CARNIVOROUS 
PLANT 

NEWSLETTER 


VOLUME  V,  NO.  1 
MARCH,  1976 


O-EDITORS:  D.  E.  Schnell,  Rt.  4,  Box  275B,  Statesville,  NC  28677  USA  SUBSCRIPTION: 

J.  A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  CA  94550  USA  Published  quarterly  with  one  volume  yearly. 


DROSERA  F I  LI  FORM  IS  F.  TYPICA 

The  smaller,  red-glandular  form  found  abun¬ 
dantly  in  New  Jersey,  and  in  more  widely 
scattered  areas  south  into  North  Carolina 
and  recently  described  around  a  lake  in  the 
Florida  panhandle. 

Photo  by  A.  ROGER  KIRBY 


NEW  YORIC 
BOTANICAL 
GARDEN 


-2- 


CPN 


4  »  •  * 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


We  welcome  all  new  subscribers  to  CPN,  and  welcome  back  those  who  have  renewed.  Last  year, 
the  newsletter  became  so  popular  that  we  found  It  necessary  to  close  subscriptions  at  450 
about  halfway  through  the  year  since  subscriptions  are  by  the  volume.  This  year,  we  have 
planned  much  larger  printings  and  predict  an  ultimate  number  of  600-650  subscribers.  Clear¬ 
ly,  CPN  has  grown  over  its  four  years  and  this  growth  is  a  measure  of  interest  on  the  part 
of  amateur  and  professional  botanists  alike.  We  would  like  to  re-emphasize  that  CPN  is  your 
newsletter  and  we  solicit  your  news  contributions.  Newcomers  will  see  the  relative  lengths 
and  styles  of  the  various  categories  of  news  and  articles  in  this  number.  As  always,  the  new 
subscription  cost  will  just  about  cover  printing  and  mailing  expenses--the  co-editors  realize 
absolutely  no  profit  and,  in  fact,  we  cover  small  deficits  now  and  then. 

Below  we  have  listed  two  well-developed  CPN  services  available  to  all  subscribers.  In  addi¬ 
tion,  we  are  in  the  beginning  stages  of  two  additional  projects  which  we  hope  will  mature 
this  year:  (1)  A  revised  worldwide  species  listing  similar  to  the  one  now  in  print  but  with 
the  addition  of  chromosome  numbers  (when  known)  and  some  salient  descriptive  characters. 

(2)  A  35  nun.  photoslide  lending  library.  Someone  is  already  hard  at  work  on  this  and  as  soon 
as  he  is  permanently  settled  in  a  new  location,  we  will  offer  something  definite  on  it — 
likely  this  year. 

CPN  SUBSCRIBER  SERVICES 


SEED  AND  PLANT  EXCHANGE:  BOB  ZIEMER  (1740  Stewart  Avenue,  Areata,  CA  95521)  has  been  doing 
a  superb  job  of  handling  this  difficult  service  for  us  for  several  years  now.  In  addition  to 
providing  a  clearing  house  for  growers  to  exchange  material  and  correspondence,  the  printed 
computer  lists  are  also  valuable  records  of  what  is  being  grown.  We  regard  both  these 
functions  as  equally  important.  To  join  the  exchange,  send  the  following  to  Bob  at  his 
address  above:  (1)  A  complete  list  of  all  carnivorous  plants  you  grow,  whether  or  not  you 
have  anything  to  exchange.  You  do  not  have  to  have  anything  to  exchange  to  join  and  receive 
the  twice  yearly  printout.  But  if  you  do  have  material  to  exchange,  so  mark  it  on  your  list 
and  indicate  whether  seed,  plants  or  cuttings.  (2)  We  request  that  you  include  $.50  to 
$1.00  for  Bob  in  order  to  help  him  with  postage  and  printing  costs — the  actual  service  is 
free  and  Bob  handles  it  for  us  in  what  little  spare  time  he  can  find.  With  this  in  mind, 
please  be  patient  in  awaiting  replies  to  all  correspondence  with  him.  As  an  exchange  member, 
you  will  receive  twice  yearly  a  computer  printout  in  two  parts:  a  list  of  names  and  addresses 
of  all  members  and  their  list  code  numbers,  and  the  actual  species  list  followed  by  the  code 
numbers  of  the  growers  and  markings  indicating  what  they  have  to  exchange.  With  this  infor¬ 
mation  at  hand,  you  will  be  able  to  see  who  is  growing  a  plant  you  wish  to  aquire,  who  has 
material  to  exchange,  and  by  means  of  a  simple  cross-check  whether  or  not  they  have  a 
particular  species  in  their  collection  which  you  could  offer  in  trade.  Handle  all  trades  by 
direct  correspondence  with  the  individual.  There  is  an  important  caution  or  two:  DO  NOT  in¬ 
quire  about  a  trade  unless  you  actually  have  material  to  trade,  and  DO  NOT  inquire  about  a 
trade  unless  the  list  indicates  that  the  grower  is  willing  to  trade  a  particular  species. 

The  last  is  very  important  since  several  growers  of  rare  species  who  do  not  have  sufficient 
material  to  trade  have  threatened  to  leave  the  exchange  since  they  were  so  pestered  by 
requests  and  even  outright  demands’.  The  exchange  has  worked  very  well  so  far  and  will  con¬ 
tinue  to  do  so  as  long  as  common  courtesy  is  used. 

COMPUTERIZED  CARNIVOROUS  PLANT  BIBLIOGRAPHIC  SERVICE — THE  KWIC  SYSTEM:  LYNN  MACEY  (511  North 
Eby ,  McPherson,  KS  6 7460)  originated  this  exciting  new  project  and  is  managing  it  very  well. 

We  have  seen  complete  printouts  of  all  the  bibliography  in  storage  thus  far  and  the  results 
are  fantastic.  What  he  has  done  is  store  all  available  bibliographic  references  to  carnivor¬ 
ous  plants  in  citation  form  along  with  rather  complete  summaries  where  they  could  be  obtained. 

The  co-editors  get  a  lot  of  mail  inquiring  into  carnivorous  plant  literature  and  this  service 

is  the  answer.  Lynn  is  one  of  many  of  you  who  did  not  have  access  to  a  complete  botanical 

library  or  in-depth  literature  citations,  so  he  very  effectively  decided  to  do  something 
about  it.  This  service  will  not  only  be  useful  to  anyone  working  on  a  specific  project,  but 
also  to  anyone  who  wishes  to  develop  a  thorough  CP  bibliography.  There  is'  a  variety  of 
printouts,  including  routine  alphabetical  author,  genus,  species,  special  subjects  such  as 
ecology,  growing  tips,  etc.  Lynn  will  send  a  complete  description  of  the  system  along  with 
the  sample  printouts  if  you  request  it  and  send  him  a  SELF-ADDRESSED  ENVELOPE  WITH  TWO  FIRST 
CLASS  STAMPS.  He  only  charges  his  actual  cost  in  postage,  paper  and  printing--his  efforts 
and  the  computer  time  are  voluntary.  By  the  way,  Lynn  soaks  up  new  material  to  add  to  his 
computer  storage  like  a  sponge.  Many  citations  still  need  summaries  of  the  complete  nature 
he  prefers  (even  to  the  listing  of  all  species  in  entire  books!)  since  they  are  from  foreign 
or  otherwise  unavailable  sources,  and  he  requests  reprints  of  all  CP  material  published  by 
any  of  our  subscribers,  future,  current  and  past.  So  go  through  those  old  stacks  of  re¬ 
prints  and  keep  Lynn  in  mind  when  mailing  out  reprints  of  any  future  papers.  Send  for  his 
synopsis  today — you  will  be  pleased  (do  not  forget  the  envelope  with  two  stamps). 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-3- 


AN  EDITORIAL  STATEMENT  ON  CONSERVATION  AND  CPN 


The  co-editors  have  always  maintained  a  strongpersonal  attitude  of  conservation  of  car¬ 
nivorous  plants.  The  following  comments  will  apply  mainly  to  U.S.  plants  since  these 
are  closest  to  us  andothers  who  have  expressed  greatest  concern,  but  these  ideas  would 
be  as  applicable  to  non-U. S.  species  in  their  native  settings. 

Many  of  our  subscribers  and  some  critical  non-subscribers  feel  that  "unreasonable" 
publicity  about  CP  will  do  more  harm  than  good,  and  they  point  as  evidence  to  several 
short  notes  that  seem  to  describe  veritable  bacchanals  of  collecting  and  molestation  of 
native  CP  stands  by  perhaps  overly  enthusiastic  neophytes.  Further,  some  exact  locations, 
when  they  seem  pertinent  to  the  article,  have  been  given  (but  many  formal  journals  and 
all  herbarium  entries  require  exacting  location  information  which  is  available  to  all!). 
Others  object  to  the  whole  idea  of  plant  rescue  as  a  valid  and  viable  procedure  of  saving 
plants  in  immediate  danger  from  highway,  industrial,  housing  and  agricultural  development. 
Finally,  some  see  a  paradox  in  our  publishing  an  annual  listing  of  commercial  CP  sources — 
some  of  whom  are  well  known  to  collect  from  the  wild  to  fill  orders  as  they  come  in 
rather  than  truly  propagate  their  stock. 

Our  comments  on  these  very  real  problems  may  allay  much  suspicion  or  simply  fan  it  into 
more  rage.  In  either  event,  we  would  like  to  put  forth  our  viewpoint.  Be  forewarned 
that  this  viewpoint  is  made  more  complex  by  an  intermingling  of  what  we  also  feel  is  the 
right  thing  to  do  regarding  conservation  of  CP,  and  what  we  owe  our  readers  as  editors. 
Neither  of  us  has  ever  felt  that  "hiding  the  cookie  jar"  was  an  effective  way  to  develop 
a  mature,  balanced  and  reasonable  conservation  attitude.  We  must  continue  to  have  the 
basic  editorial  attitude  of  presenting  all  reasonable  material  sent  to  us  for  publication 
in  CPN,  and  readers  can  then  exercise  their  rights  of  personal  judgment.,  We  do  impose 
limits  of  reasonable  accuracy  and  general  literacy .  Personal  communications  from  infre¬ 
quent  correspondents  whom  we  do  not  know  well  sometime  bear  the  notation  "not  for  publi¬ 
cation  in  CPN",  and  we  have  always  and  will  continue  to  honor  this  request. 

Concerning  the  commercial  sources  list,  we  have  always  stated  that  this  is  a  reader 
service  to  do  with  as  the  reader  wishes,  exercising  his  own  personal  judgment,  but  that 
we  do  not  endorse  or  support  any  of  the  firms  listed.  We  believe  this  a  sufficient 
disclaimer.  That  there  are  unprincipled  dealers  on  the  list  who  collect,  or  order  the 
collection  of,  carnivorous  plants  from  native  sources  by  the  thousands  each  year,  is 
sadly  well  known  to  us.  The  notation  by  some  dealers  in  their  catalogues  "sent  to  us  by 
our  southern  growing  sources  (italics  ours)"  is  one  of  those  cynical  statements  about 
which  we  have  no  illusions.  If  the  Smithsonian  list  is  finally  approved  by  the  Department 
of  the  Interior — and  it  seems  very  likely  that  it  soon  will  be — then  it  will  become  a 
federal  offense  to  ship  or  carry  interstate  any  CP  on  the  list.  But  not  all  U.S.  CP  are 
on  the  list,  so  this  solution  is  only  partial.  However,  beginning  with  this  annual 
commercial  sources  list,  we  will  list  first  and  so  mark  those  commercial  dealers  (only 
two  so  far)  that  have  of  their  own  accord  written  us  a  letter  stating  that  all  CP  they 
sell  will  have  been  propagated  by  them,  or  obtained  from  a  source  which  they  are  sure  also 
propagates  them.  Such  letters  have  been  and  will  continue  to  be  unsolicited  and  we  will 
insist  on  knowing  the  dealer,  proofs  and  guarantees.  Again,  the  marking  of  such  dealers 
who  state  that  their  material  has  been  propagated  does  not  constitute  an  endorsement  of 
the  dealer  or  the  quality  of  his  goods  and  service.  We  hope  this  new  policy  will  help 
encourage  an  appropriate  response  at  both  ends  of  the  dealer-customer  relationship. 

We  have  always  felt,  and  are  supported  by  several  studies  to  this  effect,  that  habitat 
destruction  and  commercial  exploitation  were  the  greatest  dangers  to  CP  locations. 
Vandalism  by  individuals,  while  deplorable  in  itself,  is  not  a  serious  threat  except  in 
the  cases  of  rare  species  and  forms,  an  example  being  Sarracenia  rubra  ssp.  j onesii .  In 
such  cases,  we  will  not  publish  exact  locations.  Further,  if  the  co-editors  do  have 
exact  knowledge  of  rare  plant  locations  as  a  result  of  our  voluminous  personal  correspon¬ 
dence,  we  will  not  disclose  these  to  any  other  of  our  personal  correspondents.  Such  re¬ 
quests  will  be  referred  to  the  original  informant  to  handle  as  he  wishes. 

We  believe  that  in  carefully  judged  situations  plant  rescue  operations  by  responsible 
groups  are  a  vital  method  of  saving  valuable  material.  While  the  Smithsonian  report 
properly  expresses  the  concept  that  such  translocations  should  only  be  temporary  with  the 
ultimate  aim  of  replacing  the  rescued  plants  back  into  nature  in  the  same  or  similar 
site,  we  feel  that  in  most  cases  this  idea  is  idealistic  rather  than  realistic  and  that 
we  must  encourage  native  plant  and  botanical  gardens  habitat,  a  fine  example  of  which  is 
the  North  Carolina  Botanical  Garden  in  Chapel  Hill.  In  addition  to  native  settings  and 
brilliantly  contrived,  flourishing  habitat  plantings,  this  active  and  enthusiastic 
organization  is  also  developing  "branch  locations"  by  purchasing  or  accepting  donations 
of  good,  easily  secured  (in  the  protective  sense)  botanical  locations  throughout  the 
state.  Our  readers  are  encouraged  to  look  into  existing  or  embryonic  organizations  of 
similar  character  where  they  live  and  to  participate  in  such  realistic  conservation 
efforts  themselves. 


«• 


« 


-4- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


For  the  future,  we  intend  to  embark  on  a  more  active  and  outgoing  commitment  to  conserva¬ 
tion  through  CPN.  We  hope  this  additional  editorial  activity  will  meet  with  reader 
approval  and  we  encourage  your  comments. 

NEW  SUBSCRIBERS 


J.  H.  JOHNSON,  JR.  (20948  Wilder  Ave.,  Lakewood,  CA  90715). 

RUMNEY  ECOLOGICAL  SYSTEMS  (P.O.Box  90,  Rumney,  NH  03266). 

WILLIAM  S.  FRAZIER,  JR.  (Box  1083,  ISU  Station,  Ames,  Iowa  50010). 

SUSAN  ELLIS  (3103  Keswick  Road,  Baltimore,  MD  21211). 

J.  COOPER  (1025  Westwood  Boulevard,  Los  Angeles,  CA  90024). 

L.  KILBERT  (5601  Coomer  Road,  West  Bloomfield,  MI  48033). 

MICHAEL  J.  KRZYWONSKI  (7622  Cartwheel  Ln,  San  Antonio,  TX  78227). 

GILBERT  NASH  (1524  W.  Orangewood  Ave.,  Anaheim,  CA  92802). 

WILLIAM  WOOD  (11408  San  Pablo  Avenue,  El  Cerrito,  CA  94530). 

JOHN  T.  CASH  (Hodges  Gardens,  P.  0.  Box  921,  Many,  LA  71449)  is  horticulturist  at  the  garden 
and  would  like  to  build  the  CP  collection.  He  can  trade  local  plants  and  some  non-CP  that 
readers  may  be  interested  in.  All  donations  of  plants  are  tax  deductible.  Write  for 
particulars . 

TOM  FENNELL,  JR.  (26715  SW  157  Avenue,  Homestead,  FL  33030). 

MRS. NINA  M.  WOESSNER  (Rare  Plant  House,  Fairchild  Tropical  Garden,  10901  Old  Cutler  Road, 

Miami,  FL  33156). 

LEONARD  PARKER  (1325  Terrill  Road,  Scotch  Plains,  NJ  07076). 

MICHAEL  NICHOLS  (Route  1,  Box  109E,  Myrtle  Beach,  SC  29577). 

CARTER  &  HOLMES  (P.  0.  Box  668,  Newberry,  SC  29108). 

MRS.  PORTER  D.  SLAGLE  (4909  Richland  Drive,  Raleigh,  NC  27612). 

JON  M.  JONES  (Dept,  of  Biology,  University  of  South  Carolina,  Columbia,  SC  29208). 

LAURIE  A.  BOYLAN  (90  3  Caledonia,  Cleveland,  OH  44112). 

LOU  STRAF  (263  Yonge  St.,  Toronto,  Ontario  M5B  IN8,  Canada). 

GARY  SANT IN I  (1039  Pinecrest  Road,  Annapolis,  MD  21403). 

BRENT  BRIDGES  (2345  S.  4-Lane  Hwy ,  Apt  W5 ,  Smyrna,  GA  30080). 

MADAM  U  ( GPO  Box  2817,  Hong  Kong). 

KAREN  A.  SCHRYVER  (210  S.  Parsons,  Brandon,  FL  33511). 

VICKI  LORENZ  (13201  Clayton  Road,  St.  Louis,  MO  63131). 

ROBERT  GOODMAN  (20  Seville  Lane,  Stony  Brook,  NY  11790). 

AUDREY  E.  GOINS  (Department  of  Zoology-Entomology,  Auburn  University,  Auburn,  AL  36830). 

F.V.C.  GOOCH  (The  Mount,  27  Castle  Lane,  Bohsover,  Nr.  Chesterfield,  Derbyshire,  England). 

MARK  HARDY  III  (716  Mills  Street,  Raleigh,  NC  27608). 

CAROL  TURNER  (1428  Elgin  Ct . ,  Cary,  NC  27511). 

MRS.  BETTY  DAUGHTERTY  (529  Kennedy  St.,  Juneau,  AK  99801). 

BRYAN  I.  LORBER  (Larch  Tree  Lane,  Westport,  CT  06880). 

DEAN  JACKMAN  (1520  Live  Oak  Drive,  Tallahassee,  FL  32301). 

JERRY  W.  DUPUY  (Box  63,  Barcelo  Industrial,  C.  por  A.,  Santo  Domingo,  Dominican  Republic,  W.I.) 
JEFFREY  DEL  COL  (957  Maple  Dr.  #10,  Morgantown,  WV  26505). 

ANTHONY  MIHALIE  (14488  Rock  Creek  Road,  Chardon,  OH  44024). 

PAUL  CASHMAN  (Route  1,  Crews  Lake  Drive,  Lakeland,  FL  33803). 

DAVID  ELDER  ( 419  Center  Street,  Pittsburgh,  PA  15221). 

NEAL  STEWART  (807  N.  Peace  Haven  Road,  Winston-Salem,  NC  27104). 

RICHARD  FREDERICKSON  (724  N.  Peace  Haven  Road,  Winston-Salem,  NC  27104). 

ROBERT  E.  ENGEL  (Biology,  Marlboro  College,  Marlboro,  VT  05344). 

MRS.  C.  CRAWFORD  (1131  1/2  Manning  Road,  Hartville,  OH  44632). 

GEORGE  MATTHEWS  (55  McKinley  Avenue,  Colonia,  NJ  07067). 

HELEN  KUHN  (20  Sherwood  Road,  Easton,  CT  06612). 

DURLAND  FISH  (Department  of  Entolomogy,  University  of  Florida,  Gainesville,  FL  32601). 

MS.  DORIS  MUNSTEREIFEL  (Young  Engineering  Co.,  P.  0.  Box  50327,  New  Orleans,  LA  70150). 

MARION  T.  FOX  (1620  Bradshaw  Garden  Road,  Knoxville,  TN  37912). 

EDWARD  ORRIS  (14  S.  Market  Street,  Mechanicsburg,  PA  17055). 

THOMAS  ROLF  (Route  1,  Box  144,  Grasston,  MN  55030). 

W.D.  HELPHREY  (1332  NW  l88th  Terrace,  Miami,  FL  33169). 

THOMAS  E.  BROWN  (Div.  of  Science,  Atlantic  Community  College,  Mays  Landing,  NJ  08330). 

BARRY’S  CARNIVORES  (19811  NE  19th  Avenue,  N.  Miami  Beach,  FL  33179). 

JOHN  M.  FOX  (6615  Markham,  Little  Rock,  AR  72205). 

MISS  ELEANOR  F.  ARMSTRONG  (51  Elliott  PI,  Rutherford,  NJ  07070). 

ANDY  LANIER  (901  N.  Greene  Avenue,  Lake  Worth,  FL  33461). 

DEWEY  G.  MEYERS  (Dept,  of  Zoology,  Birge  Hall,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  WI  53706). 

RON  JENNINGS  (713  J.  Clyde  Morris  Blvd. ,  Apt  9H,  Newport  News,  VA  23601). 

LIBRARY,  MARYLAND-NATIONAL  CAPITAL  PARK  AND  PLANNING  COMMISSION  (8787  Georgia  Avenue,  Silver 
Spring,  MD  20907). 

RICHARD  HALVORSON  (Pacific  Tropical  Botanical  Garden,  Lawai,  Kavai,  HI  96765). 

CLAIRE  PATTERSON  (307-B  Cheswick  CIR,  Cary,  NC  27511). 

JOE  M.  HATLEY  (Route  2,  Box  l4l,  Conover,  NC  28613). 

TOM  TINDALL,  Principal  (Mars  Middle  School,  Route  2,  Mars,  PA  16046). 


-4 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-5- 


C.  B.  BOYER  (P.  0.  Box  251,  Dabel  Station,  Dayton,  OH  45420). 

DON  BURDEN  (Route  3,  Box  219,  Floyd  Knobs,  IN  47119). 

JEROME  P.  ROSENTHAL  (23470  Kenosha,  Oak  Park,  MI  48237). 

ALLAN  SHIPP  (5616  Sonoma  Road,  Bethesda,  MD  20034). 

PETER  BALASSA  (360  Nuttall  Road,  Riverside,  IL  60546). 

PAMELA  LILLQUIST  (U-42,  Botany  Greenhouse,  University  of  Connecticut,  Storrs,  CT  06268). 
STEVEN  A.  FROWINE  (37840  Jackson  Road,  Chagrin  Falls,  OH  44022). 

PHILLIP  SHERIDAN  (5729  S.  2nd  St.,  Arlington,  VA  22204). 

RICHARD  M.  GLANTZ  (225  Shady  Lane,  Downers  Grove,  IL  60515). 

GEORGE  P.  SPAGNVOLO  (610  W.  Saginaw,  Lansing,  MI  48933). 

WILLIAM  L.  TICKNOR  (6611  Lawndale  Drive  #201,  Falls  Church,  VA  22042). 

WILLIAM  0.  TICKNOR  (28l4  Greenway  Boulevard,  Falls  Church,  VA  22042). 

W.  C.  HENDRICKS  (5511  Clinton  Drive,  Erie,  PA  16509). 

ALICE  CORNEAL  (3270  Isadora  Drive,  San  Jose,  CA  95132). 

CHARLES  MARS  (222  S.  7th  Street,  Grand  Junction,  CO  81501). 

PETER  MCINTOSH  (621  Idlewyld  Drive,  Ft.  Lauderdale,  FL  33301). 

HENRY  T.  BURNLEY  (10140  Calumet,  Chicago,  IL  60628) . 

RENO  C.  UNGER  (Rt.  2,  Box  366,  Kutztown,  PA  19530). 

EDWARD  STILE  (981  Twin  Silo  Lane,  Huntingdon  Valley,  PA  1900b). 

JACK  HAMBURGER  (36  Keans  Road,  Burlington,  MA  01803). 

C.  E.  KOLB  (419  Conduitt  Road,  Mooresville,  IN  46158). 

MRS.  E.  J.  SPRATT,  JR.  (1301  Third  Avenue,  New  Brighton,  PA  15066). 

MRS.  M.  SCHLERETH  (10262  Hobkirk  Drive,  St.  Louis,  MO  63137). 

MRS.  ALMA  BAUGH  (12105  Aldine  Westfield  Road,  Houston,  TX  77016). 

GARY  KATZ  (11403  Cloverhill  Drive,  Silver  Spring,  MD  20902). 

LUCIEN  J.  RAINVILLE  (446  Morgan  Drive,  Lewiston,  NY  14092). 

RENEE  REYNOLDS  (781  Arkansas,  Tallahassee,  FL  32304). 

RANDY  COUSINS  (2777  Hill  Road,  Vienna,  VA  22180). 

CHRIS  WILLIAMS  (Box  664,  New  York  City  10035). 

J.  G.  MUIRHEAD  (3210  Main  Street,  Riverside,  CA  92501). 

RICHARD  J.  DAINES  (519  Bloomfield  Avenue,  Apt.  3K,  Caldwell,  NJ  07006). 

KENNETH  M.  JOHNSON  (1511  Green  Street,  Tallahassee,  FL  32303). 

TERRY  L.  STAWAR  (1220  Willis  Avenue,  Daytona  Beach,  FL  32014). 

J.  ZALARICK  (1472  74th  St.  Ocean,  Marathon,  FL  33  0  5  0). 

MRS.  H.  F.  JORGENSEN  (314  Lacey  Drive,  New  Milford,  NJ  07646). 

EVAN  G.  PERSON  (142  Gray  Avenue,  Ames,  IA  50010). 

R.  S.  INGWERSEN  (1307  Gran  Avenue,  Palm  Bay,  FL  32905). 

MIKE  POLYVAS  (3420  W.  94th  Street,  Cleveland,  OH  44102). 

RONALD  GROSS  (12  Commonwealth  Ct . ,  Apt.  13,  Brighton,  MA  02135) 

ARNOLD  M.  MONETT  (27  Loring  Street,  Westwood,  MA  02090). 

NEIL  A.  JOHNSON  (1120  Chester  Avenue,  Apt.  237,  Cleveland,  OH  44ll4). 

JOHN  NORDLINGER  (169  Main  Street,  Townsend,  MA  01469). 

IRVING  THOMAS,  JR.  (2163  Eden  Street,  Ft.  Wayne,  IN  46803). 

STEVE  HAMMEL  (700  Hwy .  121-A  #125,  Hurst,  TX  76053). 

M.  C.  RUSSELL  (4l  Lusk  Drive,  Vermont,  Victoria,  Australia,  3133). 

DAVID  MACK  (10408  Lamar,  Overland  Park,  KS  66207). 

JAMES  EMRICH  (517  Ewing  Street,  Fremont,  OH  43420). 

JANE  E.  YORDY  (1025  E.  Maple  Street,  Palmyra,  PA  17078 
PAUL  A.  GUILLOTTE  (Sunset  Drive,  Williamstown ,  MA  01267). 

DR.  ROBERT  SPOCK  (111  Cobalt  Ridge  Drive,  N.,  Levittown,  PA  19057). 

LOUIS  DORAZIO  (26  Potomac  Road,  Warwick,  RI  02888). 

KIRK  W.  STEIJN  (2503  Teal  Road,  Wilmington,  DE  19805). 

(New  subscribers  not  appearing  in  this  list  probably  arrived  too  late  for  inclusion  and 
will  appear  in  the  next  issue.) 

NEWS  AND  VIEWS 


ERROR  CORRECTION:  In  the  short  note  on  plant  growth  substances  and  Byblls  gigantea  seeds 
appearing  in  the  preceding  issue  (CPN  4:66-67,  1975),  one  of  the  hormone  mixtures  was 
listed  erroneously  due  to  typographical  error.  In  set  3,  Kinetin  was  also  present  to 
saturation  at  25  C  along  with  the  K-GA,  thus  accounting  for  the  difference  in  germination 
rate  over  set  5. 

We  have  received  a  very  light  response  to  our  poll  on  public  gardens  having  CP  displays. 
The  apparent  reasons  are  mainly  two:  very  few  gardens  have  CP  displays,  and  those  that  do 
have  often  experienced  so  much  vandalism  that  many  now  keep  their  CP  in  locked,  publicly 
inaccessible  greenhouses.  However,  most  of  the  latter  will  admit  CPNers  upon  request  and 
accompanied  by  an  attendant.  We  will  list  what  gardens  and  conservatories  we  have  next 
Issue  so  that  those  who  are  late  in  renewing  will  have  a  chance  to  respond. 


-6- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


STANWYN  SHETLER  sent  us  a  copy  of  a  letter  stating  that  the  Suitland  Bog  in  the  Washington, 
D.C.  area  has  been  preserved  and  will  be  fenced  off  as  part  of  a  park.  Bob  Czerwony  first 
mentioned  that  he  felt  the  bog  was  endangered  in  a  CPN  note  (CPN  4:68,  1975)  and  that  a  stake 
indicated  impending  construction  of  an  extension  of  a  nearby  apartment  complex.  Dr.  Shetler 
states  that  stake  is  part  of  a  survey  for  the  new  park.  Therefore,  any  "rescue  parties" 
should  be  called  off  and  no  plants  removed  from  the  bog.  The  bog  will  be  susceptible  to  mis¬ 
guided  efforts  to  remove  plants  from  it  in  order  to  save  them  from  construction  until  a  new 
fence  is  complete.  In  the  meantime,  we  urge  all  subscribers  not  to  disturb  the  site,  and  to 
discourage  others  from  doing  so. 

DR.  EDGAR  T.  WHERRY  sent  us  a  note  describing  an  early  use  of  Sarracenla  f lava  rhizome 
extracts  for  treatment  of  a  painful  neurologic  disorder  known  as  tic  douloureux.  When  collect¬ 
ing  of  plants  was  halted  in  the  south  by  the  collectors  having  been  drafted  into  World  War  II, 
the  dealer  came  to  Dr.  Wherry  for  locations  of  northern  S.  purpurea  as  a  substitute,  which 
worked  as  well.  Since  then,  newer  synthetic  drugs  have  been  substituted.  Dr.  Wherry  empha¬ 
sized  that  he  was  very  exacting  in  advising  the  drug  collector  to  remove  only  widely  spaced 
plants  and  none  near  the  margins  of  the  bog  so  that  vegetative  and  seed  renewal  would  occur. 

In  a  few  years,  the  Sarracenias  indeed  had  recovered  completely  in  the  bog. 

DAVE  DUBOSKY  sent  a  letter  complimentary  to  CPN  and  told  of  some  of  his  experiences  in  the 
New  Jersey  Pine  Barrens.  "While  in  the  cedar  swamps,  one  thing  that  I  often  do  is  collect 
water  for  my  plants  (it  is  fine  for  CP).  But  care  must  be  taken  when  going  through  the  bog. 
Once,  while  visiting  a  site  I  know  of  near  Whiting,  New  Jersey,  my  foot  went  through  the 
sphagnum  and  I  had  a  little  trouble  getting  it  back  up!"  Dave  has  read  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS 
by  John  F.  Waters  (reviewed  CPN  4:3)  and  says  it  is  a  beginning  book  but  with  very  little 
cultural  information.  Dave  wound  like  to  contact  and  correspond  with  anyone  growing 
Cephalotus ,  Heliamphora ,  Byblis ,  Drosophyllum,  or  Nepenthes .  His  address  is  209  Pelican 
Road,  Middletown,  NJ  07748) 

ROBERT  FOLKERTS  would  like  to  add  his  concern  over  alarming  reports  of  abuse  and  habitat  des¬ 
truction  appearing  more  frequently  in  the  pages  of  CPN.  He  wishes  the  reports  continued 
since  no  matter  how  depressing  they  are,  such  news  is  necessary  to  encourage  conservation 
efforts.  During  a  recent  field  trip  to  the  Gulf  Coast,  he  noted  marked  reductions  in  numbers 
of  Sarracenia  as  well  as  their  quality.  Disturbances  in  ground  water  tables  apparently  re¬ 
sulted  in  a  very  few  small  pitchers  and  a  large  number  of  phyllodia.  However,  large  stands 
of  S.  leucophylla  just  west  of  Pensacola  and  mostly  fenced  seemed  intact. 

CARL  E.  FORST  sends  us  a  little  note  he  found  in  Horticulture  52  (8):  56  (1975)  that  asks 
the  question:  "Do  carnivorous  plants  really  need  meat  to  survive?"  The  answer  was  provided 
by  a  research  project  conducted  at  Cornell  University  in  which  a  sundew  was  grown  for  eight 
years  in  complete  isolation  and  without  a  single  fly  or  meat.  The  plant  survived  because  it 
manufactured  its  own  food  by  photosynthesis  although  it  would  have  grown  bigger  if  it  was 
furnished  a  diet  of  insects. 

STEPHEN  K-M  TIM  sent  us  a  copy  of  a  publication  from  the  Brooklyn  Botanic  Gardens  called 
Terrariums ,  publication  number  78,  volume  31,  1975-  Running  down  the  list  of  contents,  one 
could  find  a  description  of  every  conceivable  plant  for  terrarium  culture  including  CP.  The 
article  on  CP  was  written  by  Stephen  and  in  six  pages  he  describes  the  soil  mixtures,  plants 
and  care  throughout  the  year.  This  soft-cover  primer  is  available  by  mail  for  $1.50  (checks 
payable  to  Brooklyn  Botanic  Garden,  1000  Washington  Avenue,  Brooklyn,  NY  11225). 

The  question  has  come  up  concerning  what  should  actually  constitute  propagation  in  order  for 
a  commercial  dealer  to  make  the  claim  that  he  propagates  (or  obtains  from  one  who  does  pro¬ 
pagate)  all  the  material  he  sells.  Simply,  propagated  plants  are  those  that  have  been  in  his 
nursery  for  two  generations.  Digging  a  large  rhizome  of  Sarracenia  flava  from  nature  and 
dividing  it  into  six  pieces  and  then  selling  these  pieces  after  they  have  rooted  and  sprouted 
is  not  propagation.  But  if  that  dealer  allowed  each  of  those  six  divisions  to  reach  the 
same  size  as  the  original  and  then  divided  and  rooted  each  of  these,  those  products  would 
have  been  truly  propagated.  Considering  the  large  numbers  of  large  rhizomes  sold  in  this 
genus  alone,  along  with  the  space  required,  we  doubt  that  more  than  a  small  minority  of 
plants  marketed  are  truly  propagated. 

STEVE  CLEMESHA  writes:  "I  seem  to  be  having  better  luck  with  pygmy  Droseras  this  season. 

They  are  potted  on  a  layer  of  sand  with  gravel  on  the  surface  and  peat  moss  below  the  sand. 

I'm  keeping  them  damp  rather  than  wet  by  not  letting  them  sit  in  water.  I  noticed  a  couple 
of  small  points  omitted  in  the  World  CP  list  so  I  will  list  them:  Sarr.  x  Willmottae  =  S.  x 
Me lanorhoda .  Drosera  b urman^l  extends  to  near  Sydney  so  it  is  not  only  found  in  tropical 
Australia  but  in  the  temperate  or  maybe  subtropical.  Of  course,  Aldrovanda  extends  to 
Australia  as  well." 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-7- 


RICHARD  CROSS  writes:  "Prior  to  leaving  my  CP  for  a  two-week  vacation,  I  noticed  a  trickle 
of  ants  entering  one  10  gallon  terrarium  which  was  planted  with  several  species  of 
Sarracenla  and  Drosera  in  6-7  inches  of  sphagnum  moss.  Upon  my  return,  the  trickle  had 
become  an  eight-lane  highway  and  sphagnum  was  now  the  new  nest  of  a  large  fraction  of 
ants.  I  noticed  that  the  ants  were  succumbing  by  the  thousands  to  the  lure  of  Sarracenla ; 
but  where  Drosera  flllformis  leaves  snaked  around  on  the  surface  of  the  sphagnum,  the 
ants  had  built  bridges  spanning  the  sticky  tentacles  using  dried  pieces  of  sphagnum. 

They  also  used  the  pieces  of  dried  sphagnum  to  build  an  entrance  tunnel  on  the  terrarium 

glass  sides  perhaps  to  avoid  the  moisture.  I  have  since  experienced  similar  ant  attacks 
and  have  seen  D.  burkeana  and  D.  caplllarls  defeated  in  the  same  manner." 

PETER  PRAGER  wanted  us  to  know  about  two  books  that  deal  in  part  with  CP:  Growing  Exotic 
Plants  Indoors  by  R.  H.  Menage,  chapter  3.  Henry  Regnery  Co.,  Pub.  1975.  About  $4.95* 
Living  Plants  of  the  World,  Second  Edition,  by  Lorus  and  Margery  Milne,  Random  House,  Pub. 
1975.  On  pages  91-96  and  222-223,  this  book  shows  beautiful  color  photos  of  Cephalotus , 

N.  ampullarls  and  a  few  other  CP.  About  $20.00.  Both  books  are  available  at  your  local 
book  store.  And,  he  noticed  on  one  of  his  Plngulcula  lusltanlca  plants,  a  stem  grew 

from  the  crown  of  the  plant  and  grew  a  new  plantlet  which  sent  down  roots.  He  separated 

the  two  plants  at  the  stem  and  both  are  growing  fine. 


Speaking  of  books,  LARRY  LOGOTETA  came  across  this  book  in  his  local  library  which  has 
portions  showing  beautiful  pictures  in  color  of  various  CPI  Field  Guide  to  the  Alpine 
Plants  of  New  Zealand  by  John  T.  Salmon.  A.H.  &  A.M.  Reed,  PubT  196b,  about  326  pages. 

It  shows  Drosera  spathulata,  stenopetala,  arcturi ,  binata,  and  Utrlcularla  monanthos . 

DENNIS  HASTINGS  writes  in  to  say:  "Some  CP  readers  might  be  interested  In  this  littlebit 
of  information.  For  the  last  seven  months  I  have  been  growing  Nepenthes  here  in  southern 
California  using  tap  water  with  a  total  salt  content  of  750  p.p.m.  without  any  ill  effect. 
Also,  at  the  suggestion  of  R(  Sivertsen,  I  have  been  using  two  different  types  of  plant 
food  at  their  recommended  strength.  Both  seem  to  be  aiding  pitcher  and  plant  development. 
These  plant  foods  are  "Hy-Gro"  orchid  food  (18-18-18)  and  "Watch  Us  Grow"  (8-8-8).  I 
prefer  the  latter  one  because  it  is  not  as  strong  as  Hy-Gro  and  over  a  long  period  would 
not  build  up  as  much  salt  content  in  the  moss.  The  only  problem  with  Watch  Us  Grow  is 
that  it  is  not  as  readily  available  as  Hy-Gro." 

