CARNIVOROUS PLANT
NEWSLETTER

DC! 0 4 19S0

VOLUME 22, NUMBERS 1 & 2 MARCH & JUNE 1993

CARNIVOROUS
PLANT

NEWSLETTER

Official Journal of the
International Carnivorou
Plant Society

Volume 22, Numbers 1 & 2
March & June 1993

Front cover: Nepenthes pervillei in habitat at Make, Seychelle Islands. Photo by
Siegfried Hartmeyer. See News & View page 5.

Rear Cover: Close up of pitchers on a spectacular cultivated plant of Nepenthes
/ow/V grown by Cliff Dodd of Daytona Beach, Florida. Photo by Clyde
Bramblett. Please see News & View page 4

The co-editors of CPN would like everyone to pay particular attention to the following
policies regarding your dues to the ICPS.

All Correspondence regarding dues, address changes and missing issues should be sent
to ICPS c/o Fullerton Arboretum, CSUF, Fullerton, CA 92634. DO NOT SEND TO THE CO¬
EDITORS. Checks for subscription and reprints should be made payable to ICPS.

All material for publication, comments and general correspondence aboutyour plants, field
trips or special noteworthy events relating to CP should be directed to one of the co-editors. We
are interested in all news related to carnivorous plants and rely on the membership to supply
us with this information so that we can share it with others.

Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not necessarily the editorial

staff.

CO-EDITORS

D.E. Schnell, Rt. 1, Box 145C, Pulaski, VA 24301

J.A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way, Livermore, CA 94550

Leo Song, Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634.

(Internet Address: LEOSONG@FULLERTON.EDU)

Seed Bank: Tom Johnson, P.O. Box 12281, Glendale, CA 91224-0981.

ACTING BUSINESS MANAGER AND MANAGING EDITOR: Leo C. Song, Jr.

PUBLISHER: The International Carnivorous Plant Society by the Fullerton Arboretum,
California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Published quarterly with one
volume annually. Desktop Publishing: Marilyn Medlin, Public Affairs Office,
California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92634-9480. Printer:
Kandid Litho, 1077 East Edna Place; Covina, CA 91624. Dues: $15.00
annually. $20.00 foreign. Reprints available by volume only © 1 993 Carnivo¬
rous Plant Newsletter. All rights reserved. ISSN #0190-9215. Circulation 564
(151 new, 413 renewal).

2

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

<Kt#<S»

&

EDITORIAL GRAY HERBARIUM

by Co-Editors

Joe A. Mazrimas & Don Schnell

With this issue of CPN, Leo Song bids us farewell in his capacity
as co-editor in charge of composing, printing and distributing CPN.
This is necessitated by increased pressure of professional duties,
research projects and personal obligations. Leo will remain with us as
Business Manager and he hopes to find time to write some articles for
CPN.

When Leo joined us as co-editor after volume six, he was instru¬
mental in transferring from xerocopied pages to a magazine format
with glazed paper and color pictures. Leo found the best printer for
the money while still keeping subscription rates reasonable. His goal
was to use computer technology to set up pages (thereby bypassing
typesetter errors) and scanners to quickly reduce typewritten mate¬
rial to disk. A future goal was to place all photos on disc as well which
may happen under the new co-editor. Leo always had the best
interests of CPN subscribers and fellow CP enthusiasts at heart.

So, on behalf of the co-editors and CPN subscribers, we thank Leo
for a job well done and we look forward to those articles that you talked
about.

In charge of composing, printing and distributing CPN will be
Steve Baker of Conover, North Carolina. Steve is a strong enthusiast
and has a deep computer background. His vision is to continue to
produce a quality magazine, completed and distributed in a timely
manner from his home. However, readers are reminded that the
business address of CPN will remain the same in Fullerton. Any
questions about subscriptions, or new or renewal subscriptions, orders
for back issues, or complaints about missing or damaged issues should
still be forwarded to ICPS in care of the Fullerton Arboretum. For
editorial matters or sending in material to be considered for CPN,
please send them to any of the co-editors.

DISCLAIMER

Several ICPS members and others have financially sponsored CP activities
of Mr. Jeff Gold and feel that they have not received promised recompense for their
investment. Please be advised that Mr. Gold does not have and never has had any
support or guarantee of ICPS, CPN or CSUF. Any agreements or financial
sponsorship of Mr. Gold and his enterprises are private matters between individu¬
als. Any settlement of such problems must be worked out between the complain¬
ant and Mr. Gold without intervention of ICPS/CPN co-editors or CSUF. Jeff can
be reached at 510/474-0800 or FAX 510/474-0900.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

3

News & Views

Clyde Bramblett (18950 S.W. 136th St., Miami, Florida 33196-1942)

Hope all is well. Things here are slowly getting back together, I hope. Things are
not going easy. So much lost that it is taking so long to do anything. The cabinet man
was supposed to come yesterday, he called last night and said he would make it today.
It’s now 9:45 PM and he has not come by. The carpenters were coming today — no show,
no call. The roofers were supposed to be here Monday — no sign of them yet (and no
call). And so it goes. The house is getting back to some shape in spite of it all, however
everything is scattered and piled everywhere until you can’t find anything. Have a
wood frame greenhouse built on the foundation where the Lord & Burnham was and
the Nepenthes (that’s left) are doing fine. I lost a lot of Nepenthes that died like they
got too cold. John deKanel was here and said they had frozen. I asked how can that
be at 70° F and he replied, “What do you think the wind chill factor of a 200 MPH breeze
would be?” I never thought of that. The military camped on my front yard for two
weeks (I have 5 acres you know). They fed 400 a day there. They also said that the
military had tracked the storm and that it had sustained winds of 208 with 50 MPH
higher gusts. That could account for the damage.

Fairchild Gardens had their Ramble as scheduled and it was well attended and
even though our CP display was smaller this year it was well received. We put the
usual Nep., Sarracenia, Drosera etc. display (100 sq. feet). Craig Johnson, Don Kelley,
Manny Herrera and myself put it together and manned the booth.

Have a few pictures I will send. If you can use any of them I do have slides of them
all. Cliff Dodd really does a good job with Nepenthes and Heliamphora. ThatW. lowii
is fantastic.

Cliff Dodd with a fine plant of Nepenthes lowii grown by him in Daytona Beach. FL.
Photo by Clyde Bramblett (Orgel’s Orchids, 18950 SW 136th ST., Miami, FL 33196)

4 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Manny Herrera stands by the ICPS sign and some plants Clyde Bramblett, he and
several others got together for the Fairchild Tropical Garden annual "Ramble” on
Dec 5 and 6, 1992. Photo by Clyde Bramblett (Orgel’s Orchids,

18950 SW 136th ST., Miami, FL 33196)

John D. Degreef (6, rue Libotte; B-4020 Liege; Belgium)

CPN Vol. 18 n°2 is again excellent! I hope the ICPS will go on publishing such
interesting issues.

Of course, I was glad to find my article on the Droseraceae during the Glaciations,
although this was meant to be the fourth article of the series. Unfortunately one whole
paragraph is totally garbled: the third last one on page 46 (starting with: “Thus the
simplest karyotype...”)! Maybe it would be a good idea to print an erratum in a future
issue. The relation of Drosera spathulata with D . oblanceolata is not well known among
amateurs, and the question of the origin of the former species is an important one.

I have just located an article describing a find of Aldrovanda seeds from the
Cretaceous, so this genus is even older than usually thought. I am still trying to find
a complete set of references to write a short article on prehistoric Aldrovanda
specifically.

While looking at a Drosera regia plant, I recently noticed that this species has
functional sessile glands. In most sundews these are vestigial and do not produce
secretions. Together with theZho/iaea-like pollen of Drosera regia , this seems to be an
archaic character linking it with Drosophyllum. The origin of the latter’s sessile
digestive glands could thus be ordinary slime glands!

Pr. JOLTVET from Paris recently gave me some dried leaves of Calthadiotiaei folia,
a species described in my article on the origins of Cephalotus. I have been able to
ascertain the presence of stomata on the protected surfaces of the strange folded leaves
exclusively. The leaves are tightly fitted together and form small cushions. This
would confirm the need for protection from the wind and rainstorms, as hypothesized
in my article. Also, this species’ flower is very much like the one of Ccphalotus\

Siegfried Hartmeyer (Wittlinger Str. 5, 7858 Weil am Rhein, Germany) Spezialist
fur fieischfressende Pflanzen writes: Enclosed you find my travel-report featuring an
excursion to the Seychelles Islands to see the pitcher plant, Nepenthes pervillei. I hope
you can use it for ‘CPN’ even though it’s not on a DOS-Disc. Additionally, you will find

Volume 21 March & June 1993

5

two photos showing N. pervillei. They were taken by myself and if you like them, ‘CPN’
can print them. The German version of the report and the photos are published also
in the next ‘Taublatt’ of the German Carnivorous Plant Society ,‘GFP’. Also available
in European VHS and Super-VHS is a semi-professional video in the German language
(56 minutes) showing the Seychelles trip and additional beautiful pictures oiRoridula
and their bugs, Australian tuberous droseras, a German swamp and activities of the
‘GFP’ and Suisse CP enthusiasts. The chance to win a video is given in a quiz asking
for different CP’s. I do not sell the video professionally, but for interested persons I will
send it for a charge of DM 39, for a European VHS-System copy on normal quality tape,
and DM 46, on High Quality Tape in European VHS or S-VHS-System. I always supply
the postage. The travel-report was translated from German by the charming and very
kind Mrs. Lois Glass in England. Her wonderful work makes it possible that in both
languages, it is identical. Please do not return the photos, you can also use them as a
postcard for a very good CP-friend.

Tom Kahl (1351 Lake Washington Blvd. S.; Seattle, WA 98144) writes: I received
some plantlets of P. antarctica from Randy Lamb while he was in Chile on the Chiloe
Is. Seeing the plant was natively from 44 degrees south latitude, I hoped it would do
well here in the Pacific Northwest.

I treated the plant like any of the southeastern U.S. Pinguicula by planting it in
a mix of peat/vermiculite/#8 sand in approximately equal proportions. I was told by
Randy that in the wild it grew in straight peat moss. In the winter, it does not form
a hibernaculum but it does get smaller and more compact. I haven’t been successful
with leaf cuttings yet but the seed that it produces tends to be fairly viable even after
a year in storage. No stratification was used to germinate the seed.

On these particular plants I noticed that the flower never really opened but self-
pollinated itself while closed. Also, the leaves tend to cleft later in the summer growing
season.

Randy Lamb (Box 6112, Whitehorse, Yukon Canada Y1A 5L71) writes:

The Pacific Northwest Carnivorous Plant Club undertook a double field trip
weekend this past Earthday ’92. Our international group was comprised of the

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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

American contingent from Washington state [Tom Kahl, Andrew Marshall and Kevin
Snively and the Canadian portion from the province of British Columbia [Lome
Dennison, Doug Fung, Lawrence Ho, Chris Nickle and his friend JamieJ and Yukon
[yours truly].

Our Saturday field trip, April 25th, was a visit to our regional CP bog to check up
on the CP planted there over the previous three years. Amongst the multitudes of
indigenous Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum and pink flowered swamp laurel ( Kalmia
polifolia ), we found several of our naturalized Sarracenia purpurea and S. flava x
purpurea in bloom. The S. flava and Venus’ fly traps were still growing after several
winters but they were not thriving.

Several young Darlingtonia, S. purpurea x leucophylla and D. capensis were
added to the bog along with seeds of S. purpurea, Darlingtonia and D. capensis.
Specimens of Utricularia gibba and U. inflata were added to the prolific and indig¬
enous U. macrorhiza in nearby pools.

The Sunday field trip, on April 26th, was a “quest for Drosera x obovata” along
the shores of a local bog lake which is surrounded by floating mats of Sphagnum
containing both D. rotundifolia andZ). anglica. While only five people could make it
for this second field trip of the weekend, the results were worth it. The D. rotundifolia
were more than abundant everywhere and slowly the hybrid sundews were found
along with their maternal parent D. anglica.

U. intermedia was also found along the precarious peat edges of the floating mats.
Frequently, too-closely gathered individuals were sent scrambling for more stable
ground as their combined weights exceeded the buoyancy of the areas containing the
admired plants.

Despite the wet weather during the second field trip, and the nearly complete
absence of dry footwear, spirits remained high. Club members learn to cope with wet
weather when they go out ‘Logging” in the rainy Pacific Northwest.

Barry Meyers-Rice (Steward Observatory; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721)
came across an interesting illustrated article while going through some very old issues
of Scientific American. The issue was December, 1909, p. 469. The author was
Leonard Bastin who actually showed surprising knowledge of CP considering the year
of publication. His premise was that over time CP might become gigantic and that in
a sense the man-eating plant of Madagascar might actually come to pass.

He copiously illustrated his article with various photos (apparently) and pretty
good drawings with various animals and hapless people entrapped in CP. One shows
a ladder standing against the petiole of a Cephalotus pitcher rising somewhat above
the ground and a man at the brim of the pitcher lending a hand to pull another careless
naturalist out. I think that was my favorite. Another shows a woman and a man in
separate (of course — it was 1909) traps of Dionaea waving their arms and screaming.
Then, also is shown “A great bladderwort” is swallowing a reptile, and a large Drosera
has captured several swans (swans?). Goats are trapped on leaves of butterworts. I
think the author was quite serious.

All in all, lightly enjoyable — And just when you thought it was safe to go into the
greenhouse again...

Matthew Robey (45 Wildemere Ave., Milford, CT. 06460).

I read with interest Jerry Stahle’s article “The Seasonal Bog.” (See CPN March/
June 1992.) I have been growing CP in an outdoor bog of a different nature for four
years. My method is more permanent in nature and less time consuming as well. I
started out by digging a three foot by five foot rectangular hole to a depth of two feet.
I lined the perimeter with 1/4 inch galvanized wire mesh which extended over the
surface by approximately 4 inches. This proves to be a very effective method of keeping

Volume 21 March & June 1993

7

out moles and other vermin. I then lined the hole with durable plastic, filled it in with
75% peat and 25% sand mixture, and enclosed the entire perimeter with old, discarded
storm windows which were fastened together with metal L brackets. The result is a
large bog, protected by the storm windows to a height of three feet above ground level.
To keep birds and squirrels from digging up the peat and plants, I top it off with an old
screen door. In Connecticut, the winter temperatures can get as low as minus 10
degrees F, and therefore I mulch it down in November each year starting with clear
plastic sheeting covered with one foot of pine needles. In April, I remove the mulch,
water it well, and place the screen door on top. I have been able to successfully grow,
winter-over and produce seed of the following varieties: Dionaea, D.. X nagamoto* , D.
rotundifolia, D. capensis (NL), D. binata, D. filiformis, D. intermedia , Sarr. flava,
Sarr. leucophylla, Sarr. minor, Sarr. purpurea, and Sarr. rubra. Try the outdoor bog,
you’ll like how easy it is, how healthy the plants grow, and how much seed you end up
with in the fall!

* D. nagamoto is sterile

Mike Ross (1730 Capitola Way, Fairfield CA 94533 ph 707-422-1993):

I attended the Chelsea Flower Show in London on May 25, 1991 and am happy to
report that the British CP group had a formidable display that was receiving much
public attention. Their group was selling seed and membership in the British Society.
Their display received a gold medal and was most impressive. Their well stocked and
flowering “bog” was approximately 8 x 12 feet with a small pool in the center. They
used a newly available peat block system to contain and border the many levels of their
display. Several other garden displays also emphasized the use of C. P.’s in their water
garden scenes. There was even a hanging basket filled with numerous C.P. for the
hanging basket competition. Marston Exotics also was in attendance and had an
equally impressive display with numerous Nepenthes.

