CARNIVOROUS PLANT 0 NEWSLETTER
Journal of the International Carnivorous Plant Society
Volume 30, No. 1 March 200 1
CARNIVOROUS
PLANT
NEWSLETTER
Journal of the International Carnivorous Plant Society www.carnivorousplants.org
Volume 30, Number 1 March 2001
Front Cover: U. humboldtii seeds, photograph by Thomas Carow.
Back Cover: Flowers of U. nelumbifolia. Photograph by Fernando Ftivadavia.
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter is dedicated to spreading knowledge and news related to carnivorous plants. Reader contributions are essential for this mission to be successful. Do not hesitate to contact the editors with infor¬ mation about your plants, conservation projects, field trips, or noteworthy events. Contributors should review the "Instructions to Authors" printed in the March issue of each year. Advertisers should contact the editors.Views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, not the editorial staff.
All correspondence regarding dues, address changes and missing issues should be sent to the Membership Coordinator at the ICPS. Do not send such correspondence to the editors. Checks for subscriptions and back issues should be made to the ICPS in US funds. Dues are $20 for US, Canada, and Mexico, $25 elsewhere.
President Vice President Secrertary Board Member Seed Bank
Editors:
Barry Meyers-Rice. P.O. Box 72741, Davis, CA 95617, USA, email: barry@camivorousplants.org Jan Schlauer. Zwischenstr. 11, D-60594 Frankfurt, Germany, email: jan@camivorousplanLs.org Page Layout: Steve Baker, email: steve@camivorousplants.org
Business Manager: Leo C. Song, Jr., (714)278-2766, email: leo@camivorousplants.org
Date of effective publication of the December 2000 issue of Carnivorous Plant Newsletter: 12 December 2000.
The ICPS is the International Registration Authority (IRA) for cultivated carnivorous plants according to The International Code For The Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Send relevant correspondence to the ICPS. Inc.
PUBLISHER: ICPS. Inc.. Fullerton, California. Published quarterly with one volume annually. Desktop Publishing: Steve Baker, 5612 Creek Point Drive. Hickory. NC 28601. Printer: Kandid Litho. Logo and masthead art: Paul Milauskas. Dues: $20.00 annually. $25.00 foreign. Repnnts available by volume only © 200 1 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. All nghts reserved. ISSN #0190-9215. Circulation 866 yearly.
ICPS, Inc.
PMB 330
3310 East Yorba Linda Blvd.
Fullerton, CA 9283 1-1709, USA icps@camivorousplants.org
David Gray, email: david@camivorousplants.org Carl Mazur, email: carl@camivorouspIants.org Cindy Slezak, email: cindy@camivorousplants.org Jay Lechtman. email: jay@camivorousplants.org
John Brittnacher, email: john@camivorousplants.org, seedbank listed in this issue.
2
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Contents
Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardn. At Last! . 5
Looking back: CPN 25 years ago . 10
New Cultivars . - . 11
Seedbank . 14
Uptake of the Amino Acid Alanine by Digestive Leaves: Proof of Carnivory
in the Tropical Liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae) . 15
Refining The Terrarium: Alternative Techniques For The Indoor Gardener - 21
News & Views . - . 25
Black Vine Weevil: A Sarracenia and Darlingtonia Pest . 26
Good News: Drosera longifolia L. Rejected, Sarracenia purpurea L.
Conserved With a New Type . 29
New Cultivars Registered in 2000 . 30
Instructions to Authors . 31
When in Northern California Visit
California Carnivores
Specializing in insect-eating and other exo4 c plant’s Men
! f — . ; library
★ Open all year, call ahead in winter
★ Commercially cultivated
★ Over 500 varieties on display
★ On site & domestic mail order
★ We ship potted plants
7020 Trenton-Healdsburg Rd. Forestville, CA. 95436 (707) 838-1630 Price list - SASE
Visit us on the Internet at http://californiacarnivores.com/
Carolina Carnivorous Gardens
“Specializing in insect eating plants”
★ on site sales & display gardens
★ call ahead for appointment
★ U.N.C.C. Sarracenia hybrids
★ Winter hardy Drosera species
★ plants commercially propagated
4174 Welling Avenue Charlotte, NC 28208 Phone: 704-399-3045 Fax: 704-393-8298
Contact: DAVID CRUMP
Price list - S.A.S.E.
Volume 30 March 2001
3
NATVRE ET PAYSAGES
<S>
Nature et Paysages 32360 Peyrusse-Massas France
Tel: 05.62.65.52.48 Fax: 05.62.65.50.44
Send 10 l.U.C. for French Catalogue Email: nature-et-paysages@mipnet.fr 100 pages, more than 400 varieties http://www.gascogne.com/natureetpaysages
TRIFFID PARK
257 PERRY ROAD, KEYSBOROUGH, VIC, 3173, AUSTRALIA PHONE: 61 3 9769 1663 8am to 4pm Monday to Friday ONLY FAX: 61 3 9769 1663 24 HOURS 7 DAYS PER WEEK
EMAIL: triffids@triffidpark.com.au WWW: http://www.triffidparkxom.au
Owned and operated by Colin and Tina Clayton,
Managed by Donna Clayton
FOR ALL YOUR CARNIVOROUS PLANT REQUIREMENTS INCLUDING: PLANTS, POTS, LABELS, BOOKS, PEAT MOSS AND TISSUE CULTURE. WRITE, PHONE, FAX OR EMAIL FOR A FREE COLOR MAIL ORDER CATALOGUE CATERING TO RETAIL AND WHOLESALE CUSTOMERS.
If visiting Melbourne, Australia, you are most welcome to visit Triffid Park,
BUT PLEASE ORGANISE THIS WITH US FIRST.
Visits by appointment only
CQ Ph
Carnivorous
Plants
Retail Packages 6 Cell Trays
VISA/ MC CITES Xo. DS839095
4
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
International Correspondent
Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardn. At Last!
Fernando Rivadavia • Rua Inacio Pedroso 230 • Sao Paulo, S.P. 05612-050 *
Brazil • fe_riva@uol.com.br
Keywords: observations: Utricularia humboldtii, Utricularia nelumbifolia.
Utricularia nelumbifolia Gardn. is one of the largest species in the genus. It is closely related to the other large species U. reniformis St.Hil. and U. humboldtii Schomb. — they are all from section Iperua P. Taylor. These three species are the only ones known to grow inside the water-filled leaf axils of bromeliads. While U. nelumbifolia thrives exclusively inside bromeliads, U. reniformis is mostly a ter¬ restrial and is only very rarely found growing among the dead leaves at the base of bromeliads. U. humboldtii is most often found in bromeliads, but can also be observed in boggy soils surrounding the host bromeliads, and occasionally even inside pitchers of Heliamphora.
Although widespread on highlands of eastern Brazil (Taylor, 1989), U. nelumb¬ ifolia is elusive and it took me many years of intense searching before I finally found it in early 1996. For a while I even doubted it existed at all, thinking it was an artifact, the result of a few mutant leaves of U. reniformis growing in an excep¬ tional habitat inside bromeliads. Ironically, I saw my first live U. nelumbifolia in December 1995, growing inside bromeliads cultivated at the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. Although overwhelmingly happy to finally see U. nelumbifolia. alive, I was nonetheless frustrated that they were in cultivation and in such poor health, bare¬ ly alive in the hot coastal plains after having accidentally hitchhiked from their highland habitats along with their host bromeliads when these were collected.
In February/March 1996 I drove approximately 3400km all around southeast¬ ern Brazil, during a ten-day carnivorous plant marathon with two friends: Fabio Pinheiro from Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Joe Mullins, visiting from Ireland. While exploring highlands in eastern Minas Gerais state, we were lucky to meet Lucio Leoni, who maintains an herbarium in the town of Carangola and knew much of the region’s native flora. To our surprise, he knew a few carnivorous plant locations in the area, including a U. nelumbifolia population.
Lucio took us to a beautiful mountaintop on the Serra da Araponga where we saw Drosera villosa St.Hil., Genlisea lobata Fromm-Trinta, and U. longifolia Gardn, This was a new recording for G. lobata , which until then was only known from the type location, the Serra do Caparao, approximately 80 km to the north¬ east. Yet U. longifolia stole our attention from G. lobata. Not only was the whole grassy mountain top covered with millions of U. longifolia leaves, but there were also countless flower scapes. Each of these scapes was highly branched, with more flowers than I had ever seen on any other specimens of this species. But even more exciting was the fact that about half the U. longifolia lacked purple pigment and had white flowers! What a magnificent place that turned out to be!
On our way back to Carangola, Lucio pointed to a group of mountains next to the terribly bumpy dirt road we were driving along. He claimed that the granite cliffs were absolutely covered with the bromeliad Vriesia extensa (L.B. Smith) J.R. Grant, and that these were in turn packed tight with U. nelumbifolia. We immediately decided to go there on the following day, of course!
We woke up early the next day to a beautiful cloudless morning, gobbled down
Volume 30 March 2001
5
breakfast, and jumped into the car with all our gear. We could not wait to see U. nelumbifolial After driving for about an hour (partly along a horrible dirt road full of holes and rocks which left numerous scrapes underneath my car), I parked at the entrance of a small ranch. We hiked up an increasingly steep hillside, passing through cow pastures, under barbed-wire fences, and over streams. At one point, stopping for a short rest, huffing and puffing with exhaustion, wiping the streams of sweat pouring down my forehead, I glanced upwards towards our destination. Squinting in the brightness of the daylight, I could see that the smooth rock face above us was polka-dotted with bromeliads by the thousands — no, millions! Would this be it? Would I finally see U. nelumbifolia in the wild?