JOHN  YOUNGER  informs  us  that  there  was  an  article  in  Organic  Gardening,  November,  1975, 
pp.  108-110,  the  article  titled  "The  Plants  That  Bite  Back'1  by  M.  C"!  Goldman,  which  has 
a  picture  of  a  Venus  flytrap.  It  is  basically  a  general  interest  article  with  addresses 
of  suppliers. 

GEORGE  JOHNSON  informs  us  that  there  is  an  additional  bookstore  where  one  can  purchase 
Darwin's  book  Insectivorous  Plants,  second  edition:  G.  A.  Bibby  Books,  714  Pleasant 
Street,  Roseville ,  CA  95^78.  Send  25$  for  a  catalogue. 

STANWYN  SHETLER  has  written  two  articles  on  carnivorous  plants  for  the  newest  edition  of 
the  Encyclopedia  Brltannica .  It  is  the  fifteenth  edition.  The  plant  families  are  des¬ 
cribed  under  two  orders,  the  Sarraceniales  and  the  Nepenthales . 

GEORGE  A.  SERGEANT  writes:  "Following  the  remarks  by  Jim  Chester  in  Vol.  IV,  No.  3  on 
spoon  feeding  of  CP  with  captured  insects,  I  think  the  alternative  of  artificial  feeding 
with  readily-available  protein-rich  food  is  worth  consideration.  I  have  found  that 
Droseras  in  particular  react  with  apparent  benefit  to  small  doses  of  dried  skimmed-milk 
powder.  The  amount  required  must  be  judged  by  experience  as  overdosing  can  do  more  harm 
than  good.  No  feeding  at  all  should  be  the  rule  when  the  plants  are  not  in  active  growth 
or  are  approaching  the  resting  period." 

Ci/ci.  ‘ i,  fje  4) 

LARRY  DEBUHR  writes:  "I  was  interested  in  the  illustration  on  the  cover  on  this  issue,  so 
I  did  some  library  research  with  the  help  of  our  librarian,  Mrs.  Bea  Beck.  The  library 
at  Rancho  Santa  Ana  Botanic  Garden  is  very  good  and  contains  many  historical  works.  I 
looked  up  the  print  in  Smith's  Exotic  Botany,  and  indeed  the  print  was  not  from  this 
work.  However,  it  was  obvious  that  the  print  you  Illustrated  and  the  print  in  Smith  were 
very  similar.  The  print  you  Illustrated  differed  in  that  it  lacked  a  second  flower  and 
an  additional  leaf  that  were  in  the  Smith  print.  However,  in  all  other  respects  your 
print  was  a  simple  reversal  of  the  Smith  print.  After  extensive  searching  through  the 
library,  we  found  a  three-volume  work  by  Richard  Duppa  entitled  The  Classes  and  Orders  of 
the  Llnnaean  System  of  Botany,  published  in  1816  in  London.  We  found  the  plate  you 
illustrated  opposite  page  266  in  volume  two.  After  further  work  we  realized  that  all,  or 
almost  all,  of  the  prints  used  in  this  work  were  in  fact  copies  of  prints  from  earlier 
works,  particularly  works  by  Smith  with  illustrations  by  Sowerby.  The  prints  in  the 
Duppa  work  were  all  reversed  from  the  original  prints,  and  most  of  them  had  parts  omitted, 
i.e.,  leaves,  flowers.  Except  for  the  missing  parts,  and  the  reversal  of  the  prints,  the 


-8- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


copies  were 
but  was  the 
finding  the 


extremely  good.  Richard  Duppa  was  not  a  botanist  or  illustrator  by  profession. 
High  Sheriff  of  Randor.  He  lived  from  1770  to  1831.  Credit  Mrs.  Beck  with 
origin  of  the  print  you  illustrated." 


SHORT  NOTES 


CONSERVATION  ACTION  FOR  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS 
by  R.  A.  DeFilipps,  Endangered  Flora  Project,  Department  of  Botany, 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.C.  20560 

Carnivorous  plants  often  find  themselves  in  the  same  position  as  cacti  and  orchids:  they  are 
too  bizarre  and  beautiful  for  their  own  good.  Merciless  harvesters,  such  as  those  vividly 
described  by  Don  Schnell  in  the  September  1975  CPN,  are  removing  populations  of  species  that 
have  already  reached  a  low  ebb  in  their  passive  battle  for  survival. 

What  a  contrast  such  collecting  is,  compared  to  the  beneficial  work  being  done  by  the  staff 
of  the  North  Carolina  Botanical  Garden  at  Chapel  Hill.  There,  Venus  flytraps  and  pitcher 
plants  are  grown  from  seed  and  displayed  in  order  to  educate  the  public  and  show  that  many 
native  plants  can  be  propagated  relatively  easily,  and  should  never  be  removed  from  their 
natural  habitat  unless  imminently  endangered  by  human  activities.  A  discussion  of  their  work 
has  been  presented  by  J.  K.  Moore  and  C.  R.  Bell,  American  Horticulturist  55:23-29  (Winter 
197*0  • 

In  the  Endangered  Species  Act  of  1973  (Public  Law  93-205),  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
authorized  and  directed  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  review  species  of  plants  which  are 
now  or  may  become  endangered  or  threatened  and  to  review  methods  of  adequately  conserving 
such  species.  The  result  of  this  directive  is  a  Report  on  Endangered  and  Threatened  Plant 
Species  of  the  United  States,  published  by  the  Government  Printing  Office  early  this  year. 

In  it,  the  following  carnivorous  plants  are  listed  as  endangered  or  threatened  on  a  national 
basis:  Darlingtonia  californica,  Dionaea  muscipula ,  Pingulcula  ionantha,  P.  planifolia, 

Sarracenia  oreophila,  S.  psittacina  and  S.  rubra .  David  Lane  has  categorized  them  in  the 
September  1975  CPN. 

On  July  1,  1975,  the  U.  S.  Department  of  the  Interior  published  in  the  Federal  Register  a 
Notice  of  Review  of  the  status  of  all  plants  listed  in  the  Smithsonian  Report.  The  Interior 
Department  has  thus  obliged  itself  to  the  lengthy  and  time-consuming  process  of  gathering  and 
evaluating  data  in  order  to  help  in  deciding  whether  or  not  to  officially  list  the  plants  as 

endangered  or  threatened. 

Their  decisions  will  be  based  on  such  important  criteria  as  the  exact  locality  of  the  native 
populations,  the  acreage  covered  by  them,  the  number  of  individual  plants  at  each  locality, 
and  whether  the  populations  have  been  increasing,  are  stable,  or  are  decreasing  at  each 
locality.  They  also  will  need  to  know  the  nature  of  the  threats  to  the  species,  whether  it 
be  land-clearing,  drainage  changes,  or  over-collection  for  sale,  and  specific  examples  of 
these  threats. 

Conservation-oriented  readers  of  the  CPN  can  be  of  great  assistance  by  sending  in  any  such 
data  at  their  disposal  to  the  Office  of  Endangered  Species,  U.  S.  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service, 
Department  of  the  Interior,  Washington,  D.  C.  202^0. 

Once  a  species  had  been  officially  listed,  the  judgment  will  have  the  force  of  the  Endangered 
Species  Act  of  1973  behind  it.  It  will  then  be  against  the  law  to  deliver,  receive,  carry, 
transport  or  ship  in  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  any  such  species  without  a  permit  issued 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  the  Secretary  is  empowered  under  the  Act  to  acquire 
land  on  which  endangered  species  occur.  Only  through  such  a  course  of  action  will  rapacious 
commercial  collectors  be  deterred  from  wrecking  the  populations  of  carnivorous  plants  and 
their  habitats. 

FIELD  NOTES  ON  CEPHALOTUS  FOLLICULARIS  IN  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA 

by  Larry  DeBuhr 

Cephalotus  is  an  extremely  interesting  carnivorous  plant  that  grows  exclusively  in  the  south¬ 
western  corner  of  Western  Australia.  It  ranges  along  the  south  coast  from  Augusta  to  just 
east  of  Albany.  Cephalotus  is  placed  in  its  own  plant  family,  the  Cephalotaceae ,  and  there 
is  only  one  species  known,  Cephalotus  folll cularls . 

There  is  apparently  some  confusion  about  the  discovery  of  Cephalotus .  The  plant  was  first 
described  by  the  French  botanist  Labillardiere  in  1804.  Labillardiere  traveled  to  Western 
Australia  aboard  the  ships  La  Recherche  and  L1 Esperance  in  1792.  They  had  intended  to  land 
at  King  George  Sound,  now  the  site  of  Albany,  but  were  carried  farther  east  to  the  point  now 
called  Esperance.  Esperance  is  about  250  miles  east  of  the  nearest  known  Cephalotus  bog. 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-9- 


Although  the  source  remains  unknown,  Labillardiere  Indicated  in  his  description  of 
Cephalotus  that  someone  had  given  him  the  material  which  had  been  collected  near  King 
George  Sound.  (See  Nelson,  The  collectors  and  type  locations  of  some  of  Labillardiere ' s 
"Terra  Van-Lewin"  fWestern  Australia]  specimens.  Taxon  2b  (2/3):  319-336,  May,  1975.) 

The  southwestern  corner  of  Western  Australia  is  characterized  by  a  Mediterranean  type 
climate  similar  to  that  of  California.  The  winters  are  cool  and  moist  with  the  majority 
of  rainfall  occurring  during  the  months  of  May  to  August.  The  summers  are  hot  and  dry, 
and  a  summer  drought  occurs  between  November  and  March  or  April.  However,  along  the 
south  coast  where  Cephalotus  grows,  more  rain  falls  over  a  longer  period  of  time  than  in 
the  rest  of  southwestern  Australia.  This  area  usually  receives  a  yearly  average  of  60  or 
more  inches  of  rain.  Temperatures  are  mild  throughout  the  year  and  are  seldom  below 
32°  F.  during  the  winter  and  very  rarely  above  100°  F.  during  the  summer. 

Cephalotus  grows  in  bogs  that  have  dense,  compact  peat  soil.  This  soil  is  formed  by  the 
accumulation  of  partially  decomposed  vegetation  material.  The  soils  in  southwestern 
Australia  are  commonly  leached;  that  is,  when  it  rains,  minerals  are  carried  out  of  the 
upper  layers  of  soil  and  accumulate  in  lower  levels.  The  amount  of  leaching  increases 
with  increased  rainfall,  and  soil  acidity  increases  with  leaching.  When  the  average 
yearly  rainf&Ll  reaches  or  exceeds  60  inches,  the  soil  becomes  heavily  leached  and  peaty 
in  nature. 

Cephalotus  bogs  occur  in  low,  depressed  ares  or  along  stream  beds,  and  are  often 
completely  inundated  with  water  during  the  winter  and  rainy  season.  The  soil  is  extremely 
absorbent  and  acts  as  a  gigantic  reservoir.  The  bogs  never  completely  dry  out,  although 
they  may  not  have  standing  water  all  of  the  year.  The  soil  is  very  acidic,  and  decompo¬ 
sition  of  vegetative  material  is  slow. 

Cephalotus  has  a  thick  fleshy  rhizome  which  produces  one  or  more  rosettes  of  leaves  each 
season.  There  are  two  types  of  leaves,  several  small  spathulate  leaves  are  formed  first 
and  are  followed  by  the  production  of  a  number  of  pitcher  leaves.  The  plants  grow  as 
low  clumps  since  a  single  rhizome  may  form  several  rosettes  or  may  branch  with  each 
branch  forming  a  rosette.  For  more  detailed  descriptions  of  the  structure  of  the  leaves, 
see  Erickson  (Plants  of  Prey  of  Australia,  1968)  and  Lloyd  (Carnivorous  Plants,  19^2). 

In  197^  I  had  the  opportunity  to  observe  Cephalotus  in  its  natural  habitat.  I  saw  the 
species  growing  in  several  peat  bogs  near  Albany  on  the  south  coast.  The  first  bog  that 
I  saw  had  been  burnt  the  previous  year,  and  dead,  charred  stems  of  shrubby  plants  stuck 
up  from  the  peaty  soil.  The  majority  of  these  plants  were  sprouting  from  the  base.  A 
few  Cephalotus  plants  were  found  growing  in  small  clumps,  apparently  having  survived  the 
fire  by  means  of  the  underground  rhizomes.  Growing  with  Cephalotus  were  Utricularia 
simplex  and  U.  menziesil . 

The  next  bog  I  visited  was  in  a  depression  partially  filled  with  water.  There  were 
several  zones  of  vegetation  around  the  bog.  On  the  slopes  leading  to  the  bog  was  a  low, 

dense,  scrubby  vegetation  characteristic  of  the  area.  Immediately  around  the  bog  in  a 

moist  zone,  but  not  within  the  bog,  was  an  extremely  dense  stand  of  tall  shrubs,  small 
trees,  and  lots  of  reeds.  This  vegetation  was  only  5  to  10  feet  thick  but  took  several 
minutes  to  push  through.  The  bog  itself  was  much  easier  to  move  in.  The  vegetation  was 

more  open  and  composed  of  shrubs  about  3  to  A  feet  tall  and  had  clumps  of  reeds  and 

sedges  scattered  throughout.  Standing  water  was  present  between  raised  tussocks  of  soil 
and  vegetation.  Portions  of  the  bog  vibrated  when  walked  upon,  giving  the  impressions  of 
a  quacking  bog.  Cephalotus  plants  were  growing  hidden  from  view  in  clumps  at  the  base  of 
the  sedges,  rushes,  and  shrubs.  Growing  with  Cephalotus  in  this  bog  was  Utricularia 
volubile ,  a  blatterwort  that  has  a  viny  stem  with  large  blue  flowers  at  the  top. 

Other  carnivorous  plants  that  grow  in  similar  bogs,  often  with  Cephalotus ,  include 
Drosera  hamiltonii  and  D.  myriantha . 

Cephalotus  flowers  in  December  and  January,  and  since  I  left  Australia  in  November,  I 
did  not  have  the  opportunity  to  see  the  flowers  of  Cephalotus .  The  flowering  time  of 
Cephalotus  is  during  the  warmest  and  driest  period  of  the  year,  a  time  when  most  plants 
have  finished  flowering.  However,  the  excessive  moisture  of  the  bog  enables  the  species 
to  flower  later  in  the  year.  It  is  my  understanding  that  the  majority  of  the  plants  do 
not  flower  each  year.  The  mechanism  inducing  flowering  in  Cephalotus  needs  investigation, 
and  may  be  nothing  more  than  age  or  size  of  the  plants.  As  with  almost  all  carnivorous 
plants,  a  great  deal  of  information  on  their  natural  history  is  yet  to  be  learned,  and 
this  can  only  be  done  with  extensive  field  research. 


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CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CULTIVATING  CEPHALOTUS  FOLLICULARIS 
by  David  Kutt 

My  own  experience  with  cultivating  Cephalotus  is  confined  to  the  past  two  and  one-half  years. 
During  that  time  I  have  grown  plants  from  rhizome  portions  and  leaf  cuttings  with  relative 
success  regarding  size  and  plant  vigor. 

My  introduction  to  cultivating  this  plant  came  in  early  1973  when  several  small  rhizome 
portions  were  given  to  me  by  a  friend.  At  that  time,  living  sphagnum  (his  growing  medium) 

was  difficult  to  obtain  in  Ohio,  so  I  used  more  easily  obtainable  dried  fiber  sphagnum. 

The  plants  did  grow  in  this  material,  but  although  no  loss  of  plants  occurred,  overall 
growth  and  development  was  very  slow.  The  plants  were  treated  basically  the  same  as 
Sarracenla  except  for  humidity  which  was  kept  higher  at  75  to  85%,  and  more 'frequent  misting. 
They  were  allowed  to  cool  down  to  45°  or  50°  F.  in  winter  and  even  froze  once  or  twice  with 
no  apparent  harm  to  foliage  or  root  systems.  During  winter,  the  lower  temperatures  accom¬ 
panied  by  a  shorter  natural  photoperiod  caused  production  of  the  characteristic  "winter 
leaves . " 

In  the  spring  of  1974  the  plants  were  carefully  transplanted  with  all  roots  intact  from  their 

individual  clay  pots  to  a  larger  single  tray  of  more  shallow  depth.  This  time  they  were 

planted  in  living  sphagnum  moss  with  better  results  evident  later.  I  noticed  when  transplant¬ 
ing  them  that  most  of  the  plants  had  produced  runners  which  were  trying  to  work  their  way  up 
the  sides  of  the  deep  six-inch  clay  pots.  As  hoped,  after  transplanting  them  into  the  2  1/2 
inch  deep  tray,  the  new  offshoots  broke  the  surface  much  more  readily.  Then,  rather  than  the 
plants'  vigor  being  spent  climbing  the  walls  of  deep  pots,  it  was  used  to  spread  new  vegeta¬ 
tion  across  the  surface  of  the  tray. 

The  past  year  has  seen  equally  good  growth  of  Cephalotus  utilizing  unfertilized  German  peat 
as  a  medium  rather  than  living  sphagnum.  I  am  not,  however,  out  to  make  statements  about 
superiority  of  either  medium  over  the  other.  I  have  seen  large,  healthy  plants  growing  in 
both  materials.  Interestingly,  beginning  in  November  of  1974,  I  began  testing  the  effects  of 
light  fertilization  on  some  of  the  plants.  Initial  feeding  efforts  of  a  year  ago  involved  the 
use  of  fish  emulsion  (50%  normal  dilution)  as  the  nutritive  element  in  misting,  watering,  and 
pitcher  feeding  (once  every  two  weeks).  Although  plant  size  began  increasing,  after  four 
months  the  use  of  fish  emulsion  was  discontinued  due  to  its  tendency  to  eventually  "spoil" 
the  potting  medium  even  though  containers  were  drained.  I  am  now  more  successfully  using  an 
inorganic  fertilizer  produced  by  "Plantabbs" .  "Hy-grow" ,  an  orchid  fertilizer  has  been  pro¬ 
ducing  larger  pitchers  and  foliage  as  well  as  increasing  the  speed  of  development.  I  use 
this  product  at  3/4  normal  strength  on  foliage  and  in  the  planting  medium,  and  1/2  strength 
in  the  pitchers.  Care  should  be  taken  when  putting  nutrients  directly  in  the  pitchers  since 
Cephalotus  pitchers  will  rot  off  when  too  strong  a  dilution  is  used  in  them.  The  plants  are 
fed  once  a  month  during  their  active  growth  cycle.  Regular  watering  flushes  the  drained 
containers  in  the  time  intervals  between  feedings.  Although  living  sphagnum  tends  to  die 
easily  with  the  addition  of  minerals  and  nutrients,  the  German  peat  usually  just  forms  its 
own  moss  across  the  surface,  preventing  "watering  splash"  of  potting  material  later. 

Cephalotus  light  requirements  are  more  similar  to  those  of  Nepenthes  than  Sarracenla  in  that 
they  seem  to  prefer  a  more  diffused  type  of  light.  As  a  general  rule  concerning  pitcher 
size,  more  shade  produces  larger  but  less  colorful  pitchers.  One  can  grow  Cephalotus  in  a 
50-60%  shaded  environment,  then  after  several  pitchers  have  developed,  flight  can  be  slowly 
increased  to  "color-up"  the  foliage. 

Although  artificial  nutrition  may  not  be  necessary  for  good  growth,  my  own  experience  with 
cultivated  plants  here  Indicates  that  larger,  more  vigorous  plants  are  produced  by  feeding. 
This  comparison  is  made  with  non-fed  plants  grown  in  living  sphagnum  or  German  peat. 

Present  plants  here  show  one  and  one-half  inch  pitchers. 

ON  GROWING  THE  AUSTRALIAN  PITCHER  PLANT  CEPHALOTUS 
by  J.  A.  Mazrimas 

A  single  cluster  or  rosette  of  Cephalotus  is  a  rather  small  plant  in  comparison  to  the 
pitcher  plants  of  North  America  (Sarracenla)  or  Asia  (Nepenthes ) .  However,  like  some 
Sarracenla  species,  this  plant  produces  two  types  of  leaves — a  flat,  ovate-shaped  one  usually 
found  in  the  center  of  the  plant,  and  a  small  pitcher  which  grows  at  the  end  of  a  long  stem 
which  appears  on  the  outer  margins  of  the  rosette.  The  flat  leaves  are  usually  produced  at 
cool  temperatures  (around  50°  F.)  and  short  daylength  while  the  pitchers  are  produced  in 
warmer  temperatures  (around  75°  F. )  In  the  summertime. 

In  the  field,  Cephalotus  grows  on  peaty  soils  that  are  constantly  wet  with  seepage  from  above 
but  is  mostly  found  a  few  yards  away  from  open  water  and  definitely  above  the  water  table. 

In  addition,  the  plants  are  virtually  covered  with  an  overstory  of  tall  grasses  and  sedges 
which  protects  the  plant  from  the  hot,  searing  sunlight.  These  facts,  then,  give  us  some 
clue  to  how  to  cultivate  the  plant  in  our  greenhouses  or  terrariums  with  a  minimum  of  problems. 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-11- 


Old  plants  of  Cephalotus  form  long  underground  stems  that  branch  over  long  distances. 
Secondary  plants  arise  at  some  distance  from  the  parent  plant.  This  natural  tendency 
for  the  plant  to  propagate  Itself  vegetatively  from  rootstocks  provides  some  clue  on  how 
we  could  propagate  the  plant  In  cultivation. 

I  grow  the  plants  In  clay  pots  which  are  first  filled  about  one-half  full  of  horticul¬ 
tural  grade  perlite  followed  by  a  mixture  of  perlite  and  chopped  live  sphagnum  moss 
(about  50-50  mixture).  This  Is  topped  off  with  living  moss  so  that  It  forms  a  small 
hill  over  the  sides  of  the  pot.  This  method  provides  good  drainage  which  the  plants  must 
have.  They  do  not  like  standing  In  water  for  any  length  of  time.  One  can  substitute 
German  peat  or  ordinary  peat  moss  and  perlite  or  course  sand  if  living  sphagnum  Is  not 
available . 

I  give  about  1500  to  2000  foot-candles  of  light  to  the  plants  all  day  and  supplement  this 
with  Wi de-spectrum  Gro-Lux  light  on  an  eighteen-hour  day-night  cycle.  This  seems  to 
produce  good,  healthy  growth  of  pitchers  and  after  a  month  or  so  the  green  pitchers 
start  to  darken  with  red  coloring  first  around  the  pitcher  lip  or  peristome  and  then 
later  the  rest  of  the  pitcher  walls.  In  nature,  the  pitchers  reach  a  length  of  1  1/2 
to  2  Inches  In  height  and  this  method  of  cultivation  grows  pitchers  over  one  Inch  In 
height  consistently. 

During  the  growing  season,  I  water  the  plants  every  other  day  since  most  of  it  drains 
through  and  this  regimen  seems  to  keep  the  plants  from  wilting  and  continuously  growing. 
One  of  the  first  symptoms  of  overwatering  Cephalotus  is  that  some  of  the  older  pitchers 
will  start  to  turn  yellow  and  eventually  turn  orange-red  and  then  brown.  Sometimes, 
withholding  water  for  a  few  days  will  reverse  the  trend  and  sometimes  it  is  too  late  and 
all  the  pitchers  will  wither  and  fall  off.  Spraying  with  Benlate  will  prevent  any 
fungus  or  mold  rot  in  the  meantime.  Hopefully,  new  pitchers  will  grow  out  in  time  to 
replace  those  that  were  lost. 

In  the  Northern  hemisphere,  plants  will  eventually  bloom  in  July-August  if  season 
reversal  was  successful.  The  flower  stalk  is  very  tall  but  the  flowers  are  small  and 
inconspicuous.  In  my  first  attempt  to  self-pollinate  the  flowers,  since  I  had  only  one 
plant  flowering,  I  had  no  results  on  seed  production.  The  seed  is  light  brown,  small 
and  oval  shaped.  Propagating  Cephalotus  from  seed  is  very  difficult  and  uncertain  be¬ 
cause  of  the  low  rate  of  germination  and  the  long  wait  required  before  germination. 

Further  investigation  of  the  mechanisms  for  rapid  germination  is  required  before  the 
seed  method  of  propagation  becomes  an  important  adjunct  to  other  methods. 

The  preferred  propagation  method  is  from  root  stock,  leaf  or  pitcher  and  petiole.  Thick 
roots  and  rhizomes  which  are  cut  from  an  old  plant  into  two-inch  long  pieces  are  allowed 
to  remain  in  air  until  the  cut  ends  seal  themselves  or  a  suitable  wood  sealer  is  applied. 
They  are  laid  horizontally  on  top  of  a  pot  containing  a  peat  moss-sand  mixture  or  a 
sphagnum  moss-perlite  mix  as  described  above.  Cover  the  roots  lightly  about  1/4  inch 
deep  with  more  peat  and  keep  the  whole  pot  evenly  moist.  At  this  stage,  it  is  easy  to 
keep  even  moisture  by  covering  the  pot  with  a  plastic  bag  and  placing  it  in  light  shade 
until  growth  is  seen  poking  through  the  light  soil  covering.  This  usually  takes  2-3 
weeks  for  the  first  signs  of  growth  and  continuous  growth  from  dormant  buds  seems  to 
continue  over  a  long  time  span  until  one  thick  two-inch  root  can  give  rise  to  five  to 
ten  individual  rosettes.  These  tiny  rosettes  grow  very  rapidly  to  maturity  and  it 
remains  the  fastest  method  of  propagating  Cephalotus  today. 

To  propagate  from  a  flat  leaf,  one  must  carefully  pull  it  off  from  its  attachment  to  the 
rhizome.  The  next  period  is  critical  because  first  a  tiny  corm  forms  on  the  cut  end  of 
the  leaf  before  it  differentiates  into  root  and  leaf.  After  cutting,  the  cut  end  may  be 
dipped  in  Rootone  powder  and  laid  flat  on  top  of  a  pot  of  moistened  perlite  and  covered 
with  a  plastic  bag.  During  this  time  period,  the  corm  is  beginning  to  form  and  it  is 
important  during  this  time  to  prevent  any  mold  or  fungal  infections  from  killing  the 
young  plant.  So  I  spray  the  entire  surface  with  Benlate  solution  before  covering  with 
the  bag.  After  a  tiny  root  forms,  I  transfer  the  plantlet  to  a  pot  of  live  sphagnum 
moss  to  allow  further  development  in  stronger  light.  Growing  a  large  plant  by  this  method 
is  slow  and  it  takes  several  years  before  it  attains  a  respectable  size.  One  can  also 
propagate  from  the  petiole  which  is  attached  to  the  pitcher  the  same  way  as  described 
for  the  flat  leaf. 

I  should  mention  here  that  I  have  observed  a  third  type  of  leaf  which  looks  like  a  large 
flat  leaf  that  has  curled  and  sealed  itself  at  the  edges  to  form  a  cone-shaped  pitcher 
whose  top  edges  are  sometimes  smooth  and  sometimes  deeply  cut.  It  seems  to  occur  more 
often  in  the  spring  and  seems  to  be  a  fairly  rare  type  although  I’ve  seen  it  occur  a 
half-dozen  times  already.  It  must  be  some  monstrous  form  since  no  two  seem  alike. 

No  varieties  or  forms  of  Cephalotus  are  officially  recognized,  but  several  growers  have 
seen  real  differences  in  different  clones  of  the  plant  regarding  the  size  of  the 


-12- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


corrugations  of  the  pitcher  lip,  pitcher  shape  and  lid  markings  and  shape.  As  was  pointed 
out  In  previous  CPN  articles  regarding  Dionaea,  narrow  endemism  does  not  seem  to  prevent 
marked  Individual  variations  in  the  plants  and  the  same  might  be  true  for  Cephalotus .  Only 
further  cultivation  and  time  will  tell. 

A  CP  COURSE  IN  MICHIGAN 
by  Larry  Halcomb 

A  course  on  CP  was  recently  held  at  the  University  of  Michigan's  Botanical  Gardens.  The 
class,  very  ably  taught  by  Larry  Mellichamp  assisted  by  his  wife  Audrey,  lasted  two  days, 
September  27  and  28,  1975. 

The  first  day,  Saturday,  consisted  of  a  lecture  and  open  discussion  on  a  brief  history,  kinds, 
trapping  mechanisms  and  culture  of  CP.  Everyone  discussed  and  benefitted  from  sharing 
cultural  information.  Displays  of  books  and  plants  along  with  microscope  setups  were 
scattered  around  the  room  in  which  the  class  was  held.  There  was  a  slide  show  showing  Don 
Schnell's  and  Fred  Case's  plants  and  greenhouses  and  many  excellent  pictures  of  CP  in  their 
natural  habitat  taken  by  Larry  Mellichamp. 

The  second  day,  Sunday,  started  with  a  lecture  on  planting  seeds,  repotting  plants,  taking 
cuttings,  etc.  Then,  in  a  greenhouse,  these  things  were  demonstrated  and  students  were  given 
actual  plants  to  work  with  and  keep.  Among  plants  received  were  several  Drosera  flllformis , 
several  Drosera  blnata  var.  multlflda,  Dionaea  muscipula,  Cephalotus  folllcularls ( II). 
several  Utrlcularla  species;  seedlings  of  Sarracenia  flava  and  Darlingtonla  callfornlca; 
seeds  of  Drosera  filiformis ,  Drosera  rotundifolla ,  Sarracenia  oreophlla,  Sarracenia 
leucophylla,  Sarracenia  flava,  Sarracenia  purpurea ;  cuttings  of  Drosera  flllformis ,  Drosera 
binata,  and  Drosera  binata  var.  multlflda. 

To  top  it  off,  the  group  traveled  to  Mud  Lake  Bog  about  ten  miles  northwest  of  the  Gardens 
where  D.  rotundifolla  and  S.  purpurea  grow  abundantly  in  the  wild.  As  eight  weary,  muddy 
students  washed  themselves  off,  not  a  complaint  was  heard.  Everyone  thought  It  well  worth  it. 

HEALING  (AND  POISONING)  WITH  DROSERA 

by  Susan  Verhoek-Williams 

From  ancient  times  to  today  plants  have  supplied  either  the  major  or  the  most  important  part 
of  many  medicines.  In  days  when  diseases  and  cures  were  linked  with  sorcery  and  philosophy, 
a  plant  as  novel  as  Drosera  was  sure  to  be  employed  in  medicine.  Surely  a  plant  which  re¬ 
tained  drops  of  dew  even  in  the  midday  heat  must  have  special  powers,  if  not  a  special  under¬ 
standing  with  the  Sun! 

The  alchemists  of  old,  in  their  dual  search  for  the  universal  remedy  for  disease  and  for  the 
Philosopher's  Stone  which  would  turn  "base"  metals  into  gold,  held  sundews  in  high  esteem. 

For  medieval  alchemists  the  Philosopher's  Stone  with  its  health-giving  powers  became  not  so 
much  an  actual  object  but  rather  the  spirit  of  the  world  which  caused  all  matter  to  be  trans¬ 
muted  through  various  stages  to  the  highest  state,  gold.  The  closest  earthly  substance  to 
spirit  is  air,  and  therefore  materials  which  had  been  In  close  contact  with  air  were  thought 
to  contain  some  of  the  essence  of  the  Stone.  Hence,  snow,  rain  and  dew  were  considered  to  be 
part  of  the  universal  Elixir  of  Life.  Dew  was  believed  able  to  dissolve  gold.  Because  it 
apparently  was  more  "in  tune"  with  the  sun,  the  "dew"  on  a  sundew  was  considered  the  most 
powerful . 

In  France,  sorcerers  (as  alchemists  were  popularly  known)  used  Drosera  in  their  potions. 

Laymen  ascribed  to  It  both  harmful  and  beneficial  effects.  A  single  plant  brought  into  the 
house  was  thought  to  cause  pernicious  fever.  Outdoors,  however,  one  who  searched  for  a  sun¬ 
dew  and  rubbed  its  leaves  over  his  skin  on  St.  John's  Eve  would  become  indefatigable.  Search¬ 
ing  was  necessary;  a  person  who  simply  blundered  upon  the  plants  would  be  confounded  and 
never  find  the  spot  again. 

It  was  easy  to  tell  If  Droseras  were  nearby,  at  least  so  it  was  believed  in  the  Bourbon  region 
of  France.  There,  it  was  said,  the  plants  glowed  at  night  and  by  day  green  woodpeckers 
marked  the  spot;  they  could  be  seen  flying  strangely  as  they  maneuvered  to  pluck  the  sundews, 
which  were  used  to  harden  their  beaks. 

Sorcerers  and  laymen  alike  collected  the  plant  on  St.  John's  Eve  (Midsummer  Eve),  midnight 
being  considered  the  time  to  gather  the  most  effective  plants.  The  gathering  was  perilous; 
the  collector  had  to  do  his  collecting  walking  backwards  to  avoid  being  followed  by  the  devil. 
Devil  or  no,  walking  backwards  in  a  bog  at  midnight  would  give  a  collector  an  uneasy  feeling. 

Men  and  women  interested  in  more  earthbound  things  than  sorcery  probably  also  experimented 
with  sundews  in  their  quest  for  cures.  Sensitive  people  who  handled  the  leaves  may  have 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-13- 


noticed  reddening  and  blistering  on  their  hands.  Perhaps  a  wart  disappeared  at  the  same 
time.  Fresh,  mashed  Drosera  leaves  or  an  alcoholic  extract  of  the  leaves  has  been  used  in 
Germany,  Indochina,  and  America  to  cure  warts  and  corns.  And  if  it  was  good  for  warts  and 
corns,  why  not  bunions  and  freckles?  It  has  been  used  against  both  of  those  conditions, 
and  sunburn  also. 

The  sunburn  treatment  is  of  the  type  practiced  in  homeopathic  medicine.  This  philosophy 
of  medicine  holds  that  in  order  to  cure  a  disease  it  must  be  treated  with  a  medicine 
which  produces  the  same  symptoms  in  a  healthy  person.  Therefore,  since  tincture  of 
Drosera  causes  reddening  and  blistering  of  normal  skin,  homeopathy  would  use  small  doses 
of  it  to  cure  skin  which  was  reddened  and  blistered  by  the  sun. 

How  Drosera  came  to  be  used  internally  is  more  difficult  to  explain.  Perhaps  it  was  a 
simple  matter  of  trying  any  plants  and  selecting  those  which  worked,  or  seemed  to.  Or 
perhaps  it  was  the  homeopathic  philosophy  that  discovered  the  medicinal  effects.  Sheep 
occasionally  became  ill  with  terrible  fits  of  coughing  which  were  eventually  fatal.  The 
poisoning  was  thought  to  be  the  result  of  eating  sundew  plants.  So  again,  fighting  symptom 
with  symptom,  sundew  extracts  and  teas  were  prescribed  for  coughing  diseases  in  humans — 
tuberculosis,  asthma,  catarrh  of the  lower  respiratory  tract,  and  whooping  cough.  Reports 
of  this  use  are  prevalent  in  German  and  French  medicinal  plant  books  even  as  recently  as 
the  late  1960's.  Pharmaceutical  preparations  have  been  sold  under  the  names  Herba 
Droserae,  Herbe  Rorellae,  Herba  Roris  solis  and,  in  Italy,  rossoli.  Drosera  was  mentioned 
in  the  French  pharmacopoeia  as  late  as  1965. 

Herba  Rorellae  was  a  favorite  whooping  cough  remedy  because  of  its  practical  value — it 
worked.  But  no  one  knew  why.  Before  scientific  investigation  of  sundew  extracts  were  made, 
it  was  thought  that  the  medication  had  an  antibiotic  action  against  whooping  cough  bacteria. 
This  turned  out  not  to  be  true.  Insead,  the  action  of  the  medicine  was  discovered  to  be 
antispasmodic .  Several  studies  made  between  1933  and  1956  identified  the  active  ingre¬ 
dients  in  Drosera  tinctures  as  compounds  of  the  class  called  naphthoquinones.  All  Drosera 
species  tested  so  far  contain  one  or  more  naphthoquinones,  the  two  most  common  being 
7-methyljuglone  and  plumbagin.  Drosera  longlfolia,  D.  intermedia,  D.  rotundifolia ,  and  D. 
anglica  contain  plumbagin.  Drosera  intermedia  and  D.  anglica  contain  7-methyljuglone.  T"For 
the  distribution  of  these  quinones  in  other  species,  see  the  paper  by  Zenk,  Furbringer  and 
Steglich . ) 

In  Madagascar,  D.  ramentacea  is  used  medicinally  for  cough.  These  plants  contain  ramenta- 
ceone,  7-methyljuglone,  and  plumbagin.  According  to  Luckner  and  Luckner,  Herba  Droserae 
is  no  longer  being  obtained  from  D.  rotundifolia  but  from  D.  ramentacea. 

Scientists,  most  recently  Bezanger-Beauquesne  in  1955  and  Krahl  in  1956,  have  treated 
pieces  of  guinea  pig  and  rabbit  intestine  with  extracts  of  Drosera  and  found  that  muscle 
spasms  in  the  intestine  walls  are  initially  strong  but  gradually  reduce  in  both  amplitude 
and  frequency.  Krahl  found  that  a  naphthoquinone  from  D.  rotundifolia  also  suppressed 
cough  caused  by  electrical  stimulation  of  the  laryngeal  nerve.  Even  more  recently, 

Ramanaman j ary  and  Boiteau  found  that  subcutaneous  injection  of  an  alcohol  extract  of  D. 
ramentacea  protected  guinea  pigs  from  bronchial  spasms  artificially  induced  by  histamine 
and  acetylcholine. 