My military activation for the Desert Storm events also had me transiting the
Frankfurt, Germany area. I managed a side trip to the Palmengarten and was most
amazed at the special display of C.P. They had two 12 x 12 foot areas with overhead
metal halide lamps. One display area had mostly North American species and a
flowing stream. The other display had a more terrestrial look with plants from Africa
to Australia. They also had two culture rooms that were closed to inspection but
peering through the glass revealed a great depth to their collection. I was surprised
to see they used clay pots almost exclusively in their culture room as well as embedded
in their display “bogs”.

I would highly recommend a visit to both of these areas if your future travel plans
would allow.

Phil Sheridan (Rt. 2 Box 2120; Woodford, VA 22580)

How are things on the west coast? We have been pretty busy back east and have
been enjoying the latest issues of CPN. I wish I could get back to those Darlingtonia
bogs but school is keeping me pretty busy. I have some information which I would
appreciate if you could put in News & Views.

The first thing concerns Mr Sikoryak’s comments in News & Views of the
September 1992 edition of CPN. I would have been delighted if he had given me a call
instead of the Park Service. I could have given him a more detailed explanation of the
introduced Sarracenia alata site in the Big Thicket of Texas. In any case here is some
additional information which may help other readers.

In my article I state that S. alata grows in four natural community types within
the West Gulf Coastal Plain; hillside, seepage bog, acid seep forest, wetland longleaf
pine savanna and deep muck seepage bog. This region includes most of eastern Texas
and adjacent western Louisiana [see Bridges and Orzell (1989), “Longleaf Pine

8

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Communities of the West Gulf Coastal Plain’” published in the Natural Areas Journal,
issue 9, #4J. Within the “Big Thicket Region” of' southeastern Texas, however,
Sarracenia alata naturally occurred only on seepage bogs which develop on the Willis
and Bentley geologic formations. Outside of the Big Thicket S. alata does occur on
other geologic formations (ex. Catahoula Formation in the Angelina National Forest
of southeast Texas). The populations of S. alata on the Lance Rosier Unit and the
Hickory Creek Savanna Unit of the Big Thicket National Preserve are not natural
populations but were planted there as part of an experiment by a local botanist. To the
casual visitor, their proliferation falsely renders them as a natural component of the
wetland longleaf pine savanna on these units of the Big Thicket National Preserve. In
sharp contrast the naturally occurring populations of S. alata which occur within the
Village Creek Unit of the Big Thicket National Preserve are found in hillside seepage
bogs on the Bentley Formation

In summary my point was that within the “Big Thicket Region” of southeastern
Texas, S. alata did not historically (naturally) occur within the “Big Thicket Region”
on the Bentley and Willis geologic formations in wetland longleaf pine savanna.

Some errors which I noticed from the publication process in this same article were
on pg 103 where Rush County should be Rusk County. On page 104 a key word was
deleted in the natural community discussed. Deep seepage bog should correctly read
deep muck seepage bog. Finally page 107 S. Ieucoplylla should be S. leucophylla.

The Dec. 89, Vol. 18 article on “The Story of Tom Darling & Bear Lake” has a couple
publication errors. Page 102 Calla palustris was incorrectly printed as Calth
palustris. Also, Chamaedaphne acalyculata should be Chamaedaphne
calyculata.

Rick Walker (2060 Oberlin St., Palo Alto CA 94306)

Electronic CP Discussion Group Rick Walker has been managing a CP discussion
group through electronic mail. Over 60 participants from Australia, to Finland, to the
San F rancisco Bay area are growing 300 different species of CP. Anyone that can send
electronic mail to the UNIX Internet network is welcome to join the discussion. Drop
Rick a note at “walker@hpl-opus.hpl.hp.com” for instructions on joining the group.

Dr. Louis Vogelpoel (7, Sunnybrae Rd., Rondebosch, Cape, South Africa)

I was most interested in your article on growing CP in “The Flow Table”, since we
have been growing Disas very successfully in long shallow tanks of circulating water
for some five years. The results have been outstanding with the very beautiful but
difficult terrestrial orchids from our cape mountains. After many years of trying to

• Venus Fly Traps •

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or greenhouse. Germination instructions
included. Plus 25 assorted carnivorous
plant seeds.

Send cash, check, or money order with your
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Volume 21 March & June 1993

9

grow them on dry fibers we realized that they require bottom watering of very soft,
acidic (pH 4. 5-5. 5) water that is very low in mineral salts like the streamside habitat.
So we adapted the hydrocultural method and the results have been superior. In the
tanks, I grow CP — Drosera capensis, D. regia, Sarracenias and Nepenthes as well as
Roridula gorgonias which is not a true CP but does capture insects in the hairy glands.
Beetles then suck the insects dry and their defacations supply the plant with nitrogen.
All these plants grow in harmony with the Disas and other orchids. The CPs devour
unwanted midge flies, thrips etc. so that I seldom need to use insecticides. I am rather
keen to get more CP plants that enjoy bottom watering such as Pinguiculas, Darlingtonia
and highland type Nepenthes. I have a very vigorous growing Nepenthes but need a
female plant for breeding. It tolerated the winter well and has numerous pitchers on
it. I grow sphagnum moss in this system. The moss is the first to show any stress of
salt buildup. We empty the tanks (1,000 liters) every fortnight and replenish with
clean water or use rain water collected in tanks. Whenever available, the Disas are fed
with dilute macro-micro chemical mix in correct balance and the CPs are very happy.

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT

Tom Johnson (P.O. Box 12281; Glendale CA 91224-0981) is now
handling the ICPS Seed Bank. Please send SASE/2 IRC 's for latest list.
All orders and other inquiries should also be sent to him. He informs
us that the Seed Bank is low on seeds, so please send in your excess
seed.

When in Northern California visit

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10

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Some Observations on the Trapping
Mechanisms of Nepenthes Inermis

and N. Rhombicaulis

By

Bruce Salmon

13 Rothery Rd., Manurewa, Auckland, NZ

Nepenthes inermis with its funnel shaped lower pitchers must surely be one of the
most beautiful Nepenthes, but how does it manage to attract and capture its prey? It
has virtually no peristome (in upper pitchers) and only a narrow lid which obviously
cannot prevent it filling with water every time it rains. The contents of the pitchers
point to three different trapping techniques.

1. Nectar feeders (flies, wasps) only seem to visit the under side of the lid. They
drink so much nectar that they may become paralyzed and cannot move even if you
touch them. It is then only a short drop into the wide bowl of liquid below. Viewed
from above you can see that the lid positions the insect directly over the pitcher’s
mouth. Ants also visit the lid and sometimes the peristome but are seldom caught. It
appears that the peristome is of little use in the upper pitchers.

2. Colour attracts insects such as mosquitoes and midges much as in the high
school experiment using different coloured water filled saucers to find out which
insects were attracted to which colours. The insects are captured when landing in the
pitcher fluid.

3. Smell is possibly what attracts the earwigs and other nocturnal insects
although I have not proven this yet.

Having postulated the secrets to its trapping success, one wonders how the pitcher
manages to keep its prey from being washed out when it rains? The answer lies in the

N. inermis Upper Pifcher

Top view of pitcher. Note very narrow lid.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

11

pitcher fluid itself. The fluid is thick and exceptionally viscous compared to most
Nepenthes. You can pour some from a pitcher held several feet high and it will keep
in an unbroken stream to the ground. Thus when it rains the pitcher sheds the excess
water over its rim but its contents are secure. From these observations we can see how
wonderfully adapted to a life of carnivory N. inermis really is.

N. rhomhicaulis on the other hand has no upper pitchers only lowers. These lower
pitchers occur from ground level to no more than 2 feet up the stem while the rest of
the stem climbs high into the tree tops. The upper stem does not form pitchers on the
ends of its tendrils and its only used for climbing.

N. rhomhicaulis appears to be adapted to a life of catching ground dwelling insects
but more specifically the subterranean ones. Pitchers found above ground are usually
small (5cm) and have a thin peristome while those formed in dense moss or in very dark
conditions grow larger (10cm) and have quite a large flared peristome, CPN 19(1&2):21.
In habitat, the rosette leaves are fairly short and the tendrils are pushed into nearby
mounds of moss. When the moss is pulled away a large pitcher is revealed. In
cultivation, it seems that to grow the large pitchers the developing pitcher needs
darkness and some kind of restriction before it can attain a large size (i.e. down the
inside of the pot). It is also necessary that some of the plant be exposed to light as all
plants need to photosynthesize to survive. This carnivorous adaptation reminds one
of iV. ampullaria . The contents of these subterranean pitchers were not examined but
we will do so on our next visit to prove our theory.

Color Variation of S. Purpurea

in a Northern Michigan Bog

By

Richard Shomin
983 Barney

Flint, Michigan 48503 USA

While bogging in Michigan’s Luce Co. in the summer of 1991, Gary Thieme and I
came upon brightly colored plants of S. purpurea growing in full sunlight. The plants
had a more yellowish appearance and lighter venation than what is typically observed.
This made a pleasant display of yellowish and typical reddish plants throughout the bog.
There was no success in finding a plant without red coloring. Some plants were blooming
with yellow flowers (not in full bloom yet) but had fine red-veined leaves, this was
certainly eye catching when growing next to the typically heavily veined S. purpurea .

A year later a more thorough investigation of the area was made. Unfortunately,
late spring frosts had made it a poor flowering year and our hope to find S. purpurea
f. heterophylla as a whole plant was diminished. About four plants from several
locations were candidate plants of S. purpurea f. heterophylla, none of which were
blooming. One plant I collected for close observation. Roughly half the plants in all
locations were the typical red color while the other half were the yellowish-red plants.

One very interesting location had a highly contrasting color difference. Here S.
purpurea [ heterophylla candidates were found and very deep red plants could be
found even in the shade. Even if it turns out not to be a S. purpurea f. heterophylla
location it is certainly an eye-catching sight.

Fred Case examined the plant I collected and said it looked liked S. purpur'ca
forma heterophylla and that a flowering plant would be better for confirmation.

All plants in the photographs were growing in full sunlight.

12

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

References

1. Schnell, D.E. 1978. Summary note: A Critical review of published variants of
Sarrace/iia purpurea L. CPN 7 :74-76.

2. Case, F.W. JR. 1956. Some Michigan records for Sarracenia purpurea forma
heterophylla. Rhodora 58:203-207.

3. CPN 6:47.1977

4. CPN 6:33.1977

Nepenthes Growing Media

By

David E. Butler
127 Wright Road
Concord, Massachusetts 01742

The subject of growing media for Nepenthes has not been extensively explored.
Frequently, writers cover the subject with a generalization. Such sources often
contain general references to long fiber sphagnum. This observation, incidentally, is
not entirely directed at others. For example, a prior note, CPN 16:83-87 (1987),
surveyed some cultural variables for growing Nepenthes under lights, but made only
a summary reference to long-fiber sphagnum as a growing medium. Certainly, long-
fiber is a good starting point for discussion, but there are some choices and alternatives .
These choices become more important as the Nepenthes collection expands from the
generally available, easily grown varieties, to rarer and more difficult species or
hybrids.

True, many Nepenthes species and hybrids take well to long fiber sphagnum, as
well as a variety of other growing media. However, sphagnum is not infallible. In
particular, sphagnum can become waterlogged. This condition can lead to root rot. I
have lost specimens of N. reinwardtiana and albo-marginata using this medium,
apparently because of waterlogged root systems. Thus it is sometimes desirable to
have a medium which provides greater aeration and drainage than pure sphagnum.
Indeed, as one gets away from the more commonly grown species and hybrids, several
species demand a medium which, for all practical purposes, is an epiphytic mix. This
requirement suggests that some orchid media, either alone or mixed with sphagnum,
have some relevance to growers of Nepenthes.

Interestingly, the orchid world has discovered that many orchids do well in
sphagnum or sphagnum mixes. One of the larger suppliers of growing media and
potting supplies to the orchid community is OFE International. Of course, if one is an
orchid grower, there is sphagnum and then there is sphagnum. The hot item in the
orchid world currently seems to be New Zealand sphagnum moss. OFE, in a recent
catalog, offered NZ long fiber in 1/4 cubic foot bags, one and five kilo boxes, as well as
NZ short fiber. Moss is shipped dry, and a one kilo box is pretty good size for a hobbyist.
An article in the March, 1989 American Orchid Society Bulletin, titled “The New
Sphagnum Moss from New Zealand”, by Ann and Jim Mann, discusses the advantages
of New Zealand moss. According to the Manns, NZ moss is a robust, resilient species,
Sphagnum cristatum, which grows in the Pahiki swamps of New Zealand’s south
island, reaching a height of several inches. It is clean when harvested, according to
the Manns, and also is picked over to remove leaves and debris. My experience is that
NZmoss is indeed freer from leaves, sticks and grass than moss from domestic sources.
I have no independent knowledge on this subject.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

13

The Manns go on and assert that, because the moss is clean, and deemed to be free
of soil, insects or fungi, they do not fear contacting sporotrichosis when handling it.
This latter assertion has triggered some debate in the orchid literature. In the May,
1989 AOS Journal, Dr. Isadore Rudnikoff commented on the Mann article. She related
that she had sent some NZ sphagnum to a hospital laboratory for analysis. Fungus
culture yielded the presence of the mucoracea group, which Dr. Rudnikoff asserted is
pathogenic to humans, citing as an example, mucormycosis (or Phycomycosis per
Merck Manual 15th Ed.; editor’s note). She called for an independent investigation.

The better view may be that no unsterilized organic matter is free of potential
disease causing organisms. Perhaps the Manns confused absence of visible signs of
soil, insects or fungi with the total absence of such factors. Consequently, one should
take the same precautions when handling NZ moss as when handling other sphag¬
num. Again, I do not presume to know the “right” precautions, but parental common
sense suggests that one keep the moss in a closed container, use it in a well ventilated
area, not handle it when open wounds, such as cuts and scratches, are present on the
hands. Individuals predisposed to infection obviously should carefully consider their
options. Above all, say your prayers and brush your teeth regularly.

According to the Manns, the Japanese are the world’s largest importers of NZ
sphagnum. New Zealand’s exports of this commodity have grown from under 10 metric
tons in 1977 to 640 tons in 1987. Genera said to be grown using NZ moss include
phalenopsis, cattleyas, oncidiums the beautiful south African terrestrials which have
been photographed growing next to Drosera capensis. The Manns also mention the
long lasting nature of the medium. Not surprisingly, they are also a commercial source
for NZ moss.

OFE also has offered Canadian green long fibered sphagnum and Florida long
fibered sphagnum, which I have no experience with. I generally use NZ moss.
Although I do not agree with all the claims made for it, I have found it to be an excellent
growing medium. However, in view of the potential health hazards which are not yet
well-defined, I would not recommend it to others except at their own risk.

OFE and others also offer epiphytic mixes. OFE, for example, offers a phalenopsis
mix consisting of NZ sphagnum, cork nuggets and charcoal. The mix alone dries out
too quickly for my conditions, but when mixed with an equal amount of sphagnum,
works very well . In particular, this mix avoids many of the root rot problems of straight
sphagnum. Other epiphytic mixes appropriate for Nepenthes do not contain any
sphagnum. For example, Slack, a leading authority on CP cultivation, has suggested
either sphagnum or, as an alternative, a mix of peat, orchid bark and perlite.
Kensington Orchids, another supplier of orchid potting media, offers a cattleya mix
which contains similar ingredients, although apparently not in the same proportions
recommended by Slack. Bill Scholl, an experienced Nepenthes grower, has reported
that his plants do well in bark chips. He uses hardwood chips which are a side product
of many industrial establishments. Pring (1943), a pioneer cultivator and hybridizer
of Nepenthes, stated that he used three parts orchid peat to one part sphagnum moss
Pring also wrote that he applied liquid cow manure to stimulate pitcher formation. In
deference to other members of the household, the Pring fertilization method has not
yet been applied to my collection.

