x purp-purp (3), leuco xflava (5), wriglevana x excellens (6),
/euro [dark] x flava [hvy vein] (4), rubra-jonesii [yellow fls] x psitt (2), rubra-rubra xflava
[hvy vein] xflava [red tube/green lid] (3), rubra-gulf. x flava [red tube/green lid] (3), oreo x
leuco [yellow fls] x alata [red thrt] x flava [red tube/green lid] (1), alata [red thrt] x psitt (3),
leuco x purp-purp (2), court ii x flava [red tube/green lid] (2), oreo x flava [red tube/ green lid]

(3) , leuco [dark] x flava [rugelii] ( 8), leuco [yellow fls] x flava [rugelii] (6), purp-purp x psitt x
flava [hvy vein] (2), /lava [red tube] x leuco ( 10), flava [red tube] x leuco [yellow fls] (8),
excellens xformosafi), alata\yed thrt] x leuco [yellow fls] ( 14), leuco [yellow fls] xflava[ hvy
vein] (6), courtii x mooreana [dark form] (4).

A total of $200 was received from Patrick Dwyer. Keep those seeds coming.

THE 1987 LIST OF CP BOOKS

Not available through CPN. Order directly from publisher or your local bookshop.

* = Books intended primarily for children.

□ = Books out-of-print

1. Carnivorous Plants, Gordon Cheers, Globe Press, Melbourne, $7.95.

2. Insectivorous Plants, Charles Darwin, AMS Press, 1893,56 E. 13th St, NY , NY 10003, Vol 12, 1972, $42.50.

3. ‘Plants that Eat Insects: A Look At Carnivorous Plants, Anabel Dean, Lerner Publications, 1977,241 First
Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55401. $5.95.

4. Plants of Prey in Australia, Rica Erickson, Univ. of W.A. Press, 1968, World Insectivorous Plants, 2130
Meadowind Ln., Marietta, GA 30062, Cloth, $16.00

□ 5. ‘Animals & Plants That Trap, Phillip Goldstein, Holiday, 1974, Holiday House, Inc., 18 E. 53rd St., N.Y.,

NY 10022, $5.95.

6. Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu (in English), Kurata, S., Sabah National Park, World Insectivorous Plants, 2130
Meadowind Ln., Marietta, GA 30062, $7.50.

7. ‘Pitcher Plants, Carol Lerner, William Morrow & Co., N Y. $1 100.

8. Carnivorous Plants, Francis E. Lloyd, Peter Smith, 6 Lexington Ave., Magnolia, MA 01930, $16.00, 1942
ed., paper $7.95, Dover Publns., 31 E. 2nd St., Mineola, NY I 1501.

9. The World of Carnivorous Plants, J. and P. Pietropaolo, R J. Stoneridge, Peter Pauls Nurseries, 1974, $8 95.

□ 10. ‘Insect-Eating Plants, L. and G. Poole, T.Y. Crowell, 1963, 666 Fifth Avenue, N.Y., 10003, $4 50

I I ‘Plants That Eat Animals, J.H. Prince, Lodestar Bks., 2 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10016, $8.95, 1979 ed

12. CP of the U S. and Canada, D.E. Schnell, John F. Blair, Pulisher, 1976, 1406 Plaza Dr., SW, Winston-Salem,
NC 27103, $19.95 plus shipping, 1976 ed.

13. Carnivorous Plants, Randall Schwartz, Avon Books, 1975, 959 Eighth Ave., N.Y., NY 10019, soft cover
$1.25.

14. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore, Roger G. Shivas, Maruzen Asia Pte. Ltd., 5 1 Aver Rajah
Crescent #07-09, Singapore 0513. $9.80.

15. Carnivorous Plants, Adrian Slack, MIT Press, 1979, 28 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA 02142, $28.00, 1980
ed., 1984 paper $ 1 2.50.

□ 16. Cultivating Carnivorous Plants, Allen Swenson, Doubleday & Co., 1977. Garden City, NY I 1535, $7.95.

