MAIN UtBRARY.AGRICUl.TURE DETT

SLVENPENCENBT

CASSELLS
DICTIONARY

OF GARDENING

^Wisy-i*-***

WALTERP.WRIGHT

HORTICULTURAL SUPER.INTENDENT
UNDER.THE KENT COUHTY COUNCIU
AUTHOR. OT*TlCTOmAL PRACTICAL.
CARDEN I Ntf1 EDITOR- OF TJi£ GAKD£N£R
ETC U.

WITH SPECIALLY PREPARED COLOURED PLATES
AND OTHER, ILLXJ^TI<ATIOK*S ZX 2X IX JLSS »S«

AND COMPANY LTD

Ali RIGHTS B.ESERVKDT

MELBOURNE

Veitchs' Genuine Seeds.

YEITCHS'

SUPERB

TOMATOS

We were awarded Silver Knightian Medals
for representative collections of Tomatos, in-
cluding all the leading varieties in commerce,
K.H.S., Sept. 12th, 1899, and Sept. 10th, 1901.

"Frogmore Selected."

First-class Certificate Royal Horticultural
Society.

This exceedingly prolific variety was
raised by Mr. Thomas, the Royal Gardens,
Frogmore. The fruit is of medium size,
very uniform and smooth in outline, and
suitable either for forcing or outdoor
cultivation.

Per Packet, Is. 6d.

M

"Ham Green Favourite.

First-class Certificate Royal Horticultural

Society.

This splendid variety for two succes-
sive seasons held fhe foremost place in
the comparative trials of Tomatos at the
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens,
Chiswick.

Per Packet, 1s.

Veitchs' Golden Jubilee.

First-class Certificate Royal Horticultural
Society.

Its beautifully clear golden colour is relieved by a suffusion of scarlet, while the flavour, which
is really delicious, challenges comparison with the best varieties now in cultivation. So undeniable
are the merits of Qoldea Jubilee that we look to it with confidence to permanently break down
the prevailing prejudice against any but scarlet varieties.

Per Packet, Is. 6d.

FOP full descriptions of tho above and many other Gholco Movcltlos and
Specialities, see Seed Catalogue, forwarded post free on application.

JHMES YEITeH & SONS, Ltd.,

Royal Exotic Nursery, CHELSEA.

CASSELL'Sv

DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL

GARDENING

AN ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE FOR ALL CLASSES

EDITED BY

WALTER P. WRIGHT

HORTICULTURAL SUPERINTENDENT UNDER THK KENT COUNTY COUNCIL

Dol. H

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK # MELBOURNE

ALT. RIGHTS RESERVED

W ?5

M/UN |_IBKARY.A«"'C1M.TURC DCPJ.

LIST OF PLATES.

LlLIUMS .

MICIIAKLMAS DAISIES

NARCISSI

NYMPH^EAS

ORCHIDS

P.-EONIES

PRIMULAS

RHODODENDRONS .

KOSES . . . .

STRELITZIAS .

Frontispiece

To face p. 72

100

120

„ 142
„ 152
„ 234
„ 270
„ 284
388

592800

11

SOME BEAUTIFUL LILIUMS.

1, UL1UM SPECIOSUM MELPOMENE; 2, LILIUM SPECICEUM KR/CTZE3I ; 3, UL1UM HENRYI.

CAS SELL'S'

DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL

GARDENING.

VOLUME II.

TTAWN MOWERS.

I J The mowing machine is indispensable in

every garden, no matter whether the grass
comprises many acres or whether it be represented by
a strip or plot a few feet wide. There are almost
innumerable " makes" of machines, differing from
each other not only in size and matters of minor
construction, but in their suitability for working
upon different gradients. The general principle of
working consists of having a broad, flat blade — the
" sole plate" or " ledger plate" — fitted horizontally
fo that it lies flat upon the grass. 'Spirally twisted
blades, arranged in a " barrel " or cylinder, are
brought with a forward turning motion so that
their cutting edges work against the ledger plate,
and the cutting is done between them. There are
various methods of making the cutting blades
revolve. In many machines they are connected by
a series of cog wheels with rollers at the back of
the machine. These rollers, or " drums " as they
are technically called, are set in motion by the
wliole machine being pushed forward, so that the
motive force is applied exactly as in a garden
roller. The " chain and wheel " system, employed
in not a few machines, is a modification of the cog
wheels. Its advantages are great durability, ease
of working, and decreased weight, but there is the
danger of the chain slipping off the cogs when it is
very loose and the machine is working on a slope.

The ledger plate can be raised or lowered at
will so as to give a very close or a light cutting.
The older machines had to be turned over to adjust
the ledger plate ; in the newer ones this is done by
a special screw adjustment. Other improvement's
consist of ribbed instead of plain rollers, and these
give a better hold on sloping ground. In some of
the modern machines, the blades are twisted in
two directions, the result being that the cut grass
is thrown into the centre of the collecting box
fixed in front of the cutters, and the cuttings are
more cleanly picked up. Collecting boxes are
fitted to most machines, although they are not
essential. To facilitate the balancing of the
machine, and also to conduce to easy working,
rollers are fixed in front as well as behind. When
mowing machines are being moved from place to
place upon their own rollers, the drums and cogs
should be disconnected, so that the revolutions of
the rollers do not affect the cutting blades. In
the case of long distances, however, it is advisable
to lift the machine into a cart and transport it
thus.

For small lawns a 10" machine, that is, one the
length of whose cutters is 10", is large enough for
all purposes. The difficulty of draught increases,
of course, with the size and weight of the machine.
Thus a 20" will need a man to push, and a boy to
31

pull. For the bigger ones used on large lawns and
cricket grounds, horse power is usually employed.
Well-trained horses may be . driven, but it is well
to have a boy to lead the horses. Steam power is
occasionally employed, and petrol motors may be
expected to supersede horses.

All mowing machines must be kept scrupulously
clean and thoroughly oiled. A few small stones in
the machinery will soon do damage out of all pro-
portion to the value of the time involved in occa-
sionally overhauling the working parts. Careful
housing in a dry shed in winter is also necessary,
as well as a thorough overhauling.

Not a few gardeners prefer to use the scythe
upon young lawns, and early in the season, as they
hold that the close cutting by the machine is
injurious at this stage. The danger is removed by
setting the ledger plate up high, and giving two
light cuttings instead of a close one. In hot
weather also, close cutting must be avoided, for if
the tender roots of the grass are laid bare many
ugly dead patches will result. Edge-clippers are
occasionally seen in use, although up to the present
they have not been altogether a success. They
must have a plumb, clean verge to work upon, and
a hard bottom, free from loose stones. They are
difficult to guide straight, or to work round sharp
curves.

LAWNS.

The grass lawn is an indispensable feature of all
gardens. It may vary in size from a few feet
to hundreds of yards in length ; it may be of any
shape, and its surface may be level or sloping. As
a rule the spot chosen is in close proximity to the
house, and there is no doubt that, if the turf be
properly kept, there is no better setting for any
style of architecture.

The expanse of grass may be varied at the will
of the owner, by cutting in it flower beds of various
sizes and shapes, and by planting specimen trees
here and there, but it is well to remember that it;
is very easy to cut, too many flower beds — as a rule'
small beds and intricate designs, with narrow grass
paths, should be avoided. Moreover, large trees
are not to be recommended, although those of neat
habit are permissible.

Though the routine of mowing, manuring, water-
ing, and rolling is of the first importance in
keeping up the appearance of a lawn, it is imper-
atively necessary that it be carefully made in the
first place. Stagnant, water-logged soil encourages
moss and weeds, which choke the finer Glasses,
therefore on such soils drainage must be provided.

The soil should bo rich in plant food, especially
that of a nitrogenous character. It is well, there-
fore, to give the intended site a heavy dressing of

(2)

Lawsonia

good farmyard manure, and thoroughly dig but
not trench it. Enough time should then be allowed
for the soil to settle, as it must be firm when the
seed is sown or the turf laid, or there will be a
series of hills and hollows a few months after. In
addition to the organic manure, apply the following
mixture at the rate of 3 oz. to the square yard,
forking it well into the top spit of soil.

2 Ib. superphosphate of lime."!

I Mix

1 Ib. Peruvian guano, or j thoroughly.

1 11). bone meal.
Peruvian gt

sulphate of ammonia.

If good turf, free from weeds and coarse Grass,
•can be had, it is more expeditious to lay turf, but
as a rule it is the better plan to sow seeds. A
longer time must, of course, elapse before a thick,
close sward is obtained, but the ultimate results
are more satisfactory.

To Lay Turf. — The turves should be cut of
•uniform thickness, and if about 3' in length and
15" in width they will be convenient to handle.
For cartage purposes they are best rolled up, grass
side inwards. The surface must be raked free from
all stones and rubbish, levelled, and made firm.
Lay the turves evenly, so that their edges just meet,
then spread over a little fine soil, and brush this
into the interstices, and apply the turf beater
•vigorously. The latter is made of a piece of flat
surfaced heavy timber, about 1 square, to
•which is attached a stout Ash handle. In using
the beater, the surface of the head must strike the
turf evenly at each stroke. The most suitable
period for laying turf is the end of September, but
the spring season can also be used.

Lawns from Seed.— A thorough preparation of
the surface is necessary, before the seed can be
sown. First rake off all loose stones, then, if the
surface be still lumpy, spread a 2" layer of
fine, light soil, level, roll, and rake again. The
best time for sowing is about the beginning of
April, for then the soil is beginning to get warm,
and the gentle spring rains induce speedy germina-
tion. The seed must be procured from a reliable
source, otherwise a vexatious crop of weeds will
kill out most of the fine Grasses. From 2 Ib.
to 2J Ib. of seed will be required per sq. rod
(30J sq. yds.), from 3 cwt. to 4 cwt. per acre.
Sprinkle the seed evenly over the surface, and roll
repeatedly, each rolling being at right angles to
the previous one. When completed, the surface of
the newly sown lawn should be quite smooth, firm,
and free from all hills and holes.

As a rule it is the best plan to buy a mixture
of lawn Grass seeds and Clovers from a reliable
firm, stating the position that the lawn is to occupy,
whether on high ground and wind swept, or low
and sheltered. Special mixtures are required for
cricket grounds, where the sward must be close
and the Grasses of dwarf and spreading growth,
and for golf grounds, where the growth should be
erect and springy, so as to lift up the balls.

The following are. the Grasses and Clovers usu-
ally employed in mixtures : —

Cynosurus cristatus (Crested Dog's-tail).

Festuca duriuscula (Hard Fescue).

Festuca ovina tenuifolia (Fine-leaved Sheep's
Fescue).

Festuca rubra (Ked Fescue).

Lolium perenne (Perennial Kye Grass).

Poa pratensis (Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass).

Poa trivialis (Rough-stalked Meadow Grass).

Poa nemoralis (Wood Meadow Grass).

Trifolium repens (Perennial White or Dutch
Clover).

Trifolium minus (Yellow Suckling).

In addition to the foregoing, the Yarrow or
Milfoil (Achillea Millefolium) is much employed,
standing the drought exceedingly well, but it is
very coarse growing. It is excellent for town villa
gardens.

To Keep Lawns in Condition. — Early in the
spring, just as the grass begins to grow, the heavy
roller should be passed several times over the
ground. Worm casts should be broken up when
dry, and rolled in. To get rid of worms, which are
often a great nuisance, water with clear lime water
in the evening, and pick up the dead worms next
morning. Where the surface of tennis lawns and
cricket pitches shows signs of crumbling, dress in
autumn with powdered clay four parts and chalk dust
one part. Do not give more chalk than the quantity
mentioned or the surface will be greasy in wet
weather. Sheep may be turned out to feed upon
the lawn in winter ; the results are usually excellent.
To keep the grass well nourished, dress occasionally
with the mixture of artificials previously mentioned,
at the rate of 3 oz. to the sq. yard. Or give the
same quantity of bone meal. Wood ashes and
soot, combined or not, make an excellent dressing.
All chemicals, including soot, should be applied
during showery weather. If soil poverty is the
cause of the mossy appearance, scratch off all the
moss in autumn with a sharp-toothed iron rake,
dress with a good layer of fine, light soil two parts
and wood ashes one part, and sow down a little
more seed in spring.

LAWN SAND.

A proprietary preparation intended as a dress-
ing for weedy lawns. It is said to kill all the
weeds, and, at the same time, act as a fertiliser
upon the finer and close-growing Grasses. There is
little doubt that the foliage of broad-leaved weeds
is killed, but it is equally true that unless the
sand is applied very carefully the Grasses are
burnt up as well. Lawn sand should be applied
by means of a dredging box ; failing this, an
ordinary tin with a few small holes punched in the
lid will serve. It should only be applied during
dry weather. The burning of the foliage of Docks
only checks growth for a time.

LAWN-SWEEPING MACHINE.

Amongst the newer mechanical contrivances to
assist the gardener is the lawn-sweeping machine,
which is of value where long, unbroken stretches
of turf have to be swept ; but where .the grass-
land is much broken up with shrubberies and
specimen trees these machines are of little use.
Two sizes are on the market — one requiring horse
power, the other to be worked by two men.
There are four rotary brushes, which pick up all
rubbish and deposit it in a receptacle at the back
of the machine. When full, a lever is depressed,
a flap is opened, and the rubbish is dropped in a
heap. The system is the same as that applied to
street-sweeping machines.

LAWSONIA (syn. ALCANNA).

(Ord. Lythrarieaj). The leaves of alba, powdered
and made into a paste, constitute the henna used
by Eastern women for dyeing the finger nails orange
yellow.

Layer

(

Leaf Miners

LAYER.

A layer is a shoot that has been subjected to tlie
process of " layering," or laying down, with a view
to causing the formation of roots at. a definite
point, and the ultimate development of the shoot
into an independent plant. All layers should, if
possible, remain attached to the parent plant until
roots are emitted, but when tender subjects are
in question, and only a callus has been formed by
the allotted time, they may be lifted with a fail-
amount of safety. Fully 80 per cent, of callused
layers may be expected to root subsequent to
lifting.

LAYERING.

A method of propagation commonly practised
with plants of which cuttings cannot be made to
root readily when detached previous to rooting.

Under the head of layering may be placed the
various operations known as "tongueing," "ring-
ing," " heeling." and " serpentine arching." These
•are all variations of the same method, and a
common principle is at the bottom of them all.

LAYERING.

a, old plant ; b, young shoot ; c, e, leaves removed from shoot ;
d, tongue ; e, peg ; /, lo\ver soil ; g, mound of soil.

Briefly, it is this : The sap ascends by the alburnum
•or sapwood, and descends, after having been elab-
orated in the leaves, by means of the tissues of
the inner bark. By forming an obstruction to the
descent of the elaborated sap at any given point, a
tendency to root formation is established at that
point.

There are many methods of setting up this
•obstruction. The commonest, and, on the whole,
the best, is that of tongueing. To take a familiar
instance, the Carnation : The lower leaves are
stripped off the shoot to be operated upon until a
point is reached where the wood is beginning to
get firm. A sharp, thin knife blade is inserted in
the stem, just below a joint, and an upward
longitudinal cut is made, dividing the stem into
halves. The cut passes through the joint, and
altogether is about 1" long. The shoot is bent
towards the axis of the parent plant, the tongue
is thus opened, bent down, inserted in the soil,
and pegged firmly in position. It is imperative
that the tongue be kept open, or the wound will
heal and roots will not be formed. It is advisable
to place a layer of light, rich soil, about 2" deep,
about the plant that is to be layered.

Alternative methods are to simply cut a notch
in the stem below a joint, or to remove a ring of

bark, taking care, however, not to cut into the sap-
wood next to the bark. Neither of these, however,
is quite so expeditiously performed as tongueing.

Serpentine arching is a term used to describe
the layering of rather long shoots that are situated
higher up the main stern than those of the
Carnation. " Piercing " is another variant, the stem
being pierced with the point of a sharp knife or
other instrument, and pegged down as before.
Layering by inserting the growing point is occa-
sionally done when other methods fail. " Twist-
ing" is an equally uncommon method. The ringing
of Dracaenas, Crotons, and Aralias follows similar
lines, moss, with which the wound is covered,
serving as soil.

Layering by circumposition is an ingenious and
highly successful plan. To the shoot which has
been tongued or ringed a pot full of soil is
fixed. The pot is first split in halves, each half
being clasped about the stem, and subsequently
filled with soil. Strictly speaking, the so-called
layering of Strawberries is not layering, because
no attempt is made to obstruct the sap flow beyond
the slight compression of the stone or peg with
which the plantlet is fastened to the soil.

Wire layering pegs may be bought cheaply from
the sundriesman, but excellent pegs can be made
from an old Birch broom or from the stems of the
common Bracken.

LAYIA.

Layias are neat hardy plants (ord. Compositse),
principally annuals, and having Daisy-like yellow
or white flowers. They are raised from seeds
sown in the same manner as other hardy annuals
(which see for treatment). They grow in common
soil in a sunny situation. Seeds sown in August
will give plants to bloom in spring.

Principal Species : —
Calliglossa, 1', Aug., yel. glandulosa, 1', Jy. , etc.,

(si/ n. pxyura chrysan- wh.

themoides). heterotricha, T, Jy., etc.,

chrysanthemoides, 1', wh.

Aug. , yel. platyglossa, 1 ' , Aug. , etc. ,

elegans, 1', Jy., yel., wh; yel. (syn. Callichroa

there is a wh. var. platyglossa).

LAYING IN.

This term is used in connection with trained
trees, and is applied to new growths that have to
be trained, or laid in, between branches, the places of
which they will subsequently take. It is equally
applicable to fruit trees, flowering trees, and shrubs,
trained to walls or trellises, and from which old
growth is annually removed when it has fulfilled
its mission. The same expression is sometimes
used to denote a method, in vogue among good
gardeners, of roughly and quickly covering with
soil the roots of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants when received from the nurseryman. This
laying in keeps the roots from harm until planting
can be properly performed.

LEAF MINERS.

These form a group of pests which are not easy
to cope with, as the adult insect pierces the leaf
cuticle, deposits an egg, and is gone again quickly.
In due course the grub is hatched and bores its
way between the upper and lower epidermis,
leaving in its train irregular markings that show

Lcadmort (see Plumbago).

Leatlier Wood (see Uircapalustris).

Leaf Mould

(4)

Leaf Boilers

how freely it has eaten of the leaf substance. To
secure immunity from leaf miners in such crops as
Celery, Parsnips, Marguerites, etc., preventive
measures must be taken, and the best of these
is spraying with kerosene emulsion or a quassia
solution. Either of 'these; if ' sprayed over the
foliage at intervals during spring, summer, and
early autumn, will make the leaf surface distasteful
to the egg depositing insect. (See also CELERY
FLY, HOLLY LEAF FLY, RAPSBEURY LEAF MISER,
and TURNIP PESTS.)

LEAF MOULD.

Leaf mould, or leaf soil as it is sometimes called,
is regarded by the successful cultivator as indis-
pensable to the full development of many pot
plants, and of the utmost value in the raising of
seedlings, and cuttings. Young feeding roots of
most plants quickly permeate leaf mould, which
presents to them a natural and easily assimilable
food. The best leaf mould is obtained from the
decomposed leaves of deciduous trees, especially
Oak, Elm, and Beech. Leaves from evergreen trees
do not make good leaf mould. The leaves should
be collected as soon as they commence to fall, and
a pen should be ready for their reception. The
latter should be convenient to the potting shed.
When the first frost has arrived it is good practice
to turn the mass over into the end of the pen from
which the decomposed leaves of a preceding year
have been used. By some such method as this a
constant supply is secured. It is neither necessary
nor desirable to store leaves under a roof, as rain
will aid decomposition ; but hurdles or wire netting
will be needed to prevent newly collected leaves
being blown away. Leaf mould is an early form
of humus, and when it is remembered that the
fertility of soil is largely measured by the percent-
age of humus (decomposed organic matter) it
contains, the value of fallen leaves can be gauged.

LEAF PROPAGATION.

Propagation by leaves |is one of the most inter-
esting phases of gardening art, but it is at the
same time a limited one. To the gardener, and
especially to the nurseryman, it is of the greatest
possible value to know that certain plants may be
increased by leaf propagation. Begonias and
Gloxinias are the subjects increased most exten-
sively by leaf propagation, and the methods
necessary to secure success are described under
each head. It should, however, be stated as a
general principle that leaf propagation is most
easy and profitable in early autumn, when the
leaves are fully developed but have not begun to
turn yellow.

The commonest method of procedure is to cut
through the mid-rib and principal veins and then
peg the leaf on the surface of some sandy soil, or
on Cocoanut fibre refuse. If soil and atmosphere
are kept moist and a brisk heat is maintained,
buds will soon form at the cuts, and when these
make tiny plantlets, they may be put into small
pots of sandy compost and kept under a bell-glass
or hand-light in the propagating house until large
enough for transference to other pots. Begonias,
Bertolonias, Gloxinias, Streptocarpuses, and many
Gesnerads can be easily increased in this way.

Almost all succulent plants with distinct leaves,
such as Echeverias, Gasterias, Sempervivums, etc.,
can be propagated from leaves, but when the latter
are removed from the parent, they must be laid on
a sunny shelf for a few days.-until the bases are

dry. After this, place them .in pans of sandy soil
in an intermediate temperature, but do not give
water until new growth follows the formation of
roots and buds. Bryophyllum calycinum is even
more ready to reproduce itself from leaf buds, but
in its case the buds are- formed along the margins
of the leaf. Pinguicula leaves should have their
bases just inserted in sand or sandy soil, but
obliquely, so that the leaf blade rests on the
surface of 'the soil. Quite a number of Ferns have
this reproductive power and consequently are
deserving of mention here ; all viviparous or
bulbiferous fronds, if pegged down on sandy soil
and kept moist, will give a large yield of tiny
plants ; Aspleniums, Woodwardias, Aspidiums, and
Fadyenias are especially prolific. The scales that
make up a Lily bulb are simply fleshy leaves capable
of storing plant food, and attached to a severely
shortened stem ; if separated and inserted by the
base in a sandy compost, and placed in a warm
greenhouse, they soon root and produce tiny bud-
like bulbs.

It is interesting to note here, that the leaves of

LEAF PROPAGATION OF GLOXINIAS.

A, leaf: a, part to be inserted. B, leaves inserted round side
of pot : 6, drainage ; ' c, small stones or moss ; d, rough
soil; e, fine soil. C, "bulb" from leaf cutting. D, leaf
with the midribs notched. E, leaves laid on soil. F,
"bulbs" forming.

several plants will root freely enough in a propa-
gating case and remain fresh for a long time, but will
never make buds ; one of the best examples of this,
peculiarity is seen in Hoya carnosa.

LEAF ROLLERS.

This title does not apply to the lame of any
particular genus of insects, but to all such as have
the habit of making comfortable tubular dwellings
for themselves by rolling up a leaf of the plant
they affect. The roll is .kept in tubular form by
means of silky threads, fixed in place by the larva,
as it proceeds with its house building. Under this
cover the pests eat away the leaf substance, or
suck out the plant juices. The chief leaf rollers
are the larvae of species of Tortrix, but the larva; of
Sawflies and of Gall Midges are sometimes equally
guilty. They are difficult pests to deal with when,
in position, consequently preventive measures — such
as the removal of surface soil during winter, to
destroy chrysalids, and spraying subjects liable to.
infestation, during spring and summer, with those
insecticides which render the foliage distasteful to
the pests — should be adopted. Trees and shrubs
infested' with leaf rollers may be relieved by^
sharply tapping the stem and brandies, as the
larvae usually come out of the rolls if danger is;
apparent, and lower themselves to the ground by

Leather Jacket

( 5

Ledenbergia

slender threads. A sheet laid under the tree or
shrub will serve to collect the fallen larva;, and
from it they can be destroyed' in any handy way.

LEATHER JACKET.

Several tough - skinned grubs are known as
Leather Jackets, but the designation applies more
particularly to grubs of the Crane Fly (Tipula
oleracea), an insect known to almost everyone
under its popular title of Daddy-Long-Legs. The
Leather Jacket's depredations are usually con-
lined to members of the Cabbage family, though
sometimes it does much damage to lawns. In the
latter case heavy and frequent rollings have proved
beneficial. In the kitchen garden the pest must
be trapped by means of pieces of Potato, Carrot.
or Parsnip, hollowed out and buried 2" or 3"
in the soil among infested crops. A piece of
stick attached to each serves to locate the trap
and also to withdraw it. Examine the traps
frequently, and throw the pests into a bucket of
hot brine.

LEAVENWORTHIA.

Hardy annuals (ord. Cruciferse), raised from
seeds sown in spring or autumn in any fertile soil.

Principal Species : —
aurea, 4", Je., ro., yel.

LEAVES.

In their myriad forms, sizes, and colours, leaves
add materially to the beauty of the world. They
contribute largely to the food supply ; afford
shelter for man, beast, and bird ; they supply the
fibre for ropes and cordage ; they are the factories
wherein may be elaborated a sweet fragrance, a
healing medicine, or a deadly poison ; to the plant
they act as lungs and partly as stomach ; while
man is indebted to them for the constant purifica-
tion of the atmosphere. Leaves are organs,
developed laterally from the stem or axis of a
plant, below its growing point. Though varied in
form and arrangement, they are, as a rule, designed
so as to present as large a surface as possible to
the light. In hot, arid countries, however, where
evaporation is so great, leaves are modified and
thickened, sometimes reduced to a mere point, so
that excessive exhalation of moisture is prevented.
Leaves never produce flowers, neither do they grow
indefinitely, but having reached full development
they fulfil their varied functions, but otherwise do
not change until decay, natural or accidental, sets
in. In deciduous subjects the leaf-fall is annual
and total, each leaf being pushed off by the plant,
by the formation of a layer of corky tissue at the
junction of leaf stalk and twig. In evergreen
plants the old leaves do not fall until new ones
have been produced, so that at no time is the plant
defoliated. In yet another class of plants, includ-
ing Palms and Pines, the leaves are persistent,
lasting for years.

As has already been hinted, the leaves have
many functions to perform, and as they can only
perform these properly when fully developed, it is
essential that cultivators avoid overcrowding in
plant or branch, that light and air are not withheld,
and that insect pests and deposits of dirt are
prevented from doing harm. All these points must
be borne in mind if the largest and finest crops
of flowers, fruit, or vegetables are to be obtained.
Under the action of light the green chlorophyll
granules, which give the leaves their colour, are

formed, and it is the green parts (and in a less
degree the green stems also) that have the power,
during daylight, of chemically breaking up the
carbon-dioxide taken in by the pores (stomata)
that are plentiful on the under sides of the leaves.
This process results in the retention of the carbon
for nutrition, the oxygen being allowed to escape ;
thus the carbonic acid, deadly to and given off by
animals, is useful to plants.

Besides being food factories and air purifiers,
leaves exhale moisture according to the weather
conditions prevailing ; by this means the excess of
water in the sap drawn up from the earth is given
off, the surrounding atmosphere is moistened, and
consequently is able to attract and condense other
moisture in the air, and in this way ensure those
moist, climatic conditions that are the soul of
fertility, but which so many countries and
localities are forfeiting by the wholesale removal
of timber trees, without any attempt at re-
afforestation.

Next to humanity itself there is probably
nothing so wonderful or so complex as the
leaves, and it is difficult to comprehend the
high position they hold in the economy of Nature ;
no chemist so skilled, no factory so ably run, no
pump so powerful, and no distiller so clever as
the leaves.

LEBECKIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Leguminosse), propa-
gated by cuttings of half-ripe wood. Soil, loam
and peat.

Principal Species : —

cytisoides, 3', Je., yel. («/». Crotalaria angus-

(*;/». Crotalaria pul- tifolia).

chella). simsiana, 4', spr., yel.

sericea, 4', Mch., yel. (»?/«. Sarcophyllum car-

nosum).

LECANOPTERIS.

Lecanopteris carnosa (ord. Filices) is a curious
stove Fern. The rhizomes spread out as ex-
crescences over the tree trunks on which the plant
grows. Increase is by division and by spores.
Soil, sandy peat. The plant should be fixed to
pieces of cork.

LECYTHIS.

A genus of about forty species of tropical trees
(ord. Myrtacese), which grow to a considerable
height. They have big trunks, large heads of
handsome foliage, and peculiarly hooded flowers.
Two species are of economic value, Ollaria yielding
the Monkey Pot fruits, and Zabucajo producing
Sapucaia Nuts ; both are .stove plants which will
grow in good loam and sand, and may be raised
from imported seeds.

LEDENBERGIA.

Climbing shrubs (ord. Phytolaccacese), requiring
stove treatment, and propagated by cuttings in
very sandy soil. Soil, three parts loam and one
part leaf mould. Good drainage is essential.

Principal Species :—

roseo-senea, 6', Ivs. vio. beneath and metallic grn.
above (syn. Phytolacca purpurascens).

Lebanon, Cedar of (see Cednw).
Lebretonia (see Paronia).
Lechenaultia (see Lescltenatiltia,).
Ledebouria, (see Scilla).

Leochilus

L.EDUM. (LABRADOR TEA.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Ericaceae) that are
readily propagated by layers. They grow well in
peat and sand, and are very handsome when in
flower. Some species once included under Ledum
are now referred to Leiophyllum, which see.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
glandulosum, 2' to 6', Ap., canadense and globo-

My., wh. sum are good vars.

latifolium, 3', Ap., wh. palustre, 2 , My., wh. ;

(ay ii. groenlandicum). decumbeus is a pros-
trate form.

LEEA.

Description. — Dwarf stove shrubs (ord. Ampel-
idese), a few of which are remarkable for the
elegance of their pinnate leafage, and the charm-
ing arrangement of green, bronze, white, and red in
their foliage. The best species is amabilis.

Propagation is effected by cuttings in sandy soil,
placed in a close propagating case. A gentle
bottom heat must be afforded, and though at all
times a moist atmosphere must be maintained,
great caution is necessary to prevent damping from
over watering.

Soil. — Rich loam, with leaf mould or peat, and
sand form a suitable compost.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
amabilis, 3', ITS. bronze cocciuea, 3', sum., so.,

above, with wh. central pk. ; only species with

stripe, dull red beneath ; an attractive inflores-

var. splendeus is better cence.

than the type.

LEEK.

A valuable winter vegetable (Allium porrum),
closely related to the Onion, but having a more
delicate flavour.

Seed Sowing. — The time of seed sowing is
governed by the quantity of plants required. For
general purposes a sowing at the middle of March
suffices, but where a longer season of supply is
sought, sow in February, March, and April. Sow
in a seed bed, and transplant when the seedlings
are about 6" high.

Planting. — This should be in well-prepared, rich
soil, previously watered if very dry. If small stock
for home use is required, make holes about 9" deep
and 8" apart, with a broom handle, drop one
plant in each, fill with water, and leave. The
plants will grow and fill the hole, and useful
produce is ensured with little labour. For large
produce, plant in trenches or on very deep, rich
ground, and ensure perfect blanching by wrapping
in brown paper, not tied so tightly as to arrest
progress.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants left in the
seed bed will form small stems the following
spring if the flowers are removed ; these make an
excellent vegetable. The main crops must be
thoroughly watered in dry weather, as they are,
like Onions, gross feeders, and a check in growth
through lack of food often results in tough, strong
produce. Leeks are perfectly hardy, and need not,
therefore, be lifted and stored for winter ; indeed,
they are much superior in flavour when drawn as
required.

Selection of Varieties : —

Ayton Castle Giant.
Bobbie's Champion.

Musselburgh.
The Lyon.

Ledorarpum (see Jialbixia) .
Zce-i' •-- - T--'-- '— "•--

^edocarpum (see Jialbixia}.

',ce-chee, or Litchee (see Nepliellwm Litchi).

LEIANTHUS.

Stove shrubs and trees (ord. Gentianese). Prop-
agation is by cuttings in very sandy soil, beneatli a.
bell-glass, over bottom heat ; or by seeds. Soil,
loam and peat, both fibrous, with coarse sand.
The removal of the plants to a cooler structure for
flowering ensures a longer display.

Principal Species : —

longifolius, 2', Aug., yel.

(nipt, Lisianthus lougi-

folius).
m'gresceus, 2', Aug., blk.

(xyn. Petalostylis ni-
grescens) .

umbellatus, '21', My., yel.,
gru.

LEIOPHYLLUM. (AMMYKSINE.)
Hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Ericaceae), prop-
agated by layers in summer, or by cuttings in very
sandy peat. Soil, three parts of peat and one part
of leaf mould, with coarse sand.

Principal Species ; —

buxifolium, 1', My., wh. — prostratum, 1', Ap.,
(si/ns. Leiophvlluni thy- wh. («;/«». Lyoni and

mifolium and Lcduin prostratum).

buxifolium) .

LEMNA.

A small genus of tiny hardy aquatics (ord.
Lemnacese), which float on the water surface and
multiply with great freedom. The Duckweed, so-
well known as a bright green surfacing on stagnant
pools and quiet backwaters, is the smallest species
— minor. The flowers are minute, set in urn-shaped
spathes. Neither minor, polyrhiza, nor trisulca
requires any artificial aid in the matter of increase ;
the difficulty is to repress the Duckweeds.

LEMON (see CITRUS MEDICA
LIMOMUM).

LENTILS.

The Lentils of sacred history are probably the
same as those of the present day, i.e. the seeds of
Lens esculenta (syn. Ervum Lens), a weedy, wing-
leaved, annual, Leguminous plant, that is dis-
tributed throughout the Orient and is extensively
cultivated in many parts of Southern Europe,
Egypt, and India. The food value of Lentils is
very high, but they have never been very popular
in this country, though the ma.kers of patent foods
have always been well aware of their value.

LENT LILY (see NARCISSUS).

LEOCHILUS.

These are little known, small-growing epiphytic
Orchids (ord. Orchidaceaj), closely allied to Oncid-
ium. They are best managed in an intermediate
house, planted in Teak baskets, in a mixture of
sphagnum, fibrous peat, and finely broken crocks.
Increase is by division when new growth com-
mences.

Principal Species : —

oncidioides, 6", aut., wh., pk., pur. (syns. Oncid-
ium macrantherum and Kodriguezia maculata).

Other Species :—

eaviuatus, 4", aut., or. sanguinoleutus, fi", aut.,

cochlearis, 4", sum. , yel. crim.

Lcimantliium, (see Melantliiwm}.

Leiospermum (see Weinmannia).

Lcmbotroiris (see Cytisiis).

Lemon Uergamotte (see Citrus medico, Limetta).

Lemon Grass (see Andropogou),

Lemonidf (see Racenia).

Leonotis

(7)

Xiepechinia

LEONOTIS. (LION'S EAR.)

Rather showy greenhouse, herbaceous plants or
shrubs (ord. Labiatse), which are propagated by
cuttings struck in bottom heat in spring. Soil, a
rich loam. Young plants ought to have frequent
shifts and to be regularly stopped to induce a
bushy growth. They must have plenty of air in
summer, and will do outdoors at that season.

Principal Species :—

Leonurus, 5', win., sc., shrubby (syn. Phlomis
Leonurus, tee figure).

Other Species :—
intermedia, 3'. Sep., or. nepehrfolia, 4', Sep., or.

yeL sc.

LEOXOTIS LEOXUUUS.

LEONTICE.

Interesting little plants (ord. Berberidesc), some
of which are cultivated as hardy herbaceous plants
in warm localities, but are best grown in a cool
greenhouse. The roots are tuberous. Propagation,
by seeds or offsets. Soil, loam and peat, not very
dry at the growing period.

Principal Species : —
Albert!, S", Ap.,lilf-hdy., Leontopetalum, 1', spr.,

hr., yel. yel. ; var. vesicaria.

darn-asica, 8", Feb., hdy.,

yel.

Altaica, Chrysogonum, odessana. and Oliverii
are »//«.«. nl' BoCgardia Ranwolfii. Thalictrioides is
Canlophyllnm thalictroides.

LEONTODON. (HAWKBIT.)

A rather numerous gonus of summer-flowering,
hardy herbaceous plants (urrl. Composite), of

scarcely any value for gardens.- They grow in any
common soil, and are increased by division, or by
seeds sown in the open in spring. AH have yellow,
Hawkweed-like flowers, and leaves of similar char-
acter to those of the Hawkweeds and Dandelions.
Pyrenseus is the best of the species.

LEONTOPODIUM. (EDELWEISS.)
The only species of note is a hardy, grey-leaved,
herbaceous perennial (ord. Compositao). Propaga-
tion, by seeds or spring division, and the plant will
grow in any soil. It appears somewhat difficult to
establish in some places, but once settled grows
readily. It should be well exposed to the sun, and
the surface of the soil covered with broken stone.
Principal Species : —

dram). Himalaicum,
sibiricum, aud traus-
sylvaiiicum are vars.

alpinum, 0", My., Je.,
yel. (suns. L, helveti-
cum, L. vulgare, aiid
Gnaphalium Leontopo-

LEOPARD MOTH.

This handsome species (Zeuzera pyrina, syn. Z.
yEsculi) is distributed throughout Europe and
Northern Africa, but has generally been con-
sidered somewhat rare in this country. During
the past year or two it has, however, been fre-
quently found in the London district and the
Southern counties. The perfect female insect
measures 2J" across the forewings, but the male is
somewhat smaller. The wings are white, strewn
with bluish black spots, and there are three similar
spots on each side of the thorax It ;s the yellow,
black-dotted larva that proves such a pest in
gardens and parks, as it tunnels into Apple, Ash,
Birch, Beech, Chestnut, Elm, Holly, Lime, Oak,
1'car, Walnut, Whitethorn, Willow, and other trees,
and sometimes attacks telegraph poles. Being of
considerable size, and a rapid worker, it is capable
of soon causing the collapse of a large tree, but it
betrays itself by the wood dust it leaves at the
entrance to its tunnel. As soon as the presence of
this wood borer is detected, insert a piece of stout
wire into the tunnel, and push it as far as possible,
so that the larva may be killed. Hunting the
moths by night, during August, should certainly
be practised in localities known to be infested,

LEPANTHES.

An extensive family of low-growing stove Orchids.
(ord. Orchidacese), allied to the genus Pleuro-
thallus, but as few possess any horticultural merit
the genus is only occasionally represented in col-
lections. Pot in fibrous peat and sphagnum, in
well-drained receptacles. Though the flowers are-
minute, the foliage is, in some cases, attractive.

Principal Species : —
calodictyon, 3", aut., Ivs. tridentata, 3", sum., pur.,

jjrn. and br. yel.

Kiinguiuea, 3", bright red.

LEPECHINIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Labiatse).
propagated by division in spring, or by seeds in a
cold frame. Soil, three parts loam and one part peat.

Principal Species :—
clinopodifolia (correctly spicata, 1'. .Ty., yel. : re-

Mentha dahurica). quires protection in win.

Leontndim nf Adannon (see Taraxacum).
Le<>2>anr.< /ft/in- (nee JJoronirum).
Leopoldinia pulclira (ice Cocos neddeUiana).
Lepanthus (see Heteranthera).

Lepidium

(8)

Leptospermum

LEPIDIUM.

The two species of note in this genus (prd. Cruci-
fereaa) are sativum (see CRESS) and latifolium.
The latter grows 3' to 4', and has white flowers in
August. It is hardy.

LEPIDOPTERA.

This is the title of, 'one large natural order of
insects, consisting of the two great scale-winged
.families — butterflies and moths. If a butterfly
wing be placed under a high-power magnifying
glass the beautiful arrangement of scales that
protects such a delicate organism can be seen. The
chief differences between butterflies and moths are
that the former have club-shaped tips -to the
antennae, and frequently have scaly bodies, while
the moths have plumed or pointed antennae, and,
mostly, silky hairs on their thick bodies. Both
among moths and butterflies there is sometimes a
very marked difference between the adult male and
female insects. A good example of such difference
is seen in the Winter, Moth (Cheimatobia bruinata),
where the -male is a fully winged, medium sized
individual, but the female is a small, dull brown,
and wingless, creature. The maggots of butterflies
and moths (larvss) are produced from eggs that are
usually deposited where abundant and suitable
food will be forthcoming at hatching time ; under
the comprehensive title of caterpillars the vora-
cious larvae are far too well known to gardeners. A
larva or caterpillar when mature assumes the
hybernating form known as a chrysalis, and after
wintering in the soil, among fallen leaves, or in
some dry, cosy corner, the perfect insect (imago)
emerges as soon as the warmth of spring arrives,
and, after mating, quickly proceeds to secure the
continuity of its species by depositing eggs.

LEPTACTINA (syn. LEPTACTINIA).

Stove shrubs from tropical Africa (prd. Rubia-
cese). The flowers are pretty. Tetraloba is well'
worth growing. Propagation is by cuttings in
brisk bottom heat, in a close case in spring. Soil,
fibrous loam two parts, leaf mould one part, with
sand.

Principal Species : —
Mannii, 6' to 12', wh.,

fragrant : the plant has

a habit like that of the

Banctias.

LEPTINELLA.

A genus of small herbs (prd. Composite), allied
to the Anthemises, and now referred to Cotula ;
the old name is retained here for cultural purposes.
'They may be used for carpet bedding, and for
covering bare, dry banks, or for carpeting bulbous
plants in the- borders or rockeries, but otherwise
are of little value in gardening. They are propa-
gated by division or seeds in spring, and grow in
common soil.

Principal Species : —
dioica, 3", Je., y'el. '
Janata, 3", Je., yel.

tetraloba, about 2"across,
wh. ; of neat and bushy
habit.

plumosa, 6", Je., yel.
scariosa, 3", Jy., yel.

Leperiia (see Phtedranassa and Urceolina).
Lepicystis (see Polypodium).
Lepidocarya (see Parinarium).
Lepismium (see lihipsalis).
JLeptandra (see Veronica).
Leptoeeras (see Caladenia).
Leptocldhis (see Acrostichum).
-Leptocionium (see Hymenopliyllum).

LEPTODERMIS.

A greenhouse evergreen shrub (iird. Rubiaceas),
propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood. Soil,
fibrous loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

lanceolata, 3', Je., yd.

LEPTOGRAMME.

This genus has now been merged in Gymno-
gramme by botanists, but L. villosa (correctly G.
villosa, iff figure) is still grown by some Fern lovers
under its garden name. It is a graceful Fern, well
worthy of attention.

LEPTOGKAMME VILLOSA. (uoni GYMNOGRAMME
YILLOSA).

LEPTOMERIA.

Greenhouse evergreens (nrd. Santalaceso), propa-
gated by cuttings of ripe wood under a bell-glass.
Soil, peat and loam.

Principal Species : —
acida, 6', My., wli. Billardieri, 6", My., wh.

LEPTOSIPHON.

Densiflorus is a charming blue and white flowered
hardy annual (ord. Polemoniacese). This is now
referred by botanists to Gilia densiflora, but is so
well known under the above name as to warrant
admission. Seed should.be sown in early spring,
in any light garden soil. There are many varieties
which are very useful for a front place in the her-
baceous border. .

LEPTOSPERMUM.

Beautiful half-hardy or greenhouse shrubs (ord.
MyrtaceaV), with Hawthorn-like flowers on slender

Leptodactylon (see Gilia).
Leptopleuria (see Didisonia).
Leptoj>teris (of lilume, see Gelscnnum).
Leptopierif (of Prcsler, see Todea).
I.eptopyrum (see Isopyrwm)

Leptosyne

(9 }

Lettuce

brandies, and very pleasing when in bloom. Some
of tlie species are hardy on the south and south-
west coasts of the United Kingdom, but they are
best grown indoors. Propagation, by cuttings of
young wood in sand under a bell-glass in May, or
by seeds sown in March in a moderate heat. Soil,
sandy peat and leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

scoparium, 5', Je., wh. ($y». bullatum), Ivs. used
for tea -in New Zealand; var. grandiflorum, wh.
(.«<• figure).

Other Species : —

Amur, (>', sum., wli. lirvigatum, 20', Je. , etc.
araclmoideum, 1'. Je. (.M/K.Fabricialsevigata).

attenuatum, 0', sum. lanigerum (AW pubescens).

flavescens, 5', Je. myrtii'olium, 8' to 10', Je.

— grandiflorum. pubescens, 5', Jc. (XIJH.
lanigerum).

LEPTOSYNE.

Showy hardy or half-hard}' annual or perennial
plants (ord. Composite), often included with
Coreopsis. They require the same treatment as
that genus, and are increased in a similar way.

Principal Species : —

gigantea, 3' to 6', aut.,
hlf-hdy. per.

maritima, 1'. aut., hdy.,
yel. (x;/>i. Coreopsis ma-
ritima).

LESCHENAULTIA.

Description. — A genus (ord. Goodenovieze) of
greenhouse evergreens, one or two of which are
conspicuously beautiful. Like many other hard-
wooded plants, they have fallen somewhat into
disrepute, but are worthy of the attention of
everyone.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the tips of the
young growths in sand, or very sandy peat, be-
r.eath a bell-glp,ss. Damping must be guarded
against.

Soil. —Three parts of good fibrous peat and one
part of fibrous loam, with some coarse sand and
pieces of charcoal to ensure porosity.

Other Cultural Points. — As soon as the cuttings
have rooted, place singly in small pots, these being
perfectly drained ; indeed, this point must be kept
in view at all stages. They do not like full sun in
summer, and should have a minimum temperature
of 4(1° in winter.

Principal Species : —
bilohi, 1', My., Jy., bL

calliopsidea, 1|', aut.,

ami., yel.
Douglasii, 1', aut., ann.,

yel.

Other Species : —

formosa, 1', Je., sc. («/»,«.
Baxteri and multi flora).

— major, larger flowers,
brighter, better grower.

laricina, 1^', sum., sc.
(syn. spleiidens).

LESPEDEZA. (BUSH CLOVER.)
A genus of hardy, half-hardy, or greenhouse
annual or perennial herbaceous plants or shrubs
(ord. Leguminosrc), little grown in gardens, but
likely to be more grown on account of recent
introductions. Propagation, the annuals by seed
sown in sandy soil in spring; the perennials by
seeds and division at the same season ; and the
shrubs by cuttings in sandy peat and leaf soil
under a bell-glass in heat. "Soil, loam, peat, and
•sand.

Leptoteg (see Tetramicra).
Letter Iffay Hug (see May

Principal Species and
bicolor, 3', Sop , ro., pur.,

shr.

- alba, hdy. shr., wh.
capitata, 2' to 5', Aug.,

yellowish wh. , pur,

spot.
Dulayayi, 3' to 6', sum.,

l>er. herb, vio.

Other Species : —

angustifolia, 2', Jy., hdy.

per., pale pur.
eriocarpa, 3', Jy., hlf-hdy.

shr., reddish pur.
•polystachya, 3', Jy., wh.
reticulata, 3', Aug., hdy.

per., vio. pur.

Varieties : —
— sericea, hdy. per.
formosa major, or., red.
macrocarpa, 3', Aug.,

hdy. shr., pur.
Sieboldii, 5', Sep., hdy.

shr., pur. (.«//«. bicolor

of Hooker Jil. liotanical

Magazine).

Stuvei, 2' to 4', Aug.,
vio. pur. (nyti. Nuttallu
[not Britten and
Brown]).

villosa, 3', Jy., wh.

violacea, 3', Aug., hdy.,
vio. pur.

Photo: D. S. Fish, Edinburgh.

LEPTOSPERMUM SCOPARIUM GRANUIFLORI'M.

LESSERTIA.

A genus (ord. Leguminosse) comprising annuals,
herbaceous and shrubby perennials, all requiring
greenhouse treatment. Propagation, by seeds for
the annuals, seeds and division for the herbaceous
perennials, and cuttings for the shrubby peren-
nials, all in heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal
portions.

Principal Species : —

diffusa, 6", Je., ann., . perennans, 1', Jy., herb-

ro., pur. aceous, rich lil.

fruticosa, 1', Jy., shrubby, pulchra, IV, My., shrub-
pur, by, red.

LETTUCE.

Description. — A most valuable salad, as judicious
cultivation will ensure a supply practically the
whole year round It is derived from the hardy
annual Lactuca Scariola, and possesses marked
antiscorbutic properties.

Propagation. — By seeds sown either out of doors
or under glass at almost any period of the year.

Leucadendron

Leucojum

Soil.— Well-worked, rich loam for preference,
but good Lettuces can be produced in almost any
fertile soil.

Summer Lettuces.— Seeds should be sown under
glass during January and February, and the plants
subsequently placed on a warm border. From
March onwards, outdoor sowings are made, and
the best system is to draw shallow drills 1'
apart, disposing the seeds thinly so as to reduce
the necessity for thinning. The advantage of this
over broadcast sowing is that the thinnings may be
utilised for forming other rows, while those that
remain will develop'into splendid produce. The last
sowing for summer Lettuces may be made in July.
Though tying is frequently neglected, owing to the
time occupied, it is false economy, as, without ex-
ception, the Cos varieties are all improved thereby.

Winter Lettuces.— The hardiest varieties are
employed for this purpose, notably Hammersmith
Hardy Green, All the Year Round, Hicks'
Hardy White, and Black Seeded Bath, the first
two being Cabbage varieties and the last two
Cos. All the Year Kound and Bath Cos are
the best, the last named being probably the
hardiest. August sowings outdoors practically
commence the winter crop, and the successional
plants must be in frames, some of them to remain
for development, and others to have a place on
warm borders. The greatest possible amount of
air, consistent with safety, must be admitted to
the frames, and the soil should be moist. It is not
advisable to attempt very rapid forcing, as it will
end in failure in many cases, but Cabbage Lettuces
force well. One of .the best varieties for the pur-
pose is Golden Ball.

Selection of Varieties :—

Cog Section : — •

Black Seeded Bath. Superb Green.

Hicks' Hardy White. Superb White.

Cabbage Section :—
All the Year Round, Continuity.

Commodore Nutt. Golden Ball.

Hardy Varieties :—
All the Year Round. Black Seeded Bath Cos.

Lettuce Fly. — Fortunately this pest (Anthomyia
Lactucse) is not much known to gardeners, because
it does not commence its attacks until the plants
begin to flower. It is the seed grower who suffers
most from the Lettuce fly. Eggs are deposited on
the flowers, and the larval bore into and destroy the
seeds as they mature. Some system of spraying
just before the flowers expand would probably
save the crop, but this is seldom done, and the
safe plan of uprooting and burning badly infested
stocks is followed. The Lettuce fly resembles
the Onion fly and Cabbage fly in form, but the
male is black, with light stripes, and has a dull
brown head ; while the female is greyish, with
conspicuously black legs.

LEUCADENDRON. (SILVER TREE.)
Very pretty shrubs or small trees (ord. Pro-
teacese) now seldom found in cultivation, but
adapted for the greenhouse or conservatory. The
dried leaves of argenteum, the most ornamental
species, are imported in great numbers from the
Cape, and are much used, because of their silvery
appearance, for wreaths and other ornamental
purposes. Propagation, by cuttings of the young

Lettuce, Lamb's (see Corn Salad).

tips under a bell-glass in May, in sand. Argen-
teum, however, is raised from seeds, and can only
be grown successfully for any length of time where
the air is particularly pure. London fogs have
been responsible for the death of many plants.
They require a greenhouse temperature and a.
compost of fibrous peat and a little loam, with a,
few pieces of charcoal.

Principal Species : —

argenteum, 15', Aug., yel., foliage silvery.

Other Species : —

icmulum, 4', Jy.. yel. pur. (syns. stellare and

aiigustatum, 4', Je., yel. Protea fuscinorum).

ciuereum, 3', Je., yel. graudiflorum, 4', Ap., yel.

ciirymuosum, 4', Ap., yel. plumosum, 4', Jy., yel.

(.«I/H. Protea corym- sericeuni, 3', My., yel.

bbsa). tortum, 5', small oblique

fuscinorum, 3', Je., pale Ivs.

LEUCERIA (syn. LEUCHERIA).

Greenhouse annual or perennial herbs (ord.
Composite) closely related to the Chaptalias. Of
the twenty-five species comprising the genus only
one, runcinata, 1', June, white and pink, fragrant,
needs mention. It may be treated as a half-hardy
annual, and will flourish in warm spots in any
ordinary soil. (Syns. Chabraa rosea, C. runcinata,
Lasiorriu'za rosea, and L. runcinata.)

LEUCHTENBERGIA.

A greenhouse succulent (urd. CacteaV), closely
allied to Echinocactus, and needing similar treat-
ment. The only species is Principis, 1', June,
yellow.

LEUCOCARPUS.

A. small genus (ord. Scrophularineaj). The only
species of note — alatus, 2', summer, yellow — is a
half-hardy perennial that requires winter protec-
tion. Propagation, by division when growth com-
mences in spring. Soil, loam and leaf mould, with
coarse sand.

LEUCOCORYNE.

Pretty little half-hardy bulbous plants (ord.
Liliacea;), cultivated like the Ixias (which see).
They resemble the Brodiaeas in appearance.

Principal Species : —

alliacea, 9", Je., lil.or wh. wh. (til/in, odorata,

ixioides, 1', Aug., bl. or irarcissiflora, purpurea,

etc).

LEUCOJUM. (SNOWFLAKE.)

Charming bulbous plants (aril. Amaryllidete) of
much value for the garden, and highly prized for
cut flowers. The sub-genus Acis, now included
with Leucojum by botanists, is described under
AciS. Propagation, by offsets removed when the
leaves become yellow, and by seeds sown when ripe,
either in the open or in pans in frames. Seedlings
are several years before they bloom. Soil, light,
rather sandy loam for the spring-flowering species,
but a moister and heavier one for the forms of
rcstivurn, which in some places thrive as semi-
aquatics.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
a-stivum, 1.'.', Ap., My., hyemale, 6", Ap., frame,

wh.; flowers larger, Ivs. wh. («yns. nie.veuse-

broader than those of and Acis hyemale).

pulchellum, and blooms pulchellum, 1^', Ap.,

a little later. wh.

Lcucadendron (of Salisbury, see Leucospermum).
Leucadendron (i<f Linnaeus, see Protea).

Leucophyllum

Levels

vcrnum, 0" to 12", Mch. — carpathicura, yel. spots

wh. (*I/H. Eriuosma instead of grn.

vernum). - Vigneri, generally more

than one flower on stem.

(Autumnale, longifolium, rosemn, tingitanum,

and trichophyllum are described under Acis.)

LEUCOPHYLLUM.

Three species of dwarf, branching, greenhouse
shrubs (tird. Scrophulurinesc) covered with silvery
wool, and bearing relatively large and showy viole't
purple flowers. Texanuin, 2' to 8', spring and
summer, the only species yet introduced, may be
raised from seeds and cuttings, and likes a fairly
rich, loamy toil.

LEUCOPOGON.

An Australian genus (ord. Epacridese) of ever-
green shrubs requiring greenhouse treatment.
Propagation is by early summer cuttings of firm
tips in sandy peat beneath a bell-glass. A compost
of fibrous loam and peat, with sand and charcoal,
suits.

Principal Species :—
lanceolatus, 10', My., wh.

(iyn. Cumin ghamii).

Other Species: —
collinus, G', My.,wh.
ohovatus, 1', My., Je.,wh.

Richei. 6', My., wh. (st/ns.
parvirtorus and poly-
stachj's).

striatuj, :i', ,Te.. wh.
virgatus, IV, Jc., wh.

LEUCOPSIDIUM.

A small genus of hardy, or nearly hardy, annual
or biennial plants (ord. Composite), which may be
increased by seeds and delight in a warm, rich
soil and a sunny position.

Principal Species : —

avkaiisiiium, 1' to 2', sum.,
wh. , pur., yel.

ramosissinnun, 1" to 12",
sum., vio , yel., com-
pact.

LEUCOSPERMUM.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Proteacese)
that are not common in gardens. Propagation is
by cuttings of ripe shoots beneath a bell-glass.
Soil, three parts of light loam and one part of
fibrous peat, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

ellipticum, 3', Je., yel.
formosum (correctly Pro-
tea fonnosa).

tomentosum camlicans,
2', Aug., yel.

LEUCOTHOE.

Hardy shrubs (ord. Ericaceae). Propagation is
by layers in late summer, or by seeds sown in
sandy soil under hand-lights as soon as ripe.
They grow best in sandy peat.

Principal Species : —
axillaris, 3', My., wh.

(*U». Andromeda axil-

laris).
Catesbasi, 3', My., wh.

(KI/IIK. spiimlosa, Au-

dromeda Catesbsei and

A. spinulosa).
Davisiie. 4', sum., wh.

(xyn. Lobhi).

LEUZEA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Composite).
Propagation is by spring division and by seeds.
The plants flourish in any fertile soil.

racemosa, 6', My., wh.
(KI/HS. spicata, Andro-
meda pauiculata, A.
racemosa, A. spir;it,-i,
and A. tomentosa, and
Lyouia racemosa).

recurva, 2', Je. , wh. (fi/ii.
Andromeda recurva).

Leufolana (gee .

Leurostcyia (see Dai-allia).

Principal Species : —

altaica, 8", Jy., pur. comfera, 8", Aug., pur.

salina, 10", Jy., pur.

LEVELLING.

An operation requiring skill, and which, in exten-
sive work, should be entrusted to an expert. A
theodolite is commonly used, and is valuable for
ascertaining the rise and fall of the ground. For
limited areas a straightedge, spirit level, and
horning rods are employed. In addition to these,
numerous pegs are used at frequent intervals.
The level is often taken from the house, and having
been ascertained, a peg is driven in to the proper
height ; another is inserted 8' or !)' away, its

LEWISIA itEDivivA (see p. 12).

precise height being determined by the aid of the
straightedge and spirit level. Other pegs follow-
over the surface, and the actual levelling proceeds.
The operator must guard against piling good soil
in some positions, and leaving the subsoil exposed
in others. The surface soil should be carefully
preserved, filling low spots with the poorer subsoil
from the higher ground. Thoroughly loosen the
subsoil before surfacing with 9" or 10" of good
mould, the whole being subsequently made equally
firm.

LEVELS.

Plane surfaces that are parallel to the surface of
water are frequently spoken of as " levels," and the
same term is applied to those instruments which
a surveyor or gardener uses when creating either a
horizontal or an inclined plane. The " spirit level "
is too common an object to need description, and
when it, is fixed in a long and rigid straightedge
it is a convenient tool for levelling small areas, as
tlie air bubble, being much lighter than the spirit,

Lewisia

Libocedrus

quickly indicates the higher end of the instrument
by rising towards it. " Borning rods " are made
like T squares, 4' in height, and are used in threes.
In use they are held a few yards apart, one having
its base on a point to which- the surrounding area
.has to be levelled; 'the other two are raised or
lowered until, viewed from the first one, all the
three horizontal cross pieces have their upper
edges perfectly in line. The rod to use in the
centre should be of a different colour from the other
two. The centre rod is. the one to raise or lower
.to get the level between two outside points. Other
levelling instruments are made by a combination
•of the straightedge, a right-angled triangle, and
a plummet. There is also the theodolite,; an ex-
pensive combination of spirit levels, graduated
circles, and telescope, used for extensive engineer-
ing operations.

LEWISIA.

Beautiful little plants (ord. Portulaceae) for
rockwork, and growing in a soil composed of loam,
leaf mould, and sand, with a little brick rubbish,
in a sunny position with thorough drainage. Prop-
agation, by seeds, sown under glass in spring, or
by division at the same time. Kediviva has been
known to revive in a herbarium after being dried
as a specimen. The Lewisias should be well
supplied with water when growing. Tweedyi
will be best in a frame in winter.

Principal Species : —
rediviva, 4",sum.,ro. (see Aug., pk. Ivs., bronze re-

p. 11). verse.

Tweedyi, 4" to 6", Je. to

LEYCESTERIA.

Description. — A handsome , hardy shrub (ord.
Capri foliacese), with bunches of white arid purple
flowers on rather pendent branches. These are
followed by small fruits, which are said to be
appreciated by game, and the shrub is sometimes
recommended as a covert plant. It is very hand-
some in the garden or shrubbery, where it will
grow in either a sunny or shady place.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in the open or in
a frame in spring ; by cuttings of the old wood
under a hand-light in autumn ; also by cuttings
of young shoots under a bell-glass in spring.

Soil. — Common soil.

Only Cultivated Species r—
formosa, 6' to 8', sum., - variegata, a pretty

wh., pur. (syn. nepal- form.

ense).

LEYSSERA.

Greenhouse evergreens (ord. Composite). Prop-
agation is by cuttings of half-ripe wood in very
sandy peat. Soil, loam and peat, both fibrous,
with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

capillifolia,'8", Je.,yel. guaphaloides,2', Aug., or.
yel.

LHOTSKYA.

Greenhouse evergreens (urd. Myrtaceje). Prop-
agation is by cuttings in very sandy soil beneath a
bell-glass. A compost of loam, peat, and sand
suits.

Principal Species :—
acutifolia, 1J', Je., yel. ericoides, 3' to 20', Je.,

wh. (»)/«. hirta).
violacea, IV, Je., vio.

LIABUM.

Herbaceous or shrubby plants (ord. Composita;),
scarcely ever met with, and hardly, if at all,
procurable from trade sources. The herbaceous
species are propagated by division in spring ; the
shrubs by cuttings of the young shoots under a
bell-glass in spring in bottom heat. Soil, loam,
leaf mould, and a little peat and sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

Browuei, yel., st. Alpine, yel. («/«. Para-

uniflorum, 6", hlf-hdy. iiephelius uuinorus).

LIATRIS. (BLAZING STAB. BUTTON SSAKE-
ROOT.)

Description. — Handsome and effective border
plants (ord. Compositse), with long spikes of
flowers, which open from the summit of the spike
downwards in succession. The greater number are
hardy in suitable soil.

Propagation. — By division of the roots in spring,
or by seeds sown under glass in pots or in a frame
at that season.

Soil. — Liatrises should have a light, sandy soil,
but ought not to suffer from drought at the growing
period, or the size of the spikes will be much
reduced. Pure sand is recommended by some
growers, but it must not be dry.

Principal Species :—
pycnostachya, 4', Aug., scariosa, 3', Jy., Aug.,

pur. One of the finest, pur. A distinct species.

'Ut often short lived. spicata, 2' to 6', Aug.,

r

Da

Other Species : —

acidota, 2A', Aug., pur.
cyliudracea, 1' to 3', Aug.,

pur. (»I/H. grarninifolia,

of JfilMfiiow).
elegaus, 4', Jy., pur.

pur. Very pretty.
— montana, 2 .

graminifolia, 3', Aug.,
pur. (not of WiUdfilow}.
— dubia.

punctata, 3', Aug., pur.
squarrosa, 2', Aug., pur.

LIBERTIA.

Description. — Very ornamental hardy or half-
hardy plants (ord. Iridese), which are prized
because of their pretty, Iris-like, narrow leaves
and their pleasing white or bluish flowers. In
some places formosa, grandiflora, and ixioides are
not quite hardy, and should have a little pro-
tection in winter.

Propagation. — By division in spring, or by seeds
sown at that season, and the seedlings wintered in
a frame or cool house.

Soil. — Light, dry soil in a sunny position.

Principal Species : —

formosa, li', My., wh. ixioides, 3', Je., wh.

grandiflora, 3', Je., wh. paniculata, 1J', hlf-hdy.,

My., wh.
Other Species : —
coerulescens, 2', hlf-hdy., pulchella, 1', Ap., hlf-

pale bl. hdy., wh.

elegaus, H', Ap. , wh. tricocca, 1', hlf-hdy., wh.

tricolor, 1', hlf-hdy., wh.

LIBOCEDRUS.

Description. — Ornamental evergreen trees (ord.
Conifera), of which about six species are in cultiva-
tion. The majority require the protection of a cold
greenhouse in winter, except in very favoured local-
ities. In general appearance they closely resemble
the Chinese Arbor-Vitas (Thuya orientalis), differing
principally from that plant in having unequally
winged seeds, valvate scales to the cones, and by
producing only one seed at the base of each scale.

Libonia

Licuala

When growing under natural conditions the trunks
of several species rise perfectlyerect to a height of
over 100', and are proportionately thick. Most of
the species produce very good timber, which is
largely used for spars, building material, and
various other purposes. From the fragrant odour
emitted by the wood the popular name of "Incense
Cedar " has arisen.

Propagation. — This is best effected by means of
seeds sown as soon as possible after they are
thoroughly ripe, in sandy soil indoors, removing
the seed pans to a cool, airy frame as soon as
germination takes

place. Cuttings in-

serted in sandy
soil 'and placed in
a close case in July
or August will also
root.

Soil. — A cool,
rich, fairly light
soil, retentive of
moisture, is to be
commended.

Other Cultural
Points. — Keep the
plants shapely and
free from dead
wood, and the sur-
rounding ground
free from grass and
weeds.

Principal Species
and Varieties :

chilensis, 80', elegant

habit, hdy. in

many places (si/n.

Thuya chileusis) .
decurrens, 100' to

150', hdy., Ivs.

grn. , fastigiate

habit (see figure).

— aureo - variegata,
Ivs. golden.

— compacta glauc/i .
doniana, 70', hlf-

hdy., Ivs. grn.,
spreading head.
Other Species : —

Bidwillii, Ivs. nar-
rower than doni-
ana, grh.

macrolepis (»//».

Thuya tetragona). Photo : Cassell it Company, Ltd.

tetragoua, 80'.

LlHOCEDUUS

LIBONIA.

A genus of greenhouse or stove shrubs (prd.
Acanthaceae) which the Genera Plantaritm refers
to Jacobinia ; while other authorities retain the
generic title for the two plants named below. The
plants are handsome when in flower, and may be
used for conservatory decoration ; when making
growth a warmer temperature is essential. Propa-
gated by cuttings in March under a bell-glass.
Keep the plants sturdy by growing them close to
the glass, or much bnant.y is lost. Soil, two parts
fibrous loam, one part leaf mould, with decayed
manure and sand.

Only Species and Hybrid : -

floribuuda, 2', win., yeL penrhosionsis. •_'.'
crim.; hybrid.

LICHENS.

Among the lowliest plants are the Lichens ; most,
ubiquitous, most familiar, yet least known, and at
the same time most wonderful. The dry greyish
green matter that seems to form, rather than grow,
upon the stone parapet of a bridge or an old Oak
fence ; the dead-looking, scabby film that encrusts
the broken rock high up the mountain; the scant
vegetation that beneath the Arctic snows provides
food for the Greenlander's reindeer ; and the pretty
tasselling that hangs all too freely, from the
boughs in many a damp orchard and Larch wood,

are alike members

. of the great Lichen

family. Physiolog-
ically, the Lichens
are remarkable for
the wonderful ex-
ample of symbiosis
they present — a
dual alliance be-
tween fungi and
alga?. In this extra-
ordinary partner-
ship the fungal
hypha: envelop and
protect the algal
- cells, which manu-
facture the food
for both. Propaga-
tion is by spores
from the fungoid
portion, and by
division of the algal
cells/ Both can live
apart, but when
together form the
Lichen. Lichens
haveeome economic
value, as in the case
of Reindeer Moss,
and Litmus, . the
latter being a pig-
ment obtained from
Koccella tinctoria.
In many parts of
this country Li-
chens are injurious,
as they form freely
upon the trunks and
branches of orchard
trees, and im-
pede growth. The
remedy is found in
a winter dressing
of caustic soda and
commercial potash,

coupled with a more liberal system of culture.
The dressing is made by dissolving J Ib. of Green-
bank's 98 per cent, caustic soda, and -J Ib. of
commercial potash, carefully in separate vessels,
subsequently combining the two and adding
water to make 5 gallons. Apply in the form of
spray, using thick gloves to protect the hands,
and a long brass branch to prevent any spray
from falling on to and injuring the worker's face.
Spraying with strong Bordeaux Mixture, and
dusting the branches, when damp, with lime, are
further remedies.

LICUALA.

A genus of handsome and rather dwarf Palms (prd.
Palnui'), almost all natives of the East Indies. A

DECrilHEXS.

Lidbeckia

(14)

Lightfootia

stove temperature ((>0° minimum) and moist atmo-
sphere are essentials to full development, indeed,
some of the best examples are very often grown
during the summer months with the lower part of
their pots in a tank of warm water. Kich, substan-
tial, but porous loam is a good rooting medium.
Seeds should be sown in shallow pans or singly in
small pots and plunged in a brisk bottom heat.

Principal Species :—
grandis, 10', Feb., grii., peltata, 6', sum., wh., yel.

yel. . spinosa, 8', spr., wh., gru.

Jeannencyi, 6'; very com- (*y. horrida).

pact grower, new. Veitchii, 6" to 10", stem

slow growing ; new.

Other Species are acutifida, amplifrons, elegans,
Muellerii, Kumphii, and ternata ; from stems of the
first named the celebrated "Penang Lawyers"
•(walking-sticks) are made.

LIDBECKIA.

Greenhouse shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord. Com-
positas) of low stature, and of little decorative
value. They may be propagated by cuttings in
sandy peat under a bell-glass, and like a compost
of peat and loam in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

iobata, 1' to'2', My., wh., pectinata, 2' to 3', My.,

Ivs. silky (nyii. Cotula Je.. wh., like au Oxeve

quinqueloba) . Daisy.

LIETZIA.

A perennial stove plant (ord. Gesneracese) that is
best grown in a mixture of loam, leaf mould, and
sand. Increase is by cuttings, seeds, or tubers,
giving bottoni heat in each case.

Only Species :—

brasilien.sis, 1', sum., grn., pur. br.

LIFTING.

The work of harvesting root crops consists, in'
the first place, of removing such crops from the
soil. This is technically known as " lifting," and,
as a general rule, it should be performed when top
growth has died down or shows signs of having
fulfilled its functions. The same term is also used
in connection with the removal of trees, shrubs,
etc., from nursery rows ; thus autumn and early
winter, when deciduous subjects have lost their
foliage, is said by nurserymen to be "lifting-time."

LIGATURES.

Ties or ligatures used' in training plants or in
securing them to stakes so as to prevent injury by
wind, etc., should be of such a kind as to fulfil" the
purpose intended, but at the same time they must
not be drawn so tightly as to check or strangle
growth. A favourite method in the case of young
trees or shrubs is to pass a piece of cloth or sack-
ing round both stem and stake and tie firmly over
this with tarred cord ; such ligatures should be
renewed once a year. A common form of liga-
ture is to pass the cord once completely round
the supporting stake and bring the plant into
position by means of the loose ends. Another is
to pass the cord behind the stake, and cross the
two ends between stake and plant before the latter
is tied in ; when complete, this ligature forms a

Lifhtensteinia (see OTnitkoglossiim).

Liebigw, (see Cldrita).

Lievena (see Quesnelia}.

Ligeria speciusa (see Sinningia speciosa).

figure 8, with the stake in one, and the plant-stem
in the other loop. In either case the plant is kept
firm, but there is sufficient play to allow natural
expansion. Ligatures are made in several ways
and also with a variety of materials, such as wire
(not recommended), tarred .twine, raphia, and bast,
while in the more delicate operations of budding
and grafting, raphia, soft string, or coarse worsted
is used.

LIGHT.

To ensure robust health and fruitfulness ample
light is needed by all plants, excepting some fungi.
Artificial light, notably that produced by electricity,
will enable plants under its influence to elaborate
food just as they would under solar light, but
possibly in a less degree ; this has been proved in
the United States, where large crops of Lettuces
grown under glass are illuminated at night by arc
light, and are marketable several days in advance
of crops depending solely upon sunlight. Longer
lived plants would doubtless soon suffer from
exhaustion if under the influence of light the whole
of each twenty-four hours. Light is necessary for
the production of chlorophyll — the green colouring
in leaves and stems — without which the work of
breaking up carbonic acid gas into carbon and
oxygen, giving off the latter and converting the
former into starch, for food, could not be ac-
complished (see LEAVES). It will thus be readily
understood that the overcrowding of plants in a
greenhouse, shrubbery, etc., or of branches in a
fruit tree, is very bad, as in each case light is
more or less excluded, and weak growth is the
consequence. It is most essential that the glass
used on all plant houses and frames! should be of
good quality, and that the houses be built so as to
command as much light* as possible. It is also
necessary that the glass be kept clean, especially
during autumn, winter, and spring, for while it
may be necessary to shade some classes of plants
from the brightest summer sunshine, there is never
too much light during winter. To properly ripen
fruits, solar light is essential, and in most cases
increase of colour and sweetness are secured if the
foliage be drawn back so as to expose the crop —
this does not, however, apply to Grapes under glass.
Plants in dwelling rooms generally suffer as much
from lack of solar light as from impure atmosphere.
Most Ferns prefer subdued light ; but green glass,
that once appeared likely to become popular for
ferneries, is not to be commended ; it is only needed
that sufficient shade be given to break up the more
direct and brilliant light rays. Attenuated growth
and pale foliage are due to deficiency of light,
while blanching is secured by excluding light.

LIGHTFOOTIA.

A South African genus (ord. Campanulacesc) of
dwarf evergreen plants that are nearly hardy,
needing only greenhouse protection. Pot in sandy
loam and peat. Propagation is by cuttings of
young growth, in fine, sandy peat, under a bell-
glass.

Principal Species :—

tenella, 10", Jy., hdy. in South England, hi. (xi/ns,
ciliata and Loddigesii and Campanula tenella).

Other Species : —
oxycoccoides, 6", Jy., hi. subulata, 4", Aug., bl.

Lights (see Frames).

Lignum- Vitse

(15)

Lilac

LIGNUM-VITJE.

This name, meaning " wood Of life," was given
long ago to the dark-coloured, dense, and hard
heart-wood of (iuaiacum officinale, in reference to
its durability The tree is a small one, and found
in tropical America. For pulley blocks, pestles,
rulers, etc., Lignum-Vitas is extensively used.

LIGULARIA.

A .small group of hardy, yellow-flowered peren-
nials (ord. Composite) that are now referred to

^•^^^•^•^^^^•H
Pltoto : Cassell A Company, Ltd.

LILAC MAKIE LEOUAYE (see p. 16).

the genus Senecio. They succeed in light soil, and
are easily increased by cuttings under a hand-light,
from seeds, or by division.

Principal Species : —

Hodgsoui, 3', Je., yel.

macrophyllii, 4', Jy., yel.

LIGUSTRUM. (PRIVET.)

Description. — A large genus of mostly hardy
evergreen or deciduous shrubs (ord. dleaceaa),
found in Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are
characterised by having opposite, usually more or
less oval, leaves, a bushy habit, and panicles of
white or cream coloured flowers. The majority of
the species are useful subjects for the garden or
shrubbery, and vulgaris and ovalifolimn form two
of the most useful hedge plants, growing well in
almost any situation and under adverse circum-

Liijustrina amuremis (see Syr'uujajajnmii-a}.

stances. The golden variety of ovalifolium is one
of the prettiest of hardy, ornamental-leaved shrub?,
and is now largely used for isolated specimens,
beds, groups in shrubberies and for hedges, and in
all cases behaves in a satisfactory manner. It is
a first-rate town plant. Ibota, japonicum, lucidum,
Quihoui, and sinense make really good, late
summer and early autumn flowering plants, and
are worthy of extended cultivation.

Propagation.— Cuttings of most of the species,
from 9" to 12" in length, taken in autumn and
winter, root readily in a border out of doors or in a
cold frame. Coriaceum, japonicum, and lucidum
are more difficult to root, and succeed best if taken
in July and inserted in sandy soil in a close case
indoors.

Soil — Almost any soil is suitable.

Other Cultural Points. — As most of the species
make large, mat-like masses of fibrous roots, which
spread for a considerable distance beyond the
radius of the branches, it is advisable not to plant
very close to slower-growing, choicer shrubs, and
it is also desirable to annually cut through the
roots with a spade at a reasonable distance from
the stem, so as to keep them within bounds.
Frequent pruning with the stronger growers is
necessary. When used for hedges, the two species
previously mentioned — which, by the way, are more
often spoken of as Privet than anything else —
should be used separately. Good, bushy plants,
2J' high, should be selected and planted 1' apart
in a single row ; if an exceptionally wide hedge is
required, a double row maybe made. Privet hedges
must be kept cut hard back, at least two clippings
a year being necessary. The variegated form of
the oval-leaved Privet is now grown as bushes and
standards for decorative work in winter.

Principal Species : —

Ibota, G' to 8', Aug., Sep.,

wh.; a good flowering

species of thick, bushy

habit (*//«». amureuse

of gardeus, ciliatum,

obtusifolium, regelia-

num,Eoxburghii of gar-
dens, aucl Stauntoni).
ovalifolium of Hassk, 15',

sum., wh. (*//«*. amur-

ense of Carr., ovatum,

and reticulatnm of gar-
dens). Oval - leaved
Privet.

— foliis Miir-i.

Quihoui, 6' to 8', Aug.,
wh. (syn. brachystach-
ium).

sinense, 10' to 12', Jy.,
wh., (xt/ns. chinense,
Fni-tunei, froudosum,
villosum).'

Other Species and Varieties : —

coriaceum, 5', sum., wh. — aureo-variegatum.

(•\'/>/. lucidum coria-
ceum).
insulare, 6', Jy-, cream

(M/J/*. angustifolium,

insulense, linearis, and

longifolium).
japonicum, 3' to 8', Jy.,

wh. (ii/ns. bullatum,

glabrum, kelleriiinuin,

lucidum of gardens,

macrophyllum, Kox-
bui-ghii. and Sieboldi).

lucidum, 12 , Aug., wh.

— Alivoni.

— tricolor.

medium, 5', Jy., wh.

strougylophylium, 3" to
24", sum., wh. ; a
curious-growing shrub.

vulgare, 6 to 12', sum.,
cream; there are Severn!
vars., of which the fol-
lowing are the best :
aureum, buxifolium,
glaucum.italicum varie-
gatum. Common Privet.

Walked, 6' to 8', sum.,
hlf-hdy., wh.

LILAC.

The popular name applied to various species of
Syringa (ord,. Oleacese). The species to which the
terra is most often applied are persica and vulgaris,
the former a dwarf, free-flowering shrub, 3' to 5
high, the latter well known to everyone by reason of
its huge panicles of fragrant white or lilac flowers.

Lilac

( 16)

Lilium

winch are borne in early summer. Of the common
Lilac a great number of varieties now exist, some
bearing single, others double, flowers, while the
panicles of many are very large. In addition to
being one of the very best of hardy flowering
shrubs and one of the most easily managed, it is
also one of the most useful for forcing, pure white
Lilac in the winter always being in demand and
usually commanding a good price. Although one

Good Varieties :

alba grandiflora, wh.
Charles X., HI.
Gloire de Moulins, hi.
lemoineaua flor

double.
Mdme. Lemoiiie, doultli1,

wh. [p. 15).

Marie Legraye, wh. (see

Philemon, lil.

Princess Camille de

Rohan,
pleno, Rubra de Marly, red.

Souv. de L. Spath, rich

lil.

Ville de Troyes, lil.
Virginalis, wh.

A GOOD CLUMP OP LILIUM AUKATUM (see p. 18).

of the most common and easily managed shrubs,
attention to pruning must be given if the best
results are required. The centre of the plant
should always be kept open to admit light and air,
shoots from the rootstock should be removed, and
those on the upper branches thinned in early
summer. It is also advisable to remove the old
flower heads as soon as flowering is over ; if left
on they weaken the bushes. (For other particu-
lars, see SYRINGA.)

LILIUM. (LILY.)

Description. — The Lilium (ord. Liliacea;) in its
many forms is one of the noblest and most beauti-
ful of all bulbous plants, and its cultivation cannot
be too strongly advised, although a considerable
number of the species are difficult to cultivate,
from causes which are obscure, but which probably
arise from the absence or presence of moisture at
the proper times.

Propagation.— Liliums are propagated by offsets,

Lilium

( 17)

Lilium

detached from the parent when it is at rest ; by
bulbils, which are produced on "the stems of some
of the species ; and by scales of the bulbs taken off
with a portion of the base and placed upright to a
depth of about a third of their height in a mixture
of Cocoamit fibre refuse, or leaf soil and sand, in pots
or boxes, when the bulbs arrive, or when they can be
lifted. Keep the scales free from frost, and water
very carefully. About the month of May, plunge
the ; pots or boxes in the open, and green shoots
will spring from the base, small bulbs eventually
forming. These can be grown on, either in boxes

three parts of peat to one part of sand, mixed with
ordinary garden soil. They like partial shade,
with moisture at the roots, but should not have
the bulbs themselves in a bog.

(2) Easily grown Liliuras. These will grow in
any good garden soil, lightened with leaf mould if
heavy, or with the addition of some good loam if
light.

(3) Loam-loving Liliums. These may have a
deeply dug, fertile loam, which, if of a clayey
nature, may be lightened with leaf mould and
sand.

I'koto : Casscll .[: Company, Ltd.

LILIUM HANSONI (see p. 18).

or in beds of soil. Liliums are also raised from
seeds, sown either in pans or pots when ripe, or as
soon as obtainable, and grown on until they are
large enough to remove, which will be in about
three years. They may also be sown in the open.
Seedlings generally require from five to ten years
from seed l>efore blooming, but much depends
upon the treatment.

Soil. — For all practical purposes, Liliums can be
grown under one or other of the conditions shown
in the following arrangement, which embodies the
experience of the most practised cultivators of the
flower. The number appended to the description
of each Lilium corresponds with that attached to
the respective cliiss.

(1) Teat-loving Liliums. These may have about
32

Other Cultural Points : —

Liliums in the Open Ground.— As a genera] rule,
Liliums thrive best in positions where they are
partially shaded from strong sun and sheltered
from cold spring winds. The open places among
evergreen shrubs form capital positions for the
greater number. This partial shade is especially
necessary in the case of those which make roots at
the base of the-stems. They should not, however,
be absolutely overhung with trees. Early planting
cannot always be practised, on account of the
time at which imported bulbs arrive, but they
should not be any longer out of the soil than can
be avoided, and such Lilies as candidum must
be planted as early in autumn as possible. Dig
the soil to a depth of 1J' or 2', and plant the

Lilium

( 18)

Lilium

larger-growing species from 6" to 10" below the
surface ; the smaller from 3" to 4" deep. As
growth is made, the plants ought to be secured to
stakes, and when making growth they must have
plenty of water. Among the easiest to grow ars
Batemanniie, candidum, chalcedonicum, croceum,
excelsum, Hansoni, Henryi, Martagon (type), mona-
delphum, pyrenaicum, elegans varieties, tigrinum
varieties, and umbellatum varieties.

necans. This is the Lily disease which causes so
much trouble in imported bulbs. Mr. Massee re-
commends soaking bulbs for export in a 1 per cent,
solution of salicylic acid for twenty minutes.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —

Photo : Cassell & Company, Ltd.

LILIUM ELEGAXS (»yn. THUNBEKGIANUM) ORANGE

QUEEN.
: 1

Cultivation in Pots. — Liliums make splendid pot |
plants, and almost all may be thus grown, although
it is hardly advisable to trouble with the commoner
species under glass. Mr. R. Wallace, one of the
best authorities, recommends a soil of two and
three-quarter parts friable loam, and one-third of
leaf soil, with a slightly stiffer compost for those
which make stem roots. Deep pots are preferable,
and sufficient space ought always to be left above
to permit of top-dressing with some good soil.
Plunge the pots in a cold frame, and bring inside
as required. Lilies in pots must be kept cool at
the roots, shaded, and should have plenty of air,
without draught. Syringing when in growth is
also beneficial.

Diseases. — Of the many diseases to which Liliums
are liable, the mildew, a Botrytis phase of Sclero-
tinia, is most to be dreaded, and prevention is more
useful than attempted cure. " Veltha " may be used
with advantage, and Mr. G. Massee recommends
planting the bulbs in sand mixed with a little sul-
phur, and top-dressing the beds, after removing the
surface soil in autumn, with fresh soil to which a
little kainit has beeR added. Candidum is pecu-
liarly subject to fungus, and some recommend
lifting the bulbs, and placing them for a time in
bags filled with flowers of sulphur. Auratum and
speciosum are sometimes attacked by Rhizopus

auratum,4'ormore, sum ,
wh.,yel., pur. ; perhaps
the most beautiful of all
(vcep.16). Good vars. are
platyphyllum, virgin-
ale, rubro - vittatum,
tricolor, and Wittei ; 3.
Gold-iayed Lily.

Browuii, 4', sum., whitish
br. ; a grand Lilium.
Vars. Chloraster, virid-
ulum, etc. ; 3.

canadense, 11' to 4', sum.,
yellowish red, spotted
red. Vars. flavum, ru-
brum, etc. ; 1.

candidum, 2' to 4', Je.,
wh. Vars. gigauteum,
peregriiium, spicatum
(»//«. fl. pi.), striatimi,
and variegatum ; 2. Ma-
domia or St. Joseph's
Lily.

chalcedouicum, 3', Jy.,
sc. Vars. Heldreichii
and majus. A bright
and favourite plant ; 2.

croceum, 3' to 6', Jy., or. ;
2. The old Orange Lily.

elegaus, 6" to 36", Jy., sc.
(si/mi, thuribergianum
and formosum). Many
lovely vars. ; a good
selection — Alice Wilson,
yel. ; alutaceum grandi-
florum, or. red ; atro-
sanguiueum, red ; au-
rautiacum, yel. ; Bate-
mani, apricot, flore
pleno, semi - double ;
Horsmanni, crim. br. ;
marmoratum aurcum,
yel.; Orange Queen, or.
red (sec figure) ; Prince
of Orange, yel. : Vail
Houttci, red ; Wilsoni,
apricot, pur. spots ; 2.

excelsum (see testaceum).

giganteum, 10' to 14', Jy.,
wh. ; a noble Lily ; 3.

Hansoni, 4', Je., yel. ;
very easily grown ; 2
(*ecp. 17).

Harrisii (ace longiflorum
var.).

Henryi, 6' to 15', Jy., or.
yel. ; a new species,
easily grown ; 2.

Humbcldtii, 5', Jy. , yel.,
pur. spots. Vars. bloom-
erianum, b. magnifi-
cum, and ocellatnm are
fine. Difficult to estab-
lish : 3.

laucifolium (see specio-
sum).

longiflorum, 1' to -V, Je.,
wh.; capital forpots, var.

Other Species, Hybrids,
Alexandra; is a var. of

japonicum.
Bolanderi, 1' to 3', sum.,

pur. red ; 3.

Harrisii being a favour-
ite. Others are gigan-
teum, formosanum,
pra:cox, Takesima, Wil-
soni (xyn. cximium),
and albo-marginatum
with variegatiul Ivs. ; 2.
The Trumpet Lily.

Martagon, 3', sum., pur.
The best forms are
album, wh., and dal-
maticum, pur. Others
are flore pleno and
dtilmaticum Catania? ;
2 for type, 3 for vais.
Martagon, or Turk's
Cap Lily.

monadelphum, 3' to 5',
Je., yel. (XI/HS. colchi-
cum, s/.ovit/ianum, and
loddigesiauum) ; 3.

nepalense, li' to 5', aut.,
grh., yel., ]iur outside.

pardalinum, 4' to 0', Jy.,
or. crim. Several vars.,
Bourgtci very tine, also
calif oruicum, Johnsoui,
Michauxii,amlmiuor ; 1.

rubellum, 9" to 24", My.,
j)k. Like Krameri, but
easier to grow ; 3.

speciosum, 3', sum., wh.
spotted (KI/H. lanci-
folium) ; splendid, well
known, with many
vars., album Krietzeri,
a. novum, eruentum,
macraiithum, Melpo-
mene, roseum superb-
urn, and rubrum being
representative ; 2.

sulphureum, 4' to 10',
sum., hlf-hdy., sulphur
yel., br. outside («/«.
wallichianum super-
bum).

testaceum, 4' to 6', Jy. ,
nankeen yel., reliable,
probably a hybrid can-
didum X chalcedoui-
cum (ni/im. excelsum
and isabelinum).

thuiibergianuni (we ele.
gaiis).

tigrinum, 2' to 7 , Jy.,
Aug., or. red, blk. spots ;
the vars. flore pleno,
double, Fortunei, and
splendens should bo
grown ; 2. Tiger Lily.

unilirllatum, 2' to 3', Je.,
red. There are many
vars., erectum, auran-
tiacum, Cloth of Gold,
prandifiorum, Incom-
parable, Sappho, and
Sensation are all good
and easily grown ; 2.

and Varieties : —

bulbiferuin, 3', sum., red ;
oi

Burhanki, 4', sum., ar.ri-
cot, variable ; hybrid

Lily

Lily of the Valley

(pardaliuum X wa-h-

iugtouianum) ; 1,2.
callosum, 2V, sum., so.,

or. red ; 3.
carniolicuni, 3', Je., Jy.,

red ; vur. bosuiacinn ; 1.
Catesbiei, 1' to 2', Jy.,

so., spotted pur. ; 1.
columbianunj, 3', sum.,

ml. spotted yel. ; vur.

lueidum : 3.
coiicolor, 9" to 2', sum.,

red ; vur. luteuni, yel. ;

vars. Coridiou and pul-

ohullum ; 2.
cordifolium, 4', Any;.,

wh. ; 3.
croceo-elegans, hybrid

(croceum X elegaus).
Dalhausoni, •")', sum.

Lowii, 2' to 3', wh., spot-
ted vio. (*!/"• bakeri-
anuui) ; 3.

Muihun, 7', sum., or. red,
br. spots ; hybrid (Mar-
tagpii album X Han-
soni) ; '2.

maritimum, 3' to 5', sum.,
red, dark pur. spots : 1.

Masseyi resembles phila-
delphicum.

Maximowiozii, 3', Jy. ,
Aug., sc. ; 3.

medeoloides, 1A' Jy., or.
red; 3.

neilgherrense, 3', aut.,
grli., sulphur.

nitidum, 2', sum., yel. ; 3.

I'ai-kmaimi, hybrid (aura-
tuin X speciosum),

The name Lily is properly only applicable to the
Liliuni, but it is popularly used in speaking of
other flowers, either alone or in combination with
other words. The Narcissi are often called Lilies,
and the Lent Lily is N. Pseudo-Narcissus, the wild
English Daffodil ; and the Scotch Garland Lily is
N. scoticas. Mariposa Lily is the popular name
for a section of the Calochorti, the Plantain Lily is
the Funkia, the Snake's-head Lily is the Fritillaria,
the Lily of the Nile is Richardia africana, the
Wat IT Lily is Nymphsoa. Herodotus's Water Lily
is Xympliina Lotus, and his Rose Lily of the Nile is
the Nelumbo or Sacred Bean, Nelumbium specio-
sum. The Lily of the Valley, sometimes called
the May Lily, is Convallaria majalis. The Peru-
vian or Herb Lily is the Alstromeria : the Bella-
donna Lily, Amaryllis Belladonna; St. Bruno's
Lily, Anthericum Liliastrum ; St. Bernard's Lily,
A. Liliago ; the Brisbane Lily, Eurycles Cunning-
hami; the Day Lily, Hctnerocallis ; the African
Corn Lily, the Ixia ; and the Torch Lily, the

Knipbofia. The Guernsey Lily is Nerine sarnien-
sis ; the Queen Lily, the Phiedranassa ; the Kaffir
Lily, the Schizostylis ; the Jacobsean Lily, the Sprek-
elia ; the Mount Etna Lily, the Sternbergia ; the
American Wood Lily, the Trillium; and the Scar-
borough Lily, the Vallota. The Madonna or St.
Joseph's Lily is Lilium candidum.

LILY BEETLE.

This is a small scarlet beetle (Crioccris merili-
!fera~), which deposits its eggs on the leaves of the
Liliums. From these the larva; emerge and feed
upon the foliage. This beetle is very uncommon.

dark pur. ; hybrid (dal-

mnticum X Hansoni) ;
.)

probably lost.
Parryi, 2' to .V, sinn.
yel. ; 1.

yellowish red, spotted
blk. (»//»*. davuricum,

yel. (xyit. alpinum) ; 1.
philadelphicum, 1' to 3',

pcnnsylvanicum, and

sum., red ; 1.

spectabile) ; 2.

philippinense, 2', Aug.,

Fortunei, 2', sum., yel.

grh., wh.

(not tigrinum Fortu-

polyphyllum, £', sum.,

uei) ; 2.

wh. ; 3.

Glelmi, like cordifolium ;
3.

pomponium,2' to 3', sum ,
rod ; 2.

Grayi, 3', sum., red, pur.

puberulum, 3\', sum., or.

spots ; 1 .

red.

Heldreichii, 3', sum., rod ;

pyrenaicum, 2' to 4', sum.,

2.

yel. ; 2.

Jankse is near pyrenai-

roseum, 1J', Ap., My.,

cum (sir jt. 20).

lil. (tyH*. thomsoni-

jiipouicum, 2' to 2V, sum. ,

anum and Fritillaria

ro. (ti/n. Kramer!) (not

macrophylla) ; 3.

Brownii) ; var. Alex-

rnbeseens, 5' to 7', sum.,

andra-1, wh. (.vy/i. L.

wh. ; 3.

Alexandra1) ; 3.

superbum, 6', sum., or.

Kelloggii, 3' to 5', sum.,

crim. ; 1.

pk., pur.

sutchuenense, 1' to 3',

kewense, wh.,buff ; hybrid

sum., or., rod (.«//».

fHenryi X Brownii

Chloraster, KIT figure).

szechnense) .
tenuifolium, 1', sum., sc. ;

Krnmeri (of Hooker) is

2.

japouioum.

wallichianum, 3' to 4',

Leichtlini, 2', Jy., yel., pur.

sum., grh., wh.

spots ; 3.

washingtonianum, 3' to

leucathum, 3' to 4', Aug.,

.")', Jy., wh., var. pur-

near Browuii ; 3.

pureum ; 3.

T T T ~Wr-

yunuaneuse, red.

Photo: Cfisscll ct' Company, Ltd.

LlLIVM KEWEXSE.

in gardens, and it can best be coped with by hand-
picking or by the use of a decoction of Hellebore,
or such an insecticide as Abol.

LILY OF THE VALLEY. (Cos-

VALLARIA MAJALIS.)

Description. — Few flowers are more prized for
combined fragrance and beauty, and few nro as
useful for cut flowers, as the Lily of the Valley
(ord. Liliaceaa), whose cultivation is constantly
extending. Its spikes of drooping white bells are
everywhere admired.

Propagation. — By division of the clumps after
flowering, or by seeds sown when ripe.

Soil. — It is not particular as to soil, but ought to-
have one of a rich nature where possible, though
any deficiency can be made up by top (Irosinir
with decayed manure and by watering with liquid
manure.

Limatodes

( 20)

Lime

Culture in the Garden and Grounds. — Lily of
the Valley is charming when naturalised in the
shadier portions of the grounds. In the garden it is
hest cultivated in beds, renewed occasionally by
sorting out the smaller crowns and replanting the
larger, after the bed has been well manured or
filled with fresh soil. February and March are good
months for this, when the weather is suitable.
With proper cultivation good crowns for forcing
may be grown at home.

Cultivation in Pots and for Forcing. — For early
forcing the Berlin crowns are preferred to the
Dutch ones, and ought to be placed in heat as
early as the middle of November for Christmas
bloom, but retarded Lily of the Valley is often
more satisfactory for the earliest work. Place the
crowns in pots or boxes about 1" apart, covering
the roots, but not the crowns, with a small quantity
of light soil or fibre, and covering the whole with
moss. Light should also be excluded until some
growth has been made, when it may be gradually
admitted. The pots or boxes may either be plunged
in .1 bottom heat of 85° in a house with a moist
atmosphere and a temperature of from 65° to 75°,
or be put on a shelf in one with a similar heat.
Water about the same temperature as that of the
structure must be given carefully, as, if the plants
become too dry, failure will result. Clumps of
Lily of the Valley are also used for later work, the
clumps being similarly covered and treated to the
crowns. It ought to be mentioned that retarded
crowns should not be subjected to much heat at
first, but started in a cold frame. For forcing, only
large, plump crowns should be used.

Varieties : —

Besides the Berlin ami Dutch vars. there are
several other forms. Fortin's, or Convallaria
majalis grandiflora, is good for any purpose, and
lias finer spikes than the common one. Prolificans
is good for outdoor work. There are also forms of
the ordinary C. majalis with double flowers, rose
flowers (white under glass), and with gold or silver
striped leaves.

LIMATODES (»<-c CALANTHE
AND PHAIUS).

LIME.

Lime in its natural state is most familiar as
limestone and chalk. It is an organic rock formed
in the distant past as a sedimentary deposit under
the ocean, and is composed of the shelly coverings
of tiny marine creatures. Such deposits are still
being made, to provide lime for the far distant
future. The value of lime in horticultural pursuits
can scarcely be over-estimated, but it is well to
remember that while it is an excellent servant it is
a bad master. In its commonly seen and pure
form of quicklime, as used alike by gardener,
farmer, and builder, lime is the result of subjecting
limestone or chalk to intense heat in a kiln,
whereby the large percentage of carbonic acid
gas found in the natural or carbonate form, is
driven off.

The action of lime upon soils is twofold —
chemical and mechanical. Applied as fresh or
quicklime to soils containing a large amount of
organic matter, such as peaty soils, or land that

lily Thorn (see Catesbrra).

lily, Water (see Nympluca and Water IMy) .

Umax (see Slugs}. -

contains an accumulation of humus, lime combines
with the organic matter and rapidly disorganises
it, setting free much plant food that previously
was not available to the crops. It is this chemical
result that renders long-manured gardens so fertile
after liming, find it also supplies the reason why
new and rank soils are made sweet and fertile
when caustic lime is applied. Lime is a soil
scavenger, burning up decomposing organisms,
and in the process setting free food which the.
roots of plants are quick to take advantage of.

Photo: L'assclld- Coiar'"!1- Lt'<-

LILIUM JANKJE (see p. 19) ON ROCKWOUK.

When lime is required simply to supply calcareous
matter to stone-fruits or other crops, or to improve
the soil texture, it is best applied in the mild or
slaked form, or as mortar rubbish, old plaster, etc.

Leguminous plants benefit greatly from large
dressings of lime to the soil, while Grasses and
Potatoes also much appreciate it; but it must never
be forgotten that unless organic matter is supplied
at intervals, crops will wear out or cease to be
productive on much-limed soils. In short, lime is
highly beneficial on heavy and freely manured
land, and on that containing much vegetable
matter, such as peats and newly turned pastures ;
but it is of little value on poor and light land,
indeed, it is in such cases often the worst dressing
that could be given.

A few garden plants such as Rhododendrons,
those known technically as " Hard-wooded Plants,"
and some Conifers and Ferns, strongly object to
lime either in the soil or in the water artificially
supplied.

Lime, Chloride of

Linaria

Independently of its action, chemical or mechan-
ical, in soils, lime, when newly slaked, is valuable
to the gardener as a slugicide and crop protector.
Lime may be added to heaps of fresh, but not de-
cayed, manure. Lime should not be mixed with soot.

LIME, CHLORIDE OF.

The chief value of chloride of lime to horti-
culturists lies in its capacity for fixing amraoniacal
fumes, and as it also is a disinfectant its use on
the floors of stables, cow sheds, in urinals, etc., is
to be commended, both from a sanitary and a
horticultural point of view. Chloride of lime,
\\hru exposed to atmospheric influence, soon be-
comes muriate of lime, owing to its loss of chlorine ;
but in this condition it absorbs moisture in a
wonderful manner, and is a suitable dressing for
many light soils, while the chlorine given off is
destructive to insect and plant life. Chloride of
lime is extensively used for bleaching purposes ;
skeletonised leaves are made beautifully white if
placed in a weak solution for a couple of days.

LIME TREE (sec TILIA).

LIME WATER.

An eil'ectual method of removing worms from
lawns or soil in flower pots is to water the infested
areas with lime water. This is made by mixing
10 Ib. of newly slaked lime in 30 gallons of water,
and then allowing it to stand for a couple of days,
when the water should be poured from the sedi-
ment, and applied to the soil. The worms will
quickly come to the surface, where they can be
dealt with.

LIMNANTHEMUM.

Interesting water or marsh plants (ord. Gen-
tianesc), closely allied to Villarsia, and increased
by seeds or division. Most species are hardy in
the southern counties, but humboldtianum prefers
a warm house.

peltatum, sum., yel. O.yw.
Villarsia nymphaeoiaes) .

Principal Species : —
humboldtianum, sum.,
wh., yel.

LIMNANTHES.

Pretty hardy annuals (ord. Geraniacese), which
are of much service for beds, borders, rockwork, or
edgings. They are also much frequented by bees.
They are of rather prostrate habit, and grow freely
in ordinary soil. Propagation is by means of seeds,
sown where they are to bloom, in March or April ;
or early in September for spring bloom. In some
soils the Limnanthes sows itself freely.

Only Species :—
alba, 8", spr. to aut , wh.

Douglasii, 8", spr. to aut,
yel., wh.

rosea, 6" to 8", Jy., pk.

LIMNOCHARIS.

Brazilian aquatics (ord. Alisrnacesc) needing
accommodation in a stove, in a tank of warm water.
The species are perennial, and can be increased by
division, by the runner-like growths, or by seeds.
Good loam forms a suitable rooting medium.

Only Species : —

emarginata. 11' to 3', Jy.,
vel. (syiis. flava and
Plumieri) .

Humboldtii, 1 J', yel. (cor-
rectly Hydrocleis Com-
mersonii).

Lime, Siveet (see Citrus metlica Llmetta).
Lime, West Indian (see Citrus medico, acida).
Limodorum tuberosum (see Calopogon pulchellus).

LIMONIA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Rutacea?) that usually
require a greenhouse temperature, but which
succeed against a wall in very favoured localities.
Propagation is by seeds to secure stocks on which
the young plants must be grafted, and by cuttings
in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass, and started
over bottom heat. Soil, rich loam and peat, with
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
acidissima, 4', Jy. , wh. parviflora, 18', Je., wh.

(.11/11. crenulata). (now Glycosmis penta-

Laureola (now Skimmia phylla).

Laureola) .

LIMONIASTRUM.

Sub-shrubs (ord. Plumbaginea;), growing best
in the greenhouse. Propagation is by cuttings, or
seeds when procurable. Equal parts of fibrous
loam and fibrous peat, with coarse sand, suit.

Principal Species :—

articulatum, 3', Aug., bl. (syns. monopetalum,
and Statice monopetala). The var. denudata has
smaller flowers.

LINARIA. (TOADFLAX.)

Description.— Useful hardy herbaceous, annual,
or sub-shrubby plants (ord. Scrophularinese) of
considerable diversity of stature, and suited for
different purposes in the garden. The taller species
are good border flowers, many being also good for
cutting, and the smaller make pleasing plants for
the rockery. Some of the perennials are trouble-
some because of their spreading propensities.

Propagation. — The annuals and perennials by
seeds sown in spring or when ripe ; the perennials,
also by division in spring or after blooming.
Soil. — Common garden soil.
Principal Species and Varieties :—
ahnna,G",sum.,per.,vio., origanifolia, 6", Je., wh.,.
yel. A beautiful plant vio.; besttreatedasanu.
for rockwork; var. purpurea, 3', Jy., per.,
rosea, ro. pur. Distinct border

Cymbalaria, spr. to win., plant,

bl. or lil., trailer. A reticulata, 2 to 3 , Je.,
pretty plant for old pur., yel. A charming
walls. White and va- ann. ; the var. aureo-

riegated vars. New purpurea is beautiful,
maxima vars are good : triornithophora, 3', sum.,
wh. to ro. Kenilworth per., but tender and
Ivy, Mother of Thou bestasabien.,pur.,yeL

sands, Pennyleaf and vulgaris, 2|', Je., per.,
Pennywort. yel. A pretty native,

dalmatica, 3', Je., per., the var. pelona being

yel. One of the best good for cutting and
for bordeis. interesting for its regu-

lar corolla.

Other Species, Varieties, and Hybrids : —
auticaria, 6", Je., bien. or genistifolia, 3', Je., per.,
per., various colours. yel. (Not Bentham or

bipartita, 1', Je., aim., De Candolle.)

pur. : vars. alba, wh. ; hepaticaifoha, 2 , Je.,
splendida, pur. ; rosea, per., pur.

ro. heterophylla, U , Je.,

Broussonetii, 3", Je., per., yel., br. (»yn.

aim., yel. (.«'/«. multi- aparmoides) .

punctate). " — splendens, cnm. (syn.

Cavanillesii, 6",Je.,ann., L. splendens)

pur. (Hi/us, antirrhiu- macedomca, J , Je., yel.
oides and autirrhiui- maroccana, 9", Je., aim.,
folia of gardens). pur.; hybnda various.

chalepensie, 9",Je.,ann., colours. A hybrid. .

wh* pallida, 6", Je., per., vio..

Lin.con.ia

(22)

Linum

pilosa, 4", Je. to Sep., triphylla, 1'. Jy., ann.,

per., pur. ; var. longi- yel.

calcarata, long spurs. tristis, 6", Jy., ann., yel.,
saxatilis, Aug., per., yel., pur.

trailer. villosa, 1', Jy., per., bl.
spartea, 1', Jy., ami., yel.

LINCONIA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Bruniaceas) requiring
greenliou.se treatment. Propagation is by spring-
cuttings in very sandy peat beneath a bell-glass.
Soil, fibrous loam and fibrous peat in equal parts,
with sand and charcoal.

Principal Species : —
alopecurioules, 2', My., cuspidata, 2', My., Je.>

wh. or flesh pk. wh.

thymifolia, 2', My., wh.

LINDELOFIA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Boraginesc) that are
propagated by division or by seeds, and will flourish
in any fairly fertile garden soil.

Principal Species : —
longifolia, 2' to 2J', My., spectabilis, IV, Jy., pur.

bl., probably a var. (•«/«• Cyuoglossum

lougiflorum).

LINDENIA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiacere) flourishing in
the stove. Propagation is by cuttings in sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat. A
mixture of fibrous loam, peat, and sand suits.

Principal Species : —
riralis, 3', Aug., wh., red. vitiensis, 3' to 4', cream.

LINDKRA.

A group of shrubs (ord. Laurinese), closely allied
to Laurus. Most of the species are hardy, except
in very exposed situations, but pulcherrima must
certainly receive greenhouse protection. Propaga-
tion is by layering, by cuttings inserted in sandy
soil under a hand-light at the end of summer, or
by seeds when obtainable Fertile garden soil
suits, but the position must not be a wet one ; for
pot plants, use loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
"Benzoin, IS', spr., yel. pulcherrima, 4', sum.,

(syn. Laurus Benzoin). grh., yel. (nyn. aggre-

gata).

LINDHEIMERA.

A little grown genus (ord. Composite) of half-
hardy annuals, which have their flowers in flat-
topped heads. The blooms are yellow, and the
plants may be raised from seeds sown as directed
for half-hardy annuals. Rich, but not too heavy,

. •! *'

texana, H', Aug.. yel.

Principal Species :—
mexicaua, iy, Aug., yel.

LINDLEYA.

The only member of note in this genus (ord.
Rosacea?) is mespiloides, 20', July, white, very
fragrant. It is a stove evergreen shrub, best prop-
agated from cuttings of ripe wood in very sandy
soil beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil,
mellow loam and coarse sand.

LINDSAYA. (LiNDSJEA..)

Description. — A genus of handsome dwarf Ferns
(ord. Filices) that are, unfortunately, by no means
easy to keep in good condition for any length of
time. There are about fifty species, but few are in
• eultivation, notwithstanding their beauty.

Propagation. — By spores sown as soon as ripe, or
by division in spring in the case of species with
creeping rhizomes.

Soil. — Fibrous loam and peat, with sand, and
small pieces of sandstone.

Other Cultural Points. — Good drainage is essen-
tial, but at the same time an abundance of moisture
at the roots and in the atmosphere is equally neces-
sary. An intermediate or stove temperature suits
the majority, but some of the Australian species do
best in a greenhouse. Use every means to keep
the fronds free from disfigurement by thrips.

Principal Species : —

adiuntoides, 6". Kirkii, fronds 2' to 4', st,

ensifolia, 1' (.V///M'. Schizo- handsome.

loma ensii'olium anil reniformis, C", kitluey-

griffithiana) . shaped fronds (syii.

flabellulata, 1'. Isoloma reiiiforine).

heterophylla, IV (».'/«. retusa, 1J', very liaud-

Schizoloma hetero- some for baskets (*>/'.'.

phyllum). Davallia retusa).

trichomauoides, 9", grh.

LININGS.

When Cucumbers, Melons, etc. are grown in
frames placed upon a hotbed, there is a danger that
the crops may suffer when the heat of the ferment-
ing material used commences to decline. To
guard against this danger, a new source of heat is
supplied in the form of a thick wall of nearly fresh
stable litter, packed closely round the old hotbed,
and made somewhat higher than it. Such addi-
tions are technically known as " linings." To
obtain the fullest value from these " linings " it is
necessary, before adding them, to remove a large
portion of the spent or cool litter from the sides
of the old bed. Thatched hurdles placed against
the exposed sides will prevent the rapid escape of
heat.

LINN^EA.

A trailing evergreen sub-shrub (ord. Caprifolia-
cefe) that is hardy and easily propagated by divi-
sion. It must be grown in peat, and in a shady
position.

Only Species :—

borealis, 4", Je., pale pk., fragrant.

LINUM. (FLAX.)

Description. — Desirable, ornamental, and free-
Dowering annual or perennial plants (ord. Linese)
of great beauty in borders or rock gardens, the
best known, perhaps, being the popular annual
grandiflorum coccineum or rubrum. The perennial
species are well deserving of more attention.

Propagation. — The greater number arc prop-
agated by seeds, the perennials being sown in pots
under glass in spring, but the annuals in spring
where they are to bloom. The herbaceous species
may be divided when large enough, and the shrubby
species are increased by cuttings under glass in
spring or summer.

Soil. — Light, rich soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

alpiuum, 4", Jy., bl. A A pretty shrub, but a

charming Alpine. little tender,

arboreum, 1', My., yel. flavura, 1J', Je., hdy.

Linden Tree (see Tilia).
Linds&a (nee Lindsay a).
Ling (sec Calluna).

Liparia

(23)

Liparis

per., yel. A pretty yel.

1'lax."

graniliHnruiu, 6" to 12",
stun., ro., a line aim.
Y:ir-<. eoccineum and
kennesiuum lire prefer-
able.

monogyiium, 1', Jy., per.,
wh. " A tine, but rather
tender, species.

narbonense, 2', May, hdy.
per., bl. or wh.

perenhe, 1', Je., bl., use-
ful aud lidy. Vai-«.
album, wh. (see figure)
and sihiricum.

usitatissimum, H', Je.,
aim., bl. Produces the
flax and linseed oil of
commerce. The Com-
mon Flax.

LIPARIS.

Description. — A large genus of Orchids (ord.
Orchklacesc), possessing few species sufficiently
attractive to commend them to horticulturists. The
hardy species are terrestrial, while those needing
stove or warm greenhouse treatment are epiphytic.
Nearly all are low-growing, and produce their
small flowers in racemes. Loeselii is a British
plant, but now rarely found outside the fen
districts.

LlNUM PEKEXXE AL1IUM.

Other Species : —

angustif olium, 1 ' , Jy. , pur.

austriacum, li', Je., pur.

— album, wh.

campanulatum, 1', Je.,
yel.

capitatum, 9*', Jy., yel.

Chamissonis, 1', sum., yel.
(*//». Macra^i of Jio-
tinitcal Magazine).

pubescens, 12" to 15",

grh., pk.
salsoloides, 1', Je., hdy.

ev., wh., pur. eye (syn.

suff rutescens) .
tenuifolium, li', Je., per.,

pk.
viscosum, G", Je., pur. , bl.

LIPARIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosse).
Propagation is by cuttings of the young growths in
sand under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and
peat, with coarse sand ; perfect drainage is
essential.

Principal Species : —

parva, 2', Mch., or.
spharica, 3|', Jy., or.

villosa (now Priestleya
vestita).

J.ion's Ear (nee Lennotis).
I.iorix Foot (see Leontopodium).
Lion's Tail (see Leonotls Lconurus).

Propagation. — By division just before new
growth commences.

Soil.— The hardy species need boggy peat,
shallow planting, and a surfacing of sphagnum ;
stove species do best in well-drained pots, pans,
or baskets, in a mixture of fibrous peat, sphagnum,
and finely broken crocks.

Principal Species : —

longipes, 6" to 15", sum.,
grh. This and its vars.
pendula and spathulata
are most floriferous,

atropurpurea, 6", Je.,

dark pur.

elata, 10", sum., pur.
fulgens, 9", deep red.
liliifolia, 8", Jy., hdy.,

pur. (*y«. Malaxis

liliifolia).'
Loeselii, 6", Jy., hdy., yel.

Other Species : —
reflexa, 6", Sep., grh.
— decursiva,6' , sum., grh.

and

specimens,
sauudersiana, 6",
grh., vio.

make elegant

Jy.,

tricallosa, 10", sum., yel.,
pur.

LIPARIS.

Several members of this fairly large family of
moths are garden pests, the chief offenders being

Lippia

(24 )

Liriodendron

the "Gipsy Moth" (dispar), the "Gold Tail
Moth" (auriflua), the "Satin Moth" (Saliois),
the " Brown-tail Moth " (chrysorrhoea), and the
" Black Arches " (monacha). In all cases the
larvse are showy, the bodies being studded with
tufts of brightly hued hairs. Whitethorn, Apples,
Plums, and other Rosaceous trees suffer most from
their ravages (see GIPSY MOTH). The Black Arches
is not often troublesome in this country ; it gener-
ally confines its attention to Coniferous, Oak and
Birch trees. The Satin Moth generally feeds on
'Poplar and Willow.

LIPPIA.

An extensive genus of stove, greenhouse, rarely
hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs, or herbaceous plants
(prd. Verbenacere). They are distinguished by
small, opposite or whorled, sometimes fragrant,
leaves, and racemes of small, white or pinkish
flowers from the leaf axils, Citriodora is the most
popular species ; it is usually grown under the
name of the Lemon-scented Verbena, so called
from the pleasing odour given off by the leaves
when rubbed. It makes a large bush with long,
narrow, rough leaves. In favoured localities it
grows well in the open, bushes 6' or more in height
being recorded that have passed unharmed through
several winters. About London it succeeds well
against a wall, but does not thrive in the open
ground. Cuttings of young shoots root readily in
sandy soil in heat in spring. A rich, light soil is
suitable for all the species. An annual pruning is
necessary before growth begins in spring.

Principal Species : —
bracteata, grh. shr., red.
canescens, 3" to 4 ', sum.,

hdy. , lil. (syna. repens

of gardens and rilifor-

mis).
citriodora, 3' to 12', Jy.,

wh. (syn. Aloysia citrio-
dora). Lemon-scented
Verbena,
uodiflora, 3" to 6", sum.,

hcly., herbaceous, wh.

or pur.

LIQUIDAMBAR.

Deciduous trees (prd, HamamelideEe) found in
the temperate parts of Asia and North America.
A few species only are in cultivation, but they are
very desirable trees for the garden on account of
the brilliant red and orange red tints assumed by
the leaves previous to their falling in autumn. In
general appearance they most closely resemble
some of the smaller leaved Acers. The flowers are
small, and borne in catkins, male and female being
in separate catkins. The foliage and wood of
styraciflua are very fragrant, and from the plant a
sweet-smelling gum is obtained. Propagation, by
seeds or layers. Good, loamy soil, with a little
shelter from cold winds, is an important factor to
success.

Principal Species : —
formosana, 20' to 30' orientalis, 20' (syn. im-

(.«/«,«. acerifolia and berbis).

Maximowiczii). styraciflua, 30' to £0'.

LIQUID MANURE.

As the roots of plants can only absorb
food in liquid form, it follows that crops will
more readily respond to applications of liquid
manure thau to dry manure, which must combine
with rain or soil moisture before it is available
as plant food. The chief advantages of liquid
manure are quick and effectual action, economy,
and that it may be applied at the time when
crops will most benefit by it. There is also

less danger in feeding crops with liquid than
with dry manures, especially when highly con-
centrated and patent manures are used, but while
it is safe to follow the maker's directions, in the
latter case it is always better to give several weak
doses than one very strong one. This applies
more to plants in pots and confined borders
than to those planted in the open, and to
crops of annual or less duration than to those
of perennial and arboreal character. Liquid manure
should vary in character according to the effect
the grower desires to produce. If rapid growth is
deemed necessary, a nitrogenous fertiliser, such as
nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, dissolved
at the rate of 1 oz. in 3 or 4 gallons of water,
will be suitable, but guano employed in similar
proportion has a more sustained effect, and is of
great value for pot plants of many kinds. Soot is
doubly useful, as it is in some respects an insecti-
cide as well as a fertiliser ; it is prepared by
placing 1 peck of soot (enclosed in a canvas bag)
in a hogshead of water, giving it a stir round
occasionally during the first two days. The soot
water may be used at full strength for most crops.
Superphosphate is not often applied in liquid form,
but if dissolved at the rate of J oz. per gallon
of water, and given to Vines and fruit trees in
pots and borders, wherever there is some accumu-
lation of humus, it produces good effects.

All things considered, one of the most gene-
rally useful and suitable liquid fertilisers is
made from fresh cow manure. Put J bushel in
a sack and place it in a tub, then pour in 20
gallons of water, and allow the whole to remain
twenty-four hours before use ; dilute with clear
water to the colour of pale ale. A second 20
gallons of liquid can be made from the same
manure provided the latter is well stirred. Formerly
there was a great waste of liquid manure in large
gardens and farmsteads, the drainings from stables,
cowsheds, pigsties, and the manure yard being
allowed to waste ; but now every well appointed
establishment has a large, covered tank, into which
all such drainings are conducted, and from which
the liquid fertiliser may be pumped. Such a tank
should prove of far greater value than many tons of
artificial manure, for if diluted to pale ale colour the
liquid is suitable alike for pot plants, fruits under
glass, the herbaceous border, the Rose garden, and
the kitchen and fruit gardens, while its value when
applied fairly strong to fruit trees of all kinds
during winter, can scarcely be over-estimated. In
smaller gardens, where this kind of liquid manure is
not obtainable, crops might receive considerable
assistance if the house slops were collected mid
applied, well diluted, to growing crops, or poured in
a stronger state round the roots of fruit trees in
winter or spring.

LIRIODENDRON. (TULIP TREE.)
One species only of this North American genus
(ord. Magnoliace;c) is known. It forms a very
handsome and striking specimen, being in fact one
of the most ornamental of hardy trees. The foliage
and also the habit are somewhat suggestive of the
Plane. The species tulipifera takes its name from
the flowers at first sight being somewhat like a
Tulip. On closer examination they will be found
to resemble those of the Magnolia, but are pendu-
lous instead of upright. Flowers are not borne
until the trees have attained a considerable age,

Liquorice I see illycyrrkha).

Liriope

(25 )

Lithospermum

but the plant i.s worth growing for foliage alone.
It is usually increased by means of seeds sown in
spring. The varieties, of which there are several,
are grafted on stocks of the type. Loam, or a
mixture of peat and loam, forms a suitable soil, and
when planting it is important that the roots should
be disturbed as little as possible.
Only Species and Varieties :—

tulipifera, 70' to 100',
sum., grn. and yel.

— aureo-maculata, golden
variegated ITS.

— integrifolia, entire Ivs.

— fastigiata, upright
habit.

— obtusiloba, Ivs. bluu-
ter.

— pyraraidalis, pyramidal.

— variegata, variegated
Ivs.

tings of the tips of the growths in late spring in
sandy peat beneath a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous peat,
with sand.

Principal Species : —

sapida, 4', Je., wh., grn.,
red berries.

strigosa, 3', Je., wh.

LISSOCHILUS.

Terrestrial Orchids (iird. Orchidacese) chiefly from
South Africa. They have long leaves, and tall
flower spikes that in many cases bear showy flowers.
Increase is by division in spring when new growth
starts. 1'ibrous peat, loam, leaf soil, and sand suit.
A high temperature with plenty of light and sun-
shine is needed during summer, but an intermediate

LlVISTONA CHINEXSIS, EXTENSIVELY OHOWN VXDEU THE NAME OF

LATANIA BOHBOXICA (see p. 21;).

LIRIOPE.

Hardy ornamental foliage plants (ard. Hicmoilor-
acese) that are propagated by division and will
flourish in any fertile soil.

Principal Species :— -

spicata, 1', Oct., vio. (syns. graminifolia and
Ophiopogon spicatus) ; var. densiflora.

LISIANTHUS.

Stove annuals or evergreen shrubs (ord. Gen-
tianesc) not often met with in cultivation, but
including several attractive and deserving species.
Annuals are raised in spring or autumn, in heat ;
shrubby species are increased by cuttings of short,
firm growths. Loam, peat, and sand form a
suitable compost. Guard against mildew.

Principal Species :- -

acutangulus, 4' , spr. , aun . ,

yel.
prmceps, 4 , sum., crnn.

sc. (SIIH. Wallisia prin-
ceps.)

pulcher, 5', Aug., sc.
russellianus (see Eustoma

russelliauum) .
LISSANTHE.

Evergreen shrubs (,n-d. Epacridere) requiring a
greenhouse temperature. Propagation i.s by cut-

temperature suffices at other times. All the specie*
need a long and decided rest, when water must be
withheld.

Principal Species : —
giganteus, 10', aut., pur., («.'/". Eulophia parvi-

lil., yel. flora).

Horsfallii, 3J', sum., pur., roseus, 3J', sum., ro., br.,'

bracts wh. yel.

Krebsii, 3', sum., grn., Sanderson!, 6', Je., wh.,

pur., yel. bracts vio.

parviflorus, IV, aut., red speciosus, '>',', Je., yel.

streptopetalus, '!', Dec.,

LITANTHUS.

A genus (ord. Liliaceaj) containing only one
species, pusillus, a South African bulbous plant,
growing 2" high and bearing small white flowers
in August. It may be grown in pots of loamy soil
in a -unny greenhouse or frame, ami increased by
division.

LITHOSPERMUM. (GROMWELI,)
Description. — A large genus of hardy biennial
or perennial plants (ord. Boraginesc), of which many

/.i.itroitac/iy.t (see Angritcum).
Lityantkut (see Li-sianthtis).

Litsea

( 26)

Loasa

are useless for garden decoration, while others are
of great beauty.

Propagation. — By seeds ; also by cuttings under
glass and division of the perennials.

Soil.— Common soil will answer for the greater
number, but some of the Alpine species, such as
graminifolium, do best in light soil in a sheltered
rock garden.

Principal Species : —
canescens, 1', Jy., per., graminifolium, 9", Je.>

yel., a pretty plant .'(«//». bl., a fine Alpine (SI/H.

Batschia canescens). Moltkia graminifolia).

Gastoni, 9", Je., bl., wh. prostratum, Je., hay.

eye, a charming, scarce per., bl., trailer, perhaps

Alpiue. the most prized on rock-

work or over an edging.

Other Species : —

angustifolium, 1', Je., yel. yel., Common Grom-

hirtum, (i", Je., yel. («;/«. well.

Batschia Gmeliui). purpureo-caruleum, My.,

latifolium, 2', My., yel. Je., per., pur., trailer.

orwli. rosmarinifolium, 11', Je.,

ofticinale, 1J', Je., grn., ev. per., LI., lined wh.
(syn. graminifolium of
Eoem. and Schult.).

LITSEA.

A large genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs
(ord. LaurineaV) of little horticultural value. The
majority of the species are tender, but a few will
thrive out of doors if given a sheltered position.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood root readily in a
close case. Any good soil suits.

Principal Species : —

ferruginea, 6', hlf-hdy. culata and Tetrauthera

geniculata, 6', My., hdy., geuioulata).

yel. (fyiti. Laurus geui- japouica, 3', My., wh.
tomeutosa, 4', My., wh.

LITTONIA.

A small South African genus (ord. Liliaceas) of
herbaceous perennials requiring warm greenhouse
culture. The only species cultivated is modesta.
It makes succulent branches 3' to 4' long, climbing
by means of tendrils from the ends of the leaves,
and bears nodding, bell-shaped, orange blossoms
from the leaf axils in early summer. A mixture of
two parts loam to one each of leaf mould, peat, and
sand forms a suitable compost.

LIVISTONA.

Fan-leaved Palms (ord. Palmse) of considerable
value for decorative work. Upwards of a dozen
species are known. They usually make lofty trees,
crowned with an immense head of leaves. The
two species australis and chinensis are largely
grown for house decoration, being most useful
Palms for that work. Flowers are not borne until
the plants have attained a large size ; they are
usually small and yellow, and borne in large
quantities on immense branched racemes. The
flowers are followed by hard, black, Nut-like fruits.
Propagation is by imported seeds sown in heat as
soon as received. Good fibrous loam, with suffi-
cient sand to ensure porosity, forms the best
compost. To this well-rotted manure and |" bones
should be added for old plants. When young it is
advisable to plunge the pots in a bed of tan over
hot water pipes, keeping the house close, warm,
and moist. By this means growth is more rapid,

Lithnea (see Elius).
Litobrochia (see Ptcrix).
Littcca (see Agave).

an 1 fine plants are sooner obtained. Care must be
taken to gradually harden them off before they are
used for decorative work in cold rooms. The
leaves should always be kept clean and free from
insects. Liquid manure will be found advanta-
geous when the pots are well filled with roots.

Principal Species : —

All enumerated below grow to large dimensions,
but under cultivation they are rarely seen exceed-
ing 10' or I"/ in height, as after they have attained
that height they become too unwieldy for ordinary
uses. As the species differ greatly at various
stages of growth, it is not of much practical use
to describe them individually.

rmstralis. humilis (syns. inermisand

chinensis (XI/HS. mauri- Leichardtii).

tiana and Latania bor- jenkinsiana.

bouica, fee p. '2.')). Leichardtii (see humilis) .

mauritiana (sccchiueusis).
Woodfordii.

Other Species : —

altissima. Ratnsayi (see Licuala

Drudei. Muelleri).

olivseformis. rotundifolia.

subglobosa.
Woganii.

LLAVEA.

Llavea cordifolia, the only species (ord. Filices),
is an evergreen intermediate or greenhouse Fern,
somewhat difficult to grow. Propagation, by
division in spring. Soil, loam- and peat, with
plenty of finely broken bricks. No syringing may
be done, but an abundance of ventilation must be
afforded.

LLOYDIA.

Small-growing, hardy, bulbous plants (nrd.
LiliaceaV), a few species only being known. These
are found in Europe, Asia, and North America,
one species being found in the British Isles. The
bulbs are small, and bear a few narrow radical
leaves. The fiower stem arises from the centre of
the bulb to a height of 6", bearing a few small
leaves and a solitary white or yellow flower. They
are increased by seeds or division, and iike a well-
drained sunny border of sandy soil.

Principal Species : —

alpina, 6", Je., wh. (xi/its. rubroviridis, 6" to 9",

serotina and striata). My., Je., grn., red.

groeca, 6", Je., yel. triflora,8",Je., yel., three

flowers on a spike.
LOAM.

This term is applied by gardeners to almost any
kind of soil other than that of a peaty nature. It
is usual, when speaking of loam, to use a descrip-
tive term with the word, as, for instance, maiden,
turfy, fibrous, clayey, light, heavy, black, or brown.
For many indoor plants loam forms the principal
part of the compost in which they are grown,
and the sort preferred is maiden, or the top 4"
from old pasture land. As a rule the best is
nut brown in colour, a perfect mat of fibres, and
neither very sandy nor very clayey. For the
majority of indoor plants loam that contains a
large quantity of chalk is not to be commended,
that with a less proportion being much better.
For outdoor work light sandy loam is best for
early crops, and that of a heavier nature for late.

LOASA.

A genus (ord. Loasacese) including annuals,
biennials, and evergreen perennials among its
species. All are characterised by the poisonous
stinging properties possessed by the leaves and

Lobelia

( 27 )

Lobelia

stems. The species vary greatly in habit. Some
form short', bushy [plants, others assume a climbing
habit, whilst another set are prostrate growers.
The (lowers are usually showy, and borne from the
-axils of the leaves either solitary or in racemes or
jiunicles. In colour they arc white, yellow, or reel.
FL-W species are cultivated, on account of their
dangerous properties. They may be propagated
from seeds sown under glass in March, and trans-
ferred to the open border in May ; or they may be
raised by sowing the seeds in a sunny border of
light soil in May, and treated like other annuals.
The biennials should be sown in July out of door*,
and treated as other biennials. The few perennial
species require greenhouse treatment. In all cases
a light fibrous loam forms the most suitable soil,
and throughout the growing season plenty of water
is required.

Principal Species : —

hispula, 15', Jy., aim..

yel. (tti/H .ainbrosiii'f olia) .
lateritia (see Blumem-

bachia laterita).

Other Species : —

aciinthifolia, 4', sum.,
ami., yel.

prostrata, 6', sum., ami..

yel.
vulcanicn , 2', sum., aim.

red, yel., wh. stripes.

alba, 2', sum., ami., wh.
bicolor, 1', Jy., aim., hi.

LOBELIA.

Description. — A large genus of hardy or tender
annual or perennial plants (onl. Campanulacese),
of which comparatively few are in cultivation.
These are adapted for the open garden or for
growing under glass. The dwarf varieties derived
from Erinus are very useful, but the species of
the type of fulgens and cardinalis are suitable for
places where taller plants are needed, and where
their fine colours will be acceptable. The curious
tender Tree Lobelias are cultivated at Kew. Some
useful hardy hybrids from syphilitica have been
raised within recent years.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, or divisions.
'There is a steady improvement in the constancy of
the bedding Lobelias from seeds, and seedlings' are
most vigorous in their growth. They should be
sown in pans of light, sandy soil, about March, in a
warm house, covering the seeds slightly. As soon
as they can be handled the seedlings must be
pricked off into boxes, and kept under glass until
bedding-out time. To propagate varieties of
approved worth a few plants may either be kept in
pots or lifted from the open ground and potted in
autumn, and kept during winter in a frame or
greenhouse, giving plenty of light and air when
the weather is favourable. They should be kept
dry to prevent damping-off. Remove to a warm
house early in the year, and insert the young
growths in light, sandy soil as soon as they are fit
to take off. When rooted, harden off gradually.
The taller Lobelias are also raised from seeds,
sown when ripe or in spring in a frame, and by
cul tings of the young shoots under glass, as well as
by division.

Soil. — Light soil, with a proportion of leaf mould
and sand, is the best for the dwarf, bedding
Lobelias, but the taller species can hardly have one
too rich. They must also have plenty of water,
and early staking. Plants in pots like a free but
rich soil.

Other Cultural Points.— The taller half-hardy
Lobelias ought either to be well protected with
Cocoanut fibre refuse or ashes in winter, or, prefer-

ably in most districts, lifted and kept in a frame or
house where they can be watered carefully. Unless
given a little heat in spring these sometimes fail to
start.

ain : E. J. Wullie. I'ulneu, S. »".

LOBELIA TEXUIOH.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

cardinalis, 3', Jy. , almost
hdy., sc. ; likes mois-
ture at roots in sum.
Vars, Crimson Beauty
and atrosanguinea.
Cardinal Flower.

Eriuus, G", sum., hlf-hdy.
per., bl. ; many vars.,
single and double, of
various shades of 1)1.,
wh., maroon crim.
Good blues are — Bar-
nard's Perpetual,
Brighton Blue, Cobalt
Blue, Crybtal Palace,
Emperor William, Ox-
onian, Eoyal Bliif.
Whites — compacta alba,
White Gem, White
Lady. Others — Car-
mine Gem, car. ; Coli-
bri, pk. ; Prinia Donna,

maroon crim. ; tricolor,
wh. eye and car. spot
on bl. or pk. ground.
Ramosa vars. are taller,
and with larger flowers.

fulgens, 1' to 3', My.,
sc. ; a splendid plant,
with a number of vars. ;
alba, wh. ; Firefly,
crim. ; Heavenly Blue,
bl. ; Lord Ardilaun,
crim. ; Queen Victoria,
vermilion ; rosea, ro. ;
Snowflake, wh. ; and
violacea, reel vio.

syphilitica, 2' to 4', Jy.,
bl. The hardiest, und
the parent of several
pretty hybrids. There
is also a wh. var.

tenuior, H', Jy., Aug.,
grh., bl. (fee figure).

— grandifebra, larger.

Other Species and Hybrids : —
amopna, 2' to 4', Jy..hdy. Cavanillesii, 3', Jy., hlf-

per., bl. hdy., red.

anceps. Jo., grh. per., bl., coronopifolia, Jy., bl.,

trailer. trailer.

Lobostemon

(28)

Logania

per
Millei

Rivoirei, 4', ro. ; hybrid,
sessilifolia, 1' to 4', Jy. to

Au<;., vio.
splendeus. 2' to 3', sc. ;

said to be a var. of f ul-

geiis.

— Kenieri, a fine form,
triquetra, 1', Jy.,hlf-luly.,

bl.
Tupa, 4' to 6', Aug., lilf-

hdy., sc. (xyn. Feuillei

and Tupa Feuillei).
uinbellata, 1', Je., grh.

per., bl.

debilis, Jy., grh. aim., bl.,

trailer (syn. Speculum).
Gerardi, 4', Jy., hdy. per.,

vio., hybrid (cardiualis

X syphilitica), vars. pk.

to pur.
glandulosa, 3', Sep., hdy.

per., bl.

Kalmii, 1J', Jy., hdy., bl.
laxiflora, 3', Jy., hlf-hdy.
er., red.
leri, 3', Jy., hdy. per.,

pur., hybrid (fulgeus X

syphilitica) .

polyphylla, 4', Sep., hlf-
hdy. per., pur.

LOBOSTEMON.

Shrubby or sub-shrubby greenhouse plants from
South Africa (ord. Boraginea?). In general appear-
ance they closely resemble Echium. The flowers
are arranged in large terminal inflorescences. A
great many species have been described, but
very few are cultivated. Plants are soon obtained
from seeds sown in sandy soil in heat in spring.
Repotting should be performed at frequent inter-
vals, as they are fast growers. A good soil is com-
posed of two parts fibrous loam to one part of leaf
mould and well-rotted manure, with an addition of
sharp sand. Fumigation should be avoided, for,
like Echiums, they are easily injured by tobacco
smoke.

Principal Species : —
argenteus, 3', Je., bl.
ferocissimus, 5', Je., bl.
formosus, 3', Je., pk.

fruticosus, 3', Je. , red, bl.
glaucophyllus, 2', My., bl.
Swartzii, 2', Je. , bl.

LOCKHARTIA.

A genus of stove Orchids (ord. Orchidace:e),
with erect, branching, leafy stems, and small or
medium-sized flowers, borne one or two together in
the axils of the leaves, or in some species slightly
panicled. Propagation is easily effected by side
shoots, using them as cuttings. Being epiphytic in
moist, warm countries, the species require to be
wired on blocks or rafts of wood with a small
quantity of sphagnum, and placed in the moist
atmosphere of the East Indian house.

Principal Species : —
acuta, 6", Je., yel. , pur. , lunifera, Jy., yel. (.«;/«.

br. (*yn. Fernaudezia Fernandezia lunifera).

"

pallida, 6", yel., or.

verrucosa, 1', yel., red
(*#>*. Fernandezia ro-
busta of Bateman).

acuta).

amcena, 6", yel., pur.
elegans, 6", yel., pur.

(syn. Fernandezia ele-

gans).

LODDIGESIA.

A small greenhouse evergreen shrub (ord. Leg
uminosse), with leaves similar to those of a
Cytisus. Oxalidifolia, the only species, is 18"
li'gh, with terminal racemes of pale purple flowers
in June. Propagation, by tips of the shoots in
spring, in sandy peat and loam, under a bell-glass.
Give rooted plants a mixture of peat and loam in
equal parts, with a liberal quantity of sand. Keep
the plants cool in summer.

LODOICEA.

Description. — A monotypic genus of Palms (ord,
Palmae), producing immense, fan-shaped leaves

Locheria (see Acldmenes).
Locust Tree (sec Itubinia, Ceratonia, and Hy-
meiuea).

about 20' long and 12' wide on vigorous trees
;welve to thirty years old. The texture of the
eaves is very thick and hard, with a metallic ring
when struck. The tree is known as the " Coco de
Mer," from the fact that the huge nuts were first
picked up at sea before its native home in the
Seychelle Islands was discovered in 1743. Another
popular name, " Double Cocoanut," takes its rise
from the deeply two-lobed character of the nut.

Propagation. — Imported nuts are placed on the
Cocoanut fibre refuse of a propagating pit and kept
at a temperature of 80° to 90° till the radicle begins
to push out, after a lapse, it may be, of several
months.

Soil.— When the radicle has attained a length of
some inches the nut should be placed on the
surface of a large pot filled with good fibrous loam,
a little peat, and plenty of sand. Drain the pot
well.

Other Cultural Points. — When two or three
leaves have been made, the seedling may be treated
as an adult, by placing the pot containing it on
the bottom of another, inverted in a tank so that the
base of that containing the plant will just dip into
the water. The tank should be kept at a tempera-
ture of 80° in summer. The tank may be dried in
winter, and the night temperature of the house
kept as near 60° as possible. This Palm may also
be grown in an ordinary stove with a moist atmo-
sphere and a temperature of 65° to 90° in summer.

Only Species : —

sechellarum, GO' to 100' (styns. callipyge, malda-
vica, and seychellarum).

LCESELIA.

Small greenhouse shrubs or herbs (ord. Pole-
moniacese), with violet, red, or scarlet flowers in
the axils of the upper leaves, or crowded at the
apex of the shoots. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass. For soil, use fibrous loam
and peat in equal parts, with a good dash of sand.

Principal Species: —

ccerulea, 1', Je., bl. (syn. («/»•'. Hoitzia coccinea

H'litzia ccrrulea). and H. raexicana).

coccinea, 3' to4',Je., sc. glandulosa, 2', Je., red
(XI/H. Hoitzia glandu-
losa).

LOGANBERRY.

The result of a cross between the Kaspberry and
the Blackberry. The hybrid is to some extent
intermediate between these two parents, and is a
heavy cropper. The fruit is large, and like that of
the Raspberry in shape, but with larger pips, of
darker colour, juicy, and acid. Propagation, by
division in autumn, these divisions being wintered
in frames and planted in March ; or by cuttings
of short side shoots in summer. Soil, moist loam.

LOGANIA.

Greenhouse herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Loaani-
aceic), with small white or flesh-coloured flowers in
terminal or axillary heads. Propagation, by side
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a
bell glass. Soil, fibrous loam and peat, kept well
open by sand and small nodules of charcoal.

Principal Species : —

floribunda, 2', Ap., wh. (ai/ns. revoluta and
Euosrna albiflora).

Lot/wood (see JIamatoxylon).

Loiseleuria

(29 )

Lomaria

LOISELEURIA.

A ininiiiturc hardy procumbent shrub (ord. Erica-
ceae), with small, dark green, leathery leaves, and
small pink or rose flowers. Propagation, by division
of the pieces, or by taking off rooted shoots. Soil,
moist sandy peat. As it grows on the exposed

LoMUUA DISCOLOK FALCATA (** J>. 30).

tops of mountains, the plant should be planted in a
peat bed on the rockery, fully exposed to light and
air, and plentifully supplied with moisture.

Only Species : —

procumbens, 2" to 3", My., Je., hdy., pk. or ro.
. Azalea procumbens).

LOLIUM.

A genus of annual, biennial, and perennial
Grasses (ord. Gramineae), a few of which are
extensively used for temporary and permanent
pastures as well as for hay making. In the garden,
pleasure ground, or park, the common or perennial
Kyegrass (perenne) always forms a component
part of the turf ; and the more nearly the soil
approaches the nature of rich, moist, meadow land,
so will the Kyegrass predominate. Being per-
ennial, and of a rich green, it is well adapted for
the purpose. It has about twenty-nine synonyms
and several varieties, all indicating its wide utility.
It is always propagated by seeds. Where the soil
is dry and poor, its place in the turf is taken by
Fescue, Dog's-tail, Agrostis, etc. Kyegrass can be
encouraged to grow by the use of nitrates, and by
heavy top dressings of good soil, or farmyard
manure, in winter.

Lomagramme pteroides (sec Acrostic-hum blumea-
var.).

LOMARIA.

Description. — A large genus of handsome stove
greenhouse and hardy Ferns (ord, Filices), easy to
grow, and favourites in almost all gardens. Botan-
ically the genus is closely allied to Blechnum, and
a number of plants have figured in both genera.
The plants bear barren and fertile fronds, which
may be either simple or pinnate, according to the
species. Gibba is perhaps the most popular, but
Spicant, the British Hard Fern, and its many
varieties, do well in a cool house as well as out of
doors. Ciliata may with advantage be employed
fur house decoration. Alpina, Germainii, and
lanceolata, being of small stature and slow-growing,
are very suitable for culture in window cases, and
although alpina is nominally hardy it does better
with shelter. Fluviatilis makes an elegant basket
subject, and L'Herminieri does best when planted
in pockets in dead Tree Fern stems.

Many of the Lomarias, particularly L'Herminieri
and attenuata, are noteworthy for the pretty rose
pink tints of the young fronds. The fronds of
.Spicant and its varieties last well when cut.

Propagation. — By spores. Except in a few
instances, these are freely produced and germinate
quickly. Special varieties may be divided, and
this is the best method of increasing the lovely
varieties of Spicant. Suckers, or offsets, may be
utilised in the case of ciliata, gibba, and a few
others.

Soil. — Equal parts loam, leaf mould, and sand.
If leaf mould is not available peat may be em-
ployed, although it is not so good.

LOMAUIA GIBBA (see p. SO).

Other Cultural Points. — A few pieces of sand-
stone may, with advantage, be mixed witli the soil.
They all dislike lime in any form. High tempera-
tures should be carefully avoided, or the plants
will fall sickly, and a prey to all sorts of insect

Lomaria

(30)

Lonchitis

pests. The most troublesome of the latter is
thrips; for which fumigiite or vaporise. Lomarias
detest being syringed or watered overhead ; spotted
leaves and unhealthy plants are the result.

LoMAlUA FLUVIATILIS.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
NOTE. — The fronds mentioned below are the
" barren " fronds. The " fertile " ones are usually
as long, or a little longer, much narrower, and more
erect.

attenuata, fronds 1' to 3', — Belli, prettily tasselled.
st. or warm grh., deep — platyptera, fronds very
long and wide, no spores.
— robusta, strong grow-

grn., ro. flushed when
young.

— heterophylla.
lilechnoides, fronds 1' to

14', grh.

boryana, fronds 1' to 2',
grh. (nyns. magellauica
and zamioides).

— Dalgaimsise, fronds
contraeted.

— robusta, strong-grow-
ing.

ciliata, 9" to 36", fronds

ing.

— tincta, fronds tinged
ro. pk. when young
(SI/H. gibba rosea).

onocleoides.fronds 1'to H'
long, pimiio very nar-
row ; an elegant plant.

procera, fronds 1' to :!'
long, grh. (HI/IIS. Gilliesii
and minor) .

— capensis, very vigorous.

8" to 12" long, st.; close — chilensis,very vigorous.

to gibba.

— gigautea, larger fronds.

— grandis, very wide
fronds.

discolor, fronds 1' to 3'
Iong,4"to6"broad,grh.

— bipinnatifida, pimue
overlapping.

falcata(sc#^. 29).

— nudapulcherrima,
fronds forked.

gibba, 2' to 3', fronds 1'
to 3' long, st. or warm
grh. (*yn. neocale-
donica, see p. 29)-

ornifolia (XI/H. tuber-
culata), much divided
fronds.

— vestita, scaly fronds.

Spicant, Hard Fern,
fronds 1' to li'loug, 1"
broad, hdy., deep grn.:
very leathery. British.
(Si/n. Blechnum Spic-
ant). Many vars.: con-
cinna, contracts, crispa,
cristata, multifurcata,
polydactyla, ranio-
cristata, and trinervia
are some of the best.

Other Species and Varieties : —

alpina, fronds 4" to 8"
long, hlf-hdy., rather
smaller than Spicant.

— ramosa, dwarf and
crested.

aspera, fronds 3" to G"
lung, grh.

Banksii, fronds G" to 9"

long, grh.

lanceolata.
I'upensis

var.).
rhilensis

var.).
Colensoi

close to

(«e<

(see

procera

(see Patersoni
elongata).

crenulata (we Gcrmaiiiii).

cumiugiaua (s«s Pater-
soni.)

cycadoidoa, grh.

Dalgairusiai (tec boryana
var.).

discolor nuda, pinme liar-
rower than in type, and
less leathery.

dura, fronds 1' to 1 .! ' long,
hdy. (sifit. rigida").

clougata (see Patersoni
elongata).

h'liformis, fronds 1' to 2'
long, 3" to 4" broad,
grh. (SI/HS. Lomariopsis
and Stenochlo3iia het-
croraorpha).

fluviatilis, 3" to 4", fronds
G" to 18" long, pros-
trate, grh. (we h'gure).

Fraseri, fronds 1 ' to 1 ', '
long, 4" to 6" broad,
grh.

Germainii, fronds 2" to
3" long, grh. (sijn.
crenulata) ; close to
alpina.

Gilliesii (see procera).

heterophylla (sccattenuata

var.).
lanceolata, fronds G" to

12" long, 2" to4" broad,

grh.
L'Henninieri, fronds 9"

to 15" long, 3" to -t"

broad, st.

magellanica (sc e boryana).
inembranacea, fronds (i"

to 9" long, 1" to 11"

broad, grli.
minor (see procera) .
neocaledomca (,>•«• gibba).
uigra, fronds 4" to 6"

long, 1" to I.1," broad,

g:ii.
Patersoni, fronds 1' long,

1" broad, grh. (~'i/n.

cumin giana).
— elongata, barren and

fertile fronds 2' or more

long and pimialilM

(; y^.v. Colensoi, elon-
gata, and punctata).
pumila, fronds 3" to 4"

long, 1" to li" broad,

hlf-hdy.
punctata (sec Patersoni

elongata).
punctulata, fronds 1' to

2' long, 4" to G" brnad,

grh.

rigida (AM dura),
robusta (see boryana var.).
tenuifolia (see Acrostich-

um tenuif olinm) .
tuberculata (sec procera

ornifolia).

vestita (see procera var.).
vulcam'ca, fronds 6" to

18" long, 3'; to 6"

broad, st. or grh. (.-/<;

p. 81).
zamioides (see boryiuia).

LOMATOPHYLLUM.

Stove succulents (ord. Liliacea;), differing from
Aloe chiefly in having berried fruits. Propagation,
by offsets and by lateral shoots taken off a.s cut-
tings. Fibrous loam and peat in equal ratio, with
a good admixture of .--and and soft, broken, red
bricks, will suit them admirably. Keep the soil
rather dry in winter.

Principal Species : —

borbonicum, 3', Je., yel., berries red (syns. aloi-
florum and Phylloma aloiflorum).

LONAS.

A hardy, erect annnal (ord. Composita1). Prop-
agation is effected by seeds in April. Any
ordinary garden soil, not too heavy, will meet its
requirements admirably.

Only Species : —

inodora. 1|', Jy., Aug., hdy., yel.

LONCHITIS.

A small genus of pretty stove and greenhouse
Ferns (ord. Filices), with rather fleshy rhizomes.
They do well planted in the fernery, are of bold
habit, and their spore masses are very bright and

iinii (.w J.omaria).
Lomariopsis (see Lomaria).

Lonchocarpus

( 31 )

Lonicera

conspicuous. Propagated by spores, which should
bo sown as soon as they are ripe ; also by division
of the rhizomes, which soon rn;ike plants if separ-
ated rlcanly. Boil, two parts of peat and one part
of loam, with sand.

LoMAltIA VULCAXICA (see ji. 30;.

Principal Species :—

pubescens, fronds 8' to 4', st, very woolly (synf.
lindeniana, madagascariensis, and natalensis).

Other Species : —

occidentals, fronds ZV I o 4', stipes naked. Not
commonly grown.

LONCHOCARPUS.

Evergreen stove trees or tall climbing shrubs
(it-rd. Leguminosiu), with unequally pinnate leaves,
and violet, purple, or white flowers in racemes, or
very rarely panicles. Propagation, by cuttings of
half-matured shoots in a propagating case with
bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal
proportions, with sand and charcoal to keep it
porous.

Principal Species :—

Barteri, Sep., ro. pk.
cyanescens. Yoruba In-
digo,
domingensis (see sericeus).

latifolius, 20', st. shr.,

pale jiur.

pubescens, 2;V, pur.
sericeus, 20'.

LONDON PRIDE (see SAXIFEAGA UM-

BROSA).

LONDON PURPLE.

An arsenical preparation, used as an insecticide
in combination with lime. The proportions are
1 Ib. of London Purple, 1 Ib. of lime, and 250

LonycKampia (see Lei/sacra).

gallons of water. As the preparation is very
poisonous it must be handled with extreme care.
While being used it should be kept well stirred,
for it does not dissolve in water. In this respect
it behaves similarly to the better known Paris
Green. It may be used with Bordeaux Mixture
as a fungicide.

LONICERA. (HONEYSUCKLE.)

Description. — Hardy or half-hardr, erect or
climbing, shrubs (aril.. Caprifoliacese), which may
be divided into two distinct groups according as
the flowers are whorlod and the fruits separate, as
in the common Honeysuckle, or the (lowers and
fruits are in pairs like Xylosteum. The flowers
are yellow, orange, pink, white, rose, purple, red,
or scarlet.

Propagation. — 13y seeds or berries ; also by cut-
tings taken in autumn, inserted in sandy soil, and
sheltered in frames during winter. The thick and
pithy-stemmed species may be layered like Carna-
tions or Rhododendrons in autumn.

Soil. — Any good garden soil will meet their
requirements ; but if heavy it should be ameliorated
by the use of sand, peat, and leaf mould.

Other Cultural Points. — Three at least of the
species are regarded as tender, namely gigantea,
hildebrandiana, and Bempervirens, and are usually
grown in a greenhouse. Hildebrandiana succeeds in
the open in the Isle of Wight, and when suftieiently
tried may be expected to do so in all the more
favoured parts of the south and west coasts of

I'liotu: CasSfll tt Comimnir, Ltd.

LONICEKA SEMl'JSKVIUENS (.«« Ji. 23).

Britain. Sempervirens dislikes clayey soils and the
smoke of towns. It grows well in sandy peat, and as
it lives and makes a fair amount of growth on a
south wall in the north of Scotland, it should

Lonicera

(32 )

Lophanthus

succeed better in the more favoured parts of the
island than it gets credit for doing.

Pliotu: Cassell <(; Company, Ltd.

LOXICERA ETKVSCA.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties : —

Alberti, 3', Je., ro.

alpigeua, 6', Ap. , My.,
yel. An upright bush
lor shrubberies (>//>/*.
Caprifolium alpigenum
and alpinuni).

bella, 4', Je. , ro.; hybrid
(Morrowi X tatarica).

cserulea, 4', My-., yel.
Blue - berried Honey-
suckle.

— glabriuscula, smooth-
leaved var.

Caprifolium, 15' to 20',
My., Je., blush, berries
or. (ttynx. americana,
ciliosa, grata, pallida).

— major, flowers larger
(syn. magnevillea) .

chrysantha, yel., wh.,
fruits red.

etrusca (see figure), 15',
My. or. (si/ns. atrosan-
guinea and gigantea).

flava, 6' to 12', Je., Jy.,
bright yel.; a very
handsome but neglected
species (syns. Capri-
folium flavum and C.
Fraseri).

fragrautissima, 6' to 10',
Nov. to Feb., wh.;
f ragrapt, winter flower-
ing (syns. caprifolioides,
Niaguarilli, odoratis-
sima) .

gigantea, yel., Ivs. bluish.

hildebrandiana, Jy., Aug.,

Looking Glass Tree (see Heritiera).
Loosestrife (see Lysimaclria and Lythrum).
Lopculocalyx (see Olax).

buff to red, 6" to 7"

long,
involucrata, 3', Ap. to

Je., yel., bracts red;

very distinct species

(syiis. bordwelliana,

intermedium, and Lede-

bourii).
japonica, C' to 15', Jy.,

rod. wh. (.\'/M. chinen-

sis).
— aureo-reticulata, Ivs.

netted with gold. yel.

(»Jii. brachypoda rcti-

culata)1.

— fiexuosa, 6' to 15', Jy.,
red, wh. (i<y)i. brachy-
poda) .

Periclymeuum, 15' to 30',
Ap. to Sep., red, yel.
(ayns. Caprifolium Peri-
clymenum and sylvat-
icum). The Woodbine
or Common Honey-
suckle.

— belgica, yel., red.

— quercifolia,Oak-leaved.

— serotina, late fiowci ing.

Other Species, Hybrid,

brachypoda (of De Can-
dolle, sec japonica flex-
uosa).

— rcticulata (see japonica
aureo-reticulata).

ciliata, 4', Ap., wh., red
(syn. Xylosteum cilia-
turn).

— alba, wh.
confusa, 15', Je., red.
flavescens, 8', yel. (*//M.

webbiana of gardens),
flexuosa (see japonica

flexuosa).
floribunda. C', ro.
glnuca, 10' to 15', Je.,

Jy., yel.

grata, 20', Jy., red.
hirsuta, 10, Je., yel.

(xyns. pubescens and

Caprifolium Douglasii) .
iberica, G', Ap., or.
impleza, 8', Jy., red, yel.

— balearica, 8', Je., cream.
Ledebourii (see involu-
crata).

longiflora (see macrantha) .

LOPEZIA.

Slender-growing annuals (ord. Onagrariese), allied
to Fuchsia, with small purple, red, or pink flowers,
borne in the axils of the leaves. Propagation, by
seeds in the open border in April. Any good
garden soil, light rather than heavy, will suit.

Principal Species : —

sempervirens, 8' to 20',
spr., sum., sc., yel.
(*//ws. Brownii, caro-
liniana, fuchsioides of
gardens, see p. 31).
Trumpet Honeysuckle.

— minor, flowers smaller.
Standishii, 2' to 10', Feb.,

Mch., wh.; best on a
wall for shelter when
flowering.

tatarica, 4' to 10', Ap. to
Je., pk. (syiiK. caucasica
of gardens, not of Pall,
and speciosa of gardens).

— albiflora, wh.

— lutea, yel.

— nana, dwarf.

— puuicca, red.
Xylosteum, 5' to 8', Je. ,

yel.; upright bush with
grey bark.

— leucocarpum, fruit wh.

— melanocarpum, fruit
lilk.

— xanthocarpum, fiu t
yel.

and Varieties' : —

Maackii, wh. '
macrantha, 15', Jy., or.

(*yns. longiflora and

Caprifolium nepalense).
Maximowiczii, 10', red.

vio.
micrantha, pk., yel. (ti/n.

tatarica micrantha).
microphylla, 4'.
nigra, 4', Ap., j'el.

— campaninora, 4', My. .
yel.

orientalis, 16', Je., yel.

— puuicea, My. , crim.
propinqua, hybrid (alpi-

geua X involucrata).
pyrenaica, 4', wh.
pplendida, yel. to wh.
tangutica, yel.
tibetica, H , ro., sweet,
tomentella, 10', Jy., pk.,

wh.

translucent, yel.
webbiana of Wallich (a

form of alpigena) .
webbiana of gardens (see

cordata, 1J', Aug., pur.
coronata, 1|', Aug., red
(syn. racemosa).

Other Species : —

Galeottii, red.
hirsuta, H', Aug., red.

grandiflora, 3', Jy., Aug.,

red.
pumila, 6", Aug., red.

lineata, 3', Feb., ro.

macrophylla, Mch.,

(syn. fuchsioides).

red

LOPHANTHUS. (GIANT HYSSOP.)
v Hardy and half-hardy herbs (ord. Labiatje), with
bine or purple blue flowers, and resembling in habit
the Nepetas or Cat Mints. All are perennials o£

Lophiola

Lophyrus

easy culture in ordinary garden soil, but they are
.srlc'lnm met with outside the bounds of botanic
establishments, a certain rather weedy appearance
prejudicing plant lovers against them. They may
be easily increased by division of the roots in
spring.

Principal Species :—

anisiitus, 3', Jy., Ivs. scrophularisefolius, 5', Jy.,
wh., flowers bl. («/«*. pur. (*//«. Hyssopus

Hyssopus auisatus and scrophulariaefolius).
discolor). Anise Hys-
sop.

LOPHIRA.

There is only one species in this genus (nrd.
Dipterocarpefe), alata, the Scrubby Oak, a handsome
stove tree of pyramidal habit. It may be prop-
agated by firm cuttings, rooted in very sandy soil,
or in pure sand, in bottom heat. It likes a compost
of sandy loam and fibrous peat in equal parts.

Only Species : —

alata, 10', Feb., st., yel. (syn. africana).

LOPHOSPERMUM (see MAURAXDIA).

'

•

ritoto : CasscU ifr Cumimny, Ltd.

LOKOI'ETALVM CHINENSE (see J). 34).

Other Species : —

iiepetoides, 4' to 6', Jy., urticasfolius, 3' to 4', Jy.,
pur. , bl. (KI/II. Hyssopus Aug., pur., wh., pk.;

nupetoides). plant of branching

habit.

LOPHIOLA.

The solitary member of this genus (ord. Hiem-
odoraceic), aurca, is a pretty, herbaceous, yellow-
flowered perennial of slender habit, hardy in most
places, growing l.V lii.L'h, blooming in July, and
doing best in a rather damp and shaded situation
where the soil is peaty. Division of the root,
either in autumn or spring, will soon yield a stock
of plants.
33

LOPHYRUS. (PINE SA-VFLIES.)
A genus of Sawflies whose larvse occasionally do
some damage to various Conifers, particularly Firs
and Larches. Sometimes they are to be found in
such large numbers that whole branches are
denuded of their leaves, and where this occurs on
young trees the health of the plants is seriously
endangered. Their habit of forming large colonies
has led to the belief that they are more numerous
and mischievous than they really are. Young
trees only need, as a rule, to be watched, and for

Lophidium (see Schiztea).
Lopliolepis (see Polypodi-uni).
Lophosortis (see Alsi'phila).

Loquat

( 34)

Loxsoma

these hand-picking is the best remedy. A forcible
stream of clear water directed against any infected
branches is the best way of dealing with the larger
specimens.

LOQUAT (see PHOTINIA JAPONICA)

LORANTHUS.

A large_ genus of stove, greenhouse, and hardy
parasitic shrubs (ord, Loranthaceje). The leaves
are thick and fleshy, and the flowers often highly
coloured, while the fruit is a berry or drupe.
Flavidus has been introduced. Propagation, by
sowing the berries upon the above-ground roots
of the Beech, or fixing them to its branches.

LOREYA.

Horticulturally, this genus (ord. Melastomacese)
is quite an unimportant one. The plants are seldom
cultivated.

LOROPETALUM.

There is only one species (two by Index Ke>v-
ensis) in this genus (ord. Hamamelideje), but it
is a singularly handsome flowering tree that is
in great favour with planters. Of dwarf and
shrubby habit, it takes kindly to pot culture, and
if potted firmly and exposed to the sun in the
autumn to ripen the wood, it flowers freely and
makes a highly- decorative conservatory plant. It
does not take kindly to forcing, but when grown
under glass it should be allowed to come along
naturally in a cool house. It may be propagated
by seeds, when these can be obtained, or by cut-
tings, either in spring or autumn, in a close frame.
Soil for pot plants, loam two-thirds, leaf mould
one-third, and sand. Outdoors it favours a good
sandy loam, in a warm and sheltered position.

Only Species: —

chinense, 4' to 12', aut., hdy., wh. (see p. 33).

LOTUS.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Leguminosse),
and its members vary a good deal. Some are low,
prostrate herbs, others are of shrubby habit, but
comparatively few are cultivated. From a garden
point of view, Bertholetii is the most important ;
it makes an elegant basket plant for the green-
house or cool conservatory, is of distinct appear-
ance with its curiously shaped scarlet flowers, and
is quite easy to grow. Jacobfeus and Gebelia are
also greenhouse perennials, but they are liable to
die off during the winter, and although pretty, are
not at all reliable. The common Bird's Foot Tre-
foil, corniculatus, is ubiquitous in British pastures.
Occasionally it is cultivated, and is really a pretty
plant for the rockery. The double-flowered form
is, as yet, comparatively rare.

Propagation. — By seeds for the hardy species, and
by cuttings for the greenhouse perennials. Sandy
soil should be employed for the cuttings, and a
close, but not heated, frame is desirable, if not
absolutely necessary.

Lopimia (see Pavonia).

Lord Alison's Pea (see Latltynts nervosus, syn.

magellanicus).
Lord Harrington's Yew (see Cephalotaxus pedim-

culata).

Lords and Ladies (see Arum maculatum).
Lorinseria (see Woodrvardia).
Lotus Tree, European (see LHospyros Li>tns).

Soil. — Any ordinary garden soil will do ; equal
parts of lo:tm and leaf soil, with a little sand, for
the greenhouse plants.

Principal Species : —
Bertholetii, 2*, My., Je., — major, larger.

grh. per., so. A good Gebelia, Je., Jy., grh.

basket plant (syn. pe- per., red, ro.

liorhynchus). jacobanis, 1' to 3', sum.,

corniculatus, 3" to 6", grh. per., pur.

sum., hdy., yel., or., peliorhynchus(«-«Bertho-

prostrate. letii).

Other Species : —

albidus (sec australis). phmatus (see Hosackia

australis, '2', Jy., grh. bicolor).

per., pk.. wh., pur. red Tetragcnolobus, 6" to
(syn. albidus). 12", Je., Aug., hdy.,

dark pur. (*//«. Tetra-
gouolobus purpureus) .

LOTUS, SACRED (see NELUMBIUM).

LOURYA.

A stove plant (ord. HosmodoraceEe) with the
habit and appearance of an Aspidistra. Campan-
ulata, the only species, has yellow and purple
flowers produced in December and January, suc-
ceeded by clusters of blue berries. It may be
increased by division in spring, and thrives in a
mixture of loam, peat, and sand.

LOVE-IN-A-MIST (see NIGELLA).
LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING G« AMAE

ANTHUS),

LOWIA.

Interesting, newly introduced stove perennial
herbs (ord. Scitaminefe), somewhat like Heliconias
in appearance and thriving under similar treat-
ment.

Principal Species: —
borueunsis, yel., pur.,vio., longiflora, olive, pur.,

blk.; Ivs. oil long wh., Ivs. tufted.

stalks. maxillarioicles, grn., yel.,

flowers larger, Ivs.
tufted.

LOXOCOCCUS.

A genus, of one species only, of stove Palms (ord.
Palma;), of elegant habit, but rare in cultivation.
They answer to the same cultural treatment as the
Arecas and Ptycospermas.

Only Species : —

rupicola, 30' to 40', grh., flowers and spathe red,
Ivs. pinnate (syn. Ptycosperma rupicola).

LOXSOMA.

A genus of one species, Cunningham! (ord.
Filices), which reproduces itself freely from spores,
in a natural state, and affects a heavy, clayey
loam, so that its thin, wiry roots are almost con-
otantly moist.

Only Species : —

Cunninghami, fronds 1' to 2J' long, bluish grn.
beneath, pale grn. above ; leathery.

Lotzea (see Asplenium).

Lousewort (see Pedlcnlaris).

Love Apple (see Tomato}.

Love Grass (see Jirayrostis).

Love-in-idleness (see Viola tricolor).

Lon-ea Tierlierifolia of Lindley (see Ilosa simplici-

folia).

LoxantJies (see Jferine).
Loxoscaplte (see Darallia).

LtCL'LIA OKATI8SIMA (sec p 36).

Lucanus

Luisia

LUCANUS.

To the entomologist the Stag Beetle (Lucanus
cervus) is interesting because it is the largest of
British beetles, specimens 3" long being quite
common. To the horticulturist it is of note
because its larva? occasionally burrow in living
Oaks and Willows, although they usually prefer
dead wood. The beetles are furnished with very
powerful jaws, and the head-processes bear some
resemblance to the horns of a stag, whence the
name Stag Beetle. The female is rather smaller
than the male, and in both cases head, thorax,
and legs are black, with dark brown wing cases
bordered with black. Although plentiful in a few
localities, Stag Beetles are not generally abundant,
and the damage they do is comparatively small.
Extracting the feeding larva; from their lairs by
means of a sharp, hooked wire is the best method
of catching them where they are found to be
working mischief.

LUCULIA.

Of the two species which go to make up this
genus (ord. Rubiacese), one, gratissima, is a well-
known greenhouse flowering shrub of great beauty.
The second species, pinceana, is very close to
gratissima, but, although it has larger and more
fragrant flowers, it is, for some reason, not so
general a favourite.

Propagation. — Cuttings of the young shoots
which are beginning to get firm may be rooted
with varying success if taken towards the end
of June, inserted in sandy soil, and kept close
in a gently heated frame. The conditions of
shade and moisture must, however, be equable,
and nicely adjusted, or not 10 per cent, of the
cuttings will strike. Raising plants from seed
finds favour in some quarters, but seedlings are
often rather tardy in flowering.

Soil.— Fibrous loam and peat, in equal parts,
with one-sixth sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants must be
potted firmly and well drained, as copious supplies
of water are needed during the summer. Lnculias,
however, do best when planted out in a prepared
bed, for they not only grow more strongly, but the
flowers are much finer. The blooms are borne in
huge trusses on the points of the young shoots.
Pruning should be done in the winter, and old
plants may then be cut hard back to the old wood
— the spur system answers admirably. Luculias
may either be grown as standards or, better still,
trained to a wall. Mea,ly bug is the chief enemy,
and the old wood should be well brushed over in
winter with a solution of Gishurst Compound.

Only Species : —

gratissima, 9' to 16', aut.,
ro. (see p. 35).

pinceana, 9' to 16', aut.,
ro.

LUCUMA.

A large genus (ord. Sapotacese) of stove trees
and shrubs of curious appearance, none of which
enter into British gardening.

LUDIA.

Two species go to make up this genus (ord.
Bixineas). Both are evergreen stove shrubs. Cut-
tings of semi-matured shoots may be rooted in

Lnbinia (see Lijsimacliia).

sand in a close propagating frame having bottom
heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with
sand.

Principal Species : —

sessiliHora, 8' to 12', Jy., lieterophylln of Bory
Aug., yel. (now Aphloia inaurit-

iana).

LUDOVIA.

Two species of stove plants (ord. Cyclanthacese)
allied to C'aiiudovica, like which they may be
treated.

Principal Species : —

crenifolia, St., Ivs. 1J' long, grn., leathery; a
distinct foliage plant.

LUEDDEMANNIA.

This genus of Orchids (ord. Orchidacere) was
formerly included with Cycnoches. The two
essential points of cultivation are plenty of water
during the growing season, and a thorough rest.
(For cultural details, see CYCNOCHES.)

Principal Species : —

1'tscatorei, Jy., yel., br. pnuderi;ina, cream, pur.
(.v//;/.s. Aciueta glauca blotches,

and Cycnoches 1'esca- triloba, yel., br. blotches,
torei).

LUEHEA (syn. LUHF.A).

Stove trees, allied to the Sparmannias (ord.
Tiliacese), of handsome appearance, but rarely
seen in cultivation. Cuttings of the half-ripened
shoots may be rooted in sand in bottom heat. Soil,
loam and peat in equal parts, with one-sixth sand.
Of the sixteen species which have been described,
probably only paniculata is in cultivation in this
country.

Principal Species : —

paniculata, 10' to 20', St., Mch., Apr., ro., wh.

LUFFA. (VEGETABLE SPONGE.)

Tropical Gourds (ord. Cucurbitacea;) of annual
duration. They are remarkable for their large
and curious-looking fruits, of which the inner
fibrous network enclosing the seeds is dried, soft-
ened, and used as sponges in tropical countries. It
forms the Luffa (or Loofah) sponges of commerce.
Plants may be easily raised from seeds sown in
spring in brisk heat, the plants afterwards receiv-
ing similar treatment to that accorded to Melons.
When in fruit they look very ornamental depend-
ing from the roof of the stove. Soil, three parts
of good loam and one part of leaf mould. Plenty
of water is needed at all times.

Principal Species :—

acutangula (SI/H. fo-tkla

of Uotaiiical Magazine

1638).
eegyptiaca, fruit 5" to 12"

long, club shaped ;
plant cultivated in
many parts of the
tropics (-'//N. cyliwh'ica).

LUISIA (*'/«*. BIRCHEA and MESOCLASTES).

Stove epiphytal Orchids (»rd. Orchidacerc), with
cylindrical leaves, and flowers produced in clusters
at the sides of the stems. They may be grown on
a block oC wood, packed in here and there with a
little living sphagnum, or placed in shallow Teak
baskets filled with crocks surfaced with sphagnum.
Plenty of water is needed in summer. Propagation
is by division, and by imported pieces.

Ludiiia (see Samaria).

Ludm-ia of Persoon (see CarJiidavica).

Lunaria

( 37 )

Lupinus

Principal Species : —

omesiium, Jc., flowers yel. ,
spotted br., about 1"
across ; habit much like
Vimda teres.

T'syrhi', sum., grn., pur.

Other Species : —
antennifera, 1', grn., lip

pur.
brachystachys, grn., ro.

pur.
Cantharis, gm., pur.

tcretifolia, sum., pur.,
wh. (HI/US, platyglossa,
zeylamca, and Cymbid-
ium triwte of Jlotanical
Magazine 3648).

macrotis, yellowish grn.,
lip vio.

microptera, yel., lip pur.,
yel.

Volucris, 6" to 10", yel-
lowish grn., lip pur.

XUS POLYl'HVLLUS ALBl/S.

LUNARIA. (HONESTY.)

Hardy annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (ord.
CrnoifersB), two species only being known. Of
these, anntia, more commonly known as biennis, is
the one usually grown, and under the name
of Honesty it finds a place in many a cottage
garden. As is suggested by its various names, it is
both an nnmial and a biennial ; annual if seed be
sown early in the year, biennial if sown towards
the close of the summer. Any ordinary garden
soil will suit it, and young plants come up freely
from self-sown seed. It is desirable, in fact, to
sow the seed in the places where the plants are
intended to flower. Propagation may also be con-
ducted by root division. The flowers of annua are
pretty, but it is the silvery septum (replum) of the

pods round (tyn. bien-
iiis).

seed pod that constitutes the chief charm. The
flowering stems should be cut down when the pods
are ripe, dried, and the outer portions of the
pods peeled off to show the white lining within.
Honesty is in great favour for winter decorations,
and associated with coloured foliage, Grasses, and
berries is singularly effective and lasting.

Only Species and Variety : —
anmm, U' to 3', My., Jy., — variegata, foliage mar-

vio., hi., wh., scentless, gined wh.

biennis (we annua).
rediviva, 2' to 3', My.,
Je., pur., scented, pods
lance shaped.

LUPINUS. (LUPINE.)

Description. — Although nearly a hundred species
(ord. Leguminosas) have been described, the greater
part of the gardener's interest centres about
arboreus, the Tree Lupine, and polyphyllus, a hand-
some herbaceous perennial, and its many varieties.
These two plants, with their varieties, are a host in
themselves, and there are few gardens without
them. The flowers of polyphyllus last fairly well
when cut, but they are rather too heavy in appear-
ance to be really useful. Albus is used as a foliage
plant in some parts of the Continent. Both annuals
and perennials, hardy and half-hardy, are included
in the genus.

Propagation. — By seed in all cases. Seedlings
of arboreus and its varieties may be flowered in the
second season, and they invariably make sturdy
and satisfactory plants. In addition to seed sow-
ing, the perennials may be increased by division
of the roots during March and April, and after
flowering. Strong clumps only should be divided,
clean cuts made, and the pieces speedily replanted
in specially enriched soil, otherwise division will
prove inore or less of a failure.

Soil.— Lupines will gvow in almost any well-
tilled garden soil, but they are really gross feeders,
and heavy annual dressings of good farmyard
manure, and frequent and copious supplies of
liquid manure in dry weather, when they are push-
ing up their flower spikes, will be found necessary.

Other Cultural Points. — Lupines do not trans-
plant well, as a rule ; consequently they should be
regarded as permanent occupants of the herb-
aceous border, and plenty of room allowed them
in the first place.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties : —
arboreus, 4' to C', sum., nanus, 1', sum., hdy.

hdy., yel., lil., pur., ann., lil., bl.

fragrant. Tree Lupine.

— Snow Queen, wh.
atrococcineus hybridus,

Jy., Aug., hdy. aim.,
crim. sc. ; hybrid.

Cruickshankii, 4' to ">',
Jy., hlf-hdy., bl., pur.,
yel. ; regarded by some
as a var. of mutabilis.

fallax, 3' to .V, hlf-hdy.
shr., vio., wh., red.

Hartwegii, 2' to 3', Jy.,
Oct., aim. or hdy. per.,
bl.

— ceelestinus, 2', bl.
mutabilis, 5', Je., Aug.,

hlf-hdy. sub-shr., wh.,
bl. Versicolor is a
pretty var.

— albus, wh.
nootkatensis, 1' to H',

My., Jy., hdy. per.,
bl., pur., wh., or yel.
polyphyllus, 2' to 4', spr. ,
aut., hdy., dark bL
(«/«. macrophyllus).

— albus, 3', wh. (see
figure).

— Foxii, 2' to 3', bl., wh.

— Purple King, 3', deep
pur.

— Somerset, 2', yel.
subcarnosus, 1', Jy., hdy.

ann. or per., bl., yel.
(syiis. bimaculatus, tex-
ensis, and subrnmosus
of gardens).

Lungii'urt (see Pulnwnaria).
Lupine (see Lujiinut).

Luxembergia

Lycaste

Other Species and Varieties :—

affinis, 9", Je., hdy., deep luteus, 1' to 1J', Je.,

bl. Aug., hdy. ann., yel.

albifrons (see Chamiss- (syn. odoratus).

onis). macrophyllus (see poly-

aridus, 1', Aug., Sep., hdy. phyllus).

per. microcarpus, H , Ap.,

Chamissonis, 34', Sep., hdy. aim., bl.

per., bl., foliage downy odoratus (see luteus).

wh. (syn. albifrons). ornatus, 1' to 2', My.,

lepidus, 6", Aug., Sep., Nov., hdy. per., bl.

hdy. per., pur. bl., spot- perennis, 2', My., Jy.,

ted wh. hdy. per.

leptophyllus, 1" to 3', pilosus, 2' to 4', Jy., Aug.,

sum., per., vio. ann., ro., red.

leiicophyllus, 2' to 3', Je., plumosus (see leucophyl-

Nov., hdy. per., pk. lus).

(syn. plumosus). Sabinii, 2' to 3', My., Je.,

littoralis, Je., Oct., hdy. per., yel. (syn. sabiu-

per., pur., bl. (SI/HS. ianus).

nootkatensis fruticosus texensis (wsubcarnosus).

of Botanical Magazine tomentosus, 4' to 5', sum.,

2136, and versicolor hlf-hdy. shr. , colours

of Botanical Register various.

1979). varius, 2' to 3', Jy., Aug.,
hdy. ann.,[dark bl.

LUXEMBERGIA (syn. PLECTRAN-
THEBA).

Branching stove trees and shrubs (ord. Och-
nacese) from Brazil. They may be propagated by
cuttings of firm shoots rooted in a close frame, in
sandy soil, with bottom heat. Peat and loam in
equal parts, with sand, suit for compost. Eare in
cultivation.

Principal Species : —
ciliosa, 8' to 12', sum., polyandra, yel. (syn.

yel. corymbosa) .

LUZULA.

Perennial Grass-like plants (ortl. Juncacese) of
no garden value. Five or six species are natives of
Britain.

LUZURIAGA (syns. CALLIXENE and
ENARGEA).

Half-hardy branching greenhouse shrubs and
sub-shrubs (prd. Liliacese), with white flowers and
round berries. They may be increased by cuttings
rooted in sandy peat. The plants should be grown
on blocks of peat, and require plenty of moisture
and shade to do well. They are rarely met with
in gardens.

Principal Species : —
erecta, H' (syn. Callixene trope scented (syn. Cal-

polyphylla of Botanical lixene marginata).

Magazine 5192). radicans.sum., flowers 1J"

marginata, flowers Helio- across.

LYCASTE.

Description. — A group of useful plants (ord.
Orchidaceae), from Tropical America and the West
Indies. They all have thick and firm pseudo-bulbs,
and these in some species are very short, nearly
all being ribbed or angled. . Leaves are produced
singly or in pairs (rarely in threes) at the apex of
the pseudo-bulb ; they are plicate (folded), and vary
in length from a few inches to 2J', with a width of
3" or 4". Flowers are borne singly, on stout
scapes rising from the base of the bulb ; they are
large, showy, and substantial, lasting a long time
in good condition.

Propagation. — By division after the plants have
flowered.

Lussacla (sec Oaylussania).

Soil. — In the matter of compost Lycastes are not
nearly so fastidious as most Orchids. They will
flourish in pure peat, but the stronger growers are
the better for an addition of fibrous loam. Good
drainage is essential.

Other Cultural Points. — A summer temperature
of from 60° to 80°, with a further rise on hot
days, provided air is admitted freely, will suit,
while during winter 50° to 60° will be ample. The
more vigorous species, like gigantea, costata,
Skinneri, etc., can be grown successfully at the
warmer end of a cool Orchid house all the year
round. As all Lycastes have a distinct season of
rest, though all are not deciduous, care in ad-
ministering water when growth is in abeyance
is essential, or much harm may result; on the other
hand, when growing ffeely, abundance of water is
needed, and established plants are frequently
improved by occasional doses of weak liquid
manure.

Insect Pests. — Lycastes are not much troubled by
insects, but occasionally scale and mealy bug find
shelter between the ribs on the under side of the
leaf.. Regular sponging is the best remedy.

Paphinia Group. — Though included botanically
with Lycastes, the Orchids generally known as
Paphinias are distinct horticulturally. The scapes
are pendent. Grow in suspended baskets, in the
moist atmosphere of a stove, using a compost of
peat and sphagnum. Shade from bright sun, and
water sparingly when not growing.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aromatica, V, Je., yel., macrobulbon, 9", Feb.,

or. gm., yel., or.

costata, H', Jan., Feb., — Youugii, brighter but

cream, wh. rarer,

cristata, 8", sum., wh., macrophylla, 2', win.,

br., pur. (fi/ns. Maxil- wh., bl1., red (syn.

laria cristata and plana).

Paphinia cristata). — measuresiana, a fine

crueuta, 8", spr., yel., form.

dotted red (syn. Maxil- rugosa, 6", sum., yel., red

laria cruenta). (syii. Paphiuia rugosa).

Deppei, 1', Jan. to Mch., Skmneri, 1J', aut., win.,

grn., wh., yel., pur. ro., wh., crim. Of this

gigantea, 2', aut., win., easily grown species

olive, pur. , or. there are numerous

grandis, 9", Nov., cream, named vars., the chief

br.,, pur. (syn. Paphinia being alba, armeniaca

grandis). (apricot tinted), glori-

jugosa, 8", sum., wh., osa, Mrs. F. L. Ames

pur. (*yn- Colax (salmon shaded), nigro-

jugosus). rubra.purpurata, rosea,

lanipes, lj', aut., grn., and vestalis.

wh.

Principal Hybrids :—

Ballitc, My. (macrophylla lucianiana, Dec., natural

measuresiana X Skin- hybrid (lasioglossa X

Tieri, S'jti. Lycaste G. S. Skiimeri).

Ball). . Mary Gratrix, Ap.

hybrida, Je. (Skmneri X (Skinneri X macro-

Deppei, syn. Deppei phylla).

puuctatissima). smeeana, Jy., natural

imschootiaiia, win., hybrid (Deppei X

natural hybrid (Skin- Skiimeri).

neri X cruenta). sulphurea, veiy rare,

Janeta;, Ap. (Skinneri X natural hybrid (Deppei

rossiana). X crueuta).

Other Species and Varieties :—

Barringtonia?, 2', spr., — lawrenceana, a good

grn., yel., red. var.

Candida, 1' spr. , gru., wh., cochleata, 1', My., or.

ro. denningiana, 2', Sep.,

grn., wh., br.

Lychnis

(39 )

Lychnis

Deppei pimctatissima (*ce

hybricla).
fulvescens, 2', aut., br.,

or., yel.
Harrisouiie (sec Bifrenaria

Harrisouise).
lasio^'lossa, 1', win., grn.,

yel.
leuciintha, 11', sum., grn.,

br., wh., yel.
locusta, 1J-', spr., gru.,

wh.

— mooreana, a fine form,
mesochlieua, 11', aut.,

gru.

plana (see macrophylla).
schilleriana, 2' ', spr., gru.,

wh., yel.
tetragona, 1', sum., yel.,

grn., lip vio. (*//".

Maxillariu tetragona).
Iricolor, 1', Ap., pk.
tyrianthina («r Bifrenaria

tyrianthiua).
xytriophora, 11', spr.,

grn., wh., br., yel.
Youngii (wr macrol)ulbon

Youngii).

LYCHNIS. (ROSE CAMPION.)

Hardy annuals and perennials (ord. C'aryophyl-
leic), of pleasing habit and with showy flowers.
All the species are of remarkably easy culture, and
this, in addition to their beauty, has brought many
of them into high favour with hardy plant lovers.
Several of the species have varieties with double
flowers, and one at least of these, Viscaria
splendens plena, makes an excellent early summer
bedding plant. It should be planted in bold,
conspicuous masses. The dwarf-growing Alpines
such as Lagascre do well in sunny nooks in the
rockery. Flos-cuculi, alba, and dioica do well in
the wild garden.

Propagation, by seeds for all the species. Seeds
of the annuals such as Cceli-rosa should be sown
where the plants are to Bower, not later than the
beginning of April. The double forms can only be
increased by root division. Spring is the best
time to divide, although it may be done after
flowering.

Principal Species and

•ilpiua, 0", spr., sum.,pk.,
tufted in habit ; a good
rockery plant.

chalcedom'ca, 1J' to 31',
sum., sc., in dense ter-
minal clusters ; there
are both wh. and sc.,
single aud double vars.,
the best being alba
plena aud flore-pleuo.

Coeli-rosa, 1', sum., ro.,
wh., or pur., aim. (xyn.
Viscaria oculata of
gardens, and Agro-
stemma Cceli-rosa). .

corouaria, 3', Jy., red,
silvery foliage. There
are several vars,, of
which atrosauguinea,
grandiflora, and liy-
brida spleudens are the
best (yyti. Agrostemma
coronaria).

dioica, 1' to 3', spr., aut.,

Sur,, ro. ; there is a.
ouble var. Bachelor's
Buttons and Red Cam-
pion. ('\'/>/. diurna.)
Other Species, Hybrid,
alba, 1' to 2', Je., Jy.,
per., wh. («//«. vesper-
tiua) . White Campion.
- flore - pleuo, double
(see figure).
Corsica, 2' to 3', sum., ami.,

pk. (syn. Loiseleuri) .

Githago, 4' to />', sum.,

ro. , pk. Corn Cockle.

Varieties : —

Flos - cuculi, 1' to 2',
sum., red. The double
var. is a great favourite.
Cuckoo Flower, Ragged
Robin.

Flos-jovis, 11', Jy., pur.,
sc.; whole plant covered
with white felted hair
(KI/II. Agrostemma Flos-
jovis).

fulgens, G" to 12", spr.,
sum., ver., red.

— haageana, sc.; many
shades, including wh.

— Sieboldii, wh.
grandiflora, 8" to 12",

sum., aut., sc. (syn.

fulgeus grandiflora).
Lagascsc, 3", spr., sum.,

ro. ; (.\f/H. Petrocoptis

pyrenaica).
Viscaria, 1', spr., sum.,

ro. ; many fine vars., of

which alba and splen-

deus plena are the best.

German Catchfly.

and Variety :—

hybrida, 21' to 3', crim. or
sc. (coronaria X Flos-
jovis).

Preslii, 1' to 11', sum.,
pur.

pyrenaica, 3" to 4", sum.,
pk.

vespertina (see alba).

Plioto: W. II. Waitc.

LYCHNIS ALIIA (xyn VEM'EIITINA) TLORE-PLEXO.

Lycium

(40)

Lygeum

LYCIUM. (Box THORN.)

A large genus (ord. Solanacea;^ of hardy, decidu-
ous, climbing shrubs, often spiny. Very few of
the species are of any value, and of the two or
three that are grown barbarum is the only one
that is at all common ; it is usually met with upon
house fronts, where its thicket-like growth and
long, straggling shoots are sufficiently conspicuous.
The flowers, although freely produced, are small.
Cuttings of the ripened wood will root freely if
dibbled into a bed of sandy soil in a cold frame in
autumn, and kept close through the winter.
Layers and suckers may also be depended upon.
Any well-drained soil will suit.

Principal Species : —
afrum, 6' to 10', Je., Jy. , barbarum, My. to Aug.,

hlf.-hdy. , erect, spiny climbing shr., pur., yel.,

ehr., crim. to vio. flowers in pairs.

pallklum, S', gru., pur.

Other Species :—
chinense, My., pur.; close Aug. erect, spiiiy shr.,

to europseum («!/><• vio.

trewiamnn). fuchsioides (see lochroma

europanim, 10' to 12', My., fuchsioides).

trewianum (see chinense).

LYCOPERDON. (PUFF-BALL.)
Of the species that belong to this genus of
Fungi (Hymenomycetes), several are common to
Britain, gemmatum being the one usually met
with. Giganteum is the one that generally figures
in newspaper reports of mammoth Puff-balls, and
frequently grows to a great size and weight.
Gemmatum is usually rejected with scorn by the
searcher after Mushrooms, although it is edible ;
giganteum is more frequently eaten, although it is
only whilst it is young that it is edible. The
fibrous centre of the "ball" is regarded as an
excellent styptic for flesh wounds, and in many
parts of the country Puff-balls are collected for
this purpose. They are so common naturally that
no cultivation is needed.

LYCOPERSICUM.

Although botanists recognise several species in
this genus (prd. Solanacese), one only, escnlentum,
the popular Tomato or Love Apple, is of note.
Full information will be given under the heading
of TOMATOES, so there is only need for a mere
mention here. Whatever poisonous properties this
species may have originally possessed, they have
been reduced by long years of careful cultiva-
tion, and now there is no more wholesome fruit or
vegetable.

LYCOPODIUM. (CLUB Moss.)
Description. — Stove, greenhouse, and hardy per-
ennial plants (prd. Lycopodiacese). To botanists
they are chiefly interesting as the remains of
a once extensive genus, many of whose members
are now extinct. They are seldom cultivated,
and appeal but little to the gardener, although
several pretty plants are still available. The plant
commonly spoken of as Lycopodium is really a
Selaginella — S. kraussiana, which see. The ex-
plosive substance known as Lycopodium powder
and used in scenic and theatrical effects, is borne
by the plants as spores.

Propagation.— By cuttings. The tips of growing
branches may be taken off and rooted in well-
drained pans of fibrous peat and sand, in the
same way as Selaginellas. A constant temperature
of about 70°, with shade, and uniformly moist

conditions, is necessary to ensure free rooting.
Also by spores, sown on prepared pans of sterilised
soil, kept moist in a warm, close frame.

Soil. — Fibrous peat two parts, sand one part,
chopped sphagnum moss one part. A surfacing of
tips of living sphagnum is also needed.

Other Cultural Points. — Plenty of water must
be given during spring, summer, and autumn, but
little will be required in the winter, as the moss
attracts and holds the moisture of the atmosphere.
Teak wood baskets, 3" or 4" in depth, are the most
convenient receptacles, and the plants should be
hung up close to the light. Shade in summer.

Principal Species : —

clavatuin, 1' to 3' long, Selago, 3" to 4", erect.
~ itish Club British Fir Club Moss.

creeping. British
Moss, Wolf's Claw.
Phlegmaria, 1', st.

squarrosum, 1', st. («;/«*.
Hookeriand Hippuris).

Other Species : —

alpiuum, 2" to3"; British. miniature Spruce Fii

aimotiuurn, 6" to 8"; (SI/H. dendroideum).

British. scariosum, 9" to 2', grh.

cernuum, 8" to 30", st. taxifolium, 9" to 12", st.

obscurum, hdy. ; like a verticillatuin, 1' to H',
st.; drooping.

LYCORIS.

A small genus of bulbous plants (nrd. Amaryl-
lidese), needing a greenhouse temperature for the
most part, although sangninea and squamigera will
grow out of doors in a dry, sheltered nook under a
south wall. Aurea, the Golden Spider Lily of
America, requires stove heat, and must be rested
after growth has ceased. Propagation is by offsets
and by seeds. Soil, equal parts of loam and leaf
mould, with sand. The pots must be thoroughly
drained. Several of the species have given rise
to handsome varieties, which bid fair to become
popular.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aurea, 1', Aug., Sep., st., jappuica and Amaryllis

yel , coming lief ore Ivs. radiata) .

(*)/». Amaryllis aurea of — alba, wh., yel.

Jintanical Mayi:i>ie — variegata, crim., wh.

409). squamigera, 2', Jy., Aug.,

radiata, H', Je., grh., hlf-hdy., ro., lil. ; fra-

pk. or sc". (syns. Neriue grant (syn. Amaryllis

Hallii of gardens).
— purpurea, li',lil., pur.

Other Species and Variety :—
sanguinea, V to U',Jy., — purpurea, pur.

Aug., hlf-hdy., dull red. Sewer/.owii (now Ungcr-
m'a trisphsera).

LYDA.

A genus of Sawflies whose larvna work a great
deal of damage to various fruit and forest trees.
Pyri and nemoralis attack stone fruits generally,
especially Plums, also Apples, Pears, and Thorns,
whilst campestris and erythrocephala prey upon
Willows, Birches, and Alders. The larva; group
themselves together in colonies, spinning a web to
cover the whole colony, whilst each larva has
its own particular web inside. They have no legs,
but only two claspers which serve the functions of
legs. Hand-picking is the best remedy, and
affected leaves should be burned.

LYGEUM.

There is only one species of Lygeum (nrd. Gra-
minerc), and it is a hardy perennial Grass of no
particular decorative properties. Its only value is
economic, since it furnishes Albardine, a principal
ingredient in the making of paper. This must

Lygodium

(41 )

Lyperia

not be confounded with Esparto Grass (Ma-
crocliloa tenacissiina). Propagation is by root
division. Any loamy soil will do, providing it be
not very heavy.

Only Species :—

spai-tuni, I.1,'; a Rush-like plant, common to the
sc.-i.-hores of the Mediterranean.

LYGODIUM.

Description. — Climbing Ferns (ord. Filices),
suitable for the walls and pillars of the Fernery.
They are of easy culture, and call for no special
treatment. Lygoilimus are unique among Ferns

LYGODIUM JAPONICUM (syn. SCANDBNS OF GARDENS).

because of the long fronds, often erroneously called
" stems," which grow to great lengths.

Of the species cultivated japonicum is far the
most popular. Under the name of scandens ninny
thousands of plants are grown annually for market.
The true scandens is quite a different plant.

Propagation. — By spores and by division of the
crowns. In the case of japonicum spores arc
usually relied upon, as they yield healthy and
shapely plants more quickly than divisions. For
the otlier species division is favoured; it may bo
practised at any time from the middle of March to
the middle of September. If desired, the pieces
may be started into growth in a bed of Cocoanut
fibre refuse.

Soil. — A mixture of equal parts of peat, loam,
and leaf mould, with enough sand to keep the
whole open, will give excellent results.

Other Cultural Points. — Large specimens should
always be planted out ; they do much better thus
than in pots, where they are apt to dwindle and

weaken. Overhead waterings may be given to the
plants, with the exception of venusturn, through
the summer months, and liquid manure once or
twice a week will be found helpful.

Principal Species : —
dichotoraum, St., gnu

(tyns. circiuatum, flex-

uosum, and pedatum).
japouicum, leaflets 4" to

8" long, triaugular,

shoots 8' to 10 , St.,

grli., gru. (syns. Ophio-

glossum japouicum, and

O. scaudens of gardens).

Other Species :—
articulatum, grli.
circinatum (see dichoto-

mum) .

palmatum, fronds 3' to 4',
hand shaped, grh., pale
gru.

reticulatum, frouds bi-
pinnate, st. (syii. scau-
dens of Schkuhr).

scandena (of gardens, see
japonicum).

Forsteri (nee reticulatum).
hastatum (sec volubile).
microphyllum (see scan-
dens var.).
scandeus (of Schwartz) ,st.

— microphyllum, small
Ivs.

scandens (of Schkulir,
see reticulatum).

venustum, like scaudens,
but with larger Ivs., st.
(«yn. polymorphum of
Humboldt) .

volubile, st. (*yit. hasta-
tum).

LYONETIA.

The larvae of Lyonetia clerkella bore galleries in
the foliage of fruit trees, especially Pears, Apples,
and Cherries, causing the premature dropping of
the leaves, weakening thus the plants. There are
two broods of moths in the year, one in July and
one in October. The fore wings are white, spotted
brown, and the hinder ones dark grey. Spray the
trees with caustic potash solution in winter (see
INSECTICIDES).

LYONIA.

About eight species of hardy or greenhouse trees

and shrubs go to make up this genus (ord.

Ericaceae), which is closely allied to Andromeda.

Propagation is by seeds, which require careful

handling, as they are very small, and by layers.

Equal parts of sandy peat and loam form an

excellent compost.
Principal Species : —
paniculata, 3' to 10', Je., hdy., wh., small (syn*.

ligustrina, and Andromeda ligustrina) ; frondosa is

a well-marked var.
Other Species :—

ferruginea, 20', Ap., My.,
grh., wh. (sy>is. Andro-
meda rigida).

jamaicensis, Jy., prh.,wh.
ligustrina (see paniculata).

LYONSIA.

Twining shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord. Apocynacea?),
rarely grown and of little value. Cuttings of the
young shoots, taken off with a heel of the old wood,
may be rooted in sand in April. Soil, two-thirds
sandy peat and one-third loam.

Principal Species : —

straminea, Je., grh. ev. cl. , dull yel. striped.

LYPERIA.

Greenhouse herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Scroph-
ularinese) of little garden value, allied to Zaluzian-
skia. They may be increased by seeds and
cuttings. Soil, loam and sandy peat in equal
proportions.

Principal Species :—

pcdnnculata, 14', Je., Nov., grh., sub-shr., wh.
(syn. Buchnera pedunculata).

Lygodictycm (ice Lygodium).

Lysimachia

( 42)

Macfadyenia

LYSIMACHIA.

A large genus o£ prostrate or erect herbs (ord.
PrimulaceaV), most of which are hardy, although a
few need a greenhouse temperature. Several use-
ful garden plants are to be found here ; and among
them Nummularia, the Creeping Jenny, and its
golden-leaved forms are first favourites. They are
excellent subjects for hanging baskets, and stand
the smoke of towns remarkably well. Being
British they are perfectly hardy, and are most
useful window-box plants. Vnlgaris, also a native,
is common by the banks of streams, and adapts
itself well to a place in the wild garden or as a
marginal subject for ornamental water. All the
species are easy to grow, and providing they get
plenty of water ask for little further attention.

Propagation. — By division of the root in spring
or autumn. Cuttings of Nummularia and N. aurea
root freely at either season if given sandy soil and
a shady place.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden soil will suit for the
outdoor plants. For pot plants of Creeping Jenny,
two-thirds of loam and one-third of leaf soil, with
sand, answer well. Drain the pots freely.

Principal Species and Variety: —

[NOTE. — All hardy except where otherwise stated.]
atropurpurea, 2', sum., yel., trailer. Money-

dark pur., erect (nyii.

Labima atropurpurea).
clethroides, 3', Jy. , Sep.,

wh., stellate, erect.
Nummularia, sum., aut.,

Other Species : —
barystachys, wh., erect,
ephemerum, 2' to 3',

sum., wh., erect,
lanceolata. This species

with its vars. is now

referred to Steironema

heterophyllum.
Leschenaul'tii, 1', aut.,

hlf-hdy. , car.; a pretty

plant for a sheltered

nook in the rockery.
Nemorum, 4", Je., yel.

(sy». azorica).

wort.
• — aurea, golden Ivs.
vulgaris, 2' to 3V, sum.,

aut., yel., erect. Yellow

Loosestrife.

nutans, 2', Jy., Aug.,
hlf-hdy., pur., erect.

paridiformis, sum., yel. ;
like Herb Paris.

punctata, 1', Jy., Aug.,
yel. (syn. verticillata
of Botanical Magazine
2295).

thyrsiflora (British), 1' to
2', sum., yel., erect; a
good sub-aquatic (syim.
capitata, and Naum-
burgia thyrsiflora).

LYSINEMA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Epacrideas).
Of the five species probably only one, ptingens, has
been introduced, and that is rarely met with. It
may be treated in the same way as Epacris.

Principal Species :—

pungens, 2' to 3', Mch., grh.. wh., or., red (syn.
Epacris pungens of Botanical Magazine 1199).

LYSIONOTUS (i'/ns. LYSINOTUS, LYSIO-
NOTHUS, and LYSIONOTIS).

Stove herbs or shrubs with violet or purple
flowers (ord. Gesneraceas), handsome, but little
known as yet. They may be propagated by division
of the roots, or by seeds sown in sandy soil in brisk
heat. Loam and peat in equal parts, with sand,
suit.

Principal Species : —

carnosa, shr., wh. or lil. lavender (fi/n. terui-

serrata, 1', win,, pale folia).

Other Species : —

longiflora (see JEschyiiau- ternifolia (sec serrata).
thus lougiflora) .

Lysanflie (sec (rrevillea).

LYTHRUM. (Punri.B LOOSESTRIFE.)

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants or shrub*
(ord. Lythrariesc), of easy culture and showy
appearance. The best known are the Purple
Loosestrife, Salicaria, and its varieties rosea and
superba. The species is a great feature of the
river banks during the summer. Moreover, it
takes kindly to transplanting, and soon establishes
itself on the banks of ornamental water. Prop-
agation is by root division, preferably when the
plants are at rest. Any ordinary soil will suit, but
the plants are really gross feeders, and annual
dressings of farmyard manure are much appre-
ciated.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Gra?fferi, 1' to 3', sum., — rosea, ro.

hdy., pk. — superba, ro. pur.,

Salicaria, 2' to G', Jv., large flowers.

Aug., hdy., reddish pur.

Other Species : —
alatum, 1' to4', sum., aut., virgatum, 2' to 3', sum.,

hdy. sub-shr., pur. hdy., pur.

MABA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Ebenacere), prop-
agated by cuttings under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous
peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

buxifolia, IV, Jy., yel. laurina, 2', Jy., yel.

nataleusis, wh.

MACADAMIA. (QUEENSLAND NUT.)

A greenhouse evergreen tree (ord. Proteaceae),
propagated by cuttings of ripe young wood. Soil,
peat, leaf soil, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

ternifolia, 307, sum., grn.

MACARANGA.

Stove trees (ord. Euphorbiaoea>) forming magnifi-
cent foliage plants in a young state, the deep green
leaves being very large, on long foot-stalks, and
produced regularly round the stem. Propagation,
by seeds, sown in heat. Soil, good loam, with a
little leaf soil and sand. Abundance of heat,
moisture, and light are necessary at all seasons to
obtain leaves 3' across.

Principal Species : —

porteana, G' to 20', sum., flowers small, red (syn.
Mappa porteana).

MACBRIDEA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Labiatie).
Propagation, by cuttings of young wood in early
summer. Soil, three parts fibrous loam and one
part peat.

Principal Species : —

pulchra, H', Jy., red, striped wh. (syn. pulchella).

MACFADYENIA.

Climbing shrubs (ord. Bignoniacere). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings or seeds in spring, bottom heat
being necessary. Soil, peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —
corymbosa, 8', sum., st., Dolichandra, red (»</».«.

yd. (*//". Spathodea Dolichandra eynanch-

corymbosa). oides and Spathodea

Dolichandra).

MaaeMa (see Cladrastis).
Macartney Rose (see Rosa Iracleata}.
Jfacdonaldia (see TlielymHra).

Machserium

(43)

Macroglossa

MACH.ERIUM.

Erect trees or shrubby climbers (ord. Legumin-
osje), propagated by cuttings of ripened growth
in sand in bottom heat. Soil, loam and peat, with
utod.

Principal Species :—
aculentum, 10', Aug., st.,

wh.
firmuui, l.V, young Ivs.

red.

MACKAYA.

Description. — This erstwhile monotypic genus
(ord. Acanthaceaj) is now included under Asystasia,
but the beautiful rosy lilac - greenhouse shrub so

robiniuefolium, 8', Jy., st.,
wh.

MACKAYA HELLA.

long known as Mackaya bella will probably not
become familiar to gardeners as Asystasia bella
for another century.

Propagation. — By cuttings during summer, in a
close frame or pit.

Soil. — Loam, leaf soil, and sand for young stock ;
loam two parts and dried cow manure one part for
older plants.

Other Cultural Points.— To secure abundance of
flowers, it is essential that this shrub be kept dry
from November till April. As (lowers are produced
from the points of the previous season's well-
ripened growths, any pruning necessary must be
done immediately after flowering. Encourage new
growth by syringing and ample supplies of water
and liquid manure at t lie roots. It does well planted
out in a warm greenhouse.

Only Species : —

bella, X', My., Je., lil., with pur. veins (now
Asystasia bella, see figure).

Alaclueranthera (me Aster).

MACLEANIA.

Greenhouse evergreens (ord. Vacciniaceae) of
low or drooping habit, used for clothing lofty pillars
and walls. Propagation, by cuttings of the tips
of the growths in very sandy soil beneath a bell-
glass. Soil, fibrous loam, fibrous peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

sc.
red,

speciosissima, spr., sc ,
yel.; fine basket plant.

pulchra, 10', spr., yel.,
punctate, 20', Nov. , n
. wh., yel.

MACLURA.

The only true species is aurantiaca, the Osage
Orange, a'hardy, deciduous tree (ord. Urticace:<-),
which is propagated by layers and root cuttings.
Soil, sandy loam. The species Plumieri and
tinctoria are now transferred to Chlorophora.

Only Species : —

aurantiaca, 20',. sum., yel., grn., fruits golden.
Inermis is a spineless var.

MACODES.

Beautiful little plants .(ord. Orchidacese), closely
allied to Anoectochilus. They are best grown in a
stove, either in a case or under a bell-glass, where
they can be kept continually moist. Increase is
by division of the creeping, rooting stems. Plant
in pans of fibrous peat, sand, and sphagnum. The
flowers are small, but the exquisite colouring and
veining of the leaves amply compensate for any
loss in that respect.

— superba, very fine.

sanderiaua, 9", gru., wh.,
Ivs. velvety gm., gold
veins (.«/«. Anoectochilus
sanderianus).

Principal Species :—
jimmied, 9", red, wh.,

Ivs. olive grn. (SI/H.

Anoectochilus javani-

cus).
petola, 1', grn., Ivs. grn-.,

gold veins.

MACRADENIA.

West Indian epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae).
best grown in a moist stove, in peat and sphagnum.
There are few species, all more curious than
beautiful.

Principal Species :-•-
Brassavolfe, 8", aut., br.,

yel., pur.
lutescens, 6", Nov., yel.,
br., pur.

mutica (now Trichopilia

mutica).
ftiaudra, C", spr., grn.,

red.

MACROGLOSSA.

A genus of moths popularly known as Hawk
Moths. Stellatarum, the Humming-bird Hawk
Moth, which differs from its relatives in flying by
day, instead of at night, is most common. It is
rarely a pest in gardens, but, on the other hand, is
interesting and generally useful, for with its long
proboscis it can reach the honey in long-tubed
flowers, like Honeysuckle, to secure the nectar.
The head of the insect is thrust as far as possible
into the corolla, pollen falls upon it, is carried from
flower to flower, and so pollination is secured, as
some grains are sure to adhere to any ripe stigmas
met with.

Macleaya, (nee Boeeonia).
Macrcea (of Lindley, see Viriania).
Macroreratides (see Mucmui).
Mucrochiliis (see Miltonia).
AfatToMamys (see Altoplectvt).
Marrocliorrlium (sec ^Jichmea).
Miifrocladtts (see Orania,).
Macrogyne (see Aspidistra).

Macromeria

( 44: )

Msesa

MACROMERIA.

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Boragineie),
propagated by seeds and spring division. Soil,
fibrous loam, peat, and sand. Winter protection is
necessary.

Principal Species :—

exserta, 3', Sep.,. yel.

MACROPIDIA. (KANGAROO'S FOOT.)
Greenhouse herbs (ord. Hsemodoracefe), prop-
agated by root division in spring. Soil, fibrous
peat, and loam.

Principal Species : —

fumosa, 3', Je., yel. (syn. Anigozanthos fuli-
ginosus).

MACROSCEPIS.

Shrubby stove twiners (ord. Asclepiadese), prop-
agated by seeds or cuttings. Soil, loam, peat, and
sand.

Principal Species : —

obovata, 6', Xov., yel., br.

MACROSPHYRA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Rubiaceoe), prop-
agated by cuttings. Soil, loam, a little peat, and
coarse sand.

Only Species :—

longistyla, 5', Je., wh., grn., sweet (syn. Gar-
denia longistyla).

MACROSTYLIS.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Rutaceae),
closely allied to Barosma, propagated by cuttings
in late spring under a bell-glass. Soil, three parts
sandy fibrous peat and one part fibrous loam. The
plants are not often seen.

Principal Species : —
barbigera, 1J', My., red;
lanceolata, 2', spr., wh.

(syn. barbata).

squarrosa, 2', My., rosy
red (syn. Diosma ob-
tusa) .

MACROTOMIA.

Hardy or half-hardy perennials (ord. Boragineae),
propagated by division. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand, in a light, well-drained position.

Principal Species :—
Bentharai, 2', sum., br., echioides, 1-5', Je., yel.,

pur. br. (syn. Arnebia echi-

oephalotes, 6" to 12", yel. oides). The Prophet

Flower.

MACROZAMIA.

Description. — Large-growing plants (ord. Cycad-
acese), with long, handsome, Palm-like leaves
radiating from the crown of a short, thick trunk.
These leaves are leathery, shiny, and last, a long
time. Both the male and female inflorescences
are in the form of large, scaly cones. All are
Australian, and succeed in an intermediate house
or the cool end of a large stove, but they develop
very slowly.

Propagation. — By seeds, but these are seldom
obtainable. Suckers are sometimes produced, and

SfacroHnmii (see Iteinwardtia).
Macronophon (in part, see Pkelip&a).
Macro-two; (see Arundinaria).
Macropiper (see Piper).
Macropodia, (see Maeropidia).
Macrorhyncus (see Troximon).
Macrostiyma (of Kunth, see Tuputra).

may be removed and potted. Trunks of various
sizes are occasionally imported, and as they arrive
in good condition they soon push out leaves in a
close, moist stove.

Soil. — Fibrous loam used in a lumpy condition,
with plenty of sand, is suitable, provided good
drainage is secured.

Other Cultural Points. — A fairly large supply
of water is needed all the year round by established
specimens. Scale is frequently a nuisance at the
bases of the leaf segments and along the stout
midrib ; periodical sponging with a moderately
strong insecticide is the best method of keeping
the plants clean.

Principal Species : —
Fraseri, Ivs. pendulous, Mackleayi, perowski-

piuniB dark grn. ana, LepidozamiaDeni-

Hopei, 4' to 20', a beau- soni, and L. peroffski-

tiful slow - growing aua).

plant (sun. ilenisoui spirahs, shining gru., very

of gardens). elegant (.sT/H.corallipes).

peroffskyana, very hand- teimifolia, Ivs. twisted,

some (syn. Deiiisoni, pinna? long and narrow
(nun. plumosa).

MADDER.

From early times Madder has been extensively
used for dyeing, the popular Turkey-red being
produced by it. Until recently, Madder was
obtained from the roots of Rubia tinctorum, 01
Dyer's Madder, a plant widely distributed through
Europe and Asia. The native Wild Madder
(R. peregrina), closely akin to tinctorum, has been
used to augment the supply, but beyond the first-
named species, R. cordifolia, the Munjeet, or Indian
Madder, was the chief source of supply. The dis-
covery of Alizarin practically put the vegetable
dye out of the market, and within ten years the
imports of Madder from India declined in value
from about £500,000 to £19,000 per annum.

MADIA.

Hardy annuals (ord. Composite), propagated by
seeds in the spring in any ordinary soil.

Principal Species : —
elegans, 1J', Aug., yel. sativa, 1'. Jy., yel.

M^RUA.

A small genus of stove or warm greenhouse
shrubs (ord. Capparideas), increased by cuttings
of half-ripe shoots, under a bell-glass. Soil, loam,
peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

oblongifolia, 4', Je., wh.

MvESA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrsineas), prop-
agated by half-ripened cuttings under a bell-glass.
Soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, with
sand.

Principal Species :—

argentea, fl', Ap., wh. macrophvlla, 10', Jy., wh.

indica, 4', Nov., wh. (syn. pubescens, 4', Je., wh.

Bseobotrys iudica). (*.'/". Bicobotrys pub-

esceus) .

Madagascar Nutmeg (see Ar/atltopltyllum) .

Madagascar Potato (see Solatium indicum).

Mad Apple (Solamim insanum).

Madaria (see Madia).

Madaroylossa (sec Layia).

Mad,di-r (see Rubia).

Madeira Vine (see Boiissinyaultia l/assclloidei).

Mad 'wort (see Alymuni).

Mrrrlensia (see Corclionts).

Magnolia

( 45

Mahonia

MAGNOLIA.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Magnoliacese),
of evergreen and deciduous, hardy and half-hardy,
trees and shrubs, included amongst .which are some
of the handsomest flowering subjects of the garden.
Though flowering when leafless, the beautiful
stellata is one of the most valuable hardy trees
that can be obtained, for it blooms abundantly in
a small state, and may often be seen starring the
shrubbery, or even the large rock garden, in April,
its snow-white flowers standing out clearly from
the naked stems. Grandiflora is also very useful,
though a later bloomer, whilst soulangeana makes
grand specimens.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in heat in spring.
They are, however, slow in germinating, and long
in attaining the flowering size. Also by layers
secured in autumn and potted as soon as they are
well rooted, which is frequently two, or even more,
years. Others can be grafted, budded, or inarched

Principal Species and Hybrids : —

[NOTE. — All are hardy
stated.]

conspicua, 2.5', Feb., My.,
wh. (XI/HS. precia, Yu-
lau, aud Yulania cou-
spicua, see p. 46) ;
several beautiful gar-
den forms. Alexandrine
is the earliest.

Campbellii, '20', sum.,
grh., ro. crim.

Fraseri,40', Ap., My., yel.
(\//^.v. auricularis, aur-
ieulata, and pyramid-
alis). .

grandiflora,20',Jy.toSep.,
ev., wh. (HI/H. fcetida) ;
several beautiful gar-
den forms (see figure).

hypoleuca, 50', sweet, 6"

except where otherwise

to 7" across ; wood
used for lacquer work,
spr., cream.

Leimei, 15', Ap., My.,
ro. pur., hybrid (cou-
spicua X obovata dis-
color).

macrophylla, 30', Jy., wh.

obovata, 8', My., pur.
wh. ; numerous syns.

parvirlora, 8', Je., Jy.,
Ap., creamy wh.

soulaugeaua, 20', Ap.,
wh., pur., hybrid (con-
spicua X obovata).

stellata, fi', Ap., wh. (syns.
halleana, Buergeria,
and Talauma stellata).

MAGNOLIA ORANDIFLOUA.

(sec under these headings) on such a species as
acuminata.

Soil. — A deep, thoroughly drained sandy loam,
enriched with well-decayed manure, leaf mould,
and peat. The manure should not be in contact
with the roots.

Other Cultural Points. — The finest of the hardy
species — conspicua (deciduous) and grandiflora
(evergreen)— like a sunny position, the latter being
perhaps the noblest wall plant. Conspicua requires
very slight pruning after flowering. Greenhouse
species thrive under similar conditions to the hnrdy
ones, save that they need winter protection;
Campbellii requires more room than can generally
be given it. Such sorts as macrophylla and stel-
lata. though hardy, may be treated as greenhouse
pot plants, the latter being charming in early
spring ; liquid manure is appreciated when growth
is free. Magnolias are very impatient of root
disturbance.

Magpie Jfottt (see (Itwscberry Kii/'niic.t).
;/ l'i,te (sec Podoearput Totara).

Other Species : —
acuminata, GO', Je., grn.,

yel. ; several good vars.
fuscata (see Michelia fus-

cata).
glauca, 20', Je., wh. (SI/HS.

fra.grans, longifolia, and

virgiuiana).
Kobus, 30' to 50', Je., wh.,

pur. (mjii. Thurbori).

pumila, grh., wh. (syn.
Talauma pumila).

tripetala, 30', My., wh.
(«/».«. frondosa and
Umbrella).

Watsoni, 4', spr., grh.,
cream, crim. stamem
(XI/H. parviflora of gar-
dens).

MAHERNIA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Sterculiacese),
propagated by cuttings of young growths under a
bell-glass. Soil, loam, sandy peat, and charcoal.

Principal Species :—
glabrata, 2', spr., yel.
grandiflora, 2V, Je., red.

incisa, 3J, Jy., yel., or.
rutila, 3', sum., sc.

MAHONIA («' BERBERIS).

Mahogany, Red (see Eucalyptus rexinifera).
Mahogany Tree (see Sn'ietenia Mahor/ani).

Mamirea

(46 )

Maize

MAHUREA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Ternstroemiaoese),
propagated by cuttings of half -ripened shoots under
a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous peat and loam.

Principal Species :—

palustris, 15', My., pur. (syn. Bonnetia palustris).

MAIANTHEMUM.

A hardy rhizomatous plant (ord. Liliacea;), prop-
agated by offsets. The plants grow well in any
fertile soil in partially shaded places.

Only Species : —

Convallaria, 9", My., wh. (syns. bifolium, Con-
vallaria bifolia, Smilacina bifolia, and S. cana-
densis).

Principal Species : —

crenata, 1', Ap. , HI. (syns.
Arnica crenata and Ger-
bera creuata).

taxifolia, 1', Jy., yel.

MAIZE.

A robust half-hnrdy tropical Grass (ord. Gra-
minete"), furnishiiig Mealies, Indian Corn, Pop Corn
etc. Like many other plants which have beer
cultivated for long ages, the wild form of Zea Mayf
has long since been lost. In America its value
is even greater than that of Wheat in England,
but in this country it is now being used as a
vegetable as well as for fodder, though English
summers are not sufficiently long to ripen the seed
thoroughly. For giving a tropical effect to the

Photo: J. S. Kimule, Southampton.

MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA (see p. 45).

MAIDENHAIR FERN(s« ADIAN-
TUM).

MAIETA.

A stove evergreen shrub (ord, Melastomaceae),
propagated by cuttings. Soil, peat and loam, with
coarse sand and charcoal.

Principal Species :—
guianensis, 2', Jy., wh., ro.

MAIRIA.

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Com-
positte), propagated by seeds and division. Any
fertile soil suits. Winter protection is necessary. "

JUaia (see Maiantliemum}.
Maidenhair Tree (gee Ginijko).
Maiden Pink (see Diantlnis deltoides}.
Maiden Plum (see Comocladia],
Malnea (see Trigonia).

flower garden, both the green and variegated forms
of Maize are very effective.

Seed may be sown under glass in April and tho
plants put out when danger of frost is over, or the
seed may be sown in April or early in May in the
open, selecting a warm, sunny spot. The soil must
be of good depth, retentive and rich. For forage
and culinary purposes the rows should be 5' to G'
apart, and the plants 18" apart in the rows. The
cobs are the lower or female heads, and for cooking
they must be gathered before becoming hard. In
America some liOO varieties are catalogued for
various purposes, but suitable selections have yet
to be made for this country. For general purposes
Hendersoni, growing from 4' to 5', with green and
reddish cobs, is probably the best. Variegata is use-
ful for the flower garden, and may also be utilised
for cool houses if grown in large pots — a purpose
for which they might well receive more attention.

• Majiirana (see Oriyanuiii).

Makart Bouquets

(47 )

Malva

MAKART BOUQUETS.

Bouquets consisting of dried Grasses, various
Circles of Everlastings, leaves of Cycas, and several
of the commoner Palms. The Grasses should be
gathered before they are ripe, and dried in an open,
airy place. Flowers of Pampas Grass and Phratr-
mites must be gathered early, the former especially,
as soot quickly mars their beauty. The value of
these bouquets is much enhanced by the addition
of various berries and other brightly coloured
autumnal fruits.

MALABAILA.

Hardy perennial plants (ord. Umbelliferse), prop-
agated by seeds or division in spring. Any fertile
soil suits.

Principal Species : —

Opopanax, 0', Je., yel.
(correctly Opopahax
Chirouium).

pimpiuellsefolia, 2', Jy.,
yel.

MALACHRA.

Stove herbs (ord. Malvaceae), with white, rose,
or yellow flowers, but of no particular decorative
value. Probably only one species, i'asciata, which
bears rose-coloured flowers in August, has been
introduced. This is raised from seed, and grown
in sandy loam and leaf mould.

MALACOCARPUS.

This genus of one species, erinaceus, summer,
yellow flowered (ord. Cacteae), is now placed with
Echinocactus, which see.

MALAXIS.

About half a dozen species of Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceae) are included here. The most interest-
ing member of the genus is paludosa, a, British
plant, growing 3" to 4" high, with small, greenish
yellow flowers, found growing in bogs. It should
be given a corner iu the bog garden.

MALCOMIA (?yn. MALCOLMIA).

Hardy herbs, mostly annuals (ord. Cruciferse) of
variable habit, with white or purple flowers. The
most important is maritima, the Virginian Stock,
of which there are several pretty garden varieties.
Heed may be sown at various times, from early
spring until late summer, to create a succession of
bloom. Almost any soil will do, but a light and
warm medium gives the best results.

Principal Species :—

maritima, l>" to 11", spr., aut, hdy., lil., ro., red,
or wh. ; several vars.

Other Species : —
bicolor, 6", sum., July., littorca, 6" to 12", Je

pk. ami yel. Nov., hdy., pk., pur.,

oHa.6"tol2". spr., aut., large."

hdy., pur., lil.

Malabar Leaf (see Cinnamomiim).
Malabar Nightshade (see liasella).
Malabar Base (see Hibiscus Itosa-malabarica).
Mdlacliadcnia (gee Jiutbopltyllum).
Ma /nclt iunt (see Stellaria).
Malachodentinm (see tituartia).
Miilns/ii,ttr<i (,«r ./•.>/ ireras).
Mii/<iy Apjili- (see Eugenia Jambos).
Male Fern (see Nephrodium FU\x-mas).

MALLOTUS.

Greenhouse shrubs and trees (ord. Euphorbiacese)
related to Kicinus. Japonicus is the only one of
note ; it is a doubtfully hardy plant, which may be
propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of the ripened
shoots under glass. Soil, sandy loam and leaf
mould,

Principal Species : —

Japonicus, 1(X to 15', My., Je., hdy. or half-hdy.
(•iyn. Kottlera japonica of Roxburgh).

MALOPE.

Hardy annual herbs, with large, showy flowers
(ord. Malvaceae), of easy cultivation in any fertile
garden soil. The popular grandiflora of gardens,
really a variety of the species trifida, does almost
as well in the town as it does iu the country.
Seeds germinate freely if sown under glass in
March, or in the open ground in April. In the
latter case thin sowing, and the thinning out of
the seedlings as soon as they are large enough to
handle, is to be recommended. Many possible fine
clumps of plants are spoiled by neglect in this
direction.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
trifida, 12" to 15", Jy., — grandiflora alba, wh.
Sep., hdy., pur. or wh. — graudiflora rosea, ro.

— grandiHora, bright fo. pk.

Other Species : —

— malacoides, I', Je., hdy., ro., pk., pur.

MALORTIEA.

Dwarf stove Palms (ord. Palmse), of elegant
habit and easy culture. The trunks are slender,
and the leaves pipn.ate (feather-shaped) and long
stalked. For planting in a Wardian case both
gracilis and simplex are admirable, being slow-
growing and bearing the confinement well. Prop-
agated by seeds. Soil, three parts peat and one
part sand, with free drainage and plenty of water.

Principal Species : —

gracilis, 2' to 4', dark intermedia, 2', base of
grn. (xyn. Geonoma fronds covered witli a
lenestrata). fibrous network.

simplex, close to gracilis.

MALPIGHIA.

Small evergreen trees and shrubs (nnt. Mal-
pighiiicea;). The flowers are pink or white, but
the plants are very little grown. Urens, the Cow-
age, or Cow Itch, is noted for its stinging proper-
ties and edible fruit, and glabra furnishes the
Barbadoes Cherry of the West Indies.

MALVA. (MALLOW.)

Hardy herbs (ord. Malvaceae), annuals, biennials,
or perennials, generally of rather weedy appear-
ance. All are of easy ^culture in any fairly good
garden soil. Propagation is by seeds, and by cut-
tings also for the perennials. Many of the species
have emollient qualities. Moschata, the Musk
Mallow, is the most ornamental, and is well worth
a place in the herbaceous border, together with
its white variety.

Mallet Hotter (see Tupistra).

Mallow (see Malva).

Mallow, Indian (see Sida and Urena).

Million-, Hose (see Hibiscus).

Mill/mi- Wort (see Malope).

Mains (see Pyrtis).

Malvastrum

(48 )

Mammillaria

Principal Species and
Alcea, 1', sum., per., ro.

pur.
— fastigiata, 2' to 3', Jy.,

Oct., per., red (.«'///.

Morenii of Jlotanieiil

Magazine 2793).
moschata, 2' to 2i', sum.,

Varieties : —

per., ro., about 2"

across.
— alba, pure wh., very

fine,
zebriua, wh. , striped pur. ;

a common garden plant

which is probably a var.

of sylvestris.

JlAMMILLAHIA PECT1NATA (see f. 49).

lateritia (xre Malvastrum
lateritium).

mauritiana (see Lavatera
cretica).

Morenii (see Alcea fastigi-
ata).

munroana (pee Sphseralcea
munroana) .

sylvestris, 1', My., Oct.,
pk. or vio.

Other Species : —

campanulata (see Malva-
strum campanulatum).

creeana (see Malvastrum
coccineum grossulariaa-
folium).

crispa, 2' to 6', Je., ann.,
wh., pur.

hastata, ann., ro. vio.

iuvolucrata (see Callirhoe
involucrata).

MALVASTRUM.

Greenhouse or hardy herbs (ord. Malvaceae),
closely allied to Malva, which see for culture.
None of the species has any great decorative
value, being too weedy.

Principal Species : —
campanulatum, 1' to li',

sum., grh. per., pur. ro.

(si/n. Malva campanu-
lata).

Other Species : —
cocciueum, 6', Jy. , Sep.,

hdy., sc. («/«. Cristaria

coccinea of Botanical

Matjazine 1673).
— grossulariarfolium, 2',

Jy. .Oct., hdy., red (»</».

MALVAVISCUS.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Malvaceae),
roughly hairy, and witli red flowers. Cuttings of
the side shoots may be rooted in a close frame in
heat, during summer and early autumn. Soil,
fibrous peat and loam in equal parts, with one-
sixth sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

arboreus, IS', sum., sc. mollis, 12', aut., sc. (syn.
(XI/H. Achauia Malva- Achania mollis of Jiot-

viscus of Botanical anical Magazine 2374).
Mayazine 2305).

lateritium, 6", aut., hdy.,
red (ty». Malva lateri-
tia).

Malva creeana of ^Bot-
anical Magazine 3698) .
Gilliesii, 6''' hdy., red
(*.(/«. Modiola geraui-
oides).

MAMMEA.

A small but interesting group of tropical trees
(ard. Guttifera;), whose qualilications are almost
wholly economic. The huge fruits of americann,
known as Mammey, are eaten by the inliabitants
of tropical America. Eau de Creole, a strong and
agreeably perfumed cordial or liqueur, is distilled
from the flowers of this species. Cuttings of the
half-ripened shoots, from which only the lower two
leaves have been cut, may be rooted in sandy soil,
in bottom heat.

MAMMILLARIA.

Description. — A large genus (or A. Cacteao) of in-
teresting succulent plants. Of late years they have
come a good deal into favour, and many species
and varieties are in cultivation. Mammillarias are
unique even among a f/imily of curious plants.
They seldom grow higher than 1', but many of
them do not exceed 2" or 3". The stems are
round, flattened, cylindrical, or branching from the
base close to the ground, as in the beautiful species
longimamma. The arrangement of the spines is
often so complicated as to constitute the chief
beauty of the plant. Sometimes, as in pusilla, a
cushion composed of tufts of white, hair-clothed
protuberances is formed ; in macromeris the spines
become long and strong, an almost impregnable
defence for the plant ; or yet again, as in radiosa.
they may be associated in groups, to form white,
shining stars against a background of green. The
flowers are not so large as those of many other
Cactese, but are showy, usually of some shade of
rose, yellow, or white, while the berry-like fruits,
which are frequently borne in great numbers, often
rival the superb tints of coral in their brilliancy.

MAMMILLAIUA DOLICHOCENTUA (see p. 49).

Propagation. — Usually by seeds, of which the
major portion is supplied by Continental seedsmen,
many of whom have long made a speciality of this
class of plants. The treatment required by the
seeds does not differ from that needed by other
Cacteoe (nee CACTUS). Species and varieties of
tHfted habit may be easily increased by division, and
the tops of the stems may be cut off and rooted as

Mammillaria

Mandevilla

cuttings ; the latter should be kept rather dry at
first, or they will damp off.

Soil. — A fairly dry and porous soil is needed for
Muiuinillarias generally. Most of them grow
naturally in limestone districts, and thus a mix-
ture uf two parts sandy loam, one part lime rubble
and one part crushed bricks or finely broken pots,
will be found suitable for almost all.

Other Cultural Points. — Special hints have
already been given under CACTUS as to the treat-
ment of succulent plants. These may be applied
to Mauimillarias equally as well as to Echino-
cacti, Phyllocacti, etc. Most of the plants
can be grown in a dry, warm greenhouse, fully
exposed to the sun's rays. If they ca» be stood
upon shelves, and near to the light, so much the
better ; this will economise space at the same time.
Elongata and its varieties are specially suitable for
window culture, being small and slow growing.
Macrotuele is nearly hardy, and will do well in a
cold frame if protected from damp. Vivipara is
quite hardy, but should be given a dry, sunny
spot. Such species as pusilla and tuberculosa
may be grown in an ordinary cold frame all the
summer, but should be wintered in a warm green-
house, damp being more fatal than cold. All
Mammillarias should be kept drier at the root
than ordinary plants. A fair quantity of water is
required during the summer, but in winter little
will be needed for weeks together. To keep the
soil wet is the quickest way to kill the plants,
particularly in the case of such beautiful, but
tender, species as macromeris and Ottonis. All
pots and pans should be iilled half full of drainage
crocks, and the soil must be made firm about the
roots by means of a rammer, or the plants will
not be able to support their own weight.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

barbata, globose, ro., wh.,

l"across, spines wh.
bicolor, cylindrical, pur.,

apines vol., whole plant

covered with a cobweb-

like net. Nivea
pretty var.

clava, columnar, 1', Je.,
yel. , spiues pale br.

crassispina, columuar,late
sum., red, spines whit-
ish.

dasyacantha, globular, 2"
to 3", ruby red, spines
stellate.

dolichocentra, cylindrical,
6" to 8", ro. or reddish
crim., spines wh. (see
p. 48). Nigrispina and
Galeottii are vars.

e c 1 1 i n a t a , cylindrical,
spiues yel. : possibly a
var. of Halei.

spines wh. , tipped br. ,
(xi/iix. acanthophlegma,
Khigii, and Potosina of
gardens).

elongata, tufted, grh.r
yel., fruits coral red,
spines reddish yel. ; suit-
able for frames and
windows. Good Tars.
are densa, intertexta,
rufescens, and super-
texta.

erecta, cylindrical, 1' to
34

1', ', My., Je., Citron

yel., spines yel.
eriacantha, cylindrical,

Je., Jy., yel., small,

spines yel.
fonnosa, club-shaped, Je. ,

red, spines tipped blk.
Grahami, globose, 3", Je.,

Jy. , ro. ; rare,
lougimamma, branching

from base, 4", sum.,

Citron yel.
missouriensis, globose,

My., grh. or hay., yel.

or red (si/n. Nuttallii).

— ca?spitosa, bright yel.
Ottonis, nearly globose,

My., Je., wh.
radiosa, My., Je. , vio. ,
spines wh., stiff, and
hair-like.

- Alversoui, Foxtail
Cactus, pk., long blk.
spines.

— ari/ouica, globose, ro.,
outer spiues br., inner
wh.

rhodantha, oval, cylindri-
cal, reddish pk. (sij».
atrata).

— Pfeifferi, spines awl
shaped, gold yel., very
handsome (HI/H. Pfeif-
feri).

sanguinea, cc >lumnar, dark
red, spiues very long.

stella-aurata, branching,
2", wh , small, spines
stellate, yel. ; very
pretty.

sub - polyhedra, broadly
cylindrical, tubercles
many faced, grn., yel.,
red., fruit sc. , spines
wh.

tuberculosa, conical, 6",
My., Je. , pale pur. ;
tubercles arranged spir-

ally (.11/11. strobiliformis

of Scheer).
wildiana, cylindrical, 3"

to 4", ro. , spines wh.,

yel.
Wrightii, globose, bright

pur., spines wh. and

reddish blk., hooked,
zuccariniana, inverted

cone shaped, 3", My.,

Je., bright pur., spines

wh.

Other Species and Varieties : —

bocasana, globose, 2", st. ,
spines wh. , red. There
is a var. spleudens.

eeutricirrha, depressed
globose, red. , car. ,
spines yel. when young.

comifera, globose, 3",
fruit red, spines yel.
(»;/«». diemonoceras and
impexicoma).

dealbata, globular,

covered woolly hairs
and spines (syii. Pea-
cockii).

discolor, globose, 2", rosy
pur. , spiues reddish.

Echinus, egg shaped, 2"
to 3", Je., st., yel.,
large, spines wh., very
long.

elephantidens, depressed
globose, 6", aut. , vio.,
ro. , 3" across.

Goodrichii, ovate globose,
2" to 3", yel., wh ,
striped red, fruit sc. ,
spines wh. and br.

haageana, club shaped,
My., Jy., car. ro.

heeseana, depressed glob-
ose, car. red, longest
spiues of any Mammil-
laria, woolly whan
young.

Lehmauni. cylindrical, 6",
yel.

macromeris, 4", Aug.,
car., very hard and
woody, spines wh. , blk.

multiceps, 1", yel., lined
red.1'

mutabilis, depressed glob-

. ose, Jy. , pur. (syns.
autunmnlu and cirrhi-
fera). Var. longispina
has very long spiues.

neumanmana, cylindrical.

5" to 6", ro. , spines

tawny br.
odieriana, cylindrical, 3"

to 4', reddish vio.
Peacockii (tee dealbata).
pectinata, yel. (see p. 48) .
phellosperma, Pear-
shaped, 5', spines blk.,

wh. ; has never floweret!

in cultivation,
phymatothele, cylindrical,

o" to 6", Je., ro., spines

wh. , erect.

pulchra, oblong cylindri-
cal, 4" to 5 ', Je., ro. ,

spines spirally arranged,
robustispina, 1' to H'

across, yel. , spines very

strong and blk. tipped

(si/n. Brownii).
Scheerii, 7", yel., cream,

spines br.
Schelhasii, cushion-like,

sum., wh., spines wh. ,

hair-like,
schiedeana, cylindrical, 3"

to 5", wh., small, spines

yel., stellate.
Sempervivi, Pear shaped,

4 , woolly ; Caput-

Medusa) is a var.
spacelata, cylindrical, 8",

My., blood red, spiues

ivory wh. , becoming

blk. with age.
tenuis. cylindrical, 2" to

4", My., pale yel.
tetracantha, sub-globose,

9", Jy., bright ro.
uncinata, globose, 4",

My., Je., pur.
villifera, 3", My., Je.. ro.,

lined pur., spines yel.
vivipara, clustered, 3",

My., Je. , pur., fruit

grn., spines wh., stiff,

hair-like.

MANDEVILLA (tyn. AMBLYANTHERA).

Tall, climbing shrubs (ord. Apocynacese) requir-
ing stove heat. The flowers of many of the species
are large and showy, but as yet, sauveolens, summer,
large, white, fragrant, is probably the only member
of the genus familiar to cultivators. Cuttings of
the stiff side shoots may be rooted in sand. Soil,
good loam and fibrous peat, with sand. The plants
do best when growing in a prepared border. For
training to rafters and pillars in the stove, suaveo-
lens is worthy of note (seep. 50).

Mammoth Tree (see Sequoia gigantea).
Manabea (see jKyiphila).
Mandarin Orange (nee Citrus nobilis).
Mandirola. (see Achimencs).

Mandr agora

(50)

Manihot

MANDRAGORA. (MANDRAKE)

A small genus (ord. Solanacese), to whose mem-
bers much of legendary interest is attached, al-
though from the cultivator's point of view they are
valueless. The roots of the Mandrake have been
credited with various sinister qualities, and were
declared at one time to shriek when being pulled
out of the ground. Superstition has not yet wholly
died out, for even now, slices of the curiously forked
roots are occasionally sold in the streets of London
as a specific for various ills, and a rich harvest is
reaped from the credulous.

Mandragoras may be propagated either by seeds
or by root division, and grow in any deep, fairly
light soil, in partial shade.

Principal Species : —

autumnalis, G" to 12",
Sep., lidy. per., pale
pur. Said to be the
Mandrake of Scripture.

officinarum. Devil's Ap-
ples, 1', My., hdy. per.,
wh. or bl. (tyns. officui-
alis and vernalis).

MANETTI («•<• ROSES.)

MANETTIA ($yns. BELLAEDIA, Coxo-
TBICHIA, LYGISTUM, etc.).

Stove, evergreen, herbaceous or shrubby climbers
(ord. Ru'oiacea;), with highly coloured, showy
flowers, allied to Bouvardia. Some of the species
make elegant pillar plants, and they do well if
trained to balloons and spheres of wire or wood.
Luteo-rubra (bicolor) is the one most frequently
met with. Cuttings of the young shoots root
readily in spring, in sandy soil in heat, and if
putted on into a mixture of peat and loam in
equal parts, with one-eighth sand, they soon, make
good plants. Relatively small pots only are
required, as they flower best when slightly pot-
bound.

Principal Species :—

bicolor (see luteo-rubra) .
cordifolia, Aug., Nov.,st.,

sc., very showy (syn.

micans) .

luteo-rubra, Feb., Je ,
St., sc., yel. (sijn. bi-
color). If planted in a
border it will flower the
whole year round.

MANGIFERA. (THE MANGO.)
Stove, evergreen trees (ord. Anacardiaceie),
which do not enter to any extent into decorative
gardening, but one species, indica, is of great
importance economically. It is cultivated exten-
sively in the Old World tropics for the sake of its
fruit. Occasionally plants in this country ripen
their fruit, but so far the Mango Tree is only a
novelty here. Cuttings of ripened shoots may be
rooted in sand in strong bottom heat, but grafting
is usually resorted to for the better varieties.
Soil, two parts of good loam and one part of sandy
peat.

Principal Species : —

indica, 60,' Jy., wh., fruits kidney shaped, yel.,
red, speckled blk. ; many vars. Mango Tree. >

MANICARIA.

Tropical American stove Palms (ord. Palmse),
of robust habit, rare in cultivation. They may be

Mandrake (see Mandragora).
Manglesia (tee (frmillea).
Mangostana (see Garclnia).
Mnnf/rateen (see Garcinia Mangostana).
Mangrove (see Rhizopliora).

propagated by imported seeds, which should be
sown in strong bottom heat, with plenty of moist-
ure. A good, sandy loam suits the plants well.
Saccifera, the only species of note, has leaves which
are often 30' long and 5' or 6' wide : it is distinct
from all other Palms in that the leaves are entire.
It grows 15' to 20' in height and has a prominently
ringed trunk.

MANIHOT.

Tall herbs and evergreen shrubs {ord. Euphorb-
iacea;), of economic value only. From palmata
Aipi and utilissima, Cassava or Mandiocca meal is
obtained, and this is made into bread. The roots of
palmata Aipi are wholesome and are used as a vege-

MAKDEVILLA SUAVEOLENS (see p. 40).

table by the natives, but utilissima is very poisonous.
The expression of the juice and the cooking of the
Cassava meal, however, gets rid of the poison. The
Tapioca of commerce is also furnished by utilissima,
which is cultivated to a considerable extent in the
American tropics on this account. In this country
the plants are grown only as curiosities. Cuttings
of ripened shoots may be rooted towards the end of
the summer in sandy peat in a close frame with
bottom heat. Peat and loam in equal parts, with
one-eighth of the whole sand, make a suitable
compost.

Principal Species : —
Aipi («•<• palmata var.).
palmata. The species is

overshadowed by its

var. Aipi, the Sweet

Cassava.

Other Species :—

curthaginensis, Jy., grh.

utilissima, 3', Jy., st.
yel. Bitter Cassava
(sun, Jatropha Maniliot

of Jiutilttirtll Milil'l-ilif

3071).

(«!/». Jatropha eartha-
ginensis).

Mantisia

(51 )

Manures

MANTISIA.

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Scitaminefe),
from the East Indies. They may be increased by
root division in spring, and like a compost of
fibrous loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

saltatoria, 1', st., Jy., pur., yel. Opera Girls.

MANULEA.

Greenhouse herbs or sub-shrubs (urd. Scrophn-
larinco:), which may be raised from seeds and
cuttings in an ordinary greenhouse, using a soil of
two parts loam, one part leaf mould, and sand.
Only rubra is at all well known in this country.

Principal Species : —

tomentosa, 1', My., Nov.,
grh. per. , or-

ruliru, 1' to 2', Ap., Sep.,
grh. per., gold, yel.

MANURES.

A manure is a substance containing one or more
of the several ingredients of plant food. Conse-
quently it is applied to the soil with the view,
either of replacing substances whicli have been
absorbed by, and taken away with, previous crops,
or of increasing in the soil the quantity of any
special ingredient that may be required. The
whole question of manuring is a complex, far-reach-
ing, and vitally important one to the cultivator and
consumer, no matter whether the culture of plants
in pots, or in the open field or garden, be considered.
Some soils are naturally barren : these it is the
mission of the cultivator to render fertile. Pro-
ductive soils, on the other hand, must have their
fertility maintained, and, if possible, increased, and
to do this in the face of heavy and continuous
cropping is often difficult.

The essential elements of plant food are ten
in number, whilst four are unessential, but almost
always present. In practical manuring the sub-
stances that it is found most important to replace
in the soil are (1) nitrogen, in the form of
soluble salts — nitrates, sulphates, etc.; (2) potash ;
(3) phosphoric acid, usually in the form of
phosphates. A manure containing these three
requisites is spoken of as an " all-round " manure,
because it contains all that the plant is likely to
feel a shortage of ; the balance of the ten elements
alluded to above are usually present in the soil
in such quantities that it is not necessary to add
to the store.

A manure whose chief ingredient is nitrogen is
spoken of as a nitrogenous manure. Familial-
examples are to be found in Peruvian Guano,
nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and soot.

Potassic manures chiefly contain potash. Com-
mon examples are kainit, sulphate of potash,
muriate of potash, and wood ashes.

I'hosphatic manures supply the element phos-
phonis in some of its varied forms. Superphosphate
uf lime, basic slag, crushed bones, steamed bone
Hour, and bone meal are instances of phosphatio
manures.

Nitrogenous manures have the effect of stimulat-
ing the growth of leaf and stem. Given in excess

Manitia (see Glol/ba).

Manlllla (see Puli/xena).

Manna Ash (see Fraximis Ornus).

Ma n no. Tree (see Alliayi).

Man uf tlir Kiirth (see Ipomtra pandurata).

Man Urdus (sec Areras anthrophora).

they promote rank growth, and not the production of
fruit. Consequently, while they are excellent foods
to apply to such things as Cabbages and Brussels
Sprouts, of which it is desired to increase the top
growth, it is easy to destroy the fertility of a fruit
tree by their means. Moreover, it is not only a
wasteful practice to apply nitrates to Cabbage-
tribe crops in the fall of the year, seeing that much
of the precious salts is washed away by the heavy
autumnal rains, but positive harm may accrue, in
that a gross, succulent growth, easily injured by
frost, is the result. The proper time to apply
nitrogenous manures is in the spring of the year,
when the store of nitrates in the soil is not
sufficient for the pressing needs of a crop.

Potash is intimately concerned, in conjunction with
the green colouring matter of leaves, in promoting
assimilation, or the absorption from the air of car-
bonic acid and the retention of the carbon. With-
out potassium the formation of starch and kindred
compounds cannot go on, and the plant comes to a
standstill and refuses to grow. As a rule, few soils
are devoid of potash, but in a plant like the
Potato excellent results are obtained from an aug-
mentation of this store, in the way of manures.

The presence of phosphorus is necessary to the
formation of protoplasm, which may be regarded
as the life blood of the plants. There is still a
good deal of mystery regarding the uses to which
phosphorus is applied by the plant, but at least
there is no doubt as to its vital importance as a
plant food.

With the exception of carbon, all the other
| elements necessary to the health and existence of
the plants are absorbed by the roots. Moreover,
all plant food must be in a soluble form, seeing
that solids cannot be taken in. This is the reason
why the application of chemical manures in a dry
season is not so serviceable as it is in a wet one,
unless water is artificially applied ; the food must
be in solution before the plant can make use of it.

At one time it was thought that by analysing
the ash of any given plant — that is, the residue
after the volatile constituents are driven off by
fire — an index to the requirements of the plant,
from a food point of view, could be obtained.
The substances found to be most strongly re-
presented were to be regarded as being the most
essential, and manures applied in accordance.
Practically this was proved to be a quite erroneous
conclusion. Theoretically also, the conclusion was
unsound, because the absorption of food by the
plant is chiefly a mechanical matter, and the roots
exercise little or no selective power. Whatever is
dissolved in the water, that they must take until
they are so full that they can hold no more.
Consequently, substances which further experi-
ments have proved not to be essential, are often
absorbed, and enter largely into the much-talked-of
" ash " of plants.

All manures may be divided into two great
sections, according to their origin, as " Organic "
and "Inorganic."

Organic Manures. — To this section belong all
remains of decomposed animal and vegetable
organisms. Some of the most important are treated
below.

Farmyard Manure. — This i.s the sheet anchor of
the dispenser of manures. It contains, when good,
all the essentials that the plant is likely to require.
But farmyard manure varjes greatly, and, to take
one element alone, there is more available nitrogen

Manures

(52)

Manures

in 1 cwt. of good nitrate of soda than there is in
1J tons of the best farmyard manure. Yard dung
is often deficient in nitrogen, owing to the common,
but careless, practice of allowing large bodies of it
to ferment in the open air for considerable lengths
of time. Still, it is of great value, and when
backed up by applications of chemical fertilisers
(inorganic manures) the best results may be
obtained. In addition to its chemical properties,
it acts mechanically in adding depth and stamina
to poor and hungry soils, and lightening heavy
ones ; moreover, it acts like a sponge, in storing
large quantities of water, which may be drawn
upon by crops during periods of drought.

Guano. — There are many different brands of
guano upon the market. The true Peruvian Guano
is composed of the excrement of seabirds, collected
from their haunts in islands off the coast of South
America. These layers of guano are sometimes
of considerable depth, as they may represent the
accumulations of centuries. Guano is a strong and
forcing nitrogenous manure, that may be usefully
employed in all cases where a quick top growth is
required. For pot plants it is better dissolved in
water than applied in the powder form. For crops
out of doors it may be drilled in or scattered by
hand.

Fowl Manure. — The manure from domestic fowls
is of similar nature, and may be used in the same
way. It should be stored in a dry shed with
an equal bulk of dry soil, and twelve months'
storage before use is an advantage, as the ranker,
noxious vapours are thus got rid of.

Blood. — Dried blood from slaughter houses is a
strong nitrogenous manure, although it varies con-
siderably according to the animals which furnish
it, and their condition when killed. Apply in small
doses, mixed with dry soil, and in the growing
season only, not in autumn or winter.

Bones. — The composition of bone meal is similar
to that of superphosphate of lime, and the two may
be used in similar cases. Bone meal is quicker in
its effects than crushed bones, which give up their
goodness slowly in proportion to their size. Crushed
bones may be used for Vine borders where lasting
properties are required. Bone meal forms an
admirable dressing at the rate of 3 oz. to 4 oz. per
square yard, for all fruit trees. Fork it in and
follow up with a good watering.

Fish. — Decaying fish is frequently employed as
manure. It is also worked up into a guano which
is excellent for all green crops out of doors, and
many pot plants, but it needs to be covered with
soil to get rid of the odour.

Horn Showings. — These contain some manurial
properties, and may be usefully employed for fruit
trees.

Leaves. — These not only contain a good deal of
available plant food but they improve the soil
mechanically. (For further details, see LEAF
MOULD.)

Miscellaneous Garden Refuse. — The remains of
garden herbaceous plants may be stacked in
alternate layers with lime, and covered with soil,
when they form a useful manure. If woody,
destruction by fire is necessary, and the resulting
wood ashes constitute a valuable supply of potash.

Night Soil.— Human excrement is a strong and
forcing manure which must be employed with great
care. It should be mixed with four or five times
its bulk of soil, and this will, in a measure, correct

the rank smell which is its chief fault. Quicklime
has been recommended as a deodoriser, but its
addition means the loss of so much ammonia, the
most important manurial agent, that it is not to
be entertained by the practical student of the
problem of manure giving. Fruit trees, par-
ticularly Vines, that are carrying heavy crops will
benefit from a dressing of night soil, and in some
parts of the country growers ef large Onions are
very partial to it. Small doses only should be
given to the Onions, or the bulbs will tend to
become thick necked.

Cow Dung and Horse Droppings. — Cow dung is
a mild but effective manure, one of its chief
advantages being the great quantity of water it
contains. It may be freely used for almost all
vegetables, and is especially suitable for Celery,
Peas, Beans, and Greens of all sorts. Stacked in
alternate layers of loam, and allowed to remain
thus for a year, it makes a valuable potting
medium, and may then be safely employed foi
many kinds of pot plants, notably Ferns and
Palms. It suits such aquatics as Nymphseas
exceedingly well, although where these are grown
in tanks under glass the cow dung should not be
fresh from the byre. (For its employment in liquid
form, see LIQUID MANURE.)

Horse droppings are the driest of all animal
ordure, and may therefore be usefully employed to
lighten heavy land. For making up Mushroom
beds the value of horse droppings is well known,
and after they have served for growing Mush-
rooms they are still available for putting upon the
land, either as a dressing to be dug in or as
mulchings ; also they may be advantageously
mixed with soil for potting, in proportions varying
from one-fourth to one-sixth of the whole bulk.
Carnations, Coleuses, Fuchsias, and Geraniums
take very kindly to old Mushroom bed manure in
the soil.

Soot. — This familiar article is not only valuable
because, as a rule, it can be easily obtained, but
also because it is a nitrogenous fertiliser. Used
for Chrysanthemums it imparts a wondrous depth
of green and vigour to the foliage, and it is one of
the finest lawn dressings available. In the latter
case it should only be applied in showery weather
or the grass will " burn." Use enough to coat the
grass with a black covering. (For the employment
of soot in the liquid form, see LIQUID MANURE.) As
an insectifuge and slug deterrent soot has claims
upon the gardener, but a certain greasiness th.it it
possesses renders it imperative that it should be
washed off as soon as possible, or it will choke the
breathing pores of the leaves, and hinder their
proper working. Do not mix soot and lime, or loss
of ammonia results.

Charcoal is chiefly of service as a deodoriser,
and it will be well to include a little of it in the
soil of all plants that need a great deal of water,
and that are to stay in the same pots for a pro-
tracted period. Home burnt charcoal may be
obtained by building a pyre of wood, surrounding
it completely, save a hole in the top, with thick
turves, and allowing it to smoulder away gradually.
After the fire has burnt through to the top the
orifice should be closed and the fire left to go
gradually out. Charcoal dust has been recom-
mended as a specific for Onion fly.

Malt Dvst. — If kept dry, and used while it is yet
fresh, this has gentle manurial properties. It is of
service as a top-dressing for fruit trees.

Mapania

( 53 )

Maranta

Sea treed or Xelji. — Where obtainable this is an
rxrc-llent manure for light soils. It suits both Beet
ami Asparagus especially well.

Liijiiitl Manure. — For pot plants particularly,
liquid manure is of the greatest service. Whatever
it is prepared from, it should be clear and free
from all sediment, otherwise the latter will form
a crust upon the surface of the soil, which, harden-
ing us it dries, will prevent aeration, and many of
the tender roots will suffer as a consequence.
Sheep droppings and cow manure make excellent
liquid if placed in a coarse canvas bag and soaked
for three or four days in a tub of water. Horse
droppings may also be treated thus, but the liquid

MAKANTA MASSANGEANA.

is rather strong in proportion to its depth of
colour. The liquid that has drained from the
farmyard manure heap may be watered down
until it is a light brown colour, and it then forms
an excellent stimulant for Roses, increasing the
vigour of the plants and putting more colour into
the flowers. Soot water may be prepared in a
similar way to liquid cow manure. Used at a
strength that gives it a light brown hue, it may
be applied with safety to almost all pot plants,
especially Chrysanthemums.

Inorganic Manures. — These are all of mineral
origin and include all the substances, with some
others, that are commonly spoken of as " artificial "
or " chemical " fertilisers. These have already
been treated under the heading of ARTIFICIAL
MANURES.

MAPANIA.

A genus (aril. Cyperacere) of stove perennial
herbs, some of which grow to a great height.
Only two species have, so far, been introduced, and
noil her of these is of any striking horticultural
value, but they are quite new to cultivation. They
may be treated in the same way, both for soil and
propagation, as the popular stove Cyperuses.

Mapa, (ace Petireria).

Principal Species : —

humilis, Ivs. 10" to 20" long, including petioles
(xt/nx. lucida, Wendlandii, and 1'andanophyllum
Wendlandii).

MAPLE (see ACER).

MARANTA.

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Scitamineae),
with tuberous or creeping rhizomes and prettily
marked foliage. Several species are to be found
in ordinary collections of stove plants, although
the plant most favoured, zebrina, is a Maranta no
longer, but a Calathea. Economically, the genus
is likewise of some importance, for Arrowroot is
obtained from the tuberous rootstocks of several
of the species.

Propagation. — By division early in the year, just
as the plants show signs of starting. The cuts
should be made with a sharp knife, for bruising
causes subsequent decay. Pot the divisions into
small pots, with rather sandy soil, and plunge them
iu a close frame with bottom heat. As soon as
root action is vigorous, they may be removed to
the open stove.

Soil. — Two-thirds good loam, one-third leaf
mould, and enough sharp sand to keep the whole
friable.

Other Cultural Points. — The potting should only
be fairly firm, especially for young plants. Plenty
of water is needed at all times, and thus the
drainage must be free. Marantas also do well
planted out in prepared borders, the only danger
being rot in the winter, from a moisture-laden,
stagnant soil. Thrips and red spider are the chief
insect enemies. They may be destroyed by the
sponge, the use of which is very easy upon the
broad, stout leaves. As the flowers are not orna-
mental, they should be removed as soon as seen,
before they weaken the plants.

Principal Species and Varieties: —

arundinacea, 0' to 10'.

Indian Arrowroot.
— variegata, Ivs. 10" to

16" long, including

petioles, striped gru.,

wh.
bicolor, 1', pale grn.,

spotted dark olive. Ma-

koyana is a var.
Chantrieri, Ivs. 1' to 1J'

long, greyish gru.,

baiided dark grn.
fascinator, dark grn.,

wh. upper surface, pur.

lower,
major, 3', grn., good

for house decoration

(si/ n. Ichnosiphou leu-

cophseus).
massangeana, olive gru.,

wh. veins (syn, Calathea

massaugeaua, *cc

figure),
sagoriana, pale grn.,

barred obliquely dark

grn.

Other Species and Varieties :—

albo-liueato (now Gala- coriifolia (now Calathea

ornata).
depressa,

thea albo-liueata).
umabilis (mjii. Calathea

amabilis).
augustifolia (now Stro-

nuintho Touckat).
argentea, silver grey, dark

grn.

osyminetrica, Ivs. one-
sided,
chimboracensis (n owCala-

thca chimboracensis).
conciima (now Calathea

leoptirdiua).
conspicua, dark gm.,

banded yel., gru.

pale grn.,

blotched br.
gratiosa, silver grey,

baiided dark gru.
icouifera, yel., grn.,

blotched deep gm.
kerchoveana (see leuco-

ueura).