That February 18 will forever remain deeply engraved in my mind as one of the most memorable days of my carnivorous plant travels, and I believe Fabio and Joe feel the same way. At about 1200m altitude, there was a brief transition between the short trees growing in brick-red lateritic soil and the bare rock surface covered with large bromeliads. The mountainside had an inclination of about 45 degrees at this point, but higher above the smooth rock curved upwards increasingly, becoming a vertical cliff. My lungs were burning, and I was getting more and more excited with each step. By the time I reached the transition zone, I felt like my heart was beat¬ ing in my throat with the anticipation!
I stopped at the first bromeliad I came upon and began lifting up and looking under each of its long dark-green leaves in quick succession, like a monkey looking for ticks on its companion. Nothing. I went to the next bromeliad and proceeded to browse through it as well. Once again: nothing! I began to frantically walk from one bromeliad to another, sticking my face into each like a dog sniffing out other dogs. Joe and Fabio soon caught up with me and joined my frenzy. And still we could find no U. nelumbifolial Starting to feel a terrible emptiness at the pit of my stomach, I continued moving slowly uphill, zigzagging from one bromeliad to another, my eyes radar dishes wandering from side to side.
Suddenly I spotted something and froze in mid-step. Was it wishful thinking or was that a circular leaf on a long petiole sticking out of a bromeliad? In silence, afraid to utter what I was already screaming in my mind, I cautiously approached the bromeliad in a few quick nervous jerks, kneeled down on the rock next to it as if in prayer. Was that truly a U. nelumbifolia leaf, or maybe a heat-induced halluci¬ nation? My hand unexpectedly acted on its own, zapping out and plucking the sus¬ picious-looking leaf. A fraction of a second was enough to confirm that it was not a product of my imagination but truly a round peltate Utricularia leaf (see Figures 1, 2). I immediately shouted out to Joe and Fabio, “NE-LUM-BI-FO-LIAAAAA!!” They quickly clambered up the steep mountainside towards me as whoops of joy escaped my throat and I jumped up and down, commemorating. I could not believe that I had finally found U. nelumbifolia in nature after so many years!
As soon as the initial explosion of joy abated slightly, we continued exploring further uphill and kept on finding more and more U. nelumbifolia — there were tons of it! Some bromeliads were absolutely infested with this Utricularia, all the way from the outermost dead and deteriorated leaf axils right up to the central water tank. We were even fortunate enough to find a few open U. nelumbifolia flowers. The inflorescences were similar to those of U. reniformis in shape and size, reach¬ ing between 50 and 80cm in length (see Back Cover). The flowers were around 3-4 cm long and wide, colored in a beautiful bright pink-lilac with two vertical yellow stripes on an inflated bulge at the base of the lower lip, surrounded by a dark pink- purple patch. Strangely, none of the inflorescences showed any signs of ovaries swollen with seeds, nor of old spent seed capsules.
According to Taylor (1989), the traps of U. nelumbifolia are 1.5-2. 5 mm long;
6
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Figure 1: U. nelumbifolia inhabiting Vriesia extensa at Serra da Araponga.
larger than those of U. reniformis (0.7-1. 5 mm), but tiny in comparison to those of U. humboldtii (5-12 mm). The leaf petioles of U. nelumbifolia may reach 45 cm in length and the peltate circular lamina may be up to 10 cm in diameter (Taylor, 1989). Most of the U. nelumbifolia leaves arise from stolons tightly packed within the bromeliad leaf axils, but we found occasional small (often reniform) leaves with short petioles on the so-called “aerial” stolons.
Aerial stolons are probably the most amazing feature of U. nelumbifolia. These organs are also present in U. humboldtii and are a fantastic adaptation to life in bromeliads. I had the chance to study U. humboldtii in the wild between December 1998 and January 1999 while botanizing Mt. Neblina, on the Brazil-Venezuela bor¬ der and made some interesting comparisons with U. nelumbifolia.
Typical mature stolons of U. nelumbifolia and U. humboldtii are thick and white in color, although occasionally slightly greenish — possibly because some sun¬ light may get past the younger, translucent bromeliad leaves. Aerial stolons are atypical in that they are very thin and dark-green and most importantly because they initially grow vertically like a flower scape before suddenly curving back down¬ wards into an inverted U-shape. If it encounters a bromeliad leaf axil on its descending route, the tip of the aerial stolon “germinates,” branching numerous times just below the surface of the water.
In U. nelumbifolia these aerial stolons reach deep into the axils of the tightly- layered bromeliad leaves, like a grasping claw, acquiring thus a strong foothold (see Figure 2). At the Serra da Araponga we quickly discovered how well ensconced U. nelumbifolia was, as our initial attempts to obtain stolons from within the bromeli¬ ad leaf axils by pulling on the long petioles and aerial stolons of this Utricularia resulted only in broken bits and pieces of plant parts. Yet at Mt. Neblina it was quite the opposite — I had to be careful not to pull whole plants out of the bromeli¬ ads by yanking on a single leaf! I think this difference was mostly due to the dif¬ ferent anatomy of the host Brocchinia species at Mt. Neblina which had more loose and open leaf rosettes.
As for the function of these aerial stolons, Taylor (1989) claims that they are a means of spreading from one bromeliad into another. But after studying both U. nelumbifolia and U. humboldtii in the wild and in cultivation, I have a different hypothesis based on the following four observations.
Volume 30 March 2001
7
Figure 2: The outer leaves of V. extensa removed to reveal U. nelumbifolia.
1 (Although aerial stolons may reach more than a meter in length (Taylor, 1989), I noticed that each one usually lands only 5-20cm away from where it origi¬ nally emerged. Furthermore, I observed that the host bromeliads were usually located too far apart from each other to be within the reach of U. nelumbifolia aer¬ ial stolons arising from neighboring plants. Therefore the aerial stolons almost always grew out of and back into the same bromeliad.
2 (Because the younger leaves of bromeliads stick out more horizontally than the older leaves (which are packed tightly around the base of the bromeliad), the aerial stolons of U. nelumbifolia and U. humboldtii mostly descend into the axils of younger leaves closer to the center of the bromeliad rosettes.
3 (The water-tight seals between the leaves of each concentric ring in bromeli¬ ad rosettes are very smoothly-fit, possibly too perfect to allow the passage of the Utricularia stolons. If this is true, then the continuous growth of a host bromeliad would slowly but continuously push U. nelumbifolia or U. humboldtii outwards from the center, eventually leading it to certain death among the old bromeliad leaves as these dried and decomposed.
4)The aerial stolons of U. nelumbifolia and U. humboldtii appear to emerge most frequently from outermost leaf axils in a bromeliad rosette, where the water pools have already dried up or been squeezed out as the leaves become more tight¬ ly-packed.
Based on these observations, I believe that it is likely that the main function of the aerial stolons of U. nelumbifolia and U. humboldtii is not to colonize new bromeliads — which are usually too far away to be reached by the stolons — but rather is to continuously recolonize the central parts of the same host bromeliad. If the function of the aerial stolons was to colonize bromeliads other than the host, they would have to be able to reach father than they actually do. Based on my fourth observation above, I wonder if the production of aerial stolons is triggered by a lack-of-water-related stress?
8 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Figure 3: Fruit and flowers of U. nelumbifolia at Serra dos Orgaos.
Anyway, back to the Serra da Araponga, where after a few hours of studying, photographing, herborizing, collecting, and simply drooling over U. nelumbifolia, we finally agreed to trudge back downhill towards the car. Our feet ached tremen¬ dously from the strain of attempting to keep our balance for so long on that steep diagonal incline where the bromeliads grew. The heat and intense sunlight on that treeless terrain had been a bit of a problem too, but I am sure it would have been much worse if it had rained. I would not like to find out how slippery that smooth bromeliad-covered rock surface becomes when wet!
We collected U. nelumbifolia stolons for cultivation, but we did not know if they would survive inside the species of bromeliads we had back borne, and certainly did not know if they would accept a home of sphagnum moss. Therefore, we also lugged down the mountain two or three small — but heavy and cumbersome — specimens of the bromeliad Vj'iesia extensa which contained U. nelumbifolia. It was difficult to pry these bromeliads off the rock, they are more tightly rooted than may seem pos¬ sible!
Surprisingly, U. nelumbifolia survived very well the following week or so, bouncing around in the hot and stuffy trunk of my car before we arrived back to Sao Paulo. We even found more U. nelumbifolia towards the end of that trip in a simi¬ lar habitat at approximately 1100m of altitude the Serra dos Orgaos highlands in Rio de Janeiro state, where they grew in two different (but unidentified) species of bromeliads. I revisited this site in October 1999 and found several flowering speci¬ mens, including one which had six open flowers on a single scape! (See Figure 3)
I am now very happy to say that U. nelumbifolia is still thriving in cultivation, growing much better for us here in Brazil than U. humboldtii ever did. It is even being successfully cultivated outside bromeliads, in live Sphagnum moss, by my friend Marcelo Fontana. In fact Joe has helped us introduce U. nelumbifolia to cul¬ tivation in Europe and hopefully this wonderful species will soon be commonly trad¬ ed among carnivorous plant growers.