Two varieties which now grow in a strictly epiphytic mix in my collection are N.
tenticulata and A^. veitchii. N. veitchii, a seedling, appears content in the Kensington
cattleya mix with a top dressing of peat/sand and perlite. N. tenticulata is in the
grower’s mix, which appears to be hardwood chips or shavings. Approximately two
dozen other Nepenthes variants are doing well in mixes of ordinary sphagnum, NZ
sphagnum and/or OFE phalenopsis mix. These included, alata, boschiana, coccinea .

14

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

khasiana, merilliana, reinwar dtiana, trichocarpa, tobaica, truncata, ventricosa, and
several ventricosa hybrids, as well as several recent additions. Plants which grow in
straight sphagnum include N. boissiense (rubra), infundibuliformis, mastersiana and
superba. I use sphagnum with these primarily because they tend to dry out more
quickly, due to the size or vigor of the plants.

In addition, Bill Scholl has grown N. ventricosa in straight sand. The plants grown
in this media are reportedly smaller in size than plants of comparable age in wood
chips. This feature may in factbe desirable for growers with a space problem. Perhaps
it would be useful for CPN readers to write in to discuss their growing media. If readers
wish to write to me I will attempt to collate the answers for future use.

Suppliers which have recently advertised New Zealand sphagnum or bark mixes
in the AOS Bulletin include the following:

OFE International, Inc,

P.O. Box 161302
Miami, Florida 33116

Ann Mann’s Orchids
9045 Ron-Den Lane
Windermere, Florida 32786-9238

A & P Orchids
Peters Road

Swansea, Massachusetts 02777

Kensington Orchids
3301 Plyers Mill Road
Kensington, Maryland 20985
(has not offered sphagnum)

The above listing should not be viewed as an endorsement. I do not endorse any of these
sources nor do I have any financial interest in them.

Authorities cited

Mann, A & J. The ‘New’ Sphagnum Moss From New Zealand. AOS Bull. 58:250
(March, 1989),

Pring, Nepenthes, XXXI Mo.Bot.G.Bull. 169, 172 (1943)

Rudnikoff. Letter to the Editor. AOS Bull. 58 :492 (May, 1989)

Slack, Insect Eating Plants and How to Grow Them 136 (1986)

NEW!

Floating Bogs for Tubs-Pools-Ponds.
Several sizes and shapes. Custom sizes
welcome. Send for free list.

Hobby Kit shown in picture.

Includes one basket one float and
sphagnum moss. $25.00 PP. (Foreign
Add $5.00) One Alata Sarracenia $5.00
extra. Send To:

Glenn Tolman, Aquatic Nurseryman

2331 Goodloe • Houston, Texas 77093

Volume 21 March & June 1993

15

Utricularia humboldtii Schomb
IN FLOWER

By

Donald Schnell (Co-editor)

In late 1989, 1 was fortunate in being able to obtain living material of U tricularia
humboldtii, the supposed “king of utricularia”, with exotic origins in the Venezuelan
tepui region, long leaves and huge flowers. There is little information in the literature
on successful culture of this species (e. g. R.A.R., 1908). My source gave instructions
on his successful vegetative growing of the plant, but his plants had never flowered.
In nature, the plants grow in widely varied conditions. They can be found growing in
peaty soils of areas of the Gran Sabana, as well as in moss and soils of the tops of tepui .
The classical description is of the plants growing in the water filled basins of large
bromeliads, particularly Brocchinia spp. other than ourS. reducta. These bromels get
to be 14 feet tall (R.A.R., 1908), and protruding from the tops are the two to three foot
peduncles of U. humboldtii flowers. These bromel basins hold gallons of water and my
attempts with smaller basin bromeliads easily accommodated in the home greenhouse
(considerably less than 14 feet! ) were rather unsuccessful.

I was able to grow the species in vegetative profusion in several circumstances.
One was simply in pots of live sphagnum placed in trays of water; another was brown
Canadian peat, also in pots in trays of water. My initial planting multiplied rapidly
and I was able to give material to other growers who, however, only had mixed with
vegetative growth, and no flowers for any of us.

The mysterious “R. A. R.” (1908) alludes to growing the species successfully in
“very large tub” with a leaf mold-peat mix. I do not know if this included flowering; it
was not specifically mentioned. The only recent incidence of U. humboldtii flowering
in culture to my knowledge is hearsay of a British grower (name not known to me) who
got his plant to flower and carried it into Kew for interested people there to see.

I will refer the reader to Taylor (1989) for descriptive details. My leaves have
easily reached the maximum 30 cm length as described. The leaf lamina in culture
most often is spathulate in shape, rather than more varied shapes as pictured in
Taylor, although these others are occasionally seen in my material. The blade is rather
thick and succulent in character. The plant is one of several species in the genus that
produces aerial shoots which implant into the nearest pot of something else and
promptly take hold. Also, the plant grows so vigorously for me that stolons lead out
of pot drainage holes and spread throughout the large water tray. The trays contain
pots of other species, so I just let the humboldtii merrily grow, the sides of the other
pots in the tray supporting the leaves in upright position.

I did not realize that by allowing my plants to run amuck, I had probably
unwittingly created my own large bromeliad basins. In April, 1991, I was surveying
this mass of vegetation and noting the usual maturing new leaves shooting up, long
petioles finally expanding into blades at their tips. Then I noticed that some of the
“stalks” looked different, these arising from plants in pots, and the free material out
in trays. The stalk had a rather subtle slight widening in the middle, and the bud at
the top was much smaller than a leaf. Magnification indeed indicated that these were
likely flower buds on their peduncles.

I managed to contain my excitement since the flowers could very easily abort, but
they grew on. The tip buds began to swell and then branch into pedicels with larger
flat buds of utricularia flowers, only much larger. At last, in May 1991, flowers began
opening.

Interestingly, the largest and finest inflorescences were from material “free” in the

16

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

water trays among pots of sarracenias and droseras. Some of the flowers of plants
confined to pots did indeed abort, although some developed to a lesser extent. My
peduncles were far shorter than the maximum 1.3 meter described in nature (Taylor,
1989), the tallest one before first pedicel branching being 31.5 cm, although not
unimpressive! The peduncles were 2 mm. thick at the center and each had widely
spaced minute scales. Flower numbers are described as 5-16 (Ibid.), and mine was up
to three. The largest individual flower measured 5.2 cm across maximum, and all were
the typically described mauve with yellow lines on the palate of the lower lip. The
flowers had no fragrance and such has not been described.

By pulling down the lower lip a bit, I was able to easily expose the typical
lentibulariad stamens and pistil, and easily effect self and cross pollinations without
destroying the corolla.

The flowers lasted a good time, even after pollination, for up to ten days after which
the corolla was promptly shed disclosing the ovaries swelling into seed capsules which
were mature within four weeks in both the self and cross pollinated flowers. The
capsules opened transversely while still green and began shedding 1.5 mm flattened
peltate seeds, spilling over the lip like slow motion (days) theater popcorn machine.
The capsules never opened widely.

Examining the seeds under magnification with back lighting disclosed that the
testa was semi-translucent and one could just see minute comma-shaped green
embryo within. Magnification also confirmed that these freshly shed seeds were still
moist. This concurs with a conversation I had with Warren Stoutamire about 15-20
years ago who told of receiving dry seed from sources in Venezuela which did not
germinate. From his examination of the dry seed, he surmised that they could only be
viable when fresh and still moist — Once dry, they were essentially dead since they had
little to no supporting endosperm.

I sowed fresh seed onto the surface of wet Canadian peat, and within a week,
minute plants had germinated. These consisted of a radially growing branched spidery
stolon less than 0.1 mm in thickness on the peat surface. A week later, small traps were
also seen on the surface, and the stolons began growing down into the peat, still less than
threadlike in caliber. Now (August, 1991) I have minute green leaves 2mm. tall!

In conclusion, I should be able to make some recommendations but am not sure
what to say. My greenhouse is cooled to 40-45° F. at nights over winter to accommo¬
date sarracenia and other North American CP dormancy, and during the warm season
the U.humboldtii plants are given full sunlight in our quite warm and humid summer
conditions here. I would also encourage you to let your plants “run” for effective
vegetative growth — That is, let them spread out into water trays from their primary
pots via aerial and stolon shoots. As to what caused them to flower, I have no idea,
unless it was the rampant growth since the only flowers that aborted were on plants
strictly confined to pots. We will see what they do in the future.

I did not have 1.3 meter peduncles with up to 16 flowers each, but hey! — I saw the
king of utricularias flower!

References

R.A.R.*, 1908. Utricularia humboldtii. The Gardeners’ Chronicle. June 13, pp. 380-
381. (* This publication habitually listed its authors by initials and I have no idea who
“R.A.R.” was.)

Taylor, Peter. 1989. The genus Utricularia — A taxonomic monograph. Kew Bulletin
Additional Series XIV, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 724 p. (p. 441-443).

Volume 21 March & June 1993

17

A rather busy shot of U. humboldtii
flowering in a water tray filled with pots
of other CP. The spathulate leaves
can be seen poking up here and
there between pots.

Side view of U. humboldtii with second
maturing flower bud on another pedicel.
Note the small scale on the peduncle.

Front view of flower of U. humboldtii. Superficially it appears much
like U. longifolia except for size (5.2 cm across) and important

morphologic features.

18

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

The Australian Pygmy Drosera Roster

For 1992

By

Allen Lowrie

6 Glenn Place, Duncraig, 6023
Western Australia
AUSTRALIA

Below is the latest list of of pygmy Drosera names. The botanical name is the
valid name. The field name is the provisional name given by the author to keep track
of the species in question. This field name is only a rough code name and is generally
taken from a named settlement near the area of the discovery. It is understood it
would be better practice for security purposes not to record any near location details,
instead simply number the new taxa Drosera sp. “3” , Drosera sp. “5” etc. However,
it is almost impossible to keep a large list of new species with number codes only listed
in your head and be able to recall them for immediate discussion etc. At least with area
code names the author has found that instant recall of a new species is possible in 3-D
and colour along with a picture of the species surrounding habitat in the mind.

By this area (not number) coding method, it was hoped that new pygmy Drosera
species discoveries could be made available for immediate gemmae distribution to
fellow carnivorous plant growers. In the main this method has worked well by keeping
the critical “True” location secret until the new species has been validated.

Unfortunately as the author has discovered it is perfectly legal to name a plant
from cultivated material which is accompanied by the “True” original collection
location in the wild. However extremely vague locations, e.g. the author’s field names
or even worse locations such as “South western Australia” are frowned upon. Some¬
times the cultivation method has its place in the botanical naming process. However,
this method becomes a low act when it is well known that the validation of the species
is in hand by others.

It has been suggested to the author that a better method of new species security
is to not release any material until the species botanical name is validated. The author
agrees, but this doesn’t fit into the true spirit of Carnivorous plant growing and of
experiencing the joy of cultivating new species as soon as they are discovered.

The previous name is the given name for the species in Carnivorous plants of
Australia Vol. 2. by Allen Lowrie, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands,
Western Australia. These names and the botanical Latin spelling corrections will
appear in future printings of the book.

Botanical name

Field name

Previous name

D androsacea

D. barbigera
D.callistos

D. sp. “The Lakes”

*D. citrina

D. sp. ’’Regan’s Ford”

D. rechingcri

D. closterostigma

D. sp. ““Cataby”

D dichrosepala

D echinoblastus

D. sp. “Camallo”

D.echinoblasta

D. eneabba

D sp “Eneabba”

D. enodes

D. sp. “omissa-Marchant”

D. ericksoniae

D. sp. “Erickson’s-omissa”

D.ericksonae

Volume 21 March & June 1993

19

Botanical Name

Field Name

Previous name

#Z). grievei

D. sp. “Baanga-Hill”

D. helodes

D. sp. “Bullsbrook”

D hyperostigma

D. sp. “Platy-O’brien”

D.Iasiantha

D. sp. “Porongurup”

D leiohlastus

D. leucohlasta

D. sp. “Steve’s-paleacea”

D. leioblasta

D. mannii

D. miniata

D. sp. “Bannister”

D. manniana

D. nitidula subsp. nitidula

D. nitidula subsp. allantostigma=subsip . “long scapes”

D. nitidula subsp. leucostigma = subsp. “White stigmas”
D. nitidula subsp.omissa

*D. nivea D. rechingeri aff. White flowers”

D. occidentalis subsp. occidentalis

D, occidentalis subsp. australis
D. orepodion D. sp.

D. paleacea subsp. paleacea
D. paleacea subsp. trichocaulis
D. parvula
D. platystigma
D. pulchella
D. pycnoblasta
D. pygmaea

D. rechingeri

D.

sp

D. roseana

D .

sp.

#D. sargentii

D.

sp

D. scorpioides

D. sewelliae

*D. silvicola

D.

sp.

D. spilos

D.

sp

*D. stelliflora

D.

sp

= subsp. “South Coast”
“Armadale”

“Kalbarri” D. coolamon

“ Steve” s- dichro”

“Esperance”

“North Bannister”

“Muchea”

Walyunga”

Natural Hybrids

D. nitidula subsp .nitidula xD. ericksoniae
D. nitidula subsp. nitidula x D. pygmaea ( W.A. form)

D. nitidula subsp. allantostigma x D. ericksoniae
D. nitidula subsp. omissa x D. occidentalis subsp . occidentalis

=D. sp. “Lake Badgerup”

D. nitidula subsp. omissa xD. pulchella

References

Lowrie, A. & N. Marchant. 1992. New names and combinations in 34 taxa of Western
Australian tuberous and pygmy Drosera. Kew Bulletin 47(2):315-328.

*= Lowrie, A. & S. Carlquist. 1992. Eight new taxa of Drosei'a from Australia.
Phytologia 73(2):98-116.

#=Lowrie, A. & N. Marchant. 1992. Four new Drosei'a taxa from south western
Australia. Nuytsia 8(3):323-332

20

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Nepenthes Eymai

By

Peter D’Amato
California Carnivores
7020 Trenton-Healdsburg Road
Forestville, CA 95436
(707) 838-1630

There is some controversy over the name of this Nepenthes species due to problems
common in nomenclature, which we won’t enter into here. Briefly, this plant was
discovered in 1938 by P.J. Eyma in the mountains of central Sulawesi, but it remained
on herbarium sheets until “rediscovered” by John Turnbull and Ann Middleton, and also
by Shigeo Kurata, in 1983. The plant is also known as N. infundibuliformis , the name
given it by Turnbull and Middleton, but Kurata’s N. eymai seems to no w be the accepted
epithet. This is one of three plants “rediscovered” by the above mentioned parties. The
other two are the equally spectacular, A. glabratus and N. hamatus (named respectively
N. rubra-maculata and N. dentata by Mr. Kurata).

Nepenthes eymai is a highland variety of the tropical pitcher plant and grows well
in conditions for other highlanders, such as N. fusca and A. maxima, both of which are
close relatives of A. eymai. I have grown this plant for some six or seven years. It did
well for a couple of years as a terrarium plant under lights while in rosette form. The
lower pitchers look similar to its above mentioned cousins, but the peristome is more
pronounced at the neck, and is striped in the forefront, darkening to a reddish brown
where the peristome meets the upwardly inclined triangular lid. The lid has the hook¬
shaped glandular crest at its base, and a filiform appendage “tooth” at its tip. The
wings are prominent. The fuzzy lower pitcher is yellow-brown with reddish-brown
blotches and is rather squat.