Leona;, grn., grey,
leptostachya, grn., banded

grn., wh.
leuconeura, 6" to 8", grn.

above, pur. beneath

(XIJHS. kerchoveaua,

Mappa (nee Macaranga).

Maraja 1'alm (nee Jiartris Maraja).

Marasmius

(54)

Marguerites

porteana (see Stromauthc

porteana).
sinaragdina(now Calathea

smaragdina) .
undulata (now Calathea

uudulata).
zebriua (now Calathea

zebrina).

Kercheovei of gardens,

aud Calathea kerchove-

anal
Mazeltii, grn., banded

grey.

minor, grn., blotched br.
musaica, Irs. 7" long, grn.
polita, ITS. 4" to 6", gni.,

blotched dark grn.

MARASMIUS.

Mushrooms with rather tough and leathery parts,
quite common in Britain and on the Continent.
Oreades, the principal species, is well known as the
" Fairy-ring Fungus " of lawns and meadows. It
has a very delicate flavour, and is- a wholesome
article of food. In this country it is not often
eaten, although in parts of Kent, where its merits
have become known, it is alluded to as the " Cham-
pillion," obviously a corruption from Champignon.
It is about 3" high, and the pileus or cap is from 1"
to iy across, and umbrella shaped. The gills are
creamy white.

MARATTIA.

Description. — Tropical Ferns (ord. Filices) of
great size and stately habit. Naturally they are
found in marshy districts, and under cultivation
require to be treated almost as sub-aquatics, in
order to keep them healthy. It is desirable that
the pots should stand in about 6" of water, or
there is considerable labour needed in watering
during hot weather. The genus is closely allied
to Angiopteris, and, like the members of that genus,
the plants are only suitable for large houses, where
they can be given plenty of head room. Marattias
are interesting, apart from their decorative qualities,
because in New Zealand, the West Indies, and
Brazil the fleshy crowns are frequently cooked and
eaten. They are said to be wholesome and nourish-
ing, although of peculiar flavour.

Propagation. — Spores, although freely produced,
rarely germinate, and increase is usually effected
by detaching the plump basal scales from the frond
stems, and laying them on a moist bed of sphagnum,
in heat. These scales soon send out roots, as well as
bulb-like side growths, which ultimately form plants.

Soil. — Three parts of good loam and one part of
cow manure, with a little road grit. The loam and
cow dung should be stacked together for six
months before it is used.

Other Cultural Points.— Fraxinea elegans is the
only Marattia that will do in a cool house; the
others all need a warm one. Where plants have
been allowed to flag from want of water, a good
soaking and rather heavy shade for three or four
hours will put matters right, but flagging two or
three times repeated means a crippled plant.
Liquid manure during summer is helpful, and soot
water is an excellent stimulant ; none is wanted
in winter. Bug, scale, and thrips are the chief
insect enemies — sponge for the first two, fumigate
lightly twice or thrice for the latter.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
alata, fronds 4' to 6', st. sorbifolia). There are

(*yn. Gymuotheca several vars., of which

alata). purpurascens and ele-

Asceusionis (gee fraxiuea gaus (a capital cool-

purpurascens). house plant) are the

atteuuata, fronds 3' to 5', best. Salicifolia and

tripinnate, warm grh. sambucina are others.

— Moorei. Kaulfussii, fronds 3' to

fraxinea, fronds 6' to 15', 4', quadripiuuate, st.

bipinuate, st. (syn. purpurascens (sec fraxinea
var.).

Other Species : —

Burkei, fronds 1' to 3',

triphmate, st.
cicuttefolia, fronds 5' to

6', st. (fif/n. verschaffelt-

iaua).

Cooperi (x/v atteuuata).
elegans (ice fraxinea var.).

laxa, fronds 3' to 6', st.

(xy». Gy mnotheca laxa) .
salicifolia (.sre fraxinea

var.).

sorbifolia (sec fraxinea).
verschaffeltiana (see cicu-

tsef olia) .

MARCGRAVIA.

An interesting- genus of stove climbing epiphytic
shrubs (ord. Ternstrcemiaceae). The inflorescence
is pendulous, and the flowers hang upside down.
Honey and humming birds, while drinking the
nectar, brush against them, and so pollinate them.
Umbellata has shoots of two kinds, as in the
common Ivy. This is the only species in cultivation,
though several species of Pothos and Honstera
have been wrongly referred to Marcgravia. Even
umbellata is of very little horticultural value.

MARCH MOTH.

A rather common moth (Anisopteryx sescularia),
closely related to the destructive Winter Moth
(Cheimatobia brumata). The perfect insects appeal-
in early spring, the males alone being winged.
The female is dun brown, and about 1" in spread of
wings. The larva; prey upon many fruit trees, but
chiefly Plums and Apples. The pupa; hibernate in
the ground. Grease-banding the trees is to be
commended, and this should be followed up by
spraying with Paris Green, 1 oz. in 20 gallons of
water, as soon as the flowers have dropped. The
March Moth and the Winter Moth are frequently
found together, and the same treatment will do
for both.

MARGUERITES.

Under this popular title many plants with large,
Daisy-like flowers are grouped, but for garden
purposes the undermentioned are best known.
The Great Pyrenean Daisy (see Chrysanthemum) is
Chrysanthemum maximum, and is a hardy herba-
ceous perennial of very easy cultivation. It should
have a rich, moist, deep soil, and be divided yearly,
as it increases with great rapidity. The Ox-eye
Daisy of English meadows is Chrysanthemum
Leucanthemum, and whilst considered by some to
be too common for the garden, is worthy of
attention. The Great Ox-eye Daisy of gardens
is Chrysanthemum (sometimes called Pyrethrum)
uliginosum. This is especially valuable, as it
flowers during September and October. It grows
to a height of 4' or more, and requires the same
treatment as maximum. The Yellow Marguerite
of window-box fame is Chrysanthemum frutes-
cens variety, and requires to be protected during
the winter. Cuttings may be taken in the
autumn or spring and given the same culture as
Zonal Pelargoniums (Geraniums). Etoile d'Or is
a pale flowered variety. Chrysanthemum anethi-
foliura and frutescens furnish the greenhouse White
Marguerites. The former has glaucous, finely
divided leaves, and flourishes under the same treat-
ment as accorded to the Yellow Marguerite. The
Blue Marguerite is Agath&a coelestis, which see.
This, in addition to being a good greenhouse plant,
is also available for summer bedding, and may be
utilised in a similar way to the White Marguerites.

Mari'gravia paradoxa (see Monsteni acuminata).
Mare's Tail (see Hifflmris vulgaris).

Margyricarpus

( 55)

Marila

MARGYRICARPUS. (PEARL FRUIT.)
A small and unimportant genus of stiff-habited
shrubs (i>rd. Kosacea?), with small flowers and
variously shaped leaves. Setosus is the only species
of note ; it is a pretty little hardy, white-fruited
evergreen, of dwarf habit, that does well on a
sunny rockery. Propagation, by cuttings, which
should be taken in summer and rooted in a bed of
sandy soil in a close frame; also by layers. The
soil >lumld be light and rich.

MARIANTHUS.

Greenhouse shrubs (iird. Pittosporeas) often with
twining branches, closely allied to Billardiera.

MARICA CCEKCLEA.

Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots may be struck
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom heat. Soil,
loam and fibrous peat in equal parts, with sand.
Marianthuses take kindly to wooden trellises.

Principal Species : —

c<i-ruleo-punctatu8, 4',
Ap., grh., gn-yish bl.,
petals spotted blk.

druiumondianus, grh. , lil.
riugens, Nov., grh., red,
showy (.<;/». Calopetalon
riugens).
MARICA.

Stove and greenhouse herbaceous perennials (pnl.
Tri'lrii'), resembling Iris in general appearance, and
with showy but fugitive flowers. They are all easy
to cultivate, and may be increased by division of
the rhizomes, in spring or after flowering. These
divisions should be started in a close frame. Soil,
turfy loam, leaf mould, and coarse sand. Plenty
of water is needed. For planting in rockeries
under glass, Maricas have much to recommend
tin-in, and appear better than in pots.

Marinlra (»»>• Turnmifa).
Marim («f Sclireber, see Cipura).

Principal Species : -

brachypus, H', st., yel.,
barred br., red (xyn.
Cypella brachypus).

ccerulea, '2' to 3', My., Je.,
st., bl., yel., barred
br., or. (ni -it. Cypella
oi-rulea of Sotunicul
Mtiyaztne 5012, see
figure).

lutea, 6", Ap., warm grh.,

Other Species : —

calit'nrm'ca (now Sisyrin-

chium cahforuicum).
gladiata (now Bobartia

gladiata) .
graoilis, 2', sum., grh.,

wh., bl., spotted br.
humilis, &t., wh., bl.,

barred yel., br.
— lutea (*ee lutea).

yel., wh., barred gru.

(»</«. humilis lutea of

Hotanical Mat/tjzine

3809).
northiana, 4', Je., st., wh.,

yel., mottled red, rare

m cultivation (*'/«.

vaginata).
— spleudens, larger and

richer flowers than type.

lougifolia, 1' to H', st.,

yel., barred br. (fyn.

Cypella longifolia).
plicata (uow Eleutherine

plicata).
striata (»ce Sisyrinchium

striatum).
vaginata (st-e northiaua).

MARIGOLD (syn. MARYGOLD).

A popular name applied to several plants. The
true Marigold is Calendula officinalis (which see),
a hardy annual that is a troublesome weed in many
gardens. The Marsh Marigold is Caltha palustris.
The favourite African and French Marigolds be-
long to the genus Tagetes (which see). Seeds of
African and French Marigolds may be sown in
March under glass in heat, the seedlings being
next transferred to boxes, hardened off, and planted
out in the open about the end of May. Or the
seed may be sown out of doors, in a warm border,
early in April, the seedlings being thence trans-
ferred to their flowering quarters, but these are
later in flowering. For bedding purposes, the
plants may be from 9" to 12" apart each way for
the French, with a little more for the strong-
growing Africans. The soil should be light and
rich, and manure water will increase the size and
brilliancy of the flowers. The pungent odour that
characterises all parts of the Marigold plant
renders the flowers unsuitable for cutting, but,
out of doors, there is nothing showier, and the
plants do almost as well in town as in country
gardens. The tall Orange and Lemon Afri-
cans will do for herbaceous borders, but the dwarf
forms of each are better for bedding. French
Marigolds may be had in orange or light yellow
self colours, or prettily striped and blotched dark
chestnut. The miniature forms are excellent for
edgings. All these are double flowers, but the
single French Marigolds are worthy of mention.
There are several varieties, all neat of habit and
free flowering, and Legion of Honour, bright yellow,
blotched brown, and Silver King, pale yellow, are
two of the best. A packet of seed of single French,
mixed, will give a charming variety, and the same
may be said of mixed seed of the double flowers

MARILA.

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Ternstrue-
miacea;) but little known to cultivators. They may
be increased by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots,
struck in sandy soil in bottom heat. Soil, peat and
loam in equal parts, with one-sixth sand. Probably
only one species has been introduced.

Principal Species :—

racemosa, 15', st., Aug., grn., wh., in small racemes.

Maripusa Lily (see Calochortus).

Mariscus

(56)

Martynia

•••

MARISCUS.

A large geuus (ord. Cyperaces), but horticultural!}-
an unimportant one. Umbilensis (si/ns. Cyperus
natalensis of gardens, and urubiliensis) may be
treated in the same way as Cyperus alteriiifolius.

MARL.

A clayey soil which contains a considerable
quantity of carbonate of lime. When cultivated, a
marly soil is fertile, but iu periods of wet weather
its greasy, slimy nature renders it exceedingly
difficult, if not impossible, to work. Marl is occa-
sionally employed as a dressing for land deficient
in lime.

MARLEA (ay HI. PSEUDALANGIUM.RHYTID-
ANDBA, STYLIDIUM, and SIYLIS).

Greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord. Cornacea:)
with white or yellow flowers in clusters borne in
the axils of the leaves. Of the four or five species
included, one only, begonisefolia, is. at all well
known. It may be increased by cuttings of side
shoots, rooted in sand iu a close, warm frame, and
likes a compost of pjat and sandy loam in equal
parts.

Principal Species : —

begonitefolia, 00', sum., grh., yel., wh., a tall ev.
tree.

MARROW, VEGETABLE {we Cu

CUBBITA PEPO for species and VEGETABLE
MARKOW for culture and varieties).

MARRUBIUM. (HORBHOUND.)
There are upwards of thirty species in this
genus (ord. Labiatic), but one only, vulgare, is of
•moment.' This is a useful herb, described under
HOREHOUND (which see). Most of the Marrubiums
are woolly, and the flowers are some shade of white
and pink. Propagation, by cuttings and root divi-
sion, for all are hardy perennials. Ordinary garden
soil. .

MARSDENIA (syns. LEICHARDTIA and
SICYOCABPUS).

Stove, greenhouse, and half-hardy twining or
sub-erect shrubs (ord. Asclepiadere). The flowers
are pretty, rather smaller than those of Stephanotis,
but the plants are not common in cultivation.
Cuttings may be rooted in sand under a bell-glass,
in heat, during April and May. Soil, two parts
loam, one part leaf mould, and enough sharp sand
to render it porous.

Principal Species : —
Cundurango, sum., st.

cl., wh. (»//«. Gouolobus

Cundurango),
erecta, 3' to 20', Jy.,hlf-

hdy. sub-erect shr.,

wh., fragrant.

loniceroides, 6', aut., st.

erect shr., red (si/tt.

Harrisonia lou;ceroides

of liotanic'al Magtuitie

2699).
suaveolens, 2' to 3', Jy.,

grh. shr., wh., fragrant.

tenacissima, grh. cl. shr.,
grn., yel.

Other Species : —

flavescens, Je., Jy., st.

cl., yel.
maculate, '20', Je., Aug.,

st. cl., red.

Marjoram (see Herbs and Origanum).
Marmalade Plum (see Liicuma).
Marquisia (see Coprosma}.
Itarrubiastnim (see SideriUs).

MARSHALLIA (syns. PERSOONIA, of
Michaux, Therolepta, and Trattenika).

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Composite), with rose
or purple flowers resembling those of a Scabious.
Seeds may be sown out of doors on a warm border,
about mid-April. A light garden soil is to be
preferred.

Principal Species : —

csespitosa, 1', Je., hdy., bl., wh., heads H" across.

MARSILEA.

A small genus (urd. Marsilea;) of greenhouse
sub-aquatics, interesting to the botanist as link
plants, being closely related to the Ferns, and
always included in the plants spoken of as " Fern
Allies," along with the Equisetums, the Selaginellas,
and the Lycopodiums. The spore cases (sporangia)
are edible, and are occasionally used by the natives
of Australia as food. The plants may be grown in
pots in loam and leaf soil, their chief requirement
being plenty of water at all seasons. If they can
be stood in water, so much the better. The
resemblance of the silky fronds to Trifolium leaves
causes them to be frequently mistaken for Sham-
rock. The plants may be increased quite readily
by division.

Principal Species : —

Drummondii, 4" to 8", vatrix is a var. of
grh., leaflets thickly Drummondii.

clothed with silky hairs hirsute, 4" to 7", grh.
(XI/H. macropus). Sal- quadrifolia, a hdy. creep-
ing aquatic.

MARTINEZIA («/«, AIPHANES).

Rather dwarf-growing stove Palms (on?. Palmss)
of elegant appearance. The leaves are pinnate,
and the pinnre wedge shaped, with jagged margins.
Propagation, by imported seeds. Soil, sandy
loam and peat in equal proportions. Plenty of
heat and an abundance of water, both at the root
and in the atmosphere, are necessary. Liquid
cow manure is the best stimulant. Potting should
be firm, to retain the plants in small pots, and
enhance their decorative value.

Principal Species : —

caryotapfolia, Ivs. 3' to 4' needle-like l>r. spines,

long, dark grn., spines leafstalks mealy,

blk. The handsomest granatensis, spines I" to
of all. 1" long, br., usually

erosa, stem and Ivs. bent,

covered with strong, lindeniana, 16', bright

gru., spines blk.
Other Species : —
Aiphanes, 30', Ivs. o' long {"//M. Aiphanes aculeata).

MARTYNIA.

Greenhouse annuals or perennials (ord. Pedalin-
eas), with tuberous rootstocks. Fragrans, com-
monly cultivated, is an annual with large, showy
flowers, and of easy culture in a greenhouse.
Seed should be sown in spring in a gentle heat,
the seedlings being potted on in a mixture of

Marsh lieetle (see Ti/pha latifolia).
Marsh dnquefoil (see Potcntilla).
Marsh Flcabane (see Pluchea).
Marsh Mallow (see Althira).
Marsh Marigold (see f'althn).
Marsh, Trefoil (see Mcnt/anthes trifoliata).
Marsh Valerian (see Valcriana dioiea).
Martagon (see Liliiim Martayon).
Martensia (see Alpinia\.

Marvel of Peru

Masdevallia

equal parts of loam and leaf soil, with sand, until
they are in 6" pots, which size will be large
enough to accommodate fine specimens. The size
and colour of the flowers may be improved by
liquid manure twice a week when the plants have
filled the pots with roots, not before. Fragrans
also makes a pretty border plant, if planted out
about the middle of June.

Principal Species : —

fragrans, 2', sum., aut., grh., crim. pur., rather
straggling, fruit two- horned, may be pickled when
young in vinegar, and eaten.

MASDEVALLIA.

Description. — A genus of a hundred or more
plants (ord. Orchidacese), of dwarf, close-growing,
tufted habit. The leaves are stout and leathery,
and though they vary in size, their form is almost
always a modification of the lance shape. The
flower spike springs from the base of the leaf
stalk, and though slender, it is usually wiry. In
the majority of cultivated species only one flower
is borne on each scape, but in some, as in the
popular tovarensis, two, three, or more are pro-
duced, and in some others there is even a slender

MASDEVALLIA SHUTTKYANA (see p, 58).

Other Species !— •
diiiinlru, 2', Jy., grh. proboscidea. 1' to 3', Jy.,

aim., wh., red. grh. auu.,vio., wh. («/«.

lutea, 1' to 2', Aug , grh. anuua). Will flower

mm., or. yel. for several months if

p'.anted out.

MARVEL OF PERU (»ei MIRABILIS

JALAPA).
MASCARENHASIA.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Apocynese), with
large flowers. Cuttings of the young shoots may
be rooted in spring, in sandy soil, with brisk
bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat, loam, and sand.
The. plants may be treated generally like Dipla-

Principal Species :—

curiiowiana, Aug., st., sc., a rather frail-looking
shr

racemose inflorescence. The flowers are very-
distinct in form, the three sepals being attractive
instead of the lip and retals, which are quite
insignificant, so that the flowers assume a more oi
less triangular shape, with the points extended to
form tails. The colouring is often very bright,
and Masdevallias are among the most effective of
Orchids. One section of the genus has drooping or
depending: spikes.

Distribution. — Masdevallias are wholly American,
being found at high elevations on the Andes, from
Mexico to Peru, where the atmosphere is rare,
cool, and always at saturation point.

Compost. — Whether found on rocks or on tree
Item*, Masdevallias naturally need very little
material about their roots, consequently, under

Marumia (of lifinicartlt, gee Saurauja).
Mart/gold (see Marigold}.

Masdevallia

(58)

Massonia

•cultivation, a little light, fibrous peat and live
sphagnum will be suitable, with the necessary
drainage material. Members of the Chimaera
group are best grown in baskets without crocks,
so that there may be nothing to impede the down-
ward course of the flower spikes.

Propagation. — This is easily effected by division,
oither in summer (June or July) or early in the
new year, February being a good month, when
roots and growths are being made.

Other Cultural Points.— A cool, moist atmo-
sphere must be provided to ensure success, and the
temperature should range from 45° at night to 65°
by day, though 40° at night in severe weather will
prove less injurious than a higher degree ensured
by excessive firing. It will be difficult, even witli
damping, shading, and ventilating, to keep down
the temperature in sultry summer weather. On no
account must the plants he allowed to get dry at
the roots, but while in summer too much water is
not likely to be given, great care is necessary in
applying it during the winter, for excessive water
and dull weather at that season will kill many
specimens. .

Chimsera Group. — Coming as they do from lower
levels than the other Masdevallias, Chimaera and
its allies need slightly warmer conditions during
the winter, and at that season are best accommo-
dated in an intermediate bouse, or the cooler end
of the Cattleya house. M. tovarensis is also better
for similar winter treatment.

Diseases and Pests. — The dreaded " spot " which
so disfigures Masdevallias is caused by excessive
moisture during winter, a low temperature being
often contributory. Less moisture and a few
degrees more of beat will prevent the disease.
<Jreen fly is a persistent pest, and must be kept at
bay by fumigation or vaporising, preferably the
latter. Sponging is necessary for thrips.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
amabilis, 6", sum., or.

yel., ro. crim.
Arminii, 4", Ap.,ro. pur.
bella, 7", spr., yel., br.,

crim. , lij) wh.
«audata, 5", sum., yel.,

red., pur., wh. Shuttle-

wortm'i and xantho-

corys are fine vars.

Chestertonii, 7", spr., yel-
lowish gru., pur., pk.

ChimiEra, 9", spr., sum.,
dull yel. , spotted reddish
pur. This is extremely
variable, the finest
forms being backhouse-
ana, Gorgona, leroyana,
sanderiana, sem'lis, and
WaHisU.

coccinea, 8", spr.,ro., sc.,
crim. A variable species,
including the harryana
group. Garden forms
are atropurpurea, de-
nisouiana, graudiflora,
harryana, lilaciua, Lin-
deui, rosacea,sauguinea,
and walkeriana.

Davisii, 8", Aug., yel.,
or.
Principal Hybrids :--

oaudato - Estrada?, pur. ,
yel. (caudata Shuttle-
worthii X Estradse).

(rosea X caudata Shut-
tleworthii).

gairiana, yel., crim.
(veitchiana X Davisii).

geleuiana, yel., or. (cau-
data Shuttleworthii X
xanthina) .

Heathii, or. (veitchiaua X
iguea superba).

hincksiana, pale yel., or.,
wh. (tovarensis X
ignea).

Imogen, yel., crim., sc.
(Schlimii X veitchiauu).

kimballiana, yel., flushed
vio. (veitchiaua X cau-
data Shuttleworthii).

Other Species, Varieties
acrochordonia, C", spr.,

br. , yel.

astuta (see erythrochaete).
attenuata, 4", win., wh.,

yel.
backhouseana (tee Chim-

a?ra var.).
barlasana, 5", spr., or.

yel., sc., crim.
Booking Hybrid (cucul-

lata X veitcliiana).
calura, 4", spr., reddish

or.
Carderi, 5", sum., wh.,

pur. br.
coriacea, 6", spr., wh.,

yel., pur.
cucullata, 10", spr.,

maroon pur.

demissa,"' , sum., br. yel.
deiiisoniana (-vc coccinea

var.).
erythroclifete, 8", sum.,

wh., yel., pur. (si/ii. as-
tuta).

Denisoni (see coccinea

denisoniana).
Ephippium, 8", sum., red

br., yel.
Estradje, 4", sum., yel.,

vio. pur.
iguea, 7", spikes rising to

18", spr., red, or., pur.

The finest vars. are

aurantiaca, Boddaertii,

and massangeana.
macrura, 12", win., yel.,

spotted blk.
polysticta, 6", spr., wh.,

pur., yel.
racemesa, 6", spikes 15",

sum., or. red, crim.
radiosa, 8", sum., dark

yel., spotted pur. br.
rosea, 6 ', sum., red, or.,

rosy car.
schroderiana, 7", Ap.,

ro. pur., wh., yel., rare,
tovarensis, 6", win., wh.
triangularis, 6", win.,

light yel., spotted pur.
veitchiana, 12 ',spr., ver-
milion, flushed pur.

Grandiflora is a flue

var.

Chelsoui, or. red (ama-
bilis X veitchiana).
courtauldiaua, ro. red

Pourbaixii is a good

var.
McVittiae, ro. mauve (to-

varenais X veitchiaua).
measuresiana,wh., flushed

lil. (tovareusis X ama-
bilis).
mundyaua, or., crim.

(ignea aurautiaca X

veitchiaua).
parlatorea,na, or., nushrd

pur. (barla'anaX veitchi-

aua).
shuttryana, salmon yel.

(caudata Shuttlewortliii

X coccinea harryana)

(step, 57).
and Hybrids : —
lfontoglossa,8", spr., yel.,

gru., pur.
leroyaua (see Chinuura

var.).
Lindeni (xee cocciuea

var.).
ludibuuda,6", sum. , pur.,

yel.
maculata, 0", sum., or.,

br., yel.
inelauopus, 0", spr., wh.,

pur., yel.
mooreaua, 8", spr., yel.,

gru., br.
muscosa, 3" to 6", sum.,

aut., yel., grn., br.
peristeria, 6", sum., yel.,

grn., pur.
reichenbachiaua, 6", sum.,

crim., yellowish gru.
rolfeaua, G", sum., red-
dish br.
Schlimii, 12", sum., yel.,

br. pur.

senilis (HIV Chiimera var.1!.
torta, 9", sum., greenish

floribuuda, 6", sum., yel.,

br., pur. ( yel., reddish pur.

glaphyrautha (mfracta X Troglodytes, 6", sum.,

wh., reddish br.
wageneriana, 3", sum.,

yel., spotted red.
Wallisii (xee Chiiua-ra

var.) .
Wendlaudii, 4", sum.,

wh., pur., yel.
xanthina, 5", sum., pale
yel.

barkeaua) .
Gorgona (see Chimsera

var.).
harryana (see cocciuea

var.).
houtteana, 10",Bum.,wh.,

yel., red.
| iouocharis, 5", aut., wh.,

pur.

MASSANGEA.

Handsome stove plants (prtl. Bromeliacea;). Lin-
denii and musaica are referred to Caraguata by
Mr. Baker; to Guzmannia by other botanists (see
C'AltAGUATA). Hieroglyphica is included with the
Tillandsius.

MASSONIA.

Bulbous plants (prd. Liliacea;), more curious than
pretty, and for the most part outside the scope of
decorative gardening. For culture, see LACHE-
NALIA.

Principal Species : —
amygdaliua, wh., Almond (correctly Polyxeua

scented. The best of .all. pygmeea).

Candida, 6", Ap., wh. pustulata, 3", Feb. (SI/H.

ensifolia, 6", Ap., lil. scahra).

Other Species : —
brachypus, 0", wh.

jasininiflora. wh. ,
tipped, scented.

grn.

3fa»ttUHgea(i& aart,»ee Curai/iiata and Tillandsia).
Massocla (see

Mast

(59)

Mauria

MAST.

A name given to the fruit of the Beech (Beech

Ma>t ), and also to Acorns and Chestnuts.

MATONIA.

The one species of Matonia (ord. Filices) is one
of the handsomest, rarest, and most difficult to grow
annular Ferns. It lingers for a while after im-
portation, and so far no one has been successful in
cultivating; it.

Only Species : —

pectinata, fronds \y to 2' long', 1' to lj' broad,
very tough and leathery, st.

MATRICARIA.

A large genus of annual and perennial herbs
(<>rd. Composite), most of them weeds. Inodora,
once it gets a footing, seeds so freely that it is
difficult to get rid of. The double form, plenis-
sima, is cultivated to some extent, and is worth a
place in the garden. There is a good deal of con-
fusion amongst the Matricarias, several plants sold
under that name really belonging to the allied
genus Pyrethrum. All the plants can be raised
from seeds, and the perennials can also be increased
by root division. Any common garden soil will do.

Principal Species and Varieties :
inodora, 1' to '2', Je.,Xov., — maritima, very fleshy

ami., wh. (British). Ivs., seashore (British).

Scentless Mayweed. plenissima, double

— discoideia, 9" to 12", flowers (gyn. flore

. wh. , scented foliage. pleno).

Other Species and Varieties : —
Chamomilla, Common Fartheniuin (we Pyre-
Chamomile, 12" to 18", thrum Parthenium).
Je.,Aug., wh. (British V

MATS.

For covering frames or plants upon walls during
frosty weather, mats are indispensable. The well-
known Archangel mats, made from the soft, tough
inner bark of Tilia europasa, are in common use.
They are of heavy and light qualities, but in either
case need a little preparation before use. The
rough pieces of bark at the edges should be pulled
out, and the ends of the strands tied up, three or
four together. This lengthens the life of the mat.
Archangel mats are also frequently employed by
nurserymen for packing plants in. Old Archangel
mats may be used for shading, and for tying up
Celery. Home made mats of straw are light and
fairly useful, but they are open to the objection of
untidiness, unless made very carefully. To make
them, a light framework of wood, about 6" bigger
each way than the required mat, should be placed
together. To the top of this rack a number of
pairs of strings, about twice as long as the mat
requires, should be attached. The number of
pairs of strings will vary with the width of the
mat, but they should be not more than 9" apart.
Then proceed to tie in small handfuls of straw
until the requisite length is reached. Like all
other protective material, they should be dry to
keep out the frost.

Mastaclinntiis ginensis (see Caryoptcris MastacU-

anthiis) .

Magtich Tree (nee Pistacia Lentlscus).
Mataxa (si'i- LatiotpermtoH,).
Mute (see Ilex).
Mat/tea (see Si'lnri-nliin).
Matrimony Vine (see Li/chim).

MATTHIOLA (>yn. MATHIOLA).

A rather large genus of hardy, half-hardy, or
greenhouse, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs or
shrubs, with showy flowers, and of easy culture.
The fragrant Stocks of gardens sprang from several
species of Matthiola. (For culture, see STOCKS.)

Principal Species and Varieties :—
bicornis, spr., hlf-hdy. — annua, 1' to 2', My.,

sub-shr., pur., red. Oct., hdy., flowers

Night-sceuted Stock. various (*'///. anuua).

incana, 1' to 2', sum., Ten-Week Stock.

aut. , hlf -hdy. bieu. , — flore pleno, like tvpe,

SOT. The parent of the flowers double, more
romptou and Queen compact growth.
St^ks. Wallflower-
lefived Stock.
Other Species : —

anuua (see incana var.). Jy., grh. sub-shr., yel.,

fenestralis, 1', Jy., Aug., scented in the evening,
hdy. bieu , sc. or pur. tricuspidata, 1', sum.,
odoratissima, 1' to 2', Je., hdy. aim., bl.

MATTOCK.

A variant of the pickaxe, differing only from
that implement in having one arm pointed. The
second is flattened to a rough cutting edge, run-
ning transversely to the handle. The mattock is
thus a compromise between a grubbing axe, which
has both arms terminated in a cutting edge, and
a pickaxe. It is useful for breaking up old gravel
paths, cutting trenches round trees that are being
root pruned, and also for root grubbing generally.
It is not infrequently dubbed a "grubbing" or
" grub axe " in rural districts.

MAURANDIA (syn. MAUBANDYA).

Climbing herbs with showy flowers (ord. Scroph-
ularinere). Barclayana, the species most frequently
met with, is a beautiful plant for covering a wall
or a trellis, for it is of graceful habit, flowers freely,
and will grow in any fairly light, rich soil. It does
best if treated as an annual. Erubescens, and scan-
dens, which some botanists consider to be a variety
of semperflorens, also do well upon a trellis or south
wall. Seeds may be sown at the beginning of
March, in brisk heat, the seedlings being potted
on and subsequently hardened off for planting out
at the end of May. Cuttings of young growths
may be rooted under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in
August. They like a sandy loam.

Principal Species : —
barclayana, sum., hlf-hdy. cens of the Botanical

aun. or per., vio., pur. Set/inter 1381).

— luceyana, pk. scandens, sum., hlf-hdy.,

erubescens, sum., aut., pur., vio. (syiis. Lopho-

hlf-hdy., ro., wh. (••<////. spennum aud TJsteria.

Lophospermum erubes- scaiideus).

Other Species :—
antirrhiuiflora, Jy., pur., striped wh.: probably a

wh. (correctly Autir- var. of scandens.

rhiuuiiiuiauraiidioides). luceyaua (see barclayana
atrosanguinea (see Rhodo- var.).

chiton volubile). semperflorens, sum., vio.,

Heudersoni, vio., pur., or., red.

MAURIA.

An obscure genus of stove evergreen trees (ord.
Anacardiaceaj), all from tropical America. Two

Matthimmia (see Schmenltia).
MattuidMa (see Saumtrus).
Maudlin, Sweet (see Achillea Ayeratum).
Mauhlia (see Agapanthm).

Mauritia

60 )

Maxillaria

species, heterophylla and simplicifolia, have been
introduced, but they are probably long since lost
to cultivation.

MAURITIA.

The six or seven species making up this genus
(ord. Palmae) are handsome stove Palms, with fan-
shaped leaves. They are, however, rare in cultiva-
tion. Seeds should be sown in a brisk hotbed, in
spring, otherwise germination is slow. A compost
of peat and loam, in equal parts, with sand, is
suitable, and the plants should be stood during

most part, less showy than those of many other
Orchids.

Propagation. — By imported pieces, and by
division of the pseudo-bulbs. Spring is the best
season to carry out division, and the pieces should
be started in a rather close and warm pit.

Soil. — Peat and chopped sphagnum, with a little
sand. A few points of live sphagnum should be
employed for surfacing.

Other Cultural Points. — Although they come
from tropical regions it will be noted, from the

MAXILLARIA SCLRUILIS (seep. 61).

the hot days of the summer a few inches deep in
a tank of warm water, for they are thirsty sub-
jects.

Principal Species :—

aculeate, stem prickly and
Ivs. bearing spiny hairs.

flexuosa, stein unarmed.

MAXILLARIA.

Description. — A large genus (ord. Orchidacesc)
of terrestrial Orchids, distributed throughout
central America from Brazil to the West Indies.
The species display a considerable range of varia-
tion, but the flowers are in most cases thick and
fleshy. Comparatively few species are in cultiva-
tion, due to the fact that the blooms are. for the

Maurocenia (see Cassine).

lists given below, that most of the Maxillarias can
be grown in a cool house, and with the Lycastes, if
desired. When they are making growth they will
appreciate a shift into an intermediate house, but
they should be kept out of the warmest houses, or
growth will be rapid and correspondingly weak.

Host of the plants do best in pots, which should
be well drained, as a constant supply of water is
needed all the year round. To attempt to dry
them off would be fatal, although less water is
needed in winter. A number of species, amongst
which may be mentioned meleagris and tenuifolia,
have creeping rhizomes, and these may be accommo-
dated upon blocks of wood or Tree Fern. Shade
during bright weather is essential, and as this shade
should be rather heavier than that given to most
Orchids, it will be well to place the Maxillarias in
a corner by themselves.

Maxillaria

( 61 ).

Maze

Principal Species and Varieties :—

acutipetala, '.)" to 12",
spr., cool house, or.,
yel. , lip red s]>otted.

callii-hroma, 8" to 12",
sum., cool house, wh.,
br. , pur. , yel. ; allied to
luteo-alba.

fucata, 1' to 11', sum.,
cool house, sepals ochre
yel. with red spots,
petals wh., yel., lip
red. yel. (nyii. fuscata,
a misprint).

grandiflora, 1' to IV, spr.,
cool house, wfi., lip
three - lobed, striped
crim. yel., scape one-
flowered (*'///. ebuniea).

houtteana, 6", spr., br.,
yel.

Lulnnaimi, wh., side lobes
of lip reddish br.

LiudeniiK, 1' to 1J', win.,
cool house, wh., petals
lined ro. pk., fragrant,
Ivs. very broad.

luteo-alba, 1|' to 1J', cool
house, flowers at various
M'.ISOUS, wh., yet, lip
streaked pur., fragrant
(KI/II. luteo-grauduiora).

ochrolouca, 9" to 12",

rum).
Other Species and Varieties : —

win., cool house, wh.,
lip yel., fragrant.

— lougipes, larger, better
habit.

picta, 12" to 16", win.,
spr., cool house, pale
yel., barred red, fra-
grant.

sauderiana, 8" to 15",
spr., cool house, wh.,
marked blood red, very
large (4" to 6" across)
and fleshy ; the best
species. Fuersten-

bergiana and xaiitho -
glossa are the best vars.

sauguinea, win., spr.,
intermediate house, red,
br., yel.; close to tenui-
folia.

tenuifolia, 8" to 12", spr.,
cool house, dark red,
lip blood red, yel.

trifloris, close to luteo-
alba, but with a pale
pur. flush.

Turneri, 1', My., br.,
crim., sweet.

venusta, 1' to 1}', win.,
spr., cool house, wh.,
yel., very large and
showy (syn. Anatomo-

angustifolia(,sYrvariabiIis).
arachnites, spr., cool

house, vol., lip bordered

pur.
aureo-fulva (now Bifreii-

aria iiureo-fulva).
bractesceus (now Xylo-

bium bractescens).
crassifolia, 1' to l\' , cool

house, yel., small.
crocea, 6" to 9", sum.,

cool house, or., yel.,

lip red br.
cucullata, 1', aut., cool

house, gru., br., choco-

late.
densa (now Ornithidium

densum).
dichroma, 1' to IV, win.,

cool house, wh., lip red

spotted.

eburnea («re graudiflora).
Harrisouiffi (see Bifre-

naria Harrisonias) .
Huebschii, sum., cool

house, wh., margined

mauve pur. ; habit like

that of i'ucata.
hyacinthiua (now Xylo-

bium hyaeintliinuin).
hyprocrita(now Xylobium

hypocritum).
leontoglossa (now Xylo-

bium leontoglossum).
lepidota, 9" to 15", aut. ,

I'uol house, yel., lip

spotted pur.

leptosejMila (nee setigera).
longisepala, 6" to 10",

sum., cool house, pur.,

br., lip yel.. grn.,

spotted br.
macrophylla (nee Lycaste

macrophylla).

marginata, 9", aut., cool

house, or., yel.
meleagris, like teuuifolia,

flowers yel. , spottedred.
uigrescens, 1' to 1^', win.,

spr., cool house, dark

port wine colour.
pallidiflora (now Xylo-

bium pallidiflorum).
palmifolia (now Xylobium

decolor).
Parkeri, 1' to 1J', spr.,

intermediate house, yel.,

wh.

parva, dwarf, yel.
porphyrostele, close to

picta but dwarf er, yel. ,

striped pur.
punctata, 8" to 12",

flowers at various

seasons, cool house, yel. ,

red spotted.
pungens (nee Bifrenaria

Harrisouiie).
rufescens, 8" to 10", win. .

spr., cool house, yel.,

reddish br.
seabriliiiguis (now Xylo-

bium scabrilingue).
scurrilis, 1', Jy., yel., wh.,

spotted pur. (see p. (50).
setigera, 8" to 12", spr.,

cool house, wh., yel.

(*;/»• leptosepala).

— pallida, a pale var.
scjualens (now Xylobium

squalens).
Steelii (now Scuticaria

Steelii).
striata, habit like veuusta,

aut., cool house, yel.,

striped red chocolate.

— grandiflora, large and
fine.

— lutea, yel.

Wageuen (now Xylobium

corrugatum).
warreaua (now W'arrea

tricolor).
xanthina (now Zygo-

petalum xanthiuum).

variabilis, habit like tenui-
folia, spr., cool house,
flowers pur., red or yel.,
about 1" across (xi/ns.
augustifolia and Hench-
inn M nii of Botanical
Xayazine 3614).

MAXIMILIAN A.

Three species of elegant stove Palms (ord.
Palmoc). They are closely allied to the genus
Cocos, and may be treated in the same way as
C. wedclel liana, except that, being of considerable
height and spread, they need stout wooden tubs to
accommodate the roots, and plenty of head room.
They are, in fact, only suitable for. large houses.

Principal Species : —

caribrea, like martiana,
but with wide pinna?,

Other Species :—

Jagun, not in general
cultivation.

martiana, Ivs. pinnate,
piunte 2' long, unarmed,
trunk slender, round,
and smooth (x>/tt. regia).

regia (see martiana) .

MAY BUGS.

The larvae of several beetles which prey upon
the foliage of Oaks, Hoses, and fruit trees. They
include the Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) and
the Lesser May Bug (Phyllopertha horticola).
Methods of combating the pests have been already
referred to under Cockchafers, which see. The
Lesser May Bug occasionally attacks pot plants,
the larvae feeding upon the roots. Where their
presence is suspected the plants should be knocked
out of their pots and the soil carefully examined.
Watering with clear lime water is sometimes
helpful.

MAYTENUS.

A rather large genus (ord. Celastrinese) of green-
house or half-hard}r evergreen shrubs and small
trees. Several of the trees are of value on account
of the great hardness and durability of their wood.
The leaves of some of the Peruvian species are
eaten by cattle. Propagation, by cuttings of the
ripened shoots under a hand-glass, and by layers in
autumn. Soil, loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

Principal Species : —
Boaria, 10', grh. shr., wh.

MAZE.

A section of the garden intended more for
amusement than for beauty of ornamentation.
Formerly a maze or labyrinth was included in
every garden of note, but now it is restricted to
very few. The most noteworthy one is that in
Hampton Court Gardens. The paths should all
lead to the centre by various twists and turnings,
and on the return journey the difficulties should
appear more plentiful. For hedges to border the
paths, Yew, Privet, Firethorn, Whitethorn, etc.,

Maximiliana (of Martins, see Coehlospermum),

Mammmeiczia (see Sckizandra).

May (see Cratcet/us).

May Apple (see Podophylliim pcUatitm).

May Stish, Californian (see Photinia arbuti'olia).

May Floieer (see Epigtea repens and Lalia,

•majalis).

Maypole, West Indian (see Spathelia simplex).
Mays (see Maize and Zea). .

Mealy Bug

(62)

Measures

may be used, bat in the case of public grounds it
is not advisable to open a maze until the hedges
are 3' to 4' high and proportionately wide. Mazes
may be of various shapes and sizes, or they may
follow the natural contour of the ground. It is
necessary to have some indication, of the way out,
or to have an attendant in the neighbourhood.

MEALY BUG.

A well-known and troublesome insect (Coccus
Adonidum) infesting stove and greenhouse plants.
It belongs to the ord. Homoptera, and is closely
related to Scale. In the Scale insects the female

THE HATFIELD MAZE.

soon loses her power of movement ; the female
Mealy Bug is able to move throughout the whole
period of her life. She secretes a viscous fluid
which ultimately becomes a covering of white,
cotton-like substance, with which she covers
herself and her eggs and young. The female is
wingless. Both are really red, but covered with
the white substance referred to, which disguises
their true colour.

The insects do harm to the plants by sucking the
sap and also by choking up the pores of the leaves
with their excreta.

Many remedies have been recommended. One of
the best of the home-made ones is paraffin emulsion

Mazeutoxeron (see Correa).

Mea/iiim Beauty (see Rltexia virginica).

Mcadom Grass (see Poa).

Meadow Pink (see ZKanthus deltoides).

Mcadom Sice (see Thalictrum).

Meadow Saffron (see Celchteum).

Meadow Saxifrage (see Saxifraga granulata).

Meadow Sweet (see Kjrinea Zilmaria).

Mealies (see Maize and Zea Mays).

(xcc INSECTICIDES). Good proprietary compounds
are Fir-tree Oil, Lemon Oil, and Swift and Sure,
applied at the strength recommended by the
makers. Tobacco water applied with a sponge is
helpful, and Gi.shurst Compound is serviceable in
the case of Vines and Figs ; it is not so suitable
for soft-wooded plants. A teaspoonf ul of petroleum
in a gill of warm soft water, if kept constantly
stirred, may be applied with a soft brush : the
bug colonies melt away before it, but the stirring
must be constant. Fumigation with Tobacco Rug and
Paper is only partially successful. The constant
cleansing of the plants with one of the washes
suggested is the only trustworthy method of rid-
ding the plants of bug, and in the case of Aspar-
agus and Cyperuses not even that avails ; the dirty
tops of the plants must be cut off and burnt.

For Vines and Figs, as well as for all greenhouse
and stove hard-wooded climbers, it is imperatively
necessary that a thorough cleansing should be
given during the winter months, or after pruning.

Further hints will be found under the headings
of the plants most affected.

MEASURES.

Fruit and Vegetables. — For retail sales, vege-
tables like Potatoes and Artichokes, and almost all
fruits, are disposed of in London by the pound. In
the country the half-gallon, gallon, peck, and bushel
are in common use. Covent Garden Market has a
series of measures almost peculiarly its own, and
these are frequently quoted in the market lists in
gardening and other papers. A few of the most
important of these measures are given.

Sieve. — The diameter is usually 15", the depth
8", and the contents are 7 imperial gallons. A
sieve of Peas is about a bushel, one of Currants is
20 quarts. Commonly used for hard fruit.

Half-Sieve. — Diameter 12J", depth (>", contents
3J gallons. Used for fruits (hard chiefly).

flushel flasket (flat). — Such a basket when
" heaped " holds an imperial bushel. Diameter at
bottom 10", at top 14J" ; depth, 17". Nuts, Apples,
and Potatoes are still sold by this. A bushel of
Potatoes should weigh J cwt.

Jimlt. — Two-thirds of a bushel, a measure now
rarely used.

StriJte. — A peck basket ; used for soft fruits and
Tomatoes.

Barrel (American). — About 3 bushels. Used for
Apples.

Pottle. — A long, narrow basket, holding about
1J pints. A pottle of Potatoes weighs about
3J Ibs., less or more, according to the variety. A
pottle of Mushrooms is 1 Ib.

Punnet. — A basket, usually rather flimsy, used to
hold Strawberries, Saladings, Mushrooms, Seakale,
etc. Seakale punnets are 8" across at the top, 7.V" at.
the bottom, and 2" deep. For Radishes they are of
various sizes according to the number of " hands "
they are intended to hold. Salading punnets art-
s'' across by 2" deep, and Mushroom punnets 7"
across by 1" deep.

Hand. — Used for Radishes. A " hand " of Rad-
ishes usually contains from 12 to 30, but, varies
according to the season.

Bunch. — Used for herbs. Carrots, Turnips, etc.,
the size varying according to the season. A bunch
of Turnips may be any number from 20 to 25, of
Carrots 30 to 40.

Meconopsis

(63)

Medicosma

Bundle. — Used for Broccoli, Celery, Rhubarb,
and Asparagus. A bundle of Broccoli or Celery
lias from G to 20 heads ; Khubarb, 20 to 30 stems';
Seakale, 12 to 18 heads; and Asparagus from 100
to 125 heads.

Handle liankets (French) are employed for
Grapes, Tomatoes, and Mushrooms. Grapes are
also put up in 2 Ib. and 4 Ib. punnets, and young
Potatoes in 2 Ib. punnets.

Tally. — Between 50 and GO heads.

Pound weights are 10 oz.

For Plants. — In describing the height of a plant
feet ( ' ) and inches ( " ) are usually sufficient, but
where great accuracy is employed the Line is
brought in. Twelve lines go to an inch. The
metric system is occasionally used. Approximately
2o mm. go to an inch. To obtain the number of
inches in any number of millimetres, multiply the
latter by 10 and divide by 2."<4.

Land Measures. — Gunter's Chain is usually
employed. It has 100 links, each 7'U2" long, and
its total length is GG'.

Measuring rods are sometimes handy in the
garden. They should be marked off in feet and
inches ; 3', G', 10', and 12' are handy lengths, but
they are not indispensable.

MECONOPSIS.

Hardy annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (urd.
Papareraoeee) with large, showy flowers. They
are of easy cultivation in any fairly good garden
soil, although they preler one light and rich,
together with a sunny position. Propagation is by
seeds, which should be sown early in March under
glass fur the tender forms, and out of doors in early
April for the hardy ones. Heterophylla is a pretty
annual that takes kindly to pots as well as to out-
door culture. Although the Meconopsises can .stand
a greater degree of heat and drought than many
other plants, occasional supplies of manure water
dining the height of their growth will be appre-
ciated.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

rimihrica, 1', My., Aug., nepalensis, 3' to S', sura.,

lnlv. per., pale yel. bien. , pale yel.

Welsh Poppy. WaUichii, 4' to 6',

— flore - pleno, double
flowers.

heterophylla, 1',

... , sum.,
hlf-ndy. ;um., copper,
or., dark crim. centre.

Other Species :—

i'iil':it.i. '2'. sum., bien.,
pur. (.v;1 figure).

per. , pale bl.
— fusco- purpurea,
pur., otherwise
type.

Je.,

In-.,
like

quintuplinervia, sum.,
hdy. per., pale vio.

simpiicifolia, 3', Je.,bien.,
vio. pur.

MEDEOLA (*yn. GTKOMIA).

The one species left in this genus (urd. Liliacese)
is a hardy herbaceous plant, with a white, fleshy
rhizome tasting something like a Cucumber. It
may be increased by root division in spring, and
likes a light, rich soil, although it is of no horti-
cultural value. The genus Medeola owes most of
its notoriety to the fact that at one time it con-
tained the popular Smilax. 'See ASPARAGUS
KBDBOIXM0M.)

Only Species :—

\iii;inica, !l", hdy., .Te., yel. or greenish yel.

Media (sn;

Mali a a .!/<///(' Ixi'r Citrus

Mcdica (sec Ttntrrctim.

MEDICAGO.

A large genus (urd. Leguminosas), but horti-
culturally not an important one. Sativa is only of
value as a fodder plant. Falcata is worth culti-
vating in the garden, for it does well in any
ordinary soil upon banks, slopes, and in rough rock-
work. Echinus is grown as the Calvary Clover, so
called from the large purple black blotches upon
the leaves. Propagation is by seed sown at any
time during spring. The seeds of Echinus should
be sown in shallow, well-drained pans in a cold
Irame early in April, and the seedlings afterwards
pricked off, 1'' apart, into o" pots, and grown on in
the conservatory. The curled and spiny fruits are
curious.

Principal Species : —
arborea, 2' to 8', Mv.,

Nov., yel., stem woody.
Echinus, 6", Jy. , hdy.

ami., yel.
falcata, 2' to 4', sum.,

lidy. herbaceous per. ,

Other Species :—
marina, 1', Je., Aug., scutellata, sum., hdy.

hdy. , yel. aim. , yel.

pale yel., stems pros-
trate.

sativa, 2', sum., hdy. per. ,
vio. ; versiolor is a var.
Purple Medick or Lu-
cerue.

Plwto: W. II. Wail,:

M K( ONOI'SIS ACt'LEATA.

MEDICOSMA.

There is only one species, Cunninghamii, in this
genus (urd. Kutacese). Botanically, Medicosma
Cunninghamii is the correct name of the plant
dealt with as AcBOXYCHiA CUNNINGHAMII.

Mudirlt (si:c M i'il ii fit •' .

Medinilla

(64)

Meiracylium

MEDINILLA.

Description.— Of the many species in this genus
of stove shrubs (ord. Melastomaceie) only two,
Teysmannii (amabilis) and vnagnifica, are much
grown. Medinillas are distinct from most other
stove plants by their curiously winged stems, large,
leathery leaves, and huge, pendent bunches of
bright flowers. They are of remarkably easy
culture, provided the soil is not allowed to become
sour and water-logged.

Propagation.— By cuttings, which are rather
difficult to root. They should be taken off in
spring, with a heel of the old wood, and inserted
in very sandy .soil in brisk bottom heat.

Soil.— Fibrous loam, peat, and leaf mould, with
sand, form a good compost.

Other Cultural Points.— In proportion to their
size rather small pots will do for Medinillas ; many
suffer from overpotting. Once in three years is
often enough to disturb established specimens,
although a top-dressing may be given annually.
The soil should be fairly firm. Plenty of light, a
high temperature, and a moist atmosphere are
requisite. Soot water is a capital stimulant.
Mealy bug is the worst insect pest, but occasionally
thrips are troublesome.

Principal Species and Variety : —
Curtisii, shr., wh., pur. ro. pk., in large pen-

anthers and coral red dent racemes.

flower-stems. — rubra, darker flowers.

magnifica, 3' to 4', My., Teysmaniiii, spr., ro. pk.

Other Species :—

(.«</«. amabilis).

javanensis, 4', win., shr.,
flesh pk.

sieboldiana, 4', win. , shr.,

wh., stamens pur.
speciosa, 2' to 3', Jy.,
crim.

MEDLAR.

Mespilus germanica (ord. Rosacete) from which
the Medlars have arisen, is a hardy, dwarf tree or
shrub with flowers of some beauty. Its growth is,
however, usually gnarled and twisted, and this
peculiarity is shared by the cultivated varieties.
After reaching maturity, the trees flower and fruit
pretty regularly, but the fruit is not in great request.
When fit to gather it is hard, and is stored until
decay has become advanced. This softening of
the flesh (bletting) takes from two to four weeks,
and the frnits remain eatable for a few weeks
longer. Budding and grafting are the methods of
propagation chiefly practised. The Pear, Quince,
and Whitethorn, as well as the seedling Medlar,
are used for stocks. Cleft grafting in April, and
shield budding, with dormant buds, in July, are
the methods favoured. The stock will require
close attention to disbudding after the union is
complete. Any loamy soil will do, and little prun-
ing is required beyond cutting out dead wood.
The fruit should be gathered about the end of
October, when it may be consigned to a cool cellar
or fruit room.

The flavour of a bletted Medlar is peculiar, and
the fruit is not likely ever to become popular.
Still, as a park and shrubbery tree the Medlar is
planted, and in most cases the fruit is really a
secondary object.

There are several sorts, but three only are worthy
of mention : —

Dutch. Fruit large ; eye
yery wide open. The
most common var.
(sym. Broad-leaved

Dutcli and Large
Dutch).

Nottingham. Fruit much
smaller than in the

poor in flavour, but
with long keeping
qualities.

Dutch, but more acid.
The best flavoured var.
of all.
Stoneless. Fruit small,

(For species, see MESPILUS.)

MEDLAR CLUSTER CUPS.

The red and orange pustules seen upon the leaves
of the Medlar and the Hawthorn are the work ot the
fungus Gymuosporangium confusum. The bust
method of dealing with the pest is to closely watch
the Junipers for infection, as one stage of the
fungus lives on these, and either excise the branches
attacked or uproot and burn the trees. Spraying
with potassium sulphide (see INSECTICIDES)
helpful.

MEGACARP^EA.

Coarse-growing herbs {ord. Cruciferse) with thick,
fleshy roots, white or violet flowers, and glaucous
leaves. They are of little value, but may be
increased by "seeds, and flourish in light, sandy
soil.

Principal Species : —

laciniata, 0" to 12", Je., Jy., hdy. per., yel.

MEGACARYON.

A coarse-looking herb (ord. Boraginea;), either
biennial or perennial. Propagation, by seeds sown
in spring or when ripe. Ordinary garden soil.

Only Species :—

orientale, 3' to 4', sum., hdy., ro. lil. (tyn. Echiuin
orientale).

MEGACLINIUM.

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacese),
characterised by a curiously flattened flower scape.
They are closely related to the Bulbophyllums, and
answer to the same cultural treatment. The
majority are curiosities. The pseudo-bulbs and
leaves are only a few inches in height.

Principal Species: —

Bufo, spr., st., br. , lip

pur.

Clarkei, spr., st., pur., br.
falcatum, spr., st., br.,

red, grn.

miuutum,spr.,st. ,maroon,

yel.
purpuratmn, spr., st. ,

yel. , spotted pur.
seaberulum, sum., warm

grh., pur., grn.

oxyodou, St., like falca-
tum (SI/K. Bulbophyl-
lumoxyodon).

pusillum, st., grn., pur.

triste, st., grn., spotted
blk.

Other Species : —

imschooiianum, st. , yel.,

gru., spotted br.
leucorhachis, st. , vel.
maximum, Je. , Jy. , st. ,

yel. , spotted red.
nummularia, st. , close to

minutum.

MEIRACYLIUM.

The principal species, Gemma; (syn. Sophronitis),
of this genus (ord. Orchidacere) has erect, fleshy
leaves and bright amethyst-lined flowers, pro-
duced in spring. It succeeds under the same
treatment as that accorded to Sophronitis, and may
be grown with it.

Medlar, British (see Mespilus).

Medlar, Japanese (see P/iotiniaja/xmiea}.

Medusa's Head (see Euphorbia Caput-Meausce).

Megacarplta (see Oxyanthus).

Megasea (see Saxifraga).

Meisteria (sec EnltiantJnis).

Melaleuca

65 )

Melasphserula

MELALEUCA.

There are about 100 species in this genus (nnl.
Myrtaceas), chiefly greenhouse evergreen trees or
shrubs. Propagation is by sliort cuttings of semi-
matured shoots under a bell-glass in May. Peat
and sandy loam, in equal parts, make an excellent
compost. The recommendations of the genus are
economic rather than decorative. The bark of
Leucadendron, the Cajeputi or Cajuput Tree, is jsed
by the Australian aborigines for making tinder,
and from the variety minor is obtained the volatile
Cajuput Oil, used internally as a stimulant, and
externally as a liniment.

Principal Species and Variety :—

Leueadeudrou, 1;V to 20', — minor, dwarfer.
st. , wh. in spikes.

Other Species : -

aTlnilluris, 6' to 8', Je.,

shr., wh.

coronata (see thymifolin).
decussata, 20', Aug., shr.,

lil.
diosmifolia, 3' to 10', Je. ,

shr., grn., yel.
Fraseri (fee st riata).
fulgens, 6' to 20', Jy.,

Sep., shr., sc.
genistifolia, 30' to 40', Je.,

red.
hypericifolia, 10' to 20',

Jy. , Aug., sc.
incana, 3', Jy., yel., wh.

pulchella, 2' to 3', Je.,

Sep., shr., red.
squamea, 4 , Je., shr.,

reddish pur., wh., or

yel.
sijuaiTosa, 6' to 10', Je.,

Aug., shr., yel., \vh.
striata, 4', Je., shr., pk.

("i/H. Fraseri of Mu-

ttimcal Magazine 3210).
styphelioides, 4' to 20',

My., Jy., shr., wh.
thymifolia, 2', Je., Sep.,

shr. ,pur. (KI/H . coronata) .
Wilsom, shr., red.

MELAMPODIUM.

An obscure genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy
herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Composita;), chiefly
from the warmer parts of America. Paludosum
(xi/m. divaricatum and ovalifolium) and perfolia-
tum have been introduced, but neither is of any
garden value.

MELAMPYRUM. (Cow WHEAT.)
Hardy annual herbs (ord. Scrophularinene) with
brightly coloured flowers. All are more or less
parasitic on roots of neighbouring plants, and seeds
may be sown in spring amongst short Grass.

Principal Species : —

arvense, 1* to 2', Jv.,
Aug. ro., vel. Britain.
Purple Cow- Wheat.

cristutum, 6" to 18", Sep.,

Oct., yel., tipped pur.
Britain.

pratense, 6" to 18", My.,
Aug., yel. Britain.
Yellow Cow Wheat.

MELANORRHCEA. (BLACK VARNISH
TREE.)

Tall-growing stove evergreen trees (ord. Ana-
cardiaceie), propagated by cuttings of the ripe
shoots in a close frame, in sand, in a brisk bottom
heat. Soil, sandy peat and loam in equal parts.
Usita yields the black varnish of commerce. The
tree is tapped, and the thick white juice thus
obtained is subsequently exposed to the air until
it turns black. It must be kept under water to
preserve it in condition.

Principal Species :—

u.-iia. Inn', si., red (.<//». usitatissima).

Mclanuhrymm (see fiazan.ia).

Metanocarjmm Sj/rvrei (xi-c flcurujtctahim cm-

tariff//. v}.
Melanoselinttm (see T/iajmia).

35

MELANTHERA.

Herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Compositic) of little
garden value and rarely grown. They may be
propagated by seeds and root division in spring
Ordinary soil.

Principal Species : —

deltoidea, 3', Jy., Aug.,
st., yel. («yn, Calea
aspera).

hastata, 3' to G', Je.. Jv.,
hlf-hdy., wh.

— • paudurata, Ivs. fiddle
shaped.

MELANTHIUM (syn. LBIMANTHIUM).
A small genus of hardy bulbs (ord. Liliaceas)
from North America. They are not much grown,

'

MELIANTHUS MAJOR («c p. 06)

and are of little worth. Propagation, by seeds
and offsets. Ordinary soil.

Principal Species : —

viiginloum, 3" to 5", Jy., cream, yel., br. (syn.
Helonias virginica of Jiatanieal Maga:ine 985).
Bunch Flower.

MELASMA (syns. GASTROMEKIA, LYNCEA,
and NIGRINA).

Roughly hairy herbs (ord. Scrophularinese)
needing a stove or greenhouse temperature, but
rarely, if ever, cultivated, and of no value.

MELASPH^ERULA (syns. ANGUSSA
and DlASlA).

The one species in this genus (ord. Irkleso) is a
pretty greenhouse bulbous subject, very free
flowering, and easy to grow. It may be placed
with the Ixias, and treated like them.

Melarhiza (sec M"i/i-t/iin].
Melasj>i>tfpa (see J

Melastoma

Melittis

Only Species : —

graminea, grh., Ap., wh., striped pur., Ivs. Grass-
like (syns. parviflora and Gladiolus gramineus).

MELASTOMA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (prd. Melastomacese),
chiefly o£ botanical interest. Few of the species
are in cultivation. Cuttings may be rooted in
sandy peat, in bottom heat, in spring. Soil, equal
parts of loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

caiididum, 4^', sum., pk. Sep., Oct., pur. (si/n.

sanguineum, 4' to 6', decemfidum).

Other Species :—

corymbosum, sum., pur. decemfidum (nee sanguiu-
(now Amphiblemma eum).
cymosum).

MELHANIA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs and sub-shrubs
(prd. Sterculiacese), of no value, and probably
not in cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings.

Principal Species : —

Erythroxylon, 15', Je., red (si/n, Trochetia

st., wh., changing to Erythroxylon).

pk. ; wood hard and Melanoxylon, 20', st.,
wh. ; flower Malva-
like.

M ELI A. (BEAD TREE.)

Stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy trees (prd.
Meliaceje), with white or purple flowers in large
panicles. Propagation, by cuttings of firm shoots
in sand under a bell-glass in bottom heat. A sandy
loam suits. While Melias have comparatively little
decorative value, with the exception of Azedarach
and its varieties, and japonica, they are interesting
because in Catholic countries the nuts are threaded
for " beads " on rosaries. Hence the name " Arbor
Sancta," which is sometimes used. The nuts have
a natural hole through the middle that renders the
threading easy.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Azedarach, 40', sum., • — umbraculiformis, of

lidy. in South of Eng- umbrella-like habit,

land, lil., Ivs. fragrant, japonica, 20' to 40', sum.,

ornamental (fyn. sem- hlf-hdy., lil., fragrant,

pervirens). According to Index

— floribunda, a florif erous Kewemis, this is a var.

var., blooms whilst of Azedarach).
very small.

Other Species : —

Azadirachta, 20', sum., dubia, 30', sum., st., wh.
st., bl. or pk. (syit. composita).

composita (see dubia). sempervirens (see Aze-

darach).

MELIANTHUS. (HONEY FLOWER.)
A small genus (ord. Sapindaceae) of greenhouse
or half-hardy herbs, usually strongly scented. Of
the four species, major is the only one that is well
known. It is frequently employed in sub-tropical
gardening, and its glaucous leaves are quite
distinct in hue from those of any other plant, save,
perhaps, the Eucalyptus. It also does well in the
conservatory. Propagation, by cuttings, which
root freely in a close frame, or by seeds. While
not truly hardy, except in very favoured spots in
the south of England, it will stand the winter out
of doors in all but very bleak spots if its roots are
protected with a few inches of dry litter. A light,
rich soil gives the best results.

Principal Species :—

major, 4' to 20', hlf-hdy., Ivs. glaucous, flowers
br., bushy, stems hollow. Honey Flower (see p. 65).

Other Species : —
comosus, 3' to a', aut., minor, 5', Aug., grh.,

grh., or. yel. (»,'/«. dark br.

minor of Botanical pectinatus, 6' to 10', win.,

Magazine 301). grh., sc. (*//«. trimen-

ianus).

MELICHRUS.

Two species of ornamental greenhouse shrubs
(prd. Epacrideas) from Eastern Australia. They
may be increased by 2" cuttings, taken from the
side shoots and rooted in sandy soil. Pot firmly
in sandy peat, with a few pieces of charcoal.

Only Species : —

medius (see urceolatus). urceolrtus, 2', Ap., sc.,

rotatus, Je., sc., a pro- an erect shr. (xyii.

cumbent shr. medius).

MELICOCCA.

A few species of stove trees (prd. Sapindacea;)
with edible berries of pleasant flavour. Uipened
shoots may be rooted in sand, under a bell-glass,
with bottom heat. Soil, loam and sandy peat in
equal parts.

Principal Species :—

bijuga, 40' to 50', st., yel.; berry as large as
a Bullace, blk., very sweet. Honey Berry, Genip
Tree.

MELILOTUS. (MELILOT.)

A rather large genus (prd. Legurninosoe) of hardy
herbaceous plants, with yellow or white flowers,
to which bees are partial. Propagation is by seeds
and root divisions. Any ordinary soil. They are
not of any special decorative value.

MELISSA.

Three or four species of hardy perennial herbs or
sub-shrubs (prd. Labiatie) possessed of a strong
essential oil. They have white or yellow flowers,
and are of easy culture in any fairly good garden
soil. The most important member of the genus is
officinalis, which has already been dealt with under
BALM.

Principal Species and Variety :—

officinalis, 2' to 4', Je., — variegata, a variegated

Oct. , hdy. , wh. or pale form occasionally used

yel. Britain. Common as an edging to flower

Bulm. beds.

MELITTIS. (BASTARD BALM.,
A handsome hardy perennial (ord. Labiatte),
indigenous to Britain. It may be increased by root
division after flowering is over. Any ordinary
garden soil will do, and the plant will thrive almost
anywhere. It makes a capital subject for the
margins of shrubberies, and is well deserving of a
place in the herbaceous border.

Only Species : —

Melissophyllum, 1' to 1J', My., creamy wh.,
spotted pk. Var. grandiflora has cream flowers
with a pur. red lip. (Melissophyllum of Thunberg
is Rehmannia chinensis.)

Melidora (in part, see Enkianthus).
Melilot (see Melilotvs).
Melinoipennitnt (see Itichilus).
Melinum (see Zizania}.
Melloca (see Ullueui).

Melocactus

( 67)

Melon

MELOCACTUS. (MELON THISTLE.)

Description. — Curious succulents (ord. Cacteae)
with globular, unbranched steins, regularly ribbed
from bottom to top. At the point where these
ridges meet is a cylindrical process known as the
"cap." The ridges and cap are spiny, and the
name " Melon Thistle " suggests at once this globu-
lar shape and spiny character. Few species are in
cultivation. Communis is the commonest, and even
this is often rather difficult to grow. All are found
naturally in very dry, rocky, or sandy tracts, and
under cultivation they must have a high tempera-
ture, a comparatively small quantity of soil of a
very porous nature, little water, and free drainage.
Damp, foggy winters are inimical to their health,
and even with the greatest care, deaths will occur
from too much moisture.

Propagation. — Grafting has been recommended
for Melocacti, Cereus peruvianus being the stock,
and the time in the warm weather. As the juicy
centre tissue of the scion contracts, and the tough
epidermis does not, it is necessary to pare off the
latter for at least 1" above the point of contact.
Increase may also be by seed, but this is often
difficult to obtain.

Soil. — Loam two parts, crushed bricks one part.

Other Cultural Points. — Newly imported stems
are occasionally lost through being given water
soon after arrival. They should be kept dry for
quite a fortnight. Rotten pieces should be cutback
to sound tissue, and the wounds exposed to the air
for a few days, to induce them to callus over.

Principal Species :—

communis, 1' to li', 12 to 20 ridges, ro. red.
Melon Cactus, Turk's Cap.

Other Species : —

(lepressus, Jy., ro.
Ellemetii, ro.

schlumbergianus, 6",
spines wh., blk. tipped.

Miquehi, 1' to 1J', oral.

There are a number of species in Continental
u;i n lens which, so far, are strangers to this country ;
nmcenus, goniodacanthus, humilis, Lehmanni, py-
ramidalis, and Zuccarinii are among them.

MELON.

The Melon (ord. Cucurbitaceje) differs from the
Cucumber in requiring a rather firmer soil, a
higher temperature, no shade except in its earliest
stages, and more air. Thus, while winter Cucum-
bers are obtainable, winter Melons are not; it
being difficult to give them the needful conditions.
Late crops of Melons, which ripen after the heat of
the sun has much declined, are seldom of good
quality. They are lacking in flavour, and rarely
" finish " properly, although they may be of lar°-e
size.

Soil.— A good, strong loam, inclining to be heavy,
is the best for Melons. The top spit from an old
pasture is excellent, but it should be stacked at
least six months before it is used. If it is very
heavy, an addition of one-fourth of leaf mould may
lie made, but care should be exercised in this
direction, or gross, succulent growth will be the
result. This applies to the fruiting plants. The

Melon Cm-til* (sec Melocactus eomnmnit).
Melon. Musk (»•<• Cucurlita mosi-hata)
Melon Pumpkin (see Cucurbita Pepo).
Melon Tliixtle (gee Melocaetus).
Melon, Water (see Citrullus rulgaris).

seed may be sown in a mixture of three-fourths of
loam and one-fourth of leaf soil.

Seed Sowing, and the Care of Young Plants.—
The ftrst batch of seed should be sown not later
than the middle of January. Small, well-drained
thumb pots may have one plump seed placed in
each, in the middle. The pots should be plunged
in a bottom heat of not less than 75°, with an
atmospheric temperature of 70°. In any lower
temperature, germination will be slow and un-
certain. Give air cautiously as the young plants
make their appearance ; then, just as the first
" rough " leaf makes its appearance, pot into
4J" pots. Little firming of the soil is needed
beyond a few smart taps upon the bench, and the
gentle pressure of the fingers. Return the plants,
to the case to give them a start. Planting in.
the fruiting quarters may follow when each plant,
carries two or three large leaves. It is a mistake-
to allow them to become pot-bound. From tha

How TO RAISE MELONS.

A, seed ; 6, embryo ; c, germinating. B, pot : rf crock •
e, rough soil ; /, flne soil ; g, seed ; *, covering; ;, space
for top.dres.smg. C, seedling top-dressed : ;, soil •
/. stem ; m, seed leaves ; n, rough leaf ; o, growiiig
point. C', seedling intended for a trellis, not to be
stopped. D, plant to be trained over a bed, stopped
(u). E, ready for planting : «,, *, laterals.

middle of January to the middle of July a sowing
may be made every three weeks, to keep up the
succession.

Culture in Houses.— The best Melons are grown
in pits or houses which enable the gardener to
walk underneath the plants. For early crops the
pits are usually "lean-to," or "three-quarter
span, facing south, and about W wide, made up
as to 2' 6" for the gangway, 3' for the back bed
(usually devoted to Cucumbers), and 4' «" for the
front bed, where the Melons are quartered. The
beds have brick sides, and pipes should run through
them to keep up a supply of bottom heat. There are
wider houses, and 12' is a common width. The plants
may be trained either to wires permanentlv fixed
to the roof, or to movable w1?£ trellises. The latter
are the better, for they rtffbid greater facilities for
cleaning the house 'aftier each crop. The beds
should be filled levS'to the top of the brickwork
with fermenting mat&lal ; stable litter and leaves
are an excellent mixture, as they give a brisk and
lasting heat. The litter should be turned twice or
thrice before being placed in the house, so
as to get rid of the noxious gases. It must be
trodden down very firmly in order to discount, as
far as possible, subsequent shrinkage. The soil

Melon

Melon

may be placed on the bed in a continuous ridge
near to the front of the house, or in isolated
mounds, one mound for each plant. Neither ridge
nor mounds should be less than 1' high ; soil may
be added afterwards as the roots come to the
surface. Also the soil should be in the house for
three or four days prior to planting, so that it may
get warm. It is courting failure to plant in cold
soil. There need be no hard-and-fast rule about
the distance that the plants are to be apart. Most
up-to-date cultivators, however, plant rather closely
—a single line, with the plants 9" asunder. Under
this system the trellis is covered quickly, and a
larger and more even crop of fruit is obtained. If
the plants are encouraged to make more growth, it
is difficult to obtain a simultaneous "set." Plant-
ing in double lines has gone out of favour. In
planting, the soil must be made very firm with a
rammer ; it can scarcely be too firm, unless it is
very wet and pasty. Shade for about a week after
planting.

Training.— Support the plants by a stake until
they reach the trellis, but do not take out the
points until they have climbed three-fourtlis of the
way up it. The tips of the lower laterals may be
pinched at the same time, and then the sub.laterals
from these, and the unpinched laterals higher up,
will be bearing female flowers at the same time.

Fertilisation.— Artificial pollination is always
necessary. The stamen-bearing flower, stripped of
its petals, should be thrust gently into the heart of
the flower which has a small fruit at its base.
The pollinated flower will soon close. Midday is
the best time, and a sunny day should be chosen,
the house having been kept rather dry during the
forenoon. In order to ensure an even set,
the blooms should all be pollinated on or about the
same date. Unless this is done, one or two big
fruits will "run away " from the rest, and the crop
will be uneven.

Swelling and Ripening.— As the thick, white
roots come through the soil, give top-dressings of
rich loam, making this firm, as before, with the
rammer. Liquid farmyard manure, and dustings
with Le Fruitier washed in with clean water, are
excellent when the fruits are as large as cricket
balls. Syringe twice on each bright day ; this
keeps down red spider, which is the pest most to
be dreaded. Shut up the house early in the after-
noon— never later than 3 p.m. in the height of the
summer— and do not let the night temperature fall
below 60° ; 65° to 70° can be easily maintained in
hot weather. Plenty of moisture must be kept
about until the fruit begins to ripen, when drier
conditions should prevail. The fruit should be
supported by pieces of flat board, 5" square, sus-
pended at the four corners, or by nets, from the
time it is about two-thirds grown, otherwise it
will fall before it is ripe. The knife should be
cautiously used upon Melons, pinching with the
finger and thumb being far safer. When it is
desired to ripen a few fruits quickly, however,
most of the stems may be cut away. The number
of fruits each plant is allowed to carry must
depend upon the size that is required. Two large
fruits can be had from each plant, or three or four
of medium size.

The Extension System.— As a rule, the plants
are destroyed after they have borne one crop, but
occasionally they are grown on to produce a second
and even a third. The one crop system is better,
although frequently healthy plants in September

may be induced to bear a few later fruits after the
first crop has gone, when there would not be time
to replant and finish an entirely new crop.

Melons in Pots. — Where a whole house cannot be
flevoted to Melons, part of the bed may be made
up, or a few plants may be grown in pots. Their
culture does not differ from that of the planted-
out specimens, except that with a less extensive
root run they will require more frequent watering.
A 12" pot is'a good size, and one plant only should
go to each pot. If desired, the pots may be
plunged in fermenting material, but it is not
essential.

Cultivation in Frames. — This is not so reliable
as culture in houses, but still excellent fruits are
grown. Beds of fermenting material are made up
as in the houses, mounds of soil are placed in, and
two plants allotted to each "light " of the frame.
The plants are stopped once, and two shoots from
each taken on, one to each corner of the frame.
Subsequently the routine of pollinating, pinching,
watering, and top-dressing is carried on as for the
plants in the houses. Syringing, too, is practised,
but not to so great an extent, as there is more
danger of rot and canker in frame plants.

In the Open Air. — Melons are not at all satis-
factory subjects outdoors in this country. It is
true that in hot summers the plants will fruit on a
south border, beneath the shelter of a wall, but
the fruits are not to be compared in flavour to
those obtained from houses and frames. Moreover,
the crop cannot be called a reliable one. The
plants should be started in hand-lights, which may
be removed when growth is being freely made.

Pests and Diseases. — Reel spider is the worst
insect pot ; it may be kept down by syringing. If
green or black fly 'causes trouble, the plants may be
fumigated lightly. Rotting off at the collar is the
most troublesome malady. To check it, dust the
affected parts with powdered lime and charcoal,
and do not water round the collars. A small
nematoid worm sometimes attacks the crops ; the
only remedy is to burn the affected plants, for the
worms are ensconced within the tissues, not
merely in the soil. The same rather drastic treat-
ment should be meted out for canker, whilst
sulphur should be burnt in the house and all walls
whitewashed before another crop is allowed inside.
A very destructive mildew, Peronospora (Plasmo-
para) cubensis, occasionally makes its appearance.
Spraying with Bordeaux Mixture or with sulphide
of potassium is the most effective check. Scrupu-
lous cleanliness in the houses is the best antidote
to fungoid pests.

Varieties :—

Varieties are legion, and yet the number of really
good sorts is small. A selection is given below.

Green Fleshed : —

Araberwood Beauty.
Best of All.

Scarlet Fleshed :—

Blenheim Orange.
Read's Scarlet Flesh.

White Fleshed:—
Ingestre Hybrid.

Far the Open Air ,•—
Open Air.

Hero of Lockinge.
Ringleader.
William Tillery.

Scarlet Premier.
Sutton's Al.

Ne Plus Ultra.
The Countess.

Melothria

(69)

Menziesia

MELOTHRIA.

Climbing herbs (an/. Cucurbitaceas), needing a
stove heat. They may be raised from seeds, and
grown in rich loamy soil in the same way as the
tropical Gourds (see GouiiDS). They are un-
common, and chiefly found in botanic establish-
ments.

Principal Species : —
abyssinica, per., yel. , peudula, aim., yel., fruits

small, fruits or., round. ovate globular,

heterophylla, Iv*. grii., puuctata, Ivs. grn., wh.
margined silver, tuber- dotted (si/us. Zelmeria

i ins rooted: a pretty cl. suavis and scabra, and

(.«<//(. Zelmeria hastata). Pilogyue suavis).

MEMECYLON (syn. SCCTULA).

A large genus of trees and shrubs J(ord. Me-
lastomaceje), whose qualifications are wholly
economic. Some of the species yield valuable dyes,
and rdule has edible but rather astringent berries.
The plants are not cultivated in Britain, and are
not likely to be. The flowers are white or light blue.

MENISCIUM.

A small genus of handsome stove Ferns (ord.
Filices), wliose strong point is their beautiful
venation. With the exception of simplex, which is
suitable for small Wardian cases, they are all of
vigorous habit, and in a state of nature are found
on the borders of streams. They do best when
treated as sub-aquatics, although the water must
not be stagnant. Propagation is usually effected
by division of the crowns in spring, the divisions
being started into growth in a close case, but
spores also germinate freely, and there is no diffi-
culty in working up a stock in this way. Loam
and fibrous peat in equal parts, with a few pieces
of broken bricks or charcoal, suit them well.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
angustifolium, fronds H' simplex, barren fronds (>"

to '2' long. to 9" long, fertile ones

reticulatum, fronds 2' to smaller, rootstock creep-

4' loug, pinnate. Ma- ing ; good for case.

crophyllum and oligo- Thwaitesii, fronds 8" to

phyllum are two well 10" long.

marked vars. triphyllum, fronds 6" to

fierratum, fronds 3' to 4' 8" long.

long (si/ a. palustre).

Other Species : —
deltigerum (now Acros- gigauteuin, fronds 1^' to

ticmim virens). 2' long ; rare in culti-

vation.

MENISPERMUM. (MOONSEED.)
Climbing deciduous shrubs (ord. Menisperm-
ace«), not at all well known. They may be
increased by root division and by cuttings in
spring. A good loamy soil will do. Canadense is
an excellent subject for clothing a damp and shadv
wall.

Principal Species : —

dauricura, 9', Je., yel.,
wh., Ivs. smaller than
those of canadense.

canadense, sum. , hdy, ,
yel., Ivs. large and
shield-shaped.

MENTHA. (MINT.)

A large genus of plants (ord. Labiatrc), princi-
pally hardy and herbaceous in their habit, and
well known from their aromatic odour, and the
culinary uses of some of the species. Those
most in use are piperita, the Peppermint ; viridis,
the Spearmint (see MINT) ; and Pulegium, the
IVnnyroyal (see PENNYROYAL). Only a few are

Meniocns (see Alyxsum).

ornamental in the garden, but Requieni is a
neat rockery plant, and rotundifolia variegata is a
pretty variegated form ; while Pulegium gibral-
tarica is used for carpet bedding. Propagated by
division or by cuttings in autumn or early spring,
and grown in any ordinary moist soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aquatica, 1', sum., pur. piperita, 2', aut., pur.

(SI/HX. citrata and odo- Pulegium, 4", Aug., pur.

rata). Bergamot Mint. — gibraltarica, dwarfer

— citrata, a smooth fra- and more compact. Gib-
grant, rare var. Ber- raltar Mint.

gamot Mint. viridis, 2', Aug., pur.

— crispa, Ivs. crisped.

Other Species :•—

arveusis, 9", Aug., pur. sub-species or var. of

cauadensis, 1', Jy., pur. aquatica.

gentilis, 1', Jy., pur. Requieni, 1", Jy,, creep-

— crispa (sijns. dentata ing, pur. (syn. Thymus
and pratensis crispa). corsicus).

— variegata, Ivs. varie- sylvestris, 1', Jy., pur.
gated. (sijits. iucana and lavan-

hirsuta, 1', sum., pur. A dulacea).

MENTZELIA.

Hardy annual, biennial or perennial herbs (ord.
Loaseas), with white or orange flowers. The Bar-
tonias are now included with the Mentzelias (see
BARTONIA for cultural details). The correct name
of the plant spoken of as Bartouia aurea is Ment-
zelia Lindleyi.

Principal Species : —
gronoviatfolia, 1', sum., sum., hdy. ann. (syn.

hdy. ami., yel. (syiis. Bartouia aurea).

Eucnide and Micros- omata, 2', Sep., hdy. ann.,

perrna bartonioides,aud wh. (syn. Bartonia de-

Ment/elia Bartonia). capetafa of Botanical

Lindleyi, 8" to 12", spr., Magazine 1487).

Other Species : —
hispida, H', Je., Jy.,hdy. larvicaulis, 2', sum., hdy.

per., yel. bien., yel.

oligosperma, 2', My., Je.,
hdy. per., yet

MENYANTHES. (BUCK BEAN, Boa
BEAN.)

Several plants formerly included in this genus
(ord. Gentianeje), will be found under LIMXAN-
TREMUM and VILLARSIA. Trifoliata, the only
member of the genus now, is a pretty native, pro-
cumbent, bog plant, with lovely fringed white
flowers, produced in May. It may be planted in
a bog. or close to the edge of a pond.

MENZIESIA.

Hardy, Heath-like shrubs (ord. Ericaceae), from
North America and Japan. They are not difficult
to grow, and thrive in rock gardens or in borders
if given a rather moist, peaty soil. In most cases,
therefore, it is necessary to prepare the positions
for them. They may be increased by dividing the
strongest tufts in spring, but the operation must
be cleanly performed ; also by cuttings beneath a
hand-glass, and by layers.

Principal Species :—

ferruginea, G", My., br. pk. (.«/«. ferruginea

globularis, 2' to a', My., globularis).

Other Species : —
cooruleaof Sweet, 2', My., empetrifornuVHotcBryan-

lil. (*//«. Bryanthus thus empetnformis).

taxifolius, by Index glabella, early sum., pur.

KewuiKix). polifolia (see Daboecia

polifolia).

Me ratio (see ChinuHumthvt).

Mercurialis

(70)

Mesem bry antfiemum

MKRCURIALIS. (MERCUKY.)
A small genus of herbaceous plants (ord. Eu-
phorbiacese) of no decorative value. Annua and
perennis are troublesome British weeds, and the
latter, the Dog's Mercury, has very poisonous pro-
perties. Cattle, however, will eat it, and deaths
from this cause are constantly occurring. For this
reason, if for no other, it should be pulled up from
the hedgerow, where it chiefly exists, whenever it is
seen.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM TIGKINUM (see p. 71).

MERENDERA.

Hardy bulbs (ord. Liliacese), closely allied to
Colchicum, and needing the same treatment.

Principal Species and Varieties:—

Bulbocodimn. 3" to 4", Eichleri, close to cau-
casica, but segments of
flower have appendages
(nyn. Colchicum Eich-
leri).

persica, Nov., hdy., lil.,
fragrant, 1-J" to 2"
across (syn. Aitchisoni
of JSotanieal Magazine).

aut., hdy., ro. lil. (tyn.

Colchicum moiitanum) .
— bulbocodioides, larger

flowers, and a stronger

grower,
qaucasica, 3", My., hdy.,

ro., pur.

Other Species and Varieties :—
Aitchisoni (see persica). sobolifera,3",spr., lil., re-

caucasica ruthenica (now ferred to Colchicum

Bulbocodiuni' rutheni- procurrens by some bo-

cum or B. vemum ver- tanists.

sicolor) .

MERIANIA (s.yre. DANYA). (JAMAICA ROSE.)
Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Melastomaceae) from

the West Indies and Tropical America. They may

be treated like the Melastomas.

Principal Species : —

lebcantha, 30', wh., crim. to ro., base pur. ; a
shrubby tree (syn. rosea).

Other Species :—

Karstenii, sum., shr., deep red.

MERTENSIA.

Pretty herbaceous plants (ord. Boraginese),
generally hardy, and liking a rather peaty soil

Mercury (see MerouriaKs}.
Meriana (of Trev, see Watsonia).
Meriana (of Vellozo, see Eroh'iihts).

in slight shade, although they will grow in any
common soil. Propagation, by division in spring
or early autumn.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
pulmonarioides, U', My., sibirica, H', My., pur. bl.

pur. bl. (SI/H. yirginica). — alba, wh.

Virginian' Cowslip. — atro-caerulea, dark bl.

Other Species : —

alpiua, 6" to 10", My.,
pale bl.

dahurica, 9", Je., bl.

lanceolata, 6" to 1', My.,
bl. (syii. alpina of Bo-
tanical Mayftzhtc 6178).

maritima, Jy., procum-

bent, bl. (syn. Pulmon-

aria maritima) . Oyster

Plant.

oblougifolia, 9", spr., bl.
paniculata, H', Jy., pur.

bl. (syn. Pulmouaria

paniculata).
priinuloides, 9", spr., bl.

MERULIUS. (DRY ROT FUNGUS.)
The fungus which generally causes dry rot is
Merulius lacrymans, and it is a troublesome pest
once it has got a footing in the woodwork of glass
or dwelling houses. The mycelium of the fungus
breaks down the tissue of the wood, and spreads
in large, dark coloured patches, which have the
power of attracting moisture. It spores freely
and spreads rapidly unless combated. Soaking
the woodwork with a strong solution of corrosive
sublimate, or sulphate of copper, is effective, but
as well seasoned wood is less liable to be attacked
than green, badly seasoned timber, it will be well
to employ the former only in greenhouse construc-
tion.

MERYTA.

A small genus (ord. Araliaceoe) of trees from the
Antipodes. They are seldom grown, but may be
treated like Aralias.

Principal Species : —
Deuhamii, 30' to 40', grh.,

Ivs. dark grn., lighter

veins (nyii. Aralia reti-

culata) .
latifolia, 50' to 60', Mch.,

grh., grn., yel., in

clusters.
Sinclairii, 30", Ivs. large

and oval, very scarce,
souchifolia, st., Ivs. dark

grn., wh. spotted.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. (Fie
MARIGOLD, NOON FLOWER.)

Description. — Interesting, and often beautiful,
rather fleshy plants (ord. Ficoidere) of herbaceous
or shrubby habit, and generally needing greenhouse
protection, although a few will live outdoors in
dry, sunny positions in the south. The flowers are
very brilliant, but the plants ought always to be
grown in full sun to show these properly. Cordi-
folium variegatum i.s a fine plant for bedding,
and crystallinum is much used for garnishing.

Propagation. — By cuttings of pieces pulled off
with a heel and laid on damp sand in the sun
under glass; also by seeds, sown in spring in a
greenhouse. Cuttings of cordifolium variegatum
should be inserted in ordinary soil and kept in dry
heat.

Soil.— Loam, sand, leaf soil or decayed manure
with a little lime rubbish will grow the Mesem-
bryanthemums well.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
acinaciforme, Aug., red; — alba, wh.

trailer. — rosea, pk.

caudens, Je., wh., pk. ; coccineum, 1', Jy., sc.

trailer. conspicuum, 1', Aug., red.

Mertemna, (of Wildenorv, see Glcichenia).
MesecJiites (see Eclntes).

Mespilus

( 71

Metrosideros

pyropeum, the correct
name, according to
some authorities, of tri-
color.

spectabile, 1', My., red.

tigriuum, 4", Aug., yel.
(we p. 70).

tricolorum, 6", My., ann.,
pk. (si/n. tricolor of
Willdeuow, see figure).

— album, wh.

cordil'olium, My., ann.,
pk. ; trailer.

- variegatum, a fine
plant for bedding.

crystalliuum, My., wh. ;
trailer. Ice Plant.

densum, Je., pk. ; trailer.

edule, li", Jy., yel. Hot-
tentot Fig.

floribundura, 6", My.,
pale red.

fonnosum, 1', Aug., pur.

Other Species : —

adscendens, 3', Aug., yel. falciforme, H', Jy.,pk.
aequilaterale, 9", sum., gemiuiflorum, l',My., pk.

wh., pur. (.S//H. Rossii). -•-•- .1— • -i — n' T_ ..i.
agnimmi, 3', Sly., yel.
albidum, 6", Jy., yel.
albinotum, 2", Sep., yel.
aurantiacum, 1-J', Je., or.
aureum, 1', Mcli., or.
australe, 6", Jy., pk.
barbatum, 9", Jy., pk.

Bolusii, yel., red.
Brownii, 1', Jy., pur.,

yel. (xyn. micans of

gardens).

caulesceus, H', My., red.
Cooperi, 3", sum., "pur.
crudatum, 3", Je., yel.
curium, 1', Je., wh.
curvirlorum, 'i' , Je., wh.,

ro. (ay H. curvifolium).
deltoides, H', My., pk.
diversifolium, 1', My., yel.
echmatum, t>", Aug., yel.
elegans, My., pur.

iuclaudens, K', Je., pk.
Imguiforme, 6",Jy.,yel.
lupinum, 2' , Jy., yel.
micans, 2{', Jy., sc.
luiuutum, 4", Oct., pk.

(.<>/>/. nuciforme).
multiflorum, 2', Jy., wh.

K..I IM i m.i. . , t/j.,|jn. obcordellum, K', Je., wh.

blandum, 1', Je., wh., ro. polyanthou, 2', Jy., pk.

(xi/ti. imbricans).
pomeridianum, 1', Aug.,

ami., yel.
pugiouifonne, 1', Aug.,

yel.

rostratum, 3", Ap., yel.
serrulatum, 6", Xov., pk.
striatum, 10", My., red.
sulcatum, 2', Aug., wh.
teuuifoh'um, 1', Je., red.
uncatum, 3", Aug., yel.,

red.
uucinatum, 2', Aug.,hdy.,

red.
violaceuni, 2', Jy., pur.

MESPILUS. (MEDLAH.)

The Mespiluses, which are hardy deciduous trees,
now referred to Pyrus (ord. Rosaceaj), are best
known by the common Medlar, germanica, from its
edible fruits, which, when in a partial state of de-
cay or " bletted," are sometimes eaten with sugar.
They are propagated by seeds, budding, or graft-
ing, and grow best in a rather moist loam. See
also Medlar.

Principal Species :—

germanica, 10' to 20', My.
wh. (SI/HS. domestica
and Tulgaris, correctly
Pyrus germanica).

Common Medlar.

MESUA.

Stove evergreen shrubs and trees (ord. Gut-
tiferae) with large, solitary, axillary flowers. Prop-
agation, by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, in
sand, in bottom heat, in May, and by seeds in
March and April. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand. The timber of ferrea is very
hard and close-grained.

Principal Species : —

ferrea, 40', Jy., Aug., wh., fragrant.

METALASIA.

Small, erect-growing, greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Composite), confined to South Africa. They are
of no value, and although a few species have, from
time to time, been introduced, they are probably
all out of cultivation.

Metacliilum (see Appendicula).

Smithii, 20', My., wh.
(»y». M. grandiflora,
correctly Pyrus lobata).

METRODOREA.

The only species of Metrodorea (ord. Rutaceae)
is a stove shrub, propagated by cuttings in heat,
and thriving in a compost of equal parts of loam
and sandy peat. It is of no decorative worth, and
even its name scarcely belongs to it, for, according
to Bentham and Hooker and the Index Kewems'is,
atropurpurea should be Esenbeckia nigra.

Only Species : —

atropurpurea, 5' , st., pur. (correctly Esenbeckia
nigra).

METROSIDEROS. (IBONWOOD, BOTTLE
BRUSH.)

Description. — Usually showy greenhouse ever-
green shrubs or trees, with dense inflorescences.
Scandeus is suitable for greenhouse walls in this
country. The New Zealand robusta attains a great
height in its native habitat, and an interesting ac-
count of its mode of growth as an epiphyte is given
by Mr. James H. Veitch in his " Traveller's Notes."

Propagation. — By seeds, or by cuttings of small
side shoots under a bell-glass in a cool, close pit
or frame in spring.

Soil. — Good loam and peat in equal parts, with
some silver sand and small pieces of broken pots.

MESEMBKYANTHBMUM TRICOLORUM.

Other Cultural Points.— A winter temperature
of from 35" to 45° is the most suitable ; they must
not be kept close in summer, but have the wood
thoroughly ripened.

Principal Species : —
angustifolia, 20', yel.
noribunda (now Callis-

temoii salignus).

It grows to 12' or more
on stems of Dicksonia

robusta, ,V, My., red

(ni/ti. florida).
scandens, 5', Aug., wh.

squarrosa.

tomentosa, 30', Jy., crim.
vera, 20', Ap., yel., grn.

Metaxya (see Cyathea).
Metltonica (see GloriosaY

Metroxylon

Michaelmas Daisy

METROXYLON (syn. CARLISTEMON AND

ASGOPHOBA).

Stove Palms (ord. Palma;) whose trunks contain a
great deal of pith, from which the Sago of commerce
is prepared, the species Rumphii and l;eve being
the chief contributors. Propagation is by seeds
and suckers. A sandy loam is the best soil, and a
strong heat is required. Metroxylon of Sprengel
is a synonym of Raphia.

Principal Species : —

keve I Sago pro- vitieuse, Ivs. pinnate,

Rumphii ] ducers. prickly.

Other Species : —

elatum of gardens (now elatum of Martius (now
Heterospathe elata). Pigafetta elata).

METTERNICHIA.

Two or three species of stove evergreen trees
(ord. Solanaceai), of similar habit to Bruafslsia,
with showy flowers and shining leaves. Seeds nwy
be sown in spring in light, sandy soil. The older
plants like a compost of loam, leaf soil, and peat,
in equal proportions, with sand.

Principal Species :—

principis, 3', Aug., wh., a neat and pretty plant.

MEUM.

A pretty, tufted, hardy perennial (ord. Umbel-
lifers) with aromatic foliage. It is not commonly
cultivated, but may be easily increased by division,
in spring, and will do in any ordinary garden soil.
It is useful in the border, the rock garden, or on
dry, sloping banks.

Principal Species : —

athamanticum, 1' to 2', My., hdy., wh., Ivs. very
feathery.

MEZEREON (w DAPHNE).

MICE.

There are two kinds of mice doing damage in
gardens — the Vole, or Short-tailed Field Mouse
(Arvicola arvalis), and the Long-tailed Field Mouse
(Mus sylvaticiis). Both of these are plentiful and
destructive. The Vole has a much shorter tail, a
rounder head, and shorter ears than the Long-
tailed Field Mouse ; moreover, its fur has a notice-
able chestnut tinge.

In the vegetable garden, mice are very destructive
amongst newly sown Peas and Beans, and if many
of them are present they will quickly spoil the
chances of a crop. Sprinkling the seed with oil or
water and rolling in red lead prior to sowing is
commonly practised as a deterrent, and this method
is to be recommended as both safe and expedi-
tious. Occasionally the rodents turn their attention
to young seedling plants of various kinds, and then
there is nothing for it but to trap them. In
Mushroom houses they are often a nuisance,
particularly when these houses adjoin stokeholes
or heated sheds of any kind. They are likewise
partial to ripe Grapes and Nuts.

It is amongst bulbs generally, however, that the

Metroxylon (of Sprengel, see Raphia).

Mexican Lily (see Hippeatstrum He/jintf).

Mexican Poppy (see Argemone}.

Mexicail Tea (see Chenopodivm amlirosioides).

Mexican Thistle (see Cnicus).

Mei/enia (of Nees, see Tliunbergia).

Meynia (of Roxburgh, see Vangucria).

depredations of Voles are most to be feared.
Not only do they attack the bulbs in the open
border, but they are very fond of nibbling those
that are pot ted "up in the autumn for forcing. It
has been said that a layer of coal ashes is an
efficient protection against mice, but cases fre-
quently occur where the bulbs have been attacked
whilst yet in the plunging beds. Traps should be
set wherever the presence of mice — and they
generally betray themselves by their odour — is
suspected. The ordinary wood and wire cage trap
is excellent, and a piece of toasted cheese is a good
bait. A small break-back trap, which will cost
about threepence, is even better, and a few pieces
of Quaker Oats are an irresistible attraction.
These traps can easily be set in sheds, Mushroom
houses, and cold frames where bulbs are stored.

'-„/-•/,

MlCONIA HOOKEHIANA (si/ll. PULVEKULEXTA, 166 J). 73).

In the open garden, (he well-known "Figure
Four " trap is a capital home-made contrivance,
and it will be well to keep four or five of these
traps set along each row of Peas and Beans. The
aid of the much abused cat may be invoked for
the outdoor garden, and in .storehouses and vineries
emptied of pot plants. A tame owl is, however,
easily worth three or four cats, and as far as can
be ascertained does po damage whatever.

Poisons of various kinds may be laid down, but
only in places where children and domestic animals
have no access. Phosphorus paste, mixed with
a little lard and flour to disguise it, is a sufficiently
deadly compound, and strychnine, arsenic, and
white Hellebore are also employed occasionally.
It is not desirable to enlist the aid of these
virulent poisons except as a last resource. Two or
three poisoned mice may make a stove room or
greenhouse smell very disagreeably.

MICHAELMAS DAISY (see AS-
TER).

MICHAELMAS DAISIES (PERENNIAL ASTERS'

1, NOVI-DELGM MRS. MARSHALL ; 2, NOV>£-ANGLIX£ PULCHELLUS ; 3, NOV/E-ANGLI-C RUCRA ; 4, AMELLUS

10

Michauxia

( 73)

Microglossa

MICHAUXIA (syii. Mixmoi).

Ornamental biennial or perennial plants (ord.
Campaniilaceje), which are of good effect in the
mixed border. Propagated by seeds sown under
glass in sprint; and afterwards planted out in the
open, in any good garden soil. Tchihatcheffii is a
shy bloomer.

Principal Species : —
campauuluides, 4', Jy., sum., wh. (xyns. decaii-

I'irn., wh. (xynx. iiova dra and dodecandra).

and strigosa). Tdiihatcheffii, 6', sum.,

l;rvigata, 3' and upwards, wh. (syn. columnaris).

MICHELIA.

Stove or greenhouse evergreen trees or shrubs
{ord. Magnoliacese). The flowers are smaller than
those of Magnolias. Cuttings of semi-matured
shoots may be rooted in sand, in heat, under a
bell-glass. Sandy loam and leaf mould in equal
parts suit.

Principal Species : -

Champaca, 30' to 40', st., graut when the sun is

yel., sweet scented by on the flowers (>yn.

day, foetid by night. Magnolia fuscata).

fuscata,2'to6',grh.,sum., lanugiuosa, 12', spr., st.,

pur., yel., more fra- pale yel.

MICONIA.

A large genus (ord. Melastomacea:) of stove
trees and shrubs. Many of them have handsome
foliage, but few are grown in this country. Cut-
tings may be rooted in brisk bottom heat,' in peat,
in a close propagating case, in spring. Soil, loam
and peat in equal parts, with plenty of sand and a
few pieces of charcoal.

Principal Species : —

flammea, large, rugose,
glossy grn. Ivs., stem
hairy ; a good foliage
plant*

hookeriana, olive grn.
Ivs., silvery mid-rib
(xyit. pulverulenta of
ISnliniii'iil MiKiazmo
•Hll) (seep. 72). '
Other Species : —

stiimmea, wh. («/«. teys-
manniaua).

teysmauniana (tee stam-
inea).

— trifasciata, Ivs. with
three silvery ribs,
flowers wh.

maguih'ca, Ivs. large, ru-
gose, bronze grn., br.,
ribs prominent, stem
hairy. This plant is at
its best when about H"
to '2' high.

velutina, Ivs. dark grn.
and wh. above, pur.
beneath. A var. of
magnifiea, according to
Rodigas.

MICRANTHUS.

Greenhouse plants (ord. Iridese), with scaly
corms. They answer to the same treatment as the
Watsonias. The Micranthus of Wendland is a
synonym of Phaylopsis, and that of Loudon is
referred to Mucuna.

Only Species :—
tistulosus, Je., wh. (tyns. plantagineus, 6" to 12",

Ixia and Watsouia fis- Je., wh. (ttyn», Wat-

tulosa). sonia compacta and

plantaginea).

MICROCACHRYS.

A greenhouse evergreen shrub (ord. Conifera), of
prostrate and moon-branched habit. It is endemic

Michtiiucia (of Jfecker, see Mellmnia).
Micrandra (see Hevea}.
Micranthella (see Tibonchina).
Micranthera (see Toromita).
Mtcrantlnti (of Wendland, see Pkaylopsl*).

to the Tasmania!! mountains, is rarely grown in
this country, although it is very pretty, and may
be treated as the Dacrydiums.

Only Species :—
tetragona. The female plants bear small bright-red

cones. Strawberry fruited Cypress of Tasmania.

MICROCOCCUS.

A genus of microscopic Fungi belonging to
the Schizomycetes, or Fission Fungi. This group
has come into unenviable notoriety of late
years, as it has been proved that many diseases
which attack both plants and animals, including
man, are due to their influence. They are closely
allied to the Bacteria. Of the species which are
hurtful to plants, amylovorus is the cause of the
Pear Blight, and, so far, the only cure seems to be
the excision and destruction of the affected parts.
(For further particulars, see PEAR BLIGHT.) The
cells of Micrococcus are round or oval, and have
no powers of locomotion, as is the case witli the
Bacteria. They propagate by cell division.

MICROCYCAS.

The one species of Microcycas (ord. Cycadacese)
was until recently placed with the Zamias. It may
still be treated like them, only the name being
altered.

Only Species : —
calocoma, fronds 3' long, slightly hairy (syn. Zamia

calocoma).

MICRODON.

An obscure genus of South African shrubs (ord.
Selaginea?) of no value to gardeners. Two or
three species have been introduced, but they are
very rarely, if ever, cultivated, and need scarcely
be described or treated culturally.

MICROGASTER.

Parasitic insects of the Braconida?, a section of
the Ichneumons. All of them are small, and
although often of bright colours— black, red, or
yellow— might easily be passed unnoticed. The
Microgasters are all parasitic upon the larvas of
butterflies and moths, and are thus friends, rather
than foes, to the gardener. The most useful species
is glomeratus, whose larvse prey upon the Cater-
pillars of the White Cabbage Butterfly. For a
long time the parasite does not seem to adversely
affect the health of its host, but the death of the
latter is the ultimate result. The larva of glomer-
atus is oval, yellow, and has a silky covering ;
these cocoons may often be seen in groups, 1"
across, covering the bodies of dead caterpillars.
The perfect insect is black, with yellow body and
legs, and four transparent wings.

MICROGLOSSA (syn. FBIVALDIA).

Six species of shrubs (ord. Composite), chiefly
from the warmer parts of Asia and Africa. Albes-
cens, probably the only species that has yet been
introduced, may be propagated by seeds or by root
division. It is hardy, and will do in almost any
soil.

Principal Species : —

albescens, hdy., pale bl. or wh. (syiu. cabulica and
Aster albescens).

Microchilns (see Physurui).
Mirnyenete* (nee Phacelia).
Miirufloniiim (see Tricliomanes).
Mii-rogramme (see Polyjiocliitm).

Microlepia

(74)

Mignonette

MICROLEPIA (see DAVALLIA).

MICROLICIA.

A large genus (ord. Melastomaceas), but horti-
•cnlturally a worthless one. Most of the species are
•erect stove shrubs.

MICROLOMA.

Stove evergreen twining shrubs (ord. Asclepi-
adese) from the Cape. The flowers are bright-hoed,
but small, and the plants are rarely grown. Small
side shoots may be rooted in sand, in bottom heat,
in April. Soil, loam and leaf mould in equal parts,
with one-fifth sand.

Principal Species : —
lineare, Jy., st., blood red. sagittatum, st., Jy., sc.

MICROMERIA (syns. PIPBEELLA, SAB-
BATIA, and TBNDANA).

Hardy or half-hardy shrubs or herbs (ord. Labi-
atse). There are many species, but only a few are
of any value. Those named are all pretty, hardy,
rockery plants. Propagation is by cuttings, and
the soil should be fairly light and rich.

Principal Species : —

croatica, sum., ro., vio. Piperella, 3", Aug., Oct.,
graeca, je., sub-shr., pk., sub-shr., pk. This

fragrant. species is not quite hdy. ,

Juliana, shr., pale red, and needs a little pro-

yery small. tection in cold districts

in winter.

MICROMYRTUS.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Myrtaceas), all from
Australia. Very few of the species have been
introduced ; probably microphylla is the only one,
and even it is rare. Propagation, by ripe or partly
ripe shoots, in a close frame. Soil, sandy loam
•two parts, leaf mould one part.

Principal Species :—

microphylla, wh., small ; a much branched shr.

MICROPHCENIX.

Two hybrids only have so far been described
-and placed in this genus (ord. Palmse), and they
may be given the same treatment as Phoenix, to
which the genus is closely related.

Hybrids : —

decipiens. According to was raised by a grower
Carriere this name was at Hyeres.

given by Naudin to the Sahuti (M. decipiens X
result of a cross be- Trachycarpus excelsa),

tween Phosnix dactyli- foliage of decipiens, and

f era and C'hamserops vio. petioles of T. excel -
humilis. This hybrid fa).

MICROSERIS (st/ns. BELLABDIA, CALAIS,
LEPIDONEMA, and UROPAPPUS).

Greenhouse or hard}', annual or perennial herbs
•(ord. Composite), of no garden value, with the
possible exception of Lindleyi. This hardy, yellow
annual has been introduced, but is probably now
lost to cultivation.

MICROSTYLJS (sym. ACHROANTHES,

CBEPIDIUM, and PEDILEA).
Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas),
.allied to Malaxis. The culture closely approaches

Micromeles (see Pyrui).
Mit.ropera (see Sarcochilus).
Micropetalon (see Stellaria).
JUicropiper (see Peperomia).
Microsperma (see Mentzelia).
Microitepldum (see Cryptostemma).

to that given to the deciduous Calanthes, viz. plenty
of water, and a decided rest in winter. Fibrous
peat and live sphagnum form a good compost.
Drainage must be liberal.

Principal Species : —

calophylla, 9", sum., yel., macrochila, 15", sum.,

greenish br. yel., lip reddish pur.,

congesta, 12", sum., gru., relatively large.

yel, Fusca (\y. tri- metallica, 9", sum., ro.

lobulata) is a pur. pur., yel., Ivs. gru.

var. above, ro. beneath,

discolor, 9", sum., yel., purpurea, 9", sum., yel.,

or., Ivs. reddish pur., pur., Ivs. dark crim.

margined grn. A upper surface, reddish

singularly beautiful grey lower,

species. Scottii, 6", sum., yel.

josephiaua, 12", spr.,yel. , Walh'chii, 9", sum., grn.,

relatively large. yel., or pur., Ivs. gru.,

Lo wii, pur. , Ivs. dark sometimes shaded pur.

metallic br., striped wh.

Other Species : -

chlorophrys, pur. ventilabrum, yel.

histionautha, brownish versicolor, 1', Je. , Oct.,

grn. flowers various,

plantaginea, pur. (si/n.

bella).

MIGNONETTE. (RESEDA ODOEATA.)

Description. — The Mignonette (ord. Resedacea;)
is such a favourite where sweet-smelling flowers
are appreciated, that it would be a waste of space
to describe its characteristics. Every garden
should possess it, treated as an annual in the
borders or beds, and grown in pots under glass.
Trained as " Tree Mignonette " it is decorative, and
is much appreciated by some.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown as directed for
the several uses.

Soil. — A good loamy soil is preferred by Mignon-
ette outdoors, and in light and poor soils manuring
with well-decayed cow manure is necessary to
obtain good results. In poor or very dry soils the
seeds often fail to germinate well.

Mignonette in Borders.— Sowings should be made
where the plants are to bloom, at intervals from
the end of April to early in July, so as to have a
succession of flowers. Thinning out 'ought to be
early attended to. Water frequently in dry
weather.

In Pots. — For early bloom sow thinly in March
and onwards in good, loamy soil, thinning out the
plants well. For autumn and winter bloom to
succeed outdoor flowers, sow at the end of August
and in September in a cold frame, having three
or four plants in a 5" pot, afterwards removing the
pots to a light, airy greenhouse, near the glass, with
a temperature of 50° to 55". Ventilation must be
given on every possible occasion, or the plants will
be very weak.

In Tree Form. — Sow the seeds very thinly in 3"
pots in soil composed of one part of decayed cow
dung and two parts of good mellow loam, to which
has been added some sand and finely sifted mortar
rubbish. Grow as directed for pot cultivation, but
eventually leave only the strongest plant in each
pot, supporting it by a stick to keep it straight.
As growth proceeds, pinch off the side shoots at
the second joint. Some of these side shoots may be
gradually removed as the plant gains vigour.
When the small pots are filled with roots give a

Midnapore Creeper (see Rii-ea hypocrateriformis}.
/ia (see Arundinaria).

Mikania

Mildew

shift, this process being repeated as the roots
require fresh feeding ground, though it should not
be done after the end of September.

Varieties s— -

Tliere are now many vars., including some with
yellowish blooms, and others with flowers which
have a distinctly reddish hue. Bush Hill White,
Covent Garden Favourite, Giant White, Golden
Gem, Golden Queen, Machet, Miles' Spiral, and
Victoria Crimson are all good. Urania is a fine
new red vnr.

MIKANIA.

In this large genus (ord. Composite), most of
the members are stove evergreen climbers. They

wild and cultivated plants. They are commonly
given, the generic name of O'idium, and grouped
thereunder as species, and yet it is almost certain
that in not a few cases they are only a phase in
the life history of much more highly organised
fungi.

Of the mildews which are commonly found in
gardens, Oidium Tuckeri attacks the Grape; O.
Balsamii is to be found on Turnips; Sphserotheca
pannosa is injurious to Peaches and Roses ; S.
Castagnei, to Hops, and many wild plants ; Podo-
splisera Oxyacanthae attacks the Hawthorn ; Ery-
siphe Martii, Peas ; E. communis, and E. Cichora-
cearum, various garden plants ; M-rcrosphaera
Berberidis, the Barberry ; and M. Grossularise, the

Photo: A. 11. De'Ath, Ashfonl.

MIGNONETTE FINELY GKOWN IN I-OTS (see p. 74).

are allied to Eupatorium, and answer to the same
cultural attention as that bestowed upon the stove
species of that genus. Scandens will do in the
open air in summer, and likes a wooden trellis to
ramble over.

Principal Species : —

Saiuleri, Ivs. large, bright
grn. , bronze pur.

Other Species:—
ani.-ira, sum., bl. (syi/.
Guaco).

scandens, sum.,
grh. , yel. , wh.

warm

apiifolia. sum., yel., Ivs.
(lark gru.

MILDEW.

A popular name applied to a number of micro-
scopic fungi which cover the epidermis of the
plants upon which they are parasitic with a meal-
like powder. The name may have come from the
German mekl-thau, or meal-dew, in reference to
this meal-like deposit. There are several genera
and many species of mildews, and they attack both

Gooseberry. All are more or less harmful, particu-
larly in the case of Vines, Peaches, Roses, and
Chrysanthemums, when bad attacks bring about
the untimely fall of the leaves, and hinder those
leaves which do not fall from the proper perform-
ance of their functions.

There is no better treatment for mildew than
dusting with flowers of sulphur. Brought into con-
tact with the spores, the sulphur does its work
well, checking the spread of the disease. For
light attacks, upon all plants, a dusting of sulphur
is to be advised. It may be applied through a
special sulphur blower, such as the " Malbec," but
several applications may be necessary. Chrysan-
themums, in early spring, are liable to mildew if
the weather be cold and damp. The first spots
should be watched for and dusted over. The
same advice applies to Cinerarias, which are
frequent sufferers. Roses are best kept mildew
proof by mixing a little sulphur with the water
used for syringing ; this plan is followed with

Milla

Millipedes

conspicuous success by many of those who grow
pot Hoses for market. Peaches and Nectarines
may be syringed in the same manner.

For Vines, if dusting with flowers of sulphur
fail, the more drastic plan of sulphuring the pipes,
making them hot, and keeping the house dry for a
few days, must be put into practice. The sulphur
fumes liberated by the heat from the pipes will
kill the spores and mycelium, but will also
damage the leaves if continued for longer than
two or three days, or if the pipes be made so hot
that the house smells strongly of sulphur. This
remedy should only be applied as a last resource.

There are certain conditions which tend to the
spread of the fungus. These are : —

(1) A cold, water-logged soil.

(2) A moisture-laden, stagnant atmosphere.

(3) Cold draughts.

Injudicious watering and ventilating are largely
contributory to such conditions. If wet, cold
weather follow a dry, warm spell, a little heat in
the pipes may be necessary in Vineries and Peach
houses even in the height of summer. Frequent
and violent fluctuations in the temperature of
houses are also to blame, and the greatest care
must be exercised in giving air when keen winds
are blowing while the sun is bright and warm.
Often Rose trees that take mildew badly may be
cured sometimes by lifting the roots out of cold,
inert soils into which they may have penetrated.

Mildew on Peas is generally induced by spells of
drought. Late Peas are always the worst, and
upon very light soils mildew is sure to be trouble-
some ; also upon cold, clayey soils in wet seasons.
The remedy is deep and thorough cultivation. It
is also well to grow varieties of vigorous habit only
for late work.

Spraying with Bordeaux Mixture and potassium
sulphide (liver of sulphur) is excellent. (See
FUNGICIDES.)

MILLA.

Millas (ord. LiliaceaV) are pretty bulbous plants,
some of which can be grown in a border of dry
soil close to a wall or in a frame. The best known
is uniflora, which is hardy in most gardens in
sheltered positions, but prefers to be planted in
gravel. Propagation, by offsets or seeds. (See also
BRODT^A, to which some are now referred.)

Principal Species :—

Uflora, lj', My., grh. or

frame, wh.
Leichtlini, 4 , will., grh.,

wh. (correctly Brodia?a

Leichtlini).
macrostemon, 10", lil.

(.<)/«. Nothoscordum

macrostemon) .
porrifolia, 10", hi., wh.

(correctly Broditea por-
rifolia, stjn. Triteleia
porrifolia).

uniflora, 9", Mch., wh.
(correctly Brodia?a uni-
flora).

— violacea, 9", Mch., lil.
(correctly Brodieea uni-
flora violacea) .

MILLETTIA.

Tall, climbing trees or shrubs, with purple, pink,
or white flowers (ord. LeguminosM). Several
species have been introduced, of which caffra,
Haingayi, megasperma, and racemosa are in culti-

Jfilfoil (see Acliillea).

Millt Vetch (see Asi-ragalus).

Milk Weed (see Atclepias).

Mills, Wort (see Polygala).

Milk Wort, Sea (see fflaux).

Millet Grass (see Pastpalum and Sorghum}.

vation at Kew. Propagation, by seeds and cuttings
in sand. Soil, equal parts of loam and leaf soil,
with sand.

Principal Species : —
japonica (of Asa Gray,

correctly Wistaria japo-

iiica).

megasperma, pur., Ivs.
pinnate, glossy grn. ;
hahit like Wistaria

MILLINGTONIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Bignoniacea:), with
rather showy white or yellow flowers. (For cul-
tural details, see BIGXOXIA.)

Principal Species : —
horteusis, 35' to 40', wh. simplicifolia, 20', yel.

MlLTONIA VEXILLAKIA MEMOKIA G. D.

(see )). 7T).

MILLIPEDES.

The members of this group of Myriapoda are
well known to gardeners, and occasionally they
prove somewhat destructive. They feed upon
decaying vegetable matter, but sometimes attack
the roots of cultivated plants, fallen fruits, and
Strawberries. Julus guttatus and J. terrestris
are common ; so also is Polydesmus complanatus,
the flattened millipede. In this country 2" would
be the maximum of growth, but in other lands
many species are 6" long and upwards. None of
the millipedes possess poison tubes, although they
are popularly regarded as dangerous.

Miltonia

(77 )

Mimosa

Where they are observed to be doing harm, traps
of pieces of Carrot will catch a good many, and by
occasionally lifting pot plants that are stood upon
the ground, others may be caught. Deep trenching
of the soil is an excellent cure.

MILTONIA.

Description. — In this genus (prtl. Orchidacess) are
some of the showiest of Orchids, vexillaria and its
hybrids rivalling the C'attleyas in size and effect.
All are dwarf, the flattish pseudo-bulbs being sur-
mounted by several stiff leaves, that, in the group
referred to, are of a curious greyish-green colour.
The flowers are always flat, and the lip is very
large. The flowers of vexillaria are too lumpy for
artistic effect when cut, and they do not last so
well in water as those of Candida, etc.

Compost. — For the vexillaria group, including
Koezlii and bleuana, sphagnum forms the chief
item, mixed with a little peat fibre and sand. For
the cooler growing forms, fibrous peat with a little
sphagnum suffices. In all cases efficient drainage
is essential.

Propagation. — By division at the time of potting.

Temperature. — Roezlii and bleuana are only
successfully grown at the cool end of a stove, the
former plunged in live sphagnum and the latter
suspended from the roof or elevated towards it.
Candida, spectabilis and varieties, cuneata, etc., can
be grown all the year round in a cool house, but
are the better managed if given a few degrees
more warmth during winter, the cool end of a
Cattleya house suiting them. Vexillaria is best
grown in a light position in an intermediate house
where abundance of air can be admitted during
summer.

Other Cultural Points. — Differences of opinion
prevail as to the best time for potting, but where
atmospheric conditions are fairly favourable no
mistake can be made if potting is done as soon as
the plants begin to make new growths. Use small
pots or pans for the erect-growing forms, but
broader receptacles for spectabilis and its varieties.
Though never deciduous, Miltonias require very
little water at the roots when there is no apparent
growth. Moisture in t he atmosphere must always
be maintained, according to the time of year,
frequent clamping between the pots and on the
stages being necessary when evaporation is rapid.

Diseases and Pests.— Too low a temperature, or
excessive water in winter, will turn the tips of the
leaves brown or black. Thrips are a great pest,
and must be opposed with vaporising compounds,
sponging with tobacco solution, and dusting with
tobacco powder. Cotton-wool wrapped round the
spike will deter slugs.

Principal Species, Varieties, and Hybrids :—
bleuana, IV, My., wh., lip lamarcheana, 14', aut.,
wh., br. blotch, yel. br., yel., pur.", hybrid

disc, hybrid (vexillaria (Clowesii X Candida) :

X Roezlii). The finest
member of the genus ;
aurca, uobilior, rosea
gigantea, and virginalis
are all beautiful forms.

Candida, 1J', Aug., reddish
br., yel., wh.: grandi-
flora is a superior form.

Clowesii, 2', ant., In-.,
yel., wh., pur.

nmrata, I.1.', spr., br.,
yel., whl, ro. (»//».
speciosa).

joiceyana is similar to,

and must be regarded

as a form of, lamarche-

aua.
Fhahriiopsis, 1', My.,wh.,

pur. (•«/». pulchella).
Roezlii, 1', aut., wh..

pur. blotches, yel.
schrikleriiina, 1', Sep.,

br.. yel., pur., wh.,

fragrant,
spectabilis, 9", sum.,

blush ro., lip pur.

Numerous vars., the
finest being bicolor,
morelianu, atro-rubens,
radians, and virgiualis.

travassosiana, li', Sep.,
yel., pur., a form of, or
hybrid from, Regnelli.

vexillaria, \\' , spr., vari-
able species, wh. to
deepest red rose, yel.

Other Species, Varieties

Biuoti, H', sum., yel.,
br., pur., lil., hybrid
(candida X Regnelli).

Bluntii, 1', aut., yel.,
reddish br., pur., hybrid
(spectabilisX Clowesii).

— lubbersiana, larger and
brighter.

— peetersiaua, pur., yel.
Coguiauxiii", 1', aut.,

vio., pur.,wh., hybrid
(spectabilis moreliaua
X Regnelli).

Eudresii, \\' , spr., wh.,
red, yel.

festiva, 9", sum., pale
yel., pur., hybrid (spec-
tabilis x flavescens).

flayescens, 1$', sum., yel.,
lip yel., pur. (syn. stel-
lata).

joiceyaua (see lamarche-
aua).

or. disc. The choicest
forms are albicaiis,
cobbiaua, Daisy Hay.
wood, Fairy Queen, Le-
opoldii, measuresiana,
Memoria G, D. Owen,
(seep. 76) Princess May,
rubella, spleudeus, and
superba.

and Hybrids :—

moreliana (see spectabilis).

leucoglossa, 9", aut., wh.,
gni., pur., hybrid (spec-
tabilis X Candida).

peetersiana (see Bluntii
var.).

pulchella (nee Phatenop-
sis).

Regnelli, \y, aut., wh.,
ro., pur.

— aurea, yel.

— purpurea, deep colour,
russelliana, 1J', sum.,

reddish br., yel., wh.
specioea (see cuneata).
stellata (see flavescens).
Warscewiczii, 1^', spr.,

br. pur., wh., lip br.

pur., lil. (syn. Odonto-

glossum fuscatum).
• — Weltonii, brighter.

— xanthina, shaded with
yel.

MIMETES.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Proteacese),
all from South Africa. They are of little decora-
tive value, and are rare in cultivation. Increase is
by cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn, or
before growth starts in spring. No bottom heat
is required. Soil, peat and loam, in equal parts.
Plenty of moisture is needed.

Principal Species : —

Zeyheri, 6" to 8", Jy., bracts rosy red (syn. Oro-
thamnus Zeyheri of liata/nieal Magazine 4357).

MIMICRY.

In their war against enemies, numerous insects
mimic certain features of their environment or
of other plants or animals. Mimicry may be pro-
tective or aggressive. In the first case an insect
may develop a certain colour, such as that of the
leaves upon which it lives, to assist it in escaping ;
in the second the colour may be employed to assist
it in catching its prey. Warning colours are ex-
hibited by some insects which are unpalatable to
others, to prevent the latter mistaking them for
palatable food. The looper caterpillars, and the
Thorn Moth Caterpillar, which fasten themselves to
twigs and imitate them by remaining perfectly
rigid, are good examples of protective mimicry.
The Indian Mantis, which, feeding exclusively
upon insects, flattens itself against the trunk of a
tree, and stretches out its wings and legs to
resemble a pink flower, thereby luring its prey
towards it. is an instance of aggressive mimicry.

MIMOSA.

This large and widely distributed genus (ord.
Leguminossc) enters little into British gardening.
The "Mimosa" sold in the London streets in spring
is Acacia dcalbata (which see). Most of the
Mimosas have leaves more or less sensitive to the

Mimosa

78 )

Mimulus

touch, and quickly respond to irritation. As far as
the true Mimosas are concerned, the popular
Sensitive Plant, pudica, is the representative. It
is a pretty little perennial, usually treated as an
annual, with feathery leaves. The way in which
the pinme of the leaves droop upon being touched
is a source of interest to many, and the plant is
grown solely on this account. Seeds may be sown
in spring, in brisk heat, and the plants potted on
in a mixture of two parts loam, one part leaf mould,
and one-sixth sand. Pot loosely and drain well.

Sensitive Plant is sensitiva, but it is scarcely so
sensitive as the common pudica.

Principal Species :—

inarginata, sum., pur.,

flower heads very long.

A good plant for the

roof of the stove,
pudica, 1' to !£', sum.,

Other Species :—

per.,ro. Humble Plant,
popular Sensitive Plant,
sensitiva, 3' to 6', sum.,
pale pur., stems prickly.
True Sensitive Plant.

scaudens (now Entada scandens).

Photo: Ctuaell if Company, Ltd.

MIMULUS CABDINALIS (seep. 79).

A stove heat is needed in the earlier stages, but in
summer the plant will do moderately well in a
window or a cool greenhouse. The other species
may also be propagated by cuttings. The true

MIMULUS. (MONKEY FLOWER.)

Description.— Pretty, hardy or half-hardy herbs,
which thrive best in rather moist soil. The garden

Mimusops

( 79)

Miscanthus

varieties, said to have originated from cupreus, and
named maculosus, are very effective and wonder-
fully marked. The " Hose-in-hose " are interesting
varieties. Moschatus is the popular Musk. It and
its forms are sometimes used for bedding in shady
places.

Propagation. — By seeds in the case of the annual
and perennial species ; the latter also by division
or by cuttings. The seeds are small, and should
be only lightly covered with fine soil, or with a
little silver sand.

Soil. — Common soil of a moist character for the
non-shrubby species.

Other Cultural Points. — All the Jlimuluses
make nice pot plants, and this is the best way to
grow cardinalis in the colder districts. Glutinosus
is an old pot plant, which is all the better for
being planted out during the summer.

* Principal Species and

(anliiiuHs, 1' tx>3', Je.,sc.,

July. per. (see p. 78).

Several vars., with

flowers from sc. to

pale yel. Pictus is fine.
gramliflorus, new

large-flowered form.
cupreus, 6" to 1'2", sum.,

Inly, per., or. crim.

Many vars., as Brilliant,

Prince Bismarck, and

the maculosus vars.

Some authorities make

this a form of luteus.

Varieties :—

glutinosus, 5' to 8', in
bloom almost all the
year in grh., buff
(syns. aurantiacus and
D'iplacus glutinosus).

— puuiceus, 5' to 8', or.
red.

moschatus, 9", grh., Je.,
yel.

— compacta.

— Harrisoui. Harrison's
Large -flowered Musk.

Other Species and Varieties : —

alatus, 1', Jy., hlf-hdv.,

bl.
Burnetii, 1 ' , Jy . , hdy. per. ,

or., hybrid,
floribuudus, 9", Aug.,

aim., yel.

— alpinus, various (in-
cludes Eoezlii and
Tillingii).

— guttatus, 1J', Jy., yel.
(SI/H. guttatus).

- rivularis, 1', Jy., yel.

Fremoutii, t", sum., hlf- niohavensis,3",sum.,auu.,

hdy. per., crim. wh.. crim. eye.

glabratus, Je., yel. primuloides, 4", sum.,

lanatus, U', Je., yel. hdy. per., yel.

Lewisii, 9", Aug., ro. radicans, "2.", sum., wh.,

pur. (sun. roseus). vio., bog.

luteus, 1 , Jy., yel., hdy., repeus, 9' , grh., hlf -hdy.

herbaceous. per., lil., yel.

ringens, 2", Jy., bl.

MIMUSOPS («yn. SYNARRHENA).

Stove trees with milky juice (ord. Sapotaceas),
leathery leaves, and globose, edible berries. Very
few are in cultivation. Cuttings of thoroughly
ripened shoots may be rooted in brisk but moist
heat. Seeds may also be sown. Soil, sandy loam
two parts, peat one part.

Principal Species : —

Elengi, 50', sum., flowers
wh., fragrant, fruits
yel.

Kauki, 30', flowers wh.
(ftjn. dissecta of Botani-
cal Mai/«:i»e 3157).

MINA LOBATA (see IPOMCEA VBRSI-
COLOR).

MINT (see MEXTHA).

Of the three species of Mint used for culinary
or other purposes the one most in request is
viridis, the Spearmint, which is easily grown in

Mindium (see Micliaiixia).

Mint, Moil /itni ti (see Pycnantlieni um).

MM, Tree (see Prulanthcra).

good, rather moist soil. Propagation, by division
of the clumps in early spring. Replant them
about 9" apart. Offsets in spring and cuttings iu
summer are also resorted to. Forcing is easily
performed by placing the roots in boxes of good
soil in a temperature of 00°, and keeping them well
watered. Tops may be cut and dried where the
conveniences for forcing are not at command.

M. piperita yields the Peppermint of commerce,
which is chiefly obtained by distillation from the
tops of the plant. It may be grown in the same
way as the Spearmint. The proper time to cut the
Peppermint is just when the tops are coming into
flower.

In growing these Mints, it will be found useful
to water the beds well in dry weather, and to top-
dress with fresh soil once a year.

MIRABILIS (syns. JALAPA and NYCTAGO).
(MARVEL OP PERU.)

Greenhouse and hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Nyctagineee). The Marvel of Peru, Jalapa, is a
favourite garden plant ; but, although really a
j perennial, it is treated as a half-hardy annual.
•Seeds sown in spring, in heat, give nice, sturdy
plants by the beginning of May. These, if planted
then on a south or west border, soon make tall,
bushy plants, that flower freely. Any fairly good
garden soil will do, but the best results are obtained
in a light, rich medium. The roots are tuberous,
and may, if desired, be taken up in the autumn
and stored in the same way as Dahlias. Seed may
be obtained in separate colours — yellow, rose, pink,
white, or striped.

Principal Species and Hybrid : —
hybrida, 2', Jy., hlf-hdy., longiflora, 2' to 3', Jy.,

wh., a hybrid, probably hdy., wh., pk., or vio.,

Jalapa X longiflora. fragrant.

Jalapa, Marvel of Peru, multiflora, hdy., pur.

2' to 3', sum., hlf-hdy., flowers very long.

flowers various, frag-
rant.

Other Species :—

dichotoma, 2', Jy., grh., yel. ; flowers open in the
afternoon.

MIRBELIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Leguminosa3), all
Australian. Propagation, by cuttings and seeds.
Soil, peat and loam in equal parts, with one-sixth
sharp sand. Pot firmly. The plants should be
pruned back after flowering is over.

Principal Species : —

dilata, 3', My., Aug., reticulata, 1' to 3', My.,

pur. Aug., lil.

grandiflora, 1' to 2', My., speciosa, 1' to 2', My.,

yel. Jy., pur.

MISCANTHUS (*yn. MISCHANTHUS).

These, formerly known as Eulalias, are hand-
some Grasses (urtl. Graminepe), of great beauty in
the border or in grass. They like a good, moist
soil, and are propagated by division or by seeds
in spring.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
sinrii-K 5' (»//«. Eulalia — variegata, striped wh.

japouica, see p. 80). — zebrina, yel. bars across

— univittata. Ivs.

Minuartia (see Arenaria).
Miqvelia, (of Illume, see Staurantkera).
Miraculous Kerry (see Sitieroxylum duleijicum).
Mischanthus (see Miscanthui).

Mistletoe

(80)

Mites

MISTLETOE.

An interesting, semi-parasitic, shrubby ever-
green (ord. Loranthaceas) found growing on Apple,
Hawthorn, Lime, 1'opulus, species of Pyrus,
sometimes on the Oak (see p. 81) and many
other trees. The Mistletoe favours a somewhat moist
climate ; hence a difficulty is often experienced in
establishing it in a dry district. This difficulty is
considerably augmented by sowing immature seed.

MITCHELLA.

Creeping herbs (ord. Kubiaceai). Repens, the
only species introduced to this country, is a pretty
plant for the outdoor rockery ; it may be increased
by root division in spring, and is not particular as
to soil, as long as it is light and moist.

Principal Species : —

repens, sum., hdy., wh. flushed pur., fragrant.

Plwto : CtisscU if Company, Ltd

MlSCANTHLS SINEXSIS (see p. 79).

The fruits are not ripe until the end of February,
when they may be rubbed on to the under side of
clean young branches ; no cut is necessary, and the
seed will adhere to the bark by its gelatinous
envelope. Only two green cotyledons or seed leaves
are produced the first season, and growth is slow for
several years. The male and female flowers are
produced on different plants, necessitating several
colonies to. ensure a crop of berries.

To rid a tree of established Mistletoe is almost a
hopeless task. Constant excision i? imperative.
(See also VISCUM.)

jlliscnpetahlm (see Saxifraga).
Mistletoe Cactus (see Hhipsalis).

MITELLA.

Pretty little, white-flowered hardy herbs (ord.
Saxifrages), suitable for rockeries or borders in
a moist, peaty soil. They are propagated by divi-
sion, or rarely by seeds. They prefer a little shade.

Principal Species : —

dipliylla, C", Ap., wh. renifonnia, pro^trata,

mula. <i", Jo., wh. (sytis. and conlifolia).

pentaudra, G", Mv., wh.

MITES.

These are popularly classed as insects, but strictly
i-peaking they are animals, closely related to
spiders. They differ from spiders in having the
abdomen closely joined to the body instead of con-
nected by a constricted passage. The troublesome

Mitracarpum

(81 )

Moehririgia

'• Red Spider " (which gee) belongs to the mites.
The Harvest Bug (Tetranychus autumnalis) is a
small, brick red animal, invisible to the unaided
eye, but present in great numbers in the vegetable
garden as well as in hay and corn fields. These
" bugs " are very troublesome, as they set up a
swelling and unpleasant itching where they fix
upon the skin. .Sulphur ointment, benzine, and
carbolic acid are the remedies recommended.

The plant mites are divided into the Tetranv-
chid:u, or eight-legged mites, which suck thft juices
of plants ; and the PhytoptidiC, or gall .mites, which
have nearly colour-
less and rather
slender bodies, and
two pairs of short
legs.

The Tetrany-
chid:c are semi-
tra nsparent and
white, yellow, or
red. They spin
webs, which turn
yellow or dirty
while, and are quite
conspicuous. Many
greenhouse and
hardy plants suffer
from the attacks
of these mites, and
kerosene emulsion,
soft soap and sul-
phur, and Quassia
solutions are the
best specifics. (See
INSECTICIDES.)

Phytoptidaj, or
gall mites, are even
more difficult to
deal with. Phytop-
tiis Itibis forms the
destructive Big
Bud in Black Cur-
rants. (See BIACK
CURKANT MITE.)
The Erineum galls
on the Apple,
Maple, Birch, and
Beech, to mention
only a few trees,
are also the work
of mites. The Wart
or Nail galls, com-
mon upon the

upper surface of the leaves of Limes, Maples,
and Willows, are other instances. These, how-
ever, seem to do comparatively little harm. It
is the Bud galls that are most to be dreaded. It
is exceedingly difficult to deal with them, for the
mites live between the scales of the buds, and the
larva' are protected, by them in such a way that no
insecticidft can reach them. Vaporising with
hydrocyanic acid has been tried, but it is danger-
ous to use, and has not yet proved effective.

MITRACARPUM.

Annual or perennial herbs with rather small,
white flowers (ord. Rubiacese). Very few of them
are ever seen, and none is of any decorative value.
Stylosum is a stove annual, and succeeds in loam,
peat, and sand.

Mitopetalum (nee Tainia).
36

MITRARIA (syn. DIPLOCALYX).
The principal species (crd. Gesneracese) is a
rather variable evergreen shrub of easy culture and
considerable beauty. It may be increased by root
l division in spring, and by cuttings rooted under a
I bell-glass, in light soil, at any time during the
| spring or summer. Soil, fibrous peat and sand.
l Free drainage and a cool and shady situation are
| essential.

Principal Species : —
coccinea, My., Jy., hlf-hdy., sc.

M I T R I O-
STIGMA.

Two species of
stove shrubs (ord.
Rubiaceas). They
are closely allied
to the Gardenias,
with which they
are usually placed,
and are subject to
the same cultural
treatment.

Principal
Species : —

axillaris, 5', spr.,
st., wh., fragrant
.(syn. Gardenia
citriodora).

MODECCA.

An obscure
genus (ord. Passi-
floreaV) of stove
evergreen climbing
shrubs, of no
garden value, and
rarely, if ever,
grown. In habit
they resemble the
Bryonias.

MODIOLA.

Hardy creeping
or trailing herbs
(ord. Malvaceae),
of no value. Mul-
tifida is some-
times grown in
botanic gardens.
The correct name
of geranioides is

Malvastrum Gilliesii, or Modiolastrum geranioides,

according to Keir Hand-List.

MCEHRINGIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Caryophyllese),
placed by the authors of the Genera Plantarum
under Arenaria. like the members of which genus
the plants may be treated.

Principal Species :—

muscosa, 3" to 4", sum., lidy., wh., small, axil-
lary, and solitary. Muscosa of Linnaeus is referred

MISTLETOE ON QUEUCUS PALUSTRIS.

(nee Pleetro"ia).
Milrr Wort. /•«/*-,• .-vv 'l"m n-Uir.
MnemotlUa (see Hypecoum),
Moclt Orange (see Philudclphus).
Mod Print (see Pkillyrea),
Mocker Nut (see Carya tomentoga).

Mohria

82 )

Moluccella

to Arenaria sperguloides, and muscosa of Luce to
Sagina procumbens by Index Ketcentis.

MOHRIA. (FKANKINCENSE FEBN.)

There is only one species in this genus of Ferns
(ord. Filices), and it is a pretty greenhouse plant
with scented fronds, and the habit of a Cheilanthes.
Propagation is by spores, which are freely produced.
Soil, fibrous peat and sand, with a few pieces of
sandstone and charcoal. Mohrias have been
declared difficult to grow, but they are not so if
given free drainage, soil as above, a light shelf in a
cool greenhouse, and a fair amount of water at the
roots and none overhead. They detest syringing.

Only Species and its Variety :—
caffrorum, fronds 6" to — achillesefolia, fronds
18" long, 2" to 4" very finely cut.
broad, tripimiatitid thurifragra (see caffro-
(ayn. thurifragra). rum).

MOLDENHAWERA (»jn. DOLICHO-

NBMA).

A small genus of stove trees (ord. Leguminosae)
of little garden value. Probably none of the
species is now in cultivation, although floribunda
has been introduced.

MOLE.

Although the mole (Talpa europasa) is carnivor-
ous, as is evidenced by its teeth, and despite the
fact that it feeds upon various insects and their
larvae, and earthworms, and might therefore be
reckoned in some measure a friend of the gardener,
its habits of burrowing under lawns and grass paths
more than outweigh any good it might do. Its
home is generally in some dry, secure place, such
as underneath the roots of a tree, or beneath a large
stone, but it makes its runs for long distances from
its headquarters, and where they are upon the lawn
they interfere seriously with the work of the
mowing machine. The female makes a nest of
dried grass or leaves, and brings forth four or five
young ones at a birth. Although moles are
popularly regarded as being blind, they have eyes,
which are, however, small and deeply seated. On
the other hand, their powers of hearing and smell
are very acute. It is well, therefore, when setting
traps for them, that the operator should wear
gloves.

Steel spring traps are commonly used ; they can
be obtained for a few pence each, and have quite
superseded the wooden spring and string traps
which mole catchers of the old school were wont
to use.

The traps should be set carefully in the principal
run, all loose earth knocked into the passage
during the process being removed, so as to give no
warning of the obstruction. Also the light should
be carefully excluded by packing earth or grass
about the trap outside. Neglect of this little item
will mean failure. Where many moles are present
it will be well to call in a professional mole catcher,
but for one or two there is no need to do this.

MOLE CRICKET.

This curious-looking insect, which is one of the
Gryllidse (ord. Orthoptera), is dun brown above, yel-
lowish red below, and has a peculiar velvety gloss.
The popular name of Mole Cricket is not due to the

Moldavian Plum (see Jiracoceplialum MoldaiAca).

gloss, but to the resemblance that the two front
legs bear to those of a mole. They are, in fact,
meant to serve the same end, viz. that of digging
and burrowing. The female's nest is underground,
and contains from 200 to 400 eggs. From the egg
to the perfect insect takes a period of from two to
three years. While the Mole Crickets feed to a
considerable extent upon insects and worms, they
also prey upon the roots of Potatoes, Potherbs, and
various flowers, so that to this extent they must
be classed as enemies. They are found most
frequently upon light, sandy soils, rarely upon cul-
tivated ones. Pieces of raw meat may be inserted
in the soil as traps, each piece with a stick
attached, or petroleum may be poured into their
nests and burrows. The latter method is, however,
impracticable where plants are growing. For the
same reason digging the insects out is usually
impracticable.

MOLINIA.

The principal species is a tall, hardy Grass (ord.
Gramineae) of tufted habit, and a fairly common
British weed. It grows on bleak, sodden moors.
The variegated form is cultivated as an edging
plant. Propagation, by seeds, and division for the
variegated form.

Principal Species and Variety : —

- variegata, variegated
Ivs.

ceerulea., 1' to 3', hdy.,
British.

MOLO-

MOLOPOSPERMUM

SPEBJIUM).

An elegant, Fern - like, hardy perennial (ord.
Umbelliferse), suitable for naturalising in the wilder
parts of the garden. It may be increased by root
division in spring, or by seeds, which should be
sown as soon as ripe. Deep, rich soil is preferred,
though not indispensable.

Only Species : —

cicutarium, 3' to 5', My., hdy., yel.,wh., fruit yel., br.

MOLTKIA.

Elegant hardy or half-hardy herbaceous peren-
nials (ord. Boraginete). They may be propagated
by cuttings in a cold frame, in sandy soil. The
hardy species like a sunny, well-drained nook in
the rockery, with sandy loam for soil.

Principal Species : —

coerulea, 1', Ap., hdy., bl., petrsea, 6" to 8", Je., cool
pur. grh., pk., pur., deepbl.

graminifolia (.ice Litho- (*//»». Lithospermum

spermum graminifo- pctneum of liotattieal

hum). Mniiiiziiie 594'2, and

Ecliium petneum).

MOLUCCELLA.

A small genus of hardy and half-hardy annuals
(ord. Labiatse), propagated by seeds, which should
be sown in heat in spring and the plants put out
in May. They thrive in a sandy loam. Lsevis
makes an excellent subject for skeletonising.

Principal Species : —

tevis, 1' toli',Aug. ,luly., spinosa, hdy., wh. (syn
wh. Chasmonia incisa).

Molina (of Ruiz and Pavon, see Baccliaris],
Mollia (of \\~il<li'ninr, see Polycarptea).
Mollm/a (sue (.ire-r'Mea!).
Molucca (see Molticctlla).
Moly (see Allium Moly).

Momordica

(83)

Monnina

MOMORDICA.

Annual and perennial stove climbing herbs (ord.
Cucurbitacea1), with white or yellow flowers and
curiously shaped fruits. These Gourds are among
the best for growing in warm houses, and the fruits
are very ornamental when approaching ripeness.
Mornordicas may be raised from seed in the same
way as other tropical Gourds (see GOURDS), and
like a rich soil. They may be trained either
to the rafters or pillars of the house or to wire
trellises.

Principal Species :—

Bals;imiua, Je., flowers
yel., fruits roundish,
yel. Balsam Apple.

Churautia, Je., flowers
yel., fruits oblong,
yel., seeds red. Allied
to Balsamiiia.

chinensis, larger fruits
than Charantia, and

Other Species :—
Elaterium (correctly

Ecballium Elaterium,
nee figure).

martim'censis, resembles
Charautia, very quick-
growing.

inixta (see cochinchiuen-
sis).

silvery, otherwise simi-
lar.

cochinchinensis, Jy. ,

flowers large, yel., fruits
large, red, round or oval
("i/ii. inixta of Jlotnnic-
al Magazine 5145, see
p. 84).

involucrata, Jy., flowers
yel., fruits sc., fleshy.

muricata, flowers yel.,
fruits golden yel., with
blood red pulp and
wh. seeds. Muricata of
Willdenow is referred
to Charantia, and mu-
ricata of Veil, to Echi-
nocystis muricata by
Index Kewensis.
MONANTHES.

A small genus (ord. Crassulacese) of perennial,
tufted herbs, with purple or orange flowers of
considerable beauty. They may be grown like the
Crassulas.

Principal Species : —

utlantica, Ap., grh., yel. muralis (see atlantica).
("il n. muralis of Jiotan-
VHtl Magazine 5988).

MONARDA. (HORSE MINT.)

A genus of showy, hardy border flowers (ord.
Labiat;c), easily grown in any garden soil which
is fertile and not too dry. They are propagated by
division or by seeds in spring. The flowers are in
clusters, produced principally at the tops of the
stems. The leaves are generally fragrant.

Principal Species and Variety :—

tlidyma, IV, sum., sc.
(»//«. kalmiana). Oswe-
go Tea, Bee Balm,
Swt-et Bergamot.

tistulosa, 2' to •>', sum.,

Other Species: —
bradburiana, 2', Je.,wh.,

pk.
citriodora, 2', Je., aim.,

pk.
cliuopodia, 2', Je. , wh.

Basal Balm.

pur. (SI/H*. affinis, longi-
folia, etc.). Wild Ber-
gamot,

— mollis, 2', sum., flesh
to HI. (syim. mollis,
Lindheimeri, etc.).

clinopodioides, 1', Je.,
pur. (syn. aristata of
Jtolanical Magazine
3526).

punctata, 2', sum., wh.,
yel.. pur. (.«(/«. lutea).

russelliana, 3', Jy., pur.

MONARDELLA.

Hardy annual or perennial herbs (ord. Labiataj)
with aromatic foliage. They resemble the Monar-
das in appearance, and succeed under the same
conditions (see MoNARDA). Propagation, by root
division.

Miimordica (of 1'n-ji/iiij and Endlicher, see Cij-

clantJiera).
Monachanlhus (sec Catasetum).

Principal Species : —

candicaus, 1', sum., ami., macrantha, aut., per., sc.;
wh. very fragrant foliage,

rootstock creeping.

MONESES.

One species only (ord. Ericaceae), a hardy,
stoloniferous, perennial herb, almost or entirely
destitute of stem. The solitary flowers are interest-
ing and pretty. Propagation, by division, and the
soil should be light and rich. The plants do not
dislike a semi-shaded position.

Only Species :—

grandiflora, Je., hdy., wh. or pk. (syns. uniflora
and Pyrola uniflora).

ELATEKIUM.

MONIMIA.

A small and obscure genus (ord. Monimiaceas),
whose members are not in cultivation in this
country. The flowers are small, and not at all
showy. The species are all natives of the Has-
carene Islands.

MONKEY FLOWER (*«* MIMU-
LUS).

MONKEY PUZZLE (.<«' ARAU-
CARIA IMBRICATA).

MONNINA (syn. HBBEASDBA).

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, small trees, or
herbs (ord. Polygalese). There are many species,
but none is of any special decorative value, and

Monulla (siv Cyrtanthm).

Mtineyn-ort (see Lt/simacliM Nummularia).

MiDiilia fructif/ena (see Hot of fruit).

Monizia (nee Ttiapsia).

Munftey Bread (see Adansonia).

Monkey Nut (see Ara.cltis hypoycea).

Monkey's Comb (see Pitliecocten'nim).

Monkey's Earring (see Pit/iecolobium}.

Monk's Cowl Orchid (tee Pteryyodium).

Monk's Hood (see Aconitum}.

Monk's Pepper Tree (see Vilex Agnus-cattug).

MOMOHUICA COCHIXCHIXENSIS (see )>. S3).

Monochsetum

(85 )

Monstera

they are very rare in cultivation. Propagation, by
seeds and cuttings. Soil, equal parts of loam and
leaf soil, or peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —
obtusifolia, I'-1', Je., red., xalapensis, bright bl.,

pur., shr. vel., shr.

MONOCHSETUM.

Greenhouse shrubs and sub-shrubs (ord. Melas-
tomaceic) rather difficult to grow well. Cuttings
under a hand-glass, in bottom heat, in spring, root
quickly. Soil, two parts of fibrous peat, one part
of leaf mould, and plenty of sand.

Principal Species and Variety : —
alpestre, bright re<], '_'" dicninautheruin of Jlvt-

across, ]vs. and steins intu-td Jlt'i/n^un o50(>).

tinged red. humboldtianum, Oct. to

dicranautherum of But- Dec., red, pur.

fttiicft/ Mii>/<f~ii<t (.vr leiuoineanmu, wiu., early

hartwcgiaiium). spr., rich vio., ro.

hartyvegiauum, win., sericeum. spr., mauve.

bright ro., in large — multifloruin ; more free

li-Mty panicles (*.'/«. flowering.

Other Species : —

trnellum, Oct., ricli pur.

MONOCHORIA.

Stove aquatic herbs (ord. Pontederiaceae) of little
horticultural merit, but thriving under the same
cultural treatment as that accorded to Eichorneas.
Very ft.-w of the species have been introduced.

Principal Species and Variety : —
hasticfolia, 2', Jy., bl. vaginalis, 2', sum., bl.

(*//»*. hastata and — Korsakowii, 1', sum..

Pontodrria ililatata). vio.; more showy than

the type.

MONODORA.

Stove trees (ord. Anonaceas). Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, fibrous loam two parts, peat
one part, with well-decayed manure and sand.

Principal Species : —
frrandiflora, My., yel., Myristica, 50' to 60', sum.,

spotted red, drooping, yel., smaller than

young Ivs. glossy, ro., grandiflora.

pur. teuuifoliu, Ivs. narrow.

MONOGRAMME. (KusH FERNS.)

Grass-like stove Ferns (ord. Filices), interesting
because they are simpler in structure than any
other Ferns, but of little value from a decorative
point of view, although a few of them do well in
warm Fern cases. They are increased by division
of the rhizomes, and like a peaty medium to
ramble in. In all cases the fronds are very narrow
— from 1 line to 3 lines broad.

Principal Species : —

darea'carpa, fronds 1"

long,
graminea, fronds 2" long,

rare (xi/ii. linearis).
graminoides, fronds H"

long.
immersa, fronds 2" to 3"

long (*//". Pleuro-

gramme immersa).

12" long, very papery,
the strongest grower of
all the species.

rostrata, fronds 3" to 4"
long.

seminuda, fronds 4' to
8" long (iti/n. Pleuro-
gramme semiuuda).

subfalcata, fronds 1 ' ' long.

Junghuhiiu, fronds 0" to trichoidea, fronds 3" to
4" long.

MONOLENA.

Fleshy stove herbs (ord. Melastomacese), with
thick rhizomes, and large, often showy, flowers.

Monobothrium (see ftieertUi).
Manochihti (of Wallicli, nee Zevxina),

Very few of them re in cultivation, and probably
primulrcflora is the only species that has been
introduced. Propagation, by cuttings of the
rhizomes, started in a close frame with bottom
heat, in spring. Soil, loam and peat, or leaf
mould, in equal parts, with one-sixth sand.

Principal Species :—

primulreflora, 6", Nov., st., bright pk., with yel.
nut hers and wh. eye, Ivs. glossy grn., with pur. leaf
>talks (Kiin. Bertolonia primulreflora of gardens).

MONOLOPIA.

Five species of hardy annual herbs (ord. Com-
positse) with woolly leaves and stems, and yellow
llowers. Propagation, by seeds sown in April.
Any light soil.

Principal Species : —

major, 2', Jy., yel., silvery wh., woolly foliage.

MONOMERIA.

Two species of epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceae), probably lost to cultivation. They are
more curious than pretty, the petals being
abortive. Barbata is an Indian, and nitida a
Mexican species.

MONOPYLE.

A small genus of stove herbs (ord. Gesneracea;),
allied to Gloxinia, and answering to the same treat-
ment.

Principal Species : —

racemosa, Jy., wh., spotted br., Ivs. with swollen
petiole bases.

MONOTOCA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees (ord.
I Epacridese), with small white flowers. They are of
I little decorative value, but may be grown the same
as the Epacrises.

Principal Species :—
elliptica, 8', My., Aug. ; lineata, 6', shr.
a small tree. scoparia, 5', My., Aug.,

MONSONIA.

Greenhouse herbs or sub-shrubs (oril. Gerani-
acene) of ornamental appearance. They may be
increased by seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in
spring ; also by cuttings in sandy soil, under a
hand-light or cold frame, in autumn. Soil, sandy
loam two parts, peat or leaf mould one part, and
sand.

Principal Species : —
lobata, 1', spr., sub-shr., speciosa, 6", spr., sub-

bl., pur., red, wh., gni. shr., ro., with a pur.

eye and grn. exterior.

MONSTERA (xyns. SERANGIUM and TOB-
NELIA).

A small genus of stove evergreen climbers (ord.
Aroidese). They take kindly to pot culture, but it is
well that the pots should be stood in water, for the
plants are very thirsty subjects. Stock may be
increased by cutting up the succulent stems, and
rooting the pieces in a close frame in Cocoanut
fibre refuse. Soil, loam that lias been stacked with
cow manure, two parts, and leaf mould one part.

Principal Species : —
neuromata, leaf blades 8" gravia paradoxa of nur-

to 10" long, one-sided serymen's catalogues).

(<//"«. tenuis and Marc- Shingle Plant.

Xvnolojrtnts (see Kiempferia).
Monoj>anax (see Oreopanax).
3Ionoxora (see Rltodamnia).

Montanoa

( 86)

Morsea

deliciosa, flowers yel.,
fruits br., succulent,
and of Pineapple
flavour, Ivs. large. A
good subject for sub-
tropical gardening (syns.

Philodendron pertus-

um and Tomeha fra-

grans).
pertusa, My., flowers yel.,

wh. (syii. Adausouii).
tenuis (*w acuminata).

MONTANOA (*yni. ERIOCARPHA, ERIO-

COMA, and MONTAGN^IA).

North American shrubs (ord. Composite), with
heads of white, yellow, or pink flowers. Bipin-
natifida is excellent for sub-tropical gardening,
for which it is occasionally utilised. Increase, by

KDULIS (see p. 87).

seeds sown in gentle bottom heat in spring, the
seedlings being planted out about the beginning of
June. Soil, good fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

bipinnatifida, 0" to 8", sum., hlf-hdy., flowers yel.,
Ivs. bipinnatifid (syns. heracleit'olia, and Polymnia
grandis).

Other Species : —
heracleifolia (see bipin-

natifida).
mollissima, Aug., Oct..

hlf-hdy. shr. , yel., wh.

tomentosa, 3', Sep., hlf-
hdy., wh. (»»/». Erio-
coma fragrans).

MONTBRETIA.

Description. — A garden section of the genus
Tritonia (ord. Iriclese). All the varieties are " bulb-
ous" plants of great beauty, and of much value
for late summer flowering.

Propagation. — By division, offsets being produced
freely. These, when separated, should be planted
in the reserve garden to form flowering plants at
a later period. Seeds may be used for new
varieties.

Soil.— Light loam of a sandy consistency, en-
riched with well-decayed ."table manure.

Other Cultural Points. — In order to ensure a
good supply of flowers it is imperative that the
bulbs be planted in a position well exposed to the
sun, and the soil must be thoroughly drained, as
Montbretias, though requiring plenty of water
during the growing season, dislike stagnant
moisture. Planting should be done in autumn or
early spring. Many seedling varieties of value
have been raised during recent years, a selection
of which is appended. (See also TRITONIA.)

Principal Varieties and Hybrids:—
Auricule, dark yel., pur. Eldorado, 2', gold yel.

elegans, bright yel.,

streaked vermilion.
Etoile do Feu, vermilion,

deep yel. centre.
Fantaisie, large, bright
vermilion, light yel.
centre.

Feu d' Artifice, yel., ver-
milion.
Gerbed'Or, vermilion, or.

centre.
Aurore,

aurea).
Bouquet Parfait, bright

vermilion,
crocosmiiiiflpra, 11' to 3',

sc.; hybrid (Crocosmia

aurea X Tritonia

Pottsii).
— flore pleno, deep or.,

yel.
Drap d'Or, large, rich

yel.

Germauia, yel.
Pottsii (see Tritonia).
Tigridie, or., yel., br.
throat.

Other good varieties are Solfatare, Sulphurea,
Talisman, and Transcendent.

MONTEZUMA.

A showy stove evergreen tree (ord. Malvacere),
propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, in sand, in
a close frame, with bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam
and fibrous peat in equal parts.

Only Species :—

speciosissiina, 30', st., pur., sc., large.

MOOREA.

A single species of stove epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidacesc), very rare, as yet, in cultivation. It
is allied to Houlletia, Soil, fibrous peat and loam
in equal parts, with a little sphngnnm moss and
sand. A rest must be given after growth is com-
pleted.

Only Species :—

irrorata, pseudo-bulbs 2" to 4" high, Ivs. \\' to 2'
long, sum., intermediate house, reddish br., lip
yel., dark pur.

MOQUILEA.

None of the species of Moquilea (<>rd. Rosacere)
is of any decorative value, and they are only culti-
vated as curiosities. Utilis, the Caraipi or Pottery
Tree of Para, has economic properties that render
it of importance abroad. Its bark, powdered, and
mixed with an equal quantity of clay, is used for
making various articles of pottery for domestic use.
The ware is tough, and will stand a great degree of
heat.

MORSEA.

Iris-like plants (ord. Irideaj), with prettily
coloured flowers, suitable for greenhouse or con-
servatory work. According' to Mr. Baker, this

Monterey Pine (see Pinus insignii).

Monthly Rose (see Rosa indiea).

Moon Creeper (see Ipomira Bona-Nox).

Moan Dainii (see Chrysanthemum Lmcantliemuni).

Moon Flwreer (see Ijmm/ra).

Moon Seed (see Menispcrmum).

Moon Trefoil (nee Medieago arborea).

Moonivort (see Sotrycliivm).

Morel

(87)

Mormodes

genus includes Helixyra, Dietes, and Vieusseuxia.
They like a rather sandy loam, and should be
grown in a alass structure from which frost is
excluded in winter.

Principal Species :—

Tricolor, 2', sum. , yel., br. tricuspis, 1', My., wh.,

edulis, 4', My., vio. (we pur. spots (*//«. Vieus-

p, 8(i). seuxia tricuspis).

robinsoniana, 6', Je., wh. uuguiculata, 1', Je., wh.,

(xfl)t. Iris rubiiisonianu). red spots (,W/H. Vieus-

Wedding Flower. seuxia unguicularis).
spathacea, 1', Mch., yel,

(XI/H. Dietes Huttom).

Other Species and Varieties : —

angusta, 9", My., lil. iridoides, C", Jy., wh.,

ciliata, 6", Si.-p., yel. or br. or yel. spots.

HI. papilionacea, G", My.,

— barbigera, red, yel. red., bl.

(.••I/US. l)arbigera and Pavonia, 2', My., red, blk.

tricolor). spot (syu. Iris Pavouia).

crispa, 0", My., Je., bl. — lutea, yel.

(.VI/IM. decussata and — villosa, pur.

Iris crispa). ramosa, 2', My., yel. (*y>i.

fimbriata, G", Je., lil. bulbil'era).

(si/n. Vieusseuxia Sisyriucliium (correctly

crispa). Iris Sisyrinchium), sul-

glaucopis, 2', MY-, wh., phur yel.

blk. spot(sj«.!. iris Pav- tripetala, 1', Je., bl. («;/».

om-AotliritaiiicalMiit/H- Vieusseuxia tripetal-

zinc 168, and Vieus- oides).

seuxia glaucopis). riscaria bituminosa, 1',

Mr. . vol.

MOREL.

A common name used for Fungi of the genus
Morchella. Several species are edible, and are
used in a somewhat similar manner to Truffles.
They are usually distinguishable by means of the
stout stem, and globular, oval, or cone-shaped
head, which is very much wrinkled. In the de-
pressions of the head, small bladders, containing
eight spores, are found. The several species show
a great variation in height, some being but 1" or
2" while others are upwards of 1'. The commonest
and most useful is esculenta, which grows 2" or 3"
in height and is the same distance across the head.
In colour it varies from grey to yellow. It is
•collected largely in Germany and Kashmir, dried,
and sold for flavouring soups, gravies, etc. When
fresh, it is often used stuffed with minced meat.
Morels should be collected when dry.

MORINA.

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs (ord. Dipsa-
ceae), which are distinguished by their spiny,
Thistle-like leaves, and crowded whorls of pink or
yellow, tubular, irregular flowers. They succeed
in a light, warm soil, sheltered from cold winds.
Propagation, by means of seeds sown indoors in
early spring, or by division of the rootstocks after
flowering. When the latter method is adopted,
some shade should be given for a week or two if
the weather is hot.

Principal Species : —
betoniooides, 1' to H', lonjnfolia, 2' to 3', Jy.,

Je. , hdy., ro. red. pur.

coulteriaua, 1' to 14', Je., persica, 2', Jy., hlf-hdy.,

yel. red, wh. (*;/«. wallichi-

aua) .

Mnroliella (see Morel).

Morrnia (see Chamtrdorea).

Mnreton Bay Chestnut (sec Cattanotpermiiin).

Morrfmi linn 1'ine (in- Arancaria Cu/miny Jia mil)

Monjagnia (see Simetliis).

MORINDA.

A large genus (ord. Rubiaceas) composed of trees,
shrubs, or woody climbers, whose chief character-
istics are whorled or opposite leaves with united
stipules, dense flower , heads borne in the axils
of the leaves, and fleshy berries, the latter giving
rise to the common name of Indian Mulberry.
They may be grown in sandy loam in a tropical
house, bnt are of little horticultural value. From
the root and bark of several species a dye is
extracted.

Principal Species : —

augustifolia, G', My., wh.
citrifolia, l.V, My.," wh.

jasmiuoides, Ap., pale
yel., fruits or.

MORINGA.

Tropical trees (ord. Moringese), usually with
pinnate leaves and loose panicles of yellow flowers
borne in the leaf axils. Pterygosperma is known
as the " Horseradish Tree," on account of its
fleshy roots being very similar to, and used in the
same manner as, Horseradish. Propagated by
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil in a warm
case in summer. Soil, fibrous loam, peat, or leaf
mould, with sand.

Principal Species : —
aptera, 20', sum., pale pterygosperma, 20', sum.,

yel. pale yel. (correctly olei-

eoncaueusis, 15', sum., lera).

yel.

MORISIA.

The only species known of this genus (ord.
Cruciferse) is hypogrea, a charming little hardy
rock plant. It is a low-growing perennial, spread-
ing horizontally into a small, carpet-like mass,
rarely more than 2" or 3" high. The foliage is very
dense, and the leaves are 2" or 3" long and deeply
cut. The flowers are numerous, yellow, and borne
in early summer. Increased by seeds sown out of
doors, by root cuttings or by division. Soil, sandy
loam, in a light position.

MORISONIA.

A tropical genus of evergreen trees (on!. Cap-
paridese), with oblong leaves, whitish flowers, and
round, often brightly coloured, berries. Propagated
by cuttings in a close case.

Principal Species : —

americana, 15', sum. , wh. multiflora, 15' to 20',
Imrayi, 12' to 20', sum., sum., wh.

wh.

MORMODES.

Description. — Epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orcliid-
acese), closely resembling Catasetum, the chief
point of difference being found in the column of
the flower. The species are deciduous, and make
rather long, stem-like pseudo-bulbs, which produce
about six plaited, lance-sha:ped leaves. The flowers
are thick and fles4iy, and borne in dense spikes on
t hick stalks from side buds on the pseudo-bulbs.

Propagation. — Division of the plants at the time
when growth commences. Stocks are, however,
usually added to by imported plants.

Soil. — Fibrous peat and sphagnum.

Other Cultural Points. — Repotting should be
performed in spring. Pots or Orchid baskets may
be used with equal success, providing the drainage
is perfect. They should be half-filled with broken
crocks and charcoal, the plants placed on the
crocks, and filled in lightly with peat fibre and
small tufts of sphagnum. When completed, the

Moronobea

(88 )

Mosses

surface should form a mound with, the plant in the
centre. When growing rapidly, and the pots are
well filled with roots, occasional applications of
weak cow manure and soot water are beneficial.
They, rejoice in a light position in the warmest
house when making their growth, but as soon as
the leaves begin to show signs of decay a cooler
and more airy position should be provided to
thoroughly ripen the growths. Thrips form the
worst insect pest, and must be kept under by light
fumigations. If green or black iiy appear on the
young shoots in early spring a. light fumigating
should be given at once.

MoilMODES LCXATA.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Buccinator, 1' to IS', Ap., — eburnea, ivory wh.,

very fine,
pardina, 1', Jy., yel., crim.

spots.

rolreaua, 1' to IV, Jy.,
gru., or., fragrant.

reddish br. , with darker

spots.

— aurea, or. yel.
luxata, 1' to H', Jy., pale

yel., with deep yel. lip

streaked with br. (se«

figure).

Other Species and Variety :—

Cogniauxii, 1', Je. (near ignea, 2', Jan., red, pur.,
rolfeaua). — maculate, yel., br.,

spotted pur.
MORONOBEA.

A small genus of stove evergreen trees (ord.
Guttiferse), growing to a height of 30' or 40'.
They are of little service horticulturally Cuttings
of half-ripe wood root in a close, warm case, and
sandy loam suits their requirements.

Principal Species : —
grandiflora,- 40'. riparia, 30'.

Miirna (see Waitzia],
Morning Glory (see Ipomcea).

MORUS.

Trees or shrubs, for the most part hardy, form
this genus (ord. Urticacese). The most common
species is nigra, popularly called the Mulberry.
This is well known by reason of its large, dark red,
Raspberry-like fruits (see MULBERRY). The White
Mulberry, M. alba, though of little service as a
fruit, is useful from. the leaves being largely utilised
for feeding silkworms. The flowers of all the
species are inconspicuous.

Principal Species : —
alba, 30', My., grn., wh.

Numerous vars. ; Col-

oinbassa, Gasparini,

heterophylla, italica,

laciniata, latifoliii, ina-

crophylla, pendula,

and rosea, are the best

known,
nigra, 30', Je., gru., wh. ,

fruit ripe in Sep., red or

Hk.
rulira, 70', Jy., grn., yel.,

fruit ripe in Sep., red.

MOSCHARIA.

One species — M. pinnatifida, a hardy annual
(aril. Composite), grows about li" high, and bears
white flower heads in loose panicles. Seeds may
be sown indoors and planted out in May. The
plant has a musky odour.

MOSCHOSMA.

Hiparium (ord. Labiate), a recently introduced
plant, is a greenhouse -perennial, growing 8' high,
with soft wood, opposite, Nettle-like leaves, and
large terminal inflorescences of whitish flowers with
purple anthers. It roots readily from cuttings of
young shoots, and requires exactly the same treat-
ment as is given to Salvias. December and
January are the two months when it may be ex-
pected to make the conservatory gay (seep. 89).

MOSSES.

Description. — Klowerless plants, ranking below-
such vascular cryptogams as Ferns, Selaginellas,
Lycopods, and a few other flowerless groups, and,
like them, characterised by an alternation of
generations — a sexual and a non-sexual. They
belong to the class Muscinese and the series Musci;
which again are divided into four orders — Bryacea:,
Phascacea;, Andreajacerc, and Sphagnacea3. The
first, or sexual, generation is a leafy plant, either
creeping or erect, branching or simple, familiarly
known as " Moss," and bearing the sexual organs.
The spore-bearing generation is leafless, and corre-
sponds to the leafy generation of the Fern.

Life History. — When the spore of a Moss germin-
ates, it develops a branching, thread-like body,
the protonema, from different cells of which arise
leafy buds, the nascent stems. These, when fully
developed, at certain seasons give rise to antheridia
and archegonia, the male and female organs
respectively. The antheridia are more or less-
cylindrical sacs filled with a tissue which ultimately
becomes the mother-cells of the antherozoids, and
at maturity a single antherozoid is liberated from
each mother-cell, and swims freely about in moisture-
by means of cilia. The archegonium is a bottle-
shaped structure with a central cell (the oosphere),
which is fertilised when an antherozoid reaches
it. The result is an embryo which develops into
the spore-bearing generation. The antheridia and
archegonia are usually surrounded by bud-like
structures of modified leaves known as the peri-
chartium, and are either axillary or terminate the-
stem or branches. Both antheridia and archegonia
may occur in the same bud when the Moss is bi-
sexual. If in different buds, the Moss may be
monoecious or dioecious according as the sexes are-
on the same or different plants. The second

IhUo: Caastlt it Company, /,(<'.

MOMCHOSMA Hll'AltlUM («€ p. 88X

Mosses

Moths

generation develops from the embryo, which lives
parasitically on the mother plant, giving rise to a
stalk (seta), bearing at its apex a theca, or capsule,
filled with spores and crowned with a calyptra or cap
(t he remains of the ruptured arcbegonium). The
capsule opens by a lid (operciilum), while the open-
ing is surrounded by a single or double row of
teeth (peristome), either four or some multiple of it,
according to the species. At maturity the spores are
liberated, and repeat the life history of the Moss
plant. There are no true roots, but their functions
are performed by root hairs.

Propagation. — By spores, and vegetatively from
almost any part of the plant by gemmae, bulbils, etc.

Soil.1— This varies greatly according to the habit
of the species, some living on ordinary garden soil
if moist or shaded. Others prefer peat, peat bogs,
shady walks, and the crevices of stone or brick
walls, or they may cover stones, or the base of tree
trunks if continually moist.

Classification. — The Bryacesc agree pretty closely
with the above life-history, and are tufted or
creeping plants. The Phascacese are small
Mosses, the spores of which are liberated only by
the decay of the capsule. The Andreseacese
are tufted Mountain Mosses, without a stalk to the
capsule, which splits into four valves from the base
upwards. The Sphagnaceie. or Bog Mosses, have
large, colourless, empty cells between the green
ones, capable of absorbing and retaining moisture.
The antheridia and capsule are globose, the latter
having no peristome.

Uses. — The species of Sphagnum, or Bog Mosses,
are all important to the Orchid grower, as they
cither form an ingredient in the compost used for
potting or basketing a great number of species, or
may be used alone in pots, baskets, or on rafts
for certain other speoies. Members of the Bryacese
are often used as packing for plants to be sent by
post or rail, species of Hypnum being very useful
for the purpose. Some of the latter are often
dried, dyed, and used for various decorative pur-
poses. Cut flowers and even vegetables are some-
times bedded in Moss at exhibitions. The surface
of pots containing plants are sometimes covered
•with tufts or sods of Dicranium and other Mosses.
Polytrichum commune, or common Hair Moss, when
growing luxuriantly in wet, boggy places, is some-
times gathered and made into fine brooms.

Moss on Lawns. — When soil becomes very much
exhausted or impoverished, or is too constantly
moist or shaded, the grass on lawns is liable to die
out in patches, its place being taken by Mosses.
To remedy this, attention should be given to
drainage, and to the reduction of shade from trees,
if possible. During the winter months the surface
may be raked at intervals, to loosen and break up
the Moss. Top-dress the surface with some rich
compost, such as soil mixed with well-rotted farm-
yard manure. Dressings of soot and nitrate of soda
may also be given when the weather is open. If a
healthy growth of the grass is encouraged in this
way the Moss will disappear.

Moss on Walks. — Walks made of certain gravels
are liable to become green with a coating of fine
Mosses ; but in moist, shady situations, especially
nnder the drip of trees, any gravel will become

Muss, Spanish (gee TilJandsiatisneoides).
Moss Campion (see Silene acatdis).
Moss Rose (see Hosti ccntifolia mwscom).
Mossy Clipped Oak (see (J-uerctii Cerrif).

green. A top-dressing of common salt in dry
weather will destroy the Mosses. A strong solu-
tion of sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) will answer
the same purpose. Weed killers obtainable from
the dealers are also very effective.

Moss on Trees. — Frnit trees may be kept clear
of Mosses, Lichens, and insects by scrubbing them
annually or biennially with a solution of common
salt. A solution of chloride of lime has also been
used very effectively. A common practice is to
limewash the trunks of fruit trees, and thus
destroy the Moss. The soda-potash solution (see
INSECTICIDES) should also be used.

MOTHS.

These are insects (Heterocera) forming a section
of the order Lepidoptera, and distinguished by
their wings being covered with overlapping scales.
The colour resides in the scales. Moths may be
distinguished from butterflies (Khopalocera) by
their horns or antennas being variable in shape,
often beautifully feathered, but never clubbed at
the end, as butterflies' always are. Butterflies
always fly by day ; most of the moths fly by night,
but a few by day, or day and night. Contrary
to popular notions, some of them are beautifully
coloured, including the Tiger Moths (Arctia), some
of the Hawk Moths (Smerinthus), Underwing
Moths (Triphoena), Gooseberry Moth (Abraxas),
the Cinnabar, Moth (Callimorpha), and various
others. The females of some are wingless, as in the
Mottled Umber (Hybernia defoliaria), Pale Brindled
Beauty (Phigalia pilosaria), and Small Brindled
Beauty (Nyssia hispidaria) ; or have only rudimen-
tary wings' in the Winter Moth (Cheimatobia bru-
mata) and Scarce Umber (Hybernia aurantimia).

All moths pass through four stages — namely, the
egg, caterpillar or larva, pupa or chrysalis, and
imago or perfect state. They grow only in the
caterpillar stage, during which time they are
voracious feeders according to their size, and are
classed as injurious when they feed upon cultivated
crops, the amount of injury they cause being
proportionate to their size and numbers. Certain
of them may do groat damage in one or more dis-
tricts, yet be absent from others ; while some may
suddenly become a plague for a year or two and
then disappear more or less completely, the cause
not always being definite. They are practically
harmless in all other stages of their life.

The pupa stage is quiescent, being without legs
or wings, the hardened pupa case being enclosed
in a silken cocoon suspended from some object,
hidden in their burrows in trees or shrubs, or
buried in an earthen cocoon in the ground,
according to the species. The pupa is the stage,
in fact, when the imago or perfect state is being
developed.

There are close npon, if not quite, 2,000 British
moths, the larger ones being termed the Macro-
lepidoptera : the small ones (by far the more
numerous) the Microlepidoptera. For convenience,
the whole of them are classified into nine groups
as follows : —

1. Sphingina, including the Sphinges or Hawk
Moths. They may be distinguished by having
their antenna; thickest in the middle and tapering
to each end, whereas in all others these organs are
thickest at the base. The Death's Head (Acher-
ontia Atropos) feeds on Potatoes, but, though

Motli Mullein (see Verbasctim Jllattaria).
Moth Orchid (see Plialtrnopfit).

Moths

Mould

widespread, is not numerous. The Humming Bird
Hawk Moth (Macroglossa stellatarum) and the
Clearwing Moths (Trochilium) also belong here.

2. Bombycina include the Goat Moth (Cossus
ligniperda), Wood Leopard (Zeuzera yEsculi), the
Tiger Moths (Arctia), Ghost Moth (Hepialis
Hurnuli), Vapourer Moth (Orgyia antiqua), the
Lackey (Clisiocampa neustria), and many others
which are highly injurious to cultivated plants.
The Goat and Wood Leopard Moths are notable for
boring into the trunks of fruit and other trees.
The group is distinguished by the perfect insect
having a short, thick body, blunt behind, and broad
wings.

3. Noctuse or Night-Flying Moths have a rather
thick body, pointed behind, and narrower wings in
proportion to their length. There are about 300 of
them, including the Yellow Underwing (Triphama

front edge or costa, near the base. When the
wings are folded they have the outline of a bell ;
hence the meaning of the term "bell moths"
sometimes applied to them. They are small,
numerous in species, and include many that are
injurious, such as the Grape Moth (Ditula angus-
tiorana), several on Hoses, the Wosberian Tortrix
(Semasia wceberiana) in the bark of Apple and other
fruit trees, the Codlin Moth (Carpocapsa pomon-
ella), and the Red Grub of Plum (Carpocapsa
funebrana).

7. Tineina are small moths, often no bigger than
flies, and may generally be recognised by their
narrow wings with long fringes on the hinder edges
of both pairs. They are very numerous in species,
and sometimes in individuals. They include the
Clothes Moth, Long Horns, and Flat Body Moths
(Depressaria).

Photo: D. S. Fish, MMmjft,

Ml'EHLENBECKIA COMPT.KXA (ste 71. 92).

pronuba), Silver Y (Plusia Gamma), the Heart
rind Dart Moths (Agrotis), Cabbage Moth (Mamestra
Brassicae), and many others, which prove highly
Injurious to garden and field crops. The caterpillars
of many hide away underground.

4. Geometrina are slender-bodied moths with
broad wings, and their caterpillars are known as
loopers from their mode of walking, by looping up
the body. This is due to their having only ten
instead of sixteen legs. There are about 200 British
species, including several injurious to fruit trees,
such as Phigalia and Nyssia ; while the V Moth
(Halia vauaria) destroys the leaves of Currants
and Gooseberries. Even more injurious are the
Gooseberry Moth (Abraxas grossulariata) and the
Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata).

5. Pyralidina are slender-bodied moths, with long
and triangular wings. The species are moderately
numerous, but few of them ever give trouble in the
garden. They include the Grass Moths, Knot-
horns, Veneers, etc.

6. Tortricina have short and broad wings, straight
on the hinder edge, but suddenly convex on the

8. Pterophorina consist of twenty-nine species
of Plume Moths, recognised by the two-lobed fore
wings and three-lobed hind wings. They are not
injurious.

9. Alucitina contain only one British species, the
Twenty Plume Moth, each 'of the four wings having
six feathers, or twenty-four in all.

Remedies for the attacks of various enemies
mentioned here will be found under the crops they
infest, and under INSECTICIDES.

MOULD.

The name is given to a great number of Fungi,
owing perhaps to their microscopic size and the
impossibility of distinguishing them by the naked
eye. There is a considerable amount of vagueness
as to what is intended by the term, beyond the fact

of Thousands (sue Hen and Chtcltens,
Lindria Cymbalaria. and Saxifraya sar-
mentosa}.

Mollienrort (see Leonotis).

Mmtffrtta (*•<• Patrinia).

Mountain Ash.

Mulching

that the fungi are filamentous, and discernible by
the unaided eye only when aggregated in masses
forming a felt or covering to the object attacked,
or when making fluids, in which they are living,
cloudy. Certain of them have the power of setting
up fermentation in fluids containing sufficient
nutriment for them.

Attempts have been made to classify them
according as they are white (Mucedines) or dark
(Dematiei), but as their life histories are often com-
plicated, and themselves diverse in structure, as
well as habit, no good purpose can be served by such
general classifications. Many of them have been
proved to be only the early stages of more highly
developed or complicated organisms. A general
idea of their nature may be gleaned by taking
a few of them as examples. The Common White
Mould (Mucor Mucedo) hastens the decay of
fruit, but seems only capable of this when the
skin has been broken, and especially if the fruit is
damp or under damp conditions. This mould is
practically a saprophyte ; that is, one that lives on
a dead host. The Blue Mould of jam and various
articles of food is Penicillium glaucum, belonging
to a much higher section. It also is a saprophyte
whose well-being is promoted by dampness, and
may thus to a considerable extent be prevented.

Quite different in character are the moulds that
attack living plants and destroy them, such as
Phytophthora infestans, or Potato disease, which
also attacks Tomatoes, reducing their stems and
leaves to putrefaction. Here, again, moisture
is the agent that enables them to prove so
destructive. Many species of Peronospora are also
highly injurious to certain cultivated plants, but
as they penetrate into the interior of the tissue
there is no real remedy for them. By good culti-
vation and avoiding the causes that favour them,
their rapid increase will be prevented.

MOUNTAIN ASH (see PYRTJS Aucu-

PARIA).

MOWING.

A very necessary operation where lawns are well
kept. Formerly mowing was done with scythes,
and to cut the grass evenly without showing the
marks of the scythe was considered to be one of
the great tests of a young gardener's ability.
Now, however, machines which mow, roll, and, if
desired, collect the cut grass, are universally
used for lawns. When mowing with a scythe, the
work is best done when the grass is wet, with a
machine when the grass is dry, or nearly so. If
the grass is not very long, it is advisable to take
the collecting box off ; the cut grass is then scat-
tered broadcast, and in addition to acting as a
manure adds elasticity to the turf. As a rule,

Mountain Avens (see Dryas oetopetala).
Mountain Samson (see Simarouba amara).
Mountain Ebony (see Saukinia).
Mountain Green or Pride (see Spatlielia simplex).
Mountain Holly (see Nemopanthes).
Mountain Mint (see Pycnantltemum).
Mountain Parsley Fern (see Cryptm/ramme).
Mmintain Plum (see Ximenia avifricana).
Mountain Tobacco (see Arnica montana).
Mournful Widow (see Scabiosa atropurpurea).
Mouse-ear Chiclmeed (see Cerastium).
Moussonia (see Isoloma}.

Moustache Plant (see Caryopteris Mastacantlius).
Mwviny Macliines (see Lawn Mowers).

lawns should be mown weekly in wet, and fort-
nightly in dry, weather.

MUCUNA.

Strong-growing woody climbers, suitable for a
stove or intermediate house (ord. Leguminosse).
As a rule, they are shy flowerers, and are rarely
seen in cultivation. Increased by cuttings of half
ripe wood. They grow well in a mixture of fibrous
peat, loam, anil coarse sand. A bright, sunny posi-
tion is a great aid to success.

Principal Species : —
atropurpurea, 10', sum., prurieus, 12', sum., pur.

pur. Cow Itch,

macrobotrys, 40' to 60', sempervirens, 12'.

yel.

MUEHLENBECKIA.

Hardy or half-hardy, shrubby or climbing plants
(ord. Polygonacea?) of value for large rockeries.
All root readily from cuttings, and succeed in sandy
loam.

Principal Species : —
acVpressa, lilf-hdy., long, platyclada, 4', grh. shr.

weak branches. sagittifolia, strong cl.

cornplexa, hdy., long, varians, hlf-hdy., long,

weuk branches (see p. weak branches, small

91). Ivs. (syn. varium).

naua, a good garden plant

for small rockeries.

MULBERRY.

The Mulberry (Morus nigra) (sec />. 93) has been
in cultivation from a distant period on account of
the use of its leaves as a food for the silkworm,
and also for its fruits, which have been used for
making wine, as well as for dessert. Their sub-acid
flavour when ripe is grateful to many. M. alba i>
now used for feeding silkworms.

The Mulberry is hardy in Great, Britain and
Ireland, but its fruits will not ripen in the colder
districts without the shelter of a wall. Almost
any good garden soil is suitable, but it should be
one of considerable depth, and not too dry. The
propagation of the Mulberry is by means of layers
in November or February, and by cuttings of the
young wood, with a piece of the older attached, in
autumn or spring. These may be about 1' or 2'
long, and ought to be planted deeply in autumn or
spring in a shady border. Seeds are also sown in
the open in May, or under glass a month or two
earlier. Inarching is also practised.

Pruning of trees on walls or fences is performed
by thinning out or stopping the stronger-growing
shoots in summer. Others may be thinned out
where too thickly crowded. The fruit is produced
on both spurs and short-jointed wood of the
current year's growth.

MULCHING.

It may safely be said that great benefit to
gardens would result were the practice of mulching
more generally followed, especially by amateurs,
who are often slow to avail themselves of its help.
It consists in placing some material on the surface

Mul/erlia Saxteri (see Oxylobium scandens).

Mueedinei (see Mould).

Mudar Plant (see Calotropis gigantea).

Mud Plantain (see TTeteranthera reniformis).

Mu/in;ort (see Artemisia rulgaris).

MuJtia (see Melotliria).

Mulberry, Indian (see Morinda).

Mundtia

(93)

Murraya

of tlie soil, either to prevent evaporation in dry
weather, or to give an additional supply of nutri-
ment to the roots of the plants. Mulching is also
useful to prevent frost from destroying the more
tender plants.

To prevent evaporation, and so to lessen the
amount of watering required, which is a great
gain compared to flooding the warm soil with
water at a low temperature, a mulch of some loose
material is preferable. Where appearance is not a
consideration, this may consist of loose straw or
other litter, but where that has to be considered,
as in the case of flower-beds, Cocoanut fibre refuse,
spent tan, chaff, or even moss-litter may be applied.
The soil should be soaked previous to applying this
mulch

Where the object is to supply additional nourish-
ment, mulching with well-decayed manure or with
fresh soil with the addition of some good artificial
manure (nee ABTIF1CIAL MANURE) can be practised,

early summer if placed in sandy soil in a close
case. Soil, sandy peat.

Only Species : —
Desertorum (••*•<? Muraltia spinosa, 2' to 3', spr., wh,

juuiperifolia).

MUNTINGIA.

Tropical trees and shrubs (ord. Tiliacese) of little
horticultural value, though one species, calabura,
has pretty white flowers. The treatment usually
accorded a general collection of stove plants
suffices.

Principal Species : —

calabura, 25', Je., wh.

t .(• <'<ntiimnii. Ltd.

A FIXE McLHEllKY GROWING IX THE GAKIIEX AT SlOX LoDOE, ISLEWORTH.

and the plants watered through this in dry
weather. A slight mulching or top-dressing with
fresh soil is also beneficial to many herbaceous or
Alpine flowers in autumn and spring. This may
consist of loam, leaf mould, sand, or broken
granite. As a winter protection ashes are some-
times applied as a mulch, but those produced from
some kinds of coal are injurious, and straw, COCOM-
nut fibre refuse, or other loose material is to be
preferred.

MUNDTIA.

One species only of this shrubby genus (ord.
Polygalesc) is in cultivation. It requires green-
house culture, and makes a spiny, stiff-growing
bush. Cuttings of young shoots may be rooted in

JUitlt/ediinn (nee L<u'turu).
Mullein (*r Verbasnim).

MURALTIA.

A large genus (iird. Polygalese) of shrubs or sub-
shrubs, of little use to the horticulturist. They
are usually of bushy habit, with small, ridged
leaves and reddish or purple flowers. Cuttings
root readily in snndy peat.

Principal Species : —

Heisteria, 3' to 0', Jan., juniperifolia, 3 , Je., pur.
pur*

MURRAYA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rutacese), with
pretty, glossy leaves, and white. Orange-like
blossoms. A few species only are known. Cut-
tings of half ripe wood root quickly in sandy soil in

Mindl Hoot (ire (.'/ifonifodon).
Murrain Herrics (see Tamvs comnnmiit).

Musa

( 94)

Mushrooms

a warm propagating case. Soil, fibrous peat and
loam.

Principal Species : —

exotica, 10', Aug., wh.

Kcenigii, 40', Je., yel.

MUSA.

Description. — A genus of herbaceous tropical
plants (ord. Musacese) of noble appearance, requiring
a stove temperature. Though apparently possess-
ing stems, the plants are really stemless, for the
pseudo-stem is built of the sheathing bases of the
leaf stalks. This pseudo-stem may attain a height
of twenty or more feet, and have leaves of a cor-
responding size. In the tropics Musas are grown
for the fruits, chiefly those of sapientum and its
variety paradisiaca, the Banana ami Plantain, while
textilis is the source of Manilla Hemp. In Great
Britain the plants have hitherto been grown chiefly
for ornamental purposes ; but, given plenty of room
and fairly large houses, Bananas of excellent quality
may be produced with little trouble. Musas
may also be used with good results in the sub-
tropical garden, provided that shelter from strong
winds be afforded; without this the long leaves
soon present a sorry, torn aspect. Ensete has
previously been considered to be the hardiest
species, but now this has to give place to Basjoo
(*//». japonica of gardens), which has proved to be
hardy in the more favoured parts of the south-west
of England.

Propagation. — By suckers, which are produced
after the stem has flowered or been cut down.

Soil. — Rich, fairly retentive loam, and well-
decayed manure.

Other Cultural Points. — Musas can hardly have
too rich a rooting medium, and water must be given
in quantity at all times. They may be grown in
large pots in the stove, but do infinitely better when
planted out. Constant feeding must be accorded
to pot plants, with frequent syringing. Careful
handling is requisite, as the leaves easily bruise.

Principal Species and Varieties: —

aurantiaca, or., yel., fruit reddish vio., very

fruit grn., stem short, good.

close to sanguinea. Ensete, 13' to 25' , red mid-

Bakeri, bracts crim. rib ; good for bedding.

Cavendishii, 5' to 7', grh. sapientum, 20' to 2">', Ivs.

(KI/II. sinensis). 10'. True Banana,

discolor, grn., bracts red, paradisiaca, fruit
shorter. Plantain.

Other Species and Hybrid : —

assamica, dwarf, suitable Fehi, 15' to 20', fruit very

for pots. fine.

Basjoo, nearly hdy., fruit kewensis, stem 3', Je. to

3" long, not edible (sj/H. Oct., bracts crim.,

japonica of gardens). hybrid (Mannii X

rosa,cea).
giueusis (see Cavendishii).

MUSCARI.

Description.— Pretty, hardy bulbous plants (ord.
Liliacese), of great beauty when grown in clumps
or masses in the mixed border, rockery, or among;
grass. They also make pretty pot plants for a cool
house. They have clustered spikes of small
flowers. Muscaris may be purchased from bulb
dealers and planted in early autumn.

Jfitnveiija (see Passiflora).
Muscadine (see Vitis vul/rina).
Mugcaria (see Saxifraija).

Propagation. — By offsets, which are freely pro-
duced, and by seed.

Soil. — Any common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
botryoides, 6", Ap., bl. ; couicum Heavenly Blue,

pretty vars. are album 9", Ap., bl. ; very fine.

and album grar.di- Heldreichii, 9", Ap., bl. ;

riorum, wh. ; pallidum the earliest.

and pallidum grandi- moschatum, 9", Ap., bl.,

riorum, pale bl. ; and yel., shy bloomer iu

caniuum, pale flesh. many gardens. Musk

Common Grape Hya- Hyacinth.

cinth. — flavum, yel.

comosum, 9", Ap., bl. racemosum, G", Ap., dark

Tasselled Hyacinth. bl. (»yn, Straugwaysii

— album, scarce, wh. ot"Tenore,notKotschy).

— moustrosum, 9", Ap., Starch Hyacinth,
bl.; very pretty. Feather — carueum, pk.
Hyacinth.

Other Species : —

Arjpi'i, 6", Ap., bl. latifolium, 9", Ap., bl.

armeuiacum, 6", Ap., bl. lingulatum, 6", Ap., pale
atlanticum, 6", Ap. , bl.

deep bl. maweanum, 6", Ap., bl.

azureum (see Hyaciiithus micrauthum, 6" , Ap. , vio.

a/ureus). bl.

ciliat.um (now Hyacinthus ncglectum, 6", Ap., dark

ciliatus). bl.

commutatum, 6", Ap., pallens, 6", My., pale bl.

bl. (SI/H. Strangwaysii parudoxum, 9' , Ap., dark

of Kotschy, not Ten- bl.

ore). parviftorum, 6", Ap., bl.

compaction, 6", Ap., bl. Pinardii, 6", Ap., bl.

concimium, 6", Ap., bl., polyanthum, 9", Ap., bl.

wh. Buaveolens, 6", Ap., bl.

dilutum, 1', Ap., bl. szovitzianum, 4", Ap.,
Elwesii, 6", Ap., bl. pale bl.

grajcum, 6", Ap., bl. transsylvauicum, 9'', Ap.,
graudifolium, 8", Ap., bl.

bl.

MUSHROOMS.

Definition of the Term. — In its widest sense,
" Mushroom " may be made to include all the Fungi
belonging to the Hyrnenomycetes, but generally it
is more or less restricted to those which resemble
the common Mushroom in form. Popularly, all
those which are edible and useful to man as food
are included, while the poisonous ones are spoken
of as Toadstools. There are, however, edible
species of Fungi which have no resemblance to the
common Mushroom, whereas the poisonous ones,
or Toadstools, may and do often belong to the
same genus as the edible Mushrooms. Thus,
while the latter term may be employed to indicate
certain kinds, it is necessary to become perfectly
familiar with the non-poisonous ones before using
any as food.

Description. — The British Hymenomycetes are
divided into .six Orders, the common Mushroom
(Agaricus campestris) belonging to the Order Agari-
cini. Of Agaricus there are at least 782 British
species. The varieties of campestris are numerous,
hortensis being perhaps the one most frequently
cultivated. A Mushroom consists of a pileus or
cap, supported by a stalk, which is furnished with
a ring. In the early stages of growth a thin film
or veil connects this ring with the outer edge of
the cap. On the underside of the latter are
numerous plates or gills radiating concentrically
from the stalk to the edge. The hymenium is
situated on these gills, and bears large cells
(basidia) each of which usually carries four spores,
either on microscopic stalks or directly on the
basidia, as in the common Mushroom. The pileus or

Mushrooms

Mushrooms

cap, with that portion of the stalk above the ring,
is usually all that is gathered for use. This is the
fruiting portion of the fungus, the vegetative
portion consisting of threads or rnycelia (spawn)
that ramify in the soil or dung, and feed upon
decaying vegetable matter.

Edible Mushrooms. — The common or field Mush-
room naturally grows in pastures, fields, and open
places, particularly where horses have been graz-
ing. If the gills are pink or pale salmon when
young and fresh, it is safe to sajf that the speci-
mens belong to this species. The gills become
brown or black with age, and in an advanced stage
they should not be used. The Meadow or Horse
Mushroom (A. arvensis) is common in similar

dung, permeated with the mycelium. Artificial
cultivation is pursued in winter and spring ; but
with the advent of summer the prevailing temper-
ature is usually too high, while the grubs of
certain flies feed in such numbers in the Mush-
rooms as to render them useless. Summer crops
raised out of doors are resorted to, to keep up the
supply till the advent of the uncultivated harvest
of the open meadows.

Preparation of Manure. — Horse droppings should
be collected from the stables every morning where
possible. Shake the rank litter out, and pile the
droppings in a heap to ferment in an open shed
where the roof will keep it dry. Turn the heap at
intervals to prevent violent heating, and if the

Photo: (}. E. .\

GOOD CLUSTERS OF MuSKHOOMS.

places in. the autumn; but while larger, it has a
less delicate flavour. St. George's Mushroom (A.
gambosus), with a large, nearly white cap, pale
yellowish gills, and no ring on the stalk, appears in
spring, and makes delicate and pleasant eating.
The Fairy King Mushroom (Marasmius oreades)
forms rings on lawns and pastures, and may be
recognised by this as well as its small size, and few,
whitish gills. Coprinus comatus may be distin-
guished by its cylindrical and pure white cap,
covered with cloth-like scales. It should be
gathered while the gills are white or slightly tinted
with pink, not afterwards. It soon becomes purple,
then black, and passes quickly into an inky-looking
fluid. The above are all common and edible
species.

Cultivation. — Spawn of the cultivated Mushroom
is usually obtained from dealers in the form of
bricks consisting of a mixture of clay and cow

latter is likely to take place sprinkle the manure
through a rosed watering pot. being careful not to
give too much, or the fermentation will be retarded
or entirely checked. When sufficient for a bed has
been obtained, begin another heap with the fresh
additions from the stables. Avoid wetting the
manure too much, especially in winter, and reject
manure from horses that have been having
medicine, or the Mushroom beds will result in
failure.

Indoor Culture. — A cellar not connected with a
dwelling house is a good place for Mushroom beds,
but any outhouse that can be closed may be used
for the purpose. Where a large supply is required,
a Mushroom house should be built on purpose, on
the north aspect of a wall or other convenient
place near hothouses whence a hot-water pipe
or two can be introduced to maintain a temper-
ature of 50° to 55° at all times. The house may

Musk

(96 )

Mutisia

be of any shape — a lean-to will do. Beds may be
made up on either side of the central pathway, and
wide, well-supported shelves, one above the other,
may be constructed for the accommodation of
other beds. In making up a bed, shake up the
manure evenly, and tread or beat it with the back
of a spade till there is a depth of about 1'. When
the heat has declined to 90U, insert pieces of spawn i
about the size of a hen's egg in holes made with a
trowel 4" to 6" apart all over the bed, and cover
them with the manure. Seven days afterwards,
cover the bed with 1" of good holding loam, beat-
ing it down with the spade. Some also cover the |
bed with hay to retain the heat and moisture till
the young Mushrooms begin to appear, which they
should do in the course of four to six weeks. When
this takes place, spawn another bed.

Watering. — If the manure has been properly
made, and not burned in the process of fermenta-
tion, no watering ,of the beds will be required in
winter. During autumn and spring, if the surface !
becomes really dry, it should be sprinkled with a |
rosed watering pot after the first and each succes- !
sive gathering. The water used should be of the
same temperature as the bed. Heavy watering is
dangerous at all times, and to be avoided.

Outdoor Culture.— Mushrooms are extensively
grown on ridges in the open air. The manure is pre-
pared in the usual way, and the beds are made up
in ridges 3' deep and triangular in section. These
beds are spawned and covered with soil as for
indoor culture. A thick layer of coarse litter is
then placed over the bed to retain the heat, being
removed only in order to gather the Mushrooms.
Another and simpler plan of rearing Mushrooms
in summer, when indoor culture is impracticable,
is to take out a trench behind a north aspect
wall, fill this with fermenting manure, spawn it,
and cover with a layer of soil.

MUSK (see also MIMULUS).

The Musk of gardens is Mimulus moschatns,
which is a favourite with many on account of its
fragrance and bright yellow flowers. It is quite
hardy, and is semi-wild in mild districts. It is
also much used for growing in pots and hanging
baskets. The Common Musk has been greatly
superseded by the large-flowered form known as
M. moschatus Harrisoni.or Harrison's Musk, which
makes a finer plant for pots or for bedding. When
grown in pots for exhibition il is generally trained
over a flat wire frame attached round the pot.
Musk is propagated by division or by seeds, in
spring. It requires plenty of water.

MUSLIN MOTH.

Diaphora medica is closely allied to the Ermine
moths. The female has wings of a semi-transparent
white colour, the male smoke colour, while both
have black spots. The larvae are about 1" in
length, and covered with brown or black hairs.
Hand-picking is the most effectual remedy known.
As they are rather numerous in autumn it is for-
tunate that they confine their depredations chiefly
to weeds.

MUSSyENDA.

Stove evergreen shrubs or sub-shrubs, rarely
herbs (ortl. Rubiaceae), with the general aspect of a

Bouvardia. Propagation, by cuttings in spring.
Loam and peat in equal proportions, with a good
dash OL sand, will suit.

Principal Species :—
erythrophyllii, sulphur

yel., bracts criin.
frondosa, 1' to 8', Aug.,

yel.

Other Species : —
corymbosa, My., ST.
glabra, 6', Jy., or.
luteola, primrose.

Musk ffyacintk (gee Miiscari woschatus).
Miisk Melon (see Ciicurblta mnscliata).
Xtisk Orchis (see Herminium).

macrophylla, 8', My., or.
speciosa, 6', Aug., red.

pubescens, yel.
unitiura, wh.
— theifera.

MUSSCHIA.

Greenhouse herbs (ord. Campanulacea;). Propa-
gation, by seeds when obtainable, also by cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. For soil, use sandy,
fibrous loam and a third of leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

aurea, 1' to 2', sum., yel. Wollastoni, 6', yel., calyx
(«//«. Campanula aurea). pur.

MUSTARD AND CRESS.

As these two popular salad plants are so closely
associated at the table and require the same culti-
vation, they may well be treated of together. The
Mustard is Brassica (syn. Sinapis) alba, and the
Cress is Lepidium sativum. Ground Mustard is
made from the seeds of Brassica alba and B. nigra.

Soil. — A fine, rich soil is the best for outdoor
cultivation and for forcing.

Sowing Outside. — This may be done from the
end of March until about the beginning of May
in a sheltered, warm position, and from the begin-
ning of May to the middle of September in a cooler
and shadier spot. .Sow thickly. Keep the surface
of the soil very fine. Cress should be sown from
three to five days earlier to come in at the same
time as the Mustard. Water plentifully in dry
weather.

Sowing Indoors. — These snladings are best sown
in boxes about 1' square and from 3" to 4" deep,
filled with fine, free soil or rotten tan watered
after sowing, and covered with a sheet of glass.
Place in a warm house or a moderate hotbed, and
the salads should be fit for use in ten days or a
fortnight. Or seed may be sown on damp flannel.

Varieties : —

Common Cress, only the seed leaves being used ;
Australian or Broad Leaved, tender and piquant ;
Triple Curled, of good flavour, and good also for
garnishing ; Winter, or American, is Barbarea
pnecox.

The usual Mustard used is the White, but some
prefer the larger plant, known as the Chinese.
which is more pungent,

MUTISIA.

Stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy climbers (unl.
Composite), with showy yellow, orange, or scarlet
flowers. Propagation, by cuttings in sand in spring,
under a bell-glass, in slight bottom heat. Sandy
loam with a little peat, will suit. M. Clematis has
been flowered against a wall in the south of
England. Others might be tried.

Mussel Feale (see Mytilaxpis).
Jlfitssinia (see (razania).
Mustard, Hedge (see Erysinnim).

Myginda

(97.;

Myrica

Principal Species: —

Clematis, 6' to 8', sc. ilicifolia, 10'.

decurreiis, or., hdy. when versicolor, grh., or., br.
established. vicitefolia, grh. or hlf-

hardy, or.

MYGINDA.

Stove (evergreen shrubs (ord. Celastrinese), with
minute flowers at the apex of short stalks, and
mostly white. Propagation, by cuttings of ripe
shoots in sand. Fibrous loam and peat in equal
proportions, with plenty of sand, will meet their
requirements.

Principal Species : —

latifoliu, 4', Ap., wh. myrtifolia (now Pachysti-

ma Myrsiuites).

MYOPORUM.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Myoporineae),
with white flowers in axillary clusters" Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of half-ripe shoots under a bell-
glass in spring. Loam and peat in equal ratio,
with plenty of sand and some nodules of charcoal'
will suit.

Principal Species :—

Desert"' - • • pur. (XI/H. iiisulare and

totum, 2 . tasmanicum).

•erratum, C', My., wh., — tuberculatum, 3'.

MYOSOTIDIUM.

A hardy or half-hardy, though often short-lived
herbaceous perennial (ord. Boraginere). Propaga-
tion, by seeds when obtainable ; also by division in
spring. Any good garden soil will "suit, but it
should be moist, and the situation shaded. Peat
and leaf mould greatly assist in retaining the
moisture.

Only Species :—

nobile, 14', Ap., My., bl., wh. New Zealand For-
• get-iue-Not.

MYOSOTIS. (FORGET-ME-NOT.)

Description. -Charming and universally admired
animal, biennial, or perennial plants (ord Bo-
raginese), of much beauty in beds, borders, rockeries
>r in pots for the greenhouse or conservatory In
spring the Myosotises make beautiful effects either
in beds by themselves, or associated with other
flowers.

Propagation. — All the species by seeds the
named varieties and choice forms, as well as the
perennials, by cuttings under a hand-light or glass
in summer.

Soil.— Common soil. Moist and rather shady
places are preferred, but shade is not necessary
where the plants are taken up after having been
used tor spring bedding.

Other Cultural Points.— Seedlings for bedding
should be pricked out early and encouraged to
make sturdy, bushy growth before winter.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
alpestris 3" Jy.,bl. («/». - elegantissima, Ivs.

lupicola). edged wh

- elegaiitissima, wh., ro., _ grandiflora, bl.

aus,ra,is,(r,My.,bl. ^iSr^T" to 12" spr

d,ssit,nora, fi" to 12", bl., sempeiCens,' £0-

Feb. ,bl. ; very beautiful, bably a var. of palustris,

good for moist soil («/».

Dyer:p' bl- scorpioides). Marsh

Forget-me-not.

Myantlms (gee C'atasetum).
Mijcarantlms (see Eria).
Mylaearyum (see Cli/tonia).
37

sylvatica, 1' to 2',spr.,bl. — grandiflora, larg«

(.V.'/H. oblongata). flowers.

— compacta aurea, yel. - lithospermifolia, fine
Mj- flowers.

— elegautissima. wh., bl.,
pk.

Other Species and Varieties :—

arvensis, 0", Je., bl. intermedia, 6", Ap , bl

— alba, wh. litoralis, 9", Ap bl.
azonca, 1', Aug., bl.; Lyallii, 3" to 6", bl.

tender. Traversii, 4" to 8", pale
ciespitosa, 9", Je., bl. yel.

— Kehsteiueri, bl. Welwitschii, 4", My bl
collma, 4", My., bl. (syn. cintra).

Garden Forms (most coming fairly true from
seed) : —

nfXlfy <5em' palustris Little Queen.

Cluster-flowered, bl., wh. Princess Maud,

dissitiflora Perfection. robusta grandiflora

Imperatrice Elizabeth. sylvatica Distinction

Jewel. Victoria.

MYRCIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrtacese) allied
to the Myrtle, and all producing white flowers
Propagation, by cuttings of young wood beginning
to get quite firm at the base, in early summer5
inserted firmly in pots of sand and plunged in a
propagating case. Soil, equal parts of fibrous loam
and peat, with plenty of sand to keep it open.

Principal Species :—

amplexicaulis, 5'.

MYRIACTIS.

Half-hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Composite)
allied to the Daisy, and requiring frame protection
in winter. Propagation, by seeds in a greenhouse
also by division in spring. A light, sandy soil will
suit. Nepalerisis, producing white flbwers in
June, is the only species introduced (*yn. Gmelini).

MYRIALEPIS.

A genus of Palms (ord. Palmae) of which only
one, Scortechini, from the Malaya district, is in
cultivation at Kew.

MYRIAPODA.

An order of animals of low organisation, belonging
to the group Chilognatha, often found feedin°- upon
the roots of Potatoes, Turnips, Cabbages, Onions
and other vegetables. They are carnivorous and
herbivorous, and live about two years. The princi-
pal species are, Julus guttatus, londinensis terres-
tris punctatus, latestriatus, and pilosus, all known
as bnake Millipedes ; and Polydesmus complanatus
termed the Flattened Millipede. The latter forms
a transition to the Soolopendrse, of the group Chilo-
poda, which includes the very common species
Ueophilus longicornis, a slender animal, 21" to 3"
long, with 102 to 110 feet. Clear lime water, soot
nitrate of soda, and common salt are remedies.

MYRICA. (CANDLEBEREY MYRTLE.)

Hardy or greenhouse shrubs (ord. MyricaceaO
best known in this country from the native M. Gale
the Sweet Gale, Dutch or Bog Myrtle, which has an

reeable scent and has been used among clothes to
keep away moths and vermin. Its leaves have also
been used instead of Hops, and the berries were put
into beer to make it more intoxicating. Cerifera
the Candleberry Myrtle, and carolinensis, produce

Myriadenvs (see Zornia).

Myricaria

(98)

Myrsine

berries from which candles have been made.
Myricas are propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings,
and division, and like a rather moist, sandy peat.

Principal Species: —
asplenifolia, 4', Ap., hdy., Gale, 4', My.

br. (si/n. Comptonia quercifolia, 3', Je., grh.

asplenifolia).
californica, 4', Jy. , grn.
caroliuensis, 5', My.,grn.
cerifera, 20', My. (See

figure.)

rubra, 8', My., grh., grn.;
fruit edible (synx. es-
culenta and Nagi)

MYKICA CEHIFERA.

MYRICARIA.

A small genus (ord. Tamariscineae) of hardy
evergreen shrubs. Propagated by cuttings under
a hand-light. .Soil, loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species :—

gerraanica, 8', Jy., pk. (syns. dahurica of gardens
and Tamarix germanica).

MYRIOCARPA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Urticaceae), with long, droop-
ing spikes carrying hundreds of tiny green flowers.
Propagated by cuttings. Soil, peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

stipitata, 15', sum., grn.

MYRIOPHYLLUM.

Small-growing, hardy perennial aquatics (ord.
HalorageEe). Propagated by division. They thrive
in ponds or ditches.

Principal Species : —
alternirlorum, 1', Jy., grn. verticillatum, 1', Jy., grn.

MYRISTICA. (NUTMEG.)

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Myris-
ticeae) whose economic value lies in fragrans,
which produces the nutmeg of commerce. Propa-
gated by cuttings. Soil, fibrous peat, loam, and
sand.

Myrioblastvs (see Cryptocoryne).
Myriopterii (see Clieilantkes).

Principal Species : —

fatua, 25', sum., gru.,wh.

Long or Wild Nutmeg,
fragruus, 25', Je., pale

yel. (syns. moschata and

officinalis) .

proserpinacoides, 6" to
8", St., grh., Ivs. fea-
thery, trailer (»,'/».
Herpestes reflexa of
gardens).

MYRMECODIA.

Interesting epiphytes (ord. Rubiaceae), having a
large, swollen, and tuberous rhizome, the larger part
of which should be kept above the soil. They
succeed in a stove in peaty soil, suspended in a
Teak basket, but possess no horticultural value. In
their native haunts ants take up their abode in the
stem, producing the swollen appearance. Such
plants are known as " myrmecophilous." Specimens
are imported from tropical Australia, or seeds may
be sown.

Beccarii, 1', Feb., wh.
vitiensis (correctly Hydno-

phytum longirlorum).
PLUM (see 1'KUNUS

Principal Species • —
Antoinii, 1', Jan., wh.;
spiny.

MYROBALAN

OERASIFEUA).

MYROSMA.

A small group of tropical American plants (ord.
Scitaraineae), several giving off fragrance when
crushed. (See CALATHEA for treatment.)

Principal Species: —

Gladioli. hemisphivrica.

Lubbersii.

MYROSPERMUM.

Stove evergreens (ord. Leguminosie). Propagated
by cuttings in summer. Soil, loam, peat, and
coarse sand. Several species are now referred to
Myroxylon.

Principal Species : —

frutesceus, 10', Jy., ro. toluiferum(scc Myroxylon

toluiferum).

MYROXYLON.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosaj), requir-
ing similar treatment to Myrospermum. The value
of the genus lies in the fragrant balsams produced
by some species.

Principal Species :—
peruiferum, 40', sum., toluiferum. 40', sum.,

wh. Balsam of Peru. wh. Balsam of Tolu.

MYRRHIS. (SWEET CICELY, MYBRH.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Umbelliferae).
propagated by seeds, cuttings, or division. Ordin-
ary garden soil suits. Myrrh was formerly much
cultivated, and used as a pot herb and in salads.

Principal Species :—

odorata. 2', My., wh. British Myrrh.

MYRSINE.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trees (ord.
Myrsinefe), propagated by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots. Soil, sandy loam and peat.

Principal Species :—
africnna, 4', spr., br.,grn., semiserrata,6'to 30',Jan.,

pk. Pk.

capitellata, 6' to 30', win.,

yel., grn.

Myrobalan Tree (see Terminalia).
Myrobalamti: (sec Terminalia).
Myrobroma (see Vanilla).

Myrsiphyllum

Naegelia

MYRSIPHYLLUM.

The graceful climbing plant known to florists as
Smilax is commonly labelled Myrsiphyllum asparag-
oides in gardens, but its correct title is Asparagus
medeoloides, which see.

MYRTUS. (MYRTLE.)

Description. — Very ornamental stove, greenhouse,
or nearly hardy shrubs or trees (prd. Myrtacea.1)
which are often prized for their scent as well as
for their flowers and foliage. The Common Myrtle,
communis, of which there are a good many
varieties, is hardy in some very mild districts on a
wall or in a sheltered position. Many of the plants
formerly known as Myrtles have been transferred
to other genera.

Propagation. — By cuttings of half-ripened or
older shoots under a glass in slight heat, the stove
species requiring greater heat.

Soil. — Sandy loam and leaf mould, or a little
peat.

Other Cultural Points.— Watering needs to be
carefully attended to, and the beauty of the plants
is much increased if they are frequently syringed
during the summer months. The Myrtles are
amenable to training to trellises of any desired
shape, and also make pretty standards.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

amnis, G', Je., grh., pur.
liullata, 15', Jy., grh.,

]iale pk. (see figure),
commuuis, 4' to 10', Jy.,

grh. or hdy., wh.
- biietica, 6 , Jy.

— belgica, 6', Jy.

— Hore-pleno, 6', Jy.,
double flowers.

— italica, 6', Jy.

— lusitanica, 8 , Jy.

— maculata, 6', Jy.
— • mucronata, 4', Jy.

— romana, 4', Jy.

— variegate, 6', Jy. ;
variegated Iva.

Luma, :{', Jy., grh., wh.
(Luma of' Molina is
Eugenia apiculata).

— apiculata, 3', Jy., wh.
(V////V. Eugenia apicu-
lata and E. Luma, var.
apiculata).

teuuifolia, 5', grh.
Ugui, 4', My.,grh.orhdy.,

wh. (iyn. Eugenia

TJgni).

— variegata.

- tarentina, 6', Jy.
For other plants formerly included with Myrtus,
see EUGENIA, MYRCIA, PIJIE.NTA, RHODAMIA, and
RIIOUO.MYBTUS.

MYSTACIDIUM.

Tropical and South African Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceai) closely allied to Angrrccum, and needing
similar treatment, but the more southern species
should have a lower temperature. Few have any
pretensions to horticultural value.

Principal Species : —

•listichum, 6", Aug., grn., filicorne. 3", Deo., wh.,
wli. (now Angrii-cuin gru. spur,

tlistiehum).

MYTILASPIS.

One of the most dreaded of scale insects is
Mytilaspis Pomorum, known popularly as the
'• Apple Mussel Scale," so named because the pest
chiefly attacks Apple trees, and forms the scale,
which serves as covering to the female larva, and
also protects the eggs and new brood. The perfect
male insect has wings and an extremely brief life.
Trees infested must be dealt with during winter;
the best plan is to scrape the trunk and branches
with a blunt instrument, syringing with soapy
water and following with a good scrubbing, using
a still' brush and strong soft-soapy water. Every
effort should be made to cleanse infested trees

during winter, following up the scrubbing process
by spraying the trees with either a kerosene emul-
sion, or caustic soda and potash mixture, the latter
for preference. (See INSECTICIDES.)

MYZUS.

Among the many genera forming the class of
Aphides, or Plant Lice, Myzus is one of the worst.
The chief species, Cerasi and Ribis, secrete honey-
dew, and so, besides feeding upon the juices found
in the leaves of Cherry trees and Black Currant
hushes, they cause the leaves to curl up and
stick together with their exudations. Forcible
syringing is a good remedy, using warm, soapy
water, with tobacco or Quassia extract added.
For Cherries and other subjects under glass the same
remedies are applicable. Under glass, if fumiga-
tion or vaporising be practised at regular intervals,
these aphides will not prove troublesome. Wall
trees and bushes in overshadowed positions are
most liable to attack. Liberal cultural methods
should follow treatment for the extermination of
Myzoa,

N/EGELIA.

A genus of stove herbaceous perennials (ord.
Gesneracese), allied to Achimenes and Gesnera,
and requiring identical treatment with the latter

MYKTUS HULLATA.

genus. The following species are synonymous with
the Gesneras bearing similar names;-* —

Principal Species:—

cimmliuriua, 2', sura., so. (si/nx. Achimenes ama-

geroltiaim, 2', sum., aut., bi'lis, A. rnultiflorus,

or., sc. Gesnera amabilis, anil

multiflora, 2', Aug., wh. Xa'gelia amabilis).

zebriua, 2', aut., yel., sc.

Nageui (sec Pndocarpus).
Xagelia (see Cotoneatter).

Nails

(100)

Narcissus

NAILS.

Formerly the cast iron wall or garden nails
were indispensable, but latterly they have fallen
largely into disuse, having given place to wires
strained close to walls and fences, to which the fruit
or other trees are tied. Against dwelling-houses it
is now a common practice to provide wires or light
wooden trellises for the support of climbing plants.
The nailing of fruit trees to walls has little to recom-
mend it ; the branches are too close to the shelter.
and at the same time every nail-bole provides a
retreat for some of the many pests attacking such
subjects. Nails are sold by weight — generally
about 3d. per Ib.

NAMA.

Stove and greenhouse annuals and perennials
(ord Hydrophyllacese) that are not often seen.
Propagation, by seeds and division in heat. Soil,
fibrous peat, loam, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
jamaicense, 2', Je,, st. Parryi, 4', sum., lilf-hdy.

aim., bl., wh. per., pur., lil.

undulatum, Je., grh., vio.

NANDINA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (urd. Berberidese).
Domestica, known as the Chinese Bamboo, 6', July,
white, is the only species. It will grow out of
doors in sheltered spots in the southern counties.
Propagation, by cuttings in very sandy peat beneath
a bell-glass over mild bottom heat. Compost,
fibrous loam and peat, with some sand.

NANNORHOPS.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse). Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, loam and coarse sand with
good drainage. The only species is ritchieana,
from whose leaves fans are made. Under favour-
able conditions it will reach a height of 30'.

NANODKS.

Although, to be strictly correct, the plants known
in gardens as Nanodes (ord. Orchidacea:) ought to
be included under Epidendrum, yet so distinct are
they in habit and in the size and shape of their
flowers, that no excuse seems necessary for referring
to them here under their more popular name.
They are all from western tropical South" America,
where they inhabit the higher Andes, and conse-
quently under cultivation they succeed admirably
under cool conditions such as suit most Odonto-
glossums and Masdevallias. Grow in somewhat
shallow baskets, affording ample drainage, and
using a compost of fibrous peat and live sphagnum
moss. Suspend near the roof glass. When well
established they have a partiality for a position
close to the spot where top air is admitted.
Drought must be avoided, but the water supply
may be reduced when growth is finished. Propa-
gation is by division.

Principal Species : —
Medusoe, 4". sum., aut., lurid pur., growths drooping

(now Epidendrum Medusas).

Other Species :—
discolor, 3", Aug., pur. (now Epidendrum man-

(now Epideudrum dis- tinianum).

color). Matthewsii, 3", aut., pur. ,

Mantinii, 3", aut., whitish lip blood pur., procum-

grn., spotted pur. br. bent growth (now Epi-

dendrum Matthewsii).

Nailmort (see Paronychia),

NAP^EA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Malvaceic).
Propagation, by division or seeds ; the plants thrive
in any fertile soil.

Principal Species : —

dioica, (>', Jy., wh. («//•». Sida Napiva).

NAPOLEONA.

Evergreen shrubs (onl. Myrtacea1) requiring stove
heat. Propagation, by cuttings of half ripe wood
beneath a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and peat
in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

imperialis, 6', spr.. cream Whitfieklii, fl', Ap., My.,
wh. (sytis. Heudelotii crim. (*.'/«. imperialis of

and Vogelii). Hooker).

NARAVELIA.

A stove evergreen climber (ord. Ranunculaoese),
allied to Clematis. Propagation, by cuttings in
sandy peat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —
zeylanica, Id', My., yel.

NARCISSUS.

Description. — The Narcissus (ord. Amarylliclese)
is one of the most useful and popular of bulbous
plants, and its value for the decoration of th&
garden, conservatory, or window, and for the supply
of cut flowers, is incalculable. From a purely com-
mercial point of view, also, it is an exceedingly
important article, as it is grown by acres. For
decorative purposes it has no rival in its season,
and its value for all purposes has been greatly
increased by the production of many beautiful
varieties and hybrids.' The progress in this direc-
tion has been enormous since the time of Dean
Herbert, who, with Backhouse and Leeds, was
a pioneer of crossing the Narcissi. At the
present time there are many engaged in this enter-
prise, which has had the result of improving and
giving variety to the flower. Annually a large
number of new Narcissi are introduced, and seem
to be readily absorbed at high prices, ranging from
a few shillings to £30 by retail.

Classification. — For the purpose of classification,
the Narcissi have been arranged by Mr. J. G. Baker
into three great groups, called Magni-ooronati,
Medio-coronati, and Parvi-coronati, so termed from
the length of the crowns or trumpets. The first
consists of those which have the " corona funnel-
shaped or cylindrical, as long as, or longer than, the
perianth segments." The second have the " corona
cup-shaped, about half as long as the perianth seg-
ments," and the Parvi-coronati have the " corona
small, obconic or saucer-shaped." Bulbocodium,
the Hoop Petticoat, and the common English Lent
Lily, Pseudo-Narcissus, may be taken to repre-
sent the Magni-coronati, commonly known as the
Ajax, or Trumpet Daffodils. Familiar representa-
tives of the Medio-coronati are the varieties of N.
incomparabilrs, such as Sir Watkin and others
with similarly formed flowers. The Parvi-coronati
have good representatives in the poet-ions type and
its varieties, or in the Tazettas, as represented by

Napoleon's Weeping Willow (see Salix babylvnica
i najwleona).

NARCISSI.

1. S A. DE GRAAFF ; 2 STELLA MAXIMA; 3. VESUVIUS: 4. KATHERINE SPURRELL : 5. VICTORIA; 6. LADY GODIVA ;
7. PRINCESS MARY 8. MRS. CAMM 9 MADAME DE GRAAFF 10. PRINCESS IDA.

18

Narcissus

(101)

Narcissus

the common Paper White or Double Roman. For
convenience of selection a good division of the
Trumpet ami ineomparabilis Xarcissi has been
made by the adoption of the following sections :
Trumpet forms — yellow ; bicolors (yellow corona
anil white perianth), white and sulphur. Incom-
parubilis forms — incomparabilis, with the longest
crowns of the forms of this group, except the
Leedsii varieties ; Barrii, which have the cups
shorter in proportion to the length of the perianth

more amenable to forcing, and such flowers as the
Paper White and others of the Tazetta section are
very suitable for early work. By planting as early
as bulbs can be obtained, the Paper White may be
had in flower as early as November, and bulbs
grown in a warm climate are imported for the
earliest work. None should have bottom heat, but
plenty of water and air, and be kept near the
glass. Narcissi may also be grown thickly in
boxes for cutting.

: OaMeli .I' < "iilix'nil, /-'(/.

NARCISSUS DCKE OF BEDFORD (seep. 103).

segments ; Leedsii, which have the cups or crowns
white or passing off to white ; Humei, which have
drooping flowers, with perianths drooping over the
crown ; Backhouse!, with trumpet shaped crowns ;
and \elsoni, with goblet shaped crowns and white
perianths.

Cultivation. — The cultivation of the Narcissus
lias been pretty fully dealt with under the title
DAFFODIL (which see). It may, however, be
advisable to give a few details' regarding the
following : —

Forcing Narcissi. — While the ordinary Trumpet
Daffodils must be brought on slowly, and will not
do well unless carefully treated, the others are

Narcissi in Glasses or Bowls. — The introduction
of a form of Tazetta, \inder the name of Chinese
Sacred Lily, or Joss Flower, has attracted attention
to the possibility of growing this and other
Narcissi in bowls or glasses of water, as well as in
Cocoanut fibre refuse. The bowls should be partly
tilled with clean pebbles, and the water should only
rise to the base of the bulbs (tee p. 102).

Selections of Narcissi : —

[NOTE. — A selection for small gardens will be
found under DAFFODIL. Those which follow will
be partially superseded in future years by the
introduction of novelties and the cheapening of
those which are at present expensive.]

(102)

Narcissus

A Selection of Species and Varieties : —

Magni-coronati : —
Bulbocodium,Hoop Petti-
coat, G" to 8", Ap.,
yel. (xyn. Corbularia).

— citrinus, sulphur yel.

— conspicuus, yel.

— Graellsii, yel.

— monophylla, wh.; grow
in frames or pots (syn.
Clusii) .

— nivalis, wh.

NARCISSI IN A BOWL (see p. 101).

Yellow Trumpets : —
abscissus. Golden Spur.

Ard Righ. Heury Irving.

Captain Nelson. Johnston! Queen
coronatus. of Spain,

cyclamineus. Johnston! King

Emperor. of Spain.

English Lent Lily Lady Helen Vin-

(N. Pseudo- cent.

Narcissus). major.
Glory of Leyden. maxnmts.

Hicolors : —

Ada Brooke. John Davidson.

Dean Herbert. John Parkinson.

Empress. obvallaris.

grandis. Madame Plemp.

Horsefieldii. Michael Foster.

J. B. M. Camm. Mrs. Walter Ware

WIMe and Sulphur : —
albicans. — pulcher.

Apricot. C. W. Cowan.

cernuus. Grace Darling.

— minimus.

— minor.

M. J. Berkeley,
nauus.
obvallaris.
P. H. Ban-.
Pseudo-Narcissus.
Santa Maria.
SirWm. Harcourt.
spurius.

pnnceps.
scoticus.
variiformis
nobilis).
Victoria.

Lady Somerset. •
L'Innocence.
Madame deGraafF.

moschatus. Mrs. Vincent. Snowflake.

Mrs. J. B. M. pallidus prsecox. tortuosus («.'/».
Camm. Sir Stafford North- Ledu).

Mrs. Thompson. cote.

W. P. Miluer.
William Goldring.

pleuissimus, yel.
scoticus plemis, wh., yel.
Telamonius plenus, yel.

Double Trumpets : —
capax plenus, lemon,
cemuus plenus, wh.
lobuluris plenus, yel.
minor plenus, yel. (sifit.

Rip van Winkle).

Mcdio-corotiati (Tiicouijiarabilis) :-

Autocrat. Gwyther. Queen Bess.

Beauty. James Bateraan. Queen Sophia.

C. J. Backhouse. King of the Red Star.

Conmmnder. Netherlands. Sir Watkin.

Cynosure. Mabel Cowan. Stella superba.

George Nicholson. Mary Anderson. Vesuvius.
Gloria Muudi. Princess Mary.

J /imitiparabilis, double varieties : —

Butter and Eggs. Eggs and Bacon (*y.

Codlins and (Jream (syn. Orange Phu'nix).

Sulphur I'hceuix). Golden Flu mix.

lia-rrii : —

Flora Wilson. Mrs. C. Bowley.
Golden Gem. Sensation.

Maurice Vilmorin. Siddingtou.

conspicuus.
Crown Prince.
Dorothy E.
Wemyss.

Leedsii : —

amabilis.

Beatrice.

Duchess of Brabant.

Duchess of Westminster.

Gem.

Hon. Mrs. Barton.

Umnei : —
Hume's coucolor.

Baclthmtsei : —
Backhousei.
Border Maid.

A'elioni : —
aurantius.
major.

Katheriue Spurrell.

M. Magdnline de Graaff.

Minnie Hume.

Mrs. Langtry.

Palmerston.

Princess of Wales.

Hume's Giant.

William Wilks.
Wolley Dod.

minor. pulchellus.

Mrs. C.J.Back- William Backhouse.

house.

Oilier Med'io-coronati : —

Bernard!. — rugulosus. — pulchellus.

— H. E. Buxton. poculiformis («//». triolymus.
juncifolius. nioutauus). — A. Rawson.
Macleaii. triandrus. — Cloth of Gold,
odorus. — albus. — S. A. de Graaff.

— hemiiialis. — calathinus. — The Twins.

— plenus. — coucolor.

Parri-coronati (liurbidijei) : —

Baroness Heath. Ellen Barr. Little Dirk.

Beatrice Heseltine. Falstaff. Model.

Burbidgei. John Bain. Sequin.

Poetictis : —

poeticus. — grandiflorus. — Poetarum.

— Almira. — ornatus. — recurvus.

— fl.-pl. — patellaris. — verbaneusis.

Tazetta, or Polyanthus : —

Bathurst. Grand Monarque. Queen of the

Bazelman major. Her Majesty. Netherlands.

Double Roman. Maestro. Soleil d'Or.

Gloriosa. Paper White. States General.

— Suowflake. White Pearl.

Other Sections of Parri-coronati : —

biflorus. Jonquilla. — orientalis.

— gracilis. — flore pleno. serotinus.

— tenuior.

Nardostachys

( 103 )

Nauclea

Select inn of JVeieest Narcissi : —

Big Ben (Yellow Trum-
pet).

Cassandra (Poeticus).

Duke of Bedford (Bi-
color Trumpet) («

Glory (Poeticus). [101).

(Ye
Trumpet).

Kins; Alfred (Yellow
(Yellow

Lord Roberts

Trumpet).
Lucifer (Incomparabilis).
Madame de Graaff (White

Trumpet).

Maggie May (Leedsii).

Monarch (Yellow Trum-
pet).

Mrs. Morland Crosfield
(Bicolor Trumpet).

Red Coat (Incompara-
bilis).

Van Waveren's Giant
(Yellow Trumpet, see
figure).

Weardale Perfection (Bi-
color Trumpet).

NARTHECIUM. (Boa ASPHODEL.)
Dwarf-growing, hardy herbaceous plants (ord.
Liliacese) of Iris-like habit. Propagation, by
division in spring. Soil, peat and coarse sand in
a cool position.

Principal Species : —

ossifragum, 3", Jy., yel. — americanum, narrower
Ivs.

NASTURTIUM.

The plant commonly known in gardens by the
\ name of Nasturtium is a Tropseolum (which see).
' The true Nasturtiums are hardy herbs of aquatic

J'hoto : C(tnsell <{• Company, Ltd.

NAKCISSUS VAN WAVEUEK'S GIANT.

Tlie Narcissus Fly (Merodon equestris) is a
troublesome pest, which appears to be growing
more numerous both on the Continent and in this
country. All bulbs which show signs of decay or
softness should be examined for the maggots or
larvae, and destroyed by fire if these are present.
Dressing the soil with gas lime (which see) is the
preventive at present meeting with most approval.

NARDOSTACHYS. (SPIKENARD.)
A hardy perennial (or/1. Valcrianese). Propaga-
:iim. by division. Any fertile garden soil suits.
Only Species : —
Jatamansi. 2', Sep., pk.

or terrestrial habit, but of little value for garden
purposeR. The common Water Cress (see CRESS,
WATER) is the most useful of those known.

Principal Species : —

officinale, Water Cress, Je., hdy. per., wh.

NAUCLEA.

Stove evergreens (ord. Rubiaceae). Propagation,
by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sandy soil,

Nwrtliex (see Ferula).
A'amnia (see Centropetalinii).
\ative Oak (see f'tistiarina).
Naitrliea (see Clitoria).

Navel-wort

(104)

Nelumbium

beneath a bell-glass, over ' bottom heat. Soil, loam
and peat in equal parts, with sand.
Principal Species :—

(now Aiithocephalus
morindicfolius).
purpurea, 15', My., pur.
nmlulata, 20', My., yel.,
fragrant.

Adiua (now Adiua globi-

flora).
Cadamba, 20', sum., or.

I'lioto : Caascli it- f..<n/>"//' . I.'>L

NECTARINE EIVEUS'S -ORANGE.

NAVELWORT.

The plant popularly known as the Xavehvort is
Cotyledon umbilicus, a native species producing
yellow flowers about midsummer. Omplialodes
linifolia is occasionally called Venus's'Navelwort.

NAVET, OP NAVEW.

These were at one time fairly common popular
names of Brassica Napus, a plant now generally
known as Rape.

NECTARINE.

Valuable, choice fruits responding to the same
culture as Peach, which see.

Selection of Varieties :—

Early (July to mid-August) : —
Cardinal. Early Rivers. Lord Napier.

Second Early (mid-August to early September) : —
Rivers's Orange Goldoni. Stauwick Elruge.

(see figure).

Mid-season (beginning to mid-September) : —
Dryden. Humboldt. Pine Apple.

Late (mid-September to early October) : —
Prince of Wales Spencer. Victoria.

(ttee figure).

NECTRIA.

A genus of microscopic fungi that seem ever
ready to take advantage of any weakness in the
bark of trees and shrubs, and especially in the case
of Apple trees. This being so it is essential that
no injury is done to the bark during planting, etc.,
and that in pruning clean cuts are made, the
larger wounds being dressed with Stockholm tar.
Canker is one of the most dreaded diseases in fruit
gardens, and is caused by the working of Nectria
ditissima (see APPLE CANKER), which, once a
spore has germinated and become established in
an abrasion, grows rapidly during autumn and
early winter. It endeavours to encircle the stem
or branch on which it lives, and once this is done

Nawnburgia (see Lysimackia thyrsiflora).
Nautilot-ali/x (see Ejiiscia).
Navarretia or Nararrett'in (sec Gilia).
JVavebvort (see Cotyledon),
Neapolitan Violet (see Violet).
Necklace Poplar (nee Popultis -monilifera).
Nectaroseordwm (see Alliiim).

the part of the tree above the wound is almost
certain to die. Another species, Nectria cinna-
barina, is found on Currant bushes, the fungus
appearing as small, bright red knobs containing
filaments and spores capable of increasing the
species.

NEGUNDO.

The pretty shrubs or small trees formerly called
Negundo arc now included with Acer, which see.

NEILLIA (syn. ADENILE.MA).

Hardy shrubs (ord. Kosacea:). Propagation, by
cuttings, in light soil under a hand-light. Soil,
fertile loam.

Principal Species : —
amurensis, 7', Jy., wh.

(*'/>?. Spinea amur-

ensis).
opulifolia,. S', Je., wh,

(xytt. Spinoa opulifolia).

There are one or two

good vars., including

the golden-leaved lutea,

and the green-leaved

mollis.

thyrsiflora, G', sura., wh.
Torreyi, 5', sum., pure

wh. (zyn. Spinca mou-
. ogyna).

NELITRIS.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Myrtacese). Propa-
gation, by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand,
beneatli a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil,
fibrous loam, peat and leaf mould, with coarse
sand.

Principal Species : —
ingens (uow Eugenia

brachyaudra).
NELUMBIUM.

paniculate, 10', My., wh.
(now Decaspennum
paniculatum).
(SACRED BEAN. WATER
BEAN. EGYPTIAN LOTUS.)

Description. — Nelumbiums are handsome aquatic
plants (ord. Nymphasacea;) with exquisite flowers
and pretty leaves. In past ages speciosuin was
the emblem of fertility and sanctity in Egypt, and
it is still prized in India and China as a sacred
flower. The nuts are edible, and the rootstocks of
luteum are eaten by North American Indians.

o: Cosse/fl t& Company, Ltd.

XECTAKINE PIUSCE OF WALES.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in winter under
glass, or by division of the roots immediately after
growth has commenced.

Other Cultural Points. — Nelumbiums are almost
hardy in Great Britain, but in only a few places
can they be permanently planted in the open,.

Nectria (see Cabomba).

Needle Furze (see Genista aw/liea").

Negretia (see Mucuna).

Negro's Head (see Phyteleplias iitaeroearj/a).

Neyvndium (see Acer).

Nemastylis

( 105 )

Nemophila

unless the water be heated by pipes in winter.
They may, however, be grown in tubs plunged
outside in summer and protected under glass in
winter. They are fine plants for a tank under
glass, where they may have a temperature of 45°
to 50°, or more when at rest. They grow in good
loam and well rotted manure, and should be planted
about 1' below the surface of the water.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
luteum.Jy., yel., sweet. A omau); album striatum,

handsome flower, ratlin'
like a double Tuhn.
speciosum, Jy., wh. tipped
ro., sweet (see figure).
Many vars., the follow-
ing being good : album
graiidiflorum ; album
plenum, wh. (si/n. Shir-

wh., striped ear. ; Hud-
son's var. japonicum
roseum, red ; kermesi-
num, pk.; Osiris, bright
red : pekiuense rubrum,
double, red; pygmoeum,
dwarf, ro. ; roseum
grandiHorum ; ami

roseum plenum, deep ro.

NEMASTYLIS.

Half-hardy bulbous plants (oril. Iridese) respond-
ing to the same treatment as Gladiolus, which tee.

Principal Species :—

cu'lestina, '2', Je. , bl. yel., blk.; flowers very

geniiuiflora, 6", sum., bl., fleeting (?yn. acuta).

NEMATANTHUS.

Stove evergreen climbers (onl. Gesneracea;) that
are worthy of attention. Propagation, by cuttings
in sandy soil. Soil, fibrous loam and peat with a
little leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —

corticola, 2', sum., crim.

(st/H. iouema).
lougipes, 2', win., so.

(syiii. guilleminiana,
Columnea grandiflora
and C. spleuaens).

NEMATOID WORMS.

The minute animals referred to under this
general title are better known to gardeners as
Thread- or Eel-worms. They are microscopic and
translucent. Though their appearance is not well
known to horticulturists, the effects they produce
when attacking Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Clovers, etc.,
are all too well known. Some species attack the
stems, while others appear to confine their attention
to the roots of plants, and in the latter case galled
or knotted roots are formed, the food supply is
checked, the tissues decompose, and the plant
collapses. The two genera of nematoid worms
(Anguillulidese) mostly affecting garden plants are
Tylenchus and Heterodera. They are tenacious of
life, vegetable poisons having apparently no effect
upon them, and the ordinary extremes of heat and
cold will not kill them. If in fodder plants
con-umed by animals, they pass unhurt into the
manure and may thus be disseminated. Remedies
for these pests are detailed under the plants most
subject to their attacks.

NEMATUS.

The chief members of this genus of Sawfiies
(Tenthredinidio) is N. Ribe.-ii, unfortunately too
well known to many gardeners and market growers
as the Gooseberry or Currant Sawfly. Some other
species that occasionally become serious pests are
liaccarum, Salicis-cinereic, ischnocerus, and vesica-
tor, all of which raise galls on Willow leaves; and
abbreviatus, which sometimes affects Apple and
Pear trees. A few others attack Birches, etc.
GOOSEBKRKY SAWFLY for remedies.)

NEMESIA.

Annua's and hardy herbaceous perennials (ord.
Scrophularinea!), which, with the exception of
strumosa and its varieties, are not much grown in
gardens. Seeds of the annuals may be sown either
in heat in March and April and afterwards planted
in the open, or seed may be sown in the open in
May. The perennials should be divided in the
spring. Any moist, fertili}" garden soil is suitable.
Strumosa makes a good pot plant.

Principal Species : —
bicoruis, 2', Jy., hdy.

ami., pur.
liueans, 2', Ap. to Sep.,

hlf-hdy. per., ro. pur.

Other Species : —

chamaidrifolia, 2 , Je.,

hdy. per., pur.
cynauclrifolia, \ , sum.,
"hd\. per., bl., yel.
'

strumosa, 9 ' to IS'-' , Film.,
hdy. aim., colours
various, several vars. ;
compacta, wh., is good.

floribunda, l',sum., auu.,
wh.

feetens, 2 , Je., hdy. per.,

pur.
versicolor, 1', sum., aim.,

lil., wh.

PJiolo : Cassell & Company. TM.

NELUMMI M SPECIOSUM.

NEMOPANTHUS. (MOUNTAIN HOLLY.)
A crimson berry-bearing, hardy deciduous shrub
(irrd. Ilicineae). Propagation, by layers in autumn*
or by seeds. Soil, peat, leaf mould, and sand.

Only Species :—

canadensis, :'.', My., wh. (syn*. Ilex canadensis, I.
delicatula, and Prinos integrifolius).

NEMOPHILA.

Pretty hardy annuals (ord. Hydrophyllaceae).
Seed can be sown in spring for summer bloom, or
in autumn for flowering in spring, and treated as re-
commended for hardy annuals (which see). Cats
are very fond of rolling on Nemophilas, and should
be kept off by some protection, such as sharp-
pointed sticks, among the seedlings.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
nurita, 1', Je., pur. vio. - grandiflora, bl., eye

iiisigiiis, 1', sum., spr., bl.,

wh. eye.
— alba, wh.

wh

- iniirgmata, bl.,
edge.

wh.

Nenga

( 106

Nepenthes

— purpurea rosea, pur.

ro.
maculata, 6", sum., wh.,

spotted pur.
Menziesii, G", sum., wh.,

or bl., spotted darker

colour. Vars. alba,

maculata, etc. (syii.

atomaria).

parviflora, 1', sum., bl.
phacelioides, 1', sum., bl.,

eye wh.

NEPENTHES MASTEICSIANA (sec p. 107).
NENGA.

Tins small genus of stove Palms (nrd. Palma:)
is found in the Malay Peninsula, Java, and New
Guinea. They are elegant, slender-stemmed sub-
jects and attain a considerable height. Under
cultivation they do best in comparatively small
pots, in a peaty compost. Propagation is by seeds.
The genus is not often cultivated in this country.
Its chief members are sphaerocarpa and wend-
landiana.

NEOBKNTHAMIA.

A singular, monotypic genus of Orchids (vrd.
Orchidacerc), the only species having a slender,
erect, reedy growth, the small but pretty flowers
being borne at the apex. It succeeds if grown in
peat and sphagnum, in a deep pot placed in a
stove temperature. Water must be supplied at all
seasons. Propagation is by division when new
growth commences. This Orchid cannot be
regarded as of special horticultural value.

Only Species:—

gracilis, 4', aut.. wh., spotted pur., yel.

NEODRYAS.

A group of three or four small South American
Orchids (prd. Orchidacese), closely allied to
Cochlioda, with the habit of an Oncidium. The
same treatment as that accorded to the warmer
Oncidiums will suit.

Principal Species: —

densiflora, 4", sum., pur.

jilit (see A'emastylit).
Neatinia, (tee Jlabenana).

NEOTTIA (sy». NEOTTIDIUM).

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaoese) that are of
considerable interest, but not particularly beautiful
or amenable to cultivation. The genus at one
time include 1 a large number of exotics, but the
majority of these are now referred to Spiranthes,
Goodyern, Physurus, and Macodes. The most
important species is the Bird's Nest Orchid, a
native of sheltered and close-growing woods in
Great Britain and Ireland. It has sheathing scales
instead of leaves.

Principal Species : —

Nidus-avis, I', early sum., brownish grey.

NEPENTHES.

A most interesting genus of handsome and
popular stove evergreens (prd. Nepeuthacerc) that
are grown for their peculiar and coloured pitcher-
or urn-like leaf appendages, the flowers being
insignificant.

Propagation. — By cuttings of one year old
growths in a sandy mixture and placed in a prop-
agating case with a temperature of 85° or 90°. Or
by seeds sown on the surface of heavily drained
pans of fibrous peat and sphagnum moss.

Soil. — One part sound, fibrous loam, two parts
each fibrous peat and sphagnum moss, with some
charcoal, broken crocks, and sharp sand. Perfect
drainage must be provided.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants require a
warm, moist atmosphere at all times, and abundant
supplies of tepid water from March until October;
they will require syringing daily during this period.
Through the autumn and winter less watering is
necessary, but the temperature must not fall
below 60°. Re-basketing should be carried out in
February. Better pitchers are produced by stop-
ping the shoots after five or six leaves have been
made.

The following descriptions refer only to the
pitchers.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

albo-iuarginat:i , 15" long, spotted pur.; one of the

gru. , red, wlu ring at finest species.

mouth.

Burkei, contracted at
centre, light firu., red
markings, very fine.

Curtisii, 8" long, tapered
at base, gru., spotted
and blotched crira. pur.;
the var. superba_is a
splendid plant with a
richly coloured broad
rim.

— hookeriana, long droop-
ing Ivs., gm., spotted
crim.

madagascariensis, small,
crim., creamy throat.

northiana, 10"longby 31"
broad, bright gru.,

Principal Hybrids : —

amesiaua (rafflesiana X
hookeriana), gru., spot-
tod crim.

atrn.<anguinea (hirsuta X
Sedeui), crim., spotted
yellowish gru.

rafflesiana, yellowish grn.,
spotted reddish br. ;
insignis and nigro-pur-
pureaare distinct forms.

Rajah, 1' long, very
broad, dull pur. The
largest and one of the
rarest of Pitcher Plants.

sanguiuea, 8" long, bright
blood red.

Veitchii, 10" long, cylin-
drical.

ventricosa, 8" long, con-
tracted at centre, grn.,
flushed red, broad red-
dish br. rim.

villosa, 10" long, broad,
gm., spotted red; a
rare species.

lulfouriaiia (mastersiana,
X mixta) , reil, splashed
crim., spotted gni.

Chelsoni (Dominii X
hookerianal , grn., spot-
ted deep rad.

j\'eottifptcris (see Asflenhi in).

Nepeta

(107)

Nephrodium

cocciuea (liookeriana X
Phyllampliora), crim.,
spotted yellowish grii.

Courtii, dullgru., spotted
rod.

dieksoniana (rafttesiana X
Veitchii), grn., spotted
and splashed crira, very
large.

Dorainii, dark gru., sparse-
ly spotted red.

hybrida raaculata, dtirk
"grn., spotted and
splashed reddish pur.

intermedia, grn., spotted
red.

mastepiana (sanguiuea X
distillatoria), wiue

criin., very free, good
habit (seep. 106).

inixta (Curtisii X uorth-
iana), yellowish gni.,
marked red and dim.

Morganiii- (hookeriana X
Phyllamphora), bright

blood red with light
inottlings of pale gru.

outramiana (Sedeni X
hookeriana), yellowish
grn. , spotted dark red.

rubro-maculiita, yellowish
grn. , spotted reddish
pur.

Sedeni, light gni.,
speckled dull crim.

Sir Vf, T. Thiselton Dyer
(inixta X dicksouiana),
gru., pur., very large.

Tiveyi (Veitchii X
I'urtisii superba), pale
grn. , blotched and
striped crim.

AVilliamsii (Sedeui X
hookeriana), dull grn.,
overlaid with dense
speckling of bright red.

wrigleyana (Phyllam-
phora X hookeriana),
light grn., spotted crim.

Other Species and Hybrids :—

ampullaria, light grn. lanata, dull gru.

bicalcarata, very broad,

grn. , two spurs at back
of neck.

cincta, grn., shaded red,
blotched pur.

cylindrica (Veitchii X
hirsuta) , pale gru.
spotted crim.

distillatoria, gni. ; the
var. rubra has deep red
pitchers.

dormanniana. grn., heav-
ily marked crim.

edinensis (rafiiesiana X
Chelsoni), gru., red.

formosa (Chelsoni X dis-
tillatoria).

henryana (hookeriana X
Sedeui), red, grn.

hirsuta, red., gru.,

khasiaua, gni., pur.

o'brieuiaua, greenish red.

Phyllamphora, gru. yel.;
a strong grower.

rateliffiana (Phyllam-
phora X hookeriaua),
grn., spotted red.

robusta (hookeriaua X
Phyllamphora), yellow-
ish grn., spotted red.

rufesceus, (hirsuta X
Courtii), gm., red.

steuophylla, gru., marked
reddish pur.

Stuartii (Phyllaiuphora X
hookeriaua), light gru.,
marked crim.

superba (liookeriana X
Sedeni), gru., speckled
red.

Veillardi, grn., deep red.

Wittei, grn., marked crim.

NEPETA. (CAT MIXT.)

Hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Labiatse), many
of which are weeds. Increase is by seeds sown in
light soil in early spring, division in spring, or by
cuttings under a hand-light in summer. Any
garden soil suits, but especially a light or limy
medium. Glechoma variegata is an elegant basket
plant.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Glechoma, 1', spr., bl. longiflora, 2 , Jy., vio.

(*I/H*. hederacea and Mussini, 2', sum., vio.

Glechoma hederacea). Nepetella, 1', Jy., red.

There is a ro. coloured — •' — *~ lf *~ °' c'
form, aud also one with

prettily variegated foli-
age. Ground Ivy.

spicata, 1' to 3', Sep.,

pur., wh.
violacea, 2', Aug., bl.

Principal Species : —

cristatum, 10", sum., grn., pulchrum, 6", sum., grn.,

pur., wh. br., yel.

scapigerum, ,V, sum.,
yel., pur. br.

NEPHELIUM.

Stove evergreen, fruit-bearing trees (ord. Sapin-
dacese), notable for producing the well-known fruit
Litchi or Lychee. Propagation, by seeds in spring.
layers, or cuttings of half ripened wood beneath
a bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil, three parts
fibrous loam and one part leaf mould, with sand.

Principal Species : —
Litchi, 15', My., wh. longana, 20', My., wh.

NEPHRODIUM.

Description. — Judged by the many species (over
300) which it contains, and by the number of deco-
rative plants it holds, the genus Nephrodium (ord.
Filices) is an important one in the family of Ferns.
It has a wide geographical distribution, and hardy,
greenhouse, and stove species are all included.
Many are easy of culture, and most of them have
been so plastic in the cultivator's hands, that
numbers of garden varieties have been yielded.
One species alone, Filix-mas, counts its varieties
by the score. There is a fair amount of variation
in the size and cutting of the fronds. The inclusion

NEPHELAPHYLLUM.

It is not often that these low-growing terrestrial
Orchids (ord. Orcliidacese) are seen outside botan-
ical collections, for though very interesting they
are not showy. They are stove plants with more
or less creeping stems, and will grow under con-
ditions as advised for Ancectochilus (which see).
The leaves are ornamental, clouded, rather than
decidedly variegated.

NEPHRODIUM DECOMPOSITCM (seep. 10S).

of Lastrea has swollen the ranks of Nephrodium
considerably, and Arthropteris (in part), Camp-
todium, Dryopteris, Pleocnemia, Sagenia, Pachy-
deris, Phlebigonium, Podopeltis, Profera, and
Pycnopteris are also assigned here.

Propagation. — By spores in all cases. These
are abundantly produced, and germinate with

Nej>krandra (see Yitex).
Kcpliranthera (see llenantltera).

Nephrodium

( 108 )

Nephrodium

freedom. A great many of the crested forms do not
come true from spores, cind so further variation of
the type is obtained. All the species with creep-
ing rhizomes may be increased by division, prefer-
ably in early spring. Such useful pot plants as lepi-
duin, molle, m. corymbiferurn, decompositum, and
canum should be propagated frequently — lepidum
because after two or three years the plants get
worn out and sickly, and the others because in their
mature stages they are too coarse to be useful.
Rather firm potting and small pots are advised.
Free drainage.

Soil. — For the pot plants a mixture of loam two
parts, peat two parts, cow manure one part, and

JsEPHRODrUM DECOMPOSITVM GLABELLUM.

one-sixth of the whole sand, will be found suitable.
For the plants in the outdoor fernery plenty of
humus is needed.

Other Cultural Points.— The chief insect pests
attacking the pot plants are snowy fly and thrips,
and light fumigations and careful sponging are the
specifics. Plenty of water is needed at all times,
and, during the growing season, liquid cow manure.
(For details as to the management of hardy Ferns,
tee FEBNEBY.) Molle and m. corymbiferurn are
favourite market plants, hispidum and decomposi-
tum glabellum do well in Wardian cases, erytliro-
soruni makes a good dwelling-room plant, and
montanum thrives if planted upon the rockery.
Cristatum likes a boggy situation and a peaty soil,
when it will grow fairly well for two or three years,
after which young plants must be raised.
Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — The dimensions given apply to the size
of the fronds, except where otherwise stated. The
height of the plant is usually a little more than
the length of the fronds, as the height of the stipe
is extra.]

aemulum, 1' to H' long, recurva). Angustipiu-

G" to 10" broad, tn- nulum and ramosum

pinnate, hdy. (HI/UK. are vars. Hay-scented

Foenisecii and Lastrea Buckler Fern.

Arbuscula, 1' to li' long,
6" to 8" broad, st. (,«/«.
Hookeri).

boryauum, 6' to 8' long,
2 ' to 'A" broad, fronds
soft aud papery in tex-
ture,grh.,a noblespecies
(fi/HK. diyisutn ami
Lastrea divisa).
catopteron, 4' to 6' long,
2' to 3" broad, hairy,
grh.

cicutariura, 1' to 2' long,
elongated triangular,
st., rare but beautiful,
cristatuin, 1' to 1^' long,
3" to 5" broad, spear-
shaped, not crested,
Inly. (British), but rare
(HI/IIS. Aspidium cris-
tatuin and La,strea cris-
tata). Clintoniamim,
floridanum, and uligi-
nosura are vars. Crested
Shield or Buckler Fern,
cuspidatum, 2' to 3' long,
8" to 12" broad, papery
in texture, rootstock
fleshy, grh.

cyatheoides, 2' to 3' long.
1' or more broad, pin-
nate, grh., handsome,
but .rare.

decompositum, 1' to 2'
long, 1' broad, broadly
triangular, soft, papery,
grh., good portable de-
corative plaut («/«.
Lastrea decomposita,
.vr p, 107).

— glabellum, smaller and
more compact than
type, grh. (xyii. Lastrea
glabella, sec figure).

— Shepherdii, a pretty,
finely cut var.

decursivo - pinnatum, 1'
long, 3" to 4" broad,
grh. or hlf-hdy. (•«/».
Laatrea decurrens of J.
Smith).

deltoideum, 2' long, 8"
broad naturally, smaller
in cultivation, st. (*if>i.
Lastrea deltoidea).

effusum, 4' long, 2' broad,
leathery in texture, St.,
very handsome (*.'/«.
Lastrea deltoidea). Di-
vcrgens is a var.

erythrosorum, !•' to H'
long, 8" to 12" broad,
papery, involucres red
when young, grh. aud
hdy. («/«. Lastrea ery-
throsora) .

- prolificum, a pretty
var., bearing gemma'.