Volume 30 March 2001
9
Although U. nelumbifolia has flowered in cultivation several times here in Sao Paulo and produced plenty of seeds, these are unfortunately short-lived and very fragile. The seeds of U. nelumbifolia are small seedlings surrounded by a thin papery sheath, and are viable only while green, much like the seeds of U. humboldtii (see Front Cover). On contact with water, each seed sheath breaks open and releases the three-dimensional snowflake-shaped plantlet. Those of U. nelumbifolia appear to have an indefinite number of leaf segments, each with a widely-spreading forked tip. The seeds should be treated like the gemmae of pygmy sundews, and must not be allowed to dry out. It should be possible to transport U. nelumbifolia by keeping the seeds or seedlings wrapped in moist tissue paper or live Sphagnum. Hopefully this way this magnificent species will soon be more widely cultivated in carnivorous plant collections around the world.
I was most surprised one day in early 2000 to discover U. nelumbifolia growing in my hometown of Sao Paulo! Walking around one of the busiest street corners in the city, I happened to pass by a huge bank with a beautiful bromeliad garden full of Vriesia imperialis Carriere specimens. I could not help stopping to admire it from across the tall fence, and nearly fell over backwards as I suddenly noticed that sev¬ eral of the plants were packed with U. nelumbifolia leaves! Although momentarily happy with this surprise, I nonetheless immediately felt a hard kick to my stomach as I realised what the presence of U. nelumbifolia in those bromeliads actually meant: that they were illegally wild-collected, and that some beautiful cliffside had been stripped clean of those huge bromeliads, which must take decades to reach their full size. And the worse part is that bromeliads have become increasingly pop¬ ular in landscaping around the city...
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Joe Mullins and Fabio Pinheiro for their company on that memorable trip, congratulations to Fabio, Marcelo Fontana, and Mauricio Piliackas for keeping U. nelumbifolia alive in cultivation here in Sao Paulo, and a big thank you to Lucio Leoni who pointed out the exact place where we finally saw wild U. nelumbifolia.
Reference:
Taylor, P. 1989, The Genus Utricularia — a taxonomic monograph, Kew Bull.
Additional Series XIV, HMSO, London.
Looking Back: CPN 25 years ago
Susan Verhoek-Williams wrote a bizarre article about ancient and modem medical beliefs and uses of carnivorous plants: “In France, sorcerers... used Droser'a in their potions.. ..one who searched for a sundew and rubbed its leaves over his skin on St. John’s Eve would become indefatigable. Searching was necessary; a person who simply blun¬ dered upon the plants would be confounded and never find the spot again.
“It was easy to tell if Drosera were nearby, at least so it was believed in the Bourbon region of France. There, it was said, the plants glowed at night and by day green wood¬ peckers marked the spot; they could be seen flying strangely as they maneuvered to pluck the sundews, which were used to harden their beaks.
“Sorcerers and laymen alike collected the plant on St. John’s Eve (midsummer eve), midnight being considered the time to gather the most effective plants. The gathering was perilous; the collector had to do his collecting walking backwards to avoid being fol¬ lowed by the devil. Devil or no, walking backwards in a bog at midnight would give a col¬ lector an uneasy feeling.”
10
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
New Cultivars
Keywords: cultivar: Pinguicula ‘Titan’, Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’.
Pinguicula ‘Titan’
Received: 20 October 1999
This hybrid Pinguicula was created by me on 17 July 1987. The seed parent was a fragrant clone of P agnata we grow at California State University at Fullerton. This is the only fragrant Pinguicula we have, and its taxonomic status is still uncertain. The pollen parent was an unidentified Pinguicula collected by David Verity near Guanajuato, Mexico in 1975. The pollen parent forms a hibernaculum below the surface of the ground, sometimes at a depth of over 1.5 cm (1/2 inch), and has flowers similar in form to P gypsicola. It may be P. macrophylla.
At its largest, the leaves of Pinguicula ‘Titan’ can exceed the confines of a 15 cm (six inch) pot! The leaves resemble the pollen parent’s, in having a longer and more pronounced petiole than the leaves of the seed parent. However, the flower shape definitely favors the seed parent, but the blue edges have been replaced with an even magenta glow. A slight fragrance is also evident. It forms a large subterranean hibernaculum, but has a relatively short dormant period.
Pinguicula ‘Titan’ is very vigorous and easy to grow (Figure 1). We use a gen¬ eral mix for carnivorous plants (2 parts coco peat, 2 parts peat moss, 1 part fine orchid bark, 3 parts #20 quartz sand, 1-1.5 parts coarse perlite) to which we add a bit of dolomite and gypsum (1 part to 800 parts potting mix). A 5 cm (2 inch) layer of perlite is placed at the bottom of the pot for added drainage and enhanced aera¬ tion. We grow it under lights and natural lighting. It is being sold by a number of stores, such as Booman Floral of Vista California. It survives on store shelves longer than all other carnivorous plants, flowering there even after Venus Flytraps, sun¬ dews, and Sarracenia have died.
The cultivar name ‘Titan’ was chosen both to indicate the plants large size, but also to commemorate the nickname for California State University, Fullerton. I nominated this name some time in 1998, and it was sent (by Barry Meyers-Rice) for registration on 20 October 1999. Pinguicula ‘Titan’ should be propagated by vege¬ tative means only in order to preserve its distinctive characters.
— Leo Song, Jr. • Biological Sciences Greenhouse Complex • California State University • Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 • USA • leo@carnivorousplants.org
Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’
Received: 4 February 2000
One of the peculiarities found in many of the red-flowered species of Sarracenia are the so-called aberrant colour forms. In addition to the range of pink and red colours found in many individuals of these species, plants are occasionally discov¬ ered which have pure yellow flowers. The genetics governing this effect are well doc¬ umented (Sheridan & Scholl, 1996; Sheridan, 1997) and are known to affect red colour production in either the flower or the entire plant.
Of particular merit is the yellow-flowered clone of Sarracenia leucophylla . This plant has, in addition to the pure yellow flower, a complete absence of red colouring in the upper-pitcher tube and lid. The almost pure white lid is innervated with nar-
Volume 30 March 2001
11
Figure 1: Pinguicula ‘Titan’ photographed by John Brittnacher.
Figure 2: Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Figure 3: Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’, photo by Phil Wilson. Ghost’, photo by John Constable.
12
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
row green veins; the white colour includes the inner lid-surface and column, and extends to the upper section of the pitcher tube. The only red colour in the plant is found in the growing points of emerging pitchers and in aging pitchers as they start to senesce. Because of this, the plant cannot be described as an anthocyanin-free plant (or green mutant, as erroneously reported by D’Amato (1998, page 82).
The yellow-flowered Sarracenia leucophylla was originally collected by Donald Schnell during the summer of 1972. At the time of this collection the plant was not in flower; presumably the intense white colouration of the plant’s leaves attracted his attention. Schnell sent a piece of the plant to Steven Clemesha in Australia, who adjusted its growth habit to southern hemisphere seasons, and grew the plant to maturity. It was not until the plant flowered in September 1974 that Clemesha dis¬ covered that the plant also produced a pure yellow flower (Clemesha, 1999, person¬ al communication).
Some years later Martin Cheek obtained plants from Clemesha, propagated them, and offered specimens for sale with the unregistered name of “Schnell’s Ghost”. At the time Martin produced a catalogue of plants which contained a full description of the cultivar (Cheek, 1990, page 2). Although references to this plant’s “very pale ghost-like qualities” were made in private correspondence as early as 1972 (Clemesha, 1999, personal communication), the first printed reference to its “ghost-like” qualities was in Schnell (1989):
“The pitcher top is so pale and the lack of red venation gives the plant an almost ghost-like appearance and it stands out readily in a stand of typi¬ cal plants, even when not in yellow flower. This plant bore a yellow flower the following spring in cultivation....”
In the early 1990s Alan Hindle, a grower and collector of Sarracenia forms in the UK, began selling a yellow-flowered S. leucophylla. Alan Hindle received his original stock from Bruce Bednar in the USA, so this plant subsequently became known among UK growers as the “Bednar clone”. Bednar reported that he obtained his plant from Clemesha in Australia, so the “Bednar clone” is the same plant as the “Schnell’s Ghost” plant (Bednar, 1999, personal communication). Other unestab- lished names that have been used to label this S. leucophylla plant include “Alba” and “Yellow Flower”.
Several other distinct clones of the species with yellow flowers have subse¬ quently been found. For instance, there is at least one clone from the Citronelle region in southern Alabama. The plants are again characterised by having predom¬ inantly white colouration in the lid and upper pitcher, and a yellow flower. I am reg¬ istering the cultivar name Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’, which should be applied to all clones of the species with yellow flowers and predominantly white coloured lids and upper pitchers (Figures 2 and 3). Since seed from self-pollinated individuals of this clone breed true (and presumably between different clones of this cultivar), Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’ may be propagated both asexual- ly from cuttings and sexually from seed, as long as the cultivar characters are main¬ tained.
As mentioned above, Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’ does have some red pigmentation in the growing points. In contrast, collections of Sarracenia leu¬ cophylla plants completely lacking anthocyanin have been reported (Sheridan & Scholl, 1996). The cultivar description of Sarracenia leucophylla ‘Schnell’s Ghost’ does not include these plants. I am happy to report that, despite fears that Sarracenia ‘Schnell’s Ghost’ had become extinct (Meyers-Rice, 2000), it is quite alive both in England and in the USA.