However it is the miniature upper pitchers that are its hallmark. The plant
produces strong climbing vines with evenly spaced leaves alternating left and right.
The dainty, fuzzy, funnel-shaped upper pitchers are yellow-green and have a perfectly
circular mouth with a narrow, flat, striped peristome. The lid is very narrow and has
the prominent glandular appendages of the lower pitchers. There is a significant bulge
below the lip, and the pitcher quickly narrows to a rather thick, hollow tube where
fluids accumulate before narrowing into the tendril. The trapping mechanism is
interesting. Unless flooded by rainwater to the brim, insects seem to fall and get stuck
on the sticky inner walls of the pitcher. The secreted digestive juices generally
accumulate in the narrow, lower part of the pitcher. Thus insects are not drowned as
in most other Nepenthes. No doubt the narrow lid allows rainwater to quickly fill the
trap to the peristome, and this may aid in the capture rates. I have noticed that even
when the plant is crawling with ants, the lower pitchers do abetter job at capture than
the upper ones.

I grow A. eymai successfully in an airy, loose mix of a little bit of everything: orchid
bark, lava rock, perlite, vermiculite, osmunda fiber, charcoal, and some long-fiber
sphagnum - my typical Nepenthes mix. It grows in the greenhouse in a sunny location,
with temperatures chilly at night (50 °F. on average) and warm during the day (80 °F).
A. eymai has done well with occasional winter night temperatures down to 40 °F. and
briefly up to 90 °F. on summer afternoons. It strikes with fair regularity from stem
cuttings. Like most Nepenthes it seems to benefit from occasional fertilizing, being
regularly watered with reverse-osmosis water that is quickly drained from the wooden
planter box it grows in. I would suggest to those growing it that A. eymai be given
plenty of room and minimal pruning, so that its climbing stems may grow many feet
upwards, showing off its beautiful and strange little pitchers.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

21

Botanical Prints of Yesteryear

By

Rex R. Elliott
225 Surrey Drive
Grants Pass, OR 97526

Plant illustration ranges from the purely botanical to the purely artistic. Between
these two extremes lies a vast body of drawings and paintings with a combined
scientific and aesthetic appeal; botanical records which are at the same time works of
art.

There is a wealth of splendid botanical illustrations with which the general public
is largely or wholly unacquainted. The extremely difficult and technical craft of
botanical illustration requires the illustrator to be both scientist and artist; he is
expected to convey an aesthetic impression, and at the same time provide the botanist
with accurate information on color, texture and structure.

The greatest flower painters have been those who have found beauty in truth; who
have understood plants scientifically, and who have seen and described them with the
eye and the handofthe artist. A great botanical artist must have a passion for flowers.

Botanical illustrators were a rare breed, hardy adventurers, as well as individuals
who could combine scientific accuracy and artistry with the ability to fit large,
awkward plant specimens into a suitable format.

Processes of illustrations are generally divided into three methods: the first is the
relief method, where everything on the block or plate is cut away leaving only the
surface to be inked and printed. The second is the intaglio process whereby the line
to be printed is cut into a groove on the plate. The ink fills the grooves and is forced
onto the paper when both the plate and the paper are put through the press. For the
third process, the image is drawn (not cut) on to a surface. This method is called
lithography .

To make an illustration using the woodcut technique, a drawing was made on a
plank of hardwood. The wood used was smooth grained, such as cherry, maple or lime,
and was cut along the grain. The wood was then cut around the drawing, leaving a
raised image on the block. It was a simple and inexpensive process, but had
limitations, for it could not readily reproduce the subtle shadings or differences in
emphasis.

With an engraving, the image was cut or incised on a smooth and polished copper
(and later steel) plate using a tool called a burin or graver to engrave the design. This
is a short, thin bar of highly tempered steel, the cross section of which is triangular so
that a diagonal cut across one end makes a “V” shaped point.

When an engraving was completed, the entire surface was covered with printer’s
ink, and then wiped off. The ink remained only in the carved or recessed lines of the
drawing. A piece of slightly moistened paper was pressed against the surface of the
plate in the press. The pressure then molded the paper into the engraved lines, and
when removed, the ink stood out in tiny ridges on the paper.

Etching is primarily a process of producing the sunken line without the use of a
graving instrument. In making an etching the artist commences with a smooth
polished copper plate. The plate is covered with a protective coating or ‘ground’ of wax
or asphaltum which, when hard, is smoked to darken it. Upon the plate thus prepared,
the artist makes his drawing with a needle pointed instrument, exposing, but not
necessarily cutting into the copper. By making his drawing, the etcher has much more
freedom of individual expression.

When the drawing is complete, the metal of the plate gleams in every line through
the protective ground. The next step is the biting’ of the lines, which is the effect of

22

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

From left to right, N. albo-marginata, N.
sanguinea, and N. rafflesiana.
From Flor des Serres

N. villosa. From Flor des Serres.

Sarracenia drummondii (S. leucophylla).
From Flor des Serres 10:1071

Volume 21 March & June 1993

23

an acid upon the metal of the plate. The plate is then placed in an acid bath, and the
acid allowed to remain and eat away the metal to the depth and breadth of the lines,
as may be desired.

These etchings were cheaper to produce than engravings, and therefore were more
frequently used in illustrations. Engraving and etching were sometimes used together
on the same plate. If a passage required strengthening or a shadow is to be darkened,
it is often done by adding engraved lines to an etched plate.

The lithography process was discovered in Germany in 1797 and was developed
by 1826, but did not completely replace engravings or etchings until about 1845. In this
process an image was drawn on a piece of flat, fine grained limestone with a grease
pencil. Then greasy ink, when applied to the water dampened stone, adhered only to
the drawn image, which was then transferred to a piece of paper.

It was the lithograph that enabled the artist to draw directly onto the stone,
instead of giving his work to the engraver, who then had to cut the design into the
metal. Later, a specially prepared zinc plate was used. The illustrative book
publishing in the early 19th century owed its tremendous expansion to this innovative,
inexpensive technique. Lithography proved much more flexible than engraving, and
a skilled lithographer could work much faster than an engraver.

Each method produced a black and white print. Although black ink was standard,
sometimes green or red was used as a foundation color. Subtle water colors were then
meticulously applied by hand.

This became such a large cottage industry, that a strong labor organization with
quality control was developed to deal with the quantity of prints to be produced. A crew
of colorists, which were usually women and young girls with an artistic aptitude and
who were paid by piecework, worked at tables. Individuals would apply a single color
to each black and white print. Delicate camel or sable hair brushes with just a few hairs
in them produced the highly detailed work seen in the finished botanical print. An
artist’s proof served as a guide and the head colorist sometimes added the finishing
touches.

One colorist would work on hundreds of prints from the same plate, adding a color
at a time, one print after another, mechanically. An expert colorist, working full time,
could color several hundred prints in a week depending upon the number of colors and
the degree of surface detail of the image.

To prevent obscuring the finely engraved lines, transparent washes of colors were
preferred. The water colors used were somewhat rich, yet very subtle. At times a coat
of gum arabic was added to those parts of the finished print where a glossy sheen was
required to emphasize shadows.

Since the publisher exerted considerable pressure to produce quality prints, a
creditable level of care and finish was achieved by most of the women. Still there were
oversights, and the low wages did not encourage them to surpass in this precise work.
A comparison of several prints of the same plate will often reveal slight variations in
the coloring or uneven quality.

By the late 1800’s most paper was made from wood pulp. However the paper used
for these early botanical prints was made primarily from cotton and linen rags, the
traditional source of a strong alkaline paper that stays white and flexible for hundreds
of years and often did not discolor. Publishers and printers hailed a complex new
process that made paper from wood pulp as a great advance. Chemical bleaches
whitened the ground pulp, and a highly acidic alum-rosin sizing kept the ink from
bleeding on the page. However, after a few decades, this structurally weak acidic paper
began to yellow and turn brittle, which eventually changed or darkened the pigment.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, a scientific journal renowned in its field, celebrated its
200th anniversary in 1987, making it the oldest surviving botanical journal with hand-
colored prints. The Botanical Magazine was issued at monthly intervals, each issue

24

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

containing three hand-colored engravings with accompanying text.

Curtis’s was priced at three levels: uncolored, partially colored, and then the full
coloring. In the partially colored, sometimes just a portion of the inflorescence and a leaf
would be tinted, as a means of reducing costs.

There were a number of other botanical journals which produced high quality hand-
colored prints of botanical specimens. Some of the best known are: Botanical Register
(1815-37), Flore des Serres (1846-57), Paxton’s Magazine of Botany (1834-49), Loddige’s
Botanical Cabinet (1817-32) and Andrew’s Botanical Repository (1797-1811).

Growing CP in Queensland

By

Bruce & Marissa Pierson
Lot 5 Riverpark Court
Riverview, Qld 4650, Australia

During June of 1992, we moved into our 5 acre property in Hervey Bay, near
Maryborough Qld that we had purchased some 18 months earlier. Our move had been
delayed by the sale of our house falling through and the need to find a new buyer.

Between March and May 1992, I had taken 4 truck loads of our things to the
property, including all my carnivorous plants. I had prepacked the pots into polystyrene
boxes so as to make transporting them easier. In all, just over two trailer loads made the
1400 kilometre journey, and the tuberous Drosera in packets came up with us in the car
in June.

During the spring of 1991, I had been visited by Brian Denton, secretary of the
Australian CP Society, who had mentioned seeing Robert Gibson’s Sarracenias floating
in polystyrene boxes in a dam at his parents’ property. I decided that this would be a good
idea, so I used this method of watering the Sarracenias, VFT and a few other species. The
idea was that as the water level in the dam fluctuates, the boxes remain at a constant
depth in the water, enabling the pots to set in about 1 inch of water constantly.

For the rest of the CPs, it was a different story and I built a temporary planthouse
for them and set up an automatic watering system consisting of a timer and pump. The
neighbours kindly kept an eye on this for me in my absence and fixed a small fault that
developed with the system.

On arriving, I potted up my tuberous Drosera as they had already started growing
in small packets in which they had been stored. Despite their late potting, most plants
grew reasonably well this season. The climate here is quite a bit warmer than at Albion
Park where I had lived for the past 32 years. However, the winter nights are quite cold,
getting down as low as 1 °C on one occasion this year. However, the days are very warm
and temperatures under 20 °C are not very common.

It appears that winter here is still cold enough to give plants requiring a winter rest,
their dormancy. Sarracenias have started growing in late August, which maybe a week
or two later than average for Albion Park. The colder nights due to clear skies may
prolong the dormancy period, despite the warmer days.

On our property here, we have several native CPs growing; Drosera burmanii, D.
spathulata, D. pygmaea, a tuberous species in the D. peltata complex-Z). spathulata
“aurictata”, Byblis liniflora and Utricularia lateriflora. I also found what appears to be
a very tiny annual Utricularia species, which I have not been able to identify at this
stage.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

25

I have also planted a few non-native CPs near the dam, and so far, most appear to
be growing reasonably well, but time will tell as to how many types will grow in this
soil here. So far Dionaea, Drosera binata var dichtoma, Cephalotus, D. flliformis uar
filiformis, D. adelae, D. slackii and a few Sarracenias have been planted out. Others
will follow as time permits.

Anyone wanting to contact CARNIVOROUS SUPPLIES or Bruce Pierson, for¬
merly of P.O. Box 179 Albion Park, NSW 2527 Australia should now write to: Bruce
Pierson, Lot 5, Riverpark Court, Riverview, QLD 4650 AUSTRALIA.

We still have a range of CP seed available for sale or trade, although it will be some time
before the nursery is in full swing, due to getting resettled.

The Discovery of a New Pinguicula from

Ayautla, Oaxaca, Mexico

By

Alfred B. Lau
Apart ado 98
Cordoba, Ver. 94500
Mexico

In early 1987 I tried to get through the new road from Jalapa de Diaz, to Huautla
de Jimenez where I looked for new plant material . One Cycadacea in particular I wanted
to photograph in habitat, Dioon rzedowskii. There were rare species of palms in the
genus Chamaedorea close to the Rio Uruapan. I followed the river with several children
from Jalapa de Diaz who in the process got lost and spent the night close to the waterfalls.
At around 2 a.m. we found them again, sound asleep in the crevices of eroded rocks. At
the entrance to the cave where Rio Uruapan begins(there is no trail to the area as the
people believe that the river is bewitched), we collected a new Peperomia, and beautiful
specimens of Tetranema mexicana (Allophytum) which were in full bloom in the huge
hollow from which the water proceeds. It is surprising that this plant can thrive with such
little light. Around the large cave, but out of
reach, I saw big, yellow blotches of leaf rosettes
which undoubtedly were those of Pinguicula
with flowers that resemble P. agnata.

Because of the oncoming darkness we could
not explore in more detail. A few months later
the dirt road was dry enough to travel to Ayautla.

I scanned the almost vertical wall of Cerro Rabon
on the approaches and was surprised at the large
populations of a form of Agave attenuata in an
area of 3000 mm rainfall annually. Approaching
the Mazateco Indian village of Ayautla, one of
the most picturesque in the State of Oaxaca, I
noticed big blotches of yellow and asked the
Indian boys who accompani ed me for my binocu¬
lars. There were these large Pinguiculas again,
in fully exposed rock in the heat of the tropical
sun. We climbed the steep hill until we reached
the wall. Together with this fabulous Pinguicula
we also admired marvelous specimens of Tilland-

Habitat of the large P. from Ayautla, Oaxaca (right)

26

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Close-up of the large P. from Ayautla, Oaxaca

stick is on the whole plant and not only on the upper sides
as in other examples of this genus.

It is to be assumed that the species grows on the
south side of the steep walls from Rio Uruapan and its
source until above Ayautla where the walls peter out.
The plant can easily be propagated by leaf cuttings
and seed It is robust and withstands the hardest rains
since it is well attached to the walls.

sia streptophylla. Some of the
best climbers of our boys
reached the plants where pho¬
tos were made which turned
out to be spectacul ar. Wh at was
unexpected: The leaves catch
insects on the upper and lower
sides, which means that the
substance to which the insect

Insect trapped on the
underside of the leaf.

The Possible Functions of the Thorns of

Nepenthes bicalcarata (Hook, f .) Pitchers

By

Charles Clarke

Department of Ecosystem Management
University of New England

Armidale, N.S.W.

The tropical pitcher plant, Nepenthes
bicalcarata Hook, f., is a common plant in
the great peatswamp forests on the north¬
west coast of Borneo. It is readily distin¬
guished from all other Nepenthes by the
two large thorns (or “fangs”) which pro¬
trude downwards from the base of the
pitcher lid (Figure 1). These thorns may
attain lengths of three centimetres on large
specimens, and some of the largest pitch¬
ers may have a capacity of more than half
a litre. Both the lower and upper pitchers
possess the thorns. In terms of the plant
(rather than the pitchers), N. bicalcarata

Figure 1. (right) An upper pitcher of
Nepenthes bicalcarata Note the two
thorns below the lid. This pitcher is
about 12 cm in height.

, 2351, Australia

Volume 21 March & June 1993

27

is physically the largest Nepenthes species, with leaves up to one metre long and stems
which may reach 20 metres in length, and four centimetres in diameter.