Filix-mas, Male Fern, 2'
to 3' long, 8" to 12"
broad, hdy. (nyn. Lastrea
Filix - mas). A most
variable and valuable
species, of which there
are almost innumerable
vars. (For a selection of
these, see separate list.)

floridanum, H' to 2' long,
6" to 8" broad, leathery,
hdy.

fragrans, 6" to 9" long,
H" to 2" broad, hdy.
Fragrant Wood Fern.

glandulosum, 1' to 13'
long, 4" to 6" broad,
papery, grh.

goldieaimrn, 2' to 3' long,
1' broad, hdy. A noble
North American Fern.

hispidum, 1' to \\' loug,
8" to 12" broad, tri-
angular, leathery, dark
gm., grh., excellent for
Wardian cases.

inai'quale, 1' to 2' long,
8" to 12" broad, soft,
papery, grh.

lepidum, P to !•{' long,
4" to G" broad, soft,
grh. A remarkably
elegant Fern, useful for
table decoration (sec
p. 109).

Icu/eanum, 4' to 6' long,
triangular, stem stout,
almost arborescent, st.
(*yn. Pleocnemia leu-
zeana).

macrophyllum, 2' to 3'
long, 1' or more broad,
soft, papery, pale gm.,
st. Calvatuni is a
garden var.

molle, 1' to 2' loug, 3" to
10" broad, soft, grh.,
St., habit tufted.

— corymbiferurn, prettily
crested.

- grandiceps, tips of
fronds heavily crested ;
a pretty var.

montanum, \\' to 2' long,
G" to 8" broad, soft,
papery, hdy. (*i/». Ore-
opteris). All the vars.
below are hdy. also.
Mountain BucklerFern.

— Barnesii, fronds nar-
rower than in type.

- coronaus, crested at
tips of pinna'.

— cristatuin, smaller, and
crested, fragrant.

— iiowelliamuu, narrow
fronds and pinna*.

truncatum, pinna;
shortened.

patens, 2' long, 8" to
10" broad, variable in
size, texture thin but
leathery, warm grh.
and st. (see p. 110).

cristatum, crested
pinnae.

pteroides, 2' to 4' long, 1'
or more broad, pinnate,
soft, papery, bright
grn., st.

Richardsi, 1$' to IV long,
8" to 9" broad, grh.
(si/ii. Lastrea Richard-
si). Of little decora-
tive value, and rarely
cultivated.

- multitidum, '!' long,
8" broad, pale gm.,
drooping. One of the
handsomest of Ferns,
and a great improve-
ment on the type.

Nephrodium

(109)

Nephrodium

rigidum, 1' to 14' long,
4" to 6" broad, hdy.,
excellent for artificial
rockwork ; it likes
chalky soils.

rodigasiauum, 3' to 4'
lon^, spreading, bipiu-
natitid, st.

Sieboldii, 1' to 2' long, 8"
to 10" broad, leathery,
pinnate, grh. or hdy.
tsyns. Lastrea and
Pycnopteris Sieboldii).

— varietal inn, a prettily
variegated var.

sparsum, 1' to 2' long, 8"
to \'l" broad, papery,
hard, light grn., grh.
(.<//«. purpurascens of
gardens).

— gracilc1. fronds spear
shaped, bipinnatlfid.
The most elegant of the
five vars. of the species.

_>inulosum, 1 ' to 3'long,(i"
to 8"broad, soft, papery,
pale gru., hdy. A hand-
sonic, rather variable
Aperies. Prickly Shield
Pern.

— dilatatum. By some
authorities this is re-
garded as a species, but
if is placed in .S'y/^/Mvx
/•'I/II-HIH as a var. of
spinulosum. G' long,
11' wide, dark gru.,
tufted, very variable,
hdy., stem sub-arbor-
escent. Of the many
vars. that have origin-
ate"!, the undermen-
tioned are some of the
beat:—

— dilatatum angustipiu-
uulum, 1', bipinnate,
pinnules narrow.

spl

— dilatatum Chanteria;, 1'
to 2'long,8" to9"broad.

dilatatum crispum,
pinnules curled.

— dilatatum cristatum,
crested.

— dilatatum Dumetorum,
1', pinnules undulating,
dwarf.

— dilatatum grandiceps,
handsomely crested.

-- dilatatum Howardia-,

robust, pinnules forked

anil contracted.
- dilatatum ramosum,

like Dumetorum, but

more branched.

— dilatatum Stansfieldii,
8" to 10" long, 4" to 5"
broad, leathery, pin-
nules curled, dwaif.

— dilatatum tauaceti-
folium, tripiunate, tri-
angular.

Thidypteris, I' to 2' long,
4" to 6" broad, thin,
papery, light grn., hdy.
Female Buckler Fern.

truncatum, 2' to 4 long,
1' to 11' broad, tufted,
soft, papery, grh. A
noble Fern, but rare.

undulatum, 1' long, 6" to
8" broad, like Adiaii-
tum Feei, st.

venustum, 2' long, 1'
broad, soft, papery, st.

vestitum, 1' long, (j" to
10" broad, soft, papery,
bright gru., st. (tuitn.
raddiauura of gardens
and Lastrea vestita).

villosum, plant 18' high
naturally, fronds 5' to
7' high, 2' to 3' broad,
hairy, soft, papery,
trunk arborescent, st.ev.

Other Species and Varieties : —

abortivum, 1' to 2' long,
li" to 8" broad, st.

abruptum of Presl (fee
trancatum).

albo-puuctatum, 9" to
12" long, 4" to 6"
broad, dotted over wh.
spots, soft, dark grn.,
st. («.'/«. Arthropteris
albn-jiunctata).

amboinense, close to molle,
but fronds more papery,
st.

arista t inn (m- Otaria).

articiilatum (xn- penuiger-
um).

atrovireus (see decom-
positum).

Blumei (»r intermedium).

boraeense. 1' to 1J' long,
4" to 6" broad, spear
shaped, leathery, st.
(»////. Lastrea borneeu-
sis).

bruiiuniauum, 1' to 14'
long, 4" broad, soft,
papery, grh. (si/n, Las-
trea bruuouiana).

cilc.'iratum, 1' long, ,'(" to
6" broad, st. (»////. Las-
trea calcarata).

canum, 8" to 12" long.
3" to 4" broad, grh..
close to molle, but
sleuderer.

chiuense, 1' to 1^' long,
6" to 9" broad, soft,
papery, grh.

chrysolobutn, G" to 9"
long, 3" to 4" broad,
dark grn. above, golden
beneath, grh., pretty,
but race (syn. Lastrea
chrysoloba).

confluens, 1' to 11' each
way, leathery, grh.
(«yns. Aspidium and
Sagenia confluens).

coruscum (see Aspidium
variuin).

decurrens, 2' to 4' long,
1' or more broad,
leathery, st. (*//«. Sa-
genia decurrens). Las
trea decurrens of J.
Smith is dccursivo-
piuuatum.

deuticulatum, 1' to 2'
long, triangular, lower
pinnules spiny, st.

deparioides, li' to 2' long,
8" to 10" broad, soft,

papery, grh. (SI/H.

Lastrea deparioides).
dilatatum (nee spinulosum

var.).

divergens (see effusum).
divisum (.vr boryanum).
eriocarpum (see odora-

tum).

eusorum (sec truucatum).
exteusum, 2' to 4' long,

1' to \\' broad, soft,

j>apery, bright gru., st.

or grh.

Fuenisecii (we semulum).
t'unestum (nee subquin-

quefklum).
hirsutum of Don (see

odoratiun).
hirtipes, 2' to 3' long, 8"

to 15" broad, tufted,

dark gru., hdy. (-w//^.

atratum and Lastrea

atrata of gardens).
Hookeri (we Arbuscula).
liopeanum, 1' long, 6" to

7" broad, leathery, st.

(xyii. Lastrea hopeaua).
hudsonianum (see trun-
catum).
incisum, 1' long, §" to

1J" broad, leatherv, st.
intermedium, 2' to 3' long,

1' to 14' broad, grh.

(si/n. Blumei).
invisum, 11' to 2' long, 8"

to 12" broad, leathery,

st.

irregulare (see latifolium).
Jenmani, 2' long, 8" to

12" broad, bipinnate,
.st. (*//«. Lastrea Jen-
mani).
Kaulfussii, li' to 2' long,

6" to 8" broad, soft,

papery, st.

latifolium, 2' to 3' long,
1' to 11' broad, soft,
papery, " st. (.«/«. Sa-
genia irregularis).

lawrenceanum, 2 long,
pinnate, st. (SI/H. S^i-
geuia lawrenceana).

lucidum, 1' to 1^' long, "i"
to 6" broad, st. Close
to sophoroides.

mammilosum, resembles
decurrens, st. (si/it. Sa-
genia mammilosa).

marginale, 11' to 2' long,
6 to 8" broad, bipin-
uate, leathery, dark
grn., hdy. Half-way
between Filix-mas and
cristatum. Evergreen
Wood Fern.

— elegans, more finely
divided.

JIaxiinowiczii, 1' each
way, deltoid, qiiadii-
pinnatifid, parchment-
like, grh.

nevadeuse, li' to 3' long,
spear - shaped, thin,
papery, light grn., grh.
Sierra Shield Fern.

noveboracense, 1' to 2'
long, 4" to G" broad,
grh. or hdy. New York
Shield Fern.

odoratum, 9" to 18" long,
deltoid, fragrant («/«*
eriocarpum and hir-
sutum).

opacum, like erythrosor-
um, but duller. A
doubtful species.

Oreopteris (nee montan-
um).

Otaria, 1' long, leathery,
bright gru., grh. (xi/t*

LEPIDUM (seep. 10S).

Nephrodium

Nephrolepis

Lastrea aiistata of
gardens). The beauti-
ful garden Fern known
as Lastrea aristata
variegata is really As-
pidiuin aristatum varie-
gatum.

pallidivenium, 2' to 3'
long, 8" to 12" broad,
leathery, st.

palustre, like montanum,
but larger, grh.

Parishii, 6" to 8" each
way, deltoid, parch-
ment-like, warm grh.
or st.

peunigerum, 2' to 4' long,
1' to 11' broad, soft,
papery, st. (KIJII. articu-
latum).

podpphyllum, resembles
Sieboldii, grh.

polymorphum, 2' to 4'
long, 1' to If broad,
leathery, st., very vari-
able (XI/H. Sageniapoly-
morpha).

prolificum (see erythro-
sorum var.).

pubescens, resembles de-
compositum, st. ev.

purpurascens (see spar-
sum).

raddianum (see vestitum).

recedeus, 1^' to 2' long,
1' broad, parchment -
like, st. (s///i. Lastrea
recedens).

recurvum (see gemulum).

refractum, 1' to 11' long,
6" to 9" broad", soft,
papery, bright gru.,grh.

sanctum, 9' long, 2"
broad, in tufts or ros-
ettes, soft, papery, dark
grn., st. (»i/». Lastrea
sancta).

scabrosum, H' to 2' long
and broad, grh. (tsyn.
Polypodium nigrocarp-
um).

Serra, 2' to 3' long, 1'

broad, light grn., st.

(syn. Lastrea auges-

cens).
setigerum, 1' to 3' long,

soft, papery, grh. (si/us.

tenericaule and Lastrea

setigera). Cristatumhas

crested fronds.
setosum, 1' to H' long,

6" to 9" broad, st.

(ayns. Aspidium setos-

um and Lastrea setosa) .
simulatum, resembles

Thelypteris (sijn. As-

pidium simulatum).
Sloanei, like patens, but

larger (syti. Lastrea

Sloanei) .
sophoroides, 1' to 2' long,

0" to 9" broad, soft and

papery, grh.
Staudishii of gardens (see

Aspidium
folium).

laserpitii-

subquinquefidum, 6" to
18 ' each way, soft,
papery, dark grn., st.
(sytis, funestum, pilo-
sissimum, and Vogelii).

subtriphyllum, 1' to 1|'
long, 8" to 12" broad,
deltoid, soft andpapery,
st. (syns. Aspidium sub-
triphyllum and Sagenia
subtriphylla).

tenericaule (see setiger-
um).

terminaiis (see pteroides).

Thwaitesii, like depari-
oides, st. (syn. Lastrea
Thwaitesii).

unitum, 2' long, 6" to 8"
broad, leathery, st.
Glabrum, the Rounded
Shield Fern, is a pretty
var. with smoothf ronds.

varium of gardens (see
Aspidium varium).

Vogelii (see subquinque-
fldum).

Varieties of the Male Fern : —
A Selection : —

Countless varieties of the Male Fern are in
existence, exhibiting a wondrous range of cutting,
forking, cresting, and tasselling of the fronds.
Many have received names. Very little difference
is observable between some of these so-called
distinct varieties, and when planted together they
tend to discard the slight differences.

abbreviatum, 14" long,

curled, has been given

specific rank as Lastrea

Pseudo-mas.
— cristatum, Y to 31'

long, crested.
Bamesii, 1J' long, 3" to

4" broad.
Bollandiae, \y long, very

broad,
crispum gracile, 8" to 12"

long, crisped,
cristatum, 3' long, 1'

broad, crested, dark

grn.
— angustatum, narrow

fronds.

— fimbriatum, lighter

than cristatum.
dentatum, 3' to 4' long,

very robust,
elongatum, 3' to 4' long,

2' broad, quadripin-

natifid.

foliosum, 16'' long,
furcans, 2' long, pinnse

forked,
graudiceps, one of the

largest of the crested

vars.
Ingramii, 3' to 4' long, 1'

broad.
Jervisii, 4' long, tasselled.

Mapplebeckii, 1' long,
crested.

multicristatum, like cris-
tatum, but with more
crests.

Piuderi, 2' to 3' long,
erect.

polydactylum, 1' to 2'
long, crested.

NEPHROLEPIS.

Description. — A small genus (ord. Filices) in the
number of species, but an important one from the
cultivator's point of view, for it contains some of
the handsomest and most easily grown Ferns. In all
cases the fronds are a great deal longer than broad,

pumilum, dwarf, good for

Wardiau cases,
ramulosissimum, 4" high,

very pretty var.
Schoheldii, 3" to 6" long,

pinnate,
variegatum.
Wiustanleyi, 20" long,

"A\" broad, pinnate.

NEPHRODIUM PATENS (see p. 108).

and in most they are pendent in habit, so that the
genus Nephrolepis is a very strong contributor to
the list of basket Ferns. They luxuriate in plenty
of heat and moisture, and the tough, leathery
fronds are not at all averse from the syringing over-
head which so many Ferns dislike.

Propagation. — By spores in a number of instances.
This method, however, is of little use in the case of
the crested and plumed varieties, which will not
reproduce themselves from spores. Duffii also is
barren, and can only be increased by division of
the crowns. This should be done early in the
spring, if possible, the divisions being potted up in
equal parts of loam and leaf mould, with sand, and
started in a close case, where bottom heat can be
given. To propagate davallioides, d. furcans, and
rufescens tripinnatifida, they should be knocked
out of their pots and planted in a bed of fibrous
peat, sphagnum, and sand, in a warm pit. They

Nephrolepis

Nerine

will then send out rhizomes which will root into
the soil, and these may be subsequently severed,
and potted up to form separate plants. Bausei,
cordifolia, c. philippinensis, and Pluma bear tubers
which form a ready means of increase.

Soil. — Loam which has been stacked with cow
manure for a year, three parts, leaf mould one part,
one-sixth sharp aand, and a little charcoal. More
leaf mould is necessary for young plants — about
half of the bulk.

Other Cultural Points.- -Most of the Nephro-
lepises are evergreen, and must therefore not be
allowed to get dry. Bausei and I'luma are. how-
ever, deciduous, and should have less water during
the winter. They will then start strongly in the
spring. Snowy fly and thrips are the chief pests,
and occasional sponging with soapy water, care-
fully done, is the best treatment. Duffii has too
small fronds to sponge ; it may be fumigated.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[XoTE. — The dimensions relate to the frauds.]

Bausei, 1' to 11' high, Duth'i. 1' to '2' long J",

erect, " fe.ithered " to broad, pinnate, erect,

base, st., garden var., tufted, st., best in pot*,

di'i-iduous. exaltata, 1' to IS' long, 3"

cordit'olia, 1' to 2' long, to 6" broad, st.

•2" broad, st. or warm — hinufella, coated with

grh. (••"///. tuberosa of short, rusty hairs, st.

gardens). Several hand- («//«. hirsutula).

some vars. , of which — iieglecta, 1' to 2', st.,

tln< best are compacta, good for rockery,

pectiuata, philippensls philippinensis, of Moore,

(*I/H. philippinensis of . 1', narrow, erect.tufted,

gardens), and tuberosa st., distinct from cor-

ot1 Presl. Produces difolia var.

tubers. Pluma, 4' too' long, 4"

davallioides, 2' to 3' long, broad, pinnate, warm

10" to 12" broad, st. grh. A deciduous

The handsomest of all. species. Produces tu-

The fertile pinnie are hers.

p^iiTKitih'd. rut'escens, 2' to 3', erect,

- t'uriMiis, 3' to 4' long, st. The authors of

7" to 10" broad, ele- Synopsis Filirnin placed

gantlv crested, st. this as a var of acuta.

— t'urciius plumosa, much — tripiunatiflda, '>' to 3V
tasselleil, st. high, 4" to 6" broad,

— multice.ps, much forked, erect, tripinuatifid, St.,
st. best in pots.

Other Species :—

aeuta, 2' to 4' long, 8" to

10" broad, st. ( -*,'/"•*• ,

in gardens, biserrata,

eusifolia, platyotis,

punctulata, and spleu-

dens).

biserrata (see acuta).
eusifolia (see acuta).
imbricata (nee corclifolia).
ueglecta (wr exaltata var).
obtusifolia (see corclifolia).
[ihililipiiiensis of gardens

(»'• cordifolia var.).
platyotis (see acuta).
punctulata (see acuta).

recurvata of gardens (we

exaltata).
ramosa, 6" to 12" long, 1"

to 3' broad, st. (ftifii.t.

oblitera and trichoman-

oides).

splendens (see acuta).
tuberosa (.vr eordifolia).
tuberosa of Presl (we

cordifolia var.).
volubihs, a strongly twist-
ing var. of exaltata.
zollingeriana, 1' to H'

long, st.

NEPHROSPERMA.

A irenns of stove Palms (<>«/. Palmse) containing
one species. This is van-houtteana, an elegant
plant from the Seychelles, growing from 30' to 35'
in height, bearing graceful, pinnate leaves. It
thrives in loamy soil under similar conditions to
other stove Palms, but is most useful when quite
young.

NEPHTHYTIS.

Herbaceous plants from tropical Africa (ord.
Aroideae), of no horticultural value. A few specie*
have been introduced. They have usually large
leaves and inconspicuous inflorescences. A moist,
hot stove is necessary for their culture, and they
should have light, rich, loamy soil.

NEPTUNIA.

Herbaceous or sub-shrubby, water or swamp
plants (ord. Leguminoste). Oleracea (syn. plena)
is the best known species. It is recognised by its
prostrate, floating stems, doubly pinnate, sensitive
leaves, and pale yellow flowers, which are borne
throughout summer. It is increased by seeds or
division, requires loamy soil, and needs a stove
temperature.

NERINE.

Description. — Very beautiful greenhouse or almost
hardy, bulbous plants (ord. Amaryllideoe), which
are generally of easy cultivation, and are deserving
of attention. They have brilliant flowers in umbels
containing many blooms. A number of beautiful
hybrids have been raised.

Propagation. — By offsets, removed when the
plants are at rest, and by seeds sown under glass
in a moderate heat in spring.

Soil. — Loam and leaf mould, with the addition
of a little broken charcoal and some thoroughly
decomposed cow manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The most popular of the
genus is ? arniensis, the Guernsey Lily, which should
be potted as soon as received for flowering the
same autumn. The others require to be rested
when they have completed growth — generally from
May to September. Afterwards they should be
carefully watered and brought into a little heat.
They may be plunged in a gentle hotbed to com-
plete growth after blooming, which usually takes
place in autumn or winter. Some may be treated
as half-hardy bulbs in warm localities, and grown
outside in a warm border close to a greenhouse or
wall, and protected with litter in frosty weather.
Nerines seldom need repotting, but an occa>ional
top-dressing is helpful.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

curvii'olia, 1', Sep., sc. — Sandersoni, 2', Sep.,

- Fothergilli, brighter, segments not so crisped,
more robust, and freer sarniensis, 2V, aut. , sal-
flowering, mon (tyii. Amaryllis

flexuosa, 2', Sep., pk. sarniensis). Guernsey

(fi/n. Amaryllis flexu- Lily,

osa). — corusca, 21', aut., or.

- angustifolia, 2', Sep., sc. Vars. of corusca
pk., Ivs. narrow. are insignis and pallida.

— excellens, 2', Sep., — Plantii, crim.
rosy pk. — profusa, Aug., sc.

— pulchella, 2', Sep., pk., — rosea, aut., rosy red.
striped red. — venusta, Sep., sc.

undulata, 1', My., flesh.
Other Species and Variety : —

appendiculata, 2', Sep., Moorei, 9", sc.

pk. pancratioides, 2', wh.

rilifolia, 1', Oct., red. pudiea, 14', aut., wh.,pk.
humilis, H', Je., red. («¥ p. 112).

— splendens, rosy car. puinila, 6'', sc.

Hybrids :—

Alleni. cinnabarina. erubesceus.

atnahilis. Countess Bathurst. excellens.

atrosanguinea. elegans. Haylockii.

Camii. — alba, wh. Lady Bromley.

Nerium

Nerium

Lady Clementina
Mitford.

Lady Doringtou.

Lady Lawrence.

Lady Llewellyn.

Lady Louisa
Longley.

Lady Lucy Hicks-
Beach.

Lady Mary

Shelley.
Mausellii.
Meadowbankii.
Miss Jekyll.
Miss Willmott.
Mrs. Berkeley.
Mrs. Douglas.
Mrs. Godinan.

mutubilis.

Novelty.

O'Brieui.

Purple Prince.

roseo-crispa.

Spofforthitp.

Stricklundii.

turdirtora.

— major.

close frame, or in bottles of water, and potted in
light soil when rooted.

Soil. — Loam, a little peat, and some decayed
manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The . Oleander must
have plenty of sun and light to ripen its growth in
spring and summer. After blooming, the plants
may be slightly pruned after reducing the supply

Tlwlo: L'aasell it Ct

XEUINE ruDiCA C«)i. 111).

NERIUM. (OLEANDER.)

Description. — Beautiful, but very poisonous,
greenhouse shrubs (ord. Apocynacese), which are
easily cultivated, and are very ornamental when in
flower. They have showy, funnel-shaped flowers
in flattish heads. Many of the forms of the common
N. Oleander, popularly known as the Oleander, or
•Rose Bay, are very pleasing.

Propagation.— By cuttings of shoots just about
maturity, inserted in sand under a bell-glass or in a

of water, and then induced to make fresh growth
before winter. Hard pruning is needed for big
plants, which are apt to become straggly and un-
sightly. Repot in spring.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

coccineum (now Wrightia

cocciuea).
odorum, 6' to 8', Je., pale

red. Vars., earneuin,

flesh; flore-pleno, semi-
double.

Oleander, .">' to 14', Je.,
bright red (»//». lauri-
forme).

Nertera

(113)

Nicotiana

Selection of N. Oleander Varieties : —
album plenum, double wh. M. Balaguier, pk.
Felix Bourguet, ro., yel. Professor Duchartre, rosy
Henri Mares, rosy pk., pur.

double. Professor Durand, yel.

Madonna grandiflorum, Sneur Agnes, double wh.

cream. splendens, red, double.

vuriegatum, red, Ivs.
edged wh. or yel.

NERTERA.

Small, creeping, hardy, half-hardy, or tender
herbs (ord. Rubiaceaj), of which only one, named
below, appears to be in cultivation. Although
reputedly hardy, it is not so everywhere, and may
require the protection of a cold frame or greenhouse
in winter. It is a neat little rockwork plant,
creeping on the ground, and prized for its bright
berries. Propagation, by division or by seeds sown
when ripe under glass. It likes a sandy soil.

Principal Species : —

depressa, Bead Plant, Fruiting Duckweed, 1" to
.'!''. berries or. red or sc.

NESvEA.

Annual or perennial herbs or sub-shrubs (ord.
Lythrariese). Three or four species only are culti-
vated, and these not to any great extent. In some
places they are hardy, but in cold, exposed places
a cool greenhouse is necessary. Propagate by
means of seeds or cuttings, and use ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

salicirolia, .5', sum., sub- — grandiflora, much finer

shr., yel. (.«/«. Heimia flowers.

salicifolia). triflora, 2' to 3', Aug.,

hlf-hdy. ann., bl.

NETTING.

Material made from string or wire, and used
largely in gardens for the protection of fruit from
birds, or for keeping rabbits and other animals
from plants they would otherwise injure. For the
protection of fruit, fish nets are the most suitable.
If hung over fruit trees when in flower, they also
provide a little protection against frost. For
stopping rabbits, wire netting— with 1" mesh or
holes — 2J-' wide should be provided. This should
be let 6" into the ground to prevent burrowing, and
the upper portion securely fastened to stakes.

NEUROLJENA.

Tropical or sub-tropical sub-shrubs {ord.
Composite) requiring an intermediate house
temperature. They have usually white or yellow
flower heads, and are of little horticultural value.
Any kind of garden soil suits them.

Principal Species : —

lobata, 2', Je. to Jy., yel. (syn. Calea lobata).

NEUWIEDIA.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae), allied
to Selenipedium. They are stout, erect plants, with

Netnjtanax (we I'lerandrn).
Nettle, Hedge {see Maclti/s).
\eltle Mullein (sec Vtrbeuevm')
Nettle, Wingless (see I'ilea).
Nettle Tree (sec d-ltit).
Nriiinannia (let Pitcairnia) .
Xi'iimi'iiHis (see Acrpsfie/iii/n).
\enrndium (see Ttenitis').
Neuroloma (see Parrya).
Neuttanthut (sec Pueraria)
38

j thick roots, large plicate (folded) leaves, and dense
spikes of white or yellow flowers. Treatment similar
to that given to Cypripediums is necessary.

Principal Species : —
Griffithii, 1J', Sep., wh. Liudleyi, 3' to 4', win...

pale yel.
NEVIUSIA.

A hardy shrub (ord. Rosacefe) from North
America, having smallish, ovate leaves and white
flowers. Cuttings root readily in June or July if
given a little bottom heat, and ordinary garden
soil is all it requires.

Only Species : —
alabamensis, G', My., wh.

NEWBOULDIA (.*//«. SPATHOTECOMA).

A small genus of trees from tropical Africa (ord.
Bignoniaceai), having alternate, deeply lobed
leaves and large heads or panicles of pink or
violet flowers. The genus is not in general culti-
vation. A mixture of loam and peat forms a
suitable soil.

Principal Species : —
Isevis, sum., ro. pur.

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.

The correct name of this plant is Tetragonia
expansa (ord. Ficoideae). It is an annual found
wild in Australia and New Zealand. It is grown
solely as a vegetable, the young leaves being cooked
and used in a similar manner to the . common
Spinach. Although inferior in flavour to Spinach, it
has several advantages over that plant, as in hot
summers it does not get "burnt up" so quickly,
grows with greater vigour, and does not run to
seed so fast. It may either be sown indoors in
early spring, and the seedlings planted in rows 'A'
apart— leaving 1 y between the plants — in May, or it
may be sown out of doors and thinned out to the
same distance. Rich soil is essential, and the
leaves should be gathered when young and tender.

NICANDRA.

A genus containing one annual herb (ord. Sola-
naceae). This, physaloides, has membranous, deeply
lobed leaves and blue flowers. It grows to a height
of from 2' to 4' ; and the flowers, which are borne
during summer, are followed by red, ornamental
fruits. Seeds should be sown out of doors in
April, in ordinary garden soil.

NICOTIANA. (TOBACCO.)

Description. — A genus (ord. Sclanacete) of up-
wards of thirty half-hardy herbs, best known from
one of the species, Tabacum, producing the to-
bacco of commerce. A number of the species make
very fine plants for the garden if treated as half-
hardy annuals and planted out in early summer.
Alba, or afflnis, sometimes stands the winter, or
springs up again from the roots, and sylvestris
seems nearly hardy. The sweet-scented species,
such as alba (affinis), are welcomed under glass.

\i'ir Jersty Tea (ice Cranothtis amerieamu).
Nem Zealand Bluebell (see Wahlenberyia sa.ri.

cola).

A"ew Zealand Flax (see Pliormlum).
Neir Zealand Bur (see Acana).
Nem Zealand Laburnum (see Sophora tetraptcra

microphylla).
Nicker Tree (see CtrnaJpinia).

Nierembergia

Nitrification

Propagation, — By seeds sown in slight heat in
February.

Soil. — Rich loam in a warm position.
Principal Species and Varieties :—

affiuis (see alba). rosy pur., car. red, Ivs.

alba, 3', sum., per., wh. large.

(syn. affmis). tomentosa, 9' to 1;V, sum.,

colossea (ace tomeutosa). grh. or hlf-hdy., pk.,

sylvestris, 4' to 5', sum., wh. (KI/H. colossea, fee

the best. p. 115).

Tabacum, 4', sum., ro. — variegata, variegated

— macrophylla, pale red, Ivs.

Other Species : —

acumiuata, 3', sum., wh., longiflora, 3', Aug., wh.

grn. noctirlora, 2' to 3', Aug.,
acutiflora, 2', Je., wh. wh., pur. beneath.

Bigelovii, 3', sum., wh. — albinora, wh.

fragrans, 4', sum., grh., persica, 3', Aug., wh.,

wh. grn.

glauca, 15', Aug., grh. rustica, 2', Jy., yel., grn.

shr., yel. snaveolens, 2', sum., wh.

Langsdorffii, 5', Aug.,per., wigandioicles, sum., grh.,

gru. yel. wh.

NIEREMBERGIA.

Description. — Very pleasing half-hardy or hardy
annuals or perennials (ord. Solanacese) of herb-
aceous habit, which make good plants for rock-
work or for growing in pots.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in a warm house
in summer or early autumn, and by division or
cuttings in spring.

Soil. — Loam, with some sand and well-decayed
manure, or a little leaf soil. .

Other Cultural Points. — All the Nierembergias
like a good supply of moisture, and the hardy
rivularis grows best if the pots are stood in pans of
water. Slugs are very destructive to this species.

Principal Species : —

gracilis, 9", sum., hlf- rivularis, 6", Jy., hdy.,
hdy., wh., streaked pur. creeping, wh.

Other Species and Varieties : —

aristata, 6", Jy., ann., — atroviolacea, 1', hlf-

wh., pur. hdy. , dark vio.

calycina, 9", Jy., hlf-hdy., — White Queen, wh.

procumbent, yel. linariaefolia, 6", Jy., wh.

frutescens, H', Je., hdy., Veitchii, sum., grh., pro-

bl. cumbent, lil.

NIGELLA. (FENNEL FLOWER, LOVE-IN-
A-MIST, DEVIL-IN-THE-BUSH.)

Description. — Curious, but attractive, hardy
annuals (ord. Ranunculaceaa), with elegant foliage
and pretty flowers, so surrounded by the foliage as
to give rise to the name of " Love-in-a-Mist."
Sativa is said to be the " Fitches " mentioned in
Isaiah.

Propagation. — By seeds sown where the plants
are to bloom, in March or April, and well thinned
out.

Soil. — Any good garden soil.

Principal Species : —

damascena, 2', sum., bl. hispanica, 2', sum., deep
or wh. A pretty plant. bl., pur., or wh.

— flore-pleno, double
flowers.

Nirfitlarium (see Karatas).

jfiebuhria oblongifolia (see Mtenta, oralifolia").

Other Species :—

ciliaris, 1', Jy., yel,

corniculata, 1', Jy., yel.

Garidella, _!', Jy., br., sativa, H', Jy., yel.

orientalis, H', sum., yel.,
red spots.

gru.(«/».Xigellastrum). — indica, bl.

NIGHT SOIL.

This is composed of human excrement, forming
one of the richest, most powerful, and best of all
manures. Its composition is generally carbonate
of soda, sulphate of soda, ammonia, phosphate of
magnesia, phosphate of lime, sulphate of potash,
chloride of potassium, chloride of sodium, and
phosphate of soda. The usual practice is to mix
it with garden soil, adding lime to take away the
offensive odour. After standing for several weeks,
it may either be dug into the ground or used as
a top-dressing. - It is useful for almost all kinds
of crops, especially those that are naturally fast
growing.

NIPA.

This genus of stove Palms (ord. Palmse) is com-
posed of one species, fruticans, which is a rare
plant with graceful, feathery leaves and a curious,
creeping stem. Of the numerous Palms it is one
of the most difficult to grow. At Kew it has been
found to succeed best in loamy soil, with the
lower inch of the pot submerged in the water of a
warm tank.

NIPH^EA.

Stove herbaceous plants (or/I. Gesneracere), with
soft, hairy stems and leaves, white flowers, and
creeping roots, requiring similar treatment to
Achimenes (which see).

Principal Species :—

oblonga, 1', win., wh.

NITRATES.

Though nitrogen is the most common gas, it is
of no value to plants in a free state, and can only
be of service when presented to the roots in com-
bination with some . mineral, e.g., sodium nitrate,
or, as it is more commonly known, nitrate of soda.
Soluble forms of nitrogen are absolutely indis-
pensable to plants of all kinds, but at the same
time, they are readily washed out of soils contain-
ing no crops during winter, - and during times of
excessively heavy rains. Therefore land of a light,
sandy consistency should be sown in the autumn
with Mustard or Cole seed. The roots will prevent
the nitrogenous matters from being carried away
by drainage water, and in the spring, the plants
will, if turned in, serve as an additional manure.

NITRIFICATION.

With the great advance during recent years in
all branches of agricultural chemistry and botany,
has come a knowledge of the changes taking place in
manures when applied to the soil. The most import-
ant of these is that of nitrification, or the conversion
of various nitrogenous animal and vegetable matters
into such compounds of nitrogen as may be readily

Nightshade (see Solanum").
Nightshade, Enchanter's (see Circcca).
Nightshade, Malabar (see Saselld).
Nightshade, Three-Leaved, (see Trillium).
Mgyers (see Turnip Samfly}.
N'ir/rHella (ace Habcnaria).
Niphobolus (see Palypodivm),
Ntphopsis (see Polypodium).

Nitrification

( 115 )

Nolana

utilised by the roots. With the exception of the
roots of Leguminous plants, and certain forest trees,
which, when growing in soils, containing a. large
percentage of humus, have the assistance of
saprophiticfumri, collectively known as microrhiza,
no plants are ^ole to use ordinary nitrogen. A
group of bacteria is able to break up the nitrogen-
ous compounds into nitrates, this process being
termed nitrification. Certain conditions are neces-
sary to enable the bacteria to carry on their work ;
these are (a) moisture, (*) heat, (c) oxygen and
the presence of lime and some form of phosphorus,
e.g., phosphate of lime. Nitrates are always found
more abundantly in soils after warm weather, as

NIVENIA (syn. PAHANOMUS).

A genus of large, erect - growing, evergreen
plants (ord. Proteacese), thriving in the green-
house. Propagated by seeds and grown in . a
mixture of two parts peat and one part loam, with
sand, and good drainage.

Principal Species : —
crithrnifolia, 4', Je., grh.,

pur. (mjtt. Protea Lago-

pus).

NOCC^EA.

Small, dwarf-growing, creeping or procumbent,
hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Cruciferte), suitable

media, 2J', Je., grh., pur.
(syn. Protea spicata).

Photo: Cassell it Company, Ltd.

NlCOTIANA TOMENTOSA (see p. 114).

heat is essential for the increase of the bacterial
organisms. This explains the slow decay of matter
in soils during winter. Should the necessary
conditions not be present, the bacteria are unable
to flourish, and their place is taken by another
group, closely related, which bring about the
dissipation and waste of nitrogenous matter, known
as denitrification.

Nitrifying organisms are far more abundant in
deeply cultivated and well aerated than in shallow
soils, hence the importance of thorough cultivation.

1'nder the name Nitragin cultures have been
made of the various bacteria found in the root
nodules of Leguminous plants. Soils deficient of
these bacteria may have the solution containing
the cultivated bacteria added when the seed is
sown, as the cultures can be readily purchased
in the form of glass tubes. It is necessary to
sprinkle the mixture over the seed or distribute
it in the drills.

for the rock garden, or a front
herbaceous border. Propagation,
division. Moist soil.

Only Species :—

iilpinn, 3" to 5", spr. to
aut., wh.

place in the
by seeds, or

stylosa, 4", sum., Wen.,
wh. to lil. (syn. Iberis
stylosa).
NOISETTIA.

Noisettia longifolia is a dwarf-growing stove
evergreen tree (ord. Violariese), producing cream-
coloured flowers of no great beauty

NOLANA.

Annual or perennial, low-growing, often prostrate
herbs (ord. Convolvulaceas), sometimes with fleshy
leaves. They may be propagated by seeds sown in

Nitta Tree (see Parkin africana).

Noble Liverwort (tee Anenume Hepatica).

Nolina

( 116 )

Notelsea

the open in April or early in May, and delight in
an open, well-drained soil, in a sunny position,
making very good subjects for seaside gardens.
Principal Species : —

prostrata, 3", sum., pale

bl.

teuella, C", sum., pale bl.
(sijn. paradoxa of £<t-

atriplicifolia, 4", sum.,
wh., yel. (syii. grandi-
flora).

lauceolata, 6", Je., bl.,
wh., grn.

paradoxa, 18", sum., wh.

tanicat Magazine}.

NOTHOCHLOJXA AFFIXIS (see p. 117).

NOLINA (ni/n. BEAUCARNEA).

A genus of greenhouse and half-hardy plants
(ord. Liliacefc). Propagation, by seeds and divi-
sion. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

erumpens. recurvata, 2' to 4', wh.,

georgiana, 2' to 3', sum., Ivs. drooping («.'/«•

wh. Beaucarnea recurvata).

hartwegiana.

NONNEA.

Though upwards of thirty species are known,
very few find favour with cultivators. The plants are
annual or perennial herbs (ord. Boraginese), requir-
ing the same treatment as that given to Anchusa.

Principal Species : —

rosca, 6" to 12", sum., — versicolor, red in the
hdy. aim., ro., yel., bud, changing to bl.
throat wh. (SI/H. An-
chusa latifolia).

NOPALEA.

Plants (ord. Cacteae) with succulent, leafless,
green stems, similar in habit to many Opuntias, but
differing in having erect petals and shorter
stamens. They may be propagated by cuttings,
and must be grown in loam, to which is added

X~onatelia (see Pallcmtrea).
Noli-lnie-ta'ngt'n<' (sre Impfiticnit).
Norte-so- Pretty (see Saxifraga nmbrosa).

broken brick and old mortar rubbish with coarse
sand and very good drainage. They like abundance
of sun at all times, with plenty of water in summer,
but little in winter.
Principal Species : —

coccinellifera, 8' to 10', sum., sc. ; cochineal in-
sects are reared on it (syns. Cactus cochenillifera
and Opunt.ia coccinellifera).

NORANTEA.

Evergreen, stove, climbing shrubs with bright,
showy flowers (ord Ternstrcemiacea;). Cuttings of
the mature shoots may be rooted in very sandy
soil in a close case. Soil, peat and loam, with
sand.

Principal Species : —
brasilieusis, 6' to 8', grn., guiaiiensis, 10', vio., large

wh., with sc. bracts. sc. bracts, supports

itself with au'rial roots.

NOTELuEA.

Greenhouse evergreen trees and shrubs (ord.
Oleacea?), closely related to the Olive. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of side shoots in spring. Bottom
heat should not be applied until the cuttings have
commenced to form a callus. Soil, loam two parts,
leaf mould one part, and snnd.

NoTHOCHLOZNA SINUATA (see p. 117).

ovata, Je., close to longi-

folia.
punctata, like longifoliu,

smaller fruit.

Principal Species :—
longifolia, 6' to 8', Mch.
to Je., shr., wh., berries
dark bl. (sijn. Olea
apetala).

Nordmannia cordifolia (see TracJtystemoii oric/i-

talis).

Norfolk Inland Pine (see Araiicaria exeelsa).
Normandy Cress (see Cress, American").
-\<irtenia (see Tnrenid).
Norn-ay Maple (see Acer plataiwides).
Norway Spruce (see Picea exeelsa).

Nothochlcena

( 117 )

Nothochlcena

NOTHOCHLCENA. (GOLD AND SILVER

JlAIDEXHAIUS.)

Description. — A genus (ord. Filices) of exceedingly
pretty stove or greenhouse Ferns. They are small,
and for the most part of rather delicate appear-
ance, requiring different treatment from the
majority of Ferns. Naturally they grow in very
exposed situations, but where plenty of moisture at
the roots is available. It will be found that light,
airy surroundings, such as they will obtain on a
high shelf near the glass, and free drainage, and a
regular supply of water, suit them perfectly ; indeed,
if not given these, they soon turn sickly.

eckloniana, 6" to 12"
long, 2" to 3" broad,
tripinuatifid, grh.

Fendleri, tripumate, grh.
(nyn. Ciiicinalis Fend-
leri).

flavens, 4" to 9" long, 2"
to 4" broad, triphmate,
lower surface covered
yel. powder, st. (syns.
chrysophylla of gardens,
and Cincinalis and Gym-
nogramme flavens).

Hookeri, 3" across, stel-
late, lower surface

NOTHOCHLCENA MAKANT.E.

Propagation. — By spores, most of which ger-
minate freely. Division of the crowns in March
and April — the latter month for the greenhouse
forms —is also practised with a few.

Soil.— Fibrous peat and lumps of sandstone in
equal parts. A few pieces of fibrous loam may be
incorporated, but they are not necessary. A few
nodules of charcoal are, however, an improvement.

Other Cultural Points. — In potting, elevate the
crown of the plant a little above the surface. No
water must be sprinkled over the fronds. Watch
the crowns and the lower part of the stipes for scale,
which, once established, is difficult to get rid of.

Principal Species :—

[NoTJJ. — The dimensions given refer to the size
of the fronds.]
affiui.o, \" to 5" long, 1" st (see p. 116). '

broad, bipinnatified,

covered wh. or or. pow-
der, grh. Like Gym-
uogramme triangularis
(*l/n. Cincinalis Hook-
eri).

hypoleuca, 4" to 6", bi-
pinnatifid, grh.

Other Species : —

Candida (nee sulphurea).

chrysophylla (see flavens).

cretacea (see sulphurea).

clealhata, 3" to 4" long,
tripinnate, wh. pow-
dered, grh. («/«. Cin-
cinalis dealbata) .

distans, 6" to 9" long,
f" to 1" broad, bipin-
nate, grh.

lanuginosa, 6" to 9" long,
1" to li" broad, bi-
pinnate, woolly, grh.,
wh.

Marantfe, 4" to 12" long,
H" to 3" broad, bi-
pinnate,grh.(»f« figure).

nivea, 3" to 9" long, U"
to 2" broad, tripiunate,
lower surface wli. pow-
dered, grh. Hookeri of
Lowe is a var.

Parryi, o" long, bipin-
nate, grh.

sinuata, 1' to 2' long, 1"

broad entire or pinnate,
st. (we p. 116).
trichomanoides, 6" to 15"
long, •}" to 1' broad,
pinnate, wh. powdered,
woolly, st. ; a beauti-
ful basket plant.

ferruginea, 6" to 12"

long. J" to 1" broad, st.
Gilliesii (see squaiuosa).
Hookeri of Lowe (see

nivea var.).
larvis (see sinuata).
mollis. 8" to 12" long, H"

to 2" broad, tripinnate,

warm grh.
Muelleri, st. , covered

with br. scales.

Nothoscordum

( 118 )

Nuts

Newberryi, 3" to 5" long,
covered wh. hairs, grh.

rufa (we ferruginea).

squamosa, 3" to 4" long,
1" to 14" broad, grh.

sulphurea, 2" to 3" long
and broad, covered wh.

or yel. powder, grh.
(SIJHS. Candida, Cheil-
anthes pulveracea, and
Cincinalis sulphurea) .
Candida is a var.
tenera, 3" to 6" long, tri-
piuuate, warm grh.
(syn. Cincinalis tenera).

NOTHOSCORDUM.

Hardy and cool greenhouse bulbous plants (<>rd.
Liliacese). Propagation, by offsets and seeds. Use
light, rich, loamy soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

fragrans, H' to 2', sum., Caloscordum nerini-

hdy., wh., lil., sweet florum).

(syii. borbonicuui). striatum, 6" to 9", My.,

— iiiodorum, scentless. hdy., wh. (syn. Alliimi

macrostemon (see Milla striatum).

macrostemon). — striatellum, hlf-hdy.,

neriiiiflorum, 8" to 9", grn., yel.

hlf-hdy., ro. pur. (syii.

NOTOSPARTIUM. (PINK BROOM.)

Notospartiurn CarmichaeliEe is an interesting
hardy or nearly hardy shrub (ord. Leguminosoe).
Its green stems are nearly leafless, grow to a height
of 20', and produce small, pretty pink flowers in
June and July. Propagation, by seeds and half
ripened cuttings, in heat. Soil, loam and sand.
A sunny position is best.

NOTYLIA.

Dwarf stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacene), of little
beauty and seldom cultivated. The principal
species are albida, brevis, bicolor, bipartita,
Bungerothii, laxa, and punctata.

NOUELIA.

Nouelia insignis is a greenhouse or half-hardy
tree (ord, Compositse), with heads of white flowers,
and leaves which are hairy on the under surface.
Propagated by seeds and cuttings, using a light,
loamy soil.

NUPHAR.

Description. — Nuphars are beautiful aquatic
plants (ord. Nymphfeacese) allied to the Nyrophseas,
and known to many from the native N. luteum, the
yellow " Water Lily " or '• Brandy Bottle " of many
districts in Britain. They are hardy, and can be
grown in ponds, tanks, or tubs with a few inches
of soil, and from 6" to 3' of water over the root-
stocks.

Propagation. — By division in spring or summer,
or by seeds sown in autumn when ripe.

Soil. — Rich loam, with a little decayed cow
manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The roots may be
planted in shallow baskets, weighted with stones
and sunk in the pond.

Principal Species and Varieties :-

Ad vena, Jy., yel. (syn. — kalmianum, Jy., yel.
Nymphasa AdVena).

luteum, Je., yel.

minimum, Jy., yel.
— pumilum.
sagittaefolium, Jy., yel.

NURSERY.

A portion of the garden reserved for the raising
of plants to take the place of existing ones in

Nottingham. Catchfly (see Silene nutans).
Nunnezharia (see Cliamcedarea).

various beds, when their season of utility is over.
By thus arranging a rotation, empty beds in the
flower garden are avoided. Stocks of newer plants
may also be increased in the nursery, wherewith to
furnish other portions of the grounds when the
plants have attained a suitable size. The term
"nursery" is also applied to establishments in
which plants are grown for commercial purposes.

NUTMEGS.

These are the seeds of Myristica fragrans (which
see) after the berry has split, previous to the
taking away, of the aril, or additional seed coat,
which forms the " mace " of commerce.

NUTS.

Description. — Cobs, Cob Nuts, Filberts, and
Hazel Nuts are fruits of two species of Corylus,
Avellana and maxima, grown either for ornamental
purposes or for the sake of their Nuts, or both (see
COBYLUS). Cobs and Cob Nuts are terms originally
applied to those fruits having a short cupule or
husk, while Filberts are those with a husk much
longer than the nut; but these distinctions have
been broken down or linked together by inter-
crossing.

Propagation.— The best methods are by grafting
in spring, and layering early in autumn. If rapid
increase is desired, stocks may be raised from seeds
and the varieties afterwards grafted upon the
seedlings when strong enough.

Soil. — Nuts will succeed in almost any descrip-
tion of soil provided it is not waterlogged. A
brown, calcareous loam is the best. Even in a
stony and gravelly soil they give a good return, so
that they may be planted where Apples and Pears
would scarcely succeed. Elevated sites are
preferable to low-lying ones.

Other Cultural Points.— Cob Nuts and Filberts
should be grown in the form of bushes, and spur-
pruned similarly to an Apple tree of the same form.
The foundation of the bush may be laid by cutting
the upright, primary stem of the layer to a point
1', 2', or 3' from the ground. Several shoots will
arise below the cut, and the three most conve-
niently disposed should be retained, shortening
them at the winter pruning to 1' in length, lie-
tain two from each of these shoots, or six in all.
A similar number from each of the six will give
twelve in the third season, and this will be suffi-
cient for bushes of moderate size. All supernu-
merary twigs should be spurred back to a good
bud near the base at each annual pruning. The
operator should always prune to a bud pointing in
the direction he wishes the next season's growth
to take, so that the twelve stems will form a
cup-shaped bush. Many may be grown in small
space, 6' to 8' in tha row, but neither bushes
nor branches should be allowed to become crowded.
Another method is to grow them as standards
and half-standards, pruning them in their early
stages in order to lay the foundations of well
balanced heads. After that they may be allowed
to grow freely, merely thinning the branches
where becoming crowded. Cosford and Pearson's
Prolific Dwarf produce an abundance of male cat-
kins, and should be planted amongst others to en-
sure the setting of the fruits.

Nut', Ground (see Ajrios tvberosa).
Nutmeg, Californian (see Torreya,)

Nuts

(119)

Nyctocalos

Preservation. — When it is intended to preserve
Nuts and Filberts till Christmas or after, they
should be retained in the husks, the latter being
dried to prevent ruoiildiness. If spread out thinly
on boards in a dry, airy s'.ied, shaded from the
sun, the husks will dry without becoming brittle.
They may then be stored in jars in a dry, frost-
proof cellar. Nuts may also be stored in a dry
loft, covered with straw to prevent their becoming
desiccated.

Insect Pests. — The Nut Weevil (Balaninus
Nuoum) and the Nut Louse (Callipterus Coryli)
.are troublesome, particularly the former. The
female Weevil pierces the young Nuts, laying one
egg in each, giving rise to a grub that feeds on
the kernel. Keeping the bushes properly thinned,
and frequent stirring of the ground during summer,
are good preventives. The trees should be gone

Other Varieties :—
Atlas Cob, very large Merveille de Bollwyller,

Nuts. prolific, shell thick.

Duke of Edinburgh, fine Prolific Cob, large and

flavour, shell thick. free.

True Kentish Filbert, best
flavour, shy bearer.

NUTTALLIA.

A genus of two species (ord. Rosaces), including
cerasiformis, 8' to 12', a hardy, white-flowered
shrub, flowering in March and April. It is of con-
siderable value, owing to the decorative pendulous
spikes which are produced by the male plants.
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, rich loam. Afford
some protection to the flowers from spring frosts.

NUYTSIA.

Nuytsia floribunda is related to Loranthus (ord.
Loranthacese), 'but is terrestrial, not parasitic.

NviiriI*:A MAKLIACEA CIIROMATELLA (see p. 121).

over in the early morning, during egg-laying time,
and the insects shaken down upon tarred trays.
Burn all Nuts falling prematurely. Washes for
trees infested with the Nut Louse are 1 Ib. of
tobacco steeped in 4 gallons of hot water, adding
J Ib. of soft soap ; and f Ib. of soft soap in 4 gallons
of water. One of these should be used at the
commencement of the attack. Clejin water, at
that stage, applied forcibly with the garden engine,
would check or destroy the young colonies of the
insect.

Principal Varieties :—

Bergcri, a prolific Cob.
•Cosford, good fljivour,

thin shell.
Kentish Cob, prolific,

best market var.
Pearson's Prolific Dwarf,

very prolific.
Prolific Filbert, fine

flavour, crisped husk,

pretty.

Purple Filbert, Ivs. and

fruit pur.
Red Filbert, kernel red

skinned.
Webb's Prize Cob, large,

handsome bunches.
White Filbert, kernel

white skinned.

Propagation, by seeds. As yet the plant has not
been successfully cultivated in this country,

Only Species : —

floribunda, 10' to 30', spr., sum., or.

NYCTANTHES.

A fragrant stove tree (ord. Oleacea?) of con-
siderable beauty, known throughout India as the
Tree of Sadness. Propagation, by cuttings of
half ripened shoots in a close case in early summer.
Soil, peat and loam in equal parts, with sand.

Only Species : —

Arbor-tristis, 12' to 18', Je., Aug., wh., fragrant.

NYCTOCALOS.

Stove climbing shrubs (ord. Bignoniaceaj), of
which only one species has yet been introduced.
The flowers open early in the evening and fall at

NnttalUa of Jiarfon (see CallirhoS).
Nyetago of Jussicii (see Mirabilis).

Nympnsea

( 120 )

Wymphsea

the approach of day. Propagation, by cuttings.
Soil, loam and sand, with some pieces of sand-
stone. The plants are most satisfactory when
planted in a well-drained border.

Principal Species : —

Thomsoni, 12' to 25', sum., wh.

NYMPHyEA. (WATER LILY.)

Description. — A genus of magnificent and most
desirable aquatic plants (onl. Nymphfeacese), which
are increasing in favour, largely owing to the intro-
duction of the new hardy hybrids raised by M.
Latour-JIarliac and others, and which have given
colours hitherto unknown among the hardy
Water Lilies. Several new, tender varieties and

suit the Nymphieas. The stove species may have
a water temperature of about 75° while in growth
and 60° in winter, ami the house may have from
tha'y temperature to one 10' less.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Hardy : —

alba, sum., wh. Common
Water Lily.

— candidissima,very fine.

— rosea, ro.

— spha?rocarpa rosea, pk.

nitidu, Je., wh.
odorata, sum., wh., tinged
red (see p. 121).

— minor, smaller.

— rosea, tinged pk.

tetragona, Je., wh. ; a
neat little species (syn.
pygma»).

— Helveola, yel.
tuberosa, Jy., wh.

— flavesceus. yel.

— plena, double.

— Richardsoui, semi-
double.

— rosea, pale ro.

NYMPHJEA MAKLIACEA ROSEA (see p. lii).

hybrids of great beauty have been introduced also,
and there is every likelihood that the cultivation of
these indoor Nymphseas will be largely extended.
Their handsome leaves and exquisite flowers
render them ornaments to any garden, whether
they are grown in the open or in tanks under glass.
The smaller Nymphfeas, such as ellisiana, and the
Laydekeri, odorata, and tetragona forms, may be
grown in tubs.

Propagation. — By division in spring or summer.
A small portion of the rootstock with a bud will
soon make a good plant with ordinary care. The
rootstock should be cut with a sharp knife. Also
by seeds, sown either when ripe or in spring in
small pots of soil sunk in water and placed in a
warm house.

Soil. — Rich loam, with the addition of some well
decayed manure, is the most suitable for the
Nymphieas.

Other Cultural Points. — Generally speaking, the
treatment recommended for other aquatic plants,
which will be found under the title AQUATICS, will

Nijeterinia (see Zaluzianaliya).
Nyciersition (see CJirysopJiylluiii).
JVycterittm (see Solatium).

Tender:—

Amazpmim, grh. , yel-
lowish wh.

ampla, Jy. , st., wh.

— speciosa, wh. or yel-
lowish wh.

blanda, Jy., st., wh.
capensis, sum., bl. (*'</«.

scutifolia).
elegaiis, Je., yellowish

wh., bl.

flava, sum , hlf-lidy., yel.
gigantea, sum. , grh. or st. ,

bl.
gracilis, sum., grh. or st.,

wh.
Lotus, sum., st., red or

wh.

— dentata, wh.

— devonieusis, deep red.

— monstrosa, wh.

Hardy Hybrids :—
audreaua. red, yel.
Arc-en-Ciel, salmon, Ivs.

parti- coloured.
Aurora, yel., passing to

red.

— ortgiesiana, rosy red.

— rubra, red.

— thermalis, wh. (xyii.
thermalis).

mexicana, sum., hlf-hdy.,
yel.

— micrantha, Aug., st.,
wh.

parkeriaua, sum.,et., wh.
stellata, sum., nearly
hdy., bl.

— capensis. grh. or st. , bl.

— cyauea, bl.

— eastonensis, bl.

— purpurea, reddish pur.

— versicolor, wh., red,
grii. (ft;/tt. versicolor).

zanzibarensis, sum. , st. ,
bl.

— a/urea, azure bl-

— rosea, ro.

caroliuiaua uivea, wh.

— perfecta, salmon red.
chrysantha, pale yel.
colossea, salmon,
ellisiana, clear red.

20

WATER LILIES (NYMPHXEAS).

1. N. STELLATA BERLIN VARIETY, 2. N. STELLATA WM. STONE ; 3 N. MARLIACEA ALBIDA : 4. N. GIGANTEA ;
5. N MARLIACEA ROSEA ; 6. N. MARLIACEA CHROMATELLA ; 7. N t-LLISIANA.

Nyssa

(121 )

Oak Galls

fulva, bright red.
gladstoniana, wh.
gloriosa, bright red, ro.
.Tas. Brydpn, ro. criin.
L;iy<lokeri fulgens, amar-
anth.

— liliaoea, lil., car.

— purpurata, pk., crim.

— rosea, pk.
lucida, pk.
iii'irHact'ii albida, wh.

— camea, pk.

— chromatella, yel. , Ivs.
(leg p. 119) marbled br.

— flammea, red.
Tender Hybrids : —

boucheaua, ro.
daubenyana, bl.
draniaiia, ro. pk.
Eugenie, car. ro.
•Tul'iiee, wh., pk.
keweusis, ro. red.

— ignea, pur. red.

— rosea, pk. (see p. 120).
— rubro-puuctata, pale

red.
odorata exquisita, pk.

— rosacea, pale pk.

— sulphurea, yel.

— sulplmrea grandiflora,
yel.

robinsouiana, vermilion,

yel.

sangumea, red.
Seiguoureti, yel., pk., red.
Win. Doogue, red.
\Vm. Falcouer, red.

Mrs. C. W. Ward, ro. pk.
o'marana, ro. red.
pulcherrima, light bl.
smithiana, pk.
Sturtevautii, ro. red.
Win. Stone, bl.

NYSSA. (TUPELO TREE.)

Hardy trees and shrubs (ord. Cornacere), pro-
ducing small greenish white flowers. Though not
01 much value fur their (lowers, they should be
iiifluded in all shrubberies of any size, for the
great beauty of their autumnal tints. In this
respect few plants can vie with them, for the
colours range from vivid green to fiery scarlet, and
the leaves remain in this condition for some time.
Propagation, by seeds and layers. Plants seldom
produce fertile seed in England. Soil, loam and
sandy peat. A moist situation is best, as Nyssas
are naturally swamp-loving trees,

Principal Species : —

aquatica, SO" to 50", Ap.,

My., wh.
capitata, solitary Ivs.

large, hairy. Ogechee

Lime

sylvatica, 30' to 40'.
flowers iii pairs (syn-
multiflora).
tomentosa (see aquatica).

candicans), uniflora (sen aquatica).

OAK.

A popular name applied to the large genus
Quercus. The common Oaks are of much value as
timber trees, and for landscape effects, imparting
an almost unique appearance to the country.
Most of them are too large for ordinary garden
purposes, and must be relegated to the park and
forest, but the varietal forms and some of the
ornamental, exotic species, such as the Holm Oak,
Quercus Ilex ; the Mossy or Prickly Cupped Oak,
Q. -flSgilops ; the Chestnut-leaved Oak, Q. casta-
nesefolia ; the Turkey Oak, Q. Cerris, and its cut-
leaved form laciniata ; the Red Oak, Q. rubra ;
and the Cork Oak, Q. Suber, should find a place
in all extensive gardens. (For species and varie-
ties, see QUERCUS.)

OAK CALLS.

Oak Galls, or Oak Apples as they are more
popularly designated, are the result of a special
effort on the part of the trees that bear them to
cover up an injury. The injury is a puncture made
by the sharp ovipositors of certain Gall Flies (Cynip-
idae) ; this puncture is made by the female, and
in it eggs are laid which soon develop into grubs.
The irritation set up gives a wonderful stimulus to
the formation of plant tissue, and more wonderful
even than this is the fact that the growth forms
galls varying in form and size in such a way that
it is possible to determine the species of fly that
made the puncture, by an examination of the gall.
The insects emerge at various times, but it may
be taken as a general rule that the sexual forms
emerge from the summer galls about June or July.
Fortunately the galls do not seriously distress Oak
trees, and it is not often necessary to take preven-
tive measures. Plucking and burning the fresh and
unhardened galls would, of course, materially
reduce subsequent attacks. Owing to the presence

Photo : C. R. Hick.

ODORATA (see f. 120).

Oat

( 122 )

Octomeria

of tannic acid in many of the larger kinds of galls,
these abnormal growths have a distinct com-
mercial value, and enter into the manufacture of
ink and leather.

The principal galls and insects are the Cherry
Galls on Oak leaves (Cynips Quercifolii); Oak
Apples, or King Charles' Apple (Andricus termin-
alis) ; Silk Button Gall (Neuroterus numismatis) ;
Oak Spangles (Neuroterus lenticularis) ; Currant
Gall (Spathegaster Baccarum) ; Devonshire or
Marble Gall (Cynips Kollari) ; and the Ink Gall
(Cynips tinctofia), the last produced on the
Levantine Oak, Quercus .fligilops. Oak galls are
formed on the leaves and twigs, and sometimes on
the roots.

OAT (see also AVENA).

The several species of Avena, known collectively
as Oats, are all handsome Grasses, and the majority
are of immense value to the human race, as the
grain is extensively used for horse and cattle
feeding, and among the poorer classes is in some
countries made into bread. It also enters largely
into the composition of some patent foods, while
as oatmeal or rolled oats it is the basis of a nutri-
tious breakfast dish that as " porridge " has for
generations been extremely popular among the
Scots.

OBERONIA.

A genus of about fifty low-growing epiphytes
(ord. Orchidacese), chiefly natives of India and the
Pacific Islands. The flowers are very interesting,
the late Dr. Lindley remarking that in Oberonia
'-' Pythagoras would have found a living evidence
of animals transmuted into plants." A stove tem-
perature suits. Increase is by division. A little
peat and sphagnum placed about the roots, and the
whole attached to a small block of wood or placed
in a tiny Teak basket, will suffice in the way of
potting.

Principal Species : —

iiiini.-it.-i. 10", sum., ver-
milion.

rufilabris, 6", sum., yel.
to red.

tahitensis, 8", Jy., or.
(tyii. iridifolia of Bot-
anicnl Magazine 4517,
not of Lindley).

OCA.

This is the name given by the Bolivians to the
tuberous and farinaceous roots of Oxalis tuberosa
and 0. crenata, which are largely employed as a
food.

OCHNA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Ochnacese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in summer, in sand, beneath a
bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam and
fibrous peat, with plenty of grit. In some species,
and especially in multifiora, the black and crimson
fruits are most attractive.

Principal Species : —

atropurpurea, 4', spr., multiflora, ">' to 6', sum.,
pur. yel.

OCHROCARPOS.

Stove trees (ord. Guttiferse). Propagation, by
suitings of ripe wood in sandy peat, beneath a

Oali-lcaf Geranium (see Pelargonium quercifo-

Hum).

Oitlt, She (see Casiiarina stricta).
Oblioniter Tree (see JEiculiit Hij/pocastanum).

bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam
and sand.

Principal Species : —

africana, (10', sum., grn. (syn. Mammea africana)

OCHROMA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Malvaceae), the wood
of which is so light that it is employed for corks
in the West Indies. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand, beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil,
mellow loam and sand.

Principal Species : —
Lagopus, 30 , My., wh. tomentosa, 25', My., wh.

OCHROPTERIS.

Stove Ferns (ord. Filices). The only species
is pallens, 4'. Propagation, by division. Soil,
three parts fibrous peat, one part loam, and
coarse sand.

OCHROSIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Apocynaceos). They
respond to the same treatment as Ochroma.

Principal Species : —

borbonica, 10', My., pale yel. (syn. Cerbera bor-
bonica and C. undulata).

OCIMUM.

Half-hardy annuals and shrubs (ord. Labiatse).
Propagation, by seeds sown under glass, or on a
warm border out of doors in May. Any rich, deep
soil suits. The only member of note in the genus
is Basilicum, the common Basil (see Basil), and
one of the most useful pot herbs.

Other Species : -

canum, 1', Jy., grh., wh. sanctum, 1', Jy., grh.,
gratissimum, 4' to 8', Jy., pur. («y». Lumnitzera

grh. shr., wh. teuuittora),

OCOTEA.

Greenhouse trees (ord. Laurinere). Propagation,
by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy peat beneath a
bell-glass. Soil, sound loam with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
bullatu, 15', sum., grn. calit'oniica (see Umbellu-

(.11/11. Oreodaplme bul- lariiv califoruica).

la'ta).

OCTADESMIA.

This genus (ord. Orchidaceje) consists of about
three West Indian species, all epiphytes. Prop-
agation is by division. Sphagnum, fibrous peat,
and broken crocks form a suitable potting mixture.

Principal Species : —

serratifolia, 6", aut., wh., buff (syns. montana
and Octomeria serratifolia).

OCTOMERIA.

Interesting little Orchids (ord. Orchidacese),
closely allied to Pleurothallis. Warm greenhouse
treatment, fibrous, peat and sphagnum, and plenty
of water at all seasons, are the chief cultural
points.

Principal Species : —
(liaphana, 4", Ap., grn., saundersiana, 6", win.,

yel. yellowish pur.

graminifolia, 6", My., serratifolia (nee Octades-

wh., spotted red. mia serratifolia).

supraglauca, 3", aut.,
grn., yel., pur.

Oc/ira>it!ie (see Titrpinia).

Odontadenia

( 123 )

Odontoglossum

ODONTADENIA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Apocynacese), of climbing
habit. Propagation, by seeds and cuttings, both in
« high temperature. Soil, fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

speciosa, 10', aut., yel., or. (tyn. Dipladenia Har-
risii of liotanieal Magazine 4*25).

ODONTOOLOSSUM cuisrt-M AUKEUM (see p. 125).

ODONTOGLOSSUM.

Description. — Unquestionably the most popular
genus of Orchids (ord. OrchidaceEe) is Odonto-
glossum, because, with very few exceptions, its
various members can be successfully grown in a
cool house, while many are very cheap, thus
enabling amateurs and artisans to participate in
the pleasures of Orchid culture and possession.
Though not so large-flowered as Cattleyas, or so
gorgeous, the Odontoglossums are bright, and have
a stately grace and beauty which the former do
not possess. The majority produce long, arching
spikes on which the flowers are arranged in two
rows ; in some the spikes are branched, notably in
nobile (Pescatorei), whereas in citrosmum they are
pendulous. In Edwardi the spikes often reach a
height of 4', whereas in Kossii they scarcely exceed
:is many inches. The pseudo-bulbs maybe quite
short, or 8" high, but in all cases they are com-
pressed, so as to show two more or less acute
edges ; they are generally placed close together
on a stout rhizome, though in the coronarium group
they are wide apart. It is from the base of the
bulb, just above the junction of the bracts, that
spikes appear. The prevailing colours in Odonto-
glossums are white, yellow, and reddish brown, but
purple, rose, and crimson are by no means wanting.
The genus includes widely different forms, and,
botanically, it seems to merge into Oncidium on
the one hand and Miltonia on the other. Within
the genus the species show a remarkable amount
of variation, as is evidenced by the fact that the

Octomeria (of II. Don, see Eria).
Oci/mum (sec Ocimunt).
Odontocarpa (see Valeriimella).

Royal Horticultural Society has granted awards
and certificates to considerably over a hundred
forms of the most popular of all Orchids — crispum.
Grande is the largest flowered species, the blooms
measuring about 6" across, whereas in crispum the
flowers rarely exceed 4" and are generally 2J" to 3"
across.

Distribution. — Odontoglossums are entirely
American, and are found at varying altitudes
from 5,000' to 11,000' on the mountains that
extend along the western side, from Southern
Mexico to almost the southern limit of Peru. The
bulk of the popular species are found north of the
Equator, above where the Andean chain breaks up
into two ranges, and about where the eastern range
again divides, part extending eastward to the coast
of Venezuela. Crispum, however, does not extend
so far north as some do, and is practically confined
to a district extending 100 miles north and 100
miles south of the city of Bogota, associating with
gloriosum, luteo-purpureum, lindleyanum, etc.,
towards its northern limit. Hallii and cirrhosum
live nearer the Equator, while grande and its allies,
though found as far north as Guatemala, are less
Alpine than the Columbian species, and experience
a wet and a dry season that must in some measure
be imitated in our houses if they are to be success-
fully managed.

Hybrids and Seedlings. — When Odontoglossums
were first imported in quantity it became apparent
that there were wide variations from the recognised
types, and efforts were made to refer these to
certain species. Soon, however, it became evident
that some forms could with equal reason be referred
to two species, and a little further investigation
showed that these were natural hybrids; but even
now it is not perfectly known how much or how
little influence one species has had upon another,
as it is quite reasonable to presume that secondary
and tertiary hybrids are numerous, and that even
what are now regarded as extreme forms of a

OuONTOriLUSsrM AniUAX.U EltNEST AsHWOKTH

(see p. 126).

species may have descended from a first hybrid,
each succeeding generation being crossed with but
one of the parent species, until the influence of the
other original parent has been eliminated so far
as leading specific characters are concerned. Now
that success has been achieved in raising hybrid

Odontoglossum

( 124 )

Odontoglossum

Odontoglossums at home, more light will be thrown
upon the interesting question of parentage. Pollina-
tion is easily effected, but a plant must be carefully
tended if the seed pod is to ripen. Having
ripened, it may contain unfertile seeds only, 'or
there may be a small percentage of good seeds.
Sow these on the compost in which a sturdy
Odontoglossum of the same or an allied species
is growing, selecting one that will not need re-
potting for some time to come, and subsequently
watering it with the greatest care, or the very
minute seeds will be washed away. The first
sign of germination is seen in the formation
of small, green, bulb-like bodies, and at this stage
moisture must be regularly supplied, or failure will
follow. When roots and tiny leaves appear, remove
the seedlings, placing each one in a little peat and
sphagnum in an Orchid thimble pot. Except that
extra attention must be paid, the subsequent treat-
ment after the second pseudo-bulb has formed
does not differ materially from that given to the
established parent species.

Cultural Requirements. — Formerly it was re-
garded as essential that the Odontoglossum house
should be a lean-to, facing north, but, granted
suitable ventilation, shading, and moisture, the
plants will succeed if the aspect be west or south,
or even if the house be span-roofed and running
north and south. The disadvantage of the north
aspect is that it deprives the plants of a large
amount of light during autumn and winter. Double
staging, as advised for Cattleyas, should be pro-
vided, with plenty of material, kept moist, on the
lower one, so that at all seasons a moist atmosphere
is insured. The house must be fitted with ample
means of ventilation, at top and' bottom ; and
the piping should be sufficient to keep up at
least a minimum temperature of 45° without hard
firing. With a few exceptions, hereinafter men-
tioned, Odontoglossums should never be allowed to
become dry at the roots ; indeed, not a few of the
failures with the orispum group are due to lack of
moisture during the winter, amateur growers fre-
quently erring in this direction in their anxiety to
avoid over-watering. The best time to pot Odonto-
glossums is when new roots are being formed, and
as a general rule early September is a good time
for the operation, as the plants, resenting inter-
ference during hot weather, have time to become
re-established before winter arrives. The next
best time is February or March. Avoid over-
potting ; a pot one size larger is usually an ample
shift, but frequently the same size will do again,
merely giving new material and a new receptacle,
and at the same time removing useless back
bulbs. Fill two-thirds of the pot's depth with
clean crocks or cut bracken rhizomes ; then place
the plant in position, using a mixture of good peat
and sphagnum about its roots, and making this
moderately firm, but without pressing it down with
the fingers, taking care that the bases of the
pseudo-bulbs are kept higher than the pot rim.

Temperature and Ventilation. — Presuming that
a house is devoted to Odontoglossums, the tem-
perature should range from 45°, as the irreducible
minimum during winter nights, to 70° during
summer days. The latter will probably be exceeded
during very hot, bright weather, in spite of shading,
ventilation top and bottom, and damping all pots,
paths, and staging within the house, as well as
moistening the paths, etc., immediately around the
house. As so many species are growing steadily
during winter, it is most desirable that a tempera-

ture higher than "just sufficient to keep the frost
out" should be maintained during that period.
The aim should be 50° at night, with a fall of from
3° to 5° about 4 a.m. to 6 a.m. in severe weather,
followed by a rise to 50° or 55° by midday, or even
to 00° if the day be fine and ventilation increased.
Except in foggy weather, the bottom ventilators
should always be more or less open (only on the
leeward side if cold winds prevail) ; they ought, of
course, to be close to the hot-water pipes, so that
the air is warmed as it enters.

Moisture and Shading.— When growing freely,
or carrying spikes, Odontoglossnms need much
more water than when in a state of comparative
rest, but at all times the amount must be regulated
by the season and weather. Healthy plants can

4iS* > >W

ODONTOGLOSSUM SOUVENIR I>E VICTOR HYE DE
CKOM. (see p. 126).

hardly be overwatered during summer, and it will
be frequently necessary to examine the collection
twice a day to guard against drought. At this
season an occasional overhead spraying will assist
the plants, but syringing in the general sense must
not be practised. Pathways, walls, and other
surfaces, including the pots, ought to be moistened
several times a day in summer to maintain the
moist atmosphere so necessary to secure good
results ; in winter such damping need not be done
more than twice a day, and even then the pots in
which the plants are growing need not be moistened.
For watering use rain water at the same temperature
as the atmosphere in which the plants are growing.
The lath blinds, so much in use on the Continent,
provide the best means of giving shade, but
whether these or canvas blinds are used, they must
be kept 6" above the glass by means of light

Odontoglossum

( 125)

Odontoglossum

supports. These lath blinds are useful also in
another way, for, if lowered at night during severe
weather, they afford some amount of shelter, and
thus reduce the need of fire heat — which the grower
of cool Orchids considers a necessary evil. Canvas
or mats hung round the glass sides of the house
assist materially in the same direction. Such
protection must be removed at dawn. Odonto-
glossums love shelter from bright sunshine, but,
this granted, they love plenty of light. Heavily
shaded plants do not show that bronzy purple hue
on their fully developed leaves and pseudo-bulbs,
which is the surest evidence of rude health.

Various Potting Materials. — The Bracken
rhizomes, found so plentifully in peat, are, when
cut small, taking the place of crocks in the potting
of Odontoglossums, and with good results. Polypody
fibre, the matted roots of Polypodiuin vulgare, was
at one time suggested as a good substitute for, and
an improvement upon, peat, but it has proved
neither the one nor the other in this country.
Quite recently leaf mould has been put forward as
an ideal material in which to pot Odontoglossums,
and many other Orchids. In Belgium and France
it is extensively used, and with the best possible
results, but the terre brut/ere of the Continental
growers must not be confounded with the ordinary
leaf mould so widely used by British plantsmen ; it-
is rather to be compared with the elastic, spongy
material that forms the floor of old Beech and Oak
woods. This is cheap and also saves labour, as but
few crocks are needed for drainage, and the larger
bulk of vegetable matter used keeps the Odonto-
glossum roots moist, with less watering. In potting
with leaf mould, the bases of the pseudo-bulbs
should be -J" below the pot rim, this allowing room
for a surfacing of live sphagnum.

Some Special Points.— A few species require a
distinct season of rest. Thus the group consisting
of grande, Insleayi, schlieperianmn, williamsianum,
and their varieties, should only be grown in the
cool-house during summer. Remove them to a
Cattleya house early in the autumn, or, better still,
treat them as intermediate house Orchids all the
year round, and as soon as flowering is over, and
the new bulbs have finished growth, gradually
withhold water, giving hardly any during winter
and spring. About Mayor June, when new growths
and new roots appear, pot or top-dress as neces-
sary, and water sparingly. Flower spikes appear
at the base of new bulbs. Another species requiring
similar treatment is the fragrant, pendulous-spiked
citrosmum, which should be grown in pans and
ba.-kets suspended in the Cattleya (or similar)
house. From the time growth is completed until the
new growth and flower spike have simultaneously
appeared, it should have only sufficient water to
keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling. Repot
immediately after flowering. Such species as
coronarium and londesboroughianum are rambling
growers, and are best cultivated on a long raft or
in a basket, suspended in an intermediate house.
A few species, notably harryanum, Krameri,
madrense, and Oerstedii, do best in a little higher
temperature than the cool-house affords, as also do
the hybrids having one of these as a parent. If the
cool-house is part of a range of glass, it usually is
warmer at one end than the other, and a careful
observer will soon find that cirrhosum, Hallii,
pardinum, etc., appreciate the warmer positions.

Diseases and Pests. — Of the former, those known
technically as " spot " and " brown tip " (or yellow
tip) come more properly under the heading of

complaints than diseases ; the former is the result
of excessive moisture, sodden compost, and the like,
while the latter appears to be caused by too low a
temperature. There are numerous pests, tiny slugs
and snails being among the worst. These are best
caught at night by the aid o£ a lantern, or they
may be trapped in Lettuce leaves, etc. Protect
young spikes by a ring of cotton wool. Thrips
will appear if a moist atmosphere is not main-
tained ; sponging, and dusting with tobacco
powder, are remedies. Light fumigation, or
vaporising, at regular intervals, will answer for
green fly, removing flowering plants during the
operation.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — The Kew authorities have been followed
in compiling the lists of Odontoglossums.]

Alexandra; (see crispum). (fine reddish pur.

apterum, 10" to 15", My., blotches), mundyauum,

wh., spotted reddish nobilius, Oakfield Suu-

br. (syii. uebulosum). rise, pittianum, Prince

Two very distinct vars. of Wales, Princess

are caudidulum, spot- Christian, purpuras-

less ; and pardiuum, ceils, Queen Victoria,

richly spotted. Rex, roseuin guttatum,

Bluntii (see crispum). Sanderte (huge crim.

Cervautesii, 6", spr.,wh. blotches), sanderianum,
or blush, with br. bars sehroderianum, Sera-
iii concentric rings ; phini (pure wh.), Star-
decorum and majus are light, Stevensii (fine
fine forms. form, marked reddish

cirrhosum, 1' to 3', spr., br.), The Earl, Triauas,

wh., spotted pur. ; veitchianum, Victoria

hrubyanum is a faintly Regina, virginale,

marked and klabo- "Warneri, Wolsten-

chorum a richly spotted holmite, and xanthotes

var. (yel).

citrosmuin, 8", My., wh. Edwardi, 2i' to 4 , spr.,

or pk., lip ro., yel.; deep pur., yel. callus on

spikes depending H' to lip, fragrant; a strong

3' ; flowers very fra- grower, with Ivs. some-

grant ; the vars. album,
roseum.and sulphureum
are pretty colour varia-
tions.

coronarium, 1' to H', spr.,
glossy reddish br. ,
marked yel.

— miniatum, denser habit,
smaller and brighter.

crispum, 1' to 2J', spr., a
most variable species,
may be wh., ro., or
even yel. tinted ; rarely
unspotted; usually spot-
ted or blotched, with
ro., crim,, pur., br.,
chocolate red, or reddish
pur. (s-y;/.s-. Alexandras
and Bluntii). A few
of the finest and most
distinct vars. are apia-
tum (flowers over 4"
broad), ashworthiauum,
augustum, aureum (suf-
fused ]>ale yel., «< /'.
123) Baroness Schroder,
Cooksouii, delleuse (br. ,
yel.), Duke of York,
Franz Masereel(gramlly

times 2V long.

gloriosum, 2', spr., yel.,
marked br. , fragrant,
spidery form.

grande, 8" to 12", aut.,
yel. , shining reddish
br., large, showy
flowers, three to six
on scape; magniricum,
]>ittianum,and Sandera;
are good forms.

Hallii, iy to 4', spr.,
variable, generally yel.,
chocolate red, lip yel.
There are numerous
beautiful forms, such
as Edward VII., leuco-
glossum (wh. lip), inag-
nificum, and xantho-
glossum (deep yel. lip).

harryanum, \\' to 2i',
Ap., ,Te., sepals chest-
nut br., yel., petals
yel., wh., pur., br., lip
wh., pur., yel. ; the
chief vars. are flaves-
cens, Haywood's, and
wilsonianum.

hastilabium,2 { 'to 5', sum. ,

blotched blood red, yel., grn., spotted pur.,

crim.), Golden Queen br., lip wh., pur.
(yel.), heliotropium Kegeljani, li' to 2J', spr.,

(speckled br. on
ground), LelmiNimii
(spike nearly always
branched), Luciaui

pale yel., marked br. ;
broad, rounded flowers
(.-nit. polyxanthum) :
Gatton Park var. and

Odontoglossum

( 126 )

Odontoglossum

grandiflorum are the

thompsouianum , veitch-

chief forms.

ianum (splendidly

luteo-purpureum, 1' to

marked reddish pur.),

3', spr., early sum.,

vervaetiauum, and vir-

variable, usually yel.,

giuale.

heavily marked with

Peseatorei (see nobile) .

reddish br. ; lip yel.,
wh., reddish br. (si/us.

pulchellum,8"to 15", spr.,
wh., with yel. disc on lip.

hystrix and radiatum).

— majus, larger ; both

There are several mag-

are very sweet scented.

nificent vars., notably

Rossii, 6' , win., variable,

amesianum (light hued) ,

wh. or ro., spotted br.,

cambridgeanum, leuco-

lip wh. or ro. (syn.

glossum, maguih'cuni,

dawsonianum). Ehren-

Mossii, sceptrum au-

bergii is a neat and

reum, vuylstekeanum

small var. Best vars. :

(yel.), and vuylsteke-

albeus, amesianum,

anum macula turn).

majus, and rubescens.

maculatum, 1' to 2', spr.,

Eoezlii (see Miltouia

chocolate br., marked

Roezlii).

and tipped yel. ; lip

triumphans, 1^' to 3',

wh., spotted br. The

spr. and early sum.,

finest vars. are anceps,

variable, bright yel.,

douniauum, superbuni,

marked rich reddish br. ,

and thompsonianum.

lip wh., marked br.,

nobile, 1' to 2', spr., wh.

yel. Best vars.: aur-

or blush, frequently

eum (yel., or.), King

spotted pur. or red;

Alfred, Lionel Craw-

lip wh. or blush, gener-
ally spotted pur., and

shay, Raymond Craw-
shay, Rosefleld var. ,

with yel. crest (syit.

and The Dell var.

Peseatorei). There are

Uroskiuneri, \\' to 3', spr.,

numerous lovely forms,

greenish yel., marked

a selection being

br. ; lip, very large for

Duchess of West-

size of flower, ro.

minster, Jackson's var. ,

— album, lip wh.

Foe's var., Pollett's

vexillarium (see Miltonia

var., schroderianum,

vexillaria) .

Principal Hybrids : —

Adrianae, 1' to 2J', spr.,

Cooksonii, wh., yel., br.

sum. ,wh.oryel., spotted

(Hallii leucoglossum X

reddish br., natural hy-

crispum Cooksouii)

brid (hunnewellianum

(*//««. crispo-Hallii and

X crispum), very vari-

Hallio-crispum); craw-

able, Arthur Ashworth,

shayanum and roseum

ashworthianum, Ernest

are good forms.

Ashworth (see p. 12:i),

Coradiuei, li' to2J', spr.,

Lady Wigan, Lord Ro-

yel. , marked bright br. ,

berts, rochfordianum,
and venustum being a

natural hybrid (lindley-
auum X crispum) ; the

few choice forms.

choicest forms are

andersonianum, .1' to 3',

crawshayanum, mira-

win., spr., variable,

bile, Rosefield var., and

usually wh. , marked

splendens.

reddish br. (tyn. cris-

Deuisonite, H' to 3', spr.,

pum, var. andersoiiia-

pale yel., "barred and

num) , natural hybrid

blotched reddish br. ,

(crispum X gloriosum) ;
a few fine forms are

lip pale yel., spotted
reddish br. , natural

bogaerdianum, Cook-

hybrid (crispum X lu-

sonii, jenuiiigsiauum,

teo-purpureum), vary-

measuresianum, Mrs.

ing almost to the pa-

de B. Crawshay, and

rental species on either

pollettianum. Of the

hand (syns. Chestertonii

group that have rosy
pur. flushed flowers and

and wilckeanum). A
few of the finest forms

a clearer yellow lip,

are albens, Chestertoni,

known as ruckerianum
vars., the best are ruck-

excelsum, Godefroyse,
(iolden Queen, Lowii,

erianum, crawshaya-

Pittiaj, Pitt's var.,

num, punctatissimum,

Queen Empress. The

rosefieldiense, and su-
perbum.

first hybrid Odontoglos-
sum raised artificially

Braeckmannii, H' to 2',

was leroyanum, which

sum., yel., marked dark

determined the parent-

br., lip wh., yel., br.
(Hollii X harryanum) ;

age of the Denisoniie or
wilckeanum forms, and

crawshayanum is a
handsome form.

consequently is but one
of them.

elegans, 1|' to 3', spr.,
yel., reddish br., or.,
natural hybrid (cirr-
hosum X cristatum, or
Hallii) ; Pollett's and
Sander's vars. are dis-
tinct and beautiful,
while Eastwood Park
var. is very elegant.

excelleus, 1' to 2£', spr.,
sum., yel., wh., light
br. or red spots, or.
crest, natural hybrid,
but also raised arti-
ficially (iiobile X trium-
phaus) . A beautiful
Orchid, its finest forms
being chrysomelanum,
harvengtense, Lowiie,
Prince of Orange,
Rosslyn var., Sanderse,
and Thompsoni.

humeauum, 8" to 12",
win., wh. or pale yel.,
marked reddish br. ,
petals marked only at
base, lip creamy wh.,
marked red or br. ;
natural hybrid (macula-
tum X Rossii) (nyn. as-
persum). Aspersum
excellens, f ulvidum, and
roseum are good forms.

leeauum, 2.\', spr., deep
yel., reddish br. ; a
beautiful and unique
natural hybrid.

loochristiense, H' to 2£',
spr., early sum., liglit
yel., spotted br., base
of petals wh. ; lip wh. ,
br. spot, yel. crest
(crispum X trium-
phaus). Kimberley,
Canary Bird, and Couu-
don Court var. are
pretty forms.

Mulus, 1^' to 2.\', spr.,
variable, yel., blotched
br. ; natural hybrid
(gloriosum X luteo-
purpureum) . Cour-
tauldiauum, germiny-
anuin, and holford-
ianum are good forms.

Rolfeas, 1' to 2', spr.,
early sum., variable,
wh., spotted, blotched,
and stained pur. A
beautiful artificial hy-
brid (uobile X harry-
anum), flowers resem-
bling harryanum in
shape. Fine forms are
ardeutissimum, Melea-
gris, optimum, and
Waltou Grange var.

Souvenir de Victor Hye
de Crom., '2J', My.,
sepals and petals
creamy wh., heavily
barred pur. br., lip wh.,
vio. pur. A magnifi-
cent artificial hybrid
(harryanum X luteo-
purpureum, see p. \'H).

spectabile, \\' to 24', spr.,
sum., creamy wh.,
blotched br. , stained
vio. pur. , lip creamy wh. ,
spotted pur. , crest yel.
(harryanum X cris-
pum, SI/HS. crispo-
harryanuin and harry-
ano-crispum). Vivicans
is a distinct var.

wattiauum,! V to 2', sum.,
yel., blotched reddish
br. ; lip wh., shaded
yel., crirn. pur. blotch,
stained vio. pur. at
base. A rare natural
hybrid lately deter-
mined artiflciully(harry-
anum X liudleyanum).
Named forms are craw-
shayauum (artificial hy-
brid), Hardy's, and
superbum.

wendlandiunum, K' to
2', spr., creamy wh.,
shaded pur. , blotched
liglit br. ; lip creamy
wh., marked br. ;
natural hybrid (crini-
tum X crispum Leh-
maimi) .

— crawshayanum is a
more richly coloured
form .

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties :—

angustatum (see ramosissi-

mum).
aspersum (see humea-

num var.).
aspidorhiuum, 14", aut.,

yel., br. , wh.
bictonense, 15" to 24",

aut., greenish yel., ro. ;

album and roseum are

colour vars.
blaudum, 9", spr., wh.,

spotted pur.
cariuiferum, 2', aut., grn.,

br., yel.
Chestertonii (see Deni-

soniai var.) .
constrictum, 15", win.,

yel., reddish br., ro.

Sanderiauum is a pretty

form.

cookianum, natural hy-
brid (blandum X trium-
phans).

cordatum, 1J', spr., br.,
yel.,wh. (nyii. Luedde-
maunii).

— of Hooker (see macu-
latum).

criuitum, H', spr., win.,
yel., wh.,~br.

crispo - harryanum (tee
spectabile).

cristatellum, 1^', sum.,
yel., reddish br.

cristatum, 10", spr., yel.,
br.

crocidipterum, 1J', spr.,
sum., yel., br., wh. ;
fragrant.

dellense, natural hybrid
(nobile X triumphans).

dicrauophorum, natural
hybrid (triumphaus X
lindleyanum).

donnianum (see macu-
latum var.).

Odontospermum

( 127 )

Offsets

etegautius, natural hybrid

(m>liilc X liudlcyanum) .
epideudroides, In", spr.,

yel., br., pur., wh.
galeottianum, 6", spr.,

wh. , spotted red.
Hallio-xanthmu, natural

hybrid (HalliiX Kegel-

jani).
harryano - crispum (tee

spectabile).
harveugteuse (see excel-

lens var.).

hebraicum, natural hy-
brid, probably var. of

anilersonianum.
Heunisii, 1', sum., yel.,

marked br.
Hinnus, natural liyl'iid

(cirrhosum X crista-

tum).
huunevvellianum,lj',spr.,

yel., marked dark br.,

lip wh., br.
liystrix (eee luteo-pur-

pureuni).
lusluayi, i', Jy. to Sep.,

yel., br. , crini. ; leo-

pardiuum and spleudens

are flue forms,
jeiiuingsianum (wr ander-

sonianum var.).
Krameri, cS", sum., yio.,

wh. , red ; there is a

wh. var.
huvo, 2V, spr., br., yel.,

pur.
LiutU-nii, 5', spr., yel.,

grn. (sifn. platyodou).
lindleyauum, 1' to 2',

spr., yel., spotted br. ;

iniraudum is a very

distinct var.
londesboroughianum, 'IV,

aut., yel., marked red-
dish br.
Luecldemannii (see corda-

tum).
madrense, !•>", spr., wh.,

pur. br. , yel. , fragrant.

maxillare, 10', aut., wh.,

pur. br. spots,
measuresianum (wr ander-

souianum var.).
miuiatum (see corouarium

var.).
iniraudum (tee liudley-

iinum var.).
ua>vium, 15", sum., wh.,

spotted red.

nebulosum (we apterum) .
odoratum, IV, win., yel.,

spotted reddish br.,

fragrant.
Oerstedii, 6", spr., wh.,

yel., fragrant,
pardinum, 24', spr., pale

yel., spotted reddish

br., fragrant.
Phalsenopsis (see Miltonia

Phalsenopsis).
polyxauthum (fee Kegel-

jaui).
nunosissiinum, 3', spr.,

wh., spotted pur. (fyn.

augustatum).
Eeiehenheimii, 3V, spr.,

yellowish grn , barred

pur.br. (SI/H. loeve var.).
radiaturn (see luteo-

purpureum).
ruckerianum (see auder-

sonianum var.).
sandei'ianum (see con-

strictum var.).
sceptrum (we luteo-

purpureum var.).
schlieperiaimm, 1', aut.,

yel., br., or.
tripudians, 2|', spr., yel.,

reddish br., wh.
vuylstekeanum (see luteo-

purpureum var.).
Wallisii, lV,spr.,br.,yel.,

pur.
Weltoni (see^ Miltonia

Warscewiczii var.).
wilckeanum (set Deni-

soniae).
williamsianum, 1', sum.,

greenish yel. ,br. , lip wh.

ODONTOSPERMUM.

Hardy annuals and perennials, and greenhouse
evergreen shrubs (ord. Composite). Propagation,
by seeds for the annuals, division or cuttings for
the perennials, and cuttings for the shrubs. Soil,
any fertile compost.

Principal Species : —

aquaticum, G", Jy., hdy. sericeum, 4', Je., grh. ev.

ami., yel. (»;/«. Bup- shr., yel. (SI/H. Bup-

thalmum aquaticum). thalmum sericeum).

maritimum, IV, sum., stenophyllum, 3', Je.,

hdy. per., yel. (.«#«. grh. ev. shr., yel. (»//».

Asteriscus maritimus). Bupthalmum steuo-
phyllum).

CECEOCLADES.

Orchids formerly described under this title are
now referred to the genus Saccolabium, with one
or two exceptions ; falcatum is referred to An-
grsecum.

Oilontoloma (see Daeallia).
Odantonenia (see Tltyrsacantlms).
(Jdontmwria (see Davallia).
<Kru<i>lea (see liercfiemia).

CENOCARPUS.

Stove Palms (urd. Pahnje), allied to Areca.
Propagation, by imported seeds, and • suckers.
Soil, mellow loam.

Principal Species :—
Bacaba, 50'. Bataua, 40'. minor, 12'.

CENOTHERA. (EVENING PRIMROSE.)

Description. — A genus of handsome border or
rockery flowers (ord. Onagrariese), generally hardy
perennials with large flowers. A few are annuals
01 biennials. " Evening Primrose " is a misnomer,
as a number are day bloomers. (For the other
annuals, see GODETIA.)

Propagation. — By seeds, and the perennials by
division al*o.

Soil. — Nearly all require a warm, dry :-oil.

Varieties :—

glauca, 3', Je., yel.

— Fraseri, 3', Jy., yel.

— Fraseri M. Cuthbert-
son, double flowers.

missourieusis, 1', Je.,

trailer, yel.
speciosa, 2', Jy., wh. (see

p. 128).

— rosea, 1', Jy., pk.
taraxacifoh'a, 9", Jy.,

trailer, wh. ; tender
(tyn. acaulis).

odorata, 2', My., bien.,

yel.

ovata, 3", Je., yel.
pumila, 6", Jy., yel.
Sellowii, 2', Je., ami., yel.
tetraptera, l',sum., aim.,

wh.

— rosea, ro.
trichocalyx, 1', Je., bien.

or per. , wh.
triloba, 6", Je., per., yel.

Principal Species and

bieimis, 3V, Jy., bien.,
yel.

— grandiflora, yel. (*//n.
lamarckiaiia) .

crespitosa, 9", Jy., wh. ;

a splendid species (»//«».

marginata and eximia).
fruticosa, 3', Jy., yel. ; a

fine day-bloomer (*y>i.

serotina of Sweet).

— Youngii, yel. ; very
free flowering.

- Youngii plena, semi-
double.

Other Species : —

albicaulis, 9", Je., wh.
anisoloba, 3', My., wh. ;

shrubby stein, tender,
cardiophylla, 1', sum.,

yel.
Drummondii, 2', Je.,

bien., yel.
Johnsoni, 4', sum., hlf-

hdy. ann., yel.
linifolia, 1', sum., yel.
Nuttallii, 6", Je., wh.

(sytt . tanacetif olia) .

OFFSETS.

One of the methods adopted by Nature for the
continuity of species is the production of supple-
mentary plantlets at the sides of, and closely
attached to, the parent. This method ensures true
offspring, as it is a purely vegetative process and
quite independent of sexual reproduction, with its
subsequent possibility of seminal variation. Bulb-
ous plants form the most important group in which
increase is naturally by offshoots, and it is entirely
due to this that stocks of florists' varieties of
Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, etc., are kept true for
practically any number of years with the utmost
ease, and without that continual " rogueing " and
selecting that is necessary to maintain varieties of
florists' flowers raised only from seed. During the
period of rest, offsets sufficiently large to start on
their own account should be parted from the
parent, and grown by themselves until they reach
a flowering size.

Offset production is assisted when seed produc-
tion is prevented. Highly bred and highly fed
subjects, like the present race of Amaryllises or
Hippeastrums, do not make offsets freely, owing
to the great tax which the large inflorescence
makes upon their energies, even provided no seed

Oftia

( 128 )

Olax

is saved. Offset production may be increased
artificially in some cases by scooping out the base
of an old bulb, and this is taken advantage of in
the case of Hyacinths which do not naturally give
many offsets. By various other means also is
offset production increased, as it has been found
that some injury to the growing point affects bulbs
somewhat as it does soft-wooded plants — it
encourages basal shoots, and after all a bulbous
offset is only a basal shoot from a compressed
stem.

OFTIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (urd. MyoporineEe).
Propagation, by cuttings of young growths in sand,

Vine Mildew, and it almost invariably follows a
chill induced by improper or excessive ventilation
in faulty houses. Vines are .subject to attack when-
ever the weather imposes a severe strain or check
upon growth. Chrysanthemums, Turnips, Grasses,
Peas, and Peaches, are all more or less subject to
mildews, but, fortunately, the attack is always
superficial, so that remedies, properly applied, will
generally relieve the plant infested, and prevent
serious damage. There are two methods of curing
these mildews ; one is by dusting the affected parts
with flowers of sulphur, and the other is by spray-
ing witli a weak potassium-sulphide solution, either
of which will kill the mycelium, and not injure the
host.

CEXOTHERA SPECIOSA (see p. 127).

beneath a bell-glass. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.

Principal Species:—

africnna, 3', sum., wh. (syn. Spielmannia africana).

OIDIUM.

This genus of fungi is one with which every
gardener would rather not have any immediate ac-
quaintance. The various species are capable of doing
much damage to plant life, and appear as moulds,
or rather as mildews ; and wherever they settle
down to an attack their presence is made manifest
by a white, downy coating, consisting of a dense
mass of minute filaments, or mycelium, from
which in due course appear the tiny, cellular heads
that, under suitable conditions, extend the species.
O'idium Tuckeri is the fungus known all too well as

Oijechec (see Nysm).
O/ngffimia (sec Hoffmanma).

It is necessary to point out that although the
O'idiums are generally regarded as a distinct section
of fungi, and, indeed, may so be considered liorti-
culturally, yet each member is but a stage in the
life cycle of a fungus that may be an Erysiphe or
a Sphaerotheca, but which cannot be determined
until the perfect or fruiting stage is reached, and
it is the fact that this stage is only reached under
especially favourable circumstances that led to the
use of the title Oidium for species (then undeter-
mined) that had a mildew or Uidiuiu stage of
growth.

OLAX.

Stove evergreen climbers (ord. Olacinese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of ripe growths in sandy peat,

Oil Xttt (see Pijrularia oleifera).
Oil Palm (see Elieif).

Oldenbergia

( 129 )

Omphalodes

beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous
loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species :—

imbricata, 8', win., wh.
scandens, 8', wiu., wh.

stricta, 6', aut., wh.
(*I/H. Spermaxrrum
strictum).

OLDENBERGIA.

A small genus of shrubs (ord. Compositas). Pro-
pagation, by seeds. Soil, sandy peat.

Principal Species :—
Arbuscula, 4' to 10', sum., wh.

OLDENLANDIA.

Stove and greenhouse annuals and shrubs (ord.
Kubiaceae), of slender habit and no horticultural
merit. Propagation, by seeds for the annuals and
cuttings for the shrubs. Soil, loam and peat, both
fibrous, with sand.

Principal Species : —

capensis, 6", Jy., aim., corymbosa, G", Je., ami.,
wh. wh.

deppiana, 1', Je., st. ev.,
wh.

OLDFIELDIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Euphorbiacese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings beneath a bell-glass, over
bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam. The principal
species is africana, and this is probably not now in
cultivation. It is a large tree with unattractive
flowers, but its timber is stronger than Oak or Teak,
though too heavy for general use.

OLEA. (OLIVE.)

A very important genus (ord. Oleacere), yielding
the olive oil of commerce. The species are half-
hardy shrubs, and produce fragrant flowers. Propa-
gation, by cuttings in sand, under a hand-light ;
seeds in a frame ; or grafting upon the common
Privet. Soil, peat and loam, both fibrous, with
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

capensis, G', Jy., wh. fragrans (see Osmanthus

europ8ea,G.',Jy., wh. («//». fragraus).

Oleaster) ; sativa is a laurifolia, 6', sum., wh.

good var. Wild Olive. (ai/n. undulata).

verrucosa, 6', spr., wh.

OLEANDER (m NERIUM).

OLEANDRA.

Stove Ferns (ord. Filices), bearing yellow spores.
Propagation, by spores and division. Soil, fibrous
peat, loam and coarse sand. The long, creeping
rhizomes are best pegged over a mound of soil, as
by this means a fine specimen, covered with entire,
lanceolate fronds, is produced.

Principal Species : —

artiriil.-it.-t, fronds, G" to

12" long, ev.
ncriiformis, fronds 6" to

IS" long.

nodosa, fronds 6" to 12"

long.
Wallii'hii, fronds 6" to

12" Ion;;.

Old Jltfiid (see Vinoa rosea).

Old Man (see Artemisia, Abrvtaintni, and Ros-

marimis offiici nalis) ,
Old .Van Cactus (see Pllocerrv* fpnilix).
Old Man's Heard (see Clematis Vitalla).
Oleaster (see Olca ewropeea).
Olcobacltia (see Stereulia).

39

OLEARIA (fyn. EUBYBIA).

Description. — A rather large genus of greenhouse,
half-hardy, or hardy shrubs and trees (ord. Com-
positse), of which only a few have been introduced.
They are generally very ornamental both in foliage
and flower, and the hardy species ought to be more
widely cultivated on walls or in the open.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown under glass in
spring, by cuttings of ' half-ripened shoots struck
under a bell-glass in neat, or by cuttings of old
wood with a heel under glass, and by layers in
autumn.

Soil. — Almost any soil, but the hardier species
should have a warm, dry one.

Principal Species : —
argophylla, 4', Jy., wh. macrodonta, 6', sum.,

Muskwood. hlf-hdy., wh. (sytt.

Haastii, 4' to 6', Aug., dentata of Hooker Jil.).

hdy., wh.; a good sea- stellulata, 4', sum., wh.

side shrub (seep. 13U). (•V.V>V- gumiiana and

ilicifolia, 6', sum., hdy., Eurybia guimiana) .

wh.; Musk-sceuted. — lyrata, wh. (syn. O.

lyrata).

Other Species :
Forsteri, sum., hdy. or nitida, hdy., wh.

hlf-hdy., wh. uummularisefolia, 1' to 8',

furfuracea, 10', sum., hdy., wh.

grh., wh. ramulosa, 6', aut., grh.,

insiguis, 3', grh., wh. wh. (xyn. Eurybia

myrsinoides, My., pale aculeata).

pur. (si/ns. Aster Traversii, 30', grh., hdy.

myrsinoides aud Eury- m sheltered places, wh.

bia myrsinoides). (syn. Eurybia Traversii).

OLIBANUM.

Frankincense is the English translation of the
Hebrew Lebonali, the Greek Libanos, and the
lioman Tims, and all are supposed to refer to the
gum rfsin obtained from various species of Bos-
wellia that grow in Arabia and Somaliland. The
modern commercial equivalent of the title (Frank-
incense), so common in Bible history, is Olibanum.
Olibanum is a yellowish, semi-transparent, bitter,
and brittle resin that has some medicinal value, but
is most largely used as incense in Roman Catholic,
Buddhist, and other relieious services. When
burned, Olibanum gives off a strong aroma that is
said to prevent mosquito and other insect attacks.
The gum is obtained by making incisions in the
stems of the tree and allowing the exudation to
harden in tear-like masses. Boswellia Carteri
and B. frereana are the chief sources o£
Olibanum.

OLYRA.

A genus of tropical Grasses (ord. Graminerc),
only two of which have yet been introduced.
Propagation, by seeds and division. Soil, rich,
well-drained loam.

Principal Species : —

concinna, stems (i" to 10", Jan., st. ev., an elegant
pot plant.

OMPHALODES. (NAVBLWORT.)
Pretty annual or perennial herbs (ord. Boragineai),
adapted for the border or rockery. They are prop-

Olferiia («ce Arrnsttdium).

Olibamim Tree (see liosivellm).

Oliette (see Pn/mrrr .••miiinfenim').

Olive (see Olea and Elteaymus).

Olive Barlt Tree (Terminalia Catappa).

Olive Wood (see Elarodendrori). J

Oncidium

( 130 )

Oncidium

agated by seeds sown in spring in the open or
under glass; the perennials also by division at the
same season. Any ordinary garden soil in a
partially shaded position is suitable. The beautiful
Alpine, Luciliae, is liable to the attacks of slugs.

Principal Species : —

Krameri, 9", sum., bl. nitida, 2', My., per.,wh.

liuifolia,9", Je.,auu., wh. scorpioides, 1', Jy., ann.,

Venus's Navelwort. bl.

Luciliip, 4", sum., per., venia, 6", Mch., per., bl.

bl. — alba, wh.

and macranthum groups, which have the largest
flowers, the sepals and petals are well developed.
Oncidiuras are closely allied to Odontoglossum,
Miltonia, and Brassia. They are natives of Central
America, ranging at varying altitudes from Mexico
to Southern Brazil.

Compost, Potting, Propagation, etc. — Most Onci-
diiims require similar treatment to that accorded
to the majority of Odontoglossums (which sec).

Special Cultural Points. —A great mistake is
made in keeping the roots of such species as

Photo : Chas. R.

OLEARIA HAASTII (see p. 129).

ONCIDIUM.

Description.— Although not quite so important
horticulturally as Odontoglossum, Oncidium (ord.
Orchidacese) is a far larger genus, containing about
300 species. A score or so are first-rate garden
plants, and in addition there are very many others
which cannot be excluded as unworthy of cultiva-
tion. Over 100 species are grown at Kew ; the
Royal Horticultural Society has made awards to
upwards of eighty species and varieties, and a
trade catalogue of 1901 contains descriptions of
about 150 species ; these figures indicate the im-
portance of the genus. The majority resemble the
bulk of Odontoglossums in their leaves and pseudo-
bulbs, but differ in inflorescence. One group
(jonesianum, etc.) has cylindrical leaves ; the ma-
cranthum group has long, flexuose spikes ; kra-
merianum, lanceanum, and a few others have very
broad, thick leaves ; and a few, such as bicallosum
and cavendishianum, have no pseudo-bulbs. As a
general rule the labellum, or lip, is the most im-
portant part of the flower, but in the kramerianum

Omfilantlnis («<;<? Homalantlms).
Onitpluitobiunti (see Connarus).

crispum, excavatum, Forbesii, sphacelatum, vari-
cosum, etc., too wet after the plants have com-
pleted growth, the result being an absence of
flowers. These and other leathery-leaved species
need only sufficient water at the period indicated
to keep the leaves and pseudo-bulbs plump. Papi-
lio, kramerianum, lanceanum, jonesianum, and
Cebolleta are best grown in an East Indian House,
and given little water when at rest. Ainpliatnm,
sarcodes, cavendishianum, varicosum, and their
varieties may be grown throughout the year in the
intermediate house, as they appreciate more
warmth than the macranthum group. Cebolleta,
jonesianum, and other round-leaved species succeed
best if fixed to small blocks of Teak wood, with a
little peat and sphagnum placed about their roots.
Most of them, jonesianum especially, require to be
suspended upside down, like Cattleya citrina. The
pretty little Limminghei has an ascending habit,
and should be fixed to a piece of Tree Fern stem.

Temperatures. — Oncidiums can be arranged in
three sections; those needing (1) stove, (2) inter-
mediate houso, and (3) cool house temperatures.
The first section will succeed with the Aerides,
Vandas, etc. ; the second with Cattleyas and

Oncidium

(131)

Oncidium

Laelias ; and the third with the Odontoglossums, if

Other Species and Varieties : —

there are no special houses for them. In the fol-
lowing lists the sections are distinguished by (1)

acrobotryum (see harris-
onianum).

cornigerum, 9", spike l'i
drooping, s. and p. yel.i

for stove, (2) for intermediate house, and (3) for

albo-violaceum (see in-

spotted reddish br., !•

cool house.

curvum).

yel. ; (2).

Natural Hybrids. — Several Oncidiums are re-
garded by horticulturists and botanists as natural
hybrids, but. as these have not been determined by
artificial means their supposed parentage is given

alcicorne, 10", spike 2V,
sum., yel. ; (3).
anceps (now Miltom'a an-
ceps).
aureum, 6", spike IV,

Crcesus, 5" sum., s. and
p. red br., 1. yel. and
red, base blk.
cryptocopis, IV, spike
4V, spr., s. and p. red,

here instead of in the descriptive lists. Calo-

spr., a. and p. greenish

br., or., 1. yel.; (3).

glossum (marshallianum X Forbesii) ; elegantis-

yel., pur., 1. yel. ; (3).

cucullatum (see olivace-

simum (Forbesii X dasystyle) ; enderianum

auriferum, 10", spike 1J',

um).

(crispum X cnrtum) ; flabellifertim (Forbesii X

spr., s. and p. yellow-

cuneatum (see luridum).

dasv.-tyle); Gardner! (Forbesii X dasystyle);

ish br., 1. yellowish red

curtum, 10", spike 2V,

hsematochilum (lanceanum X luridum) ; larkin-
ianum (marshallianum X Forbesii) ; Mantinii
(marshallianum X Forbesii or Gardner!) ; pectorale
(Forbesii X marshallianum) ; pollettianum (dasy-
style X Forbesii), and wheatlevanum (crispum X

aurosum (now excavatum
var.).
barbatum, 6", spike IV,
aut., s. and p. yellow-
ish br., 1. yellowish red

spr., s. and p. br., yel.,
1. yellowish br.; (3).
dasystyle, 6", spike IV,
win., s. and p. yel.,
reddish br., I. yel.,
crim. base ; (3).

dasystyle). It will be noticed that several of these

(KI/H. ciliatum) ; (2).

clicromum, 8", spike IV,

must bear a strong family likeness.

Barkeri (fee tigrinum).

spr., s. and p. dull red,

Principal Species and Varieties : —

batemannianum, 10",

spike 3V, sum., s. and

yel., 1. or. yel.; (3).
divaricatum, IV, spikes

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. =r lip.]

p. yellowish br., 1. yel.,

4V, sum., s. and p. br.,

altissimum, 18", spikes 3' p. yel., 1. wh., pur.;
to .">', sum., s. and p. hastiferum aud splen-

pur. base ; (3) .
bicallosum, 10", spike IV,

tipped yel., 1. yel., red-
dish br.; (2).

yel., marked reddish dens are fine van. ; (3).

win., s. and p. yellow-

elegautissimum, 10", spike

br. , 1. yel., reddish br. marshallianum, 1J', spike

ish grn., br., 1. yel.,

2', sum., s. and p. yel-

at base; (2). 3' to 6', sum., s. and p.

base red ; (1) or (2).

lowish br., 1. yellowish

ampliatum, 16", spikes yel., br., 1. yel., or. at

bicolor, 9", spike IV,

br., base pur. ; (3).

2 to 4', spr., s. yel., base; superbum is a

aut., s. and p. yellowish

enderianum, 10", spike

reddish br., p. yel., 1. fine var. ; (3).
yel., wh. beneath. ornithorhynchum, 10",

br., 1. yel., wh., base
spotted br.; (2).

2V, sum., s. yel., br.,
p. br., yel., 1. yel., red-

111:1 jus.strougergrower, spike IV to 2', win.,

bicornutum (see pubes).

dish br. ; (3).

brighter colour ; (1) or ro. lil., yel. crest.;

bifolium, 6", spike IV,

euxanthinum, 10", spike

(2). albiflorum is whitish ;

sum., s. and p. yel.,

IV, drooping, aut., s.

concolor, G", spike droop- album, rare, pure wh. ;
ing, My., yel. ; (3). (3).

reddish br.,1. yel.; (2).
bifrons (.syrWarscewiczii).

and p. yellowish br., 1.
yel., dotted red; (3).

crispum, 1', spike 3' to 4', Papilio, 10", spr. to win.,

bracteatum, 1', spike 3V,

excavatum, IV, spike 2V,

sum., win., reddish br., large, s. and p. red,

sum., s. and p. yel.,

aut., s. and" p. yel., red

yel. ; (3). crim., yel., 1. yel., red

spotted pur., 1. yel.; (3).

at base, 1. yel. ; var.

— grandirlorum,moreyel.; margin; (1).

bruuleesianum, 10", spike

aurosum, deeper colour ;

(3). Phalsenopsis, 6", spikes 1'

IV, sum., s. and p. yel.,

(3).

Forbesii. 1', spike 2' to 3', to 2', spr., s. and p.
auc., rounded, reddish wh., marked reddish

the latter marked red,
1. yel., crim. centre; (1)

falcipetalum, IV, spike
10* to 20', aut., s. br.,

br.. margined yel. ; (3). pur., 1. wh., vio. at

or (2).

yel., p. yel., spotted br.

•- ineusurcsiauum, yel., base; (3).

cfesium (ttf geertianum).

at base, 1. pur. br. ; (3).

br. margin ; (3). sarcodes, 1J', spikes 2V

candidum, 9", spike 1',

flabelliferum, 10", spikes

— moortebeekiense, a to 6', spr., s. and p.

sum., s. and p. wh., 1.

2V, sum., s. and p. br.,

good form ; (3). br., yel., 1. yel., br. at

wh., base yel., reddish

yel., 1. yel., spotted

Gardner!, 1', spike 2' to base ; (2).

br. (syn. Palumbiua

reddish br.; (3).

3', s. and p. reddish br., sphacelatum, 2', spike 2'
yel., 1. yel., margined to 6', spr., small, s. and

Candida) ; (3).
carthaginense, 1', spike

f orstermannianum, 1 ',
spike 3', yel., blotched

yel., br. ; (3). p. br., yel., 1. yel., red-
incurvum, 1J', spike 3' to dish br. band, easily

3V, sum., wh., spotted
ro. pur. (st/Hg. Hench-

reddish br. ; (3).
fuscatum (see Miltonia

6', aut., s. and p. vio., grown; (2).

mamiii and huntiauum ) .

Warscewiczii) .

wh., 1. wh., yel., frag- splendidum, 1J', spike 2'

— roseum, a pretty var. ;

geertianum, 9", spike IV,

rant (*//«. albo-viola- to 3', win., s. and p.

CO-

s. and p. yellowish grn.,

ceum) ; 3. yellowish gru. , marked

ca vendishiauum, 1', spike

red., 1. yel. (syn. ce-

— album, wh. ; (3). br., 1. yel. ; (2).

2V, sum., yel., fra-

sium); (3).

jonesianum, 1', spike superbiens, 1^', spike 3',

grant ; (2).

graminifolium, 1', spike

drooping 1' to H, s. spr., s. reddish br., yel.,

Cebolleta, IV, spike 2',

4', sum., aut., s. and p.

and p. wh., spotted br., p. yel., marked br. at

sum., s. and p. yel.,

yel., br., 1. yel. (3).

1. wh., spotted red at base, 1. pur. ; (3).

spotted br., 1. light yel.

graudiflorum, lj', spike

r^ose ; (1). tigrinum, 1', spike 2' to

(syiu. Cepula, iuncifo-

6' to 12', sum., s. and

krameriauum, 10", spr. 4', s. aud p. yel., barred

lium, and longifolium) ;

p. br., yel., 1. br. ; (3).

to win., large, s. and p. reddis-h br., 1. yel. (.«//«.

(1) or (2).

gravesiauum, 8", spike

reddish br., or. yel., 1. Barkeri) ; var. unguicu-

Cepula (see Cebolleta).

2V, sum., s. and p. br.,

broad, yel., with band latum is distinct ; (3).

cheirophorum, 0", spike

yel., 1. yel., border and

of br. spots ; (1). varicosum, 1', spike 3' to

8",aut.,yeL, crest wh.,

base br. ; (3).

lanceanum, lj', spike IV 5', aut., win., s. and p.

fragrant ; (3).

guttatum (see luridum

to 2V, sum., s. and p. small, yel., barred br.,

chrysoraphis, 6", spike

var.).

greenish yel., spotted 1. yel., reddish br. at
br. , 1. deep ro. pur.; base: Rogersii is popu-

1}', spr., s. and p. yel.,
marked br., 1. yel. ; (2).

hcematochilura, 10",
spike 2', aut., a. and p.

(1). lar ; Lindeni and moor-

ciliatum (see barbatum).

yellowish grn., spotted

macranthum, IV, spike tebeekiense are good,

citrinum, 6", spike IV,

br., 1. red, border yel.,

A' to 10', spr., large, s. the latter has a crim.
yel., shaded br. or or., basetothelip; (2)or(3).

sum., d. and p. yel.,
red, 1. yel. ; (2).

red; (1).
harrisouiauum, 6", spike

Oncidium

( 132 )

Onion

1', aut., s. and p. yel.,
marked red, 1. yel. , base

win., s. and p. yel., red-
dish br. centres, 1. yel.,

yel., base reddish br. ; unguiculatum (nee tigriu-
(3). um var.).

red (syn, acrobotry-

br. ; (3).

schilleriauum, 8", spike unicorne, 10", spike IV,

um); (2).

martianmn, 8", spike 1^',

3', sum., yellowish br. ; win., s. reddish br., p.

hastatum, 10', spike 4',

sum. ; (3).

(2). reddish br., tipped yei.,

sum., s. and p. yellow-

mouachicum, IV, spike 6'

Schh'mii, 10", spike 4'. s. 1. yel., base red (syn.

ish grn., br., 1. yel.,

to 12', spr., s. br., upper

and p. yel., blotched monoeeras) ; (2).

red, wh. (syn. stelli-

one edged yel., p. red-

reddish br., 1. yel., urophyllum, 5", spike 2',

gerum) ; Roezlii has

dish br., yel., 1. br. ;

barred reddish br.; sum., s. and p. yel., br.,

1. red, lobes yel. ; (2).

(3).

(2). 1. yel., base wh., red. ;

hastiferum (see macranth-

monoeeras (see unicorne).

serratum, IV, spike 6' to (1).

um var.).

nauum, 4", sum., yel.,

12', sum., s. and p. red- volvox, 1', spike 4', aut.,

Henchmannii (see cartha-

spotted red ; (1).

dish br., edged yel., 1. s. and p. yel., spotted

ginense).
heteranthum, 6", spike

nigratum, IV, spike 10' to
15', spr., s. and p. wh.,

pur. br., base wh. ; (3). br., 1. yel., red ; (2).
spilopterum, 3", spike 1J' Warneri, 6", spike 1', s.

3J', sum., s. and p. wh.,

marked pur., 1. yel.,

to 3', spr., s. and p. and p. greenish wh.,

br., 1. yel., base reddish

reddish br. ; (1).

yel., marked br. , 1. yel., marked ro. pur., 1. yel.;

br. ; (2).

nubigenum (see olivaceum

pur. (syn. saintlegeri- (3).

hiaus, 3", spike 8", sum.,

var).

anum) ; (3). Warscewiczii, 1', spike

s. and p. reddish br.,
yel., 1. yel., spotted

obryzatum, 1', spike 5',
win., s. and p. yel., base

Sprucei, 2', spike 2V, IV, sum., yel., 1. br.
sum., yel., red ; (2). base (syn. bifrons) ;

reddish br. ; (2).

red. 1. yel., base or. ;

stelligerum(,sw hastatum). (3).

Hookeri, 8", spikes IV,

(3).

tetracopis, IV, spike 6', Weltoni (see Miltonia

s. and p. yel., spotted

olivaceum, 6", spike If,

sum., yellowish br. ; Warscewiczii, var. Wel-

red, 1. yel., base reddish
br. ; (3).

spr., s. and p. grn., br.,
1. ro. pur., marked

(3). torn),
triquetrum, 5", spike 1', weutworthianum, 1J',

huntianum (see carthagin-

crim. pur. (syn. cucul-

aut., s. pur. gm., p. spike 5', s. and p. yel.,

ense).

latum) ; andigeuum,

and 1. wh., spotted br., yel. tips, 1. yel.,

hyphsematicum, iy, spike

flavidum, lawrence-

pur.; (1). base reddish br. ; (2).

4V, aut., s. and p. br.,

anum, maculosum, and

trulliferum, 1^', spike 2', wheatleyanum, aut., s.

yel., 1. yel., red be-

nubigenum are distinct

aut., s. and p. yel., red- and p. brownish crim.,

neath; (3).

vars. ; (3).

dish br.,1. yel. reddish edgedyel., 1. yel., edged

insculptum, IV, spike 10',

phymatochilum, IV, spike

br. at base ; (2). crim. ; (3).

sum., br., yel. ; (3).

4', sum., s. and p. yel.

undulatum, IV, spike 4', zebriuum, 16", spike 5',

intermedium (see luridum

or wh., marked br., 1.

sum., s. br., grn., p. aut., s. andp. wh., red-

var.).

wh., spotted red ; (2).

wh., marked pur., 1. dish pur., 1. wh., spot-

iridifolium, 3", sum., yel.,

pollettianum, 1', spike 2',

pur. ; (3). - ted reddish br. ; (3).

spotted red; (2).

spr., yel., reddish br. :

janeirense (see lougipes).

(3).

ONCOCYCLUS.

juncifolium (see Cebol-

praBtextum, 10", spike

The plants formerly called Oncocyclus are now

leta).
lamelligerum, 2', spike 6'
to 10', sum., s. br.,
edged yel., p. yel., base

•&2 ? ^P^'*j s. redclish or.,
marked yel., p. reddish
br., 1. yel., br. margin ;
(3).

included with the Irises (which see"), but the name
has been retained as that of a sub-genus. In
gardens, however, both the Oncocyclus and Kegelia

br., 1. yellowish pur. ;

pubes, 6", spike IV, sum.,

Irises, which require the same cultural treatment,

s. and p. reddish br.,

are commonly spoken of as " Oncocyclus or Cushion

larkinianum, 10", spr.,

spotted yel., 1. reddish

Irises." They require special treatment in most

s. and p. yel., br., 1.

br., edged yel. (syn.

gardens, although hardy. After flowering they

, yel., base br. ; (3).
leucochilum, 1J', spike
6', sum., s. and p. yel-
lowish grn., br., 1. wh. ;
(3). .
Limminghei, 3", sum.,
s. and p. yellowish br. ,

bicornutum) ; (2).
pulchellum, a", spike iy,
sum., wh., ro., yel. snot
onl. ; (1).
pulvinatum, 1', spike 6',
sum., s. and p. yel.,
base reddish brown, 1.

must be kept dry to ripen the rhizomes and to
retard growth as late as possible. This may be
done by covering them with a frame to keep off
rain. Damp should also be prevented from rising
by growing them on a raised bed with flat stones
or cement beneath. In dry gardens a few, such as

1. yel., red ; (1).

yel., spotted red ; (1).

Iris susiana, do well under a south wall in a dry

longifolium (see Cebol-

pumilum, 3", spike 6",-

border. Some growers lift the roots after flower-

leta).

sum., s. and p. yel.,

ing, and keep them dry until October. The

longipes, 5", sum., s. and

spotted br., 1. yel. ;

Oncocyclus Irises like lime in the soil, and

p. reddish br., 1. yel.,
base wh., red (syn. jan-
eirense).
loxense, 1|', spike 5', spr.,

reflexum, 10", spike 2V,
aut., s. and p. yellowish
grn., marked reddish

are so beautiful and singular in their colour that
they are worth the trouble they require. (See
IBIS.)

s. br., yel., p. br. with
fewer yel. marks ; 1. or.

br., 1. yel., base spotted
red; (3).

ONCOSPERMA.

yel. ; (3).

Eogersii (see varicosum

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse), of slender linbit.

lucasianum, 8", spike 3',

'7 *

var.).

Propagation, by. imported seeds and suckers. Soil,

spr., yel., br. base to 1.;

roseum (see carthaginense

sound loam.

(3).
luridum, 1J', spike 6',

var.).
rupestre, 1', spike IV, s.

Principal Species : —

yellowish grn., spotted

and p. yel., base br.,

fasiculatum. van houtteauum (nowXe-

reddish br. (syzz.cuneat-

1. yel., base reddish br.;

filameutosum. phrosperma van hout-

um) ; guttatum has or.

(3).

1 teauum).

spots ; intermedium is

russellianum (see Miltonia

ONION,

large; (1).

russelliana) .

maculatum, 1', spike IV,
win., s. and p. yellow-

saintlegerianum (see spil-
opterum).

Description. — The Onion (Allium Cepa, ord.
Liliaceic) is one of the most popular and most

IMI gru., .in ii mi u reu-
dish br., 1. wh., yel.

saiiuenaiium, 1.1 , spite o
to 12', sum., s. br.,

Onea.ma (see Oxera).

Mautinii, 1', spike 2V,

edged yel., p. and 1.

Oncorhynchus (see Oi'thocatpws).

Onion

( 133)

Onion

valuable vegetables. By successional sowings of
suitable varieties, Onions may be had in use tlio
whole year round.

Raising in Boxes. — The system of raising Onions
for the summer crop in shallow boxes, though by
no muans modern, has not, until recent years,
obtained a particular vogue. Its advantages are
that it gives the plants a longer season in which to
build up their bulbs, thus ensuring a heavier crop,
and the comparative immunity that such stock
will enjoy from attack by the Onion maggot or
grub. January and February are the best periods
for sowing, and a greenhouse temperature is suit-
able. The seeds should be sown on the surface
of light soil in shallow boxes, and be only just
covered with fine soil and then brown paper.
Subsequently the seedlings must be thinned, if
necessarv, and afterwards be transferred to other

as for the main bed, but the seeds are sown in
July or August, according to the condition of the
soil and the climate. Thinning is visually deferred
till the spring, when the pullings are used as
" Spring Onions " ; plants may be moved to any
other prepared quarters if desired, and it is fre-
quently found that these thrive better than those
not transplanted.

Harvesting Onions. — It is important that the
bulbs • be perfectly ripened before storage. To
ensure this let them remain thinly on the
ground, on the sides of paths, under an open shed,
or on the stages of a vinery. This allows sun and
air to play their part in perfecting development,
and has a marked effect on the keeping properties
of the crop.

Storing Onions. — Properly ripened Onions stored
in "ropes" in a dry place will keep for an un-

Photo : CasseLt it: Company, Ltd.

ONION LORD KEEPER; BEDFORDSHIRE CHAMPION ON THE RIGHT (see j>. ISO-

boxes or a frame. The chief danger lies in the
soil becoming dry, which will be inimical to good
results. The plants are placed in their permanent
quarters when soil and weather are favourable,
from the middle to the end of April.

The Summer Crop. —The main crop is sown in
March and April, in drills 10" asunder, the plants
being eventually thinned so that they stand clear
of each other. In some cases the bulbs will be in
a piled-up cluster, in which condition they may be
left, as they develop into small but excellent
keeping stock. The ground should have been
thoroughly prepared in autumn by deep digging and
the incorporation of the best natural manure that
is available. Prior to sowing it must be made
firm. The summer work will consist mainly in
keeping the ground free from weeds by light
surface hoeings and top-dressings, witli short
manure to prevent loss of moisture by evaporation.
When the bulbs have attained full size the tops
should be carefully broken over to assist and hasten
maturation.

The "Autumn Sown" Crop. — This is commonly
called the winter crop. The treatment is the same

limited period; they are not affected by frost
provided this be not accompanied by damp-
ness. Any bulb showing traces of decay should
be removed.

Onions for Exhibition. — The production o£
immense bulbs for exhibition necessitates a some-
what elaborate system of culture. The soil is
prepared by taking out a trench to a depth of 2',
in the bottom of which is placed a layer of good
manure. As the soil is worked on to this, heavy
dressings of short manure are added. The whole
is firmed, and plants from seeds sown in boxes
in January are planted in drills 15" apart, and
not less than 12" asunder in the rows. Mulch-
ings of short manure are necessary, with heavy
watering in dry weather. Light dressings of
superphosphate of lime, soot, and nitrate of soda,
given alternately, add considerably to the size of
the bulbs.

Onions for Pickling. — Silver Skinned and The
Queen are useful varieties for this purpose. The
seeds should be sown broadcast or thickly in rows
on firm, poor ground early in April, and small, very
hard bulbs will be produced in abundance.

Onion

( 134)

Onobrychis

Selections of Varieties : —
Main Crop : — •
White Lisbon.
White Spanish.
Bedfordshire Champion. \
James's Keeping.
Button's Al. f

Improved Wroxton. )
Aiisa Craig (fife figure).
Lord Keeper (seep. 133).
Cocoa Nut.
Cranston's Excelsior.
Iiiwood Favourite.
Ne Plus Ultra.
Lemon Rocca.
Giant Rocca.
Flat Tripoli.
Bed Tripoli.

> For early '

keepiug

For exhibition.

>For autumn sowing.

of a fungus or mould, which discolours the foliage,
and prevents the bulbs swelling. Dusting with
lime is the best remedy, but it must be done at
the first sign of the pest to be effectual.

ONISCUS.

A genus of Oniscidese, a family of Crustacea,
hence allied closely to the shrimps, crabs, ami
spiders. Under the popular name of woodlice, or
slaters, the pests are familiar to gardeners. (See
also WOODLICE.) The Oniscidea: bear a resem-
blance to true insects in their general structure,
but they breathe by gills instead of by air tubes
(tracheae), and have more than three pairs of
jointed legs. They live in dark places, and are
. frequently a great nuisance in plant and fruit
I houses and in frames. The Orchid grower is well

J'/tuto: VaoxtiU tfc

ONION ArtsA CRAIG ; DANVEKS' YELLOW ON THE RIGHT.

For Potato or underground Onions see POTATO
ONIONS, for Tree Onions see TREE ONIONS.

Onion Fly. — This pest (Anthomyia Ceparum) is
troublesome when the plants are young. Damage
is minimised by early sowing, so as to get the skin
of the leaves tough before the fly appears ; also by
dusting with soot when the plants are damp with
dew, and by spraying with a solution of a wineglass
of petroleum, 2 oz. Quassia chips, 2 oz. of soft soap,
and a gallon of water. The mixture must be kept
thoroughly agitated or the oil will not mix with
the water.

Onion Sickness. — Little is known of this disease,
which culminates in the crop suddenly turning
yellow before ripening is complete. The bulb
becomes detached from the roots, and every portion
of the plant turns rotten.

Onion Mould. — The growth of Onions is some-
times abruptly checked in summer by the attack

aware of their mischievous propensities. Ripe
fruits, too, fall a prey to them. The three Onisci-
deas most injurious are asellus, greyish brown or
leaden blue, spotted yellow ; Porcellis scaber, slate
blue ; and Armadillo" vulgaris, the Pill Millipede.
The last-named was at one time recommended to
be taken as a pill, for various ailments, and asellus
was declared to be a remedy for ague and con-
sumption. (For methods of extirpation, see WOOD-
LICE.)

ONOBRYCHIS.

A large genus (ord. Leguminosa?) of herbs or
sub-shrubs. Very few of them are of any garden
value, although the Sainfoin, sativa (syn. vicia>
folia), is a well-known fodder plant. A field of
it in bloom is an exceedingly fine sight. Propaga-
tion, by seeds sown in spring. Any ordinary

Onobroma (of Gtprtner, see Cardimcelltis).

Onoclea

( 135 )

Onychium

garden soil will suit, although the best Sainfoin
comes from rich, loamy soils.

Principal Species : —

Caimt-galli, U ', Jy. , Inly.,

flesh pk. (.-//». Hedy-

sarum Caput-galli).
laconica, 1', sum., hdy. ,

bright pk.
radiata, IV, Je., hdy.,

yellowish wh., red.
sativa, 2' to 3', sum.,

hdy., red, wh. (ni/n.

viciivfolia). Common

Sainfoin.
— inontana, a pretty,

low growing var. , suit-
able for the rockery ;
ro. pur.

ONOCLEA.

Effective and pretty hardy Ferns (ord. Filices),
which thrive in good soil, especially where moist,
as by the margin of a stream or pond. They are
easily propagated by means of their stolons, which
ramble about freely in suitable positions, and may
be removed in spring or autumn. One part of leaf
soil and three of fertile loam will suit them well.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

germaiiica, 'I' to 3'. A orieutalis, 2'. A fine

very ornamental species species («;/». Struthi-

(syns. Struthiopteris opteris onentalis).

germaiiica and pemisyl- sensibilis, H' to 3'. An

vanica). Ostrich Fern. effective plant.

recurva, edges of - obtusilobata, a rare

fronds rururvrd. and pretty form.

ONONIS.

A large genus (ord. Leguminosse) of hardy
annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or shrubs.
Several species make charming rock plants, and
amongst them may be noted the pretty British
Kest Harrow. Propagation is by seeds, which are
best sown in spring ; also by division of the root in
autumn or spring for the perennial herbs. Almost
any fairly fertile soil will do, but arvensis likes a
high and well-drained situation.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aragoueusis, 1 J ' , My . , Je. , — hispanica, 1 1 ' , Jy . , hlf -

hdy. shr., yel. hdy., yel. (»;/«. his-

arvensis, G", sum., hdy., panica of Jlotanical

ro., wh. ; procumbent Magazine 2450).

(s^«. spinosa). Rest rotundifolia, 1' to 1J',

Harrow. sum., hdy. slir., ro.

Natrix, 1J' to 2', sum., — splendeus, larger and

hdy. per., yel., veined more richly coloured

red. Uoat Boot. flowers.

Other Species : —

fruticosa, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdv. shr., pur. (tee p.

136).
mimitissima, 3", Je., hdy.

hdy. herbaceous per. ,
wh.

viscosa, 14' to 3', sum.,
hdy. ann., yel., striped
pur.

bien., vol.
peduncularis, 1 , Ap.,hlf-

ONOPORDON. (COTTON THISTLE.)

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (ord. Com-
posita:), with winged stems, and, in some cases,,
showy heads of flowers. Seeds may be sown in
well-drained soil in spring. Several of the species
do well in tho wild garden, but they are rather too
weedy-looking for the herbaceous border. Ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Acanthium, 4' to 5', Jy., bien., pur., Ivs. more
hdy. per., pur. The deeply cut and spiny
best of all. Common than those of Acanthi-
Cotton Thistle. um (syns. elongatum

illyricum, 6', Jy., hdy. and horridum).

Other Species : —
arabicum, 8', sum., hdy.

bieii., pur.
bracteatum, 6' to 9', sum.,

hdy. bien. or per., pur.

elongatum (we illyricum).
horridum (xre illyricum) .
ffiacrocanthum, 6', Jy.,
hdy. ami., pur.

ONOSERIS.

Perennial herbs and shrubs (ord. Composites).
Very-few of the species have been introduced to
this country, and even those which have are not
well known. Propagation is by seeds, and the soil
must be light and rich.

Principal Species : —

adpressa, 1' to 2', Je., purpurata, grh. per. , pur.

Dec., st. shr., ro. pur., reflexa, 1J' to 2', late aut.,

yel., fragrant; branches at. ann., ro. pur., yel.,

wh., woolly. fragrant (tyn. Centro-

drakeaua, grh. shrubby clinium reflexum of

per., bright pur. Botanical Magazine

3114).

ONOSMA. (GOLDEN DROP.)

The Unosmas are among the prettiest of perennial
rockery plants (ord. Boraginese), and are easily
grown in a light, sandy soil, in a sunny position.
In wet districts they ought to be protected from
winter rains by a sheet of glass or a slate over-
head, giving them, however, all the air possible.
They are propagated by seeds or cuttings. Albo-
roseum should be propagated by cuttings annually,
as it is a short-lived plant. All make good plants
for the Alpine house.

Principal Species :—

albo-roseum, 6", Bum., simplicissimum, 1', Ap.,

wh., ro. yel.

Bourgsei, 6", sum., yel, stellulatum, 6", My.,
echioides, 1', My., yel. hdy., yel., citron, wh.

pyramidalis, 1', Sep., grh. — tauricum, yel.

or hlf -hdy., sc. Thomsoui, 6 , sum., yel.

ONOSMODIUM.

About six species of hardy herbaceous perennials
(ord. Boragineas), of upright habit. They are
closely related to the Onosmas, and should be
treated like them. Very few of the species have
been introduced, and even these are rather rare in
cultivation.

Principal Species : —

caroliniamun, 1', sum., ense, by Index Kew-

hdy. , yellowish wh., ensis.

drooping. Carolinian- virginianura, 1', sum.,

um of De Candolle is hdy., yel.; plantcovered

referred to molle, and with bristly hairs,
that of Torr. to bejari-

ONYCHIUM.

Description. —A small genus of Ferns (ord . Filices).
They are closely related to Pteris, but have much
more finely cut fronds. Auratum and japonicum
are the only species that are common in cultiva-
tion, and these are grown as much for their beauty
as pot or pan plants as for the value of the fronds
for cutting. The fronds make pretty screens and
albums when dried.

Propagation, — By spores. Sporelings of anratum
want careful management or they quickly damp
off. Japonicum may be increased easily by
division of the numerous crowns ; auratuni makes
but a single crown.

Soil. — Fibrous loam, peat or leaf mould, and
sand, in equal parts, with a few pieces of charcoal.

OnyfMvm (of Blume, see Dendrolimm).

Onychium

( 136 )

Oospore

Other Cultural Points. — Japonicum is semi-
deciduous, and should be kept rather dry during
winter. Auratum is evergreen. Snowy fly is the
most . troublesome insect pest ; remedy, sponging
with soapy water.

OOSPORA ABIETINUM.

This is the fungus which attacks several species
of Abies so severely as to cause wholesale prema-
ture dropping of the leaves. Nordmanniana and
Pinsapo are the greatest sufferers. The parts of

Ptioto: C

Principal Species :—
auratum, fronds 12" long,

8" to 9" broad, quadri-

pinnatifid, st. ev.
japonicum .fronds 1 2"Iong,

Other Species :—

capense of gardens (see

japonicum).
lucidum of gardens («•«

japonicum).
melanolepis, fronds 3" to

ONONIS FRUTICOSA (seep. 135).

6" _ broad, quadripin-
natifid, semi-deciduous
("ifiix. capense and lucid-
um). There is a var.
multisectum.

4" high, 2" broad,
quadripinnatifid, grh.
strictum, frouds (>" to 9"
long, 3" to 4" broad,
quadripinuatifid, st.

the fungus are exceedingly small, and it is difficult
to deal with it. The collection and burning of the
fallen leaves are, however, helpful.

OOSPORE.

Literally an egg spore. Oospore is the technical
name given by botanists and zoologists to the
spore, formed by the fertilisation of the oosphere
by the male element. Thus the oosphere may be
described as the incipient egg before fertilisation,
it being an oospore after fertilisation. The
oospore, or resting spore, is of considerable interest

Opercularia

( 137 )

Opopanax

to gardeners, for in many fungoid pests, notably in
Phytophthora and Peronospora (which see), this
resting spore is developed to tide the fungus over
the winter and begin the work of infection anew
in the spring and summer. The oospore has a
much thicker cell wall than the swarm or summer
spore, and is thus able to withstand a considerable
degree of cold, as well as the effects of damp or
long continued drought.

OPERCULARIA.

Australian greenhouse herbs or sub-shrubs (ord.
llubiacese), occasionally twiners. Propagation is
by seeds, sown in spring, on a gentle hotbed ; also
by cuttings of young shoots, at the same season,
anil by root division just as growth is starting.
Soil, sandy loam, fibrous peat, and leaf soil, in
equal parts, with a few pieces of charcoal and a
little sand. The species are rarely seen in gardens.

Principal Species : —

aspera, 1', Je., grh. sub-
shr., wh., flower heads
globular (xytt. ocimi-
folia).

hispida, 1', Jy.,
sub-shr., flowers
heads small,
roughly hairy.

grh.

wh.,

lV8.

OPHIOCAULON.

Three or four species of climbing shrubs or herbs
(ord. 1'assiflorese). All need a stove temperature.
They may be propagated in the same way as Passi-
floras, and like sandy loam and leaf mould in equal
parts for soil. The plants are liable to damp off
during the autumn and winter unless they are kept
rather dry.

Principal Species : —

cissampeloides, st., Ivs. grn., mottled wh., dotted
blk. (sijn. Passiflora marmorata of gardens).

OPHIOGLOSSUM. (ADDER'S or SNAKE'S
TONGUE FERNS.)

A small genus (ord. Filices) of curious Ferns,
whose sporangia, borne on a long, narrow spike,
have given rise to the popular name of Adder's
Tongue Ferns. The barren fronds are usually
entire. None of them have great decorative
value, and yet their curious appearance has se-
cured for them considerable attention. They do
best when planted out in a damp spot either under
glass or outdoors, according to the character of the
species. Propagation is by division. Soil, loam
and sphagnum moss in equal parts, with sand.
Plenty of water is a necessity, but stagnant condi-
tions must be avoided.

Principal Species and

pahnatum, fronds 8" to
20" high, lobed, grh.,
epiphytal.

vulgatum, fronds 3" to
9" loug, spike about 1"
long. British. Common
Adder's Tongue.
Other Species: —

bulbosum, fronds 2"to 4"
long, spike ^" to 4"
long, hlf-hdy., root-
stock tuberous (syn.
tuberosum) .

lusitanicurn, fronds 1" to
3" loug, spike $" to V
long, hlf-hdy., roo't-
stock a little tuberous.

Varieties : —

— ambiguura, a Jwarfer
form with a longer
spike, hdy.

— pedunculosum, st.

— polyphyllum, an Azo-
rean var.

pendulum, fronds 1' to
IJ'long, I"to3"broad,
pendulous, st. Furcat-
um is probably a var.

reticulatum, fronds 6" to
12" long, spike 1" high,
st.

scandens (nee Lygodium
scaudens).

Opera' Girls (see Mantitia).
Ophelia, (see Smertia).

OPHIOPOGON.

Interesting, but not showy, hardy or half-hardy
perennial herbs (ord. HEemodoraceae), with racemes
of small flowers, and narrow leaves. In cold
districts they must be kept under glass in winter ;
and all make good pot plants, especially those
w_ith variegated foliage. They are propagated by
division in spring, and like a sandy soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

— variegatus, bl., Ivs.

striped, grn., wh.
japonicus, lj_', Je., wh.

i. Fliiggea japonica).
— variegatus, Ivs. striped

yellowish wh.
spicatus of Ker and

Hooker is Liriope spi-

cata.

iutermedius, H', sum.,
liL (-v/«. spicatus of
Don, japonicus iuter-
inedius, and Fliiggea
intermedia).

— wallichiauus.

- argenteo-marginatus,
wh., Ivs. margined wh.
Jaburaii, .1' to H', Jy.,
wh., tender.

OPHRYS.

Interesting and pretty hardy or half-hardy ter-
restrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), which are very
suitable for growing in the rock garden or in a
frame, in a sandy loam of a calcareous nature.
They are propagated by division of the tubers.
The best for growing outdoors are apifera, aran-
ifera, and muscifera, all natives of Britain. The
nomenclature of the Ophrys is very confused.

Principal Species : —

apifera, 1', Ap., grn., ro.
Bee Orchis.

— alba, wh.
Arachnites, 1', Ap., grn.,

ro.
aranifera, 6", grn., hr.

Spider Orchis.
Bertolouii, 1', Ap., ro.

maroon,
bombilifera, 9",gru. , br.

Humble Bee Orchis.

lutea, 4" to 8", yel., br.

(«/«. vespifera of Brot.,

not Willdenow).
muscifera, 9", My., pur.

Fly Orchis.
Speculum, 1', Ap., grn.,

bl. , maroon,
tenthredinifera, 9", Ap.,

various.

OPLISMENUS.

A small genus (ord. Graminese), and until
recently an obscure one. Oplismenuses may be
propagated by division, and by seeds, which are
produced with considerable freedom. Soil, loam
and leaf mould in equal parts, with one-sixth of
the whole sand. Plenty of water is needed.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Burmauuii albidulus, st. . compositus m'rtellus, Jy.,

or grh., smaller, dwar- st. or grh., Ivs. H" to

fer, and whiter than 24" long (syns. hirtellus

variegatus, which it and Orthopogou hirtel-

resembles. lus).

— variegatiu, the correct — loliaceus, Jy., Aug., st.

name of Pauicum orgrh.,lvs.2"to4"long

variegatum of gardens. (<//»». loliaceus and Or-
thopogou loliaceus).

OPOPANAX (syn. OPOPONAX).

A hardy perennial herb (ord. Umbelliferae) of
rather coarse ami weedy habit, and of no great
value. It may be consigned to the wild garden.
Sec. Is sown in the open ground in spring germinate

Ophiopteris (see Oleandra).
Opkiosfiirodon (see Allinitt).
Ophiospermmn (see Aquilaria).
OpMostacliys (see Chamtelirimn).
Ophioxylon (nee Raurvollia).
Opime Plant (see Plertranthtiit).
Opium Puppy (see Papavi-r gomniferum).

Opuntia

( 138 )

Opuntia

freely, and the seedlings may be at once trans-
ferred to their permanent flowering quarters.

Only Species : —

Cliironium, 6', Je., Jy., hdy., yel. (syns. Malabaila
Opopanax and Pastinaca Opopanax).

OPUNTIA. (INDIAN FIG. PEICKLY PEAR.)
Description. — A large and important genus of suc-
culent trees and shrubs (ord. Cacteas). Many of
the species have large and showy flowers, and
Pear-like, edible fruits, and, despite the poisonous
character of the spines and prickles, many species
are cultivated. Quaint and curious plants are

Soil. — Crushed bricks one part, and loam two
j parts. If the drainage is free, loam alone will
suffice for the larger plants.

Other Cultural Points. — The essentials are (1)
plenty of light, (2) very free drainage, (3) little or
no water during the winter. The hardy forms
should be grown in a frame. The frames may be
placed over them during the winter and removed
in late spring. A miniature rockery constructed of
lumps of hard-baked earth, brick burrs, and stone,
with pockets of soil here and there, will suit Opuntias
well. Under glass it is well to devote a special
house, if only a small one, to them, as this can be

Caaaell tt Company, Ltd.

OPUNTIA LEUCOTRICHA (syn. WRSISA) (GRIZZLY BEAR CACTUS).

not uncommon, but there is not so much variation
amongst the Opuntias as there is amongst the
members of some of the other genera of Cacti.
Some are hardy as far as cold is concerned,
although always impatient of wet during the
winter months, and others need a stove tempera-
ture, but the greater number may be accommo-
dated in a warm greenhouse, where rather dry
and airy conditions can be maintained. The
spines show a good deal of variation, and display
their maximum of beauty in the group platy-
acantha, as typified by papyracantha, and a few
other species. Here they are long, very broad,
white, and paper-like in consistency.

Propagation. — By cuttings, which should be
dried somewhat before they are inserted in the
soil; By seeds ; also by grafting — O. Ficus-indica
is a favourite stock. (For other details, see
CACTUS.)

Oporanthut (see Slenibcrgia).

easily fitted up with shelves, when the plants will
not only be brought up close to the light, but a
larger number can be accommodated.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — Except where otherwise stated a warm
greenhouse is required.]

frts. = fruits, s. = spines, t. = tubercles,
arborescens, 5' (uaturally Davisii, dwarf, bronze

20' to 30'), sum.,- pur.,

t. grn., spiny, s. varia-
ble.

Bigelovii, 10' to 12', t.
hemispherical.

brasiliensis, 10' to 30', Je.,
lemon yel., frts. nearly
round, yel. , spiny.

camauchica albispina,
hdy. , frts. red, s. wh.

cyliiidrica, 6', sc., frts.
yel. , s. wh. , slender.

— cristata, Cockscomb-
like.

gru.
decumana, sum., st., or.,

frts. br. red, 4" long,

sweet. The largest

species in cultivation

(syn, maxima),
echinocarpa, dwarf, sum.,

grn., yel., frts. very

spiiiy.

— major, 4'.
Emory i, Aug., Sep., yel.,

pur. , t. very spiiiy.
Engelmanni, 4" to 6",

hdy., My., Je., yel.

Orach

( 139 )

Orange

Ficus-indiea, 2', My.,
hdy , y.;l., frts. red,
spiny. Indian Fig.

fflipandula, 1* to 21, My.,
Je., St., put'., '2!"
across, s. wh., solitary.

the Kcw Hand-List to

mesdcantha,
— arkansana, 1', Je., Jy.,

hdy., yel., 3.J" across.
ro>ea, Je., ro. , 2" across,

s. yel.

leucotricha, Je., St., salmiana, 2', Sep., yel.,

tinkers variable, s. wh.. red.

lengthening with ago subulata, spr., dull pur.,

and becoming hair-like frts. Pear-shaped, s.

(.v////. ursina ; wr />. 138). wh.

m icroeentra, 3', Je., yel., Tuua, 20', Jy., st., reddish

3" across, s. grey. or., frts. car., 2" to 4"

inissourieu-us, dwarf, long. , s. yel. , spreading.

My., Jy., hdy.. yel., — horrida, s. red, a very

frts. dry, prickly (•>•//». strong, ferocious look-

polyacautha). Ma'iy iug plant,

vars. , including albis- vutgaris, 2', Je., yel.,

pitta, erythriKt'-nn. ^il- (»//«. Cactus Opuutia of

ni<>nea, and tricho- ^Botanical M"<i/izi/t/'

phora). 2393) ; referred by Kt'ir

in mii-autha variegata, 1', Haml-List to niesa-

a pretty variegated var. cantha.

polya antha (we mis- Whipplei, Je., St., red.

- Minensis). 2" across.

Kafinesquii, 1', Je. , lily., — rosea, hdy., ro. car.
yel., red; referred by

Other Species and Varieties : —

andi'jola, joints Cucuin- floccosa, 4" to 5'', stems

ber-like, s. wh. club shaped.

Arbuscula, 7" to 8", Je., formidabilis, s. stiff, wh.,

grh. or st., grn., yel., 6" in length.

red, s. wh. fulgida, 5' to 12", Jy.,

areaaria, My., st., s. wh., Aug., pk., s. stellate.

yel. tipped. Grahamu, Je., st., yel.,

Auberi, s. wh. 2" across, roots thick

mirantiaca, 3', or. yel., and fleshy.

s. wh., br. horrida (see Tuna var.).

banlaris, sum., ro. pur., humilis (see Tuua).

frU. round, st3in-i club- hystricina, hdy. or hlf-

shaped. hdy., yel., large,

boliviana, 1', t. round, invicta, yel., 2" across,

greyish yel. when frts. covered with red

young, s. wh. spines,

brachyarthra, floivers mou icantha, 1', s. br.,

very small. yel., very rigid, solitary,

camanchica, hdy., tufted, nigricans, ' 3', Aug., pk.

frts. oval, red. , sweet, s. (*.(/«. Cactus Tuna

red br. , or blk. br. uigricms of Botanical

— major, has large joints. Magazine Io5~).

- minor, has small, pachyelada rosea, hdy.,
prickly joints. reputed hybrid (fragilis

- orbicularis, strong- X xauthostema).
growing, s. light br. papyracantha, s. much

- rubra, flowers dark flattened, broad, long,
ri'd, st-uneni yel. wh., and paper-like.

— salmanea, flowers sal- Parryi, yellowish grn.
mou. Pes-corvi, 1' to 2', sum.,

clavata, St., yel. yel.

cocciuellifera (now Nopa- phiuacautha, 3', Je., yel.

lea coocinellifera). (»i/«. Cactus polyanthus

corrugata, 2', Aug., red, of Botanical Jlaetamt

yel. 2691).

crmifera, s. wh., long and pulverulenta. ])lant grey-
silky, ish bl. , t. large, round,

curaasavica, 6', Je., yel. bristly.

Several vars. Segethi, pk., H" across.

dejecta (now Nopalea spinosissima, 20', Je., st.,

dejecta). red or., probably a var.

diadem ata, joints globose, of Tuna.

s. grey, very d warf and steuopetala, yel., small

slow-growing. (»>/>i. grandis).

Dillenii, 5', Sep., yel. sulphurea, 2', Jy., yel.

(•"Hi. Cactus Dilleuii of tunicata, s. wh.
Botanical Register 255).

ORACH.

This, the Atriplex hortensis of the botanist, is

occasionally grown as a substitute for Spinach.

The Red Mountain Spinach (A. h. rubra) grows to
a height of 3' or 4', has fine ornamental foliage,
and a stately presence in the herbaceous border.
(For further details of the genus, see ATRIPLEX.)

Seed of Orach may be sown in rather deep drills
2' apart early in March, and if a succession is
desired, other sowings must be made at intervals
of from three weeks to a month, as the plants
speedily run to seed. The seed, if it is to be
saved, should be gathered before it is quite ripe,
for as it approaches ripeness a moderate breeze
will empty the vessels. Orach may be treated in
much the same way as the Round-leaved or
Summer Spinach.

ORANGE.

Description. — The Orange (Citrus Aurantium)
has been cultivated for many years in the warmer
portions of the Northern Temperate Zone for its
delicious fruit, which yearly reaches our shores in
ever-increasing numbers.

Here in Britain a few Oranges are grown, but
chiefly for ornamental purposes; this, too, in spite
of tlie fact that home-grown Oranges, when
properly treated, are much superior in flavour to
the imported fruits. On the Continent Oranges
are largely cultivated for the sake of their flowers,
which are employed in the manufacture of Orange
Flower Water.

Oranges as Decorative Subjects :—

Although not hardy the Orange is of strong
constitution and will stand a good deal of knocking
about, as well as a rather low temperature. Many
pot trees are carried safely through the winter in
houses from which the cold is only just excluded.
As a greenhouse or cool conservatory tree the
Orange has few equals. It is of rather slow
growth, does not need frequent repotting, and,
being naturally of symmetrical habit, can be kept
in bounds by a very little pruning. The soil
should consist o£ good turfy loam three parts, cow
manure one part, and enough grit, such as road
scrapings, to keep the whole porous. The plants
should be potted firmly, and the drainage must
be free. Splendid little specimens of the Otaheite
Orange (Citrus Aurantium japonica) can be grown in
6" pots, but for the larger specimens stout wooden
tubs are the best. These are preferably constructed
of Teak or Oak, and strong handles should be
attached for convenience in moving. Plenty of
water and liquid manure must be given throughout
the summer ; in autumn and winter much less will
be required. The plants may remain in the same
pots for years, providing a good top-dressing of
the same material as that recommended for
potting be given annually. The spring is the
best time to do this. All the pruning needed is to
shorten any branches that threaten to destroy the
balance of the tree. Trained specimens in large
t ubs are occasionally closely pinched in, to foster
a close and rather formal growth ; the natural habit
is better. Oranges are very dirty subjects, and
thus, in addition to daily syringing in the summer,
the leaves must be sponged two or three times
during the winter. Sponging with skimmed milk
imparts a gloss to the leaves, and a little soft
soap dissolved in tepid soft water is an excellent
cleanser.

TV ItehaliHitiili' ,sV(7.V// Specimens: —

When the normal green of the foliage gives
place to a yellow hue, it is an unfailing sign of

Orange

( 140 )

Orcnard

ill health. Spring is a good time to take sickly
trees in hand. Under greenhouse cultivation they
generally begin to grow in March. The roots
should then be examined, and, if necessary, the
old soil shaken away, dead roots cut out, the ball
reduced slightly and repotted into a smaller pot.
The head should be cut back at the same time.
The plants should then be taken to an intermediate
house, plunged in gently fermenting material, and
tlie syringe plied regularly twice a day. Under
such conditions growth will speedily be made,
unless the plant is in a hopeless condition. Gradual
hardening off must precede removal to the cooler
quarters.

Oranges as Dessert Fruits :

The fruits upon trees grown in cool houses for
decorative purposes are always pithy, and rarely

THE SEVILLE ORANGE (See CITRUS AURANTIUM
VULGARIS, p. 216, VOL I.).

palatable, but if more heat be given, superbly
flavoured produce is obtained. A light, span-roofed
house, preferably with facilities for giving bottom
heat, is to be preferred. The plants may be either
grown in pots or planted out. The cultural routine
is briefly as follows : A start early in the year
so as to induce flowering in February ; bottom heat
70° to 75°, and an atmospheric day temperature of
about 60° for spring, rising as the days lengthen ;
in summer no artificial atmospheric heat is re-
quired as long as the 70° to 75° of bottom heat
can be kept up ; plenty of water, and liquid
manure while the fruit is swelling ; fruit gathered
in from nine to eleven months ; and a winter mini-
mum temperature of 45" to 50°, with comparatively
little water, for this is the period of rest.

A Selection of Dessert Varieties : —

be grown as decorative
the fruit will be of little

[NOTE.— These can all
plants in cool houses, but
use. (See aim CITRUS.)]

Maltese Blood, large, very
rich, pulp dark red, skill
dark red to yel.

Navel, or Embiguo, large,
rich, aud juicy, skin
yel. to yellowish red.
Largely grown iu
America.

St. Michael's, rather

For Decoration : —

variable iu thickness of

skin.
Silver Orange, skin thin,

pale yel., flesh very

pale.
Sustain, large, very rich

aud juicy.
Tangerine, very variable,

but flavour always rich

and sweet.

Otaheite (Citrus Auran-
tium japoiiica), Kum-
quat, •}' to (i', fruits deep
orange yel. skin, 1" to
U" diameter, good for

pots, window boxes, aud
small houses.
Variegated, Ivs. margined
wh., fruits oval, yel.,
striped grn., of good
flavour.

ORANIA.

Tall-growing stove Palms (ur/l. Palmpe), with
strong, closely ringed stems, surmounted by a
thick head of huge leaves. Imported seeds will
germinate fairly well if sown in brisk and well
sustained bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam which
has been stacked with cow manure. Plenty of
water is needed at all times. The Oranias, although
easy to grow, and of noble presence, are rarely
included in collections.

Principal Species : —

philippiucusis.
regalis, Ivs. 6' to 7' long,
fruits red.

macrocladus, 40', Ivs. pin-
nate.

nicobarica (.w Bentinckia
iiicobarica).

ORBIGNYA.

A small genus (prd. Palmse) of stove Palms, very
rarely' grown, closely allied to Jubflea. Lydias and
Sagotii are grown at Kew.

ORCHARD.

When planting an orchard, the two points which
have to be first considered are the soil and situa-
tion. Very few soils are wholly unsuitable, but
the best results are obtained from well-drained
soils of good depth, and inclining to be retentive.
Land that will make good bricks will grow good
Apples, is a remark often quoted, and it may be
applied to Orchard fruits generally, with the
reservation that a little more lime is needed for
stone fruits. If this is lacking the deficiency
should be made up. (See LIME.)

The site intended for planting should be open
towards the south-east, south, south-west, and
west, and sheltered, if possible, from the east,
north-east, north, and north-west. The gradient
of the slope is immaterial as far as the fruit is
concerned, although if more than one in thirty
cultivation is not easy. An elevation of about SOv
above sea level is the best, as this is high enough
to escape the late spring frosts, which are destruc-
tive in the low-lying, damper valleys, while it is
not high enough to be too bleak. Artificial shelter
may be provided by planting quick-growing trees,
such as Lombardy Poplars and various Conifers.
Boggy, stagnant ground must be drained, other-

Orange, Rust (see Roses).
Orant/e Thorn (see Citriolatus),
Orbea (see Stajtelia).

Orchard

Orchard House

wise the trees will dwindle and die, a prey to
lichen, insect pests, ami canker. It is a mistake
to plant young trees on the site occupied by old
ones, without thorough preparation of the soil.
Such preparation usually means digging holes at
least 3' deep, and 2' wider than tho spread of the
roots, and planting in fresh material. This
demands a good deal of labour, but without it the
young trees will not flourish.

Time and Manner of Planting. — Generally speak-
ing, the best time to plant trees is about the end of
October and the beginning of November, for the
soil is still warm and moist, so that cut roots soon
heal, and produce fresh fibres. Any time from the
end of October until the beginning of March
will do, and the actual time will depend as much
upon the convenience of the planter as upon the
state of the weather and condition of the ground.
Planting in frosty weather is undesirable, and it is
folly to attempt it during a wet spell. The stems
of standard orchard trees should be 5' to 7' in height
clear from the ground. The space given to them
varies considerably. As much as 30' between the
trees is recommended in some cases, but on an
average about 25' is enough. Or they may be
planted 10' to 15' apart, and alternate trees
taken out as growth calls for more space. A
favourite market method is to give plenty of room
between the standards, and crop between with
Gooseberries, Currants, and even Raspberries and
Strawberries. Under this system little ground is
allowed to remain idle. With bush or dwarf trees,
i.e. trees worked upon dwarfing stocks, from G' to
9' should be allowed each way. Planting at 6'
apart is quite common, but there is scarcely room
enough. A variant is to plant 4' apart, and lift
alternate trees as space is required. Those which
are taken out may be used to extend the orchard.

On Grass and Arable Land. — Broadly, orchards
are divided into two sections — one, in which the
land between the trees is laid down in grass, and
the other in which the soil is kept tilled, and
cropped with small fruits, or other crops. Even in
grass orchards a radius from the trunk equal to
the spread of the branches should be kept clear of
grass and weeds for at least the first six or seven
years after planting. Afterwards it will not
matter so much. Many growers ha,ve neglected
thi.s item, and suffered accordingly. Grass orchards
should not be laid down to hay, but they may
advantageously be grazed by cattle. In this case,
however, the trees should be protected by wire or
other guards.

Pruning, Manuring, and Insect Pests. — Com-
paratively little pruning is needed by Orchard
trees, for a natural expansion of head is allowed.
Each year, however, the trees should be examined,
and crossing branches cut out, dead wood removed,
sucker-like growths taken from the centre, and the
branches so disposed as to admit light and air to
the centre of the trees. For moss, use the potash
or lime solution recommended under INSECTICIDES.
Under that heading also will be found instructions
for dealing with other insect pests. (For canker,
see CANKKU.) While organic manure should not be
HUM- I with the soil in which young trees are
planted, it may be applied subsequently in the
form of mulchings of yard manure. The stuff
should not be merely put round the bole, but laid
on in a coating as far as the branches extend. The
following mixture will also help the trees im-
mensely if they are carrying crops :—

'\ Mix thoroughly,
' and apply at the
( rate of 4 oz. per
Jsq.

5 parts superphosphate or
bone meal.

3 parts kainit.
*1 part sulphate of iron. ) sq. yd.

» This to be left out if there is iron in the soil.
Excellent results may also be obtained by muriate
of potash at the rate of If Ib. per sq. rod. For
light soils, agricultural salt may be applied early
in April at the rate of from 2J Ib. to 3 Ib. per
sq. rod. Bone meal is first rate for heavy land ;
use 3 oz. to 4 oz. per sq. yd. Liquid sewage, and
swillings from stables, are invaluable in winter,
and when the trees are in bloom, and onwards.
Further particulars will be found under MANURES.

Kinds and Varieties. — Apples, Pears, Cherries,
Plums, and Damsons are all commonly grown in
orchards, and to a much less degree Nuts, Medlars,
and Quinces. When selecting varieties, it is a
safe plan to look round the neighbourhood and
note what sorts are doing well, and what badly,
and act accordingly. Helpful selections of varieties
will be found under the respective headings of the
kinds referred to above.

ORCHARD HOUSE.

A glasshouse devoted to the accommodation of
a collection of the hardier fruits, the principal
kinds being Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries,
Peaches, and Nectarines, and thus distinct from
houses exclusively set aside for Grapes, Peaches,
Nectarines, or Figs. The trees may be grown in
pots, or they may be planted out, or planted-out
and pot trees may be included in the same house.
The compromise is, however, not to be recom-
mended for span-roofed houses.

Structure and Heating. — Span-roofed houses are
always the most convenient, but lean-to and hip-
roofed houses are suitable. In these cases the
back wall may be covered with Peaches, or Nec-
tarines, or Koses, but the roof area should be left
untenanted. As an orchard house should be a
cool house, and its function rather to shelter than
to force into early growth, the ventilation must be
free. Top and side ventilators should always be
furnished, so that a reasonably cool temperature
may be kept up during the summer. On the other
hand, hot-water pipes should always be fixed, as
the usefulness of the house is increased at least
100 per cent, thereby. An unheated house is not
to be trusted, and it will be almost useless during
very sharp weather. For a lean-to house 10' in
width, a single flow and return of 4" piping will be
sufficient. For a span-roof house of 14' width, the
pipes should run all round. If it is intended to
plant out trees, the borders should be constructed
to suit the prospective occupants. Sweet Cherries
trained cordon fashion are the most suitable fruits
for training along the roof, if it is decided to use
the roof to some extent.

Fruit Trees in Pots.— Of late years great progress
has been made in the cultivation of hardy fruits in
pots under glass. There are two or three advan-
tages in this system of culture. They are (1)
earlier and finer fruit than can be obtained out-
doors ; (2) a greater certainty with regard to crop,
a- the trees are sheltered from spring frosts at
critical times, especially when in flower and setting
for fruit ; (3) a great number of varieties and much
fruit in a small space. It has become fashionable
to send the fruit, especially Plums and Cherries, to
the table upon the trees, and where the owner
desires that this should be done, an orchard house

Orchid Hybridisation

Orchid Hybridisation

is a necessity. Increased labour for frequent
waterings of pot trees is a necessity, for the success
of pot trees depends in great measure upon the
attention paid to watering.

Management. — During the winter months, the
frost should only just be kept out of the house, for
the pot trees must have a similar rest to those in
the open. The higher mean temperature will,
however, result in an earlier blooming, and it is at
this time, when fairly sharp frosts are to be
expected, that the hot-water pipes will be found
useful. Artificial pollination must be effected by
brushing the flowers. The alternatives to this are
(1) opening the ventilators widely on bright days
to let the bees in, and (2) taking a hive of bees into
the house ; this is bad 1'or the bees, but good for
the flowers. If desired, the trees may be stood
out of doors all the summer, and it is advisable
that lightly cropped trees should be thus treated.
Experienced cultivators have their trees so well in
hand that they rarely fail to get a crop, but it is
advisable to have a larger number of trees than
the house will hold, so that it can be filled only
with those well set with flower buds. The others
can be left out all the winter, and they will need
but very little water. The pots must, however, be
plunged over the rims in coal ashes, or frost will
split them. The ashes may well be covered with
Bracken or straw litter. In early spring ventila-
tion must be free, but not such as to cause cold
draughts, which are very injurious. All through
the summer plenty of air must be given, and from
the beginning of June until frosts threaten in
autumn the house should be wide open by night
as well as day. Later on, as the fruit begins to
ripen, the ventilators should be netted over to
prevent the ingress of birds ; if wasps attack,
muslin may be used. Heavy fruits may require to
be supported witli net bags. Re-potting is best
done after the fruit has been gathered, but before
the leaves have dropped. (For further particu-
lars of pot fruit trees, see PEACH.) Not only
will the trees, from which the fruit has been
gathered, be all the better for a sojourn outdoors
to complete the ripening of the wood, but the
house is thus set free for sheltering Chrysanthe-
mums, or other tender plants requiring protection
from the early autumn frosts. Indeed, the orchard
house may well be used as a shelter-house for
tender plants until the New Year. The buds of
the trees seem to start all the more freely if they
have been exposed to a little frost.

ORCHID HYBRIDISATION.

The initial process is analogous to dusting the
stigma of a Lily with pollen. In Orchids, how-
ever, neither stigma nor pollen is so evident as in
Lilies or most other flowers. The sexual organs
are combined into the central portion of the flower,
known as the column, and this is so situated in
conjunction with the labellum as to prevent self-
fertilisation in the majority of cases, and encourage
cross-fertilisation by insect agency (see ORCHIDS).
A very large number of Orchids exude nectar at
the base of the column, and in search of this an
insect has to proceed in a direction and manner
that ensures the transference of any pollen masses
it may have on its back or head to the sticky
stigmatic surface, and also the displacement of the
pollen masses in the same flower, which, sticking
to the retiring insect, are carried on for the fertilisa-
tion of the next flower visited.

In a Cattleya bloom the prominent column is
more or less curved forward, and may be slightly
channelled on the lower face. At the tip is the
modified anther, consisting of a thin membrane or
cap, under which are the pollinia or pollen masses,
four in number, each mass composed of many
pollen grains. Just below the pollen masses is a
small area which exudes a sticky substance when
the pollinia are ripe for their mission, and a little
further down is the stigmatic surface. In backing
out of such a flower an insect large and strong
enough to reach the nectar will press its back
against the sticky matter, and the pressure, the
movement, and the gum will combine to dislodge
the pollen masses and cause them to adhere to the
retreating insect. The contrivances adopted by
Orchids to ensure cross-fertilisation are many and
wonderful, the above being a very simple example.

Artificial hybridisation or cross-fertilisation con-
sists in transferring the pollen masses by hand, or
rather by the aid of a pointed stick, pencil, or
camel-hair brush, to the stigmatic surface. It
should always be done with a definite object in
view, such as the creation of new shades or com-
binations of colours, modification of form, robust
habit, freedom of flowering, etc., and only the
finest forms of the species operated upon should be
used, or the resulting hybrid may, after years of
patient care, be scarcely worth house room.
Hybridisation merely with a view to securing a
certain combination of two species is itself of little
value, but when intelligently conducted it is the
means of creating beautiful plants. Fortunately,
artificially raised Orchid hybrids have almost
invariably proved to be of easy culture, and in this
respect are often a great improvement upon the
weaker or more delicate parent.

Not only have hybrids been raised between
species of one genus, but in several instances two
genera have been combined, and there are now
such hybrids as Cattleya X Lselia, Sophronitis X
Lselia, Sophronitis X 'Cattleya, Epidendrum X
Cattleya, Epidendrum X Sophronitis, Epidendrum
X Lselia, Phaius X Calanthe, and Zygopetalum X
Colax. Bigeneric hybrids may also be crossed with
a member of a third, but allied, genus, an instance
being Lrelio-Cattleyaelegans X Sophronitis grandi-
flora, the product of which is registered as Sophro-
Iselio- Cattleya Areitchii. In some Orchid genera
no hybrids have been raised artificially ; at least,
none have been flowered and registered as such
among Brassia, Coelogyne, and Habenaria.

The record of Orchid hybridisation forms a most
interesting page of horticultural history, but there
is not room in this work to do more than briefly
refer to a few points in it. Dean Herbert recorded
his own efforts at cross-breeding in this natural
order in 1847, but it was not until about 1853, when,
at the suggestion and under the instruction of
Mr. J. Harris, of Exeter, Mr. John Dominy entered
heartily into the work, that Orchid hybridisation
was commenced in earnest. From 1853 to about
I860 lie worked on behalf of the Messrs. Veitch,
at Exeter, and subsequently at Chelsea. In ISGG
Mr. John Seden commenced, and from then up to
the present time lie has been producing for the
same firm Orchids of the greatest beauty. Mean-
while, other hybridists have entered the field, the
I'st including such well-known names as Sander,
Cookson, de Barri Crawshay, Linden, Lawrence,
Maron, Bleu, Mantin, Cypher, Charlesworth, Chap-
man, Ingram, Maynard, and Hollington. So far
the greatest successes have been achieved with

CATTLEYA WARSCEWICZII : A CHOICE AND BEAUTIFUL SPECIES.

Orchids

(H3)

Order, Natural

Dendi obiums, Calanthes, Cattleyas, Lielias, Lselio-
Cattleyas, JIasdevallias, Phaises, Phalsenopses, and
C\ pripediums.

ORCHIDS.

In one of the great natural divisions of the
vegetable kingdom, the Monocotyledons, no order
is more interesting than Orchidaceic. It does
not possess great, economic value such as attaches
to the Cereals (Graminea;) or the Palms (Palma?) ;
indeed, excepting Vanilla and some Orchises, the
order contributes scarcely anything to foods, fibres,
or drugs. But by the beauty, grace, wonderful
colouring, and marvellous form or quaint habit of
its many members it appeals to almost every horti-
culturist, and is represented in nearly every plant
collection in the land.

Orchids are among the latest additions to the
world's plants, standing very high in the scale of evo-
lution. They are the aristocrats of the plant world.
The great essentials in which Orchids differ from
other plants in the same division are found in the
combination of stamens and pistil into one body,
the cokimn ; the suppression of all but one anther,
excepting in the large tribe of Cypripediese, in
which there are two; the peculiar structure of the
pollen, which is in masses rather than in free
grains ; the irregularity of the flowers ; and the
remarkable form and development of the third
inner segment, known as the lip or labellum.

The sepals may be joined at the edges, as are
the two lower ones in Cypripedium, or they may
all three be coherent as in Masdevallia. The lip
mav be by far the largest segment, as in mostOnci-
diurns ; exquisitely fringed, as in Lailiadigbyanaand
Dendrobium brymerianum ; prominently spurred,
as in Angraecum sequipedale ; pouched, as in
Cypripedium ; or diminutive, as in some Masdeval-
lias. In mode of inflorescence Orchids show much
diversity ; the flowers may be either solitary or in
spikes, racemes, or panicles, and these may be erect,
drooping, arching, or pendent.

Orchids differ as widely in habit as in their
flowers and inflorescence. Some, like Grammato-
phyllum speciosum or Bidbophyllum Beecarii,
make huge plants many feet high, while on the
other hand they may be so minute — as in Eria
extinctoria — as to be scarcely discernible amid
the moss in which they grow. Some have a creep-
ing growth, as the Coelogynes ; some are climbers,
as the Vanilla ; some are erect and stiff, as in most
Dendrobiums and Grammatophyllums ; while others
grow head downwards, as Cattleya citrina and
Scuticaria Steelii. They may be found growing
on limestone rocks, where, at high tide, the
spray must often reach them ; they nestle amid
the moss in a tropical jungle, and may be found
among other herbage on an English down ; they
may be found on branches of trees in the hottest
and moistest parts of the globe, and also high up
the mountains of the tropics, close to the snow
line. Orchids are as widely dispersed as they
arc variable, though they are most numerous in
tropical countries, and are chiefly epiphytal (on
trees).

For botanical purposes, the natural order has
been divided into five large tribes, and these, with
their principal genera, are (1) EPIDKNDRE^E —
Cattleya, Calanthe, Dendrobium, Epidendrum,

OrchidaMha (see Lomia).
Orchidium (sen Calypso),
Orchidocarpum (sec Asimina)

and Lselia ; (2) VANDE^E — Aerides, Odontoglossum,
Oncidium, Phalrcnopsis, and Vanda ; (3) NEOT-
TIE^B — Ancectochilus, Sobralia, and Vanilla ; (4)
OPHRYDE^E— Aceras, Disa, Ophrys, and Orchis ;
(5) CYPRIPEDIE.S: — Cypripedium, Selenipedium,
Neuwiedia, and Apostasia.

According to Willis's " Flowering Plants and
Ferns," there are 400 genera and about 5,000 species
of Orchids known to science, but probably not more
than 2,000 species are, or have been, in cultivation.
The national collection at Kew contains 203 genera
and about 1,800 species, and some idea of the
increasing interest taken in Orchids of late is
shown by the fact that the Kew collection con-
tained only 638 species in 1864. Even allowing
that in some other public and private collections
there are species not represented now at Kew, the
limit of 2,000 cultivated species does not seem too
severe.

For particulars of culture and selections, see the
various genera.

ORCHIS.

Beautiful or curious terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese), most of which are hardy in this
climate, but a few are rather tender in the open.
They like a rich, light soil, and those which grow
naturally on calcareous soils should have chalk
or lime added. They are best left alone as a rule,
although the fine variety of maculata is improved
by occasional removal to fresh soil. Propagation
is by division in autumn, the best time to trans-
plaLt also.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
foliosa, 2J', My., pur. ; spikes, pur., spotted

very handsome and hily. blk.

latifolia, 1', Je., pur., red. maculata, l',Je., pur., wh.

Marsh Orchis. — superba, My., Je.,

— alba, wh. mauve, very fine.

(;l;isnevin var., tall purpurea, 1' to 2', My.,
pur. , ro.

Other Species :—
hircina, U', sum., gm., pallens, 9", My., pale yel.

wh. Lizard Orchis. (*.'/»• sulphured),

laxiflora, 1' to 2£', sum., papilionacea, 13', Ap.,

pur. pur. (WH. rubra). But-

longibracteata, My., pur. terfly Orchis,

longicornu, 1J', My., pur. pyramidalis, 1', sum., ro.,
longicruris, My., pur. pur.

(sy». undulatifolia). — alba, wh.

ma-scula, 1', spr., pur. samljucina, 9", Ap., yel.

militaris, 14', spr., pur. spectabilis, 6", My., pur.,

Soldier or Military Or- wh.

chis. tridentata, 9", My., pale

Mono, 6" to 9", sum., pur.

pur. Green-winged ustulata, 6" to 9", spr.,

Meadow Orchis. dark pur.

ORDER, NATURAL.

A group or family of plants next in importance
to a class, and above a genus or tribe. Each order
or family consists of a number of more or less
closely related genera, and the orders again are
grouped according to affinity under the superior

Orchis, See (gee Ophrys apifeni).

Orchis, Fly (see Ophrys mincifera).

Orchis, Humble-Bee (see Ophrys bon/bil I/era).

Orchis, Lizard (see Orchis liircinn).

Orchis, Marsh (see Orchis latifolia).

Orchis, Military (si-e Orchis militaris').

Orchis, Spider (see Ophrys aranif era}.

Ordeal liean nf Old Calabar (sre Physostiyma).

Ordeal Tree (Cerbera Tanyhin).

Oreodoxa

( 144 )

Ormosia

" class." The great Swedish botanist Linnaeus,
who gave his name to the Linna=an system of plant
classification, arranged plants into twenty-four
" classes," according to the number and arrange-
ment of the stamens in the flower. The orders
belonging to these classes were arranged according
to the number of carpels. Thus a plant with one
stamen would be placed in the class Monandria,
and if it also had one carpel it would be placed in
the order Monogynia.

This artificial grouping has given way to the
" natural '' system, by which plants are arranged
according to their affinities, distinct features
running through all the plants placed in an order.
Thus in Crueiferae four petals are arranged in the
form of a cross ; in Leguminosae the fruit is a
special kind known as a " legume " ; in Composite
are found heads containing many flowers, and the
stamens united by their anthers, and so on. This
natural method of classification has entirely super-
seded the artificial Linna;an system.

OREODOXA.

Noble stove Palms (ord. Palmje) of easy culture,
and answering to the sfuue general treatment as
the stove Phoenixes, except that they like a little
peat with the soil. Begia is the species usually
grown for decorative purposes, and, where it can be
given a fair amount of room, there is no more
graceful Palm. It does fairly well plunged out of
doors in the sub-tropical garden during the summer,
but it must have a sheltered corner. Oleracea is
the Cabbage Palm, the young leaves of which in
bud form constitute the "cabbage" which is
esteemed such a delicacy in the West Indies.
Granatensis is excellent for table decoration when
young, but it gets rather coarse with age. Sancona
is remarkable for its reddish bronze leaf petioles ; it
is a favourite decorative subject upon the Continent.
The leaves of all the species are pinnate or pinnati-
sect.

Principal Species : —

oleracea, 100', Ivs. piu-
nate, 4' to 6' long. Cab-
bage Palm.

regia, Ivs. pinnate, 3' to 6'
long.

Saucona. leaf stalks red-
. dish bronze when young,
ventrioosa of gardens

(now Gaussia Ghies-

breghtii).

ORKOPANAX.

A large genus of stove shrubs or trees (ord.
Araliaceas). Propagation is by cuttings of the
young shoots, in heat, preferably in spring. Soil,
good loam three parts, leaf mould one part, and
sand. Plenty of water is wanted in the growing
season, little in winter. The species here enum-
erated are chiefly to be found in botanic establish-
ments.

Principal Species : —

andreanum, warm grh.,

flowers in heads in a

tall, erect raceme, Ivs.

elliptic,
capitatum, 12', st., Ivs.

elliptic 'syns. Aralia and

Heder:, capitata).
dactylifolium, st. or warm

grh., Ivs. palmate,
epremesnilianum, Ivs.

digitate ; most probably

a var. of dactylifolium.
jatrophajfolium, grh., Ivs.

palmate (.«;/«. Aralia

jatrophsefolia).
peltatum, warm grh.,

flowers greenish wh.,

Ivs. roundish, heart

shaped,
platanifolium, warm grh.,

Orelia (see A llamandd).
Orcndaphne (see Ocotea).
Oreodaphne (of Nees, see Umlellularia).

flowers wh., Ivs. seven
lobed (syn*. Aralia and
Hedera platanifolia).

sanderiunum, warm grh.,
Ivs. large and hand-
some.

Thiltautii, Nov., warm

grh., grn. (si/n. Aralia
Thihautii). '
xahipense, 6', Ap., grh.
shr., grn. (»!//!». Aralia
and Hedera xalapensis,
and Monopauax Ghies-
breghtii).

ORGYIA. (VAPOURER MOTH.)

The Vapourer Moth (Orgyia antiqua) is a common
and injurious insect. Its larvaa, which fre-
quently reach 2" in length, are covered with black
and yellow hairs, and prey upon many deciduous
trees and shrubs. The male insect is small, and
has a dark brown body with rusty brown wings,
and clouded with darker brown on the forewings.
The female is almost wingless, the wings being
reduced to tiny, scale-like processes on either side
of the body. When fully fed the larva spins a
grey brown silken cocoon, which may frequently
be found amongst the leaves of the shrubs it
infests. The female emerges in autumn, and lays
her eggs upon the cocoon. The larva; are hatched
in spring.

Hand picking both larvae and cocoons, whenever
they can be seen, is the best remedy.

ORIGANUM. (MARJORAM.)

About twenty-five species of hardy sub-shrubs
and herbaceous perennials (ord. Labiatse). Few of
the species are of great garden value save the
Sweet Marjoram, whose culture is detailed under
the head of MARJORAM. Vulgare has also aromatic
properties, but they are rarely turned to account.
Seeds, cuttings of the young, flowerless shoots, and
root division are all available methods of propaga-
tion. The undermentioned species are worthy of
attention.

Principal Species and

Dictamuus, 1', sum., hcly.
Rub-shr., pk. Needs a
little protection in cold
places.

Majoraua, 1' to 2', sum.,
hdy., pur. or wh.
(syns. majorauoidesand
Majorana hortensis).
Sweet Marjoram.

microphyllum, 1', Je.,
hdy. sub-shr., pk. (syti.
Maru of Sibthorp).

Onites, 1', sum., hdy.
sub-shr., wh. Pot Mar-
joram ; Onites of Lam.

Varieties : —

sipyleum, 1' to !•!', sum.,
hdy. procumbent sub-
shr., pk. (syii. hybrid-
mil).

.Tournefortii, I', Aug.,
hdy. sub-shr., pk ; Dit-
tany of Amorgos.

— pulchellum.
vulgare, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdy., pur. British.
Common or Wild Mar-
joram.

— album, wh.

— aurcuin, spr., yel. A
pretty var.

ORMOCARPUM.

Shrubs (ord. Leguminosse) requiring intermediate
house treatment. Propagation, by cuttings of half
ripened growths in sandy peat. Soil, fibrous loam
and peat.

Principal Species :—

sennoides, 3', sum., wh. (syn. Diphaca cocliin-
chinensis).

ORMOSIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosse). allied
lo Sophora. Propagation, by cuttings in sand,

Oreopktla (nf ffnttaU, S3e Pachystima).
OritJialia (see Afialmyla).
Oritliyia (see Tulijm).
Orixa (see Ci-lastrus).

Ornithidium

( 145 )

Ornithogalum

beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, three
parts fibrous peat, one part loam, and .sand.
Principal Species : —

ri>,vint';l, 10', Jy., bl.

ilasycarpa, 10', Jy., bl.

ORNITHIDIUM.

Small Orchids (or/I. Orchidacea') with pretty but
not very effective flowers. They have a creeping
habit, and may be propagated by division when
new growth commences. They succeed in an
intermediate house, fixed to blocks of wood or
even to virgin cork, with a little fibrous peat and
sphagnum about the roots. Give water freely at
all seasons.

Principal Species : —

fuscus, 8", ant., brownish yel., striped pur. (syn.
Aerides difforme).

ORNITHOGALUM. (STAB OP BETH-

LKIIEM.)

Hardy and greenhouse bulbous plants (ord.
Liliacese). Propagation, by offsets and seeds.
Soil, sandy loam for the hardy species, and loam
and peat for the tender ones. • Nearly all succeed
as pot plants, the taller growers lending them-
selves to this mode of culture. A warm border
is best for the hardy forms.

OBNITHOOALUM AKABICCM.

Principal Species :—
coccineum, G", Jy., crim.
(«//«. Cyiubiilium coc-
ciueum) .

Other Species : —

album (now Caraaridium

ochroleucum).
namim, 2", spr. , yellowish.

densum, 3", sum., wh.,
pur. («//». Maxillaria
densa) .

Sophrouitis, 3", sum., red.

ochraceum, 3", sum., yel.,

pur., wh.
strumatuni, 3", spr., wh.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

ORNITHOCEPHALUS.

A genus of about twenty species of tropical
American Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) scarcely any
of which are of horticultural value. The one
sometimes cultivated — grandiflorus, G", June, white
and green — is best grown in a small pan suspended
near the roof in an intermediate house, using peat
and sphagnum as compost.

ORNITHOCHILUS.

Probably only two species constitute this genus
(ord. Orchidacere), and both are of small growth.
They do best in baskets, in peat and sphagnum,
suspended in a moist stove.

Ornif/iari-itm (see Sari'ucliilns).

40

arabicum, 2.$', sum., grh.,
wh., ovary blk., frag-
rant (*J/M. corymbosum,
see figure).

biflorum, H', Ap., grh.,
greenish wh. (•*//"•
chloroleucum).

lacteum, 2V, Je., wh.
{*f/n. conicum).

longebracteatum. 2', My.,
grh., greenish wh.
There is a variegated
form.

nutaus. 1', spr., hdy., wh.

— boucheanum, a fine
var.

Other Species : —
anonmlum (now Driinia

anomala).
capitatum, 1', Je.. grh..

wh. (now Drginea

capitata) .
caudatum. 3', My., grh.,

wh., grn.
chloroleiioum (tee bi-

riorum).

pyrenaicum, 2', Je., hdy.,
yel., grn.

SanndenUe, 3', sum.,
wh. , tinged grn. at
hack.

thyrsoides, I.1.', Je., grh.,
yel. A variable species,
having several vars. , of
which aureum and
flavissimum are the
best.

umbellatum. 1', My. ,hdy. .
silvery wh., grn. and
wh. reverse. Leicht-
linii and splenuens are
charming forms.

cnnicum (««• laeteum).

corymhosum (tee arabic-
um),

Eekloni, grh.

fitnhriatum, S", Feb.,
Mch., h<ly., greenish
wh.

gramiuifoliiun, 1 ', Jy.,

Ornithoglossum

( 146 )

Orphanidesia

hlf-hdy., wh. («/«. iiiveum, C", My., grh.,
juncil'olium). wh.
Haussknechtii, 3", spr., revolutum, 1', My., grh.,
hily., wh. wh.
latii'uliuin, IS', Je., hdy., tenuifolium, 1', Ap., wh.
wh., grn. ~ unil'olium, 6", Je., greeii-
nioutauuiu (nee figure) . ish wh.
uarbonense, H',8pr.,hdy., vittatum, 10", Je., grh.,
cream, wh.~ yel., grn. reverse (iy*.
— pyramidale. Albuca vittata).

ORNITHOGLOSSUM.

Greenhouse bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceie). Prop-
agation, by offsets. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.
Principal Species :—
glaucum, 6", l)ec., green- uudulatum, 6", Sep., pur.,
ish br. (si/its., Cymation gru. (xyns. undulatum
Uerigatam, Lichteu- and Lichteusteinia uu-
steinia lievigata, and dulata).
Melanthium viride).

sandy loam. Most of the species make good pot
plants, and will stand gentle forcing. This genus
is now united to Lathyrus by botanists, bat is
referred to separately for garden reasons.

Principal Species : —

aurautius, 11', Je., or. pannonieus, 1', My., wh.
yel. (correctly Vicia and ro., wh. ;md pur.,
aurantia). or pur. aud yel.
h'liformis, H', My., wh.. vernus, 1', spr., pur., bl.
tinged bl. (xyn. cau- There are several vars.
esceus).

ORONTIUM.

Hardy perennial aquatics (ord. Aroidea;). Prop-
agation, by division. Soil, loam in baskets sunk in
water.

Principal Species : —

aquaticum, 6", My., grn. japouicum (now Kohdea
japouica).

Photo: I). K. Fish, Edinburgh.

ORNITHOGALUM MONTANUM.

ORNITHOPUS.

Hardy annuals (ord. Leguminosae). Propagation,
by seeds in the open in March and April. Soil,
ordinary garden mould.

Principal Species : —

ebracteatus, 6", Jy., yel.,

red.
perpusillus, 6", Je., wh.,

red.
repandus, 6", Jy., yel.

(now Coronilla re-
pan da") .

scorpioides, 6". Jy., yel.
(now Corouilla scorpi-
oides) .

OROBUS. (BITTER VETCH.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Leguminosse).
Propagation, by seeds and division. Soil, deep

Ornitliopteris (see Iteris).
Ornithnxanthum (see (fa,r/ea).
Ornitroplie (see Sclmidelid).
Omits (see Fraxinug).

OROXYLON.

A tall stove tree (ord. Bignoniaceso). Propaga-
tion, by imported seeds, or by cuttings, in strong
heat. Soil, fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand.
An abundance of root room and a good deal of
water are essential.

Principal Species : —

indicum. 40", sum., pur., wh. (sijn. Calosanthes
indica).

ORPHANIDESIA.

Orphanidesia gaultherioides is a hardy shrub
(ord. Ericaceae), of dwarf habit ; rarely cultivated.
Propagation, by cuttings and layers. Soil, fibrous
peat and loam ; ordinary garden soil is hardly
suitable.

Orotltammis (see Mimetef).

Orphium

( 147 )

Osmites

ORPHIUM.

Greenhouse shrub (ord. Gentianea;). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in sandy peat beneath a bell-
glass. Soil, three parts fibrous peat, one part fibrous
lo;ini, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

frutesceiis, K', Jy., red
/A. Chirouia aiigusti-

of Jtotfttticftl M<ltfft;ii/r

7(17, and C. frutescens

folia of liittintti-iil .!///</- of Botanical Magazine

u:\ne SIS, C. decussa'ta 37).

ORTGIESIA.

Greenhouse or stove perennials (ord. Bromeli-
acere). Propagation, by suckers. Soil, light fibrous
loam and leaf mould.

Principal Species : —
tillandsioides, 1', aut., red.

ORTHOCARPUS.

Half-hardy annuals from California (ord. Scroph-
uliirineae). Propagated by seeds in light soil
over a hotbed. Plant in light, rich soil and a
warm situation.

Principal Species : —

crianthus roseus, 1', Je., purpurascens, 6" to 12",

creamy wh. to pur. («/»• sum., crim., pk., or

Triphysaria versicolor). pur.

ORTHOCERAS.

A uenus of small Orchids (ord. Orchidacea;),
from Australia and New Zealand. They are ter-
restrial species, propagated by division, and best
grown in a cool greenhouse under conditions
similar to those suitable for Disas.

Principal Species : —

strictum, l.V, aut., greenish yel.

ORTHOSIPHON.

Greenhouse and stove herbaceous or shrubby per-
ennials (ord. Labiate), Propagation, by division
for the former, and by cuttings for both. Soil,
fibrous peat and sandy loam.

Principal Species : —
incurvus, 1', My., st. ev., shr., pur. (syn. vir-

red. gatus).

rubicundus, 1', Je., grh. stamiueus, 2', Jy., lil.

ORYZA.

Stove Grasses (ord. Gramineae), whose value lies
in their economic rather than in their horticultural
properties. They may be readily grown in a stove,
in pots or pans of loamy soil that are placed in or
under warm water when growth is vigorous. The
chief species is sativa, which produces the Rice of
commerce, a cereal in common use in this country,
and one of far more importance than Wheat in
many large areas of China, India, and the East
Indies.

OSBECKIA.

Stove deciduous and evergreen shrubs (ord.
Melastomaceae). Propagation, by cuttings of firm

(>rtijir»ia (xee
(Irtlioi-hihis (see Eitlopltia).
OrtliHpoi/on, (xee Oplismenns).
Ortlutftemma (nee Pentas).
Oriliii.ilcmini (xee Feijoa).
Orrala (see La miii m).
Osayc Apple (xee Machira).
Osbecliiastriim (see Disxotit).

shoots in sandy peat, beneath a bell-glass over
bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat, sandy loam, and
a little dry manure.

Principal Species : —

aspera, 2', Jy. , red or octandra, H', Ap., ro.

pur. (syn. Melastoma os-

chiuensis, 2', Jy., pur. beckioides).

uupaleusis, 2', Je., ro. parvifolia, 2', Aug., ro. ,

pur. yel. (nyn. zeylanica).

— albiflora, wh. stellata, 2', Aug., pk.

Other Species : —

rostrata, 1J', Je., ro. pk. umlaasiana (now Dissotis
rubicunda, 14', Jy., pur. incana).

wightiaua, H', sum., pur.

OSIER.

The long, slender, and flexible growths of the
commonest o£ English Willows (Salix viminalis)
are known commercially as Osiers, but the same
title is given to other species of Willow when
grown in the same way as the Common Osier. It
is in the manufacture of hampers and, indeed,
nearly all basket and wicker work that these
Willow wands are so valuable. The smaller
growths frequently serve a different purpose, being
utilised by market growers in bunching Greens,
Turnips, Carrots, etc., in making up bundles or
rolls of Celery, Rhubarb, and Leeks, and even for
fastening fruit trees to stakes. Osier cultivation is
not a difficult matter by the sides of rivers and
streams, or wherever an abundance of moisture is
at hand, provided the soil is not clayey or sour.
Alluvial soil that is just flooded at high water is the
best that can be selected, and familiar examples
are found in the Osier beds of the Thames and
Severn valleys, and the Osier holts of the Fen
districts. The land is first cleared and broken up,
and then, in ITebruary, cuttings about l^' long are
planted 1' to li' apart, in rows H' to 2' asunder;
too much room should not be given, or the Osiers
will not be as long, slender, and unbranched as the
grower would wish. After planting, little atten-
tion is necessary beyond weeding the first season,
and the annual cutting down of growth after leaf
fall.

If brown Osiers are needed, the growths are
dried and stacked, after sorting, but for white or
peeled Osiers the rods are placed upright with
their bases in a few inches of water, in a sort of
ditch, where they remain until they commence to
blossom, when they are removed and peeled.

The chief Osiers are the Common (Salix vimin-
alis). Fine Basket (S. rubra forbyana), Golden
(S. alba vitellina), Ornard (S. rubra), and Spaniard
Rod (S. triandra).

OSMANTHUS.

Hardy and half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord.
Oleacese). Propagation, by cuttings in sandy peat,
or by grafting. Soil, fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

americanus, 6', Je., wh. look well in large beds

Aquifolium,4', Aug.,wh.; or masses ; myrtifolius

a handsome shr. is a spineless form.

— illicifolius, a distinct fragrans, 8', sum., wh.
var., represented by (*//«. Olea fragrans).
broad - leaved, pur.- Useful for pot culture
leaved, and wh. varie- on account of its delight-
gated forms, all of which ful perfume. Not quite

hdy. in cold districts.
OSMITES.

Greenhouse evergreens (ord. Composite). Propa-
gation, by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand

Osmunda

( 148 )

Ostrya

beneath a bell-glass. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —

Bellidiastrurn, 1', Je., wh. caraphorina, H', My., wh.
dentata, li', My., wh.

OSMUNDA.

Description. — Handsome and stately Ferns (ord.
Filices), either hardy or needing greenhouse pro-
tection. The rich brown sporangia are borne in
large clusters, often at the apex of the fertile
fronds, producing at a short distance an effect not
unlike that of some flowering plant, and which has
gained for them the title of Flowering Ferns.

Cultural Points. — Propagation is by spores.
Plenty of root room and a large supply of
moisture at all seasons are essential for the pro-
duction of fine specimens. The hardy species do
best in semi-shade, regalis being a grand plant for
stream and lake sides, or boggy places. Substan-
tial loam, with some peat and sand, forms a suitable
compost for pot plants. Regalis, when uprooted,
divided, and replanted, takes two or three years to
properly recover from such disturbance.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
bipiimata, fronds H' to spectabilis). Found wild

in Wales, Ireland, De-
von, aiid Cornwall, the
grandest native Fern.
There are several vars.
The Royal Fern.

— corymbifera, '2', forked
pinna;, a good pot
plant.

— cristata, 3', with tips
of pinna3 finely crested.

— gracilis.

— palustris, 3', light grn.,
young Ivs. red, fine for
cool rock fernery (m
figure).

— purpurascens, of
darker colour and lower
stature than the type.

palustris (see regalis var.).
presliana (nee javanica).
Vachelh'i (see javauica).

2' long, grh.

cinnamomea, 2' to 4§',
grh., young plants and
fronds have a brownish

I down that is very effec-
tive ; augustatum is a
dwarf form.

claytoniaua, 3'. fronds 6"
to 12" broad, cool grh.
(syn. interrupta) ; a
handsome species.

javanica, 2' to 4', warm
grh. (»)/««. presliana
and Vachellii) ; the fer-
tile pinnse are the
central or lower ones.

regalis, 2' to 8' (syn.

Other Species : —
corymbifera (sen regalis

var.).

humilis, li'.
interrupta (see clay ton -

iana) .

OSS/E A (syn. SAGR^A).

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Melastomacea:).
Propagation, by cuttings in sandy peat beneath a
bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam and
sandy peat. The species are numerous, but they
are not commonly grown.

OSTEOCARPUS.

Greenhouse sub-shrubs (ord. Convolvulacese).
Propagation, by seeds and division. Soil, peat,
loam, and sand.

Principal Species : —

rostratus, 2', sum., bl. (syn. Alona rostrata).

OSTEOMELES.

Hardy and half-hardy evergreen trees and shrubs
(ord. Rosaceaa). Propagation, by seeds, cuttings,
and layers. Soil, deep, fertile loam.

Principal Species : —
anthyllidifolia, 3', sum., ferruginea, Jy.

grh., wh., anthers yel.

Otmodium (tee Onoimodium).

OSTEOSPERMUM.

Greenhouse evergreen South African shrubs or
sub-shrubs (ord. Compositor). Propagation, by
cuttings beneath a bell-glass in spring. Soil,
sandy loam and fibrous peat. The genus is seldom
cultivated in this country.

Principal Species : —

corymbosum, 3',
yel.

Aug.,

ilicifolium, 4', Jy., yel.
mouiliferum, 3', Jy., yel.

OSTROWSKIA.

A handsome hard}' perennial (ord. Campanu-
lacese), that responds to much the same treatment
as Campanulas. It must, however, be grown in a
spot sheltered from strong winds, but in no way
shaded. A deep, but light and rich soil, suits it.

to 6" across, light bl.,

OSMUNDA KEGALIS PALUSTKIS.

Carefully support each growth and give water
during dry periods, as any special attention given
is amply repaid by this fine species. The flowers
are campanulate and very large, and though some-
what fugitive, this is atoned for by the number
produced in succession. In cold districts it is best
treated as a cool greenhouse plant.

Only Species : —
magnifica, 3J' to 5',
Jy., Aug.

OSTRYA. (Hop HOBNBEAM.)

Hardy deciduous trees (ord. Cupulifenc). Prop-
agation is by seeds, layers, and cuttings, or grafts
on the common Hornbeam. Soil, deep loam. A
moderately moist situation is also desirable.

Principal Species : —

carpinifolia, 20', My., of Carpinus Betulus,

gru., wh. (si/us, italica, named incisa).

vulgaris, and Carpinus virginica, 20', Ap., My.,

Ostrya). grn., wh. (VI/HX. virgin-

quercifoha (this 18 cor- iana, Carpinus triHora

rectly a cut-leaved form and C. virginiana).

Osyris

( 149 )

Ovary

OSYRIS.

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Santalacess).
Propagation, bv cuttings of ripened wood under a
bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

alba, '.V, My., wh., fruits red.

OTACANTHUS.

Stove herbs (ord. Acanthacere), closely allied to
Ruellia. Propagation, by cuttings in sandy soil
beneath a bell-glass over mild bottom heat. Soil,
fibrous loam, leaf mould, peat, and sand.

Principal Species :—

cceruleus, 2', aut., pur. bl. or vio. bl.

OTHERA.

A hardy shrub (ord. Ilicinese). It thrives under
the same culture as Ilex, to which it is referred by
the Kew authorities.

Only Species :—

japonica, 3', sum., wh. (correctly Ilex Integra).

OTHONNA. (RAGWORT.)

A genus of annual, herbaceous, tuberous-rooted,
;m<l evergreen greenhouse plants (ord. Composite)
from South Africa. Propagation, by seeds for the
annuals, division for the herbaceous and tuberous-
rooted perennials, and cuttings for the shrubs.
Soil, three parts fibrous loam and one part sandy
peat. Ample drainage is essential, and, given this,
cultivation is easy.

Principal Species : —
am|>lexifolia,li', Je., yel.,

shrubby,
caraosa. 10", sum., yel.,

sub-shrub,
cheirifolia (see Othounop-

sis cheirifolia).

OTHONNOPSIS.

Described as greenhouse shrubs (ord. Composite),
but cheirifolia is hardy in sheltered places, even in
northern gardens.

Principal Species :—

cheirifolia, 1 J', My., yel. ($yn. Othonna cheirifolia).

OTIORHYNCHUS.

The tiny beetles or weevils that constitute this
pen us are hardy little creatures, of either dull
brown or dull black colour, -J" to i" long, and with
short tapering beaks. They are adepts at hiding
in refuse and crevices, all are night feeders, and,
fortunately for the gardener and farmer, they are
wingless. White cloths or tarred boards laid or
held under infested plants while the latter are
shaken at night, or a bright light is flashed upon
t hem, are methods of catching the weevils. Where
the infestation is very bad, the removal of several
inches of surface soil is advised, burning or gas-
liming it, and replacing with clean, fresh material.
The chief species are sulcatus, Vine Weevil ; tene-
bricosus, Red-legged or Apricot Weevil ; and pi-
cipes, Clay-coloured Weevil.

crassifolia, sum., yel.,
drooping, basket plant.

frutesceus, 2i', sum., yel.

tuberosa, 2', Aug., yel.,
tuberous-rooted herb.

ihtrirk Fern (gee Onoclea, sijn. Struthiopteris).
Otif/yn Tea, (see Monanlu).
(ttaheite A/>j>le (xee Sptmdiai).
(Halieite Chestnut (Inocarpui edulis).
Otaheife Oranae (see Citrus and Orange).
iitit/iflra (sec (Teodorum}.
Otlilis (see IMincarjms).
Otidia (see Pelargonium).

OTOCHILUS.

Epiphytal Orchids (nrd. Orchidacese) from
Nepaul, that succeed in a stove or warm inter-
mediate house, if grown in peat and sphagnum on
a raft or in a Teak basket. As few roots are
produced, watering must be carefully done.

Principal Species:—

fusca, 9", Jy., br., yel., ro., fragrant.

OTOSTEGIA.

A half-hardy evergreen (ord. Labiatse). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings under a hand-light. Any fertile
garden soil.

Principal Species :—

scariosa, 9", Aug., pur.

OTTELIA.

Stove or greenhouse aquatics (ord. Hydro-
charideae). Propagation, by seeds. Soil, loam in
an immersed basket.

Principal Species : —

alismoides, 6", sum., wh. ovalifolia, 6", sum., wh.,
yel.

OURISIA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Scrophularinefe). Prop-
agation, by seeds and division. Any ordinary garden
soil will suit, provided a warm position is given.
They like partial shade and moisture.

Principal Species : —

csespitosa, wh. Pearcei, 8", sum., sc.,

cocciiiea, 10", sum., sc. crim.

OUVIRANDRA. (LATTICE- or LACS-
LEAF PLANT.)

Stove aquatics (ord. Naiadacese) whose interest
lies in the exquisite lattice- or lace-like leaves.
Propagation, by seeds and division. Soil, sandy
loam immersed in water having a regular tempera-
ture of 70°.

Other Cultural Points. — Those beautiful plants
are from Madagascar, and under cultivation they
need a semi-dark position such as is found beneath
the stage in a plant stove, but as in such a spot
their beauty is not readily seen, it is a good plan
to have a false bottom to the tank, consisting of a
sheet of iron, enamelled white (the white and the
green contrasting finely), with one or more circular
holes large enough to easily admit the flower pots.
Owner, gardener, or visitor can readily examine
the plants by raising this false bottom by means of
a chain attachment to the pot rims, and do so
without disturbing the specimens. Derbyshire spar
is sometimes used to cover the tank bottom, but,
as this soon becomes green, it does not long serve
as a contrasting background to the deep green of
the Lattice-leaf.

Principal Species : —
bernieriana, 2', Aug.,pk.
fenestralis, 2', Aug., wh.

(correctly Aponogeton
fenestrale).

OVARY.

The part of a flower that forms the base of the
pistil and contains the ovules or unfertilised seeds,
is the ovary ; when the seeds are ripe the ovary
becomes a fruit. There are two very distinct types
of ovaries — one, the superior ovary, as found in
Roses and Lilies, where it is within or above the

Otoptera (see Vigna).

Otostemma (see Jfoya).

Our Lady's Milk thistle (sec Silytntm).

Ovule

( 150 )

Oxyanthus

petals ; the other is the inferior ovary, as found in
Orchids, Amaryllids, Composites, etc., where it is
produced behind or below the showy sepals and
petals. An ovary may be compound, and contain
one or more cells or carpels, and the walls of these
carpels are known as placentae, and according to
the disposition of the ovules in relation to these,
their placentation is described as parietal, axile, or
free central. The common garden Pea presents
one of the simplest forms of ovary, and affords
ample evidence in support of the scientific con-
tention that the ovary, as well as other parts of a
flower, is but a metamorphosed leaf.

OVULE.

An ovule is a small body within the ovary, that
will, when fertilised by the contents of a pollen
tube that has grown down through the pistil from
the stigma, become a seed. The ovule is furnished
with nucleus, embryonic vesicle, and material that
will (generally) subsequently form a large part of
the seed body, and provide food for the tiny seed-
ling ere it can support itself. If this material
(albumen) is within the embryo sac, it is known as
the endosperm ; if outside it, the perisperm. Each
ovule is attached to the ovary by a tiny stalk
(funicle), and is said to be orthotropous, anatrop-
ous, or campylotropous, according as it is straight,
inverted, or curved.

OXALIS.

Description. — A genus of about 250 species (ord.
Geraniaceie), comprising hardy annuals, hardy and
greenhouse herbaceous perennials, hardy and
greenhouse tubers, and greenhouse and stove
evergreens.

Propagation. — By seeds for the annuals, seeds
and division for the herbaceous, offsets for the
tuberous species, and cuttings for the evergreens.

Soil. — Sandy loam and peat or leaf soil for pot
plants ; fairly light garden soil for hardy forms.

Other Cultural Points. — Species that have
tuberous rootstocks need a long, dry period of
rest when growth is finished. Several, especially
corniculata rubra, are admirable for use in summer
bedding, either as edging 'or carpeting, but this
must be kept in bounds, or it will become a weed.
For conservatory decoration, cernua, the Bermuda
Buttercup, is well suited when grown in pans or
shallow pots and suspended from the roof, its deep
green leaves and yellow flowers, borne in umbels
on long scapes, hiding the pot and making an
effective display.

Culture of Oxalises for Food. — The tubers of
Deppei are occasionally used as a vegetable, being
prepared and boiled in rich stock, and then served
-with melted butter. The tubers are started in pots
early in March, and planted out 10" asunder about
the beginning of May. The soil should be light and
deep, and some decomposed manure should be
mixed with the second spit. The ground must be
kept hoed to keep down weeds and prevent waste
of food. Heavy waterings must be applied in dry
weather. The tuberous roots of the tall-growing
tuberosa are used as an article of food in South
America, when cooked, under the name of Oca,
this title also covering the smaller farinaceous
bulbs of crenata.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Acetosella, 3", spr., wh. Barrelieri, l',spr.,st., yel-
articulata, 3", sum., rbowieana (see purpurata).

mauve.

carnosa, 6", aut., grh.,
yel.

cernua, 6", spr., grh., yel.
(st/ns. caprina and cou-
cinna). There is a
double var.

coniioulata rubra, 6",
sum., hdy., yel., foli-
age pur.

Deppei, 4", Mch., grh.,
red.

elegaus, 6", Jy., hdy., pur.

enneaphylla,4", Je., hdy.,
wh., ro.

floribunda, 1', spr., grh..
ro. (st/H. lasiandra of
K. Graham) ; alba and
cnerulescens are respec-
tively wh. and bluish
vars.

hirta, 3", sum., grh. ,bl. to
red (xf/tt. rubella) ; ful-

Other Species : —
alba, 9", My., hdy., wh.
arenaria, 4", spr., grh.,

vio. pur.

bifurca, 1', aut., grh., pk.
bipunctata (see corym-

bosa).
brasilieusis, 3", Oct., grh.,

ro.

canescens (see tubiflora).
caprina (see cernua) .
couchma (see ceruua).
corymbosa, 6", spr., grh.,

lil. («.'/»•*. bipunctata

and urbica).
— martiana. grh. , yel.
crenata, '!' , Sep., grh., yel.
Cummiugu, 3", Sep., grh.,

yel.

digitata (see pentaphylla).
esculenta (nee tetraphy lla) .
fabsefolia, 4", Oct., grh.,

red.
flava, 6", Mch., grh., yel.

(*>/>!. pectiuata).
graiidiflora (see variabilis

var.).
imbricata, 4", aut., grh.,

ro. There is a double var.
iiicarnata, 6", My., pk.

gida and rosacea are

pur. and red vars.
lobata, 3", Oct., hdy., yel.
Ortgiesii, 1', sum., grh.,

yel.
pentaphylla. 6", Apr.,

Sep., grh., lil., yel.

(xf/ii. digitata).
purpurata, 3", Oct., grh.,

pur. (*>/». bowieana).
rosea, 8"', spr., grh. (xi/n.

racemosa) .
tetraphylla, 6", Je., grh.,

red (*//». esculenta).
valdiviana, 8", sum., grh.,

yel. streaked red.
variabilis, 3", Nov., grh.,

varying from the wh.

alba (siftt. graiuliflora)

to the red rubra (»//».

speciosa), and the crim.

Simsii.

lasiandra of B. Graham

(see floribunda).
lasiandra of Zuecariui,!)' '

to 18", sum., hdy., crim.
lasiopetala, 0", Jy., grh.,

pk.

macrostylis (see tubiflora) .
martiana (see corymbosa

var.).
mauritiana,3", Sep., grh.,

ro.

pectinata (see. flava).
Plumieri, 2', sum., st. ,

yel.

pnlyphylla, 6", My., pur.
rubella («ee hirta).
Simsii («'<• variabilis var.).
speciosa (nee variabilis

var.).

teiiera, 3", My., grh., yel.
tenuifolia, 6", Oct., grh.,

wh., red.
tubiflora, 1', Nov., grh..

pk. (SI/HS. caiiesteus and

macrostylis).
urbica (tee corymbosa).
versicolor, 3", Feb., grh.,

crim.
violacea, 3", My., hdy.,

vio.

OXERA.

A genus (ord. Verbenaceas) producing an abund-
ance of handsome flowers. Propagation, by
cuttings in sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass, over
bottom beat. Soil, peat and loam, both fibrous,
and sand.

Principal Species : —

pulchella, 10', sum., st. ev., wh. or creamy wh.

OXYANTHUS.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiacea;). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in spring in sandy peat,
beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, sandy
loam and fibrous peat.

Principal Species : —
tubiflorus, 3', Jy., wh. speciosus, and Gardenia

(KI/IIS. hirsutus and tubiflora).

versicolor, 3', Jy., wh.

Oxeye (sec

Oxeye Daisy (see Chrysanthemum Leucanthcniiim).

Oxilp (see Primula elatior).

Oxyacantha (see, Crat(e(jus~).

Oxybaphus

( 151 )

Oyster Shell Bark Louse

OXYBAPHUS. (UMBRKLLA-WORT.)

Hardy and half-hardy perennials (ord. Nycta-
ginese). Propagation, by seeds sown out of doors
in May. Soil, sandy loam. Protection should be
afforded in winter. Practically all the species are
purple flowered, but they are seldom seen in
cultivation.

Principal Species : —

californicus, '2', Jy., pur. nyotagineus, 1', Aug.,pur.

floribuudus, 1', Jy., pur. violaceus, 1', Jy., vio.

(syn. Alliouiaviolacea).

OXYCOCCUS.

Hardy evergreens (ord. Vacciniaceaj), notable as
producing the well-known Cranberries, which see.
Propagation is easily effected by layering the
creeping stems, or by cuttings. Peaty soil best
suits them, and if it is always moist, so much the
better, as they like swampy places.

Principal Species : —
macrocarpus, 9", My., palustris, 6", My., pk.

pk. (KI/HH. Vaccinium ; >////*. vulgaris and

macrocurpon and V. Vaccinium Oxycoccus).

Oxycoccus var. oblongi- Common Cranberry.

folium). American

Cranberry.

OXYDENDRON.

Hardy trees (ord. Ericacere). Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, moist, fibrous peat.

Principal Species : —

arboreum, 20' to 4(X, sum., wh. (syns. Andro-
meda and Lyonia arborea).

OXYLOBIUM.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosffi).

Propagation, by seeds (after soaking), and by

cuttings, both in heat. Soil, light, fibrous peat, a

little loam, and charcoal. Abundant drainage is

' essential.

Principal Species : —

Callistachys, 4', Je., yel. Pultenese, 2', spr., or.

(HI/H*. C'allistachys Ian- retusum, 2', My., or.

ceolata, longifolia, ov- (•"'.'/«• ovalifolium).

ata, and retusa). scan'dens, 3', Ap., yel.
ellipticum, 3', Jy., yel. (*//««. Mirbelia Baxter!
— augustifolium, a fine, and Podolobium scan-
long-leaved form (syn. dens).

urliorescens). trilobatum, 2', Apr., yel.

lineare, 2', Oct., yel. or (-//«*. Podolobium trilo-

red (tyn. Callistachys batum and Pulteneea

lineare). ilicifolia).

Other Species : —

acutum, 2', Men., red, spr., yel., pur. (syn.

yi'l. (XI/H. Gastrolobium obovatum).

acutum). ovalifolium (see retusum).

arboivscens (see ellipticum staurophyllum, 2', Ap.,

var.). yel. (KI/II. Podolobium

capitatum, 2', Je., yel. staurophyllum).

cuueatum obovatum, 2', virgatum, U', My., or.
sc. (xt/H. Gastrolobium
retusum) .

OXYPETALUM.

Stove evergreen twiners (ord. Asclepiades).
Propagation, by cuttings in sand, beneath a bell-
glass, over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat and
sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

Banksii, 6', Je., pur. solanoides, 6', Je., bl., ro.,

cteruleum, 3', Jy., bl. or pur. (syn*. Tweedia

(tyns. Tweedia cu-rulea floribunda', T. pubes-

aud T. vcrsicolor). cens, and T. rosea).

Oxygnninm (sen Asplenium).
Oxyrampltii (see Lespedeza).

OXYSPORA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Melastomacese).
Propagation, by cuttings of young shoots in sandy
peat, beneath a bell -gUiss, over bottom heat. Soil,
fibrous loam, sandy peat, and charcoal.

Principal Species : —

paniculata, 3' to •!', Je., red (syn. vagans).

OXYSTELMA.

Stove evergreen twiners (ord. Asclepiadese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in spring, in sand, beneath a
bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, sandy peat and
fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

esculentum, 4', My., wh., spotted pur.

OXYTENANTHERA.

Stove plants (ord. Gramineaj) of graceful appear-
ance, closely allied to the Bambusas, and, like them,
requiring rich loam and plenty of moisture to grow
in. Propagation is by division or stem cuttings.
The best known species is abyssinica, which grows
to a good height, its stems furnishing spear shafts
and canoe poles in some parts of tropical Africa.

OXYTROPIS.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Leguminosaa).
Propagation, by seeds, division, and cuttings.
Soil, well-drained, sandy loam. Positions in a rock
garden where the plants are exposed to full sun-
shine will suit these pretty little plants admirably.

Principal Species : —

cyanea, 6", Je., Jy., pur. montana, 6", Je., Jy.,

bl. 1'ur., yel.

Lambertii, 1', My., Aug., pifosa, 6", Jy., yel.

varying from wh. pyreuaica, 61', sum., pur.,

through bl. to pur. HI., or bl.

urolensis, 4". My., Jy.,
pur. (ay ii. Halleri).

Other Species :—

campestris, 6", Jy., yel., ochroleuca, 6", sum., yel.,

tiuged pur. wh.

fostida, 6", Jy., pur. sulphurea, 6", Jy., cream,

grandiflora, 6", Jy., ro. yel.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Composite).
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam, peat,
and sand.

Principal Species : —

bupthalmoides, 3', Sep., yel.

OYSTER SHELL BARK LOUSE.

This (Mytilaspis Pomorum, also known as the
Mussel Scale) is troublesome on the bark of
Apple and Pear trees, particularly those in an
unhealthy condition. The mature scale is dark
brown in colour, paler at the end. The eggs are
hatched in May, the insects spreading to the
younger branches in search of food. For small
trees and light attacks, the best remedy is scrubbing
the branches in winter with a soap and paraffin
mixture. The trees should also be syringed in
February with the caustic potash wash. (See
INSECTICIDES.)

Oxynra (see Layia ralliglotta).
Oyster Plant (see Mertensia maritima).
Oyster, Vegetable (see Salsify).
OzapJiyUum (sec Tirorea).
Ozothammts (see HeUcJtryium).

Pachira

( 152 )

Packing

PACHIRA (syn. CABOLINEA).

A genus of stove trees (ord. Malvaceae) with
petals 6" to 12" long, palmate leaves, and long,
finger-like leaflets, not often seen in cultivation.
Propagation, by cuttings of mature shoots in a
propagating case. Soil, good fibrous loam, with a
little sand.

Principal Species : —

alba, 20', Jy., wh. insignis, 20', red.

aquatica, 30', red, yel., macroearpa, 3u',red, yel.,

grn. (.«/«. C'arolmea gru.

priuceps). minor, 20', Jy., red, yel.,

grn.

PACHYNEMA.

Half-hardy herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Dilleni-
acese), with Kush-like or flattened, erect branches,
and leaves reduced to scales. Propagation, by
imported seeds ; also by cuttings in gentle heat.
Soil, fibrous loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

complanatum, yel.

PACHYPHYLLUM.

Epiphytal herbs (ord. Orchidacese), with short,
ascending, densely leafy racemes. Propagation,
by cuttings in sandy loam and crocks, or finely
broken bricks. A similar soil will answer for
established plants.

Principal Species : —

procmnbens, My., grn., bl.

PACHYPODIUM.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Apocynaceje),
often with fleshy, thickened stems, and bearing
rosy white flowers at the apex of the branches.
Propagation, by cuttings, allowing the cut ends to
become dry before insertion in sand; also by
division of the fleshy rootstock. Soil, light loam,
with plenty of sand and some finely broken bricks.
Little water is required in winter.

Principal Species : —

Saundersii, 1'. (st/ns. succulentum and

tomentosum, 1', sum. tuberosum).

PACHYRHIZUS.

Tall, twining stove herbs (ord. LeguminosEe),
with the habit of the Scarlet Runner. Propaga-
tion, by seeds ; also by tubers, and by cuttings of
lateral shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat.
Soil, fibrous loam with a third of leaf mould, and
plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —

angulatus, Jy., vio. pur. tuberosus, Jy., Aug.
thunbergianus (now Pue-

raria thunbergiana).

PACHYSANDRA.

Hardy, perennial herbs (ord. Enphorbiacese), with
yellowish flowers of no great beauty, procumbent
stems, and ascending branches. Propagation, by
division, or by suckers in spring as growth is com-
mencing. Soil, ordinary garden.

Principal Species : —
coriacea (now Sarcococca procumbens, 6", Ap., br.

pruniformis var.). terminalis, Ivs. with wh.

edges.

Pac/iistima (sec Pachygtima).

Pachychilus (see Pachystoma).

Pai'liylojthvs (see, (Enothera).

PaeJiy pli ytv m (see Cotyledon).

Pacli ystiff ma (of Hooker, see Peltostlyma).

PACHYSTIMA (sym. PACIUSTIGMA of
Meissner, and PACHISTIMA of Raffinesque).

Hardy shrubs (ord. Celastrinese), with evergreen
foliage and small axillary flowers. Propagation,
by cuttings of half-mature shoots under a frame,
in pots of sandy soil. Any friable, well-drained
garden soil will suit them.

Only Species : —

Canbyi, 4", greenish. wh. (.«.'/». Myginda

Myrsiuites, 1' to 2', Je., myrtifolia).

PACHYSTOMA.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), with
erect, more or less leafless stems, and racemes of
drooping flowers. Propagation, by division. Soil,
fibrous loam, with a little peat and sand.

Principal Species : —
speciosum, 6", Jan., yel. thomsoniaiium, G" to 8",

(now Ipsea speciosa). wh., pur.

PACKING.

Most gardeners, whether amateur or professional,
have occasion to pack fruits, flowers, vegetables, or
plants, and it is necessary to be conversant with
the methods by which these can be so packed that
they may arrive in good condition after a journey,
either by rail or post.

Fruits. — Grapes sent from one person to another
for private consumption should be packed in boxes
sufficiently strong to resist pressure from other
packages, which may be stood upon them, and of a
size little more than sufficient to hold the quantity.
Cover the bottom of the box with cotton wool or
wood wool, the latter being preferable on account
of its elasticity. It consists of the fine shavings of
wood, the best being made from Willow or Poplar,
as it is not liable to taint the fruit like resinous
Pine wood wool. Dry moss has also been used.
Over the padding place a couple of sheets or
folds of tissue paper, with the ends hanging over
the sides, so as to cover the Grapes when the box
is full. Put in as many bunches as will fill the
box, keeping the stalks uppermost. Put the paper
over, and if there are any hollows place some pack-
ing material into the same, so as to prevent shifting
on the journey, the great object being to preserve
the " bloom." If possible, the points of the bunches
should be tied down. Choice Peaches and Necta-
rines should be packed in shallow boxes to hold one
layer, over wood wool and with tissue paper for
packing. Each fruit should have a strip of paper
wound round it, so as to keep it from rubbing its
neighbour. The tops of the fruits should be exposed
to view when the lid of the box and the covering
of tissue paper have been removed. Figs may be
packed in Vine leaves, and one layer deep, in
shallow boxes. Strawberries may be packed in
their own leaves, slightly withered, one layer deep
in shallow boxes. The above soft fruits should
be gathered before they are dead ripe. Apricots,
Plums, and Cherries travel well if packed closely in
shallow boxes.

Flowers. — Most flowers intended for travelling
by post or rail should be cut in the morning, before
the sun has made them limp, and placed in water
for a few hours before packing. Deal or tin boxes
of no great depth are best for maintaining the fresh-
ness of the flowers. Pack the flowers closely in
layers without crushing. All flowers should be cut
in the younger stages, even if not fully developed,
as they last longer after completing their journey.
Irises should be cut and packed just before the buds

A GROUP OF KELWAY'S TREE PXEONIES

THE WHITE VARIETY IS CHRISTINE ; THE RED ONE, GENERAL HECTOR MACDONALD.

Psederia

( 153 )

Pseonia

expand ; it is a mistake to send them away in full
bloom. The box should be lined with tissue paper,
and no cotton wool should be permitted to come in
contact with flowers, as it abstracts the moisture
from them, and it is impossible to again separate
the wool from the flowers.

Vegetables. — Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and similar
subjects should merely have the superfluous leaves
trimmed off. All roots should be thoroughly

Photo : Ciusell it Company, Ltd.

THEE P^EONY LOKD ROBERTS (see p. 164).

washed, and have the tops reduced for economy
of space. All should then be firmly and neatly
packed in wicker baskets or hampers, and the
lid tied down.

PSEDERIA.

Stuvi: shrubs (urd. Rubiacete), with axillary or
terminal bunches of small flowers, succeeded by
berries having a membranous, transparent skin.
Propagation, by cuttings in sand, in a propagating
case. Soil, fibrous loam, with a fourth part of leaf
mould and sand.

Principal Species :—

fciMida, (!', pur. Chinese Fever Plant.

P-iEDEROTA.

Dwarf, many stemmed, hardy herbs (ard. Scroph-
nlarineee), with blue or yellow flowers in dense
terminal spikes. Propagation, by seeds in a cold
frame. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

Ageria, 6", My., yel. Bonarota, fi", My., bl.

ChamiFclrifolia is a var.

PvEONIA. (P^EONYJ

Description. — The Preonia (ord. Hanunculaceoe)
is one of the most brilliant of garden flowers, and
is admirably suited for the decoration of borders
and shrubberies, as well as for beds in the grass or
in the more formal garden. The improvements

Padus (jiee Prunus).

which have been in progress among the herbaceous
Pseonias, principally derived from albiflora, have
given flowers of great beauty, quite distinct from
those of officinalis, the old Pseony of gardens.
Pieonias are often very beautiful in foliage, espe-
cially in early spring. The shrubby Pajonias, varie-
ties of Moutan, are gorgeous flowers.

Propagation. — The herbaceous Pseonias by divi-
sion, performed after flowering ; the species also
by seeds, sown as soon as ripe in pans or boxes
under glass. Seedlings make slow progress. Tree
Piconias are increased by grafting scions without
flower buds on stocks of officinalis or albiflora in
August, planting the roots in pots, and placing
them in a frame with the point of union just below
the soil. Division and layering are sometimes
practised.

Soil. — A good, rich, well-manured loam will suit
almost all the Pa;onias. It ought to be trenched
or bastard trenched before planting, and plenty of
well-rotted cow or other animal manure added. It
is a mistake to use much rank, fresh manure.

Other Cultural Points. — The herbaceous Pseonias
are quite hardy, but the Tree varieties will require
a little protection from late frosts in spring. They
should all have plenty of water at that season, and
in summer, and ought to be disturbed as little as
possible. Tree or Moutan Paeonias may be grown
in pots and forced gently for early bloom from
February onwards. Shade from the morning sun
is desirable for all the Paeonias.

Photo: Cassell it Cmnvmii, Ltd.
TREE P^ONV LADY SARAH WILSON (see p. 154).

Principal Species and Varieties : —

aibiflora, 2' to 3', My., • — Humei.

.Ie., wh., pk. Many — reevesiana.

garden vans. ; for a coralhna, 3', My., crim.

selection, ste p. 164. — Russii, 3', My., crim.

— fragrans. humihs. 2'. My., red.

Pagoda Tree

( 154)

Palieourea

lutea, 3', My., shr., yel. ;

very scarce.
Moutan, 3', My., various.

Tree Preonia. (&e« be-
low for selection.)
ofnciualis, 3', My., crim.

Many vars., such as

albicans, anemona;flora

(double, red, ro.), lo-

bata, Sabinii, double

Other Species and Varieties : —

anomala, 3', My., crim. — Pallassii, crim.

(si/us. Fischeri and in- Emodi, 3', Ap., wh., half-

red, double wh., double

blush,
tenuifolia, 2', Je., crim.,

prized for its leaves.

Forms flore-pleuo, lati-

folia hybrida, and rosea

are good,
wittmauuiaua, 2', My.,

pale yel.

termedia).

arietina, 3 , My., red
(ei/ii. eretica).

— alba, wh.

— Andersoni, ro.

— Baxteri, crim.

— Northern Glory, ro. pk.
Broteri, 2', My., crim.,

ro., or wh.

Brownii, 1', My., red, wh.
coriacea, 2', My., ro.
decora, 3', My., crim.

— elatior, flowers larger.

Selection of Varieties of albiflora : —

UouMe :—
Agnes BaiT, pk., yel.
Agnes Mary Kelway, ro.,

yel.

alba plenissima, wh.
Alexandre Dumas, ro.,

cream.
Cavallieria Eusticana,

pur., crim.

Festiva maxima, wh., red.
Francois Ortigat, pur.,

crim.

La Tulipe. wh., crim.
Madame Breon, ro., pk.,

wh.

Single : —
Amiable, cherry ro.
Blucher, car.
Bridesmaid, wh.
Duchess of Portlaud, pk.,

wh.

Empire, pur.
Hecate, pur., ro.

Varieties of other Species than albiflora (Prin-
cipally Single) : —

insignis, crim. (KIJH. anom-
ala insignis).

— Peter Ban1, crim.

Otto Froebel, salmon red.

Pompadour, crim.

Ruby Queen, red.

The Sultan, maroon.
Tree or Moutan Paeonias :—

Beautv, ro.. lil. Henry Irving, maroon,

crim.

James Kelway, rosy car.
(.vr p. 155).

Jean de Reszke, wh.

Lady Sarah Wilson, blush.
ro. blotches at base
(»ff p. 153).

Lord Roberts, wh., tinged
flesh (we p. 153).

Suowflake, wh.

PAGODA TREE.

This name bas been given to various trees, in-
cluding Ficus indica (ord. Urticaceoe). The apel-
lation has more often been given to Plumeria

Pagle (see Primula officinalis)

shade,
microcarpa, 2', My., crim.

— Jonathan Gibson, pk.
mollis, 1', My., red.
paradoxa, 1J' My., red.

— timbriata, pur.
peregrina, 3', My., crim.

— compacta, dwarf.

pubens, 2', My., ro. (re-
ferred by Index Knu-
ensis to officiualis).

triternata, 3', My., crim.
villosa, 2', My., wh.

Masteqjiece, cerise.

Mikado, ro.

Modeste Guerin, cherry

ro.

Mrs. Stubbs, flesh wh.
Novelty, cream, pk.
Prince George, pur.
Prince Prosper, pur. , car.
Princess May, cream.
Rose d' Amour, flesh.
Sir Henry Irving, ro. pk
Summer Day, cream.
Whitlejii, blush, wh.

Lady Helen Vincent, wh.,

flesh.

Margaret Attwood, wh.
Rosy Dawn, wh. , blush.
The Bride, wh.
Water Lily, wh.

Blushing Maid, blush pk.
Ceres, cerise.
Crown Prince, crim.
Daniel Dewar, ro.
Exquisite, pk.
Gertrude Jekyll, crim.

Captain Lambton, wh.,
semi-double (.w v. 155).

Don Quixote, ro., HI., vio.

Elizabeth, puce.

General Baden - Powell,
red, semi-double {see
figure).

Grand Duke, flesh, ro.

acutifolia (syn. acnminntn) and P. alba
Apocynacea;), but this usage must be of compara-
tively recent origin, as the trees are not indigenous
to Asia. Sophora japonica (ord. Leguminos;v) has
also been called the Pagoda Tree.

PALAFOXIA.

Hardy or greenhouse perennial herbs (ord. Com-
posite), with white flowers similar to those of
Eupatorium. Propagation, by seeds ; also by divi-
sion of the rootstock ; and cuttings of the stems
early in the season. For the hardy species, which
properly belong to Polypteris, any good garden soil
will suit. For linearis, use fibrous loam with a
little leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —
fastigiata (now Polypteris hookeriana (now Poly-

integrifolia) . pteris) .

linearis, 2", Je. , grh., wh.

rttotu: Cassell & Company, Ltd.

THEE P^EONY GENERAL BADEX-POWELL.
PALAUA (*>/». PALAVA).

A genus of annuals (tird, Malvaceie) with rose or
purple flowers arising singly in the axils of the
leaves. Propagation, by seeds in a heated pit,
frame, or hotbed. After germination they may be
treated like Stocks and Asters, and finally planted
out in May. Any friable, well drained garden soil
will suit.

Principal Species : —

dissecta, 9", Je., mauve
(.vy;i. Palava flexuosa).

malvsffolia, 9", pk.
rhombifolia, sum., ro.,
stems prostrate.

PALICOUREA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Rubiacese), with evergreen
foliage and berried fruits, allied to Psychotria and

Painted Cup (see Castilleja).
Painted Grass (see Anmdo).
Palo, Indiffo Plant (Wrii/litia ttnctoria).
Palay or jrory Tree (see Wrifllitia).

Palisota

( 155 )

Palm

Rudgea. Propagat ion,
sand in a propagating
with a third of peat and
sand to make it porous.

Principal Species : —

rr.x'i-.a (we subcrocea).
gardeuioides, '!' , sum.,

win.,wh. (ayii. Bhodo-

stuina).
jug.Ki, Ivs. satiny gm.

above, pur. below,
nicotiaua-folia, Sep., yel.,

by cuttings in pots of
case. Soil, fibrous loam,
leaf mould, and sufficient

berries vio. (KI/II. dis-
color, correctly Psy-
cho tria tabacifolia).

Pavetta, '!' , Aug., wh.

subcrocea, 4', Jy., or. («yn.
croceu).

violacea, 4', Je., wh.

Photo : CasH-lt .(• Company, Ltd.

TllEE I'.UOXY CXPTAIX L.\MHTON (see p. 154).

PALISOTA.

Evergreen perennial herbs (ortt. Coraraelinaceoe),
requiring stove heat. Leaves large, tufted. Flowers
in dense heads, followed by blue or scarlet berrii-s.
Propagation, by cuttings ; also by division, suckers,
and seeds when obtainable. Soil, fibrous loam and
a fourth part of rotted dung or leaf mould, with
plenty of sand. They may also be planted out
in the stove.

bracteosa, 1', wh.
Maclaudii, 2", wh., hairs
ou the leafstalks blk.

ramosissimus, 6', Aug.,
grn.,yel.(*i/«.Aubletia).

Principal Species : —

Barteri, 1', pur.

bicolor, 12 to 14", Ivs.

grn.. with paler centre,

br. beneath.

PALIURUS.

Hardy deciduous shrubs (ord. Rhamneae), with
ipiny stipules, slender branches, and clusters of
small yellow flowers. The most frequently culti-
vated species is australis, which is often trained
against a wall, but succeeds as a bush in the
open ground. It grows abundantly in Judea, and
for that reason, as well as its spiny character,
it is popularly believed to be the plant from which
the crown of thorns was made at the crucifixion
of Christ, hence the name Christ's Thorn. Propa-
gation, by seeds when obtainable ; also by cuttings
under a hand-light in summer, and by suckers and
layers. Any good garden soil will suit them.

Principal Species : —

australis, 4' to 6', Je. ,
grn., yel. (at/n. aculea-
tus). Christ's Thorn,
Crarland Thorii.

PALLENIS (*yn. BUPHTHALMUM).

Hardy annuals (ord. Compositas), having the
innermost bracts of the flower heads chaffy and the
outer ones spiny. Propagation, by seeds in spring.
Any good garden soil will suit. Spinosa, 2^', July,
yellow, with yellow rays (gyn. Buphthalmum spi-
nosma), is the best known species, and it is not
widely cultivated.

PALM.

Description. — Mostly stove trees (ord. Palmae) of
greater or less stature, with evergreen foliage.
The leaves are of two leading types according as
they are built up on the pinnate (feather nerved) or
palmate (fan shaped) plan. Well-known examples
of the former are Howea (*yn. Kentia) belmoreana,
and H. forsteriana, and Cocos weddelliana. The
apical pinna is generally, if not always, undeveloped
in Geonoma and Chamsedorea, so that when the leaf
is little divided it may be merely bind. In Phoenix
the pinnaj appear in tour rows. The feather veined
type becomes more disguised in Wallichia and

Photo : dtRBell <t Company, HA.

TREE P^.ONY JAS. KELWAY (s« j>. 154).

Arenga, the segments of which resemble the tail
of a fish. In Caryota the huge leaf is bipinnati-
sect with fish-tail segments. The palmate or fan
shaped leaf is well illustrated by Sabal, Chamserops,
Livistona (gyn. Latania), Thrinax, and Trachy-
carpus, all familiar garden Palms.

Pallasia (of L'Heritirr, see EncvUit).

Palm

( 156 )

Pampas Grass

Propagation. — A few Palms like Rhapis flabelli-
formis and K. humilis, which branch at the base,
may be propagated by taking off more or less
rooted suckers and establishing them in pots.
The majority are propagated by seeds, the more
common of which are imported in boxes containing
several hundreds. These may be sown thickly in
pans or boxes in good fibrous loam with a third of
sharp silver sand. Give good drainage, as many
of the seeds take a long time to germinate. In
Palm growing establishments the boxes are often
stood under the benches in warm pits till the
seeds commence to germinate. The process
will be hastened by standing the boxes at this
stage upon a hotbed or bench with bottom heat.
Pans containing choice seeds may be plunged in a
hotbed at once. Seeds may be sown at any season,
as soon as received, but early spring is the best
time. Cover them with their own depth of soil,
and never allow them to become dry, though
saturation must always be avoided.

Soil. — Good fibrous yellow loan), with plenty of
sharp silver sand, and a few nodules of charcoal to
ensure porosity, makes the best and most durable
compost for Palms. Some use a little peat as well ;
while others recommend loam, peat, leaf mould,
and sand, but everything liable to decay quickly
should be avoided. A little peat may be used in
the early stages of the more delicate and slow-
growing species. After the plants become of a
useful size, anything that would promote rapid
growth is undesirable, as slowly grown plants are
the most useful and durable.

Potting. — When the seedlings have developed
two or three leaves, pot them off singly in pots
sufficient to contain the roots, those most suitable
for Palms being narrow and deep. Place them on
benches near the glass as thickly as they will
stand. At all subsequent pottings use pots only
slightly larger than those they were in, the object
being to promote a slow, sturdy, healthy growth.
Over-potting is detrimental to their welfare,
especially when the roots are few. Avoid injury
to the roots, and pot firmly. The ball of soil must
be evenly moist before operations are commenced.
In the case of large plants in tubs, many of the
free-growing Palms will permit of the ball being
pared down a little. This must not be attempted
with small plants in pots. In large stoves, warm
conservatories, and Palm houses, large trees may
be planted out in prepared, well-drained borders,
3' deep.

Other Cultural Points. — Most Palms require a
moist, warm house or stove, with a range of tem-
perature of 50° to (5(1° in winter, and 60° to 80° in
summer. Some of the hardier kinds may be used
in the conservatory in summer, and even in the
sub-tropical garden. The leaves should be full-
grown, and hardened by ventilation, before plants
are taken into dwelling rooms. Trachycarpus
excelsa is hardy in the south and west of England.
Palms in pots should receive abundance of water
in summer, and must not get dry in winter. When
pot-bound, use liquid manure and soot water,
which will give the foliage a rich, dark green
colour, this feeding being preferable to repotting at
unfavourable seasons, or too frequently at any
time. Mealy hug and scale are amongst the more
troublesome insects. Frequent syringing will serve
to keep the plants clean. Sponging may become
necessary at times, but syringing with kerosene or
petroleum emulsion is less troublesome, very effec-
tive, and takes far less time.

Palms for Subtropical Bedding. —In places where
tall trees cast a light shade in summer, so as to
avoid the undue browning of the leaves, Palms
may be grown by themselves or in association with
other tropical plants, including Tree and other
Ferns, with bold and handsome as well as graceful
foliage. All must be removed indoors on the ap-
proach of inclement weather. Shelter against
rough winds is also a primary requisite. Small
specimens of Cocos weddelliana may be used as
dot plants in fully exposed carpet-bedding designs.
Some of the principal species of Palms for bedding
out are Chamserops humilis and varieties, Chrys-
alidocarpus (nyii. Areca), lutescens, Cocos weddel-
liana, Geonoma gracilis, Howea (si/n. Kentia)
belmoreana, H. forsteriana, Jubrca spectabilis,
Livistona australis, L. chinensis (xyn. La-
tania borbonica), L. rotundifolia, Phoenix canarien-
sis, P. reclinata, P. rupicola, Rhapis flabelliformis,
Rhopalostyle Baueri, R. sapida, and Trachycarpus
excelsa (hardy in the south). Many others might
be tried when they are easily obtainable.

Palms for Dwelling Rooms. — Many of the hardier
species of Palms are used from time to time in
house decoration, in dwelling rooms, reception
rooms, halls, and lobbies ; but those which may be
described as relatively durable are not particularly
numerous. Their durability also depends largely
upon their having been grown slowly in moderately
warm houses, rather than otherwise, before intro-
duction to dwelling houses. The following are
some of those most commonly met with : Chrysalid-
ocurpus (syn. Areca), lutescens, Cocos weddelliana,
Howea (syn. Kentia) belmoreana, H. forsteriana,
Livistona. australis, L. chinensis (si/n. Latania bor-
bonica), .Phoenix canariensis, and Trachycarpus
excelsa. Many other equally line species are
vised for shorter periods, especially in gentlemen's
establishments.

PALMITE.

An evergreen, perennial herb (ord. Juncacea?),
like a gigantic Wood-rush, the broad, deeply chan-
nelled leaves being finely but sharply serrated on
the edges. Propagation, by seeds, and by division.
.Soil, fibrous loam and peat or leaf mould, with
plenty of sand, plunging the pots for a few inches
in the tank of a stove. The only species is Pri-
onium Palmita, 6', brown, the old leaf bases of
which furnish a strong fibre used for brush-
making.

PAMPAS GRASS.

One of the most beautiful plants for lawn
specimens or for clumps near water is the giant
Pampas Grass, commonly known as Gynerium
argenteum, but recently referred by the Kew
authorities to Cortaderia argentea. Some care in

Palma Onrifti (see Ricinns oommimit).
Palm, Cabbafle (sen Oreodoxa alerarea).
Palm, Date (see PJiaeni-x).
Palmetto, Cabbage, (see SabaT).
Palmfttn, Dwarf (see ftabal).
Palmetto Fan, (.tee fiabal).
Palmetto Palm (see 8a,bal).
Palmetto Sam (Serenoa serrulata).
Palm Oil (see Eltfis).
Palm, Patana (see Wmoaafpvi).
Palm, Thatch (see tribal).
Palmyra Tree (see Jiora suits').
Palsy- Wort (see Primula, otfirinalis*).
Pahtmbina (see Oncidmm).

Panax

( 157 )

Pandanus

the selection of sites is necessary to success, for
while robust growth and tine plumes can only be
produced on light soils by the aid of liquid manure
and a good water supply, yet, on the other hand,
tlu> Pampas Grass will not succeed in clayey land
or in ii cold, exposed situation. In the north
and midlands shelter from north and east winds
is almost essential, together with a deep, rich
soil. Where necessary, some protection during
winter should be afforded, and should rather take
the form of a thatch to throw off snow and rain,
than a heaping-up of material to keep the clump
warm. In the southern counties such protection
is seldom needed, and many tine examples are
grown on southern slopes, halfway down toward

PANCRATIUM FUAOKAXR (.correctly HYMENOCALLIS
OVATA).

the lake or stream margin. Too often the Pampas
Grass is starved ; if liquid manure, or dressings
with rotten manure in spring or autumn, were
more frequently applied there would be fewer
failures.

Both from South America and the Cape quanti-
ties of Pampas Grass plumes are imported for
home decoration, and these are sold either in the
natural silvery state or dyed in various bright art
shades. To secure the home grown plumes for
room adornment it is necessary to cut the spikes
in iiiitiinin, before cold rains or early frosts damage
or discolour them.

PANAX.

Description. — A genus (ord. Araliaceaj) compris-
ing hardy, greenhouse, and stove shrubs and trees,
many with very ornamental leafage, and suitable,
wl<en small, for table plants.

Propagation. — By stem or root cuttings, or

suckers, placed under a hand-light or in heat,
according to the species.

Soil. — Fibrous loam and peat, with sand, suits
the pot-grown and indoor species, and well-drained
soil the hardy sorts.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

fruticosum, 6', St., Ivs.
pinnate, grn.

— dissectum, 6', Ivs. bi-
piuuate, grn., drooping.

— Guilfoylei, 6', Ivs.
pinnate, gm., cream.

Other Species : —

crassif olium(now Pseudo-

pauax crassif olium).
horridum (now

horrida).
lougissimum, 10',

Ivs. long, grn.
Murrayi, 30', at.,

gru.

— Victoria!, 6', Ivs. liipin-
nate, grn., wh., droop-
ing-

— laciuiatum, 6', St., Ivs.
bipinuate, br., grn.

Fatsia

bru. ,

ricinifolium, 40' to 60',
hdy., grn., wh. (syn,
Aralia Maxiniowiczii)
(now Acanthopanax
ricinifolium).

gpiuosum, 10', hdy., grn.
(xijn. Aralia pentaphyl-
lu, now Acanthopanax
spinosum).

PANCRATIUM.

Description. — Handsome bulbous plants (ord.
Amaryllidea;) nearly all requiring stove treatment.
The hardy species are the better for protection in
winter ; heaped coal ashes or leaves covered lightly
with soil answer admirably.

Propagation. — Principally by offsets potted in a
light compost of loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Soil. — Sandy fibrous loam, leaf mould, fibrous
peat, and decomposed dried cow manure. Though
abundant supplies of water are required the
provision for drainage must be perfect.

Principal Species :—

cauariense, H', aut., at.,

wh.
fragrans (now Hyrneno-

callis ovata, «'« figure),
illyricum, 1^', sum., hdy.,

wh. (tyn. stellare).

Other Species :—

Amancres (see Hymeno-

callis AmanciEsV
amboiuenae (ste Eurycles

sylvestris).
angustuin (nowHymeno-

calliscaribiEa).
australasicum (tee- Eu-
rycles sylvestria).
calathinum (see Hymeno-

callis calathina).
caribaeum (see Hymeno-

callis caribam).
expansum (see Hymeno-

callis expansa).
guianense (xer Hymeno-

callis tubiflora).

maritimum, H', Je., hdy.,
wh. (syii. caroliniauum).

zeylanicum, 1J', sum.,
at., wh. (syn. tiarse-
floruin).

parviflorum (see Vagaria

parviflora).
Sickenbergeri, 1J', sum.,

wh.
epeciosum (see Hymeno-

callis speciosa).
stellare (see illyricum).
tiara,>florum (see zeylani-
cum).
tubiflorum (see Hymeuo-

calhs tubifloral.
undulatum (tee Hymeno-

calhs undulata) .
verecundum, 1^', sum.,

wh.
viridiflorum (see Steno-

messon viridiflorum).
PANDANUS. (SCREW PINE.)
Description. — Stove evergreens (ord. Pandaneae),
that are valued for the beauty of their pointed,
strap-shaped leaves ; in some species these are
handsomely variegated, and during the younger
stages are invaluable for indoor decoration.

Propagation. — By suckers, removed and potted
in small pots, and plunged in bottom heat in a
close, moist stove.

Pcmtetia (gee Podnlepu).
1'anciat ica (see Cadia).
Pandanopltyllum (see Mapania).

Panicum

( 158 )

Pansy

Soil. — Rich, fibrous loam, with plenty of sand ; a
little peat assists the colouring of some of the
variegated forms.

Other Cultural Points. — Give plenty of light,
only shading from bright summer sunshine, and
keep the plants elevated near the glass. Ensure
cleanliness by syringing and fumigation, as the
spiny leaves of most Pandanuses render sponging
an unpleasant process.

Principal Species : —
Baptistii, 6', habit like

Veitchii, but with yel.

markings, few spines

(*;/«. dyeriauus).
Candelabrum, 25', Ivs.

broad, gm., spines wide

apart,
glaucesceiis, dwarf, Ivs.

glaucous, spines wh.
javanicus variegatus, 3',

Ivs. broad, grn., striped

wh.
odoratissimus, 20', Ivs. 3'

to 5', grn., spines wh.
(.V//N. Blancoi).

pacificus, Ivs. broad, shin-
ing gm., spmy.

Sanderi, 10', Ivs'. 1' to 3',
grn., striped yel., grn.,
wh., spineless.

utilis, 50', Ivs, I' to 2-J',
grn., spines red (st/n.
elegantissimus) .

Veitchii, 10', Ivs. 1' to 3',
grn., banded wh., spine-
less (see f. 159;.

Propagation. — By division, cuttings, or seeds,
using a stove temperature in which to increase
the warmth-loving species.

Soil. — A substantial compost of loam, leaf soil,
and sand, giving more leaf soil to the smaller
growers.

Principal Species : —
bulbosum, 5', hdy.
capillare, 2', sum., hdy.

aim., grn

miliaceum, 2 , sum., hdy.

aim., grn.
plicatum, 2J', sum., st.

or grh., grn.
— niveo - vittatum, a

Other Species : —

colonum, H', aut., hdy.

anil., grn.
Crus-galli, 24', sum., gin.

(si/n. Echinochloa Crus-

galli).

pretty at. plant now
rarely seen.

variegatum. This popular
trailing plantiscorrectly
Oplismenus Burmannii
variegatus (nee p. 160).

virgatum, 3-V, sum., hdy.
per., silvery grn.

italicum (now Setaria

italica).
maximum, 6', sum., st.

per., grn.
spectabile, 3', sum., st.

per., grii.

PANDANUS GRAMINIFOLIUS.

Other Species : —

amaryllidifolius (see Ise-

vis).

caricosus, dwarf, Ivs. nar-
row, glaucous, spiny,
discolor, Ivs. bronzy grn.
dyerianus (see Baptistii).
furcatus, 10', Ivs. grn.,

spines br.
graminifolius, dwarf, Ivs.

narrow, grey ish grn.(,sw

figure).
Houlletii, 10', Ivs. 3' to

o', broad, grn., red,

copper,
kurzeanus (see polyceph-

alus).

Isevis, Ivs. long, grn.,

spiny.
Pancheri, 10', Ivs. 3' to

5', grn., red.
polycephalus, 6', Ivs.

narrow, glaucous (xyn.

kurzeanus).
pygmseus, 2', Ivs. 1', grn.,

wh. margins,
reflexus, 10', Ivs. 3' to 6',

pendulous, grn., spines

wh.
Vandermeeschii, 20', Ivs.

2' to 3i', glaucous, red

midrib, margin, and

spines.

PANICUM.

Description. — A variable genus of hardy, green-
house, or stove Grasses (ord. Graminese), of either
annual or perennial duration. Several are useful
as pot plants for conservatory or other decorations,
and all are easily grown.

PANNING.

A term usually applied to the provision of a soil
basin round the base of plants and trees to ensure
the water supplied passing directly to the roots.

The term has also another and totally different
meaning, chiefly used in Orchid culture. It refers
to the use of pans, instead of pots or Teak baskets,
for the reception of shallow-rooting and spreading
plants, just in the same way that " potting "
refers to the use of pots, and " basketing " to the
use of baskets.

Soil is sometimes spoken of as " panned " when
it has settled down very close.

PANSY. (VIOLA TRICOLOR.)

Description.— The Pansy (ord. Violariese), since
its introduction as a florists' flower early in the
nineteenth century, through the work of Mr.
Thompson, of Iver, Bucks, has been a favourite

Pandorea (see Tecoma).
Paniiea (see Ccelorjyne).

Pansy

( 159)

Pansy

with all. The improvement in the plants knowu
in nan lutis as Violas or Tufted Pansies, has caused
the plants to largely supersede the Pansy for show
and bedding purposes. Yet vigorous seedling
Pansies are capital bedding plants, especially if
treated as biennials. It is generally admitted that
the florist's Pansy is derived from the native Viola
tricolor, though some consider it is of hybrid
origin. Exhibition Pansies are divided into two
sections, the Show and the Fancy. The fine
blooms given, by the latter have greatly reduced
the popularity of the Show flowers, which are

summer. Pansies from seed may either be raised
by sowing in heat in February, pricking off into a
cold frame in April and planting out in May to
bloom in summer or autumn ; or by sowing in a cold
frame or in the open ground in July to flower the
following spring.

Soil. — Fresh, loamy soil, deeply dug and
manured, preferably with cow manure, will grow
the Pansy well.

Other Cultural Points. — For show purposes
Pansies require a great deal of attention. When
the plants are in frames aphides must be watched

PANUANUS VEITCHII (fee p. 158).

divided into Selfs and White- and Yellow-grounds.
Selfs have the flowers black, maroon, primrose,
white, or yellow. White- or Yellow-grounds have a
dark central blotch round the eye, and a band or
margin of maroon, purple, or bronze. Fancy
Pansies are distinguished by a wonderfully
beautiful variety of colour, and are blotched,
margined, or flamed. A number of fine strains of
bedding Pansies are in cultivation, and separate
colours can often be raised from selected strains,
Trimardeau, Peacock, and Odier's Five-Spotted
are good Pansies where showy flowers are wanted.
Propagation. — Cuttings of side growths, free from
hollow stems if possible, are taken off below a
joint and put into frames of light soil in August
or September, where they have plenty of air after
being rooted and where they remain until March,
or they may be planted in their flowering beds in

for; and a solution of soft soap, composed of 14 oz.
of soap to each gallon of water, may be applied
while the plants are not in bloom once a fortnight
or so with a syringe. In dry weather the plants
must be well watered, the foliage as well as the
roots receiving the fluid. An occasional dusting
of the soil with guano, soot, or other fertiliser is
beneficial if watered into the soil. The plants also
need to be shaded from scorching sun with tiffany,
and choice blooms- need covering with bent tin
or pasteboard to throw off rain and sunshine.
Pansies ought to be thinned, if fine blooms are
desired, by leaving only three or four branches on a
plant, with one bloom on each. Bedding Pansies
can be grown with less trouble, but the beautiful
exhibition varieties are worthy of special care.
The latter are usually exhibited now on tin stands
or trays.