Herba  Rorellae  is  prepared  by  first  gathering  the  rosettes  at  flowering  time.  The  folk 
healers  already  had  stumbled  onto  the  fact  that  a  greater  amount  of  active  ingredient  was 
present  at  the  time  of  flowering;  St.  John's  Eve,  June  23,  which  is  specified  as  the 
collecting  date  in  many  accounts  of  medicinal  and  magical  plants,  falls  early  in  the 
flowering  season.  After  the  rosettes,  without  the  roots,  are  gathered,  they  are  air  dried. 
Drying  reduces  the  plant  volume  by  as  much  as  90%.  It  is  this  extreme  reduction  in  size  as 
well  as  the  relative  scarcity  of  the  plants  that  causes  the  high  price  of  the  drug.  As  a 
home  remedy,  the  fresh  or  dried  leaves  are  infused  in  water  to  make  a  tea.  To  obtain 
the  tincture  used  pharmacologically,  200  grams  of  the  dried  plants  are  macerated  in  1000 
grams  of  alcohol  for  ten  days  and  the  solution  filtered.  Tinctures  of  Drosera  are  sold 
in  approximately  this  form.  To  isolate  pure  plumbagin  or  methylj uglone  requires  about 
six  extraction  and  distillation  steps. 

A  number  of  workers  have  found  that  the  amount  of  naphthoquinone  in  commercial  tinctures 
varies  widely.  Sometimes  this  may  be  due  to  the  varying  amounts  of  chemicals  in  the 
plants  themselves.  In  addition,  even  tinctures  rich  in  naphthoquinones  lose  potency  after 
a  time  on  the  shelf. 

When  used  externally,  the  leaves  are  used  fresh,  mashed,  and  applied  either  alone  or  with 
salt  when  a  blistering  or  reddening  agent  (rubefacient)  is  required.  External  uses  have 
been  reported  from  Germany,  Indochina,  Nepal,  and  the  United  States. 

Various  recipes  for  taking  Herba  Droserae  internally  are  given.  As  a  tea,  Fischer  records 


-14- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


a  single  dose  of  1/2  gram  of  sundew  with  honey  or  brown  sugar  added.  For  pharmaceutical 
preparations  In  France,  Garnler  and  colleagues  describe  the  usual  doses  as  0.5  to  2  grams  per 
dose,  or  3  to  10  grams  per  24  hours.  A  complex  medication  is  made  of  Drosera  extract.  Syrup 
of  Poppy,  Syrup  of  Orange  Flower,  and  sugar  syrup,  to  be  taken  by  the  spoonful.  For  infants, 

2  grams  of  Tincture  of  Drosera  and  200  grams  of  Sirop  de  Coquelicot  (Syrup  of  Poppy)  can  be 
mixed.  For  the  elderly,  Drosera  is  also  part  of  an  infusion  prescribed  for  cases  of  arterio¬ 
sclerosis.  This  tea  contains  hawthorn  leaves,  buckthorn  bark,  licorice  root  and  strawberry. 

Drosera-based  cough  medicines  have  progressed  from  folk  medicine  to  clinical  use  and  finally 
to  validation  by  scientific  studies  that  isolated  the  active  ingredient.  Such  folk  medicines 
which  were  successful  against  one  condition  were  often  tried  against  other  diseases  as  well. 

In  the  case  of  sundew,  treatments  have  been  used  for  a  variety  of  abnormal  conditions  in 
addition  to  coughs,  arteriosclerosis,  and  skin  problems.  Perhaps  one  day  these  remedies  will 
be  tested  for  efficacy:  The  French  have  used  it  for  stomach  maladies.  Homeopathic  medicine 
has  prescribed  the  drug  for  eye  and  ear  inflammation,  tic  douloureux,  and  rheumatic  joint 
pain.  In  Germany  Herba  Rorellae  prepared  from  D.  rotundifolla  has  been  sold  to  relieve  morn¬ 
ing  sickness,  liver  pain,  and  dropsy.  It  has  been  used  as  a  tranquilizer  and  a  diuretic  and 
has  been  accorded  aphrodisiac  properties  (as  have  been  the  majority  of  medicinal  plants, 
including  D.  flllformls  and  D.  longlflora) .  Many  of  these  European  cures  have  also  been 
employed  in  the  United  States.  In  India,  D.  peltata  is  used  as  an  antisyphilitic  and  blister¬ 
ing  agent.  Drosera  is  included  among  the  medicinal  plants  of  Brazil  and  In  Mexico  the 
Chinantec  Indians  use  a  species  of  the  subgenus  Rorella  to  treat  toothache  and  intestinal 
troubles . 

On  the  reverse  of  these  healthful  and  reputedly  healthful  effects  are  some  very  detrimental 
ones.  Clinical  treatment  with  Drosera  is  specifically  contraindicated  in  cases  of  high  blood 
pressure.  Another  study  has  shown  that  Intramuscular  injection  of  the  extract  results  in 
digestion  and  death  of  muscles  and  blood  vessels. 

As  a  general  rule  it  is  never  wise  to  resort  to  a  home-prepared  plant  remedy.  Self-diagnosis 
can  lead  to  improper  and  potentially  dangerous  treatment.  Pharmaceutical  preparations  of 
Herba  Droserae  have  been  shown  to  contain  varying  amounts  of  naphthoquinone.  Home-concocted 
remedies  can  contain  even  less  standard  doses.  Overdoses  of  Drosera  extracts ,  probably  be¬ 
cause  of  extreme  amounts  of  naphthoquinones,  cause  irritation  of  the  skin  and  mucous 
membranes,  intestinal  irritation,  severe  cough,  and  bloody  diarrhea.  According  to  Jacobs  and 
Burlage's  compendium,  D.  rotundifolla  causes  the  pleural  surface  of  both  lungs  to  become 
studded  with  tubercles,  "produces  shuddering  in  man,  a  sense  of  constriction  of  the  chest, 
rawness  in  the  throat,  pains  in  the  bowels,  diarrhea,  sweat  and  diminished  secretion  of  the 
urine."  Were  this  not  enough,  D.  rotundifolla  and  D.  peltata  are  reported  to  produce  cyanide. 

So,  having  read  this,  if  you  don't  walk  backwards  when  collecting  Drosera — at  least  don't 
chew  the  plants . 


Medicinal  Uses  of  Drosera  Species 


Species 


D.  burnanni 


Antispasmodic 
for  cough 

Corns  & 
warts 

Rubefacient  Other 

(See  Text) 

Country 
of  use 

X 

India 

D.  filiformis  X 


X 


X  *  US 


D.  Indica 


X 


Indochina 


D.  intermedia 


X 


France 


D.  longlflora 


X 


X 


X 


X  France 

US 


D.  peltata 


D. 

ramentacea 

X 

D. 

rotundifolla 

X 

X 

Drosera  spp. 


X 

X  X 

X 

X  X 

X 


India 

Nepal 

Madagascar 

France 

Germany 

US 

Mexico 


(unspecified) 


Brazil 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-15- 


Selected  Bibliography 

Altschul,  S.  vR.  1973.  Drugs  and  foods  from  little  known  plants.  Cambridge,  Mass.:  Harvard 
University  Press. 

Bezanger-Beauquesne,  L.  and  M.  J.  Vanlerenberghe .  1955*  Contribution  a  l'etude  du  Drosera . 
Ann.  pharm.  franc.  13:204-207. 

Boros,  E.  1963.  Unsere  Hell-  und  teepflanzen.  Stuttgart:  Verlag  Eugen  Ulmer. 

Chopra,  R.N.,  S.  L.  Nayar,  and  I.  C.  Chopra.  1956.  Glossary  of  Indian  medicinal  plants. 

New  Delhi:  Council  of  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research. 

Duquenois,  P.  1957.  Apropros  du  Drosera  de  Madagascar,  Drosera  ramentacea  Burchell.  Ann. 
pharm.  franc.  15:599-601. 

Fisher,  G.  1966.  Heilkrauter  und  Arzneipflanzen .  Ulm/Donau:  Karl  F.  Haug  Verlag. 

Gamier,  G.  ,  L.  Bezanger-Beauquesne,  and  G.  Debraux.  1961.  Resources  medicinales  de  la 
flore  Francaise.  Paris:  Vigot  Frdres. 

Gessner,  0.  1953.  Die  Gift-  und  Arzneipflanzen  von  mitteleuropa.  Heidelberg:  Carl  Winter 
Universitats  Verlag. 

Hoehne,  F.  C.  1939-  Plantas  e  substancias  vegetais  toxicas  e  medicinais.  Sao  Paulo: 
Graphicars . 

Hurst,  E.  1942.  The  poison  plants  of  New  South  Wales.  Sydney:  New  South  Wales  Poison 
Plants  Committee. 

Jacobs,  M.  L-  and  H.  M.  Burlage.  1958.  Index  of  plants  of  North  Carolina  with  reputed 
medicinal  uses.  Henry  M.  Burlage. 

Krahl,  R.  1956.  A  pharmacologically  active  substance  isolated  from  Drosera  rotundifolia . 

Arzneimittel-Forsch .  6:342-348.  (Chem.  abstr.  15760f). 

Lanessan,  J.-L.  de .  I885.  Manuel  d'histoire  naturelle  m6dicale.  Paris:  Octave  Doin. 
Lieutaghi,  P.  1966.  Le  livre  des  bonnes  herbes.  Robert  Morel  Editeur.  (Includes  an 
account  of  French  superstitions  concerning  Drosera) . 

Luckner,  R.  and  M.  Luckner.  1970.  Naphthoquinone  derivatives  from  D.  ramentacea. 

Pharmazie  25:261-265.  (Chem  Abstr.  73:123469z). 

Mercer,  J.  E.  1921.  Alchemy:  Its  science  and  romance.  London:  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge. 

Nepalese  Department  of  Medicinal  Plants.  1970.  Medicinal  plants  of  Nepal.  Kathmandu: 

Ministry  of  Forests,  Department  of  Medicinal  Plants. 

Ramanamanj ary ,  W.  and  P.  Boiteau.  1968.  Protective  activity  of  Drosera  ramentacea  against 
bronchospasm.  C.  R.  Acad.  Sci.,  Paris,  Ser.  D.  266:1787-1789.  (Chem.  Abstr. 

69 : 17858h) . 

Zenk,  M.  H.,  M.  Filrbringer,  and  W.  Steglich.  1969.  Occurrence  and  distribution  of  7- 
methylj uglone  and  plumbagin  in  the  Droseraceae.  Phytochemistry  8:2199-2200. 

THE  DROSERA  BINATA  COMPLEX 
by  J.  A.  Mazrimas 

We  get  frequent  requests  to  differentiate  between  the  variants  of  the  Drosera  binata 
complex  which  all  grow  in  Australia  along  the  eastern  seaboard.  It  is  interesting  that 
the  variants  are  self-sterile  but  interfertility  is  good  when  variants  are  crossed  with  one 
another.  A  description  follows  on  how  to  differentiate  between  the  various  types. 

The  "T"  form  is  the  simple  one  with  the  petiole  dividing  into  two  leaves  which  grow  in 
this  way  for  years.  I've  never  seen  its  leaves  divide  any  further.  Its  petiole  is  of 
uniform  width  throughout. 

The  var.  dichotoma  is  more  complex  in  that  the  leaf  portion  divides  either  one  or  two  more 
times  to  produce  a  maximum  of  eight  points.  The  leaf  is  somewhat  wider  than  the  petiole 
(about  three  times)  and  frequently  the  width  is  non-uniform  at  the  base  of  the  branch  point; 
that  is,  the  leaf  branches  unequally  so  that  one  portion  of  the  leaf  is  noticeably  wider 
than  the  other. 

Finally,  we  come  to  the  var.  multifida  whose  leaves  exhibit  many  branchings  up  to  27  points 
as  described  in  CPN  4,48,1975.  The  leaves  divide  evenly  so  that  they  have  a  uniform  width 
throughout.  The  tentacles  seem  to  exhibit  more  red  color  than  var.  dichotoma  in  the 
strongest  light.  The  leaves  have  nearly  the  same  width  as  the  petiole  which  supports 
the  branched  structure. 

The  flower  color  is  usually  white  on  all  three  variants.  However,  a  rare  pink  flower  form 
is  known  to  occur  with  var.  dichotoma  and  var.  multifida . 

All  three  variants  make  very  good  basket  plants  since  the  petioles  grow  long  and  seem  to 
flop  over  the  pot.  I  hang  my  pots  of  these  plants  by  wire  to  a  pipe  attached  to  the  roof 
of  the  greenhouse.  The  plants  relish  the  extra  light  and  the  beautiful  leaves  grow  thickly 
over  the  pot  showing  off  their  dewy  tentacles  in  the  morning  light.  I  use  an  inexpensive 
plastic  pail  to  pot  the  plants  and  fill  the  bottom  half  with  pure  perlite  and  fill  the  rest 
with  sphagnum  moss  and  perlite  mix.  I  water  to  fill  pail  up  to  the  level  of  the  perlite 
layer. 


-16- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


SPECIAL  NOTICES 


CPN  BACK  ISSUES  AVAILABLE — Early  last  spring,  one  of  our  subscribers  undertook  as  his  own 
project  (with  our  permission,  but  the  co-editors  receive  no  money  from  this  at  our  own  re¬ 
quest)  reprinting  of  past  Issues  of  CPN.  He  still  has  a  few  left  which  he  will  sell  to  new 
subscribers  while  the  supply  lasts.  After  this,  he  will  no  longer  offer  the  offprints  since 
printing  expenses  have  risen  so  much.  He  still  has  available  complete  sets  of  Vol.  1,  2,  3, 
and  issue  No.  1  of  Volume  4  (total  of  13  past  issues)  covering  the  years  1972-7^  and  early 
1975.  Prices  are  postpaid  surface:  US,  Canada,  Mexico — $2.00  per  single  issue,  $6.00  per 
volume  (four  issues )^  Overseas — $2 . 25  per  issue,  $7.00  per  volume.  Send  all  orders  with  pay¬ 
ment  in  full  to  A.  ROGER  KIRBY,  Route  3,  Box  470,  Granite  Falls,  NC  28603.  DO  NOT  send  orders 
to  the  co-editors.  If  the  volume(s)  you  order  are  sold  out  when  your  order* is  received,  your 
check  will  be  promptly  returned. 


Bob  Hanrahan  mentioned  that  he  has  a  method  to  produce  deionized  water  for  pennies  a  gallon  using  ordinary  tap  water  as  a  source.  If  you  are 
interested  in  producing  five,  fifteen,  or  twenty-five  gallons  of  high  quality  water  daily  suitable  for  growing  CP  and  other  salt  sensitive  plants,  then 
contact  him  for  a  catalogue  and  enclose  25  cents:  Agro  Products,  P.  O.  Box  427,  Bellflower,  CA  90706. 


RECENT  LITERATURE 


De  Bruyn,  A.:  Insectivorous  plants.  Veld  &  Flora  6l(l):  21-22.  1975. 

Another  popular  article  written  in  African  and  sent  to  us  by  Carl  E.  Forst  who  roughly 
translated  it.  It  simply  describes  the  various  types  of  CP  and  their  functions  in  respect  to 
the  type  of  trap,  coloration  and  digestive  enzymes. 

DeBuhr,  L.E. :  Two  new  species  of  Drosera  from  Western  Australia.  Aliso  8:263-271.  1975. 

D.  marchantii  and  D.  fimbriata,  two  tuberous  species,  are  here  described  for  the  first 
time.  D.  marchantii — interestingly  for  a  tuberous  species — is  found  most  commonly  in  very 
wet  humus  soils  and  more  rarely  in  drier,  better  drained  laterite  soils.  D.  fimbriata  is  so 
named  for  the  non-carnivorous  fimbriate  leaflike  petioles  which  it  produces  in  addition  to 
typical  carnivorous  leaves. 

Selkow,  Paula:  Carnivorous  Plants.  Free  Enterprise  5(6) : 9 8— 101.  1975- 

A  popular  article  describing  the  various  ways  that  carnivorous  plants  are  exploited 
for  business  and  profit.  Different  methods  are  described  to  sell  these  rare  plants  at 
tremendous  profit  to  the  entrepreneur.  As  these  plants  become  more  popular,  it  is  hoped 
that  all  available  plants  originate  from  propagated  stock  and  not  the  fragile  and  dwindling 
bogs.  The  Smithsonian  List  was  mentioned,  but  not  the  likely  outcome  that  CP  selling  will 
soon  be  sharply  curtailed. 

Sydenham,  P.H.,  Findlay,  G.P.:  Transport  of  solutes  and  water  by  resetting  bladders  of 
Utricularla.  Aust.  J.  Plant  Physiol.  2(3):  335-352.  1975. 

The  bladder  of  Utricularla  after  stimulation  and  increase  in  volume,  slowly  resets, 
transporting  solutes,  mainly  Na+,  K+,  Cl”  and  water  from  the  lumen  to  the  outside.  This 
resetting  process  requires  energy  which  is  provided  by  respiration  and  not  photosynthesis. 
Transport  is  mainly  through  the  mouth  region  of  the  bladder. 

Tim,  S.  K-M:  Insectivorous  plants  indoors.  Terrariums  (Brooklyn  Botanic  Garden  Record)  31: 

34-39.  1975. 

An  article  describing  terrarium  culture  of  CP,  with  some  brief  descriptions  of  major 
genera,  and  with  drawings  and  photos. 

Williams,  Stephen  E.:  The  comparative  sensory  physiology  of  the  Droseraceae — the  evolution 
of  a  plant  sensory  system.  Talk  given  on  November  14,  1975  at  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 

This  talk  discusses  the  sensory  physiology  of  Aldro vanda ,  Drosera  and  Dionaea  and 
compares  the  three  genera  in  terms  of  its  evolutionary  development. 


Vol .  V,  No.  1 


CPN 


-17- 


We  are  offering  an  update  of  the  annual  list  of  carnivorous  plant  commercial  sources.  It 
Is  our  experience  that  spring  is  the  best  season  to  order  these  plants.  We  do  not 
endorse  any  of  these  sources.  Those  sources  who  have  volunteered  a  letter  stating  that 
all  stock  is  propagated  rather  than  scavenged  from  the  field,  are  listed  first  and 
marked  ( #) . 


Name  and  Address 

Catalogue 

Genera 

SUN  DEW  ENVIRONMENTS  * 

P.  0.  Box  503 

Kenmore  Station 

Boston,  MA  02215 

Self-addressed 
stamped  envelope 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Pinguicula, 
Darlingtonia, 

Utricularia 

WORLD  INSECTIVOROUS  PLANTS  * 

P.  0.  Box  427 

9447  E.  Artesia  Boulevard 
Bellflower,  CA  90706 

Self-addressed 
stamped  envelope 
or  25$ 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Utricularia, 

Byblis  liniflora 

Peter  Pauls  Nurseries 

Darcey  Road 

Canandaigua,  NY  14424 

25$ 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Pinguicula, 
Darlingtonia, 

Utricularia,  Nepenthes 
seed 

Armstrong  Associates,  Inc. 

Box  94 

Kennebunk,  ME  04043 

25* 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Pinguicula, 
Darlingtonia 

Arthur  E.  Allgrove 

North  Wilmington,  MA  01887 

25  $ 

Dionaea,  Sarracenia, 
Pinguicula,  Drosera, 
Darlingtonia 

Insectivorous  Botanical  Garden 

P.  0.  Box  1435 

Wilmington,  NC  28401 

25$ 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Darlingtonia, 
Pinguicula 

Edelweiss  Gardens 

54  Robbins ville-Allentown  Road 
Robbinsville ,  NJ  08691 

35$ 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Darlingtonia, 
Nepenthes 

Tote  Em  in  Zoo 

Route  2,  Box  368 

Wilmington,  NC  28401 

254! 

Drosera,  Sarracenia, 
Pinguicula  (Sells  in 
large  quantities  only) 

Marcel  Lecoufle 

5  Rue  de  Paris 

94470  Boissy-Saint-Leger,  France 

Inquire 

Drosera,  Dionaea, 
Sarracenia,  Nepenthes, 
Darlingtonia,  Pinguicula 

Harold  Welsh 

Black  Copper  Kits 

266  Kipp  Street 

Hackensack,  NJ  07601 

2  5 

Dionaea,  Drosera, 
Sarracenia,  Darlingtonia 

A  FEW  REFERENCE  BOOKS  (Not  available  through  CPN.  Order  direct  from  publisher  or  your 
local  bookshop.) 


Title 

Author 

Publisher 

Source  -  Cost 

Insectivorous  Plants 

Charles  Darwin 

9 

9 

Plants  of  Prey  in  Australia 

Rica  Erickson 

Univ.  of  W.  A.  Press 
1968 

Inter.  Scholarly 

Book  Ser. 

P.  0.  Box  4347 

Portland,  OR  97208 
$9.65  postpaid 

Carnivorous  Plants 

F.  E.  Lloyd 

Chronica  Botanica 
1942 

Second  hand  bookstores 
(out  of  print ) (libraries) 

Carnivorous  Plants 

Randall  Schwartz 

Praeger  Publishers 
1974 

111  4th  Ave ,  New  York, 
NY  10003  $6.95 

Carnivorous  Plants 

Randall  Schwartz 

Avon  Books  (soft 
cover)  1975 

959  Eighth  Avenue,  New 
York,  NY  10019  $1.25 

Carnivorous  Plants 

Anabel  Dean 

Lerner  Publications 
1975 

24l  First  Avenue 
Minneapolis,  MN  55401 
$3.95 

-18- 

CPN 

Vol .  V, 

No.  1 

The  World  of  Carnivorous 
Plants 

J.  and  P.  Pietropaolo 

R.  J.  Stoneridge 
1974 

Peter  Pauls 

Nurseries  $6.30 

Insect-Eating  Plants* 

L.  and  G.  Poole 

T.  Y.  Crowell 

1963 

666  Fifth 
New  York, 
$4.50 

Avenue 

NY  10003 

Carnivorous  Plants* 

John  F.  Waters 

Franklin  Watts, 
Inc.  1974 

845  Third 
New  York, 
$3.90 

Avenue , 

NY  10022 

Plants  That  Eat  Animals* 

*  Children's  books 

Linna  Bentley 

McGraw-Hill  Book 
Company  1968 

1221  Ave. 
New  York, 
$4.72 

of  Americas 
NY  10036 

THE  CPN  SHOP 


Once  again,  we  are  providing  CPN  members  with  the  opportunity  to  order  CP  books  published 
in  Japan.  They  are  written  in  Japanese,  but  many  of  them  are  generously  interspersed 
with  excellent  pictures  both  in  color  and  black  and  white  of  many  CP  species,  some  titled 
in  their  Latin  names.  Several  of  these  books  that  we  offered  in  the  past  are  now  sold  out 
and  are  out  of  print.  So,  while  the  limited  supply  lasts,  we  offer  the  following  books 
at  prices  that  include  all  postage  (overseas  and  domestic).  Please  send  your  check  or 
money  order  to  J.  Mazrimas  before  May  1,  1976.  Expect  a  delay  or  two  or  three  months  before 
you  receive  the  book  you  ordered. 


Author 

Title 

Pages 

Price 

Shimizu 

The  Mystery  of  Carnivorous  Plants 

54 

$3.25 

Suzuki 

Insectivorous  Plants  (Cult,  and  Coll.) 

168 

$2.25 

Aldrovanda  vesiculosa  at  Hanyu-City 

32 

$2.75 

Kondo 

Carnivorous  Plants 

292 

$7.25 

Komiya 

Syst .  Studies  on  Lentibulariaceae  (Eng.) 

124 

$9.00 

OTHER  ITEMS  FOR  SALE 


WORLD  LIST  OF  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS  -  An  updated  list  of  all  species  with  synonymy  and  native 
areas  mentioned.  While  based  broadly  in  Index  Kewensis,  many  references  and  experts  were 
consulted  during  the  task  of  preparing  this  worldwide  listing. 

- 6 0 ct  postpaid  surface,  $1.20  air  overseas 

KEY  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  UTRICULARIAS  by  Katsu  Kondo  -  This  is  the  first  modern  key  of  this 
complex  genus  that  can  be  used  objectively  and  deals  in  above  ground  or  above  water 
characteristics,  mainly  flower  characters.  All  other  keys  suffer  from  incompleteness, 
gross  errors  and  dependence  on  rather  subjective  determinations.  Illustrated,  and  with 
additional  commentary  by  Peter  Taylor. 

- 6 0 cfc  postpaid  surface,  $1.20  air  overseas 


Since  we  are  out  of  back  issues,  we  thought  these  selected  offprints  would  be  especially 
useful  to  new  subscribers.  Cost  pays  printing  and  mailing  expenses  only.  To  order  any 
of  the  above,  send  payment  to  J.  A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  CA  94550. 


CARNIVOROUS 
PLANT 

NEWSLETTER 


VOLUME  V,  NO.  2 
JUNE,  1976 


RTORS:  D.  E.  Schnell,  Rt.  4,  Box  275B,  Statesville,  NC  28677  USA  SUBSCRIPTION: 

J.  A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Liver-more,  CA  94550  USA  Published  quarterly  with  one  volume  yearly. 


DIONAEA  MUSCIPULA 

One  of  several  plants  of  Dionaea  muscipula 
grown  in  the  greenhouse  at  the  Huntington 
Botanical  Gardens  which  produced  scapes  with 
a  proliferation  of  plantlets  in  the  terminal  por¬ 
tion.  Plantlets  developed  on  the  inflorescence 
after  flowering,  eventually  bending  scape  over 
below  the  soil  line  of  the  mother  plant. 

(Photo  and  caption  courtesy  of  Fredrick  Boutin, 
Botanist  at  Huntington  Botanical  Gardens,  San 
Marino,  California) 


-20- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


NEW  SUBSCRIBERS 


CRAIG  C.  CASCIO  (2946  Wyman  Parkway,  Balto,  MD  21211). 

LARRY  DITTMAR  (Route  2,  Box  82A,  Big  Rapids,  MI  49307). 

THOMAS  D.  SKULAN  (16B  Colonial  Arms,  New  Paltz,  NY  12561). 

ARNOLD  BRAND  (80  Robin  Hill  Drive,  Amherst,  NY  14221). 

EUGENE  GAFFNEY  (Route  1,  Box  232A,  Zion  Road,  Neshanic,  NJ  08853). 

JEFF  GROTHAUS  (1265  Iliff  Avenue,  Cincinnati,  OH  45205). 

PETE  RINDSKOPF  (395  Marvin  PI.,  Wheeling,  IL  60090). 

LISA  GORDON  (61  Crescent  Drive,  Old  Bethpage,  NY  ll804). 

M.  V.  MATHEW  (Librarian,  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Edinburgh  EH3  5LR) . 

LORI  FORSTER  (Route  1,  Box  200xx,  Stilwell,  KS  66085). 

JACK  JACKSON  (1305  Village  Lane,  Winter  Park,  FL  32789). 

RUSSELL  A.  SAFFIN  (475  Elgin,  Apt.  810,  Ottawa,  Ontario  K2P  2E6). 

JEFF  G.  SMITH  (Box  22068  LSU,  Baton  Rouge,  LA  70893). 

GALE  LIVELSBERGER  (6  1/2  Orchard  Street,  Hanover,  PA  17331). 

CARL  CURTIS  (Friends  Boarding  School,  Barnesville,  OH  43713). 

BEVERLY  MASON  (76  Flinders  Street,  Mentone,  Victoria  3194  Australia). 

MICHAEL  J.  P.  BUCKLEY  (Butterfield  Circle,  Flossmoor,  IL  60422). 

ROGER  J.  COTES  (6A,  Holden  Road,  Beeston,  Nottingham,  England  NG9  1AP). 

GENE  TOWNE  (Apt.  T-23  Jardine  Terr.,  Manhattan,  KS  66502). 

JAMES  R.  FUXA  (718  Ryan  Circle,  Raleigh,  NC  27606). 

JOSEPH  R.  MAIR  (P.O.Box  8725,  Canton,  OH  44711). 

RICHARD  BRIGGS  (14  Bowdoin  Street,  Newton  Highlands,  MA  02l6l). 

DANIEL  J.  CHURE  (Department  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology,  American  Museum  of  Natural 
New  York,  NY  10024) . 

RON  FLEMING  (P.O.Box  3834,  Kenai,  AK  99611). 

HAROLD  S.  WENGER  (Box  I85B,  Tunas,  MO  65764). 

DON  GOODMAN  (10806  SW  8th  Avenue,  Gainesville,  FL  32601). 

JAY  WILLIAMS  (701  68th  Avenue  NE ,  Minneapolis,  MN  55432). 

JEFF  RICHARDSON  (586  Walnut  Street,  New  Orleans,  LA  70118). 

CLIFTON  E.  NAUMAN  (1031  NE  23rd  PI,  Pompano  Beach,  FL  33064). 

JAMES  LIEB  (1475  Gracedale,  Rochester,  MI  48063). 

G.  L.  BEERBOWER(9501  West  Lake  Road,  North  East,  PA  16428). 

EDWARD  J.  WAGES  (I685B  Potomac  Loop,  Ft.  Belvoir,  VA  22060). 

MRS.  BECKY  BALES  (Route  3,  Searcy,  AR  72143). 

JAMES  A.  EAGLE  (604  Spring  Creek  Drive,  Ocoee,  FL  32761). 

PAUL  BEREZNY  (P.  0.  Box  466,  Drexel  Hill,  PA  19026). 

TH.  J.  J.  DEGROOT  (JPB  Leinweberstraat  23,  Veenendaal,  Holland). 

THE  LIBRARIAN,  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Edinburgh  EH3  5LR,  UK 
J.  H.  MISKIMENS  (13420  Bordon  Avenue,  Sylmar,  CA  91342). 

STEVE  GIAMPAPA  (1694  Merriman  Road,  Akron,  OH  44313). 

JAMES  P.  UNGER  (7814  Locust  Te . ,  Madeira,  OH  45243). 

LINDA  KISSINGER  (Route  3,  Box  219,  Warsaw,  IN  46580). 

CHARLOTTE  RIDGEWAY  (4858  Battery  Lane,  Bethesda,  MD  20014). 

FRANK  HAUSMAN,  c/o  LOENING  (155  W.  68th  Street,  Apt.  1829,  New  York  City  10023). 

B.  G.  STUDER  (Box  47,  Plover,  IA  50573). 

MARK  VISNIEWSKI  (120  Concord  Road,  Chelmsford,  MA  01824). 

JOSEPH  S.  MARTELLI  (1401  Ocean  Avenue,  Apt.  16k,  Brooklyn,  NY  11230). 

MARTIN  WALKER  (Route  1,  Box  163A,  Palmyra,  VA  22963). 

MICHAEL  WEBB  (108  E  12th  Street,  LaPorte,  IN  46350). 

NEW  BRUNSWICK  MUSEUM  (277  Douglas  Avenue,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  Canada  E2K  1E5). 
TOM  HELLER  (7242  W.  Cullom,  Norridge,  IL  60634). 

MICHAEL  W.  EDMONDSON  (Box  AT,  University,  AL  35486). 

MARVIN  E.  ADAMS  (P.  O.  Box  1204,  Marion,  IN  46952). 

SIDNEY  B.  SCHRUM,  JR.  (Ill  Overbrook  Drive,  Goldsboro,  NC  27530). 

CAROLYN  RENFRO  (Route  1,  Box  44,  Mt .  Pleasant,  NC  28124). 

KENNETH  J.  PETERSON  (145  Chestnut  Lane,  #211,  Richmond  Hts.,  OH  4 4 14 3 ) - 
W.  S.  CRAMER  (2709  NE  25  Ct . ,  Ft.  Lauderdale,  FL  33305). 

LES  KAUFMAN  (46ll  Schenley  Road,  Baltimore,  MD  21210). 

SCOTT  SCHMAUTZ  (29  Marion  PI,  Huntington  Station,  NY  11746). 

IRV  WALKER  (2810  W.  29th  Avenue,  Apt.  3,  Anchorage,  AK  99504). 

DR.  ELMER  G.  WORTHLEY  (11821  Bonita  Avenue,  Owings  Mills,  MD  21117). 

CHRIS  NEWELL  (2018  E.  Quick  Road,  Lincoln,  MI  48742). 

JOHN  WELLS  (1728D  Broadmoor  Apts.,  Raleigh,  NC  27606). 

JOHN  S.  SUCH  (20  Capt.  Mac  Street,  Chicopee,  MA  01013). 

A.  L.  TREMBLING  (151  Strathallan  Blvd. ,  Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada  M5N  1S9). 

M.  FAIRBANKS  (637  Holly  Lane,  Plantation,  FL  33317). 

LOTTIE  E.  CAVE  (7453  Denny  Avenue,  Sun  Valley,  CA  91352). 

ROBERT  SACILOTTO  (5526  Queensberry  Avenue,  Springfield,  VA  22151). 

MOUNTFORT  M.  YEO  (#5-544  Wardlaw  Avenue,  Winnipeg  13,  Manitoba,  Canada  R3L  OM2). 
ROBERT  SYRLIK  (217  Drake  Avenue,  Apt.  3J ,  New  Rochelle,  NY  10805). 


History , 


Vol.  v,  No.  2 


CPN 


-21- 


PATRICIA  F.  DAVIS  (665B  Infantry  Post  Road,  Ft.  Sam  Houston,  TX  78234). 
DR.  HAROLD  EDER  ( 2 80  Norwood  Avenue,  West  Long  Branch,  NJ  07764). 

PETER  MCLAUGHLIN  (Dana  Lane,  Colts  Neck,  NJ  07722). 

PAUL  LEWIS  (844  North  Florence  PI,  Tulsa,  OK  74110). 

GARY  STEVEN  NELSON  (159  Bruce  Avenue,  Yonkers,  NY  10705). 

NEWS  AND  VIEWS 


STEVE  ROSE  writes:  "When  Cephalotus  root  cuttings  are  available  and  a  large  quantity  of 
plants  are  wanted,  it  Is  better  to  lay  the  roots  horizontally  on  the  soil,  and  if  single 
or  two  bigger  plants  are  wanted,  then  plant  them  vertically.  The  roots  are  large  (up  to 
1/2  inch  (12  mm.)  in  diameter  but  mostly  about  1/4  inch  (6  mm.)  and  most  are  uncut  from 
mature  flowering  plants  of  full  size  having  three  or  more  shoots  at  the  surface.  The 
leaves  and  pitchers  are  cut  off  to  prevent  foliage  rot  into  the  stem.  These  cuttings 
were  kept  in  water  for  4-5  weeks  with  no  loss.  They  are  just  starting  to  shoot  new 
rhizomes.  The  rhizomes  stay  white  the  first  year  and  gradually  darken  with  age  and 
eventually  thicken  to  form  the  fat  rootstock.  Better  plants  and  larger  ones  seem  to 
come  from  old  rootstocks  than  young  ones  which  tend  to  rot  more  easily.  The  fat  dark 
roots  should  not  be  placed  more  than  1  inch  (25  mm.)  below  the  surface  of  peat  moss. 
Standing  the  pot  in  water  seems  to  slow  down  shooting,  so  it  is  best  to  keep  it  out  of 
water  and  drier  than  established  plants.  Once  a  plant  grown  from  a  mother  root  is 
developed  with  several  pitchers,  it  can  be  removed  with  moss  intact.  The  mother  root 
then  can  be  used  again  for  more  propagation.  The  young  plant  can  survive  if  placed  in  a 
humid  container  and  not  given  much  sunlight  at  all.  The  best  plants  in  the  wild  that  are 
the  biggest  and  healthiest  are  always  partially  shaded  and  have  mediocre  color  shades. 

Those  that  grow  in  full  sun  (very  rare)  are  always  runts  and  the  pitchers  tend  to  shrivel 
too  soon  and  are  not  luxuriant.  Another  rather  involved  way  to  increase  numbers  of 
plants  and  maturing  good  roots  is  this.  Take  a  deep  pot  and  place  a  good  large  root  half¬ 
way  down  the  pot  and  cover  with  one  inch  (25  mm.)  of  peat  moss  and  allow  it  to  develop 

leaves  only  by  cutting  off  pitchers  and  keeping  in  deep  shade.  After  about  six  weeks  to 

eight  weeks,  cut  the  growing  head  and  allow  the  wound  to  form  a  callus.  Then  leave  the 
plant  to  develop  more  shoots  and  cover  straightaway  with  one  inch  of  peat  moss.  This 
must  be  done  BEFORE  the  rhizome  point  develops  into  leaves  and  pitchers.  Press  the  moss 
firm  but  not  hard  around  the  plant  each  time.  Be  careful  with  watering  to  lessen  chances 
of  rot.  Use  deionized  water.  This  method  mimics  what  happens  in  the  bush.  There  is  no 
reason  why  it  can't  be  done  three  to  four  times  in  one  growing  season.  The  level  of  one 
inch  is  fairly  near  enough  to  the  moss  and  leaf  mold  cover  where  Cephalotus  grows 
naturally.  Any  deeper  may  inhibit  growth  too  much  by  exhausting  the  mother  root.  It  is 
important  that  the  cut  should  not  be  made  too  low  since  new  shoots  should  come  from  the 
side  buds  which  are  located  just  below  the  growth  of  leaves." 

JERRY  BALDINO  found  a  unique  way  of  germinating  Darlingtonia  seed.  He  sows  the  seed 
into  the  pores  of  a  sponge,  wets  the  sponge  with  a  benomyl  solution  (systemic  fungicide) 
and  places  it  into  a  large  jar.  After  screwing  on  the  lid,  it  is  placed  in  an  area  where 

there  is  good  light  and  in  two  to  three  weeks  the  seeds  begin  to  sprout. 