□ 1 7. ‘Carnivorous Plants, John F. Waters, Franklin Watts, Inc., 1974, 845 Third Avenue, N.Y., N Y 10022, $4.90.
18 ‘Carnivorous Plants, Cynthia Overbeck, Lerner Publications, 1982, 241 First Avenue, Minneapolis,

MN 55401, $12.95.

19. ‘Secrets of the Venus’ Fly Trap, Je rome Wexler, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1981, 79 Madison Ave,., N.Y.,
NY 10016, $9.95.

20. The Carnivorous Plants of the World. J. and P. Pietropaolo, Timber, Peter Pauls Nurseries, 1986, $30.30.
21 Insect-Eating Plants & How to Grow Them, Adrian Slack, (Alpha Bks ), Interbook, 1986. $9.95.

22. Common Marsh, Underwater and Floating Leaved Plants of the United States and Canada, Neil Hotchkiss,
1972, Paperbook, World Insectivorous Plants, 2130 Meadowind Ln., Marietta, GA 30062, $7.00.

Volume 16 • March 1987

23

1987 CP SOURCES

Note: All individuals or organizations selling, trading, or buying CP are advised to be cognizant of certain restrictions
under the U S. ESA and international CITES for certain species (see editorial, CPN 12 3. 1983).

Name and Address

Cyril G. Brown
65 Highfield Cres.

Hornchurch
Exex RM I26PX

Burleigh Park Orchid Nursery
lan & Pat Walters,

1419 Ross River Road,

Kelso, TOWNSVILLE, QLD. 4815.
Phone: 077 740008.

Carnivorous Gardens
P O Box 318
Acacia Ridge 41 10
Brisbane, Queensland
Australia

The Straits Aquariums Pte. l td
Lim Ah Pin Road
Box 626

Singapore, 9154

Tels: 48 1 7777 & 48 19911

C’ountrv Hills Greenhouse
Rt 2

Corning, OH 43730
Exoticana Seeds
P.O Box 184

Greytown 3500, South Africa

Heldon Nurseries
Ashbourne Rd
Spath

Uttoxeter STI45AD

Hinode-Kadan Nursery
2735 Nakanogo. Hacijyot

Hachihvo-lsland
Tokyo 100-16 Japan

Hungry Plants
1216 Cooper Drive
Raleigh. NC 27607
(919) 851-6521

Marston Exotics
Spring Gardens
Erome

Somerset. England
Street 42192

Lee’s Botanical Gardens
12731 SW 14th St.

M lami, FL 331 84
(305) 223-0496

Cedar Ridge Nurseries
R.D. #1, Cedar Ridge RD
Allison Park. PA 1 5 1 0 1
(412) 443-9073

Mihngimbi Nursery
69 Pringle Ave
Belrose, NSW
2085 Australia

Catalog Price Stock

Nepenthes

$ .75 Native Seed

Free Malaysian Nepenthes

$2.50 Nepenthes (20 varieties)

refundable
with order

Native CP Seed

International Byhlis. Cephalotus. Drosera. Pinguicula,

Reply Coupon Nepenthes, Utricularia

$ 50 Byhlis, Cephalotus. Dionaea. Drosera,

Darlingtonia, Nepenthes, Pinguicula. Roridula.
Sarracenta, Sphagnum and Utricularia. Tissue
cultures of most stock.

50 p Aldrovanda, Byhlis, Cephalotus, Darlingtonia.

Dionaea, Drosera, Nepenthes, Pinguicula.
Sarracenia, Utricularia, Seed.

Free B-S-T All Varieties of CPs

Free Nepenthes

Free Byhlis. Cephalotus. Drosera. Dionaea.

Nepenthes. Utricularia. Sarracenia, Pinguicula

24

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Orgel's Orchids
Rt. 2, Box 90
Miami, FL 33187
(305) 233-7168

Peter Pauls Nurseries
Canandaigua, NY 14424
(716) 394-7397

ISRA Exotics
P.O. Box 1200

B.S.B. Brunei, Borneo, SE Asia

Renate Parsley
8 Langton Rd.