Papaver

( 160 )

Papaver

Selections of Varieties :

Show Pansies : —
Agnes Kay, wh. ground.
Busby Beauty, yel.

ground.

Busby White, wh. Self.
Dr. Campbell, yel. ground.
Dr. Inch, blk. Self.

Fancy Pansies : —
Col. M. B. G. Buchanan,

br. blotches.

Constance Steel, wh., ro.
David Bussell, yel., blk.

blotches.
George Stewart, yel.,

chrome.
Kathleen Stirling, plum,

bronzy yel.
Lord Roberts, prune, car.

John Brand, yel. ground.
Leslie Melville, blk. Self.
Leviathan, wh. ground.
Provost Cplville, yel. Self.
Boyal Visit, wh. ground.
Sir Wm. Arrol, dark Self.
Win. Fulton, blk. Self.

Miss Neil, wh., criin.
Mr. B. Welbourne,

brownish blk., drab.
Mrs. K. G. Moir, blk.,wh.
Neil Mackay, blk., yel.
Susan Stuart, blk., yel.,

heliotrope.

Tamworth Yellow, yel.
Victoria, dark, wh.

Soil. — Any common soil will suit almost all the
Papavers.

Other Cultural Points. — Most of the perennial
Papavers transplant well, but the annuals are not
so amenable to transplanting, and this should not
be attempted save when the plants are small and
during showery weather.

Principal Species and

nudicaule, 1', sum., yel.,
or., wh. ; a valuable
plant, per. in a few
gardens, but best grown
as an ann. or bien.

glaucum, 1', My., ann.,
sc.

orieutale, 2' to 3', Je.,
per., or. sc., very
showy ; there are now

Varieties : —

nurserymen's cata-
logues.

Bhccas, I'.sum., ami., so.
Corn Poppy. Shirley
Poppies are pleasing.
Many single and double
forms.

— umbroBum, 1', sum.,
sc. Said to be a form
of Bhceas, but distinct

PANICIJM YAKIEGATUM, correctly OPI.ISMENDS BURMANNII (see p. 158).

PAPAVER. (Poppy.)

Description. — Well - known hardy annual or
perennial plants (ord. Papaveracese), one or two
of which yield the opium of commerce, but are
employed in this country for garden decoration.
The strain of Poppies known as the Shirley Poppies,
derived from the Corn Poppy, P. Bhceas, gives some
of the best annuals for garden use. Poppies for
cut flowers should always be gathered before the
buds open.

Propagation. — The annuals by seeds sown in the
open where they are to bloom, well thinned out
when fit to handle, and afterwards further thinned
so as to give room to individual plants ; the per-
ennials also by seeds and by division. Some, such
as the Oriental Poppy, P. orientale, are propagated
by root cuttings also.

many vars., varying
in colour from wh. to
sc. P. bracteatum is
only a fine form of
orientale. For names
of varieties consult

Other Species, Hybrids,

aculeatum, 2', Jy., red

(»•)/»». gariepinum and

horridum).
alpinum, G", sum., ann.

or bien., yel., or.,

wh.
- pyrenaicum, dwarfer,

finer foliage,
arenarium, 1'. sum., aim.,

pur.

for garden purposes ;
best grown as a bien.
somuiferum, 3',.Ty., ann.,
various. Many fine
vars. Paeony flowered,
large double flowers.
Opium Poppy.

and Varieties: —

Argemone, 11', Je.,ann.,

sc.
californicum, 1', sum.,

ann., or., yel.
caucasicum, IV, Je.,per.,

red.

dubium, 2', Je., ann.,sc.
Hookeri, 3', aut., aim.,

ro. red (syn, Bhceas

latif olium) .

Papperitzia

(161 )

Parasitic Plants

lii'vigatum, 2', sum., ami., Pollaki, 3', sum., per.,

sc. red.

laturitum, 2', My., per., rupifragum, H', sum.,

or. per., or.

pavoninum, 1J', sum., — atlanticum, 11', sum.,

ami., sc. per., or.

persicum, H', Je., per., ruporient, 3', sum., per.,

red. or. so., hybrid (rupi-

pilosum, 2' to 3', sum., fragum X orientale).

l>er., or. spicatum, 2', sum., per.,

brick red.

PAPPERITZIA.

A curious little stove Orchid (ord. Orchidaceaa),
that is probably not represented in any European
collection. The only species is Leiboldii, G", July,
green, yellow.

PARACARYUM.

Biennial or perennial half-hardy and hardy
herbaceous plants (ord. Boraginea?) that are seldom
grown. Propagation, by division and seeds. Any
ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species :—
angustifolium, sum., heliocarpum, It,', aut.,

hdy. per., lilk. bright bl.

coelestmum, lj', Aug., myosotoides, 1J' Sep ,

bluish wh. hlf-hdy., bl. "

PARADISANTHUS.

Low-growing Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae) that are
suited by an intermediate house temperature if
grown in peat, sphagnum, and broken crocks.
Suspend near the roof glass, and give little water
during winter.

Principal Species : —

bahiensis, 6', sum., wh., Moseni, 6', sum., grn.,
pur. (si/n. Warreabalu- wh., pur.

eusis).

PARADISEA. (ST. BRUNO'S LILY.)
Hardy plants (ord. Liliaceae) of considerable

attractiveness. I'ropagation, by division. Any

deep, fertile soil suits.

Only Species and Variety : —

Liliastrum, 2', Je., wh., — major, larger in all its
spotted gru. (»</««. An- parts than the type

thericum Liliastrum (S//H. Anthericum Lil-

and Czackia Lilias- iastrum majus).
trum).

PARAFFIN.

In this country it is the common but erroneous
practice to call petroleum " paraffin," and in every
aifc where recipes are given for the destruction o'f
insect pests in gardens, petroleum should be cor-
rectly substituted for paraffin. Paraffin proper is
a crystalline and transparent substance obtained
both from wood-tar and some kinds of petroleum,
but in recent years the name has had a wider use,
and the substance to which Baron Reichenbach
gave it in 1830 is now known as paraffin wax.
Paraffin oil is part of the product resulting
from the distillation of bituminous cannel coal,
especially from shale beds. Petroleum exudes
from, or is pumped out of, the earth in several
regions, notably around Baku in Russia, and in

1'apaija (see Carira).

Paper Mulberry (see firoussonetia).

Paphinia (nee Lycaste).

Papyrus (see Cyperut).

Para Cress (see Spilantlies).

Paradise, Grains </ (see Amomum).

the American States of Pennsylvania and Texas.
Kerosene is another name used in the same con-
nection, and is the one used in American hand-
books just as paraffin is commonly used in British
ones. Kerosene, paraffin, and petroleum, when
used to indicate the oil used for domestic lighting,
are only names for one and the same liquid, and
that the one now largely used in home-made
garden insecticides.

Whichever title is used for the material em-
ployed in the destruction of many pests, the
utmost care is needed in its handling, or not only
the pest but the plant also will be killed. Com-
bined with soap and water to form an emulsion,
and highly diluted, it makes an excellent material
for spraying all crops that are subject to attacks of
sawflies and leaf miners, the foliage being thus
rendered distasteful to the egg-laying insect.
Mixed with wood ashes, at the rate of 1 quart to a
barrowload, it forms a useful surface dressing for
Carrot and Onion beds, applied immediately after
sowing, and again when the seedlings are 2" high,
or directly after thinning, as a preventive against
Carrot and Onion flies.. For the destruction of
mealy bug and scale insects on climbers or other
not too tender plants, under glass, paraffin emulsion
is most effective in the hands of a careful operator.
(See INSECTICIDES.)

PARASITIC PLANTS.

Of exceptional interest to botanical students are
all those plants that prey upon other members of
the vegetable kingdom, for they grow, flower, and
fruit with the least expenditure of energy, deriving
a large part of their sustenance from the juices of
the host. The semi-parasite Mistletoe is the most
familiar, and it is not at all particular as to its
host, growing well alike on Apple, Thorn, Poplar,
Lime, and other trees ; the seed germinates in
the crevices of the bark, and pushes its special
sucker-like processes (haustoria) into the tissues of
the host.

Another wonderful British parasite is the Dodder
(Cuscuta), which germinates in the soil, but soon
becomes parasitic upon Ling, Clover, etc., feeding
upon its host and forsaking its earlier terrestrial
existence. The Dodder often strangles large areas
of Ling and Heather on moors and commons, and
not infrequently does considerable damage to
fodder crops ; it bears no leaves, but flowers and
seeds freely.

Some few plants are parasitic upon the roots of
others, notably the Broom-rapes (Orobanche) which
affect various subjects, the species being deter-
mined largely by the plants they are parasitic
upon. Hypopitys multiflora (Monotropese) is para-
sitic on Beech and Pine roots, and is occasionally
seen in this country.

In the tropics there are numerous parasitic
plants, but the most extraordinary of all is the
gigantic Rafflesia Arnoldii, which uses species of
Cissus, etc., as hosts, and though producing no
leaves and no true stem it has a flower that
measures 3' across. This is fleshy, of a dull flesh
colour, and gives forth a disagreeable odour.
Kafflesia Arnoldii has the largest flower of any
known plant.

Paragramma (see Polypodium).
Paraguay Tea (see Ilex).
Paranepliellus (see Liabwm).
Para Nitt (see Jiertholletia).
Para llubber (see llcrea).

Parietaria

( 162 )

Parkinsonia

Quite apart from the foregoing, but equally
parasitic, are the many species of fungi (and
bacteria) that prey upon plants, pushing their
thread-like mycelia through the tissues of the
host; and when it is remembered that many can
grow on for a long period independent of repro-
duction by spores, the difficulties of eradicating
fungoid pests will be the better appreciated.

It should here be stated that epiphytic and
saprophytic plants are frequently miscalled para-
sites, but the former use other plants only as a
means of support and not of sustenance, while the
latter, i.e. saprophytes, grow only on decaying
organic matter.

PARIETARIA.

Hardy plants (ord. Urticacese), needing ordinary
garden soil ; seldom cultivated. The best known
species is the British one, officinalis, 1J', summer,
green (Wall Pellitory).

PARINARIUM.

Stove evergreen shrubs and trees (ord. Rosacea?),
rarely seen in cultivation. Propagation, by cut-
tings of ripe wood in spring, beneath a bell-glass,
over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam, leaf mould,
and sand.

Principal Species: —

excelsum, 60', Je., wli.

PARIS.

Hardy herbs (ord. Liliacese). Propagated by
division of the creeping rootstock, and by seeds.
Any fertile garden soil suits.

Principal Species : —

polyphylla, 1', My., yel-
lowish gm.

quadrifolia, 1', Ap. , yel-
lowish grn.

PARIS GREEN.

An extremely useful arsenical compound that in
careful hands assists the grower to overcome the
attacks of caterpillars and other pests destructive
of the foliage of fruit trees, being both a preventive
and a cure. As Paris Green — or Scheele's Green,
as it is sometimes called — is a poison, the utmost
care must be taken to keep it out of the reach of
domestic animals, children, or anyone unacquainted
with its nature. Paris Green is obtainable either
in powder or paste, but as there is always a danger
of inhaling the fine dry particles, the paste form
should be purchased. One ounce of this mixed
with 20 gallons of water forms a suitable mix-
ture for spraying fruit trees when the leaves
have grown somewhat. A good plan is to break
down the paste in a little water, gradually adding
more water and stirring vigorously all the time.
In using the mixture remember that Paris Green is
more than three times heavier than water, and that
it is insoluble in water, consequently unless the mix-
ture is kept continually agitated the lower portion in
the vessel will be so strong as to damage the young
foliage. In small gardens a syringe may be used
to spray with, distributing the mixture in the
finest spray possible; the Strawson and Vermorel

Parastranthns (see Lobelia).
Paratropia (see lleptapleurum).
Pardantlms chinensit (see Belamcanda chinensis).
Pardia (sec Rose Enemies)

Paris Daisy (see Chrysanthemum frutescens and
Marguerites).

patent spraying machines are suitable for larger
operations. A quart of treacle added to every
50 gallons serves to make the mixture more adhe-
sive and prevent its effects being lost after the
first shower. •

In America dry mixtures of Paris Green are
sometimes used, and the method is to mix i Ib. of
Paris Green powder with 2J Ib. of wheat flour and
50 Ib. of either dry road dust or finely sifted coal
ashes.

PARK.

A piece of ground enclosed for purposes of
recreation. It may be public or private property.
In country estates the ground immediately sur-
rounding the mansion is usually known as the
Park, although it is not always entirely enclosed.
The deer park is bounded by higher fences or by
wide ha-has, surmounted by low fences, so that
the deer may be kept within limits. Wooden palings
are generally employed for the boundaries, and
strung wire fences for the partitions, or for en-
closing shrubberies.

The public park, as exemplified in the large open
spaces in London and other towns and cities, is
comparatively a modern feature. These parks have
been laid out by landscape gardeners, planted with
suitable trees, and starred with flower beds, in the
filling of which much care is expended. They are,
in reality, huge gardens, with long, rolling stretches
of lawn, shady nooks and arbours, umbrageous
trees, and well-kept, pleasant promenades. The
employment of the lawns for cricket, bowls, and
tennis is quite legitimate, and well within the
strict meaning of the word " park."

The park of the private owner is developed upon
rather different lines, and in it are to be found
features corresponding to the owner's desires ; but
it may be generally stated that a rather " wilder,"
more natural state of things obtains in them.
The lawns are represented by rough meadows and
the shrubberies become woods and cover for game,
while there is a gradual transition from these
wilder parts to the " kept " portions of the grounds
that lie close to the dwelling house.

Recently the tendency has been to add to
natural resources by sowing seeds of many wild
flowers, and by planting quantities of hardy bulbs,
that, once planted, are allowed to take care of
themselves ; and the results are in every way com-
mendable. (See also LANDSCAPE GARDENING.)

PARKIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosaj). Afri-
cana — the African Locust — possesses considerable
economic value, its seeds being surrounded by a
sweet, farinaceous pulp. Propagation, by cuttings
in very sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass, over
bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat and loam with
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
africana, 30', Ap., crim. biglandulosa, 20', sum.,

African Locust. brownish yel., wh.

PARKINSONIA. (JERUSALEM THOEN.)

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosa;)
Propagation, by cuttings in sand, in a close case.
Soil, fibrous loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

aculeata, 10', Je., yel.

Paritium (see Hibiscus).
Parker ia (see Ceratopterii).

Parmentiera

( 163 )

Parsley

PARMENTIERA. (CANDLE TREE.)
Stove trees (ord. liignoniaceee). Propagation, by

cuttings of .»iile shoots, in sand, beneath a bell-
glass, over bottom heat. Soil, peat and loam in
equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

cereifera, 20', urn., wh. This species has remark-
able pendent fruits of a yellowish colour, from 2'
to 1' long and 1" in diameter, looking like huge
can* Ik's.

PARNASSIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Saxifrages;).
Propagation, by division in spring; also by seeds
sown at that period, or in late summer. Soil, moist,
in a shady position.

Principal Species :-
caroliniana, 6", Jy., wh.

nu
pal

(*//". spociosu).
ibicola, 11', sum. , wh.
ilustris, 6", Jy., wh.,

veined grn. A charm-
ing native bog plant.
Common Grass of Par-
nassus.

PARROTIA.

Hardy deciduous trees (ord. Hamamelideae).
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, under a hand-
light. Soil, peat, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Only Species : —
jacquemoutiana, 10',suin., Ivs. finely coloured in

grn., wh. aut. (xyn. Hanuunelis

persica, 15', sum., sc., persica). Iron Tree.

PARRY A.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Cruciferrc), allied to
Arabis. Propagated by division, and thriving in
any garden soil. They are of no particular garden,
value.

PARSLEY.

Description. — This, Carum Petroselinum (ord.
Umbelliferae), is the most valuable of all the
garden herbs, and is in constant demand for
flavouring and garnishing. For the latter purpose
particularly, a variety with finely curled leaves of
a bright green colour must be selected.

BOBBIE'S PRIZE PAKSNIP (see p. 164).

parviflora, 6", Je., Aug.,
wh.

Other Species !—

asarifolia, 6", Jy., wh.
fimbriata, (i", Jy , wh.

speciosa (see caroliniana).

PAROCHETUS. (SHAMROCK PEA.)
A hardy herbaceous creeper (ord. Leguminosae).
Propagation, by division in spring, or by cuttings
beneath a handlight in summer. Soil, loam and
leaf mould with sand. Some protection must be
afforded in winter.

Only Species and Variety : —
communis, 2", pur. bl. — major, 3", Je., lil.

PARONYCHIA.

GRASS.)

Hardy herbaceous plants (ord. Illecebracese) of
tufted habit. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring.
Any light garden soil suits.

Principal Species : —

argentea, 9", sum., wh., capitata, 9", Jy.,
and stipules (.11/11. Kapela).

AMM«llU*tll_ 4"

(NAILWORT, WHITLOW

bracts
silvery.

wh.
serpyllifolia, 4", Jy., wh.

Parnassui, Grass of (tec Parnasxia palustris).

Propagation. — By seeds sown in drills near the
edges of borders in the kitchen garden, or in small
beds. Thin sowing is essential, and very liberal
thinning, as it is only the plant that stands abso-
lutely alone which attains to perfection. If only
one sowing is made, it should be in April ; if suc-
cessionally, it must be from the end of January to
July, according to requirements.

Soil. — Parsley will thrive in any ordinarily fertile
garden soil, but the greatest success is achieved on
deeply worked mellow loam.

Other Cultural Points.— When the plants com-
mence to become coarse they should be cut closely
over. This serves two purposes. It retards
flowering, which spoils the plant, and it encourages
the production of a crop of good, young foliage.
In gathering, never completely defoliate a young
plant, but take a small number of leaves from
several plants. Though Parsley is very hardy,
the plants for winter, unless in a favoured spot,
are best protected with a frame or other shelter.

Good Varieties :—

Bobbie's Curled. Moss Curled.

Parrot Beak Plant (see Clianthut).
Parsley Fern (gee Cryptogramme crispa).

Parsnip

( 164 )

Passiflora

PARSNIP.

Description. — One of the most valuable tap-rooted
vegetables. It has come into some disrepute
owing to bad cooking. The Parsnip (Peucedanum
sativum, ord. Urnbelliferas) must be boiled and
served whole to ensure its true flavour and highest
nutritive properties being retained.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in drills about 15"
asunder as soon as the weather and soil are
favourable, towards the end of February or in
'March. The seedlings should eventually stand 10"
or 12" asunder in the rows.

Soil. — A deeply worked, moderately strong loam
is best, no fresh manure being necessary or
desirable. If possible, the land should be worked
in autumn, and be left rough until the time for
sowing. If the land be very poor, add some
decomposed manure to the second spit, but none to
the top soil.

Harvesting and Storing.— The Parsnip is a very
hardy plant, which may safely remain in the ground
through the winter. The difficulty lies in getting
roots during hard frosts. Some should therefore
be lifted in November, have the bases of the leaf
stalks cut closely down, and be stored in a cool
cellar or other suitable place in sand or fine soil.
(See CARROTS.)

Parsnips for Exhibition. — When perfectly clean,
straight roots are required for exhibition they are
usually secured by boring. A hole about 2' to 'A'
deep is made with a crowbar, and is moderately
firmly filled with a mixture of loam, leaf mould,
and sand, three seeds are sown in the top, and,
germination having taken place, the finest seedling
is selected for retention, the others being thrown
away. The roots go straight down, and perfection
is almost invariably ensured.

Parsnip Fly. — The leaf miner fly that attacks
Celery turns its attention to Parsnips at times.
(For remedies, see CELERY FLY.)

Parsnip Canker. — A minute fungus attacks the
roots, and leaves patches of brown on the skin,
usually towards the top of the roots. It is
exceedingly difficult of eradication. The position
of the Parsnip bed should be changed annually,
and infested ground should be heavily dressed
with lime.

Good Varieties : —

Bobbie's Prize (see p. Hollow Crown.
163). The Student.

PARSONSIA.

Greenhouse climbing shrubs (ord. Apocynacese).
Propagation, by cuttings in summer of side growths
getting firm, in very sandy soil. A compost of
light loam and leaf mould suits.

Principal Species : —
albiflora, My., cl., cream,
wh.

velutina, 10', Jy., wh.

PARTHENIUM.

Parthenium Hysterophorus is a half-hardy
annual (ord. Compositfe). Propagated by seeds.
Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Hysterophorus, 3', sum., hlf-hdy., whitish. Bas-
tard Feverfew.

Partridge Berry (sec Gcmltkeria and Mitchella").
Partridge Pea (see Heisteria).

PASCALIA.

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Com-
positse). Propagation, by division, or by cuttings
beneath a hand-light in summer. Any fertile soil
suits.

Principal Species : —

glauca, 1J', Jy., yel.

PASITHEA.

The only member of this genus (ord. Liliaceae)
is closely allied to Anthericum. It is half-hardy
except in warm localities and light soils. Propa-
gation, by division and seeds. Soil, light loam with
plenty of leaf mould.

Only Species : —

caarulea, 2', Ap., pale purplish bl.

PASPALUM. (MILLET GRASS.)
A genus of hardy, greenhouse, and stove Grasses
(ord. GramineiE), of no garden value. Millet, or
Indian Millet, is Sorghum vulgare, which see.

PASSERINA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. ThymelaeaceEe).
Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripe wood in April,
in sand. Soil, sandy peat, with lumpy, fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —
empetrifolia, '2', Jy., yel. grandiflora, U', My.,

(nowThymela-adioica). wh. (now Cryptadenia

filifonnis, H', Jy., wh. grandiflora).

hirsuta, 2', Je., wh.

Other Species : —
Ganpi (uow Wikstrcemia spicata, 1J', My., wh.

canescens var.). (now Arthrosolen spi-

laxa, 1', Je. , wh. (now catus).

Arthrosolen laxus). Thuubergii, 3', My., wh.

(now Giiklia sericea).

PASSIFLORA. (PASSION FLOWER.)

Description. — An important genus of hardy
greenhouse and stove climbers (ord. Passiflorese).
The majority of the species are valuable for the
striking beauty of their flowers, and a few, such as
quadra ngularis and edulis, produce edible fruits
under proper cultivation.

Propagation. — By cuttings of young shoots in
summer, affording the tender species bottom heat
and a bell-glass, and the hardier cacrulea and its
varieties a hand-light. Seeds of cferulea germin-
ate freely if sown as soon as ripe, and the seed-
lings will flower the second year.

Soil. — Equal proportions of peat and loam, both
fibrous, with some coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — When planted out under
glass it is found advisable to restrict the root run
to a narrow bed or border, and the soil to about
1' in depth, otherwise the plants will prove over-
luxuriant. Pruning should be done after flowering,
and may be light or severe according to the space
at command. When growth is free, regulate and
support it, prevent crowding, and allow the
branches to depend gracefully from the trellis or
wires, as this brings the flowers into greater
prominence, and beautifies the structure. Fumi-
gation, and the use of insecticides, are necessary
at intervals, to ensure cleanliness and health.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alata, 20',sum.,st., erim., amabilis, 15', spr., st.,
wh., pur. : hrasiliana is sc., wh.

a var. with sc., vio. ca'rulea, 30', hdj-. in
flowers. southern couuties and

Patqut Flower (see Anemone Palsatilla.)

Patagonula

( 165 )

Paulowilhelmia

sheltered spots, sum.,
ant., wh., bl., pur. Fine
vars. are Colvillei and
Constance Elliott, wh.,
tine ^rh. climber.

cilulis, 25', sum., st.,
\vh., pur., fruits edible,
pur., with or. pulp ;
siinii'timcs exhibited in
collections of fruit. The
Grauadilla (sec figure).

inraniata, 30', sum., hlf-
hily., best grown ill
grh., growths annual,
and herbaceous from
perennial rootstock,
wh., pur., grn.

Principal Hybrids : —

Belottii (eaTuleo-race-
irii>saXo,lIil(lr;lngularis),
20', sum., st., pk., ro.,
bl., pur.

Buonapartea (alata X
quaurangularis), 20',
sum., st., red, blk.,wh.

cieruleo-racemosa (csem-
lea X racemosa), 20 ,
sum., hlf-hdy., aut.,
pur.

Irupei-itrice Eugenie (OB-

Other Species, Varieties

arborea, 12', st., Je.,wh.,

yel.
atropurpurea, 20', sum..

st., vio., red. A garden

form,
rapsularis, 20', sum., st.,

yel., grn.
canlinalis of gardens (see

amabilis).
cinrinnata, 20', sum.,

grh., vio. pur., wh.
ciiuiabarina, 20', spr., st.,

red.
cocciuea, 20', sum., aut.,

st., sc. , or. (sifti. ful-
fils).

fiilgens (see coccinea).
Halinii, 20', sum., grh.,

\vli., yel. (si/tt. Disemma

Hahnii).
herbertiaua, 30', sum.,

aut., st., wh.,yel. (sijn.

Ilisenuna herbertiaua).

quadraugularis, 20', sum.,
aut., St., wh., red, vio.,
fragrant, fruits green-
ish yel.,pur.pulp,edible.
The flowers should be
artificially fertilised.

racemosa, 20', spr. to
aut., st., sc. (SI/H. priu-
ceps) .

raddiaiia. 25', aut., st.,
deep red, pur. (syn.
kermesina).

violacea, 20', sum., at.,
lil., vio., bl.

\vatsoniana, 20', sum., st.,
wh., vio., lil., grn.

rulea X quadrangula-
ris), 25', sum., st., wh.,
red, pur., bl.

kewensis (raddiana X
caerulea), 25', sum., St.,
red, pur.

Madonna (racemosa X
Buonapartea) ,20' ,sum. ,
st., red, pur.

Munroi (alataXcturulea),
25', sum., grh., wh.,
vio., pur. (si/it. Pford-
tii).

and Hybrids : —

insiguis (see Tacsonia in-

sigiiis).

kennesiua (see raddiaiia).
lawsouiana (alata X race-
mosa), 2(1', sum., st.,

reddish br. , red.
Loudoni (raddiauaXrucc-

mosa), 20', sum., st.,

reddish pur.
macrocarpa, 25', sum., st.,

wh., pur., fruits large,

edible.

Pfordtii (see Muuroi).
priuceps (see racemosa).
pruinosa, 20', sum., st.,

gni., wh., lil.
rnbra, 15', spr. to aut.,

st., greenish yel., red.
trifaseiata, 15', sum., st.,

wh., fragrant,
vitifolia, 25', sum., st.,

yel., or., wh.

PATAGONULA

Evergreen greenhouse trees (ord. Boragineas).
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, in sand, beneath
a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat
and sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

americana, 10' to 12', Jy., wh. or greenish wh.

PATERSONIA.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Irklene) needing
liivi-nhouse shelter. Propagation, by division and
seeds. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

glahrata, II', Je., pur. longiscapa, IV, Je., bl.
_(»(/». media). occidentalis, ~\\', Je., bl.

glauca, \\', Je., bl.

(syn. sapphinna).
•icea, 1J , Je., bl.

PATRINIA.

Hardy plants (ord. Valerianea;). Propagated by
seeds. Light soil.

Principal Species : —
heterophylla, 1', My.,

per., yel.
scabiosiefolia, 1', Je.,

(si/ H. Valeriana
nica).

PAULLINIA.

Evergreen stove climbers (ord. Sapindaceae),
prized for their Fern-like leafage. Propagation, by

bien., yel. (syit. serra-
tulifolia).

sibirica, l'_, Je., bien., yel.
ruthe-

, (see Petteedanuvi).
1'atience, Herb (see Runiex Patientia).

Photo : D. N. Finlt. Edinburgh.

THE GRANADILLA, PASSIFLORA EDULIS.

cuttings of ripe wood in very sandy soil, beneath
a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil, loam, leaf
mould, and sand.
Principal Species and Variety :-

Cupana, 20', Je., wh.
japonica (now Vitis ser-

janisefolia).
oceanica, 12 , sum., wh.

thalictrifolia , 15', aut.,
pk. ; a very useful sub-
ject.

— argentea, silvery grey
Ivs.

PAULO WILHELMIA.

Shrubby stove plants (ord. Acanthaceao). Prop-
agation, by division or cuttings. Soil, loam, peat
or leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

speciosa, 2J', sum., bl., yel.

Paulownia

( 166

Pavonia

PAULO WNIA.

Description. — A handsome Japanese deciduous
tree (nrd. Scrophularinese), not perfectly hardy in
cold districts. It grows rapidly, and is valuable
for its splendid foliage.

Propagation. — By cuttings of young shoots
getting n'rui at the base, in sandy soil, beneath a
hand-light.

Soil. — Deep, mellow loam.

Other Cultural Points. — An excellent use of this
plant has been made at Kew, where one of the
largest beds is devoted to it. The growths are cut

Soil, equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, with
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

borbom'ca, 4', ITS. olive
grn., spotted wh.,
central rib red. A
pretty foliage plant.

caffra, 4', sum., wh. (syn.

cprymbosa) .
indica, 4', aut., wh.

PAVIA.

Hardy, ornamental, deciduous trees (ord. Sapin-
dacea;). Propagation, by seeds, layers, buds, and
grafts. Soil, moist, rich loam. Alba (correctly

PAULOWXIA IMPERIALTS.

right down each spring, and the shoots that push
from the basal buds are reduced to one on each
plant. The result is a strong, erect growth rising
10' high and furnished with huge and handsome
teaves, producing a striking effect. Each plant is
given just room to properly develop. Heavy
dressings of cow manure are given, and in the
heat of summer copious waterings are afforded.
Under this treatment it is necessary to renew the
beds every seven or eight years, the culture being
so exhausting.

Only Species : —

imperialis, 30" to 40", Je., pale vio. (syns. tomen-
tosa, Bignonia tomentosa, and Incarvillea tomen-
tosa, see figure).

PAVETTA.

Stove evergeen shrubs (ord. Rubiacea?') allied to
Txora. Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripened
growths in spring, in sandy soil, in a close case.

jEsculus parviflora) is useful for beds and
shrubberies.

Principal Species :—

macrostachya (see alba),
rubru, 8' to 40', Je., red

(now ./Esculus Pavin) .
— atrosanguinea, dark

red.

alba, 8' to 10', aut., wh.
calif oruica, 20' to 30',

sum., wh. (now jEscu

Ins californica).
indica, 50' to 70', Jy., wh.

(now JEsculus iudica).

PAVONIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Malvacete) allied
to Goethea. Propagation, by cuttings in sand,
in a close case. Soil, fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species:—

coccinea, 2', sum., sc. multiflora, I.1,', aut., pur.,

red (-«//«. Wiotii).
Other Species :—

intermedia (see Goethea — kermesina (xee Gr. i.
intermedia). kermesina).

Pea

167 )

Peach

inakoyana (see G. ma- Schrankii, 2', Jy., or. yel.

kovana). Velutina, 3', Aug., red

in lai'iijihylla (»•« Vein- (•<//«• Lopimia mala-

tina). cophylla).

PEA.

Description. — Of all vegetables grown in British
gardens, the Pea (Pisum sativum, ord. Legutnin-
osv) is the: most nutritious, and probably, with
the exception of the Potato, the most popular.
It is richly nitrogenous, and this proves a dis-
advantage to some constitutions, to which Peas
act almost as a poison.

Soil. — The IVa is one of the grossest feeders
aiming vegetables, and demands a deeply worked,
heavily manured soil, with which alone can
the best results be secured. Natural manure,
supplemented with a little muriate of potash and
superphosphate of lime, gives better returns than
natural or artificial manures alone. It is desirable
that rank manure be placed at the bottom of the
first spit of soil, and that heavier applications be
made to the main and late crops than to the early
ones.

Early Crops. — It used to be the rule to sow
early, round-seeded Peas, such as William I., Dick-
son's First and Best, and others, on a warm border
in November, but the disadvantages are so many
that the practice has largely fallen into desuetude.
Seeds of similar sorts, as well as the more modern
dwarf Early Marrowfats, are sown in pots, boxes,
or on strips of turf in frames or greenhouses, early
in February. Pots should only be employed where
suitable boxes or turves are not conveniently pro-
curable. Boxes 24" by fi" by 4.'-", with movable
sides or ends, answer, being tilled with light, rich
soil ; or boxes 24" by 12" by 4" may be employed,
distributing the seeds 2" asunder over the whole
surface. The boxes are stood in frames or green-
houses, but never in strong heat. With careful
attention, and a gradual course of hardening, the
plants will be ready for planting as soon as the
weather is favourable in March or April. If turves
are used they can be 24" by 3" by 1-J". A row of
seeds is placed down the centre, and the treatment
i- similar to that of box-grown stock.

Sowing Out of Doors.— Seeds should be sown in
drills about 2" deep, the distance apart of the rows
being governed by the known height of the variety.
A safe rule is to have the rows twice as far apart
as the plants grow high. Thus for a Pea growing
3' the rows should be (>' asunder, the space between
being cropped with other vegetables.

Protecting Seeds and Seedlings. —Mice will eat
the seeds, and where prevalent the seeds before
sowing should be damped and then shaken in a
bag containing some red lead. Trapping should
also be resorted to. Slugs will take the shoots just
pushing from the seed. Lime is useful, but in bad
eases hand-picking at night with a lantern should
be adopted. Birds are destructive to the young
plants, which must be protected with galvanised
wire guards, or with a home-made contrivance of
win id and string.

Staking. — This should be done very early, before
the young plants show the slightest tendency to
fall over. I'se good stakes, with ample side growths,
to which the plants may cling.

Peas for Exhibition. — Where very fine pods are
wanted for exhibition suitable varieties, like Duke

Paxtonia (see Spatkoylattii).

of Albany, should be grown, the number of pods
on a plant must be strictly limited, the top must
be taken from the plant, and generous feeding
must be given.

Thinning the Plants. — This is much neglected.
Plants of early varieties should be 2" apart, and of
stronger-growing main crop and late sorts from 3"
to 4" asunder in the rows.

Forcing Peas. — In large gardens this is an im-
portant operation. Suitable varieties should be
chosen, such as Chelsea Gem, the Sutton Forcing,
and the newer Edwin Beckett. Ten-inch or 12"
pots should be three parts filled, after drainage
has been supplied, with a compost of loam, leaf
mould, and road grit, and the seeds sown very
thinly and then covered. December is the time to
make the first sowing. Strong heat should be
avoided, and the plants should have all possible
light and air. When the plants have made a good
start the pots should be filled to within 1J" of the
rim, be staked, and be regularly watered with
pure water and occasionally with weak liquid
manure. Dwarf varieties may be grown in pits
and frames, the seeds being sown in drills in good
soil.

Gathering Peas. — The more frequently the pods
are picked the longer the plants will continue in
bearing. Immediately a pod is fully developed it
should be gathered, as it soon afterwards com-
mences to lose in flavour and tenderness, and,
turning towards seed development, takes more
than its share of nourishment, thus robbing other
pods on the same plant.

Pea Mildew. — This fungus (Erysiphe Martii) may
usually be taken as an indication that the plants
are not getting sufficient nourishment, and may
arise from a lack of food in the soil, or from dry-
ness, when the contained food would not be avail-
able for imbibition. In the former case apply
liquid manure in at least three forms, such as from
natural manure, from soot, and from nitrate of
soda. In the latter event water heavily with pure
water, and the trouble will usually be easily over-
come.

Pea Mould. — This is caused by a fungus (Per-
onospora Vicia;), and it usually occurs in close,
damp weather. Crowding favours its spread.

Selection of Varieties : —

For Forcing : —

Chelsea Gem. Edwin Beckett.

Early Morn. The Sutton Forcing.

For General Crop, in Order of Readiness : —
•Chelsea Gem, 1'. 'Gladstone, 3'.

Gradus, 3'. Edwin Beckett, 4'.

Early Giant, 4'. Duke of Albany, 5'.

'Duchess of York, 4'. 'Sharpe's Queen, 3'.

•Daisy, 1J'. Ne Plus Ultra, 6'.

Senator, 2'. 'Autocrat, 4'.

If only six are required, choose those marked
thus *.

PEA, SWEET (»r SWEET PEA).

PEACH.

Description. — The Peach (Prunus Persica, ord.
Kosaceae), and its smooth-skinned sport, the Necta-
rine, constitute two of the choicest fruits. Well-
grown fruits have a juicy lusciousness that has
scarcely a rival, and certainly cannot be excelled.
The Peach is supposed by De Candolle to be a native
of China, and it was introduced to Italy in A.D.
41-54, appearing in England some 1,500 years later.

Peach

1 168 )

Peach

Propagation. — By seeds for new varieties and
for stocks upon which to work other varieties by
budding. (See BUDDING.) These stocks are not,
however, equal to the Plum, and particularly to the
varieties Damas Noir and St. Julien, which give a
hardy, long-lived tree. Whip grafting (see GRAFT-
ING) may also be adopted, but is not generally so
satisfactory as budding.

Soil. — Any porous soil of a loamy character may
be expected to produce excellent Peaches and
Nectarines. Lime in the form of mortar rubbish
may be applied if the soil be deficient in this
mineral. The drainage must be perfect, and firm
planting is essential.

On Trellises under Glass. — Magnificent Peaches
and Nectarines are grown in houses either trained
fan-shape on a trellis under the sloping roof,
or planted back to back on trellises standing
across the house. The supporters of the latter

conditions, as well to .promote growth as to keep
insect pests in check. The tips of the shoots must
be pinched out in the summer, and those not
required in subsequent years should be removed.
Disbudding will be necessary, and must be done in
two or three stages, and thinning of the fruits
must be done until the finishing crop will range
at one for every square foot of trellis ; but in this
each grower must use his own judgment. Over-
cropping means exhaustion, and is often the cause
of bud-casting.

Temperatures. — The heat should be gradually
increased with the progress of the trees. At the
flowering stages a night temperature of 40°, with
an increase of 10° by day artificially, is suitable,
and sun heat may raise it a further 10° or 15°, but
there must be free ventilation. This will increase
with the advance of the fruits until at the last
swelling it may be taken to 65°, when ventilation

PEACH GLADSTONE (see p. 169).

system claim more profitable results, but the
fruits are usually slightly smaller and duller in
colour than those from the former system. Which-
ever method is adopted, the management will be
precisely the same. A good fan-trained tree will
have six to eight foundation branches whence
spring the bearing growths, which are usually
renewed annually, though both Peaches and Nec-
tarines will bear on spurs. Where a large selec-
tion of varieties is required and space is restricted,
the U-shaped tree will be found valuable. The
trees should be planted in thoroughly good but not
rich soil. Richness and looseness encourage gross,
sappy wood, which never produces fruits. The
growths that have carried fruits are cut out when
they have perfected their burden, and others are
trained-in to bear a crop the following year.

Routine Work. — Dryness at the roots is fatal to
success, and must be guarded against. Afford
mulchings of short manure to the trees, as these
encourage fibrous root action just beneath the
surface. Syringing must be done at intervals,
which will vary with the external atmospheric

must be fairly free. When the fruits are ripening
there must be full ventilation at 75°. In forcing
for fruit in May, start the trees early in December ;
for June, four weeks later ; for early in July, first
week in February ; and for mid-July, early in
March ; later crops come from trees that start
naturally.

Trees in Pots. — These are steadily gaining in
favour for culture in orchard houses (which see).
Excellent crops are produced, and the plants are
well within the control of the grower. Repotting
should be done every year, or every alternate year,
and the trees must be generously fed. As in the
case of trees on trellises, a pronounced resting
period is absolutely essential.

Trees on Outdoor Walls.— Peaches and Nec-
tarines are most admirable for walls facing due
south in cold climates, and south-east or south-
west in more favoured places. If the trees are
properly managed, similarly to those under glass,
they will produce superb fruits. Protection is
necessary during the blossoming period, and can be
readily afforded by blinds running up to temporary

Pear

( 169 )

Pear

overhanging copings fixed to the top of the wall.
Whatever protective material is used must stand
quite free from the flowers. Watering is one of
the most important factors in successful culture.

Peach Blister. — This usually attacks the leaves,
but sometimes the young shoots as well. It is a
fungus (Exoascus deforrnans) which occurs in cold
springs after sharp winds and frosts. This points
to the need for careful protection. Infested leaves
and shoots should be gradually removed and
burned, when, with good culture, the tree will
make clean, healthy growth.

Selections of Varieties : —

First Early {middle to end of July') : —
Early Beatrice. Early Rivers. Waterloo.

Si'cinul Early (bet/inning to middle of August) : —
Dagmar. Hale's Early. Large Early

Miguonne.

crop of properly finished fruits. Where the Pear
thrives either as a standard on the Pear stock or as a
pyramid on the Quince, it is usually very profitable.

Propagation and General Management. — These
details are practically identical with those adopted
in the case of Apples, the article upon which
should be studied with care.

Stocks. — The natural stock is the Pear, which is
deep-rooting, and is somewhat slow in producing a
profitably fruitful tree ; it is suitable for standards.
The Quince stock acts with Pears as the Paradise
does with Apples — favours early fruiting and
excellence of quality. But some varieties — Marie
Louise, for example — do not favour the Quince,
and double grafting is resorted to. The stock is
worked with Beurre d'Amanlis or other suitable
variety, which in its turn is headed back, and the
coveted Marie Louise worked thereon. Success
follows this method.

PEAK NOUVELLE FULVIE (see p. 170).

Early Midseason (latter half of August) : —
Crimson Galande. Gladstone (see p. 168).

Midseason (first half of September) : —
Bellegarde. Dyrnond. Stirling Castle.

Late Midscason (second half of September) : —
Barrington. Prince of Wales. Sea Eagle.

Late (jirst half of October) :—
Golden Eagle. Nectarine. Osprey.

for outdoors (in order of ripening) : —
Hales' Early. Noblesse. Walburton

Amsdeii June. Barrington. Admirable

Dymond. Sea Eagle. Salwey.

PEAR.

Description.— The Pear (Pyrus communis, ord.
Rosaceas) is one of the most highly appreciated
hardy fruits for dessert, while many persons have
a great partiality for it in a cooked state. The tree
is not so accommodating as the Apple, there being
districts where wall culture is essential to a regular

Peacock Jiutterfty (see Vanessa).

Peacock Tiger Flower (see Tigndia Paronia).

Soil and Situation. — Provided there be a deep
root run and no stagnant water, the Pear will grow
in any fertile soil. If the drainage is bad it must
be rectified, as Pears on damp or shallow soils will
crack and be useless. Even pyramids on the Quince
— a moisture-loving tree — will fail if the ground be
at all waterlogged. This stock is naturally surface-
rooting, and no effort should be spared to maintain
the character. Pears vary considerably in dif-
ferent climates, and standards are a doubtful
success in most northerly or cold situations, and
fail completely in others. The large varieties
prefer walls, and several of the small sorts grow
best as standards, some of them fruiting well
even in cold places. Trained Pears on the Pear
stock cover an immense area of wall, and, if they
are properly nourished, carry enormous crops.

Form of Trees. — For the open, in the form of
pyramids and, where they thrive, standards. For
walls, horizontal and fan shapes are excellent, but
for the choicest of fruits for exhibition cordons
are unequalled. Arches over garden walks formed
by cordon Pears have two recommendations — they

Peat

Pelargonium, Cape

are ornamental, and they are useful. In growing
cordons it is important that the leader be allowed
space for extension, as restriction is almost invari-
ably followed by ill effects.

Gathering and Storing. — Pears should be gathered
before they become dead ripe, but not much, or
they quickly shrivel and become useless. Though
generally stored with Apples, they develop a much
superior flavour when kept in a slightly warmer
temperature.

Pear Canker. — Though not generally so serious
as in the case of Apples, the fungus, Nectria ditis-
sima, has to be reckoned with. (For preventives
and remedies, see CANKER.)

Cracking. — This is caused by the fungus Clado-
sporium dendriticum pyrinum, and it does much
damage. Preventive measures in the form of good
cultivation are best. Where infestations are
serious spray with a solution of 1 Ib. of copper
sulphate to 25 gallons of water just as the blossom
buds begin to swell ; and follow, just prior to the
flowers expanding, with Paris Green, 1 oz. to 20
gallons of water (see PARIS GREEN).
Selections of Varieties : —

Twenty-four dessert Pears in their order of
ripening. If only twelve are required, choose those
marked * ; if only six, for excellent flavour, those
marked *f.

•Jargonelle. *+Thompson's.

•tWilliams'BonChretien. *Beurre Ballet Pere.
*Beurre Superrln. *tGlou Morijeau.

Souvenir du Congres. Beurre d'Anjou.

Louise Bonne de Jersey, Nouvelle Fulvie (see p.

Beurre Hardy. 109).

•(•Marie Louise. Knight's Monarch.

Gansel's Bergamot. *fWiuter Nelis.

Marechal de la Cour. Nee Plus Meuris.

•Pitmaston Duchess. "Josephine de Mahnes.

•tDoyenne du Cornice. Bergamotte Espereu.

•Emile d'Heyst. . Doyenne d'Alencon.

Beurre Diel.

Pears for Stewing. — If only one is required,
choose *.

•Catillac. Uvedale's St. Germains.

Vicar of Winkfield.

PEAT.

Vegetable matter found in quantity in a more or
less decomposed state and closely compressed, is
called peat. It is formed chiefly of marsh plants,
such as Mosses, Rushes, Reeds, etc., but sphagnum
moss is probably the most common constituent of
peats. The formation of peat chiefly occurs in
temperate climates. The method of formation
is easily seen in a bog ; the surface is generally
covered with living plants, while below there is a
decomposing mass of vegetable matter, and still
lower down firm peat is found, and this in some
cases passes by insensible degrees into what is known
as Brown Coal, Wood Coal, or Lignite, especially
where the bog has contained more highly organ-
ised plants than those usually found in such places.
Bog peat has high antiseptic properties, and con-
sequently is a preservative of many subjects,
vegetable and animal. Cut into turves, and stacked
to dry, peat forms an important item of fuel in those
districts where it abounds, more especially in Ire-
land, Scotland, some parts of England, and in Den-
mark, Germany, and Holland.

The peat that is employed in such large quan-
tities for Orchids and other peat-loving plants is

Pea/rcea (Isoloma Jiypoci/rtiflarum).

Pearl Cud Weed (zee Anaphalis maraaritacea).

of a totally different nature. It 'is invariably cut
from uplands, and is almost wholly composed of
such plants as thrive on upland commons, where
the soil is usually very sandy. Of those Ling
and Heather are the chief, though the Brake Fern
occurs abundantly in some places ; the fine roots
of some annual Grasses also have a place.

The material so largely used in the cultivation
of American plants, Orchids, and Heaths is also
known as peat, but this differs from the true peat.
Orchid peat is composed almost wholly of brown
root fibres, and is very porous. On the other hand,
the variety known as Rhododendron peat has more
earth and fewer fibres, is sandy, and more reten-
tive of moisture than Orchid peat.

PEAT PLANTS («*' AMERICAN PLANTS).

PECTIS.

A small genus (ord. Compositse) of half-hardy
annuals of no special horticultural value. They
may be treated similarly to Ten-Week Stocks.
The principal species is angustifolia, 6", summer,
yellow, fragrant.

PEDALIUM.

The principal species of this genus (ord. Ped-
alineae) is murex, a branching, tender annual, with
yellow flowers. It has probably been lost to
cultivation.

PEDICULARIS. (LousEWORT.)

Very few Pedicularises (ord. Scrophularinese)
appeal to the cultivator. Most are hardy perennial
herbs, and two are common British plants. All are
partly parasitic on the roots of other plants. Prop-
agated by seeds. Soil, moist peat.

Principal Species : —
Sohchorhiza, 1' to H', golden yel. Charles's

sum., hdy. per., yel. Sceptre,

rlammea, 6" to 12 ', My., sylvatica, 3" to 10", Ap.,

Je., hdy. per., red. Jy., hdy. per., ro., pk.,

palustris, 6 ' to 18", sum., or wh. ; British. Field

hdy. aim., pk. or ro. ; Lousewort.

British. Marsh Louse- verticillata, 6" to 12".

wort. My., Je., hdy. per., ro.

Sceptruin - Caroliuum, 3' or wh.

to 4', Aug., hdy. per.,

PEDILANTHUS.

Stove shrubs (ord. Euphorbiacea;), whose fleshy
branches present a curious appearance. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings, which should be allowed to dry
before being inserted in sand in a warm, dry house.
Soil, sandy loam three parts, rotten cow dung one
part.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
tithymaloides, 4' to 6', — cucullatus, Ivs. mar-
involucre grn. (fi/ns. gined wh. and cupped
Euphorbia carinata and or hooded.
E. canaliculata). Jew — variegatus, variegated,
Bush. not cupped or hoodrd.

PELARGONIUM, CAPE.

Description. — About 200 species, chiefly from the
Cape of Good Hope, belong to this genus (ord.
Geraniacea;). The cultivated plants need green-
house protection, and are perennial, evergreen, and
shrubby. Quite a number have tuberous roots,
and many have succulent steins. A few are herb-
aceous, the most interesting of these being

Pea, Tangier (tee LatJn/rus tingitawut).
Pekea (see Cari/ocar tomentmum).

Pelargonium, Cape

Pelargonium, Ivy-leaved

endlicherianum ; there are also a few others —
seldom cultivated — that are annual or biennial.
The popular species and varieties have fragrant
foliage, more or less lobed or divided, and, though
the flowers are not large, they are freely produced
and prettily marked or shaded.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or
in spring, in gentle heat. By cuttings of firm
growths, taken at any season of the year, preferably
spring or autumn ; during the latter period little
or no artificial heat will be necessary. Sandy loam,
with leaf mould added, should be used. Tuberous-
and fleshy-rooted species by root cuttings, 2"
long, placed in very sandy soil, in a temperature
of (>0°. Keep moderately dry until new leaves
have formed.

Soil and Potting. — Good turfy loam, leaf mould,
and sand. If the loam is poor, add a little decayed
manure. Afford ample drainage and pot firmly.
Pelargoniums require comparatively little root
room, even for large bushes.

Other Cultural Points. — During summer and
early autumn full exposure to sun and air is neces-
sary to ensure ripened growth that will stand the
winter safely in a cool house. From June to
September no protection is necessary for established
specimens. Water sparingly during winter, and
withhold the supply altogether from tuberous-
rooted and succulent-stemmed species at that
season, (flee also GERANIUM, ZONAL.)

Principal Species and Varieties : —

capitatmn, 3', Je., rosy

pur., Rose scented,
citriodorum, 3', Jy., wh.,

Citron scented («/«.

citrosmum).
• — minimum, small Ivs.
crispum, 3', aut., pur.

(»'.'/'<• crassifolium).

— majus, larger,
denticulatum, 4', sum.,

pk. or pur.

— filidfolium, Ivs. deeply
cut.

— majus, strong growing,
endlicherianum, 2', sum.,

hdy. herbaceous per. in
warm parts, ro.

fragrans, 21', sum., wh.,

veined red, Nutmeg

scented,
inquiuans, 2.J', Jy., sc.,

ro., wh. (syn. cerinum).
quercifolium, 4', spr., pk.

or pur., Oak-leaved.
Eadula, 4', Je., pur.,

Balsam scented.
— major.
toiuentosum,3',sum.,wh.,

Peppermint scented

(syn. corymbosum).
zonale, 2i', Aug., variable,

sc. , red, crim. ,wh. ; vars.

amcenum, leucanthum,

and steuopetalum.
Selection of Garden Varieties and Hybrids : —
Duchess of Devonshire, Mrs. J. Douglas, H',

aut., win., mauve, ro.,

maroou .
Pretty Polly, 14', sum.,

Almond scented.
Prince of Orange, 14',

sum., Orange scented.
Rollisson's Unique, 4',

sum., aut., dark crim.
Scarlet Unique, 4', sum.,

aut., sc., maroon.
Shottesham Pet, 1', sum.,

14', sum., blush wh.,

maroon, crim.
Fair Ellen, 2', sura., ro.,

Oak-leaved.
Lady Mary Fox, H'.aut.,

win., sc., Citron

scented.
Lady Plymouth, 2', sum.,

HI., Ivs. variegated.
Little Gem, 2', sum., ro.
Lothario, !£', sum., vio.,

crim., maroon.

rosy pur. ,
scented.

Filbert

Other Species, Varieties, and Hybrids : —

atrum, 8", sum., tuber- -
ous, br. (xi/ns. hirsutum
and melananthum).

betulii-t'olium (see corda-
tum).

betnliiium, 3', Jy., pur.

biculnr, 2', Jy., pur.,
blush.

caruosum, 24', spr., wh.,
pk.

cerinum (see inquinans).

citrosmum (see citrio-
dorum).

cordatum, 3', spr., pur.,
wh. (xyns. betulasfolium
and cordifolium).

cordvfolium (see corda-
tum).

corymbosum (see tomeuto-
sum).

Cotyledonis, 1', Je., wh.

crassifolium (.we crispum).

echinatum, lj', Je., wh.,

red.

glaucum, 3', Jy. , wh., red.
graveolens, 3', My., pur.
hirsutum (see atrum).
leucauthum (see zouale

var.).

melauanthum (see atrum).
peltatum, 2', Jy., pur.

Schottii, H', sum., crim.,

blk.
stenopetalum (see zonale

var.).

tetragonum, 2', Jy., pk.
triste, 1J', Jy., gru., yel. ;

vars. nlipendulifolium

and millefoliiitum, Ivs.

much divided.

PELARGONIUM, IVY-LEAVED.

Description. — As trailing plants, for pot culture
and summer bedding, single-flowered Ivy-leaved
Pelargoniums, varieties of peltatum, have long
been grown in gardens, but the real popularity of
the plant dates from the introduction of the first
double-flowered form. Since then the history of
the Ivy-leaved Pelargonium has been one of
progress. Many beautiful varieties have appeared,
nearly all the delicate colours of the Zonals are
represented in the section, and, while the trailing
habit of the plant is preserved, the flowers are
highly suitable for cutting.

Propagation. — By cuttings ; seeds in the case of
new varieties. The cuttings are made and inserted
in the same way as with Zonal " Geraniums," and
root freely under cool conditions from spring to
autumn.

Soil and Potting. — Good loam three parts, leaf
mould one part, decayed manure half a part, and
sufficient sand to make the whole porous. Firm
potting is conducive to sturdy, short -jointed growths
and abundance of flowers.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants raised from cut-
tings in the autumn or early spring and grown in
pots are suitable for planting in boxes at the end
of May. Some varieties make excellent pot plants,
and require little support beyond one neat stake in
the centre, to which the shoots are loosely tied.
Free-growing varieties make effective specimens if
a large plant is placed in an 8" or 10" pot, and the
growths are trained over a pyramidal wire frame-
work. A substitute for the latter may be obtained
by inserting five tall stakes round the side of the
pot, drawing them together at the top and securely
tying them. The stakes are soon hidden by the
foliage if the growing shoots are coiled round them.
Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums are ideal plants for
hanging baskets in conservatories, corridors, and
windows, either alone or in conjunction with other
subjects. The receptacles should be lined with
green moss and filled with soil. Arrange the
plants round the sides and allow the growths to
hang over. The baskets should be suspended in a
shady part of a greenhouse for a few days till the
plants are established, after which they may be
exposed to sunshine. For furnishing vases in the
garden during summer these plants are valuable,
and they are also useful for bedding. Under all
conditions the flowers should be picked off as they
fade, and it is better to feed the plants with
weak liquid manure than to grow them in very
rich soil.

Selection of Double Varieties :—

Achievement, salmon pk.

Beauty of Castle Hill, ro.

Beauty of Jersey, sc.

Ernest Bergmann, crim.
sc.

Jacques Caillot, vio. pur.

Jeanne d'Arc, wh., la ven-
der.

La France, HI.

Lamartine, or. sc.

Queen of Roses, rosy ma-
genta.

Robert Owen, rosy red.

Ryecroft Surprise, salmon
pk.

Souvenir de Charles
Turner, deep pk.

Pelargoniums

( 172 )

Pelargoniums

Double Varieties, well adapted for Trailing :—

Comtesse Horace <le
Choiseul, ro.

Single Varieties : —

La France, light ro.
Masterpiece, magenta
crim.

Isadore Feral, ro.
La Florifere, ro. pk.
Madame Crousse, pk.

Multiflore, pk.
Victoria, ro. pk.

PELARGONIUM, ZONAL.

For garden purposes it has been thought
desirable to deal with this popular section under
GERANIUM in the present work. (See GERANIUM,
ZONAL.)

PELARGONIUMS, SHOW,
FANCY, DECORATIVE, and
REGAL.

Description.— These are quite distinct in leaf,
growth, and flower (ord. Geraniacefe). The stems
and leaves are harsh to the touch, and the latter
are green, never showing variegation as found in
many Zonal varieties. The inflorescence shows
little variation in either group, but in those
under consideration the largest flowers are pro-
duced, and these are somewhat funnel shaped,
though in the case of some Fancy forms the petals
have become almost as flat as those of a Zonal
variety. The group is attractive, and useful for
conservatory decoration, from the broad range of
striking combinations of colour.

Propagation. — By cuttings. After flowering the
plants need full exposure to air and sun, to ripen
the growth thoroughly ; at the same time the water
supply is reduced and eventually withheld as the
leaves fall. The next operation is pruning back
the shoots. From these prunings cuttings are made,
allowing two or three well-developed eyes or buds to
each. Several cuttings may be placed in a 5" pot
if kept near the side. Give ample drainage. Use
light sandy soil and press it firmly about the base
of the cuttings. If inserted in August the cuttings
root readily in a cold frame, kept close, provided
very little water is given until new growth is made.
Later cuttings should be placed in gentle heat until
ready to be potted separately.

History. — Neither how nor when this race
originated seems to be certainly known, but it is
most probable that acerifolium, cucullatum, and
grandiflorum were used as parents. In the hands
of the old florists great advances were made by
intercrossing and selection, and eventually the
finer forms became classed as Show varieties ; the
vigorous, free-flowering forms, with flowers falling
short of the florists' ideal of form and beauty, as
Decorative varieties ; and the clwarfer, floriferous,
compact growers as Fancy or Ladies' varieties.
Formerly the Show and Fancy sorts were grown to
enormous size for exhibition, but latterly they have
fallen from popularity, while the Decorative
varieties, together with what are known as Regal
varieties, have taken their places. The latter
usually have more brilliant colours, one or more
extra petals per flower, and crimped or waved
segments.

Soil and Potting. — Good, turfy loam, roughly
broken up, three parts, dried cow manure one part,
with sufficient coarse sand to render the whole
porous. Firm potting is essential.

Other Cultural Points. — From the time the rooted
cuttings are potted, right on to early spring, watering
must be done with great care. It is easy to give
too large a supply during the dull winter months.

Water must never be allowed to stand on the leaves.
Stage the plants close to the glass in an airy green-
house where the temperature is not allowed to fall
below 40° at night and during severe weather.
Show varieties should be put in their flowering
pots during December, but Fancy varieties should
receive a final shift early in October or in
November, unless late plants are required, when
potting may be done in March. Staking and tying
are matters to be attended to as needed. Cut-back
specimens readily respond to a little warmth and
an occasional syringing, but as soon as growth
commences their roots should be shaken free from
the old soil, trimmed, and repotted into small pots.
Subsequent treatment is much the same as for
young stock. Frequent vaporisation or fumigation
is required.

Selections of Varieties : —

*y/wr Varieties: —

Achievement, or. sc., wh.

Amethyst, bluish pur.,
maroon.

Bluebeard, rosy helio-
trope, red.

Comet, or. sc. , maroon.

Laxly West Itidgway, wh.,
ruby.

Marguerite, wh., maroou.

Fancy Varieties: —

Atlantic, crim., pur.
Bridesmaid, lavender wh.
Cherry Ripe, rosy crim.,

wh.

Delicatum, wh., pale ro.
Ellen Beck, lil., car.
Lord of the Isles, rosy

pur., wh.

Decorative Varieties: —

Buffalo Bill, lil., ruby.
Digby Grand, wh., car.,

crim.
Duchess of Bedford, wh.,

rosy car.
Duchess of Ediiiburgh,

wh., ruby crim.
Duchess of Portland, rosy

peach, salmon.
Edward Perkins, or. sc.,

maroon.
Eucharis, pure wh., long

stalks ; tine for cutting.
Gold Mine, or., ro.
H. J. Jones, rosy red, wh. ,

crim.

Mary Hoyle, rosy or.,
wh., vermilion.

Mrs. Coombes, wh., car.

Mrs. W. Wright, blush,
crim.

Royal Ascot, or. sc., dark
red.

Sunbeam, crim. sc., ma-
roon.

Sultana, red, wh., choco-
late.

Mrs. Langtry,wh., lil., ro.
Penelope, ro., wh.
Princess Helena, rosy pur.
Princess Teck, wh., car.
Roi des Fantaisies, rosy

crim., wh.
Sims Reeves, pur., ma-

Regal Vanities : —

Albert Victor, ro., wh.
Bush Hill Beauty, wh.,

car., ro.
Capt. Raikes Improved,

crim. , cerise, wh.
Dr. Masters, crim. so.,

maroon.
Duchess of Fife, rosy

crim., wh.
Duke of Albany, crim.,

blush.
Duke of York, rosy crim.,

wh., maroon.
Emmanuel Lias, ro., wh.,

shaded crim.
La Belle de Tours, wh.,ro.

Kingston Beauty, wh.,

pur.

Ladas, pk., maroon.
Mrs. George Gordon, wh.,

flushed salmon.
Mrs. H. M. Stanley, rosy

mauve, crim. lake.
Princess Victoria, blush

pk., semi-double.
Queen of Whites, wh.,

semi-double.
Triomphe de St. Maude

Improved, magenta,

crim.
Volonte Nationale, rosy

car., wh.
Volonte Xatiouale album,

wh.

Larbert Gem, rosy crim.
Mdme. Thibaut, ro., wh.
Mdme. Thibaut album,

wh.
Persimmon, crim., dark

maroon.
President Harrison, car.

ro., wh., chestnut.
Prince Teck, sc., pur.,

maroon.

Prince of Wales, ver-
milion crim.
Princess Beatrice, blush,

crim.
Queen Victoria, vermilion,

wh.. maroon.

Pelecyphora

Pellsea

PELECYPHORA. (HATCHET CACTUS.)
There is one species in this genus (ord. Cactese)

which is allied to Mammillaria. Propagation, by

seeds, also by offsets when they can be obtained.

{See CACTUS for particulars of other cultural

matters.)

Only Species and Varieties : —
aselliforniis, stem short, — concolor, ro. pur.
scaly, Je., grh., wh. or — cristata, crested,
ro., H" across. — pectinatus,scales larger.

PELEXIA.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (nrd. Orchidacete), not
very ornamental. They may be treated like
Goodyeras.

Principal Species : —

adnata, 1' to 3', gnu, lip
wh. («/«. spiranth-
oides) .

maculate, grn., tipped
pk., Ivs. gru., blotched

Other Species :—

olivaci'ti, gni., petals and

lip wh., Ivs. banded wh.

saccata, 6", grn., Up wh.

grey above, pur. under-
neath.

roseo-alba, 1', wh., Ivs.
grn,, spotted wh. (?yn.
Travassosii).

setacea, 1' to 2', grn. (syn.

Neottia calcarata).
wendlandiana, 2', grn.,

br., lip wh.

PELLSEA. (CLIFF BRAKE FERN.)

Description. — An important genus of handsome
Kerns (tint. Filices), all easily grown. Most of
thorn llourish in a greenhouse temperature. Many
have a habit similar to the Cheilanthes. The
fronds are pendent or sub-pendent, and show to
advantage when the plants arc grown in baskets.
Falcata, hastata, and rotundifolia are very nearly
hardy. Hastata is good for the dwelling-room.

Propagation. — By spores, which germinate freely

Pelican Vhmer (see Aristnlacliia gigat).

in a warm greenhouse. Also by division where the
plants have rhizomes.

Soil. — Two parts of peat and one part each of
loam and mortar rubbish. None of the plants
require much soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Pellasas require moisture
all the year round, but the foliage should not be
wetted. They like to be kept close up to the glass,
but go yellow if exposed to direct sunlight. Basket
culture gives the exposure they enjoy. The chief
insect enemy is thrips, for which fumigate. Forms
with leathery fronds may be sponged.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — The dimensions apply to the fronds, ana
do not include the stipe or stalk, which is often
about the same length.]

adiautoides, H' to 2' long,

bipiunate, grh., gru.

(syxs.Platyloma adiant-

oides,andPteris adianti-

1'olia, P. adiontoides,

and P. latifolia).
andromedtefolia, 6" to

12" long, tri or quadri-

pinuate, rigid, grh.
atropurpurea, 4" to 12"

long, 2" to 6" broad,
pinnate, deltoid, grh.
or hlf -hdy.

brachyptera, 4" to 6"
long, spear shaped, bi-
pinnate, grh.

Bridgesii, 4" to 6" long,
1" broad, pinnate, grh.

cordata, 12" long, 4"to6"
broad, spear shaped,
leathery, grh.

— flexuosa, 6" to 24"
long, bi or tripimmte,
very leathery, grh., one
of best (tyn. Platyloma
flexuosa of gardens).

— sagittata, 1J' to 2', bi-
pinnate, grh. (syns.
AJlosorus sagittatus
and Pteris sagittata).

falcata, 6" to 18" long,
1" to 2" broad, spear
shaped, grh.

geramaefolia, 2" to 4"
each way, deltoid,
erect, papery, st.

hastata, 1' to 2' long, bi
or tripinnate, leathery,
grh., plant of upright
habit Isyn. adiantifolia
of gardens, see figure).

Ornithopus, 4" to 6' long,
triangular, bipinnate,
rigid and leathery, grh.
Bird's-foot Fern.

rotundifolia, 6" to 12"
long, 1" to 1J" broad,
pinnate, very leathery,
grh.

temifolia, 6" to 12" long,
1" to H" broad, pen-
dulous, leathery, st.

Other Species and Varieties : —

deeomposita of Hooker

sir hastata). (see angustifolia).

bamensis, 4" to 8" densa, 2 to 3" long, 1"
Jug, Ij" to 2" broad, to 1^" broad, tripiunate,

adiantifolia of gardens
(see hastata).

alabami
long,

bi or tripinuatifid, grh.
(syns. Allosorus and
Cheilauthes alabameu-
sis).

angustifolia, 6" to 12"
long, 3" to G" broad,
quadripinuatifid, leath-
ery, st. (xyn. deeom-
posita).

— cuneata, 6" to 12"
long, 3" to 6" broad,
quadripinuatirid, st.

bella, 5" to 6" long, bi-
pinnate, grh.

Breweri, 3 ' to 9" long,
1" to H" broad, grh.

Brownii (xer paradoxa).

calomelauos, 4" to 8"
long, 3" to 6" broad,
bi or tripinnate, grh.
(.V///W. Pteris hastata
and Allosorus calomel-
anos).

consobrina, 6" to 12"
long, 4" to 9" broad,
tri or quadripinnatifid,
grh.

crispa (tee Cryptogramme
crispa).

grh.

flexuosa (see cordata var.).
glauca, 3" to 4" each way,

deltoid, grh. (*//«.

Pteris glauca).
gracilis, 2" to 4" long, 1"

to 2" broad, bi or tri-

pinnatifid, grh. (syns.

Stelleri, and Pteris

gracilis and P. Stelleri).
intramarginalis, 6" to 12"

long, 2" to 4" broad,

bipmnatifid, st.
- serratifolia, pinnules

toothed (mn. Pteris

fallax).
involuta, 3" to 4" long,

1" to H" broad, tri-

pinnatifid, grh.
longimucronata (see mu-

cronata).
mucronata, 3" to 6" long,

1" to 3" broad, deltoid,

bipinnate, nearly hdy.

(fynt* longimucrouata

and wrightiana).
paradoxa, 6" to 9" long,

4" to 6" broad, pinnate,

grh. (syn. Brownii).

Pellionia

( 174)

Pennisetum

PELLIONIA.

Stove herbs (ord. Urticacea;), occasionally sub-
shrubby, with variable leaves. Propagation, by cut-
tings and division. Soil, rich, sandy loam. Plenty
of atmospheric and root moisture is required.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

daveauana, Aug., flowers (*'.'/"• Begonia daveau-

grn., Ivs. metallic grn., ana).

banded bright grn., — viridis, Ivs. grn.,

marked with br. or blotched \vh.

bronze ; a pretty cl. pulchra, Ivs. dark grn.
above, pur. below, stems
very fleshy ; cl.

PELTANDRA.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Aroidere) with
slender rhizomes and large leaves. Propagation,

PELTOSTIGMA (sun. PACHYSTIGMA).

An obscure genus (ord. Rutacese) of one stove
evergreen tree. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil,
sandy loam and fibrous peat.

Only Species : —

ptelioides, Feb., st. ev., wli., fragrant

PEN^EA.

An obscure genus (ord. Penreacea;) of dwarf,
evergreen, densely leaved greenhouse shrubs, with
yellow or red flowers. Propagation, by cuttings.
Soil, sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

mucronata, 2', Je., yel. or myrtoules, 2', Je., red.
pur.

Photo: Citssdl tt> Company, Ltd.

PENMSETTM LONGISTYLUM.

by division in spring. Soil, boggy ground ; or will
grow in shallow water.

Principal Species : —

virginica, 1', Ivs. large and pointed. Arrow Arum.

PELTARIA.

Tall, glabrous perennial herbs (ord. Crucifene)
with white flowers. Propagated by seeds or by
division, in spring. Light soil will do.

Principal Species :—

alliacea, 1', Je., hdy., wh. The whole plant is
Garlic scented.

PELTOPHORUM.

Unarmed stove trees (ord. Leguminosse) with
yellow flowers and handsome bipinnate leaves.
They may be treated like Cassalpinias.

Principal Species : —

Linnjei, or. yel. (syn. Csesalpinia brasiliensis).
Brazilletto-wood.

Pellitory (see Parietaria ojficinalis).

PENNISETUM.

Tropical and sub-tropical Grasses (ord. Gram-
inese). Several are very ornamental, the long a\vns
or bristles of the flowers having a peculiarly grace-
ful appearance. Propagation, the annuals by
seeds, the perennials by division. Soil, loam and
leaf mould, with sand, for the indoor species.
Longistylum is one of the most distinct and beauti-
ful of Grasses, and is worthy of more extended
cultivation.

Principal Species and
latifoliura, 9' to 10', hlf-

hdy. per. (.«;/»*. Gymno-

thrix latifolia).
longistylum, 1' to H',

Other Species :—
cenchroides, 1' to 2', grh.

ann.
compressum, 2' to 3', grh.

ann.

Varieties : —

Aug., hlf-hdy. ann.,

pur. (see figure).
— violaceum, awns vio.
orientals, 2'to6',hdy.ann.

(«//». ruppellianum).

gigaiiteum, 5' to 6', st.
setosum, 3' to 4', st. or
grh. per.

Penny Grass (sec Rhinanthus CrMa-galli).

Pennyroyal

( 175 )

Pentstemon

PENNYROYAL.

'I'lic Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), a garden
herb, is occasionally asked for, and a few roots of
it should be included in the herb border. A native
of Britain, it is perfectly hardy. Propagation, by
division in winter or spring. The smallest pieces
will root. Plant in rows 12" apart, allowing t>"
between the plants in the rows. A north or even
a north-east border will suit it well. Soil, moist,
low-lying, sandy loam. (See ali<> MBNTHA.)

PENTACH^ETA.

Orcenhoii.su or hardy annual herbs (ord. Com-
positie). Propagation, by seed sown in spring in
a warm bonier. Light, rich soil.

Principal Species : —

bellidillora, 2" to 3", sum., hdy., yel., heads 1"
across (*!/». a urea of Asa Gray).

PENTADESMA. (BUTTER and TALLOW
TRUE.)

A tall-growing stove tree (ord. Guttiferse). Propa-
gation, by ripened cuttings in sand, in a close
Frame, iii strong bottom heat, removing none of
the leaves. Soil, loam and peat in equal ratio,
with sand. The popular name is due to the thick,
yellow, greasy juice that exudes from the tree
when cut.

Only Species :-—

butyracea, flowers red, large, and showy ; fruit
an edible berry.

PENTAGONIA.

Stove shrubs (iird. liubiaceaO with thick branches
and yellow, red, or green flowers. Wendlandii
may be treated like the Cinchonas, which see.

Principal Species: —

Wendlandii, 2', Jy., yel.

PENTAPERA.

I'entapera sicula («yn. Erica sicula, ord. Erica-
cete) is a half-hardy evergreen Heath-like shrub,
witli pretty .pink or white flowers, and easily
grown. Increase is by cuttings. Soil, peat.

PENTAPETES.

One species, a showy stove annual (ord. Stercu-
liaceai). Propagated by seeds and cuttings of the
half-ripe shoots. Soil, sandy loam two parts, leaf
mould one part, and sand.

Only Species : —
phu'nicca, 2' to 3', Jy., suberifolia (now Ptero-

st. , sc. spermum suberifolium) .

PENTAPTERYGIUM.

Epiphytal shrubs (iinl. Vacciniacese). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat. Soil, fibrous peat, with sand. Baskets as
well as pots may be utilised.

Principal Species : —
flavum, 1' to 8', grh., yel., l°ng, pendulous (.w/«.

tipped red, 1" long, in Vaccimum rugosum).

pendulous racemes. serpens, 2' to 10', grh.,

rugosum, I'to8',grh.,wh., hright red, flowers

niarbledreddishpur.,1" numerous, rootstock

tuberous ; the best.

Pennywort or Pcnnylcaf (see Cotyledon, Umbilicus,
Bydrocotyle rvlyaris, Linaria (Jymbalaria
and Sibtharpia enropaa).

Pentarcros (see Suettneria).

I'fittahiplioi (see Litluapermnm).

Pentapliragma (see Araitjia).

Pentapliyllon (see Trifolinm).

PENTARHAPHIA (*yn. CONRADIA).

Stove branching herbs or sub-shrubs (ord.
Gesneraceae), some of which have very showy
flowers. They like the same cultural treatment
as the Gesneras, which tee.

Principal Species : —
floribunda, dwarf, sum., Miii/aziHe 4380, and

suh-shr., red, numerous. Khytidophyllum flori-

libaneusis, 4", Je., sub- bundum).

shr. ,crim. (.«/«*. (jesnera lougiflora, dwarf, sum.,

libaneusis of tiotiinical aut., shr., sc. (*//>*. Oon-

radia ventricosa).

Other Species : —
Crauiolaria, 3' to 4', sum., cubensis, 2', sum., sc.

grn., yel. (si/n. Crauio- neglecta, 4", Sep., snb-

laria fruticosa). shr.

PENTAS (ujn. OBTHOSTEMMA and VIG-

NALDIA).

Stove herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Kubiacese).
Few species have been introduced. Propagation, by
cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil in a close
propagating case. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould
one part, with sand. The rammer should not be
used, and rather small pots give the best results.
The young plants need to be pinched. Nothing is
brighter in the stove in the dull months than
carnea and its beautiful varieties kermesina and
quartiniana.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
carnea, IV, aut., win., — quartiuiaua, pk.; more
spr., sub-shr., flesh pk. rtoriferous than the

— kermesina, ro., tinted species,
vio.

Other Species : —

parviflora, 2', Ap., suh-shr., sc.

PENTHORUM.

Hardy, erect, perennial herbs (ord. Crassulacese),
allied to the Sempervivuins, like which they may
be treated.

Principal Species : —

sedoides, Jy., Sep., greenish yel., likes moist places.

PENTSTEMON. (BEARD TONGUE.)

Description. — A genus of hardy or half-hardy
perennials (ord. Scrophularineso) of herbaceous or
sub-shrubby habit, many of the species being fine
border or rockery plants. The hybrid Pentstemons,
derived principally from Cobcea and Hartwegii, are
very handsome.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in spring in pans,
pots, or boxes, or in frames ; the varieties by
cuttings in early autumn in frames, using sturdy
side growths. These are wintered in a cold frame,
and planted in spring. The sub-shrubby species
are also propagated by cuttings or division. Nearly
all are best propagated annually.

Soil. — For the varieties, a rich, well-manured
soil, with plenty of water while growing. Most
Alpine species like a peaty soil among stones.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

azureus, 1', Aug., hdy., bl. confertus, 9" to 18", Jy.,

j.-itVr.-iyanus, hdy. hdy., yel.

barhatus, 3', Jy., hdy., — creruleo - purpureus,

sc. (SI/H. Cheloue bar- hdy., bl., pur. (xijn.

bata). procerus).

— Torreyi, sc. (.?//«. Tor- glaber, 1', Aug., hdy.,
reyi). pur. or bl. («/»*• Gor-

Coboea, 1' Aug.,hlf-hdy., doni and erianthera).

pur. to wh. — cyauanthus, 2V, Aug.,

— purpurea, fine var. hdy. , pur. , bl.

Pentzia

( 176 )

Peperomia

— speciosus, 2', Aug., hlf-
hdy., bl. (sytt. speci-
osus).

Hartwegii, 2', Jy.to Aug.,
hdy., sc. (syn. gentiau-
oides of Lindley).

Other Species : —

breviflorus, 3' to 5', Sep.,
hlf-hdy., pk. or yel.

coBruleus, 6", Jy., hdy.,
bl. (syn. Chelone coeru-
lea).

pureus, pulchellus, and
Chelone atropurpurea
and C. angustif olia) .

cordifolius, 1', Je., hlf-
hdy. sub-shr., sc.

diffusus, 1J', Sep., hdy.,
pur.

gentianoides, 3j', Jy., hlf-
hdy., vio.

grandiflorus, 3', Jy., hlf-
hdy. , pur.

Hallii, 9", sum., hdy., lil.

Menziesii, 6", Je., hdy.,
pur., lil., red : vars.
Lewisii, Scouleri, New-
berryi, etc.

humilis, 6" to 9", Aug.,
hdy., lil., pur.

laevigatus, 2' to 4', Jy.,
hlf-hdy., wh., pur.

— Digitalis, 1', Aug. , hlf-
hdy., wh.

ovatus, 4', Jy., hlf-hdy.,

Sur., bl.
raeri,H',Jy., hlf-hdy.,

pale pur.

pubescens, 1', Aug., hlf-
hdy., vio., pur., or wh.

(syns. hirsutus, mac-

kayanus).
Richardsonii, H', Jy.,

hdy., vio.
Eoezlii, 9" to 12", Jy.,

hdy., pale bl.
secuudiflorus, 1', sum.,

hlf-hdy., bl.

PEPEROMIA. (PEPPER ELDER.)

Description. — A large genus (ord. Piperacea^) of
annual and perennial herbaceous plants. All have
fleshy leaves, many of them being very desirable
ornamental foliage plants. KesedEeflora is the
only one having flowers at all showy. As basket
plants, for which their closely trailing habit fits
them, Peperomias are most useful. They may
also be employed for clothing rustic tree stumps
or the back wall of the stove.

Propagation.— By cuttings, which will root at
almost any season, in bottom heat. They must not
be put in a close case or they will damp off. Occa-
sionally by seeds.

Soil. — Fibrous peat and loam in equal parts, with
one-sixth sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants do not need
so much water as most stove plants, and they like
rather more shade, but the syringe should be kept
regularly at work.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — All are stove perennials except where
otherwise stated. The colour descriptions given
apply to the leaves.]

PEPEKOMIA AKIFOLIA.

Selection of Best Hybrid Pentstemons : —

Charles Gounod. Mrs. Bernard Cowan. Saint-Saens.

George Home. Mrs. Irvine. Scapin.

Hector Macdonald. Mrs. Oliver. Talma.

John Forbes. Peter Eeadman. Wm. Robb.

PENTZIA.

These South African plants (ord. Composite)
are of little garden value. They may be dealt with
in the same, way as the Tanacetums.

Principal Species : —
crenata, 2i', My., Aug., flabelliforme of Botani-

hdy., yel. (syns. flabelli- cal Magazine 212).

formis and Tanacetum

Pentlandia (see Urceolina).

maculosa, fleshy, grn.,

petioles pur.
marraorata, fleshy, grn.,

wh., marbled, broad ;

one of the best,
metallica, 1', grn., striped

pale grn. above, red

veins below.
mrmmularia^iolia, small,

round, grn., stems

slender and creeping ;

a pretty basket plant.

obtusifolia, 1', grn., mar-
gined red, stems red and
wrinkled (st/w. clusire-
folia).__

Sandersii, 8" to 10",
nearly rouud, grn., wh.,
habit compact (SI/H.
Saundersii).

Verschaffeltii, close to
Sandersii.

Other Species and Varieties : —
argyreia, grn., grey Ivs. Botteri, ovate, grn., stems

arifolia, grn., grey, ovate
(see figure).

slender,
brevipes, light grn., br.,

Peraphyllum

( 177)

Peridermium

stems slender and

thread-like ; a pretty

basket plant (sy».

prostnitaof gardens),
clusia-t'olia (fife obtusi-

folia).
ebuniea, 12" to 15", grn.,

veiue<l emerald grn.,

petioles wh., habit

tufted,
incana. I'.sub-shr., fleshv,

covered wh. hairs,
inquilina, small, grn..

fleshy, round ; a pretty

trailer.

microphylla, small, ob-
long, grn., trailer.

obliqua, fleshy, grn. (syii.
Piper acuminatum).

peltieforniis, dark grn.,
banded grey.

prostrata of gardens (nee
brevipes).

pnbifolia, small, ovate,
fleshy, gru., banded
grey ; baskets.

reseda?flora, dark grn. .
flowers wh., fragrant.

velutinu, dark grn.,
banded grey, stems red.

PERAPHYLLUM.

A hardy, branching shrub (ord. Rosaceae). It
was. until recently, included with the Amelanchiers,
and succeeds under the same treatment.

Only Species :—

raniosissiruum, 2' to 6', My., hdy., wh., ro., j"
across, bushy.

PERENNIAL.

Plants which live and flower each year for
several years — that is, upwards of two years — are
termed perennials. Strictly speaking, this includes
all shrubs and trees as well as herbaceous plants,
but t lie gardener has narrowed down the meaning,
and when he speaks of perennials he means hardy
herbaceous perennials. (See HERBACEOUS PLANTS.)

PERESKIA. (AMERICAN or BABBADOES

GOOSEBERRY.)

Prickly stove trees and shrubs (ord. Cacteae),
some of which have showy flowers. Bleo and
aculeata are chiefly grown to furnish stocks whereon
to graft other Cacti, notably Epiphyllums —
aculeata is the more extensively used of the two.
I'ropagation, by cuttings inserted in very sandy
soil, and kept in a dry heat. Soil, sandy loam,
with crushed bricks or potsherds. Firm potting.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
aculeata. .V to 7'. Oct., shr., red, stamens red,

«hr.,wh., fruit globose. wh.

Kubeus, lanceolata, and grandifolia, 6', Aug., wh.,

rotunda are vars.
American or Barbadoea
Gooseberry.
Bleo, 8' to 10', Oct., Jan.,

Other Species : —
lyeliimlittora, yel., Rose-
like.
Pititache, 3', Sep., shr.,

wh.

Pcrppigii, Ivs. grn., spines
wh., strong.

PEREZIA (.-•//». CLAKIOJIEA).

Greenhouse, halt-hardy, and hardy herbs {ord.
Composite), few of which are known to cultivators.
Propagation, the perennials by cuttings and root

l'i-/iiiiia (.««,• I'itcairnia).
l'< l>l>er (see I'iper).
J'rji/tcr, dhincge, (see XantJioxi/him).
/''/>j>:-r \'inc(see Vitis arbiirea).
!'<•/>/>,• r in hit (we Mi'/tt/ia pipcrita).
Prppermort (see Lepidiuni).
1',-ril'iriinn (in part, , ape Trixii).
Pereiria (we f'utcininm).
42

very spiny, spines blk.,
3" long (*yrt. graudi-
flora).

zinniastiora, resembles
Bleo, but has rosy red
flowers 2" across.

portulacfefolia, 20' to 30',
pur., fruit round, wh.
fleshed, black seeded.

spathulata, Ivs. very thick,
red.

subulata, stem very fleshy.

viscosa, U', Je., hdy. per.,
pur. , red (syn . Homoiau-
thus viscosus).

division, and the annuals by seed. Soil, loam two
parts, leaf mould one part, and sand for the pot
plants, and ordinary garden soil for the hardy
species.

Principal Species : —

sonchifolia, hlf-hdy. ann., wh. ; like a small
double Camellia.

Other Species : —
inultiflora, hlf-hdy. ann.,

bl. (*y«. Homoianthus

multiflorus).

PERGOLA.

An extended series of arches ; taken together, a
long arch, of which the permanent portion is
represented by the framework. The mission of
the pergola is twofold, first to supply cosy nooks
and arbours or a partially protected promenade,
and secondly to afford support to various climbers
which form, in summer, a more or less complete
leafy canopy.

When the foundations for the uprights are
composed of piers of brick or dressed stone, and
the posts themselves of prepared Oak or iron, a
pergola will cost a good deal of money, but where
the simpler plan of using undressed Oak or Kir,
the ends being creosoted before being fixed in the
ground, is adopted, the cost is greatly reduced. Also
the appearance of the structure as a whole is
considerably enhanced. The dimensions of the
pergola will depend upon the desires of the owner
and the size of the garden, but it should not be less
than 7' in width or it will not be effective. The
cross beams at the top must at least allow of visitors
walking underneath without stooping. Thus a
height of G' is the minimum, 7' will be better, and
8', 10', or 12' is not too much, provided the other
dimensions are in proportion. Any of the climbers
recommended under ARBOURS may be utilised.
(flee also CLIMBERS.)

PERGULARIA.

Stove evergreen climbers (ord. Asclepiadeaa)
which should be grown like Stephanotis. The
plants are rare in cultivation, but odoratissima is
worthy of attention.

Principal Species : —

odoratissima, Je., grn
\\V-t Coast Creeper.

Other Species : —
minor, My., Aug., or.,

yel., fragrant,
sauguinoleuta, Jy., gru.,

yel. ; very fragrant.

yel. ; juice of plant
blood red (correctly a
Cryptolepis).

PERICOME.

Half-hardy, shrubby perennials (ord. Composite),
of which only two species are recognised. Propa-
gation, by seeds and division. Any ordinarv garden
soil.

Principal Species :—

caudata, 3' to 4', hdy., sum., golden yel. The
whole plant is strongly scented.

PERIDERMIUM.

A small but rather destructive group of Fungi
which are parasitic upon the Coniferae. Its
members belong to the section known as Red
Rusts, in which the mycelium part (vegetative)
runs in the tissues of the leaves and branches of
the host, and produces its fruits externally in the

Perilla

( 178)

Peronea

form of little cysts (peridia), which contain the
minute, orange coloured spores. Elatinuiu (*//«.
yEcidium elatinum) causes swellings upon the bark
of the Silver Fir (Abies pectinata) ; Pini and its
variety acicolum do the same for the Scotch Fir
(Pinus sylvestris) and the Austrian Fir (P. Laricio
austriaca). The so-called witch besoms upon these
trees are caused by the fungus. The remedy is
the excision of the diseased brandies as soon as
the swellings appear. Badly infested trees should
be burnt, to prevent the spread of the disease.
P. Pini usually restricts its attentions to trees under
twenty years of age. Recent researches prove that
this fungus is a stage in the life history of Coleo-
sporium Senecionis, which preys upon Groundsels
and Ragworts, therefore such weeds should be
destroyed.

PERILLA (syn. DENTIDIA).

A genus of half-hardy annuals (ord. Labiatse)
used for bedding, for which their tine, dark foliage
is very useful. Propagated by seeds, sown in
gentle heat in the middle of March, the seedlings
being pricked off and hardened before being
planted out at the end of May. Soil, light and
rich. The flowers are of no value and should be
pinched off.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

arguta, 1' to 3', Jy., wh. ocimoides, 1' to 3', Jy.,
naukinensis, a popular wh. (nyn. hetero-

garden form, referred morphu).

to various other forms — crispa, dark pur.

by different botanical — rosea, variegated witli

authorities. pk., red, wh., and pale

grn.

PERILOMIA.

Sub-scandent, leafy shrubs (ord. Labiata:) from
South America. Propagation, by cuttings of the
young shoots in sand, in a greenhouse. Soil, sandy
peat. Firm potting.

Principal Species : —

scutellarioides, 3', Aug., hlf-hdy. ev. shr., sc.
(syn. ocimoides).

PERIPLOCA.

Shrubs (ord. Asclepiadese), principally hardy
and of 'twining habit. Grieca is the best, and is
appreciated for the rapidity with which it covers
trellises, walls, or arbours. Propagated by cut-
tings, under a hand-light or bell-glass in summer
or autumn, or by layers. Common soil. Campe-
lepis is now included with Periploca.

Principal Species :—

grseca, Jy., hdy. cl., br., grn. (syn. maculata).

PERISTERIA. (FLOWER OF THE HOLY
SPIRIT. DOVE FLOWER.)

A small genus of handsome Orchids (ord.
Orchidacesc) with stout, fleshy pseudo-bulbs and
broad leaves. The flowers are large, very fleshy
and fragrant. Propagation, by division and by
imported pieces. Soil, fibrous loam and peat or
leaf mould, in equal parts, with sand. Plenty of
water is needed whilst growth is in progress.
Water should only be applied sparingly when the
plants are at rest. Although commonly grown in
the stove, Peristerias may be well served in an
intermediate house, but they must have plenty of
light.

Periphragmos (see Cantua).

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. =r sepals,
ceriua,bulbs 3"high,sum.,

yel.; Juniper scented,
elata, bulbs 6" high, Ivs.
2' to 3-V long, sum.,
wh., 1. spotted pur.,
fragrant, 3" across.
Dove Orchid.
Liudeuii, Feb., s. and p.

p. = petals, 1. = lip.

grii., pur., 1. spotted
blackish pur. on a light
ground.

pendula, bulbs 4" to 6"
high, Ivs. ll>" to l.V
long, scapes pendent,
aut., yel., wh., dotted
pur., fragrant (*.'/"•
maculata).

Other Species and Varieties : —
aspersa., bulbs 3" to 5" Humboldtii (,y£ Aciiicta

high, sum. and various, Humboldtii).

s. aud p. yel., br., and Iseta. yel., resembles

pur. red, 1. darker. cerma.

Barkeri («'£ Aciueta longiscapa (sec Lacama-

Barkeri). bicolor).

Ephippium, close to pen- maculata (see pendula).

dula. rossiana, close to pendula.

guttata, 6", yel., red; selligera, rather deeper

curious. yel. than peudula.

stapelioides (now Zygo-
petalum stapelioidesj.

PERISTROPHE.

One species, speciosa (ord. Acanthacese), is fairly
common. This handsome plant is an easily grown,
free-flowering, and showy, warm greenhouse,
winter-flowering subject. Propagation, by cuttings
rooted in heat in spring. Soil, two parts loam,
one part old Mushroom bed manure, and one part
leaf mould, with sand.

Principal Species : —

speciosa, 1' to 3', win. and early spr., st. or warm
grh., car. pur. (syn. Justicia speciosa). A most
desirable plant.

Other Species : —

lanceolaria, 1' to 3', win., pale pur., wh.

PERNETTYA.

Desirable hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs
(ord. Ericacefe), with small flowers succeeded by
prettily coloured berries. The most ornamental
species is mucronata, of which there are many
seedling forms, with berries ranging from white to
nearly black. The Pernettyas make useful pot
plants. Propagation, by seeds in spring and by
layers. Moist peat and loam form a suitable soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
ciliaris, !i', Je., hdy., wh. macrocarpa, nigra

floribunda, hdy., wh., major, sanguiuea, and

berries crim., probably speciosa are very pretty

a form of mucronata. (.M/«.s.angustifolia,Cum-

furens, Mch., hlf-hdy., mingii Drummoudii,

wh. (correctly Arbutus ovalifolia, speciosa, and

furiens). Arbutus mucronata).

mucrouata. 6', My., hdy., phillyreiefolia, 1', hlf-
wh. ; ma,ny vars., coc- hdy., wh. (situ. Arbutus

ciuea, carnea, lilacina, phillyrea_>folia).

PERONEA.

A genus of mischievous insects. Comarinna
(syns. comparana, proteana, and potentillana) does
damage to Strawberries. Its popular name is
Strawberry-Leaf Button Moth. The moth, which
appears towards the end of June, is £" in spread
of the forewings, which are ochreous, with- a dark
brown, triangular blotch. Probably there is an
autumn brood as well. The larvse eat the flowers
and leaves. Year old plants are never attacked,

Peritoma (see Cleome).
Perinnnlilu (see Vinca).
Peronia (see 'Utalia).

Peronospora

( 1T9 )

Petalacte

two year old plants seldom, hut older ones are
the usual prey. The removal and burning of the
tup 2" or 3" of soil is to be recommended, also
the frequent planting of beds.

Varifgaiia attacks the leaves of Roses. The
lami- should be sought for and killed, and the
lui.-hes syringed with Quassia chip solution, (.^e;
[N8BCTICIDBS.)

PERONOSPORA.

A large genns of parasitic, microscopic Fungi.
They belong to the group of White Moulds, which
is again included amongst the Mildews. Until
recent years the fungus causing the Potato disease
was accounted a Pcionospora. hut it is now referred
to the allied genus Phytophthora, which see.

The mycelium (vegetative portion) of these Fungi
runs internally through all the parts of the hosts,
from roots and tubers to leaves and seeds, making
free with the nutriment the cells contain. Their
course is afterwards marked by softness and
putridity of the tissues.

Methods of propagation are as follow. When
the fruiting stage is reached, numbers of arms
(eonidiophores) are produced at right angles to the
epidermal tissue of the host, and externally. These
branches bear a number of fruits (conidia). The
first stage in the germination of these conidia is
that each one divides into a number of cells
(usually five or six), each containing a zoospore.
The-e zoospores are motile, being furnished with
two hair-like appendages (cilia), by which they
swim or creep. The zoospore, on germinating, gives
rise to new mycelia. This is the summer stage
of reproduction. Conidia and zoospores are very
senMtive to cold, and towards winter a sexual
process gives rise to an egg, or resting spore
(oospore), which, with its thicker cell wall, can
resi.-t cold, germinating in the spring.

Remedies. — It is necessary to catch the spores
whilst on the outside — in other words, prevention
rather than cure. Suggested items are :—

1. Spraying with Bordeaux Mixture, potassium
sulphide solution, or ammoniacal solution of copper
sulphate (see FUNGICIDES).

2. The destruction of badly infested plants,
roots, and tubers.

'.'>. Thorough cultivation of the soil in autumn.

1. Selection of vigorous seed stocks.

"). An occasional change of stock.

6. To encourage continuous and healthy growth,
to avoid checks, and extremes of drought and
moisture, which weaken the constitution of the
plants, and thus render them liable to infection.

Principal Species : —

url.nrescens. Attacks rots, Parsnips, Parsley,

Puppies only, caus- and many other Um-

ing distortion in the bellifers.

^tems. parasiticii. Destructive to
Cactorum. Causes decay Turnips, Cabbages, and

in many species of the larger Cruciiers.

cultivated Cacti. pygmsea. Parasitic upon
effusa. Attacks Spinach ' Anemones.

and other members of Schachtii. Destructive to

I 'hciiopodiacoie. Beetroot. The myceli-

gangliomformu. Attacks um lives in the roots

Lettuces and many through the winter.

Composite ; is getting Seeds are also affected.

rather common. schleideniana. Attacks
infcstans. Potato dis- Onions and other Lili-

ease («•»• Phytophthora accous plants.

iiifestans). sparsa. Roses. No
nivea. Preys upon Car- oospores yet discovered.

Probably confined to
Xorth America and
Continental Europe.

Vicise. Peas and Vetches.
One of the most trouble-
some.

viticola. On Vines.

PE RSE A. (AVOCADO or ALLIGATOB PEAK.)
Many species in this genus (ord. Laurinese) of
stove trees or shrubs have large, fleshy, and edible
fruits. That of gratissima, the Avocado or Alli-
gator Pear, is about 6" long, lias a buttery flavour,
and is a common article of food in the West
Indies. Condiments are commonly used with it.
Propagation, by matured shoots in sand in bottom
heat. Soil, equal parts of fibrous loam and peat,
with sand. Firm potting.

Principal Species : —

gratissima, 25' to 30', st., hai'd and prettily

flowers grn., 4" across, grained (»//«». Tene-

t'ruit Pear shaped. riffu; and Laurus in-

indica, st., wh., wood dica).

Other Species : —

carolinensis, 20' to 40', Laurus carolinensis).

Jy., st., fruit bl. (syn. Red Bay.

PERSIC A (.nee PEACH and
PRUNUS).

PERSOONIA (synt. LINKIA and PENTA-
DACTYLON).

Greenhouse shrubs or small trees (ord. Proteacese)
with yellow or white flowers. Propagated by cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with one-fourth
sand. Persoonia of Michaux is a synonym of
Marshallia ; and Persoonia of Willdenow a synonym
of Carapa.

Principal Species : —
ferruginea, 3', Je., shr., tree, yel. (syn. Drum-

yel. mondii).

lougifolia, 10' to 20', Jy., rigida, 3' to 4', Je., yel.
(syn. spathulata).

Other Species and Variety : —
hirsuta, 2' to 3', Je. , shr., nutans, 1', Jy., bushy

yel. shr., yel. (tyn. flexi-

lanceolata, 4', Je., shr., folia).

yel., hairy. saccata, 2' to 6', Jy., shr.,

— liEvis, a glabrous var. yel. (ai/ns. Fraseri and

liuearis, 10 to 20', Jy., rnacrostachya).

tree, yel. (syn. pinifolia Toro, sum., small tree,

and pruinos'a). yel. (syn. Tora).

PERYMENIUM.

An obscure genus (ord. Composite) of no garden
value.

PETALACTE (syn. PETALOLEPIS).

A single species (oril. Composite) of greenhouse
evergreen sub-shrubs, of little value, but requiring
culture similar to the Helichrysums (which see).

Only Species : —

coronata, 1', My., grh., wh.

Persian, tfuris Eye (see Tulipa Oculus-fiolis).
1'i'f.tinniinn («v< JJiox/>yros riryiniaiui).
l'i ru Balsam Tree (see Myroxylo-n).
Peruvian Bark (tee Cinchona).
Peruvian Daffodil (see Jlymenocallis).
Peruvian Maslic (see Schinns).
Peruvian Nasturtium (see Tropeeolum tuterosum).
Peruvian ijn-amp Lily (see Zephyranthes Can-
dida).

Pescatoria (see Xyi.iopetalum).
Pesomeria (see Pltaiug).

Petalidium

( 180 )

Petunia

PETALIDIUM (syn. PSBUDO-BABLERIA).

Unarmed stove shrubs (or I. Acanthacea;).
Propagation, by cuttings, in spring. Soil, loam two
parts, leaf mould one part, and sand one-sixth.
Pinch once to obtain well-furnished plants.

Principal Species : —

barlerioides, 3' to 4', Je., st. ev., wh.

PETALOSTEMON. (PRAIRIE CLOVER.)
Hardy or half-hardy herbs, perennials for the

most part (ord. Leguminosse), allied to Dalea.

Propagation, by division of the roots in spring.

Any ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

candidus, 1', Jy., hdy. violaceus, 1', Jy., hdy.

per., wh., leaflets seven Per'> ra Pur>> leaflets

to nine. five.

PETASITES.

Hardy herbs (ord. Composite), with woolly leaves
and more or less fleshy rhizomes. Fragrans, the
Winter Heliotrope, and officinalis, the Bog Rhubarb,
or Butter Bur, are well-known plants. The former
is occasionally employed as a pot plant, for flower-
ing in the cool conservatory in winter. It makes
an excellent fringe to rockery bordered fountain
basins or miniature waterfalls. OiBcinalis (syn.
vulgaris) makes a charming picture, when in full
vigour, by the banks of ponds or streams in the
wild garden. If a light but rich soil is given the
leaves attain to enormous proportions and are quite
tropical in appearance. They are of spreading
habit, and when unconflned in a garden fragrans
often becomes a nuisance. Propagated by division.
Any garden soil will do.

Principal Species and Variety :—

fragrans, 6", Feb., wh., — gigauteus, 6", the Ivs.

fragrant (syn. Tussilago have edible petioles,

fragrans). Winter like Rhubarb ; m Japan

Heliotrope. they are used for make-

frigidus, 6", Ap., My., shift umbrellas,

wh. (tyn. Tussilago officmalis, 1' to 5', Mch.,

frigida). My. , wh. (XI/HS. Tussi-

japonicus, wh. (syn. lago Petasites and T.

Nardosmia japonica). vulgaris). Bog Rhu-
barb, Butter Bur.

PETIVERIA (syn. MAPA).

One species (ord. Phytolaccacea?), a branching
stove shrub, which may be increased by cuttings
of the half-ripened shoots. Soil, loam and peat,
with sand.

Only Species and Variety : —

alliacea, 2' to 3', Je., — octaudra. Ivs. smaller
st., wh. Guinea-hen and dwarfer (syn.

Weed. octaudra) .

PETREA (syn. PETR^EA).

Stove shrubs, including twiners (ord. Verben-
acese), from tropical America, and several of them
of great beauty. Propagated by cuttings, in a
light, sandy soil, in bottom heat, covered by a bell-
glass. Soil, turfy loam three parts, leaf mould one
part, and old Mushroom bed manure one part, with
one-sixth sand.

Principal Species : —

arborea, 12', Je., st., bl., volubilis, 12', Jy., st. cl.,
vio. (tyn. erecta). pur. Purple Wreath.

Petalolepis (of Letting, are Petalacte).
Petasoitylis (see Leianthus).

Other Species : —

macrostachya, 20', Je., st. and Stsipelia: is kept

cl., HI. (HI/II. Stapelias). distinct.

This is referred by Index rugosa, 6' to 8', Jy. , st.,

Kewensis to guiaiieusis, bl.

PETROBIUM (syn- LAXMANNIA OP
FORSTKR).

There is only one species (ord. Composite), and
it is an ornamental stove tree, increased by cuttings.
Soil, good, sandy loam.

Only Species : —

arboreum, Je , st. tree, yel.

PETROPHILA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Proteacea;). Very few
are in cultivation. The same culture as for Banksia
(which see) will suit.

Principal Species : —

acicularis, 2', My., wh., red.

Other Species : —

heterophylla, 4', Je., wh. rigida, 2' to 3', My., wh.
pulchella, 6 to8.Jy.,wh. Serruriu', 3' to 4', My.,

(*//». Protea puichella). wh. («//». glanduligera).

PETTERIA.

The only species, ramentacea (syn. Cytisus Wel-
denii, ord. Leguminosse) is a hardy shrub of erect
habit, requiring the same treatment as the hardy
Cytisuses. It is of little garden value.

PETUNGA (syns. HIGGINSIA OP BLUME,
and SPICILLAHIA).

Glabrous stove shrubs (ord. Rubiacece), of
branching, twiggy habit, and bearing white flowers.
Propagated by cuttings in April, in sand, over
bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat and loam in. equal
parts, with one-fifth sand.

Principal Species :—

Roxburghii, 3' to 8', My., flowers small, wh.

PETUNIA.

Description. — Ornamental, half-hardy or hardy,
annual or perennial herbs (ord. Solanaceaj), largely
cultivated in pots and baskets, or used for bedding
plants. For the latter purpose, the small-flowered,
profuse-blooming varieties are best, the double
varieties and those with large single flowers
making handsome pot plants trained to a trellis
or wire frame. The cultivated Petunias are
derived from violacea and nyctaginiflora. Named
varieties are not now largely grown, but a selec-
tion appears on p. 181.

Propagation. — By seeds, which germinate freely
if sown in March in a hotbed, in light, fine soil,
and only slightly covered with earth, as the seeds
are very small. The seedlings ought to be pricked
off as soon as they can be handled. They are
afterwards potted off singly and pinched to make
bushy and compact plants, growing them on near
the glass in an intermediate temperature. Plants
to be grown in pots may receive their final shift in
May, when those for bedding should be hardened

Pelroeal/is (sec Draba).
Petrocarya (see Parinarium).
Petrocoptis (see Lychnis).
Petrogeton (see Crassula).
Petroseliuum (see Parsley).
J'ettigree (see Jluscus arulcattts).
Pettlqrue (see llttxeux (U'ldcatus).
Pettyiehin (see tfcnista angltca).

Peu.ced.anum

( 181 )

Phsenosperma

off, prior to planting out. Named varieties are
grown from cuttings of young shoots taken in
autumn iiinl wintered in a warm greenhouse.
Cuttings may be rooted in a warm frame in
February, or even later.

Soil. — Good, rich loam and a third part of
well-rotted manure.

Other Cultural Points. — 1'etunias under glass
are attacked l>y green fly, for which occasionally
fumigate. Those grown outside .should have plenty
of water while in growth, and be well staked,
1'asteiieil tu Imv trellises, or pegged down.

Principal Species : —
intermedia (now Salpi-

glossis linearis).
nyetaginiHora. '!' , Aug.,

lilf-hilv. aim., wli.
violaeea, (>" to 10",

Selection of Double Petunias for Pots : —
Adonis. Labyrinth. Mrs. Webb.

.\iire. La Fiancee. Odyssee.

Bayanl. Minnie Evans. K. Knight.

Caprire. Mrs. Sander. Victolia.

Selection of Singles for Pots: —
Adnlphe Aderer. Charmer. Madame Barbier.

Avalanche. Dr. Tucker. Purple King.

Beauty. Elegans. Tony Juhauuot.

C. de Houdetot. Little Pet. Van Bievlet.

Selection for Bedding : —

Most of these come almost true from seed.

prostrate, Aug., hlf-
hdy. per., pur. vip.

(.vvji.v. Xierembergia
jilio-nicea and Salpi-
glossis integrifolia).

Countess of
Ellesmere.

Dr. lion-.
llollioni Blue.

Miranda.
Model.
Mrs. (.'harles
Wilson.

Perfection.
.Spitfire.
A^ictoria.
White Queen.

PEUCEDANUM.

A large genus ot herbs and shrubs, annuals and
perennials (ord. Umbelliferie). From a garden
point of view the principal species of note is sati-
vuiii (itce PARSNIP). Several species, including the
Sul|ihurwort (officinale), Masterwort (Ostruthium),
and Milk Parsley (palustre) are British plants.

Principal Species: —
gr.ivenlens, 2' to .')', Je., Aug., hdy. ami. or

Jy., yel. Dill. bieu., yel. (»//«. Pas-

s-itivum, 2' to 3', Jy., tiuaca sativa). Parsnip.

PEUMUS (syn. BOLDEA and KUIZIA).

One species, Boldus (ord. Monimiacese), a dwarf,
greenhouse, evergreen tree, with fragrant foliage,
but of no interest to the decorative gardener. The
leavea are. used medicinally as an aid to digestion,
and the bark is employed by tanners. The fruit
is edible, and eaten in Chili. Propagation, by
cuttings. Soil, sandy peat.

PFAFFIA.

Stove herbs of erect habit (ord. Amarantaceze).
Gfaaphalioide*, although a perennial, is best treated
as an annual. Soil, two parts loam, one part leaf
soil, and sand.

Principal Species : —

gnaphalioides, 1', Je., wh.

PHACELIA.

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Hydrophyllaceas),
which are mostly hardy in this country. The
perennial species are not much cultivated, and
should be grown from seeds or cuttings. The

Pci/roiisia (of Street, see Lapeyruusia).
Pfi'iffcra (nee Rlripxalix).
Pliaca, (see Aftragaliui).

best are annuals, which grow in any good garden
soil, treated as hardy annuals. Those named are
annuals unless indicated otherwise.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

oaotpanularia, 8", sum.

bl.
circiiiatifortnis, 9" to 18",

Je. , bien. , bl. or wh.
divaricata, My., vio. ,

procumbent.
— wrtmgeliana, Ivs. tliree-

lobed.

Parryi, 1', sum., vio.
sericea,9' ', Je. , per. , bluish

Other Species : —
bipimiatinda, 1', Jy., aim.

or bieu., vio.
circinata, 2', sum., bieu.

or per. , bl. [bl.

congesta, 9" to 15", sum.,

pur. (siju. Eutoca seri-
cea).
tiiuacetifolia, 2',Je., bluish

Whitlavia, 2', Je.. bl.
(*//«. Whitlavia graudi-
rlont, Harv.).

— alba, wh.

wrangeliaua (sec divari-
cata var.).

Frauklinii, 9", My., bl.

Menziesii, 1', Je., pur.
(SIJK. Eutoca Meuziesii
aud E, multinora).

orcuttiaua, 1', sum., wh.

PH/EDR AN ASSA. (QUEEN LILY.)

Stove, greenhouse, and half-hardy bulbs (ord.
Amaryllidea;), with showy flowers in umbels.
Propagated by offsets, removed from the parent
bulbs when the latter are at rest. Soil, good loam
four parts, leaf mould one part, and enough sand
to keep the whole porous. In winter they must
be kept dry.

Principal Species : —
Carmioli, at., red, tipped rubro-viridis, Ap., grh.,

grn. grn-, red (correctly

Lehmarmi, st., so. Eustephia cocciiiea).

Other Species : —
chloracea, H ', grh., pur. obtusa (see chloracea

ro., tipped grn. ; ob- var.).

tusa is a var. schizautha, Oct., st. or

eucrosioides (now Strick- grh., red.

landia eucrosioides). viridiflora. grh., grn., yel.

PH^ENOCOMA.

Description. — There is only one species in this
genus (tird. Compositie), viz. prolifera, a charming
plant, showy and distinct, although not of particu-
larly easy culture. Specimen plants 3' or 4' in
height may be obtained with care. The flowers
last in full beauty lor two or three months.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the young side
shoots which are getting firm at the base, in sand,
in gentle bottom heat.

Soil. — Fibrous peat and one- fourth sharp silver
sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The old plants should
be potted when starting into growth in the spring.
Perfect drainage and firm potting are essentials.
After the check of potting has been surmounted,
keep the plants near the glass in an airy green-
house. Later on in the summer a place in a cold
frame on a moist ash bottom is about the best,
but plenty of air must still be given, and abund-
ance of water at all times.

Only Species and its Variety : —
prolifera, 3' to 4', sum., Xerauthemum prolif-

grh., crim., rosy pur., erum).

Ivs. small, scale-like — Bamesii, flower heads

(syws. Helichrysum and of deeper hue, habit
rather more compact.

PHSENOSPERMA.

A genus of tall, hardy, ornamental Grasses (ord.
Gramineae) that may be easily raised from seed,
sown in April. Ordinary garden soil.

Only Species : —

globosa, 6', flowers in huge panicles.

Phaio-calanthe

( 182 )

Phaius

PHAIO-CALANTHE.

Bigeneric hybrid Orchids, obtained by the inter-
crossing of various species of Calanthe and Phaius,
and requiring the same treatment as Phaius.

Principal Hybrids : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]

Arnoldia; (C. Eeguieri X p. pk., flushed yel., 1.

P. grandifolius) , habit

intermediate, s. and p.
" tawny, flushed gold, 1.

pale ro. pk.
berryaua (P. Humblotii

X C. Masuca), flowers

intermediate in shape,

ro.
Braudtia? (P. assamicus

X C. Veitchii), s. and

Other Hybrids :—
grandis (P. grandifolius

ro. pk.

irrorata (P. grandifolius
X C. vestita), s. and p.
creamy wh. , shaded ro. ,
1. reddish pur., wh.

sedeuiaua (P. grandifolius
X C. Veitchii), s. and
p. yellowish wh.,
flushed ro., 1. wh..
margined rosy pur., yel.

X C. Bryan),
inquilina (P. vestitus X
C. Masuca).

iuspirata (P. grandifolius

X C. Masuca).
Niobe (P. graudifolius

X C. gigas).

PHAIUS OAKWOODIEXSIS.

PHAIUS (syn. PHAJUS).

Description. — A small genus of epiphytal and
terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae), from the
Tropics of the Old World. The leaves are deep
green, pleated, and usually of large size, with the
base narrowed into a long petiole. The inflores-
cence is generally erect, rising in some species a
yard or so high.

Propagation. — By division after flowering is over,
severingthe rhizomes of epiphytes witha sharp knife.

Compost.— Species like Humblotii need little
more than clean sphagnum, but some fibrous peat
may be added. Terrestrial species need fibrous
loam and leaf soil or peat in equal parts, with
dried cow manure and sand.

Special Cultural Points. — No species needs the
very dry root conditions some Orchids require
during the period of rest. All succeed in a stove,
but maculatus is at home in an intermediate or
cool house ; Humblotii and simulans (tuberculosus
of gardens) both love a very high temperature and
atmospheric moisture.

Phemocodon (see Lapagerla).

Deciduous Species. — These differ so much in

manner of growth, mode of flowering, and cultural
needs from the evergreen ones that they arc dealt
with under their common garden title 'of Thmiia
(which see).

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — s. r= sepals.
hicolor, 1^', spike U' to
2i', sum., s. and p. red-
dish br., 1. wh., ro.,
yel.

— Oweni*, 1. yel., maroon
pur.

Blumei, '!'.,', spikes 4',
spr., s. and p. yellowish
red, 1. wh., criin., yel.;
assumicus, Bernaysii,
and sauderiaiius are
distinct vars., the latter
producing spikes 6' to
<S' long in sum.

callosus, 2V, spike 3' to
4', sum., s. and p. red-
dish br., wh., ro., 1.
yellowish wh., ro. pur.
(syn. Kumphii).

grandifolius, 2i', spike
3' to 4', spr., s. and p.
yellowish br., wh.
reverse, 1. br., rosy pur.
(syim. gigauteus and
grandiflorus).

Humblotii, li', spike
li' to 2i', s. and p. rosy

Principal Hybrids : —

amabilis (grandifolius

X simulans), win., s.

and p. wh., pk., 1. criin.

pur., grn.
ashworthianus (Wallichii

var. Muniiii X

maculatus), sum., s.

and p. gold, 1. marked

reddish Br.
Cooksouia?, (graudifolius

X Humblotii), spr., s.

and p. yel., 1. yel., pur.

br., ro.
Cooksouii (Wallichii X

simulans), spr., s.and p.

Other Species, Hybrids,

albus (see Thuuia alba) .

assamicus (see Blumei
var.).

Bensonite (see Thunia
Beusonte) .

Bemaysii (see Blumei
var.).

flavus, 24', spikes L1'. '.
sum., s. and p. yel., 1.
yel., reddish br.

giganteus (see graudi-
folius).

grandiflorus (see- grandi-
folius).

inquilimis, sum., wh.,
yel.: hybrid, parentage
unrecorded.

irroratus (see Phaio-Cal-
uuthe irrorata).

inaculato - grandifolius
(grandifolius X rnacu-
latus), aut., s. and p.
yellowish ro., 1. wh.,
crim., br.

Minimi (see Wallichii
var.).

p. = petals, 1. = lip.]
pur., wh., 1. ro. pur.,
wh. reddish br., crim.,
yel.

— albus, s. and p. wh. ,
1. ro., rosy pur., l.r.. yel.

maculatus, 2 j, spike" •_''
to 3', spr., s. and jt.
yel., 1. marked red.
Ivs. spotted yel.

simulaus, 1', spike 1' to
'!' , win., s. and p. wh.,
1. wh., ro., yel.. or.,
crim. pur., epiphytal
("i/ii. tuberculosus of
gardens) .

tuberculosus, li' to 2',
spike 2' to 3', s. and
p. wh., terrestrial (tyii.
Warpuri ) .

tuberculosus of garden?
(nee sinmluiis).

Wallichii, '21, , spike 3'
to o', win., spi., s. and
p. buff, red, wh. re-
verse, 1. wh., yel., red.

— Manuii, flowers larger
and darker.

rosy yel., 1. ro.. rosy
pur., yel.

Martha' (Blumei X sim-
ulans), spr., s. and p.
buff, spotted br., 1. wl,.,
yellowish br., ro.

Norman (Blumei var.
sauderiaiius X sim-
ulans), spr., s. and p.
yellowish pk., 1. red-
dish pur., yel., ro.. \vh.

owenianus (bicolor var.
Owenia? X Humblotii),
sum., s. and p. wh.,
tinged pur. br., 1. crim.
pur., yel.. or.

and Varieties : —

Marshallia- (see Thuuia
Marshallise).

mishmiensis, li', spike
li' to 2i', sum., s. and
p. ro. pk., 1. ro. pk..
wh., yel. (.«/«. roseus).

oakwoodiensis (Cooksonii
X Humblotii), sum.,
s. and ]>. ro., I. rosy
crim., or. (see figure).

orphan um (grandifolius
X Martha?), spr., s.
and p. yellowish red, 1.
iTim., ro., yel., reddish
br.

Owenia* (»r bicolor var.).

philippinensis. li', spike
li' to 2i', sum., s. and
p. reddish br., yel., wh.
reverse, 1. wh., pk.,
yel.

I'liiebe (Blumei var.
sanderianus X Hum-
blotii), sum., s. and p.
yellowish ro., 1. ro., or.,
yel.

Phalaenopsis

( 183 )

Phalaenopsis

rosciis ..«, mishmieiisis).
Euinjiliii (wv callosus).
saml Ti:imu> (we Bluiuei
var.).

veitchianus (see Thunia

veitchiana).
Warpurii (see tuber-

culosus).

PHAL^ENOPSIS.

Description —A genus of about thirty species
(<>rd. Orcliidaoeic), natives of Eastern India and
the Malay Archipelago. All are dwarf, short-
stemmed plants, bearing a few thick leaves in two
ranks. Usually the leaves are rich green, but in
sanderiana, sciiilleriana, and veitchiana they are
marbled with greyish green ; in leucorrhcda, "casta
and stuartiana the marbling is evident on young
foliage only ; Mannii has violet margins and spots
on its leaves. A ballot among Orchid lovers would
probably result in a good majority in favour of
rbaleenopsis as the most beautiful genus. In the
better known forms the flowers are about 3" across,
the sepals and petals being sufficiently broad to
make up a full and rounded bloom ; some species
have starry flowers. The finest species have long,
arching spikes, and these are sometimes branched
and carry quite a large number of lovely blooms
that by reason of their shape and pose have earned
for the genus the popular title of Moth Orchids.

Propagation. — This is not easy, but in some
instances when the stem has elongated somewhat
it may be severed, provided there are sufficient
roots left on the forward or apical portion to keep
it growing; the beheaded portion will in all
probability form a bud, or "back break," that with
•care and patience will develop into a plant. When
a plant makes several leads, one may be removed
if it is well rooted, but the severance must be
gradual to guard against check. Lue:ldemanniana
is most readily divided, and it occasionally forms
plant lets on its Mower stems. These latter, as well
as those occasionally formed on the roots of stuart-
iana, must not be removed until roots have formed.

Cultural Requirements. — All the species succeed
in suspended Teak baskets, or cylinders. The
former should have preference. As t'he roots resent
confinement the receptacles should be only just
large enough to accommodate the specimens. In
the best collections re-basketing is seldom practised,
and the roots hang down in quantity from the
small baskets. To ensure the escape of water,
crocks must be placed in the bottom of the basket
or cylinder, and should occupy half the space.
Clean, live sphagnum moss is the only other
material necessary, filling it among the roots in
such a manner that the crown or collar is raised
well above the rim of the receptacle. When a
larger basket becomes a necessity it is a good plan
to select one large enough to accommodate the old
one, as it is scarcely possible to remove the roots
without injury. Kemove any bars to which no
roots are attached, and let the roots pass between
the bottom bars of the new basket, subsequently
filling the spaces with crocks and sphagnum.
Growth commences in March and new material
and new baskets should be provided then, if
necessary.

Temperature and Ventilation —The season of
growth extends from March to the end of October,
arid during that period the temperature should be
70° by night and 75° to 80° by day. From Novem-
ber to March tiu° to (>5° at night and li.V to 70° by
day will suffice. The changes from the latter to
the former tigures, or rii-e rcrsd. should be gradual.
Bottom ventilntors opening on to the hot-water
pipes afford the best means of ventilation, and

from spring till late autumn air should be admitted
through them in quantity regulated by the external
conditions, always guarding against draughts. The
house in which Phalsenopses are grown should, if
possible, be an inner one in a range, or the doors
should open into another house, porch, or shed, so
as to prevent the inward rush of unwarmed air.
There is usually no great difficulty in arranging
this, and it is trouble well repaid.

Moisture and Shading. — Excepting during the
depth of winter, or foggy weather, it is hardly
possible to keep ths atmosphere too humid,
for Phalamopses grow naturally in saturated
atmospheres. Even Lowii, though not needing
water at the roots when resting, would succumb in
a dry atmosphere. Overhead watering and syring-
ing are best avoided, though in one well-known
collection no bad results appear to follow the
former when practised during summer. From
March to October give abundance of water, and
damp down as often as necessary ; from November
to March give only enough water to keep the
sphagnum fresh and green, and damp down only
once or twice a day. Phalsenopses love shade from
sunshine or very bright light, and unless this is
provided there will be scorched leafage and other
ills. Besides the ordinary roof -blind, it is an
advantage during summer to have a thin blind
arranged curtain-like on rings and wires beneath
the roof glass on the sunny side of the house.
Particular attention to shading in early spring will
keep the young and tender leaves from harm.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]
The figures immediately following the name of

the species indicate the length of the leaves.

amabilis, 1', spike 2' to schilleriana, l.f, spike 2'

3', win., wh., 1. spotted to 4', spr., s. and p. ro.

red, shaded yel. (syii. pur., shaded wh.,1. pur.,

grandiflora). The var. wh., spotted red, stained

aureahasmoreyel.onl. yel., crest yel. Distinct

Aphrodite, 1', spike 2' to vars. are major, pur-

3', win., s. and p. wh., purea, and vestalis.

1. wh., yel., pur. (KIJII. speciosa, 10", spike 1' to

amabilis of Lhulley). IV. win., s. and p. pur.,

The var. dayana has 1. pur., or., wh. Im-

more pur. on 1. peratrix is a splendid

gloriosa, 1', spike 2' to var., with wh. marks

3', win., s. and p. wh., on s. and p.

1. wh., pur. By some, stuartiana, 1', spike 1.','

a var. of Aphrodite. to 3', win., s. and p.

Lowii, 4", spike l',sum., wh., dotted pur., lower

s. and ]). wh., stained s. spotted reddish pur.,

pur., 1. pur., withwh., 1. wh. or yel., spotted

yel. spotted side lobes. reddish pur., side lobes

lueddemanniaua, 8", yel., spotted pur. The

spike 8" to 12", s. and best vars. are bella,

p. wh., barred pur., br., nobilis and punctatis-

1. wh., pur. sima.

rosea, 0", spike 1' to 2', suniiitrana, 8", spike 8"

sum., aut., s. and p. to 12". sura., s. ami p.

wh., stained ro. pur., 1. wh., reddish br., 1. wh.,

ro. pur. (syu. eqiuwtris : or., pur. Good vars.

leucaspis is a brighter are kimballiana, pauci-

var. with wh. mottling. vittata, and sanguinea.

sanderiana ., 10", spike violacea, 7", spike 6" to

IV to 3', win., s. ami p. 10", sum., s.andp.wh.,

ro. pk., wh., 1. wh., tinged gni., base vio.

marked ro., pur., crest pur., lowers, vio. pur.,

yel., spotted red. Alba, tinged grn. at tips, 1.

marmoratu, and punct- vio. pur., yel. Alba,

ata are distinct vars. ; bowrmgiana, and

sanderiana is proliahly a schroderiaua are good

natural hybrid (Aphro- vars.
dite X s

Phalaris

( 184 )

Phebalium

Principal Hybrids :-

Artemis (rosea X amabil-

is),s. and p. wh., shaded

pur., 1. pur., or.
F. L. Ames (amabilis X

intermedia), s. and p.

wh., 1. reddish pur.
Harriettre (amabilis X

violacea), s. and p. wh.,

spotted i-o. pur., 1.

wh. spotted pur., side

lobes and apex deep ro.

pur. («.'/"• violaceo-

amabilis) .
intermedia (Aphrodite X

rosea), s. and p. wh., 1.

wh., base red, side lobes

pur., apex reddish pur.

Fine forms are bry-

meriana, Portei, and

Vesta.

p. wh., dotted pur., 1.
wh., spotted and stained
pur.

leueorrhpda (Aphrodite
X schilleriana), s. and
p. wh.,pur., 1. pur. wh.,
spotted red, stained yel.
Casta, Cyuthia (prob-
ably the reverse cross),
and youugiana are
forms.

luedde- violacea fkiedde-
manniana X violacea),
s. and p. wh., spotted
pur. , 1. bright pur.
rothschildiaua (schilleri-

pur., apex reddish pur. ana X amabilis), s. and
Fine forms are bry- p. wh., yel., 1. wh.,

pur., yel.

v esul_ veitchiana (schilleriana X

John Seden (amabilis X rosea), s. and p. wh.,

lueddemaimiana),s. and flushed pur., 1. wh.,

red, crim. pur.

Other Species, Varieties, and Hybrids :—
amabilis, of Liiidley (see media lirvmeriaua X
Aphrodite). sanderiana), s. and p.

amethystiua, 3", spike wh., tiuged ro. pur., 1.
1', aut.,s. and p. wh., pur., ro., yel., side

1. pur., wh. lobes spotted br.

Amphitrite (stuartiana X Maunii, 8", spike 1' to
sanderiana), s. mauve, 1J', spr., s. and p. yel.,

p.wh.,pur.,l.wh.,yel., marked br., 1. yel.,

pU1. shaded wh.

autennifera (sec Es- Maria", 8", spike 1' to
meralda). If, win., s. and p. wh.,

Boxallii, 6", spike 6" to yel., stained pur., br.,1.

12", spr. , s. and p. yel. , wh. , pur.

marked reddish br., 1. Mrs. J. H. Veitch (san-
wh., yel., pur. deriaiia X lueddemann-

buyssoniaua, 6", spike iana).

11' to 2!,','sum.,s. crim. Pttriflhu, a , spike 4 ,
pur. wh.,p. crim. pur., sum., s. and p. wh., 1.

f. crim. pur., sc., yel. yel., spotted pur., apex

Cassandra (stuartiaua X r°- Pur-, crest wh- ,

rosea). Schrbdenc (leucorrhodaX

casta (see leucorrhoda intermedia Portei), s.

var \ and p. wh., shaded ro.,

Comu-cervi, 8", spike 1', 1- wh., yel., spotted ro.,

sum., aut., s. and p. br.

yellowish grn., marked stuartiano - Mannii

br., 1. wh. (Mannii X stuartiana),

Cynthia (see leucon-hoda P. and p. yel., marked

var.). br., 1. wh., br., yel.

equestns (see rosea). tetraspis, 8", spike 6",

Esmeralda, 6", spike \\' sum., s. and p. wh., 1.

to '!•!>', sum., s. and p. yel.

pur.," 1. pur. (syn. Valentini (Cormi-cervi X
autennifera). yiolacea), s. and p. wh.,

grandiflora (see amabilis). pur., upper s. pur., 1.

Hebe (rosea X sanderi- wh., spotted pur., apex
ana), s. and p. wh., ro., deep pur.

1 pur., yel., spotted Vesta (rosea leucaspis X
reddish br. Aphrodite) (see inter-

Hermione (stuartiana X media var.).

lueddemanuiana). violaceo - amabilis (see

Lady Rothschild (inter- Harriettse).

PHALARIS.

Annual or perennial greenhouse or hardy Grasses
(ord. Graminese) of easy culture. Propagation is
by seeds, and by division of the root in spring for
the perennials. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
arimdinacea, 3' to 5', ,Ty., dener's Garter, Lady's

hdy. per. (si/n. Digraphis Garter, Ribbon Grass.

arundinacea). — gigantea, taller.

— variegata, Ivs. striped canariensis, U', Jy.,hdy.

wh., very pretty. Gar- ami. Canary Grass.

PHALERIA.

Stove and greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.
ThymelsBacesc), very few of which are cultivated.
Propagated by seeds sown on a hotbed, in
spring, or by cuttings of the young shoots in brisk
bottom heat. Soil, Hbrous loam and peat in equal
parts, with ^and.

Principal Species : —
ambigua. My., cl., wh. or laurifolia, C', st., wh.,

flushed yel., fragrant. Daphne-like odour.

PHARNACKUM (syn. GIXGIXSIA).

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Ficoiderc) of
low habit. The flowers are green or purple, and
unattractive. Propagated by cuttings. Soil, sandy
loam and peat in equal parts.

Principal Species :--
incanum, 6", Oct., grh. liueare.My., Je., shrubby,

shrub, wh., grn. prostrate, red.

PHARUS.

Stove Grasses (ord. Graminefe). Only the
variegated form of latifolius appeals much to
srardeners. Treat like stove Bamboos.

Principal Species :—
latifolius, U' to 3', Jy., - vittatus, handsomely

st., Ivs. 6'rto 8" long, banded wh. upon gru.

I.1," to 2" broad. (syn. vittatus).

PHASEOLUS.

Vulgaris (ord. Legumlnosse), the Dwarf French
Bean, is a well-known vegetable, and multillonis,
the Scarlet Runner, is even more noteworthy. (For
culture, see BEANS, DWAKP FRENCH, and RUNNER.)
For the stove species, seeds and cuttings for the
perennials, seeds alone for the annuals, will serve.
Soil, loam two-thirds, leaf mould one-third, and
sand.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
multiflorus, Je., Sep., twi- vulgaris, Je., Sep., ann.,

ner, per., wh., se. Scar- wh.,lil. Dwarf French

let Runner. Bean.

Other Species :—
Caracalla, Aug., st. cl., lobatus, Sep., grh. per.

per., yel. Climbing cl., yel.

Snail Flower. lunatus, st. cl., grn., yel.

derasus, st. aim. cl., grn., pereimis, 4' to 10 , Jy.,

wh. Aug. , hdy. per. cl. , pur.

semi-ercctus, Jy., st. ann.
twiner, grn., pur.

PHAYLOPSIS (*yns. JSTHEILEMA, and

MlCHANTHTJS OF WENDLAND).

About a dozen species of stove or greenhouse
shrubs (ord. Acanthacefe), allied to Daxlalacanthus,
but of no cultural value. Parviflora (syn. longifoha
of Sims) has been introduced, but it is never met
with now.

PHEASANT'S EYE (see NARCISSUS

POETICUS).

PHEBALIUM.

Greenhouse shrubs or dwarf trees (ord. Rutaceas),-
chiefly South Australian. Propagated by cuttings,
of the young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Soil, three parts sandy peat and one part loam.

Phalangium (sec Chloroi/almnmid Paradtsia).

Phalocallis (sec Ci/pella).

Pharbitis (see Ipomcca).

PJiarium (see Jicssera).

Pheasant's Eye Adonis (see Adonis}.

Phelypsea

185 )

Philadelphia

Principal Species : —
Billunlieri, Ap., yel., Ivs.
silvery wh. beneath
(-1*//". elatum).

Other Species : -•-
nurcuin (see squamulo-
suiu).

laclma'oides, 3', My., yel.
squamulosum, 2', My.,

yel., branches scaly

(»//«. aureum).

elatum (wr Billardieri).

and

Propagation. — By cuttings of yonng shoots,
struck in heat under glass or in a moist cold frame
in spring, by suckers at the same season, or by layers.

Soil. — Any good garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

PHELYP.32A (>!/»». ANOPLANTHUS
MECRAXOPLON IN PAHT).

A few species of curious and beautiful leafless
herbs, of parasitic habit (t>rd. Orobanchaceas).
Foliata has been successfully cultivated upon tlie
roots of Centaurea dealbata, and the seeds of both
host and parasite should be sown together. Any
ordinary garden soil.

coronarius, 2' to 10', My.,
wh. (»//». triflorus).
Common Mock Orange.
- Hore-pleno, double
flowers.

— foliis argenteo-varie-
gatis, Ivs. variegated
with wh.

— foliis-aureis, yel. Ivs.
— Keteleeri flore-pleno,

fine double flowers.

— nanus, dwarf.

wh. («//»«. columbieusis,
inodorus, iuodorus var.
granditiorus, laxus of
Lodd., speciosus, and
Deutzia sanguinea).

— floribundus (xyns. flori-
bundus, grandiflorus of
Liudley and ISotmiical
Register t. 570, and lati-
follus).

— laxus, 4' to 6', Je., wh.
(syns. humilis, ignea of

I'liuto: Uauett el' L't

PHILADELPHIA LEMOINEI (see p. I8<i).

Principal Species : —

foliata, hdy., sc., large, 1" across (syns. Ano-
planthus Biebersteinii and foliata).

PHILADELPHIA. (MOCK OKANGE,
SYKINGA.)

Description. — Ornamental hardy shrubs (ortl.
Saxifragese), with white, sometimes sweet-scented,
flowers, and very desirable for the shrubbery or
garden. Some of the new hybrids are very beauti-
ful.

The pruning of Philadolphuses should receive
attention. Many people fail with Lemoinci and
others of that set through inattention to pruning.
After the flowers are over, all old flowering shoots
should be cut out or cut back to strong young
shoots ; by this means the best flowering wood is
obtained. Mock Oranges are also good subjects
for forcing.

— Satsumi, Maxim, a fine
var. (SI/M. chinensis).

— tomentosus, Ivs. tomen-
tose (sffii. tomentosus).

— verrucosus, 6' to 9',
Ivs. warted (*.</«. verru-
cosusV

- Zeyheri, larger and
fewer flowers than typo
(•V/». Zeyheri).

gordonianus, 10', Jv., wh.

gi-iinclifloruB, 6' to 10', Je.,
Other Species :

Coulteri, 4' to 8', sum.,
hdy. or hlf-hdy., wh.

Falconer!, narrow petals,
a garden form, possibly
a var. of coronarius.

hirsutus, 3', Je., wh.

gardens, and pubes-
eens).

Lewisii, 6' to 8', Je., wh.
(syn. thyrsiflorus).

— californicus (*</«».
coronarius nivalis and
nivalis of gardens).

microphyllus, 2' to 5',
sum., wh., said to be a
shy bloomer, but not so
in favourable soil ; good
for rockery (see p. 186).

(*i/».«. Godohokeri, gra-
filis, villosus, etc.).

inodorus, 4' to 6', Je., wh.

mexicanus, Je., Jy., hlf-
hdy., wh.

Philageria

( 186 )

Philodendron

Principal Hybrids : —

Avalanche, 3' to 6', long,

slender branches, wh.,

fragrant.
Boule d' Argent, double,

wh., sweet scented (co-

ronarius X Lemoinei).
Candelabre, dwarf habit,

wh., large, sweet

scented.
Fautaisie, wh., centre

tinted ro. (Coulteri X

Lemoinei var.).

PHILAGERIA.

One plant (prd. Liliacea;), of hybrid origin, its
parents being Philesia buxifolia and Lapageria
rosea albiflora. It is a straggling, half-hardy shrub, |

Gerbe de Jfeige, arching

h:iltit. large, wh.
Lemoinei, 6', wh., free

bloomer (see p. 185).
— erectus, taller than

Lemoinei, wh.
Manteau d'Hermiue,

double, creamy wh.,

free bloomer.
Mont Blanc, 4' to G', pure

wh., large.

trellises, pillars, or the roofs of plant houses.
Propagated by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass,
with bottom heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand.

Principal Species and Varieties :
rampiiiiulata, (!'. Oct., gracilis, 6', grh., shrubby,
grn., yel. (».</«. Sar- yel., red striped.

— 'grandittora, grh. shrub-
by, Je., pur. (*//«.
grandiflora) .

(JASMIXE Box. MOCK

costeimna campanu-
latum of the JtotaniCdl
/!H/ i«tei- 1S401, 3(3).

PHILLYREA.
PRIVET.)

Pretty, hardy evergreen shrubs (tird. Oleace;e).
They make nice plants for the shrubbery, and are
propagated by cuttings, struck under a hand-light.
Common soil.

I'lwLo: Ctixscll (C Coiuinniif, Mil.

PHILADELPHIA MICKOI-HYLLUS (seep. 185).

•with flexuous branches. Propagation, by cuttings,
in a cool moist house. Soil, peat.

Only Member : —

Veitchii, flowers solitary, pendulous, ro.

PHILESIA.

An ornamental shrub (nrd. Liliacea:), with fine,
Lapageria-like flowers. It is hardy in favoured
localities in the south and south-west, but should
generally be grown where it can be protected with
glass in winter. Propagated by suckers. Soil,
sandy peat.

Only Species : —
buxifolia. 4', Je.,red (st/ii. rosea (see Lapageria rosea).

magellanica).

PHILIBERTIA.

Stove or warm greenhouse twining shrubs and
sub-shrubs (prd. Asclepiadeas), suitable for clothing

(si/». media angusti-
fo'lia).
— lanceolata, Ivs. lance-

— rosmarinifolia,lvs. awl-
shaped.

decora, 10', My., wh.
(W/H.V. laurifolia, Med-
wedewi, vilmoriniana,
and vilmoriensis).

latifolia, 20' to 30', My.,

Principal Species and Varieties

angustifolia,10', My., wh. wh. (KI/IIK. media lati-

folia and spinosa).

— ilicifolia, 10' to 120',
My., Je., greenish wh.

— rotunclifolia, Ivs.
rounded.

media, 1.5', My., wh.
(>•//;/. variabilis media).

— buxifolia, Ivs. oval-
obloug.

— olesefolia, 10' to 12',
My., Je., greenish wh.
(A//;/, oleafolia).

PHILODENDRON.

Description. — Stove shrubs, trees, and herbs,
many of them climbers (ord. Aroidese). The leaves
are large and fleshy, and some are curiously cut,
while many of the species are highly ornamental

Philodendron

( 187 )

Phleum

folia,se plants. For clothing walls, rustic tree

iiuperiale, close to asper- gru., s. yel., wh., cl.

stumps, and pillars, numbers of the Philoderulrons
have no equal. All of them revel in heat and

atum, probably a var. («,'/». bipenuifolium).
of it. Laucheauuui is a pedatum (see laciuiosura).

moisture, ami the presence of so many tliick and
fleshy ai-rial roots necessitates a free and regular
use of the syringe excepting during very dull and

var. pertusum (sec Moustera
lacerum, Ivs. broadly deliciosa).
lance-shaped, s. pur., quercifolium (xee laciuio-
yel. Albo-vagiuatum sum).

cold weather.

is a var. recurvifolium, ITS. grn.,

Propagation. — -The stems may be cut up into

laciniosum, ITS., three- spotted red, cl.

lengths, each having two or three nodes. Such

parted, s. gru., reddish robustum, Ivs. large,

pieces root quickly in a close case.

pur., wh. (nyiu. Calad- emerald grn.

Soil. — Fibrous loam and peat in equal parts with

mm pedatum and Philo- ruheiis, s. wh., grn., red-

sand. Drainage must be perfect, and a few pieces
of charcoal mixed with the soil will help to keep
the latter sweet.

dendron laciuiatum, dish pur., sp. wh., cl.
amazonicuni. pedatum, scandens, Ivs. bright grn.
and quercifolium). above, red beueath
Lindeiui (see verrucosum). (,>////.•>•. cuspidatum and

Principal Species and Varieties : —

longilaminatum, s. pk., oxycardium). Imlrx

[NOTE. — s., spathe; sp., spadix.]
andreanum, Ivs. 2' to 3' like crassifoliurn, but

yel., cream, crim., sp. Ki-irnisis refers tliis
cream, cl. species to cuspidatum.
Martinetii, resembles serpens, ITS. r to li'

long, 10" broad, metal- larger.

Melinonii. long, s. pk., vel.,criui.,

lie gru. ; a splendid cl. pinnatih'dumrubro-puuc-

Meliuonii, s. yel., br., sp. cream, cl.

crassiuervium, Ivs. 1' tatum, Ivs. 2' long,

dwarf. Sodiroi, Ivs. bright gru.,

long, coppery under- pinuatifid, My., s. wh.,

micaus, close to scandens. dotted wh. , cl.

npath, s. blk. pur., sp. dotted red, sp., yel.,
wh. or cream ; cl. stemless («/«. rubro-
devansayamim, Ivs. red pimctatum of Jiolaiiicnl

uotabile, ITS. deep gru., speciosum, Ivs. triangular,
heart-shaped, 2' long. bright gru.
oi'hrostemou, s. grn., yel., spectabile, ITS. 1' to \\'

when young, dark grn. M>iii<izine 5948).
whoa old, stems red : cl. sanguineum, Ivs. dark

fruits yel. (»y«.ambigu- long and broad,
um). squamiferum, s. reddish

eximium.lvs. grn.,s. wh., grn-, pur. beneath, s.

oruatum, s., wh.. sp., pur., gm. («//«. criui-

grn., sp. wh. ; cl. grn. ; cl.
fra^nintisMinum, Ivs. \\' Selloum, Ivs. dark grn.,

flcsh, Ivs. heart-shaped, turn),
triangular. tripartitum, Ivs. three-

to '2' long, Jan., s. hipiunatiftd, s. grn.,

oxycardium (see scan- parted, s. wh., grn.

cream, red, flowers margined wh.. arbor-

ilens). Weudlaudii, Ivs. 1' long,

very fragrant («/"• esceut. A distinct anil
Caladium 1'ragrautissi- pretty plant.

pandurajforme, ITS. pale thick, rich gru.

mum of Botanical Simsii, Ivs. 2' long, li'

PHILOTHECA.

Jl'ii/iiziiic 3314). across, with pur. veins,
graudifolium, Ivs. 2' long, Mch., s. crim. («//w.

Heath-like shrubs (ord. Rutacea;) of erect habit.

grn., spotted pur., s. Caladium grandifolium
grn., buff, pk., sp. gru., of Jiotnnical Mai/ii;un
wh. ; cl. (mjn. Caladium 2(i43).

Australis is a pretty plant, well worth a place in
the warm greenhouse. Propagated by cuttings of
the young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Soil,

grandifolium of JMani- verrucosum, Ivs. heart-

sandy loam one part, sandy peat three parts.

nil Mai/iiziuf 334.")). sliaped, metallic grn.,
Mamei, Ivs. very large, yel. when young,
heart-shaped, grn. ,wh., banded maroon (>//>/>.

Principal Species :—

australis, 2', Ivs. narrow, thick, fleshy, Ap., grh.,

stemless. Carderi, daguense, and

pale red.

melanochrysura, Ivs. dark Lindenii of gardens),
grn., gold flushed ; el. Williamsii, Ivs. 2i' long,

PHILYDRUM (syn. GARCISIANA).

nobile, s. ro. crim., wh. ; s. grn., yel., sp. yel.,

The only species (ord. Philvdracese) is a green-

trunk tliick.

house biennial of no great beauty. Propagated by

Other Species and Varieties : —

seeds. Soil, sandy loam and peat.

albn-vaginatum (.v<r la- dilaceratum (s^Raphido-

Only Species : —

cerum var.). phora).

glaberrimum (nee Helm- lanuginosum, 2' to 3', Je.,

amazonicuni (xee laciuio- disparile, s. yel., grn.

holtzia glaberrima). grh., yel.

sum). dolosum, Ivs. bright grn.

ambiguum (xee ochro- Eichleri, close to Selloum.

PHIN^EA.

stemon). elegans, Ivs. pinnatifid, cl.
asperatum, s. red. cl. elougatum, s. yel., grn.,
au^uxtiuum, Ivs. IV wh., cl.

Dwarf stove herbs (ord. Gesneracese) of erect
habit. (For culture, see ACHIMENES.)

across, deeply divided. giganteum, s. pur., sp.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

bipenuifolium (we pan- wh., cl.

albo-liueata, 9", Sep., st., rubida, 6", Jy., St., wh.,

dura'forme). Glaziovii, Ivs. 1.'' to 2'

wh. (*//». Niphiea albo- plant covered with

bipiimatifidum, Ivs. 2' long, 3" to 5" broad.

lineata). short red hairs (cor-

long, s. red, br., gm., s. yel., crim., cl.j re-

— reticulata, has reticu- rectly Niphoea rubida).

sp. wh. sembles crassinervium.

lated veius (*////. JCipha'a

brevilaminatum, s. red, gloriosum, Ivs. deep grn.,

albo-lineata reticulata).

grn., sp. wh., cl. veins wh., margins pk.,
calla'folium of gardens cl.

PHLEBODIUM («•<• POLYPO-

(set" Imbe). hederaceum, ITS. bright

DIUM).

calophyllum, s. creamy gru., s. very large.

wh., crim., sp. wh. holtonianum (now An-

PHLEUM (syn. STELEPHUKOS).

cannaefolium, Ivs. 1' to 2' thurium insigne).
long, dark gni. Hookeri, close to grandi-
Carderi (xer verrucosum). folium (xi/n. Caladium

Hardy annual or perennial Grasses (ord. Gratn-
ineae), several species of which are natives of

crinitum (nee squami- graudifolium of Jiotani-
ferum). eal Magazine 334")).
daguense (see verru- Imbe, Ivs. heart-shaped,

J'liiliii/i/iu: (stv A'arcisstis).
P/tilojiodium riijiiliiiii (sir MucMenbeckia ad-

cosum). s. grn., red, yel. (syii.

pressa).

callsefoliuinof gardens).

PJiccnicoplxirimn (see Stevemonia).

Phlogacanthus

( 188 )

Phlox

Britain, including the common pratense, the Cat's
Tail or Timothy Grass. Propagation, by seeds.
Any fairly fertile soil.

PHLOGACANTHUS (syn. LOXANTHUS).

Tall stove shrubs and herbs (urd. Acanthacese)
with showy flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
rooted in heat in spring. Soil, loam two parts,
leaf mould one part, sand one-sixth.

Principal Species : —
asperulus, 3', Jan., st. Justicia quadraugularis

shr., pur. red (sytis. and asperula).

curviflorua, '3' to 6', Nov.,
st. shr., yel.

Other Species :—
guttatus, 2', spr., st. herb, yel.

PHLOMIS.

A large genus of hardy or half-hardy herbs and
shrubs of easy culture (ord. Labiata,'), with purple,
yellow, or white flowers. Propagation is by cuttings
for the shrubs, by root division for the herbs. Any
ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species :—
cashmeriaua, '2', Jy. , hdy. fruticosa, 2' to 4', Je.,

per. herb, lil. , close to hdy. shr., yel. Jeru-

puugens. salem Sage.

feiTUginea, 2' to 3', Je., Herba-veuti, 1'tolV, Jy.,

hdy. shr. , yel., branches Sep., hdy. per. herb,

clothed with rusty wool. pur., vio.

Other Species : —
armeniaca, 6" to 12", Je., vio. ; probably a var. of

Jy., hdy. per. herb, yel. Herba-venti.

floccosa, 'i' , Jy., Oct., hlf- purpurea, 2', Jy., hdy.

hdy. sub-shr. , yel. shr., pur. ro.

laciniata (w Eremo- samia, 2' to 3', sum.,

stachys laciiiiata). hdy. herb, cream, yel.,

Leouurus (see Leonotis pk.

Leonurus). tuberosa, 3' to 5', Je., hdy.

lychnitis, 2', Jy., Aug., per. herb, pur. ro.,

hdy. per. herb, yel. roots tuberous.

Lamp-wick. viscosa. 3' to 5', Je., hdy.

pungeus, li' to 2', Jy., per. herb, yel. (tynt.

hdy. per. herb, pur. lunarifolia russelliana

and russelliaua).

PHLOX.

Description. — The Phlox (ord. Polemoniacese) in
all its forms is one of the most valuable of garden
ilovvers, and is an indispensable occupant of beds,
borders, or rockeries. The spring-flowering species
and their varieties make charming dwarf plants
for rockeries, edgings, or the front of the borders ;
the annuals are very showy and beautiful as
bedding plants, and the later perennial species and
varieties are among the most brilliant of border
flowers, and look exceedingly handsome massed
together in beds. The late species are almost
superseded by the garden varieties and hybrids,
and few need be named here.

Propagation. — The spring Phloxes of the subulata
type are propagated by cuttings taken after
flowering and inserted in light soil in pots under
glass ; the annuals, varieties of Drummondii,
by seeds sown in March in boxes under glass,
or in a slight hotbed, or in April and May in
the open. When large enough, prick off a few
inches apart and keep in frames until May, giving
air when the weather is favourable. The peren-
nials are propagated by seeds sown on a gentle
hotbed in spring, or in pots in a greenhouse when
ripe. Named varieties are increased by division
in spring or autumn, or by cuttings of the young
shoots in spring or summer. Root cuttings are
sometimes used.

Soil. — Spring Phloxes like a light, sandy loam
with a little peat. The annuals and later flowering
perennials should ha.ve a rich soil, with plenty of
manure and a copious supply of water. Mulching
with manure is also beneficial.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[N.B. — All are hardy perennials unless otherwise
marked.]

divaricata, 9" to 15", spr., maculata, 2', Jy., pur.
lil. or hi. Many forms.

— alba, wh. ovuta, 1 to H', spr., red,

— caiiadensis, bl. pur. (xi/n, triflora).

— caiiadensis alba, wh. — caroliniana, taller.
Drammoiidii, 1', Aug., paniculata, 3' to 4', Aug.,

red, ro., pur., or wh. pur. to wh. Ov/".

A charming hlf -hdy. aeuminata).

aim. Many vars., in- reptans, 4", spr., creep-
eluding the following : ing, pur. or vio.

cuspidata, pointed Stellaria, 1}', My., trail-

petals ; nmbriata or in^, wh.

laciniata, fringed; rlore- subulata, 1', Ap., trailing,
pleiio, double ; grandi- pk. (syn. setacea ; for
flora, hortensia-floru, vars. wv Selections).

wh., and uana, dwarf. (titr p. 189).

Other Species : —

adsurgeus, 9" to 1;3", linearifolia, 9" to 12",
spr., ro. Jy.,palcpk.

ameena, 3" to 6", Je., pilosa, 1' to 2', My., pk.,
pur., pk., or wh. pur., ro.

bih'da, 9" spr. , vio. pur. procumbens, sum., trail-

glaberrima, 1' to 2', Jy., ing, lil.

red. verna, 6", spr., pk.

— suffruticosa, 2', Je., ro.
(S//H. suffruticosa).

Selections : —

Spring-flowering varieties of subulata : —
alba, wh. lilaciua, lil.

unuulata, lil., dark eye. Little Dot, pale lil., dark

atropurpurea, pur. ro. centre,

compacta, pk. Model, ro.

f roudosa, ro. red. Newry Seedling, lil.

grandiflora, pk.,crim.eye. The Bride, wh., ro. eye.
Vivid, bright ro.

Early Summer Phloxes of suffruticosa section
(supposed to have been derived from glaber-
rima suffruticosa) : —
Attraction, wh. , ro. crim. Magnum Bonum, ro.

eye. magenta, ro. eye.

General Roberts, wh.,pk. Miss Liugard, wh., lil.

eye. eye.

Harry Veitch, cream wh., Mrs. Forbes, pure wh.

crim. eye. Mrs. Hunter, wh., crim.

James Hunter, ro. pk. eye.

Luna, wh., pk. eye. Mrs. May, wh., pk., crim.

Magnificence, ro. pk., eye.

crim. eye. The Shah, ro. pur.

Late-flowering Phloxes of decussata section
(supposed to have been derived from macu-
lata and paniculata) : —

New Varieties : —
Antonin Mercie, wh., lil. L'Aiglon, ro. car., deeper

edge. eye.

Archibald Forbes, ro. Lord Kelvin, bright red.

salmon, crim. eye. Mrs. Burn, or. sc., crim.

Charles Flahault, lil., wh. eye.

centre. Mrs. Oliver, salmon.

Countess Grey, ro. vio., Put. Robertson, ro. car.,

wh. centre. crim. eye.

John Fraser, light sc., Roger Marx, car., pur.

paler centre. eye.

Tapis Blanc, wh., dwarf.

Older Varieties : —
Artaxis. heliotrope, wh. Cameron, wh., mauve

centre. centre.

Phoenix

( 189 )

Phoenix

Le Siecle, salmon ro., HI.

centre.
Libertu, or. salmoii, car.

centre.

Papillon, bl., lil.
Paul Bert, HI., vio. centre.
Kossiunol, ro., mauve, wh.

centre.

Roxelane, car.
W. E. Gladstone, ro.
William Robinson, ro.

salmon, vio. centre.
Zouave, car. magenta.

PHCENIX. (DATE PALMS.)

Description. — .Stove and greenhouse Palms (ord.
Palmiu), of elegant habit, and highly valued as

Coquehcot, or. sc.. pur.

centre.
Derviche, dark HI., pur.

centre.
Espenince, mauve, wh.

centre.

Fedora, ro., wh. suffusion.
Francois Chabas, wh.,

car. eve.
Jolin Forbes, pk., urim.

eye.
Le AI;didi, vio. bl., bronze.

in sub-tropical gardening. Large specimens pro-
duce a fine effect if plunged to the rims of the pots
on the lawn, but must be lifted before frosty
weather. Liberal supplies of water must be given
at all times, with copious syringings and liquid
manure during the summer.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — f. — fronds, and the colours apply to
them.]

acaulis, 12', f. 1' to 3'
long,lower pinna; spiny,
grn., st.

canariensis, 6' to 12' in
cultivation, f. 2' to 5'
long, grey grn., st. or

reclinata, 50', f. 3' to 7',
pinna; broad, stout, grn.,
st. or warm grh. (syns.
leonensU and /an/.i-
barensis). Senegaleusis
and melanocar'ia are

PHLOX SUBULATA (see p. 1S8).

decorative plants. The pinnae in canariensis and
sylvesiris are close; in rupicola they are much
farther apart.

Propagation is by imported seeds. Humilis
Kirheliiiii ran only be increased by offsets or
suckers. Seeds should be sown in sandy loam on
a mild hotbed ; or they may be placed singly in
thumb p"ts. and the latter plunged in bottom heat.
Date Palms raised from the stones of Dates by
amateur gardeners as a rule grow very slowly
under the inadequate heat given to them.

Soil. — Good loam which has been stacked with
cow manure for a year, three parts, leaf mould one
part, sand one-sixth.

Other Cultural Points. -Although revelling in
plenty of heat. moM of them may be grown in the
cool conservatory during the summer. Canariensis,
reclinata, sylvestris, and rupicola make excellent
dwelling-room plants, and they can be employed

warm grh. (.«//«.*. Jnba;
and tennis). An elegant
and useful Palm,
ilactylifera, 100' to 120', f.
7' to 14' long, grey grn.,
fruit sweet, edible, st.
Common Date Palm.

vars. The latter has
blk., edible fruits,
rupicola, 15' to 20', f.
2' to 5', semi-erect,
pinnie, far apart, stiff,
grh., grn. Useful de-
corative plant.

— cycadifolia, trunk 2' — foliis argenteo-varie-
thick, f. y to 6' long, gatis, variegated foliage,
st. (»;/«. cycadifolia).
humilis lia-belmii, 3' to
.")', f. 1' to 2' long, grey
grn., warm grh.
hybrida (dactylifera X

farinifna), f. 3' to 4'

sylvestris, 40', f. 7' to 12'
long, pinna) numerous,
grh., greyish grn. ; one
of the hardiest. East
Indian Wine Palm,
Wild Date,
long, st., hybrid.
Other Species and Varieties : —

farinifera, "', f. 3' to 4' Ilanceaua, Loureiri,

long, st. ouseleyana, and pedun-

limnilis. dwarf, of tufted culata are vars.

habit, st. and warm grh.

Pholidocarpus

( 190 )

Phragmidium

Juba: (wr canariensis).
leonensis (ftwreclinata).
ouseleyaua («r humilis

var. ).
paludosa, 12' to 20', f. 8'

to 10' loug, 4' broad, st.
pusilla of Gartner (see

zeylanica) ; of Loureiro

(•xr humilis Loureiri).

senegalensis (sec recliuatu

Tar.).

spiuosa, 6' to 30', st.
teiiuis (see c-auariensis).
zanzibareusis (see recliu-

ata).
zeylam'ca, 8' to 20', f. 7'

to 10' long, fruits sc.,

then pur., st.

PHOLIDOCARPUS.

Stove Palms from the Malayan Archipelago (ord.
Palmse). Propagated by imported seeds. Soil,
loam three parts, leaf mould one part, with sand.

Principal Species : —

Ibur, fronds like those of Borassus flabellifer,
petioles spinous, st.

PHOLIDOTA (syns. CHELONANTHERA, in
part, CRINONIA, and PTILOCNEMA. RAT-
TLESNAKE ORCHID.)

A genus of stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), with
creeping rhizomes, or one- or two-leaved pseudo-
bulbs. They require to be treated like the Coelo-
gynes.

Principal Species : —
articulata, late sum., yel., lowisli wh., shaded gru.

wh., gm. (*#«• pallida).

conchoidea, spr., yel., br. ventricosa, 6", wh. (SIJH.
imbricata, 1', sum., yel- Ccelogyue ventricosa).

Other Species : —
assamica, close to imbri- if not a si/n. of, ventri-

cata, but has nearly cosa.

round " bulbs." Lugardii, 6", wh.

convallarioides, close to, pallida (.fee imbricata).
repens, flesh pk.

PHORMIUM. (\EW ZEALAND FLAX,
FLAX LILY.)

Description. — A genus of noble, ornamental, per-
ennial herbs (ord. Liliacese), with fine, sword-like
leaves, and panicles of flowers. They make hand-
some greenhouse plants, especially the variegated
forms, but several are quite hardy in many parts
of the United Kingdom. In the neighbourhood
of water they thrive well and show to great ad-
vantage. Young plants should be protected for
a few winters.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown under glass as
soon as ripe, or in spring, and by division in early
spring.

Soil. — Any good loam.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
Colensoi {nee cookianum). — atropurpureum, hdy.,
cookianum, 3' to 9', sum., Ivs. pur.

hdy., yel., grn. («//»«. — nigro-limbatum, hdy.,

Coleiisoi and forsteri- Ivs. margined blk. pur.

anum). - uigro-pictum, hdy.,

- variegatum, banded Ivs. edged pur.

with creamy wh. — Powerscourt var., hdy.,

Hookeri, a', Jy., nearly the freest bloomer.

Tidy., grn. — variegatum, Ivs. striped

tenax, 6', Aug., hdy. in yel., wh.

Cornwall, yel. or red. — Veitchii, Ivs. striped

Common New Zealand creamy wh., narrow.

Flax.

PHORODON.

This genus of Aphides differs little from other
green fly in appearance. Humuli causes trouble
amongst the Hop fields. Entomologists are of
opinion that Humuli is the same insect which
preys upon the young growth of the Plum and

Phoma effusa, (see Helleborux).

Damson in spring and in September, the period
between being spent upon the Hop. Spraying
with kerosene emulsion, or one of the other insect-
icides recommended for aphides, is advised. A
forcible stream of clear water from the garden
engine is excellent. Ladybirds, Hawk flies, and
Golden-eyed flies should be encouraged.

PHOSPHATIC MANURE.

Phosphates of lime are the usual form in which
phoapfaatio manures exist, and while most soils
contain a quantity of these phosphates the store
soon becomes exhausted under heavy and con-
tinuous cropping. Bones and coprolites are the
principal sources of supply. Soluble phosphate, or
superphosphate, of lime is obtained by treating
bones with oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid), but the
commercial superphosphate generally contains a
quantity of insoluble phosphates and sulphate of
lime. The phosphate is nominally insoluble, but
becomes soluble when acted upon by the acid
excreted by the root hairs of plants. These
insoluble phosphates may be placed in the soil at
any convenient season ; they give up their con-
stituents slowly, and little of their substance is
washed away by heavy rains as is the case with
the soluble phosphates contained in commercial
superphosphate. The latter, however, is of the
utmost value where comparatively quick results
are desired, but it is not economy to apply it to the
land in autumn. (See also ARTIFICIAL MANURES
and MANURES.)

PHOTINIA. (LOQUAT.)

Half-hardy evergreen trees and shrubs (ord.
Rosacea?). Propagation, by cuttings of the side
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass; also by cleft
grafting upon the common Quince, in April, the
stock being worked close to the ground. Soil,
sandy loam. The most popular species is japonica,
the Japan Medlar.

Principal Species : —
japouica, 10' to 20', hdy.
in sheltered places, wh. ,
fruits or. red, small, ed-
ible ; should be grown
under cover if the fruit
is required (syn. Mes-
pilus japouica, cor-
Other Species : —
arbutiiolia, 10' to 20',
Jy., hdy., wh. , young
branches and leaf pe-
tioles red (SIJH. Cratic-

rectly Eriobotrya ja-
ponica). Japan Medlar,
Loquat.

serrulata, 10' to 20', Ap.,
Jy., wh. (si/ a. glabra
and Crategus glabra).
Chinese Hawthorn.

gus arbutifolia). Cali-
fornian Maybush.
elliptica, 30', wh., fruits

yel.

glabra (see serrulata).
PHRAGMATOBIA.

This genus is included amongst a few others
collectively known as Tiger Moths. The Ruby
Tiger Moth is fuliginosa ; it is about li" in wing
spread, has dull reddish brown wings with two
black dots, a brown head and thorax, and a pink
abdomen. The yellowish brown larvas may be
seen in autumn seeking resting places for the
winter. They emerge in the following spring,
spin their cocoons in April and May, and pupate.
The moths make their appearance in April.

The larv;e feed chiefly upon weeds, but in some
instances they attack garden produce. Hand-
picking is the remedy.

PHRAGMIDIUM.

A small genus of Funs^i, popularly known as
" Brands," and allied to Puccinea. Kubi - Idsei
is the Raspberry, and mucronatum the Rose,

Phragmites

( 191 )

Phyllanthus

lirand. 'I'he spots which declare the presence of
the fungus are first yellow, ultimately becoming
dark brown or black. These " Brands " are not
nearly .-o harmful as many other microscopic
Fungi, but they do damage if the .spots are numer-
ous. Picking off and burning all the damaged
leaves is an excellent plan. Spraying Raspberries
with Bordeaux .Mixture is not to be recommended,
unless the fruit is lo be sacriliced, but a .solmion
of potassium sulphide (see FUNGICIDES) is effica-
cious for Hoses.

PHRAGMITES (syns. ARU.VDO of De

lleauvois, and C'XKHNYA).

Tall perennial Grasses (urd. Gniminea;), related
to Arundo. Communis, the Great Reed (ftjn.
Arundo Phragmites), is a handsome British plant,
crowing by the side of ponds and streams to a
height of ">' to 8'. It has large drooping panicles
of purple brown flowers, and these, when cut and
dried, are useful for winter decoration. The dried
eulins make capital protective material, ;uid roii^h
mats made from them keep out frost. They may
also be employed for roofing rough sheds. There
is no\\- a variegated form. Propagation, by division.
Any ordinary soil will do, but the roots should be
in the water.

PHRATORA.

The Willow-leaf Beetle (Phratora Vitellinie) is a
small, elliptic beetle of a metallic green or deep
bhic shade. Its larvse feed upon the foliage of
Willows and Poplars, skeletonising the leaves.
The larvae have white or yellow, black spotted
bodies, and black heads, and there are generally
two broods in the year. Spraying with Paris
Green is the best remedy, and this is the treat-
ment usually adopted when Osier beds are
attacked.

PHRYMA. (LorsEED, syn. LBPTOSTACHYA.)

_ One species of hardy herbaceous perennials (ord.

Verbenace;c), of no special value. Seeds and

division of the roots are both available, and any

garden soil will do.

Only Species :

I.eptostachya, 2' to 4', Aug., hdy., pur., small.

PHRYNIUM (tyn. PHYLLODES).

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Scitaminese).
'I'he cultural requirements are the same as. for
Calathea and Maranta (which set-*).

Principal Species :—
ttipitatum, Jy., Ivs. 1' to variegatum (see Maranta

,, 'L I0-"' ?ru- aruudinacea variegata).
Gnffithii, Ivs. 2' long,

petioles 2' to 4' long.

Other Species :—

Gobi-atom (now Calathea iiiaciilatum (now Draca?na

colorata). plirynioides).

i-xiiimim (now Calathea saugu'ineum (see Strom-

propmqua). anthe sanguinea).

Liihberau (now Myrosma unilaterale(now Myrosma

LODDeau). madagascarieusis\

PHUOPSIS.

1'. stylosa (urd. Rubiacea>), 1', summer, is a trailing
herb with a foxy odour in the evening or during
rain, and with pretty heads of small pink flowers.
It makes a good border or rockery plant Common
soil.

Pkryganocydia («,r MacfaJyena).
Phycclla (see Uippeast rum).

PHYGELIUS.

Phygelius capensis, the Cape Figwort (ord.
Scrophularinea'), is an exceedingly easy plant to
grow, and makes a brave show in the garden.
Propagation, by seeds and cuttings. The seeds
should be sown on a gentle hotbed in March. A
deep, rich soil is necessary.

Only Species : —

capensis, 3', sum., hdy., sc. Cape Figwort.

PHYLICA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trees (ord.
Rhamneie), often Heath-like in appearance.
Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in a close, warm
frame. Soil, sandy peat, with charcoal. Free
drainage.

Principal Species and Variety :—
plumosa, 1' to 2', Aug., Aug., Nov., wh. (tyn

Nov., whitish. pubescens).

- squarrosa, IV to 2', plumosa of Loddiges is a
«////. of capitata.

Other Species : —

buxifolia, 0', My., Sep., pubascena of Aitoii (see

grn. (.11/11. Soulangia capitata).

liuxifolia). rubra, 3', Dec., red (tsijn

capitata, 2', My., Aug., Soulaugia rubra).

wh. (tyn. plumosa of spicata, Aug., wh., fleshy,

Loddiges, and pubes- small.

cens of Aitoul. stipularis, 3-, My., Sep.,

ericoides, 3', Ap., Sep., wh. («/«. Trichoceph-

wh. alus sti'pularis).

PHYLLAGATHIS.

Handsome dwarf stove slirubs (ord. Melastoma-
ceas). Propagated by leaf cuttings, in a close,
warm case. Soil, peat two parts, leaf mould one
part, and sand.

Principal Species : —
rotimdifolia, 1' to 2', Jy., 6" to 9" long, 4" to 6"

pk. The Ivs. are the broad, rich metallic

showy part ; they are grn , tinged red, dark

red beneath.

Other Species : —
gymnantha, pk., Ivs. hirsuta, pk., petals and

bright gni., with prom- sepals rounded.

iiieut veins.

PHYLLANTHUS.

A large genus of curious plants (ord. Euphorbi-
acese). In many cases the branches are leaf-like.
The flowers are small, and would be inconspicuous
but for their numbers. Atropurpureus, pulcher,
nivosus, and glaucescens (syn. Chantrieri) make
handsome stove foliage plants. As the plants get
older they lose much of their elegance, and thus
frequent propagation is necessary. Propagation,
by cuttings of hard shoots, in sandy soil and brisk
heat. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one part,
dried cow manure one part, and a few pieces of
charcoal, with a liberal addition of sand. Firm
potting is essential. Atropurpureus and nivosus
are at their best when about 5' high in 8" pots.
.Syringe freely and regularly.

Principal Species :—

atropurpureus, st. shr., nivosus, at. shr., Ivs. grn.

Ivs. dark pur., plant and wh. or wholly wli.

like nivosus in habit. pulclier, st., flowers yel.,

glaucescens, st. shr., red, Ivs. grn., a pretty

branches at right angles shr. for table work

to stem, like pinnate (XI/HX. Reidia glauces-

lv«., dark grn. (syn. ee'ns aud Phyllauthus

Chantrieri). pallidifolius).

Phyllarthron

( 192 )

Phyllocactus

roseo-pictus, st., Ivs. gin.,
crim., wh. ; probably a
gardeu var.

salvia'folius, like glauces-

cens inhabit, sum., grh.
shr., male flowers gin.,
female red.

/ lioto: Camell <t Company, Lt,l.

PmLLOCACTL'S CooPEKI (step.

Xylophylla latifolia of

Botanical Jlni/«:iiie

1021).
linearis, 1' to 2', st., calyx

wh.
moutanus, st., branches

persistent, calyx ro., a

dwarf tree.

pallidifolius (see pulcher).
seemauniauns, 2', wh.,

branches long,
speciosus (see latif olius) .

Other Species : —

angustifolius, 2', Jy., shr.,
red, branches narrow,
deciduous («//»«. elou-
gatus, and Xylophylla
montana and elongata) .

elongatus (nfe angusti-
folius).

epiphyllanthus, G", Jy.,
shr., red, branches de-
ciduous («?/««. falcatus
andXylophyllafalcata) .

latifolius, 6' to 8', Sep.,
st. shr., calyx wh. (•«.</».

PHYLLARTHRON (*?/». ABTHROPHYL-

LUM).

Glabrous stove shrubs (ord. Bignoniacese), all
from Madagascar. Propagation is by cuttings of
the short side shoots, in sand in a close frame, with
bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam two parts, peat and
leaf mould one part each, a few pieces of charcoal,
and sand.

Principal Species : —
bojeranum. 8', Jy., pk., funnel shaped (syn. Arthro-

phyllum madagascariense).

PHYLLERIUM.

A species of Phytoptus. Vitis preys upon the
A'ine, and causes a dense cushion of light coloured
hairs to appear on the under surface of the leaves.
At one time it was thought that these hairy
patches were due to the action of a fungus to
which the name Erineum, or Phyllerium Vitis, was
given. (For treatment, see MITES.)

PHYLLIS.

The solitary species is a small greenhouse shrub
(ord. Rubiaceoe), propagated by cuttings, in sand,
in a gentle heat. Soil, good loam, with sand.

Only Species :—

Nobla, 8', Je., wh. ; pauciflora is a less floriferous
var. Bastard Hare's Ears.

PHYLLOBIUS.

A genus of tiny beetles, belonging to the Weevil
family, destructive to the young buds and leaves of
fruit trees. The commonest species is oblongus,
which has a black body and red or brown legs and
wing cases. Pyri is equally voracious but scarcely
so plentiful, and the same may be said of viridi-
collis, with the addition that it is smaller in size.
Trees and bushes attacked should be shaken in the
early morning, a white cloth being spread beneath
to catch the beetles -as they fall. They are thus
quickly destroyed.

PHYLLOCACTUS.

Description. — Stove epiphytal succulent plants
(tirtl. Carter). Many hybrids and varieties have
been raised, and this, combined with the peculiarly
rich and soft hues of the flowers, has done much to
bring Phyllocacti into prominence. The flowers
are all large, and, with one or two exceptions, open
by day; they are rather ephemeral, but li<-;dlhy
plants provide a succession of blooms over a fairly

Photo: CassellA' Compmiit. t.t/L

PHYLLOCACTUS J. T. PEACOCK IMPROVED (see p. i«3j.

long period. Although naturally stove plants,
many will do in the greenhouse and in the windows
of an ordinary dwelling room. They will do
outdoors in summer ; in winter they need a dry
atmosphere.

Propagation. — By cuttings and by seeds. Cut-
t Sums about ti" long may be inserted in spring in
well - drained, shallow pots, in sandy soil, and

Phyllocladus

( 193 )

Phyllota

placed in ;i temperature of about <>0°. No water
•will be required for two or three weeks. Cuttings
treated thus quickly root. Seeds ripen freely on
healthy plants, and they germinate well if sown
in spring in .-imilar soil and temperature to that
given to the cuttings.

Soil. — Three parts porous, rather sandy loam, one
part leaf mould, and one part old mortar rubbish,
well mixed. Free drainage.

Other Cultural Points. — Many fail with Phyllo-
cacti by keeping them damp at the roots in
winter. For two or three months in the middle of
the dull season no water is needed. In summer a
fail' supply — about half as much as for soft-wooded
subjects — will be required. From the end of June
until the end of August the plants should be stood
out of doors against a south wall.

Potting is not needed oftener than once in five
or six years for established plants, but a top-dressing
of the same soil as recommended for potting may
be given annually. No shade should be given at
any time. Staking is needed for big plants, and
it is well to secure the stakes to the wall.

Principal Species :—

Ackeiiuaiiuii,4'toG',sum., Sep., st. or warm grh.,

st. or warm grh., stems wh., fragrant (XI/H.

flat, usually spineless, Cactus Phyllanthus of

flowers rich crim., 6" Botanical Magazine

to 8" across (»//«*. 2692).

Cactus and Epiphyllum latifrons, 8' to 10', st. or
Ackennannii). Many wanu grh., cream, wh.,

vars. very large, 8" to 10"

•agoliger, Oct., st. or across (si/nn. Cereus
wiirm grli., or. or yel., latifrons 'of Jlutanical

very fragrant. Magazine 3813 and C.

crenatus, st., creamy wh., oxypetalus).

or., very fragrant. phyllanthoides, 1' to 3',

Many vars. Parent of Je., ro., wh., very flor-

many hybrids. iferous (»//«*. Cactus

grandis, st., creamy wh., phyllanthoides of liot-

1' long, opening after taueai Mmjiizinr 2092

sundown.very fragrant, and C. s'peciosus of

Hookeri, 2' to 3', Jy., Botanical Register 304).

Other Species : —

biforrais, 3', st., ro. pk. st., wh., cream wh.

(*w. Disocactus bi- («/». Cereus and Epi-

forims). phyllura Phyllauthus).

Pliyllanthiu, 1'to 3', Je.,

Hybrids and Varieties. A Selection :—

Agatha, rosy pk., flushed Isabel Watson, coral, or.

salmon. red.

Allms Sujierhus, wh. Jenkinsoni, rich crim.

Brilliant, bright sc. J. T. Peacock Improved,

Cooperi, creamy wh. (see bright rosy pk. (see

P- 1'J-')- p. 192).

Ddicatua, satin pk. Niobe, deep so., pur.

Elatior, crim. si-. centre.

Epirus, pk. Orion, crim. sc.

Eva, or. sc., flushed Plato, bright sc.

apricot. Venus, crim., flushed vio
Exquisite, rosy pk.

PHYLLOCLADUS (>yn. THALAMIA.
CELERY-LEAVED PINE TREE.)

Greenhouse evergreen Conifers (ord. Conifene),
with minute, scale-like leaves, and branches
flattened and leaf-like (phyllodes). Propagation,
by cuttings of the ripened shoots, in sand, in a
close frame, in spring. Bottom heat may be given
as soon as the bases of the cuttings begin to swell,
not before. Soil, good loam, with a little sand.

1'lii/lloealyx (src Eugenia).
Phyllodooe (m- Jiryanttntg).
PkyUoma («•/• Lamatepkyllttm).
43

Principal Species :—
[NOTE.— p. = phyllodes.]

glauca, p. fan - wedge to 2'' long (tyns. asple-

shaped, shr. or small uifolia, and Podocarpus

tree (»//«. trichoman- asplenifolius). Alpina

oides glauca). isadwarfvar. Adven-

hypophylla, 10' to 30', p. ture Bay Pine.

narrow. trichomanoides, 40', a

rhomboidalis, 60', p. f " slender tree.

PHYLLOSTACHYS.

A genus of Bamboos (ord. Gramineae). The
Phyllostachys include a number of plants of
stately presence, and hardy enough to withstand
an ordinary British winter. It is desirable that
they should be planted in sheltered spots, for north
and east winds would cripple them and spoil their
beauty for a long time. (The culture is given
under AUUNDIXAKIA and BAMBUSA, which see.)
Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE.— The synonymy here is in the main that
of the Krn> Hand-IA»t.~\

aurea, hdy., yel., gru. culms grn. when young,

(»yns. Bambusa aurea yel. when old, a superb
and sterilis of gardens plant (syns. Bambusa
and Taibfl-chiku and initis of gardens and

Hotei-chiku of Japan, Moso-chiku).

see p. 194). nigra, 4' to 7', hdy. (syns.

boryana, hdy. , culms gm. Bambusa nigra of gar-

first, then yel. dens and Kuro-dake,

Castillonis, 5' to 7', hdy., Goma-dake1, ondKuro-
grn., or. striped, wh., chiku of Japan, see

culms grn., yel. (»//»*. p. 195).
Kimmei-chikuof Japan — punctata, hdy., taller
and Bambusa Castilloui and hardier than type

and Castillonis). (*.'/». nigro-punctata of

fastuosa, hdy., bright gardens).

grn. above, glaucous Quilioi, 18', hdy., dark
below (si/it. Bambusa Rni., spotted br. (syns.
fastuosa). Bambusa Mazelii of

fulva, hdy., yel., grn., gardens and Quilioi).

habit of Henonis. sulphurea, 13', hlf-hdy.

*Henonis, 8' to 14', hdy., like mitis but smaller

bright grn., one of the («//«». Bambusa sul-

best (SI/H.V. Ha-chiku phurea and Me-dake of

and Bambusa Henouis). Japanese gardens),

marlicea, hdy., dark *viridi-glaucescens, 18 to
grn., culms dark grn., 20', hdy., grn., glau-

rare («//»«. Shibo-chiku cous, culms grn., then
and Shiwa-chiku of yel. ; one of the best

Japan, and Bamhusa (*'/". Bambusa viridi-

marliacea of gardens). glaucescens).

*mitis, 20' to 60', hdy.,

* Select for three.
Other Species :—

bambusoides, 10' to 12', ruscifolia, H' to 3', hdy.,
hdy., culms yel. (XI/H. Ivs. broad", grn., culms

Ya-dake of Japan). grn., channelled (syns.

flexuosa, 6' to 8', hdy., Kumasaca, Kumasasa,
Ivs. like virtdi-fflauoeg- Bambusa ruscifolia and

ceus (.-»/». Bambusa viminahs, and Bun-
flexuosa of gardens, not gozasa of Japan).
Munro). viminalis (set ruscifolia).

heterocycla, hdy. (»//».«. violascens, 13', hlf-hdy.,
Bambusa heterocycla, culms vio. then yellow-

and Kiko-chiku and ish br. (syn. Bambusa

Kimon-ehiku of Japan). violaaceus of gardens.
Tortoise-shell Bamboo.

PHYLLOTA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Leguminosse) of Heath-
like appearance, all from Australia. They answer
to the same treatment as the Pultenseas, which tee.

Principal Species : —

phylicoides, 2', My., grh., yel. (iynt. aspera,
comosa, and squarrosa).

Phyllotreta

( 194 )

Physochlaina

PHYLLOTRETA.

Leaf-eating beetles, small, but lively, voracious,
and an inveterate Turnip foe. In some respects
they resemble Haltica, with which genus they have
been placed. They have the same habits and may
be caught and dealt with in the same way as the
redoubtable TURNIP FLEA, which see.

PHYLLOXERA (see GRAPES).

Soil. — Any good loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Alkekengi, 1', Jy. , luly. peruviaiia, 3', Jy., hlf-
lidy., whitish, fruit pur-
plish. Cape Gooseberry.

per., wh., fruit
Winter Cherry.

Francheti, 11', hdy. per., — Vlulis, hlf-hdy., fruit
wh., calyx coral red;
finer thau ahove, per-
haps a var. of it.

yellowish (*yn. edulis.V
— violacoa, IV. Jy., hlf-
hdy. , yel., fruit vio.

Pltoto : Cassell tfc Company. Ltd.

PHYLLOSTACHYS AUUEA (see, p. 193)

PHYSALIS. (BLADDER, GliOUND or WINTER

CHERRY.)

Description. — A genus of about thirty species of
hardy or greenhouse annual or perennial herbs
(ord. Solanaceae), best known in this country by the
use made of the fruits of Alkekengi and Fran-
cheti, which have fine red inflated calyxes. The
fruits of peruviana edulis, the Cape Gooseberry,
are used occasionally for dessert. Those of Alke-
kengi are also said to be edible. Francheti is
much the finest.

Propagation. — The annuals by seeds, sown in
spring ; the perennials by seeds or by division at
the same season.

Pliylloteenium (see XantJwsoma).
Phymatanthus (see Pelargonium).

PHYSOCHLAINA (syn. BELENIA).

Hardy, erect-habited herbs (ore/. Solanaceie), all
perennials. Propagated by cuttings and seeds.
Any ordinary fertile soil.

Principal Species : —

orieutalis, 1' to U',Mch.

My., pur., bl. (*//«

Hyoscyamus orieu

talis).
physaloides, 1' to 1J'

Mch., Ap. , pur., vio

(KI/H . Hyoscyamus phy-
saloides, now referred
to Scopolia phys aloides).
prealta, H', Mch., grn.,
yel., marked pur. («/«.
graudiflora).

Pliymatodes (see Pah/podium).
Pln/sianthus (sen Araiijid).
Physic Nut (see Jatropha).
Pliysidium (si-i- Anijelonld).
Pit ysiiearpa (see Nelllia).

Physosiphon

( 195 )

Physurus

grn., or red (jsyn. Stelis

punctulatus, grn.
spotted pur.

yel.,

PHYSOSIPHON.

(Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidace:c),
resembling the Pleurothallises in habit, and
needing similar treatment. They are of little
horticultural value, but Loddigesii is occasionally
met with in collections.

Principal Species : —

Loddigesii, Jy., yel.,
tnbata).

Other Species : —
guatemalensis, yel., pur.;

close to Loddigesii.
Limlleyi, grn. , sepals red ;

close to Loddigesii.

PHYSOSPERMUM. (BLADDER SEED.)

Glabrous perennial herbs (urd. Umbelliferai) of
little horticultural value. The (lowers are white,
in umbels, and the leaves are much cut.

PHYSOSTEGIA. (FALSE DRAGON
HEAD.)

Two or three species of hardy, erect-habited
herbs (ore/. Labiataj), all from North America.
They need the same culture as the members of
the genus Dracocephalum.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

virgiiiiana, H' to 4', Jy.,
Sep., flesh pk. or pur.;
very variable

Dracocephalum varie-
gatum and virgini-
aimm).
— alba, flowers wh.

Other Species : —

imbricata (xcc virginiana

speciosa) .
intermedia, 1' to 3', sum.,

pk. or pur.

— nana, dwarf, pk. (»//«.
Regelii of gardens). '

— speciosa, a fine var.
with large spikes (xyiw.
imbricata and Draco-
cephalum speciosum of
Sweet).

parviflora, 1' to 2', sum.,

pk.
Regelii (see virginiana

liana).

PHYSOSTELMA.

Two species of climbing stove shrubs (ord.
AsclepiadesG), answering to the same cultural
treatment as Hoya. Probably only one species is in
cultivation, and that one is by no means common.

Principal Species : —

Wallichii, My., grn., yel., Ivs. leathery (*yia.
campanulatum and Hoya campanulata).

PHYSOSTIGMA. (ORDEAL BEAN OP
OLD CALABAR.)

There is only one species of Physostigma — two
by Index Kem-nsis — (ord. Leguminosas), a tall,
climbing, stove herb, of no garden value but with
a sinister reputation of its own. The seeds are
virulently poisonous, and are employed by the
natives of Old Calabar in their witch-finding
functions. Suspects are made to eat the Beans
until they vomit or die, the first contingency being
taken to prove innocence, the second guilt. The
poison has also the property of causing contraction
in the pupil of the eye.

Only Species : —

venenosum, flowers pur., pods 6" long, seeds 1"
long, nearly round. Ordeal Bean.

PHYSURUS.

Stove, terrestrial Orchids (iird. Orchidaceas),
bearing prettily marked leaves for the most part.

Physopoda (fee Thripg).

The genus is closely related to Ancectochilus, and

j several species have figured in both genera. The

cultural hints given for Anesctochilus will apply here

also. Comparatively few species are in cultivation.

Principal Species : —
argenteus, 4", Ivs. 2i"

long, I!," broad, light

grn., margined silver

(tyn. Aiioectochilus

pictus, 6", Ivs. 3" long,
ark

argenteus).
nobilis, Ivs. ovate, dark
grn., veined silver;
close to pictus (ayii. A.
nobilis).

H" broad, edged dark
grn., with a central
silver band and wh.
veins (s//«,v. A. argeu-
teus pictus and Micro-
chilus pictus).
— holargyreus, Ivs. wholly
silverv.

•W.

Pluto : Cassell it Company, LUL.

PHYLLOSTACHYS MORA (see p. 193).

Other Species :—

chinensis, Ivs. 4" long,

grn., tufted,
decorus, Ivs. dark grn.,

striped wh., flowers

wh., grn.
fimlirillaris, Ivs. dark

grn., veined silver.

flowers wh., lip yel.

fringed.

maculatus, 6", Ivs. 2J"
long, dark grn. , spotted
wh.

Ortgiesii, Ivs. dark grn.,
spotted darker, with
wh. ribs.

querceticolus, 3" to 4",
Ivs. 2" to 3" long, light
grn., blotched silver.

Phytelephas

( 196 )

Phytoptus

PHYTELEPHAS.

Dwarf, spineless Palms (irrcl. Palmse), all needing
a stove temperature. They are of easy culture
when a liberal supply of water and free drainage
are given. Propagation, by imported seeds, sown
in strong heat. Soil, loam three parts, cow manure
and leaf mould one part each, with sand. The
hard seeds furnish the popular vegetable ivory
so much used by turners in the manufacture of
toys, buttons, and useful domestic articles. When
nicely polished the appearance is almost equal
to that of animal ivory.

Principal Species : —

macrocarpa, 6', Ivs. 15' to 20' long, pinnate,
arching. Ivory Nut Palm.

Other Species : —

microcarpa, stemless, Ivs. 20' to 24' long.

PHYTEUMA. (HORNED RAMPION.)
Ornamental hardy perennials (prd. Campanu-
lacese), of value for borders or rockwork. Propaga-
tion, by division or by seeds in spring. The
smaller species, such as comosum, do best in well-
drained but moist crevices in the rockery in a
gritty soil ; the others grow in common soil.

Principal Species : —
Balbisii, 6", sum., wh.
comosum, 4", Jy., bl.
Halleri, 6", My., vio.
hemisphfericum, 1', Jy.,

bl.

humile, 4", Jy.,bl.
hmonifolium, 2i', Je., bl.

(syns. strictum and

virgatum of Loddiges).
Michelii,lJ',Jy.,M.(»i/H».

PHYTOLACCA.

Hardy, greenhouse or stove herbs, shrubs, or trees
(ord. Phytolaccaceai), whose flowers are followed
by black berries, often in bunches. Only a few are
in cultivation, and the undernamed are among the
best of these. Propagated by seeds or division.
Common soil.

Principal Species : —

acinosa, 2' to 5', sum.,

hdy., wh.; regarded by

some authorities as a

var. of decandra.
decandra, 3' to 10', sum.,

hdy. per., wh., roots

poisonous. Virginian

Poke-weed, Pigeon

Berry.
- albo - variegata, Ivs.

variegated.

PHYTOPHTHORA.

A genus of microscopic parasitic Fungi, small in
number of species, but possessing an enormous
power for mischief. The two species best known
are infestans and Fagi. Infestans, once placed in
the closely allied genus Peronospora, is known as
the cause of the Potato murrain, but it also attacks
the Tomato, as well as the Bitter Sweet (Solanum
Dulcamara) and Schizanthus. Although its
activity is generally confined to the members of
the order Solanacea?, it occasionally grows upon
members of Scrophularinerc. Fagi (syn. omnivora)
causes a troublesome disease, often attended with

PltytarrJrim (sec Tillandsia).

betonicoefolium of Vill.,

and scorzonerif olium) .
iiigrum, 6", Jy., red, bl.
orbiculare, 1', Je., bl.
pauciflorum, 4", Jy., bl.
Scheuchzeri, 1', My., bl.
— Chanuelii, 9", My..

bl.

Sieberi, 3" to 6", My., bl.
spicatum, 1' to 2^', Jy->

wh. or bl.

dioica, 20' to 30', sum.,

grh. per., wh. (syns.

arborea of gardens and

Pircunia dioica).
icosandra, 3', sum., hlf-

hdy. per., wh. («//«.

mexicana).
octaudra, 3 to 8', sum.,

hdy. per., wh.

fatal consequences, in young Beech seedlings. It
attacks many cultivated Conifers, and occasionally
Maples and such low-growing plants as Semper-
vivums and Clarkias.

The life cycle closely approaches that of the
Peronosporas, and the two genera are, in fact, only
separated by differences in the production of the
fruit (conidia), these conidia being borne several
in succession by one (branch) conidiophore,
instead of one conidium to a conidiophore, as in
Peronospora.

It is only by repeated attentions that it can be
kept at bay. The production of winter or resting
spores has not yet been settled satisfactorily in
Phytophthora infestans. The following are the
best means of battling with the Potato disease : —

1. Protective earthing up to prevent direct in-
fection of the tubers.

2. Spraying with Bordeaux Mixture at intervals
through the growing season to prevent infection of
the leaves and stems.

3. Allowing 3' between the rows, to favour rapid
drying of the foliage, th'us removing one of the
chief aids to infection.

4. The destruction by fire of all diseased haulms
and Potatoes.

5. Dressings of gas lime in autumn — from 12 Ib.
to 15 Ib. per square pole.

6. Careful selection and frequent change of seed.

7. The selection of disease-resisting varieties.
(See also POTATO.)

When Fagi attacks young Beech trees it generally
makes its presence felt very early in the life of the
plant. The little plants commence to turn black
and die shortly after germination. The first
" rough " leaves may make their appearance before
the fateful spots show, but if the weather is damp
these spots increase in size with great rapidity.
Where the disease has made its appearance in a
seed bed the latter must be thoroughly disinfected
before being again used, and even then live years
at least should elapse before Beech seed is sown
upon the spot. All infected plants should be
burned.

PHYTOPTUS.

The genus Phytoptus has a sinister repute.
Several species injure cultivated plants. Ribis
causes the Big Bud in Black Currants ; Pyri attacks
the leaves of the Pear, and Avellana; the Hazel and
Filbert. These Gall Mites, as they are popularly
called, are of microscopic proportions. Their habit
of secreting themselves in the interior of the buds
renders them exceedingly difficult of detection.
Avellanao has been noticed in considerable numbers
in various fruit-growing districts, and it seems that
it is only the severe annual pruning of the trees
that has kept the pest under control. All such
prunings should be burnt, and, where occasional
swollen buds are seen, they also should be
picked off and burnt. The common wild Hazel is
as liable to attacks by the mites as the cultivated
trees, and there is not the hard annual pruning to
keep the pest in check, although it is probable that
the summer clippings would help materially — that
is, if they were burnt at once. (For Ribis, see BLACK
CURRANTS and MITES.) Pyri, which causes galls
upon the leaves of Pears, behaves in a rather dif-
ferent manner. At first, and until just before the
fall of the leaves, the mites are ensconced inside the
yellow galls or blisters. In severe attacks these
galls become confluent, and the whole surface of
the leaf is involved. Just before the leaves fall

Piarantlras

( 197 )

Picea

the mites leave the galls and take up their abode
in the buds, where they pass the winter underneath
the scales, ready to attack the young leaves in the
spring. Light attacks may be dealt with by the
removal and destruction by fire of the infected
lea\es prior to the exit of the mites within; but for
had attacks, and where whole orchards are con-
cerned, this is obviously impracticable. Kerosene
emulsion applied whilst the trees are at rest and

V

*

riii'tu: Cantfll ,!

PICEA MOUIXDA (sec p. 198).

the mites hibernating has been tried with con-
siderable.' success, and, although trees so treated
have been observer! to open their buds rather later
than usual in the spring, they have apparently
taken no appreciable harm.

PIARANTHUS.

Low-growing, greenhouse succulents (ord. Ascle-
piadra'). all I mm South Africa. In general habit
they are much like the Stapelias, to which they
have been referred by some botanists, and like
which they may be treated. Very few, if any, of
the species are in cultivation. Pullus is now
Boucerosia rnaminillaria ; and piliferus, Tricho-
caulon piliferuni.

PICEA (xyn. ABIES of DON. SPRUCE FIRS).

Description. — A comparatively small genus of

tall-growing, handsome Conifers (urd. Oonitene),

that is small so far as number of recognised species
is considered. Alba, excelsa, and pungens, to
mention only a few, have given rise to many hand-
some garden varieties, differing from each other in
habit, disposition of the branches, and colour of
the leaves ; and most of the other species are
represented in gardens by several varieties. All
are hardy, with one or two exceptions, such as
obovata, where growth is made so early in spring
that it gets cut down by the late frosts. The
genus is closely allied to Abies. In Abies the
bracts fall away from the axis of the cone when
maturity is reached ; in Picea they do not do this,
further, in Abies the cones are upright on the
branches ; in Picea they are usually pendulous. In
Abies the leaves are usually flattened, blunt, and
soft to the touch. In Picea they are round, much
stiffer, and often sharp.

Propagation. — The most satisfactory method is
by seed, sown in spring. The seedlings may be
lifted and planted in nursery rows as soon as they
are a few inches high. Subsequent transplantings
will depend upon the rapidity of growth, which in
its turn will, in great measure, be decided by the
species — some, such as excelsa, are very quick
growers. The various coloured forms, which will
not come true from seed, may be grafted upon
seedlings of the type.

Soil. — Almost any soil will do, but the finest
specimens are to be found on deep, sandy loam
deposits. A little leaf mould may be used to
lighten the soil in the rockery, in which the dwarf
forms of excelsa appear to advantage.

Economic Products. — The Piceas are essentially
timber producers, and both alba and excelsa take
high rank as such. Excelsa furnishes the white
deal so much in demand.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Kerv Hand-
List.']

* Belonging to the Omorica group, or flat-leaved
Spruce Firs.

*ajanensis, 70' to 80',
shoots yellowish hr.,
cones 1' to 2" long,
erect, resembles excelsa
(XI/HX. Abies ajaueusis
and alcockiana, and
Tsuga ajanensis) ; mi-
crosperma (XI/H. je/o-
ensis) is a var.

alba, 30' to 40', cones ob-
loiig, cylindrical, light
br.,lvs. rather glaucous,
erect (.V//H.V. Abies alba,
A. a. cserulea arctica,
and A. canadensis,
Picea ca-rulea, and P.
nigra glauca, and Pi-
uus laxa and P. rubra
violacea). White Spruce.
Many vars. The fol-
lowing are some of the
best:—

— ceerulea, Ivs. with hi.
shade.

— echinofonnis, dwarf
and close-growing.

— fastigiata. of pyra-
midal habit.

— intermedia, cones and
Ivs; very short.

- pemlula, branches
dr< toping.

— variegata, Ivs. yel.,
wh., grn.

alcockiana, 90' to 120',
cones 2" to 3" long,
dettexed, habit pyra-
midal («t/ii*. Abies
acicularis. alcockiana,
and bicolor, and Piuus
alcockiana).

Engelnmnnii of Engel-
mann.iiot of gardeus,80'
to 100', Ivs. deep gru.,
rigid, cones 2" to 2V'
long (.vy/<. Abies alba,
A. Engelmannii, and A.
nigra, and Finns coiu-
mutatii).

— glauca. Ivs. silvery
glaucous. A pretty var.

ericoides, a slender grow-
ing tree of pyramidal
habit. A garden var.
whoseaffinities have not
yet been determined.

excelsa, SO' to 100' (»•//«.«.
Abies excelsa. A. Picea..
and A. rulira, and Piuus
Abies and P. excelaa of
Lambert). Burgundy
Pitch Tree, Norway
Spruce Fir. The follow-
ing is a selection of the
many vars. : —

— argenteo-spica, Ivs. sil-
ver lipped.

Pick ( 198 ) Picotee

— attenuata, slender, Ivs. like (»yn. Pinus

other in a blade. Pickaxe is a name also fre-

small and closely set. Omorika).

quently applied to it.

— aurea, Ivs. long, grn., orieutalis, Ivs. solitary.

gold-tipped. cones nearly cylindrical

PICOTEE.

— clanbrasiluma, 4' high, (*//«». Abies orientalis
dwarf, and close-grow- and A. wittmanniana,

The name Picotee has been given by the florist

ing. Stricta is an erect- and Pinus orientalis).

to a section of Carnations in which the petals have

growing sub-var. — aurea, bronze gru.,

a distinct edging of a different hue from that of the

— compacta, dwarf, neat gold.

ground colour. No mottlings or stripes are ad-

habited. polita, Ivs. short, erect,

missible upon the ground colour, which must be

— diffusa, very dwarf, grn., cones ellipsoid,
good for rockeries. 3" to 4" long ; a beauti-
— dumosa, dwarf, neat, ful specimen tree for
pyramidal, a slow lawns (suns. Abies
grower. Torano and A. polita) .
— eremita, like monstrosa, puugeus, Ivs. bluish grn.,

either white or yellow, according to the class. The
presence of any such markings would cause the
flower to be relegated to the ranks of the Fancies.
Recently it has been decided to consider as Fancies
many varieties which had hitherto been grown ami

but shorter branches, bark grey ; a tall tree

shown as Picotees.

bark red. (/if/tin, commutata, En-

It has been averred that the Picotees are more

— fiuedonensis, young gelmanuii of gardens,

tender in constitution than the Carnations proper,

Ivs. aud wood yel. , then and parryana and Abios
bronze br., then grn. Menziesii in part, and

but although this might have been true ten years
ago, it is so no longer, for modern varieties have

— gregoryaua, conical, Parlatorei). Rocky

gained much in constitution.

bright gru. Mountain Blue Spruce.
— inverta, a weeping — argeutea, silvery glau-

The white-ground Picotees are subdivided,
according to the colour of their edgings, into

— monstrosa, branches — glauca, glaucous gru. ;
long and straggling. a charming plant (see
— mutabilis, young Ivs. p. 199). Pendula is a

purple, red, and rose. A further classification
deals with the quality of the edging, whether it be
light or heavy. Thus Redbraes, so useful for

yel. in spring. weeping sub-var.

cutting, would be described as a heavy purple-

— pygmiea, 1', dwarf, rubra, 50', small Ivs. and

edged, white-ground Picotee. In the yellow-

pyramidal, good for small pendulous br.
pots and rockeries (ijfn, cones, elegant (-i///'*.

grounds the flower has reached its highest' develop-
ment in point of size and substance of petal, while

nana). nigra var. rubra, Abies
1 — pyrainidalis, dwarf, iiigra var. rubra, A.
conical, rockeries. rubra, and A. rubra
Morinda 80' to 120', Ivs. arctica.

the white-grounds are characterised by especial
refinement, and although thinner and smaller than
the yellow-grounds, the individual petals are large

grn., cones ovate, * sitchensis, 50' to 70',

and of considerable substance. They must overlap

oblong, 6" broad; a cones 2" long, pen-

each other regularly, and form a perfectly con-

hardy species, and one dulous, cylindrical,

tinuous circular outline, rising slightly towards

of the best for cold soils branches regularly

the centre. For cultivation, sec CARNATION. The

and exposed situations whorled, stiff (syt/s.

undermentioned is a good selection : —

(sy»s. smithiana, Abies Menziesii and sitkaen-

Khutrow and A. smith- ensis, Abies Menziesii

White-grounds : —

iana, and Pinus Khu- and A. sitchensis, and
trow, see p. 197). Piuus Menziesii and P.

[NoTB. — H = heavy edged. L = light edged.]

*Omorica, Ivs. with strong sitchensis).

Red Edged. I, :—

midribs, cones Larch-

Acme. Mrs. Bower. Souvenir de

Other Species and Varieties : —

Grace Darling. Mrs. Gorton. Headland.
Violet Douglas.

alpestris, resembles ex- economic but not dec-

lied Edged. H :—

celsa, but has shorter, orative qualities (*///».

Brunette. Etna. Mrs. Lovatt.

thicker Ivs. Abies alba, A. ameri-

Dr. Epps. John Smith. Princess of Wales.

breweriana, 80' to 90', cana, and A. arctica of

resembles excelsa, gardens, and Pinus ma-

Purple Edged. L : —

branches long, droop- riaua and P. nigra of

Amelia. Baroness Portia.

ing, and whip-like. Aitou). Black Spruce.

Auu Lord. Burdett-Coutts. Silvia.

californica {see Tsuga Aureo-marginata is a

Somerhill.

pattoniana). pretty grn. and gold

Purple Edged. H :—

CEerulea (see alba var.). var., and fastigiata is
Glehuii, Ivs. crowded, in pyramidal in habit.

Calypso. Mrs. Openshaw. Nymph.
Fanny Tett. Muriel. Zerlina.

many rows, cones obovata, something like
linear oblong, a dwarf excelsa, but a slower

Rose and Scarlet Edged. L : —

tree. grower, and more

Douglas. Fortrose. Melpomene.

jezoeusis (see ajanensis tender.

Ethel. Liddingtou's Psyche.

microsperma). — schrenkiana, a tall tree

Europa. Favourite.

Maximowiczii, Ivs. rigid, from the Altai Mount-
dark grn., plant not a ains (syn. schrenkiana).

Hose and Scarlet Edged. H : —

good doer (ay us. Abies parryana (see pungens).
Maximowiczii and Picea smithiana (see Morinda).

Clio. Mrs. Beswick. Mrs. Shnrpe.
Little Phil. Mrs. Foster. Mrs. William

obovata japonica). Tsuga (see Tsuga Sie-

Ban-on.

Meuziesii (fee sitchensis). boldii).

Yellow-grounds : —

nigra, 50' to80',conesabout vulgaris (see excelsa).
2" long, cylindrical, has

[XOTE. — The colour refers to the edge.]

Badminton, deep red. Lady St. Oswald, bright

PICK.

Childe Harold, light ro. red.

The common pick is an exceedingly bandy tool
for loosening and breaking up old paths or hard
ground that is being deeply bastard trenched for
the first time. One arm ends in a point, and the

Cowslip, blight ro. Lauzan, pur.
Dervish, lil. ro. Mrs. R. Sydeuham.
Eldorado, rosy red. The Gift, deep red.
Heather Bell, bright ro. Xerxes, deep ro.
His Excellency, light red.

Fieri dium

( 199 )

Pieris

PICRIDIUM.

Hardy, glabrous, annual or perennial herbs (ord.
Composite), of which probably only one species, tin-
gitanum, is to be found in gardens. Propagation,
by division. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

tingitanum, 1.V, Jv., hdy., yel. (syn. Scorzonera
orientalis).

Principal Species : —
aristata, 5' to 10', Je., Jy.,
st., yel. (syn. JEschy-
nomene aristata).

squamata, 6', sum., st.,
yel. (now referred to
Ormocarpum sennoides) .

PIERIS.

Hardy trees or sbrnbs {ord. Ericaceae), with
white or red flowers. Being of symmetrical habit
and medium height they produce a better effect

riiutu: Casscll it Company, Ltd.

PlCEA PUNOENS GLAUCA (seep. 198).

PICRORHIZA.

The only species, Kurrooa, is a hardy perennial
herb (ord. Scrophularinese) of no great value, as it
rarely blooms.

PICTETIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosse),
handsome, but rarely grown. Propagation, by
cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in brisk
heat. Soil, loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

when planted in masses than as solitary specimens.
A bed or two filled with them may find 'a place
upon the lawn or in the American garden, and the
plants form admirable companions for Liliums,
which may be planted between. Propagation, by
layers in autumn, and by seeds sown as soon as
they are ripe, preferably in cool frames. Soil,
sandy peat. A well-drained situation is impera-
tive. In heavy, cold, tenacious soils, which are
waterlogged in winter, the plants do not
thrive.

Pieris

( 200 )

Pimelea

Principal Species and Varieties : -

floribunda, 2' to 6', Ap.,
My. , wh. ; the best of
all (syns. Andromeda,
Leucothoe, Portuua,
and Zenobia flori-
bunda).

formosa, ev. shr., hdy.
only in sheltered places,
wh. (syn. Andromeda
formosa).

japonica, wh., in long,

drooping clusters, Ivs.
very thick (xyn. Andro-
meda japonica). Some
botanists consider this
to be a var. of ovali-
folia.

— variegata, Ivs. mar-
gined wh. («//«. Andro-
meda japouica varie-
gata).

mariana, 2' to 4', My.,
Je., wh., large (sytiii.
Andromeda, Leucothoe,
and Lyonia mariana).

nitida, 2' to 6', Mch.,
My., ev. shr,, wh.,
red, or pur. (si/ns.
Andromeda coriacea,

Other Species :-^

lucida of Lam., mar-
ginata, and Leucothoe
coriacea).

ovalifolia, 20' to 40', My.,
hlf-hdy., flesh pk.,
branches are poisonous
(•vy. Andromeda ovali-
folia).

— densitlora, wh.

PIERIS.

A genus of butterflies whose caterpillars are
destructive of the Brassica tribe. Brassicse, the
Large White Cabbage Butterfly, is the most
common. The first brood is on the wing from May
to July, and the second from September to October.
The eggs, which are bright yellow, are laid singly,
and affixed to the leaves of the Cabbages.

The Small White Butterfly, Rapse, has also two
broods in the season, one in April and one in July,
and the caterpillars are full-fed in about three
weeks from the time of hatching; they are
generally green. (For remedies, see CABBAGE
ENEMIES.)

PIGAFETTA.

The three species of this genus of stove Palms
(ord. Palmao) are tall, noble-looking plants, with
spiny trunks of very hard wood. The leaves are-
large and elegant in their droop, but the plants are
rarely cultivated. Propagation, by seeds. Soil,
good loam. Firm potting is advisable.

Principal Species :—

elata, tall, st., Ivs. like those of Cocos, petioles
spiny (syns. Hyospathe elata of gardens and Me-
troxylon elatum).

PIL.EA (syns. ABIKE ancl DEBREUILIA.
STINGLESS NETTLE.)

There are many species in this genus (ord.
Urticacese), but none of them appeal to the
gardener save muscosa (syn. microphylla), the
Artillery Plant. This is in great request'for filling
small vases for dinner table and dwelling room
decoration. The finely cut, but fleshy, light green
stems and small leaves, with the reddish flowers
and fruits, are very ornamental, and the plants
stand fairly well in summer. Propagation, by
cuttings in sandy soil, in a warm, close pit with
bottom heat. Seeds and divisions are likewise
available. Six cuttings may be placed in a 4" pot
and the plants nsed for decoration. No potting is
required, but a constant supply of cuttings should

Pigeon lierry (see Pliytolacea decandra).
Pigeon Grass (see Verbena oflieinaMs).
Pigeon Pea (see Cajanus indicia).
Pig Lily (see Richitrdia africana).
Pig Nut {see Carijaporcina).
Pig Root (see 8im/riHe7tiiiut).

be kept up to furnish decorative material. Larger
specimens may be grown if desired, but the small
ones are far more useful. Established plants need
plenty of heat and water, and revel in regular
syringings. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

muscosa, 4'' to (J", sum., st., flowers small,
reddish br., steins much branched (syn. micro-
phylla of Liebm.). Artillery or Pistol Plant.

PILEANTHUS.

A small genus of Heath-like shrubs (ord.
Myrtacea;), all Australian evergreens, and needing
a greenhouse temperature. Propagation, by 3"
cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sand,
under a bell-glass. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, and one-sixth sand.

Principal Species: —

Limacis, 2' to 3', Ap., wh.

PILOCARPUS.

Stove shrubs with green or purple flowers (ord.
Rutacere), of little worth to the gardener. Jabo-
randi is one of the plants that furnish the Jabo-
randi of commerce.

PILOCEREUS.

A small genus of succulent plants (ord. Cactere),
of singular appearance. They are included in the
larger genus Cereus, but have been kept distinct
for garden purposes. Most of the species are of
easy cultivation in a greenhouse temperature, and
may be treated exactly like the other cool house
Cereuses. The plants very rarely flower, but the
spines and the long white hairs constitute the
chief attraction. Young plants of senilis are more
woolly than old ones. A greenhouse temperature
is required, except where otherwise stated.

Principal Species : —

senilis, 1' to 3', stem cylindrical, fluted, 30 to 40
furrows, spines wh., hairs long, wh. The stems are
tender and fleshy when young. Old Man Cactus.

Other Species : —
Brunuowii, stem erect, bright grn., hair long,

cylindrical, hairs long, wh., cottony.

wh. fossulntiis, stem club

cclsianus, stems colnm- shaped, 10 to 12 angled,

uar, pale gni., prickles spines br., hairs wh.,

yel. (syn. foveolatus) ; strong ; rare.

several vars. Hoppenstedtii, warm

Curtisii, 3', sum., flowers house, stems columnar,

olive grn. , ro. , in tufts 8 to 20 angled.

of wh. wool. Houllettii, flowers vio.,

Dantwit/ii, stem oblong, spines straw yel., whole

plant felted.

PILULARIA. (PILLWORT.)

Obscure little aquatics (ord. Marsileaceaj), wort h-
less to the gardener, but interesting to the botanist
us link plants. Globulifera is common in damp
lidti.-h meadows. It has bright green leaves from
1'' to 4" long. The capsules in which the spores
are borne are like pills.

PIMELEA (syns. BAXKSIA of FOESTEB,
and COOKIA).

Description. — Greenhouse trees, shrnbs,and herbs
(ord. Thymelicacea;), natives of Australia and New-
Zealand.

Pilenort (si'c llanitnculus Fiparia).
Pilof/yne (tee Metotltria and Ze/meria).
Pilumna (sec Trichopilia).

Pimelea

( 201 )

Pimenta

Propagation.— Cuttings of the young shoots,
taken off with a heel of the old wood attached
when they are about 2" long, may be rooted
in spring, in sandy peat. The cuttings should be
covered with a bell-glau, placed in an intermediate
house, kept close, and carefully shaded. About

rosea, 2' to 3', Je., pk. or
wh., close to ferruginea
but more slender ill
growth (tyii. Heuder-
sonii) .

spectabilis, 3' to 4', 1' to
H' is a handy si/r, My.,

wh., flushed pk., in large
globular heads ("'///.
Verschaffeltii). The best
of all (nee figure) .
suaveolens, 1' to 3 , Ap.(
yel., ill globular heads
(»//«. macrocephala).

1'hoto : Cuaaell ȣ' Company. Ltd.

PIMELEA SPECTAKILIS.

75 per cent, will be a good " strike." Imported
seeds are also available.

Soil. — Fibrous peat three parts, loam three parts,
and silver sand one-sixth of the whole, for estab-
lished plants. Younger ones are better in all peat
and sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Potting must be firm
and drainage free, as the plants need plenty of
water at all times, especially when they are grow-
ing fast. Liquid cow manure may be given a few
weeks before flowering. After flowering the
plants must be cut hard back to the old wood, and
repotted as the young growths make their appear-
ance. A common stopping is not advisable, only
pinching those shoots which spoil the symmetry of
the plants. Syringe freely to keep down red
spider.

Principal Species : —

ferruginea, 1' to 2', My., to 6', My., wh., in

ro. or red. in globular globular heads (*//«*.

lu'inls (\//y/,v. dcrussata cl»-g;ins hypericina aud

and diosnuvfoliiO. ]ii_nistriiia of Jlotttnical

HgUltrina liypcricina, a' Rei/ixlrr 1S27).

longiflora, 1' to 4', Je.,

wh.
nivea, 4', Je., wh. (*//».

incana).
sericea, 1' to 2', My., wh.,

Ivs. covered with silky

wh. hairs (»//«. lauata

of Hemsley).
sylvi^tris, 2' to 3', Je.,

blush pk.: var. grandi-

flora has broader Ivs.

Other Species : —

drupacea, 2' to G', My.,
wh., flushed pk. Vic-
torian Bird Cherry.

glauca, C" to 18", Je.,
wh. (.V//H-V. huniilis of
Lindley ami interme-
dia).

hispida, 2' to 4', My.,
blush pk.

linifolia, 1' to :>,' . My.,
wh. (*>/><*. filamentosa,
linoidi's, and paludosa).

PIMENTA.

Stove trees (ord. Myrtacese) with aromatic
foliage. The leaves of acris have astringent
properties and are much used for sauces ; the
berries, too, are aromatic and edible. Propagation,

by cuttings of ripe or partially ripe shoots in a
close, warm frame, in sandy soil. Soil, sandy loam
and loaf mould in equal parts. Free <lriiinii^i',
liberal supplies of water, firm potting or tubbing,
and regular syringings are the four essentials to

Pimpinella

( 202 )

Pineapple

success. Tubs are better than pots for the big
plants.

Principal Species : —

acris, 20' to 40', My., Jy., officinalis, My., Jy., wh.,
flowers wh., flushed pk., Ivs. very aromatic (.sv/y/s.

vulgaris, aud Eugenia
and Myrtus Pimenta).
Allspice, Pimento Bush,

berries as large as Peas.
Wild Clove, Black Cin-
namon.

PIMPINELLA. (BuRNET SAXIFRAGE.)

A large genus of annual and perennial herbs
(ord. Umbelliferse), most of them worthless horti-
culturally. The flowers are white or yellow, and
the leaves pinnate. Magna and Saxifraga, the
Burnet Saxifrage, are British wildlings. Anisum
yields the Aniseed of commerce.

PINANGA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmse) of dwarf habit and
slender stems. Not generally cultivated. Prop-
agation is by imported seeds sown in brisk bottom
heat. Soil, one part loam, two parts peat, and
tand. Firm potting and liberal waterings are
required.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — The height given is that of the trunk.]

coronata, 15' to 20', Ivs. maculata, Ivs. pinnate,
dark grn.

malayaua, 8' to 12', pin-
nate (sifin. malaiana
and Seaforthia malai-
ana).

paradoxa, 3' to 6', very
slender, Ivs. 1' long,

usually entire.

sauderiana, Ivs. 2-lohed,
grn. mottled petioles,
freckled br.

spectabilis, Ivs. dark grn.,
silvery beneath pin-
nate.

pinnatisect («.»/». Sea-
forthia coronata).

Dicksonii, 16' to 18', Ivs.
pinnate.

disticha, 2' to 6', Ivs. 1'
to \y long, few leaflets
(syn. Ptychosperma
disticha).

gracilis, 6' to 20', Ivs. 3'
to 4' long, pinnate.

lepida, young Ivs. brown-
ish crim. ; best when
young.

PINCHING.

The removal of the points of growing shoots
while they are yet soft and tender. This is an
important operation, and yet it is one that is often
neglected. Pinching works in two ways; (1) it
favours the production of more growths, and with
a better equalisation of energy tends to the forma-
tion of a more symmetrical plant ; and (2) the
development of flower buds instead of wood buds,
as in fruit trees. Many plants require pinching to
remove their tendency to make straggling growths
of unequal strength. A few familiar examples arc
Fuchsias, Pelargoniums, Salvias, Coleuses, and
bush Chrysanthemums (gee CHRYSANTHEMUMS).
Edging plants in summer beds have to be pinched
to keep them within bounds ; fruiting growths of
Figs are pinched at the fifth or sixth leaf, to
prevent the loss of energy upon leaves, and to effect
its direct concentration upon the development of
the fruit. Apples, Pears, Plums, Gooseberries,
Currants, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Sweet
Cherries have their laterals pinched to promote
the formation of flower buds in place of wood or
growth buds. This must not be done very early
in the season, otherwise strong sub-lateral growths
will push. For details, see the various fruits men-
tioned.

Pimpernel (see Anagallis).
Pinaster (see Pinus).

PINCKNEYA (syns. PINKNEA and PlNK-
NEYA).

The only species — Index Kemensis gives two —
(ord. Rubiaceas) is a small, greenhouse or half-
hardy tree. Propagation, by imported seeds, in
sandy peat, in a close frame. Soil, loam and sandy
peat in equal parts.

Only Species : —

pubens, 20', sum., pur., bracts large, showy, pk.,
the conspicuous part of the flower. Bitter Bark
Tree.

PINE (see PINUS and PINEAPPLE).

PINEAPPLE.

Description. — A native of tropical America, the
Pineapple (Ananas sativa) is cultivated in Asia,
Africa, and America for its rich fruit. Pines were
at one time extensively grown in British gardens.
For species, see Ananas.

Propagation. — The chief method of keeping up
the supply of fruiting plants is by suckers. March
to September is the best time for removing these.
If twisted off carefully, the ends trimmed, and
inserted in 6" pots in a temperature of 70°, with
brisk bottom heat, these soon root and make plants.
Seed may be sown in light, firm, sandy soil, and
the pans plunged in bottom heat. " Crowns " and
"gills "are utilised when a rare variety is to be
propagated speedily. Crowns are the shoots at
the top of the fruits, and gills are sucker-like
offshoots from just below the fruit.

Soil. — Light, fibrous loam, chopped or pulled
to pieces, four parts, and fibrous peat one part, will
do for soil ; and to five barrowloads of this may
be added half a bushel of J" bones.

Other Cultural Points.— Pot culture is almost
exclusively adopted under glass. The drainage
must be free, and the potting firm. A good fruit-
ing size is a 12" pot. After fruiting, the plants
may be moved into another pit to complete the
development of their suckers. Plenty of light, a
summer night minimum of 70° to 7f>°, a winter
night minimum of *>5°, and a 5° to 10° rise by day,
must be given. The pots should be plunged in
Oak leaves or tan above the hot-water pipes.
During summer plenty of water is required, and
liquid manure when the fruiting stems appear.
Little water is requisite during winter. Draughts
should be avoided.

Insect Pests. — Mealy bug and white scale are
the most troublesome insects. Regular syringings
with tepid soft water during the summer will keep
the latter at bay. Kerosene emulsion (see INSECT-
ICIDES) is also useful.

A Selection of Varieties :—
Black Jamaica, oval, good keeper. One of

win., 4 Ib. to 5 lb., the best for general

bronze yel. use. Ripley Queen is a

Lady Beatrice Lambton, good form.

conical, win., 8 Ib. to *Smooth-leiived Cayenne,

9 lb., or., yel. flesh. cylindrical, 6 lb. to 9 lb.,

*Queen, cylindrical, 3 lb. flesh pale yel., very rich

to 8 lb., very juicy and and sweet ; not a good

sweet, flesh pale yel., sucker bearer.

* Select either of these for one variety.

Other Varieties : —
Charlotte Rothschild, cy- Lord Carrington, pyram-

lindrical, 7 lb. to 10 lb., idal, win., 4 lb. to 7 lb.

golden yel. flesh. Re- Thoresby Queen, 6 lb. to

quires more heat. 8 lb., or. yel. flesh (syn.

Hurst House, pyramidal, Bennett's Seedling).

sum., Gib. (syn. Fair-

rie's Queen).

Pinellia

( 203 )

Pinguicula

PINELLIA.

An unimportant genus (prd. Aroidese). The
plants are of no garden value, and are only to be
found in botanic establishments.

PINGUICULA.

Greenhouse and hardy perennial herbs (ord,
Lentibulariea;), found in boggy places, and needing,

should be placed in a close but not warm frame.
Divisions will start away more freely if they also
are kept close for a fortnight. The hardy species
do well if they can be given a sheltered, boggy
nook in the lower levels of the rockery Pot plants
should be grown in peat and sphagnum, with a few
crocks intermixed. The drainage must be free and
the water supply liberal all through the year.

riioto: Cassell <t- Company, Ltd,

TlNUS EXCELSA (see p. 200).

under cultivation, an approach to these conditions.
The leaves are mostly fleshy, and covered in many
cases with glandular hairs, which excrete a glutinous
fluid, employed by the plants as a trap for insects,
from which they are able to obtain part of their
food. Propagation is by seeds, leaf cuttings, and
division. Leaf cuttings of the hardy species

Principal Species : —

alpinn, 3", My., Je.,
hdy., wh., lip yel.

oainl.-ita, 6", aut., grh. ,
rich car. , Ivs. in rosettes,
very fleshy; the hand-
somest of all (f>/n*.

bakeriana and Flos-
mulionis).

gramliflora, sum., hdy.,
bl., vio., 1" across, a
pretty bog plant.

Pink

( 204 )

Firms

vulgaris, 4" to 6", My.
Jy., My., vio.; British.

Bog Violet, Butter
Wort.
Other Species : —

bakeriana (see caudata). lutea, 3", Je. , hlf-hdy.,
Flos-mulioiiis (see caud- yel.

ata). orcliidioides, 3" to 4",

hirtiflora, hdy., close to Oct., grh-, vio. pur.,

vulgaris, but paler 1J" across ; probably a

flowers with yel. var. of caudata, and

throat. referred to that species

lusitanica, 6", Je., Oct., by Indr.r Keicenstt*.

hdy., lil., yel. ; British. valiisueria'folia, sum., hlf-
hdy.. pale pur. or lil.

PINK.

Description. — The Burden Pink and its varieties
are descendants of Dianthus plumarius (ord. Cary-
ophyllese). Tlie white, sweet-scented Pink is a
great favourite in cottage gardens. The flowers
are in great demand for cutting, and the plant is of
the easiest cultivation. Show or Laced Pinks have
larger and finer flowers, but the perfume is neither
so strong nor so sweet.

Propagation. — By seeds, layers, and cuttings.
Cuttings are usually relied on. Select young side
shoots after the flowering season is over, prepare
them as for Carnation cuttings, dibble them into
a bed of light, sandy soil, and cover them with
hand-lights. They must be kept close until roots
are formed. An occasional sprinkling overhead is
helpful.

Soil. — A medium loamy soil, well enriched with
humus, and mortar rubbish.

Other Cultural Points. — September is the best
month in which to plant. Some of the highly bred
laced varieties are not so hardy. Go over newly
made beds after frosty spells and push back into
their places any plants that may have been lifted
out of the ground. Established beds benefit by a
top-dressing of short, well-decayed manure in
March, and another in September or October. Dis-
budding is necessary for big flowers. Old clumps
are apt to get bare in the centre ; they may be
split up and planted in new soil.

The border section may be forwarded gently
under glass. Plants intended for this should be
potted in September and wintered in a cold frame.

Varieties, a Selection of : —

Border or Forcing Pinlts : —
Albino, very large, pure Her Majesty, large, pure

wh. wh.

Anue Boleyn, rosy pur., Homer, dark crim.,

dark pur. centre. fringed ro.

Bueuo Retire, wh., ro. Mrs. Pettifer, wh., laced

centre. light pur.

Capo di Monti, wh. , ro. Mrs. Sinkius, pure wh.,

margin and centre. very sweet, best for

Clove Pink, ro., very cutting.

fragrant, a good com- Tom Welch, peach, laced

paniou to Mrs. Sinkius. crim., fringed.

Ernest Ladhams, flesh Zurich, wh., crim. centre.

pk., blotched crim.

S/um or Laced Pinks : —

Chantilly, wh., maroon Mrs. Waite, wh., red

centre. centre, laced.

Clara, deep red centre and Old Chelsea, ro. centre,

lacing. lacing rosy red.

Empress of India, wh., Reliance, red, wh., laced.

laced rosy pur. Sarah, wh., red centre,
Godfrey, rosy red centre. laced.

Harry Hooper, reddish The Rector, wh., rosy pur.

pur. lacing. centre, laced.

Minerva, ro. centre.

Pin Pillar (see Opimtia curassavica).

PINUS. (DEAL THEE, PINE TREE.)

Description. — A large genus («rd. Conifersc), of
importance decoratively and economically. The
genus Pinus is essentially one of tall timber
trees of noble presence, hardy for the most part.
A few dwarf varieties have been raised from time
to time in gardens.

Of vigorous constitution, the Pines will grow in
almost any soil ; sylvestris, the Scotch Fir, likes a
peaty and sandy medium. Extensive woods of the
Scotch Fir are to be found in the peaty districts of
Hampshire, Berkshire, and parts of Surrey, as well
as in Northern Britain. A gravelly soil will occa-
sionally produce remarkably tine specimens, and two
magnificent trees are growing in sucli a medium at
Aldermaston Court in Berkshire. Pinaster and Pinea
thrive in shallow, sandy soil, near to the sea coast;
banksiana and ponderosa will grow in a soil so
dry that other vegetation will die ; and rigida
prefers a moist, even a swampy, medium. Laricio
and most, of its varieties like a rich soil and rather
sheltered spots, while no position is too bleak or
windswept, no winter too severe, for lambertiana.

The Pines generally appear to the best advan-
tage when planted as single specimens. They
make indifferent shrubbery trees. In many parts
of the country Laricio nigricans (austriaca) has
been associated with other trees in plantations, and
its scragginess is always pronounced. Bold groups
of three, five, or even seven are quite permissible
and effective, but the Pines, as indeed all the taller
Conifers, impart a certain sombreness to the land-
scape that may be easily overdone.

Economic Products. — In addition to timber,
which is a characteristic product of the order,
turpentine, tar, and resins are obtained from a
number of species. Russian turpentine is furnished
by sylvestris, also tar by a process of drv distillation.
Black pitch is the residuum in thestill after tar has
been distilled; it is chiefly made in Russia. The
leaves of Laricio are used for stuffing cushions,
being first made into "Pine wool"; the oil from
these leaves is used in the manufacture of soap.
Longifolia gives wood, oil, turpentine, and resin,
and australis is a great turpentine yielder. The
turpentine is obtained by tapping the trees, and
resin (commonly called rosin) is left after the oil
of turpentine distilled from the crude turpentine
has itself been distilled. The seeds of Pinea, the
Stone Pine, are edible, and are commonly on sale in
Lisbon markets ; they are usually strung together.

Propagation. — By seed sown in spring, as for
Piceas (which see). Frequent transplanting, es-
pecially with Pinaster, is necessary before they are
transferred to their permanent quarters, otherwise
there will be an absence of fibrous roots, and many
deaths will occur. Grafting upon stocks of the
respective types is practised for varieties that, will
not come true from seed.

Fungoid and Insect Pests. — The Pines are the
prey of almost innumerable enemies, both insect
and fungoid. Fungi are especially destructive.
Polyporus rnollis and P. borealis attack the Scotch
Fir. Annosus is, however, even more dangerous
than either. It attacks the roots, setting up what
is commonly known as Red Hot, paralyses root,
action, and the death of the tree ultimately follows.
If roots of affected trees are examined they will be
found overgrown with the mycelium, and the fruit
is usually closely fixed to the roots. Trarnetes, an
nllied fungus, also causes Red Rot ; and Pini. which
occasionally is found on other Conifers, often gives

Pinus

(205 )

Pinus

trouble on the Continent ; in Britain it is compara-
tively rare. Agaricus raelleus is a common foe
and attacks the Pines. 1'eriderraium Pini occurs
upon both branches and leaves, but while the
branches suffer severely the leaves do not appear
to bo much the worse.

The premature fall of the leaves or " needles " is
brought about by the action of several species of
Hysterium, of which Pinastri is common to the
Scotch Fir.

KETJNIA), Gall Mites (see PHYTOPTUS), Sawflies,
and Aphides (see CHERMES), there are many others
comparatively less common but very destructive
where they are in any numbers. Pissbdes Pini and
notatus are small beetles which gnaw the bark
from the young shoots, a flow of resin resulting.
Hylobius Abietis feeds upon the bark of the young
shoots of the Scotch Fir and several other Conifers ;
it is most destructive to young trees, and in plant-
ations where cut down branches are allowed to lie.

Photo : Cassell & Company ^

PlNUS MUKICATA {see p. 206).

Further details concerning these fungi will be
found under the names of the various genera. It
may be well to point out here, h&wever, that the
methods of combating these fungi must, from the
nature of the trees involved, be more preventive
than curative. Spraying big specimens is out of
the question. General cleanliness, the removal anil
destruction by fire of badly attacked or dead
branches and trees, and fallen needles in the case
of Hysteriurn, is an important item. Some author-
ities have recommended the cutting of trenches
round the trees, outside the spread of the roots, to
prevent the passage of the mycelium of root fungi
through the soil from infected to healthy trees.

Equally important are efficient soil drainage
and free circulation of light and air amongst the
plants. Cold, stagnant soil and crowded planta-
tions favour the production of weak growth
predisposed to succumb to fungoid attacks.

Insect Enemies. — Special hints will be given
under the names of the various genera of insects
that attack Pines. In addition to Cockchafers,
Mole Crickets, Pine Bud and Shoot Moths (see

The most injurious of the Moths are the Pine
Beauty (Trachea piniperda), the Bordered White
Moth (Fidonia piniaria), and the Carpet Moth
(Thera firmaria). The larvae of a few species of the
Tortricina live between the needles of some
Conifers, but as a rule they are not in sufficient
numbers to do much harm. Shaking the branches
of larva-infested trees and destroying the larva?
which fall is sometimes practicable, but it is only
in the nursery beds and on the young plants that
the various washes employed in the subjugation of
insect attacks can be brought into play.

Several species of Pine-bark Beetles do injury,
Hylesinus ater, H. opacus, Tomicus bidentatus and
T. Laricis are a few ; their larvae burrow in the
bark, and have been known to severely cripple
choice specimens. H. piniperda bores into the
young shoots, eating the pith therefrom, and
these twigs subsequently die. As the beetles
frequently lay their eggs under the bark of cut off
branches, tree stumps, and brushwood, a little of
this material may be utilised as a trap and, after
it has been allowed to lie for a few weeks, should

Pinus

( 206 )

Pinus

\

be taken away and burnt. Dressing the bark with

glaucous grn., cones 3"

* lambertiana, 150' to 300',

kerosene emulsion is also ^ood.

to 4" long, erect (syns.

Ivs. olive grn., cones

Buonapartea, Dom

cylindrical, 15" to 20"

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Pedri, loudoniaua, and

long, very hdy. Sugar

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Ken Hand-

Veitchii) .

Pine.

List.'}

balfouriana, 40' to 50',

longifolia, 60' to 100',

bungeana, 70' to 80', Ivs. — tenuifolia, Ivs. narrow,
bright gni. , cones small, thin,
comparatively rare (syn. — variegata, grn., wh.
excortica). Lace Bark Pinaster, 60' to 80', Ivs.
Pine. dark grn. ,cones4"long,
* Cembra, 50' to 150', Ivs. in clusters, a beautiful
grn., striated silver, tree a few miles from
three angled, cones the sea (syns. helenica,
erect, 3" to 4" long, Laricio of Santi,Latteri,
a slow grower. Swiss maritima of Poir, and
Stone Pine. nepalensis). Cluster
— aurea, gru., gold. Pine.

Ivs. light grn., rigid,
cones 2 ! ' ' long, pyram-
idal habit. Fox Tail
or Hickory Pine.
— aristata, 40' to 50',
cones 2i" long, pur. br.
benthamiana (see pouder-
osa).
Bolanderi (see contorta).
Buonapartea (see Ayaca-
huite).
calif ornica (see insignis) .

Ivs. very long and pen-
dulous, grli.
lophosperma (sec torrey-
ana) .
loudoniana (see Ayaca-
huite) .
macrocarpa (see Coulteri).
maritima (see halepensis) .
massouiaua (see Thuu-
bergii).
microcarpa (see Larix
peudula).

— pumila, 4', Ivs. and — Hamiltonii, Ivs. shorter

cauariensis, 60' to 70S

moutana, 5' to 15', Ivs.

cones small, a dwarf and paler gni. Lord
bush. Aberdeen's Pine.

cones oblong, cylindri-
cal, 5i" long, compara-

dark grn., cones IV
long, in pairs (syn. car-

Coulteri, 50' to 70', Ivs. — variegata, Ivs. yel. , grn.

tively tender.

patica.

glaucous, cones very Pinea, 50' to 60', Ivs. deep

caramanica (see Laricio

— uiicmata.

large, 12" long, 6" grn., very stiff, seeds
broad at base, and large, sold as a fruit in

pallasiana).
carpatiea (see montana).

glaucous, three-angled,

weighing 4 Ib. to 5 Ib. Italy, tender, likes a
(syn. macrocarpa). sandy soil near the sea.
* excelsa, 60' to 150', Parasol or Stone Pine.

chihuahuana, 30' to 50',
Ivs. finely toothed,
cones 1" to H" long.

cones 4" to 5" long,
1^" broad, hdy. in
South and West Britain

habit slender, growth pouderosa, 100' to 150',
rapid, Ivs. glaucous Ivs. glaucous gni.,
gru. Bhotan Pine cones ovoid, 3" to 6"
(seep. 203). long, bark in plates
— zebriua, Ivs. rayed wh. (syns. benthamiana,
halepensis, 40' to 50', Ivs. brachyptera, and par-
aud branches slender, ryana of Gordon). .'
cones conical (ay HI. — pendula, weepinghabit.
abchasica, maritima, — Scopulorum, dwarfer,
persica, and Pithyusa). Ivs. short, cones small.
Jerusalem Pine. sabiniana,40' to 60', bluish

clausa, 10' to 40', close to
inops(.«/H . inops clausa) .
contorta, 25' to 30', Ivs.
bright grn., cones H"
long, ovoid, branches
twisted (syns. Bolan-
deri, Boursieri, and
inops of Bong.).
— murrayaua.
densiflora, 40' to 50', Ivs.
bright grn., stiff, cones

(sy/ts. dt'voiiiana, lind-
leyauaand gordouiana).
* monticola, 75' to 100',
close to Strobus, but has
shorter and stitfer Ivs.
muricata, 25' to 120', Ivs.
bright grn. , cones about
3" long, very hard
(syns. edgariana and
radiata, seep. 205).
murrayana (see contorta

insiguis, 80' to 100', Ivs. grn., cones 7" to 9'
dark grn. , slender, cones long, branches horizou-
4" to 5" long, or. br.; tal, needs a sheltered
needs a sheltered posi- position.

2" long (syns. tabuli-
formis of gardens, and
massoniaua of gardens
in part). Aureo-varie-

var.).
Nuttallii (see Larix
occidentalis) .
occidentalis, 20' to 30',

tion (syns. radiata and * Strobus, 120' to 160', Ivs.
tuberculata of D.Don). light grn., lined silver,

gataandargenteo- varie-
gata are gold and silver

tender, ^bright grn.,
cones 3%" long. West

Monterey Pine. cones 6" to 8" long,
Laricio, 100' to 150', cylindrical. Weymouth

marked vars. respec-
tively.

Indian I ine.
palustris, 60' to 70', cones

cones pale br., 2" to Pine. Many vars., the
3" long, seeds winged, following are some of
of erect, rigid habit the best :

devoniana (see Monte -
zunise) .
Dom Pedri (see Ayaca-

7" to 8" long, 2i"
broad (syn. australis).
American Pitch Pine.

(syn. maritima of — aurea, gold, grn.

huite).

parryana (see ponderosa).

A-iton) ; many vars., — fastigiata, of pyramidal

excelsa of Hooker (see

* p;trvinora,25' to 40', Ivs.

each of which has habit.

Peuke).

silvery on inner side,

numerous syns. Corsi- — nana, dwarf bushy shr.

*rlexilis, 5' to 50', close

cones ovate elliptic, 2i"

can Pine. with short Ivs.

to Cembra, but more

to 3 J ' ' long.

— aureo-variegata, gold, sylvestris, 50' to 100', a

flexible branches.

patula" 60' to 80', Ivs. 7"

grn. well-known timber tree,

White Pine.

to 9" long, cones in

— nigricans, better known doing best in a peaty

— albicaulis, 20' to 30',

clusters of three to five.

in gardens as austriaca, soil (sijns. rubra of

light grn.

— macrocarpa. 100', cones

75'tollO',lvs.darkgrn. , Miller, Mughus of

gerardiaua, 40' to 50',

6" to 7" long.

rigid, cones 2" to 3" Jacquinot, rigensis, and

Ivs. glaucous yel., gni..

— stricta, dwarfer than

long, red br. (sym. aus- haguenensis). Scotch

cones nearly round, 4"

type, cones smaller.

triaca, calabrica, dalma- Fir or Pine. There are

to 5" long.

* Peuke, 30' to 40', Ivs.

tica, Pinaster of Beiss- many vars.

gordonia.na (see Moiite-

bright gni., cones yel-

ner, sylvestris of Bauug, - aurea, pale grn. in

zum£e).

lowish br., 3" to 4"

not Linnaeus, and tau- sum., yel. in win., likes

iuops, 15' to 40', young

long, cylindrical (syns.

rica). Black Pine. a dry soil.

shoots glaucous, a

excelsa of Hooker and

— pallasiana, 60' to 80', — fastigiata, pyramidal.

straggling tree (syns.

excelsa var. Peuke) .

(syns. caramanica, ha- — horizoutalis, branches

virginiana and vari-

piuceaua, 60', cones 3" to

lepensis of Bieb., kara- horizontal.

abilis). Jersey or Scrub

3J" long, branches

raaiia, maritima, and — monophylla, Ivs. ap-
Pinea of Habl.). parently united along

Pine.

— clausa (see clausa).

weeping.

Pithyusa (see halepensis).

— peudula, weeping habit. their whole length.

karamana (see Laricio

pseudo-Strobus, 90' to

— pygmaea, a dwarf bush.

pallasiana) .

100', Ivs. glaucous,

Other Species and Varieties : —

Khasya, 200', tender.
* koraiensis,20' to 30', Ivs.

habit slender, tender,
resinosa, 70' to 80', Ivs.,

Abies of Duroi (see Abies australis (see palustris).

grn., silvery, cones cy-

yellowish grn., wood

pectinata). austriaca (see Laricio

lindrical, habit compact.

compact (syn. rubra).

aristata (see balfouriana nigricans).

— variegata, young Ivs.

Red Pine.

var.). *Ayacahuite, 130', Ivs.

yel.,wh.

Pionea

(207 )

Piptanthus

rigidu, 30' to 4o', \\f. inassoiiiana, Pinaster of

light grn., cones ovoid, Loiuloii in part, rubra,

raaki's a big head (xyu. and sylvestris). Aurea

Loddigesii) . and variegata are vars.

— serotina, Ivs. and cones torreyaiia, Ivs. and shoots
longer. glaucous when young,

rubra (see resinosa). cones 4J" to oi" long

Ta>da, 80', Ivs. pale (.«;/«. lophosperma) .

grn., rigid, cones 3" tuberculata, '25' to 40',
to ;>" long, solitary, Ivs. deej) grn., three

wood used in the angled, cones from 4"
United States for to 8" long («//»«. atten-
torches. Frankincense, uata and calif ornica).

Loblolly, Old-field, or uncinata (see moutaua
Torch Pine. var.).

Thuubergii, 70' to 80', Veitchii (see Ayacalmite) .
ITS. dark grn. (si/ns.

* These all belong to the section Strobus ;
those without the asterisk belong to the section
Pinaster. The section Strobus has the leaves
in fives, and loose, deciduous sheaths, with com-
paratively softer, lighter, and less resinous wood
than is found in the section Pinaster, where also
the leaves are in bundles of from one to five, and
the sheaths are usually persistent.

PIONEA.

The Garden Pebble Moth (Pionea forficalis) lives,
in the larval stage, upon the leaves of Horseradish,
Cabbages, and many Cruciferous weeds. The
perfect insect is about 1" in spread of wings, which
are straw yellow, shaded brown ; the body is also
yellow. There are two broods of the yellowish green
larvae each year, in June and September. Hand-
picking the larva;, killing the moths, and ridding
.the garden of all Cruciferous weeds, are the
remedies.

PIOPHILA.

The Celery Stem Fly (Piophila Apii) is occa-
sionally troublesome, and is difficult to deal with.
The yellowish white maggots tunnel, during winter
and spring, into the Celery stems, their presence
being betrayed by patches of rusty red hue. These
maggots pupate in the stems, and the pupas hatch
in the following May. The flies are glossy black,
with yellow veined wings, and a chestnut brown
head. They are J" in length. The burning of
affected leaf stems is the only practicable method
of dealing with this pest.

PIPER. (PEPPER.)

Although upwards of 000 species have been
placed in this genus (ord. Piperacea;), interest is
centred only in a very few, more for their economic
than for their decorative qualities. Betle yields the
Betle Leaf of commerce, which occupies the same
position in the Far East that Tobacco does in the
West. Nigrum furnishes both white and black
pepper, the difference between the two condiments
being that to get white pepper the seeds are
deprived of their outside husk. Propagation, by
cuttings of semi-matured shoots, rooted in sandy
soil, in a temperature varying with the character
of the species, whether half-hardy, greenhouse, or
stove. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand. The
flowers are small and inconspicuous.

Principal Species : —
Betle, st. cl., flowers in lie grn., stems grn.,

catkins. Betle Pepper mottled wh., blk. (xyns.

and Betle Leaf. Artanthe decurrens

decurrens, st., Ivs. metal- and magnifica).

Piimandra (see Ct/pJwmandra).
Piperidye (sec Jierberit).

excelsum aureo-pictum,
grh., Ivs. ovate-cordate,
3" to 5" long, grn.,
blotched cream, aro-
matic, a bush or small
tree.

Futokadsura, hlf-hdy.
deciduous or ev. shr.,
flowers gru., fruits red ;
close to uigruin.

metallicum, st., Ivs. fleshy,
round, metallic grn.

iiigrum, st. cl., flowers in

Other Species : —

borneeuse, st., Ivs. large,

dark gru., striped silver.

rubro-nodosum, st. shr.,

catkins, fruits first grn.,
then red, ultimately
blk. Black or Common
Pepper.

ornatum, st., Ivs. nearly
round, bright grn., pk.
spotted.

porphyrophyllum, st. cl.,
Ivs.rouud, heart shaped,
bronze grn. .spotted pk.,
pur. underneath (*//«.
Cissus porphyrophyllus
of gardens).

with fleshy, red, grn.
stems.

rubro-venosum, st., close
to oruatum, probably a
var.

PIPES.

The pipes employed for heating glasshouses are
made in 9' lengths, and usually of cast iron ; the
inside bore is 4". For connecting purposes, pipes
with a (>" bore are occasionally employed in large
establishments. Three-inch pipes are used as
mains below ground where larger pipes would be
in the way.

For carrying clear water to taps, 1" pipes are
usual. They are generally of iron. Lead pipes are
more lasting, but also much more expensive. Iron
pipes lined with lead are coming into favour. All
water pipes exposed to the action of frost should
be swathed during the winter months with hay or
straw bands.

Earthenware drain pipes are usually 4" in inside
diameter. (See DRAINAGE.)

Rain-water pipes of galvanised iron for roofing
are from 3" to <>" in diameter. Gutter piping is
of half pipes, usually 4" in diameter. It should
be fixed to the eaves of all glasshouses, and much
washing of paths would be saved. Eain water is too

Erecious to waste, and should be stored in tanks,
ee that the gutter pipes are freed occasionally
from rubbish. The mouths of the take-away pipes
should be covered with a wire guard.

PIPINGS.

Young shoots of the current year's growth upon
Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks — that is, shoots
suitable for cuttings. When required they should
not be more than 3" long, and the lower leaves
should be removed to bare the soft young wood.
More defoliation is injurious. The pipings may be
cut after flowering is over, inserted in beds of
light, sandy soil, upon a shady border, covered by
hand-lights, and kept close until they show signs
of rooting. Watering and syringing overhead are
helpful. Sixty per cent, would be a good strike.

PIPTADENIA.

An obscure genus (urd. Leguminosae) of stove
shrubs or trees, none of which is of any garden
value.

PIPTANTHUS.

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord.
Leguminosae) of great beauty. Propagated by
seeds, by cuttings of the ripe shoots, rooted in a
close, cool frame, and by layers. Soil, sandy loam
in a well-drained position. Nepalensis appears to
the greatest advantage when grown against and
trained to a wall, as at Kew, where it flowers
regularly eacli year.

Piptospatha

( 208 )

Pitcairnia

Principal Species and its Variety :—

nepalensis, 8' to 10', spr., nepaleusis). Evergreen

yel. (»y». Baptisia Laburnum.

— aureus, bark striped

gru., yel.
Other Species :—

tomeutosus, close to nepalensis, but clothed with
silky hair.

PIPTOSPATHA.

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Aroidese).
Propagated by division of the rootstock and by
seeds. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould and peat
one part each, and sand. The drainage and water
supply must be liberal, and the plants revel in heat
and atmospheric moisture.

Principal Species :—

Hidleyi, Je., st., spathe grn., pk. above, Ivs. 6" to
8" long, 2" broad, grn., yel. blotched.

Other Species : —

insignis, sum., st., spathe wh., flushed pk., Ivs.
6" long, lance shaped, grn., leathery.

PIQUERIA.

Greenhouse and hardy shrubs and herbs (ord.
Compositse), of no garden value.

PISCIDI A. (FISH POISON TREE, JAMAICA
DOGWOOD.)

The only species (ord. Leguminoste) is a stove
evergreen tree. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, in a close frame, with
bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam. It has no garden
value, but is of interest from the fact that in the
West Indies the leaves, bark, and twigs (bruised)
are thrown into the water to intoxicate fish which
it is desired to catch. Hence the popular name
Fish Poison Tree.

Only Species : —

Erythrina, 80', My., st., wh., red.

PISONIA (si/n. CALPIDIA, CEODES, COLU-
MELLA, PALLAVIA, and TOBBUBIA).

Stove and greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.
Nyctaginea;), some of them \)f sub-scandent habit ;
of no special garden value. Propagated by cuttings
in sandy soil, in a close case, with bottom heat.
Soil, loam three parts, leaf mould one part, and
sand.

Principal Species : —

aculeata, 10', Mch., grh. grandis, 10', Mch., grh.,
climbing shr., grn. grn. (syn. inermis).

West Indian Cockspur. obtusata, 4', Ap., st. shr.,
grn.

PISTACIA.

A small genus of dwarf, hardy or half-hardy
trees (ord. Anacardiaceas). Lentiscus yields the
drug mastic, and from Terebinthus is obtained the
Chian or Cyprus turpentine. Incisions are made
in the trunk, and the exuding liquor is caught.
Propagation is by layers and cuttings. Soil, a
deep, rather rich, sandy loam. The species under-
mentioned should be given the protection of a wall,
and a little covering during spells of very cold
weather. Even with these provisions they are not
safe except in very favoured localities.

Piratinera (sec Brosimmn).
Pirrunia, (see Phytolacea).
J'ironneaua (see JEchmea).
Pirns (see Pyrug).
Pishamin, fhveet (see Carpodimtt).

Principal Species : —

Lentiscus, 20', spr., ev., Terebiuthus, 30', Je.,
Ivs. pinnate, flowers gru., with yel. authors

gru. Chia is a var. with and crim. stigmas, Ivs.

ovate, and angustifolia red when young. Tur-
a var. with linear leaf- pentiiie Tree.

lets. Mastic Tree. vera, 20', Ap., br., grn.

Pistachio Nut Tree.
Other Species : —
atlantica, 40', gru., anthers red, Ivs. pinnate.

PISTIA (gym. APIOSPER.MUM, LIMNONESIS.
and ZALA).

The only species (ord. Aroideae) is a curious and
pretty little floating stove aquatic, with bright,
Pea-green leaves about 2" long. The flowers are
very small, green, and quite inconspicuous. Propa-
gation, by offsets.

Only Species : —

Stratiotes, 1" to 3", Ivs. bright Pea grn., flowers
grn., very small. Tropical Duckweed, Water
Lettuce.

PISUM. (GARDEN PEA.)

This genus is of great importance, although it

contains only two species (ord. Leguminosne).

Sativum is the parent of the garden Peas, which

see. Elatius may be treated like the Lathyruses ;

it is of little value.
Only Species : —

elatius, Je., Sep., hdy. former, humile (Dwarf

ami. cl., pale red, wings Pea), saccharatum

dark pur. (Sugar Pea), and um-

sativum, Je., Sep., hdy. bellatum (Crown Pea)

ann. cl., wh. or red. are some of the most

There are many vars. distinct. Cultivated or
and sub-vars. Of the Garden Pea.

PITCAIRNIA.

A large genus (ord. Bromeliaceas) of stove
perennial herbs or shrubs, many of them with spiny
leaves. Some of the species are of considerable
beauty. All are very easy to grow, a high tempera-
ture and plenty of water while they are making
growth being the chief necessities. (For other
cultural details, see yKcHMEA and 13ILLBERGIA.)
Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — All need a stove temperature, and all
are perennial.]

andreana, Jy., yel., red, to J" broad, generally

Ivs. 16" to 20" long. unarmed (HJHS. ringens

1" to H" broad, wh. and fulgens of gar-

beneath (*.'/«. lepidota). deus).

aphelandrreflora, sum., muscosa, 1', Dec., bright
shr., bright red, Ivs. 6" red, Ivs. 6" to 9" long,

long, J" broad (tyn. wh. beneath.

Pepiuia aphelandrre- nigra, vio., Ivs. 9" to 12"
flora). long, new (».</«. New-

corallina, spr., red, Ivs. maiinia nigra).

4' to •")' long, 4" broad, pungens. My., bright red,

spiuous. Ivs. 1 ' to 1 5 ' long, linear.

fulgeiis,of Decaisue, My., tabulaeformis, bright red.

bright red, Ivs. 2' to 3' Ivs. in rosettes, pros-

long, 2" to 2i" broad trate on soil, 5" to 6"

(tyn. Decaisnei). long, 2" broad, spine-

— of gardens (see kar- less.

winskiaua). violacea, vio., Ivs. long,

jaliscana, bright red, new, spiuy, rare.

not in general culti- xanthocalyx, sum., yel.,
vation. Ivs. 2' to 3' long, 1" to

karwinskiana, Je., red, 1 \ " broad, wh. beneath

Ivs. H' to 2' long, \" • (xyn. flavescens).

Pistol Plant (sec Pi/ea).
Pistorinia (see Cotyledon).

Pithecoctenium

( 209 )

Pits

Other Species, Varieties, and Hybrids :—

pul-

albiflos, Sep., wh., Ivs.

tufted, ir to 2' long,

J" broad (syn. odcrata).
altit. Aug., bright red,

Ivs. •>' to 3' long, |" to

1" broad, spiny (syn.

Skinnuri of gardens).
Altensteinii, My., wh.,

Ivs. •>' to 3' long, H" to

2" broad (si/us, undu-

latifolia and Puya

Altensteinii).
angiistifolia, Sep., red,

Ivs. 2' to 3' long, |" to

i" broad, spiny,
araiata, car., yel., Ivs.

2i' to 3' long, 3" to 4"

broad (nyn. Newmauuia

arcuata).
bracteata, Ap., bright

red, Ivs. H' to 2' long,

1" broad. "

— snlphurea, yel.
bromeliii'folia, Je., bright

red, Ivs. 2' to 3' long,
j" to J" broad, wh.
beneath.

— platyphylla, Ivs. broad,
cernua (see heterophylla).
cinnabarina, Je., red, Ivs.

1'.' long, y' broiul.
corcovadensis, 1', red, Ivs.

3' to 4' long.
Dccaisnei (see fulgeus

of Decaisne).
echinata, 5' to 6', sum.,

yel., red, Ivs. 2' to 3'

long, U" broad,
excclsa (w£ pulverulenta).
cxsivipa (w heterophylla).
feiTiiginea, 6' to 10', Aug.,

wh., Ivs. 2' to 3' long,

1.;" to 2" broad,

largest member of

gmiis (KI/H. Puya

grandiflora).
flammea, Nov., red, Ivs.

2' to 25' long, 1" to 15"

broad, wh. beneath

(si/n. Olfersii).
•flavescens (we xantho-

calyx).
floccosa, bl., Ivs. in

rosettes, 2}' to 3' long,

15" broad, spiny,
funckiana, My., wh., yel.

gni., Ivs. 2' to 3' long,

1 " to 1 5 ' ' broad, spinous

(si/ii. macrocalyx).
furfuracea (see latifolia).
heterophylla, My., wh. or

red, Ivs. 1' to 2 long,

linear (syns. cernua,

exscapa, and Morreuii).

PITHECOCTENIUM. (MONKEY'S

COMB.)

Climbing shrubs (ord. Bignoniacesc) from tropical
America. They may be grown in the same way as
the tropical Bignonias. Few species are in cultiva-
tion ; clematideum is about the best, although it is
still a stranger to the majority of gardeners.

Pitcher Plants (see Nepenthes and Sarrarenia).
Pitch Pine (see Pinus australis, P. paltistris, and

P. riyidn).

Pitch Tree, liitrgundy (sec Picea excelsa).
44

imbricata, Oct., wh..
tipped grn., Ivs. 1J' to
2' long, spinous.
Klabochorum (see

veruleuta).

latifolia, Aug., red, Ivs.
2' to 3' long, linear (syi/.
furfuracea).

Lehman oii, bright red,
Ivs. 2' to 3' long, 1"
broad, spinous.
lepidota (see andreana).
longit'olia of Hooker (see
pulverulenta).

macrocalyx (see funck-
iana) .

maidifolia, My., grn., wh.,
Ivs. 2' to 3' long, H" to
2" broad, spineless (SI/H.
zeifolia).