Volume 30 March 2001
13
References:
Cheek, M. 1990, Carnivorous Plant Trading Catalogue.
D’Amato, P. 1998, The Savage Garden, Berkeley, Ten Speed Press.
Meyers-Rice, B. 2000, Noted horticulturist Peter D’Amato murders Don Schnell, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 29, 3.
Sheridan, P. 1997, Genetics of Sarracenia leaf and flower color, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 26, 51-64.
Sheridan, R, and Scholl, B. 1996, Noteworthy Sarracenia collections II, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 25, 19-23.
Schnell, D.E. 1989, Sarracenia alata and S. leucophylla variations, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 18, 79-83.
— Phil Wilson • 14, Rope Walk • Martock, Somerset • TA12 6HZ« England
International Carnivorous Plant Society Seed Bank
John Brittnacher, Manager • P.O. Box 72222 • Davis, CA 95617 • USA john@camivorousplants.org»http7/www.camivorousplants.org
Darlmgtonia californica
D. californica — Sand Lake, Tillamook Co., Oregon
Dionaea muscipula
Drosera aliciae
D. anglica — Oregon
D. auriculata
D. burmannii
D. capensis— narrow leaf
D. capensis — purple flower, narrow leaf
D. capensis — white flower
D. capensis — typical/wide leaf
D. capillaris
D. dielsiana
D. filiformis var. filiformis D. filiformis var. tracyi D. intermedia
D. intermedia — Ikizdere, Turkey
D. intermedia — New Jersey
D. macrantha subsp. macrantha — pink flower
D. nidiformis
D. stenopetala
Nepenthes stenophylla
N. gymnamphora ¥ ?
N. ventricosa ¥ ?
Sarracenia alata S. flaua S. leucophylla S. minor S. psittacina
S. purpurea subsp. purpurea — Quebec, Canada S. (flava ¥ leucophylla ) ¥ ?
Utricularia multifida U. violacea
The seed bank is a members-only benefit. A complete, updated list (including other seeds in short supply) is online at the ICPS web site. It is ICPS policy not to distribute seed of plants protected by CITES Appendix I or the US Endangered Species Act.
Seed packets are USA $1 each plus USA $2 postage and handling for each order. Non-USA members may send 2 International Reply Coupons for each packet and 2 IRCs for postage and handling. You may pay by check drawn on a USA Bank in US $. Many members pay for orders with cash. Please make checks and money orders payable to “ICPS Seed Bank”.
The quantity of seed available to each member is 1 packet of each variety per month. Larger quantities of selected varieties are available only to teachers for use in the class¬ room. Please list alternative seed selections, as other orders will arrive before yours. If you have an e-mail address, please include it so we can correspond should any issues arise.
The money raised by the seed bank is used by the ICPS to pay for seed bank expens¬ es, web site ISP charges, and ICPS educational and conservation programs. Donate seed and get credit for free seed from the seed bank.
14
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Technical Refereed Contribution
Uptake of the Amino Acid Alanine by Digestive Leaves: Proof of Carnivory in the Tropical Liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae)1
Gerhard Bringmann, Matthias Wenzel, Henrik Philipp Bringmann, Jan Schlauer • Institut fur Organische Chemie der Universitat • Am Hubland • 97074 Wurzburg • Germany Laurent AkeAssi • Centre National de Floristique • 08 B. P. 172 • Abidjan 08 • Ivory Coast Fabian Haas • Sektion fur Biosystematische Dokumentation • Universitat Ulm • Helmholtzstr. 20 • 89081 Ulm • Germany
Keywords: carnivory: prey, Triphyophyllum peltatum.
Received: 28 July 2000.
This paper is dedicated to Prof. Wittko Francke, on the occasion of his 60th birth¬ day.
Summary
The uptake of organic matter by the insect-trapping glandular leaves of the Western tropical African liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae) is demonstrated for the first time. After feeding carbon-13 labelled L-alanine to the trapping leaves, the label is detected in apical shoot parts and normal (non-trap¬ ping) leaves within 2 d of application. With this proof of resorption and transport, the carnivorous syndrome of T. peltatum is demonstrated to be complete. The prey composition reveals the glandular leaves of T. peltatum to be traps for flying insects, predominantly.
Introduction
The glandular leaves produced in juvenile stages of the rare West African liana T'iphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae, see Figure 1) trap considerable amounts of arthropods (Green et al., 1979). The homology of the stalked and sessile glands on these organs to those of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Drosophyllaceae) was very early recognized by plant anatomists (Metcalfe, 1951). From these data and the detection of endogenous proteolytic enzymes in the secretions of these glands, the hypothesis of carnivory in T. peltatum was derived (Marburger, 1979; Green et al., 1979). The resorption of organic matter by the trapping leaves has, however, not been demonstrated.
Recent genetic studies (Fay et al., 1997; Meimberg et al., 2000) indicate a close phylogenetc relationship of the Dioncophyllaceae to the carnivorous families Drosophyllaceae (with sticky leaves), Nepenthaceae (with pitfalls), and Droseraceae (with sticky leaves or spring traps), as well as the non-carnivorous families Ancistrocladaceae, Plumbaginaceae, and Polygonaceae. Phytochemical (Bringmann
1Part 144 in the series ‘acetogenic isoquinoline alkaloids’. For part 143, see Bringmann, G., Miihlbacher, J., Repges, C., and Fleischhauer, J. 2000. MD-based CD calculations on the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid dioncophylline A, for the assignment of the absolute axial configuration. J. Coinp. Chem. (submitted).
Volume 30 March 2001
15
& Pokorny, 1995; Bringmann et al., 1998) and anatomical (Schlauer, 1997) similar¬ ities support grouping these families together in a caryophyllid clade (a redefined order Nepenthales).
First data on carnivorous properties of the glandular leaves formed at certain developmental stages of T. peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae) were obtained earlier (Green et al., 1979; Marburger, 1979). Here we describe experiments that demon¬ strate the ability of T. peltatum to absorb the amino acid alanine applied to the glan¬ dular leaves, which completes the knowledge of the carnivorous syndrome in this species. Furthermore, the fauna trapped by these leaves has been analyzed in order to further characterize carnivory in 71 peltatum.
Materials and Methods
Plant material : 24 specimens of T. peltatum (Hutch. & Dalz.) Airy Shaw bear¬ ing glandular leaves were fed with 500 mg [2,3-13C]-labelled L-alanine (Promochem, Wesel, Germany) at the Parc de Tai (Ivory Coast) in April 1996, just before the beginning of the rainy season (Figure 2), and harvested after 2 d incubation (Bringmann et al., 1996). The material w'as air dried at the Centre National de Floristique, Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and stored at 4°C in Wurzburg, Germany. The prey animals attached to the traps were removed and determined taxonomically. All work and collection of material for research was performed in accordance with the official permit conditions of Ivory Coast. Voucher specimens of 71 peltatum are deposited at the Centre National de Floristique, Abidjan (UCJ) and at Herb. Bringmann, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Wurzburg.
Extraction and analysis of plant material : Dried 71 peltatum plants were divid¬ ed into roots, basal stems, apical stems, normal leaves, and trapping leaves, then washed with distilled water (3-5 times) until alanine was no longer detected in the supernatant. The material was then lyophilized and homogenized. The resulting finely powdered fractions were extracted three times with the tenfold (w/w) amount of distilled water, each with ultrasonification for 2 d at 22°C and subsequent filtra¬ tion. 5 ml each of the aqueous extracts were filtered through preconditioned RP-18 columns (Waters, Eschborn, Germany) and the columns were washed with 1 ml of distilled water each. The procedure was repeated with preconditioned anion exchange columns. The solvent was removed by lyophilization. The residues were dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water, neutralized with In NaOH, and applied on pre¬ conditioned cation exchange columns. The columns were washed with 1 ml of dis¬ tilled water each and vacuum-dried for 1 min. The cations (including alanine) were eluted by 1.5 ml of lN HC1 each, the eluates were dried at 22°C, redissolved in a solution of 0.108 ml (1.5 mmol) thionyl chloride in 1 ml of isopropanol each, refluxed for 1 h and subsequently deprived of the solvent by evaporation. The residues were treated with 50 pi of trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in 400 pi of dichloromethane each and stirred for 1 h at 22°C. The solvent was removed by superfusion with nitrogen, the residues obtained were redissolved in 300 ml of toluene and analyzed by GC-MS.
GC-MS: A gas chromatograph HP 5890 Series II with on-column injector (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, USA) was coupled directly with a quadrupol mass spectrometer MSD 5971 A (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, USA). The temperature of the transfer line was 280°C, resulting in an ion source temperature of 180°C. A DB- 17 column (J&W Scientific, 10 m x 0.16 mm, film thickness 0.18 pm) with helium as the carrier at a pre-column pressure of 100 kPa was applied. Temperature pro¬ gram: 50°C (4 min), 6°C/min, 80°C, 60°C/min, 210°C (3 min). Alanine was analyzed as its Af-trifluoroacetyl-L-alanine isopropyl ester. The label (fragment weights increased by two units) was detected by the shift in the ratio between the m!z 142
16
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Figure 1 : Juvenile plant of T. peltatum with rosette of normal leaves (A) and trapping leaf (B). Drawn by J. Schlauer
Volume 30 March 2001
17
and 140 [M+- COO/PrJ peaks, which correspond to characteristic fragment ions of the respective derivatives. Unlabelled leaf tissue was extracted and derivatized in the same way and analyzed as a control. All values were obtained from triplicate measurements (from three separate chromatograms each).