Mowbray 7700
South Africa

Sarracenia Nurseries
Links Side
Courtland Ave.

Mill Hill, London, NW7

South West Seeds
Doug & Vivi Rowland
200 Spring Rd.

Kempston, Bedford MK428ND

Alain Christophe
37, Avenue Turgot
77330 Ozoir-la-Femere
FRANCE

Thysanotus-Seed-Mailorder
Postfach 44-8109
2800 Bremen 44
West Germany

W.T. Neale & Co,, Ltd.

B.M. & S. Lamb
16/ 18 Franklin Rd.

Worthing, Sussex, BN132PQ
England

Harold Weiner
Kaiserstr. 74
3250 Hameln I
West Germany

World Insectivorous Plants
P.O. Box 70513
Marietta, GA 30007
(404) 973-1554

Marie’s Orchids and CP
6400 Cedarbrook Dr.

Pinellas Park, FL 33565

Roy Young
79, Pearcroft Rd.

Leyton Stone
London, ELL. 44P
England
(01) 556-8048

Free Byblis, Dionaea, Drosera. Nepenthes,

Pincuicula, Sarracenia, Utricularia

Free Sarracenia. Dionaea, Drosera. Utricularia.

Darlinglonia. Nepenthes seed. Pinguicula. live
Sphagnum

Free Nepenthes

Native CP Seed

$7s S. African Drosers seed

Inquire Byblis. Darlinglonia, Dionaea. Drosera.

Drosophyllum. Nepenthes, Ptnguicula.
Sarracenia. Utricularia

Inquire Sarracenia. Dionaea, Darlinglonia seed

Inquire Aldrovanda. Byblis. Cephalotus. Dionaea,

Drosophyllum. Drosera. Pinguicula. Sarracenia.
Nepenthes

$1.00 Dionaea. Drosera, Drosophyllum, Nepenthes,

Sarracenia. Pinguicula. Byblis liniflora.
Utricularia

Free Nepenthes, Heliamphora

1 International Seed of CP
Reply Coupon

The co-editors and CPN do not endorse any of the above vendors. This is being provided only as a service to our
subscribers. Information correct at time of receipt. Please contact sources directly for further information. Not
responsbile for omissions. Inquires for inclusion in future lists should include a catalog/price list of CP available, cost
of catalog and address. Send information to J.A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550.

Volume 16 • March 1987

25

WANT ADS

When submitting Want Ads, please be
sure to print clearly for best results and to
eliminate mistakes. Please circle the correct
letter before each item (Want, Trade, Sell or
Buy). Want ads are limited to carnivorous
plants, terrariums, greenhouses and moss.
There is a charge of ten cents per item, with
no limit to the number of items you may
submit per issue.

Send coin or check to:

Arboretum Want Ads
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92634

Thomas Carow ( M ichelsgrundweg 22,
D-8732 Munnerstadt, West Germany) (T)
Genlisea hispidula, G. violacea, G. repens,
G. pvgmaea, G. aurea, G. filiformis for other
Genlisea. Drosera regia for Aldrovanda and
D. petiolaris. Drosera gramminifolia for
D. falconeri and D. flexicaulis. Pinguicula
ramosa for P. lignicola. Drosera chrvsolep-
sis, Roridula dentata, Drosera alba, Heliatn-
phora minor, nutans, heterodoxa for Nepen
thes rajas. (WTB) Fresh seed of Sarracenia
leucophylla, S. purpurea, Darlingtonia and
Sarracenia Hybrids, about 20 large seed
pods each item only from cultured plants.
Please give your price. Have Sarracenia
purpurea ssp. heterophylla, S. rubra 'all
green’ and Drosera regia for trade.