Maroni, hybrid (corallina
X Altensteinii).

moritziana, sum., red or-
reddish yel., Ivs. 1' to
1J' long, 1" broad.

Morrenii (see hetero-
phylla).

odorata (see albinos).

Olfersii (see flammea).

paniculatu (see pulveru-
lenta).

pulverulenta, 6' to 12',
Dec., bright red, Ivs.
3' to 4' long, 14." to 2"
broad (si/ns. longifolia
of Hooker, and Klabo-
chorum).

punicea, sum., bright red,
Ivs. 1' long, i" broad,
wh. beneath (*.'//'.
Pepinia punicea).

recurvata, Ap., wh., Ivs.
2' long, 4" to 1J" broad,
wh. beneath.

ringens (see karwinski-
ana).

Eoezlii, Nov., coral red,
Ivs. long, stems red.

Skinneri (see alta).

staminea, Jan., brightred,
Ivs. 1' to 2' long, $" to
f," broad, tufted.

sulphurea (see bracteata
var.).

undulata, Jy., bright red,
Ivs. 1' long, 4" to 5"
broad, wh. at back (»i/«.
speciosissima of gar-
dens).

undulatifolia (see Alten-
steinii).

zeifolia (see maidifolia).

Principal Species : —
Catharinae, 10', My., wh.,
Hushed yel., very fra-
grant, plant of slender
growth (SIJHS. Carolime
and Bignonia Carolina;

Other Species :—
bucciuatorium (now Big-
nouia buccinatoria).

of Botanical Register
1844, 54).

clematideum, wh., with
yel. throat, very large
and showy (*//». Anem-
opffigma clematideum).

CarolinEe (see Catharines).

PITHECOLOBIUM. (CURL BRUSH
BEAN and MONKEY'S EARBING.)

A large genus (ord. Leguminosaa), very few mem-
bers of which appeal to the gardener. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of the young shoots, taken either
in spring or summer, and rooted in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. Soil, loam
and sandy peat in equal parts. Firm potting.

Principal Species :—

pniinosum, grh., wh., Ivs. bipinnate, branches,
foliage, and flowers covered with a rusty pu-
bescence ; a handsome tree.

PITS.

These are distinct from other houses by reason of
their smaller size, and are distinguished from frames
both by their size and the fact that they are built
usually upon walls. Pits are of various makes and
shapes. Their roofs may be either span, half-
span, hip-root, or lean-to. With regard to posi-
tion, they are governed by the same rules as
those relating to larger houses, e.g. the span should
run north and south, and the hip or three-quarter
span and lean-to east and west. The majority of
them should be where they can get plenty of sun,
but a pit facing north is of value ; in it flowering
plants can be retarded and bulbous plants stored
until the period of growth comes round again ; also,
where the bottom is an ash bed, Cinerarias and
Primulas do well in a north pit during the summer.

It is a common plan to erect rows of lean-to pits
against the supporting walls of the larger houses.
This method precludes the necessity for putting any
piping in the pits, for, unless a high temperature is
wanted, the frost may be easily kept out by having
a few apertures in the common wall, which
apertures may be closed by ordinary wooden
shutters. In these pits the lights should lift up
at the front, two pegs in the sides, right at the
back, and fitting into slots, acting as a hinge.

The larger pits may be divided into two sections
— those simply standing upon the ground, and
those sunk below the surface. It is common to see
pits with the centre walk 3' below the soil surface,
and in that case the plunging beds are very little
above the surrounding level. Such pits are econo-
mical of heat, and are suitable for early or hard forc-
ing. They are not good if intended as cool houses,
for damp rages in them during autumn and winter.

Melon and Cucumber pits may be taken as the
type used for forcing. They are built with a
central walk 2J' to 3' wide, a bed on one side from
3' to ti' wide, and on the other side a bed 2' to 4'
wide. The gross width may be from 9' to 13'.

It is advisable that all independent pits should
be heated, as their usefulness is thus increased.
For early forcing, enough piping should be fixed to
keep up a winter night temperature of (iO°. In such
houses bulbs and forcing material generally do
well. Figs and Vines in pots are included. For
pr<>p;igating purposes such houses are valuable,
and also as plant hospitals. For the latter purpose

Pittosporum

( 210 )

Plantain

the beds may be filled to within 1' of the top
.with coke, then a little straw, and the remainder
Cocoanut fibre refuse.

Forcing pits must be given a cleansing yearly ;
glass and woodwork should be washed — the glass
with clear, not soapy, water — and the walls may be
scraped and limewashed. Melon and Cucumber
pits should have flowers of sulphur burnt in them
after each crop, to obviate possible attacks of red
spider. Where such houses form part of a range,
damp sacks must be hung before the doors, and all
other apertures carefully closed, to prevent the
escape of the sulphur fumes. It will be well also
to remove all plants from the houses immediately
adjoining, and throw open their ventilators until
all trace of sulphur smell has gone. Pits need
painting more frequently than other plant houses
— every third year is advisable.

PITTOSPORUM.

Description. — Greenhouse or half-hardy shrubs
or small trees (nrd. Pittosporeie), for the most part
with fragrant flowers in sub-umbels or panicles.
As conservatory subjects they have much to recom-
mend them. The best results are obtained from
plants grown in prepared borders. The half-hardy
species will do out of doors in the southern and
south-western parts of Britain, but it will be well
to give them the shelter of a wall in all cases.
Tobira is a great favourite with Paris nurserymen,
for its fragrant blooms find a ready sale in the
flower markets.

Propagation. — By cuttings of semi-matured
shoots, which root quickly in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, in a close, but not warm, frame.

Soil. — For the outdoor plants, a good, sandy
loam; for pot plants, two parts loam, and one part
leaf mould or peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

crassifolium, 4' to 10',Ap., Tobira, 12', Mch., Aug.,

hlf-hdy., chocolate pur. hlf-hdy. shr., wh. , fra-

Parchment Bark. grant. There is a varie-

eriocarpura, dwarf, grh., gated var.

golden yel., very frag- undulatum, 10', Feb., Je.,

rant. hlf-hdy. shr., wh.,

phyllyraeoides, grh. shr., numerous,

flowers yel., ••!" across viridiftorum, f/,My., grh.

(»//». angustif olium) . shr., greenish yel., Jas-

rhytidocarpum, grh. shr., mine-scented (eyn. sin-

wh., in crowded umbels. ense).

Other Species : —

coriaceum, 8', My., grh. — variegatum, wh., grn.

shr., bluish wh. ferrugineum, 50' to 60',

cornifoliura, 2' to 4', My., Ap., Jy., grh., yel.

hlf-hdy. shr., dull red. microcarpuin (we eugeni-

elegans MM eugenioides). oides).

eugenioides, 20' to 30', revolutum, 4' to fi', Feb.,

grh. tree, greenish wh., Ap., grh. shr., yel. (XI/H.

fragrant (ay us. elegans fulvurn).

and microcarpum). sinense (see viridiflorum) .

PLACEA.

Choice and beautiful greenhouse bulbs (prd.
Amaryllidea;), all from Chili, and closely related
to the Narcissus. The plants are not commonly
grown, a certain difficulty in getting them to thrive
militating against them. Propagation is by seeds
and offsets. Soil, light and rich; Herr Max
Leichtlin has obtained excellent results from a
compost of thoroughly rotted cow manure three
parts, and sand one part. The plants much dislike

Pityrosperma (sec Cimicifvga).

being cramped for root room. They are at rest
from August until the beginning of December,
when they begin to push up growth, ultimately
flowering, if the bulbs are strong enough, in May.
Plenty of water is needed when the roots are
active ; little or none when they are at rest.

Principal Species : —
Arzas, 9" to 12", yel., bright crim., the largest

pur., bulb 21" across. of all.

graudiflora, wh., striped ornata, 8" to 9", pure
wh., lined vermilion.

PLAGIANTHUS. (COTTON TREE,

KIBBON TREK.)

A small genus of greenhouse and half-hardy
shrubs and herbs (ortl. Malvaceae). Propagation is
by cuttings for the shrubs, and by root division for
the herbs. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one
part, and sand.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Lyallii, 20', sum., hlf- — Lainpenii, 6' to 8',

hdy., wh. Nov., Feb., grh., pale

sidoides, 4', sum., grh., yel.; a great improve-

wh. nieut on the type (si/it.

Lampenii).
Other Species : —
betulinus, 40' toTO'.sum., wh. ; found in salt

hdy. on walls, wh. marshes,

divaricatus, 8', Je., grh., pulchellus, sum., tree,
wh., very small (*////.
Sida imlchellu).

PLAGIOLIRION.

A handsome bulbous plant, with white flowers
(or A. Amaryllideas). It may be grown with the
Eucharises (which nee).

Only Species : —

Horsmannii, Je.. Jy., St., wh., small, ten to twelve
to an umbel, bulb long-necked.

PLANE («r PLATANUS).

PLrANTAGO. (PLANTAIN.)

As cultivated plants the Plantagos (ord. Planta-
ginea;) are worthless. Propagated by seed and
division. Soil, common garden. Lanceolata, the
Ribwort Plantain, and major, are often very
troublesome upon lawns and cricket grounds.
Where they are numerous there is nothing for it
but to " spud " them up, taking care to remove as
much of the long, fleshy roots as possible. Dip-
ping a sharp iron skewer into vitriol and thrusting
it into the heart of the plant is an excellent method
of extermination. In all cases the places they
occupied should be filled up with fresh soil, and
grass seed sown. The seeds of major are an excel-
lent food for song birds in captivity, and the spikes
are commonly collected for the purpose.

Principal Exotic Species : —

coriacea, 1', sum., st., wh., in a tall spike (syn.
brasiliensis).

PLANTAIN.

The common Plantain (Plantago major, see
PLANTAGO). The Plantain of the Tropics is Musa
paradisiaca (see MUSA). The name Plantain Tree

Pladc.ro. (set- Canscora).

Plaginlobhtm (see Hovea).

Planera of Giseke (see Costus).

Planer Tree (see Planera).

Plane Tree, Scot oil (see Acer Pscudo-platanui)

Plank Plant (Jiossiiea scolopendria).

Plantia (see Hcxa/jlottis).

Plant Bugs

( 211 )

Platanus

is sometimes applied to Sliisa ge'.erally, while the
Plantain Tree of Mauritius is M. rosiicea. (For
Plantain Lily, see FUXKIA.)

PLANT BUGS.

Insects belonging to Heteroptera, a sub-order of
Hemiptera. They are allied to the Aphides, Grape
Lice, and Scale Insects, which are placed in sub-
order Homoptera. There is this difference between
these two sub-families : the Homoptera comprise a
number of destructive insects, while the members of
Heteroptera, or true Plant Bugs, do comparatively
little damage. Many of the species are more or
less parasitic. The bind wings are membranous in
texture, and folded under the front wings. The
latter have the tips membranous, but leathery in
the lower half. Where plant bugs are destructive,
kerosene emulsion (see INSECTICIDES) should be
used.

PLANTING.

Most deciduous trees and shrubs may be'planted
as soon as their leaves have fallen ; in fact, where
they have only to be transplanted from one situa-
tion to another in the same garden it is not neces-
sary to wait until the leaves are all off. The end
of October is the best time for planting operations,
providing the weather be fine, for the soil is still
warm, and there is usually enough moisture in the
soil to favour the production of fibrous roots
Thus plants have a chance to establish themselves
to some extent before winter sets in.

Planting may be done from the end of October,
weather permitting, until the end of March, for
deciduous subjects. December and early January
form the worst portion of the planting season, as
the temperature of the soil is low. If the planting
cannot be done in autumn it will be well to wait
until the end of January ; later if possible. Ever-
greens should be planted much later in the spring.
Hollies transplant best in April and early May, just,
when new growth is starting ; or in September. It
is very necessary to see that the roots are covered
with a ball of soil. Bamboos are best planted in
May.

Fruit trees should not be handled much after
the buds swell freely, as the buds are knocked off,
and the young growtli also receives a severe check.'

Planting must not be conducted when the soil is
wet and sticky. The holes should be at least 2'
wider than the diameter of the balls they are to
receive. Many trees have been killed by the per-
nicious practice of digging deep and narrow holes
in heavy soils. These pits act as water traps. A
year or two under such conditions is enough to kill
the plants. It will be well to break up the soil at
the bottom of the hole, and when filling in to
break up the sides of the hole, so as to make sure
that a water trap has not been formed. Late-
planted trees and evergreens in growth should
always be watered in.

The soil should be made firm, the roots havino-
been spread or.t in the hole at their natural level,
the bruised or broken parts having been neatly cut
out and covered with soil gradually, not dumped
in as a mass, and then what staking is required
should be done. In driving the stakes, take care
not to injure any of the principal roots ; it is a
capital plan to insert the stakes before the hole is
filled. A 2" mulching of decayed dung may be
spread round the tree to a distance equal to the
spread of the roots.

PLASHING.

If neglected for pruning, Thorn and other hedges
have a tendency to become bare and gappy at the
base. This may be remedied, to some extent, by
the operation known as plashing. Some of 'the
smaller growths are cut halfway through at the
base, bent down, and twined in and out amongst
upright stakes standing at 3' intervals. These
stakes may be either living or dead — living when
strong, upright growths in the hedge are made use
of, and headed back to the required height. The
effect of plashing is to strengthen the hedge, for
the shoots grow freely and the wounds soon heal.
Plashing finds its greatest development in rurai
districts where copses and preserves are enclosed
with the usual ditch, bank, and hedge.

PLASMODIOPHORA

CLUB-ROOT).

(fee CABBAGE

PLATANUS. (PLANE TREE.)

Description.— A small genus (prd. Platanacesc)
of the first importance to planters. As park trees
Planes are well known and appreciated, but as
subjects for town planting they are of even more
value, possessing great smoke-resisting qualities
The Plane will grow in almost any soil, and,
although it suffers in periods of drought from
attacks of red spider and premature falling of the
leaves, it is not so great a sufferer as the Lime. It
is naturally of symmetrical habit, and by a little
cutting annually can be kept within bounds for
many years. Its peculiar habit of shedding its
bark, and the curious, pendent, burr-like fruits
which hang on all the winter, are attractive in
themselves. Orientalis, the Oriental Plane, exhibits
a considerable range in the cutting of the leaf, and
there are many beautiful varieties. The London
Plane, acerifolia, formerly regarded as a variety of
orientalis, is the form most commonly planted in
London and other cities, and it possesses smoke-
resisting qualities in the highest degree.

Propagation.— By seeds and layers. The former
should be gathered in autumn, kept through the
winter, and sown in spring, in a moist and shadv
place, in drills 1' apart. The hard fruits will
require to be broken. Layers are rather more
expeditious. A shift every two years until the
plants are six or seven years old will be needed to
encourage the production of fibrous roots.

Soil. — Deep, rich, rather loose soil — that of
alluvial origin is excellent. The roots should
have free access to water.
Principal Species and Varieties :—
[NOTE.— The synonymy here is that of the Kern
Uand-Ligt.']

acerifolia, Ivs. Maple wh., vigorous (si/n.
shaped, Ap.. yel., occidental Suttneri).
flowers grn., peduncles occidentelis, 70' to 80',
bearing more than one My., gru., fruits ripe
fruit. (Many .>//«*., in Oct. and Nov., lv».

including algeriensis, five-angled, not deeply

calitprnica, integrifolia, lobed (x>/n, vulgaris,

and intermedia of gar- var. angulosa). Button

dens, and occidentalis Wood, Western Plane,
of Watson, orientalis - argentoo - variegatis,
acerifoli.-i and vulgaris grn., golden, one of the

acerifoUa.) London best variegated vars.
Plane. . orientalis, 60' to 80', Ap.,

-Suttneri, Ivs. deeply flowers grn., yel., fruits

cut, pale grn., nrarhled br., ripe in Oct., Ivs.

Platantliera (see Hdbenaria).

Platycarpum

( 212 )

Platyclinis

deeply five-lobed («//>/«.
heterophylla, liquidam-
bariiolia, and vitifolia
of gardens, and vulgaris
of Spach). Eastern or
Common Plane.

Other Species :—
cuneata, base of Ivs.
wedge shaped, other-
wise like orientalis

— laciiiiata, Ivs. deeply

cut.
• — variegata, Ivs. grn.,

wh.

(«//««. digitata, uepal-
ensis, orientalis cuue-
ata, and palmata su-
perba).

PLATYCARPUM.

A tall, stove tree (prd. Rubiacese). Propagation,
by cuttings of partly ripened shoots, in sand, in a
close frame. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one
part, and one-sixth sand. A rather dry time during
winter is advisable.

Only Species :—

orinocense, 20', st., pale ro., funnel shaped, showy.

PLATYCARYA (syn. FORTUNE).

The only species (ord. Juglandese) is a branching
shrub of elegant habit, hardy in the south and
south-west of Britain. Almost any soil will do for
it. (tfee also JUGLANS.)

Only Species : —

strobilacea, Aug., hdy. or hlf-hdy., yel., Ivs.
aromatic (st/n. Fortunrea chinensis).

PLATYCERIUM. (STAG'S and ELK'S
HORN FERNS.)

Description. — These distinct-looking Ferns (or A.
Filices) are popular and easy to grow.

Propagation. — With the exception of grande, all
Platyceriums produce upon their roots buds which
give rise to young plants. This is a comparatively
slow method of increase. Also by spores, though
sporelings take a long time before they make
plants.

Compost. — The plants may be grown in shallow
pots or pans, but they appear to better advantage
if their epiphytic nature be taken into account and
they be established on rustic tree branches or placed
in pockets of virgin cork affixed to tree steins. A
stump of this kind covered with Platyceriums and
Ficus stipulata (repens) is a choice addition to the
warm fernery. Very little soil is required — fibrous
peat and chopped sphagnum in equal parts, with a
little sand, charcoal, and crushed crocks added, suit
them well. If grown in pots, nearly half the pot
must be filled with drainage. A surfacing of living
sphagnum is helpful. Weak liquid cow manure
may be given in the summer months. The roots
must be kept moist at all times. A fungus occa-
sionally attacks Platyceriums, and is very difficult
to deal with. Watering with weak Condy's Fluid
is a good remedy.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — The dimensions given refer to the fertile
fronds. The sterile fronds appear as broad, flat.
or slightly convex plates covering the surface on
which they are growing. The edges are upturned,
but are erect in grande.]

sethiopicum, 2' to 3'
long, twice divided, sub-
peudent, lower surface
downy, st. (si/n. Stem-
maria).

alcicorne, 2' to 3' long,
twice or thrice forked,
very leathery, under

surface downy, st. or
grh. Common Elk's
Horn Fern (see figure).
— Hillii, \\' long, erect,
covered with wh. hairs
when young, dark grn.,
fronds much forked, st.
(tyn. Hillii).

— majus, larger fronds,
st. ; stronger plant.

grande, 4' to 6' long. sni>-
peudeut, in pairs, st. ;
one of the best.

Wallichii, fertile fronds

Other Species : —

angolense, 9" broad at
top, not forked, st. («//».
(ethiopicum augolense) .

biforme, 0' to 15' long,
drooping, much divided,
st. ; rare in cultivation.

in pairs, pendent,
covered yel., woolly
beneath, st. ; rare, but
hmidsome.

Williuckii, 2}' long, in
threes, pendent, much
divided, glaucous, st.

Hillii (see alcicorne var.).
Stemmaria (sec sethiop-

icum).
Veitchii, fronds erect.

stout, leathery, dark

grn., st.

1'LATYCEIUCM ALCICOHXE.

PLATYCLINIS (*yn. DRNDROCHILUM).

Stove and intermediate house epiphytal Orchids
(ord. Orchidacefe), with small flowers whose
number makes up for the lack of size ; they are
generally deliciously scented. Propagation is by
division and imported pieces. Compost, fibrous
peat and sphagnum in equal parts. The pans must
be well drained, and hung close up to the glass, for
abundance of diffused light is needed. The most
suitable time for repotting is just when new growths
are beginning to send out roots in spring, and where
a good effect is desired it will be well to compound
two or three clumps to form a large one. Plenty of
water is needed during growth, but when the plants
show signs of going to rest this must be curtailed ,
when rest is complete, give only enough to keep
the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — p. b. = pseudo-bulbs; 1. = lip.]
cobbiana, p. b. 1" to 2", yel. (KI/II. Dcndrochilum

late aut., st., yel., 1. or. cobbianum).

Platycapnos (see Fnmaria),
Platycldliim (tee Hoi-ea),

Platycodon

( 213)

Pleione

filiformis, p. b. 1", sum.,
st., canary yel., fra-
grant (*//». Dendro-
chiluin iilii'orine).

glumacea, p. b. 1" to 2",
spr., intermediate, yel.,
wh., new iiiinvii liay
scented ; best of all

(«//«. Dendrochilum
glumaceum).

— valida, stronger grower
tlian type.

uncata, smaller than fili-
formis, win., st., grn. ,
very small (syii. Deuclro-
cliiium uucatum).

PLATYCODON.

A handsome, hardy perennial (ord. Campanu-
larfii1)- It is closely allied to the hardy Campanulas
proper, and as such may be treated.

Only Species and its Varieties : —

grandiflorum, 6" to 12", Jy., hdy., bl., flowers
solitary or two or three at the tips of the branches.
There are both pale bl., wh., and single and semi-
double flowered vars. in existence ; autumnale and
chiuensc are vigorous vars., and Mariesii, with its
wh. form, is of dwarfer stature and has larger
flowers than the type. Chinese Bell-flower or
Balloon Flower.

PLATYCRATER.

Arguta is the only known species of this genus
(ord. Saxifragese). It is a hardy, dwarf shrub, bear-
ing greenish white flowers in summer. Propagation,
by cuttings in summer. Ordinary garden soil.

PLATYLOBIUM. (FLAT PEA.)

A genus of Australian shrubs (urd. Leguminosse)
not in general cultivation. Propagation, by seeds
sown in early spring-, or by cuttings of short, half-
ripe shoots inserted firmly in pots of sandy peat, in
a close frame in July. Soil, librous peat and silver
sand. Potting should always be done firmly, and
large shifts must be avoided. A cool, airy green-
house or light frame from winch frost is excluded
is necessary, and, if desired, plants may be stood
out of doors for the summer.

Principal Species : —

fonnosum, \' , ,Ty., yel. obtupangulum, 1', My.,

gracile, 3' to 4', Je., yel. yel., red.

triangulare, 1', My., yel.

Other Species :
altemifolium, 3' to 4', Je., aphyllum, 3', My., yel.

yel.

PLATYLOPHUS.

A genus of one species (ard. Saxifrages:). Tri-
foliatus is a graceful, evergreen, greenhouse tree,
with ternate leaves and large heads of white
flowers in June. Propagated by cuttings of half-
ripe shoots. Soil, fibrous loam and peat. Although
usually seen as a bush, it grows 40' high.

PLATYSTEMON.

A pretty, hardy annual (ord. Papaverace:c),
known sometimes as the California!! Poppy, which
grows in common soil if treated like the annual
Papavers, or Poppies.

Only Species : —

californicus, 1', Jy., yel.

PLATYSTIGMA.

Half-hardy annual herbs (ord. Papaveracere),
with narrow leaves and yellow flowers. Seeds
should be sown out of doors in April in places
where the plants are intended to flower, thinning
the seedlings when necessary.

Plati/loma (see

Principal Species : —

califomicum, 1', sum., yel. oregauum, 1 , sura., yel.
lineare, 1', sum., yel.

PLATYTHECA.

Galioides is the only known species of this
Australian, Heath-like genus (ord. Tremandrese).
It grows 1' to 2' in height, and bears pale blue
flowers during late spring. Propagation, by cuttings
of half-ripe shoots in July, treated like those of
tender Ericas. Sandy peat and careful watering
are essentials to success.

PLEASURE GROUND.

Tile pleasure ground includes the flower
gardens, lawns, shrubberies, and other portions of
the grounds which are mainly of an ornamental
character. The size and style of the grounds
attached to a house ought to be proportionate to
the building and to the means of its owner. In a
large establishment they should be extensive and
varied in character, embracing flower gardens,
conservatories, tennis and other lawns, shrub-
beries, and wooded park, with wild garden, rock
garden, ponds or lakes, and fountains. A pleasing
diversity should characterise the whole, but there
ought to be no sudden or jarring transitions from
the formal to the natural parts. In the smaller
establishment, a proportionate extent of pleasure
ground is pleasing, and a simpler style of plan
and treatment ought to prevail. For the several
features of the pleasure ground, consult this work
under their respective titles.

PLECTOCOMIA.

Stove Palms (w<2. Palmse) of climbing habit,
allied to Calamus. They are distinguished by
long, elegant, pinnate leaves, each of which is
terminated by a long, whip-like appendage armed
with stout spines. Propagation, by imported
seeds. Soil, rich loam.

Principal Species : —

assamica, SO'. Ivs. arching. Griffith!!, 60', flowers yel.
elongiita, 100' to 150', Ivs. spectabilis, 80', very orna-

long, semi-pendent. mental.

PLECTRANTHUS.

Coleus-like herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Labiatae) of
no horticultural value. Propagation, by cuttings.
(See COLEUS.)

Principal Species : —
fcetidus, 2' to 5', sum. hadiensis, 3', sum., lil.,

or win., pur. pur.

fruticoaus, 3', sum., pur. purpuratus, 3', sum., pur.
tematus, 9", Aug., pur.
Opine Plant.

PLECTRONIA.

A large number of species (ord. Rubiaceae) are
known, but very few are in cultivation, and these
are of no horticultural value.

PLEIONE. (INDIAN CROCUS.)
Botanists include Pleione under Crelogyne, of
which genus it forms a deciduous section. Pleiones
are of low growth, with curious, annual pseudo-
bulbs. The beautiful, short-stemmed flowers are
about 3" across, produced singly or in pairs from
the base of the old pseudo-bulb after the leaves

1'latypeialwn (sec lirni/n ).
Platysma (see Piitli>e!ii/i/x).
Platystachys (we Till<nnhid).
Pleetrites (see Yalerianclla).

Plerandra

(214 )

Pleurospermum

have fallen, and are seldom raised more than 3"
above the soil. Propagation, by division at potting
time. Soil, fibrous peat, sphagnum, and silver sand ;
or leaf mould in place of peat. Rather deep pans are
the best receptacles if ample drainage is provided.
Potting is best done soon after flowering. Place
the bulbs l" apart, and wrap a little sphagnum
round the base of each to help fix it in the compost.
Give a light and elevated position in an inter-
mediate house until summer, when a cool house
will suit. After the first watering no moisture will
be needed for several weeks, in fact, till growth is

vitiensis, 10', sum., grn.

Principal Species :—
Grayi, '20' to 30', Jy.,
grii. (»•(/«. Grajffei).

PLEROMA.

By botanists tins genus (nrd. Melastomaceso) is
mostly included in Tibouchina, but some of the
species are so well known under the old name that
it is included here. All are evergreen shrubs
requiring an intermediate temperature. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in a close case. Soil, two parts
fibrous peat, two parts loam, and one part sand

PLEIONE (correctly CIELOGVNE) LAGEXAKIA.

active ; reduce the supply when the leaves begin
to turn yellow, and withhold it when they fall.
Keep dry till growth starts again

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals.

humilis, 6" to 9", win.,

s. and p. pale blush., 1.

blush, pur.
lagenaria, G" to 12", win.,

s. and p. rosy lil., 1.

wh., marked pur., yel.,

crim. (fee figure).

Other Species : —

birmauica, 8" to 12",
win., s. and p. rosy pur.,
1. pur., disk wh., br.

hookeriana, Ivs. 4" to 8",
produced with the
flowers, spr., s. and p.
rosy pur., 1. light pur.

p. = petals. 1. = lip.]
maculata, 6" to 10", ant.,
s. and p. wh., 1. wh.,
pur. , disk yellowish pur.
praecox, 8" to 14", win.,
s. and p. rosy pur., 1.
pale ro., disk yel. ;
wallichiana has larger
and darker flowers.

marked dark pur.,

throat yel.
reichenbachiana. C" to

12", win., s. lil. marked

pur., p. lil., 1. wh.,

spotted pur.
wallichiana (tee pracox

var.).

PLERANDRA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Araliacese) requiring
loamy soil. Not of great horticultural value.

Pleocnemia, (see Ncphrodhim~).
Pleopeltis (fee Poly podium).

Principal Species :-

elegans, ">', sum., hi. (now
Tibouchina elegaus).

macranthum, 8', win.,
sum., vio. pur. (now

Tihouchiua semi-decan-
dia).

- floribuudum, 4', dwarf,
0" across.

PLEUROGYNA (syn. LOMATOGONICM).
A hardy annual (ord. Gentianeas) of no horti-
cultural value.

PLEUROPETALUM.

Curious, warm greenhouse shrubs from Central
America (ord. Portulacese). Propagation, by cut-
tings of young shoots in a close case. Soil, rich
loam.

Principal Species : —

costaricense, 4', Aug., Darwinii, 3', Aug., grn.,
grn., turning to red. red.

PLEUROSPERMUM.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. UmbelliferEe) of no
value horticultnrallv.

Pleurandra (nee ll'Mertia).
Plfitridium (see Polpodivm").
Pleurococcns (see Finns enemies).
Pleimi'jram ma (see Monogram me).

Pleurothallis

( 215 )

Plum

PLEUROTHALLIS.

Nearly 400 species of this genus of Orchids (iml.
Orchidaceie) have been described. They are
principally natives of the West Indies and tropical
America, many of them being little better than
weeds. Long, thin stems are usually made, term-
inated by a single thick, leathery leaf and a
succession of small, often brown or yellowish
flowers. Propagation, by division in spring.
Compost, pent, sphagnum, and charcoal. A cool
or intermediate house will suit the majority.
The following are a few of the many species.
All are interesting, if not very showy.

Principal Species : —

barberiana, 6', spr.jOchre, platyrachis, 6", sum.,

pur., wh. gru., pur. spots.

Orobyi, 3", spr. to win., polvliria, 4", grn., wh.

y«'l. prolifera, 6", win., pur.,

insiguis, 9", sum., pur., pk.

grn., bl. Scapha, 9', Jy., wh., pur.

picta, 6", sum., yel., red. lines.

PLOCAMA.

One species only (ord. Rubiacese). Pendula is a
greenhouse shrub about 2' high, with slender,
pendulous branches and white flowers. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings. Soil, peat and loam.

PLOCOGLOTTIS.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) from the
Malay Peninsula, requiring to be grown in the
wannest house. Propagation, by division. Com-
post, fibrous peat, crocks, charcoal, and sphagnum,
the material being raised well above the rim of the
pot.

Principal Species : —

acuminata, 10", yel. javanica, 8" to 10", yel.,

spotted red.
Lowii, !{'. ochre, br.
PLUCHEA.

Greenhouse or hardy perennials (ord. Composite)
of little value to the gardener. Propagation, by
seeds. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

raspica, 2' to 3', Aug., hdy., pur.

PLUM.

Description. — Amongst hardy fruits the Plum
ranks high in importance. It is valuable for dessert
and culinary purposes, for which it may be em-
ployed over an extended period ; while in a dried
state, as represented by Prunes, it is an important
commercial commodity. For preserving in the form
of jam it is probably the most popular of fruits.
The present splendid varieties are said to have been
derived from the wild Plum, Primus cornmunis,
which has become naturalised in the copses and
hedgerows of the British Isles.

Propagation.— By seeds, suckers, layers, buds,
and grafts. The first named method is usually
resorted to for the production of stocks for bud-
ding and grafting. The Mussel is best for standards,
and the St. Julien for trained trees. Some Plums
produce suckers abundantly, and these may be
secured for stocks, but the method is not recom-
mended, as such stocks always give more sucker

I'liicnstcmma (sue Hoya).
J'lm-itstiijmc (xi-i I'lidocJiilwi).
Ploughman's fyilicnard (set: Raccharis).
I'lumrightia {iff Gooseberry Fiini/i).

growths than those from seeds. Layering is easily
done by pegging down a branch after cutting
partially through on the under side. Budding is
the best form of increase, securing fine buds and
inserting them when the bark parts freely from
the branch ; this is usually in July. Grafting
is seldom resorted to, but whip grafting may be
done in exceptional cases.

Soil and Situation. — Plums are fastidious in
their likes and dislikes, and the prospective grower
should ascertain what varieties nourish in his
district, and plant those. A few, such as Victoria,
thrive almost everywhere. A very rich soil is not
desirable, as it tends to the production of wood
instead of fruit. A strong, retentive loam is gener-
ally the best, but lime in some form must be
present, or the results will be unsatisfactory. In
all cases the drainage must be good. The situa-
tion should be open, though distant shelter is
desirable for some varieties. There must, how-
ever, be no obstruction to light and air.

Planting and Pruning.— The planting of Plums
goes hand in hand with the planting of all fruit
trees. The station is prepared at least 2' greater
in diameter than the extreme spread of the roots,
which are carefully laid out and good soil worked
and made moderately firm amongst them. Stakes
should always be placed in position before the
planting is done. November is the best time for
planting, and the growths should be cut back by at
least two-thirds their length in the spring. When
once the tree has been formed, the less pruning
the better, as Plums resent the free use of the
knife. Badly placed branches should be removed
entirely, as should those having a tendency to
grow over others, and thus cause obstruction to
light and air.

Forms of Trees.— For orchard culture, standards
are the best ; for gardens, bushes and pyramids are
very valuable. Cordons answer fairly, and give ex-
cellent fruits ; but the best type of trained tree is
the fan, the branches being at least 1' asunder.
Carefully managed, they will cover a large area
and carry immense crops of fruit. Horizontal
training is not usually so satisfactory with Plums
as with Apples and Pears, and is not so frequently
adopted.

Trees under Glass. — Plums may be very success-
fully grown under glass, either planted out or in
pots, provided light, airy houses are at command,
and no undue forcing is attempted. The trees
should start naturally, and be brought on gradu-
ally. Though when planted out they thrive well,
pot culture is probably the better mode of pro-
cedure, as the entire plant is then easily under the
control of the grower. Plums answer admirably
to the general management recommended for trees
in Orchard houses (which see).

Selections of Varieties :—
Twenty-four in Order of llipening : —

Rivera's Early Prolific.

Czar.

Oullin's Golden.

Denniston's Superb.

Early Transparent Gage.

Gisborne's.

Orleans.

Belle de Louvain.

Belgian Purple.

Green Gage.

Victoria.

Jefferson.

Bryanston Gage.

Pond's Seedling.

Transparent Gage.

White Magnum Bonum.

Kirke's.

Diamond.

Late Transparent.

Monarch.

Heine Claude <le Bavay.

Ickworth Impi'mtrice.

Grand Duke.

Coe's Golden Drop.

Plumbago

(216)

Podachsenium

Nine for Dessert :—
Dennistou's Superb.
Early Transparent Gage.
Green Gage.
*Jefferson.

Transparent Gage.

Angelina Burdett.

Kirke's.

*Coe's Golden Drop.

Iteiiie Claude de Bavay.

Three select varieties.

PLUM COE'S GOLDEN DKOP.

Nine for Kitchen : —
*Rivers's Early Prolific.
Orleans.
Gisborne's.
*Victoria.

*Monareh.
Cox's Emperor.
Pond's Seedling.
Diamond.
Wyedale.

* Three select varieties.

Enemies of Plums. — Gumming sometimes follows
pruning, and is encouraged by over-feeding, deep,
loose soil, and stagnant water at the roots. The
branch attacked should be removed, and the wound
dressed with any wet-excluding compound. Cor-
rect cultivation is the best, though not a sure pre-
ventive. Mildew may be arrested by dusting with
sulphur, or spraying with potassium sulphide (see
FUNGICIDES). The Plum Aphis sometimes causes
great trouble. Dressing with a petroleum mixture
or the caustic soda solution (see INSECTICIDES) is
recommended. The larva? of Carpocapsa funebrana,
known as Red Grubs, cause the fruits to fall
prematurely ; these should be at once collected and
burned. There are other pests, but they rarely do
serious injury where the best methods of cultiva-
tion are adopted.

PLUMBAGO.

Description. — Showy, hardy herbaceous plants,
or greenhouse or stove shrubs (ord. Plumbagineae),
several of which are among the most popular of
garden plants. The indoor species are of shrubby
habit, with more or less rambling branches.

Propagation. — The herbaceous species by division
in autumn or spring; the indoor species by cut-
tings 4" long in a close, warm propagating case, in
spring.

Soil. — Ordinary garden soil for the herbaceous
species; good fibrous loam and leaf mould, with
sufficient silver sand to ensure porosity, for the
indoor species.

Other Cultural Points. — The most popular'species
is capensis. It may be grown in a great variety of
ways. As a pot plant, trained to stakes, a wire
trellis or balloon, or planted out, it makes an excel-
lent subject for clothing a greenhouse end, roof, or
pillar. It should be spurred back annually to
within a bud or two of the old. wood. Rosea and
its variety superba are best treated as annuals,
cuttings being rooted each spring and the young
plants stopped a few times to produce six or eight

shoots. By growing in an intermediate tempera-
ture, nice plants in 5" or 6" puts may be had by
autumn, to flower during winter.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
cciTulea, 2', sum., bl., europii'a, 3', Sep., hcly.,

slender,
capensis, 10' to 30', aut.,
bl.

allm, wh.
Other Species : —

grandiflora (wr capeusis).
Lnrpcntne («r Ceratostig-

purpurea (we europasa).
rosea, 2', win., spr., ro.
— superba, larger flowers.

St.,

pulrliella, 3', sum.,

bl., yio.

ma plumbaginoides). zeylauica, IV, Je., st.,

micrautha, 2', Jy., hdy., wh.

wli.

PLUMERIA.

A fine but neglected genus of stove trees (ord.
Apocynacece), with pretty, often fragrant, flowers
in clusters at the ends of the branches. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of ripe shoots in spring, under a
hand-light, in sand, and placed in slight bottom
heat. Soil, sandy loam and fibrous peat or leaf
mould.

Principal Species :—
acutifolia, 20', Je., pk.,

wh. (st/H. acuminata).
bicolor, id', Jy., wh., yel.
Jamesoni, 4',Jy., yel., red.
lambertiaua, 10', Je., wh.,

yel. (.\'/N. Gouaui).

lutea, 20', Je., pk., yel.
obtusa, 10', Jy., wh.
rubra, 10' to 20', Jy.,red.

The Fraugipaui.
tricolor, 1;V, Jy., wh.F

yel., red (SI/H. Kerii).

POA. (MEADOW GRASS.)

A genus of hardy Grasses (ord. Grammes?) of
little horticultural use, though several are of agri-
cultural value. For growing under glass the striped
variety of trivialis is a useful plant. Annua is
largely used in forming lawns by means of seeds
instead of turfing ; it is one of the best Grasses for
growing beneath trees.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

jinuua.

flabellata (*//»«. Dactylis

ca-spitosa and Festuca

flabellata).

nemoralis.

pratensis.

i-eiotiua (fi/>i. palustris).

trivialis.

— albo-vittata.
PODACHyENIUM.

Tender shrubs (ord. Coruposita;), requiring an
intermediate temperature. Andinum, :!'. summer,

PLUM, KIUKE'S.

white, yellow, is the best known species. It likes
loamy soil, and is recommended for sub-tropical
bedding,

Plumed Tkutle (see
Plum, Fir (sec Pnemnopitys clet/ans).
Plum, Guinea (Parinariiim cxcehiim).
Plum, Maiden (gee Comocladia).
Plutella («r Diaiiioiitl-hiifi' Moth).

Podalyria

(217)

Posdisca

PODALYRIA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosse),
from South Africa. Propagation, by cuttings of
half-ripe shouts in summer. Soil, fibrous loam and
pent.

Principal Species : —

$tff6ntea, 6', Je., wh. calyptrata, 6', Je., Jy.,

buxifolia, 4' to 0', Je., pur.

pur. reticulata, 6', Je., pur.

PODANTHUS.

Two species of greenhouse shrubs (ord. Com-
pnsit:e). Propagation, by cuttings in sandy soil
umlrr a hand-light. Soil, peat and loam, with
sand.

Only Species : —
gratus (KIT ovatifolius). Mitiqui, 3', sum., yel.

ovatifolius, 2', sum., yel.

PODOCARPUS.

A genus of, principally, greenhouse evergreen
trees (ord. Conuene). For large conservatories
several species make useful subjects for planting
out, while in places where severe frosts are not
experienced the majority are useful for outdoors.
Pectinata, a rare species with small green and
grey leaves, makes a nice pot plant. Propagation,
by seeds, or cuttings of half-ripe wood. Soil,
moist loam. When planted in borders very little
trouble is givun, as they naturally make shapely
specimens.

Principal Species :—

alpiua. 10' to 12'. hdy. neriifolia, 60', large-

dacrydioides, 1JO' ; tiiu- leaved. •

ber tree. pectinata, 12' or more,

elongata, iW to 120' ; Ivs. wh., grev.

timber tree. Totara, 60' to i.W; tim-
ber tree. Totura Pine.

Other Species :—

amara, 50', st. japonica, 20' to 30'.

anilina (now Prumuo- macrophylla, 40' to 50'.

jiitys elegans). Nageia, 30' to 60'.

rhilina, 30' to 60'. nubigena, 60'.

ferruginea, 80'. purdieana, 100' to 130'.

PODOCHILUS.

K])iphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidaceas) with small
leaves on long, slender stems, and terminal racemes
of minute flowers. An intermediate temperature is
required. Compost, fibrous peat, sphagnum, and
crocks.

Principal Species :—

longicalcnratus, 2', sum., wh., striped pur.

PODOCOCCUS.

One species only (ord. Palmse). Barteri, 8' to 10',
is a native of tropical Africa. The leaves are 5' to
6' long and deeply lobed. The flowers are red,
followed by orange coloured, edible fruit. Propa-
gation, by seeds or by suckers in spring. (See also
Obooa)

PODOLASIA.

One species only, stipitata (ord. Aroiderc). It
grows li' high, has handsome, arrow-shaped leaves
and striking-looking inflorescences in spring. The
latter are 4" long, and borne on a stalk 1' in

Podantlii'n (XIT Wn/ie/iii).
Pod in ii tli 11.1 (XIT 'J'rir/topits).
Poiiin'iitixiis (xi i' l.nlnmmm).
I'odoloblum (SIT (Jjri/lobium).

height. The spathe is brownish red, the spadis
cream. It requires stove culture, rich, loamy .-oil,
and a long rest.

PODOLEPIS.

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Composites),
with alternate, lanceolate, stem-clasping leaves.
The majority are hardy, but a few require green-
house culture. Propagation, by seeds or division.
Loamy soil.

Principal Species: —

aouminata, iy, sum.,

hdy. ami., yel.
aristata, 1', sum., hdy.

ami., yel., pk.

gracilis, 3', Aug., hdy.

per., pur., lil., or wh.
Lessonii, 2', sum., hdy.,

yel.

PODOPHYLLUM.

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs (nrd.
Berberidea;). They have large, ornamental,
roundish, deeply lobed leaves, white or reddish
purple flowers, and red fruits. Propagation, by
division or seeds. Soil, moist peat and loam in
a shady position. The plants thrive by stream
sides, and in marshy spots.

Principal Species : —

Emodi, 1', My., wh. pleianthum, 12" to 15",

peltatum, 6" to 9", My., My. to Jy., reddish pur.

wh.

PODOPTERUS.

A genus (ord. Polygonaces) containing one
species only. Mexicanus is a handsome green-
house shrub, growing from 2' to 3' in height,
bearing small, oblong leaves and tiny pink flowers
in July. Propagation, by cuttings in summer. Soil,
equal parts fibrous peat and loam.

PODOSTIGMA. .

Pubescens (ord. Asclepiaderc), a half-hardy herb-
aceous plant, is the only species. It has tuberous
roots, grows C" to 12" in height, and produces
umbels of orange coloured flowers in July. Propa-
gation, by division. Ordinary garden soil.

PODOTHECA.

A small genus (ord. Composite), allied to Gnaph-
alium, composed principally of hardy annuals.
Very few are grown. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species :—
chrysantha, U', sum., gnaphalioides, 1' to iy,

yel. sum., yel.

fuscescens, 1' to 2', sum., pygma?a, 6", sum., yel.

yel.

PCEDISCA.

Puedisca (Ditula) angustiorana is a moth that
causes damage to the leaves of Peach, Nectarine
and Apricot trees in spring by causing the leaves to
curl. The moth is very small, with reddish brown
fore wings and dark hind wings. The female lays
her eggs on the branches, where they remain
during winter and hatch in May ; the young cater-
pillars appropriate the young, tender leaves.
During May and June the caterpillars are busy
feeding. The perfect moth appears in July.
The best remedy is to remove and burn the curled
leaves in May and June.

Podorin (si'i1 Ituxr'iu ).
I'mlmprrma (*<•/• Ptxlotliira).
Po/lnsprrnmm (SIT *i'iir:ntii ru).
Peecilvptt'ris (SIT Acrogtichum).

Pogogyna

( 218 )

Poisonous Plants

POGOGYNE.

Hardy annuals (ord. Labiatse), with small, linear
leaves and long spikes of lilac or bluish flowers, the
flowers being produced in whorls intermixed with
leafy bracts. Seeds may be sown indoors and
transferred to the open border in May, or they may
be sown outside in April. Any good garden soil.

Principal Species :—
Douglasii, 1', sum., pur. nudiuscula, 1', sum., bl.

POGONIA.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaces) with small,
round tubers, often ornamental foliage and white,
pink, or lilac flowers. Propagation, by division at
the time of potting. Compost, fibrous loam, peat
and sphagnum, broken sandstone, charcoal, and
crocks. Thorough drainage is essential. A
minimum temperature of 50° should be given,
and plenty of water whilst growth is active,
drying off and resting as the leaves decay.

Principal Species :—
barklyaua, 2', sum., grn., Forclii, 1', yel., ro. lip,

Ivs. 9" across. Ivs. large, bronzy grn.,

discolor, 6", sum., grn., pur. beneath.

wh., Ivs. rich br., Vilicata, 9", sum., grn.

blotched grn., under speciosa, 1', sum., pur.

Bide pur.

POGONOPUS.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Rubiaceae) from
tropical America. Exsertus or caracasensis (syn,
Howardia caracasensis) is the only species culti-
vated. It is very showy, grows 4' to 8' high, and
produces terminal heads of pink flowers in summer.
Propagation, by seeds and cuttings. Soil, light
loam.

POGOSTEMON.

A genus of herbaceous or sub-shrubby plants
(3rd. Labiatse). They are of little horticultural
value.

Principal Species : —
Patchouli, 3', Je., wh., — suavis, sweet.

with pur. marks.

POINCIANA.

Evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. Leguminosse),
requiring stove treatment. Propagation, by seeds
sown in heat in spring, or by cuttings of short side
growths in very sandy soil beneath a bell-glass
over bottom heat. Soil, rich, fibrous loam, with
coarse sand or sharp road grit.

Principal Species : —

elata, 15', Jy., yel. regia, 15' to 40', Jy.,

Gilliesii (see Csesalpinia crim. ; the seed pods

Gilliesii). of this species are of

pulcherrima (see Csesal- remarkable length.

pinia pulcherrima).

POINSETTIA.

Description. — The plant grown in British gardens
under the name of Poinsettia pulcherrima is
correctly Euphorbia pulcherrima (ord. Euphor-
biacese). It is grown for its brilliant scarlet
crimson bracts.

Propagation. — By lengths of the old, firm stem,
inserted in sandy soil, in brisk bottom heat, in
March ; by side growths secured in April or

Poet's Cassia (see Osyris).

Poet's Narcissus (sec Narcissus poetieus).

Pogospermum (sec Catopsis).

May from the old plants when these have been
placed in heat and encouraged to grow after a
season of rest. Each cutting should have a heel
of old wood and be dipped in fine sand to stop
the bleeding. Thumb pots, one cutting in each,
should be used, and the compost should be light,
plunging the pots in brisk bottom heat. Dwarf
plants in 3" pots, with heads of bracts If/' in dia-
meter, can be grown for Christmas table decoration
from cuttings struck in August and September.
The plants must be grown without a check.

Soil. — Mellow loam three parts, decom posed leaf
mould and short manure one part each, with sharp
sand.

Other Cultural Points. — Care must be taken that
the cuttings do not damp off, which they are prone
to do unless the inner surface of the glass in the
propagating case is dried each morning. After
removal from the cutting pots to those 4i" in
diameter the benefit of slight bottom h<>;it is
desirable, but there must be no forcing, and the
plants must be gradually hardened until after they
have become established in 8" pots; they can be<
placed in a frame or pit for the summer. Before
the roots can possibly have become chilled they
should be placed on a stage in a temperature of
55°, where they will soon commence to grow if
properly watered. Weak liquid manure may be
applied when the bracts are showing. The tem-
perature may be gradually increased, but sharp
fluctuations must be strenuously guarded against.

Varieties.— Besides the type there are several
varieties of the Poinsettia. These are alba, creamy
white bracts ; major, very long and broad bracts ;
and plenissima, bracts more numerous.

POINTING-IN.

This technical term is applied to the business of
lightly forking over the surface of a fruit tree border,
or other plot full of roots, to incorporate with the
soil any dressing of artificial manure or the remains
of a mulching. For this work a fork is the only
tool permissible, and only the upper ~1" of soil
should be moved witli it, so that the roots are not
damaged.

POISONOUS PLANTS.

So very many plants are more or less poisonous
that it would require a small volume to deal with
them all, consequently only a few of the more
important can here be referred to.

Among those that poison by contact the best
known is the Stinging Nettle, but its effects soon
pass away. Belonging to the same order are
Laportea moroides and L. gigas, and if these are
touched by any uncovered part of the body the
effects of the poison left by the stinging hairs will
be felt for days, and possibly many weeks, after-
wards. The popular Primula obconica is another
instance, but from this, as from some members of
the Rhus family, some folk take no harm, while
others are made quite ill by handling it.

Many other plants are poisonous only when
eaten, and it may be the root, bark, seed, leaf, or

Poiretia (of Smith, sec Hovea ; of Cavanilles, fee

Sprengelia).
Poison Jlulb (see Brunsvigia and Crinum asiat-

icum).

Poison Elder (see Wins renenala).
Poison JVitt (see Strychnos Xitx-Tomica).
Poison Oak (see Rhus Toxicodendrori).

Poitsea

(219)

Pollination

kernel of the fruit that is the poisonous part.
Among British plants the Hemlock, Fool's Parsley,
White Bryony, Deadly Nightshade, Thorn Apple,
Foxglove.'and Monkshood are all very poisonous.
The roots of the latter, much like Horseradish in
appearance, almost always prove fatal to the
eater ; the poison is aconitine.

Vr'jvtable poisons may be irritant, narcotic, or
narcotico-irritant, chiefly the two latter. Hydro-
cyanic acid, formerly known as prussic acid,
belongs to the second class. It can be distilled
from Almond kernels, but is now generally pro-
duced chemically. Under narcotic poisons must
also be included Opium and Henbane. Among
irritant poisons Colocynth, Croton-oil, Elaterium,
Gamboge, and Savin are the chief, while into the
class of narcotico-irritants come the poisonous
properties of the British plants mentioned in
the preceding paragraph, as well as Tobacco,
Strychnos Nnx-vomica, Laburnum (bark and seeds),
Yew (leaves), Hellebore, and most species of
Fungi.

Many vegetable poisons are valuable medicinally
when administered in small doses and in certain
combinations, but in all cases their use should be
left to the direction of a medical man, and their
preparation to the dispenser.

POIT^EA.

Dwarf-growing stove shrubs (ord. Leguminosre).
Propagation, by cuttings in sand over bottom heat.
Soil, loam, with plenty of coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
galegoides, 1', Jc., rosy pur.

POLANISIA. (CLEOME.)

Hardy annuals {ord. Capparideaj). Propagation,
'by seeds sown under glass in April and planted in
my ordinary garden soil at the end of May.

Principal Species : —

Cheliclonii, l\' , Jo., ro. uniglandulosa, IV, Je.,

dodeoandra, It', Je., wh. reddish yel.

graveoleus, If, Je., pk. viscosa, 2', Je., yel.

POLEMONIUM.

Description. — Pretty, hardy or half-hardy, annual
or perennial herbs (ord. Polemoniaceaa), which
make a pleasing effect in the border or rock garden.
The variegated-leaved form of ceeruleum is often
used as an edging, for which purpose the flower
buds should be pinched off as they show.

Propagation. — The perennials by division in
spring or early autumn, and by seeds in spring ;
the annuals by seeds at the same season.

Soil. — Good rich loam for the border plants, but a
lighter one for the Alpine species.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

ccKruleum, '2', Je., bl. confertum, G", sum., bl.

Jacob's Ladder, Greek — melitum, wh.

Valerian, Charity. flavum, 2' to 3', Aug.,

— album, wh., foliage pale yel.
various, Ivs. gm., wh. humile, G", Jy., hi.

- campaiiulntiim, Ap., reptans, 6", Ap., bl.

My., bright hi. Richardsoni, 1', sum.,

— dissectum (ni/n. sibiri- pur. bl. (»//». humilis
cum). Kichardsoni of some).

J'oiso/i Siinnii'li (see Illnis n-nenata).

1'ii'irrra (see fniiihretiim').

Poke \\'<-cd (HV PIn/tolacea).

Polar Plant (se<: Silphium laciniatum).

Other Species and Hybrid : —

flavo-ccuruleum. 3' to 4', pauciflorum, I-!', sum.,

sum., wh., hybrid. yel., red.

himalayauum, 1' sum.,

HI., bl.

POLIANTHES. (TUBEROSE.)
Greenhouse, bulbous plants (ord. Amaryllideae),
They will flower out of doors in a favoured climate
provided the soil be light and sandy. Propagation,
which is rarely resorted to in this country, is by
offsets. Soil, mellow loam with sand. (For full
cultural details, see TUBEROSE.)

Only Species and its Varieties : —

tuberosa, 3', Aug., wh. — florepleno,3',Aug. ,wh,

— gracilis, 3', Aug., yel.

POLLEN.

The male organs of a flower are the stamens and
anthers ; the latter are essential, but the former
may be so reduced as to be practically absent.
Within each anther pollen is produced by cell
division, eventually becoming separate grains in
the majority of flowering plants ; in Orchids the
grains combine to form the pollen masses. An
anther does not burst until the pollen is ripe, i.e.
in 'a suitable condition to cause fertilisation when
applied to a receptive stigma. Pollen varies a
little in colour, but is most familiar as a yellow
or greenish yellow powder ; in many Liliums it
assumes a brownish tint, while in Scillas it is
bluish. Though varying much in shape and size,
pollen grains are nearly all furnished with two
coats or skins, the outer (extine) and the inner
(intine), the latter being very elastic. When a
grain is placed upon a ripe stigma, there are
openings in the outer coat, through which the
inner one forms an elongated tube that grows down
through the style into the ovary, conducting the
most important part of the grain contents, the
nucleus, through the micropyle of an ovule to the
embryo.

POLLIA.

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Commelin-
aceae). Propagation, by division or by seeds.
Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

crispata, sum., trailer, bl. (sy n. Aneilema crispata).

POLLINATION.

The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is
known technically as pollination, and it is effected
by Nature in many wonderful ways. In the
majority of flowers the pollen is not ripe at the
same time as the stigma is receptive, but there
may be ripe pollen and receptive stigmas on the
same plant and on the same inflorescence ; conse-
quently, unless by the help of wind, insect, or other
outside agency, pollination cannot take place. This
gives a reason for pollen distribution by artificial
means, such as a dry hand, hare's or rabbit's tail,
or a camel hair brush, to secure a good " set " on
Peaches, Nectarines, Vines, etc., grown under glass.
Melons form another illustration of the need for
artificial pollination when insects have not access
to the flowers, but in this case the male and female
organs are not found in the same flower. Herma-
phrodite flowers in which the pollen is ripe before
the stigma is receptive are called Protandrous, while
those in which the stigma is receptive before the
pollen is ripe are known as Protogynous — Protandry

Polyachyrus

( 220 )

Polygonatum

is the more common. It also accounts very largely
for the succession of expanding flowers. Flowers
adapted to wind pollination are called Anemo-
philous, and notable examples are the inconspicuous
ones of Grasses, the Oak and the Hazel, Conifers,
etc. ; those adapted to pollination by insects are
described as Entomophilous, and the Orchids,
Legumes, and Labiates are examples of this group.
In plants with Anemophilous (lowers pollen is
prodigally produced, and there are often floral
arrangements for entrapping the wind-borne grains.
Self-pollination occurs in comparatively few flowers,
and may be brought about by contact between the
stigma and anther, or the dehiscence of anthers
above a receptive stigma. Violets and a few other
subjects, besides producing the showy blossoms, also
have inconspicuous ones that do not expand; in
these self-pollination takes place, and fertilisation
follows. Water is the agent by which pollination
is effected in a few plants — a striking example is
the half-hardy Eel Grass (Vallisneria spiralis).
(See also HYBRIDISATION, ORCHID HYBRIDISA-
TION, and POLLEN.)

POLYACHYRUS.

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Com-
positje). Propagation, in spring, by division, or by
cuttings of the new growths in sandy loam. Soil,
light, sandy loam. Winter protection is essential.

Principal Species : —

Pceppigii, 5', Je., bl.

POLYALTHIA.

Tall-growing stove trees (ord. AnonaceEc). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring
in very sandy peat, beneath a bell-glass, over
bottom heat. Soil, rich, fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —
cerasoides, (iOf, sura., grn. suberosa, 30', sum., wh.

(xyn. Guatteria ceras- (*.(/". Guatteria suber-

oides). osa).

POLYANTHUS.

Description. — The Polyanthus (nni. Primulacefe)
is one of the prettiest and most prized of the spring
flowers. For spring bedding, from its neat habit,
it is of much value, and it makes a fine display
either massed, in lines, or arranged with other
flowers in a mixed border. The Polyanthus is
generally considered to be the result of a cross
between the Primrose and Cowslip; it possesses
the large, upright, open flowers of the former with
the bunch-flowered habit of the latter. The Gold-
laced varieties were much in vogue among florists
for some time, but there are now few grown.
They are very beautiful, but are better adapted
for growing in pots in frames than in the open
eround. For the latter purpose, good self-coloured
Polyanthuses are the best.

Propagation. — The Gold • laced and named
Polyanthuses by division in August. The others
are usually raised from seeds, which produce more
vigorous plants than those from division. The
seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in pots or pans
in a cold frame, or kept until spring and sown
then. The seeds germinate irregularly, and the
seed pans should be kept for late-germinating
plants, as these are often of good quality.

Soil. — Common garden soil, rich, rather moist,
and a partially shaded position.

Other Cultural Points. — Polyanthuses in pots
should be treated like Auriculas, which see.

Varieties. — Besides the Gold-laced, there are
Self-coloured crimsons, yellows, and whites, which
come almost true from seed, Hose-in-hose, and a
few double Polyanthuses. (See ahn PRIMULA.)

POLYCALYMNA.

Half-hardy perennials herbs (mil. Composite).
Propagation, by division or seeds in spring.
Ordinary garden soil.

Only Species :—

Stuartii, 1', spr., sum., wh. (now Myriocephalus
Stuartii).

POLYCARPJEA.

Hardy annuals or perennials (ord. Caryophyl-
le:u). Propagation, by division or seeds. Soil,
sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

m-istata, 6", Je., wh. latifolia, 4", Je., wh.

micropliylla, 3", Je., wh.

(*iin. guaphalioides).

POLYCYCNIS.

A small genus of stove epiphytes (ord. Orchid-
acea;), closely related to Cycnoohes, which see for
culture. The flowers are borne in racemes, and
their peculiar formation brings them under the
popular title of Swan Orchids.

Principal Species : —
barbata, 1', Je., wh., pk. lepida, 1', sum., br., yel.,

(*.'/«. Cycnoches bar- spotted br. , wh.

batum).

Other Species : —
gratiosa, 1', sum., brown- (*.'/«. Cycuoches mus-

ish pur., droopiug. ciferum).

Lelmiaimii, 9", sum., yel., vittata, 1', sum., yel.,

spotted rosy pur. " brownish red (xyn.

musuit'era, 1' , Jy., br. Houlletia vittata).

POLYGALA.

A large genus (ord. Polygalere), comprising hardy
annuals, hardy perennials, and hardy and tender
shrubs and sub-shrubs. Propagation, by seeds
sown in sandy peat for the annuals, by division
for the hardy perennials, and by cuttings under
a hand-light or in heat for the shrubby species.
Soil, fibrous peat three parts, fibrous loam one part,
with sharp sand ; pot firmly.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
Cliuma'lnixus, 6", sum., myrtifolia grandiflora, 3'

lidy. sub-shr., creamy to G', spr., grli., pur.

yel., tipped pur. (XI/H. dalmaisiana).

— purpurea, Ivs. pur. virguta, 4', sum., grh.

graudit'olia, 1', spr., wh., shr., pur.

ro. (SI/H. hilariana). - speciosa, finer than

type.

Other Species : —
cordifolia (see oppositi- oppositifolia, 3', Je., pur.,

folia var. ). yellowish grn. ; cordi-

dalmaisiaua (see myrti- folia and latifolia are

folia var.). vars.

Galpinii, 3' to 5', Sep., Senega, 1', spr., hdy. per.,

grh., ro., lil. pur.

grandiflora (see myrtifolia speciosa (sec virgata var.).

var.). vulgaris, 6", Je., hdy.

latifolia (see oppositifolia per., wh. or bl.

var.).

POLYGONATUM. (SOLOMON'S SEAL.)

Pretty, hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Lilia-

ceae), which are of great beauty in borders,

Polybotrya (see Acrostirliiini).
l'oh/fnr/w (sec Idt-sln).
Poli/cliilos (see Phulienojtsis).

Polygonum

( 221 )

Polypodium

shrubberies, wild gardens, or woodland copses.

hdy. per., red (»,'/".

sachaliuense, 10' to 12',

Multittorum forces well in pots. Propagation, by

sphasrostaehy urn) .

sum., hdy. per., grn.,

division in autumn or early spring. Common moist
soil

orientale, 3' to 10', Aug.,
hdy. ami., rosy pur.

wh.
vacciniifolium, aut., pros-

— variegatum, Ivs. varie-

trate, hdy. per., ro.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

gated.

biflorum, 1' to 3', My., — bracteatum.

Urn., \vh. — Hore pleuo, double

Other Species and Varieties : —

latii'olium, 2' to 4', Jy., flowers.

amphibium, 2' to 3', Sep.,

Ivs. marbled pale grn.,

wh. (SI/UK, liirtuin and ofticinale, 1', My., wh.

aquatic per., ro. or wh.

yel.

Cuuvailaria latit'olia). («//>'. anceps).

Willow Grass.

laiiifferum, 2' to 10', sum.,

— commutatuni, 2' to "', - flore pleuo, double

Bistorta, H', Je.. hdy.

hlf-hdy. per., red or wh.

Jy., wh. (ay n. gigau- flowers.

per., red, pk. Bistort,

(see figure).

teum). — miirranthum, larger

Snakeweed.

Laxmaimi, 1', Je., hdy.

— Thunbergi, glabrous flowers.

capitatum, grh. or hlf-

per., wh. (\'/H. angusti-

form («/«. Thunbergi). oppositifolitim, 2' to 4',

hdy. per., pk.

folium).

multiflorum, 2' to 3', Je., Ap., wh., grn.

chineuse, 5', sum., hdy.

molle, 2', sum., hdy. shr.,

wh. Common Solo- - albo-vittatum, ITS.

per., pk., wh., or pur.

wh.

moil's Seal. striped wh.

(*>/>!. Ampelygouum

multiflorum, sum., hdy.

Other Species and Varieties : —

chinense).
— foliis pictis, Ivs. marked

per. cl., wh.
polystachyum, 3 to 6',

japonicum, U', Ap., wh. punctatum, 1' to 2', My.,

wh.

hdy., wh. or pk.

must-rianum, Ivs. varie- wh.

tiliforme, hdy. per., Ivs.

virginiauum 2' to .V,

gated; gardeu var. roseum, 2' to 3', My., ro.

drooping.

Aug.,hdy.j)or.,grn.,wh.

polyauthos, 1', My., wh. verticillatmn, 2' to 4', Je.,

— variegatum, hdy. per.,

vivipamm, (i"to 12", Je.,

grn., wh.

hdy. per., j>k.

I'liulu: CiianeU d: C'y

POLYGON VM I.AMGEHUM.

POLYGONUM. (KNOTWBED or KNOT

Gnxss.)

Description. — A large genus (ord. Polygonacefe)
of annual or perennial, hardy or greenbouse herbs
or sub-shrubs. Many are handsome plants of
imposing appearance, others are good border
flowers, and a few are pretty on rockvvork.

Propagation. — The annuals by seeds sown in
gentle hi-sit in spring ; the perennials by division
in autumn or early spring, and by seeds.
Soil. — Any common soil.
Principal Species and Varieties : —
affine, G" to 10", aut., hdy. — oxyphyllum, Ivs. yel.
baldschuanicum, 20'. Sep..
hdy. per. cl., wh. ; a
fine plant.

Brunonis (see afftne).
compactum, 2', Sep., hdy.

per., wh.
cuspidatum, 4' to 8', sum.,

hdy. per., wh.
macrophyllum, 9", aut.,

red

per. , rosy

lirmionis).
alpinum. '•)" to 4", sum.,

hdy. per., wh. («,'/«.

poiymorphum).
— scinjiaricum, wh.
amplt'xicaule, 2' to 3',

Sep., hdy. ppr., rosy

red (syn. petiolatum).

POLYMNIA.

Greenhouse or half-hardy perennials (ord. Com-
positse). Propagation, by seeds and division in
spring. Soil, fibrous loam three parts, leaf mould
and manure one part each, with sharp grit.

Principal Species : —

cauadeusis, 6', Jy., wh.,

yel.
edulis, 8', sum., yel.,

edible tubers.

pyramidalis, 10', aut.,

st., yel.
Uvedalia, 4' to 10', Sep.,

yel.

POLYPODIUM.

Description. — Polypodium— 450 species — is the
largest genus in the order Filices. Botanists of
late years have merged in Polypodium a number of
smaller genera, bringing together plants covering
a wide range, not only in geographical distribution,

1'nli/, ivr (fcrmandrr (trr Teitcrium).
Pali/pappus (sec Tess/irii/).
Polyphragmon (sen Timonius).

Polypodium

( 222 )

Polypodium

but in general appearance. The majority of the
species have no difference between the fertile and
barren fronds. Most are evergreen, but a few, in-
cluding the hardy British Dryopteris, are deciduous.
In the attachment of the fronds to the rhizome
two well-marked divisions may be noted, viz.
Eremobrya, in which each frond is distinct from
its neighbour and articulated with the rhizome ;
and Desmobrya, in which no such articulation
exists. Again, in cutting, the fronds may range
from simple (entire), as in the section Niphobolus,
to several times pinnate, as in Dryopteris, or
simply pinnate or pinnatifid, as in Heracleum.
The following genera are now all included under

POLYPODIUM PHYMATODES PCSTULVM (see p. 224).

Polypodium, but their separate existence has
already caused a number of synonyms to be
attached to each plant. So formidable is this list
of synonyms that only a few can be given.

Abacopteris.

Adenophorus.

Aglaomorpha.

Ampelopteris.

Anapeltis.

Auaxetum.

Apalophlebia.

Calymnodon.

Campyloiieuron.

Cwlopteris.

Colysis.

Craspedaria.

Crypsinus.

Cryptosorus.

Cyrtomiphlebium.

Cyrtophlebium.

Diblemma.

Dictymia.

Dictyopteris.

Dipteris.

Drynaria.

Dryostachyuiu.

Galeoglossa.

Glaphyropteris.

Glyphotamium.

Gouiophlebium.

Goniopteris.

Grammitis.

Gymuocarpium.

Gynosorium.

Holcosorus.

Lepicystis.

Lopholepis.

Microgramme.

Mouachosorum.

Niphobolus.

Niphopsis.

Para gramma.

Phegopteris.

Phlebodium.

Phymatodes.

Pleopeltis.

Pleuridium. Steguogramma.

Polycampium. Xiphopteris.

Pseudathyrium.

Propagation. — Division may be carried out at
any season save in winter. Spores are available.
They germinate freely, and make good plants.
(See KERNS.)

Soil. — Two parts fibrous loam, one part leaf
mould, and one-eighth sand will suit the majority of
those having strong root action. A soil rich in humus
suits the varieties of vulgare. Dryopteris likes a
few pieces of sandstone added. Drainage must in
all cases be free and uninterrupted. Those species
having surface-rooting rhizomes should be pegged
down upon pans of fibrous peat anil sand, with
about a fourth part of fibrous loam. A few pieces
of sphagnum for surfacing will be an improvement,
and charcoal will help to keep the compost sweet
under repeated waterings. Epiphytal species, as
meyenianum and subauriculatum, do well if grown
in pockets in dead tree stems, or in hanging
baskets. Little soil is needed, but it should be
fibrous. Fibrous peat suits meyenianum well, but
subauriculatum needs a little stronger medium.

Other Cultural Points.— Of the greenhouse Poly-
podiums, aureum (sy>i. Phlebodium aureum) is the
most popular ; it makes a capital window plant.
Its varieties like more heat. Pustulatum is useful
for growing in dark corners. Phegopteris is nearly
evergreen when grown in pots under glass. Vul-
gare should be established on dry banks and walls
in the hardy fernery. Its varieties make elegant
plants for the cool house. All evergreen Poly-
podiums require moisture the year round, and in
summer tree stems must be syringed twice a day,
and baskets dipped frequently. Liquid cow
manure is a useful stimulant. Snowy fly and
thrips give trouble. Sponge for the former ; fumi-
gate lightly and sponge for the latter.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — The dimensions refer to the fronds, and
do not include the length of the stipes.]
albo-squamatum, 1' to 2' chnoodes, 12" to 24" long,

long, 1 ' or more broad,
simple or pinnate,
leathery, dotted wh. on
upper surface, st. («/«.
Phymatodes albo-

squamata).

aureum, 36" to 60" long,
9" to 18" broad, simple
or three-lobed, rootstock
covered yel. scales, st.
or grh . (sy». Phlebodium
aureuin).

— areolatum, fronds
smaller, more leathery,
pinuatisect, st.

— glaucum, small, glau-
cous, st.

— Mayi, fronds silvery,
margins crisped, st.

— pulviuatum, 36" to 48"
long, 9" to 12" broad,
piunatisect.

— sporodocarpon, like
aureuin, but with more
narrowly lobed fronds,
st. («//«. glaucum of
gardens).

caudiceps, 6" long, 12" to
18" broad, simple, st.,
good for baskets (»//».
Goniophlebium caudi-
ceps).

4" to 9" broad, soft,
papery, pinnate, good
for baskets (sifus. dis-
simile and Goniophle-
bium chnoodes).
crassifolium, 12" to 36"
long, 1" to a" broad,
simple, leathery, wh.
dotted, st. (.«)/«. Pleu-
ridium crassifolium).

— albo-punctatissimum,
glaucous, heavily dotted
wh. (KI/W. Pleuridium
albo-puncfJitissimum).

ditforme, 3' to 4' long,
tufted, leathery, st.
(fi/ns. irregulare and
Dryopteris irrcgularis).

— macrophyllum, 5' long,
1J' broad, st.

drepanum, 18" to 36"
long, 8" to 12" broad,
leathery, biphmate.
grh. (»i/w. Phegopterij
drepaua).

Dryopteris, 6" to 10" each
way, finely cut, deltoid,
soft, hdy., deciduous.
Oak Fern.

— robertianum, scented
like Geranium roberti-
anum (sy>t. calcareum).

Polypodium

( 223 )

Polypodium

fossutn, 1' long, deepgrn.,
st., good for baskets
(»>/». Pleopeltis fossa).

fraternum, 12" to 18"
long, 6" to 9" broad, st.
(«/«. Henchmauui).

glaucophyllum, 4" to 10"
long, 2" to 4" broad,
spear shaped, leathery,
st. (*//«. Gouiophlebi-
um glaucophyllum).
Glaucum and viride are
vars.

Heracleum, 3' to 6' long,
2' to 2V broad, tufted,
pinuatisect, very stiff
and leathery, and up-
right, st. ("i/iix. coro-
nans of gardens, not
Wallich, raorbillosum,
and Dryuaria Heracle-
um) .

juglandifolium, IV to 2'
long, 1' to IV broad,
leathery, grh. (.V//M.S'.
ca]iitellatum and Pleu-
ridium juglandifolium).
Tenuicauda is a var.

Krameri, :>" to 6" long,

2J" to 3" broad, piu-
imtitid, hdy. ; resembles
the Beech Fern.

Lingua, 4" to 8" long, 1"
to 4" broad, simple,
leathery, st. (*>/»• Ni-
phobolus Lingua).
— corymbiferum, fronds
tassulled at apex.
- Heteractis, broader
fronds.

loriceum, 12" to 18" long,
4" to 6"broad, leathery,
st.

— latipes, fronds longer
and more slender \XIJH.
Catharimu of gardens) .

lycopodioides, fronds di-
morphic, 2" to 4" long,
i" to 1" broad,
leathery, simple, st.
(*//". Anapeltis lyco-
podioides).

— owariense, shorter,
bluut-poiuted fronds.

— salicifolium, fronds
longer and narrower,
prettily veined.

menisciifolium, 2' to 3'
long, 1' to IV broad,
pinnate, leathery, st.
(XI/H. Goniophlebium
nieuisciifolium).

meyenianum, 24" to 36"
long, 8" to 12" broad,
pinnate, upper pinna;
contracted and fertile,
st. (*//««. Aglaomorpha
meyeuiaua and Dry-
naria i)hili]i])inense).
Bear's Paw Fern.

pectiuatum, 12" to 24"
long, 2" to 6" broad,
pinnate, soft, papery, st.
(xi/n. \Vageneri).

— Paradisiac, 12" to 48"
long,3" to 8" broad, pin-
natisect, st. (*>/H. Para-
ilisiii').

penangianum, 12" to IS"
long, 2" to 3" broad,

simple, soft, papery,
and covered with fine
hairs, st.

Phegopteris, G"to9" long,
4' to 6" broad, deltoid,
finely cut., soft, papery,
nearly ev., British.
Beech Fern, Beech
Polypody.

— multifidum, very finely
cut, a constant var.,
hdy.

Picotii, 36" long, 4" to 6"
broad, leathery, simple,
dark grn., grh.

piloselloides, fronds di-
morphic, barren ones
1" to 3" long, 4" to J"
broad, simple, leathery,
pale grn., st., rhizoine
long and creeping (.SV/H.S.
Goniophlebium and Lo-
pholepis piloselloides) .

— ciliatum, fertile fronds
with projecting sori, st.

plesiosorum, 1' to 2' long,
1 broad, pinnate, close
to loriceum, but more
papery (ayna. colpodes,
gouatodes, and rhodo-
pleuron). Appendicu-
latum is a var.

pustulatum, 3" to 9" long,
i" to i" broad, piu-
uatitid, papery, grh.
(syn. Phymatodes pus-
tulata). Scented Poly-
pody.

quercifolium, barren
fronds 3" to 12" long,
2" to 6" wide, fertile
ones 2' to 3' long, 1'
broad, stiff, st. (syn.
Drynaria quercifolia).

rivale, barren fronds 4"
to 6" long, 2" broad,
fertile IV to 2' long, 6"
to 8"" broad, soft,
papery, piunatifid, st.
(»//». Drynaria mollis).

rupestre, 4" to 8" long,
1" to 1^" broad, simple,
leathery (Niphobolus
rupestris of gardens,
see serpens) .

Schneideri, 9" each way,
triangular, grh., hybrid
(aureum X vulgare ele-
gantissimum, syn. Phle-
bodium Schneideri).

Scouleri, 6" to 12" long,
4" to 8" broad, pin-
nate, leathery, grh.
(*//«. Goniophlebium
Scouleri) .

subauriculatum, 10' to 12'
long, 8" to 12" broad,
pinnate, st., a noble
basket Fern (syn. Schel-
lolepis subauriculata) ;
Reinwardtii is a var.

tenellum, 12" to 24" long,
2' to 4" broad, grh.(.\//N.
Arthropteris tenella).

vacciniifolium, 1" to 2"
long, J" to 1" broad,
entire, rhizome long
and densely scaly (*.'/«.
Lopholepis vacciuii-
folia).

verrucosum, 3' to 4' long,
1' broad, pinnate, st., a
noble plant («//«. Schel-
lolepis verrucosa).

vulgare, G" to 12" long,
3" to 6" broad, piu-
uatisect, hdy. ; about
forty of the many vars.
are in the Kew collec-
tion. Adder's Fern,
Brake Root, Golden
Maidenhair, Wall Fern,
Wood Fern, Common
Polypody.

— bifidum, 10" to 15"
long, 3" broad, fronds
forked in varying
degrees.

— cambricum, 11' long,
4" to 5" broad, bipiu-
uatitid ; one of the
best.

— crenatum, of thin tex-
ture.

— cristatum, 12" to 18"
long, 4" wide, forked,
crested.

— comubiense, 8" to 10"
long ; like Killarney
Fern.

— elegantissimum, very
finely cut fronds ; one
of the best.

— mult iliili i - cristatum,
finely cut, much forked
(syn. grandiceps\

— omnilacerum, 1' to H'
long, very fertile.

— pulcherrimum, 1' long,
bipinnatilid, between
omnilacerum and cam-
bricum.

• — trichomanoides, 1 long,
very finely cut ; one o?
the finest.

Other Species and Varieties : —

adnascens, 6" to 12" long,
1" to H" broad, wh. on
lower surface, st. (syn.
Niphobolus adnasceus).
Ltevis is a var.

aduatum, H' to 3' long,
1' broad, leathery, st.
(.w/«. Gouiophlebium
adnatum) .

albo-puuctatissimum (see
crassifolium var).

alpestre, 12" to 24" long,
6" to 8" broad, tufted,
soft, papery, much cut,
resembles Aspleuium
Filix-fuimina, hdy.(s//«.
Pseudathyrium al-
pestre).

— flexile, hdy. (si/n.
Pseudathyrium flexile).

amcenum, 12" to 24 "long,
6" to 12" broad, hard,
papery, piunatisect,
grh.

amphostemon (see an-
gustifolium var.).

augustatum, 6" to 12"
long, A" to 11" broad,
very leathery, simple,
grh. Augustatum of
Blunie is pabnatum.

angustifolium, 12" to 18"
long, V'broad, leathery,
simple, st. Amphoste-
mou and ensifoliuin are
vars.

appeudiculatum, 18" to
24"long,8"to 10"broad,
pinnate, soft, papery,
st. (>tyH. Phegoptena ap-
pendiculatus). Appen-
diculatum of Klotzsch
is a var. of plesiosorum.

areolatum (nee aureum
var.).

Billiu-dieri, 18" long, 9 '
broad, piunatisect,
simple when young,
grh. (.'//»• Phymatodes
Billardieri).

biseriale, 2' to 3' long, 1'
broad, much cut, thin,
papery, st. («/«. Pheg-
opteris bisenalis).

calcareum (see Dryopteris
robertianuin).

californicum, 6" to 9"
long, 3" to 5" broad,
pinnate, grh. (nyns. in-
termedium and Gonio-
phlebium californicum).

cambricum (ste vulgare
var.).

cameroonianum, 3' to 4'
long, 2' broad, soft,
papery, bipiunatitid,
grh. (syii. Dictyopteris
camerooniana).

Cathariuje (see loriceum,
var. latipes).

colpodes (see plesiosorum).

conjugatum, 2' to 4' long,
1 to H' broad, nearly
pinnate, st. (»//«. coro-
nans of Wallich).

contiguum (see longi-
folium).

coronans of gardens (see
Heracleum) .

coronans of Wallich (sec
conjugatum).

cuspidatum (see persicce-
folium).

dissimile (tee chnoodes).

elasticum, 9" to 18" long,
2" to 4" broad, pin-
nate, st. (tytiH. Plumula
and Schkurii of gar-
densj.

ensifohum (see angusti-
folium).

Gardner!, 12" to 18" long,
1" to H" broad, simple,
st. (»yn. Niphobolus
Gardiieri).

guatemalense, 2' to 3'
long, 1' broad, pinnate,
leathery, st. (»yn. Phle-
bodium inaequaleN.

harj>eodes (see loriceum,
var. latipes).

hastaefolium, 6" to 9"
long, 2' ' broad, leathery,
st. (»','/«. Phegopteris
hastajfolia).

hastatum, 4" to 6" long,
1" to 1J" broad, simple,
leathery, grh. (»//«.
Phymatodes hastatum).

hemionitideum, 9" to 18"
long, 2" to 3" broad,
leathery, simple, st.

Polypodium

( 224 )

Polystachya

hexagonopterum, 8' to

simple or piuuatitid,

- asplenioides, fronds sporodocarpon(s0faureum

12" long, 8" broad,

leathery, veins dark

larger, more erect. var.).

deltoid, bipinuatisect,

grn. (syn. Phymatodes

rigidulum, barren fronds stigmaticum, close to

soft, papery (syn. Pheg-

musjt'folia).

6" to 9" long, 3" to 4" lycopodioides, but thin-

opteris hexagonoptera).

neriifolium, 1' to 3' loug,

broad, fertile 24" to 48" ner, st. (syn. Anapeltis

Iiirsutum, 6" to 9" long,

1' to 1^' broad, phi-

long, 12" to 18" broad, venosa).

spear shaped, tripin-
natifid, st. (syn. Pheg-
opteris hirsuta).

natisect, grey scales, st.
(si/us, brasiliense and
preslianum).

pinnate, leathery, st. subpetiolatum, 36" loug,
(syns. diversifolium and 6" to 8" broad, pinnate,
Dryuaria rigidula). soft, st.

hymenodes (see superfi-

nigresceus, 2' to 3' loug,

robertianuin (see Dry- biserratum, longer

ciale).

1' to H' broad, pimiati-

opteris var.). fronds.

inaequale (see guatemal-
ense) .

sect, leathery, st. (syn.
Phymatodes nigres-

rostratum, 2" to 4" long, superficiale, 6" to 12"
J" to 1" broad, simple, long, 1" to 2" broad,

incanum, 2" to 4" long,

ceus).

feathery, good for tree simple, grh. (syns. hy-

1" to Irj" broad,

nigripes, 12" long, 6" to 7''

trunks, st. (syn. Phy- menodes and Phymat-

leathery, pinnate, st.
(syn. Lepicystis iucaua).

broad, pinnate, leathery,
st. (syit. Phlebodium ni-

matodes rostrata). odes superficialis).
sepultum (see lepidopteris tricuspe, 2" to 4" each

incurvatum, barren fronds
6" to 9" each way

gripes).
owariense (see lycopoui-

var.). way, hastate, leathery,
serpens, barren fronds grh. (syn. Niphoboliis

deltoid, pimiatifid,
leathery, st. (syit. Phy-
matodes incurvata).
intermedium (see calif orni-

oides var.).
peltideum, a var. of Phy-
matodes.
peunigerum, 18" to 24"
long, 8" to 12" broad,

small, round, fertile 6" tricuspis).
loug, i" broad, leathery, vacillaus (see loriceum
woolly, grh. (syn. Ni- latipes).
phobolus rupestris of Veitchii, 1" to If" long,
gardens). three-lobed, deltoid, grh.

cum).
irioides, 12" to 36" long,
1" to 3" broad, simple,
fleshy, st. (.\I/H. Phy-
matodes irioides).

bipiunatifid, grh. (syn.
Goniopteris pennigera).
percussum, 6" to 12''
long, J" to If" broad,

spectrum, 3" to 4" long, Xiphias, 12" to 18" long,
halbert shaped, st. (syu. 3" broad, simple, st.
Colysis spectra). (Pleopeltis Xiphias).
spha'roeephalum (see an-

karwiuskianum (see ple-

simple, leathery, st.

gustatum).

beium).

("i/it. Pleopeltis per-

POLYPORUS.

lachuopus, 12' to 18"
long, 3" to 4" broad,
pinnate, soft, papery,
grh. (*//«. Goniophle-
bium lachnopus).
Iffivigatum, 18 ' long, 3"
to 4" broad, bipinuati-

cussa).
persiciefolium, 24" to 36"
long, 8' to 12" broad,
resembles subauriculat-
um of Blume, st. (syns.
cuspidatum and Gonio-
phlebiuni cuspidatum) .

Fungi that are chiefly parasitic on forest trees,
especially Spruce and Oak, and their presence is
always an indication that the timber of the host
is valueless, except as firewood, for infested trees
never recover from an attack. As they grow on
indefinitely, these Fungi often attain a large size

fid, parchment-like, st.

grandidens, more

(2' diameter). The spores are in tiny tubes on the

(syn. Phegopteris tevi-

deeply toothed than

under surface of the pileus (cap), and thus the

gata).
lanceolatum, 3" to 9"
long, J" to 1" broad,
simple, leathery, st.

Phymtidis, 12" to 36"
long, 3 to 4" broad, like
an erect-growing Hart's

species of Polyporus (like Boletus) differ from the
true Mushrooms (Agaricus), in which the spores
are borne on the gills, or folds of the hymenium.

(st/n. Pleopeltis ensi-

Tongue Fern, st. (syn.

POLYPTERIS.

fo'lia).
leiorhizon, 2' to 4' long,
1' to 2' broad, leathery,
grh. (san. Phymatodes

Campyloueurum Phyl-
litidis).
Phymatodes; 2' to 3' long,
1' broad, pinnatisect, st.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Composites), re-
quiring winter protection. Propagation, by seeds
or division. Soil, loam and sand.

r * i_ • \
leiormza).

lepidopteris, 6" to 18"

(syns. Drynaria and
Phymatodes vulgaris).

Principal Species : —

hookeriana, 2', sum., rosy texana, 2', sum., pk. (si/tt.

long, IV' to 3" broad,

— longipes, longer stalks

pk. (syn. Palafoxia Palafoxia texana).

pinnate, fleshy, st.

and more upright

hookeriana).

• — sepultum, 1' to U'long,
silvery scales, st. (syns.
Goniophlebiuni sepult-

fronds.
— pustulum (see p. 222).
pictum, 5" to 6" long,

POLYSCIAS.

Stove trees (ord. Araliacese). Propagation, by

um).

three-lobed, st. («/«.

cuttings in sand over bottom heat. Soil, loam,

longifolium, 12" to 24"

Pleopeltis picta).

leaf mould, and sand.

long, 4" to 1J" broad,
simple, leathery, st.
(syn. contiguum).
longissimum, 12" to 48"

plebeium, resembles vul-
gare, but has br. scales,
st.(.\y«.karwinskianum).
Plumula (see elasticum) .

Principal Species : —

paniculata, 10', handsome Ivs., grn., netted red-
dish br., with red midrib to each leaflet (syn.

long, 6" to 12" broad,

preslianum (see nerii-

Terminalia elegans) ; the genus Terminalia is

piunatifld,. leathery, st.

folium).

really far removed.

(syrt. Phymatodes long-
issima) .

propinquum, barren fronds
4 ' to 9" long, 3" to 4'

POL YST AC H YA.

macrourum, like Phymat-

broad, fertile 18" to 36"

A genus of epiphytal stove Orchids (ord. Orchid-

odes, but has long-

long, 12" broad, pinnate

aceas), containing few species of horticultural

tailed fronds, st.

or pinnatifid, st. (Kyns.

value. Given moisture, good drainage, and a

membranaceum, 12" to
3(i"long, 2" to 6" broad,
thin, st. (syn. Colysis

Willdeuovii and Dry-
naria propinqua).
pulviuatum (see aureum

compost of peat and sphagnum, cultivation is easy.
Principal Species : —

membranacea).

var.).

bracteosa, 6", Jy., yel., Kirkii, 8", sum.,wh., pur.

graudifolia, larger
fronds.

repens, 6" to 18" long,
1" to 3" broad, simple,

br. ottoniana, 8", spr., wh.,
bulbophylloides, 3", Je., fragrant.

multilineatum, 3' to 4'

leathery, st. Undulat-

wh., spotted or. pubesceus, 6", Jan., yel.,

long,. !£' to 2' broad,

urn is a var.

grandiflora, 1', Jy., gm., red (syn. Epiphora

pinnate, st. (syn. Goui-

reptans, 4" to 12" long,

red, wh. pubesceus).

opteris multiliueata).
musii-foliuin, 12" to 36"

1" to 3" broad, st. (*.'/".
Campyloneurum re-

Polypody (see Polypodium).

long, 3" to 4" broad,

pens).

Polyspora (sec Gordonia).

Polystichum

( 225 )

Pomaderris

POLYSTICHUM.

The tendency has been to reduce the number of
genera of Ferns. Amongst genera which have
liee.n merged in others is Polystiehum, now referred
to Aspidium. For Aspidiuiu aculeatum and A. au-
gulare, sometimes found in gardens under Polysti-
chum, «•'' ASPIDIUM.

Principal Species :—
odorata, 4", Oct., wh.
(now Massouia odor-
ata).

POMADERRIS.

A genus (onl. Khamnea;) of greenhouse ever-

pygrnisa, 6", Ap., lil.
. Massonia ensi-.
folia. M. uuiflora, and
M. -violacea).

POFULUS TKEMl'LA (see p. 226).

POLYXENA (>yn. POLYANTHES of JAC-

QUIN).

Bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceas), thriving in a
warm border or in a cold frame. Propagation, by
offsets or seeds. Soil, loam, peat, leaf mould, and
sand. Bulbs out of doors must be lifted and stored
in winter. They are not safe in the open ground,
particularly in damp places.
45

green shrubs. Propagation, by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass. The cuttings should be
dried a little before being inserted, or they
may damp off. Soil, fibrous loam and peat,
with sand.

Principal Species : — .

npetala, 4', Je., grn. (syn. elliptica, 6', Je., creamy
aspera). yel.

Pomax

( 22G ')

Populus

POMAX.

A greenhouse evergreen (ord. Rubiacese). Propa-
gation, by cuttings in very sandy peat. Soil, loam
three parts, fibrous peat one part, and sand.

Only Species : —

umbellata, 1', Jy., greenish wh. (syns. hirta and
Opercularia umbellata).

POMEGRANATE (.-«• PUNICA).

POMMERESCHIA.

A rarely cultivated genus of stove plants (ord.
Scitaminese). The only species is Lackneri, 1J',
summer, yellow, a foliage plant much resembling
Phrynium, and needing similar treatment.

POMPON.

In horticulture this term is used to indicate a
certain class of Chrysanthemums and Dahlias
which have more or less rounded or tuft-like heads
of flowers. The fancied resemblance between these
small, compact bloom heads and the ornaments
formerly used on military helmets probably led to
the adoption of " pompon " as a class title.

PONDS.

These are areas of water of any size that may be
naturally or artificially formed. They are very
desirable adjuncts to a garden, as in them may be
grown numerous aquatic plants, while their con-
tents will be1 found of inestimable value during the
prevalence of drought, as the water will be softened
by exposure and hence more valuable than that
drawn from taps. In the artificial formation of
ponds puddling with clay is resorted to. An
excavation of the requisite size is made, allowing
for the puddling. The sides should be puddled to a
thickness of 1J', and must have a gentle downward
slope ; the bottom must be similarly lined, but 1'
depth will suffice if the mass is properly pounded
down. Care must be taken to have a substantial
backing for the sides, or they will break away.
The sides may advantageously be covered with a
few inches of gravel. A more permanent method
of forming ponds is to concrete the sides and
bottom, but it will be found considerably more
expensive.

PONERA.

Epiphytal stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacese), of no
horticultural value and rarely cultivated ; even in
botanical collections they are seldom represented
by more than one or two species.

Principal Species : —
amethystina, H', sum., Kienastii, 6", Sep., green-

wh. , bluish pur. ish br. (now Scaphy-

juncifolia, 1', sum., buff. glottis Kieuastii).

PONGAMIA.

Evergreen stove climbers and shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosse). Propagation, by cuttings of firm growths
in spring, in heat. Soil, equal parts fibrous peat
and loam, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

glabra, 10', Je., wh., red. marginata, 3', My., yeL
gramliflora, 6', My., wh. (now Derris cunei-

folia).

Pommelo (see Citrus deeumana).
Pompiim (see Cucurtita).
Pondmeed, Cape (see Aponagcton distae/iyori).
Pontia (see Pieris).

PONTEDERIA.

Hardy and stove aquatics (ord. Pontederiaceae).
(See also EICHORNEA.) Propagation, by division.
Soil, mellow loam, in a tub or shallow cistern of
water.

Principal Species : —
coerulea, '!' ', Jy., bl.

PONTHIEVA.

cordata, '2' to 4', Jy.,
hcly., bl.

A genus of terrestrial stove Orchids (ord. Orchid-
aceae). The small flowers are borne in erect
spikes. Compost, equal parts of fibrous loam and
peat, with coarse sand and finely broken crocks.
Afford ample drainage. Place on a shelf and
keep dry during the resting period.

Principal Species : —

glaudulosa, l',spr., green- petiolata, H', sum. , light
ish wh. yellowish br

maculata, 1', spr., sum.,
br. , wh. , yel.

POPPY (««• PAPAVER).

POPULUS. (POPLAR.)

Hardy deciduous trees (ord. Salicineje), of con-
siderable ornamental value and some economic
properties. The small green flowers are borne in
catkins, in March and April. The majority are
quick growers, suitable for screens. Propagation,
by seeds, cuttings, layers, and suckers ; grafting
for weeping and other varieties. Soil, deep, moist
loam preferably. The trees resent stagnant
moisture.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alba, 60' to 100'. (iood
vars. are nivea (si/us.
acerifoliaandargentea'),
pyramidalis (syits. hol-
leana and Korolkowi),
macrophylla (*#//. Pi-
carti), and foliis aureis
variegatis. Abele, or
White Poplar.

balsamifera, 70', Ivs.
tapering and pointed.
Candicaus and varie-
gata are vars. Balsam
Poplar.

caiiesceus, 80', Ivs. hoary
beneath when young.
Grey Poplar.

deltoidea, 80' to 100', Ivs.

heart shaped (xt/i/x.
caiiadensis, cordata, mo-
nilifera,etc.). Best vars.
are aurea (syns. caua-
densis aurea and van-
houtteaua), and erecta
(*>/)IK. canadensis erecta
and monilifera erecta).
Xecklace Poplar.

grandidentata, 60' , Ivs.
deeply toothed.

iiigra, BO'. Black Poplar.

— pyramidalis, distinct
(xifitx. dilatata,, f astigiata
and pyramidalis). Loui-
bardy Poplar.

tremula, oO' to 80 , grey
bark. Aspen (seep. 22.")).

Other Species and Varieties : —

acerifolia (sec alba var.

nivea).
argentea of gardens (-•«•

alba var. nivea).
bolleana (see alba var.

pyramidah's).
cauadensis (see deltoidea).
cordata (see deltoidea).
dilatata (ste nigra var.

pyramidalis).

fastigiata (nee nigra var.

pyramidalis).
gncca (see tremuloides).
heterophylla, 40' to 60',

Ivs. large, hoary wheii

young. Pendula and

villosa are vars.
Korolkowi of gardens (see

alba var. pyramidalis).
laurif olia. 70' , Ivs. Laurel

Pop Corn (see Maize and Xrii).

Pope's Head (see Meloenctus).

Poppy, Californian (see Pint ystemon, califor-

niciMii).

Poppy, Corn (see Papavcr Rha-as').
Poppy, Horned (see Glaucium luteiim~).
Poppy, Mallow (see Callirkoe).
Poppy, Mexican (sec Argemone).
Poppy, Opium (see Papawr somniferum).

Porana

( 227 )

Posoqueria

br., Ivs. greyish wh.
beneath.

tremuloides, 30' to 50'
(>//>/. grteca). There
is a pendulous var.
American Aspen.

shaped (*(///.«. balsam-

ifera laurit'olia, salici-

folia and viniinalis).
monilifera (.s/r deltoidea).
pyramidalis (.vr nigra

var.).
Simonii, 80', bark reddish

PORANA.

Twiners (ord. Convolvulaceas) requiring stove
culture. Propagation, by cuttings of short side
growths, in sand, in heat ; or by seeds for the
annuals, sown in spring. Soil, loam, peat, and
sand.

Principal Species :—

paniculata, 25', Oct., wh. racemosa, '20', sum., aut.,

(HIIH. Dinetus pauicu- ami., wh. Snow Creeper,

latus). volubilis, 30', Jy., ev.,

PORANTHERA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Euphorbi-
aceae). Propagation, by cuttings of side growths
getting firm, in sand, in heat. Soil, loam, peat,
ami sand.

Principal Species :—
ericaofolia, 1', Jy., wh.

PORLIERIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Zygophillea)). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of ripe growths in spring, in
sand, in heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat with
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

hygniinerra, 2', Ap., greenish wh.

PORPHYROCOMA.

Stove or intermediate house plants (ord. Acan-
thaceae), closely allied to and requiring the same
treatment as Dianthera, which see.

Principal Species :—

lanceolata, 3' to 5', spr., red, pur. (syw.
illustris and Dianthera lanceolata).

PORTEA.

Stove perennials (aril. Bromeliaceas). Propaga-
tion, by suckers and division. Soil, loam, peat,
and a little decomposed cow manure.

Principal Species : —

kermesiua, !£', aut., bl., pur. (now Ortgiesia

bracts ro. (rgn. Bill- legrelliana).

bergia Brongniartii). tillandsioides (see Ort-

legrclliaim, 6", sum., red, giesia tillandsioides).

PORTENSCHLAGIA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Umbelliferse). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. Light,
well-drained soil.

Only Species : —

ramosissima, 3', sum., creamy wh.

PORTLANDIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Rubiaceae). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of firm shoots in very sandy
soil. Soil, loam, peat, leaf mould, and sand.

Porocnrpus (net; Timonius).
Porpax (of fjalisbury, sec. Aspidistra).
Porpax (of Lindley, see Eria).
Porphyrostachys (see Stenoptera).

Principal Species : —

cocciuea, 2' to 3', Je., sc. platautha, 3', Jy., wh.
grandiflora, 10', Je., wh.,

fragrant at night.

PORTUGAL LAUREL, (tee PBUNUS).

PORTULACA. (PURSLANE.)

Description. — Pretty, fleshy plants (ord. Portula-
ceae), of considerable value in the garden, green-
house, or stove, the one best known being grandi-
flora, of which there are many brilliantly coloured
varieties, which are charming in beds or borders.
Oleracea is the culinary Purslane, the old shoots
of wliich are used for pickling or as potherbs, and
the young ones in salads. (<SYr PURSLANE.)

Propagation. — The annuals from seeds sown as
recommended for Half-hardy Annuals, which see.

Soil. — The annuals in a light, rich, firm soil in a
sunny border ; the perennials in loam, leaf soil,
and sand.

POTATO VICAK OF LALEHAH (see p. 229).
Principal Species and Varieties : —

foliosa, 6", Je., hlf-hdy.
ami., yel.

Gilliesii, 6", Je.,grh. ev.,
red, pk.

grandiflora, 6", Je., hlf-
hdy. ann., yel., pur.
Suu Plant.

— compacta, dwarf form
of varied colours.

— Kegeli, salmon buff,
oleracea, 6", Je., hdy.

ann. , yel.

Purslane.
Thellusonii, 1

hdy. aim.,

granditiora

sonii).
— lutea, yel.

Common

, Je., hlf-

sc. (*un.

Thellu-

PORTULACARIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Portulacese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of young shoots, dried for
some hours before being inserted in dry, sandy
soil. Light soil.

Principal Species : —

afra, 3', pk. Purslane Tree.

POSOQUERIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs with fragrant flowers
(ord. Rubiacese). Propagation, by cuttings in
sandy peat in brisk heat. Soil, loam three parts,
leaf mould one part, peat half part, with sand.
(For general treatment, see GARDENIA.)

Portugal Quince(see Pijrus).

Potato

( 2,28 )

Potato

Principal Species :—

fotmosa, 12', Jy., wh. longiflora, 6', Jy,, wh.

fragrautissima, 10', Jy., macropus, 6', sum., wh.

wh. multiflora (now Kaudia

latifolia, 6', aut., wh. longiflora).

(syn. macrophylla).

POTATO.

Description. — This is the most important of all
vegetable crops, and the probabilities all point in
the direction of enhanced value in the future, when
the tuber becomes more recognised as a medium
from which commodities of commercial value may
be manufactured. The Potato is the one vegetable
of the many grown in British gardens that can be
utilised for at least one meal every day in the year,
and it should, therefore, in the small garden
particularly, have a very conspicuous place. It is
not possible to say exactly how much ground
should be devoted to Potato culture, as tastes and
requirements differ, but the cottager should have

addition of fresh, wet manure to the ground for
Potatoes is an. error, as it encourages a luxuriant
growth, which is very liable to take the disease.
When land is in good . cultivation, thorough
mechanical working will set free sufficient food
for the development of a satisfactory crop ; but if
known to be slightly deficient, it is well to make
up with chemical or artificial foods rather than
stable manure. If, however, the land is lacking in
humus, short, decomposed, natural manure should
be thoroughly incorporated in working, and good
results will accrue. In making up mixtures of
chemical manures consideration should be given
to the nature oE the soil> but the following will
be found of value : —

For heavy soils in fairly yood condition : —

3 parts superphosphate of)

lime-. I 3 oz. to 1 yard of

1 part kainit. V drill at plant-

1 part nitrate of soda. ing time.

1 part bone flour.

POTATO WIXDSOK CASTLE (see p. 229).

at least one^third of the garden under Potatoes.
In large gardens where choice vegetables are in
constant demand, the main crop Potatoes should
be grown outside the walls, only the early varieties
finding a place under the better conditions that
prevail in the garden proper.

History. — The introduction of the Potato is
usually credited to Sir Walter Raleigh, but
authority confers the honour upon a Mr. Herriot.
The great herbalist Gerarde, whose garden was on
the Thames side, probably near to the site occu-
pied by Somerset House, grew what he termed
the " Potatoe of Virginia," and figured it in his
" Herbal " in 1597. Neither then nor for a period
of nearly 200 years was the Potato recognised as
a valuable food product. During the ceptury just
closed great efforts were made to improve the
cropping properties and the quality, while, since
the initial visitation of the murrain, raisers have
endeavoured, and with some success, to add disease-
resisting powers. Solatium tuberosutu has played
by far the most important part in the progress of
the Potato. It was thought that S. Maglia would
prove disease resisting, but such was not the case.

Preparing Ground. — Generally speaking, the

For light soils in poor condition : —

3 parts superphosphate of) 4 oz to x ynrd

h.m<T . ., C of drill at piant-

2 parts kainit. C in,T time

2 parts nitrate of soda. )

In each case 1 oz. of nitrate of soda may be
applied, just after the first earthing, to each
1 yard run of row ; it should not be put on the
plants. For land under plough culture, a com-
bination of natural and artilicial manures is best.
To each ton of farmyard manure add 14 Ib. guano
and 7 Ib. kainit. The manure should be spread out
thinly, and have the guano and kainit distributed
over the surface. The mass should then be made
into a heap, and be turned twice or thrice prior
to use.

Planting. — This can be done in drills of varying
depth, or in holes made with a Potato dibber. The
former plan is the better. The drills should be
drawn for the early varieties 5" or 0" in depth, and
for second early and main crop sorts 3". For the
Ashleafs, and other small growers, the drills should
be 20" apart and the sets 12" asunder in the rows ;
for varieties with medium tops the drills should be

Potato

( 229 )

Potato

30" and the sets lf>" apart, and for very strong
growers t lie distances ought to be 36" and 18" respec-
tively. These measurements are the minimum for
each section, and may be increased at discretion.
The more room that is accorded the better, though
not necessarily the heavier the crop. The fact that
the plants have sufficient space to build up stems,
leafstalks, and leaves that are perfect in all their
parts, means that the tuber growth will be of
ciinvsponding excellence. The tubers are simply
swollen, underground stems whose value lies in the
March that is manufactured by the perfect leaves.
Sunn- growers of Potatoes, especially for exhibition,
almost double the spaces suggested above, but the
system would be extravagant for tubers for table
usr. where great size is a disadvantage.

Earthing. — This is a very important operation,
whether early or main crop Potatoes are under
treatment. In the former case the earth should be
drawn up to the rows with the first indications of
the plants above ground, or the tops may be cut
down by frosts. With the main crop varieties care
should be taken that the ridge shall not be trough
shaped at the top, or it will gather moisture and
materially assist the spread of the disease. A few
da\s prior to earthing, the ground should be well
hoed, to destroy weeds and bring the soil into
better condition for drawing up to the plants when
necessary.

Times of Planting. — The earliest may be planted
in .March, but a warm, sheltered border should bo
chosen, or the plants will almost certainly be
injured by frost. Some long, loose litter should be
at hand for scattering over the plants when frosts
are imminent. For the open quarters, from the
middle of April to the end of the first week in
May will be found the best time.

Storing Potatoes. — The main crop and late
varieties are utilised for storing, for which purpose
the tubers must be thoroughly ripened and free
from disease. Any dark, frost-proof place is
suitable. They may be stored in "pies'' sunk in
the ground, or in clamps raised above the surface,
lining and covering with straw in each case, and
leaving ventilators at the top for the escape of the
warm moisture which will be generated. It is
desirable that examinations be made at intervals
to ascertain that disease is not present, and to
remove any sprouts or shoots.

Potatoes in Pots and Frames. — The earliest
Potatoes are those from pots, 10" or 12" being
useful sizes. Prepared sets having one or two
strong sprouts are used, and the pots are barely
half tilled with light, rich soil. Two sets are re-
quired for each pot, and these maybe just covered.
Start in a warm temperature, removing later to less
heat and an abundance of light, finishing in a,
greenhouse. Care must be exercised in watering.
Sharpe's Victor will be found an excellent variety
for this purpose, as well as for frame culture. In
this method the frames are placed on beds of
leaves and manure, the latter somewhat spent for
preference. The bed must not be soiled until it
has reached the maximum heating point and is
declining. Sufficient head room should be allowed,
a-s the foliage should never touch the glass, and
material should be at command for covering during
severe weather.

Potatoes for Seed. — Tlie sets for planting may
be cut or uncut, prepared or unprepared, according
to the choice of the grower. Whole sets (save for
a slice taken off to hasten decay when the set has

done its work) weighing from 2 oz. to 3 oz. give
good results. For strong-growing sorts like Up-
to-Date, the sets should not weigh more than
2J oz., or there may result a preponderance of
coarse, ungainly tubers. If the sets are too large
for planting they should be cut from top to bottom,
so as to ensure having good buds or eyes on each
portion. Sets are prepared for planting in shallow
boxes holding about 1 peck. The tubers are placed
on end, and if the boxes or trays have sides
narrower than the ends, they may be piled one
above the other to any convenient height. One or
two growths only should be retained, the others
being persistently removed, so as to concentrate
the energy in the sprouts that remain. This
ensures a crop of tubers of more even size and
shape than the planting of cut sets would do. In
preparing sets, a light, airy, but perfectly frost-
proof place is essential.

Webber's White Beauty.

Daniels's Special.
*Up-to-Date (*ef p. 230).
Windsor Castle (nee p. 228).

POTATO MILTON GEM.

Selections of Varieties : —

For Pots an'l Frames : —
Sharpe's Victor. Harbinger. Snowdrop.

First Early : —
Puritan. Sharpe's Victor. Sutton's Al.

Second Early : —
Reliance. Snowdrop.

Main Crop: —
Beauty of Hebron.
'British Queen.
Crawley Prizetaker.

* These for very heavy crops.

For Exhibition : -

White Hound: —
Sunbeam. Royal Sovereign. Windsor Castle.

Coloured Round : —

Lord Tennyson. Vicar of Laleham (see

Milton Gem (see figure). p. 227) .

White Kidney : —
Satisfaction. Snowdrop. TTp-to-Date.

Coloured Kidney : —
Beauty of Hebron. Edgecote Purple. Reading Ruby

Potato Disease. — The common Potato disease,
I'hytophthora, («/». Peronospora) infestans, does
immense damage in some seasons. The fungus is
encouraged by bad cultivation in the form of close

Potato Onion

( 230 )

Potentilla

planting, which prevents light and air reaching the
bases of the plants and the surface of the soil ;
and by leaving infested plants to rot on the ground.
When the disease is established there is no cure.
If, however, Bordeaux Mixture, which see, is applied
to the surfaces of the leaves immediately the disease
makes its appearance in the form of downy patches,
its progress may be arrested. The liquid mixture
should be applied through a knapsack sprayer.
Sprayings should be made at intervals of three
weeks. Every diseased leaf, stem, and tuber should
be burned. (See PHYTOPHTHORA.)

Potato Scab. — This is encouraged by the presence
in the soil of an overabundance of sharp grit. It is
often caused by a fungus of which little or nothing
is known save that scabbed sets almost invariably
produce a similarly infested crop. This may be
prevented by soaking the tubers for one and a half

soil, with the addition of sand for the Alpines.
The hybrids like a rich, well-manured soil.

Principal Species. Hybrid, and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — All hardy perennial herbs except where
otherwise stated.]

alcheinilloides, 6", sum.,

wh.

ambigua, 6", Je., yel.
argyrophylla, li' to 3',

sura., yel., Ivs. silky.
— atrosanguinea, crim.

(*///?. atrosanguiuea).
fruticosa, 2' to 5', sum.,

hdy. shr., yel.
• — Friedrichseni, 2' to 3',

sum., hdy. shr.,paleyel.,

hybrid.

hopwoodiaua, li', Je.,
pale yel., ro., hybrid.

nepalensis, !£', sum.,
crim. («/«. formosa).

— nana, 1', crim.

— pallida, pale red.
uitida, 3" to 6", sum., ro.

— alba, wh.

— atrorubens, rosy pur.

— grandinora, pk.

— rosea, ro.
Saxifraga, 4" to C", My.,

wh.

POTATO UP-TO-DATE (see p. 229).

or two hours in a solution of 1J oz. corrosive sub-
limate in 25 gallons of water. "All tubers treated
should be planted or burned, as they are poisonous.

POTATO ONION.

A variety of Allium Cepa, also known as the
Underground Onion. It produces no seed, but is
increased by bulbs formed beneath the soil.
Except in districts where ordinary Onions do not
succeed well, Potato Onions are seldom grown, and
their culture is largely confined to cottage gardens.
Plant the bulbs in February in the same way as
Shallots ; lift and harvest the crop in August.
The Potato Onions keep well, and are useful for
flavouring purposes.

POTENTILLA. (CINQUEFOIL.)

Description. — A valuable genus of herbs or sub-
shrubs (prd. Rosacese), principally half-hardy
perennials and a few annuals. They generally
make good border plants, the hybrids being the
more valuable for this purpose, and a number of
the Alpine species make capital rock plants.
Propagation, by seeds or division. Common garden

Potato, Sweet (see Batatas edulis).

Other Species and Varieties : —

alba, 6", Mch., wh.
alpestris, 6" to 12", Jy.,

yel. («»/«. maculata).
Anserina, 6", Jy., yel.

Silver Weed,
argentea, 6", Jy., yel.
aurea, 9" to 12", sum.,

yel. (.»//«. crocea).
— ambigua, yel. («//».

dubia).

clusiaua, 6", Je., wh.
davurica, 1', hdy. shr.,

wh. («//». fruticosa var.

davurica of some),
flagellaris, 2', Je., creep-
ing, yel.
Fragariastrum, 4", Mch.,

procumbent, wh.
gracilis, 1' to 2', Jy., yel.
grandinora, Je., yel.
hippia.ua, li', Jy., yel.
hirta, 1', sum., pale yel.

(ii/n. pedata).
lanuginosa, 6" to 12",

Jy., yel.
micraudra, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdy. shr., yel.
minima, 3", My., yel.

multifiila, 6", Jy., yel.
nivalis, 3" to 6 , Jy., wh.
nivea, 1', Je., yel.
palustris, 2', Je., pur.

(*//"*. Comarum and

C. palustre).
parvifolia, Je., hlf-hdy.

shr., yel.
peimsy 1 vaiiien , IV, Je.,

yel. (syn. missourica).
pyrenaica, 8" to 18",

sum., yel.
recta, 1', sum., pale yel.,

several vars.
reptans, 4", Je., creeping,

yel.

— flore pleno, double
flowers.

— variegata, variegated
Ivs.

rupestris, 6" to 12", My.,

wh.
russelliana, 1', sum., so.,

hybrid.
Sibbaldia, 3" to 6", Jy.,

yel. (*y«. Sibbaldia

procumbens).
splendens, 6", Mch., wh.

Poterium

231 )

Pots

Thurberi, 1', Je., red. Valderia, 1', sum., yel.,

Tormeutilla, 6" to 24", wh.

Je., yel. verna, 6" to 9", apr., yel.
tridontata, 0", My., wh.

Selection of Hybrid Potentillas : —

Belxebuth, dark red. Louis Van Houtte, deep

Cameleon, sc., striped crim.

pur., yel. purpurea plena, deep

Candidat, yel.. red. crim., yel.

Drap d'Or, or., yel. variabilis, crim., yel.

FeuFollct, vermilion, yel. versicoloured, yel., striped

edge. and blotched.

Le Vi'suve, red, yel. Victor Lemoine, red,
striped yel.

POTERIUM. (BcnxET.)

Hardy perennial herbs (prd. Rosacese), with heads
or spikes of small flowers. Propagation, by division
of the rootstock in spring. Seeds may also be
sown. Ordinary garden soil. The leaves of
Sanguisorba smell pleasantly of Cucumber, and
arc sometimes used in salad; hence the name
Salad Burnet.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aljniiiiiu, 1' to 2', Je., omciuale, 2' to 3', Jy.,

yel. (»i/n. Sauguisorba pur. (xyti. Sauguisorba

alpina). officinalis) .

canadeusc, 3', Aug., wh. — neglectum, 4', Jy., wh.

(M/M. Sauguisorba cana- — rubrum, 3' to 4', Jy. ,

ili-nsis). red.

dodecandrum, 3' to 4', Jy., Sanguisorba, 6" to 15",

pur. (*.</«. Sauguisorba Jy., Aug., gru., red.

il'iilrrimilra). Salad Burnet.

sitcheuse, 3', Jy., sc.

POTHERBS.

Formerly various herbs were much grown for
medicinal purposes ; now their chief use is for
flavouring purposes in cookery. A herb .border or
a small piece of the kitchen garden is usually set
apart for their cultivation, thus keeping them
together for convenience of gathering. Annuals
and biennials are propagated by annual sowings of
seed ; the perennials by division of the rootstock in
most cases. (For special uses and details of treat-
ment, see under their respective headings).

Principal Potherbs : -

A /i /main. — Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Blessed
Thistle (Cnicus benedictus), Borage (Borago
officinalis), Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium),
Coriander (Coriandrnm sativum), Marigold, Pot
(Calendula officinalis), Marjoram, Summer or Sweet
(Origanum Majorana), Purslane (Portulaca oler-
acea), Savory, Summer (Satureia hortensis).

Jiinmia/g. — Angelica (Archangelica officinalis),
Parsley (Carum Petroselinum). Many of the above
annuals may be treated as biennials.

Prrennialt. — Balm (Melissa officinalis), Burnet,
Salad (Poterium Sanguisorba), Caraway (Carum
Carvi), Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), Chives
(Alliiim Schuenoprasnm and A. S. sibiricum), Dill
(Peucedanum graveolens), Fennel (Foaniculum
vulgare), Garlic (Allium sativum), Horehound
(Marrubium vulgare), Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis),
Lavender (Lavandula vera), Liquorice (Glycyr-
rhiza glabra), Marjoram, Common (Origanum
vulgare), Marjoram, Pot (0. Onites), Marjoram,
Winter (O. heracleoticum), Pennyroyal (Mentha
Pulegium), Peppermint. (M. piperita). Rue (Ruta
graveolens), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Savory .Winter
(Satureia montana). Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis), Spear Mint (Mentha viridis), Tansy
(Tanacetum vulgare and T. v. crispum), Tarragon

(Artemisia dracunculoides), Thyme (Thymus vul-
garis), Thyme, Lemon (T. Serpyllum citriodorus),
and Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium).

POTHOS.

Epiphytal stove climbers (prd. Aroidese), valued
for their foliage, the spathes being usually small
and green. Propagation, by suckers. Soil, loam
and peat, both fibrous and lumpy, with nodules of
charcoal and sand. The compost must be open.
They delight in atmospheric moisture and a little
shade. The descriptions refer to the leaves.

Principal Species : —
argenteus, silvery grey, flexuosus, gm., stems

gm. midrib. rooting, flattened,

aureus, variegated yel. nigricaus, glossy blk.,

celatocaulis, clings close olive.

to wall or other support. nitens, Ivs. bronzy pur.,
euderiauus, blk., olive. gm.

scandens, cl., grn.

POTS.

Flower pots are made in various sizes. The
smallest size, termed thimbles, are used for raising
Orchid seedlings and other small, slow-growing
subjects. Thumb pots may be of various sizes
under 3" in diameter at the top, and with or with-
out rims. Seedling Palms, for instance, require
deep pots to hold the roots, but they should be
narrow and without rims for economy of space.
Pots are made in casts of a given number according
to size, and by the old method of classifying them
a 3" pot was made in casts of 60, and in garden
phraseology termed GO's, or 60 size pots. Pots with
rims are generally of the same depth as width,
inside 'top measurement, Without rims they are
generally a little deeper in proportion to width.
Modern requirements necessitate pots of more
varied size than formerly ; some are made by hand,
others by machinery, so that great variation is
found in the size of different casts by different
makers. To show the variation in size and cast,
two sets are here appended, the old style and a
modern make : —

Width at Top.

Pots in Cast.

Width at Top.

Pots in Cast,

3"

Ill) (GO'S)

2J"

(ill

5"

48 (48's)

2J"

52

6"

32 (32's)

3"

48

8"
9"
11"

24 (24's)
16 (16's)
12 (12's)

34"
6?'

42
33

24

12"

8 (8's)

8"

12

13"

6 (6's)

9"

a

15"

4 (4's)

10"

6

18"

2 (2's)

12"

3

—

15"

1

Upright pots have at various times been used
where depth rather than width was desired.
Thumbs for Palms, as mentioned above, are an
instance. Large Palms have also been successfully
grown in pots measuring 10", 12", or of even
greater diameter top and bottom, but several
inches deeper. Bulbs of various kinds have also
been grown in these upright pots, but as the large
sizes never have become generally popular, they
have to be made to order.

Glazed pots are considered by many florists as
amenable as the ordinary porous type, and probably
only the primary expense and a little prejudice
prevent them from coming into general use.

Pothitava (sec JKchmea).

Potting

( 232 )

Pratia

Specially made Orchid pots are ranch shallower
than the ordinary forms ; but otherwise they are
similar, except in those cases where they are
perforated at the sides, or are of special patented
designs.

Seakale and Rhubarb pots are like bell-glasses,
with a round lid attached to the knobs or handles.
When they are placed over Seakale or Rhubarb
crowns, and covered with manure to force them
where they grow, it is only necessary to remove
the dung from the top to get at the lid for cutting
or pulling the produce.

Wooden and slate tubs would be more economical
for large plants than earthenware pots. Pot baskets
are wooden baskets for Orchids, of pot shape.

POTTING.

Condition of the Pots. — When potting or re-
potting plants of any kind, dirty receptacles should
not be used. Pots that have been emptied should be
placed in a tub of water. When extensive potting
operations are proceeding a boy should be kept
washing, so that the pots may be used again when-
ever they are sufficiently dry. If dirty pots are
used, the ball of soil often gets broken and the
roots injured when turning them out. New pots
should be steeped before use.

When to Pot. — The precise time will depend
upon the kind of plant, its stage of growth, and
the season. The potting of seedlings from seed
pans or boxes will depend upon the size at which
it is most advantageous to perform this operation.
Cuttings of most plants should be well rooted
before they are disturbed. Seedling Chinese
Primulas, Calceolarias, and Cinerarias should be
repotted from time to time, never allowing them to
become potbound till in their final or flowering
pots. The same applies to winter-flowering and
many other plants being grown from cuttings, the
secret of success being to keep them growing till
they have attained the desired size. Plants that
have been cut back or pruned should be kept drier
for a time, and afterwards encouraged to make
fresh growth by placing them in a moist, warm
house and frequently syringing them. When the
buds begin to grow is the time to repot the plants.
Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Angracums, and most
other epiphytal Orchids should be repotted, if
necessary, when the young roots begin to develop
after the flowering period. Odontoglossums and
various other cool-house Orchids may be repotted
in early autumn or in February, so that they may
have time to become established before the advent
of hot weather.

Procuring and Preparing Soils. —In and around
large towns it is generally necessary to procure
different kinds of soil from the horticultural
sundriesman. On rural estates and others of any
size it is generally possible to get turf from an old
pasture, the main object being to obtain plenty of
fibre in it. . The .loss to the pasture may be made
good by giving it a good coat of manure, digging
or ploughing it down, and sowing the ground with
grass seeds. Useful soil of a light nature may
often be obtained by collecting the parings of
roadsides and the scouring of ditches. Being of a
porous, sandy nature it is useful for a great variety
of soft- wooded plants. By observation and judg-
ment a gardener may often procure loam of
different qualities, light and heavy, well permeated

Pot Marigold (see Calendula).

with the fibrous roots of grass. These may be
stacked in different heaps for six or twelve months,
to become mellow before use. A layer of farmyard
manure may be placed between every two layers of
turf, to enrich it for plants that require it. Peat
for Heaths, Azaleas, and Rhododendrons should be
procured in the form of thin turves from dry heaths
or moorlands covered with short Ling or Heather,
in order that plenty of fibre may be present. It
should be stacked like loam. Bog peat is only
useful for Rhododendrons in the open ground after
it has lain for some time and been turned once or
twice to mellow it. Brown peat for Orchids has to
be procured from peaty heaths that are dry and
springy with the roots of Bracken.

Condition of the Soil. — Much potting has to be
done in the early part of the year, when the stacks
may be saturated with moisture. Soil should not
be used in such condition, but partly dried by
storing a quantity of each kind under the potting
benches or in a dry shed for some time previous to
the commencement of operations. For soft-wooded
and all tender plants, during the early months of
the year the soil should be warmed by placing it
in the plant house over-night before use. It should
be sufficiently dry to crumble readily when a hand-
ful has been squeezed and laid down. No soils
should be sifted except for seeds, but broken up
by hand or the trowel so that it will be lumpy, the
size of the lumps depending upon that of the pots.

Draining. — All pots should be well drained with
potsherds carefully placed by hand. The quantity
of drainage will depend upon the size of the pots
and the kind of plant. Those requiring much
water, or which have to remain many months or
years in the same pot, should have plenty of
drainage.

Top-dressing. — In some cases it will be advisable
to remove the surface soil from pots and replace it
with rich and fresh material to save repotting ;
but this may be discussed under the plants that
require it.

POUROUMA.

A stove tree (ord. Urticacese) with evergreen
foliage and allied to the Bread Fruit (Artocarpus).
Edulis, the only introduction, is fit for the economic
house of a botanic garden only.

POURRETIA.

Stove herbs (ord. Bromeliacea?) with lanceolate
or strap shaped leaves. The members of the genus,
named as above by Ruiz and Pa von, are now placed
in Puya (which see). Other species added by different
botanists are now referred to Pitcairnia, Tillandsia,
etc. Achupalla and coarctata are species of Puya.
Frigida is Dyckia frigida. (See DYCKIA, PIT-
CAIRNIA, PUYA, and TILLANDSIA.)

PRASOPHYLLUM.

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) with a
solitary leaf, a tuberous rootstock, and unattractive
flowers.

PRATIA.

Slender, creeping, perennial herbs (ord. Campan-
ulacejc), rarely erect. Propagation, by seeds and
cuttings in heat in spring, at which time the

Poitpartia (see Sjiondias).
Prairie Clover (see Piialostcmon).
Prairie Dock (see Siljiliium tercliintkaceum').
Prairie Rose (see Rosa setigera).

Premna

( 233 )

Pricking Out

creeping species maybe divided. Cuttings in sand
root readily in a cold frame from July till September.
Soil, fibrous loam and peat or leaf mould, with
sand. The favourite species, angulata, is a pretty,
creeping, rock plant, with white flowers followed by
red berries, and is hardy in the south of England ;
the' rest require a pit or greenhouse from which
frost is excluded.

Principal Species : —

angulatn, 1". sum., wli.

(*//"• Loltelia littoralis,

*rr figure 2).
.•nvMaria, 1", Sep.. wli.
lirgoaia-folia. sum., bl.

PREMNA.

Tall stove shrubs (<ml. Verbenacese), of little
horticultural interest. Propagated by seeds or by
cuttings. Soil, loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

i-si'uleiita, 8", My., ycl., and spiuosa). Head-

wh. ache Tree.

integrifolia, 10', Jy., grn., latit'olia, 15', Je., wh.

(NI/II. Lobelia begonias-
folia).

erecta, 1', Je., bL

reiM'ns, 1", sum.,
wh. , vio.

aut,,

Principal Species : —

dciisiHora, y", wh.
ulairtaginifolia, 1', grn.,
wh.

stachyodes, 2', gru. (syn.
coloraus).

wh.

serratifolia

PRESLIA.

A hardy, procumbent herb (prd. LabiatSB), suitable
for the rockery. Propagation, by division in spring,
and by cuttings in summer under a hand-light.
Ordinary garden soil. Cervina, June, pale purple,
is the only species (syns. glabriflora, villiflora, and
Mentlia punctata).

PRESTOEA.

Stove Palms (prd. Palma:) of small size, with
finely divided leaves. Propagation, by imported
seeds. Soil, fibrous loam with a third of peat and
sand.

Principal Species :—
Garden, 10', Ivs. 1' to 3'.
montana, 10', Ivs. 1' to3.V.

pubigera, 12', Ivs. 1' to 4'.
triniteusis, 8', Ivs. 1' to 3'.

PRESTONIA.

Evergreen stove twiners (prd. Apocynace;c), with
white, yellow, or rosy flowers. Propagation, by

PRATIA ANGULATA.

PRENANTHES.

Hardy herbs (ord. Composite). Propagated by
division in autumn or spring. Any well-drained
garden soil. The best known species are alba, 4',
autumn, white; purpurea, 4', August, purple; and
viruata, t', August, lilac. (For arborea and pinnata,
tee SONCHUS.)

PREPUSA.

IVrennial stove herbs (prd. Gentianese). Prop-
agation, by seeds and division in spring. Soil,
loam and one-third of leaf soil, with sand. Hook-
eriana, 1', March, white and crimson, is the best
known.

PRESCOTTIA.

Terrestrial stove Orchids (<ml. Orchidaceae),
bearing small Mowers ill dense spikes. Propaga-
tion, by division when commencing to grow. Soil,
equal proportions of fibrous loam and peat, with
sand, and a surfacing of sphagnum.

(see Cala.n1 In-).

cuttings of short side shoots getting firm at the
base, in sand, in a case or under a bell-glass. Soil,
fibrous loam, with some good fibrous peat and sand.

Principal Species : —

glabrata, 8', Jy., wh.
hirsuta, 10', yel., ro.

(XI/HS. Eclrites "hirsuta
and hirtella).
tomeutosa, 8", Jy.
PRICKING OUT.

This terra is applied to the transplanting of
seedlings from pans, boxes, or beds. The operation
is done with the object of giving the seedlings
more room to grow either in boxes or frames. The
soil in the seed pans may have become sour through
overwatering or the length of time the seeds have
taken to germinate, or the seedlings may have
commenced to damp off, as Stocks often do; hence
the reason for having the operation done early.
Very small seedlings, being difficult to handle, are
best pricked out with a small peg. Tuberous
Begonias may require to be pricked out a second
time into boxes before they are large enough to be
potted. Bedding plants seldom require this more
than once.

Priestleya

234

Primula

PRIESTLEYA.

Dwarf, evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosse), with
yellow flowers and the habit of a Genista, and

plenty of sand, firm potting, and good drainage,
will suit them. Priestleyas require less water
than most plants.

Plioto : Ctisscll it1 Company, Ltd.

PlUMUI.A KKWEXsis (.MT ;>. 230).

requiring similar treatment. Half-ripened shoots
will root readily in sand under a bell-glass.
Fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions, with

Prickly Cedar (.ice Cyathod.e
PricMn Date Palm (see Acanthophasnix).
Prickly Pear (see Opuntia).
Prlclily Rhubarb (see Guniiera).
Prickly Thrift (see AcantJtolimon).
Prieltienod, (see Cormts sanyiiinea and Euoni/vtus
enropifiis).

Principal Species :—

capitata, Ii', Jy.
ffi-aniinifolia, 3', Je.
myrtifolia, 3', Je.

vestita, 3', My. («/«*•
Liparia vestita anc
villosa).

PRIMULA.

Description. — The genus Primula comprises some
of the most beautiful and useful of ganU'ii jihints.
It is only necessary to think of the native Prim-
rose, with its cultivated varieties, the Auricula,
the Chinese Primula (sinensis). and the useful

17

SUTTONS BLUE PRIMULA.

Primula

( 235 )

Primula

obconica to realise the high position the genus
really occupies in gardens. Besides the 136
species named in Index A'em-nsif, the ease with
which cross fertilisation is effected and the great
variation from seed have yielded many beautiful
varietal forms superior to the typical plants. Thus
sinensis has been improved almost beyond recog-
nition in form, size, and colour; while the free-
blooming obconica now yields most interesting
results, though its value is discounted to some
extent by the irritating effect contact with it has
upon a certain number of those who touch it.
Auricula, probably a hybrid itself, has for many
years been a favourite with specialists. Sieboldi
has also given many beautiful varieties, and among
the Alpine Primulas natural and artificially obtained
hybrids abound. Colour variation and selection
have greatly improved several of the Primulas, and
in this connection may be cited the improvements
in the colours of the Chinese Primula. The recent
appearance on the Continent of one with yellow
and white flowers foreshadows the achievement of
a good yellow Chinese Primula. The Stellata forms
are at present very popular on account of their
free habit and small flowers.

Propagation. — The propagation of all the hardy
species is effected by means of seeds, sown when
ripe or in spring, in pans of light soil, slightly
covered with fine earth, and placed in a frame or
cool greenhouse. A season is gained by sowing
when the seeds are ripe. When the seedlings
appear, which is at irregular intervals, they ought
to be shaded from strong sun, carefully watered,
anil given plenty of air. As soon as large enough
they should be pricked off about 2" apart into
other pans or a cold frame. They are also prop-
a^atrd by division after flowering, and many of
the Alpine species can only be kept alive if divided
regularly, Sinensis and obconica are raised from
MT.U sown in a gentle hotbed or in pans from
March to June in a compost of two parts of leaf
soil, one of loam, and one of silver sand, put
through a i" sieve. The seeds should be just
covered with very fine soil, carefully watered, and
covered with brown paper until the seedlings begin
to appear, when they should be gradually exposed
to the light, but not to the sun. Place the pots in
a temperature of 50° to 00°, prick off the seedlings
when fit, and grow on in a rather lower temperature.
The old double white sinensis and other good
forms are propagated by cuttings taken in April
or May.

Soil. — The greater number of the hardy species
like a soil composed of loam, leaf soil, or peat, with
some sharp sand and grit intermingled. Some,
however, like a moist, peaty soil. The Chinese and
other tender Primulas should have their final shift
into a compost of about two parts of good loam to
one part eacli of leaf mould and well-rotted cow
manure, with some sharp sand.

Other Cultural Points. — The hardy species require
the >ame attention as other Alpine plants, though
some are very troublesome to grow. Many prefer
shade, though less is needed if plenty of water is
given and they are in a somewhat retentive but
well-drained soil. Japonica does well in either a
moist, peaty soil, or in a heavy loam. Sieboldi,
when grown outside, is easily destroyed in winter
through the crowns being under the surface,
and the places where the plants are ought always
to be marked with a good stout peg. It is a fine
plant for a cool house. Sinensis should have a
temperature of 50" to 55° when in bloom in winter

or spring, but the double varieties prefer one a

little higher. All require to be kept near the glass
in a light and well-ventilated house. Obconica
will bear a rather lower temperature. Careful
potting is needed, so that the crowns are neither
in a hollow nor too high above the soil.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — All are hardy save where otherwise
stated.]

acaulis (see vulgaris). officinalis, 4" to 12", spr.,

Auricula, 3" to 6", spr., yel.; several forms and

various (see Auricula). colours (*yn. veris).

cortusoides, 6" to 10", Cowslip.

sum., ro. rosea, 4" to 6", spr., rosy

denticulata, 8" to 12", car.: moist soil.

spr., lil. — grandiflora, ) largerand

— alba, wh. — superba, j brighter.

— cashmeriana, under sikkimensis, IJ" to 2',
surface of Ivs. pale pur. sum., best as bieii.,
with golden farina. yel. ; moist soil.

— pulcherrima, deep lil. Sieboldi, 8" to 12", Ap.,

— variegata, Ivs. bordered ro., wh. (»'.'/«• grandi-
with wh. flora, see Selections).

elatior, 1', Ap., yel., sineusis, 9", spr., grh.,

various forms. Oxlip. wh.,lil. (sy«. pranitens,

floribunda, 4" to 8", spr., «?e Selections). Chinese

grh., yel. Primrose.

— graiidiftora. variabilis (see Poly an thus).

— isabellina, pale yel. verticillata, 1' to IJ',
japonica, 1' to IJ', spr., spr., grh., yel.

varying red, wh., pk., veris (see officinalis).

pur. viscosa, 2" to 4", sum.,

— splendens, crim. rosy pur., eye wh. («/«.
kewensis, 9" to 15", spr., villosa). Goodvars. are

yel. hybrid (verticil- ciliata, larger flowers;

lata X* floribunda, see commutata, ro. ; con-

p. 234). finis, deep ro.; decora,

margiuata, 2" to 4", Ap., rosy pur. (syn. decora) ;

vio. ro. ; several vars., iberica, lil. ; latifolia,

caTidea, grandiflora, vio.; Nelsoni.pale pur. ;

and major are good. pedemontana, rosy

minima, IJ", sum., ro. or pur. ; and purpurea,

wh. crim. pur.

obconica, 6" to 12", spr., vulgaris, 3", spr., yel. ;

grh., lil.; many seedling many garden forms and

vars. are better than the colours (syii. acaulis,

type (syn. poculi- see Selections). Com -

fonnis). mon Primrose.

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties:—

admontensis, 3" to 6", bella, sum., hlf-hdy., vio.

My., lil., hybrid (HI/IIS. pur.

Churchilli and clusiaua Berninoc, Ap., rosy pur.,

dentata). hybrid,

algida, 3" to6", spr., pur. biflora, 1", spr., ro.,

Allionii, 4" to 6", Ap., hybrid.

mauve, eye wh. blattariformis, 8" to 12",

alpina, 4" to 8", My., grh., lil.

vio. pur., hybrid (.<///;*. bracteata, Mch., hlf-hdy.

intermedia of gardens or grh., yel.

and rha^tica). bullata, Ap., hlf-hdy. or

altaica, 3" to 6", spr., grh., yel.

mauve. calliautha, Je.. hlf-hdy. or

amethystina, Je., grh., grh., vio. pur.

red, pur. calyciua, My., pur. (syn.

Arctotis, spr., wh. or lil., glaucescens).

pur., hybrid. capitata, 6" to 9", Ap.,

— hybrida, various. hdy. or frame, vio., 61.
Auricula bellunensis, 6" carnioliea, 3" to 5", Ap..

to 9", My., yel. 61. («»/««. Freyeri and

— dolomitica, 3" to 6", jellenkiana).

lemon yel. — multiceps, larger,

auriculata, 4", sum., pur., darker flowers.

wh. eye (syn. longifolia cernua, Jy., hlf-hdy., 61.

of Botanical Magazine or pur.

392). clusiana, 6" to 9 , Ap.,

Bal6isii, My., yd. (syn. ro.

Auricula Balbisii).

Primula ( 236 ) Prionium

oridalensis, Ap., rosypur.,

kitaibeliana, Ap., rosy

serratifolia, Je., yel. — purpurea, sum., pur.

hybrid.

pur.

serratifolia of Europe, (*y». jiuschkiana) .

daonensis, My., ro., eye

lebliana, 3" to 4", Ap.,

pur., hybrid. Sturii, Ap., rosypur., hy-

wli. (syn. (enensis).

pur., hybrid.

sibirica, 3", My., red. brid («.'/«• minima

davurica, 3", My., pk.,

longiflora, 1' to H', My..

— finmarchica, dark lil. pubescens).

eye yel. (SIJH. inter-

pur. (»//«. farinosa var.

(SI/H. norvegicu). suffrutescens, spr., rosy

media of Botanical

of Scopoli).

— iutegerrima, Ivs. entire. pur., eye yel.

Magazine 1219).
Delavayi, 1', Aug., hlf-

longobarda, Ap., rosypur.
luteola, 1J' to 2', sum.,

— kashmiriana, 6", rosy tenella, 2", hdy. or hlf-
lil. (SI/H. elegans). hdy., bl., wh.

hdy., pur.

yel.; moist soil.

similis, Ap., pur., hybrid. Traillii, 9", sum., hdy. or

diuyaua, 3" to 6", spr.,
pur., hybrid.

magiassonica, 4", My.,
pur.

soldanelloides, wh. hlf-hdy., wh.
sonchifolia, Je., hdy. or uniflora, lil.

discolor, 3" to 6", Ap.,

megassefolia, 6", win.,

hlf-hdy., vio. venusta, 3", Ap., pur.

pale pur. or lil., hybrid.

spr., hdy. per., ro.

spectabilis, 4"-, Jy., rosy Venzoi, Ap., pale pur.,

dryadifolia, Jy., probably
hdy., vio.

miuutissima, 1", Je., pur.
mollis, 1' to 11'. My..

pur. hybrid,
spicata, Je., hdy. or hlf- vinciflora, hlf-hdy., pur.

Dumoulinii, 2" to 3",

hlf-hdy., red. "

hdy., vio. vio.

spr., ro., hybrid.

muretiana, 2" to 4", Ap.,

Steinii, Ap., pur., hybrid. wulfeniana, Ap., vio.

elliptica, 6" to 12", Je.,

pur., hybrid («/».

stricta, Ap., pk. (xy». pur. (»//«. spectabilis

vio.

Mureti).

hornemanniana ) . wulfeniana. )

elwesiana, 6" to 8", pur.

muscoides, 2", pur.

Stuartii, 9" to 18", sum., yunnauensis, Jy., vio.

erosa, 4" to 8", Mch. ,

— tenuiloba (siin. tenui-

yel. pur.

Ap., pur. or lavender.

loba).

Selections : —

Escheri, 2" to 4", Ap.,

nivalis, 4' to 15", spr.,

[NOTE. — Naming these is not to be held as im-

ro., hybrid.
Facchinii, 3" to 5", My.,
hybrid, rosy pur.

lil. pur.

— or nivea of gardens is
pubescens alba.

plying that others are inferior. There are many
excellent strains of sinensis to which raisers have

farinosa, 3" to 12", sum.,

obovata, 4", Ap., ro. or

given names. j

pale pur., eye yel.

pur., hybrid.

Chinese Primulas: —

— alba, wh.
— mistassinica (syns.
mistassinica and pusilla
of Botanical Magazine

Obristii, Ap., yel., hybrid,
obtusifolia, 6" to 10",
Je., pur. or yel.
Olgse, 3", spr., lil. or pur.

Brilliant Rose, ro. Fern -leaved, Snowdrift,
Cambridge Blue, bl. wh.
Crimson King, crim. — Rosy Queen, ro.
Double White, old. — various.

3020).
— scotica, 2" to 4", Je.,

Palinuri, 6" to 10", My.,
hlf-hdy., yel.

— alba magnitica, wh. Pink Quefiu, pk.
— Blue, bl. Reading Blue, dark bl.

pur., yel. eye.
Fedtschenkoi, G" to ",

Parryi, 6" to 18", spr.,
pur., eye yel.

— Pink, pk. Royal White, wh.
— Scarlet, sc. Stellata in var.

sum., hlf-hdy., pur.
florkeaua, 2" to 4", spr.,

petiolaris nana, hlf-hdy.,
lil. pur. , eye whitish yel.

Japanese Primroses (P. Siebokli) : —

lil. pur., hybrid (syn.

Peyritschii, sum. , pur.

alba maguifica, wh. Harry Leigh, lil., eye

minima hybrida).

(«.</». viscosa major of

Beauty of Sale, wh., wh.

Forbesii, If to !{', hlf-

British gardens).

edged ro. lilacina superba, lil., eye

hdy. ann., pale lil., eye
yel. (see p. 237).

piimatifida, Jy., hlf-hdy.,
vio.

Bruce Findlay, heliotrope. wh.
Distinction, wh., ro. Magenta Queen, magenta.

Forsteri, 2" to 4", spr.,

PlantiE, Ap., rosy pur.,

Empress, rosy crim. , eye Miss Kelly, rosy pk. , eye

aut., ro,, eye wh., hy-

hybrid.

wh. wh.

brid!

Poissoni, 6" to 12", Jy.,

Fascinatiou,whitishlaven- Ruby Queen, car. red.

froudosa, 2" to 6", Je.,

hdy. or hlf-hdy., pur.

der, fringed. Vivid, bright magenta.

bl.
gambeliana, hlf - hdy. ,
pur.

Porbe, Ap., red, hybrid.
prolifera, 6" to 24", grh.,
yel.

Primroses (P. vulgaris) : —
alba flore pleuo, double, platypetala pleno, double,

geiimiifolia, 6" to 10",
My., hlf-hdy., pur.
glacialis, Je. , probably
hdy., vio.
glutinosa, 4", sum., bl.,
pur.

pubescens, 3" to 6", Ap.,
rosy crim. , hybrid.
— alba, wh. (st/ns. nivalis
and nivea of gardens) .
pulchra, hdy. or hlf-hdy.,
pur.

wh. mauve crim.
Blue Primroses in var. purpurea flore pleuo,
Croussei flore pleno, double, reddish pur.
plum, edged wh. rosea, flore pleuo, double,
Evelyn Arkwright, yel. ro.
Harbinger, single, wh. rubra, flore pleno, double,

grandis, 9" to 18", sum.,
vpl

pumila, 1", Ap., rosy pur.,
hybrid.

lilaciua flore pleno, crim. Old Velvet Crim-
double, lil. son.

j cl.
Heerii, 3" to 4", Ap.,
pur.
Hugueninii, 3", Ap., pur.,

purpurea of Eoyle is
Stuartii purpurea.
pusilla, spr., vio. pur.

lutea flore pleno, yel. sulphurea flore pleuo,
Cloth of Gold. double, sulphur.
Miss Massry , single, crim. White Bedder, single, wh.

hybrid.
Huteri, 1", My., vio.,
hybrid.

(Wallich, not Botanical
Magaeine SOW).

Reedii, My., wh.

PRIMULINA. (ROCK TOBACCO.)
A neat, hardy Alpine plant (ord. Gesneraceae),

imperialis, 3' to 4', grh.,

reticulata, 6" to 12",

difficult to cultivate. Propagation, by seed sown

yel., or.

My., yel.

in spring, or by division after flowering. Soil,

integrifolia, 3", spr., ro.

rotuiidifolia, 9" to 12",

loam and leaf soil with a little sharp sand, in a pot

(sy». candolleana).

Je., hdy. or hlf-hdy.,

in a frame.

involucrata, 6" to 8",

pur. or pk.

spr., cream, wh.; moist

Eusbyi, G" to 9", spr.,

Only Species : —

soil.

hdy. or hlf-hdy., pur.,

Tabacum, (>" to 9", Jy., wh., pur. (iyn. sinensis).

— coerulea, bl.

eye yel.

— Munroi, 6" to 8" wh.,

salisburgensis, 4" to 6",

PRIONIUM.

eye yel. (sytt. P. Muu-

Ap., reddish pur., hy-
brid

A tall stove herb (ord. Juncaceae) like a giant

kaufmanniana, 6 "to 12",

sapphirina, 1" to 2",

Woodrush. Propagation, by imported seeds and

sum., vio.
Kerneri, 2" to 4", Ap.,
vio., hybrid.

pale bl.
secundiflora, Jy;, vio.
septemloba, Jy., pur.

Prinos (in part, see Ilex).
Prinos integrifollus (Nemopanthus canadensis).

Prismatocarpus

( 237 )

Privet

offsets. Soil, good fibrous loam, a little leaf mould,
and sand. The base of the pot containing it should
dip into a tank.

Only Species : —

Palmita, ti' to 12', brownish (syn. serrata).

PRISMATOCARPUS.

Greenhouse perennials (ord. Campanulacese),
allied to Campanula. Propagation, by seeds, and
by cuttings ot' half-ripened shoots under a bell-
giaee in summer. Soil, fibrous loam, with one-

Pholo : Cassell (£• Company, Ltd.

PRIMULA FOKBESII (seep. 236).

fourth of leaf mould and plenty of sand. Many
species placed here belong to Specularia (which
tee).

Principal Species:—

nitidus, <;" to 12", Aug., wh. (syn. Campanula
Prismatocarpus).

PRITCHARDIA.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmas), with fan shaped
leaves of bold and noble aspect, more or less
deeply out into finger-like segments at the margins.
Propagation, by imported seeds sown in boxes of

sandy soil and leaf mould, and placed on the hot-
bed of a propagating pit. Soil, fibrous loam, one-
third of peat, and sand. Leaf mould might be
substituteil for the peat, but small pots and firm
potting must be observed where the desire is to
keep the plants of a suitable size for decorative
work as long as possible. Night temperature in
winter 60°, rising 10° by day ; in summer 75°, rising
to 85° or '.10° with sun heat.

Principal Species : —

pacifica, Ivs. arching and

convex, massive.
Pericularuin, Ivs. fan

shaped, like vuylsteki-

ana, but petioles

brownish golden.
Thurstoni, Ivs. fan

shaped, very deeply cut.
Veitchii (now Licuala

Veitchii).
vuylstekiaua, Ivs.palmate,

much cut, deep grn.

aureu, petioles yel.

tilifera (now Washing-
toiiia filifera).

Gaudichaudii, Ivs. rouud-
ish, plaited, cut one-
third down (syn. macro-
carpa).

graudis (now Licuala
grandis).

macrocarpa (see Gaudi-
chaudii) .

Martii, Ivs. like Gaudi-
chaudii, but smaller and
more slender.

PRIVA.

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs (ord. Ver-
benacea:) with terminal spikes of purple flowers.
Propagation, by seeds in gentle heat in spring.
Soil, fibrous loam, with one-fourth leaf mould and
some sand. Of the few known species laevis, 1J',
summer, rosy lilac, is the only introduction.

PRIVET.

Description. — The common Privet, Ligustrum
vulgare (ord. Oleacea?) has been widely cultivated
in British gardens for many years, probably since
courtyards of dwelling houses became common.

Propagation. — Chiefly effected by cuttings,
especially in the case of varieties, as it keeps them
true. The type may also be raised from the
berries, which should be stratified like haws for a
year before sowing. The seeds should never be
dried, as it retards germination.

Soil. — Any garden soil will suit, the best being
a good loam.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants from cuttings
are of more rapid growth than those from seeds,
and may be planted for concealing unsightly
objects of any kind about the garden or dwelling
house, being very suitable for town gardens.
Privet succeeds in shade, but grows most strongly
in an open situation, and is almost evergreen where
sheltered. Hedges of it may be clipped twice a
year, in winter ami June or July. There is an
evergreen or Italian variety (vulgare italicurn), and
there are white, yellow, and green-berried varieties,
as well as the black-berried type, all of which may
be used for decorative work in association with
autumn tinted foliage and other berries.

Special Forms. — In recent years the oval-leaved
Privet (ovalifolium) has come much into vogue for
hiding unsightly objects in town and country
gardens. The Golden Privet (o. foliis aureis) was
little known about twenty years ago, but since
then has become exceedingly popular for cottage
and villa gardens, especially in the suburbs of large
towns, where it makes beautiful golden hedges,
retaining its leaves in mild winters till growth is
again well advanced. Sinense is a very handsome
species for the shrubbery, on account of the
profusion of its white flowers. Japonicum also
flowers freely, but it is a slow-growing, evergreen

Prochnyanthes

( 238 )

Protection

bush of spreading habit. Coriaceum has rounded,
wavy, evergreen leaves. The dark green shining
leaves of lucidum are handsome, but the plant is
a little more tender than the above ; it has two
variegated forms. Several other Privets are useful
in shrubberies. (See also LlGUSTRUM.)

PROCHNYANTHES.

Tuberous-rooted herbs (prd, Amaryllideae) with
the flowers, in most cases, in pairs. Propagation,
by seeds and by offsets. Soil, fibrous loam, with
one-fourth of leaf soil, and plenty of sharp sand.

Principal Species :—

bulliana, 2' to 3', Sep., whitish yel., in five to six
pairs (gyn. Bravoa).

PROCKIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Tiliaceje), now
seldom seen in cultivation. Propagation, by
cuttings getting firm at the base, in pots of sand
under a bell-glass placed in heat. Soil, fibrous
loam, with a little peat and a dash of sand.

Principal Species : —
crucis, 5', Jy., yel. serrata (now Thioclia

serrata) .
theseformis, 6', Jy., yel.

PRONAYA.

Twining, greenhouse sub-shrubs (ord. Pitto-
sporese), with evergreen foliage and berried fruits,
allied to Sollya. Propagation, by half-matured
shoots in sand under a bell-glass in gentle heat.
Soil, equal parts of fibrous loam and peat, with
sand. Elegans, 4', August, blue, seems to be the
only species introduced (syns. speciosa and Spir-
anthera Fraseri).

PROSERPINACA. (MERMAID WEED.)
Aquatic herbs (ord. Haloragese) that may be
grown outdoors in summer, and kept in a frame or
cool greenhouse in winter. Propagation, by cut-
tings in sand or sandy soil in water. In open-air
tanks they may be grown in pots, pans, or baskets
just immersed in the water, or planted out in soil
if the water is shallow. Palustris and pectinata,
the only known species, have small white flowers,
during summer. The leaves of the last named are
finely cut and pi-etty.

PROSOPIS.

Evergreen stove shrubs and trees (ord. Legu-
minosae), with bipinnate and graceful leaves.
Propagation, by side shoots taken off with a slight
heel, in sand in a propagating case. Soil, equal
proportions of fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
Juliflora, 30', white, the Algarobo, is the one most
often seen in gardens.

PROSTANTHERA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Labiate) with evergreen
leaves, and notable, in the order, for their round
shoots. Propagation, by seeds in heat during
spring. Half-ripened shoots in sand under a bell-
glass root readily. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with plenty of sand. Good drainage is
necessary. Lasianthos, 4', June, purple lilac, is
handsome when planted out in a greenhouse.
Nivea, 3', grey ; and rotundifolia, 3', July, purple
(si/n. retusa) are less often met with than the first
named.

Privet, MncTi (see Phillyrea).
Prometwa (see Zygopetalum).

PROTEA.

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Proteaceae), with leathery
leaves, and requiring cool greenhouse treatment.
Propagation is slowly effected by cuttings of the
young shoots just matured, and placed firmly in
pots of very sandy loam in a cold frame or pit
during summer. Stand the pots where they will be
shaded from direct sun, and cover with a bell-glass
or hand-light. Soil, fibrous loam, with a little peat
and sand, rendered more porous by the use of small
nodules of charcoal and finely broken pieces of
soft red bricks, well mixed together. Night tem-
perature in winter, 40°, rising 5° by day ; summer,
as cool and airy as possible. A Heath house is a
good place for them.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

cordata, IV, Ap. , pur. — elliptica, Ivs. elliptic.
(syn. cordlfolia). graiidiflora, 8', My., wh.

cynaroides, H', Aug., pur. — margiuata, 6', Je., wh.
rhodantha, 4', Je., red.

PROTECTION.

Fruit Trees on Walls. — Peaches, Nectarines,
Apricots, and other valuable fruit trees flower at a
time when the blossom is liable to be injured by
sharp frosts at night and in the early morning-,
more especially if it had happened to be raining
or snowing the previous night. In these circum-
stances, it is often necessary to have recourse to
some temporary means of protection. Where the
coping consists of stone, permanent iron hooks may
be let in. Others fix a plank along the top of the
wall, into which hooks are driven from which to sus-
pend tiffany or canvas coverings. This canvas may be
fixed on thin rollers and made to roll up to the
top or drop to the base of the walls by means of
cords run through the hook or ring at the top.
Hough, stout poles may be stood against the
walls in a slanting direction, resting on the ground
about 2' from the wall. These will keep the
canvas off the trees, and save damage to the
blossom. These sheets of canvas, being in con-
venient lengths, may be drawn over the trees at
night if frost threatens, and pulled to the top or
let down to the bottom, according to their arrange-
ment, in the morning after the temperature has
risen. Glass copings fixed at the top and extend-
ing in a sloping direction about 18" from the wall
make a useful protection, as they save much daily
labour. The iron framework should be permanent,
but the glass may be movable. Some gardeners
use two or three folds of old herring netting
instead of canvas; others fix Spruce or Laurel
Cherry boughs among the branches of the fruit
trees while in blossom. The principal thing is to
check radiation, and so conserve the heat which
has accumulated in the wall during the day.

Eoses. — Dwarf Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses may
have their lower buds protected in winter by draw-
ing 3" or 4" of soil over them, leaving it there till
all danger is past. Standard Koses of the same
class may have dried Bracken twisted into the heads
during severe frost, but it should be removed
immediately mild weather returns.

Palms. — One of the common fan Palms, Trachy-
carpus excelsa, is hardy in the southern and western
counties, but it is convenient to erect a temporary
protection, by fixing canvas over a framework of
poles, to guard the leaves against damage by wind,

Choice Shrubs whose hardiness is doubtful may
be protected by similar coverings on a sm.-ill scale,
but movable, so that they can be taken off during
the day.

Proustia

239 )

Pruning

Bulbs. — Tender bulbs and other deciduous herbs
and roots may be protected in winter by a layer of
coal ashes or leaf mould not much decayed.

PROUSTIA.

Greenhouse climbers, allied to Mutisia (ord.
Composite). Propagation, by seeds when obtain-
able ; and by cuttings of side shoots getting firm at
the base, in sand, placed in heat and covered with
a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and one-third peat,
with Kind and good drainage. Pyrifolia, 10', white,
is the only introduction.

PRUMNOPITYS.

Handsome hardy or greenhouse trees (ord. Conif-
er;e), allied to the Podocarpuses, from which they
differ by the absence of the fleshy " receptacle " at
the base of the fruit. Spieata is hardy in the
south-west of England and Ireland only. Propa-
gation, by cuttings of the young shoots, removed
when almost ripe and struck under a bell-glass
in a frame or warm house. Soil, good loam.

Principal Species :

Sims, •!()' to oO', hdy.,
Ivs. dark grn. above,
li^hfcr beneath (.v///**.
Podoearpus andina and
StachycarpuB amliua).
Plum Fir.

spieata, 80', Ivs. grn.
above, glaucous be-
neath (syn. Podoearpus
spieata). Black Pine.

taxifolia, Yew-leaved,

PRUNELLA (*yn. BRUNELLA).

A .small genus of useful and pretty border or
rockery herbs (ord. Labiata?), with flowers arranged
in whorled spikes. Propagation, by seeds sown in
spring or early summer, under glass or in the open
air; also by division in spring, or after flowering.
Any good loamy soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :

gramlinoni, 6" to 12",

sum., pur.
allia, 0" to 12", sum.,

\vh.
— rubra, G" to 12", sum.,

red (*//«. webbiana).
liys-npit'olia, 0" to 12",

Aug., pur.

vulgaris, 6" to 12", Jy.,
pur. All-heal.

— alba, 6" to 12", Jy.,
wh.

— laciniata, 6" to 12",
Jy., pur.

— rubra, 0" to 12", Jy.,
red.

PRUNING.

Object of Pruning.— In the early stages of fruit
trees to be trained on walls, fences, espaliers, or
buildings, pruning is so effected as to secure the
requisite number of shoots to lay the foundation of
the tree, and in succeeding years to ensure that
the lateral shoots will be at regular distances
apart. The most favourably situated shoots must
be selected, to be tied in to wires or nailed to
\v.-ill> as the case may be, and the rest must bn
shortened to one or two buds at the base to form
spurs. Standard and half-standard trees, and
bushes, are pruned in the early stages to get about
three, six, and twelve branches respectively in one.
two, and three years, with the object of laying the
foundation of a well-balanced head or bush.' In after
years spur pruned trees upon walls are pruned to
remove the superfluous wood of each year's growth,
to keep the spurs as close to the wall as possible
in order to reap the benefit of sun heat in matur-
ing tlie fruit crop, and also to remove unnecessary
spurs to prevent crowding, the object being to
allow air and sunlight to play their part in ripen-
ing the wood, and to favour the development of

1'ra/fincip/ifi Hits (fee Amorpliojihallus).

the largest sized fruits. To obtain the latter object,
the thinning of the fruits must also be practised.
After the head or main branches of standards have
been secured, pruning will consist in removing
dead wood, weak and useless shoots, and those that
cross one another, and in so regulating the head
that air and light can play freely upon all parts of
the tree. Trees that are properly thinned in this
way are less subject to fungoid and insect attacks.
Root Pruning. — Fruit trees in their early stages,
especially in rich soil, are liable to make growth of
so vigorous and gross a nature that they remain
unfruitful, and do not mature the wood properly
before the fall of the leaf. In the case of young
trees, this may be checked by lifting and replant-
ing the trees in autumn. In after years the

Photo : Cassell & Company, Limited.

Piiuxvs AviUM (see p. 241).

repeated removal of superfluous wood results in a
multiplicity of shoots, like Willow stools, where
spurs should be. This is a sure sign that the root
system is in excess, and out of proportion to the
head it has to support. The roots should be un-
covered and shortened back to within 3' or 5' of
the trunk, according to the size of the tree. The
tap root should also be removed, or shortened
severely. In the case of very large trees only half
the roots should be pruned in any one year, the
other half being reserved till the next. Root prun-
ing reduces the vegetative vigour of the trees, and
induces fruitfulness, and when once this condition
has been attained root pruning ceases to be a
necessity in well-regulated trees. (For details of
pruning fruit trees, see APPLE, and other
fruits.)

Prunus

(240 )

Prunus

PRUNUS.

Description. — A large genus of deciduous and
evergreen trees and shrubs (ord. llosaceas), mostly
hardy, and often highly valued for their fruits.
They are also prized for the beauty of their flowers,
which precede or accompany the leaves, the former
being valued for their earliness. Peaches and
Almonds are amongst the earliest trees to brighten
the garden and grounds in spring.

Propagation. — By seeds for the species and to
obtain stocks. Budding and grafting are adopted
in the case of fruit trees. Some produce suckers,
which may be detached. Layering is also practised
to obtain stocks.

Classification. — Botanists have always experi-
enced a difficulty in finding distinctions that would
effectually separate the species of Amygdalus,
ArmrniacH, Cerasus, and Prunus, and as they are
closely allied they are now all classed under
Prunus. For garden purposes it is convenient to
place them in groups, as this gives a ready clue to
the character of the trees under consideration.
Peaches and Almonds have nearly stulkless flowers,
a wrinkled stone, and the leaves folded in bud.
Apricots have stalkless or stalked flowers, a smooth
stone, furrowed at the edges, and leaves rolled in
bud. Plums have stalked flowers, the leaves rolled
in bud, and the fruits mostly covered with a

Photo: Casselt & Company, Ltd.

Pitrxrs JlAiiAi.r.1: v.1

Soil. — Ordinary well-drained garden soil for all
the hardy species. Fruit trees are highly bene-
fited by lime in the soil, and where this is deficient
it should be supplied in the form of dressings.

Other Cultural Points. — For the pruning of trees
grown for fruit, see PRUNING. As the ornamental
species flower on the shoots and spurs of the
previous year's growth, all necessary pruning
should be deferred till the petals fall. Trees upon
walls sometimes require a considerable amount of
pruning, as in triloba. If this is accomplished
immediately the flowers are over, the tree has time
to develop and mature flowering wood for the next
year. Triloba does best on walls, but succeeds as
a bush in the open ; and both this and Peaches,
Almonds, and pseudo-cerasus are popular subjects
for pot culture and forcing. Trees and bushes in
the open ground should also receive the necessary
thinning or trimming just after flowering.

glaucous bloom. Cherries have stalked flowers,
fruits without bloom, and the leaves folded in bud
like the Peach. Bird Cherries have their flowers
in racemes. Laurel Cherries differ from Bird
Cherries by having evergreen leaves. All those
enumerated are hardy.

ALMONDS AND PEACHES.
Principal Species and Varieties : —
Amygdalus, 20' to 30', Persica, 15' to 30', Mch.,
Ap., ro. (sy». Persica
vnlgaris). The Peach.

— Olura Mayer, double,
red ; one of the best.

— flore roseo plcno, double

Mch., Ap., ro. or wh.
The Almond.

— flore pleno, double red.

— macrocarpa, pale ro. ;
the largest.

davidiaua, 10' to 20', Jan.,
Feb., Mch., palero.

— alba, wh.

nana, 2' to 3', Mch., Ap. ,
ro. Dwarf Almond.

— flore albo pleno, double
wh.

— foliis rubris, Ivs. pur.
Purple-leaved Peach.

Prunus

( 241 )

Pseudogaltonia

lii.vis (sun*. Persica — sauguiuea plena, double

la-vis and Amygdalus red.

Persica nectarina). The

Xectarine.

Other Species and Variety : —

Amygdnlusamura. Bitter orientalis, 10', Ap., red,

Almond. lv«. silvery.

— dulds. Sweet Almond. Simonii, 15, Mch., Ap.,
iucana, 2' to 3', Mch., wh. (syim. Persica and

Ap. , red. Amygdalus Simouii).

APRICOTS.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

Armeuiaca, 15' to 30', - Alphandi, rosy pk.,

Feb., Mch., blush wh. semi-double.

(sun. Armeuiaca vul- triloba, 3' to 10', Ap.,

garis). Apricot. silvery ro. (syns. Amyg-

Mume, 2' to 4', Mch., dalopsis and Pruuopsis

Ap., wh. (KIIII. Armeni- Lindleyi).

aca Mume)'. - flore pleno, double

silvery ro. (see p. 242).

Other Species : —
Brigantiaca, (>' to 15', dasy carpa, 10' tolo', Ap.,

Mch., Ap., wh. or pk. wh.

(SIIH. Armeuiaca Brig- tomentosa, 3' to 4', Mch.,

autiaca). Ap., wh.

PLUMS.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
cerasifera, 15' to30',Mch., communis, 20', Mch., Ap.,
A]>. (*IIHX. mirobalana wh. (sifit. domestica).

and Cerasus myrobal- The Plum.

anos) . Myrobalau, or — flore pleno, double.
Cherry Plum. divaricata, 10' to 15', Ap.,

— atropurpurea, Ivs. dark wh.

pur. (syn. Pissardi). Pissardi (see cerasifera

atropurpurea) .

Other Species and Varieties : —
angustifolia, 8', Ap., wh. — pruneauliana flore

(syns. Chicusa and Ce- P.'?n.°> double wh.

rasus Chicasa). insititia, 10' to 20', Ap.,

Cocumilio, 2' to 3', Ap., wh. Black Bullace.

wh. Cocomilla Plum. — fructu albo, fruit wh.
eommuuis Juliana, 15', — fructu rubro, fruit red.

Mch., Ap., wh. Used spinosa, 6' to 15', Mch.,

as a stock. Ap. , wh.

— flore pleno, double.

CHERRIES.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

a 'ida semperflorens, 10' japonica, 2' to 3', Ap.,

to 2(1', Ap. to Je., wh. My., pk. (SI///K. chiu-

(si/n. Cerasus semper- ensis, sineusis, and

florens). Ever-flower- Amygdalus pumila).

ing Cherry. Chinese Cherry.

Avium, 30' to 50', Ap., — flore pleuo albo, double

My., wh. (sfins. Cerasus wh.

Aviura, uigra, and syl- penusylvanica, 16' to 30',

vestris). (Sean, or Wild My., wh.

Cherry. pseudo-cerasus, 6' to 12',

— flore pleno, double wh. Ap. wh., semi-double
(SIIH. Avium multiplex). ro. (syns. paniculata,

Cerasus, 15' to 20', Ap., Cerasus pseudo-cerasus,

wh.(.M/H«.acidaof Ehrli, Sieboldi rubra and

Cerasus acida of Mill, Watereri). Bastard

and vulgaris). The Cherry.

Common Cherry. — James H. Veitch, dark

— persica>flora,double ro. ; ro. ; the best.

rare. prostrata, 2', Ap. , red.

Klicxii flore pleno, Puddum, 15' to 20', Ap.,

double wh. (sun. Ceras- wh.

us caprouiaua rnulti- serulata, 4' to 6', Ap.,

plex and caprouiaua wh. to pk. ; a spread-

ranunculiflora). ing tree.
Other Species and Varieties : —

acida, 20', Ap. , wh. (*//«.?. Avium Juliana, 20', Ap.,

Cerasus acida of Dum wh. (nyn. Cerasus juli-

iind I'aproniaua). ana).

46

iham.ccerasus, 8', My.,
wh. (si/us, fruticosa and
Cerasus Chama'cerasus).

japonica multiplex, pk.,
semi-double.

peudula, 10', Ap., wh.

(>//«*. subhirtella and
Cerasus pendula).

pumila, 4', My., wh.

(syns. depressa, and

Cerasus pumila and
depressa).

BIRD CHERRIES.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

apolliu, 5' to 10', My., Padus, 12' to 40', Ap. to

Je., wh. (syns. Capuli, Je. , wh. (SIIH. Cerasus

and Cerasus Capuli aud Padus). Bird Cherry.

Capollin). The Capol- — flore pleno, double,

lin. serotina, 10' to 20', My.,

Mahaleb, 10' to 30', Ap., Je., wh. (syn. cartilag-

My . , wh. (stins. odorata inea). American Bird

and Cerasus Mahaleb). Cherry

The Mahaleb, or Per- virginia.ua, 20' to 40',My.,

fumed Cherry. wh. (xyita. rubra and

— chrysocarpa, fruit yel. Cerasus yirginiana).

— pendula, drooping (see Virginian Bird Cherry,
p. 240). or Choke Cherry.

Other Species : —

mollis, 12' to 25', Je., wh. salicifolia, 10' to 15', My.,

nepalensis, 6' to 15', My., wh.

wh.

LAUREL CHERRIES.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Laurocerasus, 6' to 20', — latifolia, Ivs.very broad.

Ap., My., wh. («i/». — schipkaensis, very hdy.

Cerasus Laurocerasus). — camelliaefolia. Many

Laurel Cherry, or Com- other garden vars.

mon Laurel. lusitanica, 10' to 30',

— caucasica, Ivs. dark Je., wh. (syn. Cerasus
gm., hardier. lusitauica). Portugal

— colchica, faster grow- Laurel.

ing and hardier ; one — azorica, Ivs. larger,
of the best. petioles sometimes red.

Other Species and Varieties : —

caroliniana, 20' to 30', ilicifolia, 4' to 6', Je., wh.;
My., wh. (syns. serrati- requires a wall (xyii.

folia, Cerasus carolini- Cerasus ilicifolia).

ana, and Laurocerasus lusitanica myrtifolia, Ivs.
caroliuiana). much smaller. Many

other vars.

PSAMMISIA.

Warm greenhouse shrubs (ord. Vacciniaceas),
with evergreen foliage. Propagation, by cuttings
in sandy peat, kept moist under a bell-glass, in
heat. Soil, peat, one-third fibrous loam and sand.

Principal Species :-
hookeriana, 6', Sep., red longicolla, 4", crim., grn.

(>i/ni. pinchinensis gla- sarcautha, spr., red, yel.

bra and Thibaudia («/«. Tlubaudia sar-

pinchinensis glabra) . cantha) .

PSEUDODRACONTIUM.

Neither of the two species of this genus (ord.
Aroideae) possesses any great horticultural value,
and neither is commonly grown. Both may be
treated in the same way as Caladiums.

Principal Species :—

Lacourii, grh., Ivs. large, grn., yel. spotted (ityn.
Amorphophallus Lacourii).

PSEUDOGALTONIA.

Greenhouse bulb (ord. Liliaceaj), requiring the
same treatment as Galtonias.

Only Species :—

Pechnellii, Ivs. about 1' long, fleshy, flowers grn.,
wh. (syn. Lindneria fibrillosa)

Psendo-cJtanomelei Maulei (see Pi/nis Maulei).
Pseudococciis Jjlii'is (see Mealy liuij).

j?seudolarix

( 242 )

Pseudotsuga

PSEUDOLARIX. (FALSE or CHINESE
LARCH, and GOLDEN LARCH.)

A hardy tree of noble presence (vrd. Coniferse).
It is separated from the true Larches by the cones
having deciduous scales. (For culture, sec PlNUS.)

Only Species : —

Kiwupferi, I'M to 130', Ivs. 1J" to 2J" long, grn.
when young, golden when old, cones 'A" long, pen-
dulous (syns. Fortune! and Abies, Larix and Pinus
Kajrupferi).

species (ard. Palma>), may be cultivated like the
Phoenixes (which see).

PSEUDOTSUGA.

One species {ord. Coniferas), with many varieties,
several of which, especially brevifolia pcndula and
Stairii, are handsome trees, and, like the type,
hardy in all but very exposed positions. Douglasii
likes a rather sheltered position, and should not
be planted near the coast. When at its best it is
one of the noblest of Conifers, and apart from the

Pliulu: C'tlssiK ,(;

TKILOliA FLOKE }>LKXO («« P. 241).

PSEUDOPANAX.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs or small trees (ord.
Araliacese), thriving when treated like the Aralias.

Principal Species :—
crassifolium, 40', gru., vars. punctata and tri-

wh. («/».*. Aralia eras- folia.

sifolia, and Panax cms- Lessouii, Ivs. thick,

sifolium). Tliere are leathery.

PSEUDOPHCENIX.

Sargentii, 2.")', stove, leaves 4-J-' long, pinnate,
fruits bright orange or red, |" across, the only

points already mentioned, not difficult to grow.
(Culture and propagation as for PlNUS, which
tee.)

Only Species and its Varieties :
daridiana (nee Keteleeria Picta Douglasii, Pinus

davidiana).
Douglasii, 100' to ISO',
Ivs. silvery beneath,
cones 4" long, ovate
oblong (xynx. taxifolia,
Abii>s Douglasii, mu-
cronata, and taxifolia,

Douglasii ;nnl t;ixifo]ia,
and Tsuga Douglasii"!.
- hrrvifolia, Ivs. sliiniiif;
grn., pyramidal habit,
growth slow.
— gUiuca, Ivs. dark grn.

Psidium

( 243)

Pteris

- peudula, 50', pendu-
lous brauehes.

- puiuilii, chvart' and com-
pact.

- Stairii, Ivs. nearly wh.
in spr., uot so strong a
grower as the type.

- Stautlishii, Ivs. larger

than the type, silvery

beneath.
— taxifolia, Ivs. long and

branches stout, dwarfer

than the type,
maguirica (sen Abies mag-

iiifica).
nobilis (sec Abies nobilis).

PSIDIUM. (GUAVA.)

A largo genus (pnl. Myrtacese) of stove trees,
shrubs, and sub-shrubs. Few of them are of any
garden value, and the genus is best known because
of the economic value of Guava, the delicious Guava
of the tropics. Cattleianum has been fruited under
glass in Britain with considerable success. Prop-
agation, by cuttings of the young shoots beginning
to get linn at the base, inserted in sand, under a
bell-glass, with bottom heat. Soil, fibrous loam
three-parts, leaf mould one part, and cow manure
one part, with one-eighth sand. Drainage must be
free, for the plants need a good deal of water, and
;lo not like to be frequently disturbed. Large
wooden tubs will be required for fruiting plants,
or they may be planted out in a prepared border,
and the growths trained to a wall or trellis.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
cattleianum, 10' to 20', — aroraaticuin, 5' to 8',

My., wh., fruits claret Jy., wh., fruits yel.

colour, reddish pulp, as — pomiferum. Red Guava.

large as a small Fig. — pyriferum, Je., wh.,

There is a var. littorale. Pear shaped. Common

(iu.iva, 6' to 15', Je., Guava.

wh., fruits yel., globose,

astringent («/». Guava).

Other Species and Varieties : —
aroniaticum (we Guava passeanum, 3' to 6', wh.,

var.). fruits gru. or yel., Pear

cordatum (sec moutaiium) . shaped,

inoiitanum, 5', My., Jy., polycarpon, 3', My., wh.

\vh. (xi/n. cordatum). pyriferum (zee Guava

Mountain (liiava. var.).

PSILOTUM.

Club-mosses (ord. Lycopodiacefe) of no great
horticultural value, although they are interesting.
Propagation, by cuttings. Triquetrum likes a well-
driiined pan of fibrous peat ; it will grow on stems
of dead Tree Ferns.

Principal Species : —

triquctrum, 9", St., Ivs. very small or wanting,
stems forked. Mascarenica and nudum are vars.

PSORALEA.

A large genus (ord. Leguminosse) of hardy or
greenhouse, annual, biennial, or perennial herbs
and shrubs. Propagation, by cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots, in April and May, in sand, under a
bell-glass, for the shrubs ; by root division before
growth commences, for the herbaceous species.
Soil, light, rich loam for the hardy species, peat
for the pot plants. Although upwards of 100
species have been described, comparatively few of
them are in cultivation.

Principal Species and Variety : —

acnleata, •>' to 3', Jy.,
grh. sin1., bl., wh.

]tiimat;t. :V to G', My., Jy.,
grh. slir., hi.

Other Species :

aphylhi, 4' to"', sum., grh.

shr., bl.,wh., Ivs. simple,
glandulosa, •!', sum., hlf-

iidy. slir., wh., bl.

— arborea, 6' to 8', My.,
grh. shr., bl. (syn.
arborea).

melilotoides, 1' to 2',
Aug., hdy. per., pale
pur.

PSYCHOTRIA (syns. MTRSTIPHYLLUM
and PSYCHOTROPHUM).

Stove shrubs, and erect and climbing herbs (ord.
Kubiacew). A few make good garden plants.
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, in sandy peat,
with brisk bottom heat. Soil, equal parts of loam
and peat, with one-sixth sand, and a few pieces of
charcoal. Free drainage.

Principal Species : —
cyauococca, bl., berries jasininiflora, shr., wh.

bl., ripening in win., a (*//«. Gloneria jasmiui-

pretty herb, very useful flora).

for win. decoration (.«/«. sulphurea, cl., bl., fruits

cyauocarpa). yel.

Other Species: —
leucocephala (see Eudgea racemosa, 2' to 3', Je.,

macrophylla). shr., wh., small,

pilosa, herb, wh., fruits tabacifolia, Sep., shr., yel.

bl. (*'/n. chontalensis).

PSYLLA.

A considerable number of species is included in
this genus of small insects (ord. Homoptera), and
they all bear a general resemblance to Aphides.
They are social in habits, and occasionally are
covered and protected by a cotton-like excretion.
They live by sucking the sap from the young
branches and leaves of plants, and sometimes these
wounds develop into galls. They differ from
Aphides by their greater size ; shorter, thicker
thighs, which enable them to make enormous
leaps ; harder bodies, and round wings. They do
not increase asexually. The two species which
most concern gardeners are pyrisuga, which does
considerable damage to Pears, and Mali, the Apple
Sucker.

Although it is not difficult to kill the insects, it
is difficult to destroy the eggs without hurting the
trees. (i&e INSECTICIDES.) The persistent removal
of dead wood and snags should not be forgotten.

PTELEA.

Hardy trees (ord. Rntacetc). Propagation, by
seeds and layers. Garden soil.

Principal Species and Variety : —
trifoliata, 4' to 8', sum., — aurea, foliage golden

gru., yel. Hop Tree, when young, a pretty

Swamp Dogwood. shrubbery plant.

PTELIDIUM.

A handsome stove shrub (ord. Celastrineas).
Propagation, by cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand.
Soil, loam and peat, with sand.

Only Species :—

ovatum, 3', flowers grn., Ivs. very small.

PTERIDOPHYLLUM.

Herbaceous plants (ord. Papaveraceae), with
thick rhizomes. Allied to Hypecoum. Probably
not in cultivation.

PTERIS.

Description. — This genus of Ferns (ord. Filices)
contains many useful and handsome garden plants.
Tremula, cretica, and serrulata, with their numerous
varieties, are grown by the thousand for market
purposes. The genus is remarkable for its wide
range— hardy, greenhouse, and stove species are
included, and the length of the fronds varies from

Psila (.ier Carrot Maggots).
1'tarmica (see Acliillea).

Pteris

244 )

Pteris

a few inches to several feet, while as to cutting, all
stages are shown, from the undivided up to the
three or four times pinnate. One remarkable
feature is the number of variegated Ferns among
the Pterises — argyrsea, Victories, Alexandra, and
Mayi, shorn of their specific names, are familiar
examples. In some cases, as in quadriaurita and
its varieties, the young fronds take on a bright rose
or claret hue, at once striking and effective. Now
included under Pteris are Amphiblestra, Cam-
pteria, Doryopteris, Heterophlebium, Litobrochiu,
Passia, and Pycnodoria.

The genus Pteris is also noteworthy for its
economic value, although these qualities are
practically all centred in aquilina. In many
parts of the country Bracken is cut in autumn,
dried, and stored in stacks for covering material.

PTEHIS CRETICA.

The ashes are a valuable dressing, and, being rich
in potash, have been employed in glass manu-
facture.

Propagation. — In most cases by spores ; palmata
produces bulbils, which speedily make strong young
plants if the fronds are pegged down to the soil.
Species with creeping rhizomes, by division. The
variety smithiana, although it produces spore
cases, has no spores.

Soil.— Equal parts of peat or leaf mould and
loam, with sand. Weak-growing varieties need a
little more peat. (See FERNS.)

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE. — The dimensions refer to the fronds, and
do not include the length of the stipe or stalk.]

aquih'na,fronds 8" to 48" — cristata, hcly., tips of
i, _ • .-.

long, 6" to 24" broad,
finely cut, lowest pinna?
bipiunate, light grn.,
thin but leathery, hdy.;
many vars. Bracken,
Brake Fern, Eagle Fern.

le pumas crested,
ound at

the

Found at Tunbridge
Wells ; cresting fairly
constant.

• esculenta, grh., pin-
nules narrow, rhizome

is eaten by the ab-
origines. Edible Fern
of Tasmania.

arguta, 1' to 3' long, 1'
to IV broad, pinnate,
lowest pinnules pinuati-
fid, warm grh. , st. , soft,
papery.

aspericaulis, H' long, st.,
pinnate, lowest pinnae
bipartite, claret hued
when young.

— rubro-iiervia, st., red
veins and midrib.

— tricolor, 2' long, st. ,
pur. red or bright ro.
when young, dark gru.,
grey, with pur. veins
when mature (f!/}> •
quadriaurita tricolor).

biaurita, 8" to 18" long,
6" to 8" wide, st., not
so deeply cut as quadri-
aurita.

- argentea, st., deep
grn., silvery wh., more
useful than type.

cretica, ban-en fronds 6"
to 12" long, 4" to 8"
broad, pinnate, fertile
fronds longer, more
erect, and with much
narrower pinna?, grh.
or intermediate, pale
g^n., leathery (see
hgure); many vars., in-
cluding :

— albo-lineata, st. or
grh., pinnules broad,
and with a central silver
band ; most useful ;
comes true from spores.

albo-lineata Alex-
andra?, like albo-liue-
ata, but with crested
fronds, very handsome
(seep. 248).

— crispata, st. or grh.,
fronds crisped, with
central grey band.

- major (see serrulata
Ouvrardii).

— Mayi, grh., like albo-
lineata, but crested and
smaller ; plant smaller ;
comes true from spores.

— nobilis, erect habit,
fronds crested, pale
grn.; makes a bushy
grh. plant ; comes true
from spores (see p.
245).

— Ouvrardii (see serrulata
var.).

— sempervirens, crested,
stands well in dwelling
rooms.

Summersii, much
divided and crested,
elegant.

- Wimsettii, 1J' to 2'
long, grh., "tips of
pinnules forked, crested.
Grand market Fern.

Driukwateri, 15" to 18"
long, J" wide, dark
grn., vigorous.

ensiformis, 6" to 12" long,
3" to 6" broad, grh.,
fertile fronds narrower

and more cut, leathery
(SIJH. crenata).

Victoria-, barren
fronds small anil pros-
trate, fertile ones 1 ' to
1J' long, with narrow
pinna?, prettily varie-
gated (st/n. e. variegata
of Moore). Several
sub-vars. even prettier.
Regime is of more
vigorous growth, and
the variegation is in
narrower stripes : cris-
tata has crested fronds,
flabellata, 1' to 3' long, 1'
to H' broad, warm grh.,
st.: like arguta.

— ascensionis, smaller,
heterophylla, 6" to 12"

long, 3" to 6" broad,
triangular, tripinnate,
st., thin, papery.
Internata is a var.

leptophylla, 9" to 12",
each way, deltoid,
much cut, with long
narrow pinnules, st.,
soft, papery, greyish
grn.

lougifolia, 1' to 2' long,
6" to 9" broad, pinnate,
leathery, grh.; market
Fern (seep. 245).

— Mariesii, shorter
fronds, narrower pinna?,
st.; conies true from
spores.

— uobilis, 4' to a' long,
st.

ludens, barren fronds
entire, triangular to
halberd shaped, with
two well-marked lobes,
very leathery, fertile
ones 4" to 6" each way,
deeply lobed, and
roughly palmate, st.
(«/«. Doryopteris

ludens).

nobilis, st., first fronds
heart - shaped, next
series halbert -'shaped,
final series palmate,
thick, leathery, bright
grn., banded wh. (*//»».
elegaus, Litobroehia
grandis,and nobilis of J.
Smith ; that of gardens
is a form or syn. of
palmata).

— Duvalii, fronds very
stout.

— variegata, variegation
strong.

palmata, 4" to 9" each
way, St., dark grn.,
barren frondsfive-lobed,
terminal one largest,
fertile fronds deeply
cut, palmate, narrow
lobes, leathery (see p,
246). Colliua and
variegata are vars.

patens, 3' to 4' long, 2' to
3' broad, bipimmtitid,
leathery, st. (syn.
decussata).

pedata, st., close to palm-
ata, but more divided.

Pteris

( 245 )

Pteris

PTERIS CUETICA NOBILIS (see p. 244).

quadriaurita, 6" to 36"
long, 4" to 12" broad,
bipiimate, lower pinna-
forked, st.

— argynea, fronds with
central wh. band.

— rubricaulis, stipes red.
fronds bright claret
when young, difficult
to grow.

siigittifolia, 4" to 6"
lung, 2" to 3" broad,
arrowhead shaped,
leathery, st. , deep gru.
(»//«. Doryopteris sagit-
tifolia).

scaberula, 1'to H'long, 6"
to 9" broad, tripiuuate
or quadripiuuate,
leathery, grh. , pale gru.

serrulata, 9" to 18" long,
6" to 9" broad, bipin-
natifid, warm grh. or
intermediate, pale gru.,
leathery. Some vars.
approach closely to
cretica. Spider Fern.

— angustata, pinute and
pinnules narrower, tips
tasselled.

— applebyana, pinnules
long, tips tasselled.

— cristata, crested fronds
(KIT p. 246). Deusa
compacta and major
are sub-vars.

- grac'ilis, pinnfc very
narrow. Multiceps fs
a sub-var. witli crested
tips ; habit drooping.

— Leyi, piunules reduced
to midribs.

- Ouvrardii, 1' to H'
long, upright, inter-
mediate between ser-
rulata and umbrosa
(»»/«. cretica major of
gardens).

— plumosa, heavily tas-
selled.

- polydactyla. tips of
]>innules much forked.

— tenuifolia, fronds like
gracilis, but erect.

tremula, 2' to 4' long, 6"
to 24" broad, finely cut,
soft, papery, grh. ,
bright grn. ; a good
window Fern. Austra-
lian Bracken.

• — elegans, smaller than
species, apices of fronds
forked.

— flaccida, grn. ; pinnules
narrow.

— foliosa, broader, pale
grn.

— grandiceps, tasselled.

- uivalis, fronds wh.,
grn., rare.

— smithiaua, plants 2' to
2V. heavily tasselled,
stiff, erect, grh.

— variegata, gru., wh.,
central baud.

umbrosa, 1' to 2' long,
6" to 12" broad, bipin-
natisect, leathery,

drooping, grh.

— cristata, a crested var.

Other Species and Varieties :—

albo-lineata (see cretica

var.).
argyrsea (see quadriaurita

var.).

collina (sccpalmata var.).
comans, 2' to 3' long, 1'

to li' broad, bipinnate,

soft, papery, st.

— densa, more spreading

fronds.

crassipes (see gigantea).
crenata (see ensiformis).
crispa of gardens (see

straminea).
Currori, 3' to 4' long, 2'

broad, pinnse deeply

cut, soft, papery, st.

decussata (we patens).

deflexa, 2' to 4' long,
pinna? 1' long, deeply
cut, leathery, st.

denticulata, 12" to 24"
long, 8" to 12" broad,
liipiiiuatifid, leathery,
st. (syn. Litobrochia
deuticulata).

data, fronda several feet
long, leathery, st. (njii.
Litobrochia elata).

esculenta (see aquilina
var.).

geraniifolia of gardens
(see PelHea gerauiif olia) .

Ghiesbreghtii (see lacini-
ata var.)

gigantea, 2' to 3' long,
tripartite, stipes 2' to 3'
high, st., fronds much
cut, leathery (*//«*.
crassipes and Lito-
brochia gigautea).

glauca (see Peltea
glauca).

gracilis (see Peltea
gracilis).

grandifolia, 1' to 2' long,
pinnate, leathery, st.
(mjn. Litobrochia

grandifolia).

hastata (see Peltea has-
tata).

hookeriana, 9" to 12"
long, 6" to 9" broad,
pinnate, lowest pinna!
forked, leathery, st.

incisa, fronds several feet
long, bipinnate or tri-
pinnate, glaucous, grh. ,
a strong grower (st/n.
Litobrochia vespertili-
onis).

— aurita, bottom pinna!
entire.

intramargiualis of gar-
dens (now Peltea intra-
marginalis).

laciuiata, 1' to 2' long,
deltoid, tripiunatifid,
soft, papery, hairy, st
(syn. Lonchitis hirsuta
of gardens).

— Ghiesbreghtii, less
hairy (*//". Lonchitis
Ghiesbreghtii of Lin-
den).

niilneaua, 2' to 3' long,
st.; resembles quadri-
aurita, but soft ano
papery.

moluccaua, 2' to 3' long,
pendulous, pinnate,
leathery, st., bright
grn.; a strong grower.

mutilata, 6" each way,
deltoid, bipiniiiititid,
st., segments of fertile
fronds very narrow.

— conciuna, more deeply
cut.

uemoralis of gardens
(webiaurita).

paleacea, 1' to 1J' each
way, pinnate, lowest
piunules lobed, st.

podophylla, 4', tripin-
nate, very thick, st.,
strong grower (»•//«.
Litobrochia podo-

phylla) .

pungens, close to quadri-
aurita, prickly stalks.

semipinuata, 12" to 18"
long, 6" to 9" broad,
pinnate, lower pinmw
pinnatisect on one side,
grh.

— Bausei, 1' long, tufted,
bipinnate and pinnate,
warm grh.

PTEBIS LONOIFOLIA (see p. 244).

Pterisanthes

( 246

Pterospermum

straniinea, 1' to 15' long,
grh. (.«/«. crispa of
gardens).

tricolor (see aspericaulis
var.).

tripartita (sec milncaua) .

undulata, 2' long, 2'
broad, triangular, pin-
nate, pinnse lobed, st.
(fyii. areolata).

vespertilionis (see incisa).

Victoria! (see eusiformis
var.).

wallichiana, large, tri-
pinnate, central pinna
2' long, 1' broad, grh.
(«/«. Campteria wal-
lichiana).

Wiiiisettii (see cretica
var.).

PTERISANTHES.

Stove climbers (prd. Ampellidere). Polita is
probably the only species that has as yet been
introduced, and it is still rare and of little garden
value. Culture as for Cissus DISCOLOR, which set:.

PTEROCARPUS.

Stove trees (ord. Leguminosaj). They are not
commonly cultivated. Propagation, by cuttings of
firm shoots, in March. Soil, fibrous loam and peat,
with sand.

Principal Species : —
Draco, 30', My., yel.

Dragon Gum Tree,
indicus, 30', My., yel.

(tyn. dalbergioides) ;

flavus is a var. Bur-
mese Dogwood.

Marsupium, 40', Ap., yel.

Rohrii, 20', Ap., yel.

PTEROCARYA.

Hardy deciduous trees (prd. Juglandeae). The
leaves are large and ornamental, and the trees
make handsome lawn specimens. Propagation,
by seeds. Soil, deep medium loam.

Principal Species :—

caucasica, 20' to 40', My., grn. (syns. dumosa
of Lavall, fraxinifolia, pterocarpa, and Juglans
fraxinifolia).

PTEHIS PALMATA (see p. 244).

Other Species :—

rhoifolia, Ivs. with eight or
nine pairs of leaflets
(SIHIX. japouica of gar-
dens and sorbifolia).

stenoptera, Ivs. with five
pairs of leaflets (s.yw.
chinensis, Isevigata, and
sincnsis, of gardens).

Pterocephaliis (see Scalriotfi).
PterocJiiliis (sec Microatylis).
Pterococcus (see Calligonum).

PTERODISCUS.

Greenhouse succulents (ord. Pedalineae), usually
with tuberous roots. Propagation, by seeds, sown
in autumn and spring, in heat ; also by root
division. Soil, sandy loam and leaf mould. Full
exposure to sunlight is required.

Principal Species : —

luridus, lj',jy., dull yel. speciosus, 2', My., HI. or
red.

SERUULATA CUISTATA (see 2). -J4.-j).

PTEROLOBIUM (*//». QUARTIXIA and
REICHARDIA).

Tall, climbing stove shrubs (ord. Lcguminossc),
with recurving prickles. Propagation, by cuttings
in sand in heat ; they are, however, not easy to
root. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one purt,
sand one-eighth.

Principal Species : —

indicum, yel., wh. (syn. Crcsalpinia lacerans).

PTERONIA.

An obscure genus (i>rd. Composite) whose
members are of no garden value.

PTEROSPERMUM.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Stercnliaceas).
Propagation, by cuttings of the semi-matured side
shoots, in sand. Soil, fibrous loam and peat, with
sand.

Principal Species : —

acerifolitim, sum., grh.,
wh., Ivs. clothed with
wh. hairs below.

suberifolium, wfi. (xipi.
Pentapetes suberifolia).

Pteroloma (see Desmodii/in).
Pteroneurnm (.tee Canlamine).
PtffTGpril (see Tcenitis).
Pterustelnia (see Jfoya).
Pterostigma (see A

Pterostylis

( 247 )

Puccinia

PTEROSTYLIS (*yn. DIPLODIUM).

Tufted. greenhouse, terrestrial Orchids (ord.
Orchidaeeie), with small, tuberous roots. Propaga-
timi, I iy division, just before growth starts. Soil,
leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —

acnminata, 6", AJI., grn.
Hauksii, 6" to 18 , Ap.,

Baptistii, 1', win., grn.,

wh., br. ; the best.
. curta, 6", Oct., grn.

nutans, 6" to 12", Sep.,
gm.

PTYCHOCOCCUS.

Stove Palms (ord. Palmae). For culture, see
PTYCHOSPEKMA and PALMS.

Principal Species : —
arecinus, CO', Ivs. grace- slender, pinna; 10" to

ful; the best. 12" loug (.«/«. Pty-

Miadoxus, 15' to 20', stem chosperma paradoxa

ofScheff).

PTYCHORAPHIS.

Stove Palms (ord. Paluiie). Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.
Free drainage and plenty of water are needed.

Principal Species : —

augusta, SO to 10(1', Ivs.
8' to 12' long ; resem-
bles Cocos weddeliana
when young.

siugaporeusis, 6' to 12',

stem slender, Ivs. 3' to
6' long (*i/«*. Drymo-
phlopus, Ptychosperma,
and Rhopaloblaste siu-
gaporensis).

PTYCHOSPERMA. (AUSTRALIAN

FKATIIKR PALM.)

Elegant stove Palms (ord. Palmse), usually with
tall, slender trunks carrying heads of large leaves.
All are of easy culture, provided they are given
plenty of heat and moisture. Propagation, by im-
ported seeds. Soil, loam three parts, leaf mould
one part, and sand. Thrips and red spider are
the chief insect enemies, but they rarely do much
damage if the syringe is regularly used.

Principal Species : —

elcgans, Ivs. several feet sanderiana, 10' to 15',

long, jagged at the endfl Ivs. 4' long, fruits

(.«»/«. Soaf'irtliia elcgans bright red.

of R. Brown, not of Warletii, Ivs. jagged at

Hooker). the ends, silvery be-

Mae-artliuri, Ivs. 1' to 8' neath ; this is only

long. arching (.«//». known in a young state.

Keuti.-i Mararthuri).

Other Species :—

Al<'\;iii(lra'(nowArc,honto- paradoxa (see Ptycho-

phcenix Alexandra;). coccus paradoxus).

angnstifnlia (now Coleo- perbrevis (now Balaka

spadix oninensis). perbreris).

disticha (now Pinanga rnpicola (now Loxococcus

disticha). rupicola).

filifera (now Vitiphcenix Seemannii (now Balaka

tilitVra). Seemannii).

Xonnanbyi (now Areca singaporensis (see Ptycho-

Normanbyi). raphis singaporensis).

PUCCINIA. (RUSTS.)

I'arasitie. Fungi (ord. Fungi), highly destruc-
tive of wild and cultivated plants. They are variable.
in their manner of life, and some pass through a
highly complex life cycle. Graminis is an example.

1'1,-rostijruj' (sec, llali:*iu).

l'fi/iixti'/>//iiim (see Tridax).
Ptilot rirli u in (xi't1. Ah/xxiim).
Ptycliochiliix (xi-r Tropidia).

Yellow or brown patches make their appearance
upon the leaves of the Wheat plants in June, and
these- are found to be composed of clusters of
yellowish spores (uredospores) borne upon branches
(basidia) of the mycelium, (vegetative portion of
the fungus), permeating the tissues of the leaf.
The uredospores are one-celled, and germinate
in a few hours if placed upon a moist leaf surface.
This summer stage was at one time regarded as
a distinct organism, and was given the name of
Uredo linearis. Several crops of uredospores are
produced in the summer, but towards autumn they
are succeeded by the two-celled resting spores
(teleutospores), which are black in colour. This
was the stage formerly considered to be Puccinia
Graminis. The uredospores lie dormant until the
following spring. In germinating they develop
short, thread-like tubes (promycelium), which
divide into cells and produce lateral cubes, each of
which terminates in a spore (sporidium). These
sporidia are produced in great numbers in spring,
but before the fungus can again attack the Wheat
it has to pass through the ^Ecidium stage, in which
its host plant is the Barberry (^EcidiumBerberidis).
It produces the " cluster cups " upon the Barberry.
The spores from ^Ecidiiim Berberidis germinate
upon the Wheat, and give rise anew to the rust.
The fungus is heteroecious, i.e. requires more than
one host plant to support it.

Principal Heteroecious Puccinias : —
[NOTE. — • u. = uredospores, t. = teleutospores,
a. = ajcidiospores. ]

Caricis, u. (U. Caricis) and rubigo-vera,u.(TI.rubigo-

t. (P. striola) on Carex, vera) and t. (P. Stra-

a. (IE. Urticae) on minis) on Grasses, a.

Nettles. (JE. Asperifolii and

coronata, u. and t. on Lycopsidis) on members

Grasses, a. (^E.RliMimii) of Boragiuea;).

on Rhammis. sylvatica, u. and t. on

Poarum, u. and t. on Carex, a. on Dandelion.

Poas, a. (JE. Tussila-

ginis) on Coltsfoot.

Many Puccinias have a simple life cycle. They
usually have uredospores and teleutospores, but, as
far as can be discovered, only need a single host
plant, so that they are said to be autoecious. It is
in this section that the most generally destructive
species, as far as the gardener is concerned, are to
be found. Subjoined is a list : —

Arenarife, u. not known ; has also been called

forms br. blotches on Uredo Centaureos.

many species of Caryo- Malvacearum, one of the

phyllacea;, including mostdestructivespecies.

Pinks and Carnations. Hollyhock Fungus.

Carnation Rust. Jlenthie, on Mints and

Buxi, attacks Box ; dark, various species of

warty spots ; u. not Labiata; ; causes gouty

known ; not very shoots ; the recidium

dangerous. stage directly destruct-

(iriid'.'iiiip, attacks Gen- ive.

tiaua acaulis ; not coin- mixta, upon Chives and
mon ; a. not known. Onions. Has three
Grossulariii-, t. (Puccinia kinds of spores de-
stage). (iiMwberry veloped at once, viz.
Cluster Cups. u. and two forms of t.,
Hieracii, found upon i.e. one-celled and two-
many Composite \vrei Is ; celled.
lir. blotrhes. Provi- pringshermiana, attacks
sionnl name for f'hry- Gooseberries,
anthemum Rust, which

Remedies. — As the growth of the parasites is in

the tissues of the host plants, preventive rather
than curative measures have to be adopted. Spray-
ing with Bordeaux Mixture and a solution of

Puddling

( 248 )

Pulmonaria

potassium sulphide is helpful. When Hollyhocks
and Onions are badly attacked, the sacrifice of the
crop and its destruction by fire may be the only
methods open. In the case of hetercecious species
it is requisite to break the Xfe cycle by removing
one of the known host plants. (For further par-
ticulars, see CHRYSANTHEMUM, CARNATION, and
HOLLYHOCK.)

PUDDLING.

In making ponds

lakes watertight, tough,

shoots, in sand, in a close frame with bottom heat
Soil, loam and peat, with sand. The plants are
rare in cultivation.

Principal Species : —

thunberguina, sum., hlf.-
hdy. cl. A starch from
the roots and a tibre
from the stems are ob-
tained by the Japanese.
(A'//w«.Pachyrhizus thun-
bergiauus, aiid Dolichos

hirsutus and D. japoni-

cus).
tuberosa, 'V . Je.. bl. ,

leaflets 6" to 12" loug

(XI/M. Hcdysarum tub-

erosum).
Wulliuhii, 3', Je., red, bl.

Photo : Cttssell & Company, Ltd.

PTERIS CRETICA ALBO-LINEATA ALEXANDRA (see p. 244).

yellow clay is rammed in with heavy wooden
rammers, and the operation is commonly known
as puddling. When water sluices are inserted it
is necessary to "puddle" for at least 3' out, to
prevent leakage.

Sometimes the term "puddling" is applied to
the dipping of Cabbage plants and other Brassicas
into a puddle of lime, soot, and earth, mixed up
into a thin paste with water. This is a capital
plan in cases of drought and where attacks of
gall weevil and club are feared.

PUERARIA (»yn. NEUSTANTHUS).
Greenhouse, climbing herbs (ord. Leguminosa;').
Propagation, by seeds and by cuttings "of the side

Puccoon, Red (see Sanguinaria).

PULICARIA.

The only species of note (ord. Composite) is a
common British wilding, dysenterica, Fleabane,
6" to 12", summer, perennial, yellow (»yn. Inula
dysenterica). Any moist soil.

PULMONARIA. (LUNGWORT.)

Hardy perennial herbs {ord. Boraginea;), all more
or less hairy, with the leaves spotted with white.
Propagation, by division in spring. Ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties: —
angustifolia, 1', spr., pk., arverueuse, bl., gardeu

bl., Ivs. narrow. A/urra origin.

is a var. Blue Cowslip. — alba. wh.

Puf/ateria (see Griselinia).

Pultensea

( 249 )

Purshia

mollis. 9", Ap., My., bl. — alba, wh.
oflk'inalis, 1', spr., red, saccharata, 1', Je., pk.
viu. Snge of Bethlehem.

PULTENSEA.

A rather large genus (aril. Leguminosie) of green-
house evergreen shrubs. The plants are very
beautiful, and not difficult to grow. Propagation,
by cuttings of young shoots approaching ripeness,
in very sandy peat, beneath a bell-glass, in gentle
heat and shaded. Soil, fibrous peat and one-sixth
sharp sand, with a few nodules of charcoal. Firm
potting and free drainage are essential. They must
never be allowed to get dry.

Principal Species : —

oboordata, Ap., yel. (si/n. stricta, 1' to 3', Ap., Jy.,

Euchilus obcordatus of yel.

Ilninnii-u/ Hri/istfr W3). villosa, 1' to 3', Ap., yel.

rnsra, '2', Ap., pk., ill («/«. polygalifolia).

round heads.

Other Species and Varieties : —

daphuoides, 2' to 3', Je., mucronata (sfcpolifolia).

Jy., yel. paleacea, 1J', My., yel.

— obcordata, Ivs. shorter, pedunculata, My., yel.,

broader. prostrate.

dentata, 2', Je., yel., Ivs. polifolia, 2', My., yel.

silvery beneath (»_</«. (si/ns. mucrouata and

araentea). rosmarinif olia) .

euchila, 1', My., yel. (syn. polygalifolia (see villosa).

Spadostyles Sieberi). rosroarinifolia (see poli-

flexilis, iV, My., yel., folia).

solitary." scabra, 1 J ', Ap., deep yel.

jiiniperiua, H', Je., yel., — biloba, Ivs. two lobed

flowers two or three (HI/ it. biloba of Hutu, n,;/ 1

together, plant prickly. Kaaanne 2091).

•- latifoliti, Ivs. broader, stipularis, 2', Ap., yel., in

sh.-irply pointed (syn. dense heads.

cordata). subumbellata, 1', Ap.,

linophylla, 1', Ap., yel. yel., striped crim.

(SIJH. retusa). tenuifoh'a, U', Ap., yel.,
Ivs. nearly round.

PULVINARIA.

A genus of Scale insects, distinguishable by the
pad of wax secreted by the female beneath the
body. Kibesise, the Currant Scale; .Vitis, which
attacks Vines ; and floccosa, which is to be found
upon Camellias, are the most troublesome. Wash-
ing with kerosene emulsion (see INSECTICIDES),
tobacco water, and nicotine soap is effective. (See
<t ho INSECTS, and SCALE.)

PUNICA. (POMEGRANATE, PUNIC or
CARTHAGINIAN APPLE.)

Description. — The only species of note in this
genus (tird. Lythrarieae) is a handsome, deciduous,
hardy tree of considerable economic value, since it
supplies the Pomegranates of commerce. It has
been widely cultivated in many of the warmer
parts of the globe from times of great antiquity.
Outdoors in this country its fruit seldom forms,
and thus, although the tree is hardy enough, it
should be given the shelter of a south wall if it
is desired that the flowers should be produced.
It is only grown for the beauty of its blooms.

Propagation. — By cuttings, suckers, layers, and
grafting upon the common species. The last
method is usually adopted for the named varieties,
of which there are several.

Soil.— It likes a good, loamy soil, although if the
soil be heavy, a fourth part of leaf mould and
iibinit a tenth part of the whole of road scrapings
will be an excellent addition.

Other Cultural Points. — For conservatory
decoration, large wooden tubs are the most con-
venient receptacles. Potting need only be done
once in five or six years for large specimens,
provided an annual top-dressing be given.

Principal Species and its Varieties: —

Granatum, 15' to 30', Je., — flore pleno, wh., with

Sep., hdy., red, iu yel. calyx, double,

bunches containing two — liana, 5' to 6', fruits as

to five fruits as big as large as a Nutmeg ; a

a large Orange. Com- charming pot plaiit.
moil Pomegranate.

PUPA.

Imago or perfect insect, egg, maggot, chrysalis
or pupa. These are the stages in the life cycle of
insects, and the pupa is thus the last one before
the perfect fly. When, in the words of the ento-
mologist, the metamorphosis of the insect is
incomplete, the pupa resembles the perfect insect
to a considerable extent, although the wings are
always rudimentary. In this section, too, the
larva and the pupa resemble each other, and the
pupa is as voracious as the larva, although it is
larger in size. Examples are to be found in the
aphides, crickets, and grasshoppers. When the
metamorphosis is complete the pupa is quite
helpless, and totally unlike the insect which is to
be developed from it. It is, in fact, the quiescent
stage, and in most cases, although not in all, it is
protected by a cocoon, whose making was the
last act of the larva before it became a pupa.
Examples are to be found in the Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Between these
two extremes there are many connecting links ;
thus the pupa of a wasp has its limbs slightly
movable, though bound down to its body, and it
cannot eat any food.

Frequently the winter is passed under ground,
and it is in such cases that the gardener may carry
the war into the enemies' country by digging during
late autumn to expose the pupae of injurious
insects to the keen eyes of predatory birds. (For
further particulars, see INSECTS.)

PUPALIA.

Branching stove herbs and sub-shrubs (onl.
Amarantaceae). . Probably only atropurpurea, of
the species included, has been introduced. It is
an evergreen shrubby plant, propagated by cut-
tings, in sand, in a close frame, with bottom heat,
and liking a sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

atropurpurea, 1J' to 2', Sep., dark pur., branches
purplish.

PURSHIA (fif/n. KUNZIA and TIGAREA).

A small genus — two species only — of dwarf hardy
shrubs (ord. Rosaceai). Propagation, by cuttings
of the young shoots in sand, in a close but not
heated frame, in early summer. Soil, loam two
parts, leaf mould one part, and sand. (For Purshia
of Sprengel, see ONOSMODIUM.)

I'unnet (see Measures).

Purification flower (see Galantlnts niralix).

Purple Flowering Raspberry (see lliibvs odoratvs).

I'lir/ilr Loosest rife (see Lythrum 8alicaria\.

I'u r/ilc Mi'ilirli (see Medieago satira).

Purple Osier (see Salix jrurpiirea*).

Purple Wreath (sn- Petrifa volubilis).

Purslane

( 250

Pycnanthemum

Only Species : —
glandulosa, My., yel.,
vvli., Ciuiiamon scented ;
close to trideutata.

tridentata. 2' to 3', Jy.,
hdy., yel.

PURSLANE.

The Purslane (Portnlaca oleracea) is a small
herb with fleshy shoots and leaves, sometimes used
upon the Continent as a salading, the older shoots
being employed as a potherb and also for pickling.
In this country Purslane is rarely grown, and its
use is practically unknown, save in a few country
places. It is a half-hardy annual, and may be
raised from seed sown in gentle heat under glass,
the seedlings being planted out at the end of May
in a warm corner of the garden, in much the same
way as Basil. (For other species, see PoKTULACA.)

PUSCHKINIA.

Two species of hardy or half-hardy bulbs (ord.
Liliacea;), of which only scilloides (gyn. libanotica)
is in cultivation. It is, however, a general favourite,
for it is not difficult to grow, and it flowers freely
and well each year. Propagation, by offsets. The
clumps of bulbs should be lifted, divided, and re-
planted about every three years. Annual lifting is
not necessary, and it is not desirable where effective
clumps are wished for. Soil, sandy loam three
parts and leaf mould one part, but as a rule the
plants will do in ordinary garden soil, unless it be
very heavy. For nooks in the rock garden, few
bulbs are better than Puschkinias, and they do
well in the herbaceous border, except that they are
apt to have the beauty of their flowers spoiled by
mud splashes in heavy rain. Although reputedly
hardy, it will be well to cover the clumps with
leaves or dry litter in winter. Slugs are very de-
structive of growths just pushing through. The
variety compacta makes a charming pot plant for
the greenhouse. It may be grown five or six bulbs
in a pot, but must be allowed to come along slowly_

Principal Species and its Variety : —

scilloides, 4" to 8", spr., Adamsia scilloides).
wh., striped pale bl., Striped Squill,

about |" across (SI/HH. — compacta, dwarf er,
libanotica, sicula, and flowers smaller and
more numerous (*//».
libanotica compacta ) .

PUSS MOTH.

The larva? of the Puss Moth (Dicranura vinula)
have to be numbered amongst the gardener's
enemies, for they attack the leaves of Willows and
Poplars, and, when present in quantities, do con-
siderable damage. These larva: are of peculiar
shape. The head is flat, the body is distinctly
humped, and the last pair of prolegs are developed
into a pair of long, curving horns, which are used
to battle with the ichneumon, its natural enemy.
The colour is green, with purple lines ; the head
is black. The full-fed larva; gnaw for themselves
hiding places in the bark of the trees which they
infest, spin cocoons, and pass the winter thus.
The moths emerge in June. They are nearly 3"
across the forewings, which are grey, while their
bodies are large, heavy, and also grey. There are
several other species, which, on account of their
resemblance to the Puss Moths and their smaller
size, are fancifully termed Kitten Moths. They
are bifida, the Poplar Kitten, which feeds upon
the Aspen and Poplars; furcula, the Sallow Kitten,

Purslane Tree (see Portulacaria).

which attacks Willows ; and biscuspis, the Alder
Kitten, which selects the Alder, Beech, and Birch.
Remedy, hand picking larva; and cocoons, with
their contained pup:v, and catching the moths.

PUTORIA.

Two or three species of dwarf, half-hardy,

branching shrubs (ord. Rubiacea;). The generic

i name suggests the strong smell characteristic of

' the plants. Propagation, by root division in spring.

j A light and warm, gravelly soil is best.

Principal Species : —

calabrica, 6", Jy., red (xi/ns. Asperula calabrica
and Enodea montana).

PUTTERLICKIA.

Two species only of spiny greenhouse shrubs
(ord. Celastrineas). Propagation, by layers in
autumn. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with
one-sixth sand.

Principal Species : —

pyracantha, 2' to 3', win., grn., pur. disc (xi/n.
Celastrus Pyracanthus of Botanical Mayazine 11 (>7).

PUTTY.

As a rule, only a bottom bedding of putty is now
employed in glazing greenhouses ; formerly both
top and bottom putty was used. Ordinary glazier's
putty is made of whiting, worked into a stiff
paste with linseed oil. It is creamy white in
colour, but after a few weeks' exposure to the air
dries to a dead white and sets hard. Red putty
may be made by mixing a little red lead with the
white putty ; it also sets hard. Old white putty
may be softened by mixing caustic potash to a
paste with water, and spreading it over the putty.
More than one application may be necessary. The
application of a hot iron to the putty holding the
pieces of a broken pane of gla^s will soften it, and
allow it to be cut out with comparative ease.

PUYA (xyn. POURRETIA in part).

According to Mr. J. G. Baker, this genus {ord.
Bromeliaceie) includes fourteen species. All are
stove or greenhouse perennial herbs, with spiny
leaves, and most of them with showy flowers. All
are easy to grow, although, so far, they have not
become general favourites. Propagation is by
suckers, which are freely produced by old plants,
and by seeds. Fibrous loam and peat, in equal
parts, with sand, suit for soil. Free drainage and
liberal supplies of water are other essentials.

Principal Species : —

chilensis, stem 0' to 10' Agave-like. The affin-

high, Jy., grh., Ivs. 3' ities of this plant are

to 4' long, sword very uncertain,

shaped, in a rosette lanuginosa, stem 2' to 3',

(.«/». eoarctata). Oct., st. or grh., fini.,

— gigantea, taller. bl., Ivs. 2' to 2.1' l<m^',

gigas, wh. or ro., spikes sword shaped, 100 or

18' to 20' high, Ivs. more in a rosette, very

tufted, wh. beneath, spiny.
Some species are now referred to Pitcairnia.

PYCNANTHEMUM («//«*. HRAOHYSTE-
MCM, KOELLIA, and TULMA. MOUNTAIN
MINT).

A genus (ord. Labiatse) of erect growing, hardy
perennials of little decorative value. Propagation,
by root division in spring. Any ordinary soil.

Pycnostachys

( 251 )

Pyrethrum

Principal Species : —

tanceolatum, sum., stems
downy.

miitirum, 1' to IV, sum.,

wh., iu dense terminal
clusters. The whole
plant is aromatic (*.'/«.
pilosum).

PYCNOSTACHYS.

Erect growing stove herbs (ord. Labiatie). Prop-
agation, by root division and by cuttings. Soil,
loam two parts, leaf mould one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —
coerulea, 12" to 1~>", Aug., urticnnfolia, 10', Dec.,

aim., hi. Feb., per., bl.

botanists do not attach much importance to these
distinctions, and the two genera are now merged,
but the Pyrethrums have been kept distinct in this
work for cultural reasons. Perhaps no section of
hardy flowers is in greater favour than this, and it
will be long ere the name Pyrethrum is forgotten.

The florists' varieties, for which see special list,
are all easy to grow in any good garden soil,
and they may be propagated by division. They
like best, however, to be allowed to remain un-
disturbed for two or three years, and then, if given
annual top-dressings of well-rotted yard dung, they

tscil £• Company, Ltd.

PVIIVS BACCATA (see p. 253).

PYRALIDINA.

A group of moths, containing the largest of thn
Microlepidoptera, and not infrequently like some
of the smaller Noctuas in appearance. They
very seldom do injury to garden produce, and are
of little importance.

PYRETHRUM.

Description. — Correctly this genus of hardy
piTi'iinials belongs to the Chrysanthemums {aril.
Composite). Originally the Pyrethrums were
separated from the Chrysanthemums because of
the i iresenoe of a pappus in the shape of an elevated,
membranous border, and the fact that the achenes
(fruits) are angular, but not winged. Later

flower superbly. By cutting off the first crop of
flowers early, and removing the flowering stems to
the base, a second crop of bloom may be obtained
in the early autumn, but to support the plants over
the double strain liberal supplies of liquid manure
should be given. Seeds are usually only employed
when new varieties are wanted. Tchihatchewii is
an invaluable plant for dry banks, and uiiginosum
is suited in the wild garden; it is generally rather
too coarse for the herbaceous border.

The Golden Feather (Parthenium aureum) is
invariably treated as an annual, seed being sown in
heat under glass, in spring, the -re. llinus being
duly pricked out into boxes or pans to strengthen,
and transferred to the open ground about the end

Pyrethrum

( 252 )

Pyrethrum

of May. Frequent pinching is needed to keep the
plants from flowering and induce them to maintain
the dwarf habit that is desired. When Golden
Feather is employed for carpet bedding, as it
commonly is, this pinching has to be very drastic.
As the seed is very minute, it should only be
sown thinly. Frequently Golden Feather becomes
quite a weed in gardens, thousands of plants
making their appearance from self-sown seed,
which seems to be able to resist a considerable
degree of cold.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — All are hardy herbaceous perennials.
The colours refer to the ray or guard florets.]
achilleaefolium, 2', sum., themum Parthenium).

golden yel. Common Pellitory or

— pubesceus, larger heads Feverfew.

(correctly Chrysanthe- roseum, 1' to 2', sum., ro.,
Ivs. rich grn. The flower

mum achillesefolium) .

corymbosum, 1', Jy., wh.
(correctly Chrysanthe-
mum corymbosum).

parthenifolium aureum,
sum., wh., Ivs. yel.
(correctly Chrysanthe-
mum prsealtum). Gol-
den Feather.

— aureum selaginoides,
Ivs. more finely cut,
very handsome.

— glaucum, glaucous
Ivs.

Parthenium, 2', Je., wh. ;
the whole plant is
strongly scented (syn.
Matricaria Parthen-
ium. correctly Chrysan-

heads are used in the
manufacture of insect
powders. (Correctly
Chrysanthemum coccin-
eum roseum). This has
given rise to innumer-
able vars., for a selec-
tion of which see special
list.

Tchihatchewii, 2' , early
sum., wh. (correctly
Chrysanthemum Tchi-
hatchewii).

uligiuosum, 5', Aug., wh.,
2" across ; a strong
grower (correctly Chrys-
anthemum uligiuosum).
Great Oxeye.

Other Species : —

decaisiieaimm. 1' to 1^',
aut., pale yel. (correctly
Chrysanthemum decais-
neauum).

diversifolium (now Bra-
chycome diversifolia).

frutesceus (see Chrysan-
themum frutescens).

lacustre, 2' to 2J', sum.,
wh., 2" across, solitary
(correctly Chrysanthe-
mum lacustre).

margiuatum, aut. , yel
(correctly Tanacetum
marginatum).

Mawii, Aug., wh., rn.
flushed, rootstock

woody.

multifidum, IV to 2',
sum., wh., like Mar-
guerites (correctly C.
multifidum) .

starckianum, 1', wh., Ivs.
much cut, Alpine.

Garden Pyrethrums. — These fall naturally into
two sections — singles and doubles. Both have
their uses, and both are exceptionally useful for
cutting.

Singles : — •

Agues Mary Kelway, ro.
Amoret, pur.
Apollyon, pk. ; a good

late bloomer.
Ascot, peach.
Dawn, wh.
Decoy, sc.
Feversham, wh.
General Buller, car.

Duubles : —

Alfred, crim.

Aphrodite, wh.

Beauty of Laeken, Anem-
one-flowered, crim.

Golcoude, crim.
James Kelway, cardinal.
Lugra, rosy pur.
Oliver Twist, cream.
Ornemeut, vio., cerise. ;
Koland, lil.

Twilight, creamy wh. •
Vesuve, blood red.
Yellowstone, lemon.

Carl Vogt, wh., very

early.

Cleopatra, yel., wh.
King Oscar, crim., sc.

Melton, crim.
Othello, vio., yel. tips.
Ovid, dark ro.
Pericles, golden yel.
Princess Beatrice, pk.
Shotover, pk., very large.
Triomphe de France, crim.

red, shaded pur.
Wega. buff, yel., ro.

Photo : Cdsscll (£• Company, Ltd.

PYBUS FLOKIBUXDA (see p. 253).

Pyrola

( 253 )

Pyrus

PYROLA. (WlNTEKGBEEN.)

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Ericaceae), some of
them steinless ami one species leafless. Several
species make handsome garden plants, and may be
planted in shaded nooks in the rockery and hardy
fernery. They will do also in thin shrubberies,
provided they can get a free supply of water.
Propagation, by division as growth is starting in
spring. A rather light and sandy soil, containing,
however, plenty of humus, is to their liking ; they
will not thrive in heavy, clayey media.

Principal Species : —

rotuudifolia, l>", sum.,

hdy., wh., fragrant,

good for rockwork ;

British.
— urenaria, Ivs. smaller

Other Species : —
elliptica, 0", Je., Jy.,

wh., fragrant,
niaculata (now Cliima-

phila maculata).
media, 4", Jy., Aug., wh.,

flushed red ; British.

than type, good for
rockwork ; British sea
shores.

secuuda, Jy., gni., wh. ;
British.

minor, 8" to 12", Je.,
Aug., wh., tinged red,
Ivs. nearly round.

umbellata (now Chima-
phila umbellata).

uniflora (now Moneses
graudiflora).

HAMILTOXIA and

PYRULAR1A (»>jni.

SPH.EROCARYA).

Three species only of deciduous trees and shrubs
(ord. Santalacea:). Pubera, the only species yet in
cultivation in this country, may be increased by
cuttings, and thrives in a sandy, loamy soil.

Principal Species : —

pubera, 3' to 12', My., hlf-hdy., grn., in small
spikes ; fruit a drupe, containing a good deal of
acrid oil (syn. oleifera). Buffalo, Elk, or Oil Nut.

PYRUS.

Description. — It would be difficult to exaggerate
the importance of this genus of trees and shrubs
(ord. Rosaceie), which, although not very large with
regard to the number of species it contains, is yet
very comprehensive. Included in it are such fruits
as the Apple and Pear, whilst most of the species
and varieties are handsome flowering subjects,
which would be sadly missed from our lawns and
shrubberies. All the species are hardy, and most
of them will withstand our most severe winters
with impunity. Aucuparia and its varieties, also
baccata, Aria, and Mains and its varieties, make
handsome lawn trees, and some of the varieties of
Mains take kindly to pot culture, and may be forced
gently into flower for the conservatory. Hard
forcing invariably causes the buds to drop.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, and grafting.
(For particulars, see APPLE and PEAB.)

Soil. — A deep loam of medium texture is the
favourite soil, but most of the Pyruses will do in
any soil from very light to very heavy.

Division of Genus. — The genus includes Malus,
Sorbus, Cydonia, and Mespilus, as well as part of
Aronia. It may be conveniently divided into seven
groups or sections, viz. (1) Pyrophorum, typified
by communis, the Pear ; (2) Malus, which may be
represented by baccata and Malus, the Apple ; (3)
Aria, in which are Aria, the White Beam Tree, and
Torminalis ; (4) Sorbus, which includes Aucuparia,

the Mountain Ash or Rowan, and Sorbus ; (5)
Adenorachis, which includes arbutifolia ; (6)
Cydonia, of which japonica is the typical species ;
and (7) Mespilus, where germanica, the Medlar,
must be placed. There has been much shifting
about of the various genera, and thus each plant
has, as a rule, a goodly list of synonyms. A few
only of these are given.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Ken Hand-
List^

edulis,

Pijrolirlnn (see

Pyrr/ieima (see Tradrscantia).

Pytkonium (see Thomsonia).

arbutifolia, 2' to 10', My.,
Je, , hdy. shr., wh. or
flushed pur., fruits red
or pur., Pear shaped
(.sv/y/.v. Aronia pirifolia,
Azarolus and Sorbus
arbutifolia). Choke
Berry.

— melanocarpa, Iva.
larger, dark pur. fruits
(syn. grandifolia).

Aria, 4' to 40', My., Je.,
hdy., Ivs. deeply lobed,
wh. beneath, fruits
dotted red, i" across,
British (syns. baden-
sis of gardens, meri-
dioiialis, odorata of
gardens, Mespilus Aria,
etc.). White Beam Tree.
There are many vars.,
of which those named
helow are some of the
best:—

— chrysophylla, Ivs. yel.

— latifolia, Ivs. broad
with deltoid lobes.

— rupicola, fruits nearly
car., Ivs. very wh.
beneath.

Aucuparia, 10' to 30', My.,
Je., hdy., cream wh.,
fruits sc., flesh yel., Ivs.
5" to 8" long, pinnate;
British (syiti. Aucu-
paria sylvestris, Mes-
pilus Aucuparia, and
Sorbus Aucuparia).
Rantry, Rhoddon or
Roan Tree, Mountain
Ash, Rowan Tree.
Many vars., including :-

— atropurpurea, fruits
very large, dark red.

— fastigiata, upright
habit.

— foliis-aureis, Ivs. yel.

— fructu luteo, fruits yel.

— pendula, branches
weeping.

— rossica fructu dulcis,
fruits sweet.

— variegata, Ivs. varie-
gated.

baccata, l.V to 20', Ap.,
My., hdy., wh., fruits
yel., red, as large as a
nig Cherry. The pulp
is used in Siberia for
making quasar punch,
and in England for
making jelly. A beau-
tiful lawn tree (*//«*. tar-
tarica of gardens, Malus
baccata, cerasifera, and
rossica). Siberian Crab.
The vars. aurantiaca,

lutea, micro-
carpa, obconoidea, pr<e-
cox, striata, and xautho-
carpa are good (nee
p. 251).

Chama3mespilus, 5' to 6',
My., Je., hdy. shr., red,
fruits red, round (»//«».
Aria, Aronia, Mespilus,
and Sorbus Chama;-
mespilus). Bastard Med-
lar, Bastard Quince.

— Hostii, 10', spr., rosy

Sk. (syns. Aria aud
rataegus Hostii).

communis, 20' to 40', Ap.,
My., hdy., wh., fruits
pyriform. Several vars.,
including cotiuifolia,
flore pleno, and pen-
dula. Wild Pear.

coronaria, 20', My., hdy.,
ro., fruits grn., fra-
grant, Ivs. ovate or
heart shaped (syns.
Crataegus and Malus
coronaria, and M. micro-
carpa coronaria).

— flore pleno, double
(syn. angustifolia fl. pi.
of gardens). Sweet-
scented Crab.

crataegifolia, spr., wh.,
fruits red, elliptic.

Cydonia, 20', My., Je.,
wh. or pale red (KI/HS.
Cydouia lusitanica and
vulgaris and Sorbus
Cydonia). Common
Quince.

floribunda.My. , hdy. , rosy
red, very free, fruits
nearly round. One of
the best of hdy. flower-
ing shrubs (syns. Malus
floribunda and micro-
carpa floribunda, tee
p. 252).

— flore pleno, double
(syns. halleana and
Parkmanuii of
dens).

— Scheideckeri, semi-
double, floriferous ;
thought by some au-
thorities to be a hybrid
(floribunda X pruui-
folia).

japonica, 5' to 6', spr.,
sum., hdy., deep sc.,
large, showy, fruits
large, grn., fragrant,
but not edible, ripe in
Oct. (KI/HS. Clwuomeles
and Cydonia jupouica,
C. lagenaria, C. speci-
osa,aud Malus japouica,

gar-

Pyrus

( 254 )

Quassia

not P. Cydouia of

Linnaeus). There are
several vars., including
a wh. and double crim.,
cardinalis,. with large,
richly coloured flowers,
very early ; and Knap
Hill Scarlet, very flue.
Mains, 20', My., hdy.,
pk., wh., fruits yel. ;
Britain (xytix. Malus
commuuis and sylves-
tris, see itlso APPLE).
Crab, Wild Apple.

— aurea, Ivs. yel., gru.

— Bertinii, very free
fruiting.

— coccinea, car.

— John Downie, red, yel.,
very fruitful.

— initis, young Ivs. hairy.

— neidwetzkyana, large
flowers, wood pk.

— sempervireiis. Ever-
green Crab.

Other good vars. are
nervosa, pendula, and
rosea.

Maulei, 2' to 2£', Ap.,
sc., hdy., but does
best in a sheltered
place, fruits golden

flore pleno, fructu
dulcis, fructu coccineo,
fructu striato, and pen-
dula. Siberian Crab.

sincnsis, Ap., wh., like
commuuis, but has
longer branches and
almost ev. Ivs. The
younglvs. have a bronze
red hue in spring, and
the tree is very effective
then (st/ns. chineusis,
communis var. sinensis,
and ussuriensis). Sand
Pear, Snow Pear.

Sorbus, 20' to 60', My.,
hdy., cream, fruits red
spotted, 1" long, very
astringent (si/ns. domes-
tica, serrulata of gar-
dens,Cormus domestica,
and Sorbus domestica).
True Service Tree.

spectabilis, 20' to 30, Ap.,
My., hdy., pale red,
large, inclined to come
semi - double (*i/>i*.
japonica floribundaaud
Malus chineusis of gar-
dens, M. sinensis, and
spectabilis, see p. 255).

— flore albo, wh.

yel., ripe in autumn ; — flore pleno, double,

an excellent preserve is — Kaido, blush red, fruits

made from them (syiis. said to be edible if

Chamomeles alpina and bletted (syn. pyra-

Maulei, and Pseudo- midalis grandiflora of

chienomeles Maulei). gardens).

Referred by Index — maguifica, deep rosy

Kewensix to japonica ; pk., an improvement,

vars. Leichtliui and su- Toringo, My., hdy., wh.

perha are larger, and or ro., fruits small

brighter than the type. («//»». P. Malus Toringo,

prunil'olia, 20' to 30', Ap., Sieboldii, Malus rivu-

My., hdy. tree, wh., laris and spectabilis

fruits yel., red, astrin- Toringo, and Sorbus

gent (fijnt. Malus Toringo). There is a

hybrida and pruuif olia). double - flowered var.

Many vars., including Toringo Crab.
Other Species and Varieties : —

americana, Je., hdy., red, wh., fruits small, glo-

fruits red, globose, bose, Ivs. covered with

small (SV/HX. P. Sorbus silky wh. hairs. The

polonica of gardens, Index Kewensi.t gives

Sorbus americaua, hu- this as eteagrifolia.

mifusa, etc.). American fennica (see pinuatiflda).

Mountain Ash. leucocarpa, wh., fruits

— microcarpa, smaller depressed at the top and

fruits (syits. micro- base, wh. or cream,

carpa, Sorbus ameri- nivalis, My., hdy., wh.,

cana microcarpa, and fruits yel., gru. (.«/«.

riparia). salviiblia) . Snow Tree.

auricularis, 20', Ap., wh., — variegata, variegated

fruits or. yel., Ivs. Ivs.

ovate (si/ns. bollwyller- Pashia, My., wh., pk., Ivs.

iaua, irregularis, Poll- usually ovate, some-

veria, touientosa, and times three-lobed («/«»•.

Lazarolus Pollverii). nepalensis of gardens

betutefolia, spr., hdy. and variolosa).

shr., wh., anthers deep pinnatifida, flowers like

red, fruits br., dotted Aucuparia, Ivs. partly

wn- pinnate (m/ns. fennica

Botryapium {ett Amelan- and hybrida).

chier canadensis). Bingo, close to Toringo

cordata, spr., hdy., wh., but with Ivs. more

fruits small, globose or deeply cut (si/ns. Malus

pyriform (syns. boisser- microcarpa Bingo, and

iana, communis azar- P. Toriugo Bingo),

ohfera and c. Briggsii). Vai-s. fastigiata bifera,

etoaguifoha, My., h<ly., and sublobata.

salicifolia, 20', My. Je.,
hdy., wh., Ivs. narrowly
lanceolate, silvery be-
neath (si/ ii . orieutalis
of gardens).

sambucifolia, Je., larger
than americaua, but
close to that species,
probably only a var.
of it.

sikkimensis, hdy., pale
pk., fruits dark red,
excellent when stewed
(SIHI. Pyrus baccata
iudica).

Amelanchier piunata
of gardens, Arouia
and Cratsegus sorbi -
folia).

Torminalis, 10' to ;>0',
Ap., My., hdy.. wh.,
fruits usually pyriform,
grn., br., Ivs. 2" to 4"
long, usually heart
shaped ; Britain (*///<*.
Crata?gus and Sorbus
T< irminalis, Torminaria
Clusii and vulgaris).
Wild Service.

ussuriensis (see sinensis).

Simonii, spr., hdy., wh., vestita, 10' to 18', My.,
fruits yel., nearly Je., wh., of pyramidal

2" nrrr *--*-t v-ui ,__- . _*-

round, 2" across, habit
erect.

spuria, 20', Ivs. pinnate,
a supposed hybrid
(Aucuparia X arbuti-
folia, si/ns. hybrida,

habit (nym. Aria uepal-
ensis, Pyrus crouata,
and nepalensis of gar-
dens, Sorbus magnmca
and uepalensis of gar-
dens, and S. vestita).
Himalayan Beam Tree.

PYXIDANTHERA.

The only species (ord. Diapensiacese) is a very
small, prostrate, hardy herb or sub-shrub, at its
best when allowed to ramble in a sunny situation
in the rockery. Propagation, by cuttings in a close,
but not heated, frame. Soil, very sandy loam.

Only Species : —

barbulata, 2", early sum., wh. or ro., solitary
(xyi. Diapensia barbulata). Pine-barren Beauty.

QUALEA.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Vochysiacere), with
leathery, Laurel-like leaves and curious flowers
which have usually only one perfect petal and one
perfect stamen. Propagation, by cuttings in
summer. Soil, peat, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —
rosea, 30', sura., ro., wh.

QUAQUA.

A monotypic genus (ord. Asclepiadeie). The
species, Hottentotorum, is a small, succulent-
stemmed, greenhouse plant, with a bushy habit and
curious purple or yellowish flowers. Increase is by
cuttings. Soil, well-drained sandy loam, in a dry,
sunny position. It must be kept on the dry side
throughout the winter.

QUASSIA.

A small genus (ord. Simarubese). Amara, the
principal, requires a stove temperature, being a
native of Guiana. It forms a tree 20' in height, re-
sembling the Ash in habit. The leaves are interest-
ing on account of the curious winged stalks. The
flowers, in late summer, in large, terminal racemes,
are bright scarlet in colour. The bitter wood has
been used in fever and dysentery, and also as a tonic.
Quassia chips are not the product of this plant, but
of the Jamaica Quassia, Picrrena excelsa. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil in
a close case. Soil, two parts loam and one part leaf
mould, with sand.

Quadriala, (see Buckleya).

Quailing Grass (see Uriza).

Qiiainoclit (see Ipamaea).

(Quebec Oaii (see Qwercus alia).

Queen Lily (see Phredranaxsa).

Queen of the Meadows (see Sjrira-a Ulmaria).

Quekettia

( 255 )

Quercus

QUEKETTIA.

A genus (ord. Orchidacea?) containing one epiphy-
tal species. Miuroscopiaca. a Brazilian plant, requir-
ing similar treatment to Pleurot hallis, grows 3" or
4" high, and bears minute, yellow flowers.

QUENOUILLE.

A term applied to a particular method of train-
ing sometimes adopted for fruit trees on walls or

QUERCUS.

Description. — A genus of deciduous and ever-
green trees and shrubs (ord. Cupuliferse), the
majority of which are hardy, and of value on
account of their timber and ornamental character.
Of the 300 known species the two most common
examples are the common British Oak (Quercus
Robur) and the Turkey Oak (Quercus Cerris). The
former makes one of the most stately, ornamental,

PYKUS SPECTABIUS (see p. 254).

trellises. A central branch is encouraged to grow
to the top of the support, and the side branches are
trained horizontally at equal distances apart from
base to summit. The peculiarity of the method is
that the lowest branches are allowed to extend for
a considerable distance from the trunk, each
highi-r tier bring a little shorter than the one
directly In-low, so that when the tree is finished a
pyramidal habit is produced.

Quercitron (see Quercus linctoria).

and picturesque forest trees. It is divided into
the two species pedunculata and sessiliflora.
These are distinguished by the former having
stalks to the acorn-cups and none to the leaves,
and the latter by having no stalks to the acorn-
cups and stalks to the leaves. Intermediate stages
are to be found. Pedunculata is the more common.
Many varieties are in cultivation. Lucombeana,
one of the best, makes a large, noble-looking tree
with sub-evergreen leaves. The Holly or Hnhii
Oak is the most important of the evergreens, as it

Quercus

( 256 )

Quercus

makes a handsome tree. In the colder parts it
does not grow well. It is a variable species, the
leaves differing largely in size and shape. Some
species, especially coccinea, prinoides, and rubra,
are very useful for gardens or parks on account of
the brilliant autumnal colour of the leaves. Knap
Hill Scarlet, a variety of coccinea, is particularly
fine, the leaves hanging almost until Christmas.

Other Cultural Points. — Young Oaks should
have the leading shoots kept clear and the lower
branches gradually removed to form tall trees, as
Oaks generally show a tendency to become mop-
headed if left to themselves. Where thick plant-
ing is done, this is not required.

Uses. — The greatest value of the Oak, economic-
ally, is for its timber, sound English Oak always

Ql'EKCUS CONFERTA (see p. 257).

Distribution. — The majority of the hardy Oaks
are North American, Japanese, and European, but
Oaks are in cultivation from India, China, South
America, etc.

Propagation. — By acorns sown as soon as pos-
sible after they are ripe. Rare varieties are
grafted. If inconvenient to sow when ripe, the
seed should be stored in sand. In a dry place it
quickly loses its vitality.

Soil. — Well-drained ioam.

| commanding a good price. Although not used to
the same extent as formerly, the bark is still of
value for tanning. In Spain and Portugal the Cork
Oak (Suber) is grown extensively for the bark, the
cork of commerce. This Oak will live in the
neighbourhood of London, but does not thrive so
well as the Holm Oak. It is usually regarded as
a curiosity, and its stunted appearance is often
remarked. The Holm Oak is an excellent town
tree, although frequently rather untidy.

Quercus

(257)

Quercus

Principal Species and Varieties : -

Cerris, i>Q' to 70', Ivs.
decplv toothed, arorn-
cups "mossy. Turkey
Oak.

— <sina major, 30', ever-
greni.

— rana minor, 20 .

— fiilliaiin-nsis, liO'.ev. or
sub-ev.

- fnlhami'usis latit'olia,
Ivs. largr.

— laciniata, Ivs. pinnati-
Bd.

— lucombeana, 60' to 70',
Ivs. retained until mid-
winter.

- variegata, Ivs. varie-
gated.

cocciuea, 50' to 70', Ivs.
deeply lubed, useful for
single specimens.

L-Miifrrta, 70', Ivs. large
with numerous, very
regular teeth (see

P. 2.30).

Ilex, (>()', Ivs. small, ev.
Holly, Holm, or Ever-
green Oak.

— crispa, Ivs. fringed.

— divursifolia, Ivs. mal-
formed, differing great-
ly in shape.

— Fordii.

— latit'olia, Ivs. large.

rotuudifolia, Ivs.
round.

maerocarpa, 40', Ivs.
large with very few
lobes. Burr Oak.

Mirbeckii, ou' to 70',
Ivs. large, regularly
toothed, very orna-
mental (*y«.v. grosse-
dentata, lusitauica var.
boatica, ventricosa, and
Zaug. ).

Eobur, 100' to 120'.
Common Oak. By most
authorities this is now
dropped aud the two
divisions, pedunculata
audsessiliflora, formerly

kept up as sub-species,
are now raised to specific
rank as follow : —
pedunculata, 100' to 1211',
Ivs. sinuate without
stalks, acorn-cups witli
stalks.

— fastigiata. habit of
Lombard}" Poplar.

— tilicifolia, Ivs. deeply
pinnatifid.

— heterophylla, Ivs. very
deeply divided.

— • peuduln, pendulous
branches.

sessiliflora, 100' to 120',
Ivs. sinuate with stalks,
acorn - cups without
stalks.

47

: Cusscll *£; Comixniy, I.t*'.

Ql'EKCUS IIETEI1OPHYLLA («<

p. 2.08).

Quesnelia

258 )

Quincunx

— afghanistanensis. 30' to
40', sub-evergreen.

— cochleata, 40', edges of
Ivs. curved upward.

— devoniana, 40' to 50',
Ivs. smaller.

- rubicunda, 40', Ivs.
reddish.

rubra, GO', Ivs. large,
smooth, bark grey.
Red Oak.

Other Species and Varieties :

acuta, 10', ev. (syns.

aiigustifolia, Buergerii,

cuspidata latifolia, and

marginata) .
— bambusrefolia, Ivs.

narrower.
JEgilops, 40' to 50' (XI/HX.

graca and ventricosa).

Vallonia or Velaui

Oak.
agrifolia, 20', Ivs. oval,

waited. Enceno Oak.
alba, 60', Ivs. large and

handsome. White

Swamp Oak.
alnifolia, 10' to 12', grh.,

ev.,lvs.oval with golden

under surface, very

rare.
Ballota, 50', ev., Ivs.

small, rounded (»(/»».

cyclophylla and ro-

tundifolia). Barbary

Oak.
bicolor, 60', Ivs. large,.

few lobes (st/ns. cas-

tanesefolia of gardens,

paunosa, platanoiues,

aud Priu us var. bicolor) .

Swamp Oak.
castaneffifolia of C. A.

Meyer, 60', Chestnut-
leaved,
ciuerea, 20', narrow,

small. Upland Willow

Oak.
coccifera, 15', ev., Ivs.

small, spiny. Kermes

Oak.
cuspidata, 30', ev., bushy

habit.
- variegata, Ivs. varie-

dentata, 30', Ivs. very
large, requires a shel-
tered position (*//«.«.
Daimyo and obovata).

glabra, 10', ev.

glandulifera, 40', ev.

glauca, 30'

heterophylla, 40', Ivs.
long, narrow (seep.15~).

ilicifolia, 8' (syns. Banis-
teri, discolor var.

Banisteri, and nana).
Black Scrub Oak.
imbricaria, 40', Laurel-
leaved (SI/IIK. Castauea
and laurifolia of gardens
and Phellos var. imbri-
caria).

incaua, 40', grh., Ivs.
whitish.

Kelloggii, 30'.

laiiuginosa, 30', 'vs. small,
woolly on under side
(«//«*. ajudaghensis,
budayana, collina, con-
glomerata, cupaniana,
faginea, etc.).

laurifolia of Michaux, 40'.

Libani, 30', Ivs. small,
ovate.

lyrata, 50', Ivs. long, few
lobed.

marilandica, 20', Ivs.wide,
distinct.

nigra, 10' to 25', Ivs.
cuneate. Black Jack
Oak.

palustris, 60, Ivs. pinuati-
tid. Pin Oak.

Phellos, 50', Ivs. long,
narrow. Willow Oak.

prinoides, 8', dwarf shr.,
suitable for under-
growth (seep. 259).

Priuus, 20' to 90'.
Chestnut Oak.

Pseudo-suber, 50', ev.
False Cork Oak.

reticulata, 10' to 20', grh.

serrata, 20', Ivs. long, ser-
rate.

stellata, 50', under side of
Ivs. covered with whit-
ish felt.

Suber, 25', ev. Cork Oak.

Toza, 40', Ivs. and young
stems densely clothed
with silky hairs.

— splendens, finer.
Turueri, 40', ev., Ivs.

large, hybrid,
velutina, 40', Ivs. large.

— rubrifolia, Ivs. very
large aud ornamental.
Champion Oak.

QUESNELIA.

Interesting stove plants (urd. Bromeliacese), with
long, leathery leaves bordered with strong spines.
The flowers are showy. Propagation, by suckers in
spring, in a close, moist temperature. Similar
culture to Billbergias and Tillandsias will suit.

Principal Species : —

Van Houttei, 2', spr.,
vio. (.<;/«. van houtte-
ana).

rufa, H', .Ton., bracts ro.,

flowers bl.
strobilospica, 2', spr., vio.

QUICK.

A term applied to the Whitethorn, Crntregus
Oxyacantha, when used as a hedge plant. Quicks
for hedges should be raised from seeds and grown

for two or three years in nursery quarters. Select
those about 2' in height with clean, sturdy stem*.
The ground should be trenched, and if poor en-
riched with well-rotted manure. Koran ordinary
hedge the plants maybe placed from 12" to 15"
apart in a single row, but where strong hedges /in-
required a double row should be made, placing the
plants 18" apart, the plants in the two rows
alternating with each other. When well estab-
lished they should be cut down to a few inches of
the ground, to obtain a good bushy habit. They
should be clipped twice a year. (See also HEDGES
and PLASHING.)

QUILLAJA. (So,\r TREE.)

South American trees (or^. Hosaceic) of economic
value. Saponaria, 60', is the most important. It is
an evergreen with small, oval leaves and white
flowers. The inner layers of the bark are very rich
in soapy matters. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil,
sandy loam. It grows well on a wall out of doors
in the wanner parts of England.

QUINCE.

Description. — A popular name applied to Pyrus
Cydonia (syn. Cydonia vulgaris, urd. Rosacerc).
It is one of the oldest of cultivated exotic trees,
and has become so widely distributed, and in many
places naturalised, that its native country is not
known. Most gardens of any pretensions possess
one or more trees. It forms a low, spreading tree,
and produces fruits which, when ripe, are very
fragrant and yellow. These are used for preserves
or for mixing with other fruit. Quinces are em-
ployed as stocks on which to graft Pears, as, being
naturally fibrous, surface-rooting trees, they make
much better stocks than the ordinary Pear.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, or layers.
Seeds must be sown out of doors as soon as ripe,
first mixing them with red lead t,o keep away mice.
Cuttings should be made in August and inserted in
the open ground. Layers may be put down in the
ordinary way.

Soil. — A warm, sandy loam.

Other Cultural Points. — Young plants intended
for grafting should be grown in rich soil and
encouraged to make clean, healthy wood. Grafting
can generally be performed about the second or
third year. Plants that are to be grown into trees
must be carefully pruned when young to help them
to make a good head.

Principal Quinces : —

Chinese (Pyrus cathayen- — marmorata, Ivs. var.'e-

sis). gated.

Common (see Pyrus Cy- pyriformis. Pear

donia). shaped.

- lusitanica, fruit very Japanese («•<• Pyrus

large. Japonioa).

— maliformis, fruit Apple Maule's (sir Pyrus Mau-

shaped. lei).

QUINCUNX.

A method of planting. The plants are placed in
rows, those in the first, third, and fifth rows being
exactly opposite each other, whilst the plants in
the second and fourth rows stand opposite each
other and between the plants in the other rows.

(,iuick$et (see Quick and Crata-ynn).
Qiiilhrort (sec Jsoctes).

(Juina, Quinquina, and Qvinn (nee Cinchona).
Quince, ttenyal (see sKylc Marmelas).

Quisqualis

( 25!) )

Radish

Wlien the planting is finished, straight lines are
shown whatever point of view is selected.

QUISQUALIS.

Stove, climbing shrubs (nrd. Combretacese), with
opposite, oblong leaves and terminal clusters of
orange red flowers. Propagation, by cuttings in
sandy soil in a close case with a brisk bottom heat.
Soil, equal parts fibrous peat and loam with plenty
of grit.

Principal Species : —

indica, 20', ,le., or. red.

Radish seed between the rows of frame Potatoes.
The Radishes are off the ground before the Potatoes
call for much room.

For outdoor sowings the middle of March is soon
enough, and even then it is necessary to choose a
warm and sheltered spot. It will also be advis-
able to have a little dry straw, hay, or Bracken at
hand, to cover the plants if frost threatens. The
main, summer crops should be sown in cooler spots,
or the roots will be tough and strong, and will
quickly run to seed. The soil in all cases should
be rich and well broken up. Drilling is the
method generally favoured, as it is possible to get a

I'hutu : t\ixtfvU it Company, Ltd.

QfERCUS 1'HINOIDES (see

QUIVISIA.

Heterophylla is the only introduced species of
this genus (ord. Meliaceae). It is a small, ever-
green, stove tree, 20' high, with large leaves and
white flowers. Propagation, by cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand in a warm case. Soil, sandy loam.

RADISH.

It is possible, by a little management, to have
Radishes (Raphanus sativus, ord. Cruciferas) all
the year round. From mid-October until the end
of February the seed must be sown under glass,
for the plants are tender, but at other times open
air sowings are the rule.

For under-glass Radishes it is well to make up
shallow hotbeds, upon which soil 6" deep may be
placed, the whole being covered with a frame.
Broadcast sowing is preferred in such cases to
drilling. A common plan is to sprinkle a little

(Quinine (see Cinchona and llemyia).

Jierrtj (see Jtibex nit/runt),
bit llcrry (wr SJttpkernta arycntea).

row of Radishes in many an odd corner — as an
edging to walks, between the rows of other crops,
etc. The drills should be very shallow, the seed
being only just covered. Make small and frequent
sowings, so as to keep up the succession. Thin-
ning the young plants at an early stage is occasion-
ally resorted to. Round, oval, and long roots are
available. The long varieties are not suitable for
late sowings, as they go "strong" very quickly in
the height of the summer.

The Black Spanish Radish should be sown in
July, in drills about 9" or 10" apart, the plants
being thinned to 6" apart. The roots are lifted in
November, and stored in sand or dry soil for use in
winter. The core of the roots is tough and strong,
and is generally rejected when preparing the routs.

Varieties. A Selection i—

Hound and Oval : —

•Crimson Forcing. Red Turnip-rooted.

'I)rc>i> Scarlet Olive SnirU-t (Jlobe.

shaped Extra Early. 'White Olive.

French Breakfast.

Eafnia

( 260 )

Randia

Lang-rooted : —
Black Spanish, for winter Long White.

use. Long Rose.

*Wood's Early Frame. The Sutton.

* May be used for forcing.

Enemies. — The Radish has many enemies. Of
Fungi, there are the White Rust (Cystopus can-
didus) and Mildew (Peronospora parasitica). As a
rule these are not very troublesome, and badly
attacked crops may be sacrificed without serious
loss. Amongst insect pests Millipedes and the
larvae of some Night Moths occasionally give
trouble, as do also the Turnip Fly and the larvse of
the Cabbage Fly. The most troublesome insect,
however, is Anthomyia Radicum, the Kadish Fly,
whose yellow, fleshy, wrinkled larvae eat into the
roots; and afterwards pupate in the soil. Water-
ing with carbolic acid mixture is recommended ;
it is prepared by mixing J pint of the acid with
about- 1 gallon of boiling water in which 1 Ib. of
soft soap has been dissolved, and diluting to
50 gallons. Gas lime may be sprinkled between
the rows, 3 oz. or 4 oz. to the yard.

RAFNIA.

Greenhouse shrubs and sub-shrubs (ord. Legu-
rninosae>from South Africa. The flowers of all
the known species are yellow, and the leaves entire.
Few of1 the Rafnias are cultivated outside botanic
establishments. Propagation, by seeds and cut-
tings.

Principal Species :—
angulata, 1' to \\' ', My., triflora, 2' to 4', Je., shr.

sub-shr. (nyn. h'lifolia). (nyn. Crotalaria trirlora

elliptica, 1' to 3', Je.,shr. of -Botanical Manuztur

482).

RAGS.

Waste cloth and rags have been turned to value
as a manure. They are finely shredded, and sold
as " shoddy " from cloth factories. Applied at the
rate of about 3J Ib. per square pole— 5 cwt. per
acre — shoddy is an excellent application for heavy
land, but is not to be recommended for light soil.
Hops seem to like it particularly well. Fruit plant-
ations, too, find it helpful.

RAILLIARDIA.

Greenhouse shrubs {ord. Composite). Propaga-
tion, by seeds and cuttings. Soil, two parts
loam, one part leaf mould, and sand.

Only Species Introduced : —

ciliolata, 2', Jy., grh., yel., rayless branches
covered with velvety hairs.

RAIN GAUGE.

An instrument for determining the rainfall in
any place during a given period. The water is
conducted into a receiver by means of a funnel
which lias a large collecting surface, and is pro-
tected by an upright rim. At stated hours the ]
receiver is emptied into a graduated vessel, and
the amount carefully noted. Evaporation from the
receiving vessel is guarded against. Snow is first
melted and then calculated as water.

Jfaffia (ii'e llaphia,).

Hogged Jlobin (sec Lyeltnu Flot-cueitli).

Itiiiiirort (see Otlionna and Senecio Jaeoba-a).

Ihywort, Sea (see Cineraria maritima).

Ram lierry (see Rliamnui).

Itainbmv Viewer (see Iris).

RAIN WATER.

Of greater value in gardens than water from
springs, as it is generally warmer, contains more
oxygen, less lime, and has, when fresh, traces of
nitric acid, collected from the air.

RAKES.

Rakes of various sizes occupy an important
position in the garden. The wooden rake, whose
head varies from li' to 2' long, is almost indispens-
able in the autumn for leaf collecting. The teeth
in these rakes need to be frequently replaced.
This gives very little trouble, as the teeth are
simply knocked into holes pierced iu the head
until they are firm, afterwards being cut to the
required length.

It is in the preparation of seed beds that the
iron rake conies mainly into play. Here the soil
has to be levelled and broken up finely, stones and
other rubbish being removed. Three sizes — (i",
10", and 12" — are usually needed ; the dimensions
refer to the length of the head. A stout A.-h
handle is commonly provided.

A special make of rake with broad, flat teeth,
sharp at both edges, is sometimes used for scratch-
ing up Daisies from lawns, but the process is rather
of the " rough and ready " order.

RAMONDIA (syus. CHAIXIA, JAXK.-EA,
and MYCONIA).

Charming hardy perennial, Alpine plants (ord.
Gesneracere), prized for rock gardens or for shady
walls. They form close-growing plants, with
small stems bearing a few pretty flowers. Propa-
gation, by seeds, sown in pots under glass in
spring, or in crevices in rockwork or walls ; also bv
division. Seedlings grow slowly, and small plants
ought not to be divided. Soil, rough peat and
loam in equal parts, with some limestone or mortar
rubbish, except for serbica var. Nathalies, which
dislikes lime. Ramondias will grow on a south or
south-east aspect if they have plenty of water
daily in summer and in dry weather in spring.

Only Species and Varieties :—

Heldreichii, 3", sum., vio. — alba, wh.

(xi/n. Jaukffia Held- serbica, 4", sum., vio.

reichii). . Nathalie, darker

pyrenaica, 6", sum., vio. flowers (*IIH. Kathaliir).

pur. (xyti. Verbascum

Myconi). (&-e p. 261.)

RAMPION.

Under this name the white, fleshy roots of
Campanula Rapunculus, a hardy biennial (ord.
Campanulaceas), are sometimes cultivated. Seed
should be sown in May — if earlier the plants
quickly run to seed — in very shallow drills 9" to
12" apart. A moist, rich soil, in a shady position,
should be selected. The plants must be thinned
at an early date to 6" or 8" apart. The roots are
available for winter use.