Results
Alanine uptake and redistribution : After uptake, labelled alanine was found predominantly in the trapping leaves and the adjacent stem by GC-MS analysis. A somewhat smaller content of labelled alanine was detected in the normal (i.e. non- carnivorous) leaves of fed plants of T. peltatum (Table 1). No alanine (either labelled or unlabelled) was detected in the roots by the analytic method employed.
|
Tissue |
|||||
|
Control |
Roots |
Stem |
Leaves |
Traps |
|
|
142/140 |
0.048±0.004 |
no alanine detected |
0.538±0.031 |
0.101±0.046 |
1.163±0.188 |
|
Label/control |
1 |
- |
11.2 |
2.1 |
24.2 |
Table 1 : Distribution of labelled alanine after feeding to T. peltatum. Relative abundance (mean, SE calculated from three independent experiments) of characteristic fragment ions of labelled (m/z 142) vs. Unlabelled (m/z 140) alanine in different parts of T. pelta¬ tum fed with 13C2 labelled alanine and unfed control plants (likewise with glandular leaves) of the same species.
Figure 2: Feeding labelled alanine to a carnivorous plant of T. peltatum in the tropical rain forest in the Parc de Tai (Ivory Coast); interestingly this specimen bears two glandular leaves. Photo by H. Bringmann
18
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Fauna trapped by T. peltatum: The invertebrates collected from the glandular leaves of 24 specimens of T. peltatum were determined to their order (Table 2). A total of 197 specimens was obtained. The mouthparts of the prey and the pres¬ ence/absence of wings were investigated in order to estimate relative abundances of different prey types.
Members of following suborders, families, or subfamilies were found:
Diptera:
Brachycera, Nematocera, Sciaridae, Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae, Phoridae,
Ceratopogonidae, Scatopsidae, Macroceridae, Bolitophilidae, Dixidae Coleoptera:
Chrysomebdae, Lycidae, Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Staphylinidae (predator),
Elateridae, Malachiidae Hymenoptera:
Formicidae, Myrmecinae (winged sexuals and few workers)
Aranea:
Theridiidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae
|
Prey Type |
no. |
% of total |
% winged |
mouthparts |
|
Insecta |
||||
|
IsoDtera |
13 |
6.5 |
100 |
biting |
|
Auchenorryncha |
1 |
0.5 |
sucking |
|
|
Heteroptera |
2 |
1.0 |
sucking |
|
|
Thysanoptera |
1 |
0.5 |
sucking |
|
|
Hymenoptera |
43 |
21.8 |
93 |
biting |
|
Coleoptera |
41 |
20.8 |
1001 |
biting |
|
Diptera |
80 |
40.6 |
100 |
licking, licking-sucking |
|
Lepidoptera |
2 |
1.0 |
50 |
sucking, biting (one larva) |
|
Arachnida |
||||
|
Aranea |
12 |
6.0 |
0 |
|
|
Acari |
2 |
1.0 |
0 |
|
|
Total |
197 |
Table 2: Prey trapped by T. peltatum. Twenty-four specimens of T. peltatum with glan¬ dular leaves were investigated. 1Wings not always visible through elytra.
Discussion
These results demonstrate that T. peltatum takes up and redistributes alanine applied to the digestive glands. The relative concentration of incorporated alanine was highest at the trapping leaves, which is not unexpected since the plants were harvested only a brief time after application of the label (2 d). Since the material had been washed repeatedly, the high signal found was apparently caused by ala¬ nine that had really been taken up. A considerable proportion of the label (almost half of the relative concentration found in the trapping leaves) was detected in the stems, which had not been in any external contact with labelled alanine. This region should be the first one to be reached by compounds taken up by the glandu¬ lar leaves. As the normal (not trapping) leaves showed significant (although lower) label concentrations, while the roots were devoid of label, the leaves might be a sink for nutrients derived from animal prey. This would also accord with previous results obtained for pitcher plants (Schulze et a!., 1997), in which non-trapping leaves were Volume 30 March 2001 19
found to be a sink for probably insect-derived nitrogen. The fact that no alanine was detected in the roots could be due to very low steady state concentrations of free (i.e. not protein-bound or otherwise fixed) alanine in these organs.
Previous to this investigation, the resorption of amino acids by the glandular leaves and the distribution of these metabolites to other tissues had been the miss¬ ing evidence required to show that T. peltatum is able to perform the entire series of carnivorous activity — to attract, capture, kill, decompose and absorb animal prey to a nutritional benefit. Our findings complete the “carnivorous syndrome” (Juniper et al., 1989): In the growth phase marked by the formation of glandular leaves, T. peltatum is, beyond doubt, a carnivorous plant.
The major groups of animals found attached to the glandular leaves of T. peltatum in Ivory Coast differ only slightly from those previously reported to be cap¬ tured by the same species in Sierra Leone (Green et al., 1979), while the trapping efficiency (197 identified carcasses from 24 plants) was apparently lower than in that study (164 captured arthropods from 8 plants). Like in Sierra Leone, the trap¬ ping season in Ivory Coast coincides with periods of peak activity of the prey (many winged, sexual specimens) at the onset of the rainy season. Most of the identified arthropods trapped by T. peltatum in this study were winged. Only few other ani¬ mals were found to be trapped, although they appeared to be abundant everywhere, so that those species seem not to be specific prey of T. peltatum. Most specimens caught had biting or licking-sucking mouthparts. Surprisingly few Lepidoptera were captured, which could imply that the traps are not attractive to them.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 251 “Okologie, Physiologie und Biochemie pflanzlicher und tierischer Leistung unter Stress”) and by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. Thanks are due to the Ministre de l’Enseignement Superieur de la Recherche et de l’lnnovation Technologique of Ivory Coast for the research permit. The assistance in preparing the feeding experiments by Birgit Wiesen is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Bringmann, G., Bringmann, H., Wenzel, M., Schlauer, J. & Ake Assi, L. 1996, Die “Teilzeit-fleischfressende” Pflanze Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae): Nutzung der Fangorgane zur Erforschung der Alkaloidbildung. Der Palmengarten 60/2: 32-37.
Bringmann, G., Ake Assi, L., Francois, G. & Schlauer, J. 1998, The Alkaloids of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae). Chimia 52: 18-28.
Bringmann, G. & Pokorny, F. 1995, The Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids. In: Cordell G.A. (ed.): The Alkaloids, vol. 46: 127-271. - New York: Academic Press.
Fay, M.F., Cameron, K.M., Prance, G.T., Lledo, M.D. & Chase, M.W. 1997, Familial Relationships of Rhabdodendron (Rhabdodendraceae): Plastid rbcL Sequences Indicate a Caryophyllid Placement. Kew Bull. 52: 923-932.
Green, S., Green, T.L. & Heslop-Harrison, Y. 1979, Seasonal Heterophylly and Leaf Gland Features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a New Carnivorous Plant Genus. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 99-116.
Juniper, B.E., Robins, R.J. & Joel, D.M. 1989, The Carnivorous Plants. - London: Academic Press.
Marburger, J.E. 1979, Glandular Leaf Structure of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae): A “Fly-Paper” Insect Trapper. Am. J. Bot. 66: 404-411. Metcalfe, C.R. 1951, The Anatomical Structure of the Dioncophyllaceae in Relation to the Taxonomic Affinities of the Family. Kew Bull. 1951: 351-368.
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
20
Meimberg, H., Dittrich, P., Bringmann, G., Schlauer, J., Heubl, G. 2000, Molecular Phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. Based on matK Sequences with Special Emphasis on Carnivorous Taxa. Plant Biol. 2: 218-228.
Schlauer, J. 1997, “New” Facts Relating to the Phylogeny of Some Carnivorous Plant Families. Carniv. PI. Newslett. 26: 31-33.
Schulze, W., Schulze, E.D., Pate, J.S., Gillison, A.N. 1997, The Nitrogen Supply from Soils and Insects During Growth of the Pitcher Plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. Oecologia 112: 464-471.
Writings from the Readership
Refining The Terrarium: Alternative Techniques For The Indoor Gardener
Mike Wilder • 301 SE 53rd Avenue • Portland, OR 97215 • USA • it_290@hotmail.com
Keywords: cultivation: Nepenthes, terrarium.
Received: 10 April 2000
The quantity of literature pertaining to the indoor cultivation of Nepenthes is far from overwhelming. The two essays I have found most useful appeared in the pages of this journal: “A Rainforest In The Basement: Nepenthes Cultivation Under Lights” (Butler, 1987), and “The Potted Terrarium” (D’ Amato, 1996). Butler’s piece described the construction of a basement grow-chamber for his “intermediate” Nepenthes. D’Amato’s article, which is more important for our purposes, described two styles of terraria which were well-suited for a general carnivorous plant collec¬ tion. Both of the foregoing works were instrumental in my early attempts to grow carnivorous plants, and especially Nepenthes, indoors. Nonetheless, neither article provides an optimal method for growing lowland Nepenthes indoors. In this article I will describe and advocate two modifications to D’Amato’s “potted greenhouse style terrarium” (henceforth “potted terrarium”). These modifications yield improved growing conditions for lowland Nepenthes without any sacrifice in conve¬ nience. Furthermore, the “refined” potted terrarium has a few other useful applica¬ tions. Before getting on to this, I will review D’Amato’s article.