Various functions have been suggested for the thorns, the best known theory
having been put forward by Burbidge (see Slack 1979), who suggested that the thorns
protect the contents of the pitchers from arboreal mammals (such as tarsiers, lorises
and monkeys), which reach into other Nepenthes pitchers and feed on the contents. The
thorns would certainly prevent a mammal such as a tarsier from doing this to N.
bicalcarata pitchers. Dodd (1982) discussed possible roles for the thorns of N.
bicalcarata, and although he did not come to any conclusions as to their function (if
any), he did not think that they played any role in catching of prey by the pitchers.

In 1989 and 1990, I had the chance to perform field research on a number of
lowland Nepenthes species in Brunei Darussalaam, a small country on the west coast
of Borneo. One of these species was N. bicalcarata . After observing the plants for
several months, I came to the conclusion that the thorns have no role in protecting the
pitchers’ “catch”, because monkeys and tarsiers which feed from pitchers do so by
ripping the pitchers apart (at the sides), rather than by reaching in through the mouth.
Pitchers of N. bicalcarata were not spared from this fate, though the frequency with
which they were damaged was considerably less than for other species, such as N.
rafflesiana Jack.

I also noticed that many insects (crawling and flying) visit the pitchers and crawl
onto the thorns to feed on nectar which accumulates at their tips. These insects,
particularly larger ones such as cockroaches, often experience difficulty in maintain¬
ing a foothold whilst on the thorns. It is also noteworthy that the tips of the thorns are
nearly always positioned over the centre of the pitcher mouth. Insects which lose their
foothold while crawling over the thorns fall straight into the pitcher fluid, without
touching the sides of the pitcher.

I was unable to perform any experiments to determine whether or not the principle
role of the thorns is to assist in the catching of prey, but my observations suggest that
it may be. It is certainly not true that the thorns ofV. bicalcarata serve to protect the
pitchers’ prey from marauding mammals. Having eliminated one hypothesis, I am
afraid that I cannot provide anything more than circumstantial support for another!
It would be most interesting to perform field-based experiments to find out the exact
function of these thorns, if indeed there is one.

Literature Cited

Dodd, C. 1982. The most dangerous (looking) Nepenthes. Carnivorous Plant Newslet¬
ter. ll(3):64-65.

Slack, A. 1979. Carnivorous Plants, p. 82. A.H. and A.W. Reed, N.S.W., Australia.

Want Ad

Rob Maharajh (168 Dalewood Ave. South; Hamilton; Ontario; CANADA L8S
1Z4. Tel. 416/526-9600. Bitnet address: MAHARAJH@McMASTER.CA.)

W: D. alba, D. acaulis, D. affinis, D. burkei, D. cistiflora, D. pauciflora, D.
glabripes, D. regia, D. neocaledonica . I would like to contact and trade with
collectors who grow rare South African and tropical African Drosera.

28

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Some Observations of Carnivorous Plants in

Habitat, Sulawesi: Indonesia

By

Gary James
Orange Coast College
2701 Fairview Road
Costa Mesa, CA 92628-5005

During a trip to Indonesia in July, 1992 I travelled to the highlands of the island
of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in the country of Indonesia. Located at an elevation of
4000 feet, the largest highland city is Rantepao. The inhabitants of this area are called
the Toraja people and are famous for their unusual boat shaped houses, rice cultivation
and elaborate funeral practices.

The human population of Torajaland is increasing rapidly. As the population
increases, less land is available on a per capita basis for providing sufficient food for
all of the people. In an effort to reduce the numbers of people, the Indonesian
government has embarked on a transmigration project. Toraja people on a voluntary
basis are translocated to other less crowded islands in Indonesia such as Iryan Jaya,
Borneo and Sumatra. This program together with efforts at family pi anning has begun
to help stabilize the population of Sulawesi.

The climate around Rantepao is relatively mild with cool evenings, warm days and
rainfall nearly every afternoon or evening. Rice is cultivated on all the hillsides and
valleys . Elaborately constructed terraces cover nearly every square foot of cultivatable
land. In order to find any of the original vegetation, it is necessary to climb above the
cultivated valleys into the steep limestone mountain slopes where it is impractical to
cultivate rice.

On one day during my visit I drove close to the village of Batutumanga at an
elevation of 4400 feet. As the road deteriorated, I parked the vehicle near some rice
fields and set out walking along a very bad, muddy road to the village. As I approached
Batutumanga, scattered groups of trees appeared and some of the natural vegetation
was found. Along the I road stopped to admire some ground orchids in bloom and
noticed two different Nepenthes spp. growing on the side of a small cliff. The soil was
quite wet where a spring ran onto the surface and there were many mosses, ferns and
other water loving plants. The steepness of the slope was the only reason this small
area had not been brought into rice cultivation.

Each of the Nepenthes had very different leaves and pitchers. Growing with them
were also some bright red Drosera spp. At a place where part of the cliff had collapsed
in recent rams it was possible to find a few examples of the insectivorous plants which
were collected. The plants were transported back to the hotel where I was staying. The
plants were carefully washed to remove all soil and the leaves and roots were trimmed
back. The Nepenthes rhizomes were carefully wrapped in moistened newspaper and
somehow survived for nearly two weeks of travel enroute back to the United States.
The plants were brought into this country via permits from the United States
Department of Agriculture. After unpacking, the plants were packed in wet sphagnum
and handed over to Leo Song at California State University, Fullerton, where two of
the Nepenthes have rooted in the greenhouse. Unfortunately, none of the Drosera
survived the journey home.

It is sad to think that huge numbers of these interesting plants once grew all over
the mountains where now rice cultivation occurs. While these plants were observed
in habitat during a very short visit to the area, it would certainly be interesting to
return and climb higher into the uncultivated hillsides to see what other types of
unusual plants might be observed.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

29

Some C.P. from Sulawesi, Indonesia

Nepenthes spps. in habitat in Torajaland, Sulawesi, Indonesia. All photos by author.

An unidentified red Drosera growing
in Torajaland.

30

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

What Are the Nearest Noncarnivorous
Relatives of the Carnivorous Plants?

By Stephen E. Williams
Department of Biology
Lebanon Valley College
Annville, PA 17003-0501

How many times did the carnivorous syndrome arise in plants? Do Croizat’s ideas
of a single origin of carnivorous plants have any merit? Is the Sarraceniales of Engl er
which groups Sari'aceniaceae, Droseraceae, and Nepenthaceae together a natural
group? The Nepenthales of Cronquist includes the same three families as Engler’s
Sarraceniales but the Nepenthales of Takhtajan excludes Sarraceniaceae . Which
expert should we believe? Are the families of carnivorous plants natural ones? Does
Heliamphora belong in the Sarraceniaceae ? Does Dionaea belong in the Droseraceae ?
Finally, what are the nearest noncarnivorous relatives of the various groups of
carnivorous plants?

For many of the carnivorous plants these problems have been hard to answer until
now because of the extreme modification and possible parallel evolution of the
vegetative parts of the plants and the possession of very similar rose like flowers by so
many of the plants. There has been a tendency to place them together because they
are carnivorous and to be conservative about placing them with other plant groups but
they are ordinary flowering plants (albeit ones with extraordinary feeding habits) and
must be more closely related to some noncarnivorous plants than they are to others.

Until fairly recently authority ruled when it came to plant groupings above the
genus level. That is still so today but methods are being developed which appear to be
able to provide an objective estimate of the degree of relatedness of plants at the family
level and above.

This article is based on information already published in Albert, V., S. Williams
and M. Chase (1992) Carnivorous Plants: Phylogeny and Structural Evolution.
Science 257: 1491-1495.

As a plant physiologist interested in comparative physiology of the Droseraceae I
have always wanted to know what the closest noncarnivorous relatives of these plants
are. Several authorities (Takhtajan, Thom and Dahlgren) have suggested that there
is a relationship to the order Saxifragales but Cronquist, who when he died last year
was the greatest botanical authority in the USA, suggested a relationship to the
Violales and placed the group in a different subclass than the other three botanists. My
chance to have a hand in solving the mystery came when I spent my sabbatical last year
working at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) with Victor Albert, Hal
Hills and Mark Chase, using methods involving cladistic analysis of DNA sequences.
While the results cannot yet be considered the last word, they indicate that answers
to many of the questions can be found and give a very good estimate of what they are
likely to be.

The methods are fairly simple but require some explanation. Consider that the
information in a gene is information, just as the information in a book is. The cells
faithfully copy the information each time they divide, passing the information on from
generation to generation. If we view cells as illiterate scribes who copy manuscripts
without knowing their meaning we expect the scribes to make typos or errors in the
manuscripts. These errors are in turn faithfully copied later. In some instances the
editor (natural selection) eliminates certain passages which prevent the cell from
working properly but many of the errors survive editing and leave a record of the
history of the gene. Since all plants descended from a plant with an error will faithfully

Volume 21 March & June 1993

31

copy the error, it is simpler (or “more parsimonious”) to assume that an error arose once
than that it occurred several times. Teachers often use the principle of parsimony
when they assume that two term papers with identical spelling and grammatical
errors in the same awkward sentences had a common origin!

Using the record of typos we could predict which manuscripts were copied from a
common source and make a reconstruction of the order in which the text of the
manuscripts deviated from each other. The result can be drawn as a genealogical tree
with hypothetical “ancestral” manuscripts at the nodes and real ones at the tips of the
branches. This is just what the scientists in Mark Chase’s lab at UNC were doing with
the DNA from the chloroplast gene rbcL, only their tree included 500 species of seed
plants from cycads and ginkgo to orchids and asters. The tree they obtained is
reasonable in the sense that it is much like the traditional classification system and
that most groups that are considered natural ones by the majority of taxonomists were
consistent with the DNA data. There were also some surprises but even these when
viewed carefully often made sense in terms of morphological and phytochemical
characteristics of the plants.

When I started to look for a sabbatical project which would use DNA data to infer
which group of carnivorous plants was most closely related to Drosera * Joe Mazrimas
told me that he had sent a number of plants to Victor Albert and Mark Chase. I called
Vic and Mark and arranged to join them in their research. They had already sequenced
Drosera, Nepenthes * SarraceniaA Roridula^, Pinguicula and Utricularia and included
them in the universal seed plant tree mentioned above. When I began working with
Vic and Mark the tree had 250 species instead of 500 and it was just beginning to look
as if a sensible tree could be generated from the data that was rapidly gathering in
laboratories around the world.

As far as the carnivorous plants go it seemed logical enough that Pinguicula and
Utricularia were right together and that they were near the Scrophulariales which
have very similar flowers. It was also interesting that Drosera and Nepenthes were
together and a bit strange that they were near such plants as spinach and amaranth
and not Saxifragaceae where many people have thought they belonged. It was still
unclear how much the method could tell us about the relationships of the taxa we were
interested in. Don Schnell generously supplied the first samples I worked with and
Steve Smith who was nearby in Climax NC provided a lot of material that allowed a
good start. Rob Gardener of the Carolina Botanical Garden was also a great help but
the bottleneck on plant material really ended when Don Schnell suggested that I get
in contact with Ron Gagliardo who has numerous carnivorous plants in tissue culture.
Ron was located at North Carolina State a short distance away and was very
cooperative. Much of the work with Drosera was possible because of Ron’s generosity.
Drosophyllum from Joe Mazrimas and Darhngtonia from Peter D’Amato helped round
out the genera which Vic had not been able to get hold of previously. Generous
donations were also made by John DeGreef and Gordon Snelling.

As we added more species of carnivorous plants to the study, the universal tree
also gradually grew from 250 species to 475 species and finally to 500. At this point
several relationships became clear.

The DNAdata indicated thatDrasera is distantly related to the order Caryophyllales
(a group which includes carnations, spinach, amaranth, pokeweed and cactus) and
that it is more closely related to the Plumbaginaceae (which includes the woody
ornamental plumbago), Polygonaceae (the family which includes buckwheat and
rhubarb) and to Nepenthes. Plumbaginaceae have sticky mucilage secreting hairs
which are quite similar to those of Drosophyllum, Drosera like flowers and plumbagin,
a napthaquinone common to Drosera, Drosophyllum, Dionaea, Aldrovanda, Nepen¬
thes and Tripyophyllum.

The data indicate that Sarracenia (except for being a dicot) was not even remotely

32

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

related to either Drosera or Nepenthes, where it has sometimes been placed, but instead
it is a relative of the Ericales, the acid loving group that includes several parasitic plants
as well as rhododendron, blueberries and cranberries. The data indicated Roridula is
fairly closely related to Sarracenia and, of course, Darlingtonia and Heliamphora are
even more closely related. The position of Roridula was a complete surprise to me since
Francis Lloyd had declared that it was not a carnivorous plant in 1929 but since it seems
to be related to Sarraceniaceae it is clearly of interest whether or not it is carnivorous.
The whole question of camivory of Roridula should be reinvestigated.

As might be expected the DNA data placed the members of the Lentibulariaceae
(JJtricularia near Pinguicula ) together and confirmed their relationship with the
Scrophulariales which also as has been proposed previously. Proboscidea, a sticky
haired non-camivorous plant with bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers is
more distant but also fairly closely related to Utricularia near Pinguicula.

When Byblis too turned out to be near Utricularia and Pinguicula in the tree it
startled us. The flower of Byblis looks radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) as opposed
to bilaterally symmetrical and it did not seem that it should be placed here. However the
Byblis flower is not strictly radially symmetrical since the stamens hook downward. The
hairs of flypaper leaves of both Pinguicula and Byblis look nearly identical. The exact
position of Byblis is still a bit unclear. It may be only remotely related to Utricularia and
Pinguicula or it may be fairly closely related. More data needs to be analyzed to
determine its exact position.

The data place Cephalotus all by itself. It is not particularly close to any other group
of carnivorous plants. Its closest relatives are a number of plants endemic to Australia,
New Zealand and Chile. It is remotely related to Oxalis, the common lawn and
greenhouse weed.

Brocchinia is a bromeliad. As expected, the bromeliads formed a branch within the
monocots in the study with 500 taxa. We did no further work on it but there is a report
by Givnish, Systma Smith and Hahn (1992, American Journal of Botany 79:145
[abstract #416]) that DNA restriction site studies(which are a different method than our
rbcL sequencing studies) show it to be related to the bromeliads Brewcaria, Lindmania ,
and Navia which with Brocchinia are all native to the Guyana Shield. This cluster of
genera is most closely related to Fosterella, a mesophytic An dean genus. All areinaclade
with the subfamily Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae).

The work with DNA is in its infancy and changes in some details of what is described
above are likely. The combination of cladistic analysis and DNAsequencingis a powerful
tool and I believe within a few years we will have a much firmer understanding of the
relationships of carnivorous plants with other plants than we have had in the past.

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Volume 21 March & June 1993

33

Solution to the Problem of Short Vitality
In Seeds of European Butterworts

By

Miloslav Studnicka
Botanical Gardens, 460 01 Liberec
Czech Republic

Members of CP-societies usually obtain seeds from seed banks or from botanical
gardens. Unfortunately, the seeds maybe several months old. The seeds of European
Pinguicula species especially often have reduced vitality. According to my own
experience, vitality is decreased from nearly 100% to 70% after 7 months if the seeds have
been sheltered in paper bag. The seeds are completely dead after 14 months. I have
started many experiments with Pinguicula bohemica, studying methods of handling
seeds of European butterworts.

I can confirm the statement of other authors that a cold period, so-called stratifica¬
tion, is necessary to germination if seeds have been sown on the surface of wet soil. About
4% of the seeds are often so light dormant that they can germinate without a cold period.

My first surprising experience was that seeds of butterworts, which have been
submerged into pure water can germinate within a few days. No cool period is necessary,
and germination may be accelerated by shaking. Light is also necessary (cf. Kinzel 1927).