RANDIA (syns. CUPIA, OXYCEROS, and
STYLOCORYNA).

A genus of stove, climbing or erect, evergreen
trees and shrubs (ord. Rubiacea?). Several have
large and showy flowers, and make elegant pot
plants. Propagation, by cuttings of the young

Baisin Tree, Japanese (see llovenia
Jiajania (see Enmnickio).
Itamoon Tree (see Tropltis).

Ranunculus

( 261

Ranunculus

growths taken with a heel of the old wood attached,
in spring, and rooted in sandy soil, in a close
frame, with brisk bottom heat. Soil, equal parts
of fibrous loam and peat, with one-eighth sand.
Finn potting and free drainage, and a free use of
the syringe are desirable. Old plants must be cut
hard back after flowering, and kept in a close pit
to induce them to break freely.

Principal Species : —

marrautha, 9' to 30', Je.,
cl., yel. (*I/H*. bowie-
ana <>f Botanical M<ui<t-
ZIHI :iso:i, and Uarde.iia
devouiana of llotunical
Knjittrr 184G, G.'i).

maculata, 2' to o', Jy.,
wh. (-V/«. Gardeuia
stanleyaua of .Botanical
MagatiM 4185).

'I'Vp^l

v>-> vw^

RAMOXDIA PYKENAICA (see p. 260).

Other Species : —
aculcata, 12', Jy. . wh.

(tint. Gardenia. Itandia

of Itnliliiirill Milf/nziiK-

1S11). Indigo Beny.

Dunietoruni, •">', Jy.. wh. ,
yel. (KI/HK. floribunda,
Canthiuin chineuse, and
C. coronatum).

t';isci. uhita, 4', Jy., wh.,
swret scouted.

floribuuda (nee Dunietor-
um).

horrida, 5', My., wh.,
fruits l)lk

malleifera. 1' to 6', Jy.
(»(/»». Gardenia mal-
loifera of ]lnliiii'f>ii
Miiiiiiziiie 4307 and
\VMtefieldii).

rotundifolia, 6', Jy., wh.,
fruits yel.

RANUNCULUS. (CROWFOOT, BUTTER-
CUP.)

Description. — A large genus of annual and per-
ennial herbs (ord. Ranunculaceas), comprising a
considerable range of forms, from the lowly Butter-
cup to the stately cortusajfolius. The number

llan/ry (.tec I'yms Auciiparia).

adapted for the garden is so large that only a
selection can be given. Many species are of con-
siderable beauty in the border, a good number are
charming Alpines, and one, asiaticus, has long
been grown as a florists' flower and is treated of
separately below.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in spring, or when
ripe, in pans or in the open in the reserve garden ;
ajid by division in autumn or early spring.

Soil. — For the border plants, moist and rather
heavy ; the Alpines like moist peat or loam, leaf
soil, and sand, in equal parts.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — All hardy perennials, except where
otherwise indicated.]

aconitifolius, 9" to 24",
My., wh.

- grandiflorus, larger
flowers.

— jilenus, double. Bache-
lor's Buttons, Fail-
Maids of France, or
Fair Maids of Kent.

aljiestris, 3" to G", Je.,
wh.

— Traunfellneri, wh.
auiplexicaulis, 3" to 12",

My., wh.
auemonoides, 3" to G",

sum., wh., pur.
asiaticus (see below),
bulbosus flore pleno, 1',

spr., yel.
cortusiEfolius, 3' to 4',

My., grh., yel. (*yn.

graudifolius).

Ficaria, 6", Mch., yel.
(*,</". Ficaria rauuncu-
loides). Lesser Celan-
dine, Pilewort.

— alba, wh.

— flore pleno, double yel.

— graudiflora, large
flowers.

glacialis, 3" to 6", Je. ,

wh.
Lingua, 2' to 5', Jy., yel.

Greater Spearwort.

— graudiflora', larger.
Lyallii, 2' to 4', spr., wh.,

difficult to grow,
niontanus, 6', My., yel.

(KJ/M. nivalis).
paruassifolius, 3" to 6",

Je., wh.
rutefolius, 3" to G", My. ,

wh., yel.

Other Species and Varieties : —

acris, 8" to 30", Ap., yel.

Common Buttercup.
— plenus, double. Yellow

Bachelor s Buttons,
aquatilis. My., floating

aquatic, wh. Water

Crowfoot, Ram's Foot,

etc.
Buchanani, 6 to 12",

sum., wh.
bulbosus, 1', spr., yel.

Gold Cup, Cuckoo

Buds,
bullatus, l',My.,hlf-hdy.,

or. yel.

carpaticus, 1', My., yel.
cassubicus, G", Je., yel.

(xyn. flabellifolius).
cha'rophyllos, 1', My.,

yel.
crenatus, 4", Je.. wh.

gramineus, 6" to 12",Ap.,

yel.

illyricus, H', My., yel.
isopyroides (now Calli-

anthenmm ruta'foliuni).
millefoliatus, 1'. My., yel.
— fumari.vfolius, yel.

— grandiflorus, larger
flowers.

monspeliacus, 1J', Ap.,

yel.

pedatus, 1', My., yel.
polyanthemos, 1' to 11',

sum., yel.

— pleuus, double,
pyrenaeus, I', Je., wh. •
rejwns, My., trailing, yel.;

a had weed.

— flore pleno, flowers.
Seguieri, 3", Je., wh.
Thora, 9", My., yel.

The FLORISTS' RANUNCULUS.

Description. — Asiaticus naturally is a pretty
] 'la nt, grows about !)" high, and has single flowers
of various colours, whilst in gardens its value
consists in the double varieties which have been
raised from seeds, and which were for many years
popular florists' flowers. Lately they have been
neglected, but many of them are so beautiful that
they will again come into favour.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in spring, or by
offsets fnim the tuberous roots.

Soil. — Two parts of loam and one each of leaf soil,
sharp sand and well-decayed cow manure. If the
natural soil is unsuitable it may be taken out to a

Rape

( 262 )

Raphistemma

depth of nearly 2', the fresh soil being allowed to
settle before planting.

Planting. — Many florists prefer to plant in the
middle of October, giving protection with litter in
winter, but unless a good deal of attention can be
given it is more prudent to defer the operation
until near the end of February. Draw lines about
6" apart and 2" deep, and put the tubers in these,
claws downwards, filling in with some sand before
covering with soil. Watering is necessary in dry
weather after the plants appear, but it should be
carefully done after the sun is off the beds.

Shading. — In order to have perfect blooms, and
to prolong their beauty, an awning may be put
over the bed, but this is unnecessary for flowers for
ordinary cutting purposes.

Lifting. — The tubers should be lifted when the
leaves turn yellow, and stored in a dry, cool place
in drawers or paper bags.

Varieties. — For garden decoration and cutting-,
the large but somewhat coarse French Ranuncu-
luses sold as asiaticus superbissimus are very
suitable. The Turban or Turkish and the Persian
Ranunculuses are, however, much more refined and
beautiful. Those who wish to have the best
flowers should purchase some of these and raise
others from seed, carefully selecting the best
shaped flowers with the finest colours.

Selections : —

Persian. These are of the finest form and
colour : —

Bridesmaid, wh. . King of the Netherlands,

Carmine, car. blk.

Commodore Napier, Orange Brilliant, yel.,

lemon, pur. edge. centre blk.

Cramoisie a Coaur Vert, Princess Victoria, ro.,

crim. sc., centre grn. centre grn.

Fire King, sc. Queen Victoria, wh.,

Jaune Supreme, yel., spotted car.

centre blk. Heine Vasty, lemon, ro.

Sir Wm. Perm, wh.,
edged cerise.

Turban. Form like that of a Picony :

Black, dark sc. Merveilleuse, or., flushed

Carmine, car. yel.

grandiflora, crim., striped Prince de Galitzin, yel.

yel. Romano, sc.

Hercules, wh. Seraphique, citron yel.

Souci dore, coffee colour,
viridiflora, grn., sc.

French Ramineulii&ei : —

These can be had in mixed or separate colours,
such as crimson rose, crimson scarlet, orange
scarlet, pale primrose, white, and yellow. Named
varieties are not much grown.

RAPE. (BHASSICA NAPUS.)

The edible-rooted Rape is occasionally seen in
gardens. The roots are about f " in diameter, long,
and white. Seed should be sown at the end of
January on soil which has not been recently
manured, otherwise the roots will fork badly, and
be nearly useless. The rows may be 1' apart, the
plants 10" asunder in the rows. The roots from
this sowing will be ready in May or early June.
Rape is occasionally sown for use as a small salad,
when young ; and is used for market to the exclu-
sion of Mustard, being cheaper. Rape dust, which

liapatea (see Saxofrideriva snlieordata).
I/ape, Broom (sec Orobanche).

has been recommended as a cure for wireworm, is
composed of the remains of the seed, dried and
powdered, after the expression of the oil. Its
value in combating wireworm is probably over-
rated. (For species, see BRASSICA.)

RAPHANUS.

A small genus (ord. Cruciferae) of hardy, annual
or biennial, branching herbs, with white, purplish,
or yellow flowers. (For cultivation, sec RADISH.)

Principal Species and Variety :—

sativus, My., aim., wh., Raphanistrum. Com-

vio. By some con- mon Garden Radish,

sidered to be a var. of — caudatus, sum., aun.,

pur. (syn. caudatus).
Other Species :—

maritimus, H' to3',bien., Raphanistrum, 1' to 2',
sum., yel.; British. Sea sum., aim., wh. to yel.;
Radish. British. Wild Radish.

RAPHIA (*yn. METROXYLON of Sprengel).

Stove Palms (ord. Palraas), with large pinnatisect
leaves, and bunches of fruits weighing from 200 Ib.
to 300 Ib. Propagation, by imported seeds, sown
in bottom heat. Soil, loam three parts, leaf soil
one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —

pedunculate, Ivs. 50' to Raffia, or Raphia of

60' long, fruits usually commerce,

pyriform (syn. Ruffia). vinifera, trunk 0' to 8'

Huffia or Raffia Palm. high, Ivs. 50' long,

It gives that useful gar- nearly erect, spiny (syn.

den tying material the tocdigera). Bamboo or
Wiue Palm.

RAPHIOL.EPIS (.syn. KHAPIOLEPIS.
INDIAN HAWTHORN).

Hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord.
Rosacese). Japonica, though reputed hardy, should
be given the shelter of a south wall and covered
with mats during severe frost. Propagation, by
cuttings of the ripened shoots in sand under a
glass in a cold frame. Soil, fibrous loam and peat,
with sand.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

indica, 4' to 8', sum., hlf-
hdy., wh.

— Pheostemon, wh., hr.
filaments (syn. indica of
Botanical Aegister 468).

— ruhra, red (syn. rubra
of liotnnical Register
1400).

• — salicifolia, wh. (syn.
salicifolia of Botanical
Register 652).

japonica, Je., hdy. shr.,
wh., fragrant (si/ns.
integerrima. of gardens,
japonica integerrima of
Botanical Magazine
5510, Mertensii, ovata
of gardens not of
Briot., and Mespilus
Sieboldii).

ovata, spr.,pk. wh.; there
is a variegated var.
Japanese Hawthorn.

RAPHISTEMMA.

Climbing stove shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord. As-
clepiadese) with white, rather large flowers and
membranous leaves. Neither of the species is com-
monly grown, but they answer to the same cultural
treatment as the Stephanotises.

Principal Species : —

ciliatum (now Damia pulchellum, Jy., Ivs.
extensa). heart shaped.

Ra/phidopKora (see Rhapliidophora~).
Rtijihidopliyllmn (see Sopubia).
Ilaspailia (see Polypoi/on).

Raspberry

( 263 )

Raspberry

RASPBERRY.

Description. — The Raspberry, Rubus Idseus (ord.
Rosacea;), likes a deep, rich loam inclining to be
heavy. As the plants are heavy feeders it, will be
well to deeply bastard trench the ground. Good
yard dung is suitable for digging into the heavy
soils, whilst for those of a lighter character cow
ilung is good. Work either of these liberally into
1 1 if lower spits.

Propagation. — By seeds, cuttings, and suckers.
Suckers are generally used. They should be
carefully detached from the parent stools with
plenty of fibrous roots about the end of October or
the beginning of November. Speedy planting
after lifting is desirable, or the roots wiH shrivel.
Cuttings are rarely employed ; only when suckers
fail. Seeds are chiefly utifised for obtaining new
varieties. They are saved from large, perfectly
ripened fruits, the pulp being washed away in
clear water. Sown immediately, they germinate
by spring, may be transplanted the following
autumn, and cut back the next spring, so that they
bear fruit the year after, that is in the third year
from the date of sowing the seed.

Planting. — Raspberries may be planted from the
end of October until the middle of March, but
advantage should be taken of fine weather in
autumn, as the plants then start better in the
spring. The method generally adopted is to plant
in clumps about 5' apart each way for the heavy
ground and where two or three plants go to each
clump, or 5' X 3' where the soil is lighter and the
plants are put in singly. The canes in this case
are trained to stout poles 6' high above ground.
An excellent method where specially fine fruit is
desired is to train the canes to wire trellises about
4' apart, the stools being 1J' to 2' apart in the
rows. Raspberry arches are occasionally seen,
with the rows about 4' apart, and good fruit may
be obtained thus.

The young plants should have the canes all cut
bnek to within 6" of the ground, but if planting is
done in autumn cutting back should be left until
spring. The effect of this is to cause stout canes
to be pushed up from the roots, and these canes
will bear a good crop the following year. If
cutting back is not done the canes thrown up are
weak, and it may be several years before the
plants yield a good crop.

After-Cultivation. — Pruning consists in leaving
from live to eight young canes to a stool to bear the
next year's fruit, removing the unripe tips and
cutting out the old canes and the weaker and
supernumerary young ones. Many cultivators hold
it to be an advantage to remove the old fruiting
wood soon after the fruit has been gathered. The
selected canes may be loosely tied to the stakes
with twisted Willows.

It is important that the ground between the
>tools should never be dug with the spade, for tlie
plains are surface rooters and would suffer. The
annual mulching of yard dung in autumn may.
however, be lightly forked in, no more. A second
dressing in spring will be of service unless the soil
is very rich. Liquid manure may be applied
liberally during the cropping season. Bone meal
may be applied in autumn at the rate of 3 oz. to
."» 1 1/. per square yard. The ashes from the burnt
canes are excellent, also wood ashes of any sort.

In good, holding ground a Raspberry plantation
will last fur many years, but in light media live or six
\rars will tind it showing signs of exhaustion, the

smaller fruits and weaker canes being unmistak-
able. It is a matter of ordinary care to have a
second plantation coming into bearing before the
first is grubbed up.

Varieties, a Selection: —

Two or three varieties are grown in small gardens,
rarely more.

. fted. Summer fruiting ; —

Baumforth's Seedling. Northumberland Fillbas-

* Carters' Prolific, canes ket, good for stroug

short and strong ; rab- land ami cold districts,

bits and hares are very * Superlative, large, rich

fond of them. crim., a hdy., vigorous

Hornet, tall, fine. sort.

lied. Autumn Fruiting: —
Belle de Fouteuay. October Bed.

Yellow. Slimmer Fruiting : —
Yellow Antwerp.

Yellow. A tit umn Fruiting : —
October Yellow.

Semper Fidelia, Fastolf, Red Antwerp, and Yellow
Antwerp are other fairly well-known vars.

* Select either of these where one variety only
can be grown.

Enemies. — The fungoid pests chiefly grow on the
dead canes and do not work much harm. The
Raspberry Brand (Phragmidium Rubi-Idiei) pro-
duces dark coloured, then yellow blotches, and
this, together with Coleroa Chaetomiiun of Kunze,
causes the untimely fall of the leaves. The
remedy is to burn the infested leaves, but such a
drastic measure is seldom needed.

Of the insect pests, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, O.
tenebricosus, and O. picipes all gnaw the young
shoots, often causing their death and the serious
depletion of the crops. Searching for the pests by
the aid of lantern light is the best remedy. (See
also OTlORHrNCHUS.)

Anthonomus Rubi, the Raspberry Weevil, lives in
and feeds upon the flower buds. Its ravages are
more difficult of detection than those of the
Otiorhynchuses, for it is the small larva; which
work the mischief, not the beetles directly. The
latter appear in July, hybernating near by. The
beetles may be caught like the Weevils, and the
buds, if badly infested, may be burnt. Syringing
with Quassia water is helpful in slight attacks.

The Raspberry Beetle (Byturus tomentosus) is
probably the most destructive of all the beetles
that favour the Raspberry. The females bore
into the flower buds and the larvse feed upon the
fruits. Remedies as for Anthonomus Rubi.

I'enusa Pumilio is the most harmful of the
savvtlies whose larvae carry on the work of leaf-
miners. Crushing the larva; in the leaves between
linger and thumb in mild attacks, and burning the
leaves in the case of bad ones, are the remedies.

Several species of Aphides feed upon the leaves
or cause galls. (For treatment, see APHIDES, or try
one of the washes described under INSECTICIDES.)

The Raspberry Moth or Raspberry-bud Cater-
pillar (Lampronia rubiella) is common and destruc-
tive. The larvie feed upon the tips of the young
shoots and eat their way down the centre, through
the pith. These shoots rarely recover. The larvae
are brilliant red with brown heads, and thus,
though small, are not difficult to see. They pupate
in early summer, and the moths emerge three
weeks after. A second brood makes its appear-
ance in the autumn and teeds upon the leaves.

Raspberry-Blackberry

( 264 )

Reevesia

They pupate in the soil close to the plants, and
hybernate there. A watch should be kept upon
the tips of the young shoots, and hand picking
and dustings of soot may be brought into play.

RASPBERRY-BLACKBERRY.

The common Blackberry (Kubus fruticosus) has
been crossed with the Raspberry (Rubus Idieus).
The hybrid resulting is known as the Raspberry-
Blackberry. The growth closely approaches to
that of the Blackberry, with faint traces of that of
the Raspberry, while the fruit is purple red in
colour and intermediate in flavour between that of
its parents. It is borne in clusters. Culture as
for the Blackberry, which see.

RAUWOLFIA.

A genus of forty species of stove shrubs or trees
(ard. Apocynacese). Propagation, by cuttings in
heat under a bell-glass in sand. Soil, loam and
peat in equal proportions with sharp sand.

Principal Species : —
canescens, 7', sum., red (?y». Tabernsemontaua

(syn. hirsute). densiflora).

— tomentosa, wh. (XI/H. serpentum, 1' to 2', My.,

tomeutosa). wh. or pk., fruit red.

densiflora, 6', Je.( wh. ternifolia, 3', My., wh.

RAVENALA (.syn. UKANIA).

Handsome stove plants (aril. Scitaminese). Prop-
agation, by suckers or by seeds. Kicb, loamy soil,
with plenty of water when growing. (See also
MUSA.)

Only Species : —

madagascariensis, Id', wh.
Travellers' Tree.

guianensis, l.V, wh.

RAVENEA.

A graceful stove Palm (ord. Palmse), allied to
Hyophorbe, which see for cultural details. In
appearance it resembles the Chama:doreas.

Only Species : —

Hiklebrandtii, 10', grli., wh., leaflets lanceolate ;
best when quite young.

RAVENIA.

Stove or warm greenhouse shrubs (ord. Rutaceic).
Both are well worth attention, but are not much
grown. Propagation, by cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots in sand with bottom heat. Soil,
fibrous loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

spectabilis of Botanic"!
Jtegisttr xxvi. 59).

rosea, 2', sum., rosy red.
spectabilis, 2', sum., red,
sc. (.11/11. Lemonia

RAVENSARA (syn.t. AGATHOPHYLLUM
and EVODIA OP G^ERTNEB. MADAGASCAR
NUTMEG).

Glabrous stove trees (f>rd. Laurine.se), charac-
terised by strong aromatic properties. Propagation,
by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, with bottom
heat. Soil, fibrous loam two parts, peat one part,
and sand one-eighth.

Principal Species :—

aromatica, 30', wh. (syn. Agathophyllurn aroma-
ticum.

Iia.fi Tail Cart ut (see CereutflageHiform.it).

Itattleznake Fern (see liutri/cliium virg inianum).
Itaxnjritys (see Cunniwjltanria).
]tea (see Dcndroncris).
lieana (see Eucklienu).

REAUMURIA.

Half-hardy shrubs (irrtl. Tamariscineae). Propa-
gation, by cuttings of the young wood under a
bell-glass, in spring. Soil, equal parts of loarn
and sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

hypericoides, 2', Aug. , hlf-hdy. shr., pur., branches
forked, Ivs. narrow.

RED CURRANT

CURRANT).

RED-FOOTED BEETLE.

Luperus ruh'pes is a small, insignificant-looking
black beetle with red feet. It attacks Apple and
Pear leaves, and is often present in great quan-
tities. It pierces the leaves with innumerable
small holes. The beetles make their appearance
early in the season, and as they have a compara-
tively long life they do considerable damage.
The female insect lays her eggs in the soil,
consequently dressing the soil with lime is recom-
mended. Shaking small trees in spring, a white
cloth being spread beneath to catch the beetles
that fall, is a capital plan. Spraying with Paris
Green, 1 oz. in 20 gallons of water, is efficacious.

RED-LEGGED GARDEN
BEETLE.

A popular name for Otiorhynclms tenubricosus.
This destructive little insect, also known as the
Apricot Weevil, does not confine its attentions to
that fruit, but affects Peaches, Nectarines, Plums,
and the roots of Raspberries. The beetle is black,
with tufts of yellow down. The larva; live in the
soil and attack the roots. Occasionally a plant
will collapse, and it is only then that the cause of
the mysterious malady is apparent. (>s'<r RASP-
BERRY.)

RED SPIDER.

One of the most formidable insect enemies the
gardener has to cope with is the Red Spider,
Tetranychus telarius. The name is somewhat
misleading, as the insect is not a spider but an
eight-legged suctorial mite of almost microscopic
size. In colour it ranges from rusty brown to
brick red. Though not a true spider it spins a
fine web on the under surface of the leaves. When
a plant is suffering from an attack of this pest the
leaves quickly become yellow or yellowish green,
mixed with whiter patches. Bad attacks will
cause entire defoliation. The spread of the insect
is promoted by drought and fire heat. Increase
of atmospheric moisture, fumigation, syringing,
and dusting with flowers of sulphur are the
best remedies.

REEVESIA.

Greenhouse trees (nrd. Sterculiaceae). The only
species yet introduced is thyrsoidea. Propagation,
by cuttings of the ripened shoots, inserted, with
all the leaves intact, in sandy soil, in a close frame

//c// Admiral H-utterfly (we Vanessa).

lied Jiau (gee Laums carolinensis and Pcrsea

carolittensis').

/'• (/ Crdar (gee Juniperus rirgiiiiana).
Jli'd fiiini (see Eucnli//iliis rrsin'ifcra and JH.

Jiri folia).

Ui-il Malioijiinij (.«'<• Euriili/jriits mtiiiifera).
2i,eil 1'iiecoHii (see Sanguinaria).

Regelia

( 265 )

Benealmia

with bottom heat. Soil, loam two parts, peat one
pint, and sand.

Principal Species : —

thyrsuidea, 'A' to 4' under cultivation, Jy., wh.
A handsome plant.

REGELIA.

Kigid greenhouse shrubs (prd. Myrtaceae). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in
sandy soil in a close but only gently heated frame
Soil, loam, peat, and leaf mould, in equal parts
with sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

ciliata, o' to ">', red, in dense, globular heads.

REHMANNIA.

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs (prd.
Scruphularineae). The flowers are large and showy,
and the plants are easy to grow, but chinensis,
though hardy, thrives best in a cool house. Prop-
agation, by cuttings in spring. Any ordinary
fertile soil.

Only Species : —

chineusis, 1' to 2', Ap.,
Inly., dull pur. (SI/H.
glutinous).

rupestris, 1' to U', Jy.,
hlf-hdy., wh., "flushed
ro., Ivs. hairy.

REINECKIA (.syn. LIBIOPE of SALIS-
BURY).

A hardy herbaceous perennial (prd. Liliaceas).
Propagation, by division in spring. Ordinary
garden soil.

Only Species : —

carnea, 1" to 0", Ap., sessiliflora of Botanical

hVshpk., fragrant (»'/«*. Magazine US.';.

Sausevieria carnea aud — variegata, ivs. grn.,

REINWARDTIA.

Free-flowering plants (prd. Linea?) that come in
admirably for winter decoration. The flowers are
fugitive, but strong plants provide a lengthy
succession. Propagation, by cuttings in March
and April in a close case, in sandy soil, with bottom
heat. Ninety per cent, of the cuttings should
strike. Soil, ribrous loam two parts, old Mushroom
bed manure one part, leaf mould one part, and
sand. As soon as the cuttings are rooted they
should he potted otf singly into small Oil's, thence
into -is's, ami finally flowered in 32's (6" pots).
The plants revel in plenty of heat, and may be
plunged in fermenting material all through the
growing season. Towards autumn they should be
freely exposed to the sun to ripen the growths.
Two pinchings are needed during the growing
season, to induce a shrubby habit. Treat as stove
plants all the summer, and flower in a temperature
of 55"; in a cooler house the flowers will not open
well. Old plants may be cut back after flowering,
and grown on again, but they are rarely as
successful as young ones. Red spider and mealy
bug are the two most destructive insect pcsi>.

Principal Species :—

tetragyna, aut., wiu.,shr. shr., yel. (.«/». Linum

vi I. trigyiium).

tngyno, •!' to 3', Oct.,

/.', irlidriliii iij Until. 1787 (sen Picridiuni).
Iteicliardia of Roth, 1800 (see Maurandia).
Jieic/ianlia of lioth. 1821 (gee Pterolobittm).
Meidia (.tec I'liyllanthus).

RELHANIA (syn. MICHAUXIA OF
NECKER).

Greenhouse shrubs and annual herbs (prd.
Composite) of little garden value. Propagation,
by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in spring, in
sandy soil under a bell-glass. Soil, loam three
parts, peat one part, sand one-eighth.

Principal Species : —

pungens, sum., grh., yel., a weak-growing shrub.

REMIJIA.

Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Rubiacese), allied
to the Cinchonas, like which they may be prop-
agated. Soil, rough peat. A free supply of water
is needed.

Principal Species :—

pedunculata, st. or warm grh. shr., pk., Ivs.
ovate.

REMUSATIA.

Stove herbs (prd. Aroideie), with tuberous roots.
Propagation, by division in spring. Soil, loam,
peat, and leaf mould in equal parts, with sand.
Free drainage and a liberal water supply are
required during the growing season, and a complete
rest in winter.

Principal Species : —

vivipara, Ivs. grn., heart shaped (ttyn. Caladium
viviparum).

RENANTHERA (syn. NEPHRANTHERA).

Epiphytal Orchids (prd. Orchidacese) of curious
habit, with long, leafy, branching stems. Coccinea
makes an excellent subject for training against a
rustic tree stump in the warmest houses. Asli or
Tree Fern stumps should be chosen. It requires
plenty of sunlight, as well as liberal supplies
of moisture at the root. Storiei, although a pretty
Orchid, is a bad doer, and is generally more or less
of a failure. It does best when potted in sphagnum
and crocks and associated with the Phalaenopse>.
Propagation, by cuttings in brisk heat. Soil, lumpy
peat, living sphagnum moss, and a few pieces of
charcoal with sand.

Principal Species : —

coccinea, 3' to 7', st., var. Both are good

blood red, strong aerial basket plants.

roots. Lowii (now Araehnanthe

— idha, wh. Lowii).

imschootiana, 6" to 24", Storiei, flowers 2" across,

spr., st., red, yel., re- velvet crira., lip crim.,

sembling cocdnea. Su- barred yel., very showy

perba is a finely marked but a weak grower.

Other Species : —

elongata, pur. (•'.'/». blackish pur., upper

matutina breviflora). wh., blotched red.

histrioniea, yel., lip wh. — rohaniana, yel., crim.
hookeriaua, aut., lower matutiua, 1' to 3', sum.,
flowers rich or., spotted red disc, tumiug pur-

plish.
moluccana, red.

RENEALMIA (syns. ETHANIUM,
GETHYEA, and PEPEEIDIUM).

Stove herbaceous perennials (prd. Scitamineae).
Few appeal to the gardener, and exaltata is the
only one that calls for mention. Propagation, by

a of R. lirown (see Libert ia).
Heyuitnia (sre Tephrosla).

Reseda

( 266

Restio

division in spring. Soil, fibrous loam and peat in
equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

exaltata, 8' to !(/, Jy., so., fruits blk. vio., seeds
aromatic (syn. Alpinia tubulata of Botanical Maga-
zine 24yl and Botanical Register 7771).

RESEDA. (MIGNONETTE.)

Hardy annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (nrd.
Resedaceae). Few of the species are worthy of
cultivation, the best being odorata, the Mignonette,
which sec. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring
where they are to bloom. Soil, common garden
soil with lime rubbish mixed with it.

Principal Species : —

alba, 2', My., bien., wh. Luteola, 1', sum., per.,

glauca, 6", sum., bieii. or yel. Dyer's Rocket.

per., wh. odorata, 1', per., yel.,

hybrida grandiflora, 1', wh. Mignonette.

sum., creamy yel., — frutesceus.

hybrid (odorataX alba).

RESERVE GARDEN.

In well-appointed gardens a piece of ground is set
apart as a nursery from which to draw supplies as
needed to replenish exhausted plants elsewhere, to
fill up blanks, or to increase and vary the display
in other parts of the garden. The reserve
garden is the helpmate of the propagating pits
and cold frames, which perform similar offices for
the tender plants or help half-hardy plants
through their delicate stages. Jn gardens where
quantities of cut flowers are wanted it is necessary,
in the interests of the flower beds and borders,
that cut flowers should be obtained elsewhere.
There need be no attempt at artistic arrangement.
It is better that each subject shall be planted in
breaks by itself.

Material that is to be forced for winter flower-
ing usually bulks largely. Bulbs, etc., of all kinds
that have been forced may be planted out, unless
there is room for them in the grounds, and they
will throw useful batches of flowers for several
years, although they will not do to force again.
Young shrubs, necessary for the filling of window
boxes, etc., in the winter, are placed in the
reserve garden after they have done duty. For
this class of stuff, at least, the reserve garden is
the intermediate stage between the propagating
ground — nursery — and the " show " quarters.

Some part of the reserve garden will contain
a number of pot plants, which should always be
plunged in winter to prevent frost " chipping " the
pots. Lilacs, Hoses, Deutzias, Prunuses, Viburn-
ums, Moutan Paeonies, Staphyleas, and Wistarias
are a few instances. Tree Ivies in pots, and
reserve boxes of climbing Ivies trained to wire
trellises for window decoration, will likewise find
a place.

Where rabbits are numerous it is advisable to
have a stock of bedding plants in pots ready to
make good the ravages committed.

It is imperative that plenty of water should be
laid on in the reserve garden. Breaks of plants
of all kinds "lift" much better if given a good
soaking about twenty-four hours beforehand, <n
the summer.

REST and RESTING.

Plants require periods of rest, and unless these
are granted the results are unsatisfactory. The

regular recurrence of darkness brings something in
the nature of rest, although the word carries with
it a rather different meaning from the rest which
night brings to animals. Some functions of the
plant's organism, notably transpiration and assimi-
lation of carbon-dioxide, cease with the passing of
light. Certain phases of growth are more active
by day, but, as a rule, the rate of increase in
height is greater by night than by day. The
whole process is too subtle and complex to be
described here in detail, but it may be stated
that alternate periods of light and darkness are
as necessary to the plant as to the animal.

When the gardener speaks of resting a plant
he refers to a period of comparative dormancy
which comes to hardy subjects with the fall of the
leaf. Rest in this case is coincident with
winter. Whether the plant be a hardy or an
exotic one, it must have a rest. Therefore in deal-
ing with plants under glass the cultivator strives
to give this rest when nature shows signs of lessen-
ing vigour. This time comes when — as, for in-
stance, with many bulbous plants and the majority
of Orchids — the season's growth has been finished.
The rest may be partial or complete. Thus a
Hyacinth needs a complete rest, a Crinum and a
Vallota only a very partial one. Most Dendrobi-
ums enjoy a complete cessation from activity,
whilst most Odontoglossums have to be kept grow-
ing the whole year round, although even they too
have their period of comparative inactivity. Stove
shrubs and Ferns are growing more or less all the
year round ; still, they enjoy a little relaxation of
the stimulus of high cultivation during the winter
months.

The physical conditions necessary to promote
the healthy rest of plants may be briefly stated
thus:

(1) A lower temperature than that given when
growth is active.

(2) A greatly decreased water supply. In cases
of complete rest none is given, but where
pseudo-bulbous and semi-evergreen subjects
are concerned just enough is given to
prevent shrivelling.

(3) No manurial stimulants of any kind.

(4) A drier atmosphere.

As a rule, it is convenient to rest many plants
coincident/ally with the winter season, but this
cannot be done where the plant has a strong
inclination to flower at that time, like the Helle-
bore.

The eye of the cultivator must be upon the
watch for the signs that the plant wishes to com-
mence growth. It is inadvisable to arbitrarily
keep a plant resting when its buds begin to
swell. Water must be given, and a greater degree
of heat. With some subjects, notably the Cycla-
men, the cultivator has the choice of resting
his plants during the summer, and of keeping
them growing the whole time.

RESTIO (xyns. CRASPEDOLEPIS, ISCHYROLE-
PIS, MEGALOTHECA, and RHODOCOMA.
ROPE GRASS).

Several of the many species of Restio (prd. Resti-
aceee) have been introduced at various times, but
none is of great horticultural interest, and it is
probable that none of them save sub-verticillatus

Best Harrmv (see Ononis).

Bestrepia

'267 )

Retiniphyllum

(we li;_'ure) is cultivated even in botanic gardens.
It needs a warm greenhouse temperature.

RESTREPIA.

Cool house Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae), with tufted
stems and creeping branches. In liabit the Pleuro-
tiiallises and the Kestrepias can scarcely be dis-
tinguished from each other. Propagation, by
division and imported pieces. Soil, living sphag-
num and lumpy, fibrous peat, with free drainage.
Shallow pans or baskets suspended from the roof
suit most of the species well.

temperatures in the winter, that can be thus
treated. A temperature about the freezing point
is needed. Lilies of the Valley, Liliums, Spiraeas,
and Azalea mollis are a few subjects that can be
thus treated successfully, and it is practical! v
certain that there are many others.

A long suspension of growth is weakening, but
periods of under a year appear to have little appre-
ciable ill effects. Retarded Lily of the Valley
crowns start more quickly than those which have
not been retarded, and the flowers are fully as fine.
Retarded plants can be had at reasonable prices.

SUB-VEKTICILLATfS.

Principal Species :—

[NOTE. — s. — sepals, p.
dayaua, 5" to 8", sum.,

s. and p. br., yel., '.

yel., pur.
ecuatlorensis, 4" to fi"

sura., s. and p. wh.

yel., pur , I. maroon

yel.
elejjans, 4" to (i", sum.

upper s. and p. wh.

pui1., lowers, audl. yel.

dotted pur.
maculata, 4' to 6", 8. and

p. yel., red, I. small

(«'/«. anteiinifera).
ophionephala. wh., pk.,

Militnry, 1" across (,•••>/'/.

Pleurothallis ophioce-

= petals, 1. = lip.]

phala. Purpurea is a,
var.

pauclurata, 3" to 5", Ivs.
pur beneath, flowers
smaller than in macu-
lata, wh., pur.

reichenbachiana, '2" to 3",
sum., yel., s. tipped pur.

sanguinea, 2" to 5", win.
crim. . yel.

— gemma, 2" to 5", 2"
across vertically, sum.,
wh.. crim., pur., yel., 1,
small.

striata, 3" to 6", upper s,
and p. maroon, lower
s. and 1. maroon, striped

yel.

RETARDING.

Retardation is the prolongation of the resting
period. This is only possible where the plants are
kept in a temperature, lower than is required by
the plant to make new growth. It is obvious that
it is only hardy subjects which are used to low

Itcsurri'rlhni riuiits (.«r .\niixtntica Hierochun-
linii. Mi'xi-mliri/iint/ii'.niiim Tripolium, and
Selayinelln I

It is possible to have certain flowers practically at
all seasons of the year.

It is often necessary to delay the blooming of
plants tor several days, or even weeks, so :is to
ensure a display upon a certain date. Much can
be done by placing these plants in houses with a
north aspect, or under the shelter of a north wall.

Flowers which are fugacious when the plants
are in hothouses have their lives lengthened if
placed in cool and sunless surroundings after
expansion.

RETINIA.

Small moths of the group Stigmonotidae, several
species of which are destructive to Conifers. They
vary from £" to 1" in spread of forewings. Although
turionana has been given the name of Pine Bud
Moth because the larvae eat into the buds and tips
of the shoots, the species duplana, occultana,
n -siniina, buoliana. and pinicolana equally deserve
it. The shoots are hollowed out, and either die or
become distorted, gouty specimens. Resinana is
also known as the Resin Gall Moth, because a gall
of resin is formed about each larva. Destruction
by fire of all infected shoots is the only remedy.

RETINIPHYLLUM (syn. COM.MI-
ANTHUB).

Stove shrubs (ord. Rubiacese), with showy flowers
and edible berries. Propagation, by cuttings of

Retinispora

268 )

Rheum

semi-matured shoots, in sand, on a hotbed. Soil,
fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—

secundiflorum, 4', Jy., St., wh., in clusters.

RETINISPORA (syn. RETINOSPORA).

The Ketinisporas belong to the genus Cupressus,
which sec. They have long been favourites in
gardens for their elegant habit, however, and the
name Retinispora will not soon be lost sight of.
The plants are of slower growth than the majority
of Conifers, and thus come in very usefully for
the trimly kept grounds near the dwelling house.
They are also great favourites for cemetery adorn-
ment ; in fact, there are no subjects better suited
for this class of work. When growing in sheltered
positions they remain feathered to the base until
the last. Propagation, as for the Cypresses
generally, is by seeds, and by cuttings in October.
The latter root freely. Descriptions of species
will be found under CUPBESSUS.

RHAMNUS. (BUCKTHORN.)

Description. — Few of the sixty species (prd.
Rhamnese) are of great decorative value. Frangula
and catharticus have been planted to a consider-
able extent at various times for cover for game,
and even now they are frequently included in
shrubberies for the sake of their shining black
berries. In the autumn libanoticus is conspicuous
by reason of its richly hued foliage. Several dyes
are afforded, and some fruits have purgative
qualities. The wood of Frangula is employed in
the manufacture of gunpowder.

Propagation. — All the hardy species by seeds
and layers ; the stove and greenhouse forms, by
cuttings.

Soil. — Any fairly fertile garden soil will do.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
Alaternus, 'JO', Ap., Je., orius and Wicklius of

hdy., grn. gardens).

— angustifolius, narrower davuricus, l.V to 20', My..
Ivs. (s'fH*. angustifoliu«, hdy., grn., yel., brandies
Clusii, and utilis of spiny (xynit. bapticus,
gardens, not Decaisne). utilis, and virgatus).

— angustifolius variegat- Hirsutus is a var.

us, Ivs. margined silvery Frangula, .V to 10', sum.,

\vh. hdy., grn., wh., fruits

— aureus, Ivs. dotted yel. blk. (xt/n. latifolius of
californicus,6' to 12', My.. gardens, not L'Heri-

hdy. ev., grn. (syiix. in- tier'. Asplenifolius, an-

termedius, laurifolius, giistifolius, and aureo-

oleifolius, pedunculatus, variegatus are vars.

and Frangula califor- Berry -bearing Alder,

nica). Black Dogwood.

cafharticu8,5' to 10', sum., libiuoticus, 6', My., hdy.,

hdy., grn., fruits blk. ; yel. («/»,*. eastiinrit'nlia

Britain (XIIHH. infect- grandifolia and Imeri-

tiie of gardens).
Other Species and Hybrids : —

amifolius, '2' to 4', sum., a supposed hybrid (Ala-

hdy., gru., fruits blk. ternus X nlpinus ; KI/HI

(nyii. franguloides). sempervireus and sub-

alpinus, 4', sum., hdy., sempcrvirens of gar-

grn., fruits blk. Grandi- dens),

folius is a var. purshianus.10' to 20', My.,

croceus, 4', My., hdy. ev., hdy., grn., fruits lilk.,

grn., fruits gni. or yel. relatively large (xyn*.

hybridus, sterile, Ivs. per- rubra and Fraugula

sistent till second win., pursliiona).

RHAPHIDOPHORA.

(.'limbing stove shrubs (prd. Aroidese), with long
branches which root as they touch the ground.

They may be allowed to ramble over a dead tree
stem or to fasten themselves against a wall, and
have a decidedly elegant appearance. Propagation,
by seeds, and by cuttings in sandy peat and loam
under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. Soil, fibrous
loam and sandy peat, with a few pieces of char-
coal.

Principal Species ; —

[NOTE. — s. = spathe, sp. = spadix.j
decursiva, s. yel., sp. grey- Peepla, s. yel. , reddish

ish grn., long and thick. yel., sp. yel.

laneifolia, Ivs. lance pertusa, Ivs. heart shaped.

shaped, 10" long. s. pinuata (now Epiprem-

Apricot, spotted grn., num mirabile).

sp. wh.

RHAPHITHAMNUS.

Greenhouse trees (urd. Verbenacere). Cyano-
carpus, 3' to 20', blue, lilac berries, is hardy in the
south of England. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil,
light loam.

RHAPIS.

Distinct-looking Palms (ord. Palmse), with leafy,
Reed-like stems and fan shaped leaves. Several
take kindly to cool house culture. Flabellifonnis
is good for use in draughty corridors. The varie-
gated form is more effective, and also more tender.
Propagation, by imported seeds, and suckers. Soil,
tiood loam three parts, leaf mould one part, and
sand. (See also PALMS.)

Principal Species and Variety : —
flabellit'ormis, 3' to 8 , five foliis variegatis. Ivs,

to seven spiny leaflets striped wh.

(syn*. aspera and Kwau- himiilis, dwarfer (H.HH

wortsik). Ground Eat- Sirotsik o; gardens).

tan Caue.

Other Species : —

cochinchinensis, stem 8', Ivs. fan shaped, petioles

prickly

RHAZYA.

Two species of hardy shrubs or sub-shrubs {ord.
Apocynacese), allied to the Vincas. Propagation,
by seeds and division. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

orientalis, sum bl., vio. 'vs. lance shaped,

RHEEDIA.

An obscure genus (prd. Guttifera;) of stove trees,
with small flowers and leathery leaves, of no deco-
rative value.

RHEUM. (RHUBARB.)

Description. — Apart from the common Rhubarbs,
; forms of Rhaponticum and undulatum, there are
several other Rheums (ord. Polygonaceae) serviceable
on account of their products. Thus, the Rhubarb
or Turkey Rhubarb of medicine is obtained from
palmatum, offlcinale, and Rhaponticum. Rheums
may be also made of service in the garden or
grounds, where the massive and ornamental leaves
and tall spikes of bloom might be more largely
employed.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in spring, or by
division in spring or in autumn.

]llnij>lii<ln]>Ji i/llum (nee Rjia
Itlnipli'ioditn (sec JI;/pfix).
Rhaphiolepit (sec Raphiolepis).
Itluipli'xlmtpora (see Jugtima).
ll/iapvnticiim (we I'rntaurca).

Rhexia

( 269 )

Rhodanthe

Soil. — Rich loam, with abundance of manure and
vruter. TIio soil should be deeply trenched, and
manure added as the work proceeds. [Supplies of
manure water in summer are beneficial. (>St« also
lilirBARIi. )

Principal Species, Varieties, and Hybrid : —

[XoTK. — All are hardy except Ribes.]
ai'uiniiiatmii, !>', sum., uobile, 3' to .5', sum., yel.,

grn.
officinale, 8' to 10', sum.,

era.
palmatum, 5', sum., grn.

— purpureum, pur. crim.

— taiigliutiuuni, Ivs.
deeply lobed.

Khaponticum, 4', sum.,

whitish. Common Ehu-

harb.
Ribes, sum., tender, wh.,

grn.
tmdulatum, 5', sum.,

cream.

pur. or Hood red.
:iiistralu, (i' to 9', sum.,

pur., grn. (probably a

form ot' Emodi).
colliniiuium, .">' to (", Je.,

crim.
Opmpaotnm, 5', My.. grn.,

wh. (»//«. initans).
Emodi, (i' to 10', sum.,

whitish,
hyhridum Florentini, 6'

to 9' (oolliniunum X

oflirinalr).
jiioon'roftiammi, 2', sum.,

red.

RHEXIA.

Erect herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Melastomaceae).
Two are showy hardy herbaceous plants that are
well worth a place in all gardens. Propagation,
by division. Soil, peat, or one containing a good
deal of leaf mould. Several species are now
referred to Tibouchina.

Principal Species : —
ciliosa, 1' to 1J', sum.,

hdy. herbaceous, pur.
mariaiia, 1' to 2', sum.,

herbaceous, pur.

Several van.

virginica, 6" to 12", sum.,
hdy. herbaceous, pur.
Deer Graas, Meadow
Beauty.

RHINACANTHUS.

Loosely brandling, occasionally semi-scandent
shrubs (ord. Acanthacea;), of little garden value.

RHINANTHUS (»//•». ALECTOROLOPHUS).

Upright, hardy annuals (ord. Scrophularinere),
of no special garden value. They are more or less
parasitic on the roots of Grasses in damp pastures.
Propagation, by seed. Any moist soil will do.

Principal Species : —

Crista-galli, 6" to 18", sum., yel. ; British. Penny
G'-ass, Yellow Rattle.

RHIPOGONUM.

Greenhouse, evergreen climbers (ord. Liliacefe).
Propagation, by cuttings of side growths in late
spring, beneath a bell-glass, over mild heat. Soil,
fibrous loam, peat, and plenty of sharp sand.

Principal Species : —

album, 3', Je., wh. scandens, 2', Je., wh.

(ni/n. parvifiorum).

RHIPSALIS. (MISTLETOE CACTUS.)
Curious succulent shrubs (ord. Cacteoe), whose
nearly leafless stems assume various shapes. The
flowers of several species are showy. The fruit is
inurh like that of the Mistletoe. Propagation, by
cuttings, dried in the sun for a few days before
being inserted in sandy or gravelly loam, to root.
Soil, sandy loam two parts, and leaf mould and

li'iinactina (gee Jungia).

liliinm/lintxum (SIT lt/ii/iirltiii//iissii»i).
It/iiini/ii'/n/um (sre, Fritillarin).
J!/i!jiii/i'j/U'rix (scr Act

yel., gm. (•*.'/"• Cactun
alatus of RoUiiticttl

brick rubbish one part each. Sarmentacea does
well in fibrous peat or on a block of Tree Fern
stem. (&r also CACTE.X:.)

Principal Species : —
[NOTE. — b. =: berries.]

Cassytha, 1', Sep., slen-
der, gm., wh., b. wh.

crispatu, 1', Dec., wh.,
minute, b. wh., globose.

funah's, 2' to 3', spr. . wh.,
numerous (syn. graudi-
flora).

Houlletii, yel.

mesembryanthoides, spr.,
wh., b. wh.

Myosurus, Jy., yel., red
(»i/>i. Lepismium Myo-
surus).

pachyptera, 1' to 2', Nov.,

Saglioiiis, 8" to 10",gni.,

yel., nearly erect (syn.

brachiata).
saliconioides, spr., yel.,

tenninal.

— stricta, more compact.
sarmentacea, wh. Good

for a basket or block of

Fern stump.
swartziana, 1' to 2', Je.,

wh., small.

RHIZOGLYPHUS.

A species of Rhizoglyphus causes much damage
to Eucharises, and is known to gardeners as the
Bulb Mite. It also attacks Snowdrops, and numbers
of other Amarylliclaceous plants. Yellowing foliage
and premature death are tbe signs of infestation
(SIT EUCHARIS). Badly infested Snowdrops are
best burnt out of hand.

RHIZOPHORA. (MANGROVE}

Tropical sub-aquatic trees (ord. Rhizophorese).
The interest attaching to them is very considerable.
They are to be found on sea shores, mud banks,
and swamps, and frequently form impenetrable
fringes. The seeds germinate upon the parent plants,
and fall when they are furnished with roots and
have attained to considerable size. The Mangrove
is of the highest importance, as it assists to re-
claim land from the sea. The network of roots
and stems catches and holds vast quantities of
vegetable matter, which ultimately becomes more
or less solid ground. The fruit of Mangle, the
chief species, is edible, and by fermenting it a
kind of wine is obtained.

RHODAMNIA (*</«. MOSOXORA).

Stove or greenhouse shrubs (urd. Myrtaceas),
with opposite flowers and broadly lanceolate leaves.
Of no special garden value.

RHODANTHE.

Charming greenhouse or half-hardy annuals (ord.
Compositse). The cultural conditions are simple.
Seeds may be sown in spring and onwards for
succession. They may be sown in a pan and the
seedlings transplanted, or in a 5" pot and the
seedlings thinned to 2" apart. The young plants
will need supporting by stakes round the outside,
and two or three circling bands. Green fly is very
fond of Rhodanthes, and must be kept down, or
the plants will be badly crippled. Except for this
there is no trouble in their culture.

Principal Species : —

Manglesii, 1J', Je., ro., yel. (now Helipterum
Mangledi).

Itliiziniinr/iliii (sue Vine
llhizoinn (see Li/ium /ti.mi.trxi.
Ulinililiiii (SIT 1'i/rng

Itllllllilllll (SIT Nv/l/Wl).

Rhodochiton

Rhododendron

RHODOCHITON.

Volubile, the only species (ord. Scrophularineai),
is a very handsome greenhouse climber. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings, in late summer, in sandy soil,
beneath a bell-glass ; also by seeds sown in heat in
spring. Soil, good loam, with some leaf mould and
sand, over efficient drainage.

Only Species : —

volubile, 10', Je., calyx pale red, corolla dark
crim. (syns. Lophospermum atrosanguineum and
L. Rhodochiton).

RHODODENDRON.

Description. — Amongst hardy, late spring and
early summer flowering, evergreen shrubs the

tory these magnificent plants amply repay care.
Planted out in peaty soil, or grown in tubs or puts.
they need abundance of water at most seasons <>!'
the" year, but at no time do they like any artificial
heat — indeed they are quite hardy, and only require
protection in the spring, otherwise the beauty ol'
the flowers is destroyed, as their bloom is dis-
played very early.

Javanese Rhododendrons. — Under this heading
all species, hybrids, and varieties needing inter-
mediate house or cool stove treatment may be
considered. They include the javanico-jasmini-
rlorum hybrids, and the newer race of multicolor
hybrids. " The temperature for these should not
fall below 55° at night. Encourage growth by

RHODODENDRONS AT HOWTH CASTLE, NEAR DUBLIN.

Rhododendron (ord. Ericaceae) has no rival ; the
flowers, borne in great trusses, have a superb
beauty ; while when the blooming period is passed
the handsome leafage makes the plants quite indis-
pensable. There are, too, many species that are
valuable for the greenhouse and the stove. The
hybrids include hardy and tender plants, whose
exclusion from the garden leaves a wide gap which
no other plants can fill. (<See also AZALEA.)

Propagation.. — By cuttings, grafting, layers, or
seeds, in cold frames or in heat according to the
constitution of the species, hybrid, or variety.
Very sandy peat should be employed in all cases.

Soil. — A deep, fibrous, sandy peat. They will,
however, grow splendidly in deep, fibrous loam, and
also in clayey loam with plenty of grit, provided
lime be not present. In any form lime in the
ground will spell disaster to all except hirsutum.

Himalayan Rhododendrons. — Where space can
be provided in a winter garden or cool conserva-

syringing freely. Shade lightly in bright summer
weather, and at all seasons maintain a moist
atmosphere. Members of this section are indicated
in the following lists by st.

Deciduous Species. — Several very beautiful Rho-
dodendrons are deciduous, and the two most popu-
lar, flavum and sinense. are more particularly
referred to in this work under their better known
garden titles of Azalea pontica and A. mollis. In
addition to these, the deciduous section includes
arborescens, calendulaceum, danricum, nudiflorurn,
rhombicum, Vaseyi, and viscorum.

Azalea Group.- In modern botany the genus
Azalea is not kept up, but forms a group or section
of the genus Rhododendron. The cultural remarks
made under Azalea and the selection of garden
varieties hold good, but those who wish to follow
modern botanical nomenclature may substitute
Rhododendron indicum var. amoennm for A.
amoena, R. calendulaceum for A. calendulacea, R.

RHODODENDRON MINERVA, A BEAUTIFUL GREENHOUSE VARIETY

16

Rhododendron

( 271 )

Rhododendron

indicum for A. imlioa, B. .sinense for A. mollis (R.
molle, A. japonica, A. raollis, and A. sinensis are
all syiis. of R. sinense), R. inidillorura for A. nudi-
flora, K. flavum for A. pontica, R. speciosum for A.
s[«.'eio>a, and R. viscosum for A. viscosa.

Principal Hardy or Half-hardy Species and
Varieties :—

arboreum, 20' to 30', spr.,
wh., ro., red; flowors
early :nid needs pro-
tection from late frosts
except in warm local-
ities. Numerous vars.,
the best being album,
Campbelliai, limbatum,
puuiceum, and roseuin.

barbatum, 6' to 30', spr.,
blood red, hlf-hdy.

calendulaceum, 2' to 6',
My., Je. , hdy., yellow-
ish red, or. (syn. Azalea
ealeudulacea) : there
are several garden vars.

caropauulatum, 4' to 10',
Ap., hdy., lil., spotted
ro. or pur. Two distinct
vars. are pictum and
Wallichii (»yn. Bate-
maiini).

catawbiense, 6' to 12',
Jy., hdy., lil. pur.

caucasicum, 1 , Aug.,
hdy., pur.

collettianum, 10', My.,
hdy., wh.

dauricum, 3 , Jan. to
Mch., hdy., rosy pur.;
early, well worth grh.

ferrugiueum, H'to5',Je.,
hdy., so. ; album, atro-
coccineuin, erectura,
myrtifolium, and varie-
gatum are distinct vars.
Alpen Rose.

flavum, 4' to 6', Je., hdy.,
yel. (For numerous gar-
den vars. see Azalea ;
•V/H. Azalea pontica.)

Fortune!, 12', My., hdy.,

ro.
maximum, 6' to 20', Jy.,

hdy., pale ro. (»yns.

Purshii and purpu-

reum).

— album, wh.
niveum, 15', Jy., hlf-hdy.

except in southern
counties, lil., pur. at
base inside.

— fulvum, pur.
ponticum, 6' to 15', My.,

hdy., pur., variable in

leaf and colour of

flowers ; garden vars.

are very numerous,
racemosum, 1' to 3', Ap.,

hdy., wh., flushed rosy

pk.
rhombicum, 2' to 3', Ap.,

hdy., rosy lil.
rubiginosum, 2' to 3',

spr., hdy., rosy lil.
Schlippeubachii, 2J', sum.,

rosy lil.
sinense, 3' to 5', Je., hdy.,

various, wh. to OT.(sym.

molle, Azalea japonica,

A. mollis, and A. siueu-

sis). For garden vars.,

see Azalea.
Thomsoui, 6' to 15', My.,

hlf-hdy., deep red.
Vaseyi, 1' to '!', spr., hdy.,

pk.

— album, wh.
yunuanense, 2' to 3',

Apr., My., hdy., wh. ,
spotted crim.

Principal Hardy or Half-hardy Hybrids : —

altaclerense, 12', spr.,

hdy., sc. (arboreum X

catawbieuse).
Cunniughamii, 12', spr.,

hlf-hdy., ro. (maximum

X arboreum).
Grievei, spr., hlf-hdy.

(ciliatum X glaucum) ,

wh. , flushed ro. (see p.

273).
kewense, 10', spr., hdy.,

blush (griftitluanum X

Hookeri) .
Iiuscombei, 8', spr., hdy.,

red (Fortune! X Thom-

eoni).

— splendens, crim.
Manglesii, 10', spr., hdy.,

wh. spotted br. (Grif-

fitliianum X album

elegaus),
nobleauum, 3' to 10',

Nov. to Mch., deep
ro. , red ( arboreum
X caucasicum) ; protect
when in flower (syn.
caucasicum var. noble-
auum).

prascox, 4', Mch., light
pur. (ciliatum X dauri-
cum) ; very early, best
grown in a cool house.

Rosy Bell, 3', spr., hdy.,
rosy lil. (Fortune! X
prajcox).

Shilsoni, 10' to 20', Je.,
hlf-hdy., red (barbatum
X Tho'insoni).

Smithii-aureum, 2', My.,
yel., ev. (seedling X
sineiise).

Wilsoui, 2}', spr., hdy.,
ro. (ciliatum X glau-
cum).

Doncaster, rich sc.
Duchess of Bedford,

crim., light centre.
George Paul, crim.,

deeper spots.
Gomer Waterer, crim.
Helene Schiffner, wh.
Helen Waterer, wh.,

margined crim.
Henrietta Sargent, pk.
H. W. Sargent, deep

crim.
John Waterer, vivid

crim.
Kate Waterer, rosy crim.,

yel. marks.
Lady Clementina Mitford,

peach.
Lady Eleanor Cathcart,

ro., chocolate spots.
Marchioness of Lans-

downe, ro., blk. spots.
Martin Hope Sutton, sc.,

deep marks.
Maxwell T. Masters, deep

rosy crim.

Selection of Hardy Garden Varieties :—

A. B. Freeman Mitford, Baron Schroder, plum, yel.

bright crim. centre.

Baroness Schroder, wh., Caractacus, purplish crim.

spotted pur. Charles S. Sargent, so.

Memoir, wh.
Meteor, crim. sc.
Michael Waterer, bright

rosy ac.
Mont Blanc, dwarf, pure

wh.
Mrs. John Glutton, finest

of whites.
Mrs. T. Agnew, wh.,

lemon yel.

Old Port, deep plum pur.
Pink Pearl, large, pk.
Princess William of

Wurtemburg, whitish

pk.
Sappho, wh. , marked

maroon.

Seftou, maroon crim.
Sigismuud Rucker, ma-
genta crim.
Suowflake, wh.
The Queen, blush.
The Warrior, large, rosy

sc., late.

Vandyke, rosy crim.
W. 5. Gladstone, fine,

rosy crim.

Principal Tender Species and Varieties :-

brookianum, 4', spr.,

sum., st., or. yel.
ciliicalyx, 4' to 6', Apr.,

grh., wh., sweet.
Dalhousice, 6' to 8', spr.,

sum., grh., yel. tinged

gin., almost wh. with

age.
Edgeworthii, 3' to 10',

Je., grh., wh., tinged

yel., very fragrant.
Falconeri, 10' to 30', My.,

grh., wh. or yel. ;

eximium is a fine var.
formosum, 4' to 8', Ap.,

grh., wh., shaded ro.,

fragrant,
grande, 10' to 30', spr.,

grh., wh. (synx. argeu-

teum and longifolium).
griffithianum, 4' to 8',

My., grh., wh., shaded

yel. and ro. (syn. Auck-

landii).
Hodgsonii, 12' to 20', Je.,

grh., pale pur.

Principal Tender Hybrids : —

Hookeri, 14', Ap., grh.,

red.
jasmiuiflorum, 3', sum.,

st. , whitish pk. ; car-

miuatuin and roseum

are pretty vars.
javauicum, 4', sum.,aut.,

st., or.
kiugiauum, 10' to l.V,

Ap., blood red.
Maddeui, 6' to 15', sum.,

aut., grh., wh., blush ;

good vars. are calophyl-

bam and Jenkinsii.
multicolor, 2', aut., win.,

st., dull yel.
— Curtisii, ruby crim.
Nuttallii, 10' to 30', My.,

grh., sulphur C,T buff,
veitchianuui, 3' to U', spr.,

sum., grh., wh., frag-
rant.
Wightii, 6' to 14', Jo.,

grh., straw yel., stained

balsaminteflorum, 4', st.,
various (javauicum X
jasminiflorum). This
title applies to a small
group of double flowered
vars. raised by selection
from the above cross ;
the vars. are album,
wh. ; aureum, yel. ;
carneum, flesh ; Rajah,
fawn, ro. ; and roseum,
rosy pk., shaded or.

Ceres, 4', St., various,
yel. (javauicum X
Teysmannii).

forsterianum, 4', spr.,
grh., wh., fragrant
(veitchiauum X Edge-
worthii).

Hippolyta, 3'. Je., st.,
bright car. (Teysmannii
X multicolor Curtisii).

La Belle, 2', spr., grh.,
whitish yel. (ciliatum X
forsterianum).

Purity, 3', st., wh. (Teys-
maunii X Taylori).

Ruby, 2', win., st., coral
red, shaded crim. (jas-
miuiflorum carmiuatuni
X multicolor Curtisii).

sesterianum, 2i', sum.,
grh., wh., blush, frag-
rant (ciliatum X Edge-
worthii).

superbissimum, 6', spr.,
grh., wh., fragrant
(forsterianum X ar-
boreum).

Taylori, 4', st., pk., wh.
tube (jasmiuiflorum X
javauicum).

Rhododendron

( 272 )

Khoeo

Selection of Intermediate House Varieties : —

Amabile, flesh ro.
Baroness Schroder, wh.
C'.pth of Gold, golden yel.
Diadem, or. sc.f car.
Duchess of Connaught,

vermilion red.
Hercules, fawn yel, rosy

pk.

King Edward VII., yel.
Lord Wolseley, or. yel.,

ro.
luteopurpureum, ro., wh.,

yel.
Maiden's Blush, wh.,

shaded ro.

Minerva, yel., rosy pk.
Monarch, buff, or.

Mrs. Heal, wh. (multicolor

section).
Neptune, bright sc.

(multicolor section).
Ne Plus Ultra, emu. sc.
Niobe, pale yel.
Ophelia, ro., shaded yel.
President, yel., ro.
Princess Beatrice, yel.,

pk.

Princess Christian.
Scarlet Crown, vivid or.

sc.
Souv. de J. H. Mangles,

or. yel., shaded ro.
Triuniphans, crira. BC.
Yellow Perfection, vivid

yel.

Selection of Cool Greenhouse Varieties :—

calophyllum, 5' to 10', wh.

(nee Maddeni var.).
Countess of Derby, wh.,

very sweet.
Countess of Haddington,

blush pk.
Countess of Sefton, wh.,

pur.
Duchess of Buccleuch,

wh. , shaded lemon.

Other Species, Hybrids,
albiflorum, 2', Je., hdy.,

wh.
album, 1', win., st.9 grh.,

wh.
Anthopogon, 2', My.,

hdy., yel.
arboresceus, 10' to 15',

Je., red.

argeuteum (see grande).
Aucklandii (see griffithia-

num).
Batemaimi (see campanu-

latum var.).
blandfordia^fforum (see

cinnabarinum) .
blandianum, 12', spr.,

hdy., crim. ; hybrid.
Boothii. 6', Jy., grh., yel.
calif ornicum, 8' , Je. , hdy. ,

rosy pur. spotted yel.
camellisBnorum, 6', Ap.,

grh., wh.
campylocarpum, 3' to 4',

Ap.,hdy. , yel.
Chameecistu8(now Rhodo-

thanmus ChamEBcistus).
Championse, 8', Ap.,

grh., wh., shaded pk.
ciliatum, 2', My., rosy

pur.
cinn:ibarinum, 4', Ap.,

hlf-hdy., red (nynn.

blandfordiajflorum and

Roy lei).
Curtisii (see multicolor

var.).
decorum, 8' to 10', My.,

grh., blush.
Dennisoni, 6', spr., grh.,

whitish yel.; hybrid,
eximium (see Falconeri

var.).
exonieuse, 6', spr., grh.,

whitish crim.; hybrid.
Farrene, 3', Mch.°, hdy.,

lil. ro.

Duchess of Edinburgh,

or., crim.
Lady Alice Fitzwilliam,

pure wh.
Princess Alexandra, blush

wh.

Princess Alice, wh., pk.
Princess Royal, pk.

and Varieties : —
Fordii, 1J', sum., hlf-hdy.,

wh., shaded pk.
fulgens, 4', to 10", Je.,

hdy.
glaucum (Hook), 2', My.,

hdy., pk.
gracile, 6', sum., St.,

red.
graveolens, spr., hlf-hdy.,

wh. (formosum X

sesterianum) .
Harrisii, grh. (Thomsonii

X arboreum).
hirsutum, 1J' to 2', My.,

red.
Jeukinsii (see Maddeni

var.).
Kendrickii, 10', spr., grh.,

sc.
Keysii, 4', sum., grh.. or.,

sc.
lapponicum, 8", Jy., hdy.,

vio. pur.
lepidotum, 3', Je., hdy.,

yel. or pur

longifolium (see grande).
MacNabii, 3', spr., grh.,

blush wh. ; hybrid,
malayanum, 6', sum., st.,

sc.
Metternichii, 2', spr.,

hdy., ro.
nudinorum, 3' to 4', Je. ,

yel., wh., pk., or. (M/«.

Azalea uudiflora); many

garden vars. and hy-
brids,
pendulum, 4', spr., grh.,

wh.
punctatum, 4', Jy., hdy.,

pk.

purpureum (see maxi-
mum).

Purshii (set maximum),
retusum, 2' to 4', sum.,

st., sc.

Roylei (see cinnabari- virgatum, H', Ap., pk.

num). viscosum, 2' to 4', sum.,

Shepherdii, 6', spr., grh., wh., sweet (SI/H. A/aiea

sc. viscosa) ; several gar-

Smirnowi. 2' to 3', spr., den vars.

hdy., crim. Williamsii, spr., grh.,

Ungernii, 2', spr., hdy., wh.

wh.

RHODOLEIA.

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs (ord. Hamamelidese).
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, sound turfy loam
and fibrous, sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

Championi, 8', Feb., rosy pk.

RHODOMYRTUS.

A small genus (urd. Myrtacese) of greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Propagation, by cuttings beneath
a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam three parts and
leaf mould one part, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

tomentosa, 5', Je., ro. (si/n. Myrtus tomentosus).
Indian Hill Guava.

RHODOSPATHA.

Stove evergreens (ord. Aroideae), requiring a moist
atmosphere. Propagation, by seeds or cuttings in
a close pit. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

blanda, 3', sum., dull grn., yel.

RHODOSTACHYS.

Stove perennials (ord. Bromeliaceae). Propaga-
tion, by suckers. Soil, light, rich, well-drained
loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

andina, H', Jy., ro. («i/n.f,
Bromclia camea, B.
longifolia, and Ruckia
Ellemeti).

bicolor, 1', sum., ro.

littoralis, IV, Jy., ro.
l>itcairnia>fulia, I to 2',

sum., sc.
— kirchhnmana, 1' to 2',

sum., 1>1.

spr., pk. (syn. Rhododendron

RHODOTHAMNUS.

Almost prostrate-growing hardy shrubs (ord.
Ericacese). Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, deep,
sandy peat. It should be top-dressed occasionally
with a little lime.

Only Species : —

Chamsecistus, C",
Chama3cistus).

RHODOTYPUS.

A hardy shrub (ard. Rosacese). Propagation, by
cuttings in a cold frame, or by suckers and layers.
Any fertile garden soil suits.

Only Species :—

kerrioides, 12', Ap., wh.

RHCEO.

Perennial stove herbs (ord. Commelinaceje}.
Propagation, by division and cuttings in bottom
heat. Soil, fibrous loam, with a little peat and
sand.

Only Species and its Variety :—

discolor, 9", aut., wh., pur. (si/n. Tradescantia
pk. or hi., Ivs. gru., discolor).

— concolor, Ivs. grn.

Ithodvra (see Ithododendron).
llhodostoma (see Palicourea).

Rhopaloblaste

( 273 )

.Rhubarb

RHOPALOBLASTE.

Stove Palms (tirtl ]'alm;i>). Propagation, by
imported seeds sown in strong heat. Soil, mellow
loam.

Principal Species : —
hcxanilni, (->', Ivs. much gingaporeiisis (tee Ptycho-

divided, rich gru. radius siiigaporensis).

RHOPALOSTYLIS.

Tall-growing, Kentia-like Palms (ore/. Palmaj),
thriving in the greenhouse. Propagation, by
imported seeds. Soil, sound loam.

Excellent produce may, however, be grown in any
on Unary garden ground i£ it be well worked and
manured.

Other Cultural Points. — Each year after the
leaves have died the bed should be cleaned, the
surface soil loosened and heavily dressed with good
stable manure. This may or may not be pointed
in at discretion. In spring the soil should be
lightly loosened, and at no period should weeds be
allowed to become established. The flower spikes
should be removed.

Forcing Rhubarb. — This may be done by cover-

BHODODBKDBOH (IKIEVEI deep. 271).

Principal Species : —
Baueri, 20' (*y. Areca
Baueri).

sapida, 20' (SWHS. Areca
sapida aim Kentia
sapida).

RHUBARB.

Description. — This is one of the most valuable
vegetables (ord. Polygonaceae) grown in the garden,
because it possesses such marked medicinal proper-
ties. The crop is often a neglected one, as growers
appear to think that good Hhubarb can be ob-
tained with the smallest amount of attention.

Propagation.— By seeds sown in early autumn
in drills 3' or 4' asunder. The ground should
previously have been deeply dug, and well enriched
with thoroughly decayed natural manure. The
plants must be thinned until at the finish they are
3' apart for the smaller and 4' for the larger
varieties. Or the stools may be lifted and divided
in spring, retaining three buds to each portion,
4ind replanted in soil prepared as for seedlings.
This is the usual method for keeping the varieties
true to character.

Soil. — A deep, friable loam in an open position.
43

ing the stools with inverted tubs or baskets,
surrounding these with litter, or, and by far the
best plan where a quantity is required, by lifting
the stools and placing them in any convenient dark

Cition in heat. Stools that have been lifted and
ied are not worth saving, and a method must
therefore be adopted whereby the stock is always
fully maintained. Thus, as lifting proceeds, the
stools should be divided, the smaller pieces being
replanted, and the much larger section used for
forcing. It is essential to the greatest success in
forcing that the clumps be sharply frozen before
being taken indoors. A Mushroom house is a
splendid place for forcing.

Selection of Varieties : —

For Forcing: —

Daw's Champion.
Fnr General Ute: —
Hawke'a Champagne.

The Sutton Forcing.

Linnneus.

Victoria.

xi'r lloiipata).

ii/mn i >f Sclintt (see Staitrotti/jma).
llhularb, PricTilij (see Gunnera).

Ehus

( 274)

Rhynchoglossum

RHUS. (SUMACH.)

Description. — A large genus of stove, greenhouse,
or hardy trees or shrubs (ord. Anacardiaceas),
generally of an ornamental character, though with
small flowers. A few are valued for their products,
as Coriaria for yielding the Sumach or Shuinac,
and Cotinus for the yellow dyewood Young Fustic.
Copallina produces a resin made into varnishes.
Many species are poisonous, particularly the
American Toxicodendron, the Poison Oak. Vene-
nata is equally poisonous when touched. The
most useful for the garden or shrubbery are the
hardy species, and among these Cotinus, the
Smoke Plant, may be mentioned as of pretty
appearance after flowering. Cotinoides, Cotinus,
and typhinus give fine autumnal tints. Typhina
may be treated like Paulownia imperialis, its
autumnal leaves and fruits being showy.

Propagation. — The hardy species by cuttings
and layers, and some by root cuttings. The tender
species by cuttings.

SoiL — Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aromatica, 8', Ap., hdy., — atropurpurea, deeper

yel. (syns. canadensis

and suaveoleus).
copallina, 1' to 7', Jy.,

hdy., grn., yel.
Coriaria, 15' to 20', Jy.,

hdy., greenish wh.
cotinoides, 6' to 20', Ap.,

hdy. (syn. Cotinus

araericanus).
Cotiuus, 6' to 8', Je.,

hdy., pale pur. (xyn.

Cotinus Coccygea).

Smoke Plant.

foliage and seed plumes.
— pendula,droopinghabit.
diversiloba (see Toxico-

dendrou).
glabra, 5' to 18', Je., hdy.,

yel., greenish red (syiis.

caroliniana, coccinea,

elegans, anil sanguiuea) .
— lacmiata, cut foliage,
lucida, 4' to 6', Jy., grh.,

wh.
Michauxii, 2' to 3', sum.,

hdv.

Osbeckii, 20', Jy., grh.
(«/».' semialata Os-
beckii).

succedauea, 10' to 15',
Je., grh ., greenish yel.
(•V/w. Toxicodeudrou
altissimum) . Red Lac
Sumach.

Toxicodeudrou, Je., hdy.
cl. , greenish yel. (xynx.
ambigua,diversifolia ja-
ppnica, Ainpelopsis Hog-
gii — Japanese forms —
etc.). Poison Oak or Ivy.

— radicans, trailer (syn.
radicans) .

trichocarpa, 25', sum.,
hdy.

typhina, 10' to 30', Je.,
hdy., greenish yel.

(fit/it-^, americana, caiia-
deusis of gardens, not
of Michaux, frutescens,
etc. ; sec figure). Stag's
Horn Sumach, Vinegar
Tree.

— arborescens, 10' to 25'.

— frutescens, 2' to 10'.

veneuata, 6' to 18', Jy.,
hdy., grn. (xi/itx. vernix
of Liirmuus and Toxico-
dendrou pinnatiim) .
Poison Elder, Swamp
Sumach.

vernicifera, 30', Je., grh.,
greenish yel. Japan
Lacquer or Varnish
Tree.

villosa, Jy. , grh. , greenish
yel.

RHYNCHANTHUS.

Tuberous-rooted stove perennials (ord. Scita-
minea;), requiring considerable atmospheric moist ure
in summer. Propagation, by division. Soil, rich,
fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

longinorOB, 1-J-', Jy., greenish yd.

RHYNCHITES.

A genus of weevils injurious to trees. Shaking
the branches and holding a sheet to catch the
insects is the best remedy.

RHYNCHOGLOSSUM (syns. ANTOM A,

LOXOTIS, KHINCHOGLOSSUM).
Greenhouse biennials (ord. Gesneracejc). Prop-
agation, by seeds sown in heat in spring, and

Photo; Caeacil & Company, Ltd.

RlIUS TYPHINA.

Bhynchosia

(275 )

Bichardia

subsequently pricked off and repotted as necessary.
Soil, equal parts of loam and peat with coarse
sand.

Principal Species : —

obliquuni, 1', Jy., bl. (syn. zeylanicum).

RHYNCHOSIA.

Stove or warm greenhouse trailing or twining
plants (ord. Leguminosie). Propagation, by seeds
in sandy soil, in heat. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.

Principal Species :—
Chrysoscias, 8', My., yel-
lowish or.

cyanosperma, 10', sum.,
reddish pur.

— albiflora, creamy wh.

(*//«. Cylista albinora) .
phaseoloides, 8', Je., Jy.,

yel., pur. (syn, Glycine

phaseoloides) .

co-Iestis, 1', spike H',

erect, sum., wh., bl.

Cambridge Lodge var.

iind superbuin are

distinct vars.
retusa, 6", spike \\',

RHYNCHOSPERMUM of LINDLEY
(see TRACHELOSPERMUM).

RHYNCHOSTYLIS.

Low-growing epiphytes (ord. Orchidacese), of
neat habit. Stove treatment and basket culture as
applied to Saccolabiums suit admirably.
Principal Species : —

drooping, sum., wh.,
pur. (syn. Blumei).
The finest vars. are
guttata, Heathii, pure
wh., holfordiaua, and
pramorsa,

RHYNCHOTECHUM.

Stove plants (ord. Gesneracese) of somewhat
shrubby habit, and needing similar treatment to
the shrubby species of Besleria, which see.

Principal Species :—

ellipticum, 2J', sum., rosy red.

RHYTIDOPHYLLUM.

Shrubby stove plants (ord. Gesneracea;) that
succeed with shrubby species of Besleria and
Gi'sncra, which «r.

Principal Species : —
auriculatum, 1', Aug., tomentosum,2' to 3', sum.,

greenish yel., spotted greenish yel., spotted

red. pur. , (syn.. Gesuera

tomentosa).

RHYTISMA.

A small genus of Fungi that sometimes attacks
the leaves of hardy trees. The principal species is
acerinum, which produces the blackish spots or
blotches on Maple and Sycamore leaves during
summer and autumn. Its spread on young trees
can be prevented by spraying with a solution of
potassium sulphide, or by the removal of affected
leaves. (See FUNGICIDES.)

RIBES. (CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs (ord. Saxifrageae).
Propagation, by cuttings in summer and autumn,
or by seeds sown when ripe or in spring. Ordinary
garden soil. Those which flower early, and some
California!! species, such as speciosum, should have
a light soil and the protection of a wall in cold

liliync/ioearpa (see Kedrostis).

Itihbon fern (sec Ptt-ris serrulata and Vittaria").

liililton Grass (see Phalari* arundinacea varie-

gata).
Itibbon Tree (sec PlagiantUus).

districts. (See also CURRANTS and GOOSE-
BERRIES.)
Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties :—

alpinum, 3', spr., greenish
yel., fruit so.

— foliis aureis, Ivs. yel.

— pumilum, dwarf.

— sterile (syn. dioicum).
aiireum, 6 to 8', Ap.,

yel., fruit yel. or blk.,
edible.

- aurantiacum minus,
deep yeL , dwarf.

— prsecox, flowers early.
— • serotinum, Je., yel.

— teuuiflorum (syn. ten-
uirlorum of Lindley).

gordom'anum, 6' to 8',
spr., yeL, red, hybrid
(sanguineumX aureum)
(syns. Beatoui and lou-
douianum) .

Grossularia (see Goose-
berry).

nigrum. Altaicum, dis-
sectum, liiciuiatum

(syn. aconitit'olium),
reticulatuin aureum,

and yariegatum are
vars. Black Currant.

rubrum. Red Currant.
Album) WhiteCurraut),
foliis luteo-variegatis,
and Schlechtendalii are
vars.

sanguineum, 4' to 8', spr.,
ro., fruit dark pur.

— albidum, whitish.

— atrorubens, deep ro.

— atrosanguineum,
darker.

— cameum, pale ro. (syn.
carneum graudiflorum).

- ttore-pleno, double ;
others are epruiuosum,
glutiuosum(*#H. R. glu-
tiuosum), intermedium,
and malvaceum (syn.
R. malvaceum).
speciosum, 4' to 8', sum.,
red, fruit red (syns.
fuchsioides, stamineum,
and Robsouia speciosa) .

Other Species and Varieties :-

wh. (ty». subvestitum
of Botanical Magazine
4931).

Meuziesii, 2J' to •>', Mch.,
ro.

multifloruni, 4' to 6',
greenish yel., fruit red
(syns. album multi-
florum, urceolatum,
and vitifoh'um).

oxyacanthoides, 2' to 3',
grn., fruit red or bl.
(syn. hirtellum, irrig-
uiini. saxosum, and
setosum).

- Purpusii, gni., fruit
blk., red.

prostratum, My., trailer,
gru., fruit red (,w///.v.
glandulosum, hudsoni-
anum and trifidum).

punctatum, 3', tender,
yellowish gru.

Roezlii, 3'. wh., red.

rotundifolium, 4§', brown-
ish wh., fruit dark red
(syns. gracile of Pursh,
not Michaux, and tri-
florum).

villosum, Je. , yel. (Gay,
not Nuttall) (tyfM.
Bridgesii and Lavallei
of gardens).

americanum, 4', — ,

whitish, fruit blk. (*;/«».

campanulatuin, norid-

um, missourieuse of

gardens, not Nuttoll,

etc.). American Black

Currant,
bracteosum, 5' to 8', grn.,

fruit blk.
cereum, 3', sum., wh.,

fruit red (synx. in-

ebrians, Kunthii, mex-

icauum,and reniforme).
Cyuosbati, 4', grn. (syns.

gracile and Grossularia

Cynosbati). Dog Bram-
ble.

diacantha, 4', My., green-
ish yel. .
divaricatum, 5' to 7',

sum., wh., fruit blk.,

edible (syns. triflorum

and villosum of Nuttall,

not Gay),
fasciculatum, Ap., yel.,

fruit red.
integrifolium, 3', greenish

yel.
japonicum, 3', spr., grn.,

fruit .red (KIJK. alpiuuni

japonicum).
lacustre, 4', greenish yel.

(«;/«. echinatum).
Lobbii, 6', Ap., pur.,

RICHARDIA. (ARUM LILY.)
Description. — A genus of greenhouse or almost
hardy South African plants (ord. Aroideas). The
recent introduction of new varieties of africana,
the Arum Lily or Calla, and of several new
species, has given a stimulus to the cultivation of
these plants, which are of the highest decorative
value on account of their fine leaves and beautiful
spathes, the so-called "flowers."

Hice (see Oryza sativa).

Hire Flower (see l*imelea):

Rice Paper (see Fatsia papy riferti).

Riehardia

( 276 )

Ridging

Propagation. — By division, offsets and seeds.
Spring is the most suitable time.

Soil. — Rich, fibrous loam with well-rotted cow
manure.

Other Cultural Points.— The old system of dry-
ing off Kichardias is falling into desuetude, and
they are now kept growing in the pots, or planted
out in summer, and taken indoors before the
approach of frost. Trouble is saved by planting
them out in rich soil in early summer, keeping
them well supplied with water, and lifting and
repotting one in a 15" or two or three in a larger
pot in the beginning or middle of September. A

B.,jf^y

r,, A

POTTING KICHAUDIAS (AKUM LILIES).

A, rootstock : a, older portion ; 6, old roots ; c, new roots ;

d, "bulblets" formed at base of crown or from previous
year's growth of rhizome ; e, bulblets just pushing
on crown ; /, growing point ; g, depth of potting.

B, bulblet: h, growing point; /, base from which roots I

issue ; jt depth of inserting.

C, rootstook from which bulblets and buds have been !
removed and properly potted: k, drainage (crocks); j
/, rough compost ; m, soil ; n, space for water ;
o, rliizome of plant; p, points from which pushing
bulblets have been removed; q, new roots emitted;

r, point of growth.

D, leaves and spathe of Little Gem Lily : a, leaves ;
(, spathe.

E, bulblets properly potted at the sides of a 3" pot :
o, drainage ; ut rough compost ; w, soil ; *, bulblets
of Little Gem Richardia ; y. space for water.

sheltered position must be selected for their
summer cultivation. Africana can be grown in
mild districts as a hardy aquatic if the crowns of
the plants are so deep in the water that frost
cannot reach them. The other Richardias require
a higher temperature, a lighter soil, and a longer
rest than africana, which doss well with one of 40°
to 50" in winter.

Kichardias are much benefited by weak liquid
manure. Keep down green fly.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
africana, '2', spr., sum., — nana compacta, 1'.
wh. (syns. sethiopica
and Calla ffithiopica).
Lily of the Nile,
White Arum Trumpet
Lily.

— devoniensis, 1J', free
bloomer.

— grandinora, taller,
larger spathes.

— Little Gem, a rather

shy bloomer. Godfrey's
var. is better.

— Perle von Stuttgart,

H', purer wh. than

type,
albomaculata, 2', sum.,

greenish wh. Ivs. with

wh. blotches.
— sulphurea, soft yel.,

blk centre,
elliottiana, 3J', Aug.,

yel.
hastata, 2', sum., greenish

£il. («//»«. iiurata aud
uti

utwychei).

melauoleuea, 1J', sum.,
pale yel. , blackish pur. at
base. Suffusa is a vigor-
ous var.

Pentlandii, 2', sum., deep

yel., purplish blk. at
base (ay a. angustiloba).

Rehmamiii, 2', sum., rosy
pur. or wh., margined
ro. (.•«/«. Lehniiuini).

Ilhodesia, golden yel.

RICHARDSONIA.

Stove evergreens (ord. Rubiacea:). Propagation,
by cuttings in very sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass,
over bottom heat. Soil, peat, loam, and coarse
sand.

Principal Species: —

pilosa, 2', Sep., wh. (syns. scabra and Richardia
scabra). Mexican Coca.

RICHEA.

Greenhouse shrubs or trees (ord. Epacridca1).
Propagation, by cuttings in sandy peat, beneath a
bell-glass, over gentle heat. Soil, fibrous peat and
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
pandauifolia, n" to 30', sprengelioides, 5', Je.,

sum., wh., pk. red.

RICINUS. (CASTOB OIL PLANT.)
A handsome tree, usually treated as a half-
hardy annual (ord. Euphorbiaceae). It is largely
used for its sub-tropical effect in summer. From
its seeds the medicinal castor oil is extracted.
Propagation, by seeds, sown singly in small pots
about the end of March in heat. Kepot into larger
sizes as required ; keep growing under glass until
early in June. If checked in their growth their
beauty will be greatly lessened. A rich, well-
manured soil is needed.
Only Species and Principal Varieties : —

— Gibsonii, Ivs. bron/e
pur.

— Gibsonii atrosauguin-
eus, Ivs. critn. reel.

— maculatus, Ivs. coppery
bronze, veined red.

— zauzibarensis, 6' to 8',
Ivs. large, gru., vein.
wh., seeds large.

comnmnis, 3' to 5', Jy.,
grn. (syns. armatus,
etc. ; see p. '277).
- borbouiensis, 5', Ivs.
bronze gm.

cambodgensis, Ivs.
pur., stems and
branches blk.

— cinerascens, Ivs. brown-
ish pur.

RICOTIA.

Hardy annuals (ord. Cruciferse). Propagation,
by seeds. Any fertile garden soil.

Principal Species : —

Lunaria, 6", Je., HI. pur. (syn. regyptiaca of Lin-
naeus and Botanical Register t. 4J().

RIDGING.

Heavy ground is much improved, if, when dug or
trenched in the autumn, the surface is left as
rough as possible, so that frost, snow, wind, and
rain may act upon it. Such action enriches the
soil by the disintegration of parts previously
solid and also brings it into a better working
condition by seed time. A further step in this
direction is ridging, which consists in leaving the
surface in parallel ridges so that a larger quantity
of the soil is exposed to the elements than could
otherwise be. In the spring these ridges work
down easily and finely under fork and rake.

Ridging for summer crops such as Marrows and
Cucumbers is conducted on a larger scale. The

Ricinella (see Adelia).
Itidan (see Actinomeris).

Kigidella

( 277 )

Ripe Rot of Fruit

ridges arc made >ip with the aid of long manure',
and are flattened at the top. The object in this
instance is to secure a warm rooting medium by
ensuring free drainage and the largest possible
exposure to sunshine.

RIGIDELLA.

Half-hardy bulbous plants (nrrl. Iridese). Prop-
agation, by offsets. Soil, loam, peat and sand.
Winter protection is essential.

Principal Species : —

flammea, 4', My., or. pur. immaculata, 2', Je., so.,
yel.

RINGING.

As applied to a method of propagation, this term
signifies the removal of a ring or band of bark

Only Species : —

torulosa, 1(1', sum., yel., grn.

RIPENING WOOD.

When, at the end of a season, the growth
produced therein is hard, with the bark firm and
the buds plump, it is said to be ripe, i.e. in a fit
state to pass through the winter unharmed. The
progress of the seasons ensures a ripening process,
but it may be aided very considerably in the case
of fruit trees and bushes, flowering trees and
shrubs, etc., by a judicious thinning out of
branches, so that sunlight and air may have full
play on leaf and stem. Summer pruning among
fruit trees materially assists wood ripening. Unripe
wood is soft, and the bark usually quite green.

npatiy, Ltd.

RlCINUS COMMUSIS (see p. 270) IX THE BEDS AT KfiW.

from a branch that is to be layered. Ringing
checks the return of sap, and if the part operated
upon is firmly buried in soil or moss it also induces
root-formation. Dracaenas and other stove plants
are often somewhat similarly treated, a ring being
removed just below the leafy head and the wound
bound up with damp moss, into which roots are
soon pushed. In both cases severance from the
stem or branch follows when the portion beyond
the ring has sufficient roots to support itself. This
process of ringing can also be, and is, used as a
method of destruction. When colonial forest land
is being cleared for farming it is often found easier
to cut a deep ring round the base of the trunk, and
let the tree die, than to lop, cut down, and uproot.
Rabbits often cause the death of young trees by
eating away an irregular ring of bark and .-oft
wood.

RIOCREUXIA.

A greenhouse climber (ord. Asclepiadese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in spring, beneath a bell-glass,
over gentle bottom heat. Soil, light, well-drained
loam.

Chrysanthemums, Orchids, and many winter-flower-
ing plants grown under glass, must all have
properly ripened or matured growth if they are to
be successfully managed, and in these cases it is
desirable to give the plants such assistance as shall
enable them to finish growth early in the autumn.
Unripe Chrysanthemum growths produce unsatis-
factory blooms, and unripe Orchid growths suffer
badly during the dull winter months, and often fail
to flower.

RIPE ROT OF FRUIT.

This is caused by a widely spread Fungus,
Monilia fructigena, which attacks Apples, Plums,
Cherries, etc., but chiefly Apples. Brown patches
are first formed on the leaves, and afterwards on
the fruit. These increase in size until the greater
portion is covered. The diseased fruits do not rot,
but remain on the trees or ground in a brown,
mummified condition until the spring, spreading
the infection the following season. Diseased fruits
should be burnt or deeply buried, the trees sprayed
with sulphate of iron before the buds expand, and
later with Bordeaux Mixture. (/Se« FUNGICIDES.)

Ritchiea

( 278 )

Bivina

RITCHIEA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Cappardierc). Propagation, by
cuttings, in sandy peat, in brisk heat. Soil, mellow
loam and sand.

RIVINA.

Stove evergreens (ord. Phytolaccacefe). Their
value is increased if the plants are put in a cooler,
drier atmosphere during fruiting. The flowers are

well ct Comptnnr, LUt.

RoKINIA PsEUDACACIA IIOHUSTA VlONEI (see Jt. 279).

Principal Species: —

fragrans, 3', Je., wh. polypetala, 6', sura., straw
(.v//>/,s. Cratfeva cappar- yel.
oides and C. fragrans).

Itirca (see Argyreia).

inconspicuous, but are followed by bright berries,
which remain on for a considerable time, and
render the plants exceedingly attractive. They look
well in conservatories, mixed with flowering plants.
Propagation, by seeds, or cuttings in sandy soil
in heat. Soil, light, fibrous loam, with coarse sand.

Roads

( 279 )

Robinia

Principal Species : —

humilis, 2', Je., wh.,
is probably a vai.

Other Species : —
aiirantiiica, '2', sum., wh.,

berries or.

berries sc. ; brasiliensis

— ]>ubescens, 6', spr., pk.
la-vis, flowers wh.
tiuctoria, 4', spr., wh.
ROADS.

As these have, in many cases, to carry heavy
carts as well as withstand a considerable amount

ROBINIA. (LOCUST TBEE.)

A small genus of hardy, deciduous, ornamental
shrubs and trees (ord. Leguminosfe) of considerable
value for the shrubbery or grounds, also for street
planting. They are very pleasing with their pin-
nate leaves and bunches of Pea shaped flowers.
Propagation, by root cuttings or layers. The choicer
varieties are grafted on the typical Pseudacacia.
Seeds may be sown in spring. Ordinary soil, if
moderately dry.

I'ltotu : Cu**> il

ROCHEA COCCINEA (see p. 280).

of pedestrian traffic, it is essential that they be
properly formed. A badly made road soon becomes
a'n eyesore and a nuisance, and is very expensive to
keep in repair. The direction of the road having
been decided upon, and pegs put in place to
indicate the height, the soil should be re-
moved, the top being used where it is required
and the subsoil employed for levelling uneven
places. The bottom must be rammed hard, and
have a slight fall to each side to carry water to the
sides, where loose earthenware pipes are laid for. its
reception. To these pipes gullies surmounted by traps
will conduct the surface water. The gullies should
be placed at intervals of from 20' to 30'. For the
foundation of a road to carry heavy vehicles (5" of
burnt clay is excellent and over this from <>" to 9"
of broken granite, the whole being cased with l£"of
fine gravel, which is watered in with the rolling.
During showery weather the road should be heavily
rolled as often as is convenient. A road made thus
should last for years without need for extensive
repairs.

Principal Species and

hispida, 3' to 8', My., ro.,
very ornamental (.<//»*.
montana and rosea).

— inermis, Ivs. large,
branches without

prickles, superior to
above (syns. complexa,
hispida rosea, and
macrophylla).

neo-mexicana, 30', aut.,
ro.

Pscudacacia, 30' .to 60',
Ap. , wh. Common
Locust, False Acacia,
Bastard Acacia.

— angustifolia, Ivs. nar-
row.

— aurea, lys. yel.

bessoniaua, round-
headed.

Varieties :—

- bcssom'ana latifolia,
Ivs. broad.

— crispa, leaflets curled.

— robusta Vignei, a flue
~var. (see p. 278).

decaisneana, flowers pk.

— fastigiata, pyramidal
habit (*//«*. pyramidalis
and stricta).

— iDermis, round-headed
bush.

— inermis albo-variegata,
Ivs. variegated.

. — mimostefolia, Ivs.
finely divided.

— pendula, drooping.

— semperflorens, flowers
throughout sum.

tortuosa, branches
twisted.

Itaan Tree (see Pi/rnn .\iiciiparia).
Roberyia (.see Jtourea).

Rocambole

( 280 )

Rockery

revoluta, sophorarfolia,
and stricta.]

viscosa, '20' to 40', My.,
ro. (syn. glutiuosa).

[Other forms of Pseud-
acacia are bella-rosea,
coluteoides, elegans,
heterophylla, linearis,
monophy lla, Rehderi ,

Other Species and Varieties : —
coccinea (now Ormosia - luxurians, sometimes

coccinea). blooms twice a year,

dubia, 25', Je., purplish

ro., hybrid (V).

ROCAMBOLE.

The popular name given to Alliura Scorodopra-
sum, a hardy perennial (prd. Liliaceie). The plant

ROCKERY.

The term " rockery " covers a great variety of
structures, many being ill adapted for the cultiva-
tion of dwarf plants, which thrive better or show to
more advantage in elevated positions. Kockeries
constructed of expensive material and at great
cost are often less suitable for Alpine plants than
those built of almost any stone, or even of clinkers
covered with cement. In the formation of rockeries
the plants' welfare ought to be the primary con-
sideration, combined with an aim towards orna-
mental or natural appearances. Stone of a neutral
colour is to be preferred to that which will draw the

I'lwto: Council it- Company, Ltd.

KODGEKSIA PODOPHYLLA (seep. 281).

forms bulbs or " cloves " in the same way as
Shallots (correctly Eschallots) do, and also pro-
duces bulbs at the summit of the stem. The
flavour of these is milder than Garlic, hence in
many establishments it is preferred. Plant in
spring or autumn, 6" or 8" apart each way, in fertile
soil, and when the leaves die down lift, dry, and
store the crop. Select firm, medium-sized bulbs
for planting.

ROCHEA.

Free flowering, greenhouse, evergreen succulents
(nrd. Crassulacese). Propagation, by cuttings of
the tops of unflowered shoots in late summer or early
autumn. Pot as necessary and keep in a cool temper-
ature throughout the winter. Pinch the shoots in
spring when growth recommences. Soil, two parts
loam and one part leaf mould with coarse sand and
finely broken crocks or bricks. {See also CKASSULA.)

Principal Species:—

coccinea, 1', Jy., sc. (nee

P- 279). [cata).

falcata (see Crassula fal-

jasminea, 9", Ap., wh.
versicolor, 2', My., wh.

eye from the flowers or lessen their beauty. Thus,
white spar destroys the effect of flowers of that
colour, but grey limestone and red or grey sand-
stone improves their appearance, especially when
the stones are toned down by the modifying influ-
ences of time. Vain imitation of the peaks of the
Alps in miniature should be refrained from.

The site should be sheltered from cold winds by
evergreen shrubs, such as Rhododendrons, or by
walls or hedges, but the walls must be hidden as
much as possible, and buildings should be kept out
of view. The main body should consist of good,
free soil, with plenty of rubble below for drainage.
Against this mound the stones .should be built in
such a manner that rain may run into the rockery
and not off it. This may be assisted by giving the
stones a slight tilt inwards. As the work proceeds
fill the crevices with suitable soil, made firm, but
not quite solid.

JtncTi Broom (see Genista).

Rock Carrot (see T/tajtsia edulis).

Rocket

( 281 )

Rohdea

Rockeries constructed of a series of terraces,
supported by stones and flat on the surface, are
verv serviceable. Kaised beds of earth, edged
with stones, and with others inserted in the surface
of the bed, will accommodate rock plants. A
rockery built of solid stone, or formed of piles of
stone.-, without earth except on the surface, is of
no value.

ROCKET.

The popular name "Kocket" is applied to
several plants with long spikes of flowers, but
generally to the varieties of Hesperis matronalis,
which fiT. The Double Yellow Rocket is a form of
liarbarea vulgaris. The Rocket Candytuft is
Jhrris coronaria, and the Dyer's Rocket is Reseda
Luteola.

ROCK ROSE 0<r CISTUS and HELIAN-

THBMUM).

ROCKWORK Or

ROCKBRY).

ALPINE GARDEN and

podophylla, 3' to 1'. sum..
yellowish \vh. (*//«.
japonica ; KIT p. 28U).

RODGERSIA.

Hardy herbaceous plants of imposing appear-
anee (nrd. Saxifrages;). Podophylla, the best
known species, has thick, fleshy, underground
stein>. The minute flowers are borne in large
panicles, well above the leaves. Propagation, by
division in spring. Soil, light loam and fibrous
peat, or peat alone. A swampy place is desirable.

Only Species : —

pinniita, '2' to -V, sum.,
yellowish wh.

RODRIGUEZIA.

Stove epiplrytal Orchids (nrd. Orchidacea-), many
of which are showy. They are usually of small
stature, with small oval or rounded pseudo-bulbs,
and graceful little spikes of flowers, of which the
greatly enla.'red lip is the most showy part. Prop-
agation, by division as growth commences. Soil,
fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, and charcoal.

Principal Species : —

Batemani, 9", spr., wh.,
mauve lip.

Caloplectrou, 1', spr., yel-
lowish \vli.

Candida, 1', Ap., wh.

decora, 9', Nov., pk. wh.

fragrans, sweet (are
figure).

lauceolata (see secumla).

l>'e;in.-i, 1', spr., whitish
yel. ; var. picta is better.

Lehmanni, 9", spr., wh.
ochre.

maculata, 6", My., yel-
lowish br.

ref racta, 1 ', spr. , wh ,
tinged pur.

secuuda, 6", Jy., ro.

ROELLA.

Greenhouse sub-shrubs (nrd. Campanulacea;),
not in general cultivation, though a few species
are worth growing. Propagation, by cuttings of
young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass in
suiumer. Soil, fibrous loam, leaf mould, and

«ft rwl

LnrliSjnir (nee JteljiMnhim Ajacis).
Itoi-li Jasmine (xee Androxace).

Hurl; l.i/i-lniix (xre Lyplin.ii).
ll(ifl;x/n':u/ (xi'f f 'niniii'(lxter).
Jtvck Tiihiri'ro (xr<- 1'fi in nl i tin
Itiiddon (xt-i I'l/i-us .\inttpa ria).

aceous, bl. (*yn. Ciespi-
tosa).

spicata, 9", Aug., wh.
(*//«. cainpestris).

squarrosa, 6", Jy., wh.

Principal Species : —

ciliata,6"to 1'2", Jy., wh.,
pur.

elegans, 9", Feb. to My.,
oi.

muscosa, C", Aug., herb-
Other Species : —

decumbeiis (now Wahleu
bergia capeusis).

RCEMERIA.

Hardy annual herbs (ord. Papaveracese), suitable
for the front of the herbaceous border. Propaga-
tion, by seeds sown where the plants are to flower
in spring. The young plants must be thinned to
(i" apart each way. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

hybrida, I.1,', My., Je., vio. (*yn. refracta).

I'liolo: [>. a.

. Kdiulmrtjli.

RODKIOUEZIA FBAOHANS.

ROHDEA.

A dwarf-growing evergreen perennial (artf. Lili-
aceas), with wide, deep green leaves produced from
the rootstock in a dense rosette, and dense spikes
of small whitish flowers. Propagation, by division.
Soil, sandy loam. In a few favoured places it
succeeds out of doors.

Hods, Hominy (*ei< Ltiiuhcapc).

Rnclnicl; Herri/ (.«•/• Itiilnix saniti!!*).

H,r[uTn (wr ZygophyUum).

llnf:lia ri'ii'ui (lee Fit rern-it 11,'ilhnjliaiigii).

Iliilliii (xrf lln/iliia).

Itmiiitiini Flotrcr (see Pah/gala rulgaris).

liaijiera (xcc ItondclMa).

Roller

(282 )

Rondeletia

Only Species :—

jajKmica, 1', spr., wh.
— variegata, Ivs. varie-

nutans (see Tupistra

nutans).
Tupistra (see Tupistra

squalida).
ROLLER.

Every garden should possess a roller, for where
gravel paths are to be well kept rolling is a neces-
sary operation. The size of the roller should be in
accordance with the width of the paths. Where
many paths exist, rollers of different sizes should
be kept, ranging in weight from 4 or 5 cwt. to 1 ton

ROMNEYA. (THEE POPPY.)

The only species (ord. Papaveraceas) is an orna-
mental plant with glaucous leaves and handsome
flowers. In cold situations it is safer not to cut
; down the old stems until growth begins in spring.
Small plants should be used for planting, unless
they are turned out of pots. Propagation, by seeds.
sown in spring under glass, and grown ill single
pots after being pricked out. Good, deep, well-
drained soil.

Only Species : —

Coulteri, 2' to l>', sum., wh. (we figure).

'

Photo : CasaeU it Company, Ltd.

HoMNEYA CofLTER]

or li tons. When making new paths it is advis-
able to roll twice, the first time with a light roller,
afterwards with a heavy one. The best time to
roll is after a fall of rain, as soon as the surface has
become slightly dry, so that the gravel will not
cling to the roller. Lawns are also improved by
an occasional rolling.

ROMANOWIA.

A dwarf stove Palm (ord. Palmse). One species
only, Nicolai, is known. It grows a few feet high,
and has a head of small pinnate leaves which are
divided into about a dozen segments each. Propa-
gation, by imported seeds. Soil, fibrous loam.

ROMANZOFFIA.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Hydrophyllacea;)
of tufted habit, resembling dwarf Saxifragas, and
well adapted for the rock garden. Propagation,
by division. They should be planted in sandy soil,
in crevices between large stones.

Principal Species : —

sitchensis, 4", Ap., wh. (*yn. altera).

ROMULEA.

Greenhouse or hardy bulbous plants (ord.
Iridea;) of attractive appearance. They may be
cultivated in pots or borders. Propagation, by
offsets. Soil, light loam. The plants should be
well rested after flowering.

Principal Species :—

ramiflora, 9", My., hdy.,

yel., lil.
rosea, 6", Jy., grh., ro.,

yel. at base.

Bulbocodium, G", Je.,

hdy., yel., vio.
Columns:, 6", hdy., spr.,

greenish wh. , veins

pur.

RONDELETIA.

Showy flowering stove evergreen shrubs (ord.
Rubiaceas). The small flowers are borne in large
bunches. Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripe
shoots, in sandy soil, in a warm propagating case.
Soil, equal parts of loam and peat, witli sand.
When growing, attention must be given to stop-
ping and tying. After the flowers are over the
plants should be well cut back, and restarted in a
moist house. A weekly syringing with a weak

Ronnbergia

( 283 )

Roots

solution of kerosene emulsion (we INSECTICIDES)

will keep insects ;it hay.

Principal Species : —

amtena, 4', Je., ]>k. («/«*. pk., sweet (sijn. Eogiera

latifolia, versicolor, and gratissima).

Rogiera nmoena) . odorata, 4', sum., aut.,

Backhouse!, 3', sum., sc., sweet (tittm. splen-

aut. , pk. ; best in peat. deiis and speciosa) ;

gratissima, 4', sum., aut., var. major is good.
speciosa (.sw odorata).

Other Species: —

conlata, 5', sum., pk. erioearpa, a', sum., pk.

RONNBERGIA.

Siove perennials (ord. Bromeliacese). They
require similar culture to Bromelias and Bill-
bergias, which «<•.

Only Species : —
columbiana, 1', sum., 1)1.
(now Quesuelia cblum-
liiiiua).

morreniana, 1', sum., bl.

ROOM PLANTS.

The .selection of plants suitable for room decora-
tion depends to a great extent on whether gas is
burned in the rooms or not, and also on whether
the plants have to be grown entirely in the rooms,
or whether they are grown elsewhere, and are taken
into rooms. for a few weeks at a time. For apart-
ments that are lighted or heated by gas, and where
the plants have to be grown permanently in such
atmospheres, the choice of subjects is very limited,
the two best plants being Aspidistra lurida and
Ficus elastica. Where rooms are lighted by gas,
and t lie plants are only required for short periods,
a much larger selection is available ; Palms, Ferns,
Diai-enas, Crotons, and flowering plants of various
descriptions all being of service. Where. other
means of lighting are employe^ almost any plant
of a suitable size, and which does not- require a
very moist atmosphere, may be used for short
periods, and a great many plants may be well
grown in room, all the year round. When plants
are grown in other places, and are taken into rooms
for a few weeks while in their best condition,
care should be taken that the temperature of the
room does not fall much below that of the green-
house the plants have been growing in, and it
should also be arranged that they are not stood
in draughts, and that they do not receive a chill
when being removed from one place to another.
Plants stood in rooms should always be given the
lightest positions available; and should be turned
round daily so that an equal amount of sunlight
gets to all parts. Watering needs special atten-
tion. No hard and fast rule can be laid down ; it
is impossible to say how many times a week certain
plants should be watered ; on that point the owner
must use his own judgment. The usual test is to
give the pot a sharp rap with the knuckles, and if
water is required a ringing sound is made, whilst
if the plant is wet enough a dull sound results.
When the weather is mild, plants grown in rooms
are benefited by being stood oiit of doors for a
short time occasionally, especially if the weather
is wet ; this applies particularly to foliage plants.
Koom plants require repotting in a similar manner
to other plants, but large, unsightly pots must be
avoided. Plants that have become sickly should
be destroyed, unless exceptionally good means are
at hand for nursing them back "to health. . The

majority of suitable plants can be bought at very
reasonable prices, so that it is bad policy to endea-
vour to make a really sickly plant well again.
The habit of buying plants in the streets or at the
door in cold weather is to be condemned. The
plants have generally been grown in warm houses,
and the violent change of temperature is disastrous
to them. The plants appear in good health
when bought, but a few days' sojourn in a warmer
temperature suffices to turn the leaves yellow, and
finally brown. An occasional sponging of the
leaves of foliage plants with tepid water and a
little soft soap is necessary to keep the plants in
good health.

As has been previously stated, almost any plant
may be used as a room plant, some of the most
popular being —

Selection of Popular Plants : —

Acacias, Aralias, Aspidistras, Chrysanthemums,
Cinerarias, Clivias, Crotons (Codiseums), Cyclamens.
Cytisus f ragrans, Ferns (in variety), Ficus, Fuchsias,
Geraniums (Pelargoniums), Lily of the Valley,
Palms, and many others. Forced bulbs and shrubs
are also useful, while many hardy evergreens are
also pressed into service.

ROOT PRUNING.

This operation is performed on trees and shrubs
to increase floriferousness and fruitfulness. It
consists of making a trench at a distance from the
trunk, and forking the soil from among the roots,
cutting back thick roots which appear to be
travelling for a considerable distance from the
tree, and saving all the fibrous feeding roots that
are found to be laid in again as the trench is re-
filled. When severing the thick roots care must
be taken to get well under the tree, for often some
of the thickest roots are found there. When the
roots have been cut, the ends must be pared
smoothly over, and the wounds dressed with tar.
The operator must use judgment as to the number
of roots to be removed. Trees that are growing very
luxuriantly, and bearing little or no fruit, require
the removal of a greater number of roots than trees
that are only moderately luxuriant. In the case
of large trees it is advisable to make the trench
halfway round the tree the first season, and cut
the roots on that side, leaving the other side till
the following year. In the case of young trees it
will sometimes be found sufficient pruning to lift
and replant them, the loss of a few roots entailed
by this proving a sufficient check. When planting,
care should be taken not to bury manure beneath
the trees, it being better to keep the manure
nearer the surface to encourage surface roots.
Trees with a good mass of surface roots rarely
require root pruning, and if the operation has to
be performed it is a much more simple matter.
The best period for the operation is between the
months of October and February. Peaches and
Plums are more prone to make coarse, woody, un-
fruitful growth than Apples and Pears, but any tree
which throws shoots more than 3 feet long in the
growing season may be root pruned.

ROOTS.

It is even more important that a careful watch
should be kept on the roots of plants than on the
stems, for should the roots get into a bad condition
plants are bound to go wrong. This being the
case, it is highly desirable that everything in the
vicinity of the roots should be kept sweet and clean,

Rosa

C 284 ')

Rossi

anything approsiching sourness having fatal results.
Hoots of trees may be divided into two groups, the
strong main roots serving as anchors to the trees,
holding them firmly against storms, and the fibrous
feeding roots which are found at the extremities of
the smaller roots. In many cases it is desirable to
check the thick roots to aid in the production of
feeding roots ; this is done by root pruning. The
production of feeding roots in preference to main
roots is very advantageous in the case of fruit
trees; in ornamental trees a circle of strong
main roots should be left. When trees or
shrubs are in nursery quarters the roots should be
trimmed and got into good condition, otherwise
when permanent planting is done deaths are certain
to occur. Again, when planting in the nursery the
planter should be careful to arrange the roots in a
circle, not lay all to one side. The latter is
injurious, as the tree is only anchored on one side,
and should a severe storm come from the other
direction the tree is almost certain to be blown
over or disturbed. The aim of the cultivator
should be to keep feeding roots as near the surface
of the soil as possible, where they will obtain air.
This can be done by keeping the best feeding
material near the surface, and also by top-dressing.
Trees growing in grass land are greatly benefited
by having a circle 6' or 8' in diameter kept clear
round the trunk and cultivated.

With pot plants it is also very necessary that
ample drainage should be given, and a good, open,
sweet compost be vised. If the soil does become
sour it should be washed away and a fresh start
made. Whether indoors or outdoors the density of
the soil is an important factor to success, some
plants requiring the soil to be made very firm,
others preferring it light. Fruit trees are on the
whole best if the soil is made moderately firm,
loose soil being conducive to luxuriant growth,
while firm soil is productive of flowers and fruit.

In addition to ground roots there are air roots,
such as are seen in epiphytal Orchids, etc. ; these
obtain all their moisture from the atmosphere.

ROSA.

Description. — An extensive genus (ord. Rosacese),
yielding the most ornamental of all garden
flowers. The favourite appellation, " The Queen
of Flowers," is undeniably appropriate. Its habit,
the form and colour of its flowers, and its fra-
grance have made the Rose an object of admiration
from the earliest ages. Its commercial importance
is great; in its cultivation many thousands of
people are employed, raising plants, growing
flowers for market, or producing the delicious
Attar of Roses and other perfumes. Rose gardens
devoted solely to Roses are among the most
delightful features of large places. In beds on
grass, in borders, separately, or among other
flowers, they are very beautiful. Roses, as im-
proved by cultivation, claim the greatest share
of favour, but the species possess much grace and
beauty. They are charming for wild gardening,
shrubberies, or rock gardens. The climbing species
are very pretty, covering trees, trellises, walls, or
arches ; but the cultivated Roses present even
greater beauties for such purposes, and the popu-
larity of Crimson Rambler has led to a rapid
increase in the demand for free-growing Roses of

Ropala (see ltou/>ala).
Jtosanoria (see Sinninyia).

similar character. For pillars many climbing

Roses are very suitable, and it is, indeed, almost
impossible to have too many in the garden. (See
ROSE.)

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — Selections of garden Roses are given
under ROSE.]

ocicularis, 8', Je., blush. — borbouica. Bourbon

— nippoiiicus, ro. Rose.

alba, 4' to 7', Je., wh., — diversifolia, red.

blush. Several vars. — odorata, various. Tea

Probably a hybrid Rose.

(cauina X gallica). — sanguinea, blood red,

alpina, 3', Je. , pk. or red semi-double, My. to Oct.

(.v,y«s. iuermis and pen- lu-vigata, 10', Je., grh.,

dulina). wh. (syns. Camellia,

— pyrenaica, pk. camelhsefolia, sinica,
anemoneenora, wh. (*;/«. hystrix, nivea, etc.).

indica anemonffiflora). Cherokee Rose.

Banksia>, 20', Je., wh. ; — Anemone, grh., pale

walls. ro. ; hybrid.

— lutea, yel. ; walls. Lucia> (nee wichuraiana).
blanda, 1' to 3', My., ro. lutea, 3', Je., yel. (.V//;MP.

(si/iix. fraxinifolia and chlorophylla, Egum-

lucida of gardens, not teria, and fuetida).

Ehrh). Austrian Brier.

— Fendleri, ro. — bicolor, sc., yel. (.«/«.

— Manettii, ro., semi- puuicea).

double. — flore pleuo, double.

— setigera, ro. — Harrisoni, double yel.
bracteata, 2', Jy., wh. nioscliata, 12', Aug., yel.,

Macartney Rose. wh. (ti/iis. Brownii,

— flore pleuo, double wh. Brimonii, Bruuonis,
(.*••//>/. alba odorata). and Dupontii). Musk

— scabriuscula, Jy., wh. Rose.

canina, G' to 8', Je., pk. multiflora, 12', Je., wh.,
to wh. Many vars. pk., or pur. (.«//».«. poly-
Dog Rose. antha and simplex).

centifolia, 3' to G', Jo., — flore pleuo, double,

rosy pur. Cabbage Rose. repens, 2' to 8', Je. , wh.,

Tills aud the following yel. eye (.sy/^. arveusis).

vars. have given many — capreolata. Ayrshire

fine garden forms. Eose.

— muscosa, ro. or wh. — flore pleno, double wh.
Moss Rose (see Rose). rubigiiiosa, ;V, Je., pk.

— pa!stumensis,ro., double (•«,'/"•'• Eglaiiteria of

or semi-double. Miller, not Linnaeus,

— parvifolia, small blooms and suavooleus). Sweet
(KI/HS. burgimdica, pom- Brier. Eglantine.
ponia, and remeusis). rugosa, 6', Je., red. (»•/.///.«.

cinnamomea, G', My. , pale t'rvox and rr^rcli;ni;i).

red. Ramanas or Japanese

— flore pleno, double Rose.

flowers. sempcrvirens, Je., cl., wh.

damascena, 2' to 4', (.s//w.s. lougicuspis, pros'

Je., wh., red. Damask trata, and scaudeus).

Rose. Several vars. Ever-

— belgica, small flowers. green Rose.

Rose of Four Seasons. sinvplicifolia, 2' to 3', Je.,

— portlandica. Portland grh., yel. (xynit. berbeii-
or Perpetual Rose. folia, persica, Hulthei-

— versicolor, red, wh. ruia berberifolia, and
(XIIH. Rosa Mundi). Lowea berberifolia).

gallica, 2' to 3', red to spinosissima, 1' to4', My.,

crim. French (sec Gal- wh. (SI/UK, pimpiuel-

lica Roses). lifolia and scotica).

— Coiulitorum, the source Buniet Rose.

of a perfume in Asia — altaica, taller, wh.

Minor. (SI/HI, altaica, graudi-

— provinciah's, red. Pro- flora, and cistiflora).
vence Rose. 'wichuraiana, 3' to 20',

indica, 4' to 20', Je., red. trailer, Jy., wh. (cor-

Chiua or Monthly Rose. rectly Luciee).

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —

abyssmica, Je., cl. , wh. — nigresceus, 10', sum.,

beggeriana, 10', sum., wh. wh. , bracts sooty.

(syn. anseriua'folia). — Sclireukii, 10',sum.,wli.

19

ROSES.

1. PRINCESS MAY, 2 MADAME ABEL CHATENAY , 3. BEN CANT, 4. BARDOU JOB: 5. LADY MOYRA BEAUCLERC ;

6. LADY ROBERTS.

Roscheria

( 285 )

Rose

californica, ro.
— ultramontana.
Carolina, 4' to 7', Jr., pk.

(.s////.v. corymbosa, hud-

sduica, and peimsyl-

vanii'ii. Swamp Kose.
rhiiirnsis (we indira).
Kngelmamiii, 3', Jr., pk.,

uearalpina.
fedtscheukoaua, Je. , \vh.,

fragraut.
Fendleri, Je., pk., Ivs.

bright in nut.
ferox, 2' , Je., wh., yel.
1'errugiiK'a. li' to 8', Aug.,

red, Ivs. pur. (A///M.

pyrrnaira, rumana, and

rulirit'olia).
fortuueaua, Je., wli.

(lialiksur X la'vigata).
gigaiitea, Je., grh. cl.,

wh., pale yrl.
glutiuosa, 2', Je., blush.

— yarmalensis, 2V, Jy.,
wh., red.

gymnocarpa, 1' to I', Jr.,

red.
Ilanlii, Je., yel. (simpliei.

folia X involucnitii).
hivkrliana, 2', Je., pk.
hemisphajrica, 3', Jy.,yel.

(xt/it*. glaucophylla,

Kapiiiii.aiidsulphuruii).
heterophylla, wh.. liybrid

(i ugosa X lutea).
hibrrnica, 2', Je., pair pk.

V;trs. glabra, Grovesii.
liispidii, 3', Je., wh. (>yn.

luteseeiis).
humilis, 2', Je., spreading,

blush (S//HK. parviflora

and micruuarpa).

— triloba, petals with
three lobes.

iin'urnata, 3',Je., ilrsli.

involucrata, 3', Jy., wh.
(xi/iif. cliiiophylla,

Lyellii, and palustris).

— plena, wh., ro., double,
involuta, 2', Je., wh. or

pk. Vars. 3abini and
Wilsoiii.

laxa. :!', Jy., wh., yel.
hu-ida, 2', "My., red (syn.

haltira).
— flore pleno, double

riowers.

macrophylla, 6', Je., red.
luicTanthu, 4', Je., pale

red.

mierocarpa, 10', Jy., wh.

mierophylla, 2' to4',Aug.,

blush '(si/ii. chlurorarpa).

— ilore pleno, double

flowers.

miuutit'olia, 2', pk. or wh.
mollis, 2' to 4', Je., red

(«//«*. niollissima and

villosii in part),
niuntuua, G', sum., wh..

ro.

nitida, 2', Jy. , red.
uoisettiana (iudica X

niosrliata ; we Xoisette

Kose).

imtkaiia, (>', Je., red.
orientalis, Je., ro.
pha'nicea, Je., cl., wh.
pisocarpa, Jy. , ro., small

t'ruit («////. pisiformis).
Pissardi, la' to 18', wh.
pnmit'eru, Je., pk., large

fruit (nyii. raaeroearpa) .

Great Apple Rose.
rubella, 3 to 4', Je., red,

probably a hybrid (spi-

niisisMiiiu X alpiua).

Several vars.
sn-ic-rii, My.,cl., wh., pk.,

yel., tender in cold

places,
setigera, Jy., el., ro., wh.

Prairie Kose.
stylosa, 6', wh.
tomentosa, G', Je. , rosy

pk. Many vars.
turbiiiata, -V, Je., red,
watsoniaua, 3', sum., wh. ,

Ivs. curious.

webbiaua, 2' too', Je., pk.
xauthina, 3', sum., yel.

(XI/HX. Ecaj and platya-

cautha).

the Kose. The beauties of even wild species are
vastly increased by cultivation, and those Roses
raised by the hybridiser are developed to a very
high degree. It may be said that few flowers
respond so well to the care of the cultivator as the
" Queen of Flowers." It is thus important that so
beautiful a flower should have its requirements
properly attended to.

Propagation. — By buddinir, grafting, cuttings,
layers, seeds, suckers, and division. The first is
the usual method. {See BUDDING and GRAFTING.)

ROSCHERIA.

Slender, stove Palms (ord. Palms), of graceful
appearance, and interesting on account of the stem
roots they produce. Melanochsetes, the only known
species, grows 20' to 25' in height, and bears
pinnate leaves 3' to 5' long and 2J' wide. (For
cultivation, nee PALMS.)

ROSCOEA.

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous perennials {ord.
Scitaminea!). The majority of the species are now
included in Uautleya. The flowers are in terminal
heads. Propagation, by division in spring. Soil,
sandy loam. Planted at the foot of a south wall
and covered with leaves in frosty weather they can
be grown oulsidc.

Principal Species : —

elitior ~\ , r, ,, purpurea, 2'. sum., pur.

gracilis I ("7 2™*' a spicata (now Cautleya spi-

lutea ) tea}' cata).

ROSE.

Cultivation. — Few flowers illustrate the advan-
tages of cultivation and improvement so well as

riwto: Cimit'll ,i r,.»t/'<>}it/. Ltd.

CBIMSON EAMBLEK KOSE IN A POT.

Cutting*.— Own-root Roses have advantages, one
being that they may be cut to the ground by frost,
and will grow again from a bud beneath the surface.
Some varieties do not root freely, and others grow
more weakly on their own roots than on stocks.
Generally they live longer when grown thus.
Many Roses strike freely in autumn from cuttings
9" or 12" long of ripened wood of the current
season. These may be put in the open ground
about 6" deep and 12" apart. Retain all the eyes,
and tread the soil firmly about the cuttings. This
only applies to the hardier Roses ; the others are
better struck in pots of light soil and kept in a cold
frame until spring, when they may be put in gentle
heat. Roses are largely propagated during summer
from cuttings of partially ripened growths with two

Rose

( 286 )

Rose

or more buds. Those from forced plants may be
struck, if planted thickly in a hotbed or close
frame with a gentle heat, and potted when roots
are made. Later, cuttings with leaves may be
struck in the ground in a shady position under
glasses or in a frame, watered, and kept close until
they begin to make roots, when they may be
gradually hardened off.

Layering is not much practised, except with
Roses of vigorous habit. (See LAYERING.)

By Seeds. — This is a slow method, except in the

the bud or graft, but Roses on their own roots
often produce suckers. They should be taken off
in autumn, cutting them out so as to leave no
ragged wound.

Division is only suited for some of the species
and own-root Roses which increase freely at the
root. It may be done in autumn or early spring.

Soil and Situation. — The Rose naturally likes a
heavy soil, though a few of the species seem as if
they preferred a light one. A deep, strong- loam,
well drained, will grow Roses well. The beds

riwto : Cassell & Cvmpaiuj, Ltd.

ROSE MILDRED GRANT (see p. 288).

case of a strain of the little Polyantha Roses
(polyantha nana), which, if sown in heat in
January or February, will bloom the same year.
Seedling raising is, however, to be encouraged,
although the proportion of prizes is very small, as
it is by this means, and sports, that new varieties
are obtained. Allow the heps to be quite ripe
before removal (protection from birds is necessary).
Then collect and keep in sand until spring, or rub
out the seeds and keep them until that time. Sow
in beds of free soil in the nursery, or, in pans or
boxes in a cold frame. Germination is irregular,
and some of the young plants will not appear until
the second year. Transplant as they can be handled
in autumn to beds, with from 6"' to 12" between
the plants.

By Suckers. — Suckers from budded or grafted
plants are useless unless they proceed from above

should be trenched or bastard trenched, adding
plenty of manure (bullock or cow manure pre-
ferred) as the work proceeds. Fresh yellow loam
should be added to old garden soil, and burned
earth and road sand to heavy clay. An open posi-
tion, with a south or south-east exposure, is
preferable, but Roses can be well grown elsewhere
if not under trees. Some need a wall.

Planting. — November is generally the best time
for planting, though some prefer to plant the more
tender Teas in spring ; and the latter season has
sometimes, through various circumstances, to be
adopted for all. Plant a little below the point of
budding in the case of dwarfs, and tread the soil
firmly about the plants. Standards should be
staked at once, and, if dry, watered.

Pruning. — There is much difference of opinion
regarding when and how to prune, and something'

Rose

( 287 )

Rose

depends not only upon the district, but also upon
whether the Koses are for exhibition or only for
decoration. Fur exhibition hard pruning is re-
quired. Shortening back to within 1' or so of
the bud or graft is a general practice at the time
of planting. For the full pruning early March will
suit if the Roses are planted in November or
December, spring-planted Koses being pruned late

being generally grown as climbers. Own-root
Roses, or those on the Manetti or seedling Brier,
may be used for 24's, and potted on as needed.
From the open ground, pot in October in turfy
loam, well-rotted manure, leaf mould, and a little
sand. Plunge them under a north wall until severe
frost, when they may be plunged in a cold pit, or
until needed for forcing. This may begin as early

A GOOD POT ROSE.

in March or early in April. Prune moderate-growing
varieties to two or three buds ; the vigorous ones
to five or six buds. Choose a bud which points
outwards for the upper one. For decorative pur-
poses thinning out, shortening, and keeping the
bushes in form are all that are necessary. Direc-
tion-; for the various sections are given under
Selections.

After Culture.— The Rose should have good
treatment at all times. Top-dress with cow or
horse manure, or some artificial fertiliser. When
this is not available liquid manure ought to be
given, mid plenty of water supplied in dry weather.

Roses in Pots or under Glass. — The beauty and
utility of the Rose at all seasons leads to its being
Largely grown under glass, although the American
system of growing in beds on raised benches under
glass is not much followed here, Koses planted out

as December 'or January, in a temperature rising
from 45° to as much as . 05° if plenty of air is
given. Syringe daily until the blooms appear, and
keep free from all insect and fungoid pests. After
flowering place the Roses outside. A well-drained
border is necessary for those planted out under
glass, with plenty of water when in growth, and a
period of rest during winter.

SELECTIONS OF ROSES :-
Hybrid Perpetuals : -

Prune in March as directed in the paragraph
on pruning.

Firr Exhibition : —

Alfred Colonih. bright red.
Alfred K. Williams, car.
red.

C.-ijit. Ii:iywurd.car. crim.
Comtc de li;iiinli:inil.pur.
crim.

Rose

( 288 )

Rose

Duchess of Bedford, crim.
Duchesse de Moray, ro.,

silvery reverse.
Dupuy Jiunain, cerise.
Earl of Dufferiii, crim.,

maroon.

Etieiiue Levet, car. red.
Ferd. de Lesseps, crim.

vio.
Francois Michelon, ro. ,

silvery reverse,

Madame Eugene Verdier,

satin ro.
Madame Gabriel Luizet,

silvery pk.
Marie Baumann, bright

red.

Merveille de Lyon, wh.
Mrs. John Laiug, pk.
Mrs. K. G. Sharman

Crawford, rosy pk.
Prince Arthur, deep crim.

Far Exliibitimi : —

Bridesmaid, pk.

Catherine Mcnnet, light
ro.

Cleopatra, pale pk. , edged
ro.

Comtesse de Nadaillac,
flesh, yel.

Madame Hoste, yel., wh.

Maman Cochet, car., sal-
mon yel.

Mart'chal Niel, golden

yel. Noisette.
Mrs. Edward Mawlry,

car., shaded salmon.
Muriel Gruhame, cream,

Bushed ro.
Souvenir d'Elise Vardon,

cream, tinted yel., ro.
The Bridu, wh.
White Miiman Cochet, wh.

ola : Caesell & Cumimmj, Ltd.

ROSE SUZANNE MAKIE RODOCANACIH.

Gustave Piganeau, car. Suzanne Marie Bodo-

lake. canachi, soft pk. (see

Helen Keller, rosy cerise. figure) .

Her Majesty, satiny ro. TJlrich Brunuer, cherry

Horace Vernet, red, pur., crim.

dark crim. Victor Hugo, crim.

Teas : —

These are much hardier than supposed if planted
in an open situation. Protect in winter with
Bracken or other dry material, or cut to near the
level of the ground, and earth up in districts where
they are badly cut by frost. Dwarf Teas may be
left nnpruned until April, and then cut down to a
good bud above the base. Climbers should have
weak shoots only removed. Teas under glass may
have the strong growths shortened, and the weak
ones removed. When well grown the Teas give
long successions of bloom, and are a most valuable
class. They are splendid for cutting.

Hybrid Teas : —
Prune as the Teas.

Far Exhibition : —

Bessie Brown, cream wh.

Caroline Testout, satin ro.

Countess of Caledon, car.

Gladys Harkness, salmon,
silvery pk.

Kaiserin Augusta Vic-
toria, yel.

Lady Mary Fitzwilliam,
flesh.

La France, pk. ro.
L' Innocence, wh.
Marquise Litta, car. ro.,

vermilion centre.
Mildred Grant, wh. (see

/>. 286).
Mrs. W. J. Grant, pk.

(S>/H. Belle Siehrecht).
White Lady, wh. (xrt

p. 291).

Chinese or Monthly : —

These need little pruning except, shortening in
spring.
Climbing Cramoisie Su- Duke of York, rosy pk.

pt'rieure, crim. to wh.

Ducher, wh. Eugi'ne Beauharnais,

amaranth.

Rose

( 289 )

Rose

Feltenberg, pk. Mrs. Bosanquet, pale

Laurette Mesnimy, ro., flesh.

yel- Old Blush, blush.

Madame Eugene Resal, Old Crimson, crira.

rosy pk, shaded or. Queen Mab, apricot, yel.,

Marie Sage, China ro., or. , rosy pk.

flesh.

Climbing or Rambler (Polyantha): —

Thin out okl or useless wood, preserving strong
shoots.

Aglaia, pale yel. Leuchtstern, ro., wh. eye,

Carmine Pillar, car. single.

Claire Jacquier, nankeen. Purple East, ro., car., pur.

Crimson Rambler, crim. Psyche, rosy pk., salmon

Electra, yel. yel.

Euphrosyne, pk., centre Thalia, wh., semi-double.

wn- Tho Lion, crim., single,
grandiflora, wh.

Ayrshire, Boursault, and Evergreen Climbers :—

Very hardy, and suitable for large walls, pillars,
and trellises, or for growing up trees. Cut out
weak wood and merely the tips of other shoots.
Alice Grey, wh. , edged pk. Felicite Perpetue, wh.
Amadis, pur. crim. gracilis, bright pk.

Beautc des Prairies, ro. Myrianthes R.'noncule

Belle <le Baltimore, blush blush, edged pk.

wh- Queen of the Belgians,

Bennett's Seedling, wh. wh.

(xi/n. thoresbyaua). russelliana, crim.

Donna Maria, wh., shaded The Garland, nankeen

pk. !>k.. wu

Noisettes : —

Several are good as climbers on walls or pillars.
Cut out weak or decayed wood, but where exhibi-
tion flowers are wanted prune hard back.

Aimee Vibert, wh. M:.re'chal Niel, golden
Alister Stella Gray, yel., yel.

"'"•i". Ophirie, apricot.

..-line Forestier, pale yel. Solfaterre, sulphur.

Cloth of Gold, sulphur yel. White Marechal Niel
Lamarque, pale yel. pale yel.

Ii'IcUate, yel., red. William Allen Richard-
Longworth Rambler, car. son, or. yel.

(»//«. Deschamps). H.T.

Climbing Roses of Various Classes :—

(See also species under ROSA.)

[NOTE.— H.P. = Hybrid Perpetual ; T. = Tea-
Boented; N. = Noisette; H.T. = Hybrid Tea •
H.N. = Hybrid Noisette].

Aim.'.) Vibert, wh. N. Gloire de Dijon, buff.

Ards Rover, crim., shaded or. centre H T

111:1 roou. H.P. L'ldeale, yd., red. N.

Button Job, crira., semi- Madame Alfred Carriere,

double. H.T. flesh, wh. H.N.

Blairn No. •>, blush pk. Madame Bi'rard, salmon,

H.N. rosy yel. T.

Bouquet d'Or, yel., cop- Madame Pierre Cochet,

pery centre. T. golden yel. T.

Oatmiue Pillar, rosy car., Marechal Niel, golden

single. Polyantha. yel. N.

Celine Forestier, yel. N. Mrs. Paul, blush wh

Uheshunt Hybrid, cherry peach. Bourbon.

«,?ar- H-T- Paul's Single White, wh.

Climbing Capt. Christy, H.P.

fli'sli, darker centre. Reine Marie Henriette,

cherry red. H.T.

Fortune's Yellow, yel., Reiue Olga de Wurtem-

flaked car. X. burg, red. H.T.
Solfaterre, yel. N.

Miniature Provence : —

De Meaux or Pompon, Spong, blush pk.

rosy lil. White de Meaux, wh.
49

Dwarf Polyantha :—

These should be well cut back after blooming.
Anna Maria de Montravel, Georges Peniet, yellowish

wh. ro.

Blanche Rebatel, crim., Gloire des Polyantha

shaded ro. pk., centre wh.

Cecile Brunner, blush, Lilliput, cerise car

1'k. Little Dot, soft pk.

Clothilde Soupert, wh., Ma Paquerette, wli

shaded pk. Mignonette, ro. , changing

Ktoiled Or, citron, chrome to wh.

yel. White Pet, wh.

Moss (Varieties of centifolia muscosa) : —

Very rich soil and close pruning.

Baron deWassenaer.crim. Crested, ro.

Blanche Moreau, wh. Crimson Globe, deep crim

Celina, crim., pur. Gloire des Mousseuses.

Common, pale ro. Lanei, cl., rosy crim.

Comtesse de Muriuais, Little Gem, crim.

wh., blush. Madame Moreau, ro., red.
Reiue Blanche, wh.

Provence :—

Rich soil and close pruning.

Cabbage, rosy pk. Maiden's Blush, light

Celestial, pale blush. blush.

Commandant Beaure- Rosa Mundi, cherry red

paire, ro., striped pur., wh.

wh. Sancta, pale pk.

Tuscany, dark red.

Bourbon : —

Thin out, but do not shorten.

Acidalie, blush wh. Madame Isaac Pereire,
Bardou Job, so., semi- rosy car.

double. H.T. Mrs. Paul, blush wh., ro.

Baronue de Maynard. Queen of Beddere, deep
Blairii No. 2, rosy blush. crim.

Charles Lawson, ro. Sir Joseph Paxton, ro.
Climbing Souvenir de la crim.

Malmaison, flesh. Souvenir de la Malmai-
Loma Doone, magenta son, flesh.

car.

Hybrid Brier (Lord Penzance's, etc.) :—
Leave unpruned, except to thin out old wood.

Amy Robsart, deep ro. Julia Maunering, pearl

Anne of Geierstein, dark pk.

cnm. Lady Penzance, coppery

Brenda, peach. yel.

Catherine Seyton, soft Lord Penzance, fawn.

rosy pk. Lucy Ashton, wh., pk.

Edith Belleuden, pale ro. edge.

Flora M'lvor, wh., tinted Lucy Bertram, crim.,

**>• centre wh.

Green Mantle, ro., centre Meg Merrilies, crim.

wn-. . Minna, wh., tinted blush.

Jeaume Deans, crim., Rose Brad wardine, ro.

semi-dOuble.

Ramanas or Rugosa Varieties :—

Fen MI huge bushes and make good hedges. Cut
to keep in required shape.

alba, wh., single. Madame Georges Bruant

America, crim. lake. wh., double.

Blanche Double de Con- Mrs. Anthony Waterer,

bert, wh.. semi-double. red. semi-double,

calocarpa, ro. Mikado, crim., semi-

Madame Charles Worth, double.

red, pur.

Musk (moschata): —

Remove old and small wood, and cut other shoots
a little back.

Friiig.'d Musk, wh.
Princesse de Nassau,

»Tr,IU], wh.

Rivers' Musk, cream, rosy

Eose

290 )

Rose

Macartney (braoteata) : —

Beautiful but tender climbers, requiring a wall.
Little pruning is needed except thinning out weak
growths.

alba simplex, wh. Marie Leonida, wh., blush

centre.

Wichuraiana :—

Need little pruning. Suitable for trailing over
tanks or for low trellises.

Gardenia, cream, yel. South Orange Perfection,

Manda's Triumph, wh., wh., pk.

double. Universal Favourite, pk. ,

May Queen, coral pk. double.

Pink Boamer, pk. wichuraiana (syn. Lucise),

wh.

Scotch (spiuosissima ) : —

These are of various colours, and make neat
bushes needing no pruning. Perpetual Scotch,
Stanwell Perpetual, pk., Double Yellow Scotch, and
others generally now sold by colour only.

Austrian Briers :

Leave shoots almost full length, bend down,
and thin out well.

Austrian Copper, copper, Austrian Persian Yellow,

single. deep yel.

Austrian Harrisonii, yel., Austrian Yellow, yel.,

double. single.

Selection of Bedding Roses of Various Sections : —

AnnaMariadeMontravel, Liberty, crim. H.T.

wh. Polyantha. Madame Abel Chateuay,

Augustine Guinoisseau, car. ro. H.T.

wh., tinted flesh. H.T. Madame Hoste, yel. T.

Blush China, blush. Madame Jules Grolez,

China. China ro. H.T.

Camoens, ro., base yel. Madame Lambard, ro. T.

H.T. Marie1 van Houtte, canary,

Captain Christy , flesh, wh. deeper centre, border

H.T. tipped ro. T.

Caroline Testout, satin ro. Marquise de Salisbury,

H.T. red. H.T.

Crimson China, crim. Mrs. John Laing, pk.

China. H.P.

Dr. Grill, copper yel., ro. Mrs. R. G. Sharman

T. Crawford, rosy pk. H.P.

Fellenberg, pk. China. Mrs. W. J. Grant, pk.

Francisca Kiuger, copper (syn. Belle Siebrecht).

yel., peach. T. H.T.

General Jacqueminot, Papa Gontier, crim., yel.

crim. so. H.P. H.T.

G. Nabonuand, flesh, yel. Perle des Rouges, crim.,

T. cerise. Polyantha.

Griiss an Teplitz, sc. crim. Perle d'Or, yel., or.

T. Polyantha.

Gustave Regis, yel., or. Rainbow, car., striped

centre. H.T. wh. H.T.

Hon. Edith Gifford, wh., Souvenir de Catherine

flesh, salmon ro. centre. Guillot, or. red, car.,

T. yel. T.

Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Souvenir du President

ro. H.T. Carnot, rosy flesh,

La France, pk. ro. H.T. shaded wh. H.T.

La France de '89, silvery, Viscountess Folkestone,

red. H.T. creamy pk., salmon pk.

Laurette Messimy, ro., centre. H.T.

yel. China.

Rose Aphis. — The aphis which is so troublesome
to Roses is A. Rosa;. It is most prevalent in cold,
dry weather in spring, especially on Roses exposed
to cold draughts. Under glass it may be dealt
with generally by fumigation in the ordinary way,
and outdoors by syringing with Quassia and soft
soap mixture, as directed under APHIDES. The
enemy should be attacked as soon as it is observed,
as it multiplies with extraordinary rapidity.

Rose Bedeguar. — This is a large gall found on
the twigs of the Kose, and formed by the numerous
cells in which are found the larva; and eventually
the pupae of Rhodites Ro.«;e. This is a four-winged
fly, generally black, with the exception of the legs
of both sexes, and a portion of the abdomen of the
female, which are brown. The Bedeguar is gener-
ally round, and is covered with moss-like green or
red hairs. Removing infected portions and burn-
ing them is the best preventive of the spread of
the disease.

Rose Galls. — In addition to the Bedeguar, the
Rose is subject to several other galls. Those of
Rhodites centifolite resemble Sweet Peas, and
occur on Rosa Centifolia. On the Dog Rose
(canina) and the Sweet Brier similar galls, formed
by Rhodites Eglanteri:e, are found. R. Mayii also
forms galls on R. canina, and R. Rosarum produces
others like Peas, but with spines, on the leaves of
several Koses. Then there are irregularly shaped
red galls on the leaves and young shoots of R.
canina and R. spinosissima, as well as smnll
fleshy galls on the leaves of almost all Roses caused
by the gnat called Cecidomyia Rosa:. Removing
and destroying affected portions ought to be
attended to as soon as possible.

Rose Grub. — The principal grub which infests
the Kose is the larva of Tortrix bergrnanniana, the
Rose Tortrix, a small black moth. The grub
itself is too well known to need description, and
every Rose grower is unfortunately acquainted with
its ravages. Hand-picking remains the best
remedy, but various insecticides are often helpful.
Anisopia horticola is the Rose Beetle, whose larvae
are sometimes called Rose Grubs by gardeners.

Rose Mildew. — The presence of Sphserotheca
pannosa, a very injurious Fungus, is soon evident
in the deformed and swollen calyces of the flowers
and the blistered and distorted leaves. On examin-
ation the pale grey mycelium of the Fungus will
be readily seen. Some varieties of Roses are more
liable to its attacks than others, and it often attacks
Roses which are much exposed to cold draughts.
Powdered sulphur dusted over the parts affected,
a mixture of one part of powdered quicklime to
three parts of flowers of sulphur, or a solution of
1 oz. of potassium sulphide in 3 gallons of water,
are all applied by experienced rosarians.

Rose Rust. — The Rose Rust (Uredo or Lecythea
Rosaa) and Rose Brand (Phragmidium mucronatum),
at one time considered two species of Fungi, are
now believed to be respectively the summer and
autumn forms of the same pest, Phragmidium mu-
cronatum. In its earlier form this fungus shows
itself in the shape of a yellow, dust-like substance
on the under surface of the leaves, and is composed
of one-celled bodies covered with prickly warts.
The later form is formed of a row of cells, each
with a dark brown warty coat, which shows liko
black clots. The removal of infected leaves,
spraying the plants, and then dusting them with
powdered sulphur, are generally recommended.
Such a preparation as Abol may be used with
advantage.

Rose Sawflies. — Among the many enemies of the
Rose the sawflies (Tenthredinidaa) are conspicuous
from the injury they inflict upon the leaves or
twigs and, in some cases, even Tihe pith of the
plant. They are very numerous, and cannot be
named and described in detail, but their presence
will soon become apparent. Hylotoma Rosas is the
most destructive. The insects appear in May and

Hose

( 291 )

Rotation of Crops

June, and also in autumn, and lay their e^s on
the leaves, the larvae eventually finding their way
into the soil to enter the cocoon and pupa stages.
Dusting with flowers of sulphur or Hellebore pow-
der and syringing with Paris Green or Hellebore
solutions are useful, as are hand-picking and
shaking the plants.

Rose Scale. — The Rose is not exempt from the
attacks of the scale insects (Coccidie), with which
most gardeners are only too well acquainted. The
principal one attacking the Hose is Diaspis Rosas,
which appears in the shape of a grey or white
scurf on the stems and twigs of the plants. Another

ROSE OF HEAVEN Or LYCHNIS

CtELI-BOSA).

ROSMARINUS. (ROSEMAHY.)
One species, officinalis, the Common Rosemary
(ord. Labiate). The Rosemary has been in culti-
vation from time immemorial. It makes a dense
bush 4' high, clothed with small, deep green
leaves, and white or lilac flowers. The leaves
contain a fragrant essential oil in large quantities,
which is used in perfumery, and is also one of the
chief ingredients — as oil of Rosemary — of some
hair washes. Propagation, by cuttings, seeds,

npany. /,/•'.

KOSE WHITE LADY (•<«• p. 288).

is Lecanium Rosse. Kerosene emulsion, Gishurst
Compound, Abol, Fir tree oil, and Bordeaux Mixture
have all been used with success, the first four as
directed on the packages, and the last according to
the instructions under BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

Rose Beetle.— Cetonia aurata commonly attacks
the Rose. It also feeds upon the flowers of Straw-
berries and Apples, and not infrequently does a
good deal of damage. Hand-picking is the best
remedy.

I !iis" AI-IIC'HI (sir Ilnhiiiia liisjiida).

'''"*"' Af>/>h' ("'''' Kiujrnia Jamlim and Jambosa).

lime Hay (tir F.piliibhim august if ullum).

Jinxi' I'll 111 /linn, (nee Lychnis).

Rosemary (xii- Iliisiiiiiriitus).

and laye. Soil, light, sandy loam in a well-
drained, sunny position. There are several
varieties.

ROTATION OF CROPS.

A system practised in gardens with the object of
obtaining the maximum amount of material with
the minimum loss to the soil. It is argued by old
practitioners that it is not advisable to plant two
successive crops belonging to the same natural
order, as, for instance, Cabbages following Cauli-
flowers, or Beans following Peas. Again, two deep
rooting crops should not follow one another, deep

Rme nftlte Wnrltl (srr Camellia japonica).
llusti'llcra (see Jf allot it t).

Rothia

( 292 )

Royena

and shallow rooting crops being alternated. Crops
in which the roots are used, such as Turnips,
Beetroots, Parsnips, etc., should not follow each
other, but be divided by Beans, Peas, or Cabbages.
Celery might be succeeded by Beans or Peas, and
these again by Potatoes, followed by Cabbages or
Cauliflowers, and these again by root crops.

ROTHIA.

Two species of dwarf, spreading annuals (ord.
LeguminosiB). Propagation, by seeds, ;n sheltered
parts of the garden, in rather light soil.

Only Species Introduced :—

trifoliata, 2', Jy., sulphur.

rose flowers in terminal heads. Propagation, by
cuttings of side shoots, getting firm, in sand in a
propagating case, with a fairly dry atmosphere.
.Soil, equal parts fibrous loam and peat, with
plenty of sand. Grata flowers best when planted
in a brick pit or narrow border to confine the
roots. Train the shoots to the rafters. The roots
must be kept rather dry in winter.

Only Species : —

grata, •>' to 20', My., pk. or flesh, very fragrant.
Cream Fruit of Sierra Leone.

ROUREA.

Stove shrubs (ord Connaracere). Propagation,

ROTHMANNIA

RANDIA).

GARDENIA and

ROUPALA (syns. RHOPALA and ROPALA).

Stove trees (ord. Proteacese), grown only in the
juvenile state as fine foliage plants. At this stngc
the leaves are pinnate and smooth or rusty woolly.
Propagation, by cuttings of mature wood in sand,
under a bell-glass, and kept dry overhead. After
some weeks, rooting may be hastened by plunging
the pots in bottom heat. Soil, equal proportions
of fibrous loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

:iurea, Ivs. with gold felt,
elegans, Ivs. slender.
Pohlii,6'to20', Ivs. with

rusty or. felt (.<••(/». cor-
eovadeusis).
Poortmanni, Ivs. red with

reddish br. felt.
ROUPELLIA.

One species of stove shrubs (ord, Apocyn-
aceie), sometimes climbing, bearing white or

Itiittlera. of Roxburgh (see Mallotiis).
Houge Plant (see, liivina Tiumilu).
Ronliamon (sec Strydinos).

by cuttings in sand, in heat. Soil, fibrous loam,
with a third of peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
frutescens, 6', wh. (syn. fulgeus, 4' to ">', red.

Robergia frutescens) .

ROYDSIA.

Shrubs (ord. Capparidece), with fragrant flowers.
Fruit Olive shaped, red. Propagation, by cuttings
of side shoots in sand. Soil, fibrous, mellow loam,
with plenty of sand.

Principal Species :—

suaveoh'iis, Jan., My., dull red, yel., racemes or
panicles 3" to 7" long, free flowering.

ROYENA. (CAPE SNOWDROP.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Ebenacese).
Propagation, by cuttings of shoots, getting firm, in
sand, under a bell-glass. Soil, mellow loam and
good peat, half and half, with sand.

lioivan Tree (see Pynts Avenparla).
Iloxburghia (see Stemona).
liayal Hay (sue Laurus noliilh).
lioyal Fern (see Osmunda regal i*).

Roylea

293 )

Bubus

pallens, 4' to 12', wh.
pu'

«•).

(*.'/«. pubescens of Will-
denow).

Principal Species :
glabra, 4', Sep., wh.
Eirsuta, 7', Jy., pur.
luc'idii, 3' to 5', My., wh.

villosa, 4' to 0', wh.

ROYLEA.

Elegans, o' to 3', July, white, flushed rose, the
only species, is an evergreen greenhouse shrub
((ml. Labiatas). Propagation, by cuttings of young
slmots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a
bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam, with a third of leaf
mould and sand.

RUBIA.

Hardy herbs, or sometimes evergreen and sub-
shrubby at the base (ard. Rubiaceie), with small,

ils fruit, as are several of the species termed
Brambles or Blackberries. Some are highly orna-
mental, and valued either for their foliage, fruit,
flowers, or coloured stems, in shrubberies, on
lawns, or in the wild garden.

Propagation. — Seeds are sown to obtain new
varieties. By cuttings for a few, but hardy species
chiefly by layering. The tips of most of the
Brambles root naturally when they come into con-
tact with the soil, so that pegging them down

| would facilitate the process. Herbaceous species
may be divided.
Soil. — Any well-drained garden soil, even if poor

j in character, but a deep, rich loam is the best,

I especially for the fruiting species (gee also KASP-

! BEBRY and BLACKBERRY).

Photo: Cassell & Company, L1<1.

BIFLOKUS (see p. 294).

yellowish or white flowers, of little garden value.
Propagation, by division of the herbaceous species,
and by cuttings of the evergreens under a hand-
light in summer. Any good garden soil for the
herbs; peat and sand for the evergreens. A
red dye known as madder is obtained from
Tinctorum.

Principal Species :—

cordifolia, 3' to 4', .Tv.,
wh.

peregrina, 1', sum., yel.
Tinctorum, 4', Jy. , yel.

RUBUS. (RASPBERRY AND
BRAMBLE.)

Description. — Hardy, half-hardy, and cool or
warm greenhouse shrubs (ord. Kosacese). The
Kaspberry (Ida:iis) is universally esteemed for

Other Cultural Points. — The stems of Brambles
are generally more durable than those of the Hasp-
berry, but when losing vigour they may be cut out
to make room for younger ones. Herbaceous species,
including arcticus and ChamiEmorus, do well in
moist peat beds on the rockery. Odoratus is some-
times planted in the sub-tropical garden for the
sake of its handsome, palmately lobed leaves,
which are increased in size by keeping the old
stems well thinned out, or by hard pruning back
annually in early spring, but it is not commonly
grown. The greenhouse species do best when
planted out in prepared beds, and trained to
rafters or pillars. All are hardy, except where
otherwise stated.

Hitlentia (see Elteodendron). .

Ruby Tiger Moth

Eudolphia

Principal Species and

arcticus, 6", Je., herb-
aceous, pk. ; best in the
rockery. Foecundus is
a fruiting form of arc-
ticus.

biflorus, 6' to 10', My.,
wh. : stems white (we
/,. 293).

ChamEemorus, 4" to 6 ,
sum., herbaceous, wh. ;
rockery. Cloudberry.

crataegifolius, 8', My.,
stems wh.

deliciosus, 3' to 6', My.,
wh., spineless ; hand-
some flowering shrub ;
fruit edible (we p. 292).

Mams, 3' to 8', My., Je.,
wh. The Kaspberry.

laciniatus, 6' to 12', sum.,
wh. , fruit blk. ; a valu-
able fruiting garden
form. Cut-leaved or
Parsley-leaved Bram-
ble.

leucodermis, 6' to 10', Je.,
Jy., wh. , fruit blk.
Cumberland Black Cap
or Whitewash Bramble.

uutkanus, 4' to 6', sum.,
wh., fruit yel. or red-
dish, edible. Nootka
Sound Bramble.

odoratus, 3' to 6', sum.,
pur. red, fruit yel.
Virginian Raspberry or
Scented-leavedBramble.

Varieties :—

pha;nicolusius. 6' to 25',
sum., pk., fruit crirn. ;
makes delicious pre-
serves ; steins, petioles,
and calyx covered with
long pur, hairs. Wine-
berry.

rossefolius, 3' to 6', Aug. ,
hlf-hdy, wh., Ivs. pin-
nate like a Rose (*.'/"•
pinnatus of Willde-
uow).

— coronarius (net thyrs-
oideus flpre pleuo).

— corouarius rlore sim-
plici, Strawberry-Rasp-
berry.

sorbifolius, 3' to 4', Ivs.
pinnate, with narrow
leaflets, hlf-hdy.

spectabilis, 4' to 6', My.,
ro. or red. Salmon
Berry.

thyrsoideus flore pleno, 6'
to 12', Jy., Aug., wh..
double (SI/HH. rosa:norus
coronarius and fruti-
cosus albus of gardens) .

tritidus, 6' to 8', Jy.,
Aug., ro. , showy.

ulmifolius flore pleno, 6'
to 12', Jy., Aug., rosy
pk., double (xim. belli-
diflorus) ; a very hand-
some Bramble. Daisy-
flowered Bramble.

Other Species, Hybrids,

americauus of gardeus

(sea villosus).
australis, 3' to 8', hlf-

hdy. or grh. , wh. ; Ivs.

very variable, with

large leaflets, or partly

or wholly reduced to

petioles (syn. schmid-

elioides).
bellidiflorus (see ulmi-

folius var.).
csesius, 1' to 2', Jy., Aug.,

wh., stems trailing.

Dewberry.

- foliis variegatis, Ivs.
variegated.

- turkestanicus, berries
elongated, of good
flavour.

ellipticus, 4' to 6', Aug.,

hlf-hdy., wh.
f ruticosus albus (see thyrs-

oideus var. and ulmi-

folius var.).
japonicus, wh., stems

slender, trailing.
— tricolor, Ivs. variegated

pk., but ultimately wh.
lasiocarpus, 5' to 6', Je.,

grh., pk.

macropetalus (see ursinua).
Millspaughi, 6' to8',Aug.,

wh., fruit edible, stems

spiueless.

pillars hatch out in September, and feed for a time
upon various low herbs, including a few garden
plants, after which hybernation takes place, and
they reappear to feed up in April. They should be
collected and destroyed. The large size and
thick mass of brown hairs make tlie cater-
pillars so conspicuous and easily detected that
no excuse should be put forth for not exter-
minating them. Weeds that harbour and feed
them should be cleared away.

RUDBECKIA. (CoxE FLOWEK. Xt-e also
ECHIXACEA and LEPACHYS.)

Showy hardy or greenhouse annual, biennial, and
perennial herbs (ord. Composite), usually with ele-
vated centres or discs, and drooping or spreading ray
florets. The greater number are handsome border
plants. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring or
early summer in pots or in a frame, the seedlings
being pricked off when large enough into pans or
boxes, and grown on until fit to plant in their
permanent places. Soil, any good garden soil,
with plentiful supplies of water in spring and
summer.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — All arc perennials, except where other-
wise stated.]

and Varieties :—

moluccanus, 3' to 25',
Jy. , grh., red (syn.
rugosus).

nobilis, hybrid (odoratus
X Idaeus ; syn. nepal-
ensis of gardens).

pinnatus of D. Don (set
lasiocarpus^ .

rugosus of D. Don (see
moluccanus).

saxatilis, G", Je., wh.,
herb. Roebuck Berry.

schmidelioides (see aus-
tralis).

thyrsoideus, 6' to 8', Jy.,
Aug., wh.

ulmifolius, 6' to 12', Jy.,
Aug., pk. (syn. dis-
color).

— foliis variegatis, Ivs.
variegated.

— inermis, spineless.

— leucocarpus, fruit wh.
(sifn. fruticosus leuco-
carpus).

— pomponius, double or
semi-double, wh.

ursinus, 3' to 5', Aug.,
wh., habit of spectabilis
(syn. macropetalus).

villosus, 3' to 6', Aug.,
wh. (syn. americanus of
gardens).

californica, 4' to 6', Jy.,
yel., cone br. ; difficult
to grow where slugs
abound.

graudiflora, 3i', Sep.,
yel., cone dark pur.
(*//*/. Ceutrocarpha

graudiflora).

RUBY TIGER MOTH.

This moth is known as Phragmatobia fuliginosa
(ord. Lepidoptera). The perfect moth appears in
May and July, and from the eggs laid the cater-

laciuiata, 2' to 7', sum.,

yel., cone gru.
— Golden Glow, double.
N'l'wmauni («r tpeciosa).
speciosa. 2' to 3', sum.,

or. yel., cone dark pur.

(»iin. Xeumanni or

Newmanni).

Other Species and Variety: —

amplexicaulis, 1' to 2', fulgida, 1' to 3', Jy., or.,
Jy., yel., cone brown-

ish (sirn. Dracopis am-
plexicaulis).

augustifolia (see Echin-
acea) .

bicolor, 2', sum., bien.,
yellowish br.

— flore pleno, double.

columnaris (now Lepa-
chys columnaris).

Drummoudii, IV to 2',
Jy. , or. br. at base,
cone grn. (xifii. Obelis-
caria pulcherrima of
gardens, not De Can-
doUe).

disc pur.
hirta, 1' to 3', Je., bien.

or per., yel., disc br.
intermedia (see Echiu-

acea purpurea).
maxima, 4' to 9', Aug.,

yel.

nitida, 2' to (>', sum., yd.
pinuata (now Lepaclivs

piniiatifida).
purpurea, 2V, Aug., rfd-

dish pur. (correctly

Echinacea purpurea ;

xeep. 295).
subtomeutosa, 2' to 5',

sum., yel., disc blk.

RUDGEA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiaceas), with
leathery leaves. Propagation, by cuttings of firm-
shoots in sand, in a propagating case. Soil, good
loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

macrophylla, 1' to 3',
cream (syn. leuco-
cephala).

nivosa, wh. , flower heads
smaller (syn. Psychotria
nivosa).

RUDOLPHIA.

Twining stove plants (ord. Leguminosse), allied
to Erythrina, with flowers of some shade of red.
Propagation, by young side shoots getting firm at
the base, in sand, in a moist case. Soil, loam and
peat in equal proportions, with plenty of sand.

Ituckia (see Ilhiidmtarln/s).

Rue

( 295 )

Ruizia

Principal Species : —

dubia (now Centrosenm volubilis, 6' to 10', Jy.,

hastatum). sc. (si/us, portoriceiisis,

rosea, 6' to 8', ro. scandeus, and sericea).

RUE ( r, RUTA).

macrantha, 1 V to 2', win. , Portellse, 1', gum., ro.,
rosy pur. ; the best Ivs. with pale veins,

flowering one.

pur. beneath.

inakoyana, 18', sum., car. speciosa, 2', Aug., sc.

ro., Ivs. olive gru.,
claret pur. beneath.

(syns. affi nis and Dipter
acanthus affinis).

rtioto : Cnmcll it Company. Ltd.

RUDBECKIA PUHPIUIEA, Otherwise ECHINACEA PURPL'KEA (see J>. 294).

RUELLIA.

Sub-shrubby or herbaceous stove plants (ord.
Acantliaceir), valued for their flowers, and in some
cax's for their foliage. Propagation, by 'cuttings
of the growing shoots in a case, or in a hotbed and
covered with a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam, with
a fourth part leaf mould, and sufficient sand to
render it porous. Peat may be added to the more
delicate rooting species.

Principal Species :—
devosiana, H', herb-
aceous, wh., Ivs. pur.
beneath, witli wh. veins.

formosa, 2', Aug., sc. (»yn.

elegans).
fulgida, 2', Jy., sc.

Other Species: —

acutangala, 3', My., herb-
aceous, sc. , yel.

affinis (.w speciosa).

cristata (see Aphelandra
tetragona).

elegaus of Poia (see for-
mosa).

longiflora, 2', Oct., pur.
lil.

pulchella (see rubicaulis).

rosea, 18", rosy pk.

rubicaulis, 1', Jy., W.
(»(/«•«. foetida and pul-
chella).

strepeus. 2', Jy., bl.

tulxTosa, 2', Jy.f bl.

violacea, 9", Jy., vio.

line Anemone (see ThaUctrum anemonoidt's).

RUIZIA.

A small genus of stove shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceae).
with evergreen leaves and reddish flowers. Pro-
pagation, by cuttings of side shoots, getting firm
at the base, in sand in a close case, in summer.

Rulingia

( 296 )

Bust

Soil, two-thirds loam, one-third pent, with sand.
Lobata, 6', and variabilis, KX, May, are the only
two of the five known species introduced.

RULINGIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (pro,: Sterculiacese). Propa-
gation, by cuttings o£ half-ripe side shoots in sand
under a bell-glass, in summer, in gentle heat. Soil,
two-thirds fibrous loam, and one-third peat and
leaf mould, with sand.

Principal Species : —
hermanniarfolia, 2' to 4', phylla, Commersonia

Jy., wh. (syns. Bytt- dasyphylla, and Lasio-

neria hermanuitef olia petalum tomeutosum).

and Lasiopetalum du- parvittora, 1' to 2', A]).,

raosum). wh. (xyns. corylifulia

paunosa, 2' to 3', Je., wh. and Lasiopetalum pros-

(syns. Byttneria dasy- tratum).

RUMEX.

A large genus, mostly of troublesome weeds
{ord. Polygonaceae), but those mentioned below are
more or less grown as potherbs. The roots of
alpinus were formerly used for medicinal purposes,
and although an exotic it is naturalised in the North
of England and iu Scotland. Propagation, by
seeds in spring and by division in autumn or early
spring. Any ordinary garden soil. Hydrolapathum
is a handsome aquatic.

Principal Species : —
Acetosa, 1' to 3', sum., Patientia, 4', sum., gni.

grn. Common or Gar- Herb Patience.

den Sorrel. scutatus, 1J' to 2', sum.,

alpinus, 2' to 4', sum., grn. French or Roman

grn. Monk's Rhubarb. Sorrel, Ivs. very acid.

Hydrolapathum, 4' to 6',

sum., grn.

RUSCUS. (BUTCHER'S BBOOM.)
Hardy, evergreen, leafless shrubs (ord. Liliacese),
with flattened, leaf-like branches and small, green
flowers. They are useful as an undergrowth to
larger shrubs, or for growing on the rockery.
Aculeatus, the most ornamental of the true species
of Ruscus, is British, and may be grown either in
the open or under the shade of large deciduous
trees. When the berries ripen they are very
handsome, but to ensure this, care must be taken to
have male and female plants in propinquity. Propa-
gation, by seeds, and by suckers or division of the
clumps. Any well-drained garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
aculeatus, 1' to 3', My., Hypophyllum, 1', Je.,
grn. (pyn. flexuosus). grn. (.«//«.«. lugubris and
Butcher's Broom. Lax- microglossus).

us and rotundii'olius are - trifoliatus, 2', grn.;
vars. larger growing,

androgynus {see Semele latifolius (see Semele

androgyna) . androgyna) .

Hypoglossum, 1', My., racemosus, 2' to 4', Ap.,
pale yel. (sytix. Hypo- greenish yel. (now

phyllum Hypoglos- Danaea Laurus). Alex-

sum), audrian Laurel.

RUSSELIA.

Stove sub-shrubs (ord. ScrophularineEe), with
slender, evergreen, drooping stems, and small

Rupala (see limipala).

limit {gee Junciis).

Bush Broom (see Viminaria and Spartium jun-

ceum).

Ifiis/i Fern (sec ScMzaa).
2tuth, Flowering (see Biitomus).
Rush Lily (see 'SuyrincMion and Aplnjllantliefs).

leaves, often reduced to scales. They are closely
allied to Pentstemon. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand in heat, and by suckers. The pendulous shoots
root quickly when in contact with damp soil. Soil,
mellow, fibrous loam, with a third of peat and leaf
soil, and a good sprinkling of sand. They are
beautiful subjects for baskets.

Principal Species :—

sarmentosa, 3' to 4',
Jy. (.<.•?/»,«. americana,
flammea, multiflora,
paniculate, polyhedra,
syringtefolia, and temi-
folia).

floribuuda (see rotuudi-

folia).

juncea, 2' to 3', Jy.
multiflora (see sarmeii-

tosa).
rotundifolia, 4', Je. (\'/".

floribunda).

RUST.

Description. — As applied to the berries of Vines,
rust is an injury of the skin rather than a disease.
Various explanations of the phenomenon have been
given, but the best authorities are agreed that the
rusty or brown colour is the result of an injury to
the surface of the berries while very young and
tender. As the berries grow, the injured portions
of the skin harden and become discoloured, thus
disfiguring the Grapes when mature. White-
skinned berries show the rust more conspicuously
than black ones ; and some varieties, such as
Jlrs. Pearson, are more liable to it than others.

Prevention and Remedy. — When once the berries
have become discoloured there is no remedy beyond
cutting out the injured berries, or the worst of
them, so as to improve the appearance of the
remainder. When the berries are being thinned,
care should be taken to avoid touching them with
the hands, the hair of the head, or even with the
scissors. Other likely causes are checks to growth
by a sudden fall in the temperature of the house,
or by cold draughts playing upon the berries at
this critical period of their growth. It is sig-
nificant that rust is usually most prevalent in early
houses where much artificial heat is used at a time
when great fluctuations of and low temperatures
outside are prevalent. Avoid over-heating of hot-
water pipes, and use the syringe freely to keep
down red spider rather than resort to the sulphur-
ing of the pipes at this stage of growth.

Other Kinds of Eust. — Modern gardeners apply
the term "rust" to the Uredo stage of various
fungi parasitic on cultivated plants, the term
referring to the rusty or orange colour of the
spores. The rust of wheat is Puccinia Graminis,
the Puccinia being the last stage of the life cycle,
bearing black or brown spores, termed telenlo-
spores, which are one- to two-celled in P. Graminis,
thick-skinned, and hibernate till spring. The rust
of Roses is Phragmidium mucronatum, or Hat's tail
fungus, from the fact that the teleutospore is many-
celled and ends in a point. The final stage of
many species of rust is unknown, so that the Uredo-
spore or rust stage is the more conspicuous, as it is
the more known, upon cultivated plants. As the
older botanists looked upon Uredo as a distinct
genus of fungi, many species are recorded under
that name, upon the Primrose, Bean, Mint, Willow,
Rose, Bramble, Flax, Saxifrage, Campanula, Pyrola,
Cerastium, Petasites, Poplar, and other garden
plants. One of the most serious invasions is that
of Chrysanthemum Rust {see Puccinia Hieracii).
The Cluster Cup (JEciclium) is an earlier stage than
Uredo, and many garden plants, including the
leaves and fruit of the Gooseberry, are affected ;
also the Carnation by Uredo Dianthi and Helmin-

Rustic Ornaments

( 297 )

Sabal

thosporium cchinnlatum ; and the Hollyhock by
Piiccinia Malvacearum, etc. (For remedies, see
under the respective plants attacked, and also
PCCCIMA.)

RUSTIC ORNAMENTS AND
STRUCTURES.

Most gardens contain some rustic designs, either
for use or ornament, and even the smaller gardens,
including those attached to villas, may have their
rustic chair, seat, or summerhouse. In the wilder
or more unkempt parts of large gardens and pleasure
grounds, rustic seats at convenient distances apart,
in suitable places commanding fine views, and
under the shade of large trees, are very desirable
objects. Where streams, either natural or artificial,
run through the grounds, rustic bridges are often
very effective as well as useful. At a distance from
the dwelling house the wood used in constructing
these bridges may be rough, as hewn in the wood
or copse, and left uncovered or used to support
flowering and other ornamental climbers according
to desire or taste. The wood used is generally of
Oak, Hazel, or Larch, because it is durable, and the
pieces may be straight, crooked, twisted, knotted,
or interlaced in various ways. A gardener of skill
and taste in these things can often construct
bridges, seats, chairs, and houses of great beauty
and utility. The houses may be thatched with
wlieaten straw internally and externally, but Ling
(Calluna) or Heather makes a more durable outer
covering. The sides or railings of the bridges and
the sides of summerhouses, between the supporting
posts, may be panelled in a variety of ways with
fine effect.

In the more immediate neighbourhood of the
dwelling house, and in well - kept parts of the
garden, rustic work is more in keeping with its
surroundings if the wood of which it is constructed
is peeled and varnished so as to look neater and
preserve it from decay. Barked wood forms less
harbour for earwigs, ants, and other undesirable
insects.

Fences and Vases. — Ornamental and highly
desirable fences, either by themselves as screens,
etc., or as supports for climbing plants, may be
made of Oak, Hazel, or other shoots, crossing one
another to form squares, or diagonally to form
lozenge shaped meshes. They may also be twisted
to form any other design according to the will of
the operator. Rustic vases made of wood, and the
sides panelled with rods, may be made highly
ornamental when filled with Fuchsias, Pelar-
goniums, and other flowering plants in summer.
Pillars, arches, and other designs make suitable
sup] ports for Roses, Clematises, and other climbers.

RUTA. (RUE.)

Hardy herbs (ord. Rutacese), for the herbaceous
border or rockwork. Graveolens is much grown
;is a potherb under the name of Rue, and makes a
beautiful, low partition hedge in the kitchen
garden. Propagation, by seeds in spring; also by
cuttings in sandy soil under a frame or hand-
light in summer, shaded till rooted. Any well-
drained garden soil will do, but if heavy some
leaves, sand, and mortar rubbish may be mixed
with it.

Principal Species : —

chalc'pensis, 2', sum., yel. graveolens, 2' to 3', sum.,
(•••in/, uugustifolia). yellowish gru. (*(/«».

rockery plant (*.'/«.
Buxbaumii of Frivald).
suaveolens, 2', sum., yel.
(XIIH.I. Biebersteinii and
limfolia graudiflora of
Botanical Magazine).

altera, ciliata, crithmi-

folia, divaricata, hor-

tensis, etc.).
— variegata, Ivs. withwh.

blotches.

pataviua, 1', Je., yellow-
ish gru.; the best

Other Species : —
albiflora, 2', aut., green- macrophylla, 2' to 3',

ish wh. (correctly Been, sum., yellowish (fi/n.

ninghausenia albiflora). bracteosa).

linifolia, 2', Sep., yel.

RUYSCHIA (syn. SOUROUBEA).

Stove, evergreen shrubs (ord. Ternstroerniacese),
allied to Marcgravia. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand in a close case. Soil, fibrous loam, with a
third of peat and leaf mould, and plenty of sand.
Most of them are suitable for climbing up tree
stems.

Principal Species : —
clusisefolia, 4' to 6', My., Souroubea, 6' to 8', («.I/H».

pur. (sunt. f ragrans and guianensis and Suru-

laurifolia). bea).

RYANIA (syn. PATBISIA).

A small genus of stove, evergreen shrubs or
trees (ord. Bixinea:), with solitary or clustered and
generally showy flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
of mature shoots in sand, in a close case. Soil,
fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions, with
sand. Speciosa, 10', August, cream (synn. tomen-
tosa and Patrisia pyrifera) is the only one in cul-
tivation.

RYSSOPTERYS.

A small genus of twining stove shrubs (ord.
Malpighiaceas), with terminal heads of whitish
flowers. Propagation, by cuttings of side shoots
getting firm, in sand, in a close case. Soil, fibrous
loam and a third of peat, with sand. Microstema,
August, white, is the only species introduced.

SABAL.

Greenhouse or stove Palms (ord. Palmae), some
of which grow to a height of 80', others being
almost, or quite, stemless. The larger growing
species are most often met with. They are seen
at their best when planted in a border, or grown in
very large tubs or pots. The leaves of several
species are put to economic uses, those of black-
burniana being used for thatch, and those of
Palmetto being sometimes used by the natives of the
Southern States of North America for hat and mat
making. Propagation, by imported seeds. Soil,
loam, with an addition of grit.

Principal Species : —

Adansoni, Ivs. 2' to 3', into seventy or more
divided into twenty or segments (".'/»• umbrae-
more divisions, grh., culifera of Martins).
stem below ground. Fan or Thatch Palm.
Dwarf Palmetto. Palmetto, 30' to 40 , grh.,
blackburuiana, 20' to 25', Ivs. 5' to 8' long, 6' to
Ivs. 4' too' across, warm 7' wide. Cabbage Talm-
grh., margins divided etto, Palmetto Palm.
Other Species: —
coerulescens, dwarf, Ivs. major, small plants only

with glaucous hue. in cultivation,

fllamentosa, 4' or more, mauritisefonms, faO , Ivs.
Ivs. with thread-like 5'.
filaments. mexicana, 20 , Ivs. 4 .

glaucescens, Ivs. glaucous. minor (see Adausom).

lt//mia (sec Euclca).

liytidopliylliim (see ItliytidtipJiyUum).

Sabbatia

( 298 )

Sage

SABBATIA (syns. LAPITHEA and NEU- ]
HOLA).

A genus of annual or biennial hardy, erect-
growing herbs (ord. Gentianese), principally from I
North America, and mostly of considerable beauty
for moist places or artificial bogs. Propagation,
by seeds, sown in pans or pots of light soil, and
allowed to stand in water under glass. Soil,
moist and peaty. Campestris and paniculata do
in dry ground also.

Principal Species :—
calycosa, 5" to 20", sum., campestris, 6" to 15",

wh. sum.,ro.(s#H.formosa).

Other Species \—

onguloris, 1' to 2', Jy., .Elliottii, 1' to 2', Jy., wh.

rosy pk. orwh. paniculata, 1' to 2£',

chloroides, 1' to 2', sum., sura., wh. (Pursch, not :

ro. or wh. Ell.).

corymbosa, 1' to 3', sum., stellaris, 6" to 24", sum., j

wh. (si/us, lanceolata ro., pur., or wh. (tyn. j

and cymosa). amcena).

SABICEA.

Stove climbing shrubs (prd. Rubiacese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in heat. Soil, fibrous peat and
loam, equal parts, with a good dash of sand.

Principal Species :—
aspera, 6', Je., wh. — hirta, 6', Je., wh.

SABINEA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Leguminosse) of dwarf habit
and ornamental character. The Peajshaped flowers
are produced in racemes. Propagation, by cuttings
of young shoots in sandy soil in a warm case.
Soil, equal parts of fibrous peat and loam, with
a liberal addition of sand.

Principal Species : —
cardinalis, 3', sum., sc. florida, 3' to 4', sum., pk.

SACCHARUM.

Tall-growing stove Grasses (ord. Graminese), the
most important of which is officinarum, the Sugar
Cane. Several are of decidedly ornamental appear-
ance, and are occasionally met with in collections
of stove plants, but generally speaking they are
little used by the gardener.

Principal Species :—

officinarum, 10', Jy., wh. flowers wh. in large

— violaceum, stems vio. plumes (syn cegyptia-

spontaneum, 7' to 9', cum).

SACCIA.

One species only of these stove plants (ord. Con-
volvulacese) is known. Elegans forms an ornamental
bush from 3' to 6' high, and bears lilac flowers in
racemes in summer. Propagation, by cuttings in
summer. Soil, loam and leaf mould.

SACCOLABIUM.

Description. — Dwarf, epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese) of considerable beauty. The small-
ness of the flowers cannot be regarded as a dis-
advantage, as they are usually borne in great
profusion on long racemes, which look quite out of
proportion to the size of the plant. In addition,
the flowers are fragrant and exquisitely coloured.

Propagation. — Imported plants are almost solely
relied on to keep up or increase a stock.

Culture. — The warmest house is the proper place
in which to grow Saccolabiums, as they rejoice in
plenty of heat, moisture, and sun. They should be
grown in Teak baskets suspended from the roof

and exposed to full sun, except for a light shading
given for a few hours at midday in very hot
weather. The temperature throughout the growing
season — end of February to end of September —
should be 75° to 85" during the day, varying
according to the weather, with a drop of 5° during
the night. In winter the temperature may be
allowed to fall to 65° in the day and 60" at night.
At the commencement of the growing season, which
is heralded by tiny green points appearing on the
roots, any rebasketing or surfacing necessary should
be attended to. The compost should consist of
pieces of charcoal and clean crocks, with small lumps
of clean peat fibre, and a good proportion of living
sphagnum moss near the surface. Care must be
taken not to damage any of the young roots during
the process. Abundance of water at the roots is
required, keeping the plants a little drier in the
winter.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

ampullaceum, 8", sum., liendersonianum, 4", spr.,

magenta ro. rosy red, lip wh.

belliuum, 6" to 8", spr., lougicalcaratum, 6" to

gru., br. blotches, lip 8", sum., pk., pur.

yel.,wh., dotted mauve, miniatum, 4", spr., or.,

curvifolium, 0", sum., or., red.

sc. violaceum, 1' to 11', Jan.,

giganteum, 1' to 11', win., wh., spotted mauve, lip

wh., spotted pur., lip dark mauve.

pur. — harrisoniauum, ivory

— illustre, richer colour. wh. (sy». harrisonia-
num).

Other Species : —

Blumei (sec Rhyuchostylis micrautlium, 4" to 6",

retusa). Jy., vio.

calceolare, 6', spr., yel. , mooreauum, 6" to 8",

red spots. sum., pk., grn. tips,

coeleste (see Rhynchostylis Pechei, 6", Ap., ochre,

coelestis). with red spots,

gemmatum, 6", My., pur. pramorsum (see Bhyn-

guttatum (sec Ehyncho- chostylis retusa).

stylis retusa). retusum (see Rhyncho-

haiuanense, C", spr.,wh., stylis retusa).

pur. wightiauum (now Aerides
radicosum).

SADLERIA.

Stove Ferns (ord. Filices) of dwarf, tree-like habit
and with handsome fronds. Cyatheoides is the
only cultivated species. It grows several feet in
height, and forms a fine head of fronds each of
which on well-grown plants averages from 5' to 6'
in length by !£' in width. Propagation, by spores
in the usual way. Other details of culture are
similar to those recommended for stove Ferns.

SAGE.

The common Sage (Salvia officinalis), although
classed as a " herb," is really a dwarf under-shrub.
Bushes will flourish for an almost indefinite period.
Propagation, by cuttings of the growing points, in

Saccolonm (see Iiavallia).

Sacred Bean (see Nelumbium ipccioswn and

NymplHca Lotus).

Saddle Tree (see Liriodcndron tnlipifera).
iSad Tree (see Nijctanthes Arlor-trigtis).
tjafflower (see Carthamus).
Saffron (see Crocus sativiis).
f\ift'n»i, Meadon- (see Colchieiim).
tiaffro/i Thistle (see Cart/iamiis).
iv/r/e, Ji-niKalem (,tn- I'll lomis frtiticosa).
Sayenia (see Nephrodnim).
Stige of Bethlehem (see Pulmmiaria offiemnlif\.

Sageretia

( 299 )

Sagittaria

early summer, rooted in a cold frame in sandy soil.
"Slips" are a favourite method of increase, and
seeds are also available. Soil, light, rather dry
loam in a warm corner. In making plantations at
least 1' should be allowed each way. An annual
top-dressing of farmyard dung is very helpful.

SAGERETIA.

A shrubby genus (irnl. Kharunerc) of little horti-
cultural worth. Propagation, by seeds or cuttings.
Any ordinary potting mixture.

Principal Species :—

brandrethiana, 4', sum., grh., grn.

SAGITTARIA.

An ornamental genus (ord. Alismacea?) of hardy
or tender perennial herbs, suitable for the margins
of ponds, or for tanks or pools indoors. The leaves
are without exception arrowhead shaped and
usually of ornamental presence. The most familiar
example is the Common Arrowhead, sagittifolia,
of our British pools. Where not found growing
naturally it is worth introducing to make variety
among the other things found fringing the mar-
gins of lakes and pools. Propagation, by means
of seeds sown as soon as ripe, or by division in
spring, summer, or autumn. Soil, rich, marshy
ground — if covered with a few inches of water, so

SAIXTPAULIA IONANTHA (see p.

SAGINA.

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Caryophylleae),
chiefly weeds. One or two species make dwarf,
compact masses, and are sometimes used for
edging purposes. The golden - leaved variety
of subulata is a pretty dwarf plant of value
for carpet bedding. For this purpose old plants
should be divided into small pieces, and planted in
cold frames in autumn, where they will remain
until required for bedding purposes. If a cold
frame cannot be given, a warm, fairly dry border
will do.

Principal Species : —

procumbeus, '!", sum.,
wh. : useful for carpet
bedding.

sulmlata, 2", sum., wh.
(«//«. Spcrgula piliferu).
— aurea, Ivs. golden.

Sage How (set:

Sayo Palm (see Mtitroxylon).

much the better — for hardy species; good, rich
loam, used either in pots or beds, for the tender
ones. Outside many are fast growers, and require
constant thinning to keep them from overcrowding
other thing.-.

Principal Species : —

heterophylla, 2' to 3',

sum., hdy., wh.
japouica (see sagittifolia

double var.).
lancifolia, 2' to 5', Je.,

grh., wh.

Other Species : —

acutifolia of Pursch (see

graminea).
angiistifolia («v luiid-

fnliu).

doniana (>•«• sagittifolia).
falcatu (sir liinuifnliiO.

montevidensis. 3', sum.,

wh., crim. spots,
natans, 1', Jy., wh.
sagittifolia, 1' to '!', sum.,

wh. There is a fine

double var.

graminea, I', Je., at., wh.
hastata, 11' Jy., grh., wh.
Intifoliu (sir sagittifolia).
obtusa («¥' sagittifolia).
rigida, 1J', Je., hdy., wh.

Sagrsea

( 300 )

Saintpaulia

SAGRSEA.

Stove shrubs (urd. Melastomacea:), of little horti-
cultural value. Propagation, by cuttings in sandy
soil. Soil, equal parts of fibrous peat and loam,
with a good addition of silver sand.

Principal Species : —
hirsute, 6', My., wh. (cor-
rectly Ossaea hirsuta).
pilosa, 4' to 5', sum., wh.,
fruit red.

ST. MARK'S FLY.

A popular name applied to a common fly from
its usually appearing about St. Mark's Day. The
males are small and black, the females small and
yellowish. Its eggs are sometimes deposited about

sessiliflora, 4', Ap., red.
umbrosu, 6', Mch., red.

profusion. By a little attention to cultivation
batches may be had in flower at several different
times. Propagation, by leaf cuttings. These may
be taken at almost any season, and dibbled into
boxes or pans of equal parts sand and Cocoanut
fibre refuse, in a warm case, keeping them
moist, but not saturated. Soil, a light, rich mixture
of equal parts of fibrous loam and leaf mould, with
a good quantity of sand. When well rooted the
leaves should be potted up singly, and kept in a
minimum temperature of 55°. As soon as a number
of young leaves have been made, and root action is
advanced, good supplies of water will be necessary,
taking care not to let the water lie on the leaves
long enough to cause them to decay. When the first
pots are full of roots a shift should be given into

Photo: Caasell <t- Company, Ltd.

SALIX BABVLONICA (see p. 301).

meadows or corn fields, and the larvae often do con-
siderable damage by eating the roots of Grass and
Corn. Birds do more real good in checking the
pest than anything else.

SAINTPAULIA.

A small genus (nrd. Gesneracerc), of which one
species only is in cultivation. lonantha is one of
the loveliest of the newer warm house plants. The
flowers are borne about the end of summer in great

Sayus {see Metroxylori).

Sainfoin (gee Onobrychis tativa).

St. Andrew's Cross (Aseyrum Crux Andrece).

St. Barbara's Herb (Uarbarea rulgaris).

St. Barnaby's Thistle (see Centaurea).

St. Bernard's Lily (see Antl/ericitm Liliago).

St. Bruno's Lily (Pa/nuKjee /Jliastru/ii).

St. Dabeoc's Heath (see l>iili«'<:r'«i poll f alto).

St. George's Herb (see Valeriana ofKcinalis).

St. John's Bread (see Ceratonia Siliqua,).

5", which will be large enough for flowering.
When flowers begin to appear, a cooler and more
airy house should be provided. Saintpaulias
may be used with advantage as border plants, pror
viding the border is well drained and the soil light.
They do remarkably well in a warm greenhouse.

Only Species and its Varieties : —
ionautha, 4", sum., aut., — purpurea, pur.

vio. (see p. 299). — violescens, deep vio.

— albescens, wh.

St. John's Wort (see Hypericum and Symphori-

earjn/s viilgaris).

St. Joseph's Lily (see Lilium candiduni).
.V. ^fa,rtiu's Flmrer (see Alstriimcria pulchra).
St. Miirti/i'.i Herb (see Sam-ayesia erecta).
St. Mary's Wood (see Calophyllnm Inophyllum).
St. Patrick' » Cabbage (see Raxifraga timbrosa).
St. Peter's Wort (see Ascyrum stans. Jlypericitm

Asci/ron, Primula offictoalit, and Sympkori-

carjrus i

Salacia

( 301 )

Salix

SALACIA.

Small stove or greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.

Celastrinea1). They are of little garden value.

Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

macrophylla, 1'2' ', sum., Koxburghii, N', sum., gru.

gru. scabru, ;>', sum., gm.

SALADING.

The production of good salad plants throughout
the whole of the year is one of the greatest taxes
on the gardener. In summer it is a comparatively
easy matter, as there are a great many things to
select from. In winter the choice of subjects is
limited, and great care has to be exercised that
tin1 plants do not succumb to bad weather. The
most popular of all salad plants is the Lettuce, and
with a little care it may be had throughout the
whole of the year. In winter its close and hardier
ally, Endive, is very valuable. This, with Lettuces,
should be well blanched before being used. Where
a warm frame or house is at hand many things,
snob as Mustard and Cress, Kadishes, and Lettuces,
can lie obtained at almost any time during winter.
Boots of Chicory, Dandelion, and Sorrel, placed in
heat and kept in the dark, produce crisp young
leaves, which are very useful. The following are
some of the most noteworthy subjects, their culti-
vation being found under the respective headings : —

Beetroot, Celeriac, Celery, Chervil, Chicory,
Chives, Corn Salad, Cress (American), Cucumber,
Dandelion, Endive, Lettuce, Mustard and Cress,
'>Vat ei- Cress, Onion, Purslane, Radish, Kampion,
Rape, Sorrel, Tarragon, Tomato.

SALICORNIA. (GLASSWOBT. MARSH
SAMPHIBB.)

This genus of hardy or tender, annual or peren-
nial, sea coast herbs (ord. Chenopodiacea?) has
nothing to recommend it to the notice of the !
decorative gardener. Economically the plants are <
of value, inasmuch as they contain a good deal of
soda, and the ashes were at one time much em-
ployed, under the name of Barilla, for making
glass and soap. Of late years the soda obtained
from common salt (sodium chloride) has to a
great degree superseded Barilla. Herbacea, the
Crab Grass, and radicans are British species.

SALIX. (WILLOW.)

Description.— Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs
(ord. Salicineas), generally very quick growing,
and of great value for planting in damp situations.
In exposed positions where Bamboos will not
thrive, the Willow may be used as a good substi-
tute, submitting it to severe pruning every three or
four years, to maintain a dwarf character, and to
supply a quantity of graceful, long shoots. The
Salix is also of much value for planting by the
sides of streams, lakes, and ponds, as well as for
various positions in the garden generally. The
stems of old pollarded Willows furnish light wood
for several purposes, whilst " The Willow " is well
known to the cricketing world. (For the cultiva-
tion of Willows to supply wands for basket making,

SIT OSIKIIS.)

Propagation and Soil.— By seeds, cuttings,
suckers, layers, budding, and grafting. Seed

Xiila/1 /liinii-f (HIT 1'iifrriiiiii tianyuisorta).
i (.in' llfi'liix).

(xic ti'iillff/o).
(of J.indley, SIT Kun:>'n).
(of Her/el, xtv Gloxinia).

should be sown as soon as it is ripe, as it quickly
loses its vitality. Cuttings may be of any length
from 1' to 6', and of any size, and may be inserted
at any time in damp soil. The weeping forms
should be budded or grafted standard high — 6' or
8' — and the shoots thinned and trained in a sym-
metrical head. Any moist, loamy soil suits. The

male plants should be selected in preference to-
the females, as the catkins are more showy.

[NOTE. — The species cross so very readily that
much confusion of names exists.]

Principal Species and Varieties :•-•

alba. .~>0' to 60', My. conformis, maseula,

White Willow. etc.).

— argentea. silvery (syns. - blasfordiana, bright
alba leucophylla of gar- or. red shoots (syns.
dens, argentea, leuco- basfordiana and sau-
phylla, etc.). guinea).

— brit/ensis, young shoots — decipiens, shoots or.
pur. red (»//«. vitelliua red.

britzensis). gracilistyla, Ivs. broad,

— cserulea, Ivs. glaucous prominent buds, hand-
beneath, shoots olive. some.

— vitelliua, shoots yellow- lanata, 10', sum., wh. ,
ish red (xi/n. vitelliua). Ivs. silky, good for

— vitelliua peudula, weep- shrubbery (syns. chrys-
ing. antha and lauugiuosa).

babylonica, 30', My. — Sadleri (syn. Sadleri).

(.S////V. peudula. japoni- phylicifolia, 8' to 10',

ca, neapelftana, perpen- Apr., branches red,

dens, riparia, etc.). shining; many vars.

Babylonian or Weep- Tea-leaved Willow.

ing Willow (see p. 300). purpurea, 10', Mch.,bark

— annularis, Ivs. twisted reddish pur. (sijns. car-
(syns. annularis and niolica, fissa, fuscata,
crispa). monarda, and rosmar-

Caprea, 20', Mch., silvery, inifolia of gardens, not

Common Sallow, Goat Liun.). Purple Osier.

Willow. pendula, weeping :

— pendula, weeping ; one good for poor soil and
of the best. Kilmunmrk exposed places.
Willow. — scharfenbergensis, su-

elegantissima, branches perior to pendula.

pendent, like babylonica rosmarinif olia of Linn. , 4' ,

(fi/n. americana pen- Apr., gracef ul shr. (*//««.

dula). augustifolia, Arbuscula,

fragilis, 60' to 80', Apr. , csesia, canaliculata, in-

shoots yellowish Dr., tegra, littoralis, etc.).

shining (many »i/n». : vitelliua (see alba var.).

bigemmis, cerasifera,

Other Species, Varieties, and Hybrids :—

acutifolia (fee daplmoides discolor, 4' to 10', young

var.). Ivs. red.
ambigua, 1' to 4', spr., herbacea, 2", sum., trail-
procumbent, ing.
amygdalina (see triandra incana, 10', spr., Ivs.

var.). woolly beneath,

blanda, weeping; hybrid Nicholsoni purpurascens,

(babylonica X fragilis). young Ivs. pur., prob-

candida, 2' to 5', shoots ably a hybrid.

red, Ivs. web-like, nigra, 10' to 30', sum.,

woolly hair. bark rough, bl.

chlorophyllu, dwarf peutandra, 20' to 2o',

spreading hush. sum. Bay-leaved Wil

cinerea, near Caprea low.

(MH«. acumiiiata,Duine- petiolaris, 3', Ap.

torum, oleifolia, poly- rubra, hybrid (purpurea

morpha, andrutinervis). X viminalis).

Also vars. aquatica, — Helix. Rose Willow.

Medemii, and tricolor. sanguinea (nee fragilis bas-

daphnoides, 20', Ap., fordiana).

twigs vio. (."j/w-v. Aglaia smithiaua, 6' to 20', spr.,

of gardens, higemmis of Ivs. grn., wh. beneath.

Hoff., glauea, jaspidea, triandra, 20' to 30', sum.

pra'cox, etc.). Violet French Willow. Amyg-

Willow. daliua, Almond-leaved,

— acutifolia, Ivs. nar- and hoffmanuiana are
rower. vars.

Salmea

Salts

SALMEA.

Stove shrubs (prd. Composite), rarely seen in
cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings in summer.
Loamy soil.

Principal Species : —
Eupatoria, 5', Ap., wh. hirsuta, 6', Aug., yel.

(»•;/««. graiidiceps and

scandeus) .

SALPICHROA.

A genus of stove or greenhouse shrubs, sub-
shrubs, or herbs (prd. Solanaceae). Propagation, by
cuttings or seeds in spring, in a mixture of sandy
loam and leaf mould. Soil, rich, fibrous loam and
sand.

Principal Species :—

glandulosa. 2', Jy., grh., yel.

SALPIGLOSSIS.

Description. — A genus of annual, biennial, and
occasionally perennial herbs (prd. Solanacere), very
ornamental and of considerable merit. The species
most commonly used in gardens are sinuata and
linearis ; they are of service either for outdoor
borders or for growing in pots for the conservatory.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in gentle heat in
autumn or spring, the seedlings being pricked out
into pans or boxes as soon as large enough to
handle. For growing in pots, a few seeds may be
sown in a 6" pot, and the seedlings thinned down
to six, and left otherwise undisturbed.

Soil. — For outdoor culture, any ordinary garden
soil ; for indoors, fibrous loam, leaf mould, and
rotted manure.

Other Cultural Points. — When growing in borders,
a space of 1' should be left between the plants,
especially when the soil is rich. Copious water-
ings must be given in dry weather. When for pot
culture, a cool, airy house, and a position near
the glass, should be provided. Liquid manure will
be found necessary when the pots become filled
with roots. The flowering period may be prolonged
by growing in batches, sowing the seeds at intervals
of a month. More flowers are also produced by
removing the old blooms as they fade.

Principal Species and Variety : —
linearis, 1', Aug., hlf-hdy. sinuata, 2', sum., hdy.

per., pur., yel. (syn. ami., many beautiful

Petunia intermedia). vars. (nyns. variabilis

- grandiflora, large, aud picta).

various colours.

SALSAFY OP SALSIFY.

The common name for Tragopogon porrifolium
(ord. Composite), a hardy biennial with a thick,
white, Carrot-like root, long, Grass-like leaves, and
purple flowers. It is cultivated in gardens for the
sake of its roots, which are used as a vegetable.
Seeds should be sown in March or April, in drills
1' apart, in ground which has been previously
trenched 1^' or 2' deep. When the seedlings are
large enough to handle they should be thinned to
6" apart. The ground throughout the summer
should be well cultivated by hoeing and keeping it
clear of weeds. The roots will be ready for lifting
in early autumn, and may be stored in a similar
way to Carrots.

Sallow (sec Salix).

Salloir, Thorn (net Hippopltae).

Salmon Berry (sen llitttis spectabilif).

fialpwhlenna (see Jileehnum and Lomarria}

Salpixantha (see Geissomeria).

SALSOLA. (ALICANT SODA. SALTWORT.)
These hardy herbs and shrubs (prd. Chenopodi-
acea?) have no garden value, but the ashes of
several species, notably the British Kali and the
American Soda, were at one time used for soap
and glass making. With the ashes of the Sali-
cornia they were known as Barilla. See also
SALICORXIA.

SALTS.

The word salt was at one time used only to
describe the common table salt (chloride of
sodium), but the chemist has given it a far more
comprehensive range of late years. It is now
applied to those chemical compounds formed by
acids with alkalies. The section of mineral acids
is probably the most important to the gardener,
for it includes sulphurous, sulphuric, nitrous, nitric,
muriatic, and carbonic acids, and these are fre-
quently component parts of the chemical manures
which have so large a vogue with the scientific
gardener.

The salts are named according to the acids
which they contain. Thus all those compounds
which have their acid portion represented by
sulphuric acid are called sulphates ; those with
nitric acid, nitrates ; with carbonic acid, carbon-
ates ; and with phosphoric acid, phosphates.
Occasionally an adjectival ending is given to
the word expressing the base of the salt, and
the compound is known thus, as, for instance, in
the expression " ammoniacal salts."

Where the acids are not fully oxygenated, as in
sulphuiw.'s and phosphorous acids, the correspond-
ing salts take the ending " ite " instead of " ate,''
e.g. sulphite of lime, instead of sulphate of lime.
Again, when a salt contains an excess of acid the
prefix " super " is attached, e.g. superphosphate of
lime. When there is not enough of the acid
present to thoroughly saturate the base, " sub " is
affixed, e.g. sub-borate of soda.

Chloride of sodium occurs in varying quantities
in the ash of plants, but experiments have fully
demonstrated that although present it is not an
essential to any plant. Salt is frequently used as
a manure, and has been found to suit Beetroot,
Asparagus, and other seaside plants, while when
applied to Mangold Wurzels an increased weight of
crop has resulted. On light, hungry soils it is of
the most service, but it would be a mistake to
apply it to heavy, clayey soils. It reduces nitro-
genous substances already in the soil, as well as
those contained in chemical and organic manures,
into a condition available for plant food. Common
salt is occasionally used as a weed killer for gravel
paths, but its use is not to be recommended, as it
makes the paths damp. Salts of iron are occa-
sionally recommended by manurial experts, but
their application must be carried out with the
greatest caution. It is true that iron is needed by
the plant to perfect the formation of chlorophyll,
but iron is present in sufficient quantities in most
soils. A slight excess is injurious.

Phosphate of potash supplies both potash and
phosphoric acid, and is a very valuable manure,
although not a forcing one, as is the case with the
specially concentrated nitrogenous fertilisers. Un-
fortunately it is at present rather expensive.

It should be remembered, when applying these
saline compounds, that they all have a great
affinity for water. If, then, they are present in
quantity in close proximity to the delicate root
hairs of plants, and there be not abundance of

Salvadora

( 303 )

Sambucus

moisture in the soil, they are apt to draw the
moisture from the roots. In dry seasons, there-
fore, the application of concentrated saline fer-
tilisers is either inoperative or positively injurious
unless water is also given. (See also ARTIFICIALS
and MANURES.)

SALVADORA.

Evergreen stove trees and shrubs (ord. Salva-
doracete), with racemes of small, whitish flowers.
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam.

Principal Species : —

persica, 12', Je., wh. (*//««. indica and wightiana).
Mustard Tree, Kiknel Oil Plant.

SALVIA.

Description. — Upwards of 450 species of this
genus (ord. Labiat:c) have been described, and a
large number are of considerable garden merit.
The species are for the most part annual, biennial,
or perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, and are either
stove, greenhouse, or hardy subjects. For the
herbaceous border several make excellent plants,
particularly patens with its rich blue flowers. As
a potherb officinalis, the Common Sage, is most
useful, and the greenhouse species are very
ornamental. Although most of the indoor species
are perennials, they are best treated as annuals.

Propagation. — By seeds or by cuttings for
the majority. Most of the indoor species should
be propagated by means of cuttings in Febru-
ary and March, but splendens is improved by
being raised from seed annually. Cuttings should
be inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a warm
case ; seeds should be sown under similar condi-
tions.

Soil. — Rich loam should form the principal part
of the compost, adding thoroughly decayed natural
or some artificial manure at the time of potting.
The most suitable of all composts for indoor species
is the one recommended for bush Chrysanthe-
mums. Outdoor plants thrive in any rich soil.

Other Cultural Points. — Plants must never be
allowed to starve for want of larger pots, frequent
repotting being necessary until the flowering
size, which may be anything from 6" to 10", is
reached. After this, manure water in quantity
will be required. For the first few months fre-
quent pinching out of the points will be necessary
to form sturdy plants ; especially is this the case
with splendens, coccinea, etc. Throughout summer
they may be grown out of doors. About London,
Salvias are sometimes affected by fogs ; the best
method to adopt in foggy weather is to keep the
plants fairly dry and cool. Patens should, especi-
ally in cold districts, be lifted and stored in a
cool place for winter. In spring it may be started
indoors, and be planted out in May.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

a/.urea, 6' to 8', Aug. to officinalis, 2', sum., hdy.,

Feb., grh., bl. pur. Sage.

coceinea, 3', Aug., grh., - tricolor, superior to

sc. type,

fulgens, 3', sum., grh., patens, 2!', sum. , bl.

red. — alba, wh.

Heerii. 3', win., grh., sc. splendens, 3', Aug. to

involuorata, 4', Aug., grh. Jan., grh., sc.

or hlf-hdy., ro. — Bruantii, very fine.

— Bethelli, rosy criin. — compacta, dwarf.

leucautha, 3', win. , grh. , — grandiflora, very large.

wh. Si Ivor Spot, Ivs. spot-
ted with silver.

Other Species and Varieties:—

JEthiopis, 3', My., hdy., — bracteis violaceis.

wh. iuterrupta, 3', Je., hdy.,

angustifolia, 2', My.,hdy. , yel.

bl. lyrata, 1', Je., hdy., pur.

argentea, 3', Je., hdy. nutans, 2' , Jy., hdy., vio.

bien., pk. , wh. petiolaris, 3', aut., grh.,

aurea, 3 , spr., grh., yel. red.

bicoior, 2', Je., hdy., red, pratensis, 4', My., hdy.,

wh. vio.

cacalieefolia, 3', Je., grh., — alba, wh.

bl. — rosea, ro.

cuuescens, 2', Jy., hdy., rutilans, 3', win., grh.,

pur. red.

gesuerajflora, 3', Mch., scapiformis, 2', My., grh. ,

grh., 8c. bl.

glutinosa, 3', Jy., hdy., sylvestris, 2', Aug., hdy.,

yel. pur., vio.

Grahami, 4', Sep., grh., tihefolia, 4', My., hdy.,

sc. bl.

hians, 1', Je., hdy., bl. virgata, 4', Sep., hdy.,

Hormiuum, 1J', Je.,ann., wh.

pur. viscosa, !£', My., hdy.,
vio.

SALVINIA.

A pretty little plant (<ird. Salviniacese), suitable
for stove or greenhouse. It grows and floats on
water in a similar manner to Azolla and Lemna,
and, like those plants, increases very rapidly in
summer. It is closely allied to Ferns. Propaga-
tion, by spores. The mature plants are made up
of slender stems clothed with small, Fern-like
leaves. No roots are to be found, the leaves on
the under side of the stem performing the root
functions. From between these leaves the spore
cases are developed. Natans, the only species, is
an annual, and to keep it a number of plants
should be placed in a pan of water, which has
previously been half filled with loam, in autumn.
The spores will fall on the loam as the old plants
die, and will commence growing in spring.

SAMBUCUS.

Description.— Hardy trees, shrubs, and herb-
aceous plants (ord. Caprifoliacese). About a dozen
species and a large number of varieties are known,
j of which the majority are in cultivation. The
common Elderberry, S. nigra, is the most familiar
example. It is a British plant, easily recognised
by its coarse, pinnate leaves, large, flattened heads
of white flowers, richly coloured black fruits, and
pungent smell. The flowers and fruit are largely
used in some places for wine, and extracts of the
leaves, stem, flowers, and fruits are utilised in the
preparation of many home made medicines. The
value of the species from an ornamental point of
view is quite overshadowed by its golden-leaved
varieties, and by other species and varieties. Race-
raosa differs from other species by having it«
flowers and fruits in branched racemes. The fruit
of this is bright red, and extremely ornamental.
In some parts of Switzerland it is said to be one
of the most ornamental bushes imaginable when
covered with fruit; unfortunately, birds are very
fond of the fruit, and it is difficult to get it at its
best here.

Propagation.— By cuttings of ripened shoots 1'
I long, inserted in rows 1' apart in the open air ; 1"
I or 2" will be found sufficient space between the
j cuttings.

Salt Tres (see Halinwdnulrori).
Saltwort, Blai-k (»ee ttlaiix').
Samara (of Srcartz, see Myrsine).

Samolus

( 304 )

Sansevieria

Soil. — Good loamy soil is most suitable, but that
of a sandy nature will do.

Other Cultural Points. — The golden and varie-
gated varieties are improved by thinning and
pruning annually, the colour of the leaves being
better on young shoots. Both in these and the
finely cut-leaved varieties young plants are prefer-
able to old. Although the place for most Elder-
berries is the shrubbery, a few of the best of the
varieties make handsome beds or groups for con-
spicuous places.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

— plumosa, Ivs. elegant
plume-like.

— plumosa aurea, Ivs. gol-
den.

— pubeseens, Ivs. hairy.

— spectabilis, flower heads
large.

— teuuifolia, Ivs. finely
cut.

uigra, 20' to 2o', Je., wh.
Common Elder.

— foliis aureis, Ivs. gol-
den.

— laciuiata, Ivs. deeply
cut.

racemosa, 15', Je., wh.,
fruit red (.«;/««. sieboldi-
ana and Williamsii).

— laciniata, Ivs. prettily
cut.

Other Species and Hybrid : —

canadensis, 6', Jy., wh., pleno, foliis tricoloris,

fruit bl. heterophylla, leuco-

Ebulus, 3', Jy., herb- carpa, fructu albo-pel-

aceous, wh., pk. Dane's lucida, and lutesceus

Blood, Dane Weed, swindoueusis.

etc. pubens maxima, large

glauca, 4', Jy.,wh. (syii. flower heads, often 1'

califoriiica). across, Aug. ; hybrid

melauocarpa, 8', Je., wh. (glaucaX canadensis ?) .

mexicana, 4', sum., wh. racemosa, vars. dahurica,

uigra, vars. aureo-mar- ornata, ovata, pteridi-

ginata, aureo-variegata, folia, rosajflora, serrati-

Hore-pleuo, flore-roseo- folia, and Thuubergii.

SAMOLUS.

Herbaceous perennials (ord. Primulacere), for the
most part hardy. Propagation, by division in
spring. Any good garden soil.

Principal Species : —
repens, 6", Aug., wh. Talerandi, 9", sum., wh.

SAMYDA.

Greenhouse shrubs, with white, pink, or greenish
flowers (ord. Samydacese). Propagation, by cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in July. Soil, equal parts
of fibrous loam and peat. They are of little use
horticulturally

Principal Species : —
glabrata, 5' to 12', sum., serrulata, 4', sum. , wh. or

wh. ro.

SANCHEZIA.

A genus of sub-shrubby stove plants (ord. Acan-
thacesj). Propagation, by cuttings at any time.
Soil, sandy loam and peat. Pot or border culture
can be practised. A variety with golden varie-
gated leaves is in cultivation, and forms a hand-
some plant. (See also ANCYLOGYNE.)

Principal Species : —

nobilis, 1' to 2', spr. to win., yel., bracts bright
red.

SAND.

This is indispensable in the garden for lightening
and draining soils. For pot work silver or white
sand is generally favoured, and should be used in

Sambul or Suiiibnl Plant (Ferula Sii
fvimjiJiire (sec Crithnnim).

as coarse a condition as possible. Fine sand is
useful as a surface for cutting pots, but is of less
value for mixing with the soil, as it fails to render
it sufficiently porous. Red or common sand may
be substituted after the major portion of the iron
has been washed away. River and coast sand may
also be utilised, though the latter should first be
washed and exposed to the weather for a while to
get rid of the saline properties.

SANDERSONIA.

A showy, tuberous-rooted stove herb (ord.
Liliacese). Propagation, by seeds. Soil, light
loam and peat. It should be given a rest during
winter.

Only Species : —
aurantiaca, li', sum., or. yel.

SANDORICUM. (SANDAL THEE.)

Indicum, the only species of note, is a stove tree
(ord. Meliaceaj), growing 50' in height, with yellow
flowers and acid, Apple shaped, edible fruits.
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, sandy loam.

SANGUINARIA. (PUCCOON, BLOOD-
ROOT, BLOODWOHT, RED INDIAN PAINT.)

A hardy perennial herb (ord. Papaveracse), which
is much admired in front of the flower borders or in
the rock garden. Its pretty white flowers appear
just before the leaves unfold. In large clumps it
is very effective, and universally admired when in
flower. Propagation, by division of the roots,
immediately after flowering or in autumn ; also by
seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring. Soil, light
sandy peat. Some prefer a shady place, but it
does well in full sun if it receives plenty of
water.

Only Species and its Varieties : —

canadeusis, 6", Ap., wh. — stenopetala, narrower,
— major, larger (»//«. but more petals,

cauadensis graudiflora) .

SAN JOSE SCALE.

This troublesome little pest (Aspidiotus perni-
ciosus) is the most injurious and one of the most
difficult of all the scale insects to dislodge. It is a
near relative of the Apple Mussel Scale. Happily
for British fruit gardens, the San Jose Scale has
not yet made its appearance therein. Brushing
affected trees with a stiff brush dipped in kerosene
emulsion would probably be effective, although it
would be a tedious operation.

SANSEVIERIA (syns. ACYNTHA and
SALMIA. BOWSTRING HEMP.)

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Hremodoracere),
with thick rhizomes and white or whitish green
flowers. They have little to recommend them to
the decorative gardener, although interesting and
distinct in appearance. Several species are noted
for the tough, lasting fibre that they yield. Prop-
agation, by suckers. Soil, sandy soil, with one-
sixth of crushed bricks. Very free drainage is
needed, and little water in the autumn and
winter.

Sandal Wood (sec Santalum).

Sandal Wood, false (Ximenia americana).

Sandy Pear (Pi/rtis sinentw).

Sangnhorba (see J'oti-rii/m).

Munich; Jienr's Ear (see Cortitsa}.

Santalum

( 305 )

Sap

Kirkii, Ivs. 2' to' 9' long,
3" broad, mottled ml
dish hr., Feb., wh.

thyrsitlora, H',sum.,wh.
(xtr figure).

zeylauica, 1' to 2' long,
f" to 1" broad, sword
shaped, lines wh., red,
Sep., grn., wh. Several
vars.

pale grn. Does fairly
well in grh.

roxbiirghiana, Ivs. 2' to
-•.' long, 1" broad, red
bordered, Jy . , gru. , wh.

Principal Species : —

cylindrica, Ivs. 3' to 4'
long, cylindi'ical, Aug. ,
wh.

guineensis, Ivs. 3' to 4'
high, 2^" to 5" broad,
grn.. spotted wh. Sep.,
wh. (ilatica, latevireus,
polyphylla, and zebrina
are vars.
Other Species : —

longirlora, Ivs. 1' to 2'
long, 3" to 4" broad,
wh. spots, Jy., grn., wh.

sub-spicata, Oet.,wh.,lvs.

SANTALUM.

Stove evergreen
trees and shrubs
(prd. Santalacea:).
Album yields the
Sandal Wood of
India, which is
either white or
yellow, fragrant
when dry, and
much favoured as
a perfume. It is \\
rather mysterious
plant, which has
been declared to
be a parasite upon
oilier plants which
may be growing
near it. This para-
sitism has, how-
ever, been denied
in other quarters.
I lie Xaiitalums are
rather intractable
under cultivation.
A sandy loam fin-
soil, and a high
degree of heat, are
necessary. This
is the treatment,
which is given to
them at Kew with
good results.

Principal

Species : —

album, 15', My., st.,

red.
myrtifolium, Ivs.

narrow,
obtusifolium, 6', Je.,

St., red, slender.

SANTOLINA. (LAVENDER COTTON.)
A small genus of fragrant hardy or half-hnrdy
sub-shrubs (nrd. Compoiitse), with small, yellow
flowers and rather attractive foliage. Some of the
species are used for carpet bedding, or for forming
lines, edgings, or white groundwork for other
plants ; Charniccyparissus incana is valued for this.
They are generally pretty on rockwork also, anil
are sometimes grown in mixed borders. Propa-
gation, by cuttings or seeds; also, when larL'e
enough, by division. Soil, rather light and
ilrv.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alpina (now Anthemis — tomeutosa, flowers

small.

pectinata, 2', Jy., yel.
(Bentham, not Lag.).

mon tana).

Chama^cyparissus, 1 ' to
2', Jy., yel.

— incana, dwarfer and
whiter (xyn. iucana).

— squarrosa, erect grower,
flowers small

jjiin.n. Ltd.

SANSEVIEUA

Santia (sen 1'ulypHymi).
ot)

rosmarinifolia, 2', Aug.,
yel. (syn. pectiuata, not
Bentham) .

viridis, 2', Aug., yel.
(*,'/». virens).

SANVITALIA (,*>jn. LOBE.NTEA).

A' little grown genus of stove or half-hardy
annual or perennial herbs (urd. Composite). Prop-
agation, by seeds. Soil, equal parts sandy loam
and peat.

Principal Species
and Variety : —

procumbens, Jy. ,hlf-
hdy aim. trailer,
yel., disc pur.
- flore pleno,
double.

SAP.

The watery fluid
found in living
plants, enclosed in
the cells, and also
saturating the cell
walls. In its crude
form it is practic-
ally only the water
that has been ab-
sorbed from the
soil by the root
hairs, but which
carries with it
various dissolved
salts, upon which
the plant depends
for a portion of its
food. This crude
sap is passed to
the leaves, where
it is elaborated,
and thence back
to the various parts
of the plants where
growth is active.
In this form it is
commonly spoken
of as the elaborated
sap. It follows,
therefore, that the
composition of the
sap depends not
only upon the kind

of plant, but also upon the particular stage of
development at which it (the sap) may be.

Rise and Flow of the Sap. — There is a constant
flow upwards of crude and a return of elabor-
ated sap throughout the year, for when this
ceases the plant dies. The flow is very sluggish
in the winter months, with deciduous trees especi-
ally. It is true that the sap flow is marked
by two periods of greatest activity, charac-
terised by the pushing of new leaf growth, the
presence of great quantities of viscous fluid in
the cambium, which causes the bark to "lift"'

Xai»/ar< \nt, ur Suicarroig (Caryocar ni(ciferuai).

THYKSIFLOKA.

Saperda

306 )

Sarcanthus

readily, as the gardener phrases it, and the promi-
nent activity of the roots to keep pace with the
demands made by the leaves. The regular, constant
sap flow is too often forgotten in the observance
paid to these periods. The free passage of water
from the leaves (transpiration), which causes a
movement of the crude sap upwards to supply what
has been lost, has also to be reckoned with.
The route taken by the ascending sap is through
the wood. In many plants it is only the younger
layers of wood next the cambium, i.e. the sapwood
or alburnum, through which the fluid passes. In
other cases, as in the Beech, the whole thickness
of wood continues to serve as a waterway, and this
perhaps until the tree is over 100 years old.
The woody fibres, however, do not help in the
conduction of water. The descending, or elaborated,
sap follows two main routes: (1) through the
cellular tissues of the bark, for the dissolved starch
and similar compounds, and (2) by the soft bast,
for the protoplasmic substances. The practical
result of this is that if a ring of bark (inner and
outer) be removed, the supply of nourishment to
the parts below the wound is cut off. Even if a
stout wire ring be bound lightly round a stem, the
progress of the elaborated sap is greatly impeded,
and there is always a thickened border of tissue
above. This obstruction of the descending sap
is the principle underlying the common garden
operations of ringing and layering, the formation of
roots immediately above the wound being the result.
It also explains why, if the " tongue " in a Carna-
tion layer be allowed to close, no roots are formed.
The periods of the greatest activity of the cambium,
or zone of formative tissue, are taken advantage of
by the gardener for grafting and budding, the
former at the spring and the latter at the late
summer flow. Amongst the substances dissolved
in the cell sap are such carbo-hydrates as sugar
and starch, tannin, citric and malic acids, mineral
salts in variety, and a number of colouring agents
to flowers and such leaves as those of Dracajnas
and Crotons.

SAPERDA.

A large genus of beetles, with long antenna; and
narrow bodies. They are mostly black in colour,
and vary from $" to lj" in length. The most
destructive are those attacking Poplars and
Willows, causing gouty swellings on the branches.
Cutting of the shoots is the only remedy.

SAPINDUS.

A large genus (nrd. Sapindacea;) of stove trees
of botanical interest only. Saponaria, the Soap
Berry, furnishes a kind of soap in America.

SAPONARIA. (SoAPwoRT. FULLER'S
HERB.)

A genus of about thirty hardy or half-hardy
annual or perennial herbs (ord. Caryophylleas), of
which only a few are desirable for the border or
rock garden. Calabrica is most useful for beds,
groups, or lines, while the forms of ocymoides,
which like partial shade, are good rockery plants.
The usefulness of the double form of officinalis,
which resembles a Lychnis, is decreased by the
running habit of the plant, which makes it trouble-
some in a mixed border. Propagation, the annuals
by seeds, sown as recommended for hardy annuals,

Sapindux Danura (NeplieUum rerticillatmn).
Sapod'illa mid Sapntiliti Plum (Sapota AcTiras).

which sec; the perennials by seeds, cuttings, or
division. Soil, common soil for the greater
number, but the Alpines should have loam, peat,
and sand, with a little leaf soil in. the absence of
peat. Guard ctespitosa against slugs.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
oalabrioa, 6" to 12", Aug., officiualis, 1' to 3', Aug.,

hdy. ann., ro. hdy. per., pk. or wh.

--- tilliii, wh. Soapwort, Bouncim'

ocymoides. sum., hdy. Bet, etc.

per. trailer, rosy pur. - flore pleno, double

Bock Soapwort. flowers.

— splendens, deep ro. — hybrida, pk.

— splendidissimus, bright-
er hue, fleshy habit.
Other Species : —

bellidifolia, 9", Je. , hdy. lutea, C", Jo., hdy. per ,

per., pale yel. yel.

ctespitosu, 0", Jy., hdy. oriental!*, 2', sum, lidv.

Alpine per., ro " bien.. j.k.

cerastioides, Je., hlf-hdy. pulvinaris, '2", My., lidv.

per., wh., ro. prr., ro.

glutinosa, H', Je., hdy. Vaccaria, 1' to •>', Jr.,

bien., red. aim., red. Cow Herb.

SAPROPHYTE.

A plant which grows upon decaying animal or
vegetable matter. Thus many Fungi are Sapro-
phytes (see also FUNGI), the 'common ilu>hrncmi
being a familiar example.

SARACA (.tyn. JOXESIA;

A small genus (ord. Leguminosa1) of stove trees
and climbing shrubs. Culture as for BROWNI.V
which sre.

Principal Species : —

declinata, yel., or,. Ivs.
red when young (*//".
iiicliuata).

indica, sum., or. (*.'/«.
/:<,-

Joneda Asoca of

tin/ icul 3fag»:ine 30 IX).

SARACHA ("//".<. BKM.IMA and JAI.TO-

MATA).

A few species of greenhouse or hardy herbs (ord.
Solanaceic) of comparatively little garden value.
Propagation, by seeds, sown outdoors, in spring, in
the places where the plants are to flower. Anv
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

stapelioides, H', su
hlf-hdy. aim., y
blotched reddish bi

mulii'llata, 2' to 4', sum.,
lilt'-hdy. ami., gru.,
wh.

SARCANTHUS.

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacere). They
are, for the most part, primarily of botanical
interest. Propagation, by division and imported
pieces. Soil, fibrous peat three parts, sphagnum.
chopped, one part, with a little sharp silver sand
and a few pieces of charcoal, in Teak baskets hung
close to the roof.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, I. = lip.]
appendiculatus, 1' to 2', s. and. p. yel., striped

spr., yel., striped red- reddish br., 1. wh. , rosy

dish br. pur.

eriuaceus, 4" to 6", sum., pugioniformis, 9", yel.,

wh., 1. ro. (stills. Aerides red.

dasypogoii and A. teretifolius, s. and p. yel.,

rubrum). grn., lined red, I. wh.

filiformis, s. and p. choco- («.»/». Vanda temtifolia)

late br., 1. yel., pk. Wiliiamsoni, amethyst,

insectifer, 6" to l.V, sum..

Sapotn (tiapota Aeliras).

Sajipan \]'ood (Caaalpinia Sappan).

Sarcobatus

i :;o; i

Sarmienta

Other Species : —

aril-thins, gm., 1. rn.

chrvsomclas, vol.. black-
ish pur.

flexus, s. and \>. yel., br.,
1. with wliitisli yd. spur.

gutt;itus (no\v lihyncho-
stylis retusa).

liiiK'ksianus, close to tere-
tifolius. but flowers

fcmtiller and plant
more slender.

laxus, dull wh.

panieulatus, yel. , s. arid
p. striped blood red,
1. two-horned (•*//"•
Aerides paniculatum).

rostratus, s. and p. yel.,
grn., 1. vio

SARCOBATUS (syit. FJJEMONTIA. of
TORUKY. GREASEWOOD.)

One species only, Maximilian! (syit. vermiru-
latus. ord. I'henopodiacefe), of erect-growing,
hardy, thorny shrubs, with white, fleshy bark of
peculiar appearance. It is of no horticultural
value.

SARCOCAPNOS.

Dwarf perennial herbs (ord. Papaveracese).
Emieuphylla, i!", June, yellow, the only species
introduced, is useful for the border or rockery.
Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Soil, sandy

SARCOCAULON.

A small genus (nrd. Geraniacese) of greenhouse,
brunrliin;.', Ik-shy herbs or sub-shrubs from South
Africa. Tliey are of curious appearance and
interesting, but are not commonly grown. Propa-
gation, by root cuttings, and by cuttings of the
voung shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. Soil,
equal parts of loam, peat, and leaf soil, with
about one-eighth of the whole bulk sand.

Principal Species : —

liurmamii, 1', flowers I J"
to 2" across, My., grh.,
pur.

I/Hmtieri, 1', My., grh.,
pur., small.

Patersonii, '!' , My., grh.,
pur.

SARCOCEPHALUS (>yn. CEPHAUXA).

Stove shrubs and trees, occasionally climbers
(i>i-il. Kubiacese). Propagation, by cuttings in
.-:ind under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. Soil,
loam ami peat in equal parts, with one-tenth sand.

Principal Species : —
cordatus, 10' to 12', My., pk., wh. , fruits as large

yel. (.s////. Nauclea co- as a Peach. Guinea,

adunata). Negro, and Sierra

esculeutus, 20', Jy., cl., Leoue Peach.

SARCOCHILUS (syns. DEKDBOCOLLA and
THRIXSPEBMUM).

Stove epiphytal Orchicts (ord. Orchidaceas), with
no pseudo-bulbs. Propagation, by imported pieces.
Soil, librous peat and chopped sphagnum, with
crushed crocks, a little sand, and a few pieces of
charcoal. A continuously moist atmosphere and
a free supply of water at the root are the chief
essentials. Shading from strong sunshine is neces-
sary. Hartmannii, Fitzgeraldi, and luniferus may
be placed in an intermediate house.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepal.-, p
Berkleyi, )i" to il", sum.,

i:reamy wh. . 1. with pur.

blotch, drooping.
Fit/^rraMi, sum., s. and

p. wh., spotted maroon

or ro., 1. with yel. front

lobe, drooping.
Hartmannii. wh., spotted

red (.-»/«. Thrixspermum

Hartmannii).

Other Species :—
Calceolus, wh., s. and p.

fleshy,
falcatus, 1" to 3", wh.,

in 3'e or 4's.
Freetnuuii, yel., spotted

br., s. loug, narrow

(.-••//". Thrixspermuni

Freemanii) .
hainaiiensis, flowers yel.,

pendent,
ionosmum, yel., blotched

br., Violet scented, 1.

wh. , streaked red.
Moorei, yel., spotted br.

= petals, 1. = lip.]
luniferus, s. and p. yel.,

spotted or. red, 1. wh.,

Ivs. usually absent ;

does well on a wood

block or raft,
purpureus, 0", spikes H"

long, spr., ro.. deep ro.,

crim. (xyn. Camarotis

purpurea).

(syn. Thrixspermum

Moorei).
muscosus, yel., pur. ;

dwarf,
pallidus, pale yel. (s;/».

Micropera pallida) .
teres, s. and p. wh. ,

spotted pur., fleshy,

1. wh., stained vio., pur.

(syn. Orm'tharium stria-

tulum).
unguiculatus, 6", sum.,

wh., 1. lobes streaked

red, front lobe yel.

SARCOCOCCA.

A small genus (ord. Euphorbiacea?) of stove and
greenhouse herbs. They are rarely cultivated.
Propagation, by cuttings in sand, in a close frame,
with bottom heat. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

— hookeriana, 1' to 4',
Je., hlf-hdy., yel. (syn.
hookeriana).

— latifolia, Ivs. broad.

squamosa, 1', Je., grh..
red.

pruuiformis, 4', Je.. grh.,

pale yel. (sun. saligua).
— coriacea, inflorescence

loose (syn. Pachysandra

coriacea).

SARCOCOLLA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Penseaceie) from South
Africa. The habit and inflorescence are very like
those of the Penseas, which gee for cultural details.
The Sarcocollas are of| little garden value. Sarco-
cool is the name given to the gum resin furnished
by squamosa.

Principal Species : —
imbricate, 11', Je., grh.,
pk. (syn. Peniea imbri-
cate).

SARCOLOBUS.

Stove, twining shrubs (ord. Asclepiadere), few in
number, of little garden value, and probably not
now in cultivation.

SARCOSTEMMA.

Leafless stove herbs (ord. Asclepiadesc), some of
them climbers, with small flowers, and occasionally
double corollas. Several species formerly included
here are now referred to Philibertia. Propagation,
by cuttings of side shoots, in April, in sand. The
cutting pots may be placed on a shelf near the
glass. Soil, loam and leaf mould in equal parts,
with one-fifth sand. Keep the plants rather dry
at the root in winter.

Principal Species : —

brunoniamun, flowers bright yel., in umbels.

SARMIENTA.

The only species (ord. Gesneraceae) is a shrub
with wiry stems, rambling over rocks and tree
stems. It is not often seen in collections, but is a
pretty plant, repaying attention. It is not easy to
grow. Propagation, by cuttings, which are diffi-
cult to root. Soil, three parts fibrous peat and one
part sphagnum, with sand and charcoal. The
plants may be accommodated in pans or Orchid
baskets. A piece of rather soft Tree Fern stem is
good for them. Plenty of water, shade from direct
sunshine, and a position in continually moi-4

Kareoglotti* (m-c Bpirtmtket).

SttfcoyodiWM (w liulbophyllum and Jtcndrt'-

/> in HI ).
Sargmtia aricocca (see Pseutlophcenix Saryentii).

Sarracema

( 308 )

Satureia

surroundings near the glass in a warm greenhouse
are essentials.

Only Species : —

repens, sum., warm grh., sc., flowers solitary (syn.
scanclens).

SARRACENIA.

Description.— Indian Cup, Pitcher Plant, Side
Saddle Flower, and Trumpet Leaf are a few of the
popular names that have been bestowed upon these
curious plants (prd. Sarraceniacese). There are
about half a dozen species, but many handsome
hybrids have been raised from them. All are half-
liardy perennials from North America. Purpurea
is indeed hardy in sheltered places, and at Kew it
does exceedingly well in a swampy nook in the
rockery, simply covered with a little Bracken in
winter. The others thrive in a cool greenhouse,
but as their surroundings have to be constantly
rather moister than those required or appreciated
by other greenhouse plants it is well to set apart a
small house for them. The plants do not flower ]
until they have reached a good size. The con-
spicuous portion of these drooping blooms is the
curious, five-partite, umbrella-shaped style, the
parts of which ars petaloid in appearance.

Propagation. — By division in early spring, before
growth becomes active. A few weeks in a close
c;ise are necessary, as the plants do not care to be
disturbed. Seeds are employed to obtain new
forms ; they should be sown in pots filled with
similar compost to that in which the old plants
are growing. If there is room they may be sown
by the sides of the old plants, in the same pots.

Soil. — Fibrous peat, from which all the dust has
been shaken, three parts, and chopped sphagnum
one part, with a few pieces of charcoal.

Other Cultural Points. — The pot plants must
have free drainage, liberal supplies of water during
the growing season — liquid cow manure is appre-
ciated— less when resting. The roots must never
be allowed to get dry. The house, although it
should be kept close, need not be warm. All
draughts must be avoided. Winter minimum, by
night 45°, by day 50°. Summer, as cool as pos-
sible.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — p = pitchers. The whole of the leaf goes
to form the pitcher, which is erect, or nearly so,
nnd bears a "lid" at the top of the tube.]

Drurnmondii, p. 2' long, — limbata, p. large, lid
variegated wh. , with

Other Species and Varieties : —

pur. veins, flowers 3"
wide, pur. ; has two
crops of p., one in
autumn.
• — alba, more wh., tall.

— rubra, p. marked red
instead of wh., dwarf er.

Claytonii, p. pur., up-
right, rigid habit ; a
garden var.

flava, p. 2', yel., winged,
spr., flowers 4" to 5"
.across, veL, showv.
Trumpet Leaf, Watches.

— atrosanguinea, lid of
p. with red veins, ulti-
mately Hood red.

- Catesbsri, p. large,
wings with red veins
(.«/''•-'. Catesbasi, Fildesii
of gardens, and tiava
picta).

banded br., crim.

— maxima, very large,
lids pale grn.

— ornata, p. lids recurv-
ing, veined pur. red,
flowers 6" to 8" across,
grn. yel.

— picta (we var. Cates-
bn-i).

psittacina, Ivs. 2" to 4"
long, p. winged, wh.,
veined pur., lid beaked,
spr., Mowers pur.

purpurea, 4" to 6" long,
winged, pur. veins, spr.,
pur. Huntsman's Cup.

rubra, p. 10" to 18",
erect, winged, pur.
veins, My. , flowers red-
dish pur.

— acuminata, p. pale grn . ,
pur. veins (>-;i». rubra).

atrosanguiuea (fee flava

var.).

Catesbit'i (see flava var.).
Fildesii of gardens (see

flava Catestei) .

Hybrids. A Selection ;

Chelsoni, intermediate be-
tween the two species
(rubra X purpurea).

Courtii, p. crim. pur. in
lower half when youug,
then blood red, with
blackish pur. veins (pur-
purea X psittacina).

formosa, p. gm., spotted
wh., crim. above, base
grn. (purpurea X vario-
laris).
Other Hybrids !—

atkiusouiaiia (flava maxi-
ma X purpurea).

crispata ('; navu X rubra) ,
probably a natural hy-
brid.

decora (psittacina X vario-
laris).

excelleus (variolaris X
Drummoiidii alba).

exornata (purpurea X
crispata).

illustrata (flava picta X
Stevensii).

maddisoiiiaua (variolaris
X psittacina).

undulata (see Drum-

inondii).
variolaris. p. 6" to 12"

high, 2" across, winged,

spotted wh., My., yel.

(syiis. minor, aduuca).

mitchelliaua, p. olive grn. ,
red veins (rubra X pur-
purea').

Stevensii. p. with crim.
veins, lid crim., crisped
(purpurea X flava).

swaniana, greenish pur.,
criin. veins (variolaris
X purpurea).

Williamsii, p. grn.. ribbed
crim., handsome (pur-
purea X flava).

mandaiana (flava rubra X
Drummondii) .

melanorhoda (Stevensii X
purpurea).

Moorei (flava X Drum-
mondii).

Popei (flava X rubra).

Sandera? (Drumniondii
alba X cookiana).

sanderiana (Driiminondii
rubra X Farnhaini).

tolliana (Drumniondii alba
X Hava).

Willisii (Courtii X melan-
orhoda).

wrigleyaua (psittacina X
variolaris).

SARSAPARILLA.

This name is given to the roots of several species
of Smilax, wliich are of value medicinally, especi-
ally for disorders of the blood. The Chinese eat
the roots of S. China, the China Koot, and the
people of South Carolina brew a beer from the
roots of S. Pseudo-China. (For further informa-
tion, see SMILAX.)

SASHES (see FRAMES).

SASSAFRAS.

A hardy, deciduous tree (ord. Laurineac), of orna-
mental appearance, possessing strong aromatic
properties and mucilaginous leaves and twigs. It
exhibits considerable variation in the size of its
leaves. A beer is made from the young shouts in
Virginia, and an oil obtained from the fruits is
largely employed by perfumers. Propagation, by
cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in a
cold frame. Soil, sandy loam.

Only Species : —

officinale, 15' to 30', Ap., hdy., greenish yel.
(many syns., including albidum, Sassafras, varii-
foliuni, and Lanrus albidn, diversifolia, and varii-
folia, Perssa Sassafras, and Tetranthera albida).

SATUREIA. (SAVORY.)
Aromatic herbs or low shrubs (ord. Labiatsc). all
hardy. Kew of the species have been introduced.

Samthamniis g^nparintt niulrriinus (.in' Cytiittt

scnparhts andrtanvi).

Saxsnfras, Californian ( UmMlularia californica).
Sassafras, ftitamp (Magnolia glauca).
Satin Flnmcr (see Sisyrincliium).
Satin Mulli (m r Liparif).
Satin Wvfld Tree (Clihria-ykn Swietenia).

Saturnia

( 309 )

Saussurea

Propagation, by seeds sown in drills in April for
the annual hortensis ; by cuttings of the young
side shoots in March and April, and l>y division,
for the [HTrnnial innntiina. Any fairly fertile
garden soil, (f^ee also .SAVORY.)

Principal Species : —
hortrnsis. (i" to 8", Jy., pale pur., stems woody

hiiy. ann., 111., small. at base, branching,

mon tana. Je., hdy. per., Illyrica is a var.

SATURNIA.

A uvmis of moths whose larvaa are silk producers.
They are of little moment, however, and do not do
enough damage to bring them under the notice of
the gardener.

SATYRIUM.

A large genus (onl. Orchidacese) of terrestrial,
deciduous, tuberous-rooted Orchids. A number of
species are known to gardeners, and they are for
the most part half-hardy or very nearly hardy.
Propagation, by division of the roots just as growth
is beginning. Soil, turfy loam, fibrous peat, and
sand. Potting should not be firm, but the drainage
must be free. When growth has died down, keep
the tubers quite cool, and very nearly dry. Liquid
manure is excellent in the growing season.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE.- -Except where otherwise mentioned,
a frame or cool house is sufficient, b = bracts,
which are often a prominent feature of the flower
spikivs.]
cundidiim, 1' to IV, Sep., macrophyllura, H' to 2',

wh., fragrant. " Jy.,rosypk.

carneum, 14'. Je., wh., raembranaceum, V to 2',

flushed pk., b. ro. mar- spike 3" to 5" long,

gined. My., ear.

— roseum, ro. nepalense, 1' to !£', sum.,
coriifolium, 1', Oct., yel. warm grh., rosy pk.,

(.«//«. cucullatum of fragrant.

Loddiges). — ciliatum, Aug., pk.,wh.

— aureum, 1' to 1 J', sum., (••»/«. ciliatum).

or. shaded crim. (*//«. wightiiiuuiu, spike

aureum). shorter, Ivs. broader.

Other Species : —

erectum, 1' to U', Feb., foliosum, 1' to 1J', Jy. ,
yel., pur. (syn. pus- pale pur., small."

tulatum).

SAUCERS.

It is very necessary that plants which are stand-
ing upon tables in dwelling rooms should be placed
in saucers. But water must not be allowed to
stand in these receptacles, for, apart from the un-
pleasant Mnell given oft by stagnant water, it is also
injurious to the plants. Where, however, plants are
pot-bound, and are continually demanding water,
it will be well to stand them in saucers con-
taining 2" or 8" of water. Spiraeas, for instance,
are exceedingly difficult to keep in condition in a
dwelling room, unless some such plan as this be
adopted. Saucers used for the above purposes
should, if possible, be glazed.

Occasionally, in the plant houses, a choice
Orchid or Fern may be protected from the on-
slaughts of woodlice and cockroaches by standing
it upon an inverted pot placed in a saucer of water.
Hanging saucers are frequently employed to bring
plants up near the glass, and this is really a better
plan than suspending the pot, particularly in a
slinw window or plant house, seeing that a relay of
plants can be kept up and a succession of bloom
or foliage provided.

Saui.vrs of all sizes, of the same ware as the

flower pots, may be obtained quite cheaply from the
sundriesman. For the drawing room, however,
china is to be preferred to the commoner pot ware

SAUNDERSIA.

A stove epiphytal Orchid (ord. Orchidaceae), of
no great pretensions to beauty, and rarely grown.
It may be treated like the Epidendrums.

Only Species : —

mirabilis, grn., wb.

SAURAUJA (syns. BLUMIA, MABUMIA, and
KEISWARDTIA of BLUME).

A large genus (ord. Ternstroamiaceae) of stove
trees and shrubs. Few are of any decorative value.
Propagation, by cuttings of ripened shoots rooted
in sand, in a close frame, wilh bottom heat. Soil,
loam and peat in equal parts, with one-eighth
sand and a few pieces of charcoal.

Principal Species : —

excelsa, 10', Je., wh. nepaleusis, 6', Aug., wh.

laiiceolata, a scrubby shr. , spectabilis, 10', Je., wh.

grn.

SAUROMATUM.

A small genus (ord. Aroideas) of curious stove,
warm greenhouse, and half-hardy herbaceous per-
ennials, with tuberous rootstocks. Propagation, by
offsets removed from the parent plants in spring.
Soil, fibrous loam and peat in equal parts, wilh
sand. Copious supplies of water are needed all
t hrough the summer, with a moist atmosphere ;
less water at the root, and a much drier atmo-
sphere, in winter.

Principal Species : —

guttatum, 1', My., grh., hlf-hdy., pur., yellowish
gin. (jtyn». punctatum and venosum, and Arum
venosum).

SAUROPUS («/». CERATOGYNTTM).

Stove shrubs (ord. Euphorbiaceas), in habit like
the Phjllanthuses, and thriving under the same
cultural treatment. Probably the species albicans
is the only one that has yet been introduced, and
even it is rare. The variety gardnerianus, like the
type, has whitish flowers and slender, green
branches.

SAURURUS (xyns. ANONYMOS, MATTUSCH-
KIA, and SPATHIUM. LIZARD'S TAIL.)

A small genus of hardy, aquatic, perennial herbs
(ord. Piperaceae). Propagation, by seeds and
divisions in spring. Soil, sandy loam, near a lake,
stream, or tank.

Principal Species : —
cernuus, 1' to 2', spikes Loureiri, close to ceruuus,

4" to 5" long, sum.. angular stem.

hdy., wh. American

Swamp Lily.

SAUSSUREA (fi/ns. BENNETIA, and
HETEROTRICHUM of BIEBEHSTEIN).

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Compositse), in-
cluding Aplotaxis and Frolovia, of little garden
value. Propagation, by seeds, sown out of doors.
Any ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species :

japonica, 2', Jy., pur. (xi/ns. pulchella and Ser-
ralula pulchella).

Sawoglomm (na' Xjiirawthes).

Sauvagesia

( 310)

Savoy

elegaus, 2', Jy., pk., lower

Ivs. pimuitifid.
pygmsea, 1', Jy., pur.

(»//«. Serratula pyg-

maea).

Other Species : —
albescens, 2', Jy., pur.,

Ivs. wh. beneath (syu.

Aplotaxis albescens).
alpina, 6" to 8", Aug.,

pur. ; British (nyn.

macrophylla).

SAUVAGESIA.

Glabrous herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Violarise),
all from tropical America. Erecta is an annual,
reared from seeds sown thinly in heat in March,
and subsequently treated like other tender seed-
lings. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with
sand.

Principal Species : —

erecta, 6", sum., st., pk. or pur. red (syn. gemini-
flora). Iron Shrub, St. Martin's Herb.

bullata major) has no superior, and is, in fact, the
closest rival of its relative the Brussels Sprouts.
On poor soil it will usually give a better return
than either Brussels Sprouts or Cabbages, although
it is quite capable of appreciating rich food, and
plenty of it.

Sowing. — As a rule one sowing only is needed —
outdoors with the other Greens in April. Earlier
sowings are neither necessary nor profitable, for
when the heads turn in early they lack that
delicious flavour which they have when frosted ;
also there is generally a good selection of vege-
tables early in autumn, and the Savoys are not so
much needed then as they are later.

Cultivation. — This does not differ materially
from that given to other Greens. Thin sowing
is advisable, otherwise the plants become drawn
and weakened in the seed beds, and do not quickly

Photo : W. H. Waite, Edinburgh.

SAXIFRAGA BUHSEUIANA ix THE ROCK GARDEN (see p. 313).

SAVORY, SUMMER.

Summer Savory (Satureia hortensis, ord. Labi-
ates) is an annual herb of aromatic properties,
used for flavouring and seasoning. Seed may be
sown outdoors, in April, in rather shallow drills
about 1' apart, in a shady position. Thin the
seedlings to 6" apart in the rows. As soon as the
flowers have developed, pull the plants up, dry,
and store them for use, as with Basil. (Sec
also SATUREIA.)

SAVORY, WINTER.

Winter Savory (Satureia montana, ord. Labi-
atese) is a hardy evergreen sub-shrub. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings, root divisions in spring, and
seeds. The plants may be put out 1' apart each
way. Any garden soil. (See also SATUREIA.)

SAVOY.

Description. — As an autumn and winter green
vegetable, whether for its quality or its profit-
ableness as a crop, the Savoy (Brassica oleracea

Savannah Flnmer (sec EeMtei).
Savin Tree (see Jitnijifriis SaMnd).

recover. Planting out should be performed about
the latter end of June or the beginning 'of July at
the latest, a showery spell being taken advantage
of if possible. The position the plants occupy
must largely depend upon the vacancies that occur
about this time. Crops upon loose soil do not
stand frost well. The soil should therefore be
fairly firm. The distance allowed between the
plants will depend entirely upon the variety grown.
Thus, late crops of Tom Thumb may be dibbled in
on a north border with about 10" between the
plants, and 12" will represent the maximum space
needed. For the medium sized varieties, such as
Perfection, 18" each way will be required ; whilst
for the large Drumhead varieties 2' between the
plants will not be too much if the ground be rich,
20" if it be poor. As a rule, the Drumhead varieties
are too large and coarse for ordinary use. Once
the heads are cut the stumps should be cleared away.

Varieties. A Selection : —
Saiall :—

Tom Thumb, may be Early T'liu, an early sort
planted after early of great merit.

Potatoes.

Sawdust

( 311 )

Saxifraga

Green Curled.

Li njc, : —
Driiinheail.

Yellow Globe.
Perfection.

Late Drumhead.

SAWDUST.

The mamirial value of dry sawdu.M is slight, and
it is slow in action. It is best to reduce it to
ashes, when it is an excellent stimulant for many
vegetables, especially Potatoes and Onions upon
heavy ground. Mixed with urine, liquid sewage,
or gas liquor its value is considerably increased,
but it is at best a rather rank manure, and should
lie used with very great caution. One of the
best methods of employing it is to mix it with
night soil, and allow it to rot somewhat before
putting it upon the ground.

rii,ini: i: /;. /;;<•.'.•.

SAXIFKAOA COTYLEDON VYKAMIDALIS
(see p. 31i).

Clean sawdust may be occasionally turned to
advantage as plunging material in propagating
pits, in place of leaf mould or Cocoanut fibre refuse,
although it is not so suitable for the purpose. It
is excellent packing material for the hollow walls
of fruit roums, but it should be thoroughly dried
before being put in, or it will turn sour and smell
badly. Sometimes it has been used for packing
round wooden beehives in the winter months,
instead of cork dust, and being light, dry. and
warm it is an efficient substitute for the latter.

SAWS.

For the removal of large branches saws are
indispensable. Tlie forester must of necessity
keep an assortment of sizes, varying from the large
cross-cut to the small hand saw which the fruit
tree pruner finds so handy for taking out small

branches. These small saws have usually a plain
curving, instead of a D-stiaped handle as in the
larger sizes ; the blade is narrow, more or less
curving, carried to a point, and set so that the cut
of the blade is in the pull and not in the push,
as in the ordinary carpenter's saw. Makes are
to be had which cut both in the pull and the
push, the teeth being set both ways, but they
afe not often met with. The length of the blade
may vary from 8" to 1 2".

For convenience of carrying, the pruning saw
should be carried in a leather sheath, fastened by
a belt to the operator. If a little oil be rubbed
over the blade and between the teeth frequent
sharpening will not be necessary, although after a
hard season's use the teeth will require to be set
again so as to render the running easier. Unless
the teeth are set back far enough to ensure a fairly
wide passage the blade will be sure to "pinch"
badly as soon as it has penetrated to any depth
in the branch, and a pinching saw is a heavy-
handicap to the pruner.

SAXEGOTHEA.

A hardy evergreen (trrd. Conifera). For cul-
tural details, see TAXUS

Only Species : —
conspicua, 30', Jo., hdy.,
fruit a rather fleshy
solid coiie, Ivs. stiff

and leathery. Prince
Albert's Yew.
gracilis of gardens (now
Podocarpus uubigena).

Sam \\'<>rt (w fifrratula).

SAXIFRAGA. (ROCKKOIL.)

Description. — A large genus of hardy or half-hardy
annual and perennial plants (prd. Saxifrage*) much
prized by growers of Alpines, but capable of being
used in many ways in the garden. For edgings a
considerable number are well adapted, and several
of the taller growing, encrusted, or Euaizoonia,
forms make pretty pot plants. They vary much in
their character, some forming moss-like tufts and
masses, others mounds of silvery rosettes, and
others large glossy leaves, as in the Bergenia
section ; while the well-known species umbrosa or
London Pride is typical of another class, known as
the Kobertsonia section. The Saxifrages are so
numerous that only a selection can be given, and it
ought to be observed that there is great confusion
in the nomenclature of the genus, and that few
collections, however carefully compared with the
best authorities, are in a position to have their
plants accepted as correctly named. For a small
collection those marked * are suitable.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in spring or when
ripe, in pots or pans under glass ; by division after
flowering; some species by cuttings, and some, of
the type of sarmentosa, the Mother of Thousands,
by runners. Seeds from Saxifrages in large
collections are not to be depended upon to give
plants true to name.

Soil, and Other Cultural Points.— The Saxifrages
vary much in their requirements, and only general
directions can be given in the available space.
Those of a mossy habit, and such species as
Hirculus, like a moist soil, though the ordinary
mossy forms do not object to being fairly dry if nut
" burned up " in summer. The encrusted forms can
do with more drought, and are all the better for a
little lime in the soil, which should have plenty of
sand, grit, and small stones in it. Some of the Ber-
•jenia types are not quite so hardy as the others, and
their early flowering often calls for their covering
with glass to protect the blooms from frost. They

Saxifraga

( 312 )

Saxifraga

make good plants for a cool or cold house. Peltata
is a moisture lover, and likes a good soil where its
roots can reach water. The Kobertsonia class
can do with common soil, and the Porpl^rion
class require plenty of water at the root in the
crevices of the rockwork, but do not like much
overhead.

Selection of Species and Varieties : —

Bergenia Section. — Frequently known as Me-
gaseas, leaves large and rather fleshy. Man}'
seedling varieties are in cultivation.
*ciliata, 1', spr., i>k. several vurs., including

cordifolia, 1', spr., pk.; wh.

vars. purpurea and Milesii, 1', spr., red.

alba. purpurasceus, 1', spr.,

crassifolia, 1', spr., pk. pur.

*ligulata, 1', spr., pur.; *Stracheyi, 1', spr. pk.;
var. alba.

BorapTiylla Suction. — Moisture lovers, leaves
radical, flowers in panicles. Sun.
Clusii, 6", Ap., whitish nivalis, 6", Je., wh.; var.

pk. deusiflora.

*hieracifolia, 9", My., pensylvauica, If.', Je.,

reddish. reddish.

*stellaris, 6", Je., Jy., wh.

Cymbalaria Section. — Dwarf, annual or biennial.
Sow themselves freely.

huetiana, 2", sum., yel. *Sibthorpii, 2", sum., yel.

(syii. Cymbalaria).

Daetyloidcs Section. — Of tufted, moss-like growth.
Pretty, and easily grown.

ajugifolia, 1', My., creamy

wh.

androsacea, 1', Je., wh.
aphylla, 3", Je.,pale yel.;

vars. leptophylla and

virescens.
aqnatica, 1', Jy., wh. ;

var. capitata.

*c8espitosa, 3", Jv., wh. ;

vars. hirta and platy-

phylla.
*Camposii, 3" to 6", My.,

wh. (»//«. Wallacei).
citrina, 2", My., greenish

yel.
comfera, 4", Je., wh.

*cuueata, 6", Je., wh.

decipiens, 6", My., wh.;
vars. grcenlaiidiea,
quiuquefida, and Steiu-
manni.

exarata, 6", Je., wh. ;
vars. adenophora and
nervosa.

*gerauioides, 6", Jy.,
wh.

gibraltarica, 6", My., wh.

hypiioides, 6", My., wh. ;
vars. elongata, *varie-
gata, and Whitlavii.

iratiana, 6", My., wh.

muscoides, 3", My., yel-
lowish wh.

Diptcra Section. — Tender
baskets or pots.

6", Je.,

-* atropurpnrea, purplisb

red.

- Khei, TO.
Other vars., albida, mos-

i-hata, pygmasi, etc.
pedatifida," 6", My., wh.

(»//». Prostii).
*pedemontana, 6", My.,

wh.; vars. cervicoruis

and cymosa.
sedoides, 9", My., wh.
Seguieri, 3", My., yel.
sponhemica, 4", Je., wh.;

vars. affinis, hirta, and

lastevireiis.
*tri(urcata, 6", My., wh.;

var. ceratophylla.

Pretty for hanging

yel.,sc. Aaron's Beard,
etc.

* — tricolor superba, foli-
age cream and red.

cuscutarformis,

wh.
*Fortunei, 6", Sep., hlf-

hdy., wh.
sarmentosa, 9", Je., wh.,

Jfiiaizoonia Section. — Encrusted, leaves generally
margined with whitish dots, and flowers in pan-
icles.

*Aizoon, 3" to 10", Je.,
cream, spotted red ;
many vars. varying in
height, etc., but all
pretty, a selection being
carinthiaca, Churchillii,
cultrata, G-uadinii, la
gaveaua, Malyi, minor,
pectinata, pygmasa,
recta, robusta, rosularis,
sempervivoides, and
sturmiaua,.

Andrewsii, 6",sum.,wh.,
dotted pur.

cartilagiuea, fi",Je.,wh.,

pk. or pur.
catalaunica, 6", Je., wh.,

spotted reel (liugulata of

some) .
cochlearis, 1', Je., wh. ;

var. minor.
*Cotyledon, 1' to 2', My.,

wh. ; var. nepalensis.
— pyi-amidalis, taller (see

p. 311).
*crustata, 1', Je., wh.,

dotted red.
*Hostii, (i" to 12", My.,

1'luiKi: W.ll. \laite, Jitliulmnili.

8AXIFKAGA SANCTA (see }). 313).

Saxifraga

( 313 )

Scsevola

Mougifolia, 1', Je., wh.,

spotted red.

*margiuata, 4", Jy. , wh.
mutata, fi" to 12", Je.,

coppery ; var. demissa.
*paradoxa, 1" to 2", My.,

yel. (HI/II. pygmaoa).
Portic, 4", Je., wh.

wh.; vars. altissima and

elatior.
koleuatiuua, 1', Je., wh.,

pk. or pur.
lingulata (Bell, not Wal-

lich), 1' to I!', My.,

wh. ; lantoscana aud

superba are fine, tall

forms.

Ilireuliis Section. — Bog lovers with small, entire
leaves,
diversifolia, li" to 15", Hirculus, 4" to 8", Aug.,

Jy., yel. yel.

* — major, larger.

Tiomeria Section. — Underground rhizome or root-
stock and rounded leaves ; grows in half shade.

aconitifolia, l\'. My., wh. (correctly Boykinia
acouitifolia).

Kabschia Section. — Small tufted plants of much
beauty.
*apiculate, 2". spr., pale Je., vio. ^that of gar-

yel. (.v/^.v. aretioides, dens is apiculata).

micropetala, luteo-pur- imbricata, 3", Je., wh.

purea of gardens, etc.). juniperifolia, 3", Jy., yel.
aretioides, 2", My., yel. Kotschyi, .'{", yel.

— primulina, pale yel. luteo-viridis, 3", spr.,
Other vars., alba and prffi- grn.

cox. media, 6" to 8", Je., pur-

*Boydi, 2", spr., yel.; plish ro.

hybrid (burseriaua X *ro<;heliana, 3", sum.,wh.

aretioides r) ; var. alba. coriophylla, Ivs.

hurseriana, 11", Feb., broader, smaller.

wh. (ace p. 310). *sancta, 2", spr., yel. (see

— major, larger, earlier. p. 312).

*r;i'sia, 2", My., wh. scardica, 2", Je., wh.

Nliapensioides, 1^", Ap., squaiTOsa, 2", Je., wh.

wh.; var. tombeauensis. *valdensis, 3", My., wh.
Frederici - Augusti, 3", Vandellii, 2", Je., wh.

iVisropetalum Section. — Kather fleshy leave?,
generally heart shaped and lobed. Half shade.
Moisture.
*rotundif olin , 1', My., lasiophylla, and re-

wh., sc. dots ; vars. au- panda,

gulosa, heucherifolia, *taygetea, 1', My., wh.,
sc. dots.

.\'e/>liropTiyllam Section. — Generally with bulbils
at the base and on the floral stems,
biternata, 4", Je., wh. wh. Meadow Saxi-

cernua, 2" to (>", Je., wh. frage.

granulate, 0" to 18", Ap., * — flore pleno, double,
rivularis, 4", Jy., wh.

PeUa/phyllun Section. — Large-growing species.

*peltata, 3' to 5', Ap., wh. or pk.

Porphyrien Section. — Charming dwarf plants,
biflora, 2", My., red; and its forms maxima,

var. Kochii. major, *rubra, and

•oppositifolia, 2", Ap., *spleadens ; 'rudolph-

pur ; many vars., a iana, and r. compacta.

selection being *alba, *retusa, 11", My., pur.

hlfpharophylla, graudi- — wulfenlana, pur.

flora, major, pyrenaica

Ilobertsonia Section. — Like London Pride,

cuneifolia, 6", My., wh.; umbrosa, 6" to 12", Je.,

v,-irs. aponuina, etc. whitish red. London

'tii'um, !)", My., wh., Pride, None-so-Pretty.

s] lotted red; vars. ele- * — serratifolia, Ivs. ser-

gans and polita. rated.