At the time of publication D’Amato’s article was perhaps the most important discussion of carnivorous plant culture in terraria. I remember thanking him per¬ sonally at a Bay Area Carnivorous Plant Society meeting for sharing such useful information. (The piece reappeared in his book, much supplemented.) In contrast with the paradigmatic terrarium containing a planted soil bed, D’Amato advocated simply placing potted plants directly on the terrarium floor. As he pointed out, this simple change allowed one to grow plants requiring a variety of different soils and soil moisture levels in the same terrarium. This versatility, I think, is the chief ben¬ efit of the potted terrarium; it constitutes a dramatic improvement over the plant¬ ed tank.
While acknowledging the great utility of the potted terrarium, it proves defi¬ cient for the lowland Nepenthes grower in two areas. The first is watering. Unlike many carnivorous plants, Nepenthes will not tolerate standing in water. Hence, one must remove the plants, water them, let them drain, and then return them to the terrarium. This is incredibly inconvenient. The alternative D’Amato suggested is to sit each potted Nepenthes in “a shallow saucer and water overhead as soon as the water in the saucer evaporates” (D’Amato, 1998, p 277). Though he cautioned the
Volume 30 March 2001
21
diffuser grid inverted pots
Figure 1: Setting up the refined terrarium.
reader not to let plants sit in deep water for extended periods, I find this method of watering unacceptably risky. Furthermore, Barry Meyers-Rice reports that he has had unsatisfactory results letting Nepenthes sit in water (personal communication, 1999).
The second area of difficulty is heating. Though some lowlanders will tolerate consistent temperatures around 18°C (approximately 65°F), most will not. Indeed, my clone of N. ventricosa, a highland species, completely ceased growth one winter when the room temperature never rose above 18°C (65°F). Even if the plants toler¬ ate these lower temperatures, growth is very slow. A heater would help. Although many manufacturers produce electric heating mats, the mats tend to have a surface area far smaller than most terraria. Furthermore, most are designed to heat a seed- flat, not the large air/soil volume of a 120-200 liter (30-50 gallon) terrarium. Hence, these mats are of minimal utility (especially considering their cost). Again, D Amato proposed an alternative. He suggested that one submerge an aquarium heater in a jar of water placed in the terrarium. Though aquarium heaters are cheaper than the aforementioned mats, they have their own shortcomings. The small volume of water in the jar evaporates rapidly, and while this does help increase humidity, the water must be continually topped-off. (Submersible aquarium heaters exposed to air may crack, creating a potentially hazardous situation.) Furthermore, these heaters do not produce enough heat to do the job.
In the next section, I will describe how to set up a “refined” potted terrarium, which incorporates my two modifications to the standard potted terrarium.
In addition to an empty aquarium, you will require a submersible aquarium heater and a sheet of plastic lighting diffuser grid. In essence, the bottom of the aquarium is used as a heated water reservoir, and the plastic grid acts as a raised platform or staging for the plants (see Figure 1). Submersible aquarium heaters are available in several power ranges, from 50 to 300 watts. Generally, the wattage desired is determined by the volume of water to be heated; 1.25 watts per liter (5 watts per gallon) is the aquarist’s rule of thumb. Assuming that one begins with a 220 liter (55 gallon) aquarium, a 7.5 cm (3 inch) deep water reservoir would be roughly 40 liters (10 gallons). The rule of thumb dictates that a 50 watt heater should be sufficient for a tank this size or smaller. However, it is important to remember that this heuristic was designed for the fishkeeper, not the Nepenthes
22
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Figure 2: A 160 liter (40 gallon) terrarium containing Nepenthes and Cephalotus.
Figure 3: Young plants of D. derbyensis growing in heated water.
Volume 30 March 2001
23
grower. Although we want to heat the water, our true object is to heat the much larger volume of air and soil in the tank. Hence, I recommend doubling the figure to 2.5 watts per liter ( 10 watts per gallon) of water. Following this new rule, I there¬ fore use a 100 watt heater for tanks with volumes of 120-220 liters (30-55 gallons), and a 50 watt heater for smaller tanks. The heater is placed horizontally on the floor of the aquarium. Its thermostat should be set to 30°C (85°F) or its highest tem¬ perature setting, whichever is lower. The tank should then be filled with 7.5 cm (3 inches) of water, ensuring that the heater is completely submerged. Those who grow only highland plants may wish to consider putting the heater on the same timer as the lights, so that temperatures rise and fall each day. With my collection, however, I have found this unnecessary.
In the USA, lighting diffuser grid is available in 60 x 120 cm (2 x 4 foot) sheets, and is made of an inert plastic. In the USA, it sells at large hardware stores for about $6 per sheet. Cut it to fit your terrarium floor. The grid will become the plat¬ form for your plants. Use overturned flower pots as stilts to elevate the grid off the terrarium floor. Make sure the grid will be above the water level in the terrrarium, and will also provide plenty of room for your pots and the growing room your plants will require. The grid is rigid but not especially strong, so make certain that it is well supported at the center and edges. Once the flower pot supports, grid platform, and water are all in place, turn on the heater and arrange the Nepenthes.
The refined potted terrarium has many benefits. The ambient room tempera¬ ture where I have my Nepenthes terraria (in a basement) is a constant 15-18°C (60- 65°F), and the humidity is well below 50%. I grow my seedlings, unrooted cuttings and smaller rosetted plants in a 120 liter (30 gallon) terrarium. The platform is 18 cm (7 inches) above the aquarium floor. My larger plants grow in a 160 liter (40 gal¬ lon) tank, and its platform is only 10 cm (4 inches) above the floor (Figure 2). The plants can be watered in place; they drain freely, and the runoff keeps the reservoirs full. The plants sit 5-15 cm (2-6 inches) away from the light fixture. I have found that two fluorescent bulbs (the same length as the terraria) provide ample light when plants are this close. The air temperature inside both sealed terraria remains a satisfying 27°C (80°F), and the humidity stays constant at 90%. Given that I am using measly 100 watt heaters, this is a substantial temperature increase at a very low cost. Furthermore, air convection currents circulate warm moist air around the plants.
I have used this method quite successfully over the last few years with many plants, including N. rafflesiana, N. truncata, N. gracilis, N. x hookeriana, N. ven- tricosa, N. x wrigleyana, N. x ventrata, N. x ventrata x species, N. veitchii x lowii, and other unlabeled hybrids. (The inclusion of highland Nepenthes on this list may raise some eyebrows, but they grow well in these conditions!) Cephalotus follicu- laris has also grown quite vigorously in this environment; the 2 cm (3/4 inch) cut¬ ting I started with now requires a 15 cm (6 inch) diameter pot! My N. truncata pro¬ vides the most dramatic demonstration of the refined terrarium’s utility. When I obtained it, it was a sorry specimen with small, sickly leaves and dinky, poorly col¬ ored 3.75 cm (1.5 inch) pitchers. Just six months later, the plant began producing substantial 18 cm (7 inch) pitchers with rich coloration.
The refined terrarium can be modified for special applications. I particularly enjoy growing carnivorous plants from seed. After experimenting with several methods to heat seedlings, I achieved the best results by slightly modifying the method presented above. Instead of raising the platform above the water reservoir, I raise the water level to 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the platform. The plants sit in 25- 27°C (78-80°F) water. Germination and growth of tropical Drosera and Pinguicula is quite rapid in such conditions. Also, the heat significantly reduces the occurence of fungal attacks on newborns, and those that do occur are less severe. Many grow¬ ers today are extremely interested in Drosera that are in section Lasiocephala (i.e.
24
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
related to D. petiolaris). I have found that these potent Aussies (e.g. D. ordensis, D. derbyensis, and D. paradoxa) really perk up when grown in heated water (Figure 3).
The method of terrarium culture presented here has provided excellent grow¬ ing conditions for several genera of carnivorous plants. I sincerely hope that other growers will find this method useful, especially those who are not blessed with a greenhouse. Apartment dwellers, students, and others who crave choice rainforest plants can enjoy a lush indoor garden. Even greenhouse owners may find this method ideal for pampering a newly imported N. clipeata, or for experimenting with the exciting perennial tropical Drosera .
Literature
Butler, D. 1987, A Rainforest in The Basement: Nepenthes Cultivation Under Lights, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 16, 83-87.
DAmato, P. 1996, The Potted Terrarium, Carniv. PI. Newslett., 25, 103-105. D’Amato, P. 1998, The Savage Garden, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, p. 41-47.
News and Views
Kenneth Skau (3176 Sunny Hollow Lane, Cincinnati OH 45239, ken.skau@uc.edu) wrote: The Krohn Conservatory in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA sponsored a “Join a Plant Society Weekend” February 26-27, and I made a display so the ICPS was repre¬ sented. Barry Meyers-Rice (who was the person contacted by Krohn) provided some back issues of Carnivorous Plant Newsletter and membership application forms. Meanwhile, I made up a poster with some information about the society (shame¬ lessly plagiarized from the web site) and some pictures of carnivorous plants. Unfortunately, I was out of town over that weekend and did not feel comfortable providing any of my plants for the event. There were over 3,000 visitors, which has encouraged the conservatory to make this a yearly event. The conservatory will be sponsoring a “Bug Fest” in the fall in which I hope to participate and display some live bug eaters.