How to explain this effect? Dormancy is chemically controlled by an inhibiting
substance, namely abscissic acid (ABA). The substance may be either enzymatically
removed during a cold period or it may be dissolved and washed away off the seed coat
by quantities of water (Fellenberg 1978). The same effect is known in celery seeds
according to the literature (Hovadik et Kratochvilova, 1977). The described germination
in water is blocked if light is absent. The second step in my experiments was based on
the question :how long a time can the wet seeds be kept in darkness?

Seventy percent of seeds kept 3 years in water can germinate. The seeds of P.
bohemica in my experiments were vital even after 5 years. Twenty-four percent of them
germinated into good seedlings when they had been exposed to light. Germination is
possible even during short winter days because seedlings are not photoperiodical as
mature plants (cf. Isikawa, 1954). The following property of seeds is very interesting:
Being kept for a very long time in water and darkness, they gradually lose light
dependence and more and more of them start germination in darkness. Such an effect
is also known in other seeds (Fellenberg, 1978, Sebanek et al., 1983). I came to following
conclusions:

1) We can collect fresh seeds and send them in paper bags, but only up to 6 months
without risk.

2) A good method for storing the Pinguicula seeds for a long time is to keep them in
water and in full darkness. Vitality of the seeds can be prolonged by cold conditions. But
remember please, that seeds submerged in water and which have therefore lost the
inhibiting substance cannot hereafter tolerate frost.

References

Fellenberg, G. (1978). Entwicklungsphysiologie der Pflanzen.- Stuttgart.

Hovadik, A. et Kratochvilovfi, H. ( 1977). Is it possible to abridge time of germination in
celery seeds? Zahradnictvo, Bratislava, 1977: 412-413, /in Czech/.

Isikawa, S. (1954) Light-sensitivity against the germination 1. “Photoperiodism” of
seeds. Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 67: 51-54.

Kinzel, A. (1927). Neue Tabellen zur Frost und Licht als beeinflussende Krafte bei der
Samenkeimung. Stuttgart.

Sebanek, J. et al. (1983):. Plant physiology. Prague, /in Czech/.

34

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Darlingtonia californica

A botanical drawing by Alex Mrkvicka

ALEX MRKVICKA
of Vienna has sent in
the botanical drawing
of Darlingtonia on
the back cover. His
purpose was to show
development of
juvenile leaves and
runners, along with a
few other details
around the border.

Beginning in the
left upper corner and
proceeding clock¬
wise, he shows a
flower without petals
(stigma view), a
flower without petals
(lateral view), an
intact flower, a
maturing seedpod,
an entire plant with
developing runners
extending toward the
center of the draw¬
ing, three juvenile
leaves developing,
tip of underground
runner developing
plantlet, juvenile
plant or seedling,
and a seed.

This style of
botanical illustration
was very popular
before the days of
photography, and in
some ways often
shows more detail
and interesting
relationships than a
photo.

0

W

Volume 21 March & June 1993

35

Collect or Not Collect From the Wild:

Conservation

By

Don Schnell

(Rt. 1, Box 145C, Pulaski. VA 24301)

As we see more CP species and good CP habitat becoming endangered or
threatened, there is naturally concern about collecting from the wild. Ordinarily,
habitat destruction wreaks more havoc than individual collections providing we are
not talking about public lands, preserves or private property without permission.
However, as good habitats become fewer and smaller, massive wholesale collecting
from any lands for huge sales of plants into new markets increases, and certain species
such as Sarracenia oreophila, are becoming so rare that individuals remaining can
almost be numbered and counted, casual collecting can become a real problem.

The American Rock Garden Society(ARGS) is confronting the same problem with
species and habitats of interest to them — often overlapping with our interests! — and
appointed a committee to come up with a statement of policy on collecting from the
wild. One of the members was CPN coeditor emeritus Larry Mellichamp. The
committee was quite diverse consisting of those who categorically opposed collecting
at the outset, those who collected, and attitudes in between. This same span of
attitudes toward collecting, of course, reflect similar feelings among individual
members and the botanical community as a whole, and I am certain, our society as well.
The ARGS committee came up with a policy, understandably after much spirited
discussion. The policy appeared in the Bulletin Board, supplement to the ARGS
Bulletin of Summer, 1992(Volume 50, No. 3). We were struck by the reasonable and
balanced nature of that statement and asked for and received written permission from
the ARGS president to adapt the policy to ICPS. The operative word is “adapt” since
what appears below is not entirely the original statement as adopted by ARGS, but has
many changes and additions applicable to our society. If you wish to compare our
statement with the original, by all means consult the above reference. So, we thank
ARGS for their generosity in allowing us to adapt their framework, and their effort in
conceiving the project and carrying it through. Any changes that seem to us
appropriate to our CP and possibly not entirely to rock garden plants are our
responsibility.

We would hope our members will take these concepts to heart and consider them
when going to the field to collect or when transplanting in habitats, and even when
selecting dealers where you will purchase plants. The co-editors in their capacity of
interim ICPS officers approve this policy. We would appreciate your comments.

ICPS Policy Statement on Plant Collection

1. ICPS is dedicated to understanding, preserving, growing, selecting, propagating,
studying, and appreciating the natural flora of the earth with special interest in
carnivorous plants.

2. Above all, we support efforts to protect wild habitats as the sources for genetic
variations and naturally thriving plants for generations to come.

We believe habitat destruction, both planned and accidental, is responsible for the
greatest loss of habitats and species in the world today and we deplore this situation.

We strive to support those organizations around the world that seek to preserve
valuable wildlife habitats, and we support field and media education as effective

36

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

means of instilling respect for natural habitats.

We also support the efforts of legitimate organizations that preserve genetically
broad spectrum samples of threatened and endangered species as living material with
a view to replanting existent or reclaimed habitat.

We discourage introduction of plant species into habitat where that genetic
material has not or does not occur naturally unless for closely monitored research
purposes with a view to eventual removal of the inappropriate material and prevention
of crossbreeding with naturally occurring plants while the study is in effect.

3. We are against the wholesale collecting for resale of wild plants from public lands,
especially the rarer plants and abhor the practice of misleading the public by calling
such collected plants nursery propagated by any stretch of the definition.

4. Except in the instance of public lands, private lands and preserves without express
permission, and very rare species where individuals are numbered, we support the
practice of knowledgeable and responsible individuals collecting seeds, cuttings or
divisions of wild plants for the purposes of growing, studying, selecting, hybridizing
and ultimately propagating the plants and distributing to other growers.

We recognize that without experienced people with horticultural and/or botanical
interests selecting and propagating species from the wild, there would be fewer choices
of propagated horticultural material and consequent increased pressure on wild
habitats with illegal or inappropriate collecting, and there would be less knowledge
gathered on the nature of the plants.

We would encourage collectors to be responsibly aware that rare plants merit
special consideration and should not be distributed or propagules taken unless there
is a sufficient local stock to successfully perpetuate the population. In most cases this
means minimal or no collecting of rare material.

Further Notes on U. calycifida

By

Barry Meyers-Rice
Steward Observatory
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721
email: bmeyersrice@as.arizona.edu

In CPN 21:1 — 2, I wrote on forms of U. calycifida. I have since found that forms
‘Spotted flower’ and ‘Purple veins’ self and breed true but crosses between them have
yet to provide viable seed. While one could argue that my failure to obtain seed from
this cross suggests the forms are different species, I do not. I think the lack of success
is due to failure on my part in this delicate procedure, and not because of a genetic
barrier. I will continue trying. I have also obtained from Christoph Belanger a few
other clones of this plant, especially one (‘Mauve flower’) which has foliage the same
as ‘Purple veins’ and similar large flowers. The lower lip of its flowers has a reticulated
pattern in the proximal palate region similar to the spots on ‘Spotted flower.’ I consider
‘Mauve flower’ to be a plant intermediate between ‘Purple veins’ and ‘Spotted flower.’
In this perspective, it argues against a species or even subspecies distinction for those
two U. calycifida forms. Lastly, I have heard of white flowered forms in cultivation.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

37

New CP Cultivar Received in 1992

By

James T. Robinson
1201 N. Race Ave.

Arlington Heights, IL 60004

Sarracenia oreophila Don SchnelT

Designated by Peter D’Amato, California Carnivores, 7020 Trenton-Healdsburg
Rd., Forestville, CA 95436. This selection is from a collection grown from seed from a
Sarracenia oreophila population found near Sand Mountain, Alabama. These seed¬
lings were grown by Bob Hanrahan of World Insectivorous Plants in the early 1980's
and were widely distributed. They are known for their pronounced red venation and
large mouths.

S. oreophyla ‘Don Schnell’ is noteworthy for its highly veined tube and hood, and
deep red throat, interior upper tube and lip. Mid-summer phyllodia are typical of the
species. The cultivar is on display at California Carnivores nursery, Forestville,
California, and is named for Donald Schnell, noted Sarracenia authority.

Sarracenia ‘Judith Hindle'

Designated by Peter D’Amato, California Carnivores, 7020 Trenton-Healdsburg
Rd., Forestville, CA95436. This selection resulted from crossing Sarracenia (leucophylla
Xflava "rugelli")X.S. purpurea “chipola.” The cross was made by Alan Hindle in 1985.
In S. ‘Judith Hindle’, the young trumpets are green, laced with yellow, with a green
and white ruffled hood. They soon darken to deep plum red with white, yellow and
green mottling in the hood. The paler coloration turns pink as the pitcher ages.

The cultivar is on display at California Carnivores nursery, Forestville, Califor¬
nia, and is named for Judith Hindle, Alan's wife.

Photos by David Johnson.

S.X. 'Judith Hindle1

S. oreophila 'Don Schnell'

38

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Byblis — Notes On Forms New To Cultivation

Barry Meyers-Rice
Steward Observatory
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721
email: bmeyersrice@as.arizona.edu

Because of the efforts of our intrepid colleague Allen Lowrie of Western Australia,
there are some new forms of Byblis in cultivation ( B . liniflora aff. ‘Darwin,’ ‘Kununurra,’
and ‘Robust straggling plant, Darwin’ — hereafter ‘Darwin,’ ‘Kununurra,’ and ‘Robust,’
respectively). During the past few years I have been growing them and learning about
their cultural requirements. Byblis is a genus of passive flypaper plants similar to
Drosera — indeed the species D. indica looks much like a Byblis. The major character¬
istic distinguishing the two genera is in the arrangement of the floral sexual organs.
In Drosera the five stamens are arranged symmetrically around the ovary and there
are five (often branched) styles also symmetrically arranged. In contrast Byblis
flowers are subtly zygomorphic. The five stamens are grouped together to the side of
the ovary — the five curved anthers looking like a bunch of bananas — while the single
pistil extends away from the bundle of anthers.

The most commonly grown plant in the genus is B. liniflora. This is certainly the
easiest plant of these to grow because its seeds germinate and grow in any medium
without any special treatment. I prefer to use a 50/50 sand/peat mix in a deep pot
because the plants live longer. In smaller pots they tend to be annuals. In big pots they
also branch more to make a bushy plant, especially if just a few plants are grown in a
pot. The first flowers appear when the plant is just a few months old, and seed is
produced generously without intervention — this plant is a weed!

B. gigantea is more challenging. The seeds must be pretreated in order to
germinate well. I have tried boiling water, bleach, gibberellic acid, and patience, but
I have found the best way is by fire! The sort of fire you need to produce is a cool burn.
I gather some completely dried grasses and straw and make a loose pile on the soil
surface of my pots, several centimeters tall and broad. When I light the fire I puff on
it so it burns vigorously for about 20 — 30 seconds before burning out. When I set fires
for seed in plastic pots I first bury the pots to the rim in large buckets filled with moist
sand. This prevents the plastic pot from melting. Because I’m a little paranoid about
the effects of unknown variables, I always use dead grass from areas I know haven’t
been treated with pesticides or herbicides. I think it may be important to let the seeds
sit on a moist soil surface for a week or two before they are fire treated. Germination
should follow in a few weeks. While Adrian Slack in foggy England and other growers
in humid environments may need tuning forks to induce the anthers to release pollen,
I have found this is not necessary in my 60% humidity Arizona greenhouse. Holding
the flower petals with thumb just under the mature stamens I briskly rub or flick the
anthers a dozen or more times. Pollen collects on the thumb. Tuning forks will also
work but are a bother.

‘Kununurra’ needs no special treatment to germinate, and is catholic regarding
soil mixes. It is a lanky form with a weak stem and large internode distances. It grows
to a meter or more long, generally causing problems as it scrambles though the tops
of my Sarracenia. Often the entire plant is pale green. It grow best in pots 15 cm (6")
or more deep. I have grown this giant in 5 cm pots (2") housing four plants, but the
plants were dwarfed in all respects to about one half normal size. These plants also
became tinged with red color overall. ‘Kununurra’ needs a tuning fork or similar
method (such as mine above) to release pollen. Cross pollination is required for it to

Volume 21 March & June 1993

39

set seed. This means you must have two plants flowering approximately concurrently.
Self a plant all you like, but you will get nothing for your labours. The flowers on
‘Kununurra’ are very large (2 — 3 cm across), which are about as big as on B. gigantea.
The petals on the largest flowers are clearly placed in a zygomorphic arrangement.
Two of the petals are paired on one side of the flower, and the other three are grouped
on the other side of the flower, very much like on most Mexican Pinguicula. The petals
on smaller flowers do not show this asymmetry.

‘Darwin’ must be exposed to fire to germinate well. When I first tried to germinate
this plant I did not use fire and nothing happened. A year later I tried another batch
of seed and got rapid germination after an experimental firing. Heady with success,
I fired the old pot which had been sitting moist in a tray for a year and got more
seedlings! This plant has a compact bushy habit with many small flowers. The entire
plant is deep red. TJarwin’ will self naturally and produce seed. I made a delightful
discovery about T)arwin’ when I was collecting seed for the first time. At the time I was
mildly annoyed because the seed capsules do not split open when they dry out at
maturity. Instead they stay firmly sealed. Since the capsules are sturdily made, this
makes collecting seed a little irritating because each must be forcibly but carefully
smashed without losing seed. But I noticed one of the seed pods still on the plant had
opened widely without my intervention. Thinking about how Erodium, Lithops and
other plants use moisture as an aid in seed dispersal, I dunked a sealed ‘Darwin’ seed
capsule in water and was delighted when, a few minutes later, the capsule halves
splayed open to reveal the seeds within, like a mussel opening at low tide! T)arwin’ is
a wonderful plant to think about — -it requires water for seed dispersal and fire for
germination. I wonder if a brush fire swept through ‘Darwin’ habitat, would seeds
locked in dry capsules survive the conflagration and be liberated when their capsules
burn away? Thus heat treated, they would be ready to germinate. This is similar to
a fire survival method some pines trees have — their tough cones do not release seed
until a fire opens them.

B. liniflora and ‘Kununurra’ both have small seeds and do not require a fire
treatment, while B. gigantea and ‘Darwin’ have large seeds which must be burnt. My
seeds of ‘Robust’ were of intermediate size but also responded well to fire. My plants
are largely indistinguishable from ‘Darwin,’ but other growers tell me their plants look
more like ‘Kununurra.’ So I am not too sure of what is happening here — I think
somewhere some seed has gotten mixed up. Capsules of my ‘Robust’ open with water
the same as ‘Darwin.’