"Mrsiita, <i" to 12", Je., * — variegata.

whitish red: vars. Other forms, Colvillei,

dentiita and gracilis. gracilis, and minor.

Section. — Dwarf tufts of lle.-hy
or leathery, entire leaves.

*aizoides, 2", Je., vd.
* — aurantiaca, or. yel

aspera, 2", My., yellowish
wh.

flagellaris, 3", My., yel.
teuella, 6", Je., wh.

* — bryoides, 2", My., wh.
bronchialis, 6", My.,

cream ; vars. cherler-

oides aud conferta.

Tridactylides Section. — Fleshy, cuneiform leaves,
in rosettes, lobed or entire. Small flowers.

petraja, 3", Ap., ann., wh. ; var. Blavii.
• Hybrids of merit in addition to some in the above
lists : Engleri, *Forsteri, mcnabiana, *Salomoni,
splendens, tyrolensis, and Zimmeteri.

SAXOFRIDERICIA.

A small genus (ord. Rapateaceae) of strong-
growing stove sub-aquatic herbs from Guiana and
Northern Brazil. Propagation, by root division in
spring. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

subcordata, 1', br., red, spiny petioles (syn.
Kapatea pandanoides).

SCABIOSA. (SCABIOUS.)

A genus of hardy annual or perennial herbs
(ord. Dipsaceas). A good many are very orna-
mental in the flower garden in borders or beds,
and some of the dvvarfer species are beautiful
Alpines for the rock garden. The varieties of
atropurpurea are among the most useful annuals
for the garden or for cutting. Caucasica is a very
ornamental perennial. The former, if sown in
summer and grown in pots in a cold frame, are useful
in winter. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring
under glass, or in April or May in the open borders ;
the perennials by division. Ordinary garden soil ;
caucasica and the smaller Alpines like one of a
light character.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

atropurpurea. 2' to 3', caucasica, 1', Je., per.,

Jy., aun., deep crim.; pale bl.

many seedling vars. — alba, wh.

The double and dwarf — hybrida, various

double forms are very colours.

useful, and can be ob- ochroleuca webbiana, 6",

tained in almost any Jy., pale yel. (syns.

colour from seeds. webbiana).

Mournful Widow, etc. pterocephala, 3" to 6",
sum., per., pur. («/».
Paruassi).

Other Species : —

alpiua (now Cephalaria graminifolia, 1', Je., pale

alpina). bl.

ama;na, 2' to 3', Je., per., patestina, 1' to 3', sum.,

HI. ann., various (<y».

arvensis, 2' to 4', Jy., Metaxasii).

per., HI. or palebl. («.'/». stellate, IV, Jy., ami., pk.

Knautia arvensis) . or wh.

Columbaria, 1' to 2 , Jy., succisa, 1', Jy., per., bl.,

per., HI. or bl. pur. orwh. Devil's Bit,

correvoniana, 9", My., Blue Bonnet, etc.

per., yel. Victoria?, ann., hybrid.

SC^VOLA.

A rather large genus (ord. Goodenoviae) of stove
and greenhouse shrubs and perennial herbs. Prop-
agation, by cuttings, under a hand-glass in the
greenhouse, except for Plumieri, which needs heat.
Soil, turfy loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.
All greenhouse except where otherwise stated.

Principal Species : —
Kccnigii, 2', Aug., pale suaveolens, Aug., hdy. or

red. Malay Eice Paper grh. per. herb or suli-

Plant. shr., bl. (HIIII. Goodenia

Plumieri, 2', Aug., st. calendulacea)

shr., wh.

Scale

( 314 )

Scelochilus

Other Species :—

anchusa^folia, My., pros- grandiflora(nowLeschen-

trate lierb or sub-shr., aultia linarioides).

bl. microcarpa, Jy., per. herb,

attenuata, 1J' to 2', Je., bl. (xyit. Goodenia,

shr. or sub-shr., bl. tevigata).

cuneiformis, sum., herb, pilosa, 1' to 3', My., per.

hi. herb or sub-shr., bl.

platyphylla, 2', My., wh.

SCALE.

The Scale insects (Coccidas), belonging to the
Homoptera, are among the most harmful of
insects. Some of the many species are familiar
to all gardeners. There are two notable exceptions
to the possession of injurious qualities, namely
the Cochineal Insect (Coccus Cacti) and the
La; Insect (Tachardia lacca), both of which are of
economic value. An idea of the size and import-
ance of the Scales among insect pests will be
gained from the following list of some of the
principal species.

Aspidiotus brittam'cus. Ischnaspis filiforrnis.

Hollies. Palms.

- Camellise (Camellia Lecanium Coryli. Cur-
Scale) . Camellias. rauts.

— Nerii (Oleander Scale). — Hesperidum. Oranges.
Oleanders. — Persicse (Peach Scale).

— Palmarum. Palms aud Peaches.
Cycads. — Rosas. Eoses.

— perniciosus (San Jose Mytilaspis Pomorum
Scale). Fruit trees. (Mussel Scale). Apples.

Chiouaspis Euonymi. Orthezia insignis. Omni-
Euonymuses. vorous.

Diaspis ostreseformis Pulvinaria Ribesise (Cot-
Oyster Shell Bark tony Cushion Scale).
Louse"). Fruit trees. Currants.

Diaspis Rosas. Roses. — Vitis (Cushion Scale of

the Vine). Vines.

The female Scales are much bigger than the
male, and they are directly injurious to the tree
i hey infest, sucking out the vital juices ; the males
are not. At first possessing power of movement,
the females soon lose this. The eggs are sheltered
by the familiar horn-like scale, some species
having a further protection of a white coating of
felted threads for their eggs. In a few species'the
females are viviparous.

Details of the habits and appearance of the
principal of these pests are given under their
several headings, together with remedies. {See
also INSECTICIDES.)

SCALLION.

This term is applied to Allium ascalonicum
majus, and occasionally to young Onions with
thick necks. Usually, however, it means Onion
bulbs that have been planted in early spring to
make growth, but are not allowed to seed. As
soon as they are about 1' high they are pulled up
and used as required. By this means "young"
Onions are obtained some time in advance of those
from seed. Scallions may be planted in rows 12"
apart and 6" between the plants in the rows.
Several " cloves " will usually be formed by each
bulb. Scallions are of use for temporary require-
ments only. They will not make bulbs, but if left
long enough will run to seed.

SCAPHOSEPALUM.

A small genus of Orchids (prd. Orchidacece).
They were formerly placed with the Masdevallias,
like which they may be treated.

Scamnwny (Convoli-iilng Scammonia').

Principal Species : —

auchoriferum, 3" to 0", sum., grh., creamy wh..

sum., grh., greenish grii., dotted pur.

yel., crim. maroon, with pulvinare, 9", win., grh.,

greenish yel., crim. greenish pur., br. (xyn.

spotted tails (syn. Mas- Masde vallia pulvinaris).

devallia anchorifera). punctatum, 3" to 5", aut.,

breve, like anchoriferum, grh., gm., spotted pur.

sum., grh., br., yel., swertisefolium, 3" to 6",

and pur. (si/n. Masde- aut., grh., yel., spotted

vallia brevis). br., pur. («,'/«. Masde-

gibberosum, 6" to 9", vallia swertiaefolia).

Other Species : —

antenniferum, greenish ochthodes, yel., grn.,
yel., br., close to pul- small, a nearly per-

vinare. petual flowerer.

microdactylum, greenish
yel. , br. , small.

SCAPHYGLOTTIS.

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacens) of
branching habit. Similar treatment to that given
to Cattleyas will suit. Few of the species are in
cultivation.

Principal Species : —
stellata, larger flowers violacea, vio., lip wh.

than violacea.

SCARES.

Man}' devices for scaring birds from Corn, ripe
fruit, and seed beds generally are in existence, but
few are of much use. The usual rather hideous
scarecrow with its heterogeneous wardrobe is not
now so frequently seen. The wooden clappers
which are set in motion by the wind are not of
much service, as the birds soon get used to the
noise. In rural districts the favourite method of
bird-scaring is to set a boy to fire off a few
half-charges of powder at intervals, but even then
the birds soon find out that the noise does not
hurt them and resettle to their work of depredation.
Fastening pieces of gaudily coloured paper and
rag to fruit trees is certainly not more effective
than any of the foregoing methods. The only plan
that can be at all depended upon, unless the seed
beds or trees are netted completely over, is to
twist over and round them, to the branches of the
fruit trees or to stakes pushed into the seed beds,
a number of strands of black thread or cotton.
This the birds cannot easily see, and they get their
wings entangled without being able to discern
what is responsible for it. The result usually is
that they shun the place. White cotton or thread
is often used. Brick traps are occasionally em-
ployed to catch stragglers, but they do very little
towards lessening the numbers of the marauders.

SCARLET RUNNERS (see BEANS).

SCARLET TIGER MOTH.

Like the larvas of all the Tiger moths, those of
the Scarlet Tiger (Callimorpha Dorainula) are very
thick bodied and hairy. The moths are about 2J"
across the forewings, which are dark olive brown
in colour, with a number of yellow and cream spots.
The hind wings are crimson, with black spots along
the edges. The larvse feed upon the Hound's
Tongue (Cynoglossum) chiefly, and are only to be
found, as a rule, where it grows. Tbey are not
harmful to garden plants.

SCELOCHILUS.

A small and obscure genus (prd . Orchidaceas) of
stove epiphytal Orchids, rarely cultivated, but
needing the same attentions as the Rodriguezias.

Schaefferia

( 315 )

Schizandra

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals. l. = lip.]

carinatus, s. yel., p. pur., variegatus, wli., lined

h., blotche
pur.

wli., 1. wh.,

hed

pur., pseudo-bulbs very
flat and thiii.
Ottouis, My., yel., striped
pur.

SCHAEFFERIA.

A siiiiill genus (ord. Cela.strinea;) of warm liouse,
rigid shrubs. Propagation, by cuttings of the
half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, in a close frame
with bottom heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

tiutcscens, 10', Aug., St., wh., fruits sc. Crab-
wood Tree, False Box.

SCHEELEA.

Handsome stove Palms (aril. Paluiae) of great
decorative value, although they are by no means well
known. They are of easy culture, and Unguis parti-
cularly takes kindly to dwelling room decoration.
The pinna; are frequently barred transversely from
the close folding of the young leaves. Propagation,
by imported seeds. Soil, loam which has been stacked
with cow dung for six months, and a little sand.
The plants require abundant supplies of water at
tlic root, and liberal syringing.

Principal Species : —
excelsa, 50', Ivs. 15' to '24' Unguis, Ivs. 4' to 10' long :

long, with nearly '200 only known as a young

leaflets on each side, in plant.

twos, threes, or fives,

wood reddish.

Other Species :—
imperialis, Ivs. entire at fives («//«. Maximiliana

hrst. insignis).

insigiiis. 50', lys. 8' to 10' kewensis, Ivs. '20' to 25'

long, pinuic in fours or long, flowers pur.

SCHELHAMMERA (syn. PARDUT.NA).

Two species of greenhouse perennial herbs (ord.
Liliacea;). Pretty, but comparatively rare io
cultivation. Propagation, by division in spring.
Soil, sandy peat and loam in equal parts. The
plants will do outdoors in a sheltered place, but
they must be well covered during the winter.

Principal Species : —
multiflora, 6" to 12", Je., now Kreysigia muiti-

hlf-hdy., wh., in ter- flora).

minal umbels. undulata, 6", Je., hlf-

multiflora (of Loddiges, lidy., pale HI., stems

SCHIMA. very slender.

A small genus of stove evergreen trees and
shrubs (ord. Ternstroemiaceaj) with large and
showy flowers. Propagation, by cuttings in sandy
peat, in a close frame, with bottom heat. Soil,
.-andv peal, with free drainage.

Principal Species : —
NoronhiK, sum., St., wh., javanica of Jiotanieal

flowers solitary (*//««. Maiiaz'nie -l.">;i!>).

superba and Gordonia superba (we Noronhtt)).

SCHINUS.

Stove trees and shrubs chiefly (ord. Anacar-
diacea;), several of which exude a resinous
juice. To such an extent is this fluid present
in the leaves that much of it is discharged after a
shower of rain, and the air in the vicinity of the
tree is perceptibly perfumed. Propagation, by

ripened cuttings in very sandy soil in a close case
with bottom heat. Soil, loam one-third, sandy
peat two-thirds. Free drainage.

Principal Species : —
depeudens, 10' to 12', Australian or Calit'orn-

sum., htf-hdy. or grh.,
wh., fruits

ian Pepper Tree, Peru-
vian Mastic Tree.

yellowish

blk. terebiuthiiolius, 20', Jy.,

Molle, 20', Jy., st., yel- st., greenish wh.

lowish grn., fruits ro.

SCHISMATOGLOTTIS (tyii. ZANTE-

DESCHIA).

Stove herbs (ord. Aroidese). The stems are short,
but the leaves of several species are so prettily
marbled as to make them handsome foliage
subjects. Moist surroundings, both at the root
and in the atmosphere, brisk heat, and compara-
tively heavy shade are required. Propagation, by
division in spring. Soil, sandy loam, fibrous peat,
and leaf mould in equal parts, with one-eighth of
sand and a few pieces of charcoal. Free drainage.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[XoTE. — s. = spathe, sp. = spadix.]
crispata, s. gru., Ivs. neoguineensis, s. pale

heart shaped, broad gru. , Ivs. heart shaped,

central band of silvery blotched yellowish grn.

grey,petioles with semi- (nyns. variegata oi

transparent edges. gardens and Colocasia

Lavallei, bright grn., neoguineensis).

mottled grey. pulchra, Ivs. 4" to 5"

- immaculata, bright long, 2" to 2^" broad,

grn., unspotted. glaucous, spotted silvery

— purpurea, pur. below. grn. (syn. decora),

longispatha, sp. yellowish siameusis, Ivs. glossygrn.,

grn., small, Ivs. 4" spotted wh., small; a

long,withcentralsilvery useful plant for small

grey band ; a pretty vases.

little plant.

Other Species : —
picta, Ivs. heart shaped. variegata (of gardens, -fee

central grey baud. neoguineensis).

rupestris, s. yel., Ivs.

heart shaped, grn.

SCHIZ./EA. (COMB OB HUSH FERNS.)

These stove, greenhouse, and hardy Ferns (ord
Filices) are not easy to grow well, and although
some of them are elegant plants, they do not find
much favour with Fern lovers. Propagation, by
division. Soil, loam and peat, both lumpy and
roughly broken up, in equal parts, with free
drainage. The plants need plentiful supplies of
water, but they dislike stagnant moisture. The
fronds, which are very thick and fleshy, are split
up at their tips into fan-like processes — the fertile
segments.

Principal Species : —

[NoTK. — The dimensions refer to the fronds.]
bifida, 6" to 8", forked or rupestris, 3" to 4", grass-
simple, grh. like, grh.

Other Species : —
dichotoma, 6" to 9", fan- - flabellum, undivided

like, much forked, st. fronds.

digitnta, 1', very narrow, pemmla, 1', three-angled,

fertile spikes 1§" long, st. (syn. peuicillata) .

st. pusilla, fertile fronds 3"

elegans, 4" to 8", V to •*"> barren ones

shaped, st. shorter, hdy.

Sprucei, 6" to 8", J"
broad, st.

SCHIZANDRA.

Stove, greenhouse, or hardy shrubs of running
tendencies (onl. Magnoliaceie). Propagation, by

Schizanthus

( 316 )

Schizopetalon

cuttings in sand, in heat according to the charac-
ter of the species ; those of chinensis need a cold
frame. Soil, sandy peat and loam in equal parts.

Principal Species :—

chinensis, 20', sum., hdy. cl. shr., ro., fruits sc.
(syns. japonica, Kadsura chinensis of Turcz, not
Hance, Maximowiczia chinensis, and Sphaerostema
japonicum).

Other Species : —
coccinea, sum., grh. cl.,

crim.

Sphferostema marmor-
atum) .

marmorata, st. cl., Ivs. propinqua, 6', Jy., st.,
heart shaped, spotted yel. to or. (syn. Sphiero-
silver, handsome (stjn. sterna propinquum).

SCHIZANTHUS. (BUTTERFLY FLOWER.)
Hardy or half-hardy annuals (ord. Solanaceas),
with charming flowers, valuable for borders and
beds, or for growing in pots under glass. Propa-
gation, pinnatus and its varieties may be sown as
directed for hardy annuals, which see, in the
open ground ; while the others should be sown
under glass in a little heat, and treated like other
half-hardy annuals, which see for cultural direc-
tions. For spring flowering in pots, sow in
August or September, and keep the young plants
singly in pots during winter, under glass, and in
such heat as just to keep out frost. Soil, rich,
open loam.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

Grahami, 1^', sum., hlf-
hdy. ann., lil., or.

— carmineus, car.

— lilacimis, lil. , yel.
pinnatus, 11', sum., ann.,

rosy pur., yel. spotted.

— atropurpureus, dark
eye.

— candidissimus, wh.

— papilionaceus, spotted
pur.

Other Species : —
candidus, 2', Jy., hlf-My.
aim., wh.

— roseup, ro. , spotted.

— violaceus, vio., pur.
retusus, H', sum., hlf-

hdy. ann., ro. , or.,
crim. (syn'. incanus).

— albus, wh.
wisetonensis, 1', sum.,

hlf-hdy. turn., variable,
wh. , blush pk. , br. , etc. ,
(see figure).

Hookeri, 2', sum., hlf-
hdy. aim., ro., yel.
violaceua (see pinnatus

var.).

SCHIZOBASIS.

A small genus of stove and greenhouse bulbous
plants (ord. Liliacese). The stems are leafless.
Propagation, by seeds or offsets. Soil, light loam
and sand.

Principal Species : —

intricata, grh., wh., ribbed grn.

SCHIZOCODON.

This small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord,
Diapensiacese) is closely related to the better
known one of Shortia, which see for culture.

Only Species Introduced : —

soldanelloides, 2" to 4", Mch., hdy., ro., petals
prettily fringed.

SCHIZOLOBIUM.

Tall, stove evergreen trees (ord. Legnminosae).
For culture, see C^ESALPINIA.

Principal Species : —

excelsum, 120', sum., st., yel., Ivs. 2' to 5' long,
wh. beneath. An uncommon plant.

Scltizor&na (see Cyat/iea~).
Schizotoma (see Lindsaya}.

SCHIZOMERIA.

A distinctly ornamental greenhouse, evergreen
tree (ord. Saxifragese). Propagation, by cuttings.
Soil, sandy peat and loam in equal parts.

Only Species : —

ovata, 50', Je., grh., wh.

SCHIZOMYCETES.

The Schizomycetes, or Fission Fungi, are
microscopic plants, which contain some of
the smallest of known organisms. It is to
this group that bacteria and bacilli are re-
ferred. In most cases propagation is effected by
simple cell division, although in some species of
bacilli the development of spores has been
noticed. From a gardener's point of view, the
most noteworthy member of the group is Micro-

Photo: CasselliS; Company, Ltd.

SCHIZAXTHUS W1SETOXENSIS.

coccus amylovorus, which causes " blight " in
Pears and Apples. Branches attacked exude a
viscid, yellow substance, and it seems that prompt
excision of the branch is the only trustworthy
method of arresting the progress of the disease.
The presence of cracks or wounds in the bark of
otherwise healthy trees renders them very liable
to infection ; and careless pruning is often the
cause of an attack.

SCHIZOPETALON.

A small genus of half-hardy or nearly hardy
annuals (on/. Cmciferse), with small, white or
purplish, deeply lobed flowers. Walkeri, 1',
summer, white, the only one in cultivation, is a
singular-looking annual, of little appearance in
the border, but delightful for its delicious fragrance
after nightfall. It should be cultivated as re-
commended for hardy annuals, which see.

Sehizophragma

( 317 )

Schotia

SCHIZOPHRAGMA. (CLIMBING Hy-

DBANGEA.)

A hardy shrub (ord. Saxifragese), with flowers
something like those of Hydrangea Hortensia. It
should be trained against a wall, and has a dis-
like to cold places. Propagation, by cuttings, in
sand, under a bell-glass, with gentle heat, or by
seeds. Any fairly fertile soil, such as well-worked
loam, will suit tint plant.

Only Species : -

hydrangeoides, 10' to 20', of Sieb. and Zucc.,
nut., hdy., wli. or flesh pk. Hydrangeoides of
gardens is Hydrangea petiolaris.

SCHIZOSTYLIS. (KAFFIR LILY.)

A genus of one or two species of half-hardy or
hardy plants (ord. Irideae) with Iris-like leaves and
spikes of showy flowers. Coccinea is hardy in
warm soils, and is valued for its lute-blooming
habits. It can be grown outside in a warm, sunny
border, or lifted and potted for blooming under
glass. It may also be grown in pots, plunged out-
side during summer, and taken into the greenhouse
in autumn to bloom. Propagation, by division in
sandy soil, in spring, under glass, or by seeds sown
in heat in spring. Soil, sandy loam and leaf soil
or peat, with well-rotted manure. Occasional
waterings with weak manure water in summer are
beneficial.

Principal Species :—

coccinea, 3', Oct., sc.

SCHLIMMIA.

A small genus of stove epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidacese). They may be grown with the
Stanhopeas, and treated like them. Neither of the
two species named below is of great decorative value.

Principal Species :—
jasminodora, 8" to 10", triSda, win., wh., spotted

win., wh., fleshy and pur. , very fragrant.

fragrant.

SCHMIDELIA

ORNITROPHI:).
Slove shrubs and small trees (ord. Sapindacese),
for the greater part. A few have been introduced,
but have been lost sight of. The flowers are very
small in all cases.

SCHCEFFIA.

Stove and greenhouse trees (ord. Olacinese).
Fragrans, the only species introduced, has yellow,
fragrant flowers in June. For particulars of cul-
ture, and fuller description, see ScHfEPFIA.

SCHCENIA.

A greenhouse perennial (ord. Composite), with
hairy leaves and stems ; scarcely distinct from the
Helichrysutns, and amenable to the same treatment.
It is of no particular value.

Only Species : —

cnssiniana, 1' to 2', Aj>.. grh. ann., yel.

SCHCENLANDIA.

(jabonensis is a curious, stemless, stove pl.-int
(<>rd. Pontederiaceze). recently introduced from
Western Tropical Africa. The violet flowers arc
solitary, and the leaves are heart shaped. Tlie
plant is said to be easy to grow, but little is known
as yet concerning its behaviour. It does not
promise to be of special value.

Scltlumbergia (xcr Caray.iata).

(syns. ApORETrcA and

SCHCENOCAULON (*yn*. ASAGBJEA
and SABADTLLA).

A few species of half-hardy bulbous plants (ord.
Liliaceae) of little decorative value. Officinale is
the only species introduced.

SCHCEPFIA (syns. SCHCEFFIA, Cono-
NIUM, and HJENKEA).

Stove and greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.
Olacinese), with relatively large, pale yellow or
white flowers, and entire leaves. Propagation,
by cuttings in sand, in bottom heat, covered with
a bell-glass. Soil, peat and loam in equal parts,
with sand.

Principal Species : —

fragrans, 15', Je., St., yel., fragrant.

SCHOMBURGKIA.

American stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchid-
acese). The flowers are showy, but pseudo-bulb?
are not always produced. The leaves are thick,
fleshy, and leathery. Similar treatment to that
accorded to Cattleyas should be given, but the
species having cylindrical pseudo-bulbs want very
little water after growth is finished until they
show signs of starting again. The plants tuay
be affixed to wooden blocks, or accommodated in
baskets filled with moss and fibrous peat. Propa-
gation, by division and imported pieces.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE.— s. = sepals, p. = petals, I. = lip. An
intermediate house temperature will do for all here
named.]

chionotlora, wh., 1. pur. veined deeper pur.

spotted. Allied to Humboldtii.

— kiniballiaua, light pur., Tibicinis, sum., 2" to 3"
inflorescence branching. across in large heads,

crispa, win., s. and p. s. and p. mauve pur.,

br., flushed yel., 1. wh. , 1. wh., ro., or. yel.

flushed ro. (.,,,„. Epidendrum f ibi.

Humboldtii, sum., win., cinis). A haml-ome

s. and p. pale HI., 1. Orchid ; does well on a

P«r. , yel. block. Cow Horn

— alba, sum. , wh. , 1. witli Orchid.

yel. disc. — grandiflora, ear' y sum.,

Lyonsii, sum., s. and p. larger (syn. S. grandi-

wh., spotted pur., 1. flora).

wli., edged yel. (*y>i. undulata, spr., 2" acrn«s,

carinata). s. and p. pur. br., 1. rosy

sanderiana, 3" across, pur., wh. (.<//». Bletia.

sum., losy pur., 1. unciulata of ' Jio/anicat
Jttgixter xxxi. S3).

Other Species: —

c-ami:it;i («r LyoDsu"). rosea. sum., s. and p. red-

grandiflora (see Tibicinis dish pur.. 1. pur., ro.,wh.

var.). thoinsouiaiiii. sum., p

marginata, brick red, 1. creamy yel., 1. maroon.

wh., flushed pk., yel. pur., yel.

SCHOTIA. (KAFFIR. BEAN TREE.)
Greenhouse, unarmed shrubs or small trees (ord.
Leguminosse), with showy, crimson or pink flowers
in heads, and pinnate leaves. Though very hand-
some plants, Schotins are strangers to most
gardeners. Propagation, by cuttings, and seeds
when procurable. Soil, peat and loam in equal
parts, with sand.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

latifolia, 20' to 30', ,To.,
grh., ro. Eloph.mt
Hedge Bean Tree.

speciosa, 8' to 12', sum..

grh., crim., Ivs. very
large, four to sixteen
pairs of leaflets («>/».
tjimarindifolia).

(see Carolina).

Schouwia

( 318 )

Scilla

SCHOUWIA.

Three species only <m-d. Cruciferae) of
branching, hardy herbs, "with purple flowers and
entire leave*. Propagation, by seeds sown where
the plants are to flower. Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —

arabica, 1', Je., hdy. ann., rosy pur.

SCHRADERA.

Unimportant stove shrubs (ord. Rubiacere), with
curious, root-bearing, fleshy branches. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings. Soil, sandy peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

cephalotes, 4', Jy., St.., wh.

SCHRANKIA. (SENSITIVE BRIER.)

Stove and hardy herbs and sub-shrubs {nrd.
LeguminosEe), often spiny. The bipinnate leaves
are frequently sensitive, and the stipules are bristly.
Propagation, by cuttings of the young shoots, in
sand, in a close frame, with bottom heat. Soil,
loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

Principal Species :—
aeuleata, 1' to 2' , Jy., st. unciuata. 2', sum., hlf-

herb, red. hdy. per. herb, ro.

Sensitive Brier.

SCHREBERA.

An obscure genus (ord. Oleacese), not often
represented in gardens. Saundersise, summer,
white, fragrant, is in the Kew collection. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings. Soil, loam and peat in equal
parts, with sand. Schrebera of Schreber is referred
to Harfogia.

SCHWANNIA (>yn. FIMBBIARIA).

Stove evergreen climbing shrubs (ord. Malpighi-
acese). Propagation, by cuttings of the ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat. Soil,
loam two parts, leaf mould one part, and one-tenth
sand.

Principal Species :—

elegans, Je., St., red. A pretty shr. with silky
branches.

SCHWEIGGERIA (»yn. GLOSSARRHEN).

Two species of stove shrubs (ord. Violarien).
Neither of them is well known, and probably only
fruticosa has been introduced Propagation, by
cuttings, in sand, in a close frame. Soil, equal
parts of loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

fruticosa, 4' to G', Dec., st., wh. (syn. pauciflora).

SCHWENKIA (sijns. CB^TOCHII.US,
MATH.EA, and MATTHISSONIA).

Stove shrubs and sub-shrubs, with yellow, green,
or white flowers and entire leaves (ord. Solanacete).
Of the score or so of species, probably only ameri-
rana has been introduced. It may be rp.ised from
seeds sown in brisk heat, in spring. Almost any
light and fairly rich soil will do.

Principal Species : —

americann, 2', Aug., HI.

SCIADOPHYLLUM (tyn. ACTINO-

PHYLLUM).

Stove and greenhouse trees and shrubs from
tropical America (ord. Araliacese). The species

Sclmbcrtia, of Illume (see Horsflfl'fia).
fv-linlMTtia of Martins (sec Araujia).
Sciadocabix (see Isoloma).

are worthy of cultivation as fine foliage plants.
Propagation, by cuttings, in sand, in a close case.
Soil, equal parts loam and peat, with one-tenth sand.

Principal Species : —
iicuuiinatum, 10', My., to eleven. Galapee

grh. cl., yel., leaflets Tree.

seven to eleven. conicum, 10', My., st.,

Brownii, 10' to 15', Je , wh., red, leaflets scvi-n

st., wh., leaflets seven to thirteen.

SCIADOPITYS. (UMBRELLA PINE.)

A handsome tree (ord. Coniferse) for planting as
a specimen upon the lawn. It may be employed to
advantage in combination with other Conifers and
evergreens in the mixed shrubberies. Although
hardy, the Umbrella Pine has a great dislike to
cold east winds when it is making young growth.
Also it detests low-lying, swampy positions, for
these are usually a good deal colder than those
upon the higher ground. For propagation, see
PlCEA and 1'JNUS. Any fairly fertile soil will <lo,
but one containing a good deal of leaf mould is
best. Annual dressings of decayed leaves should
be given. The plants are, however, naturally slow
growing. Transplanting needs to be carefully per-
formed, for even young trees dislike to be moved.

Principal Species :—

verticillata, 80' to 120', hdy., Ivs. in bunches of
thirty to forty, in whorls. Umbrella Pine.

SCILLA. (SQUILL, WILD HYACINTH.)

Valuable hardy, half-hardy, greenhouse, or stove
bulbous plants (ord Liliaceae). The greater number
are charming in the garden, in pots, or planted in
grass. The spring-flowering species are prized, and
the succession is kept up by hispanica, the large
Spanish form of the native Bluebell or Wood Hya-
cinth (Scilla festal is, si/n. nutans) ; while in warm
borders or a frame several of the type of peruviana
nre ornamental in summer. In autumn the small-
flowered autumnalis is pleasing. The squill of the
apothecary is obtained from Urginea Scilla or
maritima. Propagation, by offsets, taken when the
bulbs are at rest, and by seeds, sown when ripe,
if possible. Common soil will do for the greater
number, but a light, rich one is best for the green-
h inse and stove species and autumnalis.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

[NOTE. — All are harrly except where stated.]
bifolia, 4" to 6", Mch., — alba grandiflora.

bl .; many vars. — carnea, flesh.

— alba, wh. - Emperor, porcelain

— Pink Beauty, deep ro. s-ripcd bl.

— pra'COX, early. — Empress, paler than

— rosea, ro. above.

— taurica, large, bl. — ro'ea, ro.
- taurica alba, wh. — rubra, red.

— White Queen. nutans (see fcstalis).

— Whittallii, bl. peruviana, 6" to 12", My.,
festalis. 9' to 18", Ap.. HI. ; warm border cr

bl. (fiifiit. nutans aud frame.

nonscripta) ; many — ;dba,wli.; warmbord:>r

vars., wh., ro., pk., or or frame.

pur. — glabra, HI. (xi/n. Clusii) ;

— cemua, bl., drooping warm border or frame,
habit. — Hughii, more robust,

hispan'ca. 1', My., bl. ; tinged rod.

many vars. Spanish sibirica, 3" to C", Feb., bl.
Squill. — alba, wh.

— alba, wh. — uniflora, bl.
Other Species aud Varieties : —

Adlarni, 4" to .V, Ap., autumna'is, 3", Aug., bl.

grh., mauve pur. — japonica, pk.

amoona, 3", Mch., bl. Bellii, 4", spr., bl.

Scindapsus

( 319 )

Scissors

bipartita, probably a form

of liugulata.
Buchanani, 8", My., grh.,

grn.
cbiiH'tisis. 1', Je., hlf-

)uly., pale bl.
esculeuta (.tee Cftmafloa

esculmta).
(ralpini. sum., grh.,

mauve pur.
Ilughii (*'•'' peruviana

Hughii).
hyacinthoidcs, I' to 2',

Aug., bl., lil.

stnrln, rnvt pedicels.
italica, (>" to y", My.,

pale bl.
- alba, \vb.

Lcdieni, (>", grli., grn.
leucophylla, 1', spr., pur.
Lilio - hyurintlms. 9",

sum., bl., pur.

— alba, wh.
lingulata, 2" to 4". spr.,

1.1.

— alba, \vh.

— lilacina, lil.
mouophvlla, 3" to 6",

My., bl.
patula, 1', My., bl. ;

several vars., wh..,

ne.sh, or ro.

polyautha, 9", grh., pur.
pratensis, 2" to 3", My.,

bl.
puschkinioides, 4" to 6",

spr., pale bl.
rigidifolia, 1.;', spr., grh.,

bl.
sub-secunda, 9" to 12",

Je., grh., grn., br.
vernii, 3" to 9", Ap., bl.

SCIRPUS.

A large genus of hardy, grceenhou.- e, or stove
annual or perennial plants (ord. Cyperace;e), of
which only a few are valuable for gardens.
Nodosus is largely used for conservatory decoration.
Lacustris, Bullrush or Bast, is largely used for
mats, chair bottoms, and similar purposes. Prop-
agation, by seeds, divisions, or suckers. Boggy
peat.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Holoschn'nus, 2' to 3', nmritimus, 2' to ">', sum.,
sum.

— variegatus, 1' to I'/,
stems zoned wh., grn.

lacuatris, 1' to S', Jy.,
spikelets reddish br.

— Tabermemoutani, 2' to
3'.

— zebrinus, 2' to 3', stems
zoned \vh., gru.

spikelets br.
— variegatus, wh., grn.
nodosus, 4", grn. (*yn.

Isolopis gracilis).
setaceus, 3" to 6", Jy.,

grn., br. (syii. Isolepis

setacea).

ScilI.Ol'EXDUIVM VVLOA11E CKISl'fM (sM j'. 3'-'U).

SCINDAPSUS.

A sinall genus of tall, vigorous, climbing Aroids
(ord. Aroidese) with long, handsome leaves. They
are, however, rarely grown, and are not of much
importance. Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous
loam and peat in equal parts, with a little sand and
;i fc'w pieces of charcoal.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = spathe, sp. = spadix.]

onic-inalis, 4', My., St., pictus, Ivs. 4" to 6" long,

a. grn., yel., sp. very oblique, spotted silver

thick, IVB. heart ihapea. (*>/»*. argynrus and

pertusus (.v/ Monstem Pothos argyrffia). Sil-

deliciosa). ver Vine.

i<ciiiiliililii/lliiin

SCISSORS.

Several kinds of scissors are in use by the
gardener. Grape scissors are distinguished by
their long handles and short, narrow, pointed
blades, whose edges come into closest contact
near the points. In making up buttonholes and
bouquets scissors are indispensable for cutting the'
stems of flowers and <>tnls of wire. Two sizes arc
needed for this work — a small, fairly light one for
severing the fine binding wire, and another a good
deal larger, and with stout, broad blades which
will be equal to the task of cutting the stouter or
"stub" wires employed where a stiff stem i.-
needed. The edges of these scissors need not bf
very sharp, but they must be of well-tempered
stuff, and the blades must work closely together.

A pair of scissors mounted on a 3' or 4' bamboo

Scleria

( 320 )

Scolytus

pole is sometimes employed for gathering Hoses
and other flowers without stepping on the beds or
borders. In this case the blades are worked by a
stout steel wire running through the handle, and
terminating in a ring near the end through which
the operator's finger can be thrust. A patent grip
attachment holds the flower after the stem has
been severed.

For the large scissors used for hedge trimming
and the clipping of grass verges, see SHEARS. For
pruning scissors, see SECATEURS.

SCLERIA. (NUT RUSH.)

A genus of over 100 species (ord. Cyperacese),
but of these very few are of any garden value.
Culture as for CYPERUS, which see.

Principal Species : —

ciliata, \\' to 2', sum.,
hdy., culms slender,
spikes large.

verticillata, 6" to 12",
sum., hdy., culms
very slender, spikes
small.

SCLEROCARPUS.

An obscure genus (ord. Composite) of greenhouse
or half-hardy herbs, related to the Gymnolomias.
The flower heads are yellow. Only one species,
imiserialis, a half-hardy annual, 3' to 4', summer,
yellow (syns. Gymnolomia uniserialis of gardens,
and Gymnopsis uniserialis) is worthy of attention.

SCOLIOPUS.

Two species of hardy or half-hardy rhizomatous
plants (ord. Liliacese). Allied to Medeola. The
same culture as for Trillium is recommended.

Principal Species :—

Bigelovii, Feb., hdy. or hlf-hdy., pur., grn. ;
solitary.

SCOLOPENDRIUM. (HART'S TONGUE
FERN.)

Description.— This genus of Ferns (ord. Filices)
is a small one from one point of view, nine
species only being recognised, but vulgare alone
has proved itself possessed of such extraordinary
versatility that hundreds of more or less distinct
varieties are in common cultivation ; there is,
indeed, no single species of Ferns which passes
through a wider range of variation. Stove, green-
house, and hardy plants are all included, and
many take kindly to the atmosphere of dwelling
rooms. Varieties crested and crisped are to be
had in all stages, and many of the best of them
are quite constant. The genus includes Anti-
gramme, Camptosorus, and Schaffneria.

Propagation. — By spores (for which see FERNS).
The varieties of vulgare may best be multiplied by
division of the crowns. A few produce bulbils
upon the fronds, and if taken off and dibbled
into sandy soil these soon make plants.

Soil.— A light but fairly rich soil is best, prefer-
ably of one part of sandy loam and two parts of
leaf mould or peat. A few pieces of broken sand-
stone are an improvement.

Principal Species and its Varieties :—

[XoTE. — The dimensions and descriptions given

apply to the fronds, except where otherwise stated.

All hardy, unless marked to the contrary.]

vulgare, 6" to^lS" long, («/„„. officinale and

to 3" broad, officinalis) ; many Tars.,

leathery, bright grn. _ upwards of seventy

Sclarm, (gee Salvia).
ISclerothamnus ($ec Kii

being in the Kew col- (».//«. marginatum tenue

lection. Burnt Weed, of gardens).

Christ's Hair, Common — grandiceps, one of the

Hart's Tongue. best crested vars.

- acrocladou, 1' long, - Kelwayi, 2" to 3",
narrow, branched at long, branching.

tips. — laceratum, 1' long,

- bimnrginatum, G" to summits crested (.«//«.
9" long, \" to J" broad. eiidiviarfolium of giir-

— Claphanu'i, l^long, 2" dens).

broad, margins crisped. — marginatum, 2" long,

- Coolingii, fronds 4" 1" broad, erect. A few
long, bushy, branching, sub- vars. are marginato-
proliferous. irregulare, marginato-

— coronare, 9" long, lobed multiceps, marginato-
on one side, margins lacerum,andmargiuato-
wavy. triforme.

— crispum. 2" broad, — omnilacerum, 18" to
deeply waved or frilled 20" long; truncatum
(we p. 319). Many is a sub-var.
handsome sub - vars. ; peraferens, fronds
a few are Cow pouched.

'ourni, densum, flm- — ramosum, much forked.

briatuin,grande, latum, Ma jus is larger,

majus, multih'dum, re- — sealpturatum, 12"long,

flexum, robustum, ser- 1" to lj" broad, thick,

ratum, and Staiistieldii. - submarginatum, H '

— Crista-galli, 12" to 14" to 2' long, cleft margins,
long, iy to 2i " broad, - uudulatum, close to
margins crisped. crispum ; many sub-

— cristatum, crested and vars., including eapita-
tasselled. Cristato-digi- turn, cochleatum. m;ir-
tatum is a sub-var. ginatum, and rehYxiim.

— nmbriatum, fronds di- variegatum, fronds
morphic, ti" to 9" long, variegated. Claphamii
i" to $" broad, fringed and Elwortlui are sub-
Tars.

Other Species : —

brasiliense,6" to 12" long, Krebsii, 1' to 1'.' long,

1" to K" broad, nearly pinnate, grh. (correctly

entire, st. (•••/HI. Anti- Lomaria punctulata).

gramme brasih'ense). m'gripes, 1 " to 1 1 " broad,

Durvillei, 0" long, 1" thick, leathery, st.

broad, entire or bipin- officinale (wr vulgare).

natitid, st. onicinarum (.w vulgare).

Hemionitis, fronds arrow- rhizophyllum, fronds root

head shaped, grh. at tips, grh. Walking

Mule's Fern (now As- Fern, Walking Leaf.

plenium hemionitis).

SCOLYMUS.

Hardy annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (artl.
Compositic), witli heads of yellow flowers and
pinnatifid, often spiny leaves. Maeulatus is effec-
tive as a foliage plant, for the white spots on the
leaves are large and striking. The roots of his-
panicus are as good as those of Scorzonera, and
the people of Salamanca eat the len.ves and stalks
as Cardoons. The flowers are employed in the
adulteration of saffron. Propagation, by seeds,
sown in the open ground at any time during
spring, and by root division. Any garden soil.

Principal Species : —
grandiflorus, 3', My., hdy. Thistle, Spanish Oyster

per., yel., heads soli- Plant.

tary. maculatus, 3', Jy., hdy.

hispanicus, 3', Aug., hdy. aim., yel., Ivs. much

bien. , yel., spikes leafy, winged and heavily

roots edible. Golden wh. spotted.

SCOLYTUS. (BARK BKETLHS.)
A group of tiny Beetles which feed between the
bark and the wood of various trees. The small
size and cylindrical form are the distinguishing
points, while the colour is some shade of grey or
brown. Passages or burrows are formed by the
beetles and the larvs, and the pupw pass the
winter in the galleries made by the latter. Of the

Scopolia

( 321 )

Screens

species of Scolytus the following are the most
important : destructor (syn. Geoffroyi), upon the
Elms ; Ratzburgii, upon the Birch ; and rugulosus,
upon Apples, Pears, and Plums.

The genus Hyselinus, belonging to this group,
has several injurious species, viz. crenatus and
Frnxini, on the Ash ; and Polygraphus angustatus,
palliatus, ater, and piniperda, upon the Scotch Fir
and other Conifers. Of the genus Bostrichus,
domesticus attacks the Birch and Beech ; and
chalcographus, typographus, Laricis, saturalis,
bidentatus, micrographus, lineatus, and cinereus,
Conifers.

As a rule, the beetles chiefly affect dead or
dying trees or branches, and it is easy, for the most
part, to remove these. Or the back may be pulled
off and burned, a good time being towards the end
of June.

Rugulosus is more troublesome, as it attacks
young and ailing trees. Coating the trees with
soft soap and petroleum worked into a stiff paste is
helpful, but the removal of the badly infected trees
is really the only true remedy.

SCOPOLIA (iy>i. SCOPOLINA).
Hardy, erect-growing, branching herbs (prd.
Solanaceas). Propagation, by division of the roots,
preferably in autumn. A light, rather dry soil, in
a partially shaded spot. (For Scopolia of Forster,
see GniSELiyiA.)

Principal Species and Variety : —
camiolica, 1' to 14", Ap., scentless (ni/nx. hlodni-

hdy., lurid red, yel., or kiana and fladnichiana

grn. inside (•''/«. Hyos- of gardens),

cyamus Scopolia of lurida, 4' to 6', Sep., lidy.,
Botanical Magazine grn., yel., then pur.
ll'JG). (XI/H. Whitleya stra-

- concolor, pale yel., mouifolia).

SCORCHING.

If exposed to the full effect of the sun's rays
during the summer, plants under glass are apt to
have parts of their leaves burnt or scorched. This
is a great disfigurement, for the scorched pieces
die and become brown patches, or they may drop
out, leaving the leaves full of unsightly holes.
With the exception of succulents, such as Agaves
and Cacteae generally, all plants are more or less
liable to this scorching, and it is therefore neces-
sary to provide the glasshouses with shade during
the hottest part of the day. (/Sre also SHADES.)
Such tender subjects as Gloxinias, Tuberous Be-
gonias, and Streptocarpuses, which have very
tender leaves, will naturally burn or scorch much
more quickly than such plants as Palms and
Aspidistras, whose leaves are much tougher.

Scorching is aggravated by careless ventilation
early in the morning, or by allowing the atmo-
sphere of the house to become very dry at any
time during the hours of sunshine. The tempera-
ture must be closely watched, air given as soon as
the glass begins to rise freely, plenty of water
thrown about the paths and stages, and shading
applied. When Mnitlin^; up the house in the
afternoon scorching will not result, even although
the sun be bright, if a copious syringing be given,
and a moist atmosphere thus secured.

Scorching on Vines is frequently due to the fact
that the temperature is allowed to fall very low
during the night. A quantity of moisture is de-
posited upon the leaves, and these drops of water
act as burning gl;i"< s in'\t morning when the sun
strikes down upon them before they have time to
become dry. The remedy is to keep up the tem-
51

perature of the house by night with fire heat, and
to give air early in the morning, seeing that the
shading of Vines is not usually practised. An
excellent plan is to leave a little " top air " on the
vineries all night, from the end of May onwards,
according to the weather. Plant houses may well
be treated in the same way.

Scorching was at one time largely brought about
by imperfections in the glass employed in the
houses. Now. good glass being so cheap, there is
less probability that the glass is to blame. If
plants scorch, the reason and the cure are to be
sought for in some of the other points mentioned.

Watering outdoor plants overhead in bright
weather during the hottest part of the day occa-
sionally causes scorching, but not nearly so fre-
quently as people imagine — that is, for leaves
devoid of cavities wherein the water may collect.

SCORPIURUS.

Dwarf hardy herbs (ortl. Leguminosse), with
yellow flowers and twisted pods. Vermiculata,
the only cultivated species, is a trailing annual,
increased by seeds. Any garden soil.

SCORZONERA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (orcl. Composite),
almost the whole of which produce yellow flowers.
Propagation, by seeds in spring, in any garden
soil.

Culture as a Vegetable. — The value of the genus
lies in Scorzonera hispanica, whose tap roots form
a valuable change vegetable in winter. The soil
should be deeply worked, but no manure added
unless the ground be very poor, when quite decom-
posed manure may be incorporated with the second
spit. Draw drills 12" apart and J" deep, sowing
the seeds thinly early in April. Thin the plants as
may be necessary until they stand 8" asunder in
the rows, when serviceable roots will develop by
autumn. When the foliage dies down the roots
may be lifted and stored, as advised for Carrots.
which nee ; or they may remain in the ground and
be drawn as required.

Principal Species : —

austriaca, 1', Aug., yel. laciniata, 2', Je., yel. (SIM.
graminifolia, 2', Jy., yel. Podospennum lacini-

hispanica, 3', Jy., yel. atum).

SCOTCH KALE.

A tall-growing variety of Brassica oleracea.
which being very hardy is valuable as a winter
vegetable. (Full cultural directions are given under
BORECOLE, which see.)

SCREENS.

It is frequently desirable that, either to hide
some unpleasant view or shut out a too inquisitive
public, live screens should be used. Sturdy young
Poplars soon make a tall screen, as also do Limes.
Wood trellises clothed with Ivy, evergreen Roses,

Scorpion (Irnmt (xcc Myonntit).

Sfur/iiini Si'inin (Cormilla Emerns).

Scorpins njiiimsiis (»/' MH-HI-/I, Genista yermanica)*

Scotch As/1/iin/i'l (i'fljietilia paliistrii).

Scotch HlnebM (sir Campanula rotimdifolia).

•Vc/cA Iliniiiilx ( Mil rimming arcades).

Sniifli Croeui (tee Crocus bit/tin/*).

»•«/(•/( Laburnum (Laburnum iil/iiiiuuf).
Neateli. I'iiif (sir I'll/us si/lri'strif).
Scotch I'rinirosn («•« Primula scntira),
Scotta (see Jiossiiea).

Scrophularia

( 322 )

Seakale

Clematises, Hops, and many other strong, rambling
subjects will provide screens in positions where
trees cannot be planted, and most of these are also
available for covering unsightly and bare walls.
The homely Scarlet Runners, delightful Sweet Peas,
and rampant Tropaeoluras are all good for lower
screens than those already referred to, but they
are only suitable for summer and autumn.

Screens for protective purposes are more used
now than formerly, and it has been proved that
screens of Poplars, Austrian Pines, or Damsons,
planted on the cold, windward side of a somewhat
exposed orchard, give shelter at the time it is most
needed. In the case of wall fruit trees, especially
those that flower very early, a canvas screen is of
service to keep sunshine from the bloom buds, and
so retard them as much as possible, but at a later
date, after the flowers have opened, canvas screens
or fish netting doubled serve to guard from frost
at night ; if the former is used it must be drawn
asiile by day.

SCROPHULARIA. (FIGWOBT.)

A numerous but, for garden purposes, almost
valueless, genus of hardy annual, biennial, or per-
ennial plants (ord. Scrophularineas). Propagation,
by seeds and division. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
aquatica variegata, 2', chrysantha, 6" to 15",

sum., hdy. per., Ivs. Mch., hlf-hdy. bieu.,

grn., wh. yel.

SCUTELLARIA.

Hardy and tender perennials-' (ord. Labiatse).
There are a good many species in the genus, but
comparatively few are generally cultivated. Propa-
gation, by seeds and division in the spring for the
herbaceous species, by cuttings in sandy soil for
the evergreens, and in heat for tender ones. Soil,
common garden, if well drained, for the hardy
species, and a compost of loam two parts, leaf
mould one part, and sand and dried cow manure
half a part each for the tender species after the
cutting stage is passed.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alpina, 8", Aug., hdy. Hartwegii, 2', sum., St.,

herbaceous, pur. ; lupti- vio. bl.

lina is a yel., and san- mociiiiaiia, IV to 4', sum.,

guinea a red var. st., sc. yel.

coccinea, H', sum., st., sc. lateriflora, 1', Jy., hdy.,
galericulata, 1', Jy., hdy., bl.

bl.

Other Species:-
caicalensis, 9", Aug., LI. macrantha (sec caicaleu-

(xifii. macrautha). sis.

ColumnsB, H', Jy., hdy., minor, 6", Jy., hdy., pk.

bl. orientalis, 1', Aug., hdy.,

incarnata, 14', Aug., grh. yel.

ev., ro. Trianoei, H', aut., grh.,

jayaneusis, li',sum.,grh., rosy sc.

vio. bl. Venteiiatii, 2', Aug., grh.,

Lehmanni,2',sum., st.,sc. sc.

SCUTICARIA.

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) of very distinct
habit. The plants grow best head downwards,
attached to a block of Teak, with a little peat
and sphagnum about the roots. Water sparingly
during the resting season.

Scretv Pi»i' (sir I'andanns).

Scrubby Oak (Lophira alata).

Scrub Oak (Qm-n-iix Ciitrsliiri).

Scurry (irass (see Cochlearia oficiiialis').

Principal Species : —
Hndweni, Ivs. 9" to 18"
long, sum., yeL, grn.,
br., wh.

Steelii, Ivs. 2' to 4' long,
yel., spotted br., lip
or. yel., crim.

SCYTHE.

There was a time when the whole of the grass
mowing of the garden and field was clone by the
scythe, but the mowing machines of the day have
ousted the older instrument. Now the scythe is
used in the garden for cutting the grass in the
wilderness and wild garden, and for mowing the
first growth that comes from Grass seeds on newly
made lawns. The disadvantage of the scythe is
that, except in very skilful hands, lines are left at
more or less regular intervals throughout the
Grass.

SEAFORTHIA.

Tall-growing, handsome stove Palms (ord.
Palma;). For culture, see PALMS.

Principal Species :—
Alexandra' (now Archon- ana, now Archonto-

topha-iiix Alexandra). j.li.enix Cunninghamii).

coronata (now Pinauga Kuhlii (now Pinanga

coronata). Kuhlii).

elegans (XI/H. Ptycho- malayaua (now Pinanga

sperma cuniunghauii- malayana).

SEAKALE.

Description. — A very delicious vegetable (Crainbe
maritima, ord. Crucifene), whose leafstalks when
blanched are universally appreciated.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in rich soil in
March and April. If the plants are to be moved
the seeds should be in drills 1' asunder, but if they
are to remain where sown they should be in thin
patches 2J' apart. Also, and more generally, by
the whip-like roots secured when the stock is lifted
for forcing.

Making Up Beds. — This may be done from plants
raised in seed beds, or by purchased roots, the
latter giving a gain of one year or more according
to the age of the roots. The ground can scarcely
be made too rich with natural manure, as t la-
plants are very gross feeders. As the roots are
lifted for forcing, the whip-like roots, when trimmed
off, may be employed for making fresh beds.

Forcing. — There is no vegetable easier to force
than Seakale, and the simplest manner is to
cover the clumps with 1' of earth ; or they
may be covered with leaves and long litter. The
best method is to cover the clumps with Sea-
kale pots or tubs, surrounding and covering these
with leaves or thoroughly decomposed manure,
long litter being used as a final covering in both
cases. Rank, fresh manure should not be employed.
as the heating will be too violent. This mode of
forcing provides the finest flavoured produce, but
earlier may be secured by lifting and forcing under
cover. Any place that is quite dark will suit. The
temperature should not exceed 55° if the finest
flavour is desired. The roots should be packed in
light soil, leaves, or Mushroom bed refuse, and the
produce will be ready in from five to eight weeks.

Sriiplitea (see Marila).

Si'i//i/iiiiitliiis (sir (! runiniatiiriirjiiis).

P<rn Huclttliorn (see Hippopkae r/iamnoi(tcs).

<V« Ili'fith (so,1 Fra/nkenia &/•?/*).

Sea Holly (ace Eri/iii/iiini mtirillmnm).

Si-ii l.urriitliT (sec Static/' Liinnn'mm).

Sea Onion (Urt/inea maritinin).

Sea llaymort (Senecio Cineraria).

Seaside Plants

Sechium

Harder forcing results in deficiency of flavour.
Roots forced in this manner should be thrown
away, as the process is very exhausting.

Principal Varieties : -
Bi'cldard's Improved. Lily White. Purple.

SEASIDE PLANTS (see SHRUBS).

SEATS.

These are essential in many parts of the g-arden.
and should be as far as possible in keeping' with
ihe surroundings. For the wilder parts, rustic
seats may be used (sec RUSTIC WORK). Folding

SEB^EA.

Greenhouse annuals (oril. Gentianea?). Propa-
gation, by seeds in light soil in early spring over a
gentle hotbed, the seedlings being pricked off and
potted as necessary. Soil, any ordinary potting
mixture.

Principal Species : —
(albens, 6", Aug., wh. aurea, 6", Jy., yel.

ovata, 6", Aug., or. red.

SECAMONE.

Evergreen stove twiners {or A. Asclepiadeje).
Propagation, by cuttings of side shoots in sandy

l'h:.l:<: H'.ltMSitcr, llutli.

SEDUM ALiii'M (see p. 324).

iron seats are useful for lawns, those with awnings
being the best. Stone seats, whilst very orna-
mental when covered with Lichens and age, are
objectionable owing to the cold. Corners in walls
may bo used, covering with rustic roofs, or simply
rafters covered with climbing Roses, Hops, Honey-
suckles, Vines, etc.

SEAWEED.

Many of the commoner seaweeds have a distinct
value as manure, and are used freely as such on
farms and gardens near the coast. In potash and
soda salts the long Ribbon-weed and the Bladder
Wrack are particularly rich, and consequently they
are useful alike for Potatoes and Turnips, especially
the former. As Seaweeds are poor in phosphates,
some bone meal or other phosphatic fertiliser
should be used on land manured with them.

Seaside. Jiahnm (C'mton Eleiiteria).

Seaxiflc Grape (.<-vr Cni'rnlirftri).

Seaaiil La a ril (I'lnjUanthns latifolhu).

peat, beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil,
three parts fibrous peat and one part leaf mould,
with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
a'gyptiaca. 6', Jy., wh. lentum 'by Index Ketc-

(now Oxystelma escu- ' r>*is).

elliptica, 6', sum., wh.
emetica, 6', sum., wh.

SECATEUR.

A form of small hand shears used in pruning,
very useful for quick work in trimming moderate
sized shoots, and if kept sharp and used properly
making a sufficiently clean cut.

SECHIUM. (CHACO.)

Half-hardy annuals (orA. Cucurbitacese), with
rough-skinned. Gourd-like fruits. An attempt was
made a few years back to popularise edule in
this country as a vegetable, its huge fleshy roots
resembling Yams whor cooked, but it met with

i-i-rnili- (sec Til Mia).

Securidaca

( 324 )

Seedlings

comparatively little success. Propagation, by seeds,
in heat. The plants should be grown in a warm
pit, or in light, rich soil out of doors during summer
and autumn.

Only Species :—

edule, 6' to 12', Je., yel.

SECURIDACA.

Little grown stove shrubs (prd. Polygaleae),
generally of climbing habit. Propagation, by cut-
tings, in heat, under a glass, in sand. Soil, loam,
peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
erecta, 10' to 15', Jy., virgata, Jy,, cl., yei., ro.,

red. wh.

SECURIGERA. (AXE-WEED and
HATCHET VETCH.)

Coronilla, 1', July, yellow, is a hardy annual,
increased by seeds, and growing in any ordinary
garden soil.

SECURINEGA.

Few of these stove, greenhouse, or hardy shrubs
(ord. Euphorbiacese) are in cultivation. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of half-ripe wood, struck under
glass, in heat. Common soil.

Principal Species :—

durissima, 35', Je., st., wh. (syns. Commersonii
and nitida of Willd.). Otaheite Myrtle.

SEDUM. (STONECitor.)

A large genus of annual or perennial herbs or
sub-shrubs (ord. Crassulacene), of fleshy habit and
of much service for dry borders, rockeries, walls, or
roofs. The taller-growing species are good border
or pot plants, while a few of the closest-growing
are valued for carpeting taller plants or for carpet
bedding. Propagation, by cuttings, which should
be left for some hours after being cut, to dry
before being inserted in sandy soil ; by seeds sown
under glass in spring, and in most cases by divi-
sion in spring or summer. Common soil. Many
will grow in or on walls with hardly any earth. A
little lime is beneficial.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — All hardy perennials, except where
stated.]

Other Species and Varieties : —

acre^ 2" to 3", sum., yel.;
vars. aureum, tips
yel. in spr. ; elegans,
tips silvery ; majus,
larger.

album, 4" to 6", sum.,
wh. (syns. farinosum
of gardens and neglec-
tum, see p. 323).

— brevif oKtim, Ivs. shorter
and thicker.

brevifolium, 2", Jy., wh.:
suffers in win. from
rain.

— Pottsii, prettier foliage,
cceruleum, 2" to 3", Jy.,

ami. . pale hi.
Ewersii, 6", Aug., pk.

— turkestanicum, red.
hispanicum, 3" to' 4",

Jy., pk., wh. (*>i».
glaucum).

japonicura, sum., spread-
ing, yel.

kamtschaticum, 4" to 6",

aut., yel. (tyn. selski-
anum of gardens).

ibericum, yel.

lydium, 3", sum., pk.
(syn. lividum of gar-
dens).

maximum, 1' to 2', Aug.,
wh., red. ; several vars.

reflexum, 8" to 10", sum.,
yel. ; several vars. , cris-
tatmn is the most dis-
tiuct.

rupestrum, 9", sum., yel.

— monstrosum, yel.
Sicboldii, 9" to 12", Aug.,

tendei in some places,

pk.
- medio - pictum, Ivs.

with wh. blotch,
spectahile, 1J' to 2', Sep.,

pk.
stoloniferum, 6", Jy., pk.

(ai/n. spurium).

— album, wh.

— spleudens, bright red.

Ai/oon, 1', .spr. , sum. . yel.
Alberti, Jy., trailer, wh.
albo-roseum,l^',sum. ,wh.
altissimum, 1', Je., yeL

(syn. ochroleucum).
amplexicaule, 6" to 9",

sum., yel.

Auacampseros, Jy., pur.
auglicum, '!" ', Jy., wh.
anopetalum, 6", Jy.,

greenish yel. ; var. Ver-

loti.
arboreum, 4" to 6", Jy.,

tender, wh.
asiaticum, 6" to 12".

sum. , grn. , yel.
beyrichiauum, 3", sum.,

grh., wh.
corsicum (*rpdasyphyllum

var. and maximum),
dasyphyllum, 2" to 3",

Jy., pk.
— glanduliferum, hairy

(sif)i. corsicum. Duby).
dendroideum, Je., grh.,

yel. (KIJII. assoideum).
— variegatum, Ivs. varie-
gated.

dentatum, 6", sum., pk.
ebracteatum, 1', sum.,

grh., yellowish wh.
Fabaria (see Telephiuin).
glaucum (secliispauicum).
hybridum, 1', sum., yel.
Maximowiczii, 1', sum.,

yel.; probably a var. of

Aizoon.
middeudorfianum, 1',

sum., yel.
raonregalense, 4", sum.,

wh.
iiica-ense, 9" to 12", sum..

greenish yel.
obtusifolium, 3", sum.,

wh.

oppositifolium, 6", jy.,

trailer, wh.
oreganum, sum. , ro.
pallidum, 2" to o", Jy ,

wh. or pk.
populifolium, 6" to 10",

Aug.. wh. or pk.
pruinatum, 1', sum. , yel.

(*yn. elegans).

— i'osterianum, Ivs. of
barren shoots in ros-
ettes (*.'/». rupestro
fosterianum).

pulchellum, 6", sum.,
rosy pur.

roseum, 9" to 12", sum.,
grn. or reddish pur.
(A?/M.V. Rhodiola aud
B. rosea) ; linit'olium,
ovatum, rubrum, and
Stepheui are vars.

sarmeutosum, sum., grh.,
yel.

— variegatum, Ivs. striped
wh., stems pk. (*////. uar-
neum variogatum).

selskiauum, 1^', sum.,

yel.
selskiunum of gardens

(SIT knmtschaticum).
Semenovii, 1', Je.. wh.
sexaugulare, 3", Jy., yeU
spathulifolium, 4", Je.,

tender, yel.
telephioides, 6" to 12",

Je,, pk.

— hiematodes, 2}', sum.,
wh., red.

Telephium, 1' to IV,

sum., pk., pur., or wfi.;

many vars., including

Fabaria.
trifldum, 3" to 8", Jy.,

red.

SEEDLINGS.

Young plants raised from seeds are generally
more robust and vigorous than those from divisions
or cuttings. In some cases — though not invari-
ably—they also bloom more freely. Natural
species generally reproduce themselves true from
seeds, but florists' varieties are not to be relied
upon to do so, though constant selection has done
much towards " fixing " the colours in the varieties
of some plants largely raised from seeds.

Seedlings require great care in their early stages.
If they come up too thickly or are improperly
watered or aired they damp off. If exposed to
strong sun they wither ; if too deeply shaded
they grow weakly. If under glass they ought to
be kept near it, shaded from strong sun, and given
air, .without draughts. Watering should be care-
fully done, always seeing that the surface alone is
not damp while the subsoil is dry. This is a fruit-
ful source of damping off. With small seedlings of
a delicate nature, it is often best to immerse the
pot partially in water and allow the water to rise
through the soil until it begins to percolate through
the surface, when the pot may be removed from
the water. Seedlings in the open should be shaded
from strong sun. When seedlings have made one
pair or so of rough leaves (those formed after the
first or seed leaves) they should be pricked out a
short distance apart and watered and shaded for a.
few days.

Seed Room

( 325 )

Selaginella

SEED ROOM.

It is a matter of great consequence that the
apartment in which seeds are kept until required
for sowing should be both suitable and conveniently
fitted up. The first essentials are that it should lie

SELAGINELLA BUAUXII (seep. 326).

perfectly dry, and capable of being properly aired.
A close, damp room causes either decay or pre-
mature germination. The room should be fitted
up with cases containing drawers and shelves,
and, for the preservation of some seeds, bottles
with air-tight capsules are very convenient.

SEEMANNIA.

Ternifolia, 3' to 4', winter, scarlet (jtyn. silvatica),
the principal species, is an interesting stove per-
ennial (prd. Gesneracese), closely related to
Acliimenes and Isoloma. Propagation, by seeds,
sown in pots of fibrous loam or leaf soil, with
sand and peat, and put in a temperature of about
70° ; or by division of the creeping rhizome. Soil,
loam, sand, and peat.

SELAGINELLA.

Description. — Upwards of 300 species are in-
eluded in this large and important genus (prd,
Selaginese), but of these only between sixty and
seventy are in cultivation. Many are exceedingly
elegant and useful plants.

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy evergreen plants
are all included, but there is a good deal of varia-
tion in the habit and general appearance of the
plants.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the creeping stems
a: any time except winter, when the cuttings are
apt to damp off. Also by layers, the shoots being
simply pegged down and severed when rooted. In
choosing cuttings take the tips of main stems, if
possible, not exhausted side branches, and discard
any t hat are showing the little "cones "or fruits.

Soil. — Almost any light, rich soil will do, but it
should contain a heavy proportion of sand. Equal
parts of loam and leaf mould, with sand and a few

pieces of charcoal, answer. Peat may be substituted
for the leaf mould, and it should be fibrous in the
case of grandis, which also requires to be enclosed
in a case to do really well.

Other Cultural Points. — The stove and green-
house species like a close, uniformly moist atmo-
sphere. A good deal of water will be needed in
spring, summer, and early autumn, but watering must
be very carefully done in winter. For the trailing
species particularly broad, shallow pans, rather
deeper at the back than the front, are preferable
to pots, as a good deal of rooting surface is required,
with comparatively little soil. Examples are to be
found in kraussiana and its varieties, bakeriana,
serpens, and uncinata. Even the erect growers do
well in these pans. Uncinata and bakeriana are
excellent for baskets or rustic woodwork. Galeot-
tei makes a superb mass of greenery in a hanging
basket in a large house. Martensii and its varieties
are at home upon rockwork in warm houses.
Willdenovii is at its best upon a trellis, and
kraussiana comes in handily for planting beneath
plant house stages. Its varieties do better in
small pots (60's) and are very handy for furnish-
ing. Apus and emiliana also come in this
category. In almost all cases no repotting is
needed — Selaginellas transplant badly — the cut-
tings'being simply dibbled into the pans which are

SELAGINELLA CUSPIDATA EMILIANA (see p. 326).

to be their permanent quarters. Watering over-
head must never be attempted ; the plants detest
it. Of manurial stimulants liquid cow manure is
best, but it should be given only in the height of
the growing season.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — s. = fruiting spikes or cones.]
alboniteus, slender, trail- spear shaped, s. J" to

ing, freely pinnate, Ivs. J ' long, grh.

Selaginella

( 326 )

Selaginella

apus, stems 1" to 4" long,
simple or forked, tufted ,
s. y to |" lone, grh.
or st. (syns. apoda ami
densa of gardens) ;
useful for small vases.

atroviridis, stems 1' long,
flattened on back, Ivs.
rounded, s. i_" to 1"
lone, square, st.

bakeriana, trailing, s. 1"
to 2" long, grh. (syn.
leptostachya).

Braunii, stems 1' to 11'
long, erect, much
divided, s. short and
square, grh. (si/us. Will -
denovii of gardens, not
Baker, and pubescens of
gardens; fee p. 325).

caualiculata, stems creep-
ing, side branches 4" to
6" long, Ivs. pointed, s.
£" to 1" long, st. (si/if.
caudata, chinensis, con-
ferta, and sineusis of
gardens).

caulescens, steins 6" to
12", erect, Ivs. sharp
pointed, s. $" to i_"
long, square, st.

— amoma, stems 1 ' long,
triangular, pinnate, st.;
a good room plant.

— argentea, Ivs. whitish
grii. beneath, st.

— minor, stems 4" high,
less divided, st. or warm
grh. (.\'/w. japonica).

cuspidata, stems 6" long,
branching, Ivs. egg
shaped, pointed, green-
ish wh., s. J" to J" long,
square, st.

— crispa, sterns crisped,
st.

— elongata, steins 1 ' long,
less branching.

— emiliana, stems 6"' to
9", erect, much
branched, horizontal
when older, st. (syn.
emiliana of gardens) ;
very useful, good for
small pots (see p. 325).

erythropus, stems 6" long,
bright crim., branching,
s. square, st. (si/n. um-
brosa of gardens).
- major, stems more
compound, Ivs. adpress-
ed, st.

— setosa, a small, starved
form.

Galeottei, stems 1' to 2'
long, s. j" to i_" long,
square, st.; elegant for
large baskets.

— gracilis, stems 2' to
3' long, piunately
branched, s. |" to 1"
long, square, st.

grandis, stems U' to 2'
lone, branching, like a
miniature tree, but very
feathery, Ivs. spear
shaped, s. 1" to 1J"
long, tail-like, st.; best
in a close case.

hsematodes, stems 1' to 2'
long, erect, bright crim.,
feathery, s. 1" to 1J"
long, square, st. (>.'/"•
nlicin;i).

imi'qiuilifolia, stems 3' to
4' long, branches 6"
long, s. V to f long,
square, st.

— perelegans, stems and
pinna: shorter, s. 1"
long, st.; more elegant
than type (syn. bellula
of Moore).

kraussiana, stems 6" to
12" long, trailing, s. !
short and square, st. or
grh. ; the most useful
(si/ns. denticulata of
gardens, not Link, and
Lycopodium deuticula-
tum). Several vars.
including :

— aurea, grn., golden, st.
or warm grh.

— Brownii, dwarf, warm
grh.

— Stausfieldii, stems much
constricted, tufted, grh.

— variegata, grn., wh. ,
warm grh.

lepidophylla, stems 2" to
4" long, branching,
tufted, Ivs. reddisli brn.
when old, s. 4_" to £"
long, square, st. or
grh. Resurrection Club
Moss.

Martensii, steins 6" to
12", branching, erect,
bearing many root
fibres, warm grh. or
st. ; one of the most
useful (see p. 327).

— divaricata, less branch-
ing, smaller, Ivs. pale
grn., warm grh. or grh.

— formosa, more slender
in habit, st.

— stolonifera, stems very
upright, st.

- variegata. Ivs. and
stems blotched creamy
wh., st.

oregana, stems 1' long,
pendent, branching,
s. square, grh.

Poulteri, s. j" to 1" long,
grh. ; more robust.

tassellata, stems erect,
fleshy, branching, s.
pendent, long, square,
st.; an elegant plant.

uncinata, stems 1' to 2'
long, trailing, Ivs. bluish
grn., s. $" to £" long,
square, st. or grh. (sift.
cjesia of gardens ; see
v. 327).

Wallichii, stems 2' to 3'
long, bipinnate, s. 1"
long, square, st.

Wilklenovii (of Baker, not
of gardens) stems 20' to
25.', climbing, branches
1' to 2' long, Ivs. metal-
lic bl., s. J" to 1" long,
square, st. (syns. cassia)
arborea and laevigata of
gardens.

Other Species and Varieties : —

affinis, stems 12" to 15"
long, trailing, branch-
ing, s. \" to J" long,
st. (•«/«. rigida of
gardens).

afrieaua (see Vogelii).
anioma (see caulescens
var.) .

apoda (see apus).

argentea (see caulescens
var.).

bellula (we iuajqualifolia
perelegans).

Brownii («•« kraussiaua
var.).

cassia (of gardens, see
unciuata).

— arborea (see Willden-
ovii).

caudata («•<; canaliculata).

chinensis (see canalicu-
lata).

coguata (see Lobbii).

couvoluta, stems 3" to G"
long, branching to base,
tufted, s. \" to A." long,
square, st.

delicatissima, steins
thread-like and trailing,
branching, grh.

densa (wrapus).

denticulata, close to hel-
vetica but has s. square,
grh. This is the dentic-
ulata of Link, not of
gardens, for which ace
kraussiana.

dichroa (see Vogelii var.).

divaricata (see Martensii
var.).

Douglasii, stems 3" to 6"
long, forked, s. A" to
1" long, hlf-hdy.

elougata (see cuspidata
var.).

emiliaua (of gardens, see
cuspidata var.).

filicina (see hasmatodes).

flabellata, stems 1' to 2'
long, erect, sharp
pointed, s. A." to 1"
long, square, st.

flagellifera (see plumosa
var.).

flagelliformis (of gardens,
sec plumosa).

flexuosa, stems 1' long,
branching, flattened at
back, s. A." to 1" long,
square, st.

formosa (see Marteusii
var.

fulcrata, stems 1J' to 2',
erect, branching, s. \"
to A" long, square, grh.,
st."

Griffithii, stems 6" to
12", erect, branching, s.
J" to A." long, square,
st.

helvetica, stems 2" to 3",
matted, trailing, s. A."
to 1" long, cylindrical,
hdy. (xyn. Lycopodium
helveticum, Linna>us).

involvens, stems 2" to 6"
long, twice or thrice
divided, tufted, warm
grh.; pretty but rare.

— texta, stems less com-
pound (syn. texta).

- variegata, branches
creamy wh., st.

hevigata, stems 1' to li'
long, branching, s. A"
to 1" long, square, st.

la'vigata (of commerce,
see Willdenovii).

- Lynllii, fronds more
divided, s. shorter but
larger.

leptostachya (see bakeri-
ana).

Lobbii, steins 3' to 4'
long, subscaudent, 8.
square (syn. coguata).

ludoviciaua, close to apus
(.s////. apus denticulata).

Lyallii (m-e liuvigata var.).

Metteuii, stems trailing,
slender, grh.

molliceps, stems b'". pale
red, much divided,
erect, s. i" to A" long,
twisted, st.

nmtabilis (of gardens, see
serpeus).

patula, like serpens, but
has a whip-like tip to
branches, warm grh.

perelegans (we iua:quali-
folia var.).

pilifera, stems 3" to 4",
branching, tufted, grh.

plumosa, stems b"' to 12",
branching, trailing, s.
J" to A." long, square,
st. (syn. flagelliformis
of gardens).

— flagellifera, whip-like
tips to branches, st.; an
elegant plant.

posppigiana, stems 1' to 2'
long, trailing, much
branched, s. |" to A"
long, square, grh.

radiata, stems 6" to 12"
long, slender, sub-erect,
branching, s. i " to i"
long, square (si/n. Wars-
cewiczii).

rigida (of gardens, «v
affinis).

rubella, stems 1', erect,
branching, brownish
red, Ivs. red when old,
s. J" to 1" long, square,
grh.

serpens, stems 6" to 9"
long, branching freely,
trailing, s. i" to I"
long, square, st. (SI/H.
nmtabilis of gardens).

setosa, a starved form of
erythropus.

sinensis (of gardens, sn-
canaliculata).

texta (see in vol veils var.).

umbrosa (of gardens, .•</'
erythropus).

Victoria?, stems 3' to 4'
long, branching, s. 1 '
to 2" long, square, st.;
handsome, but r:uv.

viridangula, stems 3' to
4' long, branches 1 ' long,
s. 1" to 2" long, square,
st.

Selago

(327 )

Semele

viticulosa. strnis li" long.

divided, triangular, s.
short, square.
Yogrlii, stems 1' to '2'
long, divided upward.

erect, lys. often pk., s.
\" to ^" long, square ;
dichroa is a var.
"\Varscewiczii (.sreradiata) .

SELAGINELLA MAUTENSII (step. 326).

SELAGO.

Annual herbs, shrubs, and sub-shrubs (ord.
Selagineae), suitable for the greenhouse or for
planting out in summer in warm positions. Prop-
iurat ion, by cuttings of half-ripened wood in bottom
heat, under a glass. Soil, loam and leaf soil with
a little sand.

Principal Species: —

corymbosa. '2', sum., wh.
distans, 1', sum., wh.
fruticosa of Liuna'us, 1 ',

sum., yel.
myrtifoha, fi", sum., pk.

(A////. Gillii).

rotundifolia, 1', sum.,

pur.
serrata, 1', sum.,bl. («im.

fasciculata).
spuria, '2', sum., vio. (tipi.

nipuuculoides) .

SELENIA.

Little cultivated hardy annuals (ord. Cruciferse),
deserving more attention from growers. They
have pretty, finely divided leaves and racemes of
Hmvers. (For culture, tee HARDY ANNUALS.)

Principal Species : —

aurea, 9', Je., yel.

SELENIPEDIUM.

This is one of the sections into which botanists
havo divided the large genus Cypripedium (iird.
Orchidaoe«B). In this work the latter genus is
.•idlincd to in its entirety, but it may here be
stated that the section Selenipedium differs from
the true Cypripedium in a few particulars. Seleni-
pediums are all American, they have bright green
leaves, which are mostly long and slender ; the
flower scapes are longer than in the Cypripediums,
jointed, and bracteate ; and, as the flowers open
successively, the flowering season is extended.

The principal species belonging to this section
are boisserianum, caricinum, caudatum. lindleya-
num, longifolium, sargentianiim. and Schlimii ; and

the principal hybrids are Ainsworthii, albo-pur-
pureum, cardinale, calurum, conchiferum, domini-
anum, grande, leucorrhodum, Schroderae, Sedeuii,
suave, and Titanum.

SELINUM (*yns. CNIDIUM and MYLINUM).

Chiefly hardy, branching herbs {ord, Umbelli-
ferae), with white or yellowish green flowers and
•finely cut leaves. Of no garden value, and rarely,
if ever, grown.

SEMECARPUS.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Anacardiaceae) witli
small flowers, succeeded by nuts or berries, the
juice of which is used by the natives of Ceylon and
tropical Asia for marking cotton cloth. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of ripe shoots under a bell-glass
in sand and in heat. Soil, loam, peat, leaf mould,
and sand.

Principal Species and Variety :
Anaeardium, 50', Jy., — cuneifolium, Ivs.

greenish yel. Malacca wedge shaped.

Kidney Bean.

SEMEIANDRA.

Grandiflora, 6', March, scarlet, the only species,
is a slender greenhouse shrub (ord. Onagrariae)
with handsome flowers, nearly related to the
Fuchsia, and requiring similar cultivation. {See
FUCHSIA.)

SEMELE.

A genus of one species, androgyna (*yn. Ruscus
androgyna, ord. Liliacese). It is a greenhouse

SKI.ACilNELLA UXCINATA («!/». C.VSIA Of OAKDEXS 1

see p. Mel)-

climber, 3(X to 4(1', with small, greenish white
tlmvtTs, succeeded by red berries. Propagation, by

f*t-/f lli'nl (»y I'm nella wlffarii).
Selliyiieii (*n' dymnogramme).

Sempervivum

(328 )

Senecio

seeds and division. Soil, rich loam and sand.
The young shoots may be used as a substitute
for Asparagus.

SEMPERVIVUM. (HOUSELEEK.)
A large genus of hardy or greenhouse herbs or
sub - shrubs (<ird. Crassulaoeaj) with succulent
leaves, which adapt them to living in the most
arid situations. The hardy species are suitable
for edgings, rockwork, old walls, and roofs, while
some of the greenhouse species make interesting
pot plants for the window or tor bedding in
summer. The nomenclature of the genus is in a
confused state in gardens on account of the
difficulty of determining many of the species.
Propagation, by seeds sown under glass in spring,
or by offsets. Sandy soil, with a little old mortar
or lime rubbish. They flower best in full sun.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
[NOTE. — All hardy except where otherwise
stated.]

arachuoideum, 4", Je.,
red. Cobweb House-
leek.

— barbulatum, 4", sum.,
ro. (syii. barbulatum).

— doellianuiu, 4" to 6",
Je., bright red (»//«.
doellianum).

— Faucoimetti, 6" to 8",
sum., red (syii. Faucon-
uetti).

— Hausmanni, 6", sum.,
red (nyit. Hausmaimi).

— Laggeri, G", Je., red ;
tine form (syii. Lag-
geri).

— piliferum, 4", Je., red
(syn. piliferum).

— webbianum, 4" to 6",
Je. , red (xyii. web-
biauum) .

arena rium, 6" to 9",
sum., pale yel.

— Neilrichii (syn, Neil-
richii).

glaucum, 6" to 12", sum.,
red.

— acuminatum, 9", sum.,
red.

— Schlehani, 9", sum.,
red.

— Sehottii, 1' , sum., red.
globiferum, 3" to 5",

sum., pale yel.

— graudiflorum, 3" to 4",
sum., yel. (at/it, graudi-
florum).

— soboliferum, 6" to 9",
sum., pale yel. (.W/H.S.
soboliferum and hir-
tum of Jacquin).

inoiitanuin, 6", Je.,

pur.
tabulseforme, 1', Je., grh.,

yel.

— variegatuin, Ivs. varie-
gated.

Teotorum, 1', Jy., pale
red. Common House-
leek, Seugreeu, etc.

— Lamottei, 1', sum., pk.
(syii. Lamottei).

— parvulum, 6" to 12",
sum. , pale red.

- Regime Amalia", 6",
sum., pale yel. (syii.
Regina? Amaliaj).

- rusticanum, 1', sum.,
reddish wh. (syns.
Requieni of gardens,
etc.).

triste, 1, sum., red.

Other Species and Varieties :—
arboreum. 3' to 6'. sum.. flagelliforme, 4", Je.,
red.

grh., yel.
— atropurpureum, foli-
age pur.

— variegatum, Ivs. mar-
gined cream.

arveruense, 6" to 8",
sum., pk.

atlanticum, 1', sum., pale
red.

Boissieri, 9", Jy., red.

boutignyamim, G" to 8",
sum., ro.

Brauuii, 6" to 9", Jy. .
yel.

calcareum. 10" to 12",
sum., pale red (stni .
californicum of gar-
dens).

canariense, !£', Je., grh.
nhr., wh.

fimbriatum, 6" to 9", Jy.,
red.

Funckii. 6" to 9", Jy.,

reddish pur.
glutinosum, 2', Jy., grh.

shr., yel.
hirtum, 6" to 9", Je. .

pale yel.
holochrysum, Dec., grh.,

yel.
Lindleyi, 6" to 9", Je.,

grh. shr., yel. (syn.

villosum).
mettenianum, 4" to 6",

sum., rosy wh.
Moggridgei, 9", Sep.. red.
Mouanthes (now Monan-

thes polyphylla).
Paivfe, Aug., grh., low

shr., gru.
jKirrulum, 6" to 12", Jy.,

pale red.
patens, G", sum., yel.

soboliferum (see globi-
ferum var. sobolife-
rum) .

Verloti, 6" to 9", Jy ,
rosy red (»yn. Pomellii
Verloti) .

violaceum, 1', sum., red.

Wulfeni, 6" to 9", sum.,
yel.

yoimgianum, 3', Je., grh.
shr., yel.

- Heuffelii, G" to 8",

Aug. , pale yel.
Pittouii, 4" to 6", Jy.,

pale yel.
Pomellii, 6" to 9", Jy.,

rosy red.
Royeui, 1', sum., reddish

wh.
ruthenicum, G" to 12' ,

pale vel.
Schuittspahni, 6" to 9",

sum., yel.

SENECIO. (RAGWEED, GROUNDSEL.)

A very large genus of annual, biennial, or peren-
nial stove, greenhouse, or hardy plants (ord. Com-
posite), of herbaceous, sub-shrubby, or shrubby
habit. Many of the plants called by botanists
Senecios have other garden names, whicli are used
in this work, and only a small number of the many
true Senecios of gardens can be given here. Prop-
agation, the annuals by seeds ; the perennials by
seeds, division, or cuttings. Any common soil of a
loamy nature. (See also CiNEHARiA, KLEINIA,
and LIGULAEIA.)

Principal Species :--
argeuteus, 1' to 2', sum.,

grh. sub-shr. , yel.
chordifolius, 1', Jy., grh.

sub-shr., yel.
Doroiiicum, 1', sum., hdy.

per., yel.

— trausylvanicus, yel.
elegaus, 1' to 2', sum.,

hlf-hdy. ami., pur.;

double vars. in various

colours (syn. Jacobaja

elegans).
graudifolius, 10' to 15',

sum., hlf-hdy. shr., yel.

(syn. Ghiesbreghtii) .
Heritieri, spr., grh. shr.,

pur., wh. (xifiis. Ciner-
aria aurita aiidC.lanata) .
incanus, 3" to 6", Aug.,

hdy. per., yel.

macroglossus. sum., grh.

el., pale yel. Cape Ivy.
macrophyllus, G', Aug.,

hdy. per., yel.(teep.33ai).
mikanioides, Deo., grh.

cl., yel. German Ivy.
Petasites, 3' to 8', spr.,

grh. per. , yel. (*?/«*'.

platanif olius of gardens

and Cineraria Petasites) .
puleher, 1' to 2', aut.,

hdy. per., pur.
pyramidatus, 2', sum.,

grh. per., yel.
sagittifolius, 7' to 10',

sum., grh. per., creamy

wh.
Smithii, 3' to 4', Je., hdy.

per., wh.
speciosus, 1', Jy., grh.

per., pur.
Other Species and Varieties : —

acouitifohus, 4', sum.,

hdy. per., pk.
adeuotnchia, 2', My.,

grh. sub-shr., yel.
adonidifolius, 1' to 1^',

Jy., hdy. per., or. (syn.

abrotunif olius) .
Anteuphorbium (now

Kleiuia Anteuphor-
bium).
auraiitiacus (the correct

name of Cineraria aur-

antiaca).
auriculatissimus, Feb.,

grh. climbing shr., yel.
balbisiauus (correct name

of Cineraria longifolia

of Allioni).
brachycha;tus (correct

name of Cineraria

longifolia).
caniiolicus, 1', hdy. per.,

yel.
Cineraria (correct name

of Cineraria muritima).
Claussenii, 2', aut., grh.,

yel.
concolor, 1' to 2', sum.,

hlf-hdy. per., purplish

wh.

correvouiauus, hdy. per.,

yel.
cruentus (correct name of

Cineraria cruenta).
diversifolius pnmatindus,

2', Je., hlf-hdy. per.,

pur. (XIIH. Braciiyrhyu-

chos albicaulis).
Doria, 4', Aug., hdy. por ,

yel.
ela;agnif olius, 6' to 8',

grh. shr., yel.
Galpini (now Kleiniu ( iul-

pmi).
glastifolius, 4', Je., grh.

sub - shr., pur. (si/n.

lilacinus of Bottutiral

KrpiKter 1342).
grandiflorus, 4'to ")',Aug.,

grh. per. (sun. veuus-

tus).

hanburianus. 5", st, yel
Haworthii, Jy., grh. sub-
shr., yel.
Hualtata, •'>', Je.. hdy.

]>er , yel.
japonicus (the correct

name of Ligulariu

japonioa).

Sensitive Plant

Sequoia

Kn-mpferi (correct name
of Liguluria Kiump-
feri).

— aureo-maculatus, ITS.
blotched yel.

— variegatus, variegated,
lagopus, ti", sum., hdy.

per., yel.
laxifolius, Je., grh. shr.,

yel. (correctly laxit'o-

lius of Masters).
Ledebourii (correct name

of Ligularia raacro-

phylla).
leucostachys, ITS. elegant,

whitish, otherwise like

Cineraria.
Ligularia, '!' to 4', sum.,

hdy., yel.
lilacinus, near glastifolius,

uowconsidered distinct,
multibracteatus, IV, sum.,

grh. ami., pur.
multiflorus, 'A', sum., hlf-

hdy. per. (syiis. Ciner-
aria multiflora and
Doronicum Bourgiei
of Botanical May&zine
4994).

Palmeri, 1' to 2', grh.
per. or hdy. ami., yel.
plant with wh. felt.

populifolius, '!' , spr., grh.,
lil. wh., yel.

pra;cox, '!' , Je., grh. sub-
shr., yel.

petroneurus, 4* to 8',
NOT., grh., pale yel.

scaposus caulescens, 1',
Aug., yel.

spathuliufolius, 6" to 12",
sum., hdy. per., or. yel.

steiiocephalus comosus,2',
sum., hdy. per., yel.

subscandeiis, Jau., grh.
el., yel.

uniHorus, 3", Jy., hdy.
per., yel.

SENSITIVE PLANT (.see MIMOSA

SEQUOIA (xyns. WEI.LINGTONIA, WASH-
INCTOXIA of Winsl., etc.).

Description. — Two species of magnificent and
gigantic trees (ord. Coniferae). In their native
country, California, their dimensions excite uni-
versal surprise and admiration. The largest
Wellingtonia is the mammoth of trees, and
rises to a height of upwards of 300', with a
trunk diameter of 20' to 30'. The tallest living

Seiiei'illis (sn- tienecio).

ii-f J-'ITII (see Onoclca tentibilis).

t (nf I. ii' n., see Cragsula).

tree measured was 325' in height, and was one of
the " Three Sisters " of Calveras, but the largest
one, overthrown by storms, was estimated at 425'.
There is no probability of the Wellingtonia ever
attaining in Great Britain more than one-half the
size and age of the great Californian giants. It
is a noble tree when grown in avenues such as that,
at Orton Hall, Peterborough, where the trees are
between GO' and 707 high. It is even nobler when
standing alone and retaining its lower branches.
Sempervirens, the Redwood, is the most valuable
of Californian trees, and is so much in demand for
structural and domestic purposes that its destruc-
tion as a forest tree is within the limits of a few
years. It is a fast growing tree in Great Britain
and Ireland, particularly in moist and well-drained
soils, and is much admired for its pyramidal form
and its deep coloured, Yew-like appearance. The
Sequoias are not to be universally recommended
for this country.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in a cold frame
in spring, and the seedlings transplanted to the
open ground when they can be handled. Also
by cuttings under a hand-light in autumn ; the
variegated forms by grafting.

Soil. — Any common soil, though they thrive best
on one moist, but well drained.

Only Species and their Varieties : —

gigaiitea, 300 ', habit spire -
liko, lower branches
drooping, upper ascend-

ing, ITS. remaining
three to four years, bl.,
grn. (xi/n. Wellingtonia
gigantea). Mammoth
Tree.

— argentea, twigs smaller,
silTery.

— aurea, twigs smaller,
yellowish.

— glauca pyramidalis,
more glaucous, pyra-
midal.

— pendula, drooping, the
best var.

— pyramidata compacta,
compact, pyramidal
growth.

MACKOPHYLLVS (see p. 32$).

Seraphyta

( 330 )

Service

— appressa, smaller,
brauehes shorter,stift'er,
younger Ivs. ami tips
creamy wh.. (s>J>i. albo-
spiea of gardens).

— glauca, Ivs. glaucous
bl. , branchlets nar-
rower, more slender.

— taxif olia, Ivs. broader.

There are other vars.,
such as pygmtea and
variegata.

seinpervirens, 180' to 2.">0',
lower branches droop-
ing, upper ascending,
dark gru. (syiis. gigau-
tea of Endlicher in part
and Taxodium seinper-
virens). Redwood.

SERAPHYTA.

Multiflora, the only species, 1' to 2', April,
greenish white, is a stove Orchid (ord. Orchidacese),
with small flowers in loose racemes and broadish
leaves. It requires the same cultural treatment as
Epidendrum, which see (sym. diffusa and
Epidendrum diffusum).

SERAPIAS (syn. HELLEBORINE).

Terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaoeae), hardy or
requiring frame cultivation. (For cultivation, see
ORCHIS.)

Principal Species, Variety, and Hybrid :—
cordigera, 1', sum., lav- sum., pur., gru., hybrid

ender, br.
lingua, 1', Ap., reddish

br.

— luteola, My. , yel. , pur.
papilionaceo - lingua, 1',

(Orchis papilionacea X
S. lingua),
pseudo - cordigera, 1 J
My., pur., grn. (xi/i
longipetala).

SERENOA. (SAW PALMETTO.)

An elegant Palm (ord. Palmse) of dwarf, tufted

habit, and suitable for greenhouse cultivation.

1'ropagation, by seeds sown in heat. Soil, light

sandy loam.

Only Species : —

serrnlata, 4' to 8', Je., Ivs. fan shaped, circular,
fruit black.

SERICOCARPUS. (WHITE - TOPPED

ASTEK.)

Little cultivated hardy perennial plants (ord.
Compositfe), closely related to and muoh resembling
Asters in general appearance. Propagation, by
division or seeds. Any common soil.

Principal Species : —

conyzoides, 1' to 2', Jy., solidagmeus, 2', Jy., wh.
wh.

SERINGIA.

A pretty greenhouse shrub (ord. Sterculiacesc),
with flowers in flat heads and coarsely toothed
leaves. Propagation, by seeds or by cuttings of
young growths under glass. Soil, loam, peat, and
sand. Seringia of Spreng. is Ptelidium.

Only Species : —
platyphylla, 10', Je., wh.

SERISSA.

Greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen shrubs (ord.
Rubiacefe). Propagated by cuttings in spring.
Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Only Species and its Varieties :

foetida, '2', sum., wh. — flore pleuo, flowers
(KI/II. Lycium japoni- double,

cum). — aureo-marginatu, Ivs.

margined yel.

Sericoyraplils (see Jacobinia).

SERJANIA («>/ a. SERIANIA).

Although this is a large genus (ord. Sapindaeea;),
few of the species are cultivated, and even they
are only to be found occasionally in botanic estab-
lishments. The plants have yellow flowers. All
of them are of climbing habit, and need a stove
temperature. Propagation, by cuttings, in sandy
soil, in heat. Soil, loam two parts, leaf mould one
part, and sand. Caracasana, cuspidata, and nodosa
are at Kew.

SERPICULA (ni/it. LAUBEMBEUGIA).

A small and unimportant genus of sub-aquatic
herbs (aril. Haloragea:), with minute, bundled
flowers. Kepens, the only species which has been
brought to this country, lias probably disappeared
entirely ; it is no loss.

SERRASTYLIS.

A South American Orchid (ord. Orcludaceie),
with a drooping raceme of flowers about 1" across.
Tt has the habit of Trichopilia, but is allied to
Brassin. (For culture, see ONCIDIUM.)

Only Species : —

modesta, st., red, yel., lip wh., pur.

SERRATULA. (SAW-WORT.)

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Composite) of little
value for the garden. Propagation, by seeds or
division. Ordinary garden soil. From the British
tinctoria a yellow dye has been obtained.

Principal Species and Variety :—
coronata, ;>', Je., pur. heterophylla, 2', Jy., pur.

— macrophylla, foliage (mjn. Kitaibelii).

larger. quiziquei'olia, 3', Jy., pur.

tiuctoria, 2', Jy. , pur.

SERRURIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Proteacese) of consider-
able beauty. Propagation, by cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand under a bell-glass, but not in heat.
Guard against the cuttings damping off. Soil,
light, fibrous loam with charcoal and pieces of
sandstone.

Principal Species : —
abrotanifolia, 3', Jy., pk. Protea abrotamfolia

(si/n. Protea abrotaui- odorata).

fo'lia hirta). Roxburghii, 3' to 4', Jy.,

florida, 2', Jy., pur. wh.

odorata, 2', Jy., pk. (fijii.

Other Species : —
anethit'olia, 7', Jy., pur. .emarginata, 2', Jy., pk.

(st/ns. argeutiflora and (*yit. abrotanifolia

triternata). minor),

areuaria, 1', Jy., pur. glaberrima. 1', Jy., pur.

artemisia'folia, 7', Jy., millefolia, 4', Jy., pur.

pur. («/«. pedunculata), («>/». Protea triteruata).

barbigera, 3', Jy., pur. nitida, 2', Jy., pur.

(syits. phylicoides and Niveni, 9", Jy., pur. (syn.

Protea abrotanifolia). Protea decumbeus).

crithmifolia, 1.V to 2', Jy., rubricaulis, 2', Jy., pur.

pur. (HI/H. elougata). villosa, 2', Jy., pur.

SERVICE.

Service Berry is a name commonly given to the
fruits of Amelanchier canadensis. The name
Service Tree is applied to several species of Pyrus.
Thus P. Torminalis is the Wild, and P. Sorbus (syn.
domestica) the True, Service Tree. (For other
particulars, see PYRUS.)

A service pipe is a water pipe leading from the
main into a house.

Service Kerry (see Amelanclritr rvlyaris).
Service Tree (see I'yrus Sorbiis).

sesamum

331 )

Shades

SESAMUM.

Stove herbs (iirtl. Pedalineae), erect or prostrate
in habit, with white or pale violet flowers and very
oily seeds. They have little garden value, but
indioum, tin: Gingelly Oil Plant, is extensively
cultivated in the tropics for the oil (Gingelly Oil)
furnished by its seeds. Culture as for Martynia,
which ate.

Principal Species :—

indicum, 1' to 2', Jy., st., wh., with red., pur., or
yel. markings (syits. luteum and orientalc). Gin-
yt-llv or Gingellie Oil Plant, Sesame, Oily Grain.

SESBANIA. (Including AGATI, DAU-
BENTONIA, and GLOTTIDIUM.)

A genus of greenhouse or stove shrubs or
herbs (vrd. Leguminosa}). Propagation, by cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots of the shrubs ; the
annuals by seeds sown in heat in spring. Soil,
loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
ii'gyptiaca, 4', Jy., st. ev. puuicea, 3', Jy., st. shr.,

shr., yel. Sesban. sc. (sijn. Daubentouia

exasperate, 8' to 10', Jy., puuicea).

st. ev. shr., yel.

Other Species : —
aculcata, 4', Jy., st. aim., st. bien., yel., blk. (xyn.

yel. picta).

grandiflara, 14' to 26', platycarpa, 7', Jy., grh.

Jy., st., ro. or wh. ami., yel. (»//««. vesi-

lougifbliii, 6", Je., st. shr., caria and Glottidium

yel. rloridanum).

macrocarpa, 3', Aug., Tripetii, 6', Je., grh. shr.,

grh. ami., yel , red, pur. sc., yel. (si/ii. Dauben-

oceidentalis, 4' to 6', Jy., tonia Tripetii).

SESELI. (.MKADOW SAXIFRAGE.)

A genus of hardy biennial or perennial plants
(tint. Umbellifenu), of little garden value. Prop-
agation, by seeds sown in spring. Ordinary garden
soil.

Principal Species : —
dichotomum, 1' to ~i' , Je., gummiferum, 3' to 4', Jy.,

per., wh. bien., wh., pk.

SESIA. (CLEAK-WING.)

A genus of moths with nearly transparent wings.
The larvae live and pupate in the tunnels they bore
in the pith and wood of trees. Myopseformis
(Heel-belted Clear-wing), feeding on Pear wood ;
tipuUcformis (Currant Clear-wing), on Currants ;
formicjcfonnis (Red-tipped Clear-wing), onWillows ;
and apiformis (Hornet Clear-wing), on Poplars,
are the most injurious. Catching the moths, and
burning badly infested trees, are the only remedies.

SESLERIA.

Hardy Grasses (ord. Graminese), of no horticul-
tural value. Coerulea, 6" to 18", bluish, is a
native species.

SESUVIUM.

Stove or greenhouse, seaside, succulent herbs or
sub-shrubs (ord. Kicoidese). Few require mention
for garden purposes, but two have been used as
potherbs. Propagation, by cuttings in sand, after
being laid in the sun for a few hours to dry.
Sandy, dry soil.

Principal Species :—

Portulacastrura, Jy., pros- revolutifolium, Jy., pros-
trate, grh., reddish (.«,««. trate, grh., red, wh.
Ai/oon canariense). («;/«. Portiilacastruni
Sea Purslane, Samphire var. of BotoiHtoi tfogo-
of West Indies. :IM- 1701).

SETARIA.

A large genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy
annual Grasses (ord. Grarninese), with flat
leaves and panicles of ovate spikelets. Propaga-
tion, by seeds, the stove and greenhouse ones
sown in heat under glass, the others in the open.

Principal Species: —

gkiuca, 1', luly. ami. verticillata, hdy., natural.

italica (*yn> Panicuni ised in fields.

italicum of Linnajus). viridis, 1', hdy. Bottle
Grass, Great Foxtail
Grass.

SETS.

Tlie term applied principally to the tubers of
Potatoes, Dahlias, and such-like plants when about
to be planted, but mostly to "seed" Potatoes.

SETTING.

The pollination of the female blossom by the
application of pollen from the male one. In some
cases this is easily performed with plants under
glass by tapping the stems slightly so as to cause
the pollen to be dispersed ; but in others it is neces-
sary to brush the flowers lightly over with some
soft material, such as a hare's or rabbit's tail. It
will be found that some varieties of the plants
which require setting, such as Melons, Grapes, and
Tomatoes, are more difficult to fertilise than others.
They are what are called " shy setters."

SEVERINIA.

A useful evergreen, greenhouse shrub (ord.
Rutaceas), requiring ordinary greenhouse cultiva-
tion in loam, leaf soil, and a little sand.

Only Species : —

buxifolia, 3', My., wh. (now Atalantia buxifolia).

SEYMERIA (si/n. AFZELIA of Gmelin).

Erect annual or perennial herbs (ord. Scrophu-
larinese), generally hardy. Those named are rather
pretty plants for the garden. Propagated like
other hardy annuals, which see. Light, rich soil.

Principal Species : —

pectinata, 1', Jy., yel. tenuifolia, 2' to 4', Jy.,

yel.

SHADES.

Shades, or protections from sun, are of great
importance in growing plants under glass, in pro-
tecting seedlings and newly planted things outdoors,
and in shielding flowers intended for exhibition.
For plants under glass there is nothing so good as
a movable shade, composed of some light material,
and fixed to rollers so that it can be drawn up at
will. Various kinds of this, almost all good, can be
procured from dealers in horticultural requisites.
Lath or Bamboo blinds fixed on rollers are also
used by some. While a blind of some kind of
textile material is the best, -fixed shades painted or
brushed on the glass are in greater use, and are
very serviceable. Many good preparations are in
use, such as the well-known " Summer Cloud " in two
colours, green or grey, which should be applied out-
side the glass. A good shading, which can be mixed
in cold water, is Williams's " Eureka," but there are
many other good makes. A cheap one is made of

/v \Vtill (*?e Valeriana).

Seville Orange (see Citrus and Orange).

Semerzmria (sec- Astra going').

Seymour in (»•<• .

Shaddock (tee- Citrus decumana).

Shallot

( 332 )

Shears

whiting or flour mixed with milk, and applied with
a brush on the outside, adding a little green colour
if the white is objected to. Similar shading can be
applied to frames and hand-lights. In applying
it, a neater appearance is given by stippling than
by painting it on in the ordinary way. Shades for
seedlings and plants newly transplanted are very
beneficial, and even a tilted flower pot put over a
plant may prove its salvation in a day of strong
sunshine." Shades for plants in bloom are often
made of scrim or some other light fabric, and
single flowers are shaded by various, contrivances,
such as pieces of pasteboard, tin, or wood, or a
flower pot placed over.

SHALLOT.

The Shallot (Allium ascalonicum, ord. Lili-
acere) has long been in favour for flavour-
ing purposes, and for pickling. The clumps
of bulbs should be divided up, and the " cloves "
or divisions planted separately. Propagation by
seed is sometimes attempted. It is frequently
stated that Shallots should be planted on the
shortest and the crop pulled up on the longest day.
In very few localities, however, is such early
planting practicable. Still, the cloves should be
got in as early as possible — for most soils, and
in ordinary seasons, the end of January or the
beginning of February is the most convenient
time. July is the usual month for harvesting.
Soil as for Onions, which see.

The rows may be 1' apart, and the cloves may
be 6" asunder in the row. For large specimens
intended for exhibition, 9" is frequently allowed.
Only bury the bulbs deeply enough to keep them
in their allotted places — the crowns should appear
well above the soil.

Subsequent culture consists in keeping the soil
stirred and the beds free from weeds, with, per-
haps, an occasional watering if June should be
dry. As thorough ripening is important, a little
of the soil may be drawn away from the sides of
the bulbs as they approach maturity. When the
foliage has died down, spread the bulbs thinly on
a mat in an open shed to dry thoroughly.

The ordinary variety has rather elongated bulbs,
which keep well, and seldom "bolt." Russian or
Large Red has much bigger bulbs, reddish brown
in colour. Jersey has rounder bulbs than the
common variety, but is not so good a keeper.

SHAMROCK.

It is a moot point as to which plant it was
whose leaves St. Patrick used to illustrate the
doctrine of the Trinity. Quite a number of
subjects have had this honour laid to their credit,
but it is still undecided which of them is the real
Shamrock of Ireland. Opinion is fairly evenly
divided between the Yellow-flowered Suckling,
Trifolium minus, and the white Dutch Clover, Tri-
folium repens. The Shamrock sold in the streets
is almost always represented by one of these plants.
The third claimant, Oxalis acetosella, also a
British wilding, lags a good deal in the rear. It is
a prettier plant than either of the Trefoils men-
tioned, and is usually to be found growing in
semi-shade. It likes a light, rich soil ; leaf mould
is an excellent dressing. It will do in a shaded
corner of the rockery. (For other particulars, see
OXALIS and TRIFOLIUM.)

Shallon (see Gaultlieria Shallon).

SHANKING.

The premature drying up of the stems and foot-
stalks of plants and fruits. The shanking of
lirapes is a well-known, troublesome malady. The
berries apparently progress satisfactorily up to a
certain point ; then, just as ripening is beginning,
the footstalk shrivels, and the berry, deprived of a
good deal of its nourishment, remains very sour
and watery, and turns of a red hue. Sometimes
shanking appears at the stoning period, and it has
been known to show when the berries are quitr
small. Shanking in Vines may be brought about
in two or three ways. Bad ventilation of the
houses, with extremes of heat and cold, and cold
draughts, is frequently to blame. When the roots
get into a cold, wet subsoil shanking commonly
ensues. The remedy is to lift the roots and re-
plant them at a higher level. The exhaustion of
the soil or some of its necessary ingredients,
especially lime, will bring about shanking. Over-
rich soil is yet another cause of shanking, and
the pernicious practice of surfeiting Vine borders
with gross organic manures has been largely to
blame in this connection. A too strong dose of
chemical manure, particularly a nitrogenous one,
sufficient to " burn " the roots (see SALTS) is now
and again to blame. Shanked berries should be
cut out as soon as they are seen, as they are of
no use.

The shanking of the main stems of young
Lettuces and Cauliflowers in pans or frames is
mainly due to crowding. In the case of early
Cauliflowers raised under glass overwatering will
probably be found to be the cause. Where out of
door crops are concerned, the cause may be the
heritage of the crowding under glass — even
partially shanked plants should never be planted
— or the direct causes of soil exhaustion anil
overcrowding may operate.

SHEARS.

These are really big scissors, whose power is
increased proportionately to their size. The
ordinary hand shears used for cutting hedges and
topiary work generally have blades about 12"
long and 3" wide, with handles describing with
them an angle of about 170t'. These shears are
usually held, in.use, so that the cutting edges work
horizontally. The useful grass-edging shears, on
the other hand, are used so that the cutting edges
work vertically, or nearly so. The nearer they are
to the vertical the better, because the straightei
and more vertical will be the grass edge. The
handles are about 3' 6" in length. Small sheep
shears, whose blades are kept in contact by a flat,
half-hoop spring, are exceedingly useful garden
tools, and can at a pinch be made to do the same
work as the makes previously noted. Moreover,
they are cheap and handy for the suburban villa-
holder, seeing that they take up little room. It
is not a great hardship to edge a small town
garden lawn with them. Like all other cutting
instruments, shears should be kept clean and free
from rust if they are to be efficient. A greasy rag
should be rubbed over the blades after use.

Shareii'ort (Aster Trijwliiem).

Kliarp Cedar (Acacia Oxyceilms and Junipcrus

Oxycedrvs).

Sheep Laurel (see, Kalmia angiistifolia).
Sfieep'g Kcabimis (see Jasione).
Shell-in (Primidina Taoacuiii).

Shelter

( 333 )

Shot Borers

SHELTER.

When choosing the site for a kitchen or fruit
garden, it is necessary to have an eye to the
situation of the plot with regard to shelter. Hills,
hedges, woods, and even buildings may all plav
an important part in this matter (see KITCHEN-
GARDEN and FRUIT GABDBN). Where, however,
shelter does not already exist it must be provided.
An excellent method of breaking the force of the
wind is to plant at intervals chimps or rows of
quick-growing trees, such as Lombardy Poplars.
A hedge of Beech, Holly, Privet, or Hornbeam may
be pressed into service, planting these so that they
describe a series of squares. This is a favourite
plan with nurserymen. For seaside places there
is no better hedge plant than the Tamarisk, and it
has the additional merit of being an elegant one,
while it does not mind the salt spray.

For temporary shelters a number of contrivances
are available. Covering with mats, tiffany, and
Frigi-domo come well under this head, as does
also the protection of tender subjects, or plants
which may be in flower, by means of bell-glasses,
hand-lights, and frames.

Boughs of Spruce Fir, Laurel, and other ever-
greens make excellent winter covering for Magnolias
and other tender wall trees. The exclusion of
light for a protracted period is harmful. For
covering dwarf lioses, Bracken is best, as straw
and hay are untidy. Covering the roots of plants
in autumn with a mulching of yard dung is another
method of giving them shelter. Or the clumps
may be covered by a thick layer of leaves, as in the
case of the Gunneras.

A shelter ground or protection ground — i.e. a
framework of wood boarded up to 3' or 4' from the
Lfi-i Mind, but open at the top— is almost indispensable
in every garden. It is of the greatest value in
sheltering bedding plants that are being hardened
off. During the winter also it will accommodate
the Deutzias, Koses, Spiraeas, and other material
waiting to be forced. The usual plan of covering
the roof is by tarpaulins, which may be rolled
upon wooden rollers.

Koses intended for exhibition must be sheltered
from the sun, or much of the colour will be bleached
out. Various contrivances are extant, but one of
the best is a little adjustable hood. Gladioli are
sheltered by little wooden boxes with glass fronts,
and open at the bottom. Wall fruit trees'may be
protected when in flower, by a thin covering of
tiffany or fish netting.

SHEPHERDIA.

Three species only (ord. Eleagnacese) of hardy,
ornamental shrubs. Culture as for Hippophae.

Principal Species : —

argeutea.Ap., yel., berries canadensis, 3' to 6', My.,
sc., acid, edible (*///«•. yel., covered rusty

Hippophae and Leptar- scales, berries yel., red,

syreia argeutea). Beef not of agreeable flavour

Tree, Babbit (.«)/;/«. Hippophae and
Berry. Leptargyreia conaden-

SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

A troublesome little Cruciferous weed (Capsella
Hursa-pastoris), remarkable both for its vitality

fffie Oiilt (Cnxuarina, strictti).
ShepheriFi Heard (sen Urnspermum).

Siii'/i/irn/'s Clock (Traiinp/ytm jmilciisix).
ShepTier£i Chili (mv I >•;•/«.«/•(//« T/in/>giis).

Xhr/>li, rtl'x Knot (let I'li/rnl ill, i).

and the quantity of seed that it produces. Hand-
picking and the frequent use of the Dutch hoe are
the remedies.

SHERBOURNIA.

The only species (ord. Kubiacese) was formerlv
included with the Gardenias, and may be treated

like them.

Only Species : —

foliosa, sum., st. ev. shr., wh., pur., or. (syns.
Amaralia bignoniasflora, and Gardenia calycina and
Sherbourniae).

SHIFTING.

Shifting is often synonymous with potting.
Particulars will be found under POTTING.

The term " shifting " is often applied to the lifting
and removal to another place of various plants
growing in the open ground. In the case of fruit
trees, involving, as it does, severance of some of
the stronger roots, this removal tends to the develop-
ment of fruitful habits. Where mixed shrubberies
are a feature of the grounds and flower gardens,
and it is desired to have an immediate effect,
the shrubs are always put in rather closely.
So much is this so that it is very necessary
to go over these shrubberies subsequently and
shift a number of the plants to other quarters.
The permanent tree features of the grounds should
be so arranged that no subsequent shifting is
nrodrd, or much labour and expense may be
involved.

The shifting of plants from the supply
department to the show houses is always an
important item in big gardens. For plants in
flower the hand-barrow is the best means of con-
veyance ; wheelbarrows and horse-drawn vehicles
jolt too much. For long journeys the plants should
be packed tightly into the cart, and the horse only
allowed to proceed at walking pace. Foliage plants
and Ferns are not so particular. In winter there
is the added difficulty of exposure to the cold.
When frosts and cold winds prevail, the hand-
barrow and cart must be covered.

It is an excellent plan to shift the plants about
occasionally in the conservatory. Ne'w combina-
tions may thus bi> made, and added interest given.

SHIRLEY POPPIES («w PAPAVEH).
SHORTIA.

A genus of charming perennial herbs (iird.
Diapensiacea:), with exquisitely beautiful flowers
and pretty radical leaves, which render them
among 'the most, prized occupants of an Alpine
garden. Two of the three known species are in
cultivation. Propagation, by division, which should
only be adopted with good-sized plants, or by
offsets, removed in spring or after flowering. For
soil. peal. and sand are suitable, in a partially shaded
position, with plenty of water in summer. Shortia
californica is properly Actinolepis coronaria.

Principal Species : —
galacifnliii, :t" to !)'', spr., uniflora, 2" to 6", spr.,

wh. (xee />. 334). pale pk.

SHOT BORERS.

MiM-hievous little dark brown or black beetlr-.
popularly known as the Apple-bark Beetle (Xyl< -
burns or llo.striclms dispar), which attack Apple.

Khii'lil- l-'i-rn (,
Xlihiiilr /In/; (
,~<lii,i:ilr I'lii ill

li inn).

i inbririir'w).

H ill-nil, 'mill, i').

Shreds

( 334 )

Shrubbery

Pear, and Plum trees, amongst others. The female
beetles are about $" in length ; the males are much
smaller. They are on the wing towards the end of
spring. The pests bore numerous little galleries in
the bark and wood, and do incalculable damage.
These galleries are lined with " ambrosia," a white
substance which supports fungoid growth. The
beetles feed upon the ambrosia. The remedy is a
thick wash of soft soap and washing soda, applied
in the mornings of warm days. This dries on, stops
up the galleries, and suffocates the pests.

SHREDS.

Nailing is not practised nowadays for wall trees
very much ; wires and ties have been found to be
an improvement. The shreds used in nailing are

not impaired— it is rather improved— unless the
fruit approach the dead-ripe stage. Late kept
Grapes will shrivel, but this is different from
shanking, and the flavour is not affected until
fermentation sets in.

When resting various bulbous and pseiiilo-lmlbous
plants only give enough water to prevent shrivelling
to any great extent. The same rule applies to
Cactaceous and other succulent plants in winter.
Old bedding "Geraniums" (Zonal Pelargoniums)
should be treated in the same way. If kept damp
they rot.

SHRUBBERY.

The shrubbery, that portion of the grounds set
aside principally or entirely for the cultivation of

SHOKTIA GALACIFOLIA. (see p. 333).

generally obtained from the waste cuttings of
cloth, and should be prepared in wet weather.
Although shreds have the advantage over ties that
they never cut or chafe the bark of tender shoots,
they unfortunately harbour a good many insects.
Where insect pests are troublesome it is advisable
to remove all the old shreds each year, burn them,
and re-nail the trees entirely.

SHRIVELLING.

The shrivelling of the skin of Apples, Pears,
Plums, Grapes, and other fruits before they have
attained to ripeness bespeaks an inadequate supply
of nutriment to the fruit, which may be brought
about in several ways. It may be clue to
shanking, which see. Frequently it is due to the
lack of moisture in the soil. Trees carrying heavy
crops of fruit are given no more consideration than
those with light crops, and the result is disastrous.
Copious supplies of liquid to the roots are good.
Thinning heavy crops is also advisable.

Pears that have been gathered too soon shrivel ;
so do Plums that have been left for a long time
upon the tree, but in the latter case the flavour is

shrubs, is, or ought to be, one of the most attrac-
tive features of a garden. That it is not so is due
mainly to errors in planting and management, or
to the bad selection of shrubs which has been
made. There is no excuse for the monotony and
dulness of many shrubberies, as there are many
pretty shrubs yielding flowers or pleasing foliage
throughout the year.

In order to make the shrubbery a source of
pleasure there should be a due proportion of
plants of both evergreen and deciduous habit. In
many places the deciduous shrubs are too few in
proportion, as, though leafless in winter, the beauty
of their young foliage, and frequently that of the
dying leaves, is most delightful, apart from the
charms of the flowers yielded by so many. The
various coloured twigs of several are also attrac-
tive in winter. Klowering shrubs ought to be
plentifully planted, and there should also be
a considerable number with pretty foliage, either
of graceful form or habit, or marked with
variegation, which often help to brighten up
the shrubbery at a dull season. The Hollies
and Aucubas are among the best of variegated

Shrubs

( 335 )

Shrubs

leaved shrubs, although all require judgment in
planting. The Aucuba is the best large-growing
shrub for planting under trees. It will thrive
where nothing else will.

The question of planting is one which ought to
be well considered. The soil should be trenched
or bustard trenched, and it- ought to consist largely
of good loam, with leaf soil or peat as required for
thi! bulk of the shrubs. It should be allowed to
settle before planting. The best time for this
operation is about October in the case of the
deciduous shrubs, but evergreens may be planted
with safety in most districts from August to
October, and from April to June. The best
months are largely to be learned from experi-
ence in one's own district, but in places where
drying winds prevail in late spring, autumn plant-
ing is by far the best for most subjects.

The question of arrangement is a troublesome
one, in order to avoid the mistake of stiffness
wit limit falling into the fault of absolute want of
pleasing effect caused by a disorderly mass. A
Shrubbery should in general have the tallest
subjects at the back, and ought to form a gradual
slope towards the front, broken, however, by a few
light, shrubs at irregular intervals, or even by
standards introduced here and there.

In placing the shrubs in their stations it may be
said that a monotonous arrangement, consisting of
a frequent repetition of the same species at a
regular distance from each other, should as a rule
be a vi 'i'led, and planting in groups generally pro-
duces a better effect than that given by single
specimens here and there.

Unless the owner can afford to wait until the
shrubs attain a good size, it is better to plant
more than there will be space for, afterwards
removing the surplus. Where the owner is un-
willing or unable to be at the expense of this, the
\acnnt spaces between the permanent shrubs may
be sown with annuals or planted with some of the
cheaper and more robust herbaceous plants. All
shrubs which might be disturbed by high winds —
and this includes all but a few dwarf ones — ought
to be firmly staked and properly fastened to the
stake's so that they cannot move, and also in such
a way that the bark will not become chafed by
friction with the ties. Shrubberies ought not to
be beneath the drip of trees. The eventual height
and width of the plants must be taken into
consideration.

The pruning of shrubs is essential, and the
directions under PRUNING (which see) will give an
idea of the best course to follow.

SHRUBS.

A shrub may be defined as a low plant with a
woody stem, but this definition is hardly broad
enough, inasmuch as climbers with such stems are
generally included with shrubs. According to
some authorities a plant is not a shrub unless it is
leee ilian 12' or 15' in height, except it is a climber.
In practice the term " shrub " is, however, loosely
applied, and sub-shrubs are often included with
them in gardening language.

They are very numerous, and include genera and
species which require stove or greenhouse treat-
ment, as well as those which are hardy or half-
hardy. It is more convenient, however, only to
name in the following lists those which are gener
ally hardy throughout the three kingdoms, and

Mirnblry Phil- (Diantlius fruticosus).

which can thus be used in the formation of a
shrubbery. The following lists name only some of
the most useful genera, and details of the species
will be found under the respective titles.

Selection of Leading Genera : —

Ih'ri/l mills : —

Abelia.

Corylus.

Parrotia.

Acer.

Cotoneaster.

Pavia (see -ZEscu-

Actiiiidia.

1'rata'gus.

lus).

JEsculus.

Cydoma (see

Periploca.

Amelanchier.
Amorpha.

Pyrus).

Cytisus.

Philadelphia.
Poteutilla.

Ampelopsis.

Daphne.

Prunus.

Aralia.
Ai istolochia.

Deutzia.
Diervilla.

Pyrus.
Rhamuus.

Artemisia.

Eukianthus.

Rhododendro:i.

Atrageiie (Cle-

Euonymus.

Rhus.

matis).

Foray thia.

Ribes.

Azalea.

Foth'ergilla.

Robiuia.

Berberis.

Genista.

Rosa.

Biguonia.

Gordonia.

Rubus.

Buddleia.

Halesia.

Salix.

Calophaca.

Haliinodeudron.

Sambucus.

Calycauthus.

Hamamelis.

Spartium.

Caragana.

Hibiscus.

Spiroaa.

Ceanothus.

Hippopliae.

Stuartia.

Celastrus.

Hydrangea.

Styrax.

Cenisus (see

Hypericum.

Syriuga.

Prunus).

Imligofera.

Tamarix.

Cercis.

Jasniinum.

Tecoina.

Chimonauthus.

Kerria.

Ulex.

Chionaiithus.

Laburnum.

Vaccim'um.

Clematis.

Leycesteria.

Vibunium.

Clethra.

Ligustrum.

Vitis.

Colutea.

Lonicera.

Weigela (sea

Cornus.

Magnolia.

Diervilla).

Corylopsis.

Xeillia.

Wistaria.

Be n <-,TK •

Nuttallia.

Zenobia.

Andromeda.

Crata?gus.

Ligustrum.

Arbutus.

Cytisus.

Lonicera,

Aruiidinaria.
Aucutia.

Cupressus.
Daboucia.

Lupinus.
Magnolia.

A/alea.
A/ara.

Daphne.
Eteaguus.

Margyricarpus.
Mynca.

Bambusa.

Eni]ietrum.

Olearia.

Berbcridopsis.

Erica.

( tsmailthus.

Berberis.

Euonymus.

Peruettya.

liryanthus.

Garrya.

Phillyrea.

liuxus (Box)

Gaultheria.

Phyllostachys.

Calluna.

Genista.

Pieris.

Cassandra.

Hedera.

Quercus.

Cassinia.

Helianthemum.

Rhododendron.

Cassiope.

Iberis.

Rhodothamnus

Ceanothus.

Ilex.

liiismarinuB.

Cerasus (see

Jasmiuum.

Smilax.

Pruuus).

Juniperus.

Taxus.

Cistus.

Kalmia.

Thuya.

Clematis.

Lavaudula.

Thymus.

Coronilla.

Ledum.

Veronica.

Cotoneaster.

Leiophyllum.

Vibunium Tinus.

Leucothou.

Yucca.

For tv'tisidi-: —

Atriplex Halimus.
Baccharis halimifolia.
Berberis. in variety.
Ceaiiothns ant<?ricami8.
Cistus ladaniferus.
Clematis Flammula.
Coronilla Emerus.
Cotoneaster.
< 'rata'gus.

Cupressus lawsoniana.
Cvtisus scoparius.
Kla-agnus.
Ephedra.
F.scallonia.

Euonymus japonicus and

eiu*opaiu8.
Halimodendron argente-

urn.

Hedera Helix.
Hippoplme rlmmnoides.
Ilex Aquifoliimi.
Juniperus cominunis.
Laburnum.
Leycesteria formosa.
Lonicera.
Lycium.
Olearia.

Shy Bug

( 336 )

Siegesbeckia

var. Salix, in variety.

Shepherdia argeutea.

Symphoricarpus.

Syriiiga.

Tamarix.

Ulex europa;us.

Veronica.

Viburnum Tinus.

Yucca.

Pinus montaua

Mughus.

Primus lusitanica.
Primus Padus.
Pyrus.
Rhamuus.
Khododendron catawbi-

ense.
Rosa rugosa.

These do with little shelter. Many others can be
grown with protection from wind.

For Toivn Planting: —

Amelanchier. Kolrouteria.

Arbutus Unedo. Leycesteria formosa.

Berberis Aquifolium. Philadelphus.

Berberis vulgaris. Phillyraea.

Colutea arborescens. Pyrus japonica.

Daphne Laureola. Potentilla fruticosa.

Daphne Mezereum. Rhus Cotinus.

Deutzia crenata. Ribes aureum.

Diervilla. Ribes sauguineum.

Forsythia. Skimmia.

Hedera. Syringa.

Hypericum calyciuum. Viburnum.

Kerria japouica. Yucca.

SHY BUG.

A member of the Hemiptera (Anthocoris Ne-
morum), which is both a friend and an enemy to
the gardener. It sucks the juices from the leaves
and stems of Hops, but in return it destroys vast
numbers of Aphides. The insects are very small,
dark red, with yellow wing cases margined red.
The larvaa are rather lighter in colour. There are
two or three broods during the year. The insects
secrete themselves if man approaches.

SIBTHORPIA (syn. DISANDRA).

Greenhouse and hardy trailing herbs (ord.
Scrophularinese). Europsea, the Cornish Money-
wort, Pennyleaf, or Pennywort, and its golden
variety only are cultivated. These pretty little
trailers do best in a greenhouse during the
winter months, and at all times of the year they
thrive amazingly in an ordinary dwelling room
window. They make good basket plants, more
especially the two varieties, and take kindly to
pots or to wooden or wire baskets, needing very
little attention. Pots of Sibthorpias are excellent
for putting a finish to the stages in cool Orchid
houses during the summer, but they must be lifted
from the stage and suspended from the roof
through the winter, or a great part of the growth
will damp off. Propagation, in sandy soil in a cold
frame, by cuttings, which will root at almost any
time of the year, save the depth of winter ; also
by root division. Soil, equal parts of loam and
leaf soil, with sand. Give plenty of water all
through the summer.

Principal Species and Variety : —

auroa, golden gm.
europsea, 6" to 12", Jy.,

hdy. per. herb, pk.

Cornish Moneywort.

Other Species : —
percgrina, Jo., hdy., grh.,

vol. (»i/«. Disandra pros-

— variegate, grh., Ivs.

variegated.

trata of Botanical May -
aziiif 218).

SICANA.

Tender climbing herbs (ord. CucurbitaceEe), with
large, solitary, usually yellow, flowers, and with

(see Patent ilia).
^ilirrian Crab (see Pyrus baccata).
Siberian Pen-tree (see Caraijuiia).

huge, fleshy fruits. (For cultural details, see
GOURDS.)

Only Species : —

atropurpurea, reddish vio.. or or., scented, edible,

f i uits pur. vio., strongly Ivs. 10" across,

scented. sphserica, Sep., yel., fruits

odorifera, yel., fruits yel. like small Orauges, yel.

SIDA. (INDIAN MALLOW.)

Stove, greenhouse, or hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs,
or herbs (ord. Malvaceas), of which but few are in
general cultivation. These are generally effective
plants, with flowers of good colours. Propagation,
by seeds sown in heat, or by cuttings in sand in a
greenhouse or stove, under a bell-glass. Any good
soil. (iSrv! fi/nn ABUTILOX.)

Principal Species : —

alcseoides (now Callirhoe hdy. per. (now Napeea

alcseoides). dioica).

imcqualis, 7', My., st. periptera (now Anoda

shr., wh. (according to punicea).

Kew authorities now sessiliflora, 3', Aug., st.

under Abutilon). sub-shr., yel. (according

Xapa>a, 4' to 10', sum., to Kew authorities
Abutilon crispum).

SIDALCEA.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Malvacese), much
resembling some of the Malvas, and of consider-
able beauty for the herbaceous border. They
bloom well in either sun or partial shade. Propa-
gation, by seeds or division, both in spring.
Common garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

campestris, 2' to 3', sum., malvseflora, of Hooker

pk. (Sida malvffiflora and Arnott, and Callir-

of Botanical Hegister hoe spicata).

1036). — atropurpurea. deep pur.

Candida, 1^' to 3', sum., — James Dicksou, dark

wh. ro.

malvseflora, !£' to 3', sum., - Listeri, pk., fringed,

lil. (syns. oregana, Sida fine var.

SIDERITIS (syns. BURGSDORFIA, HESI-
ODIA, and MAKRUBIASTRUJI. IROXWORT).

Hardy and half-hardy herbs and shrubs (ord.
Labiata;). None of the species is of any decora-
tive value, and they only find a place in botanic
gaidens.

SIDEROXYLON (syn. ROBKRTSIA).

A genus of upwards of ninety species of stove or
greenhouse trees or shrubs (ord. Sapotacese). The
wo«l of many is of great hardness. The berries of
dulcificum are sweet, and known in tropical Africa
under the name of the Miraculous Berry. Inenne,
a South African species, is known as the Milk
Wood. These and two others— Mastichodendron
and tomentosum — are grown at Kew. The genus
is practically of no value for the garden.

SIEGESBECKIA.

Half-hardy herbs (ord. Composite), usually
annual in this country. Propagation, by seeds, in
heat, under glass, in spring (nee HALF-HARDY
ANNUALS). Soil, light and rich.

Principal Species : —

orientalis, 2', Aug., hlf-hdy.. yel. (syn. droser-
oides).

ni in (.«•/• /.ivira).
I'ltntt (ace tfarracenia).

Sievekingia

(337)

Silphium

SIEVEKINGIA.

Of the four species of this obscure genus of
Orchids (iird. Orchidacese). one only, reichen-
bacliiiina, yellow and red, has been introucded,
and even it is not in general cultivation. Culture
as for Acineta.

SIEVES.

Several sizes of mesh are needed. Thus J", \", A ',
j", and 1" meshes would make up a complete set!
The mesh is of tough, closely interwoven wire ; the
surrounding band of wood. Sieves are too often
employed for sifting potting soil. Fine soil is
needed for sowing small seeds, but ordinary plants
require soil chopped up with the spade, or pulled
to pieces by hand, all the fibre being retained.
The |" size is handy for sifting cinders, and it
will be much more easy to work it if it be mounted
upon a stout Y shaped handle For screening coal
and gravel, .screens are used in which the bars
only run one way, there is, strictly speaking.no
mesh. Specially made sieves of various sizes are
employed by seedsmen for cleaning various seeds.

SIGMATOSTALIX.

A small and obscure genus of dwarf, stove
Orchids (-rid. Orchidacese) They answer to the
same Attentions as the warmth -loving Oncidiums.

Principal Species —
malleifera, yi'l., spotted radiuans, yellowish grn.,

or- vio. pur.

SILENE. (CATCHFLY.)

An extensive genus of hardy or greenhouse
biennial or perennial herbs (ord. Caryophyllese).
A considerable number are valuable for garden
decoration in beds or borders, and among the
Alpines are some capital rockwork plants. Pen-
iltila and its forms are desirable annuals for spring
or summer They are generally of easy cultiva-
tion, and of effective colours. Many of the species
have a viseid sap on the stems, which gives rise
to the popular name of Catchfly, from the insects
which are trapped by it. Propagation, the annuals
and biennials by seeds, sown in spring under glass
or in the open in summer; the perennials bv
division in spring or in autumn. Sow pendula in
August for spring bloom. Soil, light and loamy,
with sonic sand and grit for the Alpines.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

[NOTE — Hardy perennials unless otherwise
amrked]

acaulis, 2", Je., pk.
Cushion Pink, M..SS

single and double ; com-
pacta Bonuettii, Ivs. and

Campion.
— alba, wh.

stems pur. ; and com-
pacta Empress of India .

— exscapa, pale pk.,

crim., Ivs. and stems

dwarfer.

— : grandiHara, crim.

pur. ; the last is very
effective in beds.

alpestris, 6", M\., wh.
(n«\r rupeetria of

Williams).

pemisylvanica, 4" to 8",
Ap., pk. \ riean
Wild 1'ink.

Elizabethan, !)", Jy., ro.

rupestris, 6", My., wh.

maritima rl. pi., Je.
trailer, wh., double

(«.»H. alpestris of Will-

ilenow).

rockery ]>lant.

Schafta, 6", sum., pur. ;

pendula, 4" to <j", spr.

valuable for rockeries

Mini., Inly. aim.. pk.

or edgings.

good vnrs. are alba.

virginica. 1' to 2', Je.,

wh. ; eompacta, various,

crim. Fire Pink.

Sii-i;-r*ia (tee Gi-inn ).

Other Species and Varieties :—

segyptiaca, 6" to 12", Je., italica, H'. My., bien., wh.

hdy. aun., pk. (syn. juncea, f' to 2', Je., aim.

Atociou). pk. (Xyn. picta).

Armeria, 1' to 1^', Jy., laciniata, 3', Je., hlf-hdy.

hdy. ami., pk. Sweet per., crim.

William Catchfly. maritima, Je., trailer, wh.

— alba, wh. _ rosea, ro.

chloruefolia, 1' to 2', Aug., noctiflora, 1', Jy., ann.,

wh- ro., yel., fragrant,

cihata. !)", Je.. per., wh. ; nutans, 2' to 3', Je., wh.

var. Grsefferi. („,,„. paradoxa of

colorata, .1', Je., ann., ro. Lapeyrouse).

(«/». vespertina of But- ornata, 2', My., grh.

anieal ifagamu 677). bien., pur.

compacta, 1J', Jy., bien., paradoxa, 1', Jy., pk.

Pk- Pumilio, 1", Je., pk.

cretica, 9", Jy., bien., —alba, wh.

gru., wh. quadrifida, 6", My., wh.

Cucubalus, 2' to 3', Je., regia, 3' to 4', Jy., sc.

wh. (syn. inflate). Blail- Sapouaria (see Saponaria

der Campion, Cow Ball. officinalis).

Bmbriata, 2' to 4', My., Saxifraga, ;i" to 6",Je.,

"'*'• yel. (syn. petrsea of

Fortunei, 1', sum., pk. or Waldst. and Kit.)

wn- sericea, 9", Jy., ami., pk.

galhca, 1' to 2', Je., aim., stylosa, 6", Jy., yel.

pk. or wh. supina, Je., wh.

- angliea, wh. (KIJII. tatarica, 2', Jy., wh.

augliea). tenuis, 1', Je., pur. (nun.

Hookeri, My., trailing tenuifolia).

per., pale pk. vallesia, 6", Jy., pale pk.

SILPHA.

A genus of beetles sometimes destructive of
Beetroots. The larvae feed on carrion. Dressing
affected plants with soot or lime when damp, and
using manure free from offal, are the best remedies.

SILPHIUM. (COMPASS PLANT, RESIN

PLANT.)

Coarse-growing hardy perennial plants (ord.
Composite). They produce a resinous juice, but
are best known because of the reputed property
of one of the species (laciniatnm) of turning its
leaves always north and south. Propagation, by
division or seeds Common soil.

Principal Species : —
laciniatum, 3' to "', Jy., perfoliatum, 4' to 9 , Jy..

yel. Compass Plant, yel.

Pilot Plant, Polar — connatum, yel.

Weed.

Other Species : —

albiflorum, 2' to 4', Sep., terebinthinaceum 4' to

yel- 10', Jy., yel. Prairie

Aeteriscus, 2' to 4', Je., Dock.

y6'- trifnliatum, 4' to 6', Aug.,

iniegrifolium, 4' to 6', yel.

Jy., yel.

Silk I'nttioi Tree (.-.vr Hiinifiax and Eriodendron).

til/ten >V.w/ (Wr A.-i-li'/iinx).

Silk Tnr {KIT A/hi:;in .hilthriffin).

Sill; \inr (an' Periploea grace-).

Sill.-ii On It (»,r (in-rillni

Silrer Iti'II Tnr («•/• llnl

Siln-r llrrri/ (fie l-'Jii-iiiin .

Siln-r It mi-is ( ('oh/lull.,, PaeSyjffrvta).

Sihvr Ilimli (m- Anllii/llig Btia-ba-Sons).

Siln-r Ceiliir (xi-r ./•/«/'/«•;•»* firt/iitimiH ijlauca).

Siln-r Fir (see Alii*'* /1,-,-liniiln }.

Stiver I.I-H fiif I'mrl, («« /',«,•// Hi.-,, use*).

Sili-rr Hod.(tfe Axfiliiiili-lim riiiiinsiis).

-r Tree (m-i- l.i iii-nili'iiilivii n riji nit inn and

ll'i-ed (.I'dti'ulillii I /,•« r'nin).

Silybum

( 338 )

Sirex

amara, 10', My., ft., yel-
lowish wh- Bitter or

SILYBUM.

Hardy perennial, spiny herbs (prd. Composite),
Thistle-like in character. Propagation, by seeds, in
.lutumn or spring. The plants are frequently
found in waste ground from self sown seed. Any
soil will do, but plenty of moisture is required.
At one time the roots were boiled as a substitute
for Artichokes, and the young leaves picked for
salads. Marianum makes a handsome border
subject.

Principal Species : —

marianum, 1' to 5', sum., hdy., Ivs. rosy pur.,
spotted wh. Blessed, Holy, and Our Lady's Milk
Thistle.

SIMABA (syn. ZWINGERA).

Stove and greenhouse evergreen or deciduous
trees and shrubs (ord. Simarubea;), Propagation,
by cuttings of matured shoots, in sandy soil, in
heat ; also by imported seeds Soil, turfy loam
three parts, leaf mould one part, and sand.

Principal Species :—

Cedron, 20 My sum , fruits as large as a swan's
«gg-

SIMARUBA. (UiTTER WOOD.)

Evergreen ^tove trees of economic importance.
The drug known as Simaruba bark is furnished by
amara. (Foi culture we QUASSIA.)

Principal Species :—

Mouutairi Damson,
Stavewood.
Tulse, at., car.

SIMETHIS 0.'/><s MORGAGNIA and POGOK-

ELLA)

The only species, bicolor («/« planifolia), June,
white and purple, is a hardy perennial herb (prd.
Liliacese) It is of little decorative value, though
interesting Propagation, by division. Soil, peat
and sand.

SIMMONDSIA (syn. BROCCHIA).

The only species, californica, green (ord. Eu-
phorbiacetc), is a hardy, branching shrub, propa-
gated by cuttings, and thriving in good loam three
parts and sandy peat one part. It is of little
value.

SINGANA.

An obscure genus (ord Leguminosae) of no
garden value. One species only, guianensis, is
enumerated by Index A'en-ensis.

SINNINGIA.

Dwarf, hairy, stove herbs (ord. Gesneraceae),
with showy flowers, and frequently handsome lea^ e *.
The superb modern Gloxinia (see p. 33!)) is really a
Sinningia (speciosa). A curious hybrid, called
Gloxinia Tapeinotes. was raised a few years ago
between S. Carolina? (barbata) and a spotted
Gloxinia, but the cross has not proved of much
practical value. (For culture, see GLOXINIA.)

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —
Caroliiuc, sum., st., wh., Ivs. pur. and yel., small,

red blotches, Ivs. ofteu
1' long, crim. below
(syns. kirbata and
Tapeinotes Carolina?).

— major, larger.

concmna, st., sum., aut.,

nearly round (sy™. Ste-
nogaster concmna of
IMimical Maqn:ine
5253, and Steuogastra
concinua).

- multiflora, lil., bl.,
Ivs. larger, drooping
(si/n. Stenogastra multi-
flora).

conspieua, 1', st., sum.,
yel., dotted pur., Ivs.
heart shaped, florifer-
ous (syiu. Biglaudularia
and Rosanowia con-
spieua).

speciosa, Sep., st., vio. ;
many hybrids and vars.
(xi/ns. Gloxinia Passing-
hamii and speciosa, and
Ligeria speciosa). The
Gloxinia, The follow-
Other Species : —

guttata, H , Je., st., pale
grn., spotted pur., Ivs.
velvety.

Helleri, 3" to 4'', Je., st.,
red and wh., pur. spot-
ted, 3" long, Ivs. vel-
vety (syn. velutina of
Botanical Mat/nzme
4212).

hirsuta, prostrate, Jy.,

ing are a few well-
marked vars.

albiflora. wh. (.s?/«.
Gloxinia speciosa albi-
flora of Jlotanical Mag-
«=;/«• 3206).

— caulescens, Ivs. larger
(>//>/. Gloxinia caules-
cens).

— rubra, red, very fine
(syn. Gloxinia rubra).

youngiana, 1' to 1 J', sum.,
st., vio. or pur., with a
yellowish wh. throat ;
hybrid (speciosa X
velutina).

st., lil., dotted vio. (syn.
Gloxinia hirsuta).

inon/iesiana, Aug., st.,
vio., dotted red, Ivs.
heart shaped (syn. Glox-
inia speciosa Menziesii
of Botanical Muyttzine
3943).

velutina, 1J', Je., st., pale
grn.Jvs, with pur. veins.

SIPHOCAMPYLUS (syn. LOBELIA of
PRESL.).

A large genus (ord. Campanulacese) of stove and
greenhouse herbs and sub-shrubs, some being
climbers, but comparatively few of them finding
a place in collections. Propagation, by cuttings.
Soil, turfy loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

Sinapis (see Braisica),

betulaefolius, 3', Jy., st.

per. herb, red.
coccineua (now Centro-

pogon coccineus).
glandulosus, 3', Jy., st.

per. herb, ro.

Other Species :—
amoenus (see villosulus).
bicolor (now Lobelia laxi-

flora aiigustifolia').
canus (see macropodus).
crenatifolius, 3', sum.,

grh. or st. shr., sc., yel.
fimbratus (see longe-

pedunculatus).
giganteus, 14' to 16', Jy.,

st. per. herb, red, yel.
hamatus, (>', Je., grh. per.

herb, vio.
lantanifolius, 3', Jy., st ,

pur. ; glabriusculus is a

var.
longepedunculatus, 3',

Jan., st. per. herb, pur.

{syn. fimbriatus).

SIPHONOPHORA.

Aphides or Greenflies with very long honey tubes.
Kosse is destructive of Koses. Syringing with soapy.
or tobacco, water is the best remedy.

SIREX. (WOOD WASP.)

The larva; of this genus of Sawflies tunnel
in the wood of various Conifers, and frequently
do a considerable amount of damage. The
two best known British species are juvencus,
the Steel-blue Sirex, which prefers the Scotch

Siphona.ndra (see Chioeooca).
Siphonamilia (see Clerodendron).
Siphonia (see Herea).

humboldtianus, 3', sum.,

st. per. herb, sc., very

showy.
manettiffiflorus, 1', Ap.,

st. sub-shr., red, yel.

(*//». nitidus).

mncropodus, 2' to 3', Je.,

st. per. herb, bl., red

(*yn. canus).
microstoma, 2' to 3', Sep.,

st. sub-shr., sc.
nitidus of gardens (see

mancttiaiflorus).
orbigyianus, 2' to 3', Jy.,

st. per. herb, yel., red.
penduliflorus, 2', Jy., st.,

sc.

scandens, Jy., st. shr., sc.
surinamensis (now Con-

tropogon surinamensis).
villosulus, 3', Je., grh.,

red, or. (syn. amoenus).

Sisymbrium

( 339 )

Skimmia

Fir, although it does not confine its ravages
thereto; and gigas, the Giant Sirex, which
lives in the Spruce, Silver Firs, and Larches.
(juras is- black, ringed with yellow, while juvencus
is almost uniformly dark steel blue, although parts
of the male are dull red. The timber of infected
trees is of little value, and thus destruction by fire
is to be recommended. No dead branches should
be allowed to remain lying on the ground.

SISYMBRIUM. (HEDGE MUSTARD.)
Hardy herbs, principally annuals or biennials

(ord. Cruciferte), of practically no value for the

garden.

junceum, 9", Je., hlf-
hdy., lil.

chileuse, 6" to 12", Jy.,

hlf-hdy., pur.
filifolium, 6 to 8", My.,

hlf-hdy. or hdy., wh.

SITONA.

A genus of small beetles (Weevils'), the most
notable species of which are crinita, the Spotted
Pea Weevil, and lineata, the Striped Pea YVeevil,
attacking Leguminous plants. The latter is striped
dark and light yellow, while the former is grey and
rose with dark spots. The limbs in both species
are dull red. The beetles feed upon the leaves,
and the larvae attack the roots of the plants, so

A MODERN SlNNINGIA (POPULARLY GLOXINIA) TWO YEARS FROM SEED SOWING
(see p. 338, and also p. 374, VOL. I.).

SISYRINCHIUM (syn. SOUZA. BLUE-
EYED GRASS, SATIN FLOWER, KUSH LILY,
PIG ROOT.)

A genus of hardy or half-hardy perennials (ord.
Iridesc), some of which are of considerable beauty
in the border, rock garden, frame, or greenhouse.
•Grandiflorum is one of the prettiest of early
flowers. Propagation, by seeds sown when ripe or
in spring, and by offsets. Soil, sandy loam, with
leaf soil or peat.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

angustifnlium, 6" to 9",

sum., hdy.. pale bl.
- anceps, 6", sum., bl.
Other vars. are mu-

cronatum and Nuttallii.
grandiflorum, 8" to 12",

Other Species :—

bermudiana, It' to 2',
sum., hdy., 1>T.

spr., hdy.,

Douglasii).

Bell.

— album, wh.
striatum, 1' to 3',

hdy., yel.

pur. («//>'•
Spring

californicum, 1' to2',aut.,
hlf-hdy. or hdy., yel.

!<irrnxl I/I'IK (xee HtTraxtylis).
,">'/.ix«j Wood (see Dalbergia).
Sitolobium (see IHchsonia).

that these Sitonas are very injurious in both stages.
It is a good plan to encourage the young seedlings
to grow quickly into the rough leaf stage. Applica-
tions of lime and soot (which see) to the soil in
autumn are excellent. Watering with petroleum,
2 oz. to 1 gallon of water, has also proved effica-
cious.

SIUM. (WATER PARSNIP.)

Glabrous hardy herbs (ord. Umbelliferae) of no
garden value. The Skirret is Sisarum. Erectum
(»yn. angustifolium) and latifolium are common
British ditch weeds.

SKIMMIA.

Ornamental hardy evergreen shrubs (ord. Ruta-
ceae) with whitish (lowers, followed by berries, in
some cases of considerable beauty, but said to be
hurtful if eaten. These shrubs are worthy of being
more largely grown. Propagation, by seeds, sown
when ripe in peat, loam, and sand ; and by cuttings
under a bell-glass, in heat, and in sand or very
sandy loam. Soil, peat and loam. It is essen-
tial that both male and female plants should
be planted for the production of berries.

Skirret

( 340 )

Smeathmannia

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Fortunei, 1' to 3', spr., grantissima of gardens
greenish wh., buds intermedia of Carriere,
tinted red (syws.japonica oblata var. ovata o:
ofgardensaudj5o<a«icai Carriere, oblata var.
Magazine 4719 [not Veitchii of Carriere, anc
Thunberg] and rubella Rogersii of gardens,
of Carriere). Laureola, 4', spr., pale
[aponica, 3' to 4', spr., yel.; citron scented
wh. (syns. Foremanni (tyns. Laureola fra-
of gardens and oblata of grans of Roem. , and Li-
Moore). Vars. are fra- monia Laureola oi
grans of Carriere, fra- Wall).

oblata (tee japonica).

SKIRRET.

This rather uncommon vegetable (Slum, or
Pimpinella, Sisarum, ord. Umbelliferas) has white,
fleshy, forking roots, which may be cooked in
the same fashion as Salsafy. Propagation, by
cuttings of the side shoots in spring, as with
Seakale, or by seeds sown in drills 1' apart
in early April. The seedlings are subsequently
thinned to 6" apart ; this distance will also
do for the root cuttings. A light, fairly rich
soil, but not recently and heavily manured, is
suitable. The roots are fit for lifting in Sep-
tember, and they may be dug up as required, or
the whole crop lifted and stored under cover
as with "roots" generally.

SLIP.

The term " slip " is rather loosely applied by
the gardener. As commonly employed it is
synonymous with cutting (which ten). It is
also, intended to mean a shoot pulled off, and
which, although not pared like a cutting, is
nevertheless inserted to make roots. Strictly
speaking, a slip is a shoot that has been
pulled from the parent plant and has a few
roots attached. Thus, when perennial herbaceous
Lobelias are lifted in autumn, started under glass
in spring, and the shoots pulled apart and potted
up, each of these shoots is a slip. The common
Box may be readily increased by slips.

SLOANEA.

Stove trees (ord. TiliacejE). Propagation, by cut-
tings of ripe shoots, in sanrl, under a bell-glass, with
bottom heat. Soil, loam and sandy peat in equal parts.

Principal Species :—
dentata, 50', Aug., Nov., sinemariensis, 50', sum.,

St., wh., large. st., wh., small.

SLUGS.

Molluscs, of which several genera are plentifully
represented in British gardens. The following is a
list of some of the most common and destructive
species : —

Aripn ater, affects road- Limax maximus, the
Rides and waste places, largest, 4" to 6" long

blk., reddish blk. Black spotted blk.

SIu.s- — agrestis. Field Slug

norteusis, smaller, — Arborum. Tree Slug

striped grey. Garden — flavus. Yellow Slug

N"g- — Sowerbii. Keeled Slug.

Skinnera (gee Fuchsia).

Skinncria (sue Ipomoaa).

Skull-cap (see Sctitellaria).

Skunk Cabbage (fymplocarpusfa-tidus).

Sleepy Disease (sec Tomato).

Slippermort (see Calceolaria).

Slue (see Pntniis spinota).

Slow Mat I'll Tree (Carey a arborea).

In all the species of Limax and Arion the body
is apparently naked, the shell being reduced to the
swollen "mantle" in front. The tongue is used
for cutting the food, the horny teeth for masticat-
ing it.

The ravages of slugs amongst almost all
sections of garden plants are too well known.
The plants they are attacking may be examined
carefully by lamp light, for the pests are
chiefly night feeders. Or traps of Cabbage and
Lettuce leaves or pieces of Apple or Potato
may be laid and examined, also by night. When
the pests are caught they may be crushed under
the foot or dropped into hot brine, gas water,
or quicklime. If quicklime is used, it, with
the slugs, should be consigned to the fire directly
the collection has been finished, for the slugs, if
left in the lime, simply slough off their outer skin
and crawl off apparently little the worse. Common
salt is useful, but its acridity renders it impossible
to bring it into close contact with the plants in any
quantity. Dusting seedlings with air-slaked lime,
giving just enough to whiten the leaves and the
ground immediately surrounding, is to be recom-
mended. Repeated applications may be made
without fear of damaging the plants." Soot em-
ployed in the same way is good, but not so good
as lime ; still, a ring of soot round a choice plant is.
often an effectual bar to the attentions of slugs.
Hand-picking on heavy soil in wet weather is
hazardous, for the trampling does the land almost
as much harm as the slugs would do to the plants.
A ring of notched zinc, or of woven brass wire
such as is used in fine sieves, is the best for choice
plants.

Where slugs make a set at fruit trees a horse-
hair rope twisted about the stem will prevent their
ascent, or the ring of soot or lime may be utilised.

SLUGWORMS.

These are the larvse of Sawflies, belonging to the
genus Eriocampa, and the name is due to their
slug-like appearance and behaviour. These larvaa
are covered with a powdery or slimy secretion
which varies in colour from white to black and
yellow. The insects are small, black, and glossy.
The principal species are annulipes, leaves of the
Oak, Lime, Willow, and Birch ; limacina (Selandria
Cerasi), Cherries, Pears, and Quinces ; ovata, Alder ;
and Rosas, Roses. Limacina and Rosa; are the two-
most troublesome. The former is single-brooded in
this country, double-brooded in America. The
larvae are full fed by the end of June or the
beginning of July. Dusting with freshly slaked
lime and spraying with Paris Green are the two
best remedies. Lime water 15 gallons and soft
soap 1 Ib. form an excellent spraying mixture. The
pupse may be thinned down in autumn and winter
by removing the top 4" of soil beneath the attacked
fruit trees and burning it.

SMALL TORTOISESHELL.

This handsome and bright-lined butterfly (Va-
icssa polychloros) is occasionally troublesome to
the fruit grower, but it is too scarce to do a great
leal of damage.

SMEATHMANNIA.

Six species of beautiful stove shrubs (iml.
assiflorere), few of which are grown. Propagation,
v cuttings of half-ripened shoots under a glass in

Smallrecd (nee Calainayrostis).

Smilacina

( 341 )

Snails

sand in heat. Soil, loam and peat, with a dash of
sand.

Principal Species :—
liBvigata, I)', Jy., wh. pubescens, 6', Feb., wh.

SMILACINA. (FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.)

Perennial herbs, generally hardy (ord. Liliace:e),
with small flowers. Propagation, by division in
spring or autumn and by seeds. Light soil in a.
shady position.

Principal Species : —
bifolia (now Maiantlie- wh. (si/n. Tovaria

mum Convallaria). racemosa). False Spike-

borealis (now Clintonia nard.

borealis). stellata, 1 ' to 2', My. , wh.

canadensis (now Muian- (SI/IIK. Convallaria stel-

Uiemum ConvaUaria). la'ta and Tovaria stel-

oleracea, 4', My., whitish lata).

ro. (syn. Tovaria oler- uniflora (now Clintonia

acea). uniflora).

i-aceiuosa, 2' to 3', My.,

SMILAX. (AMERICAN CHINA ROOT.,

A large genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy
climbing shrubs (ord. Liliacese) of considerable
economical value, as Sarsaparilla is made from the
roots of several species ; rootstocks of China form
part of the food of some of the Chinese, and a
liquor resembling beer is made in Carolina from
the rootstocks of pseudo-China. Propagation, by
division or seeds. Soil, sandy loam. For Smilax
of pinions, see AspAUAOUs MEDEOLOIDES.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
aspera, 5' to 20', Jy.,hcly. greenish wh. China

or hlf-hdy., wh. or Koot.

flesh («/». MgUtefoHa). glauca, 3', Jy., hdy.,

— angustifolia, Ivs. nar- greenish wh. (syn.
ro«*. Sarsaparilla of Linmeus

— mmiritanica, hlf-hdy., in part).

greenish yel. (si/n. ornata, 3', grh., Ivs.

niaimtanica) ; the best spotted silvery grey on

form. grn. (syn. macrophylla

- puiictata, Ivs. spotted maculata).

wn- pseudo-China, Jy., hdy.,

auriculata, hlf-hdy., wh., grn.

fragrant. rotundifolia, Je., hdy. or

China, 30', Aug., hdy., hlf-hdy. cl., grn. (syn.
quadran gularis) .

Other Species and Varieties :—

argyKKi, st. cl., Ivs. grn., herbacea, Je., hdy. cl.,

spotted wh. malodorous. Carrion

australis, 3' to 6', sum., Flower.

grh., wh. or gru. and — Simsii.lvs.morepointed

pur. (KI/II. latifolia). (syn. herbacea of Bnt-

Bona-nox, 5' to 10', Je., anical Magazine 1920).

hlf-hdy., greenish wh. lanceolata, 15', Je., hdy.,

(X.UH. liastata of Will- grn., wh.

denow). latifolia (see australis).

— hastata, Ivs. narrower, macrophylla oruata (see
margined with spines. ornata).

— rubens, tendrils pur., salicifolia variegata, grh.,
kvs. less prickly. Ivs. margined wh. he-
discolor, grh. or st., ITS. tween ribs (syn. longi-

blotched purplish br. folia foliis- variegatis) .

glyciphylla, sum., grh. Shuttleworthii, st. cl., Ivs.

Botany Bay Tree and deep grn., large,

Tea. blotched silvery grey.

SMITHIA.

Stove herbs, sub-shrubs, and shrubs (ord. Legu-
minosae), with pinnate leaves, and usually yellow,
occasionally purple or violet flowers. Propaga-
tion, by seeds sown in a warm frame. Soil, loam
and peat in equal parts, with sufficient sand to
secure porosity.

Smeluskia (see Smelmrtitia).

Principal Species :—

purpurea, 6" to 12", sum., st. ann., pur., marked wh.

SMUT.

A group of microscopic Fungi (Ustilaginaceas)
which infest the leaves and flowers of many plants,
especially Grasses. The spores in most cases vary
from dark brown to sooty black. The closely
packed and interwoven mycelial hyphao carry large
quantities of spores, and it is at the time that the
tissues of the host plants are ruptured to admit of
the extension of these masses of spores that
the sooty appearance is most noticeable. As the
parasites live within the tissues of the host plants
external spraying is only of use as a deterrent to
infection, but these smuts are so widespread that
spraying is attended with difficulty. The destruc-
tion by fire of infected plants is the best remedy.

Chief Smuts and Plants Attacked : —
Ustilago violacea and of Primula elatior, P.

Sorosporium SapouariaB. farinosa.and P.vulgaris.

Anthers of many mem- Urocystis Viola?. Viola

bers of Caryophylleie. odorata.

- hyalinum. Seeds of — Anemonee. Anemones

Astragalus glycyphyl- and other members of

lus and Convolvulus Ranunculaceas.

Sepium. — sorosporoides. Thalic-

— primulicolum. Seeds trum minus.

Smuts from coal fires exercise an injurious effect
upon plants, as they stop up the pores of the leaves
and hinder their working. The free use of the
sponge and syringe is necessary to keep the plants
in health.

SNAILS.

The snail has a large and conspicuous shell,
which forms an admirable shelter for the inmate.
Almost all the snails injurious to garden crops
belong to the genus Helix, and although they are
not often so troublesome as the ubiquitous slug
they occasionally work a good deal of damage. Po-
matia, the Apple Snail, has a dull, yellowish white,
spirally brown striped shell 2" across. Hortensis
(tyn. aspera) is the common species, and its yellow-
ish brown shells frequently reach 1J" in diameter.
Nemoralis is another British species, but it is to
be sought for more amongst the weeds in the
hedgerows than in the garden. Where snails are
numerous hand - picking is the best remedy.
Cold weather does not hurt the pests in the
slightest. On its approach they close the entrance
to the shell and remain without motion for
indefinite periods. Thrushes and Blackbirds are
fond of snails ; so also is the farmyard duck. A
few ducks will soon clear out all the snails. For
trapping, see SLUGS.

Smo/te Plant (see Rhiis Cotiimi).
Smoke Wood (see Clematti Vitalba).
Smooth Flower (see Leianthiis longifolivi).
Smooth -fruited Horse Chestnut (see ^E&culus and

Pavia).

Snail Flower, Climbing (Phaseolus Caracalla).
Snake Gourd (Trichosantftcs Angitina).
Snake Millipedes (see Millipedes).
Snalte Plant (see Dracunculus).
Snahe'i Heard (see Ophiopogon).
Snake's Head (see Fritillaria Meleagris, Iris

tuberosa, and flermodartylus).
Snalte's Mouth Orchid (see Pagan/a ophiogluss-

oidet).

Snake's Tongue (see Ophwglossiim).
Snake Weed (Puly/jonum Bistorta).
Snake Woud (see Cecropia and Strychnos).

Snapdragon

( 342 )

Solandra

SNAPDRAGON (see ANTIR-
RHINUM).

SNOWDROP (see GALANTHUS).
SNOWFLAKE (see LEUCOJUM).

SOAP-BOILERS' ASHES.

Although these are sometimes recommended as
manure the}' really have very little manurial value.
When raw "they are positively injurious. In this
state they are composed of carbonate, sulphuret,
and sulphite of lime. If exposed to the atmosphere
for a few days the sulphuret and sulphite absorb
more oxygen and become sulphate of lime, or
gypsum. They may be applied to land that is
deficient in lime, but for heavy land the " hotter "
forms of lime are to be preferred.

SOBOLEWSKYA.

Hardy annual herbs (ord. Cruciferae) of erect,
branching habit. Propagation, by seeds sown out-
doors. Ordinary garden soil.

Only Species :—
clavata, My., hdy., wh., )ithophila,sum.,hdy.,wh.

numerous. \«n>i. lithophylla of Kew

Hand-List).

SOBRALIA.

Description. — Tall-growing Orchids (ord. Orchid-
acese), with leafy, Reed-like stems which do not
become pseudo-bulbous, and very thick, fleshy
roots. The large, showy flowers are produced from
the tips of the stems, and though fleeting there
is a succession of them. All are exceedingly
easy to grow. They like the heat of the warmest
houses, but will do in an intermediate temperature.

Propagation and Soil. — By division and im-
ported pieces. The plants are wholly terrestrial,
and thus the compost must be substantial. Fibrous
peat and loam in equal proportions, with sand and
a few pieces of charcoal, will suit. Free drainage.

Other Cultural Points. — The plants must never
be dried off, although in winter the supply of
moisture may be reduced. Liquid cow manure
just before flowering is useful. They may be
grown with a mixed collection of stove plants.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]
Ieucoxantha,'2'to5',sum., e. and p. wh., 1. rosy

s. and p. wh., shaded pur., throat yel., large

cream, 1. wh., yel., or.
nnde:
pur,

Lindenii, 1'

rh., yel.
to 1J',

deep

Lowii, 1' to 3', aut., pur.

ro.
lucasiana, 3' to 5', sum.,

and fine,
macrantha, 3' to 8', sum.,

crim. pur., 1. with a wh.

throat, shaded yel. ; the
, finest. Many vars.

Snajm-eed (see Tmpatiens).
Sneezewood (Pteroxylon edule).
Sneczewort (see Acldllea Ptarmica).
Snowball Tree (see Viburnum 0/mlne sterilis).
Snon'berry (see Chioeocca and Symplioricarpiu).
Snowdrop Mildew (see Galantlius).
Snowdrop Tree (see Halesia tetraptera).
Snowdrop Tree, African (see Jlayena lucida).
Snowdrop Windltoreer (see Anemone sylvestris).
Snoivjiower (see Chionanthus).
Snow, Glory of the (see Ctiionqdoxa Luciliae).
Snoit-in-Summer (tee Arabia alpina and ('eras-
Hum tomentosum).
Snout Pear (see Pyrus nnensis).
Snow Tree (see Pyrus nivalis).
Soap Plant (Chlorogahem pomeridianmn).
Soap Tree (see Gymnucladus diinensis).

— albida, sum., s. and p.
creamy wh., 1. soft pur.

— Hodgkinsonii, sum.,
rosy lil. , 1. rosy pur. ,
with yel. throat ; very
distinct.

— kienastiana.sum., large,
pure wh. (syn. alba).

— naua, 1' to 3', sum.,
vio. pur., throat yel.,
smaller than type.

— purpurea, pur.

— Schroder's var., sum.,
deep crim. pur., or.,
throat yel.

— splendens,sum. .darker.
Woolley's var. is a
dwarf form.
Principal Hybrids : —

Princess May, 2' to 4',
sum., s. aud p. blush
wh.,1. ro., mauve, throat
yel. ; near macraiitha.

sanderiana, 3' to 8', sum.,
s. aud p. wh., flushed
ro., 1. rich crim, pur.,
throat yel.

xautholeuca, 3' to 8', sum.,
s. and p. creamy yel.,
1. darker yel.
— i ubra, sum., crim.,
throat yel.

— superba, sum., creamy
yel. , throat or. , br.

— Wigan's var., sum.,
creamy wh. , throat yel. ,
flowers pk. when young.

amesiana (xantholeuca X
wilsoniana), rosy lil.,
throat bright yel.,
large.

delleuse (leucoxantha X
Lowii), s. wh., p. rosy
lil., 1. rosy lil., crimped.

Veitchii (macrantha X

xantholeuca), s. and p.
ro., blush, 1. rosy lil.
- aurea, all segments
suffused yel. , very
pretty.

Wigania", probably a
natural hybrid (xantho-
leuca X 'i ) yel., flushed
ro., large.
Other Species and Varieties : —
Brandtiae, 2' to ,V, sum., — rosea, ro., veiued wh.

pur., ro., 1. or. disc.
Cattleya, 4' to 12', pur.

ro., 1. with or. disc,
chlorantha (see macro-

phylla).

decora, 2', sum., s. and p.
wh., 1. ro. (syns. galeot-
tiana, and sessilis of
Botanical Magazine
4570).

dichotoma, 6' to 20' , Mch. ,
wh., vio., ro., pur. ;
splendid, but rare,
fragrans, 12", sum., small,

creamy wh.
Holfordii, 2' to 5', aut.,

rich rosy car.
Liliastrum, 8' to 10', aut.,
wh., veined yel. (syn.
Epidendrum Lilias-
trum).

SOCRATEA. (ZANONA PALM.)
A small genus of stove Palms (urd. Palmse).
Exorrhiza, 60', is the only cultivated species.

SOILS (see COMPOSTS).
SOLANDRA.

A small genus of beautiful climbing stove shrubs
(ord. Solanaceas), of attractive appearance when in
bloom. Propagation, by cuttings, in heat, in light
soil. Cuttings of the flowering shoots will give
small, blooming plants. Soil, good loam. The
plants should have liberal treatment in their early
stages, afterwards withholding water until the
leaves begin to drop. This drastic treatment
generally induces the Solandras to flower profusely.

Principal Species : —

macrophylla, 1', Je., yel.,

4" long (syn. chlor-
antha).
rosea, 3' to 6', sum., s.

and p. ro., mauve, 1.

crim., ro. (syn. Euckeri).
Euckeri of Linden (see

rosea) .
Euckeri (Lind.audBeich),

4' to C', sum., wh., 1.

lil. ro.
Sandero?, 3' to 5', aut.,

s., p., and 1. sulphur

wh., throat yel.
sessilis of Lmdley, 1' to

3', aut., deep ro.
virgiualis, sum., wh.,

flushed ro., 1. frilled.
Warscewiczii, bright pur.
wilsoniana, 3' to 6', sum.,

blush wh., throat yel.

grandiflora, 15', Mch.,
cream ,pur.marks inside.
Peach Trumpet Flower.

guttata, 10', Mch., pale
yel. throat, pur. spots.

Isevis (see longiflora var. ).

longiflora, 6', Nov., wh.,
tinged pur. (syn. lasvis).

viridiflora, 3', My., grn.
(syn . Dissochroma

viridiflora).

Soapwort (see Saponarta).
Soi/alf/iita (see Tridax).
Soja (see Glycine).

Solarium

( 343 )

Solanum

SOLANUM.

Description. — An important and extensive genus
of stove, greenhouse, half-hardy, and hardy shrubs,
herbs, or small trees (nnl. Solanacete), many of
which are of high decorative value, and some of
considerable economic importance. The most
valuable is the 1'otato, tuberosum (see POTATO),

plants may be grown out of doors during the
summer in a sunny border, and potted in autumn.

Propagation. — The annuals by seeds ; the
tuberous-rooted by the tubers or by seeds; the
shrubby species by seeds or by young cuttings
struck in a close case.

Soil. — Light, rich loam.

SOLANUM WENDLANDII (see i>.

but Melongena produces the Aubergine (see EGO
PLANT), and from experiments in progress it is
expected that hybridisers may obtain important
results in crossing other species with tuberosum.
Apart from tuberosum and Melongena, the species
are principally of decorative merit, consisting
either of effective bloom, striking habit and foliage,
or ornamental fruits. In the first category the
ornamental crispum may be named ; marginatum
or Warscewiczii is decorative for the greenhouse or
sub-tropical gardening, and the popular Capsicas-
trum and pseudo-capsicum, with their numerous
bright berries, make favourite table plants. Young

Principal Species and
atropurpureum, sum. .grh.
suo-shr., pur., yel.,
fruit wh., yel.

( ';i|)>ir;istnilM. 1' to '!' ,

sum., grh. sub-shr.,

wh. , fruit se.
— variegatum, variegated

ITS.
cernuum, 15', sum., grh.,

wh. (">i>i. jubatum).
crispum, 1'2' to 14', sum.,

luly. slir. (wall), bl.,

pur., fruit yel., wh.

Varieties :—

— ligustrinum, narrower
Ivs., fewer flowers (tyn.
ligustrimim).

duplosiuuatum. sum.,
grh., hi., fruit wh.

giganteum, 10' to 25',
sum., grh., bl.

jasminoides, sum., grh.
cl., bl. wh.

— noribumlurn, smaller
Ivs., more flowers.

— foliis-variegatis, Ivs..
blotched creamy wh.

Solamzm

( 344 )

Soldanella

marginatum, 3' to 4',

or st. per. cl., lil., fruit

lycioides lodasterum, 4', rostratum, 6', sum., grh.,

sura., grh., wh., pur.,

yel., red.

sum., st., vio., yel., yel. (xyn. cornutum of

fruit yel.

sisymbrifolium, 4', sum..

pur. (syn. lycioides). gardens).

Melongena, 2' to ',', sum.

grh. aim. or per., bl. or

macrantherum, sum., grh. runcinatum, 2', sum., grh.

grh. anu.,bl., fruit wh.,

wh., fruit red (si/ns.

cl., vio., fruit red. per., pur., red.

yel., or pur. (SI/H. escu-

Balbisii and decurrens) .

niacranthum of Itotnnical saponaceum of Jtfituii'irttl

leiitum. For culture

— acutilobum purpuri-

Miii/uz'me 4138 (xre Mag<i;ini' 2<>!>7 (we

and vars., see Egg

florum, pur.

maroniense). eteagnif olium).

Plant). Egg Plant,

— bipinnatipartitum, wh.

macrocarpoii, 3', sum., somniculentum, 1^', sum.,

Jew's Apple, Mad

or pur. (syn. Balbisii

grh. shr., bl., fruit yel. grh., vio.

Apple.

bipinnatum).

(niin. Mors-elephan- stelligerum, 5', sum., grh.

pensile, spr., sum. , warm

tuberosum. The Potato.

turn). shr., bl.

grh. cl. shr., pur.

— demissum (syn. de-

Maglia, I.1,', sum., hdy. texanum, 1', sum., hlf-

pseudo - capsicum, 4',

missum).

or hlf-lidy. tnberous hdy. anu., jxile vio.,

sum., grh. shr., wh.,

— etuberosum, no tubers

per., wh. fruit sc. (referred to

fruit sc. or yel.

(KI/II. etuberosum).

maroniense, 5' to 14', iutegrifolium by Index

— nanuni, dwarf habit.

— variegatum, Ivs. varie-

sum., St.. vio. (situ. AV«r»,v'.v).

— rigidum, hybrid, fruit

gated.

inacranthum of Jlotani- — ovigerum, per., fruit

or.

— verrucosum (syn. ver-

col 31uya:ine 4138). large, red.

— Weatherilli, fruit or. ,

rucosum) .

Monteiroi, st. shr., pur., Tomatillo, aut., win.,

oval, pointed,
pyracanthum, 3' to G',
sura., grh. sub-shr., vio.,

hlf-hdy . per. , wh. , orna-
mental red prickles.

Mors-elephantum of gar- Torreyi, 2', sum., hlf-hdy.
dens (see macrocarpoii) . per., vio. or wh.

ornamental prickles.

Weudlandii, My. to Sep.,

muticum, 4', sum., grh. torvum, 8', grh. shr., wh.,

robustum, 2' to 4', sum..

intermediate cl. shr. ,

shr., vio., fruit red. fruit yel. (xtm. ferru-

grh. shr., wh., fruit or.,

lil., bl. (seep. 343),

myrtifolium, 3', sum., gineum).

handsome sub-tropical

Worsleyi, 3', sum., grh.,

grh., bl. trilobatuin, 2' to .V.sum.,

plant.

wh.. fruits large, egg-

nigrum, 6" to 24", sum., st. shr., vio., bl.. orwh.

seaforthianum, sum., grh.

shaped, red (see p. 340).

hdy. anu., wh., fruit tweedianuni, IV, sum.,

black, yel., or red. grh. per., pale bl. or wh.

Other Species and Varieties : —

— miniatiuu, fruit sc. uncinellum, st. trailing

acanthodes, 3' to 6', sum.,

crinitum, 5', sura., grh.,

platanif olium, 4', sum., per., ro.
grh. sub-shr., vio., fruit Uporo, (>', st., wh. fruit

St., bl.. pur.
sethiopicum, 1' to 2', sum.,
hdy. ami., wh., fruit
red.
albidum Poortmanni,aut.,
hlf-hdy. per., wh.

wh.
cyananthum, 6', sum.,
grh., bl.
dammannianum, 8', sum.,
grh., bl., fruit yel.
Duchartrei, st. shr., pur.,

grn. , wh., yel. red, like Tomatoes
querci folium, 4', sum.. Cannibal's Tomato,
hlf-hdy. per., vio. vcuustum (st-e seaforth-
quitoeuse, 4' to 6', sum., ianum).
grh., vio., wh., fruit \Vallisii. 2', sum., st. or
edible. gi'h., pur., fruit vio.

amazonium, 3' to 4', st.

prickly.

per., bl., yel.
Anguivi of Hooker, not

Dulcamara, 4' to 6', sum.,
hdy. per., trailing, pur.

SOLARIA (syn. SVMEA).

De Candolle (nee iudi-

or wh. . fruit red or yel. ,

A curious little greenhouse bulbous plant (ord.

cum).

grn. Bitter Sweet,

Liluicea.1). Propagation, by seeds and offsets.

authropophagorum (see
Uporo).
asarifolium, sum., st. per.

Woody Nightshade.
Dulcamara, Felon-
wood.

Keep the bulbs dry when resting. Soil, sandy loam
two parts, leaf mould one part.

creeper, wh.

elicagnif olium, 4', grh. ,

Only Species : —

,iuriculatum, sum., hlf-
hdy. ann., vio., fruit

vio. or wh. (syn. sapon-
aceurn of Sotaiiieal

miersioides, 4", spr., grh., grn, small (syn

red.

Magazine 2697).

Symea gillesioides).

aviculare, 6', sum., grh.

fontaiiesianum. 4', sum.,

shr., vio., fruit grn.,

hdy. ann., yel.

SOLD A N ELL A. (BLUE MOONWORT >

yel. Kangaroo Apple.
Balbisii (see sisymbri-
folium).
letaceum (tee Cypho-

fragrans (now Cypho-
mandra fragrans).
glaucum, 6', sum., st.
per., bl. (syn. glauco-

A small genus of charming hardy Alpine peren-
nials (prd. Primulaceaj), with rounded, heart shaped
leaves and pretty, drooping flowers. Propagation,

mandra betacea).

phyllum).

by seeds, sown when ripe or in spring in pots of

-ampanulatum, 2' to 3',

guineense, 4', sum., hlf-

fine soil in a frame, or by division after flowering.

sum., grh. per., vio. or

hdy. ann., vio.

Soil, loam and peat, with a top-dressing of equal

bl.

havanense, 4' to 7', sum.,

parts of leaf soil and sand, in spring and autumn.

<*:irdiophyllum, 3', sum.,

st. shr., bl., fruit bl.

The edge of a bog is a good place for the Sol-

hdy. or hlf-hdy. per.,
wh.
<*eruuum, 8', sum.,st.,wh.
(xtfn. jubatum).
chrysomchum, sum. , st.

(sttns. coriaceum and
hookerianum) .
hybridum, 2', st. sub-shr.,
pale bl.
— Hendersoui. wh., fruit

danellas, but failing this a low position on the
rockery, with plenty of water in summer. Alpina
should be covered with a sheet of glass from
October to March, or cold wet winters mav

per., pur.

or. red., oval.

kill it.

Commersonii, 2', late
sum., hdy. or hlf-hdy.

indicum, 2' to 6', sum.,
st. sub-shr., bl., fruit

Principal Species and Varieties : —

per., lil. or wh., tuber-

vel. (syn. Auguivi of

alpina, 3", Ap. , bl. (syn. hybnda, 2", Ap., bl.

ous (syn. Ohrondii).

Hooker's Exotic Flora).

Clusii of Schmidt, not (alpina X pusill;i).

«ornigerum, sum., st. cl.,

Jamesii, 9", sum., hdy.

Gaud.). minima, 2", Ap., lil.. pur.

vio., fruit yel. («t/n.
corniculatum of gar-

or hlf-hdy. tuberous
per., wh.

— pyrola'folia, more free striped inside,
blooming (s>/n. pyro- — of Hoppe (nee pusilla).

dens).

jubatum (xee cernuum).

la^folia). montana, 3' , Ap., pur.

«ornutum, 4', sum., grh.

lanceolatum, 6', sum., st.,

- Wheeleri, resembles pusilla, 2", Ap., bl. (»•//».

herb., yel., not of gar-

bl., fruit or.

latter. Clusii of Gaud., not

dens.

lasiophyllum, 2' to 3',

Schmidt).

— of gardens (see rostra-

tum).

Selena (see Pmoqueria).

Solenidmm

( 345 )

Sollya

SOLENIDIUM.

A stove, epiphytic Orcliid (urd. Orchidaceae),
with a quaint crest to the lip of the flower. It
has affinities with the Oncidiurns, like which it may
be treated.

Only Species : —

racumosum, ti", Nov., yel., spotted red.

SOLENOMELUS.

Hardy rhizomatous plants (ord. Iridero). They
make handsome tufts, with many, if rather
fugitivr. Sowers, and may well be associated with

habit, but some are very decorative in late summer
and autumn. Propagation, by division at almost
any season, and by seeds sown in spring. Soil,
rich, rather moist, well supplied with manure.
They exhaust the ground rapidly, but are suitable
for the back row of the herbaceous border.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

Drummoiulii, 1' to 3',

.sum., yel.
lanceolata, 2' to 3', Sep.,

yel.
speciosa, 3' to 6', Oct.,

yel.

Virgaurea, 1'to 3', Aug.,
yel.

— cambrica, 2" to 6",
yeL

— nana, 2', yel.

SuLANUM WoilSLEYI (see p. 344).

Hie Irisos and Sisyrinchiums. Propagation, by
division in autumn or spring. Soil, light and rich,
in a warm and sheltered position.

Principal Species : —

chilrnsis, 1' to l.\', Je., hdy., yel., stems leafy
(.11/11.1. Sisyrinchium longistylum).

SOLENOPHORA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Gesneraces). Rare
in cultivation. Propagation, by seeds. Light, rich
soil, with free drainage.

Principal Species : —

endlicheriana, 1' to 2', Ap., st., or., dotted pur.,
stem emits aerial roots (syn. Arctocalyx endlicher-
iana).

SOLI DAGO. (GOLDEN ROD.)

A large but confused genus of perennial herbs
(ord. Compositte), generally hardy, and adapted
for borders or wild gardens. Many are coarse in

Other Species: —
californica, 2' to 4', sum.,

yel.
canadenris, 3' to 6', Aug.,

yel. (.11/11. nutans).
fragrant! of gardens (see

serotina).

Gattineeri, 2', Sep., yel.
littoralis. 2', sum., yel.
— grandiHora, taller,
multiradiatu, 3'. Jy. . yel.
odora, 2' to li', Jy., yel.
patula, '2', Aug., yel.

rigida, 3' to .V, Sep., yel.

rugosa, 2' to 7, Aug., yel.
(st/n. altissima of
Aiton) .

sempervirens, 1' to 6',
Sep., yel.

serotma, 3', Aug., yel.
(aims. fras?rans of gar-
dens, and glabra).

Shortii, 2' to 4', Sep., yel.

ulmifolia, 2' to f>', Aug.,
yel. (sijn. multiflora).

SOLLYA.

Very ornamental evergreen twiners or climbers
(ord. Pittosporese), with nodding flowers and
narrow leaves. Though usually grown in the
greenhouse, the beautiful heterophylla can be
grown in the south on a warm wall or on the
front of a greenhouse or stove. Propagation, by
cuttings under a bell-glass in sand. Soft, well-
drained loam and peat.

Solomon's Seal

( 346 )

Sonerila

Only Species and Varieties :—
angustifolia (now Billar- — augustifolia, Ivs. nar-

diera scandens). rower (si/n. lineitris).

heterophylla, ti', Jy., bl. — salicifolia, Ivs. narrow.

Australian Blue Bell parviflora, Jy., bl. (*//«.
Drummonuii of so:

£ some).
SEAL (fee PoLYGONA-

Creeper.

SOLOMON'S

TUM).

SONCHUS. (Sow THISTLE.)

The greater number of the Sonchnses are un-
desirable weeds, and the natives, arvensis, or
Corn Sow Thistle, oleraceus, the Hare's Lettuce
and Milk Thistle, once used in the kitchen as a

favourite edging plants. Propagation, by cuttings
in a warm frame in sandy soil. It is well to raise
young stock frequently, as the young plants are far
more useful, and have brighter foliage and prettier
markings than old ones. Large 60 pots are the
most useful size. Soil, fibrous peat, chopped
sphagnum, a little sand, and some crushed bricks.
A few pieces of fibrous turf may be added i£
desired. A free supply of water is necessary at all
times.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
maculuta, ro. or pur., Ivs. — Hendersonii, 6" to 8',(

dark orim., dotted wh. St., bright HI., ro., Ivs.

Several vars. , including olive gru., studded

guttulata, picta, and pearly wh.

SOPH OKA JAPONIC A (see p. 347).

potherb, and palustris, are too troublesome to be
given a place in the garden. The undernamed are
recommended as good foliage shrubs (ord. Com-
posite) for growing under glass. Propagated by
cuttings under a bell-glass or hand-light in a house.
Common garden soil.

Principal Species : —

arboreus, stem tree-like.

congestus, 1' to 2', Mch.,
yel. (syn. Jacquinii of
Kew Hand-List}.

gummifer, 3', sum.

Jacquinii of Kew Hand-
List (see cougestus).

leptoeephalus, ,Te., Ivs.

deeply cut; a pretty

plaut.
piimatus, 3', sum., pretty,

Ivs. finely divided.
radicatus, 1', sum., good

foliage plant.

SONERILA.

Stove herbs or small shrubs (ord. Melastomacea?),
of which several species are commonly met witli
in collections. Margaritacea and its varieties are

Solomon's Seal, False (see Umilacina).

punctata («/». orient- speciosa, 9" to 12", St.,
alis). mauve, Ivs. 2" to 3"

margaritaceM" to8",ro., long, grn. (syiif. elegaus.

Ivs. wh., grn., reddish and orbiculata). Ben-

pur, beneath, stems sc. sonii is probably a,

— argeutea, upper leaf var.

surface silvery grey.

Hybrids. — Of late years numbers of hybrids have
been raised characterised by a considerable range
of mottling and striping in the leaf. A few of the
best are Duchesse de Brabant, Francois Marchand,.
Madame van Langenhoe, Mrs. H. Walter, Silver
Queen, and Souvenir de Madame van Hontte.
Several bigeneric hybrids between Sonerilas and
Bertolonias have been raised by Continental
nurserymen, and to these the name of Bertonerila
has been given.

Other Species and Varieties :—
Bensonii (see speciosa grandiflora, 1', mauve,.

var.). stems rather woody,

elegans of Hooker (see orliiculata (wf speciosa).
stricta, 3" to 7", rosy pur..

Sonneratia

( 347 )

Sophro-Lselio-Cattleya

SONNERATIA («.</«. AUBLETIA).

Stove shrubs and small trees (ord. Lythrariese),
rare in cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings in a
close frame. Soil, sandy peat and loam in equal
parts.

Principal Species : —

acida, Je.,red, fruits acid, alba, My., wh.

eaten by the Malays as apetala, 40', Je., wh., a

a condiment. sub-aquatic tree.

SOOT.

Soot varies considerably according to the quality
of the combustibles employed and the degree of
combustion. As taken from the domestic chimney
it contains about 12 per cent, water, 35 to 50 per
cent, ash, and the remainder various volatile
substances, which can be got rid of by further
and complete combustion. In the ash there are
calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and sodium,
the first four of which are essential plant foods,
combined with phosphoric and sulphuric acids.
Also silicates are present to some extent. The
volatile substances referred to are rich in am-
monia, and it is the presence of sulphate and
chloride of ammonium that invests soot with its
principal fertilising qualities.

Its uses in the garden are manifold. As a nitro-
genous manure it is in high favour, whether
applied in the powder form to the land and dug
in, or given as a liquid. There is no better lawn
manure than soot. It should be sprinkled on
when a shower is threatening, just enough being
given to give the grass a black coating. Soot
water is a first rate stimulant for many plants,
imparting, as it does, a deep, glossy green hue to
the foliage (see LIQUID MANURE). Soot and cow
manure mixed, in liquid form, is a capital stimulant
for Ferns and Palms.

As an insectifuge, dusted over young seedlings,
it will also help to keep slugs at bay, as they do
not like the acrid taste. It is useful for dusting
over Gooseberry bushes that are attacked by
maggot, and over young Turnips as a deterrent of
the Turnip fly.

The following mixture, made up into a thick
paint, is sometimes put on walls of glasshouses
as a cure for Red Spider: 1 Ib. flowers of sulphur,
2 oz. soft soap, and enough clay and clear soot
water to bring it to the consistency above referred
to. This is also a useful mixture for painting fruit
walls with after the trees have been undone in the
autumn, as it is effective against other insect
pests than Red Spider.

In all cases soot should be kept dry and under
cover. Also it should not be used fresh, but be
allowed to stand for three months before it is used
upon tender seedlings.

SOPHORA. (EDWAKDSIA.)

A genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy deciduous
trees, shrubs, or herbs (ord. Leguminosae), with
heads of pretty flowers. The hardiest is japonion,
the Pagoda Tree of China and Japan, but tetraptera
is hardy in the south or against a wall in th&
warmer districts farther north. Propagation, by
seeds under glass ; the weeping and variegated
forms by grafting on the type. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

japouica, 30' to 40', Aug. , - hybrida, branches

ndy., wh. (.«/«. Styph- spreading,

nolobium japouicum ; — peudtila, pretty weep-

see p. 346). ing habit.

— variegata, Ivs. varie- — microphylla, flowers
gated. broader, branches

tetraptera, 6' to 12', My., slender (syns. Edward-

yel. sia macuabiuua and

— grandiflora, flowers E. macrophylla). New
longer but narrower Zealand Laburnum.
(nyn. tetraptera of lio-

tiinical Jhtyazitte 167).

Other Species : —

ausf rails (see Baptisia heptaphylla, 6', Oct.,hdy.

australis). shr., yel.

bifolia (now Ammoden- macrocarpa of Loddiges,

dron Sieversii). 8' to 10', Ap., grh. ev.,

ohrytoptryila, 6' to 10', yel. (*//«. Edwardsia

My., grh. shr., yel. chilensis).

(XI/H. Edwardsia chryso- platycarpa, like japonica,

piiylla). but with flatter pods,

glauca, 4' to 6', My., hlf- secundiflora, 6', Je., grh.

hdy. shr., pale pur. ev., vio.

(si/it, velutiua). tomentosa, 6', Aug., hlf-
hdy. shr., yel.

SOPHRO-CATTLEYA.

A number of handsome bigeneric hybrids have
been raised between Sophronitis grandiflora and
several species of Cattleyas. The effect of the
Sophronitis parentage has been to impart a good
deal of orange scarlet to the flowers and keep the
hybrids dwarf. (For culture, see CATTLEYA.)

Principal Hybrids : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]

batemanniana (S. grandi- hardyana (S. grandiflora

flora X C. intermedia), X C. AclandiaB), s.

3" across, s. and p. aud p. light reddish

bright ro., flushed sc., pur., spotted darker, 1.

1. crim. pur., creamy pur., yel. disc.

wh. eximia (S. grandiflora X

Calypso (S. grandiflora X C. bowringiana) , s. and

C. Lodcligesii harrison- p. bright pur. ro., 1.

iana), 4" across, s. and dark pur., ro., throat

p. bright rosy pur., 1. yel.

yel., pur. apex. Queen-Empress (S. grand-

Chamberlainii trium- iflora X C. Mossiie), s.

Sliaiis (S. grandittora X aid P- rosy crim., 1.

. harrisoniana), s. and dark rosy pur.
p. rosy pur., 1. yel. disc.

SOPHRO-LJELIA.

Bigeneric hybrids obtained by crossing Sophron-
itis grandiflora with some species of Lselia. (For
culture, see L/ELIA.)

Principal Hybrids :—

[Nora. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]

Lseta (S. graudiflora X XL. flava), s. and p.

L. pumila dayana), s. or., yel., 1. long, iiar-

aud p. light red, pk., row, yel., flushed red,

1. rosy pur., throat yel. or.

Marriottii (S. grandiflora

SOPHRO-LJELIO-CATTLEYA.

Trigeneric hybrids resulting from the fusion of
species of Sophronitis, Lselia, and Cattleya. This
has been effected by crossing Sophronitis grandi-
flora with a Laelio-Cattleya. (For culture, tee
CATTLEYA and L/ELIA.)

Principal Hybrids : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]'

Eros (S. grandiflora X L.-C. schilleriana), s.

L.-C. elequus Turner!). and p. soft rosy car., 1.

beautifully coloured, deeper, flushed ma-

and an improvement geuta, throat flushed

on Veitrliij. yel.
Veitchii (S. graudiflora X

Sophronitis

I 348 )

Spade

SOPHRONITIS.

A small genus of cool house, epiphytic Orchids
(ord. Orchidaceje). Propagation, by division. Soil,
peat, sphagnum, and charcoal, with good drainage.
Blocks, rafts, or shallow pans may be used, but no
drying-off may be attempted,

Principal Species and Varieties : —
cernua, 3", win., rosy red, — rossiteriaua, yel. , rare,
yellowish centre (syii. militaris, 6", Dec., deep
pterocarpa). crim., yel. lip., streaked

graudiflora, win., bright bright red (syn. graudi-
sc. (sym. coccinea and flora of Botanical Mag-

Cattleya cocciuea). aziiie 3709).

— purpurea, pur. violacea, 3", win., vio.

— rosea, rosy car. ; rare.

SOPUBIA (nyns. GERABDIA and RAPHIDO-
PHYLLUM).

A small genus of erect-growing stove herbs (ord.
Scrophularinese), usually annuals. Propagation,
by cuttings and seeds. Soil, peat two parts, loam
one part, with sand.

Principal Species :—

delphiniifolia, 3' to 4', Jy., ro. (syn. Gerardia
delpliinifolia).

SORBUS (see PYRUS).

SORGHUM. (MILLET.)

Twelve species of half-hardy or greenhouse
annual or perennial Grasses (ord. Gramineae), few
of which are of importance in British gardens.
Vulgare is the Indian Millet, so valuable in hotter
climates for its uses as a food, but not suitable for
cultivation in the open in Great Britain and Ireland.
Halepense is, however, an ornamental, hardy
species, and is increased by division or seeds, which
grow in common soil.

Principal Species : —

halepense, 2' to 10'. sum., pur., Ivs. broad, wh.
midrib. Aleppan Millet Grass.

SORINDEIA.

Stove trees (ord. Anacardiaceas) of no great value.
Madagascariensis, 10', May, purple, probably the
only species introduced, is an interesting tree
which carries its edible, acid fruits in huge bunches
upon the main stem as well as upon the branches.
Propagation, by cuttings of the ripened shoots,
with all the leaves intact, in sandy soil, in heat.
Soil, loam two parts, leaf soil one part, and sand.

SOROCEPHALUS.

About ten species of greenhouse, leafy shrubs
(ord. Froteacese). The flowers are in dense heads.
Few of the species are grown, but they answer to
the same treatment as the Proteas, which see.

Principal Species :—
diversifolius, 2' to 6', Je., lanatus, 2', Aug., pur.

pur* setaceus, 2', Je., pur.

imbricatus, 3', Je., lil.

(syn. Proteaimbricata).

SORREL. (RuMEX.)

For the use of their leaves as a substitute for
Spinach, and in salads and other kitchen purposes,
some of the species of Rumex (which see) are
grown in gardens under the name of Sorrel. That
usually grown is R. Acetosa, a native hardy per-
ennial plant. The French Sorrel, R. scutatiis, has

SopTironia (of Lindley, see Sophronitis).
Soromanes (see Acrostic/mm).
Sorrel Tree ( Oxydendron arboreum).

more acid leaves. Propagation, by seeds, sown in
spring or autumn, in drills, or by division of the
roots in spring. Thin out the seedlings to about 1'
apart. Soil, deep, rather moist loam.

SOVVERB^EA.

Three species of greenhouse perennials (ord.
Liliacese), of tufted habit. Propagation, by divi-
sion. Soil, sandy loam and peat in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

laxiflora, 1' to 2', Je., pic.,
umbels loose.

juncea, 1' to 2', My., pk.,
umbels many flowered.

SOWING.

Though one of the most important of gardening
operations, sowing is often performed in a very
careless and haphazard fashion, with the conse-
quence that failures to germinate frequently occur,
for which the innocent seedsman is blamed. In
outdoor sowing, in particular, much depends on
its being done at the proper time, and in this there
is a surprising difference in localities, some requir-
ing much later sowing than others. The condition
of the soil is another most important factor. It
should neither be dust dry nor, on the other hand,
so wet as to form a sticky mass when pressed. It
ought to be well prepared, with a fine tilth on the
surface and within reach of the rootlets. With
this object leaf mould and sand are largely used in
preparing seed beds for small seeds.

The depth at which to sow seeds depends upon
their size, but small seeds ought to be only slightly
covered with fine soil. Peas and Beans will do
with 3" or 4" over them, but seeds about the
size of the Turnip should have \". It is often
necessary to shade the seed beds from strong
sun when in the open, and all seeds sown under
glass ought to have shade. Some cover the pots
with glass or brown paper until the seedlings
appear.

Sowing in drills possesses many advantages over
broadcast sowing, and it is in most cases to be
recommended. For the greater number of things
thin sowing is also necessary, and carelessness
with this is the cause of many failures.

Many seeds sown under glass germinate better if
plunged in a little bottom heat, some, of course,
requiring more than others.

For seeds in pots, finely pulverised leaf mould or
peat, with about a third of sand or very sandy
loam, will answer well. A little thoroughly well-
decayed manure is beneficial, though not necessary.
After sowing, the surface soil ought to be pressed
down slightly.

SPADE.

There is little variation in the make of spades,
and what there is chiefly centres in the attach-
ment of the handle to the blade. The " socket"

Sorrowful Tree (Nyctantties Arbor-tristis).

Souari Nut Tree (Caryocar mtciferum).

floulanyia (see Phylica).

Sour Gourd (Adansonia digitata).

Smir Sop (see Anona).

South African Yellow Wood (Podocarpus elon-

gata).

Southern \Vnod (Artemisia Abrotanurri).
South Sea, Tea (Ilex Cassine).
Southmcllia (see Stereulia).
Sowbread (see Cyclamen).
Soy (see Olyeine).

Sparaxis

( 349 )

Spathelia

handle costs a little more than the plain "splice "
form, in which the wood runs right down to the
"tread" of the blade, but in durability there is
little to choose between the two. A good spade
must be stout at the "collar," for it is here that
the greatest strain is felt, and any weakness will
soon make itself manifest in a "sprung" blade,
especially when heavy soil is being manipulated.
For ordinary purposes, a medium size— No. 3 — is
to be preferred to either a large or small one, and
such a tool may be made to do duty upon heavy
and light ground alike. For draining purposes
spades with thick, long, and narrow blades are
made, and, like the ordinary digging spades, they
can be had in several sizes. The D shaped handle
is the one generally favoured.

When not in use the steel parts should be wiped
with an oily rag, for a rusty spade is not only
untidy in appearance, but it does not work nearly
so well as one with a bright blade.

SPARAXIS.

An ornamental genus of hardy or half-hardy,
bulbous plants (ord. Iridea;), resembling the Ixia in
general appearance. They make charming beds in
the open, and are most attractive pot plants. Prop-
agation, by offsets, removed when the bulbs are at
rest, or by seeds sown in a frame in spring. Soil, in
the open, rich, light loam, slightly above the general
level ; in pots, loam and leaf mould, with plenty of
silver sand. For outdoor culture, plant from
October to January, though some prefer February,
3" to 4" deep and 3 apart. Cover with some dry
litter, and add a mat if the foliage appears before
frost has passed away. For pots, plant from Sep-
tember to December, five or six in a 5" pot, plunge
the pots in a cold frame, giving air in good weather
until leaves appear, when the pots can be removed,
as wanted, to the greenhouse.

Only Species and Varieties : —
. [NOTE. — The nomenclature is that of Mr. J. G.
Baker.]
bulbifera, I'to 2', My., yel. pulcherrima (see Dierama

(syrt. Ixia bulbifera). pulcherrima).

graudiflora, 1' to 2', Ap., tricolor, 1' to 2', My., or.

pur. , wh., or variegated vol., blk. (•«.'//'. Ixia tri-

(stf>is. Ixia aristata and color).

I. grandiflora). — hlauda, wh., ro. (.«;/«.

— Liliago, wh. S. t. subroseo-albida).

• — lineata, yel., red, pk. - Griffinii, pur., blk.,

(*yn. lineata). yel. (*//«. tricolor

— stellaris, pur. (syn. violaceo-purpurea).
stellaris). — versicolor, pur., blk.,

pendula (see Dierama pen- yel. (syn. versicolor).
dula).

Selection of Garden Varieties : —

[NOTE. — "Mixed" varieties can be had of capital
quality.]

Angelique, wh. maeulata, wh., pur., yel.

Fire King, so., blk. Queen Victoria, wh., yel.,

Garibaldi, crim. blk.

Lady Carey, whitish pur.

S/iadostyles (see Pulteneta).

Speendo-ncea (see Cadia).

Spanish Bluebell (see Hcilln hispanica).

Spanish Jiroom (see tf/inrtiuni juneeum).

Spanish Client nut (sec Castanet:).

Spanish Iris (sir Iris -\ijiJiiiim).

Spanish Jiiire 1'fi/nt (HIiji'i/rrlii:a (jlabra).

tanish Mnss (Tillanasia iitneo'tles).
anish (h/sler u-r >'••»///;««* liinpanient).
. a/nish tiquill (see Boitta hisjianii-a).

SPARGANIUM. (BUR REED.)
A few species of aquatic and sub-aquatic herbs
(ord. Typhaceae), several being natives of Britain,
but none of any horticultural merit. The stems of
the Bede Sedge, ramosum, have been used for
making a sort of pepper.

SPARMANNIA.

Greenhouse shrubs or trees (ord. Tiliacese), of
which only one or two are in cultivation, the under-
named being of considerable beauty with their
conspicuous flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
in April, in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Soil,
loam with a little peat.

Principal Spjcies and Variety : —
africana, 10' to 20', My., - flore pleno, double
wh. (xyn. acerifolia). flowers.

palmata, 4', win., wh.

SPARTIUM. (SPANISH or RUSH BROOM.)
Hardy, half-hardy, or greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Leguminosffi), with Rush-like branches, frequently
without leaves. Junceum, the only one introduced,
is a pretty, hardy shrub, suitable for the shrubbery
or rock garden. Propagation, by seeds, or by cut-
tings of young growths under a hand-light. Seeds
are recommended. Common soil, not too wet.

Principal Species and Variety : —
junceum, 6' to 10', Jy., flore pleno, double

yel. (many «//««., acuti- flowers.

folium being the most
common).

SPARTOTHAMNUS.

Cool greenhouse shrubs (ord. Vei benaceae), with
pretty, small flowers, and slender branches resem-
bling those of the Broom. Propagation, by cuttings,
under a glass, in sand. Soil, loam and sandy peat

Only Species : —

junceus, 2', Aug., wh.

SPATALLA.

Heath-like shrubs (ord Proteaceae) of little
decorative value. (For cultural details, see
PROTEA.) The flowers are very small.

Principal Species : —

curvifolia, 2 , Ap., grh. parilis, 3', Je., yel., grh.

mollis, 2', Je., grh. procera, 2', My., grh.

nivea, 2', Je., grh. jirolifera, 2', Jy., grh.

SPATHANTHEUM.

The principal species, orbignyanum (syns. heter-
andrum and Oamochlamys heterandrum), green
(ord. Aroidese) is a tuberous-rooted perennial from
Africa. Propagation, by division, just before fresh
growth starts. Soil, loam two parts, peat one part.
Free drainage, and liberal supplies of water.

SPATHELIA.

A small genus of stove evergreen trees (ord.
Simarubeas), of stately presence, and with huge,
showy heads of flowers Propagation, by cuttings
of the ripened shoots, in sand, in a close, warm
frame. Soil, loam and peat, both fibrous, in equal
parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—

simplex, 20' to 50', Ap., St., red, Ivs. pinnate.
Maypole, Mountain Green and Mountain Pride of
the West Indies.

Spllll if /I \i/Hf's lil-rlts (HI >

Spatalaiithus (see Jinmii/ea).

/', IV/C/Yl).

Spathicarpa

( 350 )

Spermacoce

SPATHICARPA.

Stove, evergreen, tuberous-rooied herbs (ord.
Aroidese). Propagation, by division and by seeds.
Soil, good, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : — •
hastifolia, 1', grn., Ivs. gru , Ivs. arrow-head

tripartite. shape (nyiit. longicuspis

sagittifolia, 6" to 12", and platyspatha).

SPATHIPHYLLUM.

Stove, evergreen, perennial herbs (ord. Aroidete).
Some of the smaller-growing species, such as
candidum and Patinii, make excellent companion
plants for Anthurium andreanum and A. scherzeri-
anum. Propagation, by division, preferably in
spring; occasionally by seeds. Soil, leaf mould
and peat two parts each, fibrous loam one part,
with a little sand and a few pieces of charcoal.
Free drainage. A moist atmosphere, and liberal
supplies of water, must be given in summer.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — s. = spathe, sp. = spadix.]
candidum, 9", s. wh., sp. chardii, and Pothos can-

wh., slender, Ivs. lance- nsefolia).

olate (»yn. Anthurium Patinii, 9", s. wh., with a

candidum). gm. midrib, sp. wh.,

cannsefolium, ^1', s. wh., Ivs. lauce shaped, close

sp. wh., 5" long, 3" to candidum (HI/IIS. Am-

broad, Ivs. ovate or omophyllum and An-

oblong (si/ns. cannse- tlmrium Patinii).

forme, Anthurium De- pictura, Ivs. H' long,
blotched golden gm.

Other Species, Hybrid, and Varieties : —
cochlearispathum, 4', s. (syn. Anthurium flori-

grn., 1' long, sp. wh. bundum).

(syn. heliconiabfolium). hybridum (cannsefolium
commutatum, 2j', s. wh., X Patinii), sp. large,

sp. wh., short Ivs. wh.

oblong. Ortgiesii, 1J', s. bright

floribundum, 1', s. wh., grn., Ivs. elliptic.

sp. wh. , long Ivs. oblong Wallisii (now Stenosperm-
ation Wallisii).

SPATHODEA.

A fairly large genus (ord. Bignoniacesc), of which
the principal species, campanulata, is a handsome
stove evergreen tree, thriving under the same treat-
ment as the stove Bignonias, which see.

Principal Species :—

campanulata, 50', 2J" to
3' across, Je., st., or.,
Ivs. large, pinnate.

Isevis (now Newbouldia

Isevis).
speciosa, 40', sum., pk.

SPATHOGLOTTIS.

Stove terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceos), with
conn-like pseudo-bulbs and Grass-like foliage.
Propagation, by division. Soil, leaf mould or
fibrous loam, with a little sand or peat and chopped
sphagnum. Free drainage, and liberal supplies of
water in the growing season.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE.— s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. =lip.]

aurea, 3" across, aut., Lobbii, Ivs. 12" to 15",

yel., spotted red, very H" across, aut, sulphur

showy. yel, s. and 1. spotted

Fortunei, 9 to 10", 1" brownish red.

to iy across, aut., cool Petri, Ivs. 12" to 18" long,

house, yel., 1. spotted 1" across, sum., pale

red. rosy HI.

kimballiana. Ivs. 2' to 3', Vieillardii, Ivs. 2' to 3j',

3" across, sum., bright 2" across, aut., s. and p.

yel., s. copper, 1. spot- wh, flushed ro., 1. ro.,

ted red. wh. (syn. Augustorum).

Other Species and Varieties : —

angustifolia (see plicata). lilacina (see plicata).
Augustorum (nee Vieil- plicata, Ivs. 2' to 3' high,

lardii). sum. , s. and p. rosy pur. ,

gracilis, Ivs. 2', win., 1" to 2" across (syiu.

golden yel., 2" across, lilacina and spicata).

1. spotted red. — alba, pretty wh.

ixioides, Ivs. 8" to 18" — Micholtzii, sum., larger.

long, sum., yel., J" to pubescens, Je, dull yel ,

1J" across. flushed vio.

spicata (see plicata).

SPAWN.

The vegetative portion (mycelium) of Mush-
rooms. These white threads (hyphse) are to be
seen growing on decaying animal matter, horse drop-
pings, etc. (For the artificial production of spawn,
see MUSHROOMS.) If kept nearly or quite dry this
mycelium has remarkable vitality, and will 'often
grow after lying dormant for several years. The
bulbils developed from old corms of Gladioli are
spoken of as " spawn." As these are too small to
plant separately, they are " sown " in pans or drills
of prepared soil in the same way as seed.

SPECULARIA. (VENUS' LOOKING-
GLASS.)

Pretty, small-flowered, generally hardy, annual
herbs (ord. CampanulaceEe), best known in gardens
by the neat little annual Speculum (syn Campanula
Speculum), sometimes used in the borders or in
beds. Propagation, by seeds. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
biflora, 1', ,Te., hdy. ann., perfoliata, 4" to 18", Je.,

bl. (syn. californica). hdy. aim., purplish bl.

falcata, 6", Jy., hdy. Speculum, 1', Jy., hdy.

ann., ro. ; castellana is ann., pur (syns. ar-

a yar. vensis, cordata, hirsuta,

hybrida, 6" to 12", Jy., hirta, and Campanula

hdy. ami., bl. and lil. Speculum). There

(«/«. Campanula hy- are varieties in various

brida). colours from wh. to bl.,

pentagom'a, 1', Jy., hdy. in single and double

ann., bl. (*y>i. Cam- forms.

panula peutagonia. )

SPEIRANTHA.

A half-hardy or greenhouse herb (ord Liliacere)
with rosettes of leaves and a spike of from twenty
to thirty flowers like those of an Albuca, to which
it is allied. Propagation, by seeds or division.
Soil, sandy loam.

Only Species :—

convallarioides, 6", Je., wh. or grn. (syn. Albuca
Gardeni).

SPERGULA.

Hardy annual herbs (ord. Caryophylleas), some-
times used as an edging instead of Grass. The
plant generally grown as Spergula pilifera, and
useful for the above purpose or for carpeting taller
plants, is properly Sagina subulata (see SAGINA),
sometimes named Sagina pilifera or S. glabra. The
yellow-leaved form of this is desirable. The
Spergulas are generally white flowered, but as a
rule so worthless in the garden as not to require
naming here.

SPERMACOCE. (BUTTON WEED.)
Stove, greenhouse, or hardy annual or perennial
herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Rubiacese). None is of
any value to the gardener. Strigosa of Botanical
Magazine 1558 is Crusea rubra.

Speedwell (see Veronica).
Spennera (see Aciotis).
Spergulastrum (see Stellaria).

Sphacele

( 351 )

Spigelia

SPHACELE.

Warm greenhouse shrubs or sub-shrnbs (ord.
I,;tbiata3), nearly allied to the Horminums, and
doing well with the treatment recommended for
the warm greenhouse Salvias (which see).

Principal Species : —

cojrulea (of gardens), campanulata, 2' to 3',
win., pale bl. Jy., shr., pale bl.

Lindleyi, 3' to 4', Jy.,
shr. , purplish vio.

SPH^ERALCEA.

Hardy, greenhouse, or stove plants (nrd. Mal-
vaceae), resembling the Malvas. Propagation, by
seeds, or cuttings of the young growths in sand
under a bell-glass. Soil, well-drained loam.

Principal Species : —

abutiloiiles, 4', Aug., grh. shr., pale pk. , pur.

shr.. ro. (*//". Malva veins.

abutiloides). Eraoryi, 1' to 2', sum.,

acerifolia, 2' to 6', sum., hdy. per., or. red.

hclv., per., wli. or pk. munroaua, 2', Aug.. hcly.

(•\'/". rivularis). per., sc. {xifitv. Malva

elegans, 2', Jy., grh. sub- munroana and Malvas-
tniin munroauum).

Other Species : —

angustifolia, 3' to 4', Aug., obtusiloba, 3', Jy. , grh.

grh. shr., pk. (.«/«. shr., pur. («y». Malva

M;dva augustifolia). obtusiloba).

nutnns, 2', Jy., st. shr., umbeUata, 10', spr., st.

reddish pur. shr., rosy vio. (*yn.
Malva umbellata).

SPH^EROLOBIUM.

(iivrnhimse, evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosac)
with Rush-like, usually leafless, stems. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of the young shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, with heat. Soil, loam and
peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

graudiftormn, 1' to 3', red or or. , numerous, in

sum., yel., red, usually terminal racemes (*;/«.

in pairs, au elegant acuminatum).

plant. vimineum, (>" to 24",

medium, 1' to 2', sura., sum., yel. , in racemes.

SPH^ffi ROPH YS A.

A few species (ord. LeguminosEe) of hardy per-
ennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with red flowers and
inflated pods. Propagation, by seeds, which occa-
sionally ripen in this country. Soil, sandy loam.
Slightly salt water is an excellent stimulant.

Principal Species : —

salsula, IV, Jy., Aug., pale pur. (syn. caspica).

SPHyEROPTERIS.

A rather uncommon Fern (ord. Filices), of no
special garden value. Propagation, by spores.
Soil, equal parts of fibrous loam and leaf soil or
peat with sand.

Only Species : —

barbata, fronds 2' to 3' long, tripinnate, st. (iyn.
Peranema cyatheoides).

SPH^EROTHECA.

A troublesome genus of mildews (ord. Erysiphese),
whose members attack several garden plants.
The most important are Castagnei anil Humuli,
which attack Strawberries ; Mors-uvo3, which preys

Spliternyi/ne (tee Toeoca).
Rphterosicma (see Schizandra).
Rpli<rroitigma (see (Envtltera).

upon Gooseberries; and pannosa, which infests
Hoses. Remedial measures are given under
MILDEWS, and under the various plants attacked.

SPHAGNUM.

A very distinct genus of Mosses, of which about
seventeen species and many varieties are British.
The stems are capable of almost indefinite exten-
sion, the lower parts dying away as growtli proceeds.
Owing to its peculiar structure, Sphagnum has
the power of absorbing immense quantities of
water, acting as a vegetable sponge. The plants
reproduce themselves naturally by spores and by the
establishment of branches, which ultimately become
main stems after their severance from the parent.
Naturally the Sphagnums are to be found in
swampy and boggy spots.

In collecting Sphagnum only the live tips should
be taken. The moss will retain its vitality for a
long time even if packed in bales, but it will bo
well to undo these, spread the Moss out under the
shelter of a tree or shed, and keep it sprinkled
with water. Chopped Sphagnum is a principal
ingredient in the compost for many Orchids. For
some .Ferns, notably Platyceriums, it may also
be used with advantage. Tips about y long
are commonly inserted at intervals over the
surface of the soil in a newly potted Orchid. Not
infrequently these grow so rampantly that the
Moss has to be reduced somewhat. The rougher
portions of Sphagnum may be used for covering the
drainage of almost all pot plants.

SPHENANDRA.

The only species (ord. Scrophularinese) is a
viscous little annual or perennial herb, increased
by seeds, and thriving in a sandy loam, in the
greenhouse.

Only Species : —

viscosa, 1', Je., grh., vio. (syn. Buchnera viscosa
of liotniili'iil Mni/nziiii' 217).

SPHENODESMA (s;/ns. ROSCOEA of
ROXBURGH, and VITICASTRUM).

A few species of stove climbing shrubs (ord.
Verbenacese). Propagation, by cuttings in sand, in
a warm frame. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

pentandra, 6', Je., st., pur., wh. throat (iyn.
jackiana).

SPHINCTACANTHUS.

A small and obscure genus (ord. Acantliacese) of
no garden value.

SPIGELIA.

A genus of upwards of forty species of greenhouse
or stove herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Loganiaceas),
with small flowers in spikes. Few are grown in
gardens, marilandica being, however, occasionally
met with in Alpine collections. Propagation, by
seeds, the perennials also by cuttings. Soil, loam,
peat, and sand.

ffy>/ii-ungi/Hi' (see Ursinia).
tfplii'iiotiiniii ( :ti'i'"I)racoplt>/Hum).
,^/iiri' liiisli (.in' Liiulrrn Jlnt:mri).
,^l>i<lrr llinrt-r (ari' Clct'nit').
tender Lily, Golden (see Lycorii).
f^iiili-r Orrliid (x/'f fiartfwlinapectinata).
Siiiii'r Orcliix (s/'r Ophrys).

xi'i' Trtiili-xi'iintia).
(we Oftia).

Spilanthes

( 352 )

Spiraea

Principal Species : —

anthelraia, 1J', Jy., st.

ann. , purplish wh.

Demerara Pink Boot,
marilandica, 6" to 18",

Jy., hdy. per., reddish

yel. Worm Grass,
Indian Pink, Maryland
Pink Root.

splendens, 1J', Jy., st.
per. , sc.

SPILANTHES (syn. SPILANTHUS).

A genus of about forty species of annual or
perennial herbs (aril. Composite) of no garden
value in. this
country, though
acmella (syn.
oleracea) is used
as a salad in the
tropics. The
species have
yellow or white
flowers with a
yellow disc.

SPINACH.

This vegetable
(Spinacia oler-
acea, ord. Cheno-
podiacea?) is in
high favour in
many gardens,
its flavour being
quite distinct
from that of any
other green vege-
table. A rather
deep, moderately
rich, and well
cultivated soil is
necessary if good
crops are to be
obtained, and
this is especially
important in the
caseofthePrickly
or Winter Spin-
ach. Seed of this
should be sown
at any time from
the middle of
August until the
beginning of Sep-
tember. Sowings
may be made as
late as the middle
of September, but
the earlier sow-

ings are to be
recommended, as

the plants have a much better chance to become
well established before winter sets in. Drills
15" apart are best, but closer sowings can be
made where the ground is poor and hungry. A
partial thinning of the young plants may be given
:is they begin to crowd each other, but in no case
must the thinning be severe. A hard winter and
close picking often cause gaps if the first, thinning
has been close. Little attention is needed beyond
an occasional hoeing to keep clown weeds. As a
rule, it is not necessary to pick from beds of
winter Spinach until the autumn has well advanced,
but if care is exercised in the gathering of the
leaves, a moderate sized bed will give continuous

Spikenard (see Nardnstarhys).
Sfrike/tard. Ploiujhman's (see liaecliaris).

supplies through the winter and until late in the
spring, when the plants begin to run to seed, and
the Summer Spinach comes in. The whole crop
may then be dug into the ground, as it forms an
excellent green manure on most soils.

The Round or Summer Spinach may be treated
as a catch crop, rows being worked in between
rows of Peas and Beans. From the first sowing
towards the end of February until nearly the end
of July sowings should be made fortnightly to keep

up the succes-
sion, as Summer
Spinach speedily
runs to seed. The
drills need not be
more than 1'
apart. Frequent
hoeings, witli an
occasional water-
ing in droughty
.••pulls, are matters
of routine. (Foi
species and var-
ieties, see SPIN-
ACIA.)

Peron.ospora
effusa is the only
fungus that gives
much trouble; the
plants attacked
should be burned.
A few Potherb
moths, Noctua;,
and surfacecater-
pillars sometimes
work harm, but
not to any serious
extent.

SPINACIA.

Of the four
species (ord. Che-
nopodiace.ee) only
one, oleracea, the
Spinach, is of
moment. For cul-
tural details, see
SPINACH.

Principal
Species and its

H%i Varieties : —

oleracea, 2', Je.,
Inly., grn., Ivs.
large and sue -
culent.

- spinosa. Prickly or
Winter Spinach.

(,ANESU:NS (see p. 3 J3).

- glabra. Round
Summer Spinach.

SPIRAEA. (MEADOW SWEET.)

Description. — Although the genus Spirrea (ord.
Rosacea1) is not one of the most numerous, it is
one of the really valuable genera for the garden.
It comprises many plants of the highest types of
beauty for the garden, shrubbery, window, or
greenhouse. The greater number of the species
are hardy perennials of herbaceous, sub-shrubby,

, Mniiiitniii (KIT Afriji/r.r /nil It ii fix).
, ll'ild (KIT ('In nopiidiiiiit Jlonus-Hunri-
e>ix).

ftpint/li- TriT (SIT KIKIIII/HIIIS).
(fee 1 Hit).

Spiraea

( 353 )

Spiraea

or shrubby habit. Unfortunately the synonymy '
is very obscure. (See also ASTILUE and NEILLIA).

Propagation. — By division in the greater number
of cases, by seeds, and the shrubby species by
cuttings of the young: wood struck under a hand-
light, or by the rooted suckers.

Soil. — Many, especially the herbaceous plants,
prefer a moist soil and thrive splendidly by the
water side. The shrubs grow in any good loam.

In Pots. — Many of the Spiraeas do well in pots
if grown in a similar way to Astilbe (Spiraea of
gardens) japonica, and several force well. For
this the earlier shrubby species are very suitable
and make pretty ornaments for the conservatory.

Shrubby Spiraeas. — The requirements of these
line shrubs are as varied as their character, but all
will thrive in u good loam. The greater number
of the vigorous growing species, such as salicifolia.
like plenty of moisture, and will do well by the
side of a stream or pond ; while others, such as
Inillata and canescens, are good plants for rock-
eries or banks of stiff soil.- In pruning, the habits of
the different species should be studied. Japonic:!,
Douglasi, salicifolia, and other quick-growing
species which flower on the current season's
wood, should be well thinned in spring, and the
shoots should be cut back well to encourage strong
branches, from which the best inflorescences are
borne. Arguta, Thunbergi, and others of the
spring-flowering set require thinning after flower-
ing, but no shortening is required Prunifolia
flore pleno is improved by thinning, and the
removal of old flowering wood as soon aa the
flowers fade. Several other species, such as dis-
color, merely require the removal of dead wood,
severe pruning being detrimental.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties:—
Aitchisoni, 6' to 8 , Aug. , tomeutosa nrgentea and

Sep., hdy. shr., yel.
urguta, 3 , sura., hdy.

shr., wh. , hybrid (xi/n.

multittora alba),
aria-folia (see disco'.or

Tar.).
Aruncus, 4' to 6', Je.,

hdy. per., vvh.; several

vars.
astilboides, 2', Je., hdy.

per., wh.; a popular pot

pliiut (si/us. Astilbe

astilboides and A.

spira'oides, referred to

S. Aruncus by Index

KtwnuU),

— floribunda, a superior
variety.

— Lemoiuei, a pretty hy-
brid.

bella, 2' to 3', Jy., hdy.

shr., red (syns. omoena

and ovata).
camtsehatica, 4' to 10',

Je., hdy. per., wh. (syit.

gigantea).

- hybrida or " Edge

Hall," pk.
discolor, 4' to 10', sum.,

Inly, shr., dull wli. (MB

p. 354).

— arisefolia, 8', Je., wh.

— dumosa, dwarf er (.W//AV.
dumosa and Bour-
sieri).

Douglas!, '•',' to 9', Aug.,
hdy. slir., ro. (*i/«».
53

Menziesii).
Filipendula, 1\' to 3', Je.,
hdy. per., wh. Drop-
wort.

— flore pleuo, double
flowers.

japouica, 2' to 6', Je.,
hdy. ev. shr., ro. (*///*.*.
callosa, bellioides, ami
Fortune!).

— alba, wh. (SI/UK, albi-
flora, callosa florr-albo,
and laneeolata of gar-
dens, not Poir).

Anthony Waterer,
criin.

— Bumalda, criin. (xyn.
Bumalda).

— superba, crim. (xyn.
callosa superba) .

— glabrata and ruberrima
are other vars.

japonica of gardens («r
Astilbe japonica).

liudleyana, 4' to H', Aug.,
hdy. shr., wh. (»</•
//. 8MY.

media, 2' to 4', Je., hdy.
shr. , wh. (•'<//M*. conf usa
and oblongifolia).

palmata, 1' to 2', Ji1., hdv.
per., crim.

— alba, wh.

— elegans (of gardens),
wh..rt'd ; possiblya var.
of TJlmaria.

— purpurea, Ivs. pur.

•S Fish, Edinburgh.

CAXTOXIEXSIS.

pruuifolia, 3', spr., hdy.

shr., wh.

— flore pleno, double.
Thunbergi, 1' to 3', spr.,

hdy. shr., wh. (*yii-

Thompson!).
TJlmaria, 2' to 4', Je., hdy.

per., wh. Queen of
the Meadow, Meadow
Sweet.

- - aureo- variegata, foli-
age variegated.

- flore pleno, a pretty
double form..

Other Species and Varieties : —

amurensis (now Neillia
amureusis.)

arbuscula, dwarf shr., ro.

betulifolia, 1' to 2', Je.,
hdy. shr., wh. (AV/W.V.
chama'drifolia var. bet-
ulifolia and splemleiis .

— corymbosa, more
numerous flowers (>////>•.
corymbosa, chamssdri-
folia var. corymbosa,
and arctica).

Blumei, 3' to 6', sum.,
hdy. shr., wh. (*.</««•.
chama'driftlaof Blume,
not Limueus, and rupes-
tris).

bracteata, 2' to 3', Je.,
hdy. shr., wh. fafK.
media var. rotundifolia,
nipponini, and rotuudi-
folia alba).

bullata, 1' to 1^', sum.,
hdy. shr., pk, (.«//«
rrispifolia),

caispitosa, 0", sum., hdy.
shr., wh.

callosa, of Thunberg is
japouica ; of Wallieh,
Cat. N. 707, is bella.

cana, 1' to 2', Je., hdy.
shr.. wh. (*//*/.-.•. liyprr-
icifolia and regeliana
of gardens, not Koch).

canescens, 4', sum., hdy.
shr., pk. or wh. (many

xi//".. flagelliformis,
fingellaris, and hyper-
icifolia creuata, etc. ;
«, /;. 352).

— myrtifolia, Myrt'e
leaved.

cantoniensis, 3* to 4',
sum., hdy. ev. shr., wh.
(.«//>/*. reeve siana,
corymbosa, japonica of
Sieb., and laneeolata;
rre figure).

flore pleno, double
flowers.

eliama-drifolia, 1' to 2',
Jy.,hdy. shr., wh. (*//«*.
c'eanothifolia and ulmi-
folia of Scop.).

— flexuosa, smaller
flowers.

chiiiensis (wr dasyautha).
crenata, sum., hdy.

shr., wh.
dasyantha, 2', Mch., wh.

(xifnn. chiuensis of

Maxim, and pubescen»

of Lindley) .
decuiubeus, trailer, sum.,

hdy. shr., wh. («/"•

procumbens).
digitato, '!' , Jy., hdy.

per., red, referred to

palmate by ln<l>j-

I\' //v mi -.

ex]«insa. ft* bellil\

Foxii. referred by ludtj-

Spiranthera

( 354 )

Spiranthes

fuoto : Cassell et Company, Ltd.

SPIE^EA DISCOLOR (see p. 353).

— floribus roseis, flesh
coloured.

graiuliflora, large
flowers, pk.

— jiuniculata, wh. (syits.
alba, Douglasi latifolia,
latifolia, aiid montana).

— minor, dwarf er, smaller
flowers.

Schinabecki, hybrid

(chamajdrifolia X tri-
lobata).

sorbifolia, 3' to 6', Jy.,
hdy. shr., wh. (sy»t.
floribunda, Foxii, Pal-
lasi, and pinnata).

tomeiitosa, '3', Jy., hdy.
shr. , ro. or wh.

trilobata, 1' to 2', My.,
hdy. shr., wh. (sans,
creuata sublobata, hy-
]>ericifolia trilobata,
rupestris of gardens,
not Siebold, and thalic-
troides of gardens, not
Linnaeus).

vacciniifolia, 1' to 2', Jy.,
hdy. shr., wh. (Don,
not Lodd. , si/nx. laxi-
flora and rhaninifolia).

Van Houttei, My., wh.,
often grown in gardens
as coufusa.

vestita, !£', Je., hdy.
per., wh. (syn. eamts-
c-hatica himalensis).

SPIRANTHERA.

An ornamental, fragrant Stove shrub (ord.
Rutaceae). Propagation, by Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots under a glass in sand, giving a little air

Reicrnsis to japonica

and by Keti- Hand-List

to sorbifolia.
gracilis, 2'r Jy., hdy. shr.,

wh. («/». vacciniifolia

of Lodd. , not Don).
Humboldtii. sum., hdy.

per., wh.
hypericifoliii , 4' to 6', Jy.,

hdy. shr., wh. (xiin.

thalictroides) .
lu-vigata, 2' to 3', Je.,

hay. shr., wh.
lobata, 2', Je., hdy. per.,

pk. Queen of the

Prairie.

Margarita?, pk., hybrid ?.
Millefolium, 2', sum.,

hdy. ev. sh., wh. (*//».

Chamaebatiaria Mille-
folium).
opulifolia (sir Neillia

opulifolia).
pectinataj 6" to 1;V,

sum., hdy. per., wh.
pikoviensis (.W/H. Nicou-

dierti), hybrid (creuata

X hypencifolia).
pubescens, 2', Mch., hdy.

shr.. wh. (Mfif. ohinen.sis

of gardens.)
s;ilicifolia, 3' to .5'. Jy.,

hdy. shr., ro. or pk.

— Billardi, Je., etc., red.

— floribus albis, wh.

occasionally to avoid clamping off, and wiping the
glass at the same time. Soil, sandy loam, with a
little peat. Spiranthera of Hooker is Pronaya ;
that of Rafinesque is Eustrephus.

Only Species : —
odoratissima, 6', Jy., wli.

SPIRANTHES. (LADY'S TRESSES.)
A large genus (ord. Orchidaceae) of terrestrial
Orchids, requiring outdoor, greenhouse, or stove
treatment. Propagation, by division just before
growth begins. Soil, for the stove and greenhouse
species, fibrous peat and turfy loam, well drained,
and kept on the dry side when at rest ; for the hardy
ones, a similar mixture, with chalk or limestone.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

oestivalis, 6" to 12", Jy., colorata, 2', Ap., grh. or

hdy., wh.
autumnalis, 4" to 8",

Aug., hdy., wh.
cernua, 6" to 18", Sep.,

hdy., wh. (">/>/. Neottia

cernua).
cinnabarina, 2' to 3', Je.,

grh., flesh, yel. (*i/«.

Stenorrhvuchus cimia-

st, , sc. (-W///S. colorans,
Neottia speciosa, anil
Stenorrhyuchus specio-
sus).

— inaculata, Ivs. spotted
bright grn.

— Ortgiesii, ITS. ro. ,
blotched wh.

bariuus) .'

Other Species and Varieties : —
australis, 0" to 12", Je., elata, 1' to 2', Jy., grh.,
grn.

grh. , pk. , wh.

Neottia australis).
bicolor, 1', Jim., grh.,

grn., wh. (Liiidloy, not

Urispbach, KIJH. Neottia

bicolor).
bracteosa, 1', My., grh.,

yel., wh.

_ Neottia

elata and N. minor).
Esmcralda, H', grh., grn.,

wh. , yd. (syn. niar-

garitifcra).
euphlebia, 1' to H', Nov.,

gih. , wh. , red, or.
orchioides, 2' to 3', Nov.,

Spironema

( 355 )

Spondias

roniauzoffiana, 6" to 10",

Aug., hdy., wb. (*,'/".

geramipara).
Snuroglossum, 2', Ap. ,

at., grn., wh. (*.'/«.

Saurpglossum elatum).
Smithii, I' to 2', grh. or

st. , yel, or br.
Weirii, grh. or st. , reel.

grh., grn., yd. (xyii.

Xfi >!tia oieiiioi.h's).
,iicta, 1' to 2', Feb., grh.,

grn. , \vh.
-— grandiflora, flowers

grn. iu-iide («yn. Neottia

— varieg.ita, flowers wh.

inside, Ivs. variegated

. (stjn. Neottia acauli.sj. .

SPIRONEMA.

A vigorous, creeping stove herb (urd. Commelin-
acese). Increase is by division. Any light, rich
soil.

Only Species : —

fragrans, 2', My., s-t., wh., small, but fragrant.

ftyire Lily (see (liMtmia ctmdictms).
Sflfennort (see Asplcnitvni).
Splitgerbcra (see Jiat/tmeria).

(OTAHEITE APPLK, Hoo

SPONDIAS.

PLUM.)

About a dozen species of stove trees (ord.
Aiiacariliucuai), with small flowers aixl fleshy
fruits, resembling those of the Plum. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in heat. Soil, turfy loam and
sand.

Principal Species : —

borbonica, 40', dark pur.
dulcis, 50', Je. , y$. , grn. ,

fruit golden yel. («//«».

acida of Blume and

cytherea). Sweet Ota-

heite Apple,
lutea, 30 , sura., creamy

wfa.)frQity6l.(0ytt. bra.s-
iliensis, Mombin of
Jacquin, not Limia-us).

Golden Apple, Jamaica
Plum.

mangifera, 30', wh. Hog
Plum.

purpurea, 30', sum., pur.,
fruit yel. (xynx. Mom-
bin of l.iuiia-us, not
Jacquin, Myrobalauus
of Jacquiu, not Lin-
neeus or Velloz).

ftyonge Tree (Acacia farnesiana").

I'lwtn : Caaatlt tfc C'ymjyituy, Lut.

LINULKYANA (sup. 3.13;.

Spot

( 356 )

Spring Beetles

SPOT.

A popular name given to several fungoid
diseases attacking garden plants, and betraying
their presence by white, brown, or black spots
upon the leaves.

Grape Anthracnose (Gla:osporium ampelophagum
or Sphaceloma Ampelinnm) is sometimes spoken of
as Grape Spot. Grape Rot and bird's Eye Rot are
other names for it. The spots are grey, with a
vermilion red ring. Leaves, shoots, and berries are
all attacked. Spraying with a solution of sulphate
of iron (6 Ib. in 14 gallons of water) is recom-
mended, but this must only be done when the
canes are at rest. For checking the spread of the
disease in the growing season, dust with equal
parts of air-slaked lime and flowers of sulphur.

Orchid Spot is a common malady amongst
exotic Orchids. Its spread is assisted by fluctua-
tions of temperature and a very stagnant, moisture
laden atmosphere in the houses during the late
autumn and winter months.

Tomatoes are subject to the attacks of several
" spots." Cladosporium fulvum is sometimes
known as the Yellow Spot of Tomatoes. Black
Spot (Macrosporium Tomati) is fully as trouble-
some and rather more widespread. (See TOMATO
DISEASES.)

The Fairy-ring Spot of Carnations is the work of
Heterosporium echinulatum. The spots are light
coloured. Burning badly infested plants and
spraying those lightly attacked with potassium
sulphide, J oz. to 1 gallon of soft water, are the
remedies. (See also CARNATIONS.)

SPRAGUEA.

A genus of two species of half-hardy perennials
(ord. Portulaceae), suited for small borders or rock-
work. Propagation, by seeds sown in a frame, or
by cuttings. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
umbellata, 6", Jy., pur., \vh.

SPRAYING.

The treatment of various fungoid and insect
pests by spraying has come into favour of late
years. The system has grown naturally out of the
use of the syringe, but there is this difference, that
whereas only a comparatively coarse spray is
possible with a syringe, an almost mist-like spray
is obtained from a proper sprayer.

Sulphate of copper is a common ingredient
of solutions for spraying, as in the Bordeaux
Mixture employed for Potatoes and Tomatoes. (See
BORDEAUX MIXTURE.) A pure sulphate of copper
solution is used to spray fields badly overrun with
Charlock. The sulphate sticks to the rough leaves
of the Charlock and kills the plants, whilst it does
not cling to the smooth leaves of the Wheat.
Strong nitrate of soda solution has been used for
the same purpose. Potassium sulphide when
dissolved in water, Paris Green in water, kerosene
emulsion, and the soda-potash mixture for the
winter dressing of fruit trees are other favourite
spraying mixtures. (See also INSECTICIDES and
FUNGICIDES.)

When there are acres of Wheat or fruit trees to
spray special machines are necessary. Mr. Straw-
son's Strawsoniser is a large, horse-drawn machine
used with a sulphate of copper solution. The
Merryweather steam pumping machine, which is

Spoxledera (we Crratotheca).

strong enough to keep from twelve to twenty-four
sprays at work at once, is an excellent contrivance
for disinfecting Hop and fruit plantations, and
with the very fine spray sent out from the nozzles
the insecticide or fungicide is husbanded to the
utmost extent, all parts of the tree being wetted
with surprisingly little expenditure of fluid.

The employment of hand-pumps for forcing the
liquid through the nozzles is largely favoured,
although it is rather costlv from the labour point
of view. Small knapsack sprayers are in use.
The Auto-Spray No. 1 bids fair to become a real
boon where spraying on a small scale has to b&
done. The fluid is contained in a reservoir with
a capacity of 4 gallons, and the motive power
applied by merely turning a tap at the end of the
short length of hose attached to a cylinder of
compressed air. The machine is charged with
compressed air by a few strokes of a plunger,
which is an integral part of the whole machine.
In nearly all spraying it is difficult to get the
liquid free from sediment. Even a little of the
latter will choke up the fine jets of the spraying
nozzle, and cause delay and proportionate expense.
This can only be overcome by constant agitation.
The Abol spraying syringe is also useful, and it is
not expensive.

SPREKELIA. (JACOBEA LILY.)

A genus of greenhouse or half-hardy bulbous
plants (ord. Amaryllidese), cultivated in a similar
manner to the Amaryllises (which see). They may
be planted out on a south border against a green-
house in April or May, but are most satisfactory in
pots.

Only Species and Varieties : —

Cybister (now Hippeas- flowers smaller, paler

trum Cybister). CS7/^. glauca).

formosissirna, 2', Je. , - Kanvinskii, duller

crim. (syn. Amaryllis colour, but keeled and

f onnosissima) . bordered wh.

— glauca, Ivs. glaucous, — riugens, Ivs. glaucous,
upper segment marked

SPRENGELIA.

Neat greenhouse shrubs (ord. Epacridese), of
which only one or two are in cultivation. Propa-
gation, by seeds or cuttings. Soil, sandy peat.
(Sue also EPACRIS.)

Principal Species : —

Anderaoni (now Ander- Pouceletia, 1', My., sc.

sonia sprengelioides). (»>l». Ponceletia spren-

incaniata, 2', My., pk. gelioides).

(nyns. montana and

propinqua).

SPRING BEETLES. (SKIPJACKS.)
Spring Beetles (Elaterida;) are responsible for
the troublesome Wireworm. If the beetles be laid
on their backs on any hard surface they leap
several inches into the air to gain their feet again.
Directly, the beetles do very little harm, but they
should be destroyed whenever seen, if only for the
sake of the Wireworms which they bring into
existence, (tfee also WIHEWOKM.)

Kagle (Oncidiiim carllKiijini HSI').
prnij Hell (sue Sityrinohium),
Sjprwg (Irnss (we Anthcaartthum),

Spring Siimrfalu' (SIT Li-in-iijinii rrrnum}.
Spring Ktarjion-er (see Uriidiira \Trit<:lcia\ inti-
fora).

Springtails

( 357

Stachytarpheta

SPRINGTAILS.

A popular name for some genera of insects
{Collembola) whose members have the power of
jumping. They are minute wingless insects, which
fi'cd upon animal and vegetable refuse, and are
usually to be found in damp, shady corners of the
garden. Sometimes they take possession of the
Mushroom house, but in no case do they work
appreciable harm.

SPRUCE GALL APHIS.

The young twigs of Spruce Firs, especially when
growing in thick plantations, often suffer from the
presence of a number of small galls, not unlike
miniature Pineapples in appearance. In colour
they may be red, yellow, or pale green, and may
vary from J" to 14" in length. When young they
are fleshy, but with age the scales composing them
open, and become hard and brown, in which
•condition they will remain upon the trees for
years. These galls are the work of an aphis,
Chermes Abietis (sijn. Adelges Abietis), the im-
mediate producers of the galls being woolly, oval,
yellowish green, wingless, viviparous females. The
irritation is first set up by the puncture of the
insect's beak, and continued by the suction of the
numerous larvae. The larvoc pupate in the cavities
of the gall, and the winged females are found in
June and July ; the males are small, wingless, and
rare. Burning the young galls is the best remedy.
Exposure of the trees to air and light is an
important preventive measure, as is also the
draining of damp soils. (.Sir also CHERMES.)

SPURRING.

Cutting back side shoots of fruit and other
trees to within two or three buds of their origin.
Most fruit trees bear their fruit upon spurs, but in
some cases the supply1 of natural spurs has to be
supplemented by others artificially induced, as in
the case of the Apricot or sweet Cherry. A spur
is really a short shoot bearing a number of buds,
and it is the aim of the fruit grower to ensure a
quantity of these spurs. It is necessary to check
the extension of the shoot in the summer by-
taking out the point, and it is frequently neces-
sary to pinch twice, sometimes thrice, during
the growing season. At the winter pruning the
real cutting back is given. In wall trees that have
been badly pruned for a series of years the spurs
become long and straggling. In this case they
may with advantage be shor-tened to some extent,
so as to bring them within the sheltering influence
of the wall.

Spurring is a favourite method of pruning many
•ornamental climbers, including Passifloras and
Boug^Invilleas, and not only is a better crop of
flowers obtained by this method, but the whole of
the room available is devoted to the young \»Ood.
Some thinning of the young shoots is often needed
where the spurs are rat her close and carrying a lot
•of bmls.

H/>rn«e, Dovylas (see Psetidotsuga).

K/iruee Fir (see Pioea).

fipnire Hemlock (see Tstiya).

Spiirgt Flax (see Da/plnu- Mi':i-reitm~).

Spvrtje Laurel (see Daplinr Lavreola).

Spunje Settle (J/itm/>iia iirens).

Spurge Olive (C'nenriint trieoeevm and Daphne

Mezeretim).

Spj/rffrn-nrt (see Euphorbia).
Spur lew Violet (Viola hederaced).

SPYRIDIUM.

Greenhouse shrubs (on!. Khamneoe), few of
which are in cultivation ; probably globulosum is
the only one. It is of no value.

SQUASH.

This is a name given to different varieties of
edible Gourds, chiefly in the United States (see
GOURDS).

STAAVIA.

A genus of about half a dozen Heath-like shrubs
(ord. Bruniaceae), with heads of small flowers sur-
rounded by glossy bracts, and small leaves. Prop-
agation, by cuttings of the young growths under 3
bell-glass in sand. Soil, peat and sand.

Principal Species : —

ciliata, 1J', Je., wh. radiata. 1', My., wh. (syii.

glutinosa, 3', Ap. , wh. Bruuia radiata).

(*//«. Bruuia glutiuosu).

STACHYS. (WouxDwoRT. HEDGE

NETTLE.)

An extensive genus of greenhouse or hardy
annual, biennial, or perennial herbs (ord. Labiatae),
of which comparatively few are worth growing in
the garden. Lanata is valued for its white, woolly
leaves. Tuberifera is the Chinese Artichoke (see
ARTICHOKE, CHINESE). Propagation, by seeds,
the perennials also by division, and the biennials
by cuttings. Common soil.

Principal Species and Variety : —
coccinea, 1' to 2', sum., lanata, \Y, Jy., hdy.
grh. or hlf-hdy. per.,
sc.

germanica, 1' to 3', Ap.,

hdy. per., pale pk. , wh.

— sibirica, pk. (lyu. si-

birica).

grandiflora, 1', My., hdy.
per., vio. (.^H. Betonica
grandiflora).

Other Species and Varieties :—
albicaulis, 2J', sum., hdy., chrysantha, 6" to 12',

sum. , hdy. , yel.
densiflora, 1J', Je. , hdy. ,
flesh (syns. incana
of Botanical ifai/minr
2125, and Betonica hir-
suta).
grandidentata, 2', sum.,

hdy. or hlf-hdy., vio.
iuflata, H', Jy.,hdy. sub-
shr. , red.
lavandulsefolia, 2', sum.,

Lamb's Ear.

maweana, 1', Jy. , hlf-
hdy. , pale yel. , pur.

tuberifera, 1', pk., seldom
flowers, tubers edible
(,«/«. affinis). Chinese
or Japanese Artichoke,
Crosnes.

vio.

alpina, 1' to 4', sum.,
hdy., pur.

— intermedia, Ivs. more
wrinkled.

angustifolia, 9", Jy. , hdy.
sub-shr. , pur.

arenaria, Jy. , hdy., de-
cumbent, pur.

aspera, 2' to 4', Jy., hdy.,
pur. or red.

Betonica, 6" to 24", Je.,
hdy., reddish pur. (.«/"•
Betonica orticin;ili-
Wdod Betony, Bishop 8
Wort.

— alba, wh.

hdy. sub-shr. , rosy pur.

nivea, 1', Jy., hdy. sub-
shr., wh. (syii. Betonica
nivea).

sibinoa (tee germanica
var. ).

(BASTARD

STACHYTARPHETA.

VERVAIN.)

Stove annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or sub-
shrubs (ord. Verbenacese), of which several are
desirable for the garden. Propagation, the annuals

Ifynill, Roman (see Hyaeintfius romainix).
Squill (see Scilla).

Squill, Mriprd (see Pusrltkinia irilloidcs).
!<'l\rinant (Andrnpoijon Hrhirnantlm»).
fv/nirrrl-tiiil llrnss (SIT llnrdeum).
StachyelinjsHm (see 1'iptaflenia).

Stachyurus

358 )

Stanhopea

by seeds, the perennial herbs by division, and the
shrubs by cuttings in bottom heat, in sand, and
covered with a bell-glass. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

bicolor, 3', Je. , pur. iudica, 2', Jy. , bl. (syn.

cajaneiisis, 3', My., bl. jamaicensis).

(syn. cayennensis). mutabilis, 3', spr. to win.,

crassifolia, '!', Je. , bl. sub-shr. , crim. , ro. (syn.

dichotoma, 2', Je. , bl. Verbena mutabilis).

(syn. urticifolia of But- orubica, 2', Oct., sub-

anwal Maijazme 1848). shr. , pur. (syn. aristata).

STACHYURUS.

Ornamental half-hardy shrubs or small trees
(ord. Ternstroemiaceas), with small flowers in spikes
or bunches. Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripe
shoots under a bell-glass. Common soil. PrEecox
should generally have the shelter of a wall.

Principal Species :—

prascox, 10', Mch., yel. (syn. japonicus).

STACKHOUSIA.

A small genus of perennial greenhouse or hardy
herbs (ord. Stackhousieae), with erect stems, and
white or yellow flowers in spikes. Propagated by
division, or by cuttings of the young shoots under
a glass. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
monogyna, !£', Ap.,hdy. spathulata, 1', Ap1., grh.,

per., wh. (syn. linarise- wh,

folia).

STADMANNIA.

Stove trees (ord. Sapindaceae). Propagation, by
seeds sown in spring in bottom heat, by layers, or
by cuttings of half-ripened shoots under a glass in
sandy soil. Soil, sandy loam and leaf mould.
They are little grown, the only species in cultiva-
tion at Kew being sorbifolia.

STJEHELJNA.

A genus of half a dozen hardy or half-hardy sub-
shrubs (ord. Compositae), with narrow, purplish
flowers.

Principal Species : —

arborescens, 4', Aug. ,pur. Chamsepeuce (see Cnicus

Chamnepeuce).
dubia, 3', Je. , pur.

STAG BEETLE.

This (Lucanus cervus) is occasionally found in
gardens in dead wood of Oak, Apple, Willow, and
Poplar. It is easily recognised by the large size of
its pinchers, but seldom does much damage.

STAKES.

Stakes may be of wood or iron, the former being
much the more common. Wooden stakes for
plants in pots should be painted green for appear-
ance' sake and to make them more durable. They
should be of various sizes, according to the height
6t the plant they have to support. Stakes for
plants in the open, such as Dahlias, Hollyhocks,
herbaceous plants, etc., should also be painted, and
have the lower end charred to make it more dur-
able. Bamboo stakes of all sizes are cheap and
lasting, without being painted. Iron stakes should
be painted green. Spirally twisted strong wire
stakes are very useful for Carnations, etc., as the
plants require no tying. Hazel and Spruce
branches make very durable and serviceable Pea
stakes.

Staff Tree (see Celastrus).

STANDARDS.

A term applied to trees having stems free from
branches from 5' to 6' from the ground. They may
be budded or grafted at this height, or the stem
may be formed by the scion. For weeping and
pendulous trees it Is necessary to " work " on the
stem at the required height. The side branches
should not be removed all at once, but gradually,
as this enables the stern to become thicker at an'
earlier date. Half-standards have clean stems
from 3' to 4' in height. {See also FRUIT TREES.)

STANGERIA.

A small genus of slow-growing stove plants (nrd.
Cycadaceae). Propagation, by imported seeds. Soil,,
fibrous loam three parts, peat one part, well de-
cayed manure, and sand.

Only Species : —
Katzeri, 1', Ivs. few, Turnip shaped, lvs_

pinuaj ten to twelve glabrous.

pairs, small. Schizodon, pinnae irregu-

paradoxa, 2', trunk lurly toothed, more

robust.

STANHOPEA.

Stove, epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidacea;). The
flowers are somewhat fugitive, but this is counter-
balanced by the free flowering nature of the plants.
Propagation, by division. Soil, rough peat, sphag-
num, and charcoal, in Teak baskets. Owing to
the racemes being pendulous, and often produced
from the sides and bottom of the baskets, the pot-
ting material and sides of the receptacles must be
very open. Less water is required when the plants
are dormant.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p.=petals, l.=lip.]

fregeana, yel., spotted Ruckeri, pale yel., stained
pur. , 1. wh. , pur. spots. pk.

grandiflora, wh., crim. Sliuttlcwort.ini, apricot
spots. yel , pur. blotches, 1.

insignis, Aug. , dull y el. , yel. ; near insignis.

stained pur., large, tigriua. sum., or. yel.,
showy, fragrant. blotched pur. br., very

— flava, yel., very sweet, fragrant; one of the
Lowii, yel. , pur. spots, s. best («y>i. tigriua su-

and p. whitish buff (syn. perba). Lynx Flower.

amesiana). ^- lutescens, bright yel.,

madouxiana, creamy wh. , marked chocolate.

spotted pk. , 1. dark pur. — nigro- violacea, brown -

oculata, sum. , lemon yel. , ish pur.

HI. spots (syn. Cerato- Wardii, sum., s. and p.

chilus oculatus) ; several golden yel. , dotted pur. ,

vars. 1. pale yel., pur. spots

— crocea, dark yel. fragrant. Aurea and.

venusta are vars.

Other Species and Varieties : —

amesiana (see Lowii). ecornuta, or. wh., pur.

Bucephalus, Aug. , s. and blotches (syn. Stauhope-

p. pale yel. , pur. spots, astrum ecornutum).

very fragrant, hand- gibbosa, Je. , dull yel.,

some (syn. jenischiana). blotched crim. ; near

— guttata, apricot yel., Wardii).

br. marks. inodora, pale yel.; amcena.

— Eoezlii, deep yel. , pur. is a deep coloured var.
marks. martiana, s. pale yel., p.

cymbiformis, pale yel., wh., base crim., 1. wh.

blood red spots. (sy'i, velata).

devoniensis, Jy., creamy nigripes, s. and p. yel.,

yel. , crim. pur. , very pur. spots. , blk. centre.

sweet. ornatissima, or., spotted

eburnea, Je. , wh. , spotted reddish br.

pur. Spectabilis is a platyceras, yellowish pur. :

yel. var. near grandiflora.

Stankopeastrum (sen Stanhopea).

Stanleya

( 359 )

Starch

STANLEYA.

A small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord.
CruciferEe). Propagation, by seeds and division in
spring. Ordinary garden soil.

Only Species Introduced :—

pinnatifida, '.V to 4', sum., yel.

STAPELIA. (AFRICAN TOAD and CARUION
KLOWKII.)

A genus of over sixty species of dwarf, Jcafless,
succulent stove and warm greenhouse plants from
South Africa (urd Asclepiadese). The flowers are
generally large, and of some shade of , livid purple
and yellow, and possess a foetid odour. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in dry sand and broken bricks.
Soil, very sandy loam and crushed bricks. They
must be .accorded abundance of sun and a dry
atmosphere. (See also CACTUS for general cultural
details.)

Principal Species and Varieties :—

Astorias, 0", sum., vio. ,

vol., pur., stems erect.

Starfish Flower.
drsmrtiana, 3" to '.>' ,

iirn. . pur., red.
gfaantea, 6' , yellowish

lir., reddish pur., very

handsome,
graiuliflora, 1 . aut , )mr ,

hairs wh., bmnrlir,

grey.
— liueata, yel. linrs ;it

!I;IM- of flower.

maculosa, 1', sum., yel-
lowish pur., vi'ry foatiil.

namaquensit), 3" to ,>",
bright yel., dark pur.
spots ; one of best.

aoiinalis, 6", Aug. , yt1!. ,
blood red.

pedunculata, A , sum.,
dark led (>//"• Jn-vis).

pulchella, light yel., pur.,
hr.

sororia, '>" to \(V, Jy.,
pur., base or. yel.

la'vis (see petluuculata).

Other Species and Varieties : —
barbuta (now lluernia olivacea, 3" to o", Son

barbate).

bufonis (see normalis).
enicii'ormis (see olivacea).
hirsuta, 6', sum., yel.,

vio., red.
mutabilis, 6", Jy. , green-

pur.,

br. , olive gru

very fo3tid.
Plantii, Nov., croopin

yel., blk., pur.
pulvinata, aut,, vio.

ish yel., pur. stripes.
STAPHYLEA.

(BLADDER NUT TI;I:I:.)

Hardy, ornamental, deciduous shrubs (urd. Sa-
pindiicete). Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripi:
shoots by layers in autumn, suckers, and seeds.
Soil, rich light loam. Colchica, Coulombieri, and
pinnata are excellent for forcing.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties :
Bolauderi, sum., wh.
13iiiu:tlda, 0', Je. to Aug.,

wh.
colchica, 5', sum., wh.

(si/n. Hooibrenckia for-

mosa of gardens).
Coulombieri, 8', latesurn.,

wh. ; hybrid (pimiiita

X colchiea), very free
flowering.

elegans Hessei, probably a
hybrid (Coulorabieri X
pinnata),

pinnata, 10', My., wh.
Job's Tears, St. An-
thony's Nut.

trifolia, 10' to 12', My.,
wh.

STARCH.

This carbohydrate, whose chemical formula,
like that of sugar, is CKH20O,0, plays a very im-
portant part in the lives of "most plants. It usually
occurs, in the form of grannies, in cell contents ;
and in tubers like those of the Potato, and thickened
roots like those of the Beet and Carrot, it is stored
in considerable quantities, whence the value of
these vegetables for human food. Starch is formed,
in the living plant, in two ways: (1) in the chloro-

StOf Apple (fir

phyll granules of the leaves, under the influence of
sunlight, from the breaking up of carbonic acid
gas (CO2) and water (H3O), and the rearrange-
ment of their constituent elements; and ('2) in the
roots and other parts excluded from the light, from
sugar, by the action of the leucoplastids. In such
organisms as fungi, which have no chlorophyll and
can make no starch, the necessary supply of starch
is obtained from other organisms, or their dead
remains, according as the fungus is parasitic or
sapropbytlc. To sum up, starch may be con-
sidered as a comparatively insoluble carbohydrate,
utilised by the plant for storing purposes. It may
be converted from sugar, and the sugar may be

PliOio: 11. N. Foil,

STATICE Suwoitowi (see p. 300).

reconverted into starch by the action of diastase, a
ferment which is developed within the organism.
The insoluble starch is soluble as sugar, and may
then be readily conveyed to any part of the plant
requiring nourishment. The malting of Barley is
a familiar instance of this reconversion of starch,

t'lmn-r (av
Star t'lorrer (see Aster, fiternbcrifiii. Tric-ntaMs,

and lir nil i if a).

Star <ira«» (Ali-tris farinona).
Star Head (see Nriiliiniui).
Star Jli/n/'iiilh («!•!• !<:-illa a-iiurna).
Star nf Jietlileheiu (see Or/iit/iiir/a/ii/ii umMltt-

turn}.

Ktar of Jerusalem (Trayfljwgonpr/itdixis).
Slur, Sin (Aster Tripoiiivm).
8tar Tltintle (Ccntnitren. ealritrapoido).
Sliirirnrt. Ilnl'in H ( . \ niellins Li/rttnitis).
Starmrrt. (nee After and Stelldria).

Statice

( 360 )

Stemodia

but it is a regular occurrence in all plants, espe-
cially those which store up quantities of starch,
as in the thickened roots and tubers referred to.

STATICE.

Ornamental greenhouse shrubs, and hardy and
half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Pluraba-
ginea;), for the most part. Propagation, cuttings
for the shrubs, division for the perennials, and seeds
for the annuals and biennials. Soil, light sandy
loam. Soot is an excellent stimulant applied as
a top-dressing.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Variety :—
nrborea (see fruticans). lidy. shr. , pale bl. (syn.

callicoma, Jy., hlf-hdy., Halfordii).

pk. profusa, '2', Aug., gih.,

elata, 2',, Jy., hdy., bl. bl. ; hybrid (puberula

floribunda, vio. bl. X raacrophylla).

fruticans, sum., hlf-lidy. reticulata, H , Jy., hdy.

shr., bl. (syns. arborai per., bl. (seep. 361).

and arborescens). msua, 1^' to 2', sum., ro.