ADRIAN  SLACK  writes  from  England:  "I  agree  with  your  sentiments  on  Nepenthes ,  and  I 
would  also  like  to  see  them  regain  their  popularity.  It  would  be  difficult  to  put  one's 
finger  on  the  exact  reason  whey  they  lost  it,  but  it  may  have  been  connected  with  the 
rise  and  decline  of  the  great  Stove  Houses  of  this  country.  About  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  live  plants  and  seeds  of  exotic  plants  from  the  tropics  started  to  stream  as  never 
before  into  the  land,  and  these  were  avidly  collected  by  the  landed  rich,  who  had 
sufficient  leisure  to  cultivate  an  enthusiastic  and  intelligent  interest  in  them,  though 
I  doubt  whether  they  did  much  gardening  themselves-!  This  was  the  era  of  the  great  head- 
gardeners  who  often  had  forty  or  more  gardeners  under  them  on  the  big  estates.  For  men 
who  had  often  risen  from  the  position  of  garden-boy  they  were  a  surprisingly  learned 
and  skillful  lot,  as  their  letters  and  articles  to  the  Gardeners  Chronicle  of  the  latter 
part  of  the  last  century  testify.  There  were  very  few  new  introductions  in  the  plant 
world  which  could  not  be  grown  under  their  direction,  and  it  is  again  clear  from  the  G.C. 
of  that  time  that  Nepenthes  was  much  grown  during  the  seventies,  eighties,  and  nineties, 
when  references  and  articles  about  them  appear.  I  imagine  that  they  would  have  been 
grown  almost  exclusively  by  these  professional  gardeners,  and  that  they  would  have  been 
looked  upon  by  amateurs  as  "difficult  plants"  best  left  to  those  with  the  right  facilities 
and  skilled  staff  to  grow  them,  for  I  don't  think  the  more  sophisticated  amateur  of  today 
was  much  in  existence  then,  and  towards  the  end  of  the  century  amateurs  would  have  been 
mainly  followers  of  the  natural  landscape  school  of  William  Robinson.  About  the  end  of 
the  century  there  seems  to  have  been  a  marked  reduction  in  interest  in  the  Stove  House 
for  its  own  sake — the  "tropical  garden"  and  "tropical  bedding"  had  now  become  very 
popular  in  which  such  tropicals  and  sub-tropicals  as  would  grow  were  planted  outside  for 
the  duration  of  the  summer,  and  this  was  probably  largely  the  cause,  though  I  think  a 
contributory  factor  may  well  have  been  the  financial  collapse  of  the  firm  of  Veitch  of 
Chelsea  which  had  done  so  much  to  popularise  these  and  other  exotics  of  which  they 


-22- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


imported  and  grew  large  quantities.  This  would  have  reduced  the  range  of  tropical  plants 
still  being  grown,  and  I  think  that  plants  that  could  be  put  under  the  heading  of  "botanical 
curiosities" — so  unfortunate  in  the  case  of  the  splended  Nepenthes —  would  have  been  the 
main  sufferers.  Even  though  one  hears  so  little  of  them  between  1900  and  191^,  I  assume 
they  must  have  persisted  in  a  number  of  gardens,  but  rigorous  fuel  rationing  in  that  war 
brought  death  to  the  occupants  of  most  if  not  all  the  great  private  stove  and  palm  houses  in 
this  country,  and  the  changed  economic  conditions  that  followed  made  the  great  stove 
houses  things  of  the  past,  staffs  being  much  smaller,  and  heating  bills  an  important  consider¬ 
ation.  After  the  1939  war,  those  who  had  once  employed  twenty  gardeners  were  fortunate  if 
they  could  employ  two,  and  so  we  have  come  to  the  age  of  the  amateur  .in  which  privately 
employed  gardeners  are  a  rarity  and  highly  skilled  ones  almost  non-existent  since  they  can 
get  better  jobs  elsewhere.  However,  the  result  of  this  is  that  we  find  ourselves  capable  of 
growing  more  and  more  things  without  much  difficulty  that  formerly  we  would  have  thought 
fairly  impossible  except  for  the  professional,  and  we  often  adopt  new  methods  to  meet  the 
changed  conditions  to  economise  on  labour.  I  have  no  doubt  at  all  that  Nepenthes  will  more 
than  retrieve  its  former  popularity  here,  and  I  certainly  intend  to  do  what  I  can  to  encourage 
this  to  happen." 

TERRY  BROKENBRO  writes  about  a  "Round  Robin"  letter  exchange  that  he  would  like  to  start. 

He  would  like  anyone  interested  to  write  to  him  and  to  note  what  type  of  CP  they  are 
interested  in.  The  rules:  "(1)  All  CPN  subscribers  are  eligible.  (2)  I  would  require  de¬ 
tails  of  participants'  particular  interests  (e.g.  Nepenthes ,  Drosera ,  Pinguicula  or  CP  in 
general).  Even  if  there  was  particular  interest  in  one  species  (e.g.  D.  spathulata) ,  this 
should  be  mentioned  so  that  if  demand  is  great  enough,  a  R.R.  could  be  started  just  for  this. 
(3)  Each  'Robin'  would  consist  of  approximately  8-15  participants,  although  more  than  one 
Robin  can  be  set  up  for  any  subject.  (4)  R.R.  participants  should  realize  that  in  fairness  to 
others,  they  should  not  join  when  there  is  a  possibility  of  having  to  cease  correspondence 
after  a  few  months  due  to  personal  circumstances.  (5)  Upon  receiving  correspondence,  this 
should  be  passed  to  the  next  participant  as  soon  as  possible  in  order  to  have  uninterrupted 
flow.  Participants  may  not  always  have  any  comments  or  information  to  add,  so  it  should  be 
passed  without  delay  to  the  next  person  on  the  list."  Those  who  are  interested  should  write 

to  Terry  since  the  best  of  the  information  will  find  its  way  into  CPN.  His  address  is: 

Mr.  Terry  Brokenbro,  37  Laburnham  Gardens,  Upminster,  Essex,  RM14  1HX,  Great  Britain. 

GEORGE  ASHLEY  just  returned  from  his  Christmas  vacation  to  New  Zealand  where  he  tried  to  get 
to  Mt .  Arthur  and  its  pass  but  it  was  still  under  much  snow  and  blocked  by  a  landslide.  The 
wet  and  frosty  weather  was  no  help,  so  he  turned  back  and  visited  some  sphagnum  moss  swamps, 

but  he  did  not  find  any  CP  there.  "I  managed  to  find  the  glass  houses  in  Auckland  Domain 

but  I  got  there  just  as  the  attendant  was  closing  up  for  the  day.  However,  I  did  manage  to 
see  seven  large  hanging  baskets  about  18  inches  in  diameter  containing  several  good  specimens 
of  Nepenthes  khaslana  and  a  Nepenthes  khasiana  hybrid.  The  attendant  informed  me  that  they 
were  growing  other  carnivorous  plants  but  they  were  not  yet  on  public  display.  We  returned 
via  Sydney,  Australia  and  called  in  at  the  Botanical  Gardens  where  they  have  several  glass¬ 
houses.  These  were  not  open  to  the  public  and  were  painted  with  white  paint.  I  managed  to 
get  around  the  back  where  there  was  some  clear  glass  and  saw  some  magnificent  Nepenthes . 

These  were  hanging  up  and  the  stems  or  vines  were  up  to  7-8  feet  long  covered  with  many 
large  and  various-sized  pitchers.  One  had  a  large  creamy-colored  pitcher  with  large  purple 
spots — a  real  beauty!" 

HENRY  DEMMINK  writes:  "I  believe  that  seed  of  Nepenthes  would  always  be  best  to  import  as 
this  does  not  involve  the  ripping  up  of  plants,  customs,  etc.  I  believe  that  seed  lines 
acclimate  better  than  cuttings  and  your  chances  are  multiplied  by  having  many  young  plants 
rather  than  a  couple  of  beat-up  cuttings.  Sphagnum  is  really  the  best  medium.  The  biggest 
problem  is  water.  Overwatering  for  any  extended  period,  especially  in  winter,  leads  to  a 
soggy  mess  and  sure  death  to  the  plants.  On  the  other  hand,  once  dry,  even  for  a  short 
period  especially  in  summer,  also  sets  them  off  on  the  street  of  no  return.  The  best  advice 
I  have  ever  read  on  Nepenthes  plants  was  in  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants  by  Thomas  Baines, 
London,  189*1.  It  would  be  well  worth  reading  and  quoting  in  CPN." 

JOE  MAZRIMAS  writes:  "Add  to  your  World  CP  listing  the  following  new  species  recently  named: 
Drosera  f imbriata,  DeBuhr  -  Western  Australia  Drosera  marchantll ,  DeBuhr  -  Western  Australia 
Utrlcularla  asplundli ,  Taylor  -  Columbia,  S.A. 

I  get  many  questions  on  how  terrestrial  species  of  Utrlcularla  can  grow  in  soil  and  still 
are  able  to  capture  organisms  in  their  bladders.  Most  of  these  plants  grow  in  very  wet  soil 
and  they  must  always  have  free  water  just  below  the  surface.  They  usually  grow  a  short 
distance  away  from  a  lake  or  pond  shoreline.  So,  there  are  plenty  of  micro-organisms 
living  in  this  semi-wet  soil  which  are  easily  captured  by  the  bladders.  Sometime  when  you 
have  the  occasion  to  walk  along  such  a  shoreline,  poke  around  the  surface  layers  and  take  a 
small  sample  in  a  bottle.  After  the  soil  has  settled,  you  may  see  swimming  in  the  water 
several  types  of  organisms.  You  might  have  to  use  a  microscope  to  see  the  tiny  organisms. 

It  is  Interesting  to  note  that  production  of  flowers  by  the  terrestrial  types  is  dependent 
on  the  water  level  and  it  is  at  a  critical  depth  where  production  of  flowers  takes  place. 
Usually,  a  low  level  of  water  will  lead  to  flower  production." 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


CPN 


-23- 


JOE  MAZRIMAS  continues:  "Many  people  germinate  seed  of  Darlingtonla  and  Sarracenla  at 
the  same  time,  same  temperature  and  similar  soil  and  light  conditions.  This  is  fine  for 
awhile  but  after  about  6-8  months,  they  notice  that  they  are  losing  plants  of 
Darlingtonla  while  the  Sarracenla  seedlings  go  on  growing  with  small  losses.  The  reason 
for  this  is  the  fact  that  Darlingtonla  has  a  maximum  temperature  requirement  above  which 
the  roots  become  non- functional  and  die  off.  This  temperature  is  about  65°F.  (l8°C.). 

In  mature  plants  of  Darlingtonla ,  when  the  temperature  of  the  roots  exceeds  65°F. ,  they 
die,  but  the  pitchers  show  no  immediate  or  obvious  symptoms  until  some  time  has  passed. 
This  time  period  depends  on  the  level  of  humidity — the  higher  it  is,  the  longer  the 
pitchers  remain  green.  Soon,  if  temperatures  remain  high,  new  roots  cannot  grow  and  the 
plant  eventually  dies,  the  whole  plant  turning  brown.  The  message  here  is  that  after  six 
months  of  age,  Darlingtonla  should  be  grown  with  the  root  level  below  65°F.  and  prefer¬ 
ably  at  55°F.  so  that  minimal  losses  are  sustained  during  the  course  of  growing  this 
beautiful  plant.  If  the  temperature  should  exceed  this  level  for  a  day  or  so,  then 
immediately  try  to  lower  it  so  that  new  roots  can  grow  and  thrive.  A  plastic  bag  over 
the  pitchers  may  be  necessary  during  this  new  rooting  process. 

"Various  people  have  written  me  on  the  subject  of  soils  for  CP.  Many  of  them  have 
purchased  prepared  soil  mixes  meant  for  African  violets  and  other  house  plants.  They 
found  that  these  mixes  are  very  satisfactory  for  growing  various  genera  of  CP  as  long  as 
they  remain  continuously  moist.  We  would  like  to  know  the  experiences  of  other  CPN 
subscribers  on  this  subject,  especially  those  who  have  used  these  methods  for  a  long 
time .  " 

STEVE  ROSE  has  some  comments  on  Byblis :  "On  the  question  of  pollinators  of  Byblis ,  I  have 
seen  excess  pollen  on  the  petals  of  Byblis  at  11  A.M.  on  a  dry ,  windy  day  in  mid-summer. 
The  plants  received  continual  movement  from  the  wind  and  pollen  was  being  released  by 
this  movement.  There  were  no  apparent  pollinators.  Maybe  there  are  none.  The  pollinat¬ 
ing  method  is  similar  to  tomatoes — they  use  the  movement  of  wind,  etc.  to  pollinate  and 
will  not  pollinate  under  still  air  conditions  as  in  a  non- ventilated  hothouse  and  with 
no  insects  present.  Pollination  occurs  either  by  insect  or  movement  of  flowers  as  "flick¬ 
ing"  by  the  fingers.  This  I  know  by  experience.  Byblis  are  true  perennials — the  root- 
stock  surviving  and  sometimes  a  seedling  or  root  shoot  continuing  to  grow  from  the  one 
growth  tip  until  flowering  occurs  which  could  be  several  seasons.  After  flowering,  the 
plants  recede  even  if  the  non-flowering  ones  do  not.  I  have  seen  plants  with  two 
seasons'  old  growth  and  one  new  season's — the  others  may  have  completely  rotted.  Plants 
can  also  emerge  from  root  remnants  left  after  digging  out  the  older  plants.  These 
emerged  the  following  season.  The  roots  go  down  more  than  two  feet  into  sandy  soil  and 
they  are  apparently  naturally  adventitious." 

Australian  Plants  8.,  172  (1976)  lists  references  to  previous  issues  which  described 
carnivorous  plants  and  illustrated  them  in  color.  The  references  are  given  below.  Re¬ 
prints  of  the  volumes  are  available  from  Australian  Plants. 


General  Listing 

Nepenthes  mirabilis,  the  Tropical 
Pitcher  Plant 

Aldrovanda  vesiculosa,  the  Waterwheel 
Plant 

Byblis  gigantea,  B.  liniflora,  the 
Rainbow  Plant 
Drosera,  Sundews 

Cephalotus  follicularis ,  the  W.  A. 

Pitcher  Plant 

Polypompholyx ,  the  Pink  Petticoats 
Utricularia,  the  Fairy  Aprons 

STEVE  HAMMEL  wrote  and  made  several  good  suggestions.  One  concerns  a  pronunciation 
gazetteer  of  some  sort  so  the  newcomer  into  botany  could  speak  properly.  Actually,  there 
is  no  official  botanical  pronunciation  system  paralleling  the  detailed  system  of  naming 
plants.  Generally,  the  rules  do  not  follow  Latin  rules  and  one  more  or  less  follows  a  few 
very  loose  rules  or  the  pattern  of  pronunciation  used  by  most  botanists.  As  an  example: 

S.  flava —  the  first  "a"  in  the  species  name  should  be  pronounced  "ah"  using  Latin  and 
derivative  language  rules,  but  most  botanists  pronounce  it  "ay".  But  the  final  "a"  does 
have  a  soft  sound.'  So  there  we  stand.  If  anyone  has  access  to  Radford,  Dickison,  Massey 
and  Bell  Vascular  Plant  Systematics  (Harper  and  Row),  there  is  a  chapter  on  pronunciation 
of  many  Latin  terms  based  on  the  common  use  principle.  Secondly,  Steve  has  suggested 
that  periodic  CPN  sponsored  forays  into  the  field  be  held  regionally  so  CPNers  could  meet 
and  get  acquainted.  Great  idea! — any  organizational  volunteers? 


3,  #21:  219 
3,  #21:  319 

3,  #27:319  and  4,  #35:  291 

1,  #8:28  1,  #9:23  3,  #21:  321 

3,  #27:319  1,  #35:  287-291  7,  #60:  355,359 

1,  #8:26,28  3,  #27:319  4,  #29:28,34,36 

8,  #64:172 
7T,  #35:293,324 
5,  #35:292 


-24- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


HENRY  J.  DEMMINK  writes  us  to  tell  us  about  the  reprints  of  Das  Pflanzenrelch.  The  address 
for  the  reprints:  J.  Cramer,  Natural  History  Publisher  and  Bookseller,  P.  0.  Box  48, 

3301  Lehre ,  Germany.  Evidently,  there  has  been  a  run  of  orders  for  these  reprints  and  there 
is  some  delay  and  confusion.  But  now  supplies  are  adequate.  See  CPN  4_,  42,  1975  for 
details  on  what  to  order.  Also,  Mr.  Demmink  picked  up  a  book  from  a  second  hand  bookstore 
called  Men  of  the  Jungle  by  Ion  L.  Idriess  that  was  published'  in  Australia,  1933.  He  would 
like  to  quote  from  a  chapter  where  the  author  in  company  with  an  aboriginal  "Toby"  is 
instructing  him  on  the  local  natural  history:  "The  aboriginal's  greatest  delicacy  is  wild 
honey.  The  plant  he  condemned  was  fastened  to  a  tree  trunk.  From  between  its  apparently 
painted  small  brown-green  leaves  grew  small  vase-shaped  snow-white  flowers  with  an  inviting 
scent.  In  each  tiny  cup  lay  a  diamond  of  honeydew;  and  on  a  drooping  stem  hung  two  dainty 
knobs  like  russet-brown  peas.  With  an  expression  of  extreme  dislike,  Toby  jerked  off  and 
opened  one  of  these  peas  and  revealed  a  rounded  white  pearl.  It  was  really  a  shroud  of 
petals  holding  tight  the  remains  of  a  native  bee.  After  the  flower  has  sucked  the  life¬ 
blood  from  its  prey,  it  slowly  opens  its  petals  and  ejects  the  husk,  to  await  in  deathly 
beauty  Its  next  victim."  This  site  was  on  the  Bloomfield  River  near  a  place  called 
Pierce's  Landing.  The  Bloomfield  runs  from  the  ocean  about  midway  between  Cooktown  and 
Cairns  in  Queensland.  Any  comments  from  our  Australian  subscribers? 

Henry  also  tells  us  of  an  old  book  called  Greenhouse  and  Stove  Plants  by  Thomas  Baines, 

John  Murray,  Pub.  London  1885.  In  this  book  is  described  the  condition  for  successfully 
growing  Nepenthes ,  Sarracenla ,  Dionaea  and  Drosera.  The  author  mentions  several  factors 
that  are  essential  in  growing  Nepenthes .  First,  is  heat  and  high  humidity  and  the  necessity 
of  growing  them  in  strong  light  to  produce  pitchers  with  full  color.  Secondly,  Nepenthes 
is  sensitive  to  any  root  disturbance  in  repotting.  One  cannot  allow  the  potting  material  to 
become  sour  or  decomposed  by  overwatering  since  this  would  be  detrimental  to  their  growth. 
Roots  are  very  brittle  and  great  care  must  be  taken  in  dissolving  away  the  old  material 
under  a  pail  of  water  before  they  are  ready  to  be  potted  into  fresh  medium.  Early  spring  is 
the  time  to  carry  this  out  and  the  pot  should  be  no  larger  than  10  to  12  inches  in  diameter. 
The  light  should  be  sufficient  to  cause  the  leaves  to  become  mottled  red  and  this  is 
evidence  that  the  plant  should  produce  pitchers  at  the  end  of  every  leaf.  In  summer  the 
minimum  temperature  should  be  70°  F.  and  the  plants  should  be  watered  and  syringed  every  day. 
The  day  temperature  should  be  85°F.  Good  drainage  is  essential  and  indispensible  to  a 
healthy  existence.  The  medium  should  be  the  best  fibrous  peat,  potsherds,  sand  and  chopped 
sphagnum. 

JOE  MAZRIMAS  says  that  he  is  receiving  several  reports  of  Sarracenla  purchased  from 
commercial  sources  that  are  infected  with  worms,  usually  cutworms  or  army  worms.  You  can 
detect  this  damage  by  looking  for  the  orange  colored  frass  which  appears  every  morning  on 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  This  looks  like  a  small  mound  of  orange  sawdust  which  is  the 
excrement  of  the  worm  as  it  bores  through  the  rhizome  of  your  Sarracenla.  If  immediate 
action  is  not  taken,  it  will  eventually  lead  to  the  plant's  demise.  An  easy  solution  is  to 
squirt  a  solution  of  Malathion  or  Diazinon  into  the  hole  you  will  see  just  under  the  mound 
of  frass.  Usually,  this  takes  care  of  the  problem  effectively  and  a  second  application  may 
be  necessary  only  under  an  extreme  case.  (Ed.  note — The  larva  is  the  Sarracenla  root  borer, 
Papalpema  appasionata,  not  a  "cutworm"  or  "army  worm".  DES) 

We  would  like  to  know  if  subscribers  would  like  a  subscriber  listing  with  listings  according 
to  country  and  Zip  Code  numbers.  This  would  offer  the  opportunity  to  contact  CPN  members 
who  live  close  by  and  share  CP  news  and  exchange  of  plants.  We  intend  to  provide  such  a 
computer  listing  after  the  present  Volume  5  is  completely  subscribed.  An  announcement  will 
be  made  in  a  future  CPN  issue. 

NOTICE  OF  CHANGE  OF  COMMERCIAL  ADDRESS:  Retail  inquiries  formerly  directed  to  Insectivorous 
Botanical  Gardens  of  Wilmington,  NC,  should  now  be  addressed:  Northrop's  Insectivorous 
Plant  Farm,  P.O.Box  5>  Hampstead,  NC  28443.  They  state  they  "only  send  top  quality  field 
grown  plants." 

JAY  BRODIE  (10  Brookside  Drive,  Apt.  3H,  Greenwich,  CT  06830)  wrote  a  very  complimentary 
letter  about  CPN.  He  also  endorses  the  concept  of  interlibrary  loans  whereby  smaller 
libraries  can  obtain  a  CP  book  from  a  larger  library  on  your  request.  There  is  frequently 
a  modest  charge,  perhaps  up  to  twenty-five  cents.  Jay  would  like  to  correspond  with  younger 
subscribers  such  as  himself. 

NANDA  FLEMING  is  a  student  at  Marlboro  College  and  is  completing  her  senior  thesis  on  CP, 
entitled  "A  Literature  Survey  of  Research  Carried  Out  on  Carnivorous  Plants  since  1942." 

She  says  she  wishes  she  had  known  of  Lynn  Macey's  KWIC  project  before  she  had  started! 

(See  CPN  5:2)  The  paper  is  a  survey  of  CP  genera  that  covers  a  wide  range  of  botanical 
properties.  Over  the  preceding  two  years,  she  has  compiled  her  own  species  list  with  dis¬ 
tribution,  synonymy,  karyology  and  a  bibliography  of  research  since  1942  (Lloyd). 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


CPN 


-25- 


JACQUES  HALDI  sends  notification  of  a  book  recently  published  on  the  carnivorous  fungi, 
entitled  Rauberische  Pllze  Im  Boden  by  Dr.  Habil.  Asmus  Dowe  (presumably  in  German)  and 
available  from  Die  Neve  Brehm-Bucherei ,  A.  Ziemsen  Verlag,  (DDR)  Wittenberg 
Lutherstadt  (Deutschland).  Inquire  about  prices  in  your  currency  plus  postage.  There 
are  many  photomicrographs. 

Although  an  anecdotal  observation,  SCOTT  HENDRIX  feels  that  the  long,  narrow  petiole 
form  of  Dionaea  responds  better  to  cultivation,  even  in  high  humidity  and  good  light, 
as  compared  to  broad  petiole  forms.  He  wonders  If  others  have  noticed  this  difference. 

TERRY  BROKENBRO  sends  us  an  article  taken  from  the  Daily  Telegraph  which  is  published 
in  England.  It  is  an  article  entitled  "Where  Pew  Men  Have  Trod"  with  many  color  photo¬ 
graphs  taken  by  Adrian  Warren.  Essentially,  it  describes  the  Auyan-tepui  in  southeastern 
Venezuela  near  the  impressive  Angel  Falls  which  hurls  water  down  into  a  gorge  from 
3,212  feet!  This  article  appeared  in  the  February  27,  1976  issue  of  this  paper.  This 
area  was  once  a  vast  sandstone  stretch  of  several  thousand  square  miles  with  rock 
formations  considered  to  be  the  oldest  on  this  planet--about  1,700,000,000  years.  This 
plateau  was  broken  up  by  water  erosion  into  crumbling  units  that  drain  into  the  vast 
river  systems  of  the  Orinoco  and  Amazon.  Now  it  is  dotted  with  isolated  plateaus 
scattered  about,  on  which  many  plants  and  animals  exist  in  isolation  creating  conditions 
for  evolution  to  take  place.  On  such  plateaus  Heliamphora  species  can  be  found  and 
many  other  unusual  plants  and  animals  found  nowhere  else. 

ED  GRIFFIN  reported  to  us  about  some  purple  spots  on  the  leaves  of  his  Nepenthes 
plants  which  seem  to  spread  quite  rapidly.  He  took  a  sample  to  his  local  USDA  office 
and  found  out  it  was  a  parasitic  algae  known  only  in  Florida.  Cephaluros  viresceus 
is  probably  the  culprit,  and  treatment  is  to  spray  the  leaves  with  copper  solution.  Ed 
used  one-half  the  recommended  dosage  and  noted  no  phytotoxicity  so  far.  Apparently, 
this  algae  can  only  live  in  the  extreme  southern  area  of  Florida  but  it  is  wise  to 
watch  for  this  pest  on  our  own  plants  since  they  grow  under  artificial  Floridian 
conditions . 


SHORT  NOTES 


A  SELECTED  LISTING  OF  BOTANICAL  GARDENS  GROWING  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS 

For  the  information  of  new  subscribers,  CPN  began  conducting  a  yearly  poll  on  various 
issues,  the  poll  questionnaire  sent  out  with  the  renewal  page  in  September.  The  1975 
poll  was  a  request  for  a  listing  of  botanical  gardens  with  significant  CP  collections 
that  could  be  viewed  by  the  traveling  CP  enthusiast.  Private  collections  (even  with 
the  permission  of  the  grower)  and  very  small  growings  would  not  be  included. 

The  response  was  quite  limited,  mainly  to  certain  well-known  institutions  here  and 
abroad.  We  were  puzzled  by  so  little  response  until  several  botanical  gardens  informed 
us  that  they  had  removed  their  collections  from  public  viewing  areas  due  to  frequent 
vandalism,  a  logical  problem  which  we  frankly  had  not  previously  considered.  Even  so, 
most  CPN  subscribers  would  be  admitted  to  non-public  areas  or  "prop  houses"  in  the' 
company  of  a  gardener. 

We  anticipate  a  flood  of  letters  wondering  why  we  have  not  listed  your  favorite  garden, 
and  the  answer  is  that  we  did  not  know  about  it,  or  perhaps  the  garden  prefers  to  keep 
the  public  away  from  its  CP.  If  you  care  to  add  to  this  list,  considering  the  above 
restrictions  on  private  and  very  small  collections,  we  will  accumulate  your  letters  on 
this  and  amend  the  list  at  a  later  date. 


UNITED  STATES 


Berkeley  Botanic  Garden 
Strawberry  Canyon 
University  of  California 
Berkeley,  CA  94720 


Representatives  of  all  genera 
except  Genlisea ,  many  genera 
represented  very  extensively* 


Sea  World 

1720  South  Shores  Road 

Mission  Bay 

San  Diego,  CA  92109 


Darlingtonia ,  Sarracenia,  Nepenthes 
Drosera,  Dionaea,  Pinguicula.  Also 
graphic  display. 


Greenhouse 

Humboldt  State  University 
Areata,  CA  95521 


"Small  but  fairly  good 
collection  of  CP" 


Greenhouses 

California  State  University 
Fullerton,  CA  92634 


Large  numbers  of  Sarracenia,  Drosera, 
Nepenthes,  etc.  (See  exchange  list) 
Mon.-Fri.  9-5}  appointment  (714-870-2766) 


-26- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


Denver  Botanical  Gardens 
903  York  Street 
Denver,  CO 

Brookside  Gardens 
1500  Glennallan  Drive 
Wheaton,  MD  20906 
(In  Wheaton  Regional  Park) 

Botanical  Gardens 
University  of  Michigan 
Ann  Arbor,  MI 


Missouri  Botanical  Garden 
St.  Louis,  MO 

Brooklyn  Botanical  Garden 
1000  Washington  Avenue 
Brooklyn,  NY  11225 

North  Carolina  Botanical  Garden 
University  of  North  Carolina 
Chapel  Hill,  NC  27514 

UNC  Asheville  Botanical  Garden 
(Adjacent  to  campus) 

Asheville,  NC 

Longwood  Gardens 
Kennett  Square,  PA 


Royal  Botanic  Gardens 
Sydney,  N.S.W. 

Royal  Botanic  Gardens 
South  Yarra,  SE  1 
Melbourne,  Victoria 


Montreal  Botanic  Garden 
4101  Sherbrooke  St.  E. 
Montreal,  Quebec 

Botanischer  Garten 
Munchen,  Germany 


Frankfurter  Palmengarten 
D-6  Frankfurt  (M) 
Siesmayerstr .  61 


Royal  Botanic  Gardens 
Kew,  Surrey 

Oxford  Botanical  Gardens 
Oxford  University 

Cambridge  Botanical  Gardens 
Cambridge  University 


National  Botanic  Gardens 
Glasnevin,  Dublin  9 


Nepenthes,  Cephalotus,  Drosera 


Drosera,  Dionaea,  Sarracenia, 
Cephalotus,  Pinguicula, 

Nepenthes 

Sarracenia,  Darlingtonia,  Cephalotus, 
Dionaea,  Utricularia,  Drosera, 
Pinguicula  (Announce  CPN  affiliation 
to  assistant  .director) 

Nepenthes,  Drosera,  Dionaea,  few 
Sarracenia.  Ask  to  see. 

Good,  developing  collection,  well 
grown 


All  US  genera  with  most  species. 
Greenhouse  and  outdoor  habitat 
plantings;  excellent. 

Sarracenias,  Droseras,  Dionaea, 
scattered  in  habitat  plantings 

Long  known  for  its  outstanding 
Nepenthes  collection  in  public 
and  "prop"  houses. 


AUSTRALIA 

Botanic  Garden 
North  Terrace 
Adelaide,  S.A. 

(From  a  1967  reference;  no  current 
specifics ) 

CANADA 

(No  specifics) 


GERMANY 

Heliamphora,  Sarracenia,  Drosera, 
Nepenthes,  Dionaea,  Aldrovanda, 
Drosophyllum,  Byblis,  Cephalotus, 
Pinguicula,  Utricularis 
Botanischer  Garten 
D-l  Berlin  33 
Konigin-Luise-Str .  6-8 

GREAT  BRITAIN 

Well  known  for  rather  complete 
collection. 

Drosera,  Sarracenia,  Dionaea, 
Pinguicula,  "etc." 

Edinburgh  Botanical  Gardens 
Edinburgh  3>  Scotland 

IRELAND 


(From  a  1967  reference;  no  current 
information) 


The  Botanic  Garden 
Auckland 


NEW  ZEALAND 


(From  a  1967  reference;  no  current 
information) 


Vol.  V,  No.  2 


C  P  N 


Summit  ol  Auyan  tepui 


Photos  by  J.  BOGNER 


-28- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


THE  NATURAL  HABITAT  OF  HELIAMPHORA  HETERODOXA  STEYERMARK 

by  J.  Bogner 

In  February  of  1975>  I  was  able  to  join  Prof.  Dr.  V.  Vareschi,  Mr.  0.  Huber  and  wife,  as 
well_,as  several  Indian  carriers  of  the  Kamarakoto  tribe  in  order  to  climb  up  the  Auyin- 
tepul  in  the  Estado  Bolivar,  Venezuela.  The  trip  and  climb  up  from  Kamarata  to  the 
summit  plateau  took  three  and  one-half  days. 

/  /  /  / 

The  Auyan-tepui  is  one  of  the  largest  tepuis  within  the  Pan-tepui  area  which  is  located  in 
southern  Venezuela.  The  Auyan-tepui  is  a  typical  tepui  having  a  flat  plateau  summit  and 
surrounded  by  high  vertical  cliffs  composed  of  pink  to  red  sandstone.  The  summit  plateau 
is  divided  by  deep  canyons  and  crevices,  has  bogs,  creeks  and  small  streams  and  wooded 
areas  as  well  as  parts  with  low  vegetation.  The  total  area  of  the  summit  plateau  is  about 
700  sq.  km.  and  the  highest  point  is  approximately  2500  meters  (8250  ft.).  In  the  northern 
part  one  finds  the  Angel  Falls  with  a  height  of  about  1000  meters  (3300  ft.)  which  is  the 
highest  waterfall  in  the  world. 

On  the  summit  plateau,  at  about  2400  meters  (7920  ft.),  Heliamphora  heterodoxa  grows  in  full 
sunlight.  The  plants  have  reddish  pitchers  and  where  shaded,  they  were  more  or  less 
greenish.  The  flowers  have  a  white  color  but  turn  reddish  after  anthesis. 

Heliamphora  heterodoxa  grows  in  humus  accumulations  which  have  been  formed  in  flat  depressions 
of  sandstone.  These  humus  accumulations  consist  of  a  peat  substrate  like  black  peat.  The 
soil  is  very  acid  and  poor  in  nutrients.  The  middle  year  temperature  is  14°-15°  C.  (57°- 
59°F.),  and  a  minimum  of  4°  C.  (38°F.)  has  been  established.  The  relative  humidity  is  high 
because  there  are  often  fogs  on  the  summit  plateau.  Also,  during  the  dry  season,  fog  usually 
covers  the  summit  plateau  in  the  early  morning  and  forenoon  and  then  often  it  becomes  clear 
at  midday.  The  habitat  of  Heliamphora  heterodoxa  is  very  wet  or  boggy  and  often  the  plants 
stand  several  centimeters  in  water  which  normally  cannot  flow  off  from  the  depressions  of 
sandstone.  The  accumulated  humus  is  never  deep.  Heliamphora  heterodoxa  grows  there  in 
large  masses  with  Stegolepis ,  Paepalanthus ,  Tepuia ,  Xyris ,  Cyrilla ,  Tof ieldia ,  Nietneria, 
Cottendorfia ,  Brocchinia ,  etc. 

In  cultivation  we  grow  Heliamphora  species  (H.  nutans,  H.  minor  and  H.  heterodoxa)  in  a  cool 
house  in  pure  Sphagnum  moss.  The  plants  stand  in  pots  which  are  set  in  saucers  of  rainwater 
or  in  wet  moss.  Heliamphoras  require  a  high  humidity  and  one  may  attach  a  glass  bell  over 
them  or  place  them  in  a  covered  frame  which  can  hold  an  adequate  humidity.  The  plants  have 
relatively  few  roots  to  leaf  mass.  Also,  Heliamphoras  demand  much  light,  and  we  shade  the 
sunshine  from  spring  until  autumn  in  late  forenoon  and  remove  the  shade  in  the  early  after¬ 
noon  (conditions  in  South  Germany).  As  to  temperature,  approximately  10°C.  (50°F.)  is  best 
in  winter,  and  during  summer  the  temperature  is  increased  appropriately  with  the  weather.  We 
have  been  cultivating  Heliamphoras  successfully  with  these  simple  methods  for  decades  of 
years . 


PEAT  BOG  FORMATION 
by  Terry  Brokenbro 

Although  the  formation  of  the  peat  bog  is  as  varied  as  CP  themselves,  basically  there  are  two 
types,  the  formation  of  which  I  have  set  out  below: 

THE  SEDGE  BOG:  The  sedge  bog  will  mainly  start  its  formation  with  a  shallow  lake,  usually 
with  an  inlet  and  outlet  of  water.  Through  its  history,  the  inlet  brings  nutrients  to  the 
gradually  dying  lake.  See  Fig.  1.  The  decline  usually  begins  at  the  shallow  edge  of  the 
lake  (1)  where  sediment  from  deciduous  trees  and  dying  sedges  collects  and  allows  the 
gradual  encroachment  of  willows  and  other  moisture-loving  perennials.  With  the  passing  of 
thousands  of  years  and  repetition  of  this  process,  the  lake  will  eventually  become  completely 
filled  and  covered  by  deciduous  forest.  However,  it  is  while  this  process  actually  takes 
place  that  is  of  particular  interest  to  the  CP  enthusiast.  At  the  actual  place  of  peat 
formation  (2)  will  be  found  CP  and  other  acid-loving  perennials,  e.g.  Erica.  As  this 
process  develops,  the  CP  will  eventually  only  grow  where  the  acid  streams  now  exist. 

THE  SPHAGNUM  BOG:  Although  the  formation  of  the  sphagnum  bog  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
sedge  bog,  it  differs  in  the  fact  that  is  is  very  much  more  acid  and  therefore  generally 
richer  in  CP.  One  reason  for  this  high  acid  content  is  that  many  sphagnum  bogs  do  not  have 
an  inlet  and  outlet  of  water.  Many  sphagnum  bogs  found  today  are  In  fact  lakes  which  were 
created  by  Ice  erosion  during  the  last  ice  age  (see  Fig.  2).  Sphagnum  moss  will  often  first 
take  hold  on  the  terminal  moraine,  which  is  usually  the  lowest  part  of  the  lake  shore  where 
excess  water  from  the  lake  will  drain  away.  Logically,  this  is  therefore  the  most  wet 
area.  CP  may  even  be  found  growing  here  at  this  stage  of  the  bog.  As  reeds  and  other 
vegetation  die,  a  mat  of  vegetation  is  formed  into  which  grows  sphagnum  and  other  binding 
agents  collecting  into  a  floating  mass  upon  the  lake  surface  (see  Fig.  3)-  Usually  this 
mat  never  exceeds  several  feet  In  thickness  and  as  the  process  continues,  pine  forest  will 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


CPN 


-29- 


follow  the  advancing  sedges,  CP  and  other 
acid-loving  perennials.  Finally,  small 
pockets  of  water  will  remain,  known  in 
Germany  as  "black  eyes"  which  are  aptly 
named  as  these  will  often  descend  to  one 
hundred  feet  or  more. 

If  you  think  you  have  found  one  of  these 
"hidden"  lakes  on  a  CP  field  trip,  a 
simple  test  will  reveal  all.  Find  a  clump 
of  small  pine  trees  and  jump  up  and  down 
near  them.  The  sphagnum  moss  should  give 
way  a  little  under  your  weight  and  shortly 
you  will  begin  to  actually  see  the  trees 
sway  to  and  fro. 

To  stress  Don  Schnell's  views  in  Volume  IV, 
No.  3,  page  42,  "that  habitat  destruction, 
so  rampant  and  efficient  in  this  age,  is 
the  chief  threat  to  most  CP." 


THE  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS  OF  ALBANY,  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA 

by  Doreen  Davidson 

For  those  contemplating  growing  West  Australian  CP's,  particularly  from  the  Albany  area, 
a  few  weather  statistics  may  be  helpful.  Generally  speaking,  Albany  has  a  very  mild 
climate.  Winter,  the  growing  season,  is  cold  and  wet,  but  frosts  are  very  rare;  and 
summer  temperatures  are  kept  moderate  by  sea  breezes;  seldom  do  we  experience  tempera¬ 
tures  above  38°  C.  (100°F.)  on  more  than  three  days  each  summer.  However,  many  CP's 
growing  under  these  conditions  also  extend  into  areas  of  light  frost  and  high  summer 
temperatures.  The  average  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  and  rainfall  for  Albany  are 
as  follows: 


January 

23.2° 

C. 