Alan Hindle (22 High Ridge, Godaiming,
Surrey, GU7 I YE, England). (W) collector
only of Sarracenia species, ssp., forms and
variants wishes to purchase any interesting
forms etc. and particularly the following
plants: Rubra jonesii typical and hetero-
phylla forms. Rubra Chatham giant, flava
all-red form, flava red-tube, green-lid, flava
copper/ red top, purpurea Venosa chipola,
purpurea purpurea L. heterophylla, minor
“Okefenokee” / giant form, leucophylla alba,
any pubescent forms (except alata). Please
note: All costs incurred in replying to this
advertisement, will be reimbursed in full.

Jerry A. Phelps (6013 Innes Trace Rd.,
Louisville, KY 40222.) (WB) Heliamphora
tatei, Heliamphora ionasi.

Quinton Tuggle (1087 Bremen - Mt. Zion
Rd., Waco, GA 30182). (WB) Sarracenia
flava (copper top) ( W B) sarracenia flava (all
red form) (WB) sarracenia flava (red tube
-green lid) (WB) sarracenia flava maxima
(WB) sarracenia alata (red lid form) (WB)
sarracenia Jlava all green form (WB) sarra¬
cenia rubra. ssp. alabamensis (WB) sarra¬
cenia purpurea forma heterophylla (WB)
sarracenia flava rugelii ( WB) any sarracenia
hybrids.

Tom van Hunenstijn (5733 Mayview Circle,
Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5E-4B7) (WB)
Any species of Heliamphora, established
plants and seeds. ( WB) Any species of Nepen¬
thes. (WB) Cephalotus. Send me your price.

REMINDER

While the editors are very interested in
looking at color prints of your plants, this
medium is not suitable for reproduction in
CPN. Results are noticeably better with
color transparancies (slides); therefore, the
editors prefer them over prints.

In taking pictures of your plants, keep in
mind that CPN can use vertical shots very
nicely as quarter or whole page photos (see
p. 71). Horizontal shots are used as half¬
page photos.

Black and white photos are very welcome
as long as they have good contrast and focus.

Please send duplicate slides.

Call for papers for future issues.

1 . Artificial hybrids in Pinguicula with
color slides of flowers and plants.

2. Culture of Genlisea with color slides
(in cultuvation and/or habitat in
flower).

26

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Skchid

DIGEST

Read all about them!

New orchid discoveries!

State-of-the-art care!

Shows, meetings, parties!

Send your check today — only $18 —
for a whole year to:

Mrs. Norman H, Atkinson
Membership Secretary
P.O. Box 916, Carmichael, CA
95608

ASIAN
NEPENTHES
SPECIES
FOR SALE

1. Well grown.

2. Good quality.

3. Prompt delivery.

4. Special packing.

5. Competitive price.

6. Airmail post.

Price list on request.

The Straits Aquariums Pte. Ltd.

Lim Ah Pin Road, P.O. Box 626
Singapore, 9154

World Carnivorous Plant List note: In the combined September/
December 1986 issue of CPN — the new World Carnivorous
Plant List — the names that appear in Bold Print are the valid

species.

BACK COVER

“TWENTIETH CENTURY BOTANISTS and their Carnivorous Plants”

Nepenthes - John M. Macfarlane (American, 1855-1943)

Ulricularia - Peter Taylor (British, living) (Drawing by Ron Fleming, from CPN)
Pinguicula - Siegfried J. Casper (German, living) (Drawing by David Kutt, from CPN)
Sarracenia - Edgar T. Wherry (American, 1885- 1982) (Drawing by R.S. Bennett, from CPN)
Cover produced by Larry Mellichamp, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

“Photos courtesy of Hunt Institute, Carnegie- Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA U.S.A.”

Volume 16 • March 1987

27

TWENTIETH
CENTURY
BOTANISTS
anci their
CARNIVOROUS
PLANTS

Nepenthes

Utricularia P TAYLOR

J.M MACFARLANE

E.T. WHERRY

LIBRARY'**

0*

Pinguicula S.J. CASPER