Gmeliui, 1' to 2', sum., simuita, 1', hlf-hdy., sum.,

hdy., dark bl. pur.

Halfordii (see macro- Suworowi, 1' to 2', hdy.

phylla). aim., sum., pk., lil.,

incana naiia, 9' , sum., good for pots (syn.

hdy., pk. ; probably a Candelabra' Mep.aSS),

var. of tatarica. tatarica, 1', sum., hdy.,

latifolia, 1', Je.,hdy., bl. red, bl. _

one of the best. — angustifolia, Ivs. nar-

macrophylla, 2', My., lilf- row.

Other Species : —
Ararati (see Acantholimou Bomluelli, 1' to \\' , Je.,

glumaceum). yel.

auriculata, 6",sum.,)idy.( Bourgrei, sum., grh. shr. ,

pur. pur., wh.

australis, 1, sum., hdy., Limonium, 1' to H', sum ,

yel. (sy/s. sineusis and hdy. , bluish pur. Com-

Fortunei). mon Sea Lavender,

.arborescens (see fruticaiis — alba, wh.

var. ) . miniita, 4", Jy . , hdy. per. ,

lil. or pur.
puberula, Jy., grh. , vio.

STATUARY.

The extent to which statuary may be introduced
into a garden, and with good effect, not only
depends very much upon the style of the garden,
but is also a matter for individual taste to decide.
As a rule, it is most in keeping with the straight
lines and exact curves of the geometrical garden
near the house, and it associates well with the
clipped Yews and closely trimmed hedges still
occasionally seen. Grouped in the centre or placed
round the sides of ornamental fountains or stone
basins filled with ornamental water, no fault can
be found with it. although it is distinctly out of
place in gardens where natural styles are followed.
In the conservatory statues are frequently made
good use of, and in a structure furnished upon
semi-drawing room, semi-greenhouse lines, marble
and other statues appear at their best. Their
employment in this way is probably better ex-
emplified at the Crystal Palace than anywhere
•else.

STAUNTONIA.

Hardy evergreen climbing shrubs (ord. Berber-
idea;). Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, in a close case. Soil, sandy loam
and leaf mould. The shoots should be cut back
.after flowering.

Principal Species :—
Tiexaphylla, Ap. , wh., latifolia (see Hollxrllia

fragrant. latifolia).

STAURANTHERA.

Stove herbs (ord. Gesneraceaj). Propagation, by
seeds and cuttings. Soil, loam two parts, leaf
mould one part, with decayed manure and sand.

Only Species Introduced : —

grandifolia, 1', Aug., wh., tinged pur., yel., Ivs. 9'
to 10' long.

STAUROPSIS.

A small genus of stove epiphytic Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceaj). Propagation, by division. Culture
as for Cattleya (which scf).

Principal Species : —
Batemanni (AW lissochil- lissochiloides, Jy., yel.,

oides). crim. , rosy pur. (SIIHS.

fasciata, wh.,ypl.amlpur. Hatrmuimi, Pieldia lis-

marks (isyn. Trichoglot- sochiloides,VandaBa,te-

tis fasciata). inanni, and V. lissochil-

gigantea, spr. , yel., br. oides).

marks (fyn. Vanda gi- warocqueana, yel., red-

gautea). dish br. , lip wh., spot-

ted ro.

STAUROSTIGMA.

Tuberous, stove plants (ord. Aroiderc), of little
garden value. Culture as for Caladiums. Con-
cinnum, lusclmathia:ium, and riedelianuru Lave
been introduced.

STEIRONEMA.

Hardy perennials (ord. Primulaccaj) closely re-
lated to Lysimachia, like which they may be
treated.

Principal Species : —

heterophylium, yel. (syns. Lysimachia lanceolata
and L. ciliata, and S. lanceolatum).

STELIS.

A large genus of small-flowered Orchids (ord.
Oi chidaceae). They may be grown with the cool
Mnsdevallias (which see).

Principal Species : —
Bruchmiilleri, Dec., yel., gnmdinora, Jy., br.

pur. ophioglossoides, Sep., grn.

ciliuris, 6", Feb., deep sesquipedalis, Aug., yel.

pur.

STELLARIA. (STAUWOKT, STITCH
GRASS.)

A large genus of hardy plants, chiefly annuals
(ord. Caryophyllese), of little garden value. Prop-
agation, 'by seed. Any garden soil. Graminea
aurea, a perennial, is used for carpet bedding.

STELLERA.

Hardy perennials and shrubs (ord. Thymete-
acese). Propagation, by seeds. Ordinary soil.
Chamsejasme (syn. altaica), the Ground Jessamine,
is probably lost to cultivation.

STEMODIA.

Stove, greenhouse, and half-hardy herbs (ord.
Scrophularinea;), few of which are of garden value.
Propagation, by division and seeds. Soil, light,
rich loam.

Principal Species : —

chilensis, 1', Sep., bl.
duraiitifolia, 1', aim.,

bluish pur.
lobelioides, 1', Aug., hlf-

hdy., deep hi. (KIIH.
Gratiola tetragona of
Jtotanical Mar/u:inf
3134).

hiit (see Ulcx).
(Delphinium

m (see Tristayma).

Stemona

( 361 )

Stems

STEMONA.

Stove climbui-8 (»rd. Roxburghiacerc), with showy,
fictid flowers. Propagation, by cuttings and
suckers. Soil, light, rich loam.
Principal Species :—

to 6" long (sijns. glorios-
oides, Roxburghia glo-

riosa, andlt. viridiHoru).

Curtisii, sum., grn., br.,

pur.
tuberosa, Jy., grn.. Ivs. 4"

STEMS.

The stem may be defined as the ascending axis
of the plant, whose function it is to bear the leaves,

from these general qualities, there are many minor
ones, which have all to be dealt with when deter-
mining the character of a stem ; these, however,
cannot be treated upon in a work of this scope.

Apart from the bearing of the leaves, branches,
and flowers, the stem acts as a channel along
which the supply of nutriment drawn up by the
roots may pnss, both before elaboration by the
leaves and after. The woody cylinder is for the
most part of mechanical service only, the cam-
bium layer being the only living part : this applies
to old stems.

STATICE RETICVLATA. (THE SMALL RADICAL LEAVES ARE HIDDEN BY THE
MASS OF ASPARAGUS-LIKE FLOWEIUXO BRANCHES ; see p. 360)

branches, and flowers. It may be simple, i.e. un-
divided, as with most Palms." or be many times
forked, and carry a great head, of branches, as in
the case of large trees. The duration may bo
annual, as with all annual plants and most bien-
nials ; or perennial, as with trees and shrubs
generally. The structure may be herbaceous, i.e.
soft, and not woody, as with all herbaceous plants ;
or hard and woody, as with trees and shrubs gener-
ally. It may be erect, with short nodes (joints),
and capable of bearing its own weight and that
of its leaves and branches, or it may be compara-
tively thin and less rigid, although wiry, and
obtain support by climbing by one of the various
means of which plants avail themselves. Apart

Stemonaeanthta (see Ituellia).

Passing from the outside to the centre in the
transverse section of a young Dicotyledonous stem,
the zones of tissue passed through are (1) the
epidermis ; (2) the cortex, in which the vascular
bundles are embedded in a ring ; (3) the medul-
lary tissue or pith. In an old stem there would be
(1) the bark, outer; (2) the bark, inner; (3) the
ring of cambium, which is now continuous ; (4)
the wood ; (5) the much compressed remains of
the pith. The cambium layer is of the highest
importance, since it is by the growth and division
of its cells that the stem year by year increases in
thickness, a zone of wood being annually formed
to the inside and a zone of bark (phloem) to the
outside. Success in the operations of budding and
grafting depends upon the bringing together of
the respective cambium layers in stock and scion ;

Stenactis

( 362 )

Stephanotis

unless this is 'done failure will result, no matter
what the system may be.

In Monocotyledons the vascular bundles (closed)
are not arranged in a ring, but are distributed over
the entire stem. In a transverse section this dis-
tribution appears to be irregular, and apparently
governed by no special rule.

STENACTIS («r ERIGERON).

STENANDRIUM.

Stove and greenhouse herbs (ord. Acanthacea;).
Propagation, by seeds. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : — •

igneum, st., yel. greenish yel. ; a good

Lindeni, st., yel., Ivs. foliage plant for edg-

ing-"

STENANTHIUM.

Greenhouse or hardy bulbous plants (ord. Lili-
acese). Propagation, by division. Light, loamy
soil.

Principal Species : —
angustifolium, 2' to 3', (ig». Helonias grani-

Je., hdy., greenish iiiea).

wh. frigidum, 2', Je., hdy.,

•— gramiiieum, fewer pur.

flowers, Ivs. narrower occidentale, sum., hdv..
dark pur,

STENIA.

A small genus of Orchids (ord. Orclridacea;),
which are not much cultivated. Propagation, by
division. Compost, rough peat and sphagnum, in
an intermediate house.

Only Species : —
fimbriata, pale yel., guttata, pale yel. , pur.

brownish pur. spots spots.

(syii. Chondrorhyucha pallida, aut., citron yd.,

fimbriata). lip spotted red.

STENOCARPUS (*//«*. AGNOSTUS and
CYBBLE).

Greenhouse, evergreen trees (ord. Proteacete).
Propagation, by seeds. Soil, two parts peat, one
part loam, and sand.

Principal Species :—

Forsteri, 3'. Je., wh. sinuatus, 20' to 100', Je.,

salignus, 3' to 20', Je., bright red. Fire Tree,

grn. Beef Wood. Queensland Tulip Tree.

STENOGLOTTIS.

Deciduous, terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidacesc).
They are found in carpet-like masses in moist
situations in partial shade, usually among rocks,
in South Africa. They succeed in the warmer
Odontoglossum house. Propagation, by division in
spring. Soil, fibrous loam, leaf mould, and silver
sand. Throughout the growing season plenty of
water is required, reducing, but never entirely
withholding, the supply as the leaves decay.

Only Species : —
fimbriata, spike 6" to 12", longifolia, spike 1' to 1J',

Sept., rosy pur., Ivs. Sept. , mauve pur.

dark pur. spots.

STENOMESSON.

South American, greenhouse, bulbous plants
{ord. Amaryllideae), with large umbels of showy,
tubular, red, pink or orange coloured flowers. The

Stentinthera dec Astroloma).
Stenoehlccna (sec Acrostic/turn and Lomaria).
Stenocoryne (see Jiifrenaria).
Stenogaitra (see Sinningia).

flowers in most species appear simultaneously witii
the leaves. Propagation, by dividing the bulbs at
the time of potting. Soil, similar to that for
Amaryllises, which see. Repotting must be done
in winter or very early spring.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
aiiraiitiacum, 1', My., — trichrpmum, sc.

yel. (•*//». Hartwegii) ; luteo - viride, 1', Ap.,.

may be given a sheltered greenish yel.

'border. Pearcei, 24 , My., yel.

— cocciueum, sc. suspensum, 1', My., sc.
incarnatum, 2', Aug., red. viridiflormn, I', Ap. , grn.

— fulvum, brownish yel.

Other Species and Varieties : —
llavum, 1A', My., yel. — latifolium, Ivs. large.

— curvidentatum, yel.

STENOSPERMATION.

Stove herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Aroideic), rarely
seen outside botanic gardens. Propagation, by-
division or by cuttings. Light, peaty soil.

Principal Species : —

multiovulutum, 1' to 2',
sum., wh.

^Vallisii, 1', sum., wlu
(HI/II. popayense).

STENOTAPHRUM.

Dwarf Grasses (ord. Graminea;) with creeping
steins. Glabrum (syn. americanum) and its
variegated form are useful for the greenhouse
border, or for basket work. Propagation, bv cuttings,
or division. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and .sand.

STEPHANANDRA.

Hardy shrubs (ord. Rosaccai) of graceful habit,
bearing numerous small, whitish flowers. In
winter Slcphanandras are conspicuous by reason
of their light brown bark, and a group helps to-
brighten up the shrubbery. Propagation, by
cuttings of half-ripe shoots 4'' to 6" long, in a
cold frame in July. Any good garden soil will
suit the plants very well.

Principal Species : —
flexuosa, 3' to 4', Jy. , wh. Tanaka', 3', Jy., wh.

(.V//M.V. iiicisa and Spiraja

incisa).

STEPHANIA.

Stove or greenhouse climbing plants (ord. Meuis-
permacete) with roundish leaves and small incon-
spicuous flowers. Propagation, by seeds. Any-
good soil.

Principal Species : —
discolor, 6' to 12', sum, rotunda, 8', sum, gi'h.s

st., br. (*?/«. heniandia-- br.

folia).

STEPHANOCOMA.

Thistle-like herbs from South Africa (ord. Com-
positse), of no horticultural value. Carduoides
(correctly Berkheya cardniformis), the only species,
grows 25', and bears small heads of yellow flowers
in autumn. Loamy soil.

STEPHANOTIS.

Description. — A genus of stove climbers (ord.
Asclepiadeie). Only one species, floribunda, is.
extensively cultivated. This, by reason of the

Stenorhynohnitt (see Spiranttm).
Stenosemia (see Acrosticlium).
Stejiharwlirion (see Tristagma).
StephoMOpliornm (gee Narcissus).
Stephanophysiim (see liiutllia).

Sterculia

V 363 )

Stevensonia

beautiful, white, fragrant flowers it so freely pro-
duces, is exceedingly popular.

Propagation. — By cuttings of the firm side
growths of a previous season, placed singly in 2"
pots. Spring is the best time to propagate ; loam,
peat, and sand make a suitable compost, and till0
to 75° is a suitable temperature. Cover with a bell-
glass to ensure a close, moist atmosphere.

Soil. — Turfy loam, if not very retentive, should
form at least half the compost, making up the
other half with peat, sand, and a little dried cow
manure. Free drainnge is essential. Where a
large roof area is available for the extension of
growth it is advisable to plant the Stephanotis
in a bed of soil, increasing the root area as the
growths extend.

Other Cultural Points. — From early spring to
late autumn abundance of moisture in the soil and
atmosphere is essential, and during the same period
syringing twice a day is desirable, provided all
expanded flowers are first removed if they are
needed for floral designs. From October to March
a considerably reduced water supply will suffice,
and the lower temperature (55° to (iu°) of a stove
during that period will ensure some amount of
rest. Thin out weak growths at all seasons, and
regularly attend to tying and training. Crowded
growths flower sparingly and are difficult to keep
clean. An annual pruning to keep the plant within
bounds, and also to promote new growths from the
main stem, is generally desirable, and should take
place in January and February.

Insect Enemies. — Green fly is seldom a serious
pest, but it frequently attacks the slender, growing
points. Fumigation, and syringing with tobacco
solution, will remove it. Mealy bug is the greatest
enemy of the Stephanotis, and it is only by constant
attention to tying, thinning, syringing, and spong-
ing that it can be kept down. This pest so soon
renders the exquisite flowers unsightly that no
efforts should be spared to keep it at bay. B'or-
tunately, when resting, the Stephanotis will stand
strong insecticides without injury, so that during
the winter season dilute paraffin emulsion can be
effectively used to dislodge the pests from plant,
trellis, and woodwork.

Principal Species and Variety :—
floribunda, 30', spr. to wh. , flowers freely

win. , waxy wh. , frag- when quite small.

rant. Thouarsii, 10', My., wh.

— Elvaston var. , 1.5',

STERCULIA.

A widely distributed genus of evergreen stove or
greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceae).
The flowers are showy, in panicles, and remarkable
for the absence of petals. Rupestris is, in a young
state, much like Aralia Veitchii. Propagation, by
cuttings of well-ripened growth, in sand or very
sandy soil, in a close case. Soil, equal parts of
loam and peat with plenty of sand.

Principal Species : —
Balaughas, 30', sum. , aut. , rupestris, 10' to 2.V,sum.,

pur. br. (fyiin. Delabeehea

Bidwillii, 20', aut., red rupestris, Oleobaehia

(»t/» Brachychiton Bid- macrophylla, and O.

willii). rupestris), Bottle

discolor, 20' to 40', sum., Tree.

rosy red.

Other Species :
acerifolia, 20' to 120', colorata, :!0', sum., sc.

sum., red (xyu. Brachy- diversifolia, 20' to 60',

chiton acerifolium). sum., yel. (syns. hetero-

platauifolia, 10' to 30%

sum., grn. (nyii. pyri-

formis).
Tragacanthse, 20' to 40',

My. , reddish br. Traga-

cauth Gum Tree.
villosa, 20', Je., pk., yel.

phylla and Brachy-
chitou diversifolium).

Ivira, 20' to 60', Jy., yel.

liuiceolata, 20', sum., red-
dish br.

mucTophylla, 20', Jy.,
yel.

iirorali'doiiica, 10' to 20',
sum., red, gold.

STEREOSPERMUM.

A small genus of greenhouse trees, shrubs, 01
shrubby climbers (ord. Bignoniacese), which bear
fragrant white flowers in summer. They are not
in general cultivation. Similar treatment to that
recommended for Bignonias is suitable.

STEREUM.

A genus of lungi the members of which are
often found growing on the dead trunks of trees.
Piirpureum is very partial to the Poplar, hirsutum
to the Oak, and sanguineolentum to Conifers. The
genus is characterised by its extreme toughness
Some of the species are very ornamental.

STERIPHOMA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Capparidea-) with ornamental,
orange coloured flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
of short shoots in sandy soil in a close case. Soil,
two parts fibrous peat, two parts fibrous loam, and
one part sand.

Principal Species : —
elliptica, '•'>', sum., or. paradoxa, 6', sum., or.

yel.

STERNBERGIA.

Beautiful, dwarf, hardy bulbous plants (ord.
Amaryllidcie), bearing large, Crocus-like flowers in
spring and autumn. Propagation, by offsets. Soil,
moderately light and well-drained loam with
which limestone or lime rubbish is incorporated.
The position should be a sunny one. Summer is
the best planting time. Cover the bulbs with
about 2" of soil. Grown in deep pans, most of
the species are suitable for conservatory decoration,
but when so treated they should have the shelter of
a cold frame directly the flower buds appear.

Principal Species : —
fischeriana, 6", spr., light macrantha, 8", aut.,

yel. golden yel. (syn. clusi-

lutea, 8", Oct., yel. (SI/HX. ana of Boiss., not

Amaryllis lutea and Ker.).

Oporanthus lutea).

Other Species : —
colchiciflora, 6", aut., Ker., not Boiss., Ama-

yel. (*yns. clusiana of rylh's citrina and col-
chiciflora).

STEUDNERA.

Perennial stove herbs (ord. Aroidea?). Their
chief merit lies in their ornamental leaves. The
several species are, however, not in general culti-
vation. Treat as recommended for Alocasias.

Principal Species : —
ci>loci(0in;folia, 2', sum., discolor, H', sum., yel-

yellowish br. lowish br.

STEVENSONIA.

A monotypic genus of stove Palms (ord. Palmse).
Grandi folia, a native of the Seychelles, forms
a noble specimen with a rather slender trunk
40' high, armed, especially when young, with
stout spines, and crowned with a large head of
ornament d bifid leaves 5' to (!' long by 4' wide.
The leaves are often covered with yellow blotches,

Stevia

( 364

Stipa

•which is a natural feature. Soil, fibrous loam with a
little peat and plenty of sand. Abundance of heat
and a moist atmosphere are essential (gyns. Areca
(Seychellarum, Astrocaryum borsigianum and A.
aureo-pictum, and Phcenicophorinm Scychellarum).

STEVIA.

Stove, greenhouse or hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs, or
lierbs (ortl. Composite), with whitish or purplish
flower heads. Although a large number of species
have been described, very few are worthy of
cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings of young
wood, or by division in the case of the herbaceous
species. Light, loamy soil.

Principal Species : —
Eupatoria, 2', sum. , lidy.,

pk.

glutiuosa, 2',sum.,grh.. pk.
ivarfolia, 2', sum., grh.. vvh.

STILLINGIA.

Of the dozen or more species (ord. Euphorbiaceae),
sebifera, the Chinese Tallow Tree, is the best
known. Its wood, which is very hard, is used by
the Chinese for engraving. It grows 15' to 20' in
height, and bears yellow flowers.

STIPA.

Description. — Perennial Grasses (nrd. GramineEe),
mostly hardy, more or less beautiful as garden
plants, and useful when in bloom for cutting, as
their plumes associate readily with most cut
flowers. The Feather Grass, pennata, is quite
popular, while another species, tenacissima, has
an economic value, as it enters into the manu-
facture of high class paper, and is popularly
known as Esparto Grass.

STIGMAPHYLLOX CILIATUM.

STIFFTIA (gyns. ARISTOMEXIA, AUGUSTA,
and SANHILARIA).

Stove shrubs or small trees (nrd. Compositfe),
with entire, leathery leaves and yellowish flowers.
Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sandy soil in a warm, close case. Soil, two parts
of fibrous loam to one part of leaf mould and sand.

Principal Species : —

chrysantha, (!', spr., or. ycl.

STIGMAPHYLLON.

Ornamental, climbing, stove shrubs from tropical
America (ord. Malpighiacese). Propagation, by
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil in a. close
case. Soil, two parts fibrous loam, two parts peat,
and one part sand.

Principal Species : —
ciliatum, 10', Je., yel. (see figure).

Other Species : -
acuminatum, 10', Jy. , ellipticum, 10', Sep., yel.

vel. fulgeus, l.V, Aug., sc.

affine, 8', Jy., yel. littorale, 12', aut., yel.

bogotense, 15', My., yel. retusum, 20', sum., yel.

Propagation. — By division in spring ; by seeds
sown in shallow boxes of light soil in spring in a
temperature of 50° to 00°, subsequently hardening
off the seedlings ready for planting out in May
or June ; by seeds sown in any light soil out of
d0ors in April.

Soil. — Ordinary garden soil suits if the situation
be a sunny one.

Principal Species : —

elcgautissima, 3', sum.,
grh., grn.

Other Species : —

capillata, 2' , Jy. , grn.
humilis, 6", Jy., grn.

gignntea, 3', sum., grn.
peunata, 2', sum., grn.
tenacissiraa, 4', sum., gm.

juncea, 3', sum., grn.

Stinging Bitsli (.Tat-roplm tin-as).
Stinging Nettle (see Urtien).
Stink Fly (see le/inciimmi Fly).
Winking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia).
fit-inking (fladn-yn (see Irisfeetidissima).
IJtinking Yen- (.tee Tnrreyn).
Stinkwood, Tasmaman (Zieria Smithii).

Stocks, Fruit

( 365 )

Stoking

STOCKS, FRUIT.

The majority of the varieties of the larger kinds
of fruits do not crop satisfactorily when growing
upon their own roots. They are, therefore,
" worked " upon certain stocks. The best stocks
are, for bush and pyramid Apples, the Broad-leaved
English Paradise ; for standard Apples, the Crab
and Free ; for bush and pyramid Pears, the
Quince ; for standard Pears, the Pear ; for Peaches
and Nectarines, the Damas Noir and St. Julien
Plums ; for Cherries, the Gean, Mahaleb, and
Morello ; and for Plums, the Mussel, St. Julien,
and White Pear Plum. The process of working is
by budding or grafting, which see.

STOCKS, GARDEN.

Description. — In the Stocks that are grown in
gardens for the beauty and fragrance of their
flowers there are broadly three divisions : (1) Ten-
Week, (2) Brompton, and (3) Intermediate. The
varieties in these sections have been raised mainly
from JIathiola incana, M. i. annua, and M. sinuata
(urd. Cruci ferae). These clearly defined sections
are more or less subdivided.

Ten-Week Stocks. — This, the most popular
section, comprises those which flower throughout
the summer. The plants are easily grown, and it'
the strain is a good one a line proportion of double
varieties will be secured. There are sure to- be a
number of singles in each packet, and where beds
of Stocks are grown the plants should be about 4"
or 5" apart, so that when observable the singles
may be drawn out without spoiling the effect of
the bed. If one could ensure all double plants 10"
to 12" asunder on well-enriched, deeply dug
ground would produce a superb display. Seeds
should be sown in shallow pans or boxes of light,
sandy soil in March, and as soon as possible the
seedlings should be pricked out into other recep-
tacles. The next move ought to be either singly into
small pots or (i" apart in lines on a special bed of
soil made up in a frame, whence the plants may be
transferred to the positions in which they are to
flower. This should be done early in June, a little
earlier or a little later according to the condition
of the soil ami the weather. Or seeds may be
sown out of doors in April, and the plants, with
attention to thinning, will Hower in August. When
used for bedding, Ten-Week and Pyramidal Ten-
Week Stocks should be properly staked, and if
liquid manure be generously applied as the plants
advance into flower the spikes will be much im-
proved in size and substance. A few plants should
always be grown in pots, if only for their delicious
fragrance. Successional sowings may be made in
accordance with requirements. The varieties are
usually sold in packets of distinct colours.

Selection of Ten- Week Stocks :—
Large Flowering, 1', sum.; Dwarf German, 1', sum.;

many vars.
Large Flowering Pyra-
midal, 1J', sum.; many
vars.

many vars.
Robust Rocket, 2', sum. ;

many vars.
Wallflower-leaved, K',

sum. ; many vars.

In addition to these there are several varieties
with distinctive names, all of which range from 1'
to 2' high, and flower in summer.

Brompton Stocks. — These are biennials, and
comprise a much more limited range of colour than
is found in the Ten-Week section. Though
reputedly very hardy, many plants die off every
winter, and for this reason they have not the

popularity of those already mentioned and the
Intermediate type. Seeds should be sown in July
or August in the same manner as Ten- Week Stocks,
but the young plants are best wintered in frames,
and planted in the early spring, when they will soon
flower. The soil must be deep and well drained,
particularly when they are wintered out of doors,
where they must have protection from sharp frosts
and cutting winds. Seeds sown in March will
flower in September. The Queen Stock is prob-
ably a form of the Bromptou, and requires similar
treatment. • ,

Selection of Brompton Stocks : —

Brompton, 1", spr., aut.; Queen, U', spr., aut. ;
many vars. many vars.

Intermediate Stocks. — This is a splendid section,
which, with the Ten-Week, will provide fine
flowers for many months of the year. Seeds
sown in cold frames in July will produce plants
for flowering in spring, and those from a March
sowing will commence to flower in August and
continue through September, and often later.
The Ten-Week flowers in the summer, and thus
a very prolonged season is secured. The plants
are dwarf and bushy in habit, and produce spikes
with considerable freedom. The seedlings must be
allowed ample room for development, as attenuated
plants never give the same satisfaction as those
%vhich have come on sturdily and strongly from
the very first.

Selection of Intermediate Stocks: —

Intermediate, lj', spr. , Emperor, large flowering,

aut., crim., pur., sc., if', spr., aut.; many

wh. vars.

East Lothian, 1J', spr., GiantCape, U', spr., aut.,

aut, crim., pur., sc., crim. , pur. ,"sc., wh.

wh. ; a magnificent

form.

STOCK, VIRGINIAN (see MALCOMIA).

STCEBE.

Small, evergreen, greenhouse shrubs from South
Africa (urd. Composite), of no horticultural value.

STOKESIA.

Cyanea is the only known species (ord. Com-
positae). It is a perennial herb, suitable for the
greenhouse or outdoors. It grows 1J' in height,
has alternate, lajiceolate leaves, and bears numerous1
Aster-like heads of blue flowers in August. Prop,
agate by division in spring. Loamy soil,

STOKING.

Though not a pleasant operation, this is assuredly
one of the most important, and upon its proper
performance will greatly depend the successful
culture of plants under glass. An annual examin-
ation of the boiler and appurtenances should be
made by an expert in August, or some time when
the services of the fire can be dispensed with for
a time. Foul chimneys should then be cleansed,
all defective valves and joints repacked, and any
dilapidations repaired.

Given a clean start, a monthly clearance of the
flues should suffice throughout the winter to keep
the fire going well, though where coal is used, and

Stissera (see Curcuma).
Stitchifort (see Pttdiaria).
Stizoltfbitim (we Murnna.).
Stobtea («•<• Jtcrklicya),

Stoking

3GO )

Stove

the flue system is complicated, fortnightly cleanings
will be advantageous. Always commence at the
top flue and work downwards until the soot and
ashes are removed from the lowest flue door. Bass
brushes will clean flues more satisfactorily than
the hair ones generally sold for the purpose, and
Can be made of any desired length.

In upright boilers where the smoke escapes
through an orifice at the side of the fire, small
pieces of coke often find their way through this.
into the flue. A piece of hoop iron, bent into a
hook and fixed to the end of'a pliable rod, is useful
for removing these, and three wire nails driven
into a narrow piece of board will make a useful
candle holder, which may be pushed into the flue
to afford light to the operator.

Next in importance to clean flues is an empty
ashbox, and this should always be cleaned out at
least twice daily during severe weather ; in hot
weather a full ashbox is useful in retarding
draught.

On examining a fire in the morning the dampers
should be drawn out to the full length, and the
dead fuel removed from inside the turnace door
until the state of the fire can be seen. If the fire
be very low, a thorough loosening should be given,
all the clinkers and dirt removed, the ashbox
emptied, and a very little dry, fine fuel added.
More should be given when the fire is burning
clearly — say, in an hour's time.

When fires are being driven hard there will
generally be found a large clinker partly or wholly
covering the fire-bars in the morning. This should
not be removed, unless there is a good body of
keen fire, or its withdrawal may often mean that
of the greater bulk of the fire, and its consequent
extinction If possible, it should be broken up
with the clinkering or stripping iron so as to allow
of draught passing between the pieces, or, failing
this, be turned on its edge until such time as the
amount of fire at command will allow of its safe
removal

In stirring a fire be sure that the tool used
passes well along the furnace bars to the back,
using it then as a lever to thoroughly loosen the
fuel and permit the free passage of air, with-
out which satisfactory combustion cannot take
place.

It is the best policy to never keep the furnace
more than half full of fire, as then the best work is
performed. A smalt body of fire can also be more
easily controlled than a large one, and in the event
of bright sunshine following on a cold frosty night
this is of great importance. In this contingency
all draught should be taken off, both top and
bottom, the furnace filled up with fuel, and the
front of the fire well covered with wet ashes.

In making up a fire for the night it should first
be ascertained that the temperature is up to, or
slightly above, the average ; then the furnace
should be filled completely up with finely broken
fuel ; this is important, as it is evident that more
small fuel can be accommodated than large lumps.
All the draught should be taken off, with the ex-
ception of 1" or 2" of one damper, and if any
doubt is felt as to the lasting properties of the
fire, a shovelful of dry ashes may be thrown on
the front to steady it. It is unwise to use large
quantities of ashes for banking up; they mean
bigger clinkers next morning.

Stonecrop {see Sedum).
Stone Pine (see Pinvs Pinea).

STOPPING.

Stopping is carried out while plants are in full
growth, and is practised (1) to keep plants in
symmetrical shape, (2) to keep them bushy by
inducing back buds to push, and (3) in the case
of subjects designed to occupy a given space, to
keep them within their allotted bounds.

The time of a plant's flowering may also be
regulated by intelligent stopping, and plants are
by this means brought to perfection at a given
date, as in the case of exhibitidn plants. -From
ten to twelve weeks i« the usual time aljpwed
between the last stopping and the date of
exhibiting, but no hard and fast rule can be laid
down, as, naturally, conditions differ

The laterals on Grape vines are generally stopped
at two or three joints beyond the fruit; Cucumbers
and Melons at one or two. Chrysanthemums,
Fuchsias, double Petunias, Bouvardias, and Helio-
tropes are stopped to retard Dowering or induce
back growths to push. Fruit trees generally are
stopped in summer, at six or eight joints, to plump
up the basal buds to which pruning is performed
in winter.

STOVE.

A stove is a house wherein the night temperature
in winter is never allowed to fall below 55° to 60°,
with a rise of 5" to 10" in the day In addition
to a liberal amount of heat, it should also have an
atmosphere heavily charged with moisture, as the
plants are natives ot moist, tropical regions.

Some stoves have large tanks sunk in tlie ground
beneath them, which are covered by open iron
gratings that allow ot a steady and constant supply
of vapour It these tanks are accessible for dipping
purposes they serve a double purpose, and may
also be used to receive the rain water from the
roof of the house.

When the house is not provided with tanks of
the above description, concrete or cemented ones
will be found the best, and these may be so built
as to allow of a small pipe being taken through
them from the flow pipe of the heating apparatus.
This will ensure a constant supply of tepid water,
which will be found extremely useful for syringing,
watering, and sponging purposes. A central
plunging bed is provided in most stoves, beneath
which hot-water pipes are carried to supply the
bottom heat This plunging bed should have a 6"
layer of coal ashes or Cocoanut fibre refuse laid
over its surface, in which the pots may be plunged.
Cocoanut fibre refuse is lighter than ashes, more
retentive of moisture, and keeps freer from veget-
able growths ; but, on the other hand, ashes are
less agreeable to many of the insect pests which
attack plants in warm houses.

A very useful means of ensuring a moist atmo-
sphere is to cover the stages with corrugated iron,
and place a layer of shingle or coal ashes over
these. Stove plants require to be shaded from the
fiercest rays of the summer sun, but should have
all the diffused light possible. Air should be piven
in moderation, but never so as to come into direct
contact with the plants, especially if at all cold.
It will generally be found that sufficient air will
enter between the laps of the glass during the
winter months, and that the top vent ilators may then
be kept closed. Many stove plants are greatly
benefited by a turn in the greenhouse during the

Storax (sec Styrax).
Stork's-liill (see

Stoves

( 367 )

Strawberry

summer months, as the additional air and sun
ripen their growths, improve their colour, and
ensure their passing through the winter in good
condition. Thorough cleanliness in regard to the
structure, the pots, and the plants is the great
secret of successful cultivation.

STOVES.

Stoves are generally employed for heating small
structures or those to which it is inconvenient to
affix a boiler. They are broadly divided into two
sections — gas and oil — and many very ingenious
examples of each are on the market. The best
stoves are fitted with hot-water pipes, and as they
are generally stood or fixed inside the structure to
be heated, their effect upon the temperature is
naturally considerable.

The best makes of gas stoves are provided with
a length of pipe to carry the fumes off. either
at the side or through the roof of the house.
<ias stoves are less troublesome to manage than
those burning oil, the chief attention necessary
being the removal of the carbon which forms in
flakes over the surface upon which the flame
impinges.

It' oil stoves are used, particular care should be
exercised with regard to cleanliness, the wick
being trimmed daily (this trimming does not
necessarily mean cutting with scissors— a rubbing
off of the charred parts will suffice), the oil
containing vessel being emptied of dirty accumula-
tions periodically, and the wick being scalded with
boiling water occasionally. Stoves with circular
wicks are generally more powerful in proportion to
size than those with flat ones, but the wicks require
lather more care in cutting and keeping level;
the winding apparatus, too. is rather liable to get
nut of order. An important item in the prevention
of smell and smoke is to see that all parts intended
to be shut are closed tightly, as the slightest
cliunirht in the wrong place is very prolific ot both.
The wick should not be turned high at lighting.
:is I ho (lame invariably works up somewhat, neither
should it be turned down unduly to moderate the
heat, or a v^ry powerful and injurious stench will
result.

STRANV/ESIA.

Half-hardy evergreens (-nd Rosacese) composed
of four species Glaucescens grows 20' in height,
and bears white flowers in June. Propagation, by
seeds. Good loamy soil.

STRATIFICATION.

The airangement of various kinds of soils or
rocks in layers is designated stratification, each
layer being a stratum. Igneous rocks are not
stratified, but those of aqueous origin always are,
bhough often, owing to some upheaval, the "strata
Are so folded that it is difficult to follow the various
layers. Rocks formed by the agency of water are
«ither sedimentary, as clay, gravel, loam, sand,
shale, and marl, or are formed by the decay of
plants or animals. To the first of the two latter
«oal, graphite, lignite, and peat owe tlieir origin ;
while to the decay or deposits of animals >uch
rocks as limestone (including chalk), flint, guano,
and coprolites are due. In the work of deep
trenching or draining a garden, two or more layers
of rock — geologists regard all soil as rock — are
frequently cut thrmreh, while in a deep railway
cutting, quarry, or mine shaft stratification is very
noticeable.

The seeds of such plants as Hawthorn (Cratjegus),
Holly (Ilex), Roses, and Plums are often laid
in alternate rows of soil and seed in a heap, to
hasten the decay of the hard outer coat. This
process is known to the nurseryman as "strati-
fying."

STRATIOTES. (WATEE SOLDIER.)
, The only species (iird. Hydrocharideae) is a
native aquatic, and grows so freely that in orna-
mental waters it frequently becomes a nuisance.
It propagates freely by seeds or division, and is
quite capable of taking care of itself. When first
introduced to a pond or lake it should have a
little soil or moss bound round its roots.

Principal Species : —

aloides, 1' to 2', Je., wh.

STRAWBERRY.

Description. — This delicious fruit (ord. Rosa-
ceae), is by far the most important of the small,
soft fruits Hundreds of acres of land are under
Strawberries for the supply of the big markets,
while many thousands of plants are grown in pots
for the production of early fruits. Correctly, the
delicious pulpy mass which is popularly regarded
as the fruit of the plant is not the fruit at all, the
small, light coloured specks (achenes) embedded
in the surface of the flesh being the true fruits.
The Strawberry is reputed to be excellent in cases
of gout. It is certainly a most wholesome fruit,
which can be partaken of in practically unlimited
quantities, as no acetous fermentation is set up, as
is the case with all other fruits except Raspberries.

Soil and Situation, — Broadly speaking,' Straw-
berries will grow in any soil, but the varieties are
fastidious, and one which thrives magnificently in
one place will fail in another, and the reverse.
Again, in some lands annual beds are the only ones
that can be made profitable. With these reserva-
tions, the ideal soil is a deeply worked, friable,
mellow loam, which has been enriched with
manure if in poor condition. Neither very heavy
nor very light soils are suitable. With the former
gritty matter must be freely incorporated to give the
necessary porosity, and into the latter clay should
be mixed to afford retentiveness. If there be choice
of situation, avoid that in which water may lodge,
and if such must be employed, draining should be
resorted to. There should be no obstruction to
light and fresh air, the finest flavour being developed
in full sun. In order to maintain a long supply of
fruit, endeavour should be made to have plants on
a warm, south border for earliness, in the open for
successional and main crops, and on a north slope
or border for the latest supplies.

Propagation. — By seeds for new varieties ; by
division, retaining one crown to each portion ; and
by runners, of which most varieties produce an
abundance. The last-named method is the best.
The utmost care should be taken to avoid runners
from barren plants, as the progeny from such
are almost invariably unfruitful. As a rule only
the first plant produced by a runner should be
secured, but wlier« the second is very vigorous,
or the stock is limited, this and others may also
be secured. Three systems of procedure are open

Strariiilnnii imtiiim- (see liarringtonia samoensis).
l<lrinrbi'rrj/ HI iff (».v lilitum).
SI run-In- rr i/ S/>innrli (.irr IllUnnt).
TI-IT (»•<• Arbutus).

Strawberry

( 3G8 )

Strawberry

for adoption : (1) layering the runners on to small
squares of turf, half plunged grass side downwards
iu the soil ; (2) layering into 3" pots of light soil,
these also being half plunged ; and (3) layering
into the natural soil after this lias been loosened
and, if dry, thoroughly watered. In all cases
alternate spaces between the rows alone should be
used, as the space containing no young plants may
then form the alley for the operator to gather fruit
and water the young plants, which is absolutely
necessary in dry soils and seasons. For plants
intended for forcing, either the first or second

winter. The best time is the second half of July
and the first week in August. For strong growing
varieties in rich soil, have the rows 3' apart, and
the plants 18" asunder in the rows. For medium
growers the rows may be 2' 6" and the plants 15"
apart. In the second year alternate plants in the
rows may be removed. Discretion must be used in
this respect. In planting, as much care should be
taken to spread out the roots as is given to Apples
and Pears. Young, strong stock planted in October
may carry a few fruits the first year, but it is a
better plan not to allow them to do so. Small

Photo : Ca*acU tfr Company, Ltd,

STHAWIIEKKY MKXTMOHK (s

mode should be chosen. Turves have the advan-
tage over pots in one respect only. If when the
small pots become full of roots repotting is not at
once done, the roots form a perfect mat round the
sides, with the result that when placed in larger
pots root action may be some time before it recom-
mences. Such an occurrence could not be with
turves. The earlier that well-rooted runners from
one year old plants can be had the better, especially
when forcing is in view. In pots and turves the
young plants should be well rooted in three weeks,
but to ensure this the soil must be kept moist.

Preparing the Beds, and Planting.— The deeper
the ground can be worked the better, and the sub-
soil should always be well loosened. As the soil is
dug, thoroughly decomposed manure should be
incorporated, the dressing being more generous on
light, poor lands than on those that are in good
condition. Planting ought to be done the moment
the runners are well rooted, so as to give the young
stock ample time to become established before

plants put 0" apart in nursery beds in October may
be put into the permanent quarters in March, but
must not be allowed to fruit.

Age of Beds. — The age at which the plants
bear the most profitable crops varies with the
variety in a slight degree, and with the soil and
climate very considerably. Beds have been known
to crop abundantly for seven years, or even more,
but as a rule after three years the plants commence
to deteriorate. In the first and second years the
fruits are large and fine, and in the third year
there come the bulk, with some fine specimens.
To maintain a constant succession of beds in full
vigour a certain number of rows must be annually
destroyed, and a similar number planted with
young, healthy stock. In those places where one
year old plants give the best returns complete new
Strawberry quarters are made up each year.

Routine Management. — Early in the year,
when the flower spikes appear, long litter should
be spread between the rows. It will quickly

Strawberry

( 369 )

Strelitzia

become clean, and will then serve as a sweet bed
upon which the developing fruits may rest and
thus be kept clean. Forked twigs and even string
are occasionally employed for this purpose, but
straw is the best. With very dry weather at this
period thorough waterings with clear water and
liquid manure are necessary, repeating at intervals.
Manure should not be given after the fruits are
half swollen. Thinning of the fruits may be
resorted to when specially line specimens are
required. The beds must be protected from birds
by carefully netting them, or vast numbers of
fruits will be destroyed. For dessert fruit a con-
venient length of stalk should be retained in
gathering. When the crop is harvested all weeds,
superfluous runners, large old leaves, and the
remains of the long litter should be at once
removed, and, if necessary, the surface soil may
be lightly forked over. Some light, rich soil should
be placed about the crowns in winter, and dressings
of good farmyard manure may bo applied. Where
this is not forthcoming soot will be found of great
value, as also will nitrate of soda applied in the
spring ; the latter should not be put on the plants.

Alpine Strawberries. — These may be grown
fit her from seeds or runners, the former being the
better system. It the seeds are sown as soon as
ripe the seedlings quickly appear, and when they
have made four leaves should be planted in beds ;
the rows should be 12" apart, and the plants a
similar distance asunder in the rows. If the beds
are mulched in autumn with decayed manure and
leaves, the plants will bear well the following year.

Strawberries for Preserving. — In many cases the
small fruits from the ordinary beds are utilised for
this purpose, but almost all the best varieties are
unsuitable, as the fruits go to a pulp in boiling.
Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury (syn. Garibaldi) is
one ot the few that retains its form. Where large
quantities of fruit are required they should be
-perially grown, the best varieties being Grove End
Scarlet and Koseberry. The plants should be
placed ;>" apart in beds 4' wide, and be allowed to
spread over the entire surface of the beds, as the
leaves will then form a clean bed for the fruit.
The plants bear very freely, and the fruit (toes not
smash.

Perpetual Fruiting Strawberries. — This is com-
paratively a new race, which has been raised by
French growers. Its chief merit lies in very late
fruiting, when the superior, larger fruiting varieties
are over. Propagation is by runners as with other
Strawberries, but care must be taken to pick out
the very early flowers, or the plants will never
become properly established. The best varieties at
present are St. Antoine de Padoue and St. Joseph,
and both may be grown either in the open ground
or in pots.

Strawberries in Pots. — Five- and six-inch pots
are employed, the former for the very early and
the latter for successional varieties. A compost of
turfy loam pulled to pieces, and one-fifth of decayed
manure with some soot and wood ashes, is excel-
lent, and the pots must be cleati and well (trained.
Runners may be layered directly into these in
summer, but though one potting is saved the
system is not generally adopted, as the large bulk
o"f soil destitute! of routs is liable to become sour
through constant waterings. After potting the
pots are best on ash beds, where the crowns \\ ill
become thoroughly ripened, and watering can be
conveniently attended to. Only one crown is
54

desirable, and all buds springing from the sides
must be removed. Very early plants may be
plunged in cold frames in November, the lights
being on during heavy rains, snow, or frosts.
Later batches can have the pots banked up with
ashes, and have light litter scattered over them in
severe weather. For fruiting, the plants may be
placed on shelves in vineries, greenhouses, or other
structures,, but 'they must be near the glass, and in
such a position that air can have t'iccess to them.
Where large quantities of plants are grown lean-to
houses with a movable step stage should be pro-
vided. The maximum night temperature at the
commencement of early forcing should be 45°, and
the day temperature 10° to 15° higher. This may be
gradually increased until, with the ripening fruit,
75° with full ventilation may be allowed. An abun-
dance of fresh air is requisite at all periods, and
syringing must be done morning and evening in fine
weather until the plants are in flower. Watering
and feeding must be carefully attended to ; the soil
must never be allowed to become dry, but less
water will be required when the early fruits are
colouring. Mildew must be guarded against by
care in ventilation, avoiding a close, stagnant
atmosphere at all times. If it appear, dust the
plants with flowers of sulphur. In case of aphides,
apply tobacco powder. Red spider will attack
indoor plants unless syringing and watering be
regularly attended to.

Selections of Varieties :—

for (li'iural Use: —

Countess. Monarch.

Dr. Hogg. Newton Seedling.

Elton Pine. President.

Guuton Park. Royal Sovereign.

Latest of All. Sir Joseph Paxton.

Lord Suffield. Vieomtesss Hericart de

Louis Gauthier. Thury (Garibaldi).

Mentrnore (see p. 368). Waterloo.

For I arcing : —

Royal Sovereign \ v ,

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury f v uy ea y'
Keens' Seedling
La Grosse Sucree

Auguste Nicaise
Dr. Hogg

Second early.
> Late forcing.

STREBLORRHIZA.

Speciosa, a half-hardy climbing shrub, is the
only known species (ord. Leguminosie). It grows
'A' to 4' in height, and bears flesh coloured blossoms
in May. Propagation, by seeds. Soil, fibrous loam
and leaf mould.

STREBLUS.

A small genus (ord. Urticacese). Two species,
asper and mitis, are known. They form small trees
'X.Y high, bearing alternate, deciduous leaves and
minute flowers. Neither is worthy of cultivation.

STRELITZIA.

An interesting genus (ord. Scitamineae) of orna-
mental, warm greenhouse, evergreen herbs. The
llmvers are peculiar by reason of their shape and
colouring. The dwarf species have usually orange
and purple flowers, borne in one-sided racemes on
stalks 3' to 4' high, while augusta has white and
blue flowers crowded together on stalks which
barely rise above the leaf sheaths. Propagation,
liv seeds, rarely by division. Soil, good fibrous
loam. « ith plenty of grit and pieces of stone or
bricl- r bbish to keep it open. The best results

Streptantnera

( 370 )

Streptosolen

are obtained by planting out in a sunny position
in a well-drained border. A minimum temperature
of 50° should be given.

Only Species and Select Varieties :—

Regime, 3' to 4', spr., or.,
bl. Bird of Paradise
Flower.

— citrina, pale yel., bl.

— fariuosa, wh. powdered
(si/n. farinosa).

— ovata, oval leaved

auguata, 20', spr., sum.,

wh., pur.
Kicolai, 20', spr., sum.,

wh., bl., near augusta.
parvifolia, 2V, spr., or.

yel., pur.
— juucea, Ivs. Rush-like

(sf/n. juncea).

(xyti. ovata).

STREPTANTHERA.

Dwarf, bulbous plants (ord. Iridese), suitable for
a sunny greenhouse. Propagation, by offsets.
Soil, sandy loam. A decided rest, with no water
after the leaves have died, is necessary.

Principal Species : —

cuprea, Q", Je., coppery elegaus, 6", My., wh., bl.
'yel.

STREPTANTHUS.

Hardy annual, or perennial herbs (ord. Cruci-
?<;rse), usually with purple, sometimes with white
or yellow, flowers. Propagation, by seeds, sown in
April, where the plants are to bloom, for the
annuals ; and seeds and root division for the
perennials. The two species named below, which
are probably the only ones in cultivation, are both
annuals.

Principal Species : —
hyacinthoides, 2' to 3',

Sep., deep bluish pur.
maculatus, IV to 2', Aug.,

pur. (tyn. obtusifolius
of liolatttcal Magazine
33)7).

STREPTOCALYX.

Stove evergreens (ord. Bromeliaceae), allied to
and requiring the same treatment as jEchmea and
Bromelia. A few species only ave known, and
those are very rarely seen.

Principal Species : —

Fuerstenbergii, !'_' , Oct., Vallerandi, 2 . aut., vio.,
pk. red bracts.

STREPTOCARPUS.

Description. — This genus (ord. Gesneracese) of
greenhouse and stove herbaceous perennials has
become of importance during the past few years.
Prior to the advent of the hybrids the plants were
not largely grown, but the work of improvement
commenced at Kew has been very successful, and
the Streptocarpus is now a genus of many splendid
forms.

Propagation. — By seeds sown in gentle warmth
in spring, and subsequently pricked off and potted
as becomes necessary. The young plants should
be grown as sturdily as possible. Increase may
also be done by division, but better plants are
obtained from leaf cuttings.

Soil. — Medium, mellow loam, with a little leaf
mould and coarse sand.

Other Cultural Points. — In the young state
particularly the utmost care must be taken that
the soil does not become dry, and that cold
draughts do not reach the plants. Either of these
errors will inevitably lead to failure. In the early
stages gentle heat is desirable. The plants will
flower profusely the second season, and are then
useful for greenhouse and conservatory decoration,

where the cooler, drier temperature conduces to
prolonged floriferousness.

Principal Species : —
Duunii, 1^', Je., rosy red.
Gralpiiii, mauve, wh.

polyanthus, 1
bl.

', sum., pale

Rexii, 6", Je., bl.

Saimdersii, 1', sum., light

bl.
Weudlandii, 2V, spr.,bi.

Principal Hybrids : —

achiineiiirlorus (Veitchs'

vars. X polyautha).
Dyeri (Rexii X Wend-

landii), IV, spr., bl.
gratus (Dtmuii X Veitchs'

vars.), 9", sum., rosy

pur.
Greenii (Rexii X Saun-

dersii), 1 -.'.', Aug., pale

lil., bl. '
kewensis (Dunnii X

Other Species : -
caulescens, sum., lil.
Faimiuii, bl.

Rexii), 1', aut., win.,

mauve, pur.
Mrs. Heal (Veitchs' vars.

X Weudlandii), 1±',

Aug., bright bl.
pulchellus (Veitchs' vars.

X Fainiinii), 1', sum..

bl., wh., rosy shades.
"Watsoni (Dunnii X par-

virlora), 1', sum., aut.,

rosy pur.

Kirkii, sum., St., lil.
parviflorus, small, bl.

A STUKI'TOCAKPVS FHOM SKKD.

STREPTOPUS.

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous perennials (ord.
Liliacese), with creeping roots. Propagation, by
division in spring. Any good garden soil.

Principal Species : —

distortus, 1', My., gni., roseus, 1", Je., pk.

wh. simplex, IV, Je., wh.

(syii. candidus).

STREPTOSOLEN.

Description. — An evergreen greenhouse shrubby
plant (ord. SolanaceEe). The deep orange coloured
flowers are freely produced in terminal heads
For a warm conservatory it is a fine subject, flower-
ing over a long period, but most profusely in spring
and summer.

Propagation. — By cuttings, in sandy soil, in a
warm pit, under a bell-glass.

Soil. — Light loam and leaf soil in equal i>arts,
with a little dried cow manure and plenty of
coarse sand.

Stricklandia

( 371 )

Strychnos

Other Cultural Points. A w:irm greenhouse suits
this plant well, as it enables the cultivator to
maintain a moister atmosphere than if a cool house
is provided. Under such conditions red spider is
easily kept at bay, whereas a dry atmosphere
eiieimrages this pest, which will quickly destroy
the beauty and health of the finest specimens.
Just previous to and during flowering, occasional
supplies of liquid cow manure wi assist the plants.
During the summer no protection need be given,
except to young stock. Large specimens look well
in flower garden arrangements, and are so used in
many large public parks.

Only Species : —

Jamesoni, 6', spr., sum., or. red (syn. Browallia
Jameson!).

STRICKLANDIA.

A stove bull) (ord. Amaryllideae), allied to Steno-
inesson and Eucharis, with umbels of red flowers,
produced in advance of the two leaves. Propaga-
tion, by offsets. Soil, fibrous mellow loam, with a
third of peat and a good sprinkling of sand. Good
drainage and firm potting are necessary. After
the leaves die down, the bulbs should be kept dry
and rested till the flower scape appears. Plenty
of moisture overhead and at the roots is necessary
during growth. Repot during the resting period
when necessary.

Only Species: —

eucrosioides, 1', spr., deep red (syns. Leperiza
eucrosioides and Stenornesson Strickland!).

STROBILANTHES.

Stove and warm greenhouse shrubs (ord. Acan-
thaceaj), of easy culture, valued chiefly for late
autumn and winter flowering. Propagation, by
{Hittings in spring and summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass or in a close case. Soil, equal parts of
fibrous loam and peat, with sand. Dyerianus is a
fine foliage plant, the young leaves being rich
rosy purple on a dark green ground ; also occa-
sionally used as a bedding plant.

Principal Species :—
alatus, '!', vio., 1>1. (•,'/». Goldfussia glomerata

attemuttus). speciosa); brighter than

•I'lisojiliyllus. 3', Je., the type.

lavender (.W/H.V. Gold- gnssypinus, 1' to 4',Mch.,

t'ussia and Kuellia anis- Ap., HI.

ophylla aud 11. pcrsiur- isnphyllus, 2', win., lav-
folia), outer (syn. Goldfussia
cidloaus, 2', My., bl. (xyii. isophylla).

Kuellia callosa). sabinianus, 4', Mch.,

ilyerianus, 1' to 4', aut., liluishpur. (syn. Ruollia

vio. 1>1. sabiniana).

glomeratus speriosus, 2' to Wallichii, 6" to 24", Oct.,

5', Nov., pur. (mjii. bl. (»yn. Goldfussia
Thomson!).

Other Species : —
coloratus, '!', lil., pur., Dec. to Feb., bluish

Ivs. pur. benc:itli. pur. ; yields a bl. dye.

fluccidifulius, U' to !i', maculatus, 1.J', Sep., lil.
scaber, 3', My., yel. (nyn.
1,'iirllia scabra).

STROMANTHE.

Stove evergreen herbs (iird. Scitamineas). Prop-
agation, by seeds when obtainable, and by division
before growth commences. Soil, loam, peat, leaf
mould, and sand.

Strin/nt Hark Tree («•« J'.'iirali/ptvs).
Striped Aim// of Ilic \\'oodt (Ztruxine ri'gid).
StrmllorhaoMt (sec Aphelandra).

Principal Species : -

amabilis, bracts red. streaks (now Myrosma

lubliersiana, Ivs. varie- Lubbersii).

gated, yellowish gru. porteana, bracts coloured,
Ivs. gru.

STROPHANTHUS.

Stove shrubs and climbers (ord. Apocynaceae),
with showy flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in bottom heat. Soil, equal parts loam and peat,
with sand. Plenty of moisture is needed when
making growth.

Principal Species : —
bullenianus, ev., yellow- Ledienii, yel., pur. throat.

ish pur. petersianus gnmdinorus,

capcnsis, ev., or. yel. cl., red, yel.

diehotomus, 3', Je., ev., saimentosus, 6', Je., red.

ro.

STROPHOLIRION (*yn. KUPALLEYA).

The only species (ord. Liliacea?) is a charming
hardy or half-hardy bulbous plant, which has been
already referred to under Brodiaea volubilis. It
may be treated like the Brodiajas, but it is cor-
rectly a Stropholirion.

Only Species : —

californicum, scape 10' to 12', Jy., twining, ro.
(sy/i. Broclisea volubilis).

STRUMARIA.

A small genus of greenhouse bulbs (ord. Amaryl-
lidea;), allied to Nerine and Hessea. Propagation,
by seeds, and by offsets when repotting. Soil,
good fibrous loam, with a third of leaf mould, well-
rotted cow manure, and sand. The bulbs should
be thoroughly dried when at rest in a frame
exposed to sunshine. The leaves are produced
contemporaneously with the flowers, and a copious
supply of water should be given at that period.
Several species are now referred to Hessea.

Principal Species : —
angustifolia, (>" to !•_'", spiralis (now Carpolysa

Ap., pk. spiralis).

linguffifolia (see truncata truncata, 6' to 12', Ap.,

var.). pk.

rubella, 1' to I'1, My., — lingunef olia , more ro-

pk. bust, flowers larger.

undulata, 8" to 18", My.,
pk.

STRUTHIOLA.

Greenhouse shrubs and sub-shrubs (ord. Thym.
elsesiceas), of Heath-like habit. Propagation, by
short side shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring. Soil, equal parts loam and peat, with
plenty of sand.

Principal Species :—
angustifolia, 6" to 12", stricta, 1' ', Je., wh. (syn.

Ap., pk. erecta of Curtis).

liueanloba, 2', Je., wh. virgata, 2', Je., red (.«/«».

(.«/». juniperina). ciliata of Andrews' Re-

tongiflota, '!' , Jy., yel. pertory t. 149, andpub-

escens of Ret/jus).

STRUTHIOPTERIS («« ONO-
CLEA).

STRYCHNOS.

Stove climbers, and evergreen trees and shrubs
(ord. Loganiaeea'). Thf bark and seeds of several
.species furnish strychnine. Nux-vomica is the
most noted, but is of no garden value.

' (see Ocotea).

Stryphnodendron

( 372 )

Sulphur

STRYPHNODENDRON.

Small stove trees (ord. Leguminosae), allied to
Adenanthera, and seldom cultivated. Propagation,
by seeds when obtainable, and by cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom
heat. Soil, loam, peat, and sand. Guianense (gym.
Acacia, Mimosa, and Piptadenia guianensis), 80' to
40', November, white, is the only introduction.

STUARTIA.

A small genus of hardy but much neglected
shrubs (ord. Ternstroeiniacese), with large and
handsome white flowers resembling single Camellias.
Propagation, by seeds, and by layers in autumn. Soil,
moist sandy loam ; if at all dry a liberal admix-
ture of peat must be given. On soil of the green
sand formation, where moisture is ample at all
seasons, they succeed well.

Principal Species : —

pentagyna, 6' to 10', sum., grandiflora and jap-

cream (syns. ovata and onica).

Malachodeudron ovat- virgmica, 5' to 8', Ap.,

urn). wh. (*//«». Stuartia Ma-

pseudo-camellia, 6' to 12', lachodendrouandmary-

sum., creauiy wh. (xyns. landica).

STYLIDIUM.

Greenhouse herbs, rarely shrubs (ord. Stylidiese),
with narrow leaves and small flowers remarkable
for their sensitive styles. Propagation, by seeds ;
the herbs also by division, and the shrubs by cut-
tings under a bell-glass, in sand. Soil, mellow,
fibrous loam, with peat, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

adnatum, 6', Jy., herb, glandulosum, H', Jy.,

pk. shr., pk. (tyn. fruti-

bulbiferum, 6" to 8", cosum).

My., pk. (syn. recurvum gramiuifolium, 1', Jy.,

of Botanical Magazine herb, pk. Armeria is

3913). aro. var.

crassifolium, 9" to 12", lineare, 1', Je. , red.

Je., lil. spathulatum, 6" to 8",

dichotomum, 6', Aug., Je., pale yel. (syn. bel-

herb, yel. (syns. Hookeri lidifolium).

and mucronifolium).

STYLOCORYNA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiacefe), few of
which are cultivated. Propagation, by cuttings in
sand, in a close case. Soil, equal parts loam and
peat, with sand. Coriacea, 4', stove, white, is in
cultivation, and should be treated like Gardenias.
Corymbosa is now Olostyla corymbosa.

STYLOPHORUM.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Papaveracese),
useful in the border. Propagation, by seeds, and
division of the roots in spring. Well-drained
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

diphyllum, 9", Je., yel. diphylla, and M. petiol-

(st/ns, ohioense, petio- ata).

latum, Chelidouium japouicum, 1^', My., yel.
diphyllum, Meconopsis (*.'/». Chelidonium j:ip-

ouicum).

STYPANDRA.

Greenhouse plants (ord. Liliaceaa), allied to
Dianella. Propagation, by division in spring.
Soil, fibrous peat and loam, with coarse sand.

Stylandra (see Podostiyma).
Stylolepis (see Podolepis).

lomrifolia. 3', Je., gni.
trirtora, 5 , Jy., pk., yel.

Principal Species : —

c»spitosa, li', Je., bluish frutescens and propiu

yel., sometimes wh. qua),

glauca, 2', Je., bl. (syns. umbellata, 9", Je., wh
or yel.

STYPHELIA.

Greenhouse evergreens (ord. Epacndese). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in sandy peat, beneath a bell-
glass, over gentle heat. Soil, fibrous peat, a little
loam, and some coarse sand.
Principal Species :-

tubiflora, •">', Jy., sc.
viridis, 3i', My., gnu
(syn. viridiftora).

STYRAX.

Deciduous, hardy, or warm greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Styracess), some of great beauty when in flower.
Many of the species are of economic value, the
benzoin resin coming from the species of that name,
while storax, a balsamic resin, is derived from
officinale. Propagation, by cuttings, by layers either
in spring or autumn, and by imported seeds sown
as soon as received in a warm greenhouse. Soil,
light loam, with leaf mould, for the hardy species ;
a mixture of fibrous loam, peat, and coarse sand
for the tender ones.

Principal Species : —
americamim, 6', sum., japonicum, 10', spr., hdy.,

hdy., wh. (syn. Halesia wh., buds pk.

pai-viflora of'Liudley). Obassia, 12' to 20', Je.,
Beuzoiiu 6', sum., warm hdy., wh.

grh. or st., wh. officinale, 10', Jy., grh. in

cold districts, wh.

Other Species : —
ealifomicum, 8', sum., pulverulcntnm, 4', Je.,

wh. wh. (syn. leevigatum).

graudifolium,6', spr., wh. serrulatuni, 10' to 40',
spr., wh.

SUCCULENTS.

Under this general head may be grouped all
those plants possessing thick fleshy leaves and stems.
Succulents have comparatively few roots, hence
they do not become gorged with moisture during a
rainy season. On the other hand, they also have
thick skins on the leaves and steins, and few
stomata; hence even in the hottest and driest
times they give off little moisture. The majority of
Cacti are succulents, and among these the most
familiar genera are Cereus, Echinocactus, Epiphyl-
lum, Mammillaria, Melocactus, Opnntia, and Phyl-
locactus. In the natural order Liliacea? there are
numerous succulents, notably in the genera Aloe,
Gasteria, and Haworthia, while among Amaryllids
the extensive genus Agave is remarkable for its
succulent species. Some other orders are also well
represented among succulents, the best known
genera being Cotyledon, Crassula, Sedum, and
Sempervivnm (Crassulacese) and Mosembryan-
themum (Ficoidese).

SULPHUR.

As one of the ten essential elements which go to
build up the plant, sulphur plays a highly im-
portant part in the vegetable world. It is always
found in protoplasm, although its exact uses are
not defined. Probably the name sulphur suggests
to the gardener more vividly than anything else a
very useful and handy fungicide. Flowers of

Styplmolobium (see Soplwra).

Siii/nr Cane (see Saccliariin qfficinariiH1.').

Stiflerokia (nee Hclimiopsis).

Si/kana (sec Celosia).

Sunflower

( 373 )

Swartzia

sulphur dusted upon shouts and leaves affected
witli parasitic fungi (e.y. mildews) is effective in
checking the progress of the pest. A small hand
bellows or distributor should be used in dusting
the affected parts. A little flowers of sulphur
placed in the water with which pot Koses and
Vines are syringed is an excellent preventive
against mildew, and not a few eminent growers
put this method into practice. Sulphur may also
be worked into winter dressings for Vines and
other fruit trees, in company with petroleum,
Gishurst Compound, etc. Burning flowers of sul-
phur in Melon and Cucumber houses speedily rids
them of lurking insect and fungoid pests, and is to
be recommended, but it is deadly to growing
plants. (See also FUNGICIDES and FUMIGATIXC.)

SUNFLOWER (*ee HELIAN-
THUS).

SUPERPHOSPHATES.

Superphosphates, either mineral or bone, con-
stitute one of the most valuable "artificial " plant
foods, as there is scarcely a crop to which they
will not prove beneficial. " Super," as it is com-
monly termed, can be applied at practically any
period of the year, but generally speaking it proves
moM valuable when applied early in spring. It
is the base of the majority of the specially mixed
manures, and is included in all mixtures recom-
mended for kitchen garden crops. Whatever form
of super is employed, it must be remembered
that its whole value lies in the amount of soluble
phosphate, and that which gives the highest guar-
anteed percentage will be the cheapest. Mineral
superphosphate is most commonly used, and it
should be received in a dry condition. The
amount, of application varies to a degree upon
the different soils and the various crops, but for a
spring dressing, to be worked into soil in which
there is a known deficiency of lime, 7 Ib. per
square rod may be advantageously given. The
super should be kept from the leaves of the
plants, or they are liable to become burned. (For
the use of super in association with other manures,
«c the various fruit and vegetable garden crops ;
also ARTIFICIALS.)

SUSUM.

The only notable member of this genus (ord.
Flai;ellariea?)isanthehiiintliieum, whose little horti-
cultural value lies in the Dracasna-like. reddish
leafage. Stove treatment and well-drained loam
are essential.

SUTHERLANDIA.

Half-hardy or greenhouse shrubs (ord. Legumin-
osae). Propagation, by seeds, or cuttings of young
shoots. Light, loamy soil.

Principal Species :—
frutescens(?),3'to 5', Je., Senna. Canescens ami

si'. (*.'/«. Colutea frut- obcordata are vars.

escens). Cape Bladder

!<nma<-k (gee liliiix).

!<n in HUT S»mrf!nJie (sec Leunyiim lestinim).

ff imden- (see Drosrra).

ttinifriiit (see Jfelioaar/ntii),

i*u» plant (sec Pnrtiilaca ijrandi flora).

Siiiirnsr (sir Ifi-liimt/iemum).

,s'«w/ rhi m (st'r Si/nr/ihiixlrlllirn).

ffnti-rn (nf Jlntli. SIT ('//,/ i/n.t/(ima).

ffineiirroir If lit (nee C'aryoear).

SWAINSONA.

Evergreen shrubs or sub-shrubs (ord. Legumin-
osse), growing best in the greenhouse. There are
several species, but very few are of acknowledged
horticultural value. Propagation, . by cuttings be-
neath a bell-glass in summer, or by seeds sown
when ripe or in spring after being soaked. Soil,
.three parts of fibrous loam and one part of fibwms
peat, with coarse sand.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
coronillifolia, 4', Jy. , light - galegscfolia alba, 6',

rosy pur. (syn. OslK>rnii). sum., pure wh.

— galega'folia, 6', sum.,

deep reddish pur.

greyana, 3', Jy. , pk.

Photo : Cafurll ,(• Cmnpimil, Ltd.

SWEET PEA Miss WII.LMOTT (*r ;>. 375).

Other Species :

canescens, 2', Je., vio. Iessertia;folia, 2', Jy.,pur.

pur. (tyii. Cyclogyne procumbens, 1', sum., pur.
canescens). C-fy- vnolacea).

SVTARTZIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Leguminosa?). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripened wood, in very

(sir AsrUiriax and, C/ielidmiium).
Srrammerilinii'tu («r /fi'/ic/iri/xinii).
f^n-amp Doijtrmid (Itelea trifnliata).
Snamp JRrkory (Carya ammo).

Sweeping

374 )

Sweet Pea

sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat.
Uoil, peat and loam, both fibrous, and sharp sand.

Principal Species : —
graudiflora, 6', sum., yel. piumita, 6', Jy., yel.

(syii. simplicifolia).

SWEEPING.

Besoms made of Birch or Heather are generally
used in garden sweeping, and are the best tools for
the purpose, though the ordinary bass sta'ble
broom is often useful in narrow walks, and the
sweeping machine on lawns and other large areas.
In sweeping walks a light, swishing motion should
be imparted to the broom, keeping loose gravel
well up in the centre of the walk, and always pick-
ing up the accumulations before their size threatens

SWEET PEA.

Description. — The hardy Lnthyrus odoratus (ord.
Leguminosse) is one of the most valuable of summer
flowering annuals, and with the improvement that
is being made in the varieties it is becoming more
and more popular. It can be grown in almost any
garden, and there is no plant which will give, with
proper attention, an equal number of beautiful
flowers for cutting. In addition to lovely colours
the blooms have the advantage of being delight-
fully fragrant.

Propagation. — Sweet Peas are almost exclusively
raised from seeds, though the tops of young plants
made into cuttings will root readily in a green-
house or frame. Seeds may be sown in the open in
March or April, either in rows or clumps, or in pots.

I'lwto : L'aysetl (C CVmpctiiy, Ltd.

CUPID SWEET I'EAS IN IVr

danger to the broom or the surface of the walk.
Much labour is expended unnecessarily by not
observing the direction of the wind before com-
mencing.

Swamp Laurel ( .War/nnlia glaum).
Swamn Lily, Peruvian, (fee Xephyrantlies Can-
dida).

fin-am/} Loi'tist. Tree (Gleditseltia mmosperma).
Swamp Oak (Qiicrntx li/rata).
Swamp lime Mallow (ffi/iiseiin 3fnsrheiitos~).
Swamp Sassafras (Magnolia ylauea).
Swamp Saxifrage (Saxj/raga pcnmytramicn).
Swamp White Oak (see Qucrfns bintlar).
Swan-neck Orchid (sec Oyewehe*).
Steam Jtirer Daisy (see liraclnjeome).
Swan-trort (sec Ci/cnoelies).
Swedish Beam Tree (Pyrits intermedia).
Swedish Juniper (Junipervs ivmniimisfastigiatti).
Sweet Acorn Oak ((Juerriis Hallata).
Sweet Alyssi/iii (nee Ali/sxnni maritimimi).
Srceet Amber (nee Higirrirum Androsa-iiiiini).

or boxes in February. The latter system should be
adopted where possible, the seeds being placed U"
or 2" asunder in boxes 24" long, 5" wide, and ;">"
deep : or they may be sown at the rate of six seeds
to a 6" pot, not putting any in the centre. Stand
the receptacles in a cold frame or greenhouse,

Sweet liasil (see Kasil and Omnium').

Sireel Hay (see I.niiriis nahi/in).

Sweet llr'mr (see llosa riibiyinosa).

Sweet Calabash ( /'axuij/iird- m filiform is).

Street Cassara (Mniiihut Aipi).

Stvcet Chestnut (see Castanea satini}.

Sn-eet Cicely (Cluerophi/lliim aromatwum and.

Myrrhis odorata).
Sn-eet Flag (see Aeorus Calamus).
Sweet Gale (see Mi/ricn Gale).
Sn-eet Gum (see Liqiiidambnr vlyrai'iflua").
Sweet Lime (see Citrus mcdien TAmetta).
Sweet Marjorum (see Origanum').
Sweet Maudlin (Acttillea Agvratnm~).
Sweet Orange (see Citrus Aiirinitii/in).

Sweet Pea

( 375 )

Symphoricarpus

admitting abundance of air, and as soon as germin-
ation has taken place raise the plants so that
they are close to the glass, or they become drawn
and weakly. The plants should have twigs placed
to them when they have attained a height of (>".
From seeds sown in February plants in fine condi-
tion for planting when the soil and climate are
favourable in April will be raised.

Soil. — The best soil is a deeply worked, friable,
retentive loam, but excellent results may be ensured
on any soil where care in preparation is exercised.
The "round should be trenched or bastard trenched
according to the nature of the subsoil, and with
the second spit should be incorporated some good
farmyard manure. Short, decomposed manure may
be mixed with the upper soil as this is worked
back.

Planting. — If several rows are to be planted they
should be 5' to (>' asunder, but if the plants are in
clumps let these be 4' apart all ways. The plants
should be carefully turned out of the pots or boxes,
the roots being disentangled, retaining as much
soil about them as possible, and planted from
4" to 6" apart, staking immediately planting is
complete. The surface soil should be lightly
dressed with soot or lime, either of which will act
as a deterrent of slugs. Where the plants are grown
wholly out ot doors they must be protected from
birds as well as slugs.

Feeding. — Where a good quantity of farmyard
manure is not available, more feeding of the plants
is a necessity. Science says that Leguminous
plants do not require the artificial application of
nitrogen, but practice proves that the results are
improved by its use, especially in spring and in
the early stages of growth. Nitrate of soda at the
rate of A oz to 1 gallon of water is valuable, and
the same may be said of soot water used at the
colour of weak tea , as a change from these, liquid
manure made from natural manures of any kind
can be employed. If specially fine blooms for
exhibition are required, the number on a plant
should be restricted. The closer the gathering of
the flowers, the longer will the plants continue to
bloom.

Selection of Thirty-six

America, blood redstripeil.
Black Knight, maroon.
Blanche Burpee, wh.,

large.

Captain of the Blues, bl.
Captivation, magenta.
Coccinea, red.
Countess of Povvis, or.
Dorothy Tcnuiuit, inauve.
Duchess of Sutherland,

Ijlush pk.
Duchess of York, wh.,

striped pinkish pur.
Duke of Clarence, claret.
Firefly, crim.
Gaiety, wh., rosy HI.,

striped.

Golden Gate, lavender plf .
Gorgeous, or. salmon.
Grey Friar, pur., wh.

ground.

HIT Majesty, rosy pk.
Katherine Tracy, pk.
Lady Grisel Hamilton,

lavender.

Varieties : —

Lady Mary Currie, or.

Lady Nina Balfour, lav-
ender.

Lord Kenyon, rosy ma-
genta.

Lottie Hatching, creamy
pk.

Mars, crim.

Miss Willmott, or. pk. (nee
p. 373).

Mrs. Eckford, yel.

Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain,
wh., striped ro.

Navy Blue, dark bl.

Prima Donna, pk.

Prince Edward of York,
rosy pk.

.Princess of Wales, wh.,
striped pur.

Royal Robe, pk.

Sadie Burpee, wh.

Salopian, crim.

Senator, chocolate, cream.

Triumph, or.

or be raised in pots and planted in a border. The
treatment is identical with that for Sweet Peas,
save that no staking is requisite.

SWEET SULTAN (we CEN-
TAUREA).

SWEET WILLIAM (sec DIAN-
THUS).

SWERTIA. (FEIAVORT.)

Hardy or half-hardy annual or perennial plants
(ord. Gentianea?). Propagation, by seeds sown
over gentle heat in early spring ; by division of
the perennials in spring. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —
alata, H', sum., hlf-hdy.

aim. , yellowish grn. ,

pur. (fyn. Ophelia

alata).
corymbosa, 1', sum. , pale

bl. or wh. and bl. (syn.

Ophelia corymbosa).

Other Species : —
angustifolia, 2', sum.,

Cupid Sweet Peas.— These dwarf-growing plants
(see p. 374) may be grown and flowered in pots,

perenuis, 9", Jy., hdy.
per., bl.

trichotoma, lj', sum.,
hlt-hdy. ami. (»'/"•
Ophelia umbellata).

wh., bL (KIJII. Ophelia
angustif olia) .
michauxiana, 6", sum.,
bieu. , greenish yel. (cor-

rectly Halenia schiede-

ana).
paniculata, 1', sum., wh. ,

pur. ("i/ii. Ophelia

paniculata) .
purpurascens, 2', Je. ,

pur.

SWIETENIA.

A genus (ord. Meliacete) of little horticultural
but of great economic value. The only species of
note is Mahagoni, 10' to 70', May, red, yellow,
the Tropical American tree that gives the beautiful
timber Mahogany. Under cultivation in this
country it needs stove treatment. Propagation, by
cuttings of ripened growth, in sandy soil in heat.
Soil, fibrous loam and sand.

(tee ACER PSETJDO-PLAT-

SYCAMORE

ANUS).

SYMPHORICARPUS. (SNOWBEBRT

TREE, ST. PETER'S WORT.)

A genus of ornamental, hardy shrubs (ord. Capri-
foliacere) valued in the shrubbery. Racemosus is
of service on account of its fruits being useful as a
food for game, and its flowers being frequented by
bees. Propagation, by suckers, or by seeds sown
when ripe, or in spring. Any good garden soil.

Principal Species : —
occidentalis, 6', Jy., pk.,

fruits wh. (*//». Sym-

phoria occidentalis).

Wolf Berry.

lacemosus, 6', Jy., ro.,
fruits wh. (»yn. Sym-
phoriaracemosa). Com-
mon Snowberry.

Hrveet Pishamin (see Carpodinus).
Sicect Potato (Jiatatas ediilis and Tpomtea Bata-
tas)

£n-ett fruitions (iff frabiosa atnynirpiirea).
Sirect-sefnted Crab (Pyrus cnronaria).
Sn-eet-xctmted Verbena (see
Sweet Sop (Anona sgnamosa).
Smietenia (see Chloroxylori).
Sword Fern (see Polypodium).

f" ayrus (see Attalea and Cocas),
anui (see Piipalia).
camine Tree (see Alorns).
tiiicanutre Fiy Tree (t'icus Sycaitwruc).
Ki/mmnruf (see Finis).
Hyniplttutia (»T Moronobea).

Symphyandra

( 376 )

Synechanthus

Other Species and Varieties :—
acutus, 4' to 6', sum., wh. Wort, Coral Berry,

or pk. (»yn. inollis Indian Currant.

acutus). — variegatus, Ivs. varie-

Heyheri, 6', sum., ro. (xyn. gated grn. and yel.

occidentalis Heyherij. parviflora (see orbicu-

orbiculatus, 3' to 6', Jy., latus).

wh., pk., fruits pur- puniceus, 2' to 4', My.,

plish red (aims, fructu red (sy». Lonicera

rubro, glomuratus, par- punicea of Sims, Jloi-

viHorus, vulgaris, and ttnicnl Magazine 2469).

Symphoria glomerata). raceraosus paucittorus,

Commoa bt. Peter's few flowered.

vulgaris (see orbiculatus).

SYMPHYANDRA.

Hardy perennials (onl. CampanulaceaV), differing
from the Campanulas by the styles being united at
the base. Propagation, by seeds, and pendula also
by division. Common soil in a sunny position.
Pendula likes partial shade, and looks best hanging
over a stone.

Principal Species : —

armena, 2', Je., per., bl. pendula, sum., per. trailer,
Hofmanni, 1', sum., bien., creamy wh.

wh. (.«;/«. Kaufmamx Wanneri, 6", sum., bien.,

of gardens). bl. (si/n. Campanula

Wanneri).

SYMPHYOSTEMON.

A genus of greenhouse, half-hardy, or hardy
perennials (ord. Irideie), practically unknown in
gardens. Propagation, by seeds or division. Soil,
sandy loam and leaf soil.

Only Species : —

acaulis, 3", sum., bl. bifloms, and Solenome-

narcissoides, l^',Je., pale lus biflorus).

yel. (sy<x. odoratissi- uigricans, 6", yel.

mus, Sisyrinchium Segethi, creeping hdy.

narcissoides, Galaxia per., bl. (syii. Susarium

narcissoides, Gladiolus Segethi).

SYMPHYTUM. (COMFBEY.)

A genus of about thirty species of hardy per-
ennial herbs (ord. Boraginese), generally better
adapted for the wild garden than the select border.
Those with variegated foliage are often admired.
Propagation, by division in spring or autumn, and
by seeds in spring. Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
asperrimum aureo-varie- to 3', Je., red (.«;/«.

gatum, Ivs. bordered bohemicum).

yel. — luteo-margiiiatum, Ivs.

caucasicum, 3', sum., bl. margined yel.

offtcmale bohemicum, 1 '

Other Species and Varieties : —
asperrimum, 4', Je., bluish — album, wh.

pur. Prickly Comfrey, — patens, pur.

Trottles. orientale, 3', Je., wh. orbl.

Donii, 2', sum., bl. (.<;/». _ angustior, Ivs. oblong

caucasicum of D. Don, (syn. orientale of Hot-

not caucasicum of aiiieal Magazine 1912).

Bieberstein). peregrinum (see asperri-

officinale, 1' to 3', Je., mum).

creamy yel. Common tauricum, 3', Je., wh.

Comfrey, Black Boot, tuberosum, 1' to 2', Je.,

Alum, etc. yel.

SYMPIEZA.

A genus of about five species of small green-
house shrubs (ord. Ericaceje), with Heath-like
flowers in clusters. Propagation, by cuttings under
a bell-glass in sand. Soil, turfy peat and sand.
•Capitellata is a pleasing little plant.

Principal Species :—

capitellata, !£-', Jy., pk.

SYMPLOCARPUS. (.SKUNK CABBAGE.)
A monotypic genus (ord. Aroidere). Propaga-
tion, by division. Moist, peaty soil in the bog
garden.

Only Species : —

fcetidus, 1', Feb., My., contium footidum,

hdy. per., spathe pur- Potlios fcetidus, and

plish or., greenish yel., Spathvema fietida).

spadix vio. (synt. Dra- kamtschaticus (now Lysi-

chitum camtschatcense) .

SYMPLOCOS.

A large, but little cultivated, genus of green-
house or stove trees or shrubs (ord. Styraceie).
Propagation, by cuttings under a bell-glass in
sand. Soil, good loam, with peat, and a little sand.

Principal Species : —
coccinea, 10', My., st., sinica, 3', My., grh., wh.

red. Sumuntia, 3' to a', sum.,

cratajgoides, 3' to 40' , Ap. , st. , wh.

grh.,wh. tiuctoria, 3', Ap. , grh.,

japonica, 10', Je., grh., yel. Sweet Leaf. Horse

pale yel. (.<(/». lucida of Sugar.

Siebold and /uccarini).

SYNADENIUM. (AFHICAX MILK BUSH.)

Three species of rather succulent stove shrubs
(nrd. Euphorbiacepc), with the female flowers
solitary, and the male ones in flat heads of twenty
or more. Propagation, by cuttings, allowed to
callus before insertion in sand. Soil, sandy loam
with a little thoroughly decayed cow manure or
leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

Grantii, (!' to Id', Nov., reddish pur.

SYNANDRA.

A hardy biennial herb (ord. Labiata;), of little
value. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring or
early summer. Common soil. Synandra of
Schrader is Aphelandra.

Only Species : —

grandiilora, 1' to 2', Je., wh.

SYNANDROSPADIX.

A handsome tuberous stove plant (ord. Aroiderc),
of comparatively recent introduction. Culture as
for Anthuriums, which see.

Only Species : —

vermitoxicus, 1', Oct., Mch., spatlie greyish grn.,
flesh, spadix purplish.

SYNANTHERIAS.

A stove tuberous plant (nrd. Aroidese). Propa-
gated by the bulbils from the tubers, or by division.
Culture as for Amorphophallus, which see.

Only Species : —

sylvatica, My., st., spatlie marked grn. and pk.,
spadix yel. (syns. Amorphophallus sylvaticus and
A. zeylanicus, and Arum sylvaticum).

SYNECHANTHUS (*y»s. RATHEA and
REINECKIA).

A genus of graceful and attractive stove Palms
(ord. Paltnaj), with small greenish or purplish
flowers, and terminal pinnatisect leaves. Soil, two
parts of fibrous peat, one part of sand, and one of
loam, with shade and plenty of moisture.

Sympliynylosium (see Cynanchvm).
Synap/ilt'bium (see Darallia and Lindsaya).
(sec Seneoioy,

Syngonium

Synnotia

Principal Species : —

fibrosus, 4', Ivs. about the same length, erect,
spreading; ; rather pendulous leaflets.

SYNNOTIA.

Pretty greenhouse bulbous plants (nrd. Irideae).
Propagation, by offsets, or by seeds sown when ripe

rimla : Outsell it- Compium, Ltd.

TKUSICA («•

SYNGONIUM.

A genus of about ten species of climbing stove
shrubs (ord. Aroidese). Propagation, by cuttings.
Soil, sandy loam, leaf soil, or peat. No shading.

Principal Species and Varieties :
affine, em., yel. («.'/". of Ivs. wh. (syn. See-

gracile).
auritum, pur., yel. Five

Fingers,
.podophyllum albo-linea-

tum, midrib and nerves

manni).
vellozianum, grn., yel.
— riedelianum, oblong

tube.

in sandy soil. They produce flowering plants in
three years or so. Pot in October in sandy loam,
with peat or leaf soil, six in a 5" pot, 1" deep.
Plunge in a frame from which frost is excluded.
Dry off the bulbs gradually after flowering, and
give a short period of rest before replanting.

Only Species and Variety : —

bicolor,"!' to IV, Mch., olus bicolor and G.

yel., vio. (-\'/"-f. galeata, galeatus).

Sparaxis bicolor, Gladi- — Roxburgh!!, HI. pur. ,

Synthyris

( 378 )

Tacca

bulb tumcs of fine
threads,
variegate, 1', My., vio.

SYNTHYRIS.

yel. (si/n. Sparaxis
luteo-violacea aud
Wattu).

Pretty, hardy, Alpine perennials (urd. Scrophu-
larineas), with spikes or racemes of small flowers.
Propagation, by division or seeds. Common, moist
soil. They look best on the rockery.

Principal Species :—

pinnstifida, 9", sum., 1)1. spr., bl., prettier than

reniformis, 6" to 10", above.

SYRINGA.

Description. — Hardy, deciduous shrubs (aril.
Oleacese) comprising the well-known, fragrant, and
beautiful Lilacs (which see). Given an open
position where they can have an abundance of
air, there are few shrubs that produce a more
attractive effect in spring.

Propagation.— By layers and rooted suckers; also
by budding or grafting the choice varieties on to
the common Lilac.

Soil. Deep loam, but there is probably no sou

in which good Lilacs may not be grown when
proper attention is accorded.

Other Cultural Points.— The Lilac is so univers-
ally seen and so easily grown that the impression
prevails that no attention need be given at any
stage. The centre of young plants should be kept
open by pruning regularly, and the growths spring-
ing from the base must be removed. The old
flowers should be removed before seed is formed,
and the young growths thinned.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties :—

[NOTE. For special selections of varieties, sec

LILAC.]

chinensis,4'to8',My.,vio., — laciniata, •>', My., pur.

hybrid (st/ns. correlata, (KI/H*. filicifolia, laoinl-

dubia, and rothomageu- ata, pteridifolia, and

sis) ; metensis, rubra, pinuata).

and saugeana are vars. vulgaris, 8' to 12, My.,

peraica, 5', My., pur. (we vio.; many fine vars.

p. 377). (•«•« LILAC).
— alba, 3', My., wh.

Other Species and Varieties: —

Emodi, 9', Ap., wh. ; oblate, 9', pur. (syn.

there are rose coloured chinensis of Blume).

and variegated leaved pekinensis, wh. ^(si/ns.

vars. amureusis pekinensis

japonica, 20', Jy., crim. ; and Ligustrina pekiu-

very large inflores- ensis).

cences. villosa, 6', My., pur.

Josiktea, 8', My., HI. (xi/ni. pubesceus and

- eximia, larger than veiTucosa).
type, ro.

SYRINGE.

A syringe with a plain nozzle should always be
chosen in preference to one with a perforated cap.
With the former it is possible by an intelligent
manipulation of the index finger of the left or
grasping hand to produce a spray of any required
density, and to direct that spray on to any part of a
plant desired. In using oily or soapy solutions a
difficulty is often experienced in holding the
syringe, but a small metal stop or flange, which
can readily be soldered to the barrel by a mechanic,
placed to afford resistance to the little finger, will
do away with this.

If a syringe with an automatic or rubber plunger
is obtained the need of constant packing for this
will be dispensed with ; if, however, the plunger is

Syringa, Mock (pee Philadclphus eoronariu*).

• one -that requires packing, this can be accomplished
with tow and Russian tallow ; or, better still, a
piece of chamois leather can be bound round it
with waxed thread. When on drawing back the
handle of a syringe a stream of water is conducted
up it on to 'the operator, it is a sign that the
packing requires to be renewed. The Abol spray-
ing syringe is a great improvement upon those
generally found in gardens, and is very easily used.

SYRINGODEA.

Greenhouse bulbs (ord. Iridese), forming a con-
necting link between the Crocus and the Komulea.
Sandy soil, and similar treatment to the Ixia or
Sparaxis (which set-).

Principal Species : —

pulchella, aut., pile pur.

SYRPHUS.

Two-winged flies (Diptera), commonly known as.
Hawkflies, and generally about the size of house-
flies. The fleshy larva; feed on Aphides, and should
be protected rather than destroyed.

TABEBUIA.

Ornamental stove trees and shrubs (ord. Bignoni-
acese), resembling Tecorna. Few are cultivated, as
a large size has to be attained before flowering.
Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripe wood in a
close case. Soil, peat, loam, and sand.

Principal Species :—
sesculifolia, 20', Je., or., Donnell-Smithii, 20', Je.,

yel. spots. yel.

Havescens, lf> , Jy.,yel.

TABERN^EMONTANA.

Ornamental stove shrubs (ord. Apocynacere), re-
sembling some species of Gardenia, and often
fragrant. Coronaria is worthy of a place in every
stove. Propagation, by cuttings in spring and
autumn in a close case in sandy soil. Soil, equal
parts fibrous peat and loam, with sufficient sand to
keep it porous. The points of the branches should
be pinched several times when the plants are
young to encourage a bushy habit. An annual
pruning should be given after the flowers are over.
Mealy bug is the worst enemy, for which syringe
weekly with paraffin emulsion. (See INSECTICIDES.).

Principal Species and Varieties :—
amvgdahefolia, 6', Jy., - "ore pleno, flowers.

W]i. double,

coronaria, 4', sum., wh. grandiflora, fa , sum., yel.

— crispa, petals fringed. speciosa, 6', Jy., wh.

Other Species : —

acuminate, 4', sum., wh. australis, C', sum., wh.
acutissima, 4', Jy., wh. Berteri, 4', Jy., wh.

aftinis, :!', Ap., Je., wh. fagneoides, 4' to 0 , Jy.,

wh.

TACCA.

Perennial stove herbs (ord. Taccacese), with thick,
tuberous roots and small flowers. The roots are
very rich in starch, and those of pinnatifida are
used for food. They require a long rest after the
leaves have died down. Propagation, by division,
in spring. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
artocarpifolia, 5' to fi', integrifolia, 2', Je., grn.,.

My., br., grn., Ivs. pur., yel. (si/n. aspera).

large, handsome. palmata, 2', Je., br.

cristate, 1.',' to 2', My., rimnatiftda, 3', Je., pur.

pur., br." (syn. Ataccia (».y». Brownii).

cristate). viridis, 2', My., grn.

Taccarum

( 379 )

Talauma

TACCARUM.

Stove, perennial, tuberous herbs (jird. Aroidese),
witli large, ornamental foliage. The leaves are
usually divided and subdivided into a large number
of segments, which gives them a very distinct
character. A long rest is required after growth.
Propagation, by imported tubers. Soil, rich loam,
thoroughly drained.

Principal Species :—

cylindricum, 8' to4',grn., Wanningii, 3', Ivs. 2' to
Ivs. 2' across (••<.'/«. 2V across,

peregrinum). weddelianum, 3', spr. ,

br. , Ivs. 'I' to 2 . ' across.

TACHARDIA.

An important genus of scale insects, the species
lacca providing lac, one of the principal ingredients
of varnish, French polish, and similar preparations.
In the larval state they settle upon twigs and
branches for the purpose of sucking food from the
plant. When feeding, the lac is formed round
their bodies, and eventually the females die. The
encrusted twigs are imported as " stick lac." In
addition to producing lac, the females form the
basis of a dye.

TACHIGALIA.

Hare stove shrubs or small trees (nrd. I/egu-
minosic) of no special horticultural value. Prop-
agation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

multijngu, 20', sum., yd. paniculate, 'JO' to :>()',
sum., yel.

TACIADENUS.

I'ink, blue, or white flowered stove herbs or
sub-shrubs (ard. Gentianea;). Increase, by division,
or by cuttings in sandy soil in a close case. Soil,
equal parts fibrous loam and peat, with sand.
Keep on the dry side in winter.

Principal Species : —

CJirinatus, K', Oct., M. gracilis. 1', Sep., pk.

TACSONIA.

Ornamental greenhouse climbers (itrd. Passi-
floreie). The principal difference between Tacsonia
and Passittora is found in the elongated tubular
calyx of the former. Most of the species have
very deeply lobed leaves. The most suitable
position for Tacsonias is the roof, so that the
branches will hang in a graceful manner, and show
the full beauty of the pendulous flowers. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of young shoots 4" long in sandy
soil in a close case. Soil, fibrous loam, well-rotted
manure, and leaf mould, with sand. Insignis is
benefited by an addition of peat in equal bulk to
the loam. The best results are always obtained
from Tacsonias when they are planted out in a
thoroughly drained border ; from 12" to 18" of soil
is quite sufficient, and a border 2' to 3' wide gives
ample space. Two good shoots should be en-
couraged to grow up each rafter. Monthly
thinnings of the shoots will be necessary to allow
full light and air to those required for flowering.
An annual spurring back in January to within two
or three eyes of the old wood is necessary. Mealy
Bug and Heel Spider are the two worst insect
pests. After three years' growth the surface soil
to a depth of 4" should be removed, and replaced
with two parts good new loam to one part well-
rotted manure-.

Tacliiu (sir

Principal Species and Varieties : —

insi^nis, 30', aut. , inter- — splendens, richercolour.

mediate house, criiu. inollissima, 30', aut., ro.

niiinicata, 20' to 30', aut., (syn. smythiana).

sc. (xyn. ignea). Van-Volxemii, 30', aut.,

mixta, 20', aut., pk. (*//«. crim. (»y«. grandis).

erianthaaudloiigifolia). The best for a cool

- quiteusi.s, rosy pk. house.

(*//''• T. quitensis).

Other Species and Hybrid : —
Buehaiiaiii (now Passiflora pk. , hybrid (Van-Vol-

vitifolia). xemii X mollissima).

exonieusis, 30', aut., rosy Jamesoui, 20', Sep., ro.

sanguinea (now Passiflora
vitifolia).

T^ENITIS.

Stove Ferns (onl. Filices), of interesting appear-
ance, but not in general cultivation. Propagate
by division, and grow in a warm house, using sandy
peat with a little loam. The following figures
apply to the length of the fronds.

Principal Species :—

augustifolia, 1' to K'. lanceolata, 6" to 12", thick

blcchnoides, 1' to 2', ill texture.

pinnate.

TAGETES.

Hardy or greenhouse annuals and sub-shrubs
(iifil. Compoeitsa). Several species are largely
used for summer bedding. Propagation, by seeds
sown indoors, pricked off in boxes, and transferred
to the open borders in May, or sown out of doors
in April ; the perennial species by cuttings. Any
good garden soil is suitable. (See also MARI-
GOLD.)

Principal Species : —

erecta, 2', sum. , pale yd. or., red, br. French

African Marigold. Marigold,

lucida, 1', Aug., yel. pectinata, 1', sum., yd.

Mexican Marigold. signata, K', sum., yel.

patula, 1', sum., gold, — pumila, dwarfer.

Other Species : —

augustifolia, 3', Aug., yel. daucoides, U', Je., yel.
upetala, IV, sum., yel. micrauthii, 3', sum., yel.

miuuta, 2', Aug., yel.

TAINIA.

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacea;), one or two
species only being cultivated. They may be
grown in perfectly drained pots of fibrous loam
mixed with crocks, charcoal, and sandstone. The
method of culture recommended for Calanthe is
suitable.

Principal Species : —
augustifolia, IV, Mch., red, lip yel., blotched

grn. , br. red.

bit-onus, I!', Mch., grn., latifolia, 2', Ap.,gm., br.
penangiaua, 1', Ap., yd.,

TALAUMA.

Stove or greenhouse evergreen trees (aril. Mag-
noliaceae), with pretty, fragrant, Magnolia-like
blossums, which last in good condition for a very
short, time. Propagation, by seeds. Soil, two
parts fibrous loam, two parts peat, and one part
leaf mould, with sand.

Ttmin]>si» (S<T ViHiirin).
Tail Flmrer (si'e Aiit/tirrium).
Ta-lbotia, (nee Vellozia).
Tuli'inirl !«•<• /t</nj//n nfficinalis).
'I'li/irrti (gee Coryplitt').
Taligalca (see Amastmia).

Talinum

( 380 )

Tanks

Principal Species : —

Candollei, 6' to 12', sum., Plumierii, 1-' to 20', sum.,

cream. wh. , large.

Hodgsoui, 40', sum., pumila (now Magnolia

cream, Ivs. 15" to 18" pumila).

long, 4" to 6" wide.

TALINUM.

Stove, greenhouse, or hardy herbaceous plants
(ord. Portulacese), with more or less succulent
stems. Propagation, by cuttings, slightly dried,
or seeds. Any light soil. The hardy species do
well on rockwork.

Principal Species : —
Arnottii, IJ', sum., yel., cuueifolitnn, 1', Aug.,

gru. pur.

aurantiacum,U',sum.,yel. difl'usum, I', sum., yel.

TALISIA.

Evergreen stove trees and shrubs (iird. Sapind-
^cefe). Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, equal
parts fibrous peat and loam.

Principal Species : —

guianeusis, 12', Je., ro.,
Ivs. 2'.

Ivs. 4' long, in large
heads.

Priuceps, 25', Je. , wh. ,

TAMARINDUS. (TAMARIND.)

A monotypic genus of stove trees (ord. Legum-
inosse), whose fruits are of considerable medicinal
value. Propagation, by imported seeds, and by
cuttings in heat in sand, covered with glass.
Soil, fibrous turfy loam and sand.

Only Species : —

indica, (JO', Je., yel., red (sijns. occidentalis and
officinalis).

TAMARIX. (TAMARISK.)

Greenhouse or hardy trees or bushes (nrd.
Tamariscineie), the hardy species forming graceful
plants, and being particularly adapted for seaside
planting, as well as for the shrubbery. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings in sand under a glass, a little
heat being needed for the more tender species.
Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

chiuensis, hdy. shr., \ik. parviflora of gardens,

(«.(/«. japonicaplumosa). not of De Candolle).

gallica, f>' to 10', Jy., hdy. — iudica, grh. shr.

shr., wh. or pk. (tyn*. — Pallasii, rosy pk.

africana of gardens, hispida, Aug., hdy. shr.,

algeriensis, anglica, and cur. ro. (syii. kash-

Other Species :- "arica)'

articulata, 10' to 20', Jy., odessana, 6', sum., aut.,

grh., pk. (syn. orient- hdy. shr. , pale pk.

,.a.''8)- , parviflora of gardens (now

dioica, 6 , Je. , grh. , pk. gallica).

gennanica (now Myricaria tetraudra, 8' Jy hdy

germanica). shr., wh.

TAMONEA.

Stove biennial herbs or shrubs (ord. Verben-
acese). Propagation, by seeds. Sandy soil.
Principal Species :— -

spicata, 1', Jy., bl. (HJH.

mutica).
spinosa, 1', Jy., bl. («///,*.

curassavica and verben-
acea).

Talipot Palm (Coryplia iimbracidifera).

Tallow Shrub (Mi/riea cerifera).

Tallom Tree of Sierra Lemw (Pentadesma

rnityracea).

Tamarind Tree (see Tamarind/is indica).
Tamarisk (see Tamarix).

TAMUS (*yn. TAMNUS).

Three species of hardy or greenhouse twining
plants (ord. Dioscoreacese). Propagation, by seeds
or division. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
communis, My., hdy., Elopliantipes (wr Testu-

greenish, berries sc. dmaria Elephautipes).

Black Bryouy, Murrain

Berries, Lady's Seal.

TAN.

The use of tan, the spent bark of the tan pit, is
much less frequent in gardens than formerly. It
was at one time largely used for forming hotbeds.
It is also used as plunging material. As a manure
it decays slowly, and should be made up in a heap
with soil, lime, and animal manure. Its value by
itself as a manure is small.

TANACETUM. (TANSY.)

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Composite),
generally hardy, but not of great value for the
garden. The crisped-leaved variety of vulgare is
used for garnishing, and Herderi and leucophyllum
are good rockery plants.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
Balsamita (now Chrysau- 1', sum., yel., plant

themuni Balsamita). greyish,

camphoratum, 1', sum., Herderi, 0', sum., hdy.

hlf-hdy. or hdy., yel., per., yel., Ivs. silvery.

Camphor scented (.va/M,\. Icueophyllum, 9", sum.,

elegans and huroneuse hdy. per., yel., Ivs.

of gardens). silky,

fruticulosum bracteatum, vulgare, 2' to 3', Aug.,

yel. Common Tansy.
— crispum, Ivs. curled.

TANAKEA.

A recently introduced Japanese plant (ord. Saxi-
frageae), with small flowers resembling Tiarella.
Propagation, by seeds or division. Moist, peaty soil.

'Only Species : —

radicans, sum., hdy. per., wh.

TANKS.

Much valuable rain water which is now allowed
to run to waste might be saved and turned to
account if a proper system of reservoirs were
forthcoming. In fact, tanks of various sizes form
a. highly important part of the equipment of a
garden. Every glasshouse should be fitted with a
rain water tank, and if a hot water pipe can be
conducted through it so much the better. The
tank may be sunk below the floor level, and
covered with gratings if desired, but a dipping
hole, covered with an easily lifted trapdoor, must
be furnished. Even when water is laid on in
pipes a tank should be placed under each tap, no
matter whether it be indoors or out ; much time in
filling cans will then be saved, and there will be no
unsightly rinsing of the soil beneath the tap.

Paraffin tubs, burnt out and sawn in halves, make
capital tanks, and these may be sunk to the ground
level, if desired. Galvanised iron tanks, strongly
riveted, are much thought of. and probably are
the cheapest and best. Brick tanks lined with
cement are employed where larger reservoirs are
needed. Slate slabs are occasionally used.

All heating systems are furnished with supply
tanks, and these must be kept about three parts full.

Tanglnnia (Cert/era Tan///ii>i).
Tangier Pea, (Latliyrns tinffitamus).
Tanners' Tree (Coriaria myrfifulia).
Tawy (see Tanarrlum nil //arc).

Tar

( 381 )

Taxus

TAR.

A product obtained from bituminous coal
gas making. Gas. mineral, or coal tar, as it is
variously called, is put to a number of uses in the
garden. Painted over the wooden supports of pits
or frames, outhouses, palings, and, in fact, wood-
work generally, it answers almost as well as
paint for a preserver, and is considerably
cheaper. The tarpaulin so much used for covering
purposes is made of stout canvas coated with tar
until it is waterproof As a trap for insects tar
may be turned to considerable advantage. Boards
smeared with it are excellent traps for the Turnip
Beetle, various insects attacking the Raspberry,
froghoppers, and grasshoppers. Mixed with an
equal quantity of cart grease or about a third of
fish oil to keep it viscid, it is frequently used for
smearing upon the bands placed round fruit trees
in the autumn to prevent the egg laying females of
the Winter Moth from ascending the trees.

As a styptic for dressing the ends of cut branches
Stockholm tar has a great vogue. It is true that it
has rather biting properties, and kills, while it
hardens, the outermost layers of wood, but in
woody plants no harm results from this, and, as
the wood is made impervious to moisture, much

food. Tar may also be used for dressing wounds,
'or herbaceous plants and Vines another styptic
should be selected.

Tar water when diluted with clear water is a
good insecticide.

Benzol or benzine (spirit of tar) is a volatile,
transparent, and highly inflammable fluid obtained
by distillation from coal tar. It has been employed
occasionally as an insecticide.

TARAXACUM. (DANDELION.)

Hardy herbs (ord. Composite). Propagation, by
seeds or division. Common soil. As a salad plant
officinale is covered to blanch the leaves.

Principal Species : —

oftirinale, 6", Mch., yel.;
many *intn. Dandelion.

moutauum, 4", Aug., vel.
(SIIH. Lasiopus si>nrh-
oides).

TARCHONANTHUS. (AKKICAX FLEA
BANK.)

Three species of greenhouse shrubs (ord. Com-
positse), with flower heads resembling those of the
Artemisias. Propagation, by cuttings in sand.
Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

camphoratus, (»', ,Iy., pur.

TARENNA.

Stove trrrs and shrubs (nrtl. Rubiaceae), at one
time referred to Webera. None of the species is
in cultivation.

TARO.

This is the name given by the Paeilie Islanders
to the tubers of Colocasia Antiqiiorum, which they
use largely for food. The tubers are acrid and
poisonous, but their poisonous properties are
destroyed by thorough cooking iii various fashions.
They are made into puddings, baked or boiled,
and the young lea\es eaten like Spinach.

Tape

f.«r \'/illixin-ri:i
lhi.t f»r .1 i

TARRAGON.

This is Artemisia dracunculoides (A. Dracunculus
of some authorities), a rather tender perennial,
whose leaves are used in salads and season-
ing, and in producing Tarragon vinegar. A dry,
warm position, and a little winter protection,
are advisable. Like other herbs, it may be cut
and dried in autumn for winter use. Propagation,
by cuttings in a little. heat, or by division in spring.
Common soil.

TAUSCHERIA.

The only species (lasiocarpa) of this genus (urd.
CruciferEe) is a yellow-flowered hardy annual of no-
garden value, growing in common soil.

TAVERNIERA.

Greenhouse sub-shrubs (ord. Leguminosae), only
a few of which are cultivated. Propagation, by
seeds or cuttings under glass, in bottom heat.
Soil, mellow loam and sand.

Principal Species :—

lappacea, Jy., Aug., trail- folia, ephedroidea, go-
ing, yel. uoclaila, iucana, and
Nummularia, 1' to '!' , spartea). .Last Indian
Jy., red (synn. cunui- iloueywort.

TAXODIUM. (DKCIDUOUS CYPRESS.)
Handsome deciduous trees (ord. Coniferas). The
swollen buttresses of the base of distichum are
conspicuous, together with the " knees " which rise
from the roots around the tree itself where flooded
by water. The trunk is often very thick in propor-
tion to the height. The timber is used for lumber,
posts, and fencing. Heterophyllum is a low
Chinese tree or shrub. Propagation, by seeds,
which give plants varying much in character ; by
layers ; and by cuttings with leaves, struck in
water. Moist soil, distichum only attaining its
full beauty in such a medium.

Only Species and Select Varieties : —
distichum, 100' in Britain. more slender, branches.

My., female cones soli- generally pendulous

tary or in small (*//««. sinense, Glypto-

bunches, cones :i little strobus pendulus, aiul

smaller than a Walnut Cupressus disticlia im-

( .•.•«/«. inicrophyllum and briearia) .

Ciipivssusdistii'ha). l)e- gigauteum (see Sequoia),
eiduoiis Cypress, Bald heterophylluni, 10', cones
Cypress, Swamp Cy- eggshaped(nowGlypto-

press. strobus heterophyllus).

— dcnudatiim, branches Chinese Water Pine.

slender, Ivs. scattered. mueroiiatum, 120', tender,
fastigiatum, branches Ivs. more slender than

erect. those of distichum, and

— nanum, ilwurfer. sub - persistent (*y>t.

pendulum, smaller, mexicanum).

TAXUS. (YEW.)

Description. — Hardy evergreen trees or shrub*
(ord. Coniferas). The native Yew, baccata, is a
familiar tree in its various forms, and it is offer
>eeii a>.-oeiated with ehmvhyards. As an orna-
mental tree the Ve\v is very valuable, and the-
sombre foliage of the typieal >|>eeie^ may l>e much
relieved by the judicious use of the varieties. The
Irish Yew — baccata fastigiata - is largely used for
ornamental purposes, for which its pyramidal
habit well adapts it. The Yew makes capital ever-
green hedges, though care must be taken that
cattle and horses have not access to it, on account

'I'ti until mi id ' xrr ]>ri III ifX).

Taittrlt'iw MnitntaiM Currant (liibi-s aljrimtm).

Tajeiiiit Ill-inn (.<cc Slut ii-r).

Taxus

Tecoma

of its poisonous character. It lias been a favourite
tree for topiary work (which see), its adaptability
to training and clipping making it one of the best
plants for the purpose. Small plants of the orna-
mental forms are pretty in window boxes or for
winter bedding. Propagation, by seeds, sown in
spring, after having been mixed with sand and
buried in a heap for some time ; by cuttings in
August, in sandy soil, in frames or under hand-
lights until rooted; also by grafting and layering.
Any common soil.

Principal Species, and Selection of Varieties : —

[NOTE. — The nomenclature is that of the 3Iaiuutl
vf Conifcnc.~\

baccate, 50', Mch.,
branches spreading.
Common Yew.

- adpressa, 8', thick,
spreading bush (SIJIK.
adpressa, Gordoni, and
tardiva).

— albo-variegata, edged
silver.

— argentea, striped silver.

— aurea, golden yel. (HIIH.
baccata elvastonensis).

- Dovastoni, branches
horizontal or drooping,
hranchlets drooping ; a
h'ne form.

- Dovastoni aureo-peu-
dula, Ivs. pale gru.,
edged yel.

— Dovastoni variegata,
young Ivs. edged yel.,
when older silver wh.

- elegantissima, edged
creamy wh.

- erecta, stiffer, more
erect, Ivs. smaller. Fill-
ham Yew, Upright
Common Yew.

— fastigiata, Ivs. in tufts,
or scattered (nyin.
fastigiata and hiber-
nica of gardens). Irish
Yew, Florence Court
Yew.

— fastigiata aureo-rarie-
gata, Ivs. variegated
yd.

fastigiata variegata.
Ivs. edged and striped
wh.
- fructu-luteo, fruit yd.

Washington!, varie-
gated («/». cauadeusis
Washingtonii) .

- brevifolia, low tree
(syit. T. brevifolia of
gardens, not Xuttull).

- cheshunteusis, between
Common and Irish
Yew.

- ericoides, dwarf, close
branches (.vw;/.v. ericoides
and epacridioides of gar-
dens).

- glauca, like cheshunt-
eusis, but larger (tin'.
liai-rata nigra). Blue
John.

— graeilis pendula, sub-
jH'ndulous, larger than
the next.

— peiidula, sub-pendu-
lous, slow grower (xi/ii.
baccata Jacksonii).

-- procumbens, prostrate.
Many other vai's., such
as columnaris. ro7n-
pressa, erecta, horizon-

talis, microcarpa, nana,
pyramidalis, recurvata,
etc.

brevifolia, 30' to 80',
branches slender, droop-
ing, Ivs. yellowish grn.
(.s///j*. Boursieri and
lindleyana). Californiai.
nr Western Yew.

cauadensis, 2' to «', pros-
trate, Ivs. shorter and
narrower than those ot
baccate (*I/H. baccata
var. canadensis). Cana-
iliaii Yew.

ciispidata, 20', Ivs. yel-
lowish grn. beneath,
1 nunches spreading (syit.
liaroata var. cuspidate).

fjnridana, 2.V, spreading
habit.

liari'ingtoiiiana (now Ce-
]>liulotaxus peduncu-
late).

Other Speciss and Varieties : —

baccate adpressa stricta, — adpressa variegata,
branches erect. tips creamy wh.

TCHIHATCHEWIA.

A rare and bejiuliful hardy Alpine (ord. Cruci-
fera'), with Vanilla-scented flowers in rounded
heads. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring.
tSoil, loam and leaf mould.

Only Species : —

isatidea, 6" to 12", My., rosy red.

TECOMA. (TRUMPET FLOWEK, TRUMPET

t'UEEPER.)

Ornamental greenhouse, stove or hardy, erect,
twining, or climbing shrubs (ord. Bignoniacese),
with handsome tubular flowers, generally in
bunches. Propagation, by seeds, root cuttings,
layering, or cuttings of the young shoots under

Plata: W. HiiieUir, Hath.

TAXUS BACCATA IN" A WILTSHIRE

Tecophilaea

( 3S3 )

Telopea

glass. Soil, good, mellow loam. Exposure to light,
so as to ripen tlic growths, with plenty of water in
summer, are needed for the Tecomas. Radicans
should have a sheltered position against a wall
when grown outside.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

amboinonsis, .sum., st. cl..

or. red.
australis, Jr. . grh. cl.,

yellowish wli. and jmr.,

red (»//«*. .diversifolia

ami Bignonia Pau-

dorea).
— Mauglesii, a good var.

(xi/tl. Manglesii of gar-

deus) .
rapcnsis, Aug., grli. cl.,

or. sc.
grandiflora, Jy., lidy. at

Kew, cl.. sc. (.«/«. Big-

nonia grandiflora). Sev.

eral vnrs.
jasminoides, Aug., grh.

cl., wh., red.

Other Species :
austro-caledouiea, sum.,

st. el., wh.
chr\ siintha, 10', st., yel,

(XIIHX. Bignonia chrys-

antha and Tabelmia

olirysantha).
filicifolia, st. ci., Ivs. (inelv

divided (XI/H. Campsidi-

um tilicifolia).
fulva, 15', Jy., st. shr.,

yel.
Manglesii (,svv australis

var. ) .

mirahilis (xr<- valdiviaua\
inollis, 0", Jy., st., yel-
lowish red '(»//«. sorbi-

folia).
rii-asoliima. grh., rosy ]»k.,

darker vciu>.
rosjcfolia, (i', Jy., st., yel.
sambucifnlia, t>' , Jv.. st..

radicaiis, sum., hdy.
cl. shr., rooting as it
climl>s, sc. ($yn. Big-
nonia radicans1. Sev-
eral vars. , varying from
yel. to deep red. Minor
has narrower sc. flowers,
pra'cox is early, and
Thunl>ergii late.

Smithii, 2' and upwards,
a ut., grh., or. spotted
throat. Considered by
some authorities to be a
hybrid, and by others
as synonymous witli
fulva.'

yel. (probably a form of
stalls).

scrratifolia, I'd', st. tree,
yel. (syii. Tabebuia ser-
ratif olia) .

sorbifolia (*re mollis).

spectabilis, 10', sum., st..
pur. (*//»«. Bignimia
and Tabelmia specta-
bilis).

stans, 12', sum., st., yel. ;
var. apiifolia, Ivs. cut
(xi/it. Biguonia incisa
of gardens).

uudulata, 10', sum., st.,
or. (xt/ii. Bignouia im-
dulata).

valdiviana, st. cl. shr., or.
(SI/HX. mirabilis of gar-
dens and Campsidium
chileuse).

TECOPHILyEA.

Exquisite little Crocus-like, bulbous flowers (ord.
H:emodorace;e). which are hardy on light soils, but
are more grown in frames or in pots in green-
houses. Propagation, by seeds, or offsets when the
bulbs are at rest. Soil, sandy loam. Plant 'A" or
4" deep, and protect from slugs.

Only Species and Varieties : —
Cyanocrocus, (i", spr., hi., — Leichtlini, deep hi.

wh. throat (*//«. cy- — Uegelii, segments nar-

aneo-crocea). rmvor.

vioheflora, 6", spr., bl.

TECTONA. (TEAK.)

Large stove evergreen trees (mrtl. Verbenucra-i.
Grandis, SO' to 10(1', while, yields the timber called
Teak, largely used in shipbuilding, and by gardeners
in the woodwork of glass structures, for which its
endurance of wet and changes nt' weather adapt it
so well.

Tea (>vr ('(itiH-Ji'tft t fu'ifrra} .

'/i 'tt /fern/ »r <'<i»<uln T,-,t (w (,'nnltln'ri/i pro-

i. lint,,,! i/ Hnii '&nilaa> gfyoyphylla}.
Tea. Pnrni/iiini (xer Tleae pafogvo/gmtU).

Tni 'in;' l.iji-'mni linrliiiTiim).
Tenlt Trc/', Afrii-rin (Olillii-lilin nf
Teak Tnr. Jud'mn (Ttrlintii i/nnidis].
Tivsrl, T,;l-,'l. Ti-rujtr (sir THffdVUl).

TEEDIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ortl. Scrophularine*), with
small flowers. Propagation, by seeds, or by cut-
tings under a glass in sand. Light, rich soil.

Only Species : —
lucidu. 2', Ap., pk. pubescens, 2', My., pk.

TEESDALIA.

Two species of hardy, white-flowered annuals
(ord. Crucifera?), not worth growing in the garden.
Nudicaulis is the native Pepper Cress. The other
is regularis (injn. Lepidium). &ym. of nudicaulis
are caulescens, Iberis, and irregularis. Petraea is
Hutchinsia petra'a.

TELANTHERA.

Half-hardy herbs (nrd. Amarantaceje), used
generally for carpet bedding, and grown in gardens
under the name of Alternanthera, which nee for
species, varieties, and cultivation.

TELEKIA (see BUPHTHALMUM).

TELEPHIUM. (ORPINE.)

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Ficoideas). They
have small white flowers and are not sufficiently
showy to warrant a place in gardens. Irnperati,
the Tree Orpine, is occasionally met with.

TELFAIRIA.

A genus of stove plants (ord. Cucurbitaceae).

Pedata is grown in West Africa for its edible seeds,

from which a useful oil is extracted by pressure.

Propagation, by cuttings, under a bell-glass. Light,

rich soil.
Only Species :—

nrciilcntalis, Sep., cl., pedata, Jy.. cl., male and
male flowers pur., female flowers pur.,

female flowers wh., fruit 3' long, grn. (*//«*.

eye pur., fruit 2' long, Fevillea pedata and

greenish yel. Joliffia africana).

TELIPOGON (si/M.-TjpLYPOGON).

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacca1). They should be
grown in baskets of peaty fibre, sphagnum moss,
and pieces of broken pots, or on a block of wood
with fresh sphagnum.

Principal Species : —

Croesus, yel., with dark network.

TELLIMA.

Hardy annual or perennial herbs (ord. Saxi-
fragea;). Propagation, by division or by seeds.
Ci mimon peaty soil.

Principal Species : —
afh'nis, 1', sum., per., — purpurea, Ivs. bronzy

wh. in aut.

grandiflora, 2', Ap., per., parviflora, 1', My., per.,

grn. pk. (*//». Lithophragina

parviflora) .

TELOPEA.

Handsome. i'ivenlioHs<\ evergreen shrubs (nrd.
I'roteaceaO, with showy flowers. Propagation, by
layeriiiLT Mirkers in small pots, or by cuttings of
the ripe growths in sand under a glass, keeping
cool until growth apparently begins, when heat
may be applied. Sandy peat. Planting out is
preferable to growing in pots.

Principal Species : —

speriiMssiina. (V to s', ,Te., crim. (si/n. Embothri-
nin speciosissinium). AVaratah.

I'lant (Vesmodinm r/yrans).

Templetonia

( 384 )

Ternstrcemia

TEMPLETONIA.

Greenhouse shrubs or sub-shrubs (iml. Legumin-
osse). Propagation, by cuttings of the young
growths in, sand, under a bell-glass. Soil, sandy
loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

retusa, 3', Mch., red or \vh. (jtyn. glauca). Coral
Bush.

TENARIS.

Greenhouse perennial herbs (prd. Asclepiadeai).
Propagation, by cuttings in April in sand, under a
bell-glass, in heat. Soil, sandy loam and fibrous
peat, with a few pieces of charcoal and a little
leaf soil.

Principal Species : —

rostrata, 1 y, sum., wh., yel., pk.

perfect flies to appear, and occasionally there are
two broods. The larval stage is that which does
the direct damage in most cases, and the larvro
vary a great deal in their habits.

TEPHROSIA.

Stove, greenhouse, or half-hardy herbs, sub-
shnibs, or shrubs (nrrl. Leguminosas), few of which
are of sufficient decorative value to be worth
cultivating in gardens. Propagation, by seeds in
heat, or by cuttings under a bell-glass.

Principal Species : —

capensis, Jy., grh. sub-

shr. , pur.
grandiflora, '!' , Je., grh.,

red (.<#». Galega grandi-
flora)*
virginiana, U', Je., lilf-

hdy. per., cream, pur.
Other species are Candida, pallens, purpurea, and
Dinnata. Suberosa is now Mundulea suberosa.

TEKMINALIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

TENTHREDINID^E. (SAWFOES.)
This section of Hymenoptera plays a somewhat
important part in gardens, and that a mischievous
one. A number of genera and many species are
included in the collective term Sawflies, and
among them they plague many cultivated plants,
from the highest forest tree to the lowliest herb.
Eriocampa, Lophyrus, Lyda, and Nematus are
typical genera, and information has been given
under these and other headings and also under the
titles of the plants attacked. The name Siiwlly
bears allusion to the modified ovipositor, which
resembles a minute saw with two blades. The
saws are strengthened with cross bars like the bars
of a file. The body is rather broad, and, unlike
most Hymenoptera, the passage between the
thorax and abdomen is not narrowed. The \\ inus
are usually transparent, and the mouths suited for
biting and cutting. From about the middle of
May to the end of July is the season for the

Tetiagncharix (sef Biitomajmitt).
Tcnuria (of Sprengel, see llupleurum).

TERMINALIA.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Combretacese) rarely
grown in gardens. Propagation,* by cuttings of
ripe wood in sand under a bell-glass. Soil, light
iibrous loam and peat, with coarse sand.

Principal Species :—

angustifolia, 30', Je., wli.

(w figure).

Arjuiiii, 70', sum., grn.
bellerica, 20', My., grn.,

yel.

Imceras, 30', sum., y*'l.,

wh.

Oatuppa, '20', Je.. wli.
eli-gaiis (now Polyscias

paniculata).

TERNSTRCEMIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (nrd. Ternstroemiacea:).
Propagation, by cuttings of ripened growths, in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam
and peat, with coarse sand.

Principal Species :—

brevities (wr elliptica). punctata, 6'. Jy.. grn.

ulliptina, 6', Jy., wh. (.11/11. venosa, 6', Jy., wh.

pedunculans).

Terprumlhiis (see Spiranthera].

Terraces

( 385 )

Tetragonia

TERRACES.

Where a mansion is considerably elevated above
the general .surroundings, and the ground slopes
somewhat sharply from it on one or more sides, it
is usual to construct a broad promenade on a level
with the floor of the dining and drawing rooms.
Such an area is a terrace, and the material com-
posing it is retained by means of walls of
masonry or turfed banks. There maybe a series'
of suoh terraces at varying levels, connected by
flights of steps, leading down to the lower grounds,
the park, lake, or stream. Where the slope is

Europe ; it differs from haliotidea in having a
larger shell and brown colouring. Scutulum, now
separated from haliotidea, is probably the most
common.

TESTUDINARIA. (ELEPHANT'S FOOT.)
Warm greenhouse deciduous climbers (ord.
Dioscoreacete). The crown or covering of the
rootstock grows to a large size, and is woody.
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass. Soil, sandy loam and fibrous
peat in equal proportions.

TEUKACE LTAKDEN*.

gradual the terraces may be made very broad; one
terrace is not infrequently laid out in beds as
a flower garden. In hilly districts in southern
Europe it is a common practice to terrace the hill-
sides, and cultivate Vines and other subjects on the
terraces. In Guernsey some of the steep parts are
terraced and glasshouses built on each level. In
the United Kingdom terraces are usually con-
structed for pleasure and effect rather than for
the purpose of adding to the cultivated area.

TESTACELLA.

Slugs possessing small shells. They are about
3" long when fully extended, usually dull yellow in
colour, sometimes almost black. The rear end of
the animal is provided with a small shell that acts
as a guard when the owner is burrowing. The
peculiarity of this slug is that it is carnivorous,
and should therefore be protected. It feeds on
earthworms and small slugs. Haliotidea is the
most common. Maugei is sometimes found in the
west of England, but it hns probably become
naturalised since introduction from soul hern
55

Principal Species : —

Elephantipes, 8'. Jy., yel. (xi/n. Tamils Elephant-
ipes of Botanical Magazine 1347). Elephant's Foot,
Hottentot Bread.

TETRACERA.

Stove evergreen climbers (ord. Dilleniacese) of
no horticultural value. Propagation, by cuttings
in sand under a bell-glass. Soil, loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

aluifolia, 20', Je., ycl.
potatoria (w alnifulia).

volubilis, 12', Ap., yel.

TETRAGONIA.

A genus (nrd. Ficoidesc) allied to Mesembryan-
themum, whose value lies in exparsa. a yellow.
August - flowering annual, grown in garden*
under the name of New Zealand Spinach, which
nee.

TitriitiiHiiiltiliiHs (sir /.o/tix).

Tetragonotheca

( 386 )

Thalia

rosy pur. (*;/«. Brassa-
vola elegans).
serrulata, 3", spr., wh.,
lip crim. pur. (st/n.
Leptotes serrulata).

TETRAGONOTHECA.

Hardy perennial herbs (prd. Composite;). Prop-
agation, by division or by seeds. Light and well-
manured soil.

Principal Species : —

helianthoides. 2' to 3', Aug., yel.

TETRAMICRA.

Intermediate house epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceic). Propagation, by division when
growth is starting. They thrive in small Teak
baskets, or on blocks of Tree Fern stem, with a
little sphagnum about the roots.

Principal Species :—
bicolor, 2", win., wh., lip
marked pur. (it/im. ser-
rulata aud Leptotes bi-
color).
rigida, iy, spr., gm., lip

TETRANEMA.

A pretty herbaceous stove perennial {ord. Scro-
phularineie). Propagation, by seeds or cuttings in
spring, in very sandy soil. Soil, sandy loam and
fibrous peat.

Only Species : —

rnexicana, (>", Jo., whitish pur. Mexican Foxglove.

TETRANTHUS.

Stove evergreen trailers (ord. Composite). Prop-
agation, by cuttings or division in spring. Soil,
three parts sandy, fibrous loam and one part fibrous
peat.

Principal Species : —

littoralis, 1", Aug., wh.

TETRAPOGON.

Hardy perennial Grasses {ord. Gramineaa). Prop-
agation, by seeds and division. Any ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —

villosus, 1', aut., yel.

TETRAPTERIS.

Stove evergreen climbers {ord. Malpighiacese).
Propagation, by cuttings of ripened growths in
summer, retaining the leaves, and inserting in sand
under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species: —

acutifolia, 6', My., yel. inaequalis, 6', My., yel.

discolor, 6', My., yel. (»yn. citrifolia).

TETRATHECA.

Elegant, hard- wooded, greenhouse evergreens (ord.
Tremandrea1). Propagation, by cuttings of the
side growths in sand, under a bell-glass. Great
care should be taken to prevent damping. Soil,
three parts fibrous peat and one part sandy loam,
with charcoal and sharp grit to ensure porosity.

Principal Species : —

erioffifolia, 1', Jy., ro. (see
figure).

juncea, 2', Jy., pur.

pilosa, 1J', Jy., pur.

fflandulosa, 1.;', Jy., pur. verticillata (now Platy-
hirsuta, '2', Moll., pk. theca galioides).

TETRAZYGIA.

Stove evergreens {nrd. Melastomacene). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of side growths getting firm,
in sand. Soil, sandy loam and fibrous peat.

Tctrn mi- rin HI (si i' Varamea).
Tetrantliera (see Litsea).
Tetraprltii (see Otochilm).

Principal Species : —

angustinora, 5', My., wh.
discolor, o', My., wh.

ela'aguoides, 4', spr., pk.
or wh.

TETTIGONIA.

This generic title is sometimes used instead of
Cercopsis, Cicada, or Aphrophora for a species
named spumaria, an insect better known in gardens
us the Cuckoo Spit (which see) or Frog Hopper.

TEUCRIUM.

Hardy and greenhouse evergreens and herba-
ceous perennials (ord. Labiates). Propagation, by
division in spring for the herbaceous species, and
by cuttings for the evergreens. Ordinary, fertile
soil.

TETKATHECA EKif.i:i'OLiA.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

fruticans, 2' to 4', Jy.,

Aug., hdy. or hlf-hdy.

shr., bl.
hircamum, U', Sep.,

hdy., pur.
Marum, 1', sum., hdy.,

reddish pur.
Scorodonia, 1', Je., hdy.,

yel.

variegatum, varie-

gated.

TEYSMANNIA.

Stove Palms (nrd. Palmip). Propagation, by im-
ported seeds. Soil, sound loam. The only species
is altifrons, 10', with large, entire leaves.

THALIA.

Greenhouse or stove evergreens (ord Scitaminea?).
Propagation, by division. Soil, rich, light loam.
Dcalbata is quite hardy at Kew.

bicolor, 1', Jy., grh., pur.

bl. (ayii. orchidoum).
cauadeuse, 2', Aug.,hdy.,

pur.
Cliumiedrys, 9", Jy., luly.,

pur.
— foliis aureis, hdy., Ivs.

yel.
flavum, 2', Aug., hdy. or

grh., yel.

Umbrella, Tree (MeHii .\:e<lnriirh um-
hriiriilifiirinis).
Tlialamia (see 1'liylloeladi/s).

Thalictrum

( 387 )

Theodolite

bl. ; will flower in grh.
iii sum.

Principal Species : —
doalbata. 6', Jy., bl.; best

ill a tub of water,
geuiculata, 2', Aug., St.,

THALICTRUM. (MEADOW RUE.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Ranuncu-
lacea;) of considerable beauty, both in flowers and
foliage, and quite indispensable in the mixed
border. Propagation, by division in spring. Soil,
moist sandy loam, mixed with leaf mould.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
adiantifolium (aee minus). aquilegifolium, 3', Je.,
anemonoides, 3', Ap.,yel. pur.; atropurpureum

(SI/H. Anemone thalic- is a fine var.

troides). Chelidonii, 21', Je., pur.

angustifolium, 3', Je., minus, 1', Je., pale yel. ;

yel. ; uigricans is a flue many very fine vars.

var.

Other Species : —

iilpiuum, 6", Je., yel. Delavayii, 3', sum., pur.

calabricum, 3', Jy., yel. flavum, 4', Je., or. ; sphse-
Cornuti, 3', My., yel. rocarpum is a good var.

cultratum, 3', Je., green- glaucum, C', Je., yel.

ish yel. squarrosum, 1', Je., yel.

(syn. trigyuum).

THAMNEA.

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Bruniaceaa).
Propagation, by cuttings in spring, in very sandy
soil, under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous, sandy loam,
with a little crushed charcoal.

Only Species : —

uninora, 1', Ap., wh.

THAMNOCHORTUS. (SHBUBBY
GKASS.)

Greenhouse perennial herbs (ord. Restiacese)
from South Africa. The flowering stems are Rush-
like. Dichotomus is the principal species, but it
lias nothing to recommend it to gardeners.

THAPSIA. (DEADLY CAIUIOT.)

Greenhouse perennials (ord. Umbelliferac), pro-
duriiig a Carrot-like root, and attractive on
account of the large, ornamental leaves. Prop-
agation, by seeds. Soil, mellow loam.

Principal Species : —

decipiens, 6', Jy., wh. garganica, 3', Jy., yel.

cdulis, 4', My., wh. (syn. villosa, 4', Je., yel.

Mouizia edulis).

THELEPHORA.

A genus of Fungi whose members occasionally
do some damage to living trees. They are closely
allied to the true Mushrooms, but differ from them
in having the hymenium smooth w ridged and
warted. The texture also is leathery. Several
species are to be found burrowing into the trunks
of trees. Laciniata may be distinguished by
having its reproductive parts disposed as rusty
brown, semicircular, horizontal plates, several of
these plates lying close together, the one over-
lapping the other. Young trees are usually
:itl,-icked, rarely old ones, and the fungus is gener-
ally to be seen on the collar of the plants, close to
the ground ; occasionally it takes up its abode in
the soil. Perdrix attacks Oaks very frequently in
Germany, the affected wood turning reddish brown,

TliiimiiiH'iiliiaiiiit (nee Ariindinari/i).
Tliiimtinjitrrix (wv Asplniium).
Tlnili-li 1'n/iii [nir Kuterpe, Sabal, and Thrinax).
T/ica (.-.•(/•

hdy. ann. or bien., ray
florets yel. , disc pur.

and showing mottles like those of a partridge,
whence the specific name. Hirsuta, more cor-
rectly Stereum hirsutum, is common in Britain
upon dead stumps ; it also attacks Oaks, according
to Professor Hartig. The removal and destruction
by fire of attacked trees seems to be the only pos-
sible remedy. Nothing can be done to save the
infected specimens, as the mycelium of the fungus
is internally disposed. Diseased branches should
be promptly excised.

THELESPERMA (syn. COSMIDIUM).

Stove, greenhouse, or hardy herbs or sub-shrubs
(ord. Composite). The hybrid named below re
quires the same culture as the popular Coreop-
sises.

Principal Species and Hybrid : —
burridgeanum (filifolium filifolium, 1' to 2', sum.,

X Coreopsis tinctoria),

Je., Sep., hdy. ami., or.,

yel., blk.

THELYMITRA.

Greenhouse terrestrial Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae),

of no special garden value, and rarely grown.

They may be treated in the same way as the

Bletias.

Principal Species : —

carnea, 6" to 10", My., ixioides, 1' to 1J', My.,
pk., Btems slender. bl.

graudiflora, 2', greyish longifolia, 1', My., bluish

bl. , twenty-five to thirty pk. or lil., Ivs. long,

in a large spike ; a narrow (syns. Forsteri,

showy plant. graminea, and pauci-

flora) .

THEMISTOCLESIA.

A small, obscure genus (ord. Vacciniaceae) of
evergreen shrubs. Propagation, by cuttings, in
sandy soil, in a close frame. Soil, fibrous loam
and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—

coronilla, Jan., grh. dwarf shr., dark red.

THENARDIA.

Climbing stove shrubs (ord. Apocynacese), in-
creased by cuttings of the young shoots, taken off
with a heel of the old wood, in brisk bottom heat.
Soil, loam two parts, peat one part, both fibrous,
with sand.

Principal Species : —

floribunda, 10', Je., St., pk., in bunches, showy.

THEOBROMA (syn. CACAO).

The value of this genus (ord. Sterculiaceae)
is wholly economic, seeing that Cacao is the
source of chocolate. Propagation, by cuttings of
ripened shoots, in sand, in a close case, with
bottom heat. Soil, equal parts peat and fibrous
loam, with sand. The plants do best if planted
out in a prepared border. Plenty of water. An
annual pruning is necessary to keep them within
bounds.

Principal Species : —

Cacao, 20', My., St., calyx ro., corolla yel., fruits
yel. or red, 8" long. Cacao or Cocoa Plant, Choco-
late Nut Tree.

THEODOLITE.

A complicated and expensive instrument used by
land surveyors, and sometimes by landscape
gardeners, for calculating vertical and horizontal
angles, as well as heights and distances. Us use

Theophrasta

( 388 )

Thinning

is occasionally necessary when, in laying out large
estates, the heights of objects widely separated
have to be ascertained. In common levelling
operations the straightedge, borning rods, and
ordinary spirit level are enough. (See LANDSCAPE
GARDENING.)

THEOPHRASTA.

Stove shrubs (nrd. Myrsinese), of erect habit and
stately presence. Propagation, by cuttings of
semi-matured shoots, in a close case, with brisk
bottom heat. Soil, peat and loam in equal parts,
with sand.

Principal Species : —

imperialis, Ap., yellowish grn., fruits like small
Apples. Ivs. 3' long, 10" broad, imposing.

THERMOMETER.

An instrument by which the degree of heat is
measured by the expansion of a ball of mercury or
a quantity of spirit enclosed in an hermetically
sealed glass tube. At the side of the tube is a
graduated scale by which the amount of expansion
is calculated. Prior to the sealing of the tube as
much air as possible is expelled, and the mercury
or spirit thus works in something that i's very
nearly a vacuum, so that there is no resistance to
the expansion. There are three " scales " by which
the expansion is calculated, in general use, viz.
Fahrenheit, which has the freezing point of water
at 32° and the boiling point at 212° ; Keaumur,
which has the freezing point of water at 0° (zero)
and its boiling point at 80° ; and Centigrade,
which places the freezing point of water at 0°
(zero) and its boiling point at 100°. The Fahren-
heit scale is the one generally adopted in this
country.

A minimum and maximum registering instru-
ment is needed for meteorological observations
outdoors. The maximum and minimum are ob-
tained by means of a sensitive needle which is
pushed up or down by the mercury, and left to
mark the extreme limit of the rise or fall of the
temperature. This needle is " set" to the mercury
by means of a magnet. Outdoor thermometers
should be fixed to a stout post about 4' from the
ground, should face towards the north, and be
covered in by a box or screen, so as to give the
"shade" reading. The height of the glass with
the sun full upon it is not a true index to the
general temperature.

There should be a thermometer placed in each
glasshouse, and it is an excellent plan to affix to it
a little celluloid tablet, upon which to mark the
degree of heat to be maintained in the house as a
guide to the stoker. (See also TEMPERATURES.)

Special plunging thermometers are made for
ascertaining the temperature of Mushroom and
hotbeds. A stick is more commonly used in
practice, and although a rough-and-ready test it is
usually sufficient for the practical man. (For wet
and dry thermometers, see HYGROMETER.)

THERMOPSIS (syn. THERMIA).

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Leguminosae). Mon-
tana is a gem for nooks in the rockery, and looks
at its best when rising among dwarf plants. Prop-
agation, by seeds. The roots do not take kindly
to division. Soil, light, rich loam, in a sheltered
situation.

Theresia (gee Fritillaria).

Principal Species :-
barbate, 1', Je., hdy.,

deep pur., stems

woody.
corgouensis, 2', sum.,

hdy., yel.
lanceolata, 1', sum., Sidy.,

vel. («(/«. Podulyria
lupiuoides).

montaua, 2', sum., hdy.,
yel. (SI/H. t'abacea of
Hooker).
uepaleusis {see Piptanthus

nepalensis).
THEROPOGON.

A greenhouse perennial herb (prd. Liliaoeas),
with Grass-like leaves. Propagation, by seeds,
sown in heat, in spring, and by root division.
Soil, light sandy loam.
Only Species : —
pallidus, spr., grh., wh., sometimes flushed pk.

THESIUM.

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy herbs (nrd. Santa-
lacea?), of no decorative value. A few of them
have been introduced, but are not now in culti-
vation.

THESPESIA.

Stove trees and tall-growing herbs (ord. Malva-
ceae), not well known to gardeners, although the
flowers of some of the species are showy. Prop-
agation, by ripe cuttings, in sand, in bottom heat.
Soil, loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species and Variety : —
grandirlora, 30', st., My., spot, finally all pur.

red ; close to populuea Mahoe, Portia-nut Oil

in habit. Plant, Umbrella Tree.

populuea, 40', St., Je., - guadalupeusis, petals

yel., with ceutral pur. uarrower.

THEVETIA.

Stove shrubs or small trees (ord. ApocynaceEe),
little known to gardeners. Propagation, by cut-
tings, in sand, in a close frame, with bottom heat.
Soil, fibrous loam three parts, leaf mould one part,
and sand.

Principal Species : —
Ahouai, 20', Je., st., yel. vetia). Exile Oil

(.«//». Cerbera Ahouai). Plant.

neriifolia, 12', st., Je., Yccotli, 8', st., close to

yel. (syn. Cerbera The- ueriifolia, fruits like

small Apples.

THIBAUDIA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Vacciniaceos), many of which
are now referred to Agapetes, Cavendishia, and
Pentapterygium (which see). Propagation, by cut-
tings, in sand, in a close frame. Soil, sandy peat.
Both the species named are elegant plants, deserv-
ing a place in the stove.

Principal Species : —
floribunda, st. or warm pichinchensis, 6' to 12',

grh., sc., Ivs. leathery, sc., Ivs. oval.

oblong, lanceolate.

THINNING.

The timely thinning out of superfluous plants is
one of the vital points in the cultivation of annuals
of which seed has been sown where they are to
flower. If neglected a lot of spindly plants is the
result, and these rarely flower satisfactorily. Even
with thin sowing a subsequent thinning is essen-
tial. Half-hardy annuals receive their thinning
out at pricking off time. Kovvs of Carrots, Onions,
Parsnips, Beet, and other vegetables, have to be
thinned at an early stage, or the crop is irre-
trievably damaged. It should not be attempted
in dry weather, when the ground is hard, as the
plants would break off instead of coming out.

2^jfc*

tfa

12

STRELITZIA REGIN/E.

Thladiantha

( 389 )

Thrips

The best time is a few hours after a shower. Thin-
ning by hand is advisable, but in many rural
districts Parsnips are roughly thinned by the
draw hoe, in the same fashion as field roots.
The practice is not to be commended.

Thinning out the branches is a prime feature in
the pruning of many fruit trees, especially stand-
ards. (See also PRUNING and GRAPE THIN-
NING.) The thinning of shrubberies is an import-
ant feature in their upkeep, as crowding means
the exclusion of light and air, and the development
of weak growth and unhealthy plants, with
possibly insect and fungoid attacks.

THLADIANTHA.

Greenhouse and hardy climbing herbs (ord. Cu-
curbitaceae). Propagation, by seeds, sown in heat.
Almost any garden soil will do, but a warm and
sunny position is necessary.

Only Species Introduced : —

dubia, sum., hlf-hdy., flowers unisexual, yel.,
fruits red, very ornamental.

THLASPI. (BASTARD CRESS, PENNY
CRESS, BESOM WEED.)

Although this is a moderately large genus (ord.
Craoifena), the plants referred to it are practically
all weeds, and none of them is worth growing in
the garden. Alpestre, arvense, and perfoliatum
are British weeds.

THOMASIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Sterculiaceas), rarely
seen in collections. Propagation, by cuttings of
ripened shoots, in sand, in a close but not warm
frame. Soil, equal parts loam and peat, with one-
eighth sand.

Principal Species : —

inacrocarpa, 3', Je., red Botanical Magazine
(si/n. stipulacea of Dot- 1755).

anicul Magazine 4111). solanacea, 4', Je., wh.,
purpurea, 2', Je., pur., calyx the showy part

small, the calyx is the (syn. Lasiopetalum so-

showy part (tyn. Lasio- lanaceum of Botanical

petalum purpureum of Magazine 1486).

THOMAS'S PHOSPHATE.

This, commonly known as Basic Slag, is a by-
product obtained in the smelting of iron. It lias
come into considerable favour of late as a phos-
phatic manure. The lime which it contains is in a
caustic state, and it yields from 12 per cent, to
20 per cent, of phosphoric acid, together with
quantities of magnesia, oxides of iron, silica, and
manganese. It is found that it gives much the
same results as superphosphate of lime, except that
while the latter may be beneficially employed upon
light soils, Thomas's Phosphate answers best upon
heavy and sticky soils. Fruit trees, Roses,
ornamental trees and shrubs, and lawns all stand
to benefit by its use, about 4 oz. to the square yard

Thistle (xee Cardt/us and Cairns).

Thistle, Jilcxsi'd (Silybam marianii 111} .

Thistle, Cotfnn (Onopordon Acanthiinn).

Thistle, Globe (see Kehinops).

Thistle, Golden (see Protect, and Seolymv* hispan-

iriis).

Thistle, Hedgehog (see EcJiinoeactus).
Tliittle, Holy (Silybmn marianum).
Thistle, Melon (tee M'/mwtut).
Thistle, Our Lady's Milk (Silybum marianum).
Thistle, Soic ixrr Sinirhiis).

being a good dressing. The value of the slag
depends upon its fineness. A good sample will be
as fine as dust. It should not be mixed with
sulphate of ammonia or loss will result, but it
may be mixed with nitrate of soda, if desired.

THOMSONIA.

A small and obscure genus (ord. Aroidese) of
tuberous rooted stove perennial herbs. They may
be treated in the same way as the Caladiums.

Principal Species : —

nepalensis, 2', spathe grn., spadix grn., flowers
yel., Ivs. trisected (lyn. Hookeri).

THOUINIA (syns. THTANA and VAHGASIA).

An obscure genus of climbing or erect shrubs
and trees (ord. Sapindaceae), rare in cultivation.
Propagation, by cuttings in sandy soil in heat.
Soil, equal parts loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —

pinnata, 8', Je., st. erect shr., wh.

THRINAX.

Dwarf stove Palms (ord. Palmse) of great beauty.
Large plants of excelsa and radiata make fine
specimens for roomy houses ; they do best in
wooden tubs, or planted in borders. Propagation,
by imported seeds sown in strong heat. Soil, for
the younger plants loam and peat in equal parts,
with sand ; for the older ones rich turfy loam and
sand. (See also PALMS.)

Principal Species : —
argentea, 12' to 15', Ivs. parviflora, 10' to 12',

silvery beneath. Broom Ivs. 2' long. Palmetto

Palm, Silver Thatch. Thatch, Roval Palm-

excelsa, 7' to 10', Ivs. 5' etto Palm.

long, pale grn. above, radiata, Iva. 2' long, split

glaucous below. to two-thirds of their

multiflora, 6' to 8', Ivs. length (syns. elegans

nearly round, with and gracilis of garden- ).

about forty segments

(syn. graminifolia).

Other Species : —
arborea (now Acantho- Morrisii, 3', Iva. nearly

rhiza arborea). round, glaucous be-

barbadensis, 12', Ivs. neath.

fan shaped, with many Pumilio, Ivs. digitate,

segments. with many segments.

THRIPS.

The insects popularly known as Thrips (Helio-
thrips Adonidum) are most familiar and trouble-
some to the gardener. There are very few under-
glass plants that are immune from their attacks.
Neither are outdoor plants free. Peas especially
affording them congenial food and shelter. Under
glass sponge and syringe have to be constantly
in use. Undoubtedly the regular syringing of
foliage plants will do much to keep down attacks
of thrips, although the insects have not that dislike
to water that red spider has. Amongst the most
useful remedies are Fir tree oil and kerosene
emulsion (see INSECTICIDES). Fumigation is

Thorn (see Crattrgus).

Thorn Apple (see Datura Stramonium).

Thorn Bloom (see I/lex europtens).

Thorn, Christ's (Paliiirtts aculeatus and Zhyplnis).

Thorn, Egyptian (Aracia vera) .

Tliorn, Garland (Paliurits aiistralis).

Tliorn, Jerusalem (Parkinsonia aculeata).

Three Sirds' On-hid (Pogonia pendtila).

Thrift (see Armeria maritima).

Thrift, Prickly (see Acantholimon).

Thryptomene

( 390 )

Thuya

excellent, and this is the best method of com-
bating thrips upon Ferns. Sponging with soapy
water should follow the fumigations.

Thrips Phylloxera is in some measure a friend
to the gardener. Its larvse, which result from the
eggs laid in the Phylloxera galls upon the Grape
Vine, feed upon the Phylloxera, and destroy
myriads of them.

THRYPTOMENE.

Heath-like shrubs (onl. Myrtaceaj) with small
flowers. They may be treated like the Basckeas,
although they are not commonly found in collec-
tions. Probably saxicola is the only species that
has been introduced.

Principal Species : —

saxicola, 4', Jy., grh., wh.

THUJA, THUJOPSIS (see THUYA).

THUNBERGIA.

Evergreen stove or intermediate house climbers
(ard. Acantbaceas). Alata and its varieties are
hardier than the rest, and make fine subjects for
hanging baskets to decorate the conservatory or
verandah. Propagation, by seeds sown in spring
in light soil. They must be placed in a warm,
moist atmosphere in a propagating case or over a
gentle hotbed. Prick off and pot on the young
plants as may become necessary. Cuttings may
be rooted in sandy soil under a bell-glass over
bottom heat in July. Soil, fibrous loam and peat,
with a little thoroughly rotted manure and some
sand. Thunbergias are attacked by red spider,
and for this reason are best treated as annuals.
When cultivated as perennials the growths require
to be severely thinned out during winter. If
crowded they soon become ineffective.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alata, 5', sum., yel. ; fine fragrans, 5', Je., wh.,

vars. are alba, wh. , and fragrant ; the var. kevis

aurantiaca, or. has little odour,

coccinea, 5', Jy., sc. grandiflora, 12' to 20',

erecta, 6', Jy., bl., or. ; Jy., bl. ; alba is a wh.

alba is a fine wh., var.

yel. var. (syn. Meyenia mysorensis, 10', spr.,yel.,

erecta). pur. (xyn. Hexacentris

mysorensis) .

Other Species :—

affinis, 5', Sep., vio., yel. Kirkii, 3', Sep., bl., vio.
angulata, 4', Je. laurifolia, 6 , sum., bl.

capensis, 4', Je., yel. (syn. Harrisii).

chrysops, 3', Je., bl., vio. natalensis, 3', Jy., bl.
hawtayneana, 10', Je., sc. vogeliana, 10', sum., bl.,

(syn. Meyenia haw- vio. (syn. Meyenia

tayneaua). vogeliana).

THUNIA.

Handsome and graceful stove Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceie). Flowers large, borne in pendent
clusters. Though well known horticulturally as
Thunias, botanists have now placed these plants
under Phaius, of which genus they form the
deciduous section. Propagation, by separation of
the growths at potting time. Soil, equal parts
fibrous peat and fibrous loam, with a little dried
cow manure and sand. Half fill the pots with
crocks. Pot when new growths appear, generally
about February. Give little water until growth
is vigorous, then increase the supply, subsequently

Thrixspemnum (si-e, Sarcorhiliis).
Throatwort (see Campanula Tracltelium).
Thunder Plant (sec Sempmrimtm Tcetorum).

giving weak liquid manure at every third watering.
Syringe freely and provide plenty of heat. After
flowering gradually reduce the water supply as
the growth matures, finally withholding it during
winter.

Principal Specieis and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]
alba, 2i' to 4', sum., s. p. deep pur., 1. pur,

and p. wh., 1. wh., wh., yel.

pur. ; Dodgsoiii, with — winniana, larger, s.

1. marked yel., and and p. deep ro., 1.

nivalis, wh. , are fine malted crim. pur.

vars. Marshalline, 3', sum., s.

Bensonfe, 2^', sum. , s. and and p. wh., 1. wh., or.,

yel. (syn. marshalliaiia).

Principal Hybrids :—
inversa (Bensouse X Mar- ro. , mauve, 1. wh.,

shalliic), deeper colour mauve, keeled yel.

than veitchiana. veitchiana (Marshalliu1 X

magnifica (bryineriana X Bensonai), '2\', sum.,

Bensonaj). s. and p. wh., flushed

superba (veitchiana X pur., 1. wh. , marked

Bensonae), s, and p. rosy pur. , or. yel.

Other Species : —

bryineriana, 3', sum., s. pulchra, 2J', sum., s. and
and p. wh. , 1. wh., p. wh. , 1. wh. ,br. , yel.

marked crim. pur. , keels whmiana (see Beusonai
yel., red; probably var.).
natural hybrid (Mar-
shallioB X alba).

THUYA (including THUTOPSIS and BIOTA).
Description. — Hardy evergreen ornamental trees
or shrubs (ord. Coniferse), of service for )-arks
and pleasure grounds, while the smaller varieties
of occidentalis may be used on large rockwork.
They have unisexual flowers, the fruit being
produced singly at the end of short branch-
lets, and pendulous. By some authors Biota
and Thuyopsis have been considered distinct
genera. They are divided into Euthuya, with
pendulous cones, scales not thickening upwards,
and bearing two- to three-winged seeds, e.g. T.
occidentalis, T. gigantea, and T. japonica ; liiota,
cones erect, with thickened scales prolonged at the
apex into a curved or horn-like process, and bearing
two wingless seeds, e.g. T. orientalis ; Thuyopsis,
cones sub-pendulous, with scales much thickened at
the apex, and bearing four- to five-winged seeds, e.g.
T. dolabrata. The very ornamental dolabrata makes
a good lawn tree. Gigantea is a tall, cone-like
tree with branches to the base where it has space ;
its timber is largely used in North America.

Propagation. — By seeds sown under glass in
spring, the seedlings being afterwards planted in
beds ; also by cuttings in a cold frame in August,
or at other times in heat, under bell-glasses.
Soil. — A moist, retentive loam.
[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Manual of
the Conifef<p^\

Principal Species and Varieties : —
dolabrata, SO', branches gigautea, ISO', brandies
horizontal or depressed, close set, spreading,

ITS. in four rows, in Ivs. in decussate pairs,

pairs, silvery beneath, yel., grn. on upper

cones eight to ten scales side, darker on lower,

(»yns. Thuyopsis, Thu- cones in clusters on ends

jopsis, or Tlmiopsis of branchlets, eight to

dolabrata). Japanese ten scales (si/itx. plicata

Thuya. of Don and Menziesii).

— tetevirens, dwarf shr. , — atro-virens, dark grn.
branchlets slender, Ivs. — aurea, light yel. (syn.
small (.\'/«. naiia). variegata).

— variegata,tips generally — aureo-variegata niicl au-
pale yel. or cream. rescens resemble above.

Thymbra

Thyrsopteris

— erecta, more upright.

— gracilis, smaller, more
sleuder, Ivs. small.

-- pumila, more diffuse

huliit.
japonk'ii, 30', branches

slu.rt. spreading, Ivs. in

decussate pairs, pale

gru. with wh. spots on

lower side, coues of four

pairs of scales (syns.

Staii'lishii, gigaiitea of

Palatore, not Xuttall,

gigautea, vur. japouica,

:ni(\ Thuyopsis Stau-

.lisldi of garden- .

Japanese Arbor- Vita',

St indish's Arlior-Vitic.
oecideutalis, (i()', branches

short, spreading Ivs. in

M[.po~i1c pairs, small.

dull ycl. , gru., cones
eight to ten scales.
Arbor-Vita), White
Cedar.

— dumosa, '2' to 3', dense
("!/,i. pygma'a).

— ellwaiigeriana, dwarf,
between type and eric-
oides.

• — ericoides, dwarf,
rounded slir. of pretty
habit,

— lutea, low tree, branch-
lets of current year yel.

— mum, dwarfer form.

— pendula, primary
branches drooping.

plicata, smaller,
branches shorter,
branehlets taking an
erect position (syn.
plicata).

•- argenteo - variegata,
variegated wh.

— anreo-variegata, varie-
gated yel.

— Spiitliii, curious form,
young branch lets
crowded.

— verva>neana, smaller,
denser, branchlets
tinged golden yel. to
brownish or., then grn.

— wareana, dwarf tree,
denser than type,
branches short. Ivs.
brighter, deeper gni.

THYMBRA.

Half-hardy evergreens (prd. kabiatir") of small
importance. Propagation, by seeds in spring or
cuttings in summer. Soil, light, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

spirata, 1}', Je., pur.

THYME.

Thymns vulgaris is a valuable aromatic herb
(ord. Labiatai), largely used for seasoning ana
flavouring. Propagation, by seeds sown in the
open in April. Afterwards thin or transplant the
seedlings to 1' apart. It may be increased bv
division in spring, or by cuttings in autumn. though
the latter are seldom necessary. Any good garden
soil and a sunny position suit. Lemon Thyme

T/ll/lilnli'tliii 'xi-r lili/i-tii I/in).

Tlii/>ii' . /lux''/ 'I'/iliiiii'nitlia Acinas).

— wareana aurea, many
branchlets yel. , chang-
ing to light gru. in win.
(tiiju. plicata aurea).

orientalis, '25', branches
spreading, afterwards,
ascending, Ivs. in four
rows, bright gm. in
sum. , brownish in win. ,
cones of six or eight
scales with horn-like
ends (*.'/"• Biota
orientalis). Chinese
Arbor - Vitaj. Many
vars., the following
being among the best :

— argeuteo - variegata,
variegated cream, but
inconstant.

— aurea, dwarf shr.,
growths yel. in spr.

"//<*. T. aurea and
Biota orientalis aurea).

— aureo-variega.ta, habit
of type, some branch-
lets light yel.

— decussata, dwarf erect
grower (*////*. Biota
orientalis decussata and
lietinispora juiiiper-
oides).

— elegantissima, dwarf,
fastigiate habit, branch-
lets yel.

— funiculata, branchlets
slender (*yn. inter-
media).

— japoniea, broad, spread-
ing form (*//«. falcate).

— meldeiisis, low tree,
upright, flexible
branches, Ivs. pointed
(.ii/iix. Biota orientalis
meldeiisis, Uetinispora
meldeusis, and Thuya
hybrida).

— pendula, branches
lengthened into droop-
ing, rope - like ex-
tremities, very distinct
(xi/itx. pendula, fili-
formis, Biota pendula,
B. orientalis pendula,
and B. o. filiformis).

— pygmeeo, very dwarf,
a few inches high (*//«.
Biota dumosa).

(citriodorus) has yellowish green variegation and
a distinct Citron fragrance. As a border or edging
plant it is of great value, and its culinary uses are
many. It is, however, less hardy in cold, wet
districts than the common Thyme, and is not
raised from seed. In damp and cold localities
it is a good plan to lift, pot, and protect a few
plants each autumn, propagating from these in
spring in warmth ; or a batch of cuttings may
be inserted in autumn, and kept in a cold frame.
In warm, dry districts the Lemon Thyme will
survive the winter, and may be increased by divi-
sion in spring. (&v also THVMUS.)

THYMEL^EA.

Half-hardy or hardy shrubs (ord. Tliymelaaaceae).
Propagation, by cuttings in light soil under a hand-
glass. Soil, peat and loam.

Principal Species : —
arvensis, I',', aut., yel. hirsuta, '2', Jy., wh.

(«.'/«. Stellera Passer- (correctly Passerina

ina). hirsuta).

THYMUS. (*ee also THYME.)

Dwarf sub-shrubs or shrubs (ord. Labiatse) of
pleasing fragrance. Some have pretty foliage.
Many known in gardens by this name are properly
Calaminthas, which see. Propagation, by cuttings,
division, or slips, under a hand-light; also by seeds
sown in spring. Common soil, though several
prefer one of a sandy character.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

azoricus, 'A", sum., pur.,
rock work.

citriodorus, 9", Jo., sum.
(xi/n. Serpyllum vul-
garis). Lemou-sceuted
Thyme.

— aureus, 9", yel. varie-
gation.

— Fraser's Silver Varie-
gated, very pretty.

Serpyllum, Je., prostrate,
rosy pur. WildThyme,
Brotherwort.

— albus, wh.

— atropurpureus, pur.

— coccmeus, red.

— lanuginosus, Ivs. woolly .
(.S-//H. lanugiuosus).

— rotuudifolius, Ivs.
rounded.

— variegatus, Ivs. varie-
gated. _

— vulgaris (yet: citrio-

dorus).
vulgaris, 6", Je., pur.

Garden Thyme.
Other Species and Varieties :—

bracteosus, sum., pur.
Chanuedrys, 3", sum.,

jiale pur.
— inontanus, more erect

(SI/H. uummularius).
corsicus (now Mentha

Eequieni).

lanuginosus (we Serpyl-
lum lanugiuosus).

mastichiiia, variable,

sum., wh.

striatus, sum., prostrate,
pur.

/ygis of Sibthorp (see
st I iatus).

THYRSACANTHUS.

Free-flowering stove evergreen shrubs or herbs
(ord. Acanthacese). Propagation, by cuttings of the
young basal growths in sand under a bell-glass
over bottom heat. Soil, fibrous peat and loam,
with a little manure and coarse sand.

Principal Species :--

lemairianus, 3', Feb., red
(>•'/*/. Eranthemum coc-
cineum).
Other Species :—

barlermiiles, '2', spr., red.
1'ractrolattie. '2'. -Ty.. ivil.

rutilans, 21', win., sc.,
crim.

oallistachvns. 2', Jy., reel

(t<f/n. likiritius).

THYRSOPTERIS.

Elegans, the only species (ord. Filices), is a rare
greenhouse Tree Fern, growing KX to 15' high.
The fertile portion of the fronds is so constructed
as to form a dense bunch. Propagation, by spores.
Soil, peat, loam, and sand.

Thysanotus

( 392 )

Tilia

THYSANOTUS.

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials (ord. Liliaceas),
not commonly seen in cultivation. Propagation, by
division. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

dichotomus, 9", Jy., pur.
junceus, \\' , Aug., pur.

multiflorus, 1', Aug., pur.
(FOAM FLOWER, FALSE

TIARELLA.

JIlTREWOUT.)

Four species of hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Saxifragese), of which the best, and the only one
introduced, is cordifolia, 6" to 12", April, white, a
beautiful plant for the front of the border or the
rockery. It has small flowers in racemes, and

TlAKELI.A COKDIFOLIA.

rather heart shaped, lobed leaves. Of the two

forms, that which runs a great deal nt the roots

i» inferior. Propagation, by division. It will grow
in common soil, but likes moist peat.

LASIASDHA and

TIBOUCHINA («/

Pl.EHOMA).

Intermediate house evergreen shrubs (ord
Melastomaceie), often of straggling habit and
suitable for training to the raftfrs. SropagaUo
by cuttings of firm side shoots in summe?, in very
sandy soil, beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat.
Soil, fibrous peat and loam, with plenty of sharp

Thytanoptera (set' Tliripg)
Tiariduim (.we Heliotrnjihttn).

grit and a little charcoal. Perfect drainage is
essential, carefully avoiding stagnant moisture at
the roote.

Principal Species : —

elegans, (>', Je., pur.
heteromalla, 5', Jy., bl.,

pur. (gi/iiK. Melastoma

and Pleroma hetcromal-

lum).

Other Species :—

beuthamiana , G', Aug.,

vio. pur. (KI/II. Pleroma

kuntniauum).
gaudirfiauiliaua, (>', sum.,

sernklecandra, 8" to 20",
Jy., pur. (iyn. Pleroma
macrauthura).

ro., vio. (sijn. Lasiandru
petiolata).

holosericea, 6', Jy., pur.
(.«/«. Lasiandra ar-
gentea) .

TICKS.

Strictly these are not insects, but belong to the
Acarida, or Mites. There are several genera, the
chief of them being Ixodes. Although these
Mites are to be found on low-growing herbs, and
apparently feed thereon, they are ever ready to
attach themselves as parasites to various animals,
including man. They frequently give trouble to
gardeners in autumn. Washing with tobacco
water is an excellent remedy.

TICOREA.

Stove evergreen trees or shrubs (ord. Rutace;e).
Propagation, by cuttings of ripened growths in
sand under a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and
sandy peat.

Principal Species : —
footida, 12', Feb., wh.

TIGER LILY (sec LILIUM TIGRINUM).

TIGRIDIA. (TIGEB FLOWER.)
Bulbous plants (ord. Iridese), that flourish on a
warm border, or may be grown in a cool green-
house. Propagation, by offsets, or by seeds sown
in spring in the greenhouse. Soil, a rich, deep,
light loam. Unless the position is very favourable
some protection is desirable in winter ; or after
the foliage has died down the bulbs may be lifted,
stored in a dry place, and replanted in April.

Principal Species and Varieties :

Imccifera, 1', sum., ycl- - conchiflora, deep vel.

lowish grn. pur. Pringlei, H', sum., sc.,

Pavoma, Ij , Je., or. red. or cr;m -

— aurea, vel. violacea, 1', Mv., rosy

- alba' wh- pur. , wh. C.V//H. Beatonia

purpurea,).

TILIA. (LIME TREE, LIXDEN.)

Fine, tall-growing trees (ord. Tiliaoere), with
white or yellowish flowers and Nut-like fruit.
They make handsome avenues, their principal
fault being the early period nt which the leaves
assume their autumnal colouring. The timber of
platyphyllos and vulgaris is "used by cabinet
makers on account of its fine grain. 'From the
inner bark of several is produced the material from
which garden mats are made. The flowers are
largely frequented by bees. Propagation, by layer-
ing in autumn or winter ; the varieties by grafting
on the common species. Soil, good loam, not too
dry.

Tii-Jisecd (sec Careopsit).

Tli/area (ace Parsing.

Tiger Iris (see Tigridia).

Tigris. Flower of' (see T/gridia Paronia).

Tilr Sont (see GeittorHia).

Tiliacora

( 393 )

Tillandsia

Principal Species and Varieties :

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Ken:
Hand-List.}

argentea, 50', Je., yel- — aurantia, bark of young

lowish wh., Ivs. heart twigs yel.

shaped, wh. beneath — blechiana, Ivs. large.

(xyn». alba [of gardens — corallina, the young

in part, not of Alton], branches red in win.

americana pubescens, (»//«*. coralliua and

europam alba hetero- spectabilis) .

pliylla, and pubcsceus — obliqua, Ivs. oblique at

Panneutieri [all of gar- base (sijns. Beauinontii,

dens], rotundifolia, and Hostii, and obliqua) .

tomeutosa). Silver or - oxycarpa, fruit with

White Lime. five sharp ribs, Ivs.

— orbicularis, Ivs. thick, strongly toothed (syiis.

rather rounded. cordifolia var., oxy-

dasystyla, GO', sum., Ivs. carpa, and europtea

large, blunt or heart glauca).

shaped at base, hairy pendula, branches

beneath (lynt. euchlora drooping.

and europii-a dasystyla). — pyramidalis, pyramidal

potiolaris, 40' to 50', yel- habit,

lowish wh., Ivs. wh. tortuosa, branches

underneath, on long twisted,

petioles, branches droop- — vitifolia, Ivs. Vine-like

mg. Crimean Lime. (»'/«*. pyramidalis, viti-

platyphyllos, 90', Je., yel- folia, grandifolia var
lowish wh., Ivs. downy vitifolia, and vitifolia).
underneath, sometimes vulgaris, sum., yellowish
on upper surface (*y«x. wh., Ivs. glabrous above
americana [of gardens, («/»*. corylifolia, eu-
not of Linuajusj, cordi- ropaa. [in part], glauca,
folia, europ;ca [m part], hollandica, hybnda, in-
grandifolia. mollis, mu- terrnudia, and prteoox).
tabilis, neglects [of gar- Common Lime or Lin-
dens, not of Spach], and den.
paucinora). _ variegata, Ivs. blotched

- aspleniifolia, Ivs. laci- dull wh. (sijn. europsea

mated (fjHU. laciniata variegata).
and graudifolia lacini-
ata).

Other Species :—

americana, 70', Jy., yel- sylvestris, and ulmi-

loH-ish wh., Ivs. heart folia),

shaped, serrated (sijns. heterophylla, 50', Jy.,

canadensis, caroliuiana, greenish yel., Ivs.

glabra, hybrida su- oblique, heart shaped

perba, latitoha, longi- (.«/«,. alba, americana

folia dentate, etc.). heterophylla, laxiflora,

American Bass or and macroph vlla).

White Wood. American White "Bass-

cordata, 50', sum., yel- wood.

lowish-wh., Ivs. heart pubescens, 60', Jy., buds

shaped, glabrous (*I/H.I. yellowish wh., Ivs. at

microphylla, parvifolia, first pubescent (syn.
americana pubesceus).

TILIACORA.

The only species is a stove evergreen shrub (ord.
Meni.spennaceie) of climbing habit. It may be
multiplied by cuttings, rooted in sand, in heat, in
a close frame. Soil, sandy loam and peat in equal
parts.

Only Species :—

racemosa, My., st., yel., in panicles 6" to 12"
long, fruits red.

TILLANDSIA.

A large genus of American plants, mostly stove
epiphytes (aril. BromeUacea). Many have hand-
some foliage, and nearly all have very showy bracts.
Propagation, by seeds or suckers. The latter are
lemoved from the parent in spring, potted singly
in very porous compost, and kept shaded until well
rooted. Soil, peat, loam, and sand, with mi.-lied

potsherds. Usneoides, bulbosa, and ixioides need
to be fastened to blocks of wood, with a little
sphagnum about their roots.

Principal Species :—

[NOTE.— bt. = bracts.]

anceps, 9", spr., yellow- car., gra. (syn. mor-

. ish bl., wh., bt. green- reniaua); the var. major

ish yel. (syn. Vriesia has large bl. and wh.

anceps). flowers.

Banlletii, 1J', sum., yel., Morreni, 1J', ant., yel-

bt. yellowish grn. (xyns. lowish gru., bt. pale

Vriesia Barilletii and yel.

V. crotalophora). psittacina, 1', Jy., grn

bulbosa, 6", aut., bl. (tyn. bt. sc., yel. (syn. Vri-

pauciflora). Picta and esia psittacina); mor-

pumila are good vars. reniana is a good var

carmata, 8", Nov., yel., pulchella, 8", Oct.. wh.,

bt. grn., sc. (amis, bra- grn., bt. light reef.

chystachys and Vriesia Eegina, 4' to 7', aut., wh.,

carinata). bt. ro., fragrant (syn.

corallina, 1', sum., grn., Vriesia gigantea).

crim. pur., bt. grn., splendens, '2', aut., yel.,

crim. pur. (syn. Vriesia bt. pur. (HI/HS. picta,

corallina) ; several vars. speciosa, and zebrma).

Duratii, 10", aut., vio., tessellata, 2', aut., greeu-

bt. silvery gru. (nyiit. ish yel., bt. gru., Ivs.

circiualis and revoluta). greenish yel. (syn. Vri-

duvaliana, 1', sura., yel- esia tessellata) ;' several

lowish grn., bt. so., good vars., notably par-

grn. (syn. Vriesia ful- isiense and Sanders*.

vida). usneoides, Jy., greenish

flexuosa, 2J', aut., ro. red, forms long droop-

(tgn. aloifolia). ing masses of silvery

hieroglyphica, 2J', aut., grey growths.

Ivs. grn., marked pur. Zahmi, 1', spr., yel., bt.

Lindeui, 1', sum., bl, bt. sc. (correctly Caraguata
Zahnii).

Principal Hybrids : —

cardiualis (psittacina X reni), 1', aut., yel., bt.

Krameri), U', win., red.

yel., bt. crim. retroflexa (psittacina X

Duchartrei (Barilletii X scalaris), 1^', aut., yel.,

splendens), 1J', sum., bt. red.

yel., bt. crim." Rex (Barilletii X car-

Henricii (splendens X dinalis), 1', spr., yel.,

splendida), H', aut., bt. crim.

yol., bt. red, pur. splendida (duvaliana X

Nanoti (fulvida X Mor- incurvata), l',aut , yel.,
bt. red.

Other Species :-

aloifolia (see flexuosa). greenish vio., bt. grn.

amethystina, U', sum., (syn. Vriesia gladioli-

yel., bt. greenish yel. flora).

(syn. Vriesia amethyst- glaucophylla, 14', Aug.,

iia); greenish wh., pur., bt.

balbisiana, 1', aut., vio., red, grn., yei. (syn.

bt. ro. Vriesia glaucophylla).

Caput-Medusse, 1J', aut., guttata, 2j', aut., yel., bt.

grn. ro. (syn. Vriesia gut-

chrysostachys, 1', aut., tata).

yel. (»//«. Vriesia chry- hamaleana, 1', aut., grn.,

sostachys). wh., bt. grn., pur.

circinalis (see Duratii). ionantha, 4", aut., vio.

dianthoidea, 1', aut., bl., (syn. erubescens of gar-

bt. rosy pur. (syn. stricta dens).

of Jlotiniical Register morreniana (see LiudeniV

1338); the var. rosea rodigasiana, 6", aut., yel.,

has wh. flowers and rosy bt. red (syn. Vriesia

pk. bt. rodigasiana).

distachya, 1', win., wh., scalaris, H', grn., yel., bt.

bt. grn. ro. (syn. Vriesia scal-

erubescens of gardens (see aris).

ionsntha). stricta, 8", Nov., vio.,

fenestralis, 1', aut., yel. reddish br., bt. wh.,

(«.vw. Vriesia fenestra- red.

list. xiphioides, 6", spr., wh.,

gigantea (.wRegina var.). Ivs. silvery grey. Are-

gladioliflora, 1', aut., quitaj is a good var.

Tilletia

( 394)

Tobacco

TILLETIA.

One species of this genus of minute Fungi is
common in many corn-growing districts, attack-
ing the ovaries of Wheat flowers and causing the
Drains to turn dull green when ripe. Bunt and
Stinking Rust are common names for the disease ;
the latter is given because when ripe, affected
grains are crushed they are greasy and give off an
obnoxious odour. Other species of Tilletia attack
Kye, Lolium, and other Grasses. If the grain is
soaked in a 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid
in water the pest will be destroyed.

TIMONIUS.

Evergreen stove trees (ord. Rubiacese). Propa-
gation, by cuttings in a close case. Soil, three
parts fibrous loam, one part peat, and coarse sand.

Principal Species : —
Riimphii, 12', sum., wh.

TINANTIA.

Half-hardy perennial herbs (ord. Commelinacese).
Propagation, by division in spring, or by cuttings.
Soil, light, rich loam.

Principal Species : —

fugax, 15", Jy., pur. (syn. Tradescantia erecta of
liotanical Magazine 1340.)

TINEA.

A large genus of small moths that seldom do
any harm in gardens, but are destructive to cloth-
ing and furniture. Belonging to the same division
(Tineina) is the allied genus Hyponomeuta, which
contains the Small Ermine Moth (which sec). This
is sometimes known as Tinea padella, and causes
much destruction to Apples, Pears, and Hawthorns,
chiefly by eating the flowers in spring.

TINNEA.

Stove herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Labiatse). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in sandy soil. Soil, fibrous
loam and leaf soil, with a little manure and sand.
Pincli out the growing points to induce bushy
growth.

Principal Species: —

sethiopica, 3' to 6', win., crim. pur.

TIPULA. (DADDY LONG LEGS.)
This genus of flies (ord. Diptera) contains one
well-known species, T. oleracea, which in the adult
stage is popularly called the Crane Fly or Daddy
Long Legs. It is one of the worst of garden pests,
its grubs — known as Leather Jackets because of
their tough, greyish skins — doing a great deal of
damage to various members of the Cabbage tribe
(Brassicas), and to lawns, by eating the roots, just
below the surface of the soil. Pieces of Potato,
Carrot, or Parsnip, slightly hollowed, and with a
skewer attached, make good traps if set 1" or
so below the surface of the soil ; they must be
examined every day, the skewers serving to indi-
cate their positions. After the removal of crops
from an infested area, a heavy dressing of gas
lime, lightly forked in, will answer for any grubs
remaining. Infested lawns are improved by fre-
quent rolling with very heavy rollers, and by the
application of such surface dressings as will stimu-
late and assist growth. Light dressings of soot
and salt prove both beneficial to Brassica crops
and distasteful to the Crane Fly grubs.

TIPULIDE.33. (LEATHER JACKET GRUBS.)
These two-winged flies (ord. Diptera) have long,
slender bodies, very long and ungainly legs, rather
narrow, much veined wings, small, round heals,
and long antenna;. Their larva; are very destruc-
tive to pastures and garden crops generally. The
name of Leather Jackets has been bestowed upon
these grubs, in allusion to their very leathery skin.
They are dirty grey in colour, cylindrical in shape,
and very sluggish in movement. The most com-
mon species is oleracea, popularly known as the
Crane Fly and Daddy Long Legs. The larva? of
this species are about 1" long, and they are often
present in great numbers, particularly in damp
soil. The pupa; are about the same size.

Various remedies may be tried. Trapping by
means of slices of Potatoes or Turnips is efficacious.
Digging up the ground and encouraging starlings,
rooks, and domesticated fowls to clear out some of
the grubs is also excellent. Dressing with com-
mon salt, gas lime, and soaper's ashes is another
item, and the destruction of rubbish heaps where
the pests breed is likewise highly important.
Weedy plots in field and garden are a source of
considerable trouble ; the Crane Flies haunt them.
The remedy is obvious.

TITHONIA.

Stove annuals (ord. Composite). Propagation,
by seeds. Soil, rich, fibrous, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

speciosa, 4', Aug., yel. tagetiflora, 6' to 8', Aug.,
(.tyH. Helianthus speci- yel.

osus). tubieformis, 5', Jy. , yel.

(.«</«• Hehanthus tubit-
formis).

TOADSTOOLS.

Popularly, all those Fungi that produce an um-
brella shaped growth above ground — somewhat
like that of the edible Mushroom — but which are
either unfit for food or distinctly poisonous, are
known as Toadstools.

TOADS.

The toad (Bufo vulgaris) has been unkindly
treated by popular report. The idea that it is
venomous, and to be destroyed on sight, is still
widespread. The truth is that it is not only a
harmless animal, but a great friend to the gardener
by reason of the quantities of slugs and insects
which it disposes of. Usually a night feeder, a
dull day will also find it active, and although it
appears to be very slow in its movements, the
lightning-like rapidity with which its tongue is
darted to and fro is sufficient to account for even
the most agile insects. It is a capital plan to
place a toad or two in Cucumber and Melon pits
and frames, and they should never be destroyed
in the garden. Toads may be distinguished from
frogs by the heavier body much darker colour, and
dull mottlings.

TOBACCO.

The species of Tobaccos most commonly used in
this country are Nicotiana Tabacum (ord. Solan-
acese), the ordinary Tobacco, and rustica, the

Tithymatm (sec Etiplwrbia).

TiUmannia (nf Ileickenbach, see Vandcllia).

Toadflax (see Linaria).

Toadflax, Try -leaved (nee Linaria Cymbalaria}.

Tobacco, Mountain (Arniea montana).

Tobacco, Itock (Primulina Tabacum).

Tococa

( 3!)5 )

Tomato

Turkish Tobacco. In its various forms Tobacco is
one of the most valuable insecticides at the gar-
dener's command. The fumigation of the contents
of glasshouses for the destruction of green fly and
other insects by means of the smoke of burning
Tobacco paper, Tobacco rag, or the article itself is
well known. Tobacco water may be made by steep-
ing '2 oz. to 4 oz. of coarse shag in 1 gallon of boiling
water. Tobacconist's liquor, sometimes obtainable,
may be diluted with live times its bulk oE water.
Plants infested with aphides may be sprayed with
either of the above liquids, or dipped in them.
The I'.xtract, nicotine, in various forms, is vaporised
in houses infested with insects. Two of the best of
i hoc art! XL All Vaporiser and the Lethorion cones.
MacDougall's fumigating sheets are also serviceable.
(Sir FUMIGATING and NICOTIANA.)

TOCOCA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Melastomacese), valued for
the beauty of their handsome leaves, which are
variously tinted at different stages of growth.
Propagation, by cuttings getting firm in sandy peat
in a close case. Soil, equal parts loam and peat,
with sand. The best in cultivation is latifolia,
pink or rose.

TOCOYENA.

A small genus of stove shrubs (ord. Rubiaceae),
fillied to Posoqueria. Propagation, by cuttings of
half-mature wood in sand in a close case. Soil,
peat, with one-third of flbrous loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

longillorn. !i'. yel. and wh.

TODAROA (of PARL.).

A tall, perennial, greenhouse herb (ord. Umbel-
liferse). The leaves are similar to Ferulas. Prop-
agation, by seeds, offsets, or suckers. Soil, sandy
loam, with a little peat. Aurea, 4' to 6', yellow, is
the only known species.

TODDALIA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Rubiacea?) with evergreen
foliage and white flowers. Propagation, by cuttings
in sand in a warm case. Soil, sandy, fibrous loam
and one-fourth of leaf mould, with sand.

Principal Species : —

aculeata, 3' to (>' (syu. Scopolia aculeata).

TODEA.

Greenhouse and half-hardy Ferns (ord. Filices),
mostly of filmy texture, and classed with Filmy
Ferns. Barbara is the sole representative of the
leathery leaved type, and has lately become popular
as a market Fern by reason of the capability of
the leaves to resist a dry atmosphere. Young
plants make useful and ornamental subjects for
decorative purposes in various ways. Superba is
the best known representative of the type with mem-
branous fronds. This and hymenophylloides may
be grown in a cold frame in a shady position, or in
close cases with Trichomanes. They must be kept
rather dry overhead during the winter months, to
avoid the damping of the fronds. Propagation, by
spores. All have erect stems, often becoming
elongated like Tree Ferns in the case of the filmy
species, with a single crown. Even barbara, which
ultimately develops into a mass weighing a
hundredweight or more, takes years to develop

Tolmli irsliiii (mr

Toddy 1'rUn (Cari/nta. iirens).

separate crowns. Soil, fibrous loam with a third
of leaf mould and sand. Some cultivators add a
little chopped sphagnum to the compost.

Principal Species : —
barbiirit, fronds 1' to 6' intermedia, fronds 1' to

long, 6" to 12" broad 1^' long, 6" to 8" broad.

(fi/its. africana and Moorei, fronds 1' to 1 '

rivularis). long, 8" to 9" broad";

- bijiiunatifida, frouds by some considered a

light grn., elegant. hybrid (syn. graiidi-

hymeuophylloides, frouds piunula).

1' to 2j' long, 8" to sui>erba, fronds 2' to 4'

12" broad («/«. pellu- long, 5" to 10" broad.

cida) . The best.

— plumosa, dwarf, plumy.

Other Species :

africaua (»«• barbara). pellucida (see hymeno-

Fraseri, fronds 1' to 2' phylloides).

long, 8" to 12" broad. rivularis (see barbara).
grand piuuula (see wilkesiana, frouds larger,

Moorei). lower pinuas shorter

than Fraseri.

TOFIELDIA.

A small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Liliaceie), closely allied to Narthecium. Propaga-
tion, by division in spring. Moist, peaty soil.

Principal Species : —
calyculata, 4" to 6", grn., wh. (sijiu. alpiua and

wh. borealis).

palustris, 3" to 6", grn.,

TOLMIEA (*yn. LEPTAXIS).

A hardy perennial herb (ard. Saxifragese), closely
allied to Heuchera. The heart shaped leaves
develop young plants on the base of the leaf blades,
on the upper surface. Propagation, by division
and by the plantlets that arise upon the leaves
Any well-drained soil.

Only Species : —

Menziesii, 8" to 24", Ap., grn., wh. (ityns.
Heuchera and Tiarella Menziesii).

TOLPIS.

Hardy annuals (ord. Composite), allied to Lap-
sana. Propagation, by seeds in the open border
in April. Any well-drained garden soil. The
best known is barbata, 1' to 2', June, yellow, purple
(syn. Crepis barbata). Yellow Garden Hawk's-
beard.

TOMATO.

Description. — This well-known and popular fruit,
Lycopersicum esculentum, is a member of the
Solanum or Potato family (Solanacese).

Propagation. — Generally by seeds, though cut-
tings are used for the production of winter and
early spring crops. Seeds are sown in January in
a temperature of 60° in well-drained pans of sandy
soil for early indoor crops, and in March for
obtaining strong plants for fruiting outdoors.
Early pricking off should be practised in both
cases; the young plants should never be allowed
to become pot-bound, and should be kept in an
airy situation near the glass to promote a sturdy
growth.

Soil. — Any light, sandy soil will grow good
Tomatoes, but liberal feeding is necessary after
the fruits commence to set.

Culture Indoors. — Good crops may be obtained
by skilful growers in large or small pot?, shallow

'/'"/i/ Jlaliam TTIT (Mi/ni.riilini luluifrruni).
Tomato, Cannibal's (SIT tiilunitm Vporo}.

Tomato

( 396 )

Top-dressing

boxes, or from plants in beds and borders. Pot
culture is probably the best general method, pots
of 10" being used, and only two-thirds filled with
soil until the fruit is set, when they may be
filled in two operations with good loam. Stop-
ping is practised by some growers when the
first bunch of fruit is set, to promote early maturity
of the fruit. Water should be liberally given to
established plants, as well as copious supplies of
liquid manure. Great care should be exercised to
keep the atmosphere of the house dry and moving,
:is moisture laden, badly ventilated surroundings
are the cause of disease. The plants should
be ; confined to single stems, grown 18" apart,
assisted to set their fruit by gently tapping the
stems at midday when the flowers are open, and
should have all impeding and overreaching foliage
removed when the fruit is ripening. Severe defolia-
tion is not advisable.

Culture Outdoors.— Strong plants from 5" or 6"
pots maj* be placed in sunny positions outside about
the first week in June. They may be planted against
a wall or fence, or in rows 3' apart, each being
supported with a stout stake. Summer culture
will consist chiefly of removing side shoots and
superfluous foliage, giving the plants water and
liquid manure as required, and keeping the growths
well secured to the stakes. Any fruit not ripe on
the approach of frost may be finished in a warm
room, sunny window, or on a greenhouse shelf.

Winter Culture. — This is not practised to any
great extent, as the results rarely justify the
expense incurred. Cuttings are struck in August
in small pots, and grown on until they reach the
fruiting stage in 10" pots. All side shoots are
regularly removed, a buoyant^ temperature of 60°
is maintained, and feeding and watering are carried
out carefully. Cuttings are also inserted in Sep-
tember for the production of early spring crops ;
or plants may be raised from seed.

Diseases. — Black Spot (Macrosporium Tomato),
causing black blotches on the fruit, may be pre-
vented by using Bordeaux Mixture, Veltha, or
sulphide of potassium, J oz. to 1 gallon of water.
There is no cure, and affected fruits should be
burned as soon as noticed.

Sjmt Fiingui (Cladosporium fulvum) generally
attacks the lower leaves first, and thence spreads
to the fruits. All affected leaves should be burnt,
and the plants syringed with the remedies recom-
mended above. Keeping the house dry, and
allowing the temperature to run up to 110° for a
few days, are helpful.

Sleepy Disease. — This (Fusarium Lycopersici)
affects the stem of the plant, cutting off the supply
of sap, and causing an early collapse. There is
no cure, but beneficial results follow an application
of j Ib. of basic slag phosphate and 4 oz. of kainit
to 1 square yard of soil. Veltha may also be
used.

White Fly. — This ofttimes troublesome pest
should be attacked by fumigating on three suc-
cessive evenings, or with Calvert's carbolic soft
soap.

Selection of Varieties : —

For Indoors. — Perfection, Frogmore Selected,
Holmes's Supreme, Ham Green Favourite, Golden
Nugget, Golden Queen, and Chemin Rouge.

For Outdoors. — Comet, Earliest of All, Laxton's
Open Air, and Early Baby.

TOOLS.

A clean, bright tool performs its work much
more easily than one that is rusted and dirty,
therefore every effort should be made to keep
all tools perfectly clean. The first step is to make
each person responsible for the state of the tool
he uses ; thus each man should have his allotted
spade, fork, broom, and hoe. All tools should
have their proper places, so that an inspection is
easily made, or a required implement readily found.
The quickest way of cleaning dirty tools is to
use a pail of water and a scrubbing brush ; if the
tools are stood near the flue in the stokehole they
will quickly dry, and may be rubbed with an oily
rag before putting them in their places. This
applies to the smaller tools ; such as rollers and
mowing machines may be cleaned with a stiff broom
and brush, taking care to remove all grass from
the latter when its services are only requisitioned
once a week. When stored for the winter, all
tools should be thoroughly cleaned, carefully oiled,
and stored in a dry place to ensure their being in
good condition when next required. The mowing
machine, being the most complicated of the garden
tools, requires especial care in this respect. No
tool should ever be put away with any of its parts
broken, or such breakage will probably be for-
gotten, and disappointment follow the attempted
use of the tool in a case of emergency.

Tools useful in every garden are Asparagus
knife, bill-hook, edging iron, budding and pruning
knives, forks (hand, dung, and digging), garden
reel, hammer, hoes (Dutch and draw patterns),
rakes (two sizes), spade, trowel, secateurs, hone
and rubber for sharpening, shears (edging and
clipping), shovel, syringe, water cans (at least
three sizes), lawn mower, roller, scythe, hand- and
wheel-barrow, sulphur distributor, pail, lawn
marker for tennis, crowbar, dibber, Daisy grubber,
tree pruner, Grape scissors, saws (hand and
pruning), pruning hook, sieves, ladders, steps, and
a lamp. To these may also be added garden
engine, water barrow, hose and reel, thermometer,
trug baskets, flower baskets, pickaxe, mallet, ram-
mers, grub axe, turf beater, and turf cutter.

TOOLHOUSE.

Only in large establishments is it possible to set
aside a house especially for tools. Much can be
done, however, to render any dry room used for
other purposes suitable for the accommodation of
the smaller garden implements by a liberal inser-
tion of nails and hooks in the walls, or by forming
racks on them made of looped hoop iron. Where
a building is sufficiently high, a few strips of wood
nailed across the rafters of the roof make a very
handy rack for holding rakes, hoes, and forks. In
buildings with wooden sides useful racks for tools
of the spade and edging iron class may be made
by nailing strips of wood to the vertical rafters,
from 1' to 2J' from the ground.

TOP-DRESSING.

This forms a very useful and convenient
alternative to repotting or replanting. It consists
in removing a portion of the inert surface soil

Tongue Grafting (see Grafting).
Tongue (trass (Lepiditim sativum}.
Tongue Violet (Sr/i ireiygeriii fruticosa).
Tonqiiin liean (Dipteryj- ndnrata).
ToothacJie Tree, (see Xant/iofi/lum).
Tootlmort (see JJentaria and Plumbago).

Topiary Work

( 397 )

Topiary Work

from around a tree or plant, and replacing it with
fresh, rich compost. Many pot plants, such as
Lilies, Tomatoes, and Chrysanthemums, are started
in pots only two-thirds filled with soil, in order to
;illow of a liberal top-dressing at the time when it
is most required. Plants such as Deutzias, Genistas,
Palms, Cacti, and succulents generally may be
grown in the same pots for several years, .assisted
by the addition of annual top-dressings of enriched
compost. With subjects in small pots, good loam,
in which a proportion of artificial manure is mixed,
is the top-dressing generally employed, but with large
specimens, or those whose growth is only of annual
duration, well-decayed animal manures are used.

with which the more natural styles of gardening
came to the front, but even now this phase of
" gardening " exercises a considerable fascination
upon a large section of the public ; witness the
interest excited of late years by the exhibits of
trimmed trees which have appeared at the London
shows. Some gardens, notably at Elvaston Castle,
Derby, have still extensive examples of the topiary
art. Less pretentious are the trimmed Yews to be
found in many an old-fashioned garden, and
although these trees do not, as a rule, display the
fantastic shapes which the old-time topiarist
delighted in, they are still sufficiently bizarre.
The favourite subject was, and is, the Yew, which

riwto: Casstll tl- Company, Ltd.

TOKEXIA Fol'RNIEKI (see p. 398).

In top-dressing an established plant the ball of soil
and roots may be held inverted in the left hand
while the drainage is rearranged where necessary,
then returned to its normal position, and as much
of the old soil as can be removed without damage
to the roots gently worked off around the top
of the ball with the thumb and fingers. The
plant is then restored to its pot, the rich new
compost added, and rammed clown to make it of a
similar consistency to the old ball. Many prac-
titioners cut off the lower roots of plants such as
forcing Lilacs, Guelder Roses, Deutzias, and
Spirseas with an axe, in order to be able to give
a more liberal top-dressing.

TOPIARY WORK.

-The practice of cutting and trimming various
trees and shrubs into definite shapes, some of
which were very fantastic, reached its zenith of
popularity in the sixteenth century, but it held
sway for many years after. It fell into disrepute
in the nineteenth century, owing to the persistence

seems to take kindly to any training. The Holly
in a number of varieties, and the Box, are others.
A vast amount of trouble, and some skill, are
needed in inducing the trees to take on these
unnatural shapes. Regular clippings must be
given, and a close watch maintained upon the
growth of very strong branches. Timely pinching
is relied upon to check the over-luxuriance of any
branches that may threaten to endanger the
symmetry of the tree. Once the required form
has been obtained the treatment does not differ
from that meted out to a closely clipped Box or
Holly hedge.

The practice of pruning various specimen lawn
trees more or less vigorously, until the heads assume
a spherical or pyramidal outline, is an approach to
the topiarist's ideas. Yet the practice finds favour
in many quarters to-day, although it only differs
in degree, and not in principle, from the best
example of the topiary art of the sixteenth
century. It should not be confused with the close
pruning given to street trees.

Torenia

( 398 )

Tovomita

TORENIA.

Stove herbs (ord. Scrophularine;e) of great
beauty, especially those suitable for growing in
hanging baskets, such as flava, asiatica, concolor,
and Fournieri, the first-named being the most
suitable for this purpose, as it is pendulous. Prop-
agation, by seeds and by cuttings, in sand under a
bell-glass. Soil, equal parts fibrous loam and peat,
with sand. A little dried cow manure may be
added at the final shift.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
asiatica, 1' to IV, Je., gold, throat yel. and

pur. blk. (»(/«. Bailloni).

concolor, 1' to 1}', Jy., Fournieri, 8" to 12", sum. ,

pur. (»yn. rubens of pale bl., blk., pur. , yel.

gardens). (see p. 397).

flava, 8" to 2', sum., — compacta, dwarfer and
more compact.

Other Species and Varieties :—
asiatica hirsuta, Je., wh. yel., pur. (xyn. eden-

(*//». hirsuta). tula),

cord'ifolia, 6" to 8", sum., — exappendiculata, wh.,

lil. deep bl.

Forclii, pale straw, pur. rubens (of gardens, see

blotches. concolor).

peduucularis, 6" to 10",

TORREYA (xyns. CARYOTAXTJS and

FCETATAXUS).

Hardy evergreen trees (ord. Conifers?), charac-
terised by the very strong and unpleasant odour
which the leaves and branches exhale when
bruised. Propagation is by seeds, sown in spring-.
The fruits are gathered when ripe, and stratified in
sand like those of the Hawthorn. Cuttings may be
easily rooted in sandy soil under a hand-light in
August, and layering is not infrequently practised.
Almost any soil will do.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Ken; Hand-
List.}

califoniica, 20' to 40', Ivs. nucifera, 20' to 30', Ivs.

pale yel., gni., fruits leathery, sharp pointed,

nearly round (tyn. fruits oval.

Myristica). Californiau taxifolia, 40' to 50', Ivs.

Nutmeg. sharp pointed, grey

grandis, 60' to 80', Ivs. beneath, lined red,

light grn. above, lined branches horizontal,

greyish wh. beneath, fniits as large as a

fruits grn. («//«. Ceph- Walnut, oval. Stinking

nlotaxus umbraculi- Cedar.

fera).

TORRUBIA.

This genus of Fungi, which belongs to the
group Pyrenomycetes, is remarkable for its mass of
clubbed, fleshy mycelium (stroma), which bears the
flask shaped perithecia and their enclosed asci.
The members are parasitic upon insects and
spiders, and a few attack other Fungi. The name
Torrubia is the common one, but Cordyceps, given
by Elias Fries, a Swedish mycologist, takes
precedence. Formerly a stage of the Fungus in
which no asci were discoverable was referred to
Hymenomycetes under the name of Isaria, and
this name is still kept up to some extent because of
the uncertainty that exists as to the true affinities
of some species. It is by no means certain that all

Ton-It Lily (see KmpTiofia).
Torrli Tliistlf (s,'C G-rnix).
Torinyn Crab (Pi/rut Toringo).
Tormcntil (sec Potentilla).

the forms referred to Isaria belong of right to
Cordyceps (Torrubia). Entomorrhiza and militaris
are parasitic upon a number of insects or their
larvie or pupae in this country, and must therefore
be classed as friends of the gardener. No species
of Cordyceps has, so far, been found to be
injurious. The Vegetable Caterpillar of New
Zealand, which is usually found growing out of
the body of the Ghost Swift or Otter Moth, is the
Huegelii of Corda and the Robertsii of Berkeley.
The former name has the priority.

TORTRIX.

The typical genus of the group Tortricina (ord.
Lepidoptera), popularly known as Tortrices or Bell
Moths. The old genus Tortrix has been broken up
into several genera, so that the greater number of
the more destructive species now appear under
different headings. The most destructive species
is viridana, which often defoliates Oak and Horn-
beam trees. Ribeana feeds on many trees and
shrubs. Corylana feeds on the Hazel and Dog-
wood. The Rose Tortrix is now Lozoticnia rosana ;
Tortrix or Pcedisca angustiorana (the Grape Moth)
is properly Ditula angustiorana ; Tortrix nigricana
(Red Grub of Plum) is Carpocapsa funebrana ;
Tortrix woeberana (the Plum Tree Tortrix) is
Semasia wreberana ; Tortrix pomonana (the Codlin
Moth) is Carpocapsa pomonella ; and the several
species of Pine Tree Moths or Tortrices are now
classed under Retinia. For remedies seethe various
plants named.

TOURNEFORTIA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs (ord. Boragineae),
similar to Heliotropium. Propagation, by cuttings
in a close case. Soil, fibrous loam and one-fourth
of leaf soil, with plenty of sand. Several species
may be bedded out in summer in the same way as
Heliotropes.

Principal Species : —
cordifolia, sum., grh. or lirvigata, H' to 2', Jy.,

hlf-hdy., wh., Ivs. 9" lil.

to 16" long. scandens, 10', Jy., green-

heliotropioides, 2", My., ish yel.

lil. (now Heliotropium

auchusaefolium).

Other Species : —
fruticosa, 4', Je., yel. laurifolia, 12', Jy., yel.

TOURRETIA (.syn. DOMBETA of.
L'HERITIEB).

A hardy, climbing herb (ord. Bignoniacea?) allied
to Eccremocarpus. Propagation, by seeds in
March in a stove temperature, transplanting the
seedlings at an early stage. Plant in a sheltered
spot against a wall in June, after hardening off.
Any light garden soil.

Only Species : —

la.ppacea (we volubilis). volubilis, 6', Jy. , vio. pur.

scaber (ner Eccremocarpus

scaber).

TOVOMITA (*//»». BEAUHAKXOISIA,

MARIALVA, and MICRANTHERA).
Stove trees and shrubs (ord. Guttiferse), valued
chiefly for their leathery, feather-nerved leaves.

Tortoise Plant (.«v
TortoisesTiell Jiiitfi-rfli/ (net-
Tatar a Pine (Podocdrpiu Totara).
Tiiiich-mc-nat (see Inipatiem).
Toraria (see Smilacina).

Townsendia

( 399 )

Trades cantia

Propagation, by cuttings in a close case. Soil,
fibrous loam, one-third peat, and plenty of sand.

Principal Species :—

amazouica, G' to 10', st. («/». Micrauthera clu-

choisyana, 10', My., yel. siasfolia).

TOWNSENDIA.

A small ^eiius of annual or perennial herbs (ord.
Compositte) allied to Aster, and requiring similar
treatment. The rays vary from rose to white.
They are of little horticultural value. Wrightii is
now referred to Aster Wrightii.

TOXICODENDRON of THUNBEBG(«y«.
HY^ENACHNE).

Two species of large, greenhouse shrubs (ord.
Enphorbiacese). Propagation, by cuttings in sand
in a dry stove heat. Soil, light sandy loam,
broken bricks or crocks, and sand. They are
suitable for associating with succulents. Caper.se
(tyn. IIya:nachne glob'osa), ti', June, green, is the
only introduction. For Toxicodendron of Linnaeus,
tee Kims Toxicodendron, the Poison Ivy. Toxico-
dendron of Gsertner is Allophylus.

TRACHEA.

This is a small genus of Moths belonging1 to the
Noctme, of which piniperda, the Pine Beauty
Moth, is British. These moths, which are red or
reddish brown with grey and orange markings and
white spots on the middle of the wings, are to be
seen in early spring. The larva; are yellowish green,
lined with white above and orange beneath. They
feed upon the leaves of Firs in summer, and usually
spin their cocoons and pupate in crevices of the
bark, occasionally in the soil. Although the moths
are not often sufficiently numerous to do much
harm, a bad attack may be reduced by shaking the
caterpillars from small trees. Grease banding
large trees is helpful.

The name Tracheae is also given to the breathing
tubes of insects (see INSECTS) and to certain
thickened vessels of the wood of trees which
resemble these trachea; in build.

TRACHELIUM.

Dwarf, greenhouse, perennial herbs (ord. Cam-
panulaceaa). Propagation, by seeds sown in heat
in spring, or by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam, with
a fourth part of leaf mould, and sand. Plants
raised from cuttings in spring may be grown in
frames during summer, and pinched once or twice
to make them bushy. At the last shift a little
dried and powdered cow dung may be mixed with
the compost. For greenhouse and conservatory
decoration caerulcam is invaluable, and very
popular on account of the light and graceful
character of the flowers.

Principal Species :—
cieruleum, 1' to 3', sum. —album, wh.

to win., palu bL

TRACHELOSPERMUM (*yn*.
PARKCHITES, RHI-NCHOSPERMUM, and
TRIADENIA).

Greenhouse and hardy evergreen climbers (ord.
Apocynacea;). Propagation, by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass. Soil, equal parts pent and
loam, with sand.

Tairn Cri'it (see Lepitliiim mtlrnm).
Toxicophlcca (see Acokanthcra).

Principal Species and Varieties :—

jasminoides,6' to 10', sum., narrower, lidy. on a

wh. , fragrant (*//«». wall (xyn. Trachelo-

Parechites Thunbergii spermum angusti-

and Rhyncospennum folium).

jasminoides). — variegatum and varium

— angustifolium, ITS. are other vars.

TRACHYCARPUS.

• Two species of fan Palms (ord. Palma;), one of
which, excelsa, is hardy in the more favoured
parts of Britain and Ireland if planted in sheltered
situations to prevent the leaves being damaged by
wind. Most often they are grown in a green-
house, occasionally in a stove. The heads of
yellowish white flowers are striking. Propagation,
by imported seeds in heat and by offsets (sec
PALMS). Soil, fibrous loam, with a third of peat
and some sand. If large specimens in tubs are
desired some leaf mould and dried cow dung may
be added.

Only Species :—

excelsa, 6' to 60', sura., martiana, 9', grh., yel.

hdy. or grh., yellowish (xyiis. Griffithii and

wh. (tyH«. Fortunei and khasyana, and Chanuu-

Chanucrops Fortuuei). rops Grifnthii nail

martiaua).

TRACHYLOBIUM.

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Leguminosa;). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of young shoots under a bell-
glass. Soil, a good, mellow loam and peat.

Only Species: —
honiemannianum. Copal. verrucosum, 20', wh.

TRACHYMENE.

Annual or perennial greenhouse plants (ord
Umbelliferse). Propagation, by seeds in heat, the
perennials by cuttings in sand. Soil, loam, sand,
and peat.

Principal Species : —

coerulea, 1.J', Jy.,hlf-hdy. Rudge; correctly

ami., bl. (si/it. Didiscus Siebera Billard eri

caeruleus). lanceolata).

compressa, 1', per., yel. linearis, 2', Jy., per., yel.

(coiTectlySiebera.com- (correctly oieberu

pressa). linearifolia).

lanceolata, 3', sum., per., ovalis, 1', My., per., wh.

wh. (Sprengel, not (correctly Siebera Bil
lariUeri).

TRACHYSTEMON.

Hardy perennials (ord. Boraginese). Propagation,
by seeds or division in spring. Any common soil

Only Species : —
| creticus, 1', My., bl. plish bl. (syii. Borago

_(*;/». Borago cretica). orientalis).

orientalis, 2', Mch. , pur-

TRADESCANTIA. (SPIDERWORT.)

Ornamental, stove, greenhouse, or hardy herbs
(ord. C'ommelinaceas), of considerable value. The
popular pendula is properly Zebrina pendula.
Propagation, the stove and greenhouse species by
cuttings in light soil, the hardy ones by division or
by seeds in spring. Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :
ronsii-sta, 2', Jy., hdy., sum., st., pk., Ivs. grn.,

light bl. banded wh.

crassifolia, 2', Aug., lilf- fuscata, 8", Sep., st.,

hdy. , purplish ro. or ' bluish pur.

hi. iridescens (see crassifolia

— acaulis, differs little var.).

(xi/» iridescens). navivularis, trailer, sum. ,

o'.ongata, procumbent, 2', st., pk.

Tragopogon

( 400 )

Traps

Common Spiderwort,

Flower-of-a-Day.
warszewicziana, 6"to 15",

My., st., pur., lit.
Zebriua (now Zebriua pen-

dula).

pilosa (see virginiaua).
pulchella, procumbent,

Jy. , grh. , ro. or fol.
Reginae, ITS. whitish grii.,

veined dark grn.
superba, ITS. striped wh.
velutina, li', My., st. ,

pur. ro.

virginiana, 6" to 2', Ap. ,
luly. (ft/n. virginica) ;
many vars., bl, vio.,
red, ro. , wh. , pilosa,
etc., single and double.

Other Species : —
Crassula, K', Jy. , st. , wh.
decora, Ivs. grey and

olive grn.
latifolia of Ruiz and Pav.

is Tinantia fugax.
martensiana (now Callisia

martensiana).
multiflora, procumbent,

Je. , st., wh. («»/».

procumbens).

TRAGOPOGON. (GOAT'S BEABD.)
Many species of hardy biennial or perennial
herbs (ord. Composite) of easy growth. The dry
seed heads of prateusis look pretty in winter mixed
with Grasses. Propagation, by seeds sown in
spring or summer. Common soil.

Principal Species : —

crocifolius, 1', Je., bien. , Vegetable Oyster (see

pur. orvio. (pynt, glaber Salsify).

and Geropogpu glaber). prateusis, 1' to 2', Je.,

glaber (sec crocifolius). bien., yel. Goat's

major, 5', My., per., yel. Beard, Noon Flower,

(syn. dubius). Star of Jerusalem,

porrifolius, 3', My., bien., Shepherd's Clock, etc.

ro. or pur. Salsify, ruber, H', My., per., ro.
(syii. roseus).

TRAMETES.

A small genus of Fungi (ord. Polyporei) closely
allied in build to the Polyporuses. The typical
British species is Pini, but it is by no means
restricted to this country, for it has been known to
do great damage to Pines and Larches upon the
Continent ; it produces what is popularly known as
lied Rot. The reproductive organs grow out from
the trunks of the affected trees as relatively large,
rusty brown masses, the wood being destroyed by
the mycelium within. The radiciperda of Hartig,
which is such an inveterate enemy of Conifers, is
correctly Polyporus annosus (which see). The
other species of Trametes are not harmful to any
special degree. (For remedies, see POLYPORUS.)

TRANSPLANTING.

Most young seedlings are benefited by being trans-
planted from the seed bed to nursery beds before
being consigned to their permanent quarters.
This is even true in the case of such subjects as
young plants of the Brassica tribe, which are
usually not given this intermediate stage, for it
makes them sturdier, and, moreover, affords an
excellent opportunity for getting rid of the first
signs of that inveterate pest the gall weevil. The
transplanting of many tender seedlings has already
been dealt with under PRICKING OFF.

The transplanting of large deciduous trees and
shrubs may be taken in hand at any time from the
cessation of active growth until its resumption,
i.e. from the beginning of October until nearly the
end of March. Evergreens move well in April, and
Hollies in May ; Rhododendrons at the end of
March and the beginning of April. If the young
tree or shrub is of fair size it may be advisable to
prepare it for transplanting by "digging a trench
about it and root pruning it a year previously.

Traginm Anisiim (Pimpinella Anisitm}.

With the greater quantity of fibrous root that the
root pruning induces it to form, it transplants witli
much less risk to itself than would otherwise be
the case. Young trees and shrubs should never be
allowed to grow for more than three years in one
spot, unless it is their permanent abode. Two
years is an even safer limit, and such things as
young Hollies, which are inclined to have very
straggling root systems with a deficiency of fibres,
may be shifted every year with advantage. The
age at which a tree or shrub may be successfully
lifted and planted in another place depends in
great measure upon the mechanical difficulties to
be encountered in moving the dead weight of its
stem, branches, roots, and the soil they are moving
in. Naturally young trees possess greater recuper-
ative powers than old ones, but still the secret of
success lies in moving the tree with a large ball of
soil and practically all the roots intact. Special
transplanting machines, of which Barron's and
McNab's are familiar instances, are in use. The
tree to be lifted is slung between wheels, carried
to its destination in either an upright or a sloping
position, the machine is placed over the hole, and
the tree is lowered gently into its new quarters.
In moving both large and small specimens it is
sometimes necessary to bind the ball round with
mats, particularly if the soil is inclined to be light
and sandy.

TRAPA. (WATER CALTROPS.)

Singular, floating herbs (ord. Onagrariese), which
may be grown in tubs or tanks. Propagation, by
seeds. They should have a few inches of loamy
soil at the bottom of the vessel in which they are
grown. Natans is not hardy in all localities.

Principal Species : —

bispinosa, Jy. , st. , bien., bieomis'). Water Cal-

wh. trops, Water Chestnut,

natans, Jy. , generally Jesuit's Nut, etc.

hdy. , ami., wh. (syn. verbanensis, Jy. , gener-
ally hdy. , wh.

TRAPS.

Seeing that so many pests make free with the
garden and its produce, it is manifest that the
gardener must have some knowledge of suitable
traps for catching the depredators. Numbers of
these have been mentioned under the names of
the various pests referred to.

Rats may be caught by the favourite spring snare
or gin, but the operator should wear gloves in
setting it, for the animals have a very acute sense
of smell. A large break-back wire trap upon the
same principle as that used for mice, but larger,
is useful. So is the wire cage which catches the
animal alive and uninjured. The gin and the wire
may be employed1 for rabbits when they break into
the flower garden. Mice may be caught in the
box wire and wood trap or the break-back, while
the best of the home-made traps is the figure 4.
For moles the steel spring trap may be used ; the
old wooden spring and string combination is
rarely used now. For flies and wasps jars of
sweetened liquor may be provided. Slugs will fall
a prey to tender leaves of Cabbage and Lettuce.
Beetles and Cockroaches may be caught in the
patent revolving box traps sold ; these are baite< 1
with sugar. A little phosphorus paste is better
still when the pests are numerous. Earwigs on
Chrysanthemums and Dahlias may be caught in
pieces of dry Bean stalks, or in small pots hiilf filled
with dry hay. For flies the time-honoured fly

Trautvetteria

( 401 )

Trees

paper is available. The only good trap for birds
is to throw down a few handfuls of corn and
remain on the watch with a gun.

TRAUTVETTERIA. (FALSE BUG-
BANE.)

A hardy perennial herb (ord. Ranunculaceas).
useful for the borders. It resembles the Cimici-
fngas and Aetseas. Propagation, by division in
spring or early autumn. Common, moist soil.

Only Species : —

palinata, 2' to :i', sum., wh. (gyns. Cimioifnga
palmate and Aetiea palmata).

TRECULIA. (AFRICAN BREAD FRUIT

TltEE.)

Two species of stove trees or shrubs (urd. Urtica-
ce;e). The introduced species, africana, is propa-
gatcd by cuttings of ripe shoots in bottom heat.
Soil, rich loam and leaf mould.

Principal Species : —

africana, 80', Sep., st. ev., grn. Okwa.

TREE ONION.

This, Allium proliferum (urd. Liliacese), pro-
duces no basal bulbs, but a number of offsets at the
root, and also bulbs mixed with the flowers. The
plants may be allowed to remain in the ground for
two or three years, when they must be lifted and
divided. Planting may be performed in autumn or
spring, according to the time the crop is required,
Juno or August. The offsets are more reliable for
producing the bulbs, and the stem bulbs are best
planted in spring. They should not be gathered
until the stems are yellow. If properly dried they
will keep till May. " (For culture, see SHALLOTS.)

TREES.

Technically speaking, a tree is described as a
" perennial plant of woody character which rises
from the ground with a distinct trunk," but the
border line between a tree and a shrub is so in-
definite that popular opinion calls a woody plant
of greater stature than a few feet a tree instead of
a shrub.

The value of trees as timber producers is, of
course, inestimable, and tree planting on a large
scale is a national duty. From a gardening aspect
there can be no question that the judicious plant-
ing of trees constitutes much of the beauty and
variety of the pleasure grounds. Their shelter is
of great assistance in the garden, while their shade
adds much to the pleasure of the summer-time.
In small gardens large trees are often placed in
unsuitable positions, either too near houses or
where they will overshadow the garden or rob the
soil. The eventual height and width to which the
tree will attain ought to be observed, and allow-
ance made at the time of planting. Its effect at
all seasons should also be studied, and it is thus
often advisable to plant deciduous rather than

Traveller's Joy (see Clematis Vitalba).
Traveller's Tree (sec llavenala madagascariensis) .
Treasure florrer (gee Gazania).
Tree Carrot (Tliapsin I'dnlix).
Tree Celandine (lioretmlafrtitetreni).
Tru Million- see l.tmili-ra iirlmren).
'/"/•cc of lli'iirrii (xrr A Hunt us i/lll nillilosn).
Tree of Life (see Thuya).
Tree nf ftidnfts (Nyc'tanthet Arbor-trittis).
56

evergreen trees where plenty of light in winter is
desired. On the other hand, an evergreen tree
is to be preferred where a screen at all seasons
is required. There should also be a due proportion
of flowering trees, many of which are exceedingly
beautiful, particularly those with golden, silvery, or
variegated foliage, and others which give fine tints
in autumn. Fruit trees are very ornamental, either
in bloom or in fruit, whilst they serve to combine
the useful and decorative.

Planting should be most carefully performed.
Autumn is, as a rule, the best time for deciduous
subjects. For evergreens, September or October
and April or May are usually suitable times, pro-
vided the weather be moist. The holes in which
the trees are to be planted ought always to be of
ample size, as it will greatly cripple their progress
if their roots are jammed into too little space.
The hole should be so wide that the roots may be
laid out at full length, any injured ones being
cleanly cut before the soil is filled in. The tree
ought to be held upright, staked firmly, and the
soil filled in and made firm as the work proceeds.
Watering may be necessary if the weather is
at all dry and the season advanced. (Xec also
TRANSPLANTING, PRUNING, SHRUBBERIES, and
SHRUBS.)

The following lists of hardy trees for various
objects will be found useful. Only the genera are
named, and the best species or varieties will be
found elsewhere under their respective names.

Coniferous Trees : —

Abies.

Araucaria.

Cedrus.

Cephalotaxu?.

Cryptomeria.

Cunuiughamia

Cupressus.

Fitzroya.

Griukgo.

Deciduous Trees : —

Junipcrus.
Lari.x.
Libocedrus.
Pioea.
Piuus.
Podocarpus.
Prunmopitys.
Pseudolarix, or
Luricopsis.

Pseudotsuga,

Abietia.
Sciadopitys.
Sequoia.
Taxodium.
Taxus.
Thuya.
Tauga.

or

Acer.

TEsculus.

Ailantus.

Aluus.

Amelauchier.

Betula.

Carpiuus.

Carya.

Custauea.

Piiulowuia.
Platanus.
Populus.
Prunus.
Pterocarya,
I'yrus.
QuercuB.
Klius.
Robinia.
Salix.
Samliucus.
."ophora.
Styrax.
Svriuga.
Tilia.
Puirottia. Ulmus.

Kcergrren Trees (see also Coniferous Trees) : —

Arbutus. Elieagnus. Laurus.

Cerasus (some). Eucalyptus. Quercuu

Cratsegus(some). Ilex.

Lake or It'.eer Sides: —

Celtis.
Cercis.
Corylus.
Craitaigus.

Fagus.

Fraxiuus.

Gleditschia.

Halesia .

Hippophae.

Juglans.

Kuslreuteria.

Laburnum.

Liquidambar,

Liriodendron.

Magnolia (ill

part).
Morus.
Nyssa,

Euonyinus (eu- Oxydendrou.
ropa;us).

Acer.

Alnus.

Arbutus.

Betula.

Catalpa.

Celtis.

Cratogus.

Cryptiuiieria.

Cupressus

(some).
Halesia.
Junijwrus.
Picca.
Piuus.
Populus.
Prunus.
PterooBiya,

Quorcus.

Salix.

Syringa.

Taxodium.

Taxus..

Thuya.

Tsuga.

Uhnus.

Trellis

( 402 )

Trias

'Trees for the Sea-tide : —

TNoTE— Some will require shelter from strong
•winds, especially at first. Those marked * are
good shelter plants; those needing least shelter
marked f.]

Abies. Cupressus Populus.

4. Acer (some). Primus.

Aiiantus. tElaeagnus. fPyrus.

*tAlnus. fFagus. +^l!?rcus-

Araucaria. tFraxiuus. *Nilix.

Arbutus. +Hex. fSambucus.

"fBetula. +Juniperus. Syrmga.

tCarpiuus. -(-Laburnum. •{,;lxus-

Cerasus. Picea. ±hny:<.

tCorylus. Pinus. fUlmus.

tCraticgus. fPlatanus.

Trees fur Towns: —

Acer Gleditschia. Prunus.

.iEsculus, Hex. Pyrus.

Ailantus. Juglans. Quercus.

Alnus. Juniperus. Kobima.

Amclauchier. Koelreuteria. Sahx.

Arbutus. Laburnum. Sambucus.

Betula. Liriodendron. Syringa.

Cercis. Magnolia. Taxus.

Cratsegus. Morus. Thuya.

Fagus. Paulownia. Tilia.

Fraxinus. Platanus. Ulmus.

Oinkgo. Populus.

Weeping Trees : —

Acer Fraxiuus. Populus.

Alnus. Hex. Prunus.

Betula. Juniperus. Sahx.

Cedrus. Laburnum. Sophora.

Cupressus. Larix. Taxus.

Fa°-us. Picea. Thuya.

Ulmus.

TRELLIS.

The name given to framework of various kinds
and materials on which plants are trained, such as
on the roofs and walls of glasshouses, in pots to
support plants, on walls for the same purpose, ot-
to screen unsightly objects or form a shelter in the
garden. Plain trellises may be used, but the
diamond pattern looks best. Balloon shaped or
pyramidal trellises are in common use for pots.
For a permanency galvanised wire (which ought
also to be painted) is good, but many prefer
wooden trellis for the ornamental garden or
for a shelter. Both wire and wooden trellises
can be purchased at a cheap rate, and with various
sizes of openings or " mesh." The only advantage
of having wooden trellis made to order is that the
timber can be painted one or two coats before
being fastened together, which preserves it better
where the timbers cross. Half-round wooden
spars are stronger than the flat.

TREMANDRA.

Greenhouse shrubs (iird. Tremandrefe). Propa-
gation, by cuttings of young side shoots in sand
under a glass. Soil, turfy loam, peat, and sand,
with some charcoal and pieces of brick or broken
pots.

Trefoil (sec Trifolium).

Trefoil, Jiird's Foot (see Lotus cornwnlatus).
Trefoil, (iolden (see Anemone Jfejiatica).
Trefoil, Milk (see Cytisus).
Trefoil, Moon (Medirago arbarea).
Trefoil, fre-nted (see Melilotm).
Trefoil, Minibby (Jasminnm frutieans and Ptelea
trifoliata).

Principal Species :—
Huegelii of gardens (now

Tetratlieca hirsuta).
stelligera, '!' ', sum., pur-

plish (ti/n. oppo&iti-
folia).

verticillata (now Platy-
tlioca galioides).

TREMBLING TREES.

Several trees which move their leaves at the
slightest breath of wind are popularly known as
Trembling Trees. The best known of these are
Populus tremula and P. tremuloides, the former
jeing the well-known Aspen.

TRENCHING.

An important and valuable operation, but one
often neglected because of the labour involved.
Where the subsoil is inert or of bad quality it is
an error to adopt trenching at first, and bastard
trenching (which see) ought to be performed in the
first place until the lower spit of soil is ameliorated.
At the beginning make a trench two spits or three
spits deep and 20" or so wide, wheeling the soil thus
removed to the farther end of the ground to be
trenched. After this, measure out another trench
with:the line, and fill the bottom of the first trench
•with' the soil from the top of the second one, that
from the bottom of the second going on the top,
leaving it rather rough during winter. Manure
and surface rooting weeds may be buried at the
bottom of the trench. Autumn is the most suitable
season.

TREVESIA.

Handsome foliage stove shrubs or trees (tint.
AraliaceEe). The flowers are of little consequence.
Propagation, by cuttings in heat. Soil, loam, leaf
soil, and sand.

Principal Species : —
emiueus, Ivs. palmatifidly Ivs. palmate or digitate

divided and serrated. ' («//». insignis).

pahnata, 10', Men., grn., suuclaica. resembles palm-
ata.

TREVOA.

Greenhouse trees (prd. Rharanese). The only
species introduced, trinervia, is lost to cultivation.

TREVORIA.

A recently introduced genus of Orchids (ortl.
Orchidaceas), named in honour of Sir Trevor Law-
rence, Bart. Chloris, the only known species, ia
not yet sufficiently in commerce to test its full
cultural requirements. It has racemes of yel-
lowish flowers.

TREWIA.

Three or four species of stove trees (ord. En.
phorbiacefe). Propagation, by cuttings in sand
under a glass. Soil, loam and peat, with sand.

Principal Species :—

nudiflora. 'A' to 8', My., st.. grn.

TRIANEA.

The correct name of the floating aquatic plant
known in gardens as Trianea bogotensis is Limno-
bium bogotense. Propagation, by runners. It
requires stove or greenhouse treatment.

TRIAS.

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) of creeping or
tufted habit, with one flower on a leafless scape.
Grow on blocks or in pans with sphagnum and
peat.

Trerirana (of Willdsnom, sec Achiniencs}.

Tribulus

( 4(13 )

Trichocladus

vitrinti, pale grn., spotted
br. on lip.

Principal Species : —
oblouga, 3", Apr., grn.,
br., lip pur.

pictii, pule yd.. spotted
red, pur.

TRIBULUS. (CALTROPS.)

Kather weedy-looking, greenhouse, stove, or
hardy annual or perennial herbs (i>rd. Zygophyllerc).
The projecting points of the seed vessels, which
pierce things with which they come into contact,
are interesting. All have white or yellow flowers.
Cistoides, stove evergreen, and maximus and terres-
tris. both hardy, have been introduced.

TRICHANTHA.

Two species of climbing or creeping stove shrubs
(prd. Gesneraccjc). Propagation, by cuttings. Soil,
peat, leaf soil, and sand.

Principal Species :—

minor, st. cl. slir., dull vio., tube marked yel.

Principal Species : —
exaltatum, 3', Je., yel.,
tipped red (•«"'• alope-
curoideum of Botanical
Register 28).

Manglesii, 6" to 12", Je.,

pk. or wh (see figure).
Stirlingii, Je., pk., wh.

TRICHOCAULON.

Two species of succulent greenhouse plants (nrd
Asclepiadeae). Propagation, by cuttings, slightly
dried at the base. Soil, sandy loam with brii^;
rubbish.

Principal Species : —

piliferum, 4", dark pur. inside, pale yel., red
on exterior (iyns. Piiiranthus piliferus and Stapelia
pilifera).

TRICHOCENTRUM.

About twenty species of intermediate Louse
epiphytal Orchids (vrd. Oichidacea;), growing on

TKIUHIXIUM MANGLESII.

TRICHILIA.

little cultivated stove trees or shrubs (nrrl.
Meliaceai). The flowers are seldom produced in
Great Britain. Propagation, by cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, in heat. Soil, mellow, fibrous
loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species : —
glabra, 30', Je., wh. («/w.

havannensis).
hirta, 12', Je., wh.

Bastard Ironwood.

TRICHINIUM.

Perennial greenhouse herbs, sub-shrubs, or shrubs
(nrd. Amarantacea;), with close spikes of shaggy-
looking flowers. Propagation, by seeds sown in a
hotbed in April, or by root cuttings, 1" long, in
sand in bottom heat. Soil, rich loam and peat.
They should be near the light, or in full sun, in
a cool greenhouse. Re-t after flowering.

odorata, 20', Je., yel.

spondioides, 20', Je., gvn.,
yel. White Butter-
wood.

Tribraehiu/n (sec Jltilbujiliyllum).

Principal Species :—

iillio-purpureum, br., wh.,

pur.
— striatum, lip striped

pur.

orthoplectron, br., yel.,

wh., lake.

Pfayii, br., wh., red.
tigriuum, yel., br., wh

TRICHOCEROS.

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacea;) growing in peat
and sphagnum in baskets or pans.

Principal Species: —

parviflorus, grn., spotted and barred pur., br.

TRICHOCLADUS (,*yn. DAIIUA of

THUNBERG).

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs (ord. Hamamel
idese). They are treated like Gardenias, which se:.

Principal Species : —
LTandiflonis, .Ty., shr., wh., pk.

Trii'lincarjia (see Deparla).

Trichodesma

( 404 )

Trichopus

TRICHODESMA.

Coarse growing, hardy, half-hardy, or greenhouse
herbs (ord. Boraginere), with flowers in racemes,
and entire leaves. Propagation, by division or
seeds. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
physaloides, 1' to '2', grh. zeylanicum, 4', Aug.,hdy.

per., wh., pur. ami., pale bl. (syn.

Borago zeylanica).

TRICHOGLOTTIS.

Stove Orchids (ord. Orchidacese) with small
flowers. They do well in. pans of sphagnum with
the temperature of the East India house.

Principal Species : —
cochlearis, 8", wh., sepals blotched br. (»>J>i. Clei-

and petals barred pur. , sostoma dawsoniaua) .

lip with pur. blotches. fasciata, sepals banded
dawsoniaua, sulphur yel. pale br., lip wh., yel.,

outside, darker inside, pur. (correctly Staur-

barred br., lip or. yel., opsis fasciata). •

TRICHOMANES (BRISTLE FEBN).

Stove or greenhouse Ferns (ord. Filices). Many
of the species are exceedingly beautiful, some of
the dwarf ones ranking among the daintiest of
Ferns. The general aspect of the genus is very
varied. Some plants make quite large fronds 1' to
1 j' long, and correspondingly wide, whilst the fronds
of others are scarcely 1" in length. In shape also
a great variation is found, some being simple,
others pinnate, and others again divided into
innumerable segments. In some cases short stems
are made, which bear large heads of fronds, whilst
in others the stems are creeping and very small,
the leaves being borne singly. As a whole the
leaves are very thin, and covered with star shaped
or forked hairs, from which tiny drops of moisture
are suspended. The popular Killarney Fern, T.
radicans, is found wild in Ireland. In'almost all
cases they are found in warm, moist situations in
dense shade on the lower portions of trunks of
trees, damp rocks, etc. Under cultivation they
must always have a moist atmosphere, abundance
of water when growing, and perfect drainage.
The most suitable compost is fibrous peat, inter-
mixed with soft sandstone. The compost should
be mounded up over the top of the pot or pan, so
that plenty of space may be free for drainage.
The dwarf rhizomatous species may be planted on
pieces of soft Tree Fern stem or sandstone, which
is, indeed, the best method to adopt. As Wardian
case subjects Trichomanes are charming, whilst a
few species can be cultivated in a close, cold frame.

The following genera are now merged in Tricho-
manes. Feea, Hymenostachys, Involucraria, Lacos-
tea, Lecanium, Microgonium, and Phlebiophyllum.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE.— The figures apply to the- length of the
fronds.]

alatum, 3" to 12", Kraussii, 1" to 3", creep-
winged, ing.
- attenuatum, fronds membranaceum, 2" to 3".
longer. piunatum, 3" to 12".

apiifolium, 9" to 18". pyxidiferum, 1" to 6".

tinriculatum, 6" to 12". radicans, 4" to 12". Kil-

Biincroftii, 3" to 6". larney Fern.

crispum, 4" to 12". - Andrewsii, frouds

exsectum, 6" to 12". narrower.

Filicula, 2" to 3", creep- — crispum, margins

i»g. crisped. [grii.

Kaulfussii, 4" to 12", - dilatatum, very dark

winged. trichoideum, 4" to 8",
very finely divided.

Other Species : —

angustatum(*fc teuerum).
bipuiictatum(«Y; Filicula).
Bojeri (see cuspidatum).
boschianum (see. radicaus) .
cuspidatum, 2" to 3".

maximum, 3" to 6".
meifolium (seeapiifolium).
reniforme, 4' , kidney

shaped fronds,
scandens, 6" to 8", cl.
tonerum, 3" to 8".

TRICHOPETALUM.

The only species (ord. Liliacere) is a half-hardy
herb with a fleshy rootstock and fibres. Propaga-
tion is by division, and a light, rich soil is needed.
The plants do well in pots, or they may be planted
out in a frame, provided the bed is well drained,
They will not succeed otherwise.

Only Species : —

stellatum, 1' to 3', My., Je., hlf-hdy., grn. (syns.
gracile and Anthericum plumosum ; correctly
Bottionea thysanthoides). -

TRICHOPILIA.

Description. — Showy, epiphytal Orchids (ord.
Orchidaceic), which make dense masses of small
pseudo-bulbs, each of which is terminated by a
single leaf. From the bases of the pseudo-bulbs
the flower spikes appear, assuming a pendulous
habit as they approach maturity. The genus has
been separately described under Leucochyle and
Pilumna.

Propagation. — By division when growth com-
mences in spring.

Soil. — The most suitable compost is made up of
fibrous peat, living sphagnum, charcoal, and broken
crocks. Orchid baskets should be used, the com-
post being formed into a mound above the top of
the basket.

Other Cultural Points. — An intermediate or
warm greenhouse temperature is necessary, and on
no account should more heat be given. During
the growing season a fair amount of water is neces-
sary-, reducing the supply when growth is finished.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alhidu, 1', sum., wh., yel.

cocciuea margiuata, 15",
My., Je., brownish red,
sepals and petals bor-
dered with greenish
yel.

fragraus, 1', win., wh.,
yel.

— nobilis, larger.

galeottiana, 1 ' , Aug., Sep.,

Other Species : —

backhousiana, 1', sum.,

wh., yel.
coccinea crispa, 1', Ap.,

My., crim. pur.
hymeuautha, 1J', sum.,

wh., red.
kienastiana, 1', Je., wh.,

yel.

TRICHOPUS.

A stove genus (ard. Dioscoreacea;), which has
been known under tlie names Podianthus, Steireya,
and Trichopodium of Lindley. Zeylanicus lias' been
introduced ; it is of no horticultural value. Piperi-
foliiis is correctly Bragantia tomentosa.

Trif/ioncnia (w liomtilca).
Trii'liOfiodiiim (<>/' Lim/li'i/, sir Trichoptlt),
TrirltojMidiuiit (nf I'ri'ul. , sec Daltta).

marked grn., br., crim.,
pur. (KI/II. picta).

grata, 1', sum., wh., yel.

marginata («<•<• cocciuea).

suavis, 1', Ap., wh., lip
yel., spotted vio. ro.

— grandirlora, larger.

tortilis, 15", Jan., yel-
lowish wh., pur.
blotches.

lepida (see coccinea var.)<
mutica, 1', Aug., wh.,.

tinged red.
rostrata, G", sum., wh.,

or.
saugninolenta, 1', sum.,

yel., crim., wh.

Trichosacme

{ 405 )

Trigonella

TRICHOSACME.

Stove climbers (art! Aselepiadeae) with woolly
stems and leavers and inconspicuous purple flowers.
Thrv may he grown in light fibrous loam and sand,
but are "of no horticultural value. Lanata, (>',
June, purple, is the principal species.

TRICHOSANTHES.

Annual or perennial climbing Gourds (ord. Cu-
curbitacerc), the majority of which rejoice in a
warm, humid atmosphere. They are distinguished
by prettily fringed flowers, and usually long,
twisted, snake-like fruits, which, when ripe, are
bright red or scarlet in colour. Propagation, by
seeds sown in spring. The most suitable soil is
loam, enriched with well-rotted manure.

Principal Species : —
Aiiguina, 12' to '20', sum., japonica, 10', sum., wh.,

wli.. fruit red (*////. fruit ovoid.

colubriiia). Common palmata, 8' to 10', sum.,

Snake Gourd. wh., fruit small.

TRICHOSMA.

A monotypic genus (ord. Orcliidacesc). The only
species, suavis (syn. Eria suavis), is a stove
epiphyte with stems 10" to 12" high, bearing two
leaves each, and terminal racemes of large, fragrant,
creamy white blossoms, the lips of which are
marked with crimson. It may be grown in shallow
pans of fibrous peat and sphagnum.

TRICHOSTEMA.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Labiatse), with
whorls of small blue or purple flowers. Propagate
by division, and plant in any ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —
arizonicum, 1' to 2', sum., lanata, U', hlf-hdy. sub-

bl. shr. , bluish pur.

ovatum, H', Jy., bl.

TRICORYNE.

Dwarf, greenhouse perennials (ord. Liliaceas),
of tufted habit, with short, wiry stems, the leaves
being narrow and Grass-like. Loam is the most
suitable soil. The species are rarely seen. Elatior.
I'.to '!', June, white, is the principal one.

TRICUSPIDARIA (si/n. TBICUSPIS).

IV]ii>ivlens is one of two species in this genus
(ord. Tiliacese) in cultivation, and that is rarely
seen. It is a greenhouse, evergreen shrub, hardy,
however, in many districts in sheltered places,
growing 12' high, bearing in April lovely bright
red pendulous blossoms. It is often grown under
the name of hexapetala. Propagation, by cuttings
in sandv peat. Soil, fibrous peat.

TRICYRTIS.

Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Liliaceie), with slender stems, hairy leaves, and
curiously spotted flowers. Propagation, by division
of the rhizomes in spring. Soil, sandy loam. A
suitable position is a sheltered nook on the rockery.

Principal Species : —
rlava, '!', aut., hdy., yel., wh., spotted pur. (.\v».

spotted pur. japonica).

hirta, 1' to 3', aut., hdy., maoropoda,2.^', aut. .hdy.,
wh., pur. spots.

TRIDAX.

Hardy, perennial, herbaceous plants (ord. Com-
positoe), rarely cultivated, and of no horticultural
value. Propagation, by division in spring. Ordinary
garden soil.

TriflwtiHiia (KIT Eria).

Trieratus admirabllit (see Abronia umbellate,}.

Principal Species : —

Mugustifolia, IV, Je.. yel. caudidissima, 1', Je., yel-
bicolor rosea, dwarf ami., lowish wh.

rosy pk. coronopifolia, 1', Je., yel.

trilobata, 1', Je., yel.

TRIENTALIS.

Pretty herbs (ord. Primulacese), of use for a
shady place in the rock garden. Propagated by
seeds sown under a hand-light in spring, or, in
the case of americana, by division at the same
time. Rich, loamy soil.

Principal Species : —

americana, 9", My., wh. europam, 6" to 8", Je.,
Jy., wh.

TRIFOLIUM.

Annual or perennial herbs (ord. Leguminosae),
for the most part hardy, only a few species requir-
ing protection. A great many are found wild in
Britain, and those, together with the majority of
the exotic species, are weeds. Though most of
them possess no special qualifications as garden
plants, they are of great importance to those
engaged in agriculture, several species being valu-
able fodder plants. To most people the genus
will be quite familiar, through the various Clovers
and the Shamrock. All grow readily from seeds,
and the perennials may be increased by division,
though this is rarely practised.

Principal Species : —

alpestre, 6" to 12", Je., medium, 6" to 10", My. to

Jy., pur. Owl-headed Sep., rosy pur.

Clover. pannonicum, 1', Je., wh.,

alpinum, 6", Je., pk. yel.

canescens, 6", My., Je., pratense, 6" to 12", My.,

crim. Sep., rosy pur. or wh.

hybridum, 6" to 10", Je., procumbeiis, 1', Je., yel.

Aug., wh. or ro. Bas- repens, 3" to 18", Je.,

tard Clover or Alsike. Aug., wh. Dutch

incaruatum, 1', Je., Jy., Clover, Shamrock.

crim. striatum, 4" to 12", Je.,

Lupinaster, 1' to H', Je. Jy., ro.

to Aug., pur.

Other Species : —

armcnium, 1', Jy., red. maririmum, 6", Je., pur.

arvense, 3" to 12", Jy. to minus, 4", yel. Sham-

Sep., wh. or pk. rock of some,

badium, 6", Jy., yel. parviflorum, 6", Je., wh.

tiliforme, 4" to 8", Je., squarrosum, 6", Je., pur.

Jy.,yel.

TRIGLOCHIN.

Greenhouse or hardy sub-aquatic or marsh
plants (ord. Naiadacea;), with racemes of usually
small flowers. They are not often cultivated. The
two British species, maritimum and palustre, are
met with in a wild state. Propagation, by seeds
or division. Loamy soil, in water.

Principal Species : —
bulbosum, 1', Oct., grh., palustre, 6" to 12", Je. to

pur. Aug., gru.

niiiritimum, 12" to 18",

My. to Sep., gru.

TRIGONELLA.

Hardy herbs (ord. Leguminosse), of annual or
perennial habit. Propagation, by seeds or division.
Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —
ceerulea, 1' to 2', Jy., bl. Je. to Aug., wh. Fenu-

or wh. greek.

Fii'iuiin-grn-cum, 1' to 2', ruthenica (now Medicago
ruthenica).

Trifurria (see Herbertia).
Triglosfiim (iec Arnndntarria},

Trigonia

( 406 )

Tristagma

TRIGONIA.

Evergreen climbing shrubs (ord. Voohysiacese).
They require a stove temperature, are increased by
cuttings, and grow in a mixture of equal parts of
fibrous peat and loam, with sand.

Principal Species : —
Candida, 6', Je., wh. laevis, C' to 8', Je., wh.

TRIGONIDIUM.

Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orohidacese).
Cultivate on blocks of wood, or in baskets of fibrous
peat, charcoal, and sphagnum, giving a light posi-
tion near the glass.

Principal Species : —
acuminatum, 1', sum., egertonianum, I'.sum.. br.

straw, br. latil'olium, 1', sura., br.

TRILISIA.

Hardy, erect growing herbs (ord. Compositse),
increased by division in spring. Ordinary garden
soil.

Only Species : —

ocloratissima, 4', Sep., paniculata, 3', Aug., pur.
pur., sweet.

TRILLIUM.

A small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Liliaceae), the majority of which are in cultivation,
and are interesting and often showy plants. The
genus is distinguished by its thick, rhizornatous
stems and roots, and three leaves, which have
a solitary nodding flower in the centre. The
roots of most of the species have emetic prop-
erties. Propagation, by seeds or division. Deep,
rich, peaty soil, quite moist but sweet, forms the
most suitable rooting medium. A rather shady
place, and abundance of moisture when growth is
Active, are essentials to success.

Principal Species : —

cenmum, H', Ap., wh. — roseum, ro.

crectum, 1', Ap., pur. sessile, 6" to 12", ilch.,

(syns. atropurpureum pur. Californicuin is a

and purpureura). good form,

grandiflorum, 1' to I'/,

My., wh.

Other Species : —
erythrocarpum, C", My., petiolatum, 6", Ap., br.

red, wh. recurvatum, 6" to 1^",

nivale, 1', sum., wh. Ap., brownish pur.

ovatum, 6", Ap., red. stylosum, 6", Ap., red.

TRIMEZA.

Small bulbous plants (ord. Iridese), with Iris-like,
or sometimes Rush-like, leaves, and showy, fugitive
flowers. Increased by seeds or division of the
bulbs at the time of potting. Soil, light, fibrous
loam, with sand. A stove or intermediate house is
required.

Principal Species : —

martinicensis, 1', Ap., yel.

TRINIA.

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. UmbelliferEe) of
branching habit, with one species, vulgaris, British.
The flowers are yellow or white and the leaves
pinnately cut. The plants are of no value for
decorative gardening.

TRIODIA (syn. UBALEPIS).

Greenhouse or hardy perennial Grasses (oft/.
Gramineie). Decumbens, the Heath Plant, is
British, but neither it nor the other species is
worth cultivation. Several species have been
brought to this country.

TRIOLENA.

Stove herbs (ord. Melastomaceae), of dwarf,
rather dense, habit, bearing small rose or pink
flowers. Propagation, by cuttings or seeds. Soil,
two parts of peat, one part of leaf mould, and one
part each of sand and loam.

Principal Species : —

scorpioides, G", sum., ro.

TRIOPTERIS (syn. TRIOPTERYS).

Stove climbing shrubs (ord. Malpighiace.'c), of
little value, and rarely included in collections.
Propagation, by cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, in
a close frame, with bottom heat. Soil, sandy peat.

Principal Species : —

rigida, My., bl., Ivs. very rigid, leathery, and
nearly round.

TRIOSTEUM.

Hardy herbs (ord. Caprifoliaceas). Propagation,
by division in spring or autumn, or by cuttings in
summer. Soil, warm, light loam.

Principal Species : —

perfoliatum, 2', Je., red.

TRIPHASIA.

Aurantiola (synii. diacantha, javanica, and tri-
foliata) is the only known species of this genus
(ord. Kutacea?). It grows 2' high, and bears
small, evergreen leaves and white flowers in June
and July, followed by small, berry-like, edible
fruit. It is increased by cuttings in heat. (For
cultivation, see CITBUS).

TRIPTERYGIUM.

Wilfordii (syn. Bullockii), a hardy, prostrate
shrub (ord. Celastrinese) is the only known species
in this genus. It sometimes attains a height of 2'
or 3', and in summer it bears small white flowers.
Increased by cuttings, grows in ordinary garden
soil.

TRIPTILION.

Hardy or half-hardy herbs (ord. Composite:),
bearing alternate, sharply toothed leaves and heads
of blue or white flowers. Propagation, the annuals
from seeds, the perennials by division. Ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —
Acm'Heip, 9"v Jy., cordifolium, 6" Jy., aim.,

wn. wh.

spmosum. 6", Jy.,per., bl.

TRISETUM.

Rostraria and Trichsete are included in this
genus of hardy annual or perennial Grasses (ord.
Graminefe). Pratense (st/ns. flavescens and Avena
flavescens), the only British species, is of more
importance to the farmer than to the gardener,
seeing that it is usually to be found among the
Grasses that go to make np the best pastures.

TRISTAGMA.

Bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceas), with radical, Grass-
like leaves and umbels of white or yellowish
flowers. They must be cultivated in rich, loamy
soil in a sunny greenhouse.

Principal Species : —

narcissoides, G", spr., whitish yel.

Tripliysaria (sec Orthorarpiit}.
Triplet Lily (tee JSrodiiea).
Tripoli/ (Aster Tripoli it in}.

Triteleia

( 407 )

Trochodendron

TRITELEIA.

Dwarf, pretty, hardy or half-liardy bulbs (t>rd.
Liliacese), now included in Brodiaea. They have
usually small, flattened leaves, ranging in the
various species from "A" or 4" to 12" in length.
The flowers are small and white, yellow, or bluish
in colour. Propagation, by separating the bulbs
.and taking away the offsets when at rest. Soil,
light, sandy loam. A warm border at the foot of
a south or west wall makes a suitable home.
After the death of the leaves the ground must be
kept as dry as possible to ensure the proper ripen-
ing of the bulbs. Pot culture in a sunny frame
may also be tried.

Principal Species : —

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Kcw Iland-
Lfa.]

aurea, 3" to 4", Ap., yel. whitish gm. (correctly

(correctly BroJi;ea Brodiiea Leichtliui).

aureu). porrifolia, 6" to 8", Jy.,

l:ixa, 1' to IV, Jy., bl. whitish vio. (correctly

(correctly Broduea Broduea porrifolia).

laxa). uniflora, 8 , Ap., My.,

Luichtlini, 3" to 4", Jan., HI. (correctly Brodisea

umflora) ; several vars.

TRITHRINAX.

Ornamental stove Palms (tird. Palime), with
roundish leaves, which have deeply divided
margins. The sheaths of the leaves are conspicu-
ous by reason of their intense spininess and the
large quantity of loose fibre they produce. They
are grown from imported seeds in rich, loamy soil
iiniler similar conditions to Thrinax.

Principal Species :-

aciuitlioeoma, 10' to '20',
Ivs. large, margins
divided into mauy seg-
ments.

aculeata (now Acantho-
rhi/a aculeata).

briisilicnsis, 10' to 15',
Ivs. 3' long, nearly
round.

TRITICUM. (WHEAT, WHEAT GRASS.)

With regard to number of species this (ord.
(iramiiiese) is quite a small genus, and yet it is of
the greatest importance, seeing that the cultivated
Wheat is referred to it.

Almost all the forms of the cultivated Wheat are
placed uniler the sprcies vulgare, ffistivum and
hybernum being good instances. Dioccum, monoc-
cum, and Spelta, which take rank as distinct
species, are also closely allied to vulgare. The
notorious repens, popularly known as Couch Grass,
and probably dreaded more than any other weed
that can be named, is now removed from the genus
Triticum and placed in Agropymm, the specific
name, repens, remaining the same. From a
cultural point of view the farmer is more interested
than the gardener in the Triticums. For hints as
to the extermination of repens, set' COUCH.

Principal Species :—
repeus, 3', sum., hdy. vulgare, 3', sum., hdy.

(correctly Agropyrum Wheat.

ri'pens). Couch Grass,

Cooch.

TRITOMA (.see KNIPHOFIA).

TRITONIA.

Ornamental bulbous plants (ord. Iridese), suit-
able for a sunny greenhouse or for warm positions
out of doors. The genus is closely allied to
Crocosmia, and includes the species which were
at one time known ;is Montbretias. The flowering

Tritonumtke Uvaria (see Kaiphojia aloidcs).

period extends over several weeks, and the flowers
are usually brilliantly coloured. A large number
of garden hybrids are in commerce, the majority of
which are very handsome. Tritonias, whether
grown in pots or in the open border, like rich,
light, well-drained soil, and require thorough
ripening and a prolonged season of rest.

Principal Species and Hybrids :—
crispa, 12" to 15", Ap., fenestrata (nee hyalina).

yel., wh. hyalina, 1', My., ro.

crocata, 2', Je., or. miniata (correctly crc-

crocosmiseflora, 2' to 2!' cata var.).

Jy., Sep., or. sc.~; Pottsii, 3', Aug., or., yel.

hybrid (1'ottsii X Cro- rosea, 1J', Jy., ro.

cosmia aurea). squalida, 2', My., whitish

ro.

Other Species : —
aurea (now Crocosmia odorata (now Freesia

aurea). refracta).

loDgiflora (now Ixia refracta (now Freesia

paniculata). refracta).

securigera, 1', My., br.

Select Garden Varieties : —
Aurore. Elegans. Gerbe d'Or.

Bouquet Parfait. feoile de Feu. Germania.
Eldorado. Fautaisie. Solfatare.

Talisman.

TRIUMFETTA.

Stove or greenhouse trees, shrubs, or sub-
shrubs (ord. Tiliaceie). Propagation, by seeds or
cuttings. Loamy soil.

Principal Species : —
acuminata, 8' to 10', sum., paniculata, 10', sum., yel.

yel. pilosa, 6', sum., yel.

TRIXIS.

Herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Composite) requiring
greenhouse protection. Propagated by seeds.
Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —
alata, 2', Jy., yel. mexicaua, 2', Aug., yel.

TRIZEUXIS.

Falcata is the only species (ord. Orchidaceae).
It is an epiphyte, requiring stove culture, of no
horticultural value, but interesting to botanists on
account of its untwisted ovary, a rare occurrence
in the order. It grows about 9" high, and bears
green flowers.

TROCHETIA.

Evergreen trees or shrubs (ord. Sterculiacese),
seldom cultivated. Propagation, by cuttings, in
heat. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

blackbumiana, 10', My.,
grh., wh., edged ro.

Erythroxvlon (now Mel-
hauia Erythroxylou).

TROCHOCARPA.

A small genus (ord. Epacridese), composed of
stiff growing bushes and small trees of no horti-
cultural value.

TROCHODENDRON.

Aralioides (ord. Magnoliacea;) is the only species
of tliis genus. It is an evergreen shrub, hardy in
the south of England, grows 12' to Iti' or more in
height, and bears terminal racemes of green flowers
in spring. The bark is aromatic. It is by no
means common. Sandy soil with a little peat
suits.

n-oc/iostiyma (see Actinidia).

Trollius

( 408

Truffles

TROLLIUS. (GLOBE FLOWER.)

Erect, hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Ran-
unculaceae) of much value for borders, for moist,
shady positions, and for the bog garden. Propaga-
tion, by autumnal division and by seeds, which are
slow in germinating;. Soil, moist, heavy loam,
enriched with manure.

Principal Species and Varieties : -
asiaticus, !•}', My., dark napellif olius, and

yel.; stems one-flowered; Orange Globe are vars.

aurantiacus and For- Flore pleno is double.

tunei are vars. Newry Giant is very

europiEUS, 2', Je.; pale large. Boits, Common

yel.; Albidus, dauricus, Globe Flower, Golden

denyanus, giganteus, Ball, etc.

Other Species : —
acaul is, dwarf, Jy., golden dsclmugaricus, sum., yel.,

yel. reddish outside,

altaicus, \\' , or., yel. japonicus, sum., yel. ;

americauus, 1', My., ttore pleno is a double

greenish yel. to wh. var.

(.«/». laxus). . Ledebourii, 2', My., yel.

caucasieus, sum., yel.

TROP^EOLUM. (GOLDEN NASTURTIUM,
INDIAN CRESS, and YELLOW LARKSPUR.)

Hardy, half-hardy, and greenhouse annual and
perennial climbing herbs (ord. Geraniacese), which
are great favourites in gardens. Propagation, the
annuals by seeds in heat in March or In the open
in May ; the perennials by seeds and by cuttings.
Speciosum by division of the creeping rhizomes.
Soil, light, sandy loam. They must always be
given abundance of light, particularly the green-
house species. The tuberous rooted species should
be dried off during the autumn and stored in a
frost-proof position during winter.

Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —
aduncum, hdy. ann. or see below. Great

grh. per., Je., yel., Indian Cress or Jtas-

f ringed (syns. canarieuse turtium.

of gardens and peregri- minus, Je., hdy. ann.,

uum). Canary Bird deep yel. or red ; for

Flower, and Canary vars. sec below. Small

Creeper. Indian Cress,

azureura, Oct., grh., peregrmum (nee adun-

a/ure bl. , grn., wh. cum).

claw. polyphyllum, prostrate,

— grandiflorum, larger. Je., hdy.' per., yel. ;

— of Hooker (see violte- likes a dry, sunny spot
florum). and no disturbance.

canariense (sec aduncum). Yellow Rock Indian

Jarrattii, Je., grh., calyx Cress.

or. sc., petals yellowish speciosum, Je., hdy., sc.

br. Does well in Scotland,

Leichtlini, trailing, My., but not, as a rule,

or. yel., red spots, use- in the south. Flame

fill for rockery ; hybrid Flowered Nasturtium.

(polyphyllum X edule). tricolorum, Je., hlf-hdy.,

lobbianum, Nov., grh., calyx or. sc., petals or.;

or.; var. fimbriatum regeliaiium and

has fringed petals. Schultzii are vars.

majus, Je., hdy. ann., or., tuherosum, Sep., hlf-hdy.,

reddish br. ; for- vars. yellowish red ; roots
edible.

Other Species and Varieties : —

chrysanthum, sum., grh., Sinithii (correctly adun-

golden yel. cum var.).

eclule, sum., hlf-hdy., or. umbellatum, Je., grh., or.

grn. red.

pontaphyllum, My., grh. violaeflorum, Oct., grh.,

or hlf-hdy., calyx (lull bl., claws wh., root

pur., petals vermilion, tuberous (ftyn. azureum

root tuberous («;/». of Jlotanical Magazine

Chymocarpus peuta- 398.5).

phyllus).

Selection of Garden Varieties : -

Dirarf ;—

atropurpureum nanum, grandiflorum plenissi-

pur. (xtni- Tom Thumb). mum, dull yel., maroon

atrosanguiueum, blood marks.

red. King of Tom Thumbs, sc.

Aurora, ro., fawn, or red. King Theodore, very dark

cseruleum roseum, ro., sc.

tinted hi. Ladybird, yel., veins

Chameleou.primrose.crim. crim .

marks. Liliput, various, good for

Cloth of Gold, Ivs. yel. bedding.

Crystal Palace Gem, sul- Pearl, wh.

phur, maroon spots. Scarlet King, so., good for

Empress of India, bright beds.

crim. Terra cotta, buff, copper.

Tall :—

Asa Gray, creamy yel. Crystal Palace Scarlet,

Brilliant, bright sc., crim. very showy.

centre. Firefly, deep or., blood

canliuale, sc., small. red.

Sunlight, yel. (see p. 409).

TROWELS.

Useful tools for transferring plants from pots to
beds, and for transplanting small plants generally.
They have a great advantage over the ordinary
dibber, as by their aid the roots may be spread
out to the best effect, and the holes may be made
as large as required.

"TROXIMON.

Dwarf, hardy annual or perennial herbs (ord.
Composite). Propagation, by seeds ; the peren-
nials by division. Soil, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Variety :—
glaucum, 1', My., per., ucre, woolly when

bright yel. young (xt/». Ammoge-

- dasycephalum, invol- turn scorzoneriEfoliura).

TRUFFLES.

These esteemed esculents are Fungi (ord. Tuber-
acese) usually living below the surface of the
soil, with no external signs to mark their presence