(73° 

F.  ) 

14.7° 

C. 

( 59°F. ) 

19  mm.  (0 

•75  in.) 

February 

23-  4° 

C. 

(74° 

F.  ) 

14.9° 

C. 

( 59°F. ) 

22.2 

mm. 

(0.87 

in.  ) 

March 

22.  3° 

C. 

(72° 

F.  ) 

14.2° 

C. 

( 57 . 5°F. ) 

34.8 

mm. 

(1.37 

in.) 

April 

21. 3° 

C. 

(69° 

F.  ) 

12.4° 

C. 

(52°F. ) 

71.6 

mm. 

(2.75 

in.  ) 

May 

18.8° 

C. 

(66° 

F.  ) 

10.4° 

C. 

(50°F. ) 

93.0 

mm. 

(3.62 

in.  ) 

J  une 

16.8° 

C. 

(63° 

F.  ) 

8.8° 

C. 

( 48°F.  ) 

105.4 

mm . 

(4.25 

in.  ) 

July 

16.1° 

C. 

(60° 

F.  ) 

7-9° 

C. 

( 46°F. ) 

117.6 

mm. 

(4.62 

in.  ) 

August 

16.5° 

C. 

(62° 

F.  ) 

8.1° 

C. 

( 46°F. ) 

114.6 

mm. 

(4.12 

in.) 

September 

17.6° 

C. 

(63° 

F.  ) 

9.1° 

C. 

( 48°F. ) 

84.0 

mm. 

(3.37 

in.  ) 

October 

18.7° 

C. 

(65° 

F.  ) 

10.0° 

C. 

(50°  F. ) 

84.0 

mm. 

(3.37 

in.  ) 

November 

20. 7° 

C. 

(68° 

F.  ) 

12.0° 

C. 

(54°F. ) 

46.0 

mm. 

(1.75 

in.  ) 

December 

22.2° 

C. 

(72° 

F.  ) 

13-7° 

C. 

( 57°F.  ) 

35.0 

mm. 

(1.37 

in.  ) 

The  average  yearly  rainfall  is  827-8  mm.  (32.8  in.). 


The  most  common  Drosera  is  D.  erythrorhiza  which  grows  in  such  a  variety  of  soils  and 
situations  that  it  would  probably  be  most  adaptable  for  culture.  It  forms  colonies  in 
dense  shade,  semi-shade  or  full  sun;  in  sandy  limestone  areas,  heathlands ,  light  forest, 
in  pockets  of  soil  among  granite  rocks,  on  the  edges  of  swamps  and  within  reach  of  sea 
spray.  Almost  anywhere,  in  fact,  except  in  very  wet  areas. 


-30- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


Another  common  species,  D.  pallida ,  grows  in  similar  areas,  but  favors  a  situation  where  it 
can  cling  to  supporting  shrubs  which  also  provide  shade,  and  hence,  cool  soil  for  the 
dormant  tuber  in  summer.  Growing  up  to  five  feet  tall,  this  "rainbow"  is  conspicuous 
along  many  road  verges,  particularly  when  the  sun  follows  rain.  Favoring  slightly  damper 
areas  is  D.  glandullgera  which  grows  in  a  diversity  of  soils  such  as  clay,  gravelly  loam, 
on  the  edges  of  peat  swamps  and  areas  of  seepage.  D.  bulbosa  is  more  selective  in  its 
habitat,  growing  in  wet  sandy  flats  in  an  open  situation  with  D.  sunhlrtella  and  Utrlcularia 
menzlesll .  The  area  with  which  I  am  familiar  supports  very  little  other  vegetation — a  few 
stunted  melaleucas  and  sparse  rush-type  growth,  so  the  lack  of  shelter  from  other  plants  must 
result  in  high  ground  temperatures  during  the  summer  resting  period. 

Looking  like  a  host  of  miniature  Father  Christmases,  Utrlcularia  menziesil  is  a  small  gem 
which  grows  in  mossy  cushions  on  granite  rocks,  or  wet  sandy  flats.  The  situation  in 
which  these  plants  grow  assure  them  of  the  benefit  of  any  rain  which  falls;  but  the  very 
exposed  habitat,  particularly  in  the  shallow  depressions  on  granite,  must  subject  the 
dormant  plant  to  a  baking  during  summer,  a  fact  which  would  probably  have  to  be  considered 
in  cultivation. 

Utrlcularia  volubllls  sends  up  a  flowering  scape  which  twines  around  the  rushes  in  peaty, 
swamp  areas.  Cephalotus  which  grows  nearby  favors  tussocks  where  its  head  is  out  of 
water,  but  U.  volubills  prefers  to  stand  in  shallow  water  or  very  wet  situations. 

The  two  species  of  Polypompholyx — P.  tenella  and  P.  multiflda — inhabit  areas  of  seepage  on 
hillsides,  the  latter  forming  a  carpet  of  color  in  some  areas.  P.  multiflda  also  likes 
damp  peaty  areas,  among  shrubs  such  as  Callistemon  speciosus  and  Leptospermum  fl rmium. 


NEPENTHES  CHASING  IN  SINGAPORE 
by  Bill  Hanna 

Before  going  on  holidays  I  had  been  busily  writing  to  various  people,  universities  and 
botanic  gardens  in  the  places  I  was  going  with  the  hope  of  finding  someone  with  an 
interest  in,  or  who  grows  carnivorous  plants,  particularly  Nepenthes .  The  only  success  I 
had  was  in  Singapore — with  the  Botanic  Gardens,  and  with  a  local  businessman,  Jimmy,  who 
whilst  having  no  interest  in  carnivorous  plants,  had  a  knowledge  of  them.  The  first  day 
in  Singapore  was  spent  trying  to  get  in  contact  with  these  people.  First  off  I  caught  a 
taxi  down  to  Jimmy's  office.  Instead  of  ending  up  there,  I  ended  up  at  an  Indian  Department 
Store  in  a  slum  section  of  town  quite  some  miles  away.  Upon  arriving  at  Jimmy's  office  I 
was  to  learn  that  he  had  troubles  in  one  of  his  mines  and  had  to  fly  up  to  Malaysia  to  deal 
with  them  but  hoped  to  be  back  very  soon.  Going  down  to  the  Botanic  Gardens  I  met  one  of  the 
botanists  there  who  was  very  helpful.  I  arranged  to  go  back  to  the  Gardens  to  photograph 
their  plants.  The  plants  were  kept  in  a  bush  house  which  was  out  of  the  way  somewhat  and 
heavily  barred  and  locked.  Here  the  three  Nepenthes  varieties  that  were  here  were  grown 
to  what  in  my  mind  had  to  be  perfection:  so  robust,  green  and  covered  with  large  pitchers. 

Going  back  to  the  office,  we  then  had  a  discussion  regarding  the  Nepenthes  and  here  are  the 
main  points  of  what  she  had  to  say.  In  Singapore  there  are  three  varieties  of  Nepenthes : 
ampullaria ,  gracilis ,  and  raf flesiana.  However,  it  is  the  official  policy  of  the  Singapore 
government  to  rid  the  island  of  Nepenthes ,  this  a  result  of  a  ruling  by  the  Ministry  of  the 
Environment  that  they  were  a  potential  breeding  ground  for  mosquitos  although  she  said  to 
her  knowledge  she  knew  of  no  mosquitos  or  their  larvae  in  Singapore  that  were  immune  to 
their  digestive  juices.  They  enforce  this  ruling  by  spraying  them  thoroughly  or  physically 
clearing  them  completely.  But  nevertheless,  there  are  still  some  to  be  found,  particularly 
in  water  catchment  areas  and  along  cliffs  facing  the  sea  on  the  west  coast,  particularly  on 
the  island  of  Sentosa.  They  are  found  in  the  secondary  jungle.  Here  they  grow  in  lateritic 
clays.  The  cliff  faces  are  pretty  dry  and  the  catchments  are  boggy.  The  temperature  in 
Singapore  remains  fairly  constant  at  70-75°F.  and  so  does  the  humidity  at  90-95$.  The 
rainfall  is  from  70-80"  per  year  with  an  even  distribution  slightly  favoring  the  end  of  the 
year.  At  the  gardens  the  Nepenthes  are  grown  in  a  mixture  of  burnt  clay,  leaf  mold  and 
organic  manure.  They  are  fertilized  once  a  fortnight  with  a  small  amount  of  nalotin  and 
are  watered  twice  daily.  They  have  propagated  them  by  striking  cuttings  in  moist  sand  but 
have  made  no  attempt  at  growing  them  from  seed.  She  has  been  collecting  on  Mount  Kinabalu 
which  apparently  is  "THE"  place  to  go  for  Nepenthes .  Having  read  books  which  tell  of 
Malaya's  Nepenthes ,  which  have  been  known  to  consume  birds  and  rodents,  I  asked  her  about 
this.  She  said  the  largest  thing  she  had  come  across  in  a  pitcher  was  a  small  lizard,  but 
there  was  a  large  range  of  insects.  The  'only  other  thing  she  had  to  say  was  that  the 
pitchers  had  a  deeper  mottling  in  the  shade.  At  the  end  of  our  discussion  she  was  kind 
enough  to  ask  if  I  would  like  to  see  them  out  in  the  jungle,  so  she  arranged  for  the 
garden's  chief  specimen  collector  to  take  me  out  the  next  day. 

I  turned  up  the  next  morning  armed  to  the  teeth  with  camera  equipment  and  film.  It  looked 
stormy  and  by  the  time  to  leave  we  were  in  the  middle  of  a  tropical  downpour  which  lasted 
for  half  of  the  day.  But  as  opportunity  never  knocks  twice,  I  decided  to  press  on. 


Vol .  V.  No.  2 


CPN 


-31- 


To  my  surprise,  this  secondary  jungle  was  only  about  fifteen  minutes  out  from  the  Botanic 
Gardens.  Here  the  soil  was  yellow  clay  with  up  to  6"  of  leaves  covering  It.  It  was 
quite  heavily  shaded,  the  ground  was  moist  but  not  visibly  marshy  although  the  town 
reservoir  was  only  300  yards  away,  so  the  water  table  was  probably  fairly  high.  Here 
the  raffleslana  was  relatively  rare  for  we  only  came  across  three  plants.  Gracilis  was 
most  common.  Ampullaria  was  squat  while  small--there  was  no  evidence  of  the  plant — 
just  pitchers.  The  land  around  the  walkways  had  been  cleared  of  Nepenthes  and  my  guide 
expressed  amazement  at  the  quantity  that  had  disappeared.  There  was  evidence  of  some 
small  plants  of  gracilis  coming  up  from  seed  in  the  cleared  areas.  I  managed  to  take 
pictures  of  plants  by  using  a  flashlight,  for  in  the  jungle  with  the  rain  it  was  pitch 
black.  The  results  were  quite  surprising.  The  biggest  vine  we  saw  wasabout  20'  high. 

The  biggest  raffleslana  pitcher  I  saw  was  about  9"  long,  the  smallest  4".  There  were 
three  different  types.  The  largest  ampullaria  was  about  3",  the  smallest  1/2".  The 
gracilis  ranged  from  1/4"  to  6".  The  real  excitement  for  the  day  came  on  our  way  out 
of  the  secondary  jungle  when  we  managed  to  get  caught  in  the  middle  of  an  Army 
exercise.  Pour  huge  black  Doberman  pinschers  came  bounding  up  at  us.  Behind  them  came 
a  group  of  Singapore  soldiers,  all  carrying  large  black  machine  guns.  Two  of  them  were 
being  dragged  by  two  Dobermans  which  were  on  chains.  As  the  dogs  were  about  four  or 
five  feet  from  us,  their  masters  yelled  out  to  them  in  Chinese,  or  Malay,  and  they 
stopped  dead  in  their  tracks.  We  stopped  in  ours  when  we  first  saw  and  heard  them.  All 
I  can  say  is  thank  goodness  their  trainers  did  not  stutter;  otherwise,  I  think  we  would 
have  been  in  big  trouble. 

Next  day,  Jimmy  rang  me  at  the  hotel  to  ask  if  he  could  come  around  and  see  me.  He  put 
himself  at  my  disposal  for  the  afternoon.  As  he  was  obviously  a  very  successful 
businessman,  I  dressed  accordingly  to  meet  him  with  a  great  pile  of  clothes  I  had 
tailor  made  in  Hong  Kong,  from  my  Spanish  antelope  coat  to  my  calfskin  shoes.  We  drove 
around  the  town  visiting  a  number  of  shops.  After  this,  he  suggested  we  have  a  look  at 
some  Nepenthes .  We  drove  to  the  back  of  the  University — a  construction  site.  Here  we 
waded  through  thick  greasy  orange  clay  and  pushed  our  way  through  rain-soaked  scrub. 

Again  gracilis  proved  to  be  the  most  common  but  no  plant  was  more  than  5"  long.  There 
were  two  plants  of  ampullaria  but  these  were  only  small.  The  soil  was  gravelly  orange  clay 
and  damp  from  seepage.  The  fate  of  the  Nepenthes  here  was  sealed,  for  this  area  was 
about  to  be  absorbed  into  the  University.  The  coloration  of  the  gracilis  varied  from 
intense  reds  and  oranges  to  greens.  Sometimes  the  reds  were  in  shaded  areas,  sometimes 
in  the  sun,  and  vice  versa  with  the  greens.  For  this  I  shall  not  try  to  offer  any  expla¬ 
nation.  Jimmy  informs  me  that  two  years  ago  raffleslana  grew  here.  Today  they  are  all 
gone.  He  told  of  another  round-leaved  Nepenthes .  With  finding  these  in  mind,  we  drove 
to  another  site  about  half  a  mile  away  near  the  top  of  an  abandoned  quarry.  Here  the 
soil  was  still  developing.  It  consisted  of  ironstone  and  quartz.  Gracilis  again  was 
the  most  common,  the  plants  ranging  from  1/2"  diameter  seedlings  to  50'  high  vines  cover¬ 
ing  the  trees.  The  only  seed  pods  for  the  whole  trip  were  observed  on  four  plants, 
about  half  a  dozen--all  seed  had  gone  bar  two  lots.  Only  one  plant  of  ampullaria  was 
found  here.  It  had  a  1/2"  diameter  stalk  with  12-18"  leaves.  The  plant  was  5'  high 
with  only  one  pitcher  on  the  bottom  leaf.  This  seemed  strange  for  the  plant  looked  to  be 
a  perfect  specimen.  Here  the  sunlight  was  more  direct  as  there  were  not  many  shady 
trees.  The  size  of  the  pitchers  on  the  gracilis  ranged  from  1/8"  to  12".  We  then  went 
to  a  reserve  to  see  a  cliff  face  of  Nepenthes  but  unfortunately  the  government  beat  us 
to  it  and  the  cliff  was  now  a  nice  grassy  one  and  all  the  Nepenthes  were  gone.  These 
round-leaved  Nepenthes  and  raf f lesiana  eluded  us.  On  the  last  day  of  our  stay  in 
Singapore  Jimmy  came  around  again  to  see  us  and  took  us  out  for  a  last  attempt  to  find 
the  above.  I  do  not  know  the  name  of  the  place  we  went,  but  we  were  successful  in  our 
quest.  Here  the  soil  appeared  to  be  yellow  clay,  but  on  examination  it  was  very  much 
like  sand.  Again  there  was  plenty  of  ironstone  and  white  quartz.  As  per  usual,  gracilis 
was  the  most  common.  We  found  five  plants  of  ampullaria.  These  overall  appeared  to 
prefer  a  soil  with  an  A00-A0  horizon.  We  found  one  seedling  about  6"  in  diameter  of 
raffleslana  which  grew  under  a  small  shrub  where  it  was  heavily  shaded.  Finally  a  cry 
came  out  of  Jimmy — he  had  found  it,  the  round- leaved  Nepenthes .  There  were  two  small 
seedlings  on  a  half  buried  stem.  The  pitchers  appeared  very  similar  to  gracilis — they 
were  red-orange  in  color.  To  pick  a  difference  I  would  say  perhaps  they  had  more  hairs 
on  the  alae  of  the  pitchers  which  seemed  more  bulbous,  but  I  would  not  say  they  were  not 
a  form  of  gracilis ,  although  gracilis  seedlings  the  same  size  seemed  to  have  straight 
pointed  leaves.  Ampullaria  seems  to  produce  more  pitchers  when  young.  Upon  driving  back 
to  the  hotel,  we  were  to  learn  that  the  land  where  we  had  been  was  soon  to  be  used  for 
high  rise  housing  development. 

Before  leaving  for  the  trip  I  had  read  Dr.  P.  A.  Zahl's  article  on  "Malaysia's  Giant 
Flowers  and  Insect  Trapping  Plants"  in  the  May,  1964  edition  of  National  Geographic 
in  which  I  saw  the  author  quaffing  the  contents  of  a  sanguinea  pitcher.  The  idea 
appealed,  but  not  being  as  adventurous  as  Dr.  Zahl,  I  stuck  to  sealed  pitchers.  The 
ampullaria, ' s  contents  were  very  viscous,  mucus  like,  the  taste  very  acid.  It  caused  a 
slight  burning  sensation  on  the  tongue  but  was  not  unpalatable.  The  gracilis  was  just 


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CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


like  ordinary  water.  The  other  two  had  no  pitchers  on  them  still  sealed,  and  not  being  too 
adventurous,  I  resisted  the  temptation  to  sample  these. 

Since  returning  home,  I  have  been  told  that  actually  five  different  Nepenthes  grow  in 
Singapore,  the  other  two  being  two  crosses  -  a  Nepenthes  hookeriana  and  another  natural 
hybrid.  Perhaps  the  round-leaved  one  was  one  of  these.  However,  I  wrote  away  inquiring 
about  these  two  plants  and  managed  to  get  in  contact  with  the  Garden's  chief  specimen 
collector,  Mahmud.  In  his  reply,  he  informed  me:  "There  is  a  Nepenthes  hookeriana  not  in 
Singapore  but  in  Borneo  and  Malaysia."  Unfortunately  he  makes  no  mention  of  the  other  one. 
Just  who  is  right  I  do  not  know.  Mahmud  has  been  working  for  the  Gardens  for  27  years  and 
is  extremely  knowledgeable  about  all  types  of  plants.  The  botanist  has  an  M.Sc.  and  at  the 
time  I  was  speaking  to  her  she  did  not  know  of  them.  However,  the  existence  of  another 
two  Nepenthes  on  Singapore  comes  from  a  paper  written  in  the  early  1960's  on  an  analysis  of 
Singapore's  Nepenthes  by  Sally  Green. 

The  Botanic  Gardens  at  Singapore  in  an  effort  to  increase  its  collection  of  carnivorous 
plants  has  expressed  a  willingness  to  swap  the  local  Nepenthes  for  other  carnivorous  plants. 

If  you  would  like  to  obtain  plants  or  seed,  write  to:  Miss  S.Y.Geh,  Botanic  Gardens,  Cluny 
Road,  Singapore  10,  Republic  of  Singapore. 

FIELD  OBSERVATION  OF  WINTERING  UTRICULARIA  VULGARIS 
by  A.  Roger  Kirby 

While  passing  through  northern  Virginia  on  a  recent  trip  to  Maryland,  I  spotted  several 
swampy  areas  that  I  felt  needed  a  closer  look  for  any  CP's  that  might  be  there  in  winter 
bud.  After  marking  the  mileage  from  different  points,  I  continued  on,  planning  to  stop  on 

my  way  back. 

Leaving  Maryland  on  Monday  morning,  I  drove  into  Virginia  and  proceeded  to  one  of  the  areas 
I  had  marked  by  mileage.  Upon  arriving  at  the  first  bog  I  noticed  the  bog  had  little  water 
in  it  for  this  time  of  year.  I  slipped  on  my  hip  boots,  grabbed  a  five  gallon  bucket  and 
walked  into  the  shallow  water  and  mud  of  the  swamp.  I  immediately  noticed  Utricularia  all 
over  the  bottom  of  the  bog.  I  started  gathering  and  putting  them  into  the  five  gallon 
bucket.  The  plants  were  approximately  twelve  inches  long,  or  six  inches  on  each  side  of  their 
"Y"  form,  and  at  the  crown  was  the  dark  green  whorled  winter  bud.  I  gathered  the  plants 
until  I  had  the  five  gallon  bucket  about  one-third  to  one-half  full.  I  left  the  swamp  for 
the  car  and  I  checked  my  watch  and  realized  I  had  only  taken  twelve  minutes  to  do  all  I  did. 

I  looked  closer  at  the  Utricularias  and  recognized  them  to  be  U.  vulgaris  because  of  the 
very  large  bladders,  some  1/8"  long  in  size,  or  4-5  mm.  x  2  mm.  wide. 

I  had  only  covered  a  few  square  yards  and  due  to  the  enormity  of  the  swamp,  it  would  take  a 
full  day  to  check  it  out  more  thoroughly  for  additional  species  of  CP's. 

I  now  plan  to  return  in  the  spring  to  take  a  closer  look  when  the  plants  are  in  bloom.  I 
feel  more  Utricularia  species  are  there  and  I  also  plan  to  take  pictures.  This  seems  a 
great  place  for  CP  enthusiasts,  so  I  will  let  CPN  know  of  my  progress. 

OBSERVATIONS  OF  TRICHOPTILUS  PARVULUS  AND  DROSERA 

by  Grady  Lucas 

It  seems  that  not  all  insects  will  succumb  to  the  carnivorous  nature  of  Drosera.  One  of 
these  insects  is  the  caterpillar  of  the  moth  Trichoptilus  parvulus .  This  moth  is  a  fairly 
small  representative  of  the  phylum  pterophoridae ,  or  "plume*'  moths. 

Although  many  insects  are  known  to  be  associated  with  Sarracenia  and  other  carnivores,  few 
are  known  to  be  associated  with  Drosera.  There  have  been  reports  of  a  moth  larva  of  the 
family  Noctuidae  which  might  feed  on  the  plant,  but  these  apparently  crawl  only  on  the 
glandless  portions  of  the  plant.  Certain  Australian  Hemiptera  of  the  family  Capsidae  are 
said  to  feed  on  the  juices  of  arthropods  caught  by  Drosera  and  are  able  to  move  about  the 
leaves  without  any  apparent  difficulty. 

After  hatching  from  their  eggs  the  larvae  are  no  more  than  1.5  mm.  long,  and  their  larval 
life  will  usually  last  about  eight  days. 

Usually  the  first  sign  of  Trichoptilus  is  that  the  leaves  seem  to  have  been  chewed  away, 
and  pellets  which  look  like  fecal  matter  litter  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  The  cater¬ 
pillars  apparently  stay  hidden  under  the  sphagnum  moss  during  the  day  and  come  out  at  night 

to  feed. 

The  main  food  of  the  younger  larvae  seems  to  be  the  stalked  gland  itself,  whereas  the 
older  larvae  will  not  stop  at  just  the  stalk  and  will  usually  eat  the  leaf  blade  as  well. 

They  may  also  eat  the  remains  of  captured  insects.  It  may  take  from  10-20  minutes  for  a 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


CPN 


-33- 


larva  to  eat  a  single  stalk.  Once  finished  with  this  stalk  It  will  move  on  to  an  adjacent  one 
and  continue.  In  this  manner  an  entire  leaf  can  easily  be  stripped  in  a  few  hours.  For  some 
reason,  the  longer  marginal  glands  are  either  ignored  or  eaten  last. 

The  larvae  are  usually  a  grayish-brown  in  color,  though  the  color  can  vary  considerably  depend¬ 
ing  on  what  material  the  larva  has  been  eating  and  which  can  be  seen  through  the  semi- 
translucent  body  wall.  Therefore,  younger  larvae  tend  to  be  red  or  purple,  from  eating  the 
stalked  gland,  whereas  the  older  larvae  are  greenish  due  to  the  color  of  the  ingested  leaf 
blade. 

How  does  the  larva  avoid  being  trapped  in  the  secretion?  This  is  not  as  difficult  as  it  seems. 
The  body  of  the  larva  hardly  ever  touches  the  secretion,  and  if  it  did,  it  would  become  en¬ 
trapped  just  as  any  other  insect  would  be.  The  caterpillar's  contact  with  the  droplets  is 
restricted  to  its  bristles  which  stick  out  from  its  body.  The  bristles  can  readily  be  with¬ 
drawn  from  the  secretion.  Older  larvae  avoid  body  contact  but  because  of  their  great  size  can 
escape  without  difficulty. 

Pupation  usually  occurs  on  the  flower  stalk.  The  pupae  which  are  light  green  in  color,  hang 
head  down  from  the  floral  stalk  and  the  adult  emerges  10-12  days  later. 

A  good  deal  remains  to  be  learned  about  Trichoptilus  parvulus .  For  instance,  one  wonders  how 
the  female  lays  her  eggs  on  the  plant  without  becoming  entrapped  herself.  Of  course,  she 
could  lay  her  eggs  beside  the  plant,  but  the  possibility  that  she  oviposits  directly  on  the 
plant  need  not  be  ruled  out.  It  has  been  found  that  moths  are  among  the  most  unlikely  of  all 
insects  to  be  captured  by  Drosera,  although  I  have  seen  it  happen  several  times.  The  detach¬ 
able  scales  with  which  moths  are  characteristically  covered  and  which  are  known  to  protect 
them  from  adhesion  to  spider  webs  might  also  be  why  they  are  so  seldom  caught  by  Drosera. 

When  a  moth  flutters  into  the  leaf  of  Drosera,  it  merely  releases  some  of  the  scales  to  the 
viscid  secretion  and  flies  on.  Adult  Trichoptilus  must  therefore  be  able  to  easily  approach 
Drosera  with  at  least  some  measure  of  caution. 

PYGMY  DROSERAS 
by  Rich  Sivertsen 

Pygmy  Droseras  are  not  necessarily  characterized  by  small  size,  but  primarily  by  their  ability 
to  produce  gemmae.  They  are  the  only  Droseras  that  do  so.  Except  for  D.  pygmaea  which 
extends  into  Tasmania,  New  Zealand  and  neighboring  islands,  all  pygmy  Droseras  grow  in  south¬ 
western  Australia. 

In  cultivation,  seeds  are  often  difficult  to  obtain  in  spite  of  the  plants'  prolific  flowering 
habit;  and  the  seed  is  even  more  difficult  to  germinate  and  grow  plants  to  maturity.  Methods 
of  propagating  these  plants  from  cuttings  are  not  reliable,  and  are  possibly  damaging  to  the 
parent  plant. 

The  best  way  to  propagate  these  plants  is  to  encourage,  harvest  and  use  gemmae.  In  constant 
temperature-light  conditions,  they  will  grow  for  years  and  produce  an  abundance  of  flowers 
periodically,  but  generally  few  or  no  gemmae.  The  stimulus  needed  is  the  transition  from  warm 
temperatures  ( 70-85°F. )--low  intensity  light  environment  (such  as  a  fluorescent  light  chamber) 
into  a  cool  (  38-65°F.) — high  intensity  light,  or  full  direct  sunlight  for  at  least  three  to 
four  hours  daily.  Some  species  may  require  an  even  longer  photoperiod  to  produce  gemmae. 

During  gemmification,  the  first  noticeable  changes  in  the  plants  is  swelling  of  the  apex  in  the 
center  of  the  rosette.  Within  a  week  to  ten  days,  gemmae  will  be  visible  within  the  apex  as 
it  opens  up  to  form  a  nestlike  cluster.  These  gemmae  should  now  be  carefully  removed  and 
pushed  just  below  the  surface  of  moist  peat  and  placed  under  a  controlled  environment,  such 
as  fluorescent  lights.  The  peat  medium  should  be  prepared  about  three  weeks  in  advance  to  ■ 
allow  a  plentiful  culture  of  small  soil  organisms  to  develop.  The  young  pygmy  Droseras  will 
capture  these  for  nutriment  and  grow  faster  and  better  for  it.  They  will  mature  in  about  six 
months  in  this  environment,  and  given  the  proper  conditions  are  able  to  in  turn  produce 
gemmae  of  their  own  at  that  time. 

Humidity  is  not  essential  for  gemmae  production  nor  is  the  amount  of  watering  an  important 
factor.  Warming  of  the  peat  by  sunlight  causes  no  harm  either  since  pygmy  Droseras  often 
grow  in  sands  in  the  wild  that  are  too  hot  to  walk  on  barefoot.  Peat  seems  to  be  the  best  all 
around  medium  in  my  experience. 

Gemmae  are  of  different  shape,  size  and  color  (lighter  to  darker  shades  of  green)  depending  on 
species.  D.  paleacea  gemmae  are  spherical  to  oval  and  light  green.  D.  pulchella  gemmae  are 
flat  discs  resembling  small  fish  scales  and  dark  green.  Stipules  may  or  may  not  disappear 
during  gemmae  production  depending  on  the  individual  or  species. 

After  all  the  large,  ripe  gemmae  are  removed  from  an  apex,  more  will  be  produced  for  several 
crops  as  long  as  proper  conditions  are  maintained.  Extreme  care  and  patience  are  required 


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CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  2 


along  with  the  steady  hand  as  of  a  competent  surgeon  in  removing  the  gemmae  from 
the  apex.  Often  they  will  be  hurled  by  the  remaining  stipules  so  quickly  they  seem 
to  vanish  as  they  are  thrown  out  of  sight.  A  few  weeks  later,  foreign  visitors  are 
then  noticed  in  other  pots. 

SPECIAL  NOTICES 


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expensive  inventory.  In  the  past,  Roger  Kirby  produced  one  reprinting  of  back  issues 
but  has  decided  not  to  print  more.  Leo  Song  is  taking  up  reprinting  with  the  co- 
editors'  permission,  but  the  project  is  being  handled  completely  by  him  and  the  co¬ 
editors  and  CPN  have  no  financial  interest.  Leo  will  handle  all  orders  at  the  follow¬ 
ing  rates: 


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$18.00  for  all  four  back  volumes  in  U.S. 
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Note  that  all  prices  are  postpaid  and  only  entire  volumes  will  be  sold.  The  four  CPN's 
of  each  volume  have  been  reprinted  consecutively  and  are  stapled  as  one  volume.  Send 
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NEPENTHES  CUTTINGS-19 76  -  JOE  MAZRIMAS  and  DON  SCHNELL  have  completed  pruning  of  their 
Nepenthes  plants  for  this  year  and  cuttings  are  now  being  mailed  to  those  who  sent  a 
note  to  Joe  earlier.  There  will  be  no  additional  cuttings  this  year,  but  watch  for  an 
announcement  in  CPN  regarding  cuttings  for  next  spring  (the  announcement  will  probably 
be  in  the  December  CPN). 

RECENT  LITERATURE 


(Anon.)  Do  sundews  really  devour  insects?  Australian  Plants  8:l6l-l62.  1975. 

A  second-hand  report  on  research  of  Chandler  and  Anderson  of  La  Trobe  University, 
Victoria  (reference  not  given).  Unnamed  Drosera  ssp.  reportedly  grew  30$  more 
than  controls  if  fed  with  insects  or  nitrogen  compounds.  Sundews  kept  under  bacteria- 
free  conditions  could  only  digest  insects  to  a  limited  extent. 

(Anon.)  Growing  Cephalotus  follicularis ,  the  Albany  pitcher  plant.  Australian  Plants 
8:172.  1975. 

A  resume  of  a  culture  method,  primarily  in  pots  of  peat  outdoors  in  the  Sydney  area. 
Pots  were  placed  in  saucers  of  water  and  in  full  light  which  resulted  in  healther 
pitchers.  No  fertilizers  were  used.  Occasional  freezing  by  light  frost  did  no  harm. 
Propagation  by  rhizome  division,  though  slow  due  to  slow  -growth  of  the  species,  is 
preferred  over  seed  since  seed  are  very  difficult  to  germinate.  Disturbance  during 
division  or  transplant  frequently  results  in  dieback  of  topgrowth,  but  new  growth 
re s ume s  promptly. 

Fox,  William  W. :  Pygmy  Forest:  an  ecological  staircase.  Cal.  Geology  29(1) :3-7.  1976. 

History  and  evolution  of  the  five  uplifted  marine  terraces  near  Ft.  Bragg,  CA 
which  are  where  sphagnum  moss  bogs  form.  These  are  the  most  southerly  habitat  in  the 
west  coast  and  are  sterile  and  low  in  oxygen.  The  moss  is  also  nearly  devoid  of 
bacteria  so  that  peat  is  formed  by  compression  of  its  own  weight.  Here  we  find  Drosera 
rotundif olla  growing. 

Fromm-Trinta,  E. :  Ecological  study  of  the  sandy  coastal  plain  flora  of  southeastern 

Brazil:  XXI  Lentibulariaceae .  Conselho  de  Pesquisas  da  Universidade :  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Brazil,  1972. 

There  are  eight  species  of  Utricularia  on  the  restingas  of  S.E.  Brazil:  U. 
subulata,  U.  fimbriata,  U.  longlfolia,  U_;_  erectiflora,  U.  foliosa,  U.  gibba  ssp.  gibba, 

U.  tricolor,  and  U.  nephrophylla. 

Heslop-Harrison,  Y.:  Enzyme  release  in  carnivorous  plants.  Lysosomes  in  Bldbgy  and 

Pathology,  Chap.  16.  J.T.  Dingle  and  R.T.  Dean,  Eds.,  Amer.  Elsevier  Pub.  Co., 
N.Y.,  1975. 

This  chapter  gives  a  thorough  review  of  all  the  evidence  for  digestive  glands  and 
their  secretory  products  in  many  genera  of  CP.  Darllngtonla  and  Hellamphora  are  not 
discussed.  Scanning  electron  micrographs  are  liberally  scattered  throughout  this  work. 
Cytochemical  localization  of  digestive  enzymes  and  the  mechanism  of  the  secretory 
process  are  discussed  by  the  author  in  detail.  An  indispensible  background  for  those 
who  wish  to  pursue  CP  digestive  biochemistry  and  relate  it  to  fine  structure. 


CPN 


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» 

Vol .  V,  No.  2 


Komiya,  S. :  On  development  of  the  glands  of  the  capture  organs  In  the  Lentibulariaceae .  Bull. 
Nip.  Dental  Col.  No.  4,  199-215.  1975 

The  author  studied  both  Utrlcularla  and  Plngulcula.  All  the  glands  of  the  capture 
organs  are  of  epidermal  origin.  The  sessile  gland  of  Plngulcula  and  the  bifid  or  quadrifid 
hair  on  the  inner  wall  of  the  Utrlcularla  bladder  originates  from  an  epidermal  cell.  The 
stalked  gland  of  Plngulcula  and  stalked  glandular  hair  around  the  outside  of  the  Utrlcularla 
trap  originates  from  a  protuberance  of  an  epidermal  cell  much  later. 

Miles,  D.H.;  Kokpol,  U. ;  Hedin,  Paul  and  Mody,  Naresh:  Volatiles  in  Sarracenia  flava. 
Phytochemistry  (OXF)  14(3):  845-846.  1975. 

Gas  chromatography  of  the  volatiles  showed  about  100  compounds.  Only  32  of  the  most 


CARNIVOROUS 
PLANT 

NEWSLETTER 


Volume  V,  No.  3 
September,  1976 


CO-EDITORS:  D.  E.  Schnell,  Rt.  4,  Box  275B,  Statesville,  NC  28677  USA  SUBSCRIPTION: 

J.  A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  CA  94550  USA  Published  quarterly  with  one  volume  yearly 


-37- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


NEW  SUBSCRIBERS 


KENNETH  FRIEDMAN  (2135  East  Boulevard,  Bethlehem,  PA  18017). 

WILLIAM  DON  TANNEBERGER  (Todd  Hill  Apts.  A-3,  North  Augusta,  SC  29841). 

VENICE  BARSNESS  (P.  0.  Box  3,  Eau  Claire,  WI  54701). 

TERRY  LEE  DAVIS  (3538  NW  21st  Street,  Gainesville,  FL  32605). 

NICK  OSBORN  (l44l  S.  11th  Avenue,  Maywood,  IL  60153). 

ANDREW  FINICK,  JR.  (3006  98th  Street,  Highland,  IN  46322). 

THOMAS  A.  PETERSON  (2736  Brenda,  Grandville,  MI  49418). 

ROBERT  L.  OUTENREATH  (Botany  Annex,  University  of  Texas  Austin,  Austin,  TX  78712). 

S.  L.  HEGGOOD  (1809-B  Edgewood  Avenue,  Anderson,  SC  29621). 

LARRY  LEVITT  (375  Pelham  Road,  Amherst,  MA  01002). 

MRS.  SUE  C.  ROTH  (918  N.  Main,  Somerset,  KY  42501). 

LEWIS  MCCARTER  (Route  1,  Box  240,  Atkins,  VA  24311). 

BILL  BARNETT  (P.  0.  Box  763,  Clarksburg,  WV  26301). 

ROBERT  L.  MULLER  (78  Culvert  Street,  Torrington,  CT  06790). 

JOHN  B.  BURNES  (1201  Moore  Avenue,  Lands  End,  Apt.  802,  Portland,  TX  78374). 

BUDDY  SEVERY  (9860  NE  5th  Avenue  Road,  Miami  Shores,  FL  33138). 

JULIAN  ZWEIG,  M.D.  (43  Steppingstone  Lane,  Kings  Point,  NY  11024). 

PETER  MEECH  (40  Stratheden  Road,  Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada  M4N  1E4). 

PLANTING  FIELDS  ARBORETUM  (P.  0.  Box  58,  Oyster  Bay,  NY  11771). 

MARGARET  F.  BECKNER  (736  Myrtle  Way  S.,  St.  Petersburg,  FL  33705). 

JEFFREY  W.  BEEMAN  (8860  Main  Street,  Williams ville ,  NY  14221). 

RICHARD  G.  REESE  (Box  1475,  5323  Harry  Hines,  Dallas,  TX  75235). 

ANNA  VALENTE  (2  Rector  Street,  Room  1648,  New  York  City  10006). 

MICHAEL  HOMICK  (RR  2,  Tillsonburg,  Ontario,  N4G  4G7,  Canada). 

DEBRA  HANESWORTH  (210  Richland  Lane,  Madison,  WI  53705). 