David Parker (13516 Parker Ave., Grandview, MO 64030 USA, david.a.parker@mail.sprint.com) writes: I have been growing Venus flytraps and other carnivorous plants for the past eight years. The pride of my collection are twelve Venus flytraps that are over twenty years old. These plants produce very large traps. This summer I measured traps that were just over 5 cm (2 inches) long. I remove the flower stalks as soon as they appear in spring, and feed the plants con¬ stantly during the growing season. I feel these factors and the plants’ ages are responsible for their large size. These plants continue to get bigger every year and it would not surprise me if they produce 6 cm (2 1/4 inches) traps next summer. I feed them wax worms that I get at the local bait or pet care stores. I find it is easi¬ er to handle them than crickets or other insects. They also seem to be very easy for the plants to digest — they do not rot and kill the trap leaves as long as one worm is fed to a trap. Just before I feed wax worms to the plants I place them in the refrig¬ erator for 10-15 minutes. This keeps them immobile. After I place them in the traps, and the traps close, the wax worms warm and slowly start to move again. This trig¬ gers the traps into their digestive phase. The wax worms are not that strong and rarely escape or damage the trap.
Barry Meyers-Rice (RO. Box 72741, Davis, CA 95617 USA) writes: The US postal service has announced that in 2001 it will publish four carnivorous plant stamps. Dionaea muscipula, Sarracenia flava, Darlingtonia californica, and Drosera anglica will he featured on the new 34 cent stamps.
Volume 29 March 2001
25
Writings from the Readership i
Black Vine Weevil: A Sarracenia and Darlingtonia
Pest
Barry Meyers-Rice • P.O. Box 72741 • Davis, CA 95617 • USA
Keywords: cultivation: Darlingtonia, pesticides, Sarracenia.
In the last few years I have heard from a few growers who have had their plants attacked by a pest relatively new to carnivorous plant growers — the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus. This plant can devastate Sarracenia and Darlingtonia.
The black vine weevil is a black, hard beetle slightly less than 2 cm long. It is pep¬ pered with tiny patches of short yellow bristles which make its identification easy ( Figure 1). This weevil cannot fly, but it can crawl and climb great distances. It is nocturnal, so if you have them nibbling your plants you may only be able to find them if you examine your plants at night. Although these adults can cause some damage to your plants, the main danger is from the larvae.
Weevil eggs hatch in the summer, and the larvae begin their lives by gnawing on plant roots. The larvae are approximately 1.5 cm long (Figure 2), and are generalist pests capable of living on many different plants. They relish Sarracenia and Darlingtonia. As they mature they travel towards the rhizome, and the real dining begins. They chew their way deeply into the rhizomes, and the damage from just 1-3 larvae can kill a plant. Even if the larvae are removed, the damaged rhizome may succumb to rot. The larvae
overwinter as pupae, and emerge as adults in the spring. The adults forage for food and lay eggs all summer long.
Kevin Snively (who first informed me about this pest) has told me the first symptom of an infestation is the feeling that the rhizome has become loose in the pot (because of the loss of roots). Furthermore, even though the planting mix is moist, the plant may wilt in hot conditions — this is because the damaged root system cannot sup¬ ply the plant with sufficient water.
If you discover weevil larvae, the best thing to do is isolate the infested plants, then clean them thoroughly. This involves lifting the plants out of the soil, washing the roots, and cutting out infested rhizome sections. Dig the larvae out of the cavities that they have eaten into the rhizomes. You may wish to dust the cuts with sulphur fungicide. Look for larvae in your dis¬ carded soil and wash-water — kill all that you find. Repot the plant in fresh mix. This draconian treatment will cer¬ tainly result in the death of some of your plants, but untreated plants are nearly certainly doomed. (It is particu¬ larly frustrating that autumn searches for weevil larvae traumatize the root
26 Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Figure 2: Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae.
system precisely when pitcher plants should be left undisturbed. )
Black vine weevil has been reported on Sarracenia on both the east and west coasts of the USA, as well as in England. This pest seems to prefer coastal areas, but everyone growing Sarracenia or Darlingtonia should be vigilant.
I contacted entomologist TunyaLee Martin (University of California at Davis), who is studying the black vine weevil’s biology. Ms. Martin told me that while a nematode bio¬ control exists, it is not the instant-kill, silver bullet that carnivorous plant enthusiasts would consider acceptable. (In the time it takes to affect the larvae, significant Sarracenia or Darlingtonia fatality could occur. ) A pesticide like Dursban or Orthene can be effective if it comes in contact with the larvae, but a simple soil drench would proba¬ bly not work well since the larvae (ensconced in rhizome cavities) are effectively shield¬ ed. These pesticides might be more effective if mixed with the soil as a preventative mea¬ sure. Find out from your- local supplier of pesticides if you can buy the appropriate pesti¬ cide in a granular form for this strategy.
Since biocontrols and pesticides have such major problems and mechanical treat¬ ment (i.e., uprooting and cleaning the plants) is so taxing on the plants, preventing infes¬ tations is the best policy. Since the weevils cannot fly and can only crawl, it would be wise to devise physical barriers the weevils cannot defeat. If your pots are in trays on tables, setting the table legs in cups of soap solution may discourage prowling adults. Antifreeze (ethylene glycol) is certainly effective, but since wildlife and pets are attracted to it, drink it, and are poisoned, it should be used with great caution. Plastic trays with steep walls may not provide sufficient protection — hlack vine weevils are incredible climbers. Even if the trays are difficult to climb when clean, the weevils may be able to scale them if they are even a little dirty.
Be proactive in your preventative measures. Watch for overhanging vegetation that weevils may drop from — they are particularly fond of Euonymus bushes. If you are hav¬ ing trouble with weevils, separate all the infested plants. Finally, keep your plants tidy. Pitchers flopping over to other pots or to the ground can allow weevils to move from plant to plant. Experiment. And good luck!
Acknowledgments:
I wish to thank Ms. Martin for useful discussions, and for providing live specimens to pose for my camera.
Volume 30 March 2001
27
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Sample Price List
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|
Species/Hybrid Name |
Native Area, Description Leaf Span in Inches, Highland/Lowland |
US $ |
|
Brocchinea reducta |
Guyana Highlands, S.A. (5" tall pitchers) L |
30 |
|
Cephalotus follicularis |
Australia (1.5") (3 plants) cool L |
10 |
|
Heliamphora ionasi |
llu Tepui., Venezuela (1.5") H |
45 |
|
H. minor |
AuyanTepui, Venezuela (4") H |
80 |
|
H. tatei |
C. Huachamachari, Venezuela (2") H |
55 |
|
N. alata |
Palawan, Philippines (5") L |
15 |
|
N. albo-margmata |
Penang, Malaysia (all red, 5") L |
35 |
|
N. ampullaria |
Sarawak, Malaysia (green, 3") L |
15 |
|
N. bicalcarata |
Brunei, Borneo (3'J L |
20 |
|
N. bongso |
Indonesia (4") H |
50 |
|
N. burbidgeae |
G. Kinabalu, Sabah (4") H |
55 |
|
N. burkei |
Philippines (4") L |
25 |
|
N. danseri |
Waigeo Island, Irian Jaya (3") L |
40 |
|
N. distillatoria |
Sri Lanka (yellow/green, 5”) L |
10 |
|
N. ephippiata |
G, Raya, Borneo (4") H |
40 |
|
N. eymae |
G. Lumut, Sulawesi (3”) H |
50 |
|
N. faizaliana |
Borneo (3”) L |
35 |
|
N. fusca |
Sabah (3”) L |
15 |
|
N. gracilis |
Talangka Rajah, Borneo (3") L |
15 |
|
N. gracillima |
Genting Highlands, Malaysia (3") H |
35 |
|
N. gymnamphora |
G. Singgalang, Sumatra (3") H |
30 |
|
N. hirsuta |
Sarawak, Malaysia (3") H/L |
25 |
|
N. lamii |
Irian Jaya (3") H |
50 |
|
N. lowii |
G. Trusmadi, Sabah (3") H |
40 |
|
N. macfarlanei |
Genting Highlands, Malaysia (3") H |
25 |
|
N. macrophylla |
G. Trusmadi, Borneo (2”) H/H |
70 |
|
N. madagascariensis |
Madagascar (3”) L |
7 |
|
N. maesolensis |
Madagascar (2") L |
30 |
|
N. maxima |
Rantepao, Sulawesi (3") L |
30 |
|
Species/Hybrid Name |
Native Area, Description Leaf Span in Inches Highland/Lowland |
US $ |
|
N. maxima |
Indonesia (3”) |
35 |
|
N. merrilliana |
Mindanao, Philippines (3”) |
10 |
|
N. muluensis |
G. Mulu, Sarawak (3”) |
35 |
|
N. murudensis |
G. Murud, 7000 ft. (3") |
35 |
|
N. neogunieensis |
Angkasa, Irian Jaya (3") L |
45 |
|
N. northiana |
Bau, Sarawak (3”) L |
30 |
|
N. pilosa |
G. Batu Buli, Sarawak (2") H |
30 |
|
N. raff lesiana |
Bau, Sarawak (giant form, 3") L |
30 |
|
N. raff lesiana |
Brunei (typical, 3”) L |
12 |
|
N. raff lesiana |
Brunei (elongata, 3") L |
30 |
|
N. rafflesiana |
Brunei (gigantea, 3") L |
30 |
|
N. rajah |
G. Kinabalu, Sabah (2") H/H |
25 |
|
N. reinwardtiana |
Borneo (green trap, 3") L |
20 |
|
N. reinwardtiana |
Telupid, Sarawak (red trap, 3" ) L |
30 |
|
N. reinwardtiana |
G. Murud, 6900 ft. (2") L |
35 |
|
N. sanguinea |
Genting Highlands, Malaysia (4") H/L |
15 |
|
N. sibuyanensis |
Sibuyan, Philippines (4”) L |
30 |
|
N. spathulata |
Sumatra (4”) H |
40 |
|
N. stenophylla |
Sarawak (4”) H |
45 |
|
N. sumatrana |
Sibolga, Sumatra (4") L |
30 |
|
N. talangensis |
G. Talang, Sumatra (4”) H |
35 |
|
N. tentaculata |
G. Murud (4") H |
30 |
|
N. thorelli |
Phuk Radung, E. Thailand (3") L |
20 |
|
N. tobaica |
Sumatra (red pitcher) (4") H/L |
35 |
|
N. treubiana |
Sibolga, Sumatra (4") L |
35 |
|
N. truncata |
Philippines (4") L |
35 |
|
N. veitchii (highland) |
Batu Lawi, Sarawak (4”) L |
25 |
|
N. veitchii (lowland) |
Sungai Samba, Borneo (4") L |
25 |
|
N. ventricosa |
Philippines (4") L |
10 |
|
N. vieillardii |
New Caledonia (3") L |
25 |
|
N. villosa |
G. Kinabalu, Sabah (2") H/H |
50 |
28
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Writings from the Readership
Good News: Drosera longifolia L. Rejected, Sarracenia purpurea L. Conserved With a New Type
Martin Cheek • Royal Botanic Gardens • Kew, Richmond • Surrey • TW9 3AE • UK.