Are the forms ‘Kununurra’ and ‘Darwin’ taxonomically significant, or are their
morphological differences minor or even induced environmentally? Certainly it is not
environmental, because all my plants are growing in the same conditions, in partial
shade in trays (I know my descriptions of the plants sound like I’m growing ‘Darwin’
in full sun and ‘Kununurra’ in a dimly lit closet!). I have experimented with
hybridization to see if I could make crosses between these forms. Since ‘Kununurra’
does not produce seed if selfed, it makes an ideal maternal parent since it eliminates
the danger of accidental selfing. I pollinated ‘Kununurra’ flowers with pollen from
‘Darwin’ and waited. Within a few days I could tell the crosses were not being
successful, because ‘Kununurra’ flowers which are successfully pollinated usually lose
their petals within two days. Repeated attempts at making this cross have produced
no seed. Since the flower parts are so large I am sure I am successfully making the
cross, especially since my crosses between different clones of ‘Kununurra’ invariably
produces seed. I think I am encountering a geneticbarrier — in other words, ‘Kununurra’
and ‘Darwin’ are certainly different species and shouldbe formally described. All these
plants are interesting and easy to grow. I keep mine sitting in water and away from
frost and they flower and set seed well.

40

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Special Book Review

Cheers, Gordon. 1992. A guide to the carnivorous plants of the world.

Angus & Robertson, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia. 174 p.+ix

Reviewed by Don Schnell

At the outset, my conclusion — This is an excellent book. It stands on its own
quality, but additionally in light of the poor quality of other recent efforts in presenting
a global summary of carnivorous plants, I would recommend that if you could only
afford one book, this should be your first choice.

This is really a second, considerably expanded edition of the author’s 1983 book.
There are 231 mostly excellent crisply printed and well-selected color photos inside,
and the dust jacket (followers of my book reviews know my attachment to dust jackets
vs imprinted hard covers) also has color photos. There are abundant range maps and
scattered line drawings where indicated. After the preface and acknowledgements,
the author has a mapped climate key and a helpful pronunciation guide for beginners.
The introduction, history and folklore and evolutionary paths sections are good
reading and well illustrated.

I was pleased to see those old Scientific American fanciful illustrations from early
in the century again — They are not often seen. And it was nice seeing actual pages of
the legendary Veitch catalogs reproduced. The evolutionary chart provides food for
thought, although one might question the leaps back and forth from monocot to dicot
so easily, and latest plastid DNA studies indicate at least seven separate origins of
camivory in plants.

The next set of chapters on morphology, classification and trapping mechanisms
are nicely done with actual photos of trap types in a chart instead of the usual line
drawings. Cultivation and propagation will be of great interest to all readers and these
two chapters are rather uniquely presented via examples or “type plants” for each of
several recommended classes or modes of cultivation and propping. Specific details for
each genus or species is given in later sections on those plants. There then follow the
several chapters, one per genus, illustrating the CP of the world through selected
species examples. Each chapter has an introductory page to the genus including a line
drawing of an example and a range map of the genus, then the following pages exampl e
species with color photos and a well-conceived outline method of describing the species,
habitat, native land, etc. Australia is rather heavily represented in the Droseras
chapter, but they do have the most species and space is always limited in books. There
is a rather unique chapter called “Field Trips” with color photos in which the author
briefly describes field trips through several example areas of the world. There follows
a so-so glossary, a monthly calendar of what to do with each genus each month of the
year (with allowance for northern vs. southern hemisphere) in chart form, and a chart
of cultivation guidelines. The world list is presented clearly and mostly accurately, and
the usually dull nature of such lists is broken by occasional additional color photos
sprinkled throughout. There is a list of organizations, and a bibliography and separate
list of recommended reading which is reasonably representative.

There are very few typos and geographic errors or misplaced mountains. The
Catopsis range map erroneously does not include southern Florida in the USA where
plants are abundant. Heliamphora species are of course also found in swampy areas
below the tepui as well as upon them. The author misses a few tricks such as informing
the neophyte straight away on how to tell flowers of Genlisea spp. readily from similar
utricul arias without digging the plant up — Genliseas have five sepals.

Volume 21 March & June 1993

41

But these errors in such a complex work are few and almost of the inevitable
variety given the overwhelming positive nature of the book, and certainly errors of a
180° lesser degree than the disaster of another book of similar attempted scope by
another author that I had the discomfort of recently reviewing.

The book is $45.00 Australian, and I do not know about outlets elsewhere such as
in Europe and North America — Perhaps we will find out after the book has been out
awhile. [Ed note: See Book List for updated information]. It is sturdily bound and the
production is excellent on semi-glaze paper of good quality. While I have praised it as
a best bet for one book for the beginner, we old timers can also get a lot out of it and
I thoroughly enjoyed reading it.

Book Review

Temple, Paul. 1988. Carnivorous Plants. (A Wisley handbook). Royal
Horticultural Society, London. 64 p. $5.95US.

Even though this booklet has been out for two years, it may not have come to your
attention yet. In case readers are wondering what a “Wisley handbook” is, it is a series
of booklets published on a wide variety of plant subjects by the Royal Horticultural
Society in Great Britain. They have their gardens at Wisley, hence the name of the
series.

This particular book is soft cover but quite sturdy. All photo illustrations
(including cover and frontispiece) are in color and there are 40 of them and these are
of excellent quality from original sharpness, color and composition to final printing.
The photos cover a wide range of plants with multiple representatives of all major
kinds of CP.

The several pages of introduction describe the nature of carnivory and list
examples of CP. There follows 18 pages of instruction and comment on growing and
propagation techniques, along with problems. The British have a great deal of
difficulty with fungus diseases that we in the United States are mostly spared. The
growing section includes methods of making outdoor bogs and beds, and lists of plants
that can survive outdoors at various temperature limits. The author, therefore, makes
a case for minimum cost for the beginning grower in particular in the use of windowsill
and outdoor plantings.

There is then 28 pages of descriptions of various genera and/or species, along with
more specific horticultural hints that are “fine tuning” over the general section.

The book is remarkably free of errors in spelling and nomenclature, except for
misspelling Utricularia sandersonii (only one V in the book, and a very fine photo
labeled Utricularia intermedia is clearly U. ochroleuca instead. The photo shows
vegetative materia], but the foliar structure and presence of scattered traps along the
foliar branch clearly indicates the correct identification.

The book is sufficiently inexpensive that I can recommend it to all CP enthusiasts.
The experienced grower may have doubts about a 64 page book, but the photos and
commentary on growing plants in Britain is worth it. Beginning or intermediate
growers will find good solid information in addition to the above qualities. The list of
sources is of course British and will probably become outdated, but that is no problem
for CPN subscribers.

The book is available in Great Britain from various bookstores and of course from
RHS outlets. In the USA, it may be purchased from Sterling Publishing Co., 387 Park
Ave. S., New York 10016- 8810. I have also seen it for sale in the gift shops of several
botanical gardens with other publications in the Wisley series.

42

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Literature Review

Bender, Steve. 1990. “Beauty in the bog.” Southern Living Magazine 25:42-44.

This popular article in a southern magazine describes how some people discovered
a savanna bog on their property near Fairhope, Alabama. They had moved there with
the intent to raise cattle. After clearing and burning off a wooded area one autumn
with the intent of extending their pasture, the following spring they observed a heavy
growth of beautiful bog plants, including Sarracenia leucophylla. They decided to
preserve the area and have been burning it off every year since. They have now built
a boardwalk for visitors to observe the very fine mix of plants. Three color photos show
a very nice display over several acres. To visit the site if you are in southern Baldwin
County, Alabama between April and September, call 205/947-3044 for an appointment
and directions. There is a nominal admission charge of $2.00 to help cover expenses.

Earley, Lawrence S. 1991. “Stew in Brunswick.” Wildlife in North. 55:14-21.

This article discusses the downturn in plant and animal species in Brunswick
County, North Carolina as development and population growth take an upturn. For
those not familiar with this county, it is the location of the legendary Green Swamp and
has been called the most ecologically diverse county in North Carolina, and having the
most threatened or endangered species. In the last ten years, the population of this
previously rural county has doubled, as it did the ten years before that, and as it is
expected to at least do in the next ten years. The main problem is exponential growth
of retirement homes and golf courses and services to serve the increasing population.
There are no zoning laws to protect wild areas, although enactment of these is being
contemplated. Several biologists are quoted regarding decreasing plant and animal
wild areas, and most of us who have been visiting the area for 25-30 years would readily
concur. The article is considered and well written. There are many color photos among
which are the following CP: A very nice full cover of Sarracenia minor, a savanna in
moderate shape showing S. flava, and a photo containing both Drosera filiformis and
Utricularia cornuta. There is also a semi-diagrammatic map of the county showing
sample ecosystem locations. (DES)

Fagerberg, WRandD. Allain. 1991. A quantitative study of tissue dynamics during closure
in the traps of Venus’s Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Am. J. Bot. 78:647-657.

This is a very good paper discussing research work done by the authors in
extending what work had already been done on leaf movement in Dionaea. The paper
opens with a brief but complete review of work done since Darwin to this day. They
summarize closure into three phases, the first and third having been recognized before,
but the second a new distinct category: Capture — The familiar quick phase, which has
been studied most; Appression — An approximately 30 minute phase that is slower and
results in trap margin contact; and Sealing — Completed in about 1 hour post¬
stimulation and characterized by tighter sealing of the trap margins just internal to
the edges with the actual edges somewhat everted.

The authors very cleverly divide the trap into three zones (A,B and C) and excise
these from several plants during the above mentioned phases. Excision was quick and
smooth and fixation immediate so as to arrest any anatomic changes for study by light
and electron microscopy. The article should be read for details and completeness, but
in summary they found a very complex inter-related sequence of cellular enlargement
changes in each of the three regions that collated with what would be expected
physically to result in the gross observable three closure phases.

The authors conclude with some paragraphs of theoretical discussion on physi¬
ological control of this process which may be related to pH and calcium transport across
cell membranes as extrapolated from J apanese research on these ions and their effects

Volume 21 March & June 1993

43

on Aldrovanda, and the fact that traps can be successfully anesthetized by pH buffer
variations and use of calcium channel blocker compounds. (DES)

Folkerts, G. W. 1990. The white-topped pitcher plant — A case of precarious abun¬
dance. Oryx 24:201-207.

This is a well written and conceived popular conservation article with four photos
(including one ironic one of buckets of clipped S. leucophylla pitchers awaiting packing)
and some references.

After a brief introduction on the nature of pitcher plants and their habitats, the
article focuses on the Gulf coast where, at the moment, there is still a greater
abundance of pitcher plant habitat compared to disastrously rapid destruction of sites
on the Atlantic coastal plain. Here, the author also sees the beginning of a precipitous
decline.

He describes the main roles of decreasing fire at appropriate times of the year
(most natural fires are spring and summer and some research indicates better
response than with the traditionally accepted winter fires), land use changes with
drainage and destruction of habitat, horticultural collecting (personal and commer¬
cial) of taxa or variants whose numbers have become critical, and lately the growing
fad of usingS. leucophylla pitchers in flower arrangements here and abroad. Because
CITES has regulated international trade in Sarracenia and their parts, we have a
number of 500,000 pitchers of leucophylla per year in international trade, and an
unknown number in unregulated interstate trade. The author discusses the harm of
uninformed harvesting of massive numbers of pitchers from a stand at anytime, and
effects on longterm plant health and productivity. (DES)

Karlsson, P. S., K. O. Nor dell, B. A. Carlsson and B. M. Svensson. 1991. The
effect of soil nutrient status on prey utilization in four carnivorous plants. Oecologia
(Heidelb) 86(l):l-7

The authors tested the hypothesis that carnivorous plants are less responsive to
prey when grown in nutrient-rich soil. Four plant species, Drosera rotundifolia,
Pinguicula alpina, P. villosa and P. vulgai'is were tested and seven characteristics
were measured. The results were that 75% of the tests showed no significant
difference and therefore the hypothesis was not supported by the data. An alternate
modification of this idea is that CP can grow in nutrient poor or rich soils provided that
competition from other plants is low.

Krafft, C. C. and S.N. Handel. 1991. The role of carnivory in the growth and
reproduction of Drosera filiformis and D. rotundifolia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118:12-19.

The authors collected plants of the above two species, potted them up in nutrient
poor media under screening outdoors, and fed varying numbers of fruit flies to half the
plants the other half being unfed and acting as controls. Growing the plants over a
season disclosed that the fed plants in general had enhanced growth during the feeding
period. The “feeds” carried over winter hibernaculum stage with increased flowering
and seed production the following spring in those plants that were fed. They conclude
that feeding in a nutrient poor environment has immediate as well as long lasting
benefits. The discussion was interesting in trying to collate results of conflicting
experiments in other papers in the bibliography, particularly with field experiments.
One interesting experiment suggested that in the case of sundews growing in
moderately rich fields with other competing plants, carnivory gave a competitive edge
to the sundews as a source of nutrients other than the soil. (DES)

44

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

MacRoberts, B. R. and M. H. MacRoberts. 1990. Vascular flora of two west
Louisiana pitcher plant bogs. Phytologia 68:271-275.

The authors reference their previous paper on two similar bogs and mention that
little has really been done in studying the pitcher plant bogs west of the Mississippi
River. They describe the two present bogs located 0.5 km apart in Kisatchee National
Forest. They are seep slope bogs with mucky soil and little sphagnum except for
incidental patches. Soil analyses are provided with the expected results. All
important flora is listed, including the CP: Sarracenia alata, Drosera brevifolia, D.
capillaris , Pinguicula pumila, Utricularia cornuta, U.juncea and U. subulata. (DES)

Sattler, R. and R. Rutishauser. 1990. Structural and dynamic descriptions of the
development of Utricularia foliosa and U. australis . Can. J. Bot. 68:1989-2003.

In traditional taxonomy, morphologic structures are usually described in static
terms for purposes of classification and identification. One might say, “A leaf is a leaf
is a leaf... However, the utricul arias offer good models supporting a case for a
dynamic approach, at least theoretically, since there is much discussion over what
constitutes leaves, stems, roots (if any), shoots, etc., and what the traps are in
traditional terms. The authors document development of shoots by means of SEM and
make a proposal of how such studies and dynamic intermediate stages may in the
future be useful in taxonomy. (DES)

Sieren, D. J., et. al. 1990. Noteworthy additions to the vascular flora of eastern North
Carolina. J. Elisha Mit. Sci. Soc. 106:7-9.

The only CP mentioned is a new county record for Drosera brevifolia in New
Hanover County which is one of the counties immediately adjacent to Wilmington.
(DES)

Sorrie, Bruce A. 1992. Utricularia inflata Walter (Lentibulariaceae) in Massachu¬
setts. Rhodora 94:391-392.

U. inflata is reported for the first time from New England in an artificial impound¬
ment lying between Carver and Plymouth in Plymouth County, MA. This brings the
number of Utricularias in the state to 13. Federal Pond is a reservoir for a cranberry
growing operation. After considering several possible mechanisms of introduction, the
most likely is via waterfowl. (DES)

Speta, F, and F. Fuchs. 1992. Pinguicula debbertiana (Lentibulariaceae), eine
weitere neue Art aus Mexiko. Linzer Biol. Beitr. 24:375-380. IN GERMAN.

From the now famous area of San Luis Potosf (famous among Mexican Pinguicula
fans), this new species is described. It appears to be most closely related to P. esseriatia.
The paper contains two pages of line drawings of key morphologic features including the
flower in several views.