CAROLYN  KLASS  (320  Forest  Home  Drive,  Ithaca,  NY  14850). 

STEVEN  B.  THOMAS  (5612  West  Milton  Road,  Route  1,  Ballson  Spa,  NY  12020). 

SARAH  RUTH  TIPTON  (Route  9,  Kimberlin  Hts.  Road,  Knoxville,  TN  37920). 

MICHAEL  HUNT  (5512  Ventnor  Lane,  Springfield,  VA  22151). 

DAVID  HAUSER  (820  Linden  Avenue,  Erie,  PA  16505). 

DAVID  TOWNSLEY  (P.  0.  Box  278,  Eleele,  HI  96705). 

DENVER  BOTANIC  GARDENS  (909  York  Street,  Denver  CO  80206). 

DON  BARZYK  (636  S.  Streeper  Street,  Baltimore,  MD  21224). 

DOUG  ANDERSON  (2409  S.  Grange  Apt.  4,  Sioux  Falls,  SD  57105). 

C.  LARRY  FISHER  (52  Broadway,  Hagerstown,  MD  21740). 

JACK  FRENCH  PARSONS  (Route  2,  Box  54,  Pisgah  Forest,  NC  28768). 

TAMMY  FELDER  (5100  Middleton  Street,  Columbia,  SC  29203). 

ALBERT  STEVES,  V.  (507  Terrell  Road,  San  Antonia,  TX  78209). 

EVE  A.  RIEL  (820  Hibiscus  Road,  Boca  Raton,  FL  33432). 

C.  HENINGTON  (Nursery,  Florida  International  University,  Tamiami  Trail,  Miami,  FL  33199). 
SCOTT  BENNETT  (10  Andover  Road,  Sparta,  NJ  07871) . 

AL  OLSON  (515  W.  Briar  Place,  #401,  Chicago,  IL  60657). 

GYPSY  KEMP  (P.  0.  Box  742,  Ruidoso,  NM  88345). 

GEOFFREY  GOODRUM  (2808  Pierpont  Street,  Alexandria,  VA  22302). 

OMAR  TORRES  (30  Park  Terrace  East,  Apt.  3F,  New  York  City  10034). 

MISS  DOROTHY  CLINE  (Haddon  View  213  North,  7  MacArthur  Boulevard,  Westmont,  NJ  08108). 

E.  WAYNE  PARRISH  (2808  Amherst  Road,  Rocky  Mount,  NC  27801). 

RUDY  CURRY  (116-30  New  York  Boulevard,  Apt.  7H,  Jamaica,  NY  11434). 

LAWRENCE  A.  BILLINGS  (1379  Tonawanda  Avenue,  Akron,  OH  44305). 

STEVE  BOSTIC  (Botany  Department,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  TX  78712). 

FRANK  DUGAN  (408  Corona  Avenue,  Dayton,  OH  45419). 

EDITORS'  CORNER 


It  has  been  brought  to  our  attention  that  one  of  the  short  notes  published  in  the  last 
(June)  issue  of  CPN  (and  possibly  some  others  before)  was  wholly  adapted  from  a  previously 
published  journal  paper  without  the  properly  cited  reference  source.  The  short  note  with¬ 
out  such  a  citation  might  suggest  to  most  readers  that  the  note  represented  original  work 
on  the  part  of  the  author  when  actually  it  summarized  and  quoted  from  a  copyrighted 
journal  paper. 

We  offer  our  gratitude  to  the  correspondent  who  pointed  this  out  to  us  and  our  apologies  for 
letting  this  transgression  slip  by.  We  feel  that  no  useful  purpose  would  be  served  in 
embarrassing  the  short  note  writer  by  revealing  the  title  and  writer's  name  since  we  are  led 
to  assume  that  the  error  was  unintentional.  However,  we  must  insist  on  certain  standards 
i  of  citation  fbr  all  future  notes  which  will  be  screened  more  carefully  and  returned  for  any 
corrections.  Keeping  in  mind  the  informal  nature  of  CPN  (although  we  welcome  the  fine, 
complete,  more  formalized  contributions  of  some  past,  memorable  notes),  we  would  offer  the 
following  suggestions  to  our  younger  subscribers  who  may  not  be  well  versed  in  the  ethics 
of  such  matters  concerning  citation  of  references. 


Vol.  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-38- 


First  of  all,  we  can  use  summary  or  review  notes  that  cover  one  or  more  papers  that  have 
appeared  in  a  copyrighted  technical  journal.  However,  your  title  must  bear  the  sub¬ 
heading,  "A  Review",  and  you  must  give  a  complete  citation  of  the  original  paper(s), 
including  author,  year,  title  of  paper  (if  not  the  same  as  your  review),  name  of  journal, 
volume  and  page  numbers.  We  appreciate  that  our  very  brief  reviews  of  the  current 
literature  are  inadequate  for  those  who  feel  the  readership  would  benefit  by  a  more 
thorough  review  of  an  interesting  subject,  and  you  may  wish  to  review  an  older  paper 
that  has  not  even  been  mentioned  in  our  recent  literature  section.  Just  be  absolutely 
certain  that  you  mention  your  source  in  prescribed  fashion.  Also,  any  tables,  charts 
drawings,  photos,  etc.  Included  in  a  Journal  paper  are  also  copyrighted  and  cannot  be 
reproduced  without  written  permission  of  the  current  journal  editor.  Therefore,  do  not 
submit  this  kind  of  material  with  your  review  unless  you  can  also  supply  us  with  a 
letter  giving  permission  for  reproduction  in  CPN.  Finally,  if  you  quote  an  article 
directly,  you  should  use  quotation  marks  to  so  Indicate  that  these  are  not  your  own  words. 
These  remarks  apply  to  longer  reviews  of  short  note  character,  not  the  brief  one  or  two 
sentences  appearing  beneath  reference  citations  in  our  current  literature  section. 

In  other  kinds  of  news  and  views  notes  and  short  notes,  you  must  also  acknowledge  state¬ 
ments  that  are  not  your  own  product.  If  it  is  only  a  brief  mention  and  you  are  too  lazy 
to  look  up  the  reference,  or  if  it  is  something  that  many  people  have  written  and  the 
citation  list  would  be  very  long,  for  the  informality  of  CPN  a  comment  such  as,  "one 
botanist  has  noted..."  or  "it  is  commonly  accepted..."  or  "I  have  been  told..."  or  some 
similar  phraseology  will  be  minimally  sufficient  to  alert  the  reader  to  where  your 
thoughts  leave  off  and  another's  begin.  In  more  formal  journals,  of  course,  such 
casual  reference  would  be  wholly  unacceptable,  and  as  a  courtesy  to  your  readers  and  to 
the  original  author(s).  It  would  be  preferable  to  give  a  reference  so  that  the  Interested 
reader  might  look  up  the  original  source.  In  cases  where  there  are  dozens  of  papers 
saying  the  same  thing,  just  mention  a  few  of  those  that  seem  more  prominent  to  you.  Again 
if  you  quote  a  phrase,  line  or  paragraph  directly,  you  must  enclose  in  quotes  and  give 
your  source. 

We  do  not  feel  that  it  is  the  duty  of  CPN  to  give  courses  in  writing  properly  cited 
articles — this  should  be  done  by  our  admittedly  deteriorating  high  school  and  college 
systems  which  are  rapidly  acquiring  a  reputation  for  graduating  essentially  illiterate 
students,  all  sorts  of  rationalized  reasons  of  compromise  being  given  for  failure  to 
teach  a  student  how  to  communicate.  However,  the  rules  listed  above  will  get  you  started, 
as  far  as  CPN  goes  anyway,  and  for  the  rest  you  will  have  to  use  common  sense,  courtesy 
and  a  sense  of  ethics. 

NEWS  AND  VIEWS 


RAY  NASH  has  taken  a  trip  to  Western  Australia  recently  and  reports:  "Last  October,  I 
spent  ten  days  in  Western  Australia  with  three  friends;  all  orchid  cranks  with  three 
greatly  interested  in  CP's  and  before  we  left  W.A. ,  two  had  been  bitten  by  a  new  bug, 
that  Is  the  Trigger  Plant  Bug  (Sty Ildium) .  I  had  a  taste  of  this  T . P .  bug  on  my  previous 
two  visits  and  so  I  did  not  succumb  so  quickly.  We  hired  a  car  and  traveled  down  from 
Perth  to  Bunbary,  Manjinup,  Albany  and  back  to  Perth  via  Brookton.  All  participants  had 
a  wonderful  time,  with  four  camera  shutters  working  overtime  and  Mr.  Kodak  rubbing  his 
hands  all  the  time.  I  have  since  found  out  how  difficult  It  is  to  identify  Drosera, 
especially  the  pygmies,  from  photographs.  We  had  no  permits  to  collect  plant  material. 
Some  fourteen  known  Drosera  were  seen  in  flower  with  another  four  that  so  far  have  not 
been  identified,  at  least  one  or  more  of  these  appear  to  be  unnamed  species.  Many 
other  Drosera  were  seen; but  without  flowers,  identification  was  not  proved.  Four 
Ut ricularlas  were  seen:  U.  hooker! ,  U.  simplex ,  U.  vlolacea  and  possibly  U.  volubilis 
(had  no  twining  stem) .  Both  Polypompholyx  multiflda  (very  common)  and  P.  tenella  (one 
place  only)  and  Cephalotus  folllcularls  were  also  seen.  At  one  burnt  out  swamp, 
approximately  10  Km.  north  of  Manjinup,  we  were  delighted  to  find  masses  of  U.  hookeri , 

U.  volubilis?  and  P.  multiflda  growing  all  together  by  the  thousands.  In  the  same  swamp 
were  masses  of  D.  sulphurea  and  as  it  was  morning  all  the  flowers  were  open,  a  delightful 
scene  with  white  everlasting  daisy  flowers  intermingled  with  them.  I  now  find  Erickson's 
Plants  of  Prey  a  little  lacking  in  that  more  Drosera  and  Utricularia  occur  in  Australia 
than  this  book  covers,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  this  large  land  mass." 

C.  WHITING  writes  in  response  to  our  editorial  and  items  on  conservation:  "I  find  the 
items  on  conservation  in  the  USA  most  interesting.  Over  here,  we  tend  to  think  that  land 
is  not  lacking  in  the  USA.  In  England,  conservation  took  a  big  step  forward  with  the 
new  legislation  on  the  CONSERVATION  OF  WILD  CREATURES  &  WILD  PLANTS  ACT  which  became  law 
1-8-1975*  Basically  for  plants,  this  means  that  no  one  may  pick  or  dig  up  any  wild  plant 
unless  the  owner  of  the  land  or  has  permission  of  the  owner.  In  addition,  there  is  a  list 
of  endangered  species  which  no  one  can  touch  without  a  permit.  Insectivorous  plants  are 
not  on  this  list — which  of  course  is  a  good  sign.  This  does  not  mean  that  we  are  ahead 
of  you  In  conservation  but  rather  that  we  are  much  more  overpopulated  than  your  country — 
a  sign  of  things  to  come? 


-39- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


I  read  of  Sarracenla  purpurea  growing  wild  in  Switzerland  in  a  1930's  magazine.  Does  anyone 
know  of  the  site  or  whether  it  still  exists?" 

ROBERT  GRIESBACH  writes:  "I  am  wondering  if  any  other  growers  have  bird  problems.  In  the 
spring  the  birds  invade  the  pots  pulling  apart  the  sphagnum  for  nesting  material.  This 
spring  I  have  lost  fifteen  smaller-sized  Sarracenla,  an  entire  clump  of  Plnguicula,  and 
several  Droseras .  The  birds  just  tear  apart  the  plants  letting  them  dry  out  in  the  sun. 

Maybe  the  newsletter  can  warn  other  members  of  this  potential  danger  and  pest."  (Ed.  Perhaps 
one  can  place  some  hardware  cloth  over  the  pots  which  admits  light  and  air  but  prevents 
birds'  beaks  from  pecking  at  the  plants,  especially  if  the  cloth  is  situated  several 
Inches  above  the  plants.) 

JOHN  TURNBULL:  "I  would  like  to  pass  on  this  unusual  observation  regarding  germination  of 
tropical  Drosera  seed.  About  one  year  ago  I  received  in  trade,  a  very  generous  supply  of 
D.  spathulata  seed.  All  normal  combinations  of  soil,  heat,  and  lighting  failed  to  break 
dormancy  in  any  of  the  seed  and  I  concluded  that  they  had  been  killed  by  frost  in  transit. 

Last  fall  I  was  preparing  some  D.  intermedia  seed  for  the  cold  treatment,  stratification, 
that  they  require  for  germination  and  decided  to  plant  some  of  the  D.  spathulata  seed  as 
well.  The  treatment  I  normally  use  for  temperate  and  northern  species  is  to  plant  the 
seed  in  an  equal  mix,  by  dry  weight,  of  silica  sand  and  peat,  moisten  and  refrigerate  at  4°  C. 
(39°  F.)  for  2-3  months.  At  the  end  of  this  period  they  are  brought  to  room  temperature  and 
usually  begin  to  germinate  in  2-3  weeks.  Using  this  method  with  D.  spathulata,  over  600 
seeds  germinated  of  an  originally  estimated  400  planted. 

"Subsequent  tests  with  cold  treatment  of  D.  brevif olia ,  D.  burmanni ,  D.  capensis ,  and  D. 
montana,  which  did  germinate  well  at  room  temperature,  revealed  that  there  was  no  significant 
decrease  in  germination  rates  using  this  method.  Although  I  can  offer  no  physiological 
explanation  for  this  form  of  dormancy  break,  I  do  highly  recommend  stratification  for  all 
northern  CP  and  suggest  that  no  harm  is  done  with  some  tropicals  as  well.  So,  when  all  else 
fails.  Cool  It." 

ARNOLD  MONETT  relates  a  tragic  experience:  "Upon  regularly  checking  the  humidity  in  my  55 
gallon  terrarium,  I  found  a  constant  but  rapid  drop  in  my  humidity.  It  was  caused  by  an 
uneven  piece  of  glass  that  I  have  laying  on  top  of  the  terrarium  to  seal  in  the  humidity.  I 
decided  to  seal  the  uneven  piece  of  glass  with  aquarium  cement  to  see  what  the  results  would 
be.  I  did  this  before  going  to  bed  and  the  next  morning,  disaster.  I  lost  dozens  of  my 
sundews,  several  of  my  Darlingtonia  californica,  Sarracenla  and  butterwort  Plnguicula. 

Checking  further  into  this  problem,  I  have  realized  where  I  went  wrong:  it  was  the  aquarium 
cement  releasing  acetic  acid  when  drying.  I,  for  one,  have  learned  a  lesson  and  am  glad  to 
pass  it  on;  after  all,  trial  and  error  increases  our  experience." 

DON  HOTH  sent  the  following  on  growing  Nepenthes  under  lights:  "I  have  been  growing  my 
Nepenthes  gracilis  under  fluorescent  lights  for  ten  months  in  my  greenhouse.  I  keep  the 
plant  in  a  clear  plastic  chamber  for  extra  humidity.  The  plant  pot  is  nested  in  another  pot 
for  added  drainage.  The  greenhouse  is  made  of  two-by-two's,  is  five  feet  long,  four  feet 
high,  and  three  feet  wide.  The  wood  is  painted  white,  the  floor  is  made  of  half-inch  ply¬ 
wood  also  painted  white.  On  the  outside  is  stapled  clear  plastic  dropcloths,  and  over  that 
is  stapled  a  white  bed  sheet  to  reflect  the  light.  The  light  system  is  two  twin  bays,  one 
warm  white  and  one  Gro-lux  in  each  fixture. 

"The  plant  is  potted  in  a  six-inch  pot  in  milled  sphagnum,  watered  three  times  a  week.  I 
mist  foliar  feed  twice  a  week  with  a  half  teaspoon  per  pint  of  fish  emulsion  in  distilled 
water.  I  keep  the  chamber  directly  under  the  lights,  but  cover  the  top  with  the  afore¬ 
mentioned  white  cloth  to  reflect  excess  light.  Since  the  plant  has  been  under  lights,  each 
pitcher  has  been  larger  than  sun-grown  plants.  Also,  each  pitcher  under  lights  has  taken 
on  a  deep  red  hue  of  the  lip  and  all  of  the  hood. 

"Too  much  light  will  bleach  the  leaves  yellow.  Keeping  the  plant  ten  inches  away  from  the 
lights  and  using  the  white  cloth  prevents  yellowing.  The  greenhouse  temperature  is  80°  F. 
day  and  65°  F.  to  70°F.  at  night." 

ANDY  LANIER  AND  BARRY  BROOKS  have  found  an  unusual  Drosera  near  West  Palm  Beach,  Florida, 
growing  in  a  site  condemned  for  development.  At  first,  they  thought  it  might  be  D. 
intermedia  and  were  interested  because  this  species  has  not  been  reported  that  far  south. 
Further  observation  disclosed  that  the  plant  did  not  "stem  up"  as  does  D.  intermedia,  but 
even  in  bright  light  the  leaves  are  only  semi-decumbent.  The  blades  and  petioles  are  much 
like  D.  intermedia  and  the  flower  is  pale  pink  on  a  very  tall  stalk.  Since  the  location  is 
destined  for  construction,  Barry  will  send  plants  to  anyone  who  is  interested  in  studying 
them  along  with  us.  Write  BARRY  BROOKS,  19811  NE  19th  Avenue,  North  Miami  Beach,  FL  33179  * 

BE  SURE  to  include  $1.00  to  help  defray  postage  and  packing  materials.  Due  to  high  water, 
delivery  may  be  delayed  as  late  as  December. 


Vol.  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-40- 


Most  of  us  have  read  in  the  older  literature  how  northern  Europeans  used  an  extract  of 
native  Plngulcula  sp .  to  clabber  milk  and  produce  an  edible  material  much  like  a  custard, 
yogurt  or  junket.  Dr.  EDGAR  WHERRY  sent  us  an  ad  recently  describing  the  commercial 
availability  of  dried  starter  for  such  a  material,  along  with  recipes  which  read  rather 
tastily.  Once  a  starter  package  is  mixed  with  milk  or  cream  and  gels,  portions  of  this 
can  be  used  to  continue  the  process.  For  information,  send  a  stamped  self-addressed 
envelope  to  the  company  here  in  the  US:  Piima,  Box  2614,  LaMesa,  CA  92041.  The  material 
is  called  PIIMA  and  is  imported. 

While  botanizing  in  Charles  County,  southern  Maryland,  MICHAEL  HUNT  reported  large 
numbers  of  Drosera  intermedia ,  Drosera  flllf ormls ,  and  some  of  the  largest  pitchers  of 
Sarracenla  purpurea  that  he  had  ever  seen.  He  did  not  observe  D.  rotundlf olla  in  this 
particular  bog,  however. 

ROLF  RAWE  writes:  "I  would  like  to  start  by  complimenting  you  on  the  very  excellent  news¬ 
letter  put  out  by  you.  For  its  size  (and  age),  I  think  that  it  contains  the  highest 
concentration  of  eminently  useful  material  I  have  come  across  in  any  botanical  journal, 
and  I  subscribe  to  virtually  all  the  orchid,  cactus,  and  bromeliad  societies  as  well 
as  the  Palm  Society.  I  have  learned  a  tremendous  amount  of  cultural  information  about 
our  plants  but  to  date  have,  in  many  cases,  not  had  the  opportunity  to  apply  this  to  many 
different  genera  and/or  species.  This  being  the  reason  for  this  letter,  to  complain 
generally  about  the  unavailability  of  the  vast  number  of  Nepenthes ,  Cephalotus , 
Hellamphora,  and  Byblls ,  though,  of  course,  through  no  fault  of  your  society." 

TREVOR  KUCHEL  writes:  "I  am  still  after  seed  of  the  different  forms  of  Sarracenia 
species  and  also  natural  hybrids.  I  would  appreciate  it  again  if  you  would  kindly 
publish  another  request  for  me  please.  I  am  interested  in  purchasing  small  quantities 
(preferably  collected  wild)  and  wish  to  hear  from  private  growers  only,  as  I  hope  to 
gather  some  information  as  well.  I  have  found  out  that  Nepenthes  khaslana  are 
available  in  bulk  from  Universal  Bulb  and  Plant  Nurseries,  P.  0.  Kalimpong,  West  Bengal, 
India.  The  cost  is  U.S.  $125.00  per  100  plants.  F.O.B..  Calcutta  Airport.  Unfortunately, 
this  is  far  too  expensive  for  me.  I  do  not  know  how  long  this  will  go  on  as  I  was  told 
that  recently  the  government  of  Assam  has  banned  the  collection  of  these  plants  for 
preservation  and  would  be  turning  the  area  into  a  sanctuary.  So,  it  seems  that  the  need 
for  conservation  of  CP's  is  recognized  in  an  area  where  they  are  commercially  stripped. 

The  vernacular  name  is  Tiew-raket  meaning  demon  flower.  My  address  is:  P.O.Box  110, 

Murray  Bridge,  S.A.  5253,  Australia." 

COLIN  WHITING  happily  reports  to  us:  "In  my  article  on  S.  purpurea  in  Ireland  (CPN  IV, 

54,  1975),  I'm  afraid  I  was  misquoted--my  bad  writing,  I  guess.  In  fact,  far  from  being 
threatened  by  peat  cutting,  the  locals  have  stopped  peat  cutting  some  distance  from  the 
site.  I  mention  this  to  indicate  the  respect  that  locals  have  for  the  plants.  Also,  the 
plants  were  introduced  to  other  sites  at  the  same  time  in  1906  but  not  because  the 
original  site  was  threatened.  As  I  see  it,  the  future  for  Sarracenia  in  Ireland  is  good. 

I  hope  to  write  a  fuller  account  when  I  revisit  Ireland  next  time." 

For  those  of  you  who  like  to  hybridize  your  CP  but  are  frustrated  because  the  flowers  of 
two  different  plants  don't  bloom  at  the  same  time,  SUSAN  VERHOEK  explains  a  technique 
that  might  work  for  CP.  "The  procedure  for  using  frozen  pollen  is  explained  in  Clayberg, 
Carl  D. ,  1964.  Title:  Freeze  pollen  to  make  crosses  out  of  season.  The  Gloxinian  14(1): 
18-20.*  I  have  used  small  jars  to  hold  the  silica  drying  agent  and  an  open  shell  vial 
containing  pollen  (and  sometimes  anthers,  although  that  makes  dehydration  more  of  a 
problem).  Other  people  put  pollen  in  capsules  and  use  smaller  jars  for  the  silica  and 
capsule.  I  feel  that  pollen  maintains  some  viability  for  a  year  at  least,  although  of 
course  it  is  better  used  sooner.  This  method  has  been  used  successfully  in  at  least 
three  semi-tropical  genera  that  I  know  of,  so  it  should  do  as  well  for  the  carnivorous 
plants.  *Amer.  Glox  &  Gesneriad  Soc.,  Inc.,  103  North  St.,  Tewksbury,  MA  OI876 

STEVE  KAPA  writes:  "I've  managed  to  root  a  stem  cutting  of  Byblis  gigantea.  Last  summer 
after  flowering,  the  plant  put  out  a  side  shoot,  so  I  cut  the  main  stem  and  inserted  it 
without  hormone  treatment  in  a  barely  damp  mixture  of  sand  and  German  peat.  This  was 
wrapped  in  a  plastic  bag  and  left  in  a  cool  sheltered  area  outdoors.  Periodic  inspections! 
showed  the  cutting  was  still  green,  but  it  remained  dormant  for  one  full  year  before 
resuming  growth,  by  which  time  I  had  lost  the  original  parent  stock. 

"Drosera  trlnervla  seems  to  be  a  winter  grower.  A  small  start  fizzled  very  quickly  out¬ 
doors  last  summer,  yet  it  spontaneously  reappeared  during  the  cold  of  winter.  By  early 
spring  it  reached  full  size  (1")  and  flowered.  At  the  end  of  May  the  top  growth  had 
browned  off  again.  Like  several  other  S.  African  species  it  probably  forms  a  thickened  J 
root  to  survive  the  summer.  I  suspect  that  our  American  D.  brevlfolla  shares  this  habit. 
Both  species  are  similar  in  color,  size,  and  growth  habit.  When  Jimmy  Payne  collected 
D.  brevlfolla  in  Texas,  he  found  them  in  abundance  during  February,  but  they  were  almost  1 
gone  in  summer.  I  grew  them  in  4"  of  sand-peat  mix,  but  have  not  yet  tried  any  other  type! 
of  medium." 


-41- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


DAVID  TAYLOR  visited  the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Oxford,  England  to  view  their  CP  collection.  He 
sent  along  a  few  photographs  showing  a  variety  of  Sarracenia  species  and  hybrids  in  bloom 
inside  their  greenhouse.  The  plants  are  growing  in  large  mats  of  living  sphagnum  moss  in  a 
type  of  natural  habitat  setting  among  the  rotted  logs,  moss  covered  rocks;  and  spotted 
here  and  there  are  some  Drosera  plants.  A  very  nice  collection  to  see. 

ED  TANAKA  writes:  "I  am  a  novice  CP  enthusiast  who  enjoys  and  appreciates  CPN  a  great  deal. 

I  think  the  informal  format  and  diversity  of  articles  are  appropriate  for  the  general  CP 
audience.  However,  being  a  beginner,  I  would  like  to  see  a  "Beginner's  Corner"  where 
rather  basic  do's  and  don't's  and  how's  would  be  included.  Some  of  the  material  might  be 
obvious  and  worthless  to  experienced  CP  growers,  but  for  the  novice  and  uninitiated  growers, 
it  could  be  a  gold  mine.  For  example,  what  confuses  me  is:  does  it  matter  all  that  much 
whether  sphagnum  moss  (long  fiber)  is  used  instead  of  a  4:1  mix  of  sand  and  peat  moss? 

I  read  about  all  sorts  of  different  formulas,  ratios,  and  components  for  mixes  in  various 
books,  from  CPN  and  from  commercial  growers.  Please  help!" 

JOE  MAZRIMAS  says:  "I  use  live  sphagnum  moss  because  it  is  a  good  indicator  for  anything 
that  might  go  wrong  with  my  CP.  In  fact,  sphagnum  moss  is  an  excellent  cation  exchanger — 
it  grabs  onto  divalent  cations  in  tap  water  such  as  magnesium,  calcium,  copper,  zinc,  etc. 
and  releases  hydrogen  ions.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  watering  sphagnum  with  tap  water 
soon  builds  up  salt  levels  to  such  a  high  degree  that  sphagnum  is  killed  and  so  is  the 
plant  (usually  a  rare  CP).  So,  as  long  as  sphagnum  is  watered  with  water  that  is  low  in 
dissolved  salts,  the  moss  stays  green  and  healthy,  and  so  does  the  particular  CP  plant  that 
is  in  it.  Even  so-called  "dead  moss"  (brown  peat  moss)  is  a  pretty  good  cation  exchanger 
but  there  is  no  indication  here  that  salts  are  building  up  in  the  medium  after  a  period  of 
time.  One  must  repot  the  plant  in  fresh  peat  moss  periodically  to  assure  that  the  CP  plant 
will  continue  to  grow  well.  Most  CP  plants  detest  high  salt  levels  in  the  medium  and 
usually  do  not  grow  well  when  watered  with  water  that  has  a  high  salt  level.  Usually,  water 
containing  about  25  ppm  or  less  of  dissolved  salt  is  suitable  for  most  CP.  Live  sphagnum 
moss  also  indicates  moisture  content.  Moss  with  low  moisture  content  turns  from  green  to 
white.  Addition  of  water  to  the  white  moss  will  return  it  to  its  green  color  within  a  few 
hours.  Thus,  one  may  use  sphagnum  moss  for  CP  plants  that  prefer  to  grow  on  the  dryish  side 
as  Byblis  and  Drosophyllum  by  maintaining  a  moss  state  that  is  neither  very  green  nor  very 
white  but  somewhere  in  between.  Everyone  has  a  different  living  style  and  I  plant  my 
plants  in  a  particular  planting  medium  which  requires  occasional  watering.  Since  I  am  very 
busy,  this  method  utilizes  a  minimum  of  my  time  needed  for  watering.  That's  why  I  use 
sphagnum  moss  when  I  can.  Others  use  mixtures  of  sand  and  peat  or  other  exotic  mixtures 
(even  commercial  mixes  for  growing  African  violets)  for  growing  CP  but  these  require  more 
frequent  watering  to  keep  up  with  the  growing  CP.  So,  many  of  the  formulas  and  various 
mixes  you  find  in  books  and  CPN  just  reflect  what  is  available  to  the  grower,  how  much  he 
can  spend  on  growing  medium  and  how  much  time  he  wishes  to  devote  to  watering  and  caring 
for  carnivorous  plants." 

The  first  annual  symposium  on  carnivorous  plants  was  held  on  June  2,  1976  at  Tulane 
University  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  USA.  This  meeting  was  part  of  the  annual  AIBS  meeting 
(American  Institute  of  Biological  Scientists)  which  took  place  on  the  Tulane  campus  between 
May  30  and  June  4.  The  symposium  was  arranged  by  Dr.  Daniel  H.  Franck  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  who  called  upon  various  scientists  with  varying  interests  in  CP  to  give  a  thirty 
minute  talk  about  their  interests  and  research  to  the  visiting  scientists  from  all  over  the 
country.  The  CP  program  was  as  follows:  Speaker  and  title  — - 

Daniel  Franck  Comparative  Morphology  of  Tubular  Leaves. 

The  speaker  explained  the  origin  of  tubular  leaves  in  CP  and  used  Darlingtonia  as  an 
example  of  how  these  leaves  originated  from  the  meristem  tissue  of  the  plant.  An 
historical  perspective  which  included  the  theories  of  many  noted  botanists  of  the 
past  was  used  to  compare  the  current  research  to  the  observations  of  other  scientists. 

A  more  thorough  review  of  this  subject  will  appear  in  a  future  issue  of  Biological  Review. 

Stephen  Williams  Action  Potentials  in  Carnivorous  Plants. 

Dr.  Williams  from  Lebanon  Valley  College  described  his  research  on  the  action 
potentials  of  Drosera,  Drosophyllum,  Aldrovanda  and  Dionaea  in  relation  to  their 
sensory  structures.  He  also  discussed  the  evolutionary  relationships  of  the  genera  in 
respect  to  the  type  of  sensory  apparatus  that  each  one  contained  from  the  primitive 
to  the  more  advanced  type.  A  paper  describing  this  research  will  appear  in  the  Proc. 
of  the  American  Phil.  Society. 

Stuart  L.  Jacobsen  To  Catch  a  Fly:  Electrophysiological  Explorations  of  Venus'  Flytrap. 
The  speaker  concentrated  on  the  stimulatory  response  of  the  sensitive  hair  on  the 
flytrap  in  relation  to  the  source  of  the  memory.  The  interval  of  time  between  stimuli 
and  time  of  trap  closure  was  measured  and  related  to  the  response  from  different  areas 
on  and  about  the  sensitive  hair. 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-42- 


John  A.  Lindquist  Microbiology  of  Carnivorous  Plants. 

This  talk  centered  on  the  microorganisms  and  their  identification  as  isolated  from 
the  pitcher  liquor  of  Sarracenia  purpurea  in  Wisconsin.  Among  the  varied  number  of 
organisms  (see  list  in  CPN  IV,  C4) ,  65 ,  1975) >  the  presence  of  the  nitrogen¬ 
fixing  organism  Klebsiella  was  identified  but  no  actual  fixation  of  nitrogen  could 
be  detected.  Yeasts,  molds,  algae,  protozoa  and  rotifers  were  also  observed. 

Larry  E.  DeBuhr  Phylogenetic  Relationships  of  Sarraceniaceae . 

On  the  family  level,  the  speaker  presented  evidence  that  the  pitcher  plant  family 
Sarraceniaceae  is  most  closely  related  to  the  Theales  rather  than  the  other 
carnivorous  plant  families  such  as  Droseraceae  and  Nepentheaceae . 

Joseph  A.  Mazrimas  Horticultural  Aspects  of  Carnivorous  Plants. 

A  review  of  the  many  plant  species  in  cultivation  was  shown  and  the  significant 
research  results  were  discussed  in  relation  to  seed  germination,  pollination  and 
various  growing  mediums  for  propagation  of  the  rare  species  of  CP. 

MICHAEL  HOMICK  noted  an  aberrant  flower  in  one  of  his  Drosera  rotundifolla.  The  sepals 
opened  but  the  petals  did  not  until  a  day  or  two  later  when  a  plantlet  forced  its  way  up 
between  the  petals.  The  leaves  of  the  plantlet  form  domes  at  the  outer  ends  with 
stamens  growing  downward  from  the  upper  part  of  the  dome.  Tentacles  secreting  mucilage 
grow  on  the  petiole,  and  some  glands  were  also  noted  on  the  sepals. 

PHILIP  SHERIDAN  (5729  S.  2nd  Street,  Arlington,  VA  22204)  is  looking  for  a  commercial 
source  of  live,  green  sphagnum  in  quantity. 

SHORT  NOTES 


PEAT,  PEAT  AND  REPEAT 

by  Donald  Schnell 

The  relative  value  of  each  of  three  kinds  of  "peat"  most  frequently  used  by  CP  growers 
in  their  peat-sand  mixes — that  is,  Canadian,  German  and  Michigan  peats — has  often  been 
discussed  in  anecdotal  terms,  each  side  for  each  peat  often  taking  very  firm  stands  lead¬ 
ing  to  much  confusion.  My  own  impression  of  the  sum  and  total  of  these  discussions  is 
that  very  few  people  recommend  using  Michigan  peat,  claiming  it  is  "too  rich"  and  of  the 
wrong  physical  texture  for  good  CP  culture.  There  are  strong  adherents  to  German  peat 
who  particularly  acclaim  a  good  texture,  little  breakdown  over  a  year  or  more  of  use, 
minimal  surface  algal  growth  and  stronger  growth  in  plants  transplanted  Into  the  material. 
Users  of  Canadian  peat  suggest  that  the  latter  is  an  equivalent  of  the  imported  material  I 
and  see  no  difference  in  using  either  one. 

While  no  simple  project  is  going  to  completely  resolve  the  question  of  which  peat — if 
indeed  any  of  these — is  best  for  growing  CP,  we  felt  that  some  basic  chemical  test 
results  thrown  into  the  hopper  of  discord  might  offer  some  useful  information.  We  used 
standard  quantitative  and  semi-quantitative  (the  latter ^especially  with  trace  elements) 
soil  analysis  methods,  not  to  be  confused  with  the  little  three  element  kits  available 
in  garden  shops.  Canadian  peat  studied  was  'Premier'  brand;  German,  an  unknown  import 
supplied  to  us  by  Rich  Sivertsen;  and  Michigan  peat  was  'Singing  Hills'  brand.  Following1 
are  physical  and  analytical  observations: 

Canadian  peat — In  dry  state,  a  pale  brown,  fibrous  moderately  course  material  with  an 
aromatic  odor.  Larger  fragments  of  twigs  and  roots  are  mixed  throughout  the  material. 
Occasional  mats  of  peat  are  noted  which  require  breaking  up  prior  to  mixing.  Wet,  the 
peat  becomes  noticeably  darker  and  the  fibrous  texture  softens;  the  aromatic  odor 
intensifies . 

German  peat — In  dry  state,  still  lighter  brown  than  the  preceding  with  a  coarser  fibrous  ; 
texture  and  fewer  larger  twigs  and  roots.  Odor  was  also  aromatic  but  of  a  different 
character.  There  was  much  more  matting  of  this  peat.  Wet,  the  peat  did  not  darken  as 
much  as  the  preceding  nor  did  the  fibrous  texture  soften  as  much.  Interestingly, 
during  our  extraction  procedure  for  chemical  analysis,  we  noted  that  German  peat  absorbecj 
20%  more  liquid  than  did  Canadian  peat. 

Michigan  peat — In  a  dry  state,  a  silty  black  material  with  an  "earthy" odor — fibrous 
structure  very  weak.  Occasional  larger  twigs  and  roots  also  found;  little  or  no  matting.' 
Wet,  the  peat  took  on  the  character  of  muck  or  wet  silt  with  no  structure. 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


-43- 


Differentlal  chemical  analysis--The  following  comparative  chart  is  the  result  of  our 
analysis : 


Canadian 

German 

Michigan 

pH 

4.2 

4.4 

5.2 

Nitrate  nitrog. 

0 

0 

20 

Phosphorus 

15 

10 

25 

Potassium 

12 

18 

12 

Calcium 

20 

20 

5500* 

Ammonia  nitrog. 

2 

2 

2 

Magnesium 

20 

20 

20 

Manganese 

0 

0 

0 

Aluminum 

0 

0 

0 

Nitrite  nitrog. 

0 

0 

0 

Ferric  iron 

0 

0 

0 

Sulfate 

0 

0 

0 

Chloride 

6 

10 

4 

Except  for  pH, 

numerical 

values  are 

in  PPM. 

We  hesitate  to  interpret  these  results  too  closely  since  many  of  the  differences  are  not 
chemically  significant.  Our  pH  method  is  quite  sensitive  and  obviously  Canadian  and  German 
peats  are  more  acid  than  Michigan.  Michigan  peat  is  indeed  "richer"  in  the  usual  horticultural 
sense  in  that  higher  levels  of  nitrogen  (nitrate)  and  phosphorus  are  present.  Very  startling 
was  the  large  quantity  of  calcium  in  Michigan  peat;  we  checked  this  result  with  several 
repeats  (no  pun  intended).  We  feel  that  the  increased  level  of  potassium  in  German  peat  is 
of  borderline  significance,  but  may  be  of  importance  in  light  of  current  concepts  of  the 
function  of  potassium  in  certain  physiologic  processes. 


A  word  of  caution:  First,  sampling  is  limited  since  only  material  from  a  single  batch  or 
bag  was  used.  Secondly,  we  can  only  speak  for  the  elements  analyzed;  there  may  be  many 
others  which  in  trace  amounts  could  be  important,  some  such  as  copper,  boron  and  zinc,  and 
others  as  yet  undefined  regarding  their  rolls  in  plant  physiology. 