Keywords: taxonomy: Drosera anglica, Drosera intermedia , Sarracenia purpurea.
Drosera longifolia L. versus
Drosera intermedia Hayne and Drosera anglica Hudson
The Committee for Spermatophyta (see for example Brummitt, 1999) has voted by 11: 0 to reject the name Drosera longifolia L. (Brummitt pers. comm.), as pro¬ posed by Cheek (Cheek, 1998). This is good news for those who wish to keep apply¬ ing the names Drosera anglica Huds. and Drosera intermedia Hayne in the sense in which they have been used in recent decades in most books on carnivorous plants (e.g. Schnell, 1976; Slack, 1979) and in most Floras (e.g. Tutin et a!., 1993). These two broadly similar circumboreal species were treated by Linnaeus as one species, Drosera longifolia, in 1753 and were not separated until some years later. Plant nomenclature is ruled by the law of priority so Drosera longifolia, being published earlier, has priority over both Drosera intermedia and Drosera anglica. This has caused confusion over nearly two centuries. Eventually an informal consensus emerged among botanists to ignore the name Drosera longifolia, as reflected in national and regional flora accounts. The exception has been in French Floras where, in the main, Drosera longifolia has been preferred to Drosera anglica. A few years ago I was alerted by Don Schnell to the danger that Drosera longifolia L. was edging towards common currency again in various European works. Fortunately the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature now allows the possibility of pro¬ tecting against name changes of well-known species brought about by observing the principle of priority. Protection is achieved by publishing a case for the protection of the existing usage of a name in Taxon, the Journal of the International Association of Plant Taxonomists, and awaiting the judgement of the Committee of Spermatophyta. This judgement has now been made: only eight votes in favour from the committee are required and eleven have cast in favour. Drosera longifolia L. can now be officially and eternally ignored as a threat to D. anglica Huds. and D. intermedia Hayne. We can all afford a sigh of relief.
Sarracenia purpurea L. subsp. purpurea is the northern subspecies or the southern?
Of course, the northern subspecies of Sarracenia purpurea is S. purpurea subsp. purpurea, and the southern one Sarracenia purpurea subsp. venosa (Raf.) Wherry (e.g. Schnell, 1976; Slack, 1979). However, as pointed out by Reveal (1993) this application of names is contrary to the Code. Because McDaniel (1976) lecto- typified Sarracenia purpurea on a southern element instead of a northern one, the southern subspecies and not the northern should be called S. purpurea subsp. purpurea. See Cheek (1994) for full explanation. In order to oppose Reveal’s reve-
Volume 30 March 2001
29
lation and to maintain existing usage, another proposal was prepared for Taxon, this time to conserve Sarracenia purpurea with a new type of the northern sub¬ species, expressly so as to maintain the existing application of subspecific names in Sarracenia purpurea (Cheek et al., 1997). The Committee for Spermatophyta has now adjudicated in favour of this proposal, again by voting 11: 0 (Brummitt pers. comm.). Thus, the name Sarracenia purpurea subsp. purpurea can, despite McDaniel’s lectotypification, still be used in the sense that it has been in the last 20-30 years, which is for the northern, and not the southern subspecies.
Literature Cited
Brummitt, R. 1999, Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 48, Taxon, 48: 359-
371.
Cheek, M. 1994, The correct names for the subspecies of Sarracenia purpurea L. Carniv. PI. Newslett., 23: 69-73.
Cheek, M. 1998, Proposal to reject Drosera longifolia (Droseraceae), Taxon 47: 749- 750.
Cheek, M., Schnell, D.E., Reveal, J.L., and Schlauer, J. 1997, Proposal to conserve the name Sarracenia purpurea L. (Sarraceniaceae) with a new type, Taxon, 46: 781-783.
McDaniel, S. 1971, The Genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae), Bull. Tall Timbers Research Station, 9: 1-36.
Reveal, J.L. 1993, The correct name of the northern expression of Sarracenia pur¬ purea L. (Sarraceniaceae), Phytologia, 74(3): 180-184.
Schnell, D.E. 1976, Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada, Blair, North Carolina.
Slack, A. 1979, Carnivorous Plants, Ebury Press, London.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood. V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., and Webb, D.A. (eds.) 1993, Flora Europaea, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
New Cultivars Registered in 2000
Name
Sarracenia ‘Abandoned Hope' Sarracenia ‘Imhotep’ Sarracenia ‘Lamentations’ Sarracenia ‘Spatter Pattern’ Dionaea Dentate Traps Group Dionaea ‘Dentate Traps’ Dionaea ‘Sawtooth’
Nepenthes ‘Bruce Bednar’ Nepenthes ‘Frau Anna Babl’ Nepenthes ‘lie de France’ Nepenthes ‘Marie’
Nepenthes ‘Nora’
Pinguicula ‘Hanka’
Pinguicula ‘Pirouette’ Utricularia ‘Cthulhu’ Utriculana ‘Lavinia Whateley’ Utricularia Mrs. Marsh’ Utricularia ‘Yog-Sothoth’
Established by, in
P. D’Amato, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:46 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:14 (2000)
P. D’Amato, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29: 47 (2000)
P. D’Amato, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29: 47 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:16 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:16 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:16 (2000)
A. Marshall, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:87 (2000)
P. D'Amato, Savage Garden: 260 (1998)
Hort.M.Lecoufle ex Kusakabe, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 12:6 (1983) P. D’Amato, Savage Garden: 260 ( 1998)
P. D’Amato, Savage Garden: 260 ( 1998)
M. Studnicka, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:46 (2000)
J. Brittnacher, B. Meyers-Rice & L Song. Carniv. PL Newslett. 29:17 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:20 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PL Newslett. 29:20 (2000)
B. Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:20 (2000)
B, Meyers-Rice, Carniv. PI. Newslett. 29:20 (2000)
Registered on
4. 7. 2000 30. 3. 2000 4. 7. 2000 4. 7. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000 1. 10. 2000 1. 10. 2000 14. 1. 2000 1. 10. 2000 1. 10. 2000 4. 7. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000 30. 3. 2000
30
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
Instructions to Authors
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter is the official journal of The International Carnivorous Plant Society. It is dedicated to the distribution of knowledge about carnivorous plants, including information on cultivation, conservation, and related fields of general and applied botany. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter thrives only because of a steady stream of material from its readership; members of the Society are encouraged to submit articles.
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Quality photographs and original artwork may be submitted. Slides are pre¬ ferred over prints. These materials will not be returned, so only submit duplicates. Color illustrations are expensive to publish, so we may not be able to use all your photographs. Number your photographs so they match the figure legends in your manuscript. To avoid damaging prints, number their backs lightly with a perma¬ nent marker. Images will be stored on the carnivorous plant internet archive (with your photo credit) unless you request otherwise.
All material submitted for publication must be original and unpublished, and must be accompanied by a statement signed by all corresponding authors that the copyright of the manuscript (mention the title!) is transferred to the International Carnivorous Plant Society. Contact the editors if you wish to reprint an article that appeared in Carnivorous Plant Newsletter in another journal. Send submissions and items intended for publication to:
Barry A. Meyers-Rice
P.O. Box 72741
Davis, CA 95617 USA
E-mail: barry@camivorousplants.org
Jan Schlauer Zwischenstr. 11 60594 Frankfurt, Germany E-mail: jan@camivorousplants.org
Volume 29 March 2001
31