Valdes, Cristina P. 1989. Estudios preliminares en el g^nero hWroscraccac Salisb.)
en Cuba. Revista del Jardfn Botanico Nacional 10:207-212. IN SPANISH

Herbarium specimens of the genus Drosera L. were reviewed from Cuban herbaria.
Dot location maps are included in the paper and show what the author concludes are
three species of the genus in the country: D. intermedia, D. capillaris and D. brevifolia.
In the past, some of the specimens had been identified as D. rotundifolia and D. tenella
which could have given a total of five species instead of three. However, with the possible
exception of one problematic specimen in poor condition and labeled by her as D.
capillaris, it would appear there are only three species collected so far. The author
introduces the paper with a short summary of the family and its carnivorous features.
(DES)

Volume 21 March & June 1993

45

Venters, Vic. 1991. Stiffer penalties may deter poaching: Law strengthened to protect
rare Venus’s flytraps. Wildlife in North Carolina 55:28(Aug).

This is a full page informational article with a black and white photo of Dionaea. In
spring, 1991, stiffer penalties went into effect for poaching this species. By poaching, the
law determines that the term applies if the plants are collected from state lands
(including roadsides and ditches to the extent claimed by the state), parks, federal lands,
wildlife and nature preserves, and private lands without written permission of the
owner. Owners may collect and sell from their own lands at will. Formerly, the penalty
for poaching was a paltry $10.00 per arrest — Hardly a deterrent! The new penalty is a
minimum of $100 and a maximum of $500 for first offenders. Repeaters may be fined
$1000. This could still be little deterrent for the professional poacher collecting by the
truckload, if it were not that the thief can actually be fined these amounts per plant!

It is estimated that over 500,000 Dionaea are removed from the wild each year. Most
of these are sold to Holland, Germany and Japan. Besides plant removal, habitat
destruction is also stressed as a very important factor in decreasing the genus in the wild.

(Editorial comment: The article mentions that this spring, someone was appre¬
hended in the Green Swamp sanctuary with 1000 plants in possession, so the process can
work. The article also states that clearly disclosed that these were collected and potted
up. Recall the entrepreneur written about in the Greensboro, NC newspaper a year or
so ago who bragged about dumptruck-loads of CP collected and legally shipped from
Wilmington ports to Holland. I clearly recall about two years ago being awakened by a
phone call at 4 AM and a gruff foreign voice over long distance demanding — not asking
about — 250,000 flytraps “right away”, and did I know anyone who could do it! The caller
identified his location as the Netherlands.) (DES)

MULTI VITRO
CARNIVOROUS PLANTS

Since 1986, Multi Vitro is multiplying carnivorous plants through tissue
culture. We have about 20 species ready for sale. Please write us for a free
pricelist.

We sell wholesale as well as single plants. Species: Dionaea,, Sarracenia
alata, leucophylla, purpurea, flava, flava X leuco, Heliamphora nutans,
Pinguicula agnata, moranensis, esseriana, gypsicola, Xweser; Drosera binata,
capensis, hilaris, indica alicea, Cephalotus.

MULTI VITRO; Zandse voetpad 9; 6851 DR Huissen; Holland.

HUNGRY PLANTS

Carnivorous Plant Nursery

Finally, the ’Rare Ones! '
Heliamphora, Genlisea. and morel!

For our new descriptive catalog, send $2 to:
Hungry Plants
1216 Cooper Drive
Raleigh. NC 27607

Greenhouse open by appt. only. Call 829-3751

46

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

The 1993 List Of CP Books

Not available through CPN. Order directly from publisher, your local bookshop or
C.P. Nursery. Bold books are new to the list for 1993.

• = Books intended primarily for children. O = Books out-of-print.

1 . A Guide to the Carnivorous Plants of the World. 1992. Gordon Cheers. Angus & Robertson,
Pymble, NSW, Australia. Andrew Isles Bookshop, P.O. Box 358, Prahran 3181, Australia
$45.00+$6.00P&H. Use VISA/ MC/AE card number to simplify money exchange. USA:
Call 800/242-7737 to order (800/CHARPER)

•2. Animals & Plants that Trap by Phillip Goldstein. Holiday, 1974; Holiday House, Inc.: 18
E. 53rd St.; New York, NY 10022. $5.95.

3. Carnivorous Plants by Gordon Cheers. Globe Press. Melbourne. (ISBN 0- 9591937-0-7) $9.95

4. Carnivorous Plants by Francis E. Lloyd. Peter Smith; 6 Lexington Ave., Magnolia, M A 01930;
USA. 1942 ed. Paper $7.95. (ISBN 0-486-23321-9)

5. Carnivorous Plants by Randall Schwartz. Avon Books, 1975; 959 Eighth Ave.; New York, NY
10019; USA. Soft cover $1.25 (ISBN 0-275-5 1580-X)

6. Carnivorous Plants by Adrian Slack. MIT Press, 1979; 28 CarletonSt.; Cambridge, M A 02142;
USA. 1984 paper $13.95. (ISBN 0-262-69089-6)

•7. Carnivorous Plants by John F. Waters. Franklin Watt, Inc., 1974; 845 Third Ave.; New York,
NY 10022; USA. $4.90.

•8. Carnivorous Plants by Cynthia Overbeck. Lemer Publications, 1982; 241 First Ave.; Minne¬
apolis, MN 55401; USA. Paperback $5.95. (ISBN 0-82259535-4)

9. Carnivorous Plants by Paul Temple. 1988. A Wisley Handbook. Royal Horticultural Society,
London. Available in US for $5.95 from Sterling Publishing Co., 387 Park Ave. S.;New York
NY 10016-8810. (ISBN 0-30430045-6)

10. Carnivorous Plants-Care and Cultivation. 1990. Marcel Lecoufle.
Blandford (Villiers House, 41/47 Strand, London WC2N 5JE). US Dist.,
Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 387 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10016-
8810. English version. (ISBN 0-7137-2185-5). $29.00.

11. Carnivorous Plants of Australia. Vol. I & II by Allen Lowrie. West Australia Univ.
Press, 1986; Nedlands, WA 60009; AUSTRALIA. Or: International Specialized
Books; 5602 NE Hassalo St.; Portland, OR 97213; USA.800/5477734. Paperback
$27.50; hardback $45.00. Plus $2.25 UPS. (ISBN 0-85564254-8)

12. Carnivorous Plants of California by J.HawkeyeRondeau, PhD. 1991. $15.95+post-
age from author (37Sunnyslope Avenue, San Jose CA95127; USA. Tel. 408/929-
6529.)

13. Carnivorous Plants of the World by J. & P. Pietropaolo. Timber, 1986. Peter Pauls
Nurseries; Canandaigua, NY 14424; USA. $30.30. (ISBN 0-88192-066-5)

14. Common Marsh, Underwater & Floating Leaved Plants of the United States &
Canada by Neil Hotchkiss. 1972.

15. CP of the US & Canada by D. E. Schnell. John F. Blair, Publisher, 1976. 1406 Plaza
Dr., SW; Winston-Salem, NC 27103. 1976 ed. $9.50 + shipping. (ISBN 0-910244-

90-1)

16. Cultivating Carnivorous Plants by Allen Swenson. Doubleday & Co., 1977;

Volume 21 March & June 1993

47

•17. Insect-Eating Plants by L.&G. Poole, T.Y. Crowell, 1963; 666 Fifth Ave.; New
York, NY 10016; USA. $4.50

18. Insect-Eating Plants and How to Grow Them by Adrian Slack. 1986. (ISBN 0-295-
96637-8). Marston Exotics; Brampton Lane, Madley, Hereford; ENGLAND UK
HR2 9LX. £13.50 ($22.55 aprox.) includes postage & handling (P&H)

19. Insectivorous Plants by Charles Darwin. AMS Press, 1893; 56 E. 13th St.; New
York, NY 10003; USA; Vol. 12, 1972. $42.50. (ISBN 0-404-08412-5)

•20. Killer Plants. 1993. Mycol Doyle. LowellHouse Juvenile, Los Angeles, CA90067.
(ISBN 1-56565-056-5) 30p.

21. Nepenthes of Mt. Kinabalu (in English) by S. Kurata. Sabah National Park.
Marston Exotics (see #15 for address). £7.50 ($12.53 approx.) includes P&H.

•22. Pitcher Plants by Carol Lerner. William Morrow & Co.; New York. $12.95. (ISBN
0-688-01717-7)

23. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore by Roger G. Shivas. $10.50.
(ISBN 9-971-954-16-8)

24. Plants of Prey in Australia by Rica Erickson. Univ. of W. A. Press, 1986. Marston
Exotics (see#15 for address).£16.75 ($27.97 approx.) includes P&H.

•25. Plants That Eat Animals by J. H. Prince. Lodestar Bks.; 2 Park Ave.; New York,
NY 10016; USA; 1979 ed. $8.95.

26. The Carnivorous Plants by B. E. Juniper, R. J. Robins and D. M. Joel. Academic
Press, Book Market Dept., 1250 Sixth Ave., San Diego, CA92101. Tel. 1-314-528-
8110. $161.00. (ISBN 0-12-392170-8)

27. The Genus Utricularia, a taxonomic monograph, KEW Bulletin, Series XIV,
Royal Botanical Gardens. $68.00. (ISBN 0-11-250046-3) HMSO Publication
Center, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, ENGLAND.

The 1993 CP Sources

Note: All individuals or organizations selling, trading, or buying CP are advised to be
cognizant of certain restrictions under the U.S. ESA and international CITIES for
certain species (see editorial, CPN 12(1):3, 1983). Bold sources are new for 1993.
Welcome!

Alain Christophe
37, Avenue Turgot
Oxoir-la-Ferriere F-77330
France

Name and Address

Catalog Price

$7s

Stock

S. African Drosera seed

California Carnivores

7020 Trenton-Healdsburg Road

Forestville, CA 95436

free

Dionaea, Drosera,

Sarracenia,

Utricularia,

Pinguicula,

Nepenthes, books,
soil mixes

48

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

Name and Address

Stock

Carolina Exotic Gardens
Rt. 5, Box 283-A
Greenville, NC 27834
USA

Charles Powell
2932 Sunburst Dr.

San Jose CA 95111
USA

Cyril G. Brown
65 Highfield Cres.

Hornchurch Exex. RM12 6PC
ENGLAND

D. Crump’s Carnivorous Plants
4174 Welling Ave.

Charlotte, NC 28208
USA

Glasshouse Works
Church Street, Box 97
Stewart, OH 45778
USA

Heldon Nurseries
Ashbourne Road
Spath Uttoxeter ST145AD
ENGLAND

Hinode-Kadan Nursery
2735 Nakanogo, Hacijyot
Hachihyo-Island Tokyo 100-16
Japan

Hungry Plants
1216 Cooper Drive
Raleigh, NC 27607
USA

Lee’s Botanical Gardens
P.O. Box 669
La Belle, FL 33935
USA

(813/675-8728)

Marie’s Orchids & CP
6400 Cedarbrook Drive
Pinellas Park, FL 34666
USA

813/546-7882

Milingimbi Nursery
69 Pringle Avenue
Belrose NSW 2085
AUSTRALIA

Catalog Price

$1.00

Inquire

Inquire

Free with S.A.S.E.

Free

Inquire

International
Reply Coupon

$1.00

Free

$1.00

Free

Darlingtonia, Dionaea,
Drosera, Pinguicula,
Sarracenia, live
Sphagnum moss

Dionaea,

Sarracenia,

Drosera

Live sphagnum moss
Nepenthes

Byblis, Cephalotus,
Drosers, Pinguicula,
Nepenthes, Utricularia

Tissue cultured plants

B-S-T all varieties of CP

Heliamphora, Dionaea,
Nepenthes, Cephalotus,
Drosera, Pinguicula, CP
growing supplies, Tissue
Culture Services

Byblis, Cephalotus,
Drosera, Dionaea,
Nepenthes, Pinguicula,
Sarracenia, Utricularia

Volume 21 March & June 1993

49

Name and Address

Nature et Paysages
J. J. Labat, Empouchon
Peyrusse-Massas
F-32360 Jegun
FRANCE

Orgel’s Orchids Free

Box K-6, 18950 SW 136th St.

Miami, FL 33187
USA

305/233-7168

Peter Pauls Nurseries Free

Canandaigua, NY 14424

USA

716/394-7397

Renate Parsley Inquire

1, Woodlands Road
Somerset West, 7130
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Roy Young
1 International

79, Pearcroft Road Reply Coupon

Leyton Stone

London Ell 44P

ENGLAND

01/556-8048

Catalog Price

Inquire

Stock

All CP Families

Byblis, Dionaea, Drosera,
Nepenthes, Pinguicula,
Utricularia

Darlingtonia, Dionaea,
Nepenthes, seed,
Pinguicula, Sarracenia,
Utricularia, live Sphagnum

Native CP seed

Seed of CP

Sarracenia Nurseries Inquire

Links Side

Courtland Avenue, Mill Hill
London NW7 3BG
ENGLAND

Southwest Carnivores
300 W. Carter Dr.

Glendora CA 91740-5915

(T&A),

USA

South West Seeds
Dough & Vivi Rowland
200 Springs Road
Kempston, Bedford MK428ND

ENGLAND

Thysanotus-Seed-Mailorder

Inquire

Byblis, Darlingtonia,

Postfach 44-8109

Drosera, Drosophyllum,

Bremen 44 D-2800

Nepenthes, Pinguicula,

WEST GERMANY

Sarracenia, Utricularia

The co-editors and CPN do not endorse any of the above vendors. This is being
provided only as a service to our subscribers. Information correct at time of receipt.
Please contact sources directly for further information. Not responsible for omissions.
Inquiries for inclusion in future lists should include a catalog/price list of CP available,
cost of catalog and address. Send information to J. A. Mazrimas, 329 Helen Way,
Livermore, CA 94550.

Free with SASE Pygmy Droseras

or 2 reply coupons Dionaea, Sarracenia,

Utricularia
Pinguicula,
Sphagnum moss

50

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMITTING
MATERIAL TO CPN

All material you wish to have considered for publication in CPN must be
sent to either Don Schnell or Joe Mazrimas (addresses on inside front cover),
not to the business address at the Fullerton Arboretum. Text material
similar in character to that in the NEWS & VIEWS and SHORT NOTES will
be considered. Please keep written material as succinct as you can.

All written material, no matter how brief MUST be sent typewritten or
word-processed in double space format to allow the editors room for editing
marks. For purposes of computer scan page setup, a laser or laserjet printout
is best, followed by a new or recently installed ribbon in a standard printer
or typewriter. Copy must be crisp and clear. Copy submitted in any other
format will be returned for appropriate processing. Computer users are
encouraged to submit a 3.5 inch disk, preferably Macintosh compatible, along
with a printout.

Color photos to accompany your article may be submitted as either 35mm
slides or quality prints. Slides or prints that are blurred or have poor
distinction between the subject and background, cannot be used. Keeping in
mind the expense of producing color illustrations, and to allow others the
same privilege, keep your numbers of photos to the minimum required to best
illustrate your point in using them. All photos must be accompanied by an
appropriate legend. Do not write the legend on the back of prints or on an
envelope containing the slides. All legends must be typed or word-processed
on a separate page as described for text. Number the photos in light pencil
(for prints lightly on the backs) and use a corresponding number on your page
of legends.

We do not encourage submission of any illustrative material that does not
accompany an article. We usually have sufficient material backed up for
“filler pictures” and will put out a call if more are needed.

In submitting photos, it is best to send duplicate prints or slides in case
of loss or damage. We will make every effort to promptly return photos if
requested, otherwise we will assume they are duplicates.

After submitting material, please be patient regarding replies. Some
material may require review by both DES and JAM, or even an outside
reviewer. If your material is accepted, and it is not timed as a dated
announcement, please be patient awaiting its appearance in CPN since we
sometimes have material for a whole year’s issues.

"30” Leo

Volume 21 March & June 1993

51