NOTES  ON  ABNORMAL  FLORAL  DEVELOPMENT 
IN  PINGUI CULA 
by  Landon  T.  Ross 


Based  on  some  recent  casual  observations,  abnormal  floral  development  would  seem  to  be 
rather  common  in  Pinguicula.  During  a  field  investigation  in  Liberty  Co.,  Florida,  in 
February,  1976,  flowers  were  examined  in  a  mixed  colony  of  Pinguicula  planifolia  and  P. 
ionantha.  About  twenty  specimens  of  each  species  were  observed  and  two  unusual  flowers 
were  noted. 

One  small  individual  of  P.  planifolia  (rosette  diameter  5-8 
cm.),  with  a  single  scape,  had  a  small  flower  (expanded 
corolla  21  mm.  in  diameter)  with  seven  corolla  lobes  and  with 
the  calyx  lips  both  three  cleft.  There  are  typically  five 
corolla  lobes  in  Pinguicula  and  the  lower  calyx  lobe  is 
usually  two  cleft.  Other  than  the  multiple  perianth  parts, 
the  flower  was  entirely  normal. 

A  moderate  sized  specimen  of  P.  ionantha  (rosette  diameter 
9.3  cm.)  was  considerably  more  unusual.  It  had  three  scapes, 
two  of  which  had  normal  flowers.  The  third  scape  was 
terminated  by  two  flowers  with  more  or  less  fused  calyces 
(see  illustration).  The  uppermost  flower  was  not  unusual 
anatomically  although  it  was  rotated  about  80°  counter¬ 
clockwise  from  the  usual  position,  with  the  spur  thus  being 
directed  to  the  right  when  the  corolla  was  viewed  from  the 
front.  The  lower,  second  flower  was  considerably  modified. 
Three  relatively  well  developed  spurs  were  present  as  well  as 
two  short  processes  on  the  corolla  tube  which  appeared  to 
be  incompletely  developed  spurs.  Two  palates  were  also 
observed  on  alternate  corolla  lobes;  one  slightly  smaller 
than  usual,  and  the  other  only  about  one- quarter  of  the  normal  size.  Finally,  the  second 
flower  was  sterile,  both  male  and  female  organs  being  absent. 


Vol.  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


--44- 


CP  FIELD  TRIP  FROM  NORTH  CAROLINA  TO  NOVA  SCOTIA 

by  Richard  Cross 

In  late  June  of  1975,  I  journeyed  to  the  east  coast  on  a  combination  vacation  and  CP 
search.  Landing  in  Washington,  D.C.,  my  first  contact  was  with  Allan  Marmelstein.  Allan 
was  very  informative  and  inspired  me  to  head  south  to  North  Carolina  where  it  was  possible 
to  see  Dionaea  in  its  natural  habitat.  So,  on  June  27,  I  found  myself  just  west  of 
Morehead  City,  North  Carolina. 

As  my  three  companions  and  I  approached  the  first  site  Allan  had  suggested,  we  were  able 
to  observe  with  ease  a  phenomenon  new  to  us  native  Southern  Californians  and  necessary 
for  many  CP — that  of  high  temperature  and  high  humidity.  The  area  was  a  small,  moderately 
open  field  in  the  midst  of  an  evergreen  forest  covered  with  grasses  and  sparsely  situated 
shrubs.  The  field  was  longer  in  the  north-south  direction  than  in  the  east-west  and  was 
bordered  on  the  south  by  the  paved  road  on  which  we  had  entered  the  area. 

In  our  initial  search  of  the  field,  we  were  only  able  to  find  D.  caplllarls .  These  were 
very  plentiful,  bright  red  in  color  and  appeared  to  prefer  areas  near  creek  beds  (now  dry) 
or  the  margins  of  the  field  where  the  grass  was  taller.  Soil  was  sandy  in  the  creek  beds; 
and  in  the  field  proper  and  its  margins,  soil  was  sandy  with  a  thin  peat  covering. 

As  we  prepared  to  leave  the  area,  we  finally  noticed  a  few  specimens  of  D.  intermedia  in 
the  creek  to  the  east  of  the  field.  These  were  located  near  the  very  edge  and  on  the 
steep  banks  of  the  creek  bed,  but  were  very  few  in  number.  The  D.  Intermedia  also  had 
bright  red  leaf  blades  and  petioles.  There  were  no  D.  caplllarls  growing  in  the  vicinity 
of  these  D.  intermedia  although  they  were  present  at  higher  elevations  of  the  bank. 

We  were  returning  to  the  car  encouraged  by  our  find,  but  somewhat  disappointed  at  not 
having  found  any  Dionaea  when  we  were  delighted  by  a  small  patch  of  Dionaea  not  more  than 
100  feet  from  the  road.  As  an  added  bonus,  Plnguicula  caerulea  was  commingled  with  the 

Dionaea.  The  area  was  about  four  feet  in  diameter  and  the  soil  was  sandy  or  sandy  with 

a  peat  covering.  Several  of  the  Dionaea  had  1-2  foot  flower  stalks  that  had  set  jet 
black  seed.  The  inside  of  the  traps  ranged  in  color  from  green  to  deep  red  with  green  | 

being  in  the  definite  minority.  The  plants  were  closely  spaced  and  formed  a  small  green 

and  red  carpet  over  the  ground.  P.  caerulea  was  not  so  abundant  as  the  Dionaea. 

We  were  all  in  elevated  spirits  as  we  departed  from  the  first  site,  having  seen  and  photo-j 
graphed  four  species  of  CP  in  a  relatively  small  area.  We  then  decided  to  stop  briefly 
near  the  road  at  a  second  site  Allan  had  suggested  in  the  same  vicinity.  At  this  site  we 
were  able  to  find  all  the  species  we  had  found  at  the  first  site  excepting  Dionaea; 
instead,  we  found  "clumps"  of  sphagnum  moss.  These  clumps  were  about  six  inches  above 
the  ground  surface  and  about  three  feet  in  diameter.  It  seemed  that  P.  caerulea  had 
claimed  exclusive  rights  to  these  sphagnum  clumps  while  D.  caplllarls  and  D.  Intermedia 
remained  at  ground  level  or  near  the  wet  roadside  gully. 

We  returned  to  Washington,  D.  C.  with  the  idea  in  mind  now  of  heading  north  along  the 
coast  to  Canada.  Having  read  Richard  Sivertsen's  article  (CRN  Vol.  II,  No.  1)  among 
others  pertaining  to  the  New  Jersey  Pine  Barrens,  I  was  very  much  interested  in  stopping  t 
at  the  Barrens  on  the  way  north. 

Our  first  stop  In  the  Pine  Barrens  was  at  the  Park  Office  of  the  Bass  River  State  Forest. 
When  we  were  unable  to  locate  the  abundant  Sarracenia  purpurea  described  in  Richard's 
article,  we  asked  at  the  Park  Office  for  information  that  would  possibly  lead  us  to  a 
stand.  We  were  erroneously  told  that  the  only  S.  purpurea  around  could  be  found  only 
near  Batso  Village  in  Wharton  State  Forest  approximately  twelve  miles  to  the  west. 

So,  the  morning  of  June  20,  we  found  ourselves  on  a  trail  leading  from  the  center  of 
the  restored  village  of  Batso  looking  for  CP.  After  searching  the  area  for  over  an  hour, 
we  finally  came  to  an  open  expanse  defined  by  the  surrounding  forest  and  a  large  stream. 

The  most  striking  features  of  the  area  were  the  intense  reddishness  of  the  soil  and  the 
rust-oily  look  of  the  water  in  the  stream,  both  due  to  the  high  iron  content  of  the  soil  , 
in  the  Barrens.  With  the  use  of  organoleptic  analysis,  and  assisted  by  my  neophyte 
experience,  I  was  able  to  typify  soil  classification  for  the  area  as  "damp  reddish  dirt." 

A  large  pond  and  localizations  of  small  shrubs  and  grasses  comprised  the  remaining 
salient  features  of  the  terrain. 

It  was  near  the  pond  that  we  first  noticed  small  mats  of  D.  Intermedia.  Closer  to  the 
stream,  we  found  many  more  D.  intermedia  again  closely  spaced  to  form  mats;  but  occasional 
solitary  specimens  could  be  seen.  The  petioles  and  leaves  of  all  D.  Intermedia  observed  ! 
were  red.  These  plants  preferred  habitats  moderately  open  and  interspersed  with  grass — 
this  as  opposed  to  the  bare  fifty  foot  wide  banks  of  the  stream  or  the  more  densely 
vegetated  areas. 


-45- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


It  was  particularly  fascinating  to  find  that  the  larger  insects,  such  as  dragonflies  and 
craneflies,  which  were  captured  in  these  mats  were  not  held  by  any  single  plant  but  rather 
by  several  cooperating  plants.  Thus,  it  would  seem  the  close  spacing  of  plants  in  the  mats 
is  a  decided  advantage  to  the  mat  community  in  that  it  increases  potential  victim  size. 

In  the  same  locale,  one  could  find  an  occasional  lone  D.  f iliformls .  These  were  so  few  In 
number  that  it  was  hard  to  define  with  any  certainty  their  preferred  habitat.  However,  a 
small  majority  were  found  at  the  edges  of  the  grassy  areas  and  where  larger  shrubs  began 
growing.  In  these  cases,  the  plants  were  usually  hidden  by  the  shrub.  One  of  the  D. 
f iliformls  had  put  forth  a  single  flower  stalk  that  appeared  developed  though  actual  bloom¬ 
ing  had  not  yet  begun. 

Having  succeeded  in  not  finding  any  S.  purpurea  In  the  Batso  area,  we  returned  to  the  Bass 
River  State  Forest  for  one  last  attempt  at  uncovering  any  CP.  The  region  we  scrutinized  was 
situated  at  the  end  of  one  of  the  arms  of  Lake  Absegami  where  a  slow  moving  stream  enters 
the  lake.  This  is  also  about  fifty  yards  from  the  same  Park  Office  at  which  we  first 
stopped.  There  is  a  small  wood  plank  walkway  that  crosses  the  stream  here,  but  the  stream 
itself  Is  not  visible  at  this  point  for  it  is  covered  entirely  by  a  blanket  of  green 

I  sphagnum  moss  embedded  with  pitchers  of  S.  purpurea.  The  pitchers  were  very  green  with  no 
signs  of  red  venation.  The  green  coloration  of  both  the  sphagnum  and  the  S.  purpurea  were 
most  likely  due  to  the  reduced  light  level  brought  about  by  the  densely  populated  cedar 
trees  at  this  locale.  The  S.  purpurea  typically  had  3-5  long  thin  pitchers  per  plant.  By 
pushing  the  sphagnum  away  from  the  base  of  the  plants,  several  generations  of  dead  pitchers 
became  visible.  It  was  also  in  this  area  that  we  found  an  occasional  patch  of  D. 
rotundifolia  in  the  sphagnum  and  in  one  case  several  growing  in  the  tree  moss  on  a  log. 

We  followed  the  rim  of  the  lake  from  here  towards  the  main  body  of  water  and  noted  that  the 
concentration  of  cedar  trees  was  thinning  considerably.  Now,  the  stream  had  taken  on  the 
appearance  of  a  large  pond  dotted  by  cedar  trees .  At  the  base  of  each  tree  were  large 
sphagnum  mounds  with  a  few  S.  purpurea.  These  specimens  had  the  characteristic  maroon 
coloring,  and  several  flower  stalks  could  be  seen.  As  I  had  no  waders,  all  observations 
were  made  from  the  lake  rim;  moreover,  the  privacy  of  the  plants  was  maintained  by  some 
rather  nasty  thickets.  From  my  restricted  perch,  it  appeared  as  though  the  flowers  had 
progressed  to  the  point  where  their  petals  had  fallen.  There  were  as  many  as  twenty  pitchers 
per  plant  on  several  of  the  specimens  sighted. 

Following  the  southern  rim  of  the  lake  beyond  the  auto  bridge,  we  found  D.  rotundifolia, 

D.  intermedia  and  S.  purpurea,  generally  few  in  number.  The  S.  purpurea  here  appeared 
younger  than  those  noted  above,  though  coloring  was  maroon.  Content  with  our  findings,  and 
with  the  day’s  temperature  rising,  we  ended  our  explorations  and  headed  north. 

By  July  2,  our  journey  had  taken  us  to  Mount  Desert  Island  off  the  coast  of  Maine.  A  large 
portion  of  Mt.  Desert  Island  is  the  Acadia  National  Park,  and  among  the  many  enjoyable  things 
to  see  in  the  park  is  the  botanical  display  at  Sieur  de  Monts  Spring.  The  "display"  is 
really  a  3/4  acre  plot  of  land  in  which  many  plant  species  indigenous  to  Mt .  Desert  Island 
are  grown  for  the  benefit  of  interested  people.  According  to  the  self-guided  tour  pamphlet. 

Dr.  Edgar  T.  Wherry's  book  Wild  Flowers  of  Mt .  Desert  Island  was  used  as  a  guide  in  the 
selection  of  species.  We  were  surprised  to  find  a  small  artificial  bog  in  which  D. 
intermedia,  D.  rotundifolia  and  S.  purpurea  were  growing.  With  a  few  inquiries  and  a 

!  twenty-minute  drive  we  found  ourselves  at  our  first  peat  bog. 

The  peat  bog  was  a  large  expanse,  measured  in  miles,  west  of  Hull's  Cove  on  Mt .  Desert 
Island.  The  entire  region  was  dominated  by  dense  low  growing  heath  vegetation,  where  the 
plants  were  so  thick  and  hearty  that  they  considerably  hampered  walking.  Despite  the  close 
proximity  to  the  ocean,  the  air  was  hot  and  humid.  If  one  looked  beneath  the  heath  covering, 
a  very  dry  sphagnum  moss  could  be  found.  I  couldn't  help  but  remember  my  first  tiny  bag  of 
sphagnum  and  now  look — miles  of  sphagnum. 

As  we  looked  out  across  the  heath,  the  familiar  red  flowers  of  S.  purpurea  could  be  seen  here 
and  there.  The  main  plants  were  not  visible,  for  they  were  completely  covered  by  the  heath 
plants;  only  the  flowers,  now  in  bloom,  could  be  seen.  All  the  S.  purpurea  specimens  I  found 
had  very  few  pitchers,  were  green  in  color,  and  seemed  in  .poor  health.  The  appearance  of 
poor  health  might  be  attributable  to  the  abnormally  lengthy  time  that  had  elapsed  since  the 
last  rains.  The  area  of  the  heath  I  was  exploring  had  a  five  yard  wide  depression  approximate¬ 
ly  four  feet  deep  and  fifty  yards  long.  The  depression  was  filled  with  stagnant  water  and 
had  a  bottom  of  pure  peat. 

j  As  this  scenario  was  to  be  typical  of  the  remaining  peat  bogs  we  were  to  see,  a  brief  outline 
of  peat  bog  ecology  may  be  in  order.  A  bog  begins  its  life  as  a  lake  or  series  of  lakes, 
often  the  product  of  ice  sheets  from  earlier  ages.  The  lake  becomes  smaller  and  more 
stagnant  as  the  surrounding  vegetation  begins  to  choke  drainage  from  the  lake  and  surrounding 
area.  Eventually,  the  stagnant  acid  water  and  cool  temperatures  prevent  organic  material 
from  completely  decomposing,  and  peat  forms.  Humic  acids  are  then  released  by  the  peat  into 
the  water,  resulting  in  the  typical  coffee  brown  color. 


Vol.  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-46- 


One  of  the  larger  plant  constituents  of  the  bog  and  thereby  one  of  the  main  sources  of 
peat  material  Is  sphagnum  moss.  As  the  sphagnum  encompassing  the  lake  grows  gradually 
upwards,  the  great  water  absorption  ability  of  the  sphagnum  causes  the  water  table  to 
rise  above  the  lake.  The  lake  in  time  becomes  filled  with  decaying  matter  and  overgrown 
by  the  acidic  plants  of  the  bog. 

The  depression  before  me  was  like  a  cross  sectional  slice  through  the  bog.  I  could  see 
clearly  the  live  sphagnum  at  the  surface  and  the  peat  below  the  sphagnum.  There  were 
places  along  the  edges  of  the  peat  bottom  of  the  depression  where  live  sphagnum  grew. 

Here  could  be  found  a  few  bright  red  D.  rotundlfolla .  A  half  dozen  or  so  S.  purpurea , 
including  a  seedling,  also  found  the  depression  a  desirable  habitat. 

We  examined  another  peat  bog  further  north  at  Fundy  National  Park  in  Canada.  This  was 
actually  a  self-guided  tour  entitled  "Les  mar£cages  et  les  betes  qui  y  vivent"  in 
French  but  more  briefly  in  English  "Bogs,  Bugs  and  Beasts."  There  were  plenty  of  all 
three  with  bugs  being  the  hands  down  winner.  The  Fundy  peat  bog  had  a  large  lake  with 
D.  intermedia  and  D.  rotundlfolla  growing  around  its  perimeter.  As  with  the  Mt .  Desert 
Island  bog,  S.  purpurea  was  present,  but  here  the  sphagnum  of  the  heath  was  light  red.' 

The  tour  was  an  excellent  example  of  bog  ecology  and  a  boardwalk  provided  a  dry  platform 
across  the  damp  heath. 

On  July  8,  we  made  our  last  CP  and  bog  stop.  This  was  on  the  west  side  of  Cape  Breton 
Highlands  National  Park  which  is  located  near  the  tip  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  highlands  along 
the  west  rise  to  an  elevation  of  about  1,000  feet  and  at  the  top  of  these  highlands  are 
seemingly  endless  heaths.  The  half  mile  hike  we  took  to  "Benjie's  Lake"  (a  bog  lake)  I 
will  always  associate  with  extremes:  the  most  northern  peat  bog  visited  (47th  parallel); 
the  most  hot  and  humid;  and  plagued  with  what  could  have  been  the  most  vicious  biting 
flies  known  to  man.  Some  members  of  the  party  still  contend  that  the  flies  actually 
bit  harder  when  they  detected  insect  repellent.  Again,  S.  purpurea,  D.  rotundifolia  and 
D.  intermedia  were  to  be  found  about  twenty  feet  from  the  lake  edge,  D.  Intermedia 
preferring  the  wetter  locations  and  S.  purpurea  in  full  bloom.  Coloring  of  both  Drosera 
in  the  region  was  red.  Observations  were  short  and  difficult  due  to  the  almost  continual  j 
hand  waving  required  to  fend  off  persistent  flies. 

South  of  Benjie's  Lake  along  the  main  road,  the  park  had  contrived  a  bog  exhibit,  again 
with  boardwalk  and  the  CP  triumvirate.  This  was  a  little  more  accessible  to  the  average 
traveller  and  lacking  a  large  body  of  water  had  fewer  insects. 

Though  our  trip  ended  in  Nova  Scotia,  we  all  would  have  been  interested  in  seeing  the  vast 
bogs  of  Newfoundland  to  the  north — maybe  next  time.  At  least  we  now  have  some  insight 
into  the  choice  of  S.  purpurea  as  the  provincial  flower  of  Newfoundland. 

PACKAGING  CARNIVOROUS  PLANTS  FOR  MAILING 
by  James  C.  Fife 

Thanks  to  the  Plant  and  Seed  Exchange,  we  enthusiasts  of  carnivorous  plants  are  able  to 
establish  friends  the  world  over.  One  of  the  best  ways  to  begin  a  friendship,  as  well  as 
increase  your  collection,  is  to  ship  or  receive  a  package  of  CPs.  But  there  are  certain  ! 

procedures  and  techniques  which  will  make  the  shipping  of  plants  safer  and  more  enjoyable. 

Sooner  or  later,  you  will  be  the  recipient  of  a  plant  package  which  will  be  in  such  a 
mangled,  crushed,  destroyed  state  you'll  probably  wish  it  was  never  sent!  However,  the 
reception  of  a  damaged  or  "destroyed"  package  doesn't  mean  the  carrier  (whether  the  postal  i 
service,  parcel  delivery  agencies,  etc.)  is  to  blame.  In  fact,  the  damage  was  probably 
due  to  improper  packing  methods.  With  the  enormous  amount  of  mail  and  parcels  delivered 
today,  the  shipper  MUST  use  the  best  method  possible  to  prevent  crushing.  Therefore,  here 
are  some  points  to  consider  before  you  send  a  friend  a  package  of  CP's: 

(1)  Decide  beforehand  exactly  what  species  and  the  quantity  of  each  species  you  will  send.  ; 
Try  to  be  generous  if  possible,  as  transplant  loss  is  expected  occasionally.  Never  send 

an  "overly  generous"  supply  of  plants  unless  the  recipient  has  informed  you  of  his  having 
ample  space  to  house  them.  If  you've  been  collecting  in  the  natural  habitat,  don't  forget 
conservation  laws. 

(2)  Select  a  very  strong  cardboard  box  sufficiently  large  to  safely  house  the  species, 
corrugated  cardboard  cartons  being  the  best.  Too  large  a  box,  however,  will  not  only 
waste  space,  cost  extra  for  postage,  and  give  the  recipient  an  illusion  of  "great 
expectations",  but  will  increase  the  likelihood  of  damage.  Remember  to  allow  some  room 
for  protective  cushioning. 

(3)  Plants  will  quickly  dehydrate  in  transit  if  not  wrapped  in  plastic.  Root  balls  or 
exposed  roots  will  survive  if  wrapped  in  damp  peat  moss  or  sphagnum,  wrapped  in  plastic. 
Never  wrap  a  specimen  in  newspaper  alone,  the  paper  will  absorb  the  moisture  and  probably 
desiccate  the  specimen.  Therefore,  make  sure  all  damp  parts  are  wrapped  in  plastic  bags 
or  wrap.  Wax  paper  is  an  excellent  substitute. 


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CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


(4)  Tall  plants  (such  as  Sarracenlas )  or  ones  with  easily  broken  traps  or  leaves  will  ship 
best  If  sent  with  strong  pieces  of  cardboard  wrapped  about  them  as  reinforcement.  The 

exact  method  of  reinforcement  is  left  up  the  shipper,  but  a  few  moments  of  thought  will  reveal 
the  possibilites  are  unlimited.  Attach  the  wrapped  specimen  to  a  piece  of  flat  cardboard; 
or  fold  cardboard  into  a  protective  sheath  for  tall  pitchers.  A  stick  from  the  branch  of 
a  tree  can  even  be  used.  Added  protection  is  easily  obtained  by  wrapping  the  reinforced 
specimen  in  newspaper. 

(5)  Always  label  each  specimen  bag,  on  the  outside  please.  Make  sure  the  label  is  legible 
and  not  smeared  by  damp  fingers.  Refrain  from  placing  more  than  one  species  in  the  same 
specimen  bag. 

(6)  Pack  the  box.  Try  to  arrange  the  specimens  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reinforce  the  card¬ 
board  box.  Open,  unused  spaces  should  be  filled  with  crushed  newspaper  or  a  substitute 
cushioning  medium.  The  packed  carton  should  feel  solid. 

(7)  It  is  always  appreciated  if  a  short  note  or  letter  is  included  with  the  specimens  telling 
what  specimens  have  been  enclosed,  where  they  came  from,  or  any  special  instructions  as  to 
their  care.  Such  a  note  will  make  the  package  more  enjoyable  and  personal. 

(8)  Wrap  the  box.  Use  strong  wrapping  paper,  freezer  paper  (dull  side  out),  or  if  the  box 
is  small  enough,  you  can  use  a  paper  grocery  bag.  Wrap  the  paper  tightly,  securing  the 
folds  with  plenty  of  strong  tape.  Don't  be  stingy  with  your  tape.  Then  tie  thick  string 
or  twine  about  the  carton  tightly.  Attach  or  print  on  the  address  labels,  and  it  is  ready 
to  ship. 

(9)  Select  the  carrier:  (a)  Use  AIRMAL  or  AIR  PARCEL  POST  for  all  packages  sent  outside  the 
U.S.  When  sending  plants  to  another  country,  check  with  the  recipient  as  to  whether  special 
permits  or  procedures  are  necessary.  Customs  forms  are  available  at  the  Post  Office. 

(b)  AIRMAIL  delivery  within  the  U.S.  takes  the  same  time  for  delivery  as  First  Class,  and 
is  expensive.  United  Parcel  Service  (UPS)  is  the  least  expensive  and  generally  takes  only 
three  days  for  delivery.  Air  Parcel  Post  is  a  relatively  inexpensive  intermediate. 

(10)  A  few  cautions:  (a)  Try  to  ship  packages  early  in  the  week  to  prevent  them  from  sitting 
dormant  over  the  weekend,  (b)  Avoid  mailing  packages  during  peak  holiday  rush  periods,  such 
as  New  Year's,  Christmas,  etc.  (c)  Never  sendsmall  plants  or  cuttings  by  placing  them  in 

an  envelope  used  for  mailing.  They  are  not  in  the  least  bit  protected  from  crushing,  and 
probably  won't  survive.  Bubble  plastic  will  afford  some  protection  when  envelopes  are  used, 
but  crushing  still  occurs.  Instead,  use  a  small  box. 

I  was  told  once  that  it  is  too  time  consuming  and  bothersome  to  go  through  all  the  above 
trouble  each  time  you  send  a  plant  to  someone.  What  is  the  use  in  sending  your  rare  plants 
if  they  are  killed  in  transit  because  you  were  too  lazy  to  take  the  precautions  against 
their  damage'. 

FEEDING  CARNIVOROUS  AQUATICS 

by  T.  W.  Brokenbro 

1.  UTRICULARIA  —  Many  CPNers  find  much  difficulty  in  obtaining  as  well  as  keeping  food  for 
aquatic  Utricularia  (and  their  close  allies  Biovularia  and  Polypompholyx ) ,  so  the  following 
may  be  of  interest.  One  food  which  Utrics  readily  accept  is  Daphnia  and  Cyclops  which  are  easily 
bred  with  a  little  care.  First,  a  culture  must  be  started  by  placing  crushed  lettuce  leaves 
and  chicken  or  rabbit  manure  in  a  container,  such  as  a  bucket,  in  which  there  is  rain  water. 

This  is  then  stood  in  strong  sunlight  and  fresh  air;  the  manure  and  lettuce  are  removed 
after  two  weeks.  Fresh  air  is  vital  as  spores  of  the  infusoria  which  have  dried  by  the  side 
of  some  pond  will  settle  into  the  bucket,  in  which  the  Daphnia  will  eventually  feed. 

This  first  process  can  be  speeded  up  by  first  boiling  the  manure/lettuce  mixture  which  is 
then  allowed  to  cool  and  age  for  two  or  three  days.  The  infusoria  culture  can  then  be 
added  by  obtaining  a  half  pint  of  pond  water  or  lake  water.  (I  will  exchange  CP  for  a  start 
of  the  culture  if  any  CPNer  wants  any . )  The  bucket  must  now  be  given  ample  sunlight  for  the 
infusoria  to  breed  correctly.  I  would  not  use  bog  water  since  it  is  too  acid  to  yield  a  high 

culture  content.  This  should  take  a  matter  of  several  days  when  the  culture  should  turn  a 

medium  green  color  and  the  bottom  of  the  bucket  becomes  slightly  hazy.  To  check  this,  just 
take  a  drop  and  place  it  under  a  low  power  microscope  and  you  should  see  it  teeming  with 
freshwater  plankton.  A  visit  to  the  local  pet  shop  will  secure  your  Daphnia  and  Cyclops 

although  you  can  obtain  them  from  a  pond  where  there  are  many  species  of  varying  sizes 

suitable  for  different  sized  bladders  of  Utricularias ♦ 

A  continuous  culture  is  maintained  and  this  is  added  to  the  present  bucket  as  the  water  level 
goes  down  due  to  normal  evaporation.  Then  as  fall  approaches,  the  Daphnia  will  appear  to 
die  off,  yet  there  is  no  cause  for  alarm  as  males  will  be  appearing  (females  appear  only  in 
spring  and  summer).  They  mate  with  the  available  females  producing  eggs.  These  hatch  again 
during  spring  as  heat  and  light  increase  thus  repeating  the  process  once  more. 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-4  8- 


2.  ALDROVANDA  —  Young  guppies  can  be  bred  for  this  genus  by  placing  adult  fish  in  an 
aquarium  in  a  ratio  of  one  male  to  three  females.  As  the  fish  are  live  bearers,  the  new 
young  editions  can  be  prevented  from  being  eaten  by  their  parents  by  the  installation  of 
a  breeding  trap,  from  which  the  young  fry  can  be  removed  as  required  to  be  placed  in  the 
Aldrovanda  tank.  However,  don’t  be  tempted  to  place  too  many  fry  into  the  tank  at  once 
as  at  a  certain  age  they  will  be  able  to  attack  and  eat  the  very  plant  you  are  trying  to 
feed.  The  above  can  be  used  successfully  with  the  Utric  species  which  have  large  bladders 
If  one  can  maintain  a  minimum  temperature  of  24°  C. ,  guppies  can  also  be  bred  throughout 
the  year  supplying  a  much  needed  food  source  when  many  others  are  scarce.  Also  try  Brine 
shrimp  which  can  be  obtained  in  egg  form  from  your  local  aquarists  shop. 

3.  GENLISEA  —  The  infusoria  culture  is  ideal  for  this  small  plant.  Try  adding  a  few 
drops  to  its  growing  medium  every  so  often. 

4.  ZOOPHAGUS  —  The  tiny  animal  called  Rotatoria  on  which  this  plant  particularly  feeds 
should  easily  be  found  in  pond  water  after  examination  under  a  microscope. 

5.  ENDOCAHLEUS  —  This  fungus  lives  by  attacking  amoeba  which  it  eventually  kills.  A 
regular  supply  of  amoeba  can  be  obtained  by  scooping  up  a  small  quantity  of  the  bottom 
mud  of  a  pond  in  a  wide-necked  bottle.  If  any  amoeba  are  present  in  this  mixture,  they  wi 
after  several  days  show  up  as  minute  gray  dots  (only  just  seen  by  the  naked  eye)  on  glass 
slides.  As  these  one-celled  animals  live  on  such  life  as  diatoms  and  minute  green  algae, 
a  pond  known  to  be  rich  in  these  can  supply  an  ideal  food  source  to  breed  the  creature. 


REFERENCES 


The  Freshwater  Aquarium 
Observers  Book  of  Pond  Life 
Freshwater  Life 
Carnivorous  Plants 
Insectivorous  Plants 


R.  F.  O'Connell 
John  Clegg 
John  Clegg 
Randall  Schwartz 
Charles  Darwin 


DIGESTION  PROCESS  OF  DIONAEA  MUSCIPULA 
AS  ANALYZED  WITH  KIRLIAN  PHOTOGRAPHY  I 

by  William  C.  Leikam  and  Don  S.  McNeil 

Kirlian  photography  involves  the  contact  exposure  of  an  object  with  high  voltage,  not 
lenses  and  light.  The  result  is  a  visible  flaring  emission  pattern  extending  from  the 
object  across  the  film.  This  pattern  changes  in  consistent  ways  as  internal  changes  withi 
the  object  occur.  Such  changes  might  be  the  emotional  state  of  a  person,  or  the  physical 
condition  of  a  plant,  i.e.,  its  state  of  health.  This  flare  pattern  is  known  by  re¬ 
searchers  such  as  Dr.  Thelma  Moss  of  U.C.L.A.  as  the  corona. 

i 

It  was  upon  this  basis  of  consistent  change  in  the  corona  that  we  wondered  what  changes 
might  become  evident  upon  comparing  a  series  of  Kirlian  photographs  in  Dionaea  as  it 
proceeded  through  the  digestive  process.  If  we  could  perceive  these  concrete  changes  we  j 
surmised  that  we  could  then  "see"  the  energy  transformations  which  accompany  the  digestive]  | 
function  and,  therefore,  possibly  learn  something  about  the  digestive  cycle.  From  this  i| 
information  we  could  then  draw  several  very  tentative  conclusions  about  the  varying 
expenditures  of  energy  created  and  used  by  the  plant,  thus  allowing  us  to  "see"  where  peakl 
energy  was  being  produced  by  the  trap  in  order  to  further  digestion. 

DISCUSSION  I 

During  our  search  we  ran  a  double  series.  Figures  2  and  3  are  from  series  B  while  figures ( 
1  and  4  are  from  series  A.  Each  photograph  was  taken  at  24  hour  intervals  save  for 
figures  1  and  2.  Although  the  photographs  actually  shown  here  are  from  two  series,  they 
accurately  reflect  what  was  found  in  each  independent  sampling. 

Thus,  figure  1  shows  an  open  trap  which  was  empty  but  was  triggered  and  closed  while  in  j 
the  high  voltage  field.  This  figure  is  used  as  our  baseline  for  comparison  with  all 
successive  photographs.  Note  that  the  corona  in  figure  1  is  rather  mottled  through  the  j 
central  region  of  the  trap  with  a  weak  corona  extending  outward  on  the  perimeter.  This  is 
characteristic  of  the  energy  level,  as  shown  by  the  corona,  while  the  trap  closes  without, 
the  presence  of  an  insect.  Figure  2,  however,  shows  the  series  B  trap  within  two  minutes | 
of  closure  on  a  severed  common  meal  worm.  Here  there  is  a  sudden  "exploding" of  the 
corona,  but  note  also  that  this  does  not  occur  evenly  about  the  trap.  This  unevenness 
indicates  that  the  greatest  flow  of  energy  within  the  trap  region  is  not  evenly  distribute!, 
thus  possibly  suggesting  that  certain  parts  of  the  trap  are,  at  the  outset,  more 
immediately  and  actively  involved  in  both  the  closure  and  initial  digestive  stages  than 
are  other  areas  of  the  trap  and/or  that  the  trap  here  is  seen  adjusting  to  internal  stres:!. 


KIRLIAN  PHOTOGRAPHY 


Dionaea  muscipula 


(See  text  for  discussion  of  figures) 


W.  C.  Leikam 
D.  S.  McNeil 


Figure  1 


Figure  4 


Vol.  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-50- 


At  24  hours  into  the  process  (figure  2A)  there  occurs  a  tremendous  flow  of  energy  which 
envelops  the  total  trap  and  stem  in  a  bright,  white  corona.  This  may  indicate  that  at 
24  hours  into  the  digestive  process  the  plant  is  well  into  its  peak  activity,  thus 
confirming  others'  research  that  there  is  a  large  outpouring  of  enzyme  activity  and  greater 
cell  action  occurring  in  this  early  stage. 

Figure  3,  at  36  hours  post-closure,  shows  another  change  in  the  corona  as  compared  with 
figure  2  in  that  the  energy  appears  to  be  refocusing  itself  into  the  trap  and  decreasing 
in  the  stem.  This  pattern  continues  as  the  process  reaches  approximately  halfway  through 
digestion.  However,  it  should  be  noted  that  even  as  the  corona  diminishes  the  total  trap 
and  stem  begins  to  take  on  a  freshness,  a  clarity  of  detail  that  is  not  seen  in  figure  1. 
This  may  indicate  three  things:  (1)  that  the  internal  energy  needed  for  digestion  occurs 
with  a  tremendous  and  sudden  burst  which  lasts  for  a  period  of  days  and  then  declines, 

(2)  that  actual  absorption  may  not  begin  until  several  days  after  closure,  and  (3)  that 
apparently  the  energy  needed  for  digestion  and  closure  once  accomplished  by  the  plant 
then  takes  on  the  characteristics  of  fading  which  imples  that  the  plant  produces  very 
little,  if  any,  new  digestive  enzymes  after  about  two  or  three  days. 

Thus,  we  see  in  figure  4,  taken  just  under  24  hours  prior  to  opening,  a  fully  renewed,  well 
fed,  and  highly  refined  corona  being  produced  by  Dionaea  as  it  returns  to  its  waiting 
and  open  state.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  increased  vigor  in  the  corona  of  figure  4, 
the  precise  and  superbly  organized  patterns  both  internally  within  the  trap  and  externally, 
indicating  a  healthy  flow  of  new  energy  moving  throughout  the  plant.  Even  a  well  fed 
plant  reflects  the  joy  of  a  good  meal.  And  so,  here,  for  the  first  time  as  far  as  we  are 
aware,  is  a  photograph  of  the  energy  transformation  of  a  meal  worm  converted  to  useful 
food  for  the  plant. 

FINAL  NOTE 


In  doing  research  with  Kirlian  photography  it  is  of  maj or  importance  that  the  researcher 
list  the  materials  used  and  the  type  of  equipment  involved,  since  any  change  in  one  of 
these  dimensions  will  produce  variable  results.  Thus,  if  another  researcher  were  to 
check  our  results  the  following  information  would  be  absolutely  necessary: 

1.  Instrument  used:  Edmunds  Kirlian  Photography  Unit  with  modifications. 

2.  Film:  Kodak  Ortho  Safety  Film  #3. 

3.  Exposure  Time:  15  seconds. 

4.  Voltage:  High. 

5.  Photographing  Interval:  24  hours  per  take. 

6.  Room  Temperature:  68-70°  F. 

7.  Humidity:  Moderate  and  constant. 

8.  Specimen:  Dionaea  muscipula. 

9.  Digestive  Material:  Common  meal  worm,  severed. 

SPECIAL  NOTICES 


STEPHEN  WILLIAMS  recently  published  his  manuscript  titled:  "Comparative  Sensory  Physiology 
of  the  Droseraceae--the  Evolution  of  a  Plant  Sensory  System."  This  manuscript  is  18  pages 
in  length  and  will  be  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Ameri'can  Philosophical  Society. 
Dr.  Williams  has  made  available  to  CPN  members  copies  of  this  paper.  To  offset  just  his 
mailing  and  reproduction  costs,  he  has  asked  that  he  be  sent  60<j:  for  each  reprint  without 
a  cover  and  85 <t  for  a  reprint  with  a  cover.  This  paper  deals  with  the  anatomy  and  function 
of  four  genera  of  CP,  namely:  Drosoph.yllum,  Drosera ,  Dionaea  and  Aldrovanda.  Foreign  sub¬ 
scribers  should  add  another  40<fc  postage  for  surface  mailing.  Please  send  orders  to: 

Dr.  Stephen  E.  Williams,  Lebanon  Valley  College,  Department  of  Biology,  Annville,  PA  17003. 
Do  NOT  send  orders  to  the  co-editors. 

REGARDING  BACK  ISSUES  of  CPN  being  reprinted  and  sold  by  Leo  Song  as  described  in  the  last 
issue  of  CPN  (p.34),  please  make  all  checks  for  purchase  payable  to  ARBORETUM  FOUNDATION 
FUND  and  not  personally  to  Leo.  See  the  last  issue  for  price  and  ordering  information. 

For  those  of  you  who  are  wondering  what  is  happening  to  your  order  for  Plants  of  Prey  by 
Rica  Erickson  from  International  Scholarly  Book  Services,  Inc.,  I  should  tell  you  that 
they  are  coming  after  a  long  delay.  A  recent  call  revealed  several  things.  First,  the 
new  address  is:  P.  0.  Box  555,  Forest  Grove,  Oregon  97116.  Their  telephone  number  is 
(503)  357-7192.  At  the  present  time,  the  CP  book  Plants  of  Prey  is  not  in  stock  but  a 
new  shipment  is  expected  to  arrive  any  day  which  will  take  care  of  all  back  orders  and 
provide  sufficient  copies  for  new  orders.  The  new  price  is  $10.00  postpaid.  All  orders 
must  be  prepaid  and  bank  drafts  in  U.S.  funds  are  necessary  for  foreign  orders. 

For  those  of  you  who  are  interested  in  ordering  reprints  of  articles  from  the  journal 
Australian  Plants  which  we  mentioned  in  CPN  V,  23,  1976,  the  issues  come  fully  bound  in 
one  volume  set.  They  are  $6.00  plus  postage  in  Australian  currency.  Write  to:  Editor, 

860  Henry  Lawson  Drive,  Picnic  Point,  N.S.W.  2213  Australia. 


-51- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


RECENT  LITERATURE 


Carlquist,  S.:Wood  anatomy  of  Byblidaceae.  Bot.  Gaz.  137:  35-38  (1976) 

A  detailed  description  of  the  qualitative  and  quantitative  features  on  the  secondary 
xylem  of  B.  gigantea  is  presented  and  is  found  to  be  similar  to  that  of  Roridula ,  a  non- 
carnivorous  plant.  B.  linlf lora  has  very  little  secondary  xylem  and  so  was  not  discussed. 

The  author  also  speculates  that  Byblls  gigantea  may  not  be  a  carnivorous  plant. 

Casper,  S.J.  and  Manitz,  H. :  Contributions  to  the  taxonomy  and  chorology  of  the  Central 

European  Utrlcularia  species:  2.  Androsporogenesis ,  chromosome  count  and  pollen 
morphology.  Peddes  Repert  86(4):  211-232  (1975)  IN  GERMAN 
In  U.  vulgaris ,  U.  australis ,  U.  intermedia ,  U.  ochroleuca  and  U.  minor ,  the  number  of 
chromosomes  is  n=22.  In  U.  australis  and  U.  ochroleuca,  n=l8,  19,  23  or  24  chromosomes 
sometimes.  The  pollen  grains  of  the  central  European  species  represent  the  most  derived 
type  of  the  genus. 

Franck,  D.  H. :  Comparative  morphology  and  early  leaf  histogenesis  of  adult  and  juvenile 
leaves  of  Darlingtonla  calif ornica  and  their  bearing  on  the  concept  of 
heterophylly .  Bot.  Gaz.  137 :  20-34  (1976) 

The  shoot  system  of  Darlingtonia  is  characterized  by  the  adult  and  juvenile  leaves  which 
display  different  ontogenic  growth  patterns  at  the  earliest  stages  of  initiation.  The 
pattern  of  venation  is  significantly  different  between  the  two  leaf  types.  The  adult  leaves 
show  a  greater  elaboration  of  the  pinnate  venation  pattern  at  all  stages  of  ontogeny. 

Prowine,  S.A.:  Growing  Carnivores.  Light  Garden  13:47-52  (1976). 

A  fine  general  article  with  excellent  photos,  cultural  instructions  and  a  list  of 
commercial  sources. 

Heslop-Harrison,  Y. :  Enzyme  secretion  and  digest  uptake  in  carnivorous  plants.  Perspectives 
in  Experimental  Biology  Vol.  2,  Botany,  ed.  N.  Sunderland.  Pergamon  Press,  Oxford 
(1976). 

Jensen,  S.R.,  Nielsen,  J.B.  and  Dahlgren,  R. :  Iridoid  compounds,  their  occurrence  and 

systematic  importance  in  the  angiosperms.  Botaniska  Notiser  128(1):  181-197  (1975). 
Iridoid  glucosides  have  been  detected  or  identified  for  the  first  time  in  many  families 
which  included  Sarraceniaceae  and  Roridulaceae .  The  authors  comment  on  the  systemic  position 
of  these  families. 

Juniper,  B.E.  and  Gilchrist,  A.J.:  Absorption  and  transport  of  calcium  in  the  stalked  glands 
of  Drosera  capensis  L.  (See  above  reference)  p.  477* 

The  authors  used  x-ray-analytical  procedures  to  trace  the  pathways  of  transport  of 
specific  protein  (casein)  placed  on  the  glands.  Some  of  the  ultrastructural  features  of 
gland  and  stalk  cells  were  unique  and  previously  unreported  as  it  transported  the  proteins  into 
the  plant. 

Robbins,  R.J.:  The  nature  of  the  stimuli  causing  digestive  juice  secretion  in  Dionaea 
muscipula  Ellis  (Venus'  flytrap).  Planta  128 :  263-265  (1976). 

The  secretory  system  in  Dionaea  was  investigated.  It  was  found  that  secretion  of  fluid 
and  protein  are  both  stimulated  by  various  nitrogenous  small  molecules.  The  author  studied 
these  secretions  as  a  function  of  time. 

Sahashi,  N.  and  Ikuse,  M. :  Pollen  morphology  of  Aldrovanda  vesiculosa  L.  Journ.  Japan  Bot. 
48(12):  374-379  (1973). 

The  description  is  essentially  in  agreement  with  that  of  the  report  given  by  Erdtman  and 
Chanda  with  new  information  given  on  the  operculum  and  some  irregular  forms  of  grain  arrangement. 

Schnell,  D.E.  and  Krider,  D.W.:  Cluster  analysis  of  the  genus  Sarracenia  L.  in  the  south¬ 
eastern  United  States.  Castanea  41:165-176  (1976). 

Twenty-six  computer  cluster  analyses  were  performed  on  the  data  matrix  derived  from 
grading  species  and  some  infraspecies  on  nineteen  characters,  some  of  the  latter  multi— state. 

The  resulting  dendrogram  is  discussed  from  a  phenetic  and  evolutionary  standpoint.  (Reprints: 

D.E.  Schnell,  Route  4,  Box  275B,  Statesville,  NC  28677). 

Swales,  D.E.:  An  unusual  habitat  for  Drosera  rotundifolia  L. ,  its  over-wintering  state,  and 
vegetative  reproduction.  Canad.  Field  Natur.  89":l43-l47-  (19  75)  • 

D.  rotundifolia  was  found  growing  in  a  rather  dry  habitat  on  lie  Perrot ,  Quebec,  but 
soil  analysis  indicated  the  same  level  of  infertility  typical  of  more  moist  Drosera  soils, 
and  there  was  a  dearth  of  competing  plants  with  much  open  soil  surface.  There  is  a  discussion 
and  description  of  winter  buds,  adventitious  leaf  budding,  and  how  the  plant  may  possibly 
have  migrated  to  this  location.  Excellent  line  drawings. 

Williams,  Stephen  E. :  Comparative  sensory  physiology  of  the  Droseraceae — the  evolution  of  a 
plant  sensory  system.  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  120 ,  (3)  (1976). 

This  is  a  publication  of  a  talk  listed  previously  in  CPN  V:  16,  1976,  in  which  the  author 
discusses  the  physiology  and  evolution  of  Aldrovanda,  Drosera ,  Drosophyllum  and  Dionaea1 s 
sensory  structures. 


Vol .  V,  No.  3 


CPN 


-52- 


Williams,  Stephen  E.  and  Spanswick,  Roger:  Propagation  of  the  neuroid  action  potential 
of  the  carnivorous  plant  Drosera.  Jour.  Comp.  Phys.A  (1976)  in  press. 

The  authors  have  produced  evidence  that  propagation  of  electrically  induced 
action  potentials  are  conducted  up  and  down  the  tentacle  stalks  by  means  of  low 
resistance  cytoplasmic  connections  between  cells  called  plasmodesmata.  These  action 
potentials  occurred  at  a  rate  of  4.3  mm/sec  down  the  stalk  after  a  stimulus. 


CARNIVOROUS 
PLANT 

NEWSLETTER 


Vol.  V,  No.  4 
December,  1976 


)- EDITORS :  D.  E.  Schnell,  Rt.  4,  Box  275B,  Statesville,  NC  28677  USA  SUBSCRIPTION: 

J.  A.  Mazrimas,  329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  CA  94550  USA  Published  quarterly  with  one  volume  yearly. 


Bladder  of  UTRICULAR IA  CORNUTA 

(SEM  245x) 

Preparation  and  photo  by  RICHARD  M.  ADAMS  II,  with  appreciation  to  Ernest  F.  Fullman,  Inc., 
Schenectedy,  NY,  who  donated  several  hours  of  SEM  time  to  a  recent  pitcher  plant  project. 


-54- 


CPN 


Vol •  V,  No.  4 


FINAL  RENEWAL  REMINDER  —  This  is  the  final  notice  for  renewing  your  subscription  to  CPN. 
Please  use  the  unpaginated  coupon  at  the  end  of  the  last  issue.  Also,  be  certain  to  notice 
the  new  address  for  subscriptions  and  the  payee  for  checks  and  money  orders. 

*  *  # 

This  issue  contains  a  subscriber  address  list  which  we  like  to  publish  every  two  to  three 
years  and  include  in  CPN.  We  feel  this  helps  subscribers  keep  up  with  one  another. 
Addresses  are  dated  July,  1976.  As  a  variation,  this  list  is  done  first  by  countries  and 
then  by  zip  code  for  U.S.  subscribers,  thus  allowing  the  reader  to  find  fellow  CPNers  in 
his  area.  Write  either  of  the  co-editors  to  let  us  know  if  you  like  this  kind  of  listing, 
prefer  straight  alphabetical,  or  would  like  us  to  alternate  the  two  types  of  lists  when  we 
publish  them  every  two  to  three  years. 

*  *  * 


NEWS  AND  VIEWS 


DAVE  DUBOSKY  has  informed  us  that  Dover  Books  Publisher  has  reprinted  Lloyd's  The 
Carnivorous  Plants  in  its  entirety  and  original  1942  version.  The  cost  is  $4.50  plus  .40 
handling.  Write:  Dover  Publications,  Inc.,  180  Varick  St.,  New  York,  NY  10014.  Dover 
books  are  not  hardbound,  but  the  covers  are  more  durable  than  the  average  "paperback". 

KEN  PETERSON  (145  Chestnut  Ln. ,  #211,  Richmond  Hts.,  OH  44143)  is  looking  for  someone  to 
sell  him  Cephalotus  follicularis  and  Nepenthes  x  dicksoniana . 

JOE  CONTASANO  reports  that  he  purchased  four  Nepenthes  khasiana  plants  and  planted  two 
Nepenthes  to  a  pot.  Both  pots  are  very  large  and  the  plants  now  are  six  feet  long  with 
eight  inch  pitchers.  The  past  winter  was  very  cold  in  Long  Island,  New  York.  On  some 
nights  the  wind-chill  factor  was  47  degrees  below  zero  F.  "The  point  I  am  trying  to  make 
is  that  my  greenhouse  with  both  heaters  going  full  blast  reached  only  several  degrees  above 
freezing,  approximately  35  to  40°  F.  I  thought  my  Nepenthes  were  lost,  but  to  my  delight, 
all  the  large  ones  as  well  as  the  smaller  plants  survived.  So,  I  think  that  Nepenthes  can 
take  cold  weather  for  short  periods  of  time  if  no  wind  is  actually  hitting  the  plants.  This 
winter  I  am  not  going  to  make  the  same  mistake  of  having  only  two  small  heaters  to  heat  a 
large  greenhouse.  Finally,  I  would  like  to  warn  readers  of  CPN  who  are  growing  N.  khasiana 
that  they  should  make  sure  the  greenhouse  roof  is  high  enough  for  the  plants  to  grow." 

BARRY  BROOKS  grows  his  Nepenthes  in  North  Miami  Beach,  Florida,  in  a  shade  house  with  open 
sides.  Temperatures  there  usually  reach  90°  F.  in  the  afternoon  and  lower  to  78°  F.  at 
night  with  the  relative  humidity  up  around  80%  in  the  summer.  In  the  winter,  the  temperature 
is  usually  in  the  high  60's  at  noon  and  drops  to  a  low  of  45°  F.  at  night.  Frost  sometimes 
hits  the  area  about  once  every  two  years.  Overall,  the  yearly  temperature  range  is  45°  F. 
low  and  95°  F.  high.  No  artificial  heat  is  used  at  any  time.  "My  Nepenthes  do  not  have  to 
be  moved  even  one  day  out  of  the  year.  I  received  a  small  Nepenthes  kampotiana  which  has  grown 
three  feet  in  one  year  which  proves  that  I  have  ideal  growing  conditions  in  Miami.  All  my 
Nepenthes  grow  outside  like  weeds.  So  far,  I  have  not  received  Nepenthes  that  I  could  not 
grow,  and  my  collection  now  consists  of  twelve  species.  I  recently  received  a  Nepenthes 
dormanniana  from  France." 

ANDREA  HOBBS  visited  the  Sea  World  display  of  CP  at  San  Diego  lasp  month  and  was  somewhat 
disappointed  in  what  she  saw.  Basically,  it  contained  Darllngtonia ,  Dionaea,  and  a  few 
common  Droseras  but  all  were  in  stages  of  decay.  She  didn't  think  it  was  worthwhile  either 

to  visit  or  pay  the  admission  fee  just  to  see  the  CP  display. 

JIM  KOROLAS  sent  a  brief  history  of  how  Sarracenia  purpurea  became  the  flowerof  Newfoundland. 
One  hundred  years  ago.  Queen  Victoria  chose  this  plant  to  be  minted  on  the  Newfoundland 
penny.  In  1954,  the  Newfoundland  Cabinet  designated  the  species  as  the  official  flower  of 
the  province.  Jim  also  mentions  that  he  would  like  to  correspond  with  Canadian  CP  growers 
between  ages  14  and  18.  He  is  also  interested  in  purchasing  Nepenthes  and  Cephalotus . 

OWEN  TALLMAN  of  SUN  DEW  ENVIRONMENTS  has  asked  that  we  inform  readers  of  his  new  address 

for  mail  orders:  P.  0.  Box  111,  Denver,  NY  12421. 

CHUCK  KLINE  from  Sea  World  in  San  Diego  writes:  "We're  rebuilding  our  carnivorous  plant 
exhibit.  It  attracted  a  lot  of  attention  and  even  had  requests  for  TV  interviews,  news¬ 
papers,  etc.  I  needed  more  light  anyway  as  the  display  is  almost  out  of  daylight  by  a 
building  entrance.  We're  also  doing  a  series  of  graphics  explaining  the  whole  thing  to 
people  and  we  hope  to  have  it  ready  for  Thanksgiving  time  in  November." 

ROBERT  DeFILIPPS  sent  In  two  references  for  the  phenomenon  of  vegetative  apomixis  in  Dionaea 
as  pictured  on  the  June  issue  cover  of  CPN:  J.  W.  Harshberger,  Contr.  Bot.  Lab.  Univ.  PA 
1:45-49,  pi.  5.6.,  1892;  and  same  author  in  Bot.  Gaz.  44:  382-383,  1907. 


Vol .  V,  No.  4 


CPN 


-55- 


BARRY  JORDAN  writes  on  how  to  correspond  with  Russian  CP  enthusiasts:  "You  said  you 
would  like  to  know  some  more  Russian  equivalents  for  CP.  Well,  I  have  been  doing  some 
checking  and  have  found  articles  on  CP  In  two  Russian  encyclopedias,  one  Soviet  and  the 
other  pre-Revolutionary.  So  here  are  some  more  names  for  you.  Dlonaea  musclpula  has  the 
common  name  in  Russia  of  venerina  mukholovka,  a  caique  on  the  English  ^Venus's  flytrap" 
(venerina  is  the  possessive  adjective  derived  from  Venera,  "Venus"  [you've  heard  about 
the  Soviet  Venera  space  ships  that  have  gone  to  Venus,  no  doubt];  and  mukholovka  is  a 
compound  word  derived  from  mukha  "fly"  and  -lovka  "trap"  [from  the  verb  lovlt ' ,  "to 
catch"]).  The  butterwort  is  called  zhiryanka,  from  zhir  "fat,  grease"  (cf.  Plnguicula, 
from  Latin  plnguls ) .  The  bladderwort  comes  out  as  puzyrchatka,  from  puzyr '  "bladder, 
blister."  And  for  Drosophy Hum  Russian  has  rosollst ,  a  literal  translation  from  the 
Greek  ( rosa  "dew"  [cf.  rosyanka  "sundew"]  and  list  "leaf").  For  the  other  genera  of  CP, 
Russian  uses  the  botanical  designation:  nepentes  "Nepenthes";  al ' drovanda  "Aldrovanda" ; 
sarratsenlya  "Sarracenia. "  One  person  I  talked  to  suggested  kuvshinka  for  Sarracenia,  as 
kuvshin  means  "pitcher,  jug."  As  you  can  see,  it  fits  very  well,  but  unfortunately  it 
turns  out  that  kuvshinka  already  has  the  meaning  of  "water  lily."  And  finally,  the 
Russian  generic  term  for  CP  is  nasekomoyadnye  rasteniya  (nasekomoe  "insect";  yad- , 
variant  of  stem  yed-  "eat";  and  rastenie  "plant")~i  So  nasekomoyadnye  rasteniya  is 
exactly  the  same  as  "insectivorous  plants." 

BARRY  BROOKS  writes:  "You  might  like  to  know  that  I'm  giving  my  Nepenthes  plants  fish 
emulsion  fertilizer  in  diluted  form  once  every  two  weeks  and  Osmocote  every  four  months. 

I  also  found  that  Cephalotus  benefits  from  a  few  pellets  of  Osmocote." 

JOHN  B.  BURNES  writes:  "As  a  new  subscriber  to  CPN,  I  was  wondering  if  this  was  tried 
before?  I  was  having  trouble  getting  enough  humidity  and  ventilation  in  my  air- 
conditioned  apartment  for  Dlonaea  and  Drosera.  I  covered  a  20  gal.  aquarium  with 
transparent  plastic  ( Han di-wrap )  leaving  the  corners  on  the  sunny  side  open  about  two 
inches.  I  connected  an  old  aquarium  air  pump  to  an  air  stone  with  plastic  tubing.  The 
air  stone  was  placed  into  a  quart  jar  of  distilled  water  (about  2/3  full)  inside  the 
aquarium.  This  moving  air  and  bubbling  water  seems  to  have  helped  my  plants  greatly 
since  it  increased  the  humidity  as  well  as  the  ventilation." 

JAY  BRODIE  writes:  "This  experience  took  place  at  a  park  known  as  Flander's  Nature  Center 
which  is  located  in  Middlebury,  Connecticut.  I  went  there  with  my  good  friend  Bob  Muller 
from  Torrington,  CT,  who  had  a  set  of  maps  (aerial  and  soil)  published  by  the  Litchfield 
County  Agricultural  Center.  This  bog  consists  of  two  species  of  CP,  namely  Sarracenia 
purpurea  purpurea  and  Drosera  rotundifolia.  Bob  had  a  chance  to  visit  this  bog  earlier 
with  his  daughter  Cheryl  but  they  took  the  wrong  path  and  consequently  did  not  reach  the 
bog's  center.  This  bog  is  located  about  half  a  mile  from  where  we  parked  the  car.  There 
Is  a  boardwalk  extending  out  about  fifty  feet  and  we  went  crawling  and  searching  for 
Drosera  which  we  failed  to  find.  However,  S.  purpurea  was  plainly  visible  in  vast  numbers 
just  out  of  reach,  as  luck  would  have  it,  with  dried  remains  of  flowers  with  a  few 
containing  seed.  The  sphagnum  moss  was  not  very  lush  and  we  wondered  whether  this  was 
because  the  moss  was  very  wet.  The  drainage  is  a  slow,  sluggish  stream  at  our  end  of  the 
bog.  There  is  no  good  way  to  get  out  into  the  bog  beyond  the  boardwalk.  The  main  plants 
growing  there  were  sedge  and  leatherleaf,  with  occasional  clumps  of  low  vegetation  spaced 
fairly  well  apart.  The  pH  of  the  sphagnum  moss  and  water  was  strongly  acid — about  pH  4. 
The  full  sun  was  beating  down  on  the  plants  since  there  are  no  trees  in  the  bog.  This 
accounted  for  the  very  crimson  color  of  the  Sarracenia .  We  noticed  three  types  of 
coloration  in  the  pitcher  leaves.  The  first  were  green  pitchers  growing  in  shade  near  the 
bog's  edges,  the  second  were  pitchers  in  semi-shade  which  were  green  with  colored  veins. 
Finally,  we  spotted  dark  red  pitchers  with  only  spots  of  green  growing  in  full  sunlight. 
Altogether,  it  was  a  rewarding  experience  that  both  Bob  Muller  and  I  enjoyed.  We  are 
currently  looking  for  more  such  bogs  in  our  area  that  we  can  visit." 

TERRY  BROKENBRO  writes:  "The  Round  Robin  letter  project  is  coming  along  very  slowly  ,  but 
I  am  sure  that  with  a  little  nudging,  more  people  will  join  as  time  goes  by.  I  have 
listed  four  RR's  so  far  and  also  have  had  some  interest  from  one  or  two  people  for 
'tuberous  Droseras '  and  other  specialized  subjects.  At  the  present  time,  I  have 
participants  on  record  for  the  following  topics:  Nepenthes , 3 ;  CP  in  general,  3;  Drosera  3 
Seed  germination  and  raising,  2.  I  am  particularly  pleased  with  the  latter  subject  which 
could  prove  especially  useful  to  beginners  in  CP.  Also,  I  would  be  interested  in  seeing 
a  R.R.  for  conservation.  Perhaps  you  could  also  stress  that  with  a  minimum  number  of 
eight  participants  and  even  allowing  for  everyone  sending  the  R.R.  on  the  next  day  that 
they  receive  it,  members  would  only  see  the  R.R.  every  two  months  at  the  earliest.  For 
the  price  of  a  stamp,  I  do  not  think  anyone  could  say  this  was  not  money  well  spent.  The 
subject  of  plant  hybridization  is  another  topic  that  I  am  anxious  to  get  started.  I  am 
sure  many  CPN  members  can  provide  some  useful  information  on  the  background  of  various 
commercial  hybridizations.  All  this  information  may  eventually  go  into  CPN  at  a  later 
date.  So,  for  those  members  who  are  interested  in  joining  any  of  the  above  topics  or 
starting  a  new  one,  please  write  to  me  soon:  Mr.  Terry  Brokenbro,  37,  Laburnham  Gardens, 
Upminster,  Essex,  Great  Britain  RM14  1HX." 


-56- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  4 


SPECIAL  NOTICES 


NEPENTHES  CUTTINGS — There  is  much  demand  for  these  and  each  spring  for  the  past  few,  Joe 
Mazrimas  and  Don  Schnell  have  pooled  their  prunings  (with  Joe  handling  the  collation  of 
requests  and  actual  packaging  and  mailing)  and  sent  them  free  to  those  whose  requests 
arrive  first,  the  only  reimbursement  being  postage.  The  same  is  planned  for  the  spring  of 
1977  and  requests  for  cuttings  should  be  made  now.  The  requests  will  be  dated  in  order  of 
receipt  and  filled  until  cuttings  supply  is  exhausted.  Send  all  requests  to:  J.A.  MAZRIMAS, 
329  Helen  Way,  Livermore,  C A  94550;  do  NOT  send  requests  to  Don  Schnell  since  this  will 
create  confusion,  duplication,  etc.  In  your  letter  to  Joe,  send  along  -information  on  what 
kinds  of  conditions  you  can  provide  for  the  plants  (se  we  know  they  will  have  a  good  home) 
unless  you  and  your  growing  conditions  are  known.  Also,  send  a  list  of  species  of 
Nepenthes  being  grown  and  species  desired:  the  first  will  prevent  duplication,  the  latter 
will  help  us  to  select  plants  for  you,  but  final  selection  will  be  up  to  Joe  depending  on 
material.  You  may  not  receive  what  you  request,  but  you  will  not  receive  duplications. 
Finally,  due  to  strict  import  and  inspection  certificate  restrictions,  the  only  foreign 
countries  to  which  we  can  send  these  cuttings  will  be  Great  Britain  and  continental  Europe. 
(Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand  excluded.)  Preference  will  be  given  to  those  who  have  not 
made  requests  in  previous  years.  All  of  this  is  an  attempt  to  effectively  and  rapidly 
spread  Nepenthes  among  growers  at  no  cost  except  postage.  So,  if  you  are  interested,  get 
your  letter  off  to  Joe  today.  Cuttings  will  be  made  sometime  in  April  and  mailed  out 
shortly  thereafter. 

CURRENT  LITERATURE 


Adams,  R.M.  and  C.  Barton,  1976.  The  flesh  eaters:  Sarracenia  purpurea,  the  northern 
pitcher  plant.  Garden  Journal  of  NYBG  26(5 T”:  154-157 • 

A  good  popular  article  discussing  S.  purpurea  and  its  culture.  Four  fine  photographs. 

Bradshaw,  W.  E. :  Geography  of  photoperiodic  response  in  diapausing  mosquito.  Nature  262, 
384-385  1976. 

The  author  studied  the  photoperiodic  control  of  dormancy  in  the  pitcher-plant 
mosquito,  Wyeomyia  smithil ,  and  quantified  the  relative  effects  of  altitude  and  latitude  on 
the  photoperiodic  response  of  an  organism.  This  mosquito  confines  its  breeding  site  to  the 
water-filled  leaves  of  a  single  plant  species,  Sarracenia  purpurea.  The  larvae  overwinter 
in  the  pitchers  in  dormancy  and  long  days  promote  further  development. 

Case,  F.  W.  and  R.  B.  Case,  1976.  The  Sarracenia  rubra  complex.  Rhodora  78:270-325. 

Phis  very  long  paper  (at  times  self-contradictory  and  repetitious)  presents  one  view¬ 
point  of  the  "rubra  variation"  problem,  summarized  as  follows:  plants  of  eastern  coastal 
plain  and  central  Florida  panhandle--S .  rubra  (the  author  does  not  believe  the  Florida 
plants  are  genetically  different);  plants  of  western  Carolinas--re-elevated  to  species,  S. 
j onesii ;  plants  of  central  Alabama — S.  alabamensis  ssp.  alabamensis ;  plants  of  southern 
Alabama — S.  alabamensis  ssp.  wherry i .  Serious  students  of  Sarracenia  must  read  the  paper 
in  its  entirety  since  such  a  summary  as  this  cannot  present  nuances  of  the  concepts 
proposed.  (At  least  one  other  paper  on  this  subject  is  forthcoming  in  about  a  year,  given 
journal  lag). 

Engloff,  F. :  New  and  Noteworthy  species  of  Swiss  flora.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot .  Suisse  84(4): 

333-342  1975  IN  GERMAN 

The  author  found  Utricularia  ochroleucra  Hartm. ,  Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  as  part  of 
a  new  plant  record  for  Switzerland. 

Johnson,  Peter  H.  1976.  Carnivorous  Plants.  House  Plants  and  Porch  Gardens  Magazine  1:36-47. 

A  good  general  article  featuring  mainly  American  plants  and  including  growing  hints. 

There  are  fifteen  full  color  photos  by  Jerome  Wexler  and  Don  Schnell,  and  several  nice  line 

drawings . 

Lea,  H. :  A  muscle  contracting  substance  from  a  plant's  closing  fly-trap.  Planta  (Berl.) 
129(1):  39-41  1976 

A  substance  called  lysophosphatidic  acid  was  isolated  from  Dionaea  m.  traps  which  have 
been  touched.  This  substance  can  contract  frog  muscle  when  applied  to  the  isolated  tissue. 

t  is  thought  that  the  acid  activates  an  enzyme,  phospholipase  D,  which  then  alters  the 
physiological  properties  of  membranes. 

line,  L.  &  M. :  Living  Plants  of  the  World,  Chapter  10,  "The  Meat  Eaters."  Random  House, 

Inc.  N.YT  1967. 

■oar,  N.  T.  and  R.  Mason:  Discovery  of  Utricularia  protrusa  Hook.,  f.  near  Westport, 

South  Island,  New  Zealand,  N.Z.J.Bot.  13(4):  803-805  1975 

-he  floating  bladderwort  U.  protrusa  was  found  in  roadside  shallow  pools  which  extends 
the  species  range  southward  by  550  Km. 


Vol .  V,  No.  4 


CPN 


-57- 


Panin,  M.  S.  &  G.  Grishin:  Sulfur  content  in  some  plants  of  the  Semipalatinsk  oblast 
of  the  Kazakh  SSR.  Rastit.  Resur.  11(4):  473-483  1975 

Utricularia  vulgaris  was  found  to  contain  a  relatively  high  sulfur  content  in 
comparison  with  60  spp.  of  other  plants. 

Robins,  R.  J.:  The  nature  of  the  stimuli  causing  digestive  juice  secretion  in  Dionaea 
muscipula  Ellis  (Venus's  Flytrap).  Planta  (Berl)  128(3):  263-265  197^ 

The  secretions  of  fluid  and  protein  are  studied  as  a  function  of  time  when  both  are 
stimulated  by  various  nitrogenous  molecules.  Using  a  new  method  for  collecting  the 
juice,  the  author  found  significant  differences  in  response  to  various  stimuli. 

Somha,  K. :  Pollen  morphology  of  the  Japanese  species  of  Utricularia  L.  and  Pinguicula  L. 
with  notes  on  fossil  pollen  of  Utricularia  from  Japan.  J.  JPN.  Bot~  50(6)  : 
164-179;  50(7):  193-208  1975 

Pollen  types  were  related  to  subdivisions  recognized  in  the  family  of 
Lentibulariacea  and  generally  support  the  De  Candolle  system.  Four  species  have  grains 
which  are  tricolporate  and  the  rest  are  stephanocolporate  (11  species).  Fossil  grains 
are  comparable  with  those  of  U.  vulgaris  followed  by  U.  dimorphantha ,  minor,  aurea,  gibba , 
and  intermedia  in  a  proposed  phylogenetic  outline.  Pinguicula  ramosa  and  P.  vulgaris 
both  have  stephanocolporate  pollen  grains. 

(The  author  of  the  following  paper  would  like  us  to  inform  our  readers 
that  she  carried  out  these  experiments  at  the  age  of  eighteen  and  won 
first  prize  in  a  science  competition  [" Jugendforscht"]  for  young  people 
interested  in  science.) 

Weilbrenner,  Inge:  Vegetative  Vermehrung  und  Wuchsstoffhaushalt  bei  dem  Rundbl’a'ttrigen 
Sonnentau  (Drosera  rotund!  fold  a)*,  Mitteilungen  der  Pollichia,  III.  Reihe,  21. 
Band,  1974,  pp.  46-(d7. 

This  article  deals  with  vegetative  reproduction  in  Drosera  rotundi folia  and  devotes 
special  attention  to  the  role  played  by  the  auxin  indole  acetic  acid  ( IAA)  Tn  suppressing 
such  reproduction.  The  author  shows  that  for  new  plants  to  arise  asexually,  two  basic 
criteria  must  be  met:  (1)  Suspension  of  apical  dominance  in  the  parent  plant  through 
interruption  of  IAA  translocation  from  the  shoot  apex,  and  (2)  A  wound  stimulus,  induced 
either  by  mechanical  injury  or  by  agents  of  decay  such  as  bacteria  or  fungi.  The  author 
also  presents  experimental  evidence  that  in  D.  rotundifolia  the  movement  of  IAA  is 
possible  in  either  direction  along  stem  or  petiole,  an  exception  to  the  one-way  flow  of 
IAA  in  other  plants.  (Includes  bibliography) 

*Vegetative  development  and  reproduction  in  the  roundleaf  sundew  (D.  rotundifolia) . 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  V 
GENERA  INDEX 


Aldro  vanda . 6,16,41,48,50,51 

Byblis . 5,6,23,40,41,51 

Cephalotus . . . . . . . .6, 7,8, 9,10, 11, 12, 21, 

25,30,34,38,40,54,55 

Darlington! a . 8,12,21,23,34,39,41, 

51,54 

Dionaea .  8,12,16,19,24,25,41, 

44,48,49,50,51,54, 

55.56.57 

Drosera.  .  .  . . 1,6,7,9,12,13,14,15, 

16,22,24,29,30,32,33, 

34,38,39,40,41,42,44, 

45.46.50.51.52.54.55.57 

Dro  sophy  11  urn . 6,41,50,51,55 

Endocahleus . 48 

Genlisea . 4  8 

Heliamphora . 6,25,27,28,34,40 

Nepenthes . 6,7,10,21,22,24,25,30, 

36.39.40.54.55.56 

Pinguicula .  7,8,22,35,39,40,43,44,55, 

57 

Polypompholyx . 30,38,47 

Sarracenia .  3,6,7,8,10,12,23,24,35, 

39,40,41,42,44,45,46, 

47.51.54.55.56 


Utricularia . 9,12,16,18,22,30,32, 

34,35,38,47,51,53, 

55,56,57 

Wyeomyia. .......  56 

Zoophagus . 48 


-58- 


CPN 


Vol .  V,  No.  4 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  V 
SHORT  NOTES  TITLE  INDEX 


Abnormal  Floral  Development  In  Pinguicula .  4  3 

Botanical  Gardens  with  CP .  25 

Cephalotus  folll cularis  —  Cultivation .  10 

Cephalotus  folllcularls  —  Field  Notes .  8 

Conservation-Editorial  Viewpoint .  3 

Conservation — Endangered  Flora  Project .  8 

CP  of  Albany,  W.A .  29 

CP  Course  in  Michigan . - .  12 

CP  Field  Trip  from  North  Carolina  to  Nova  Scotia .  44 

Digestion  Process  of  Dionaea  muscipula  as  Analyzed  with  Kirlian  Photography .  48 

Drosera  and  Trichoptilus  parvulus  ,  Observations .  32 

Drosera  binata  Complex .  15 

Drosera ,  Healing  and  Poisoning .  12 

Feeding  Carnivorous  Aquatics .  47 

Hellamphora  heterodoxa ,  Natural  Habitat .  27 

Nepenthes  Chasing  in  Singapore .  30 

Packaging  Carnivorous  Plants  for  Mailing .  46 

Peat  Bog  Formation .  28 

Peat,  Peat  and  Repeat .  42 

Pygmy  Droseras .  33 

Utricularla  vulgaris ,  Winter  Field  Observations .  32 


AUTHOR  INDEX 


Adams,  R . 

■ ...  53 

Kline,  C . 

.54 

Ashley,  G . 

,  . . .22 

Korolas,  J . 

.54 

Baldino,  J . 

.  . . .21 

Kuchel,  T . 

.  40 

Bogner,  J . 

,...21 

Kutt,  D . 

.10,35 

Boutin,  F . 

.  . . .19 

Lanier,  A . 

.39 

Brodie,  J . 

... .24,55 

Leikam,  W . 

.48 

Brokenbro,  T.  . . 

. . . .22,25,28,47,55 

Lindquist ,  J .  .  .  . 

.  42 

Brooks,  B . 

• . . • 39,54,55 

Logoteta,  L . 

.  7 

Burnes,  J . 

.  . . .55 

Lucas,  G . 

.  32 

Clemesha,  S .  . . . 

,...  6 

Macey,  L . 

.  2 

Contasano,  J .  . . 

,  .  .  .54 

Mazrimas,  J . 

.10,15,22,23 

Cross,  R . 

.  . . .  7,44 

24,41,42 

Davidson,  D.  . . . 

.  . . .29 

McNeil,  D . 

.48 

DeBuhr,  L . 

....  7,  8,42 

Monett,  A . 

.39 

DeFilipps ,  R.  . . 

, . . .  8,54 

Nash,  R . 

•  38 

Demmink,  H . 

_ 22,24 

Payne,  J . 

.40 

Dubosky,  D . 

....  6,54 

Peterson,  K . 

.54 

Fife,  J . 

,  .  .  .46 

Prager,  P . 

.  7 

Fleming,  N .  . . . , 

. ...  24 

Rawe,  R . 

.  40 

Folkerts ,  R.  . . . 

.  .  .  .  6 

Rose,  S . 

.21,23 

Forst,  C . 

,  .  .  .  6 

Ross,  L . 

.43 

Franck,  D . 

.  ...  41 

Schafer,  D . 

.35 

Griesbach,  R.  .  , 

. ...  39 

Schnell,  D . 

.  42 

Griffin,  E . 

. . . .25 

Sergeant,  G . 

.  7 

Halcomb ,  L.  .  .  .  , 

. ...  12 

Sheridan,  P . 

.42 

Haldi,  J . 

. . . .25 

Shetler,  S . 

.  6,7 

Hammel ,  S . . 

. ...  23 

Sivertsen,  R.  .  .  . 

.  33 

Hanna,  B . . 

. ...  30 

Slack,  A . 

.  21 

Hastings ,  D.  . . . 

.  .  .  .  7 

Tallman,  0 . 

.  54 

Hobbs,  A . 

. ...  54 

Tanaka,  E . 

.41 

Homick,  M . . 

. ...  42 

Taylor,  D . 

.  41 

Hoth,  D . . 

. ...  39 

Tim,  S.  K-M  . 

.  6 

Hunt ,  M . . 

. ...  40 

Turnbull,  J . 

.  39 

Jacobsen,  S .  .  .  , 

.  ...  41 

Verhoek-Williams,  S. 

..12 

Johnson,  G.  . . . , 

.  .  .  .  7 

Wherry,  E . 

.  6 

Jordan,  B . . 

.  . . .54 

Whiting,  C . 

.38,40 

Kapa,  S . 

.  ...  40 

Williams,  S . 

. 4 1 , 50 

Kirby ,  A . . 

. . . .  1,32 

Younger,  J . 

Ziemer,  R . 

.  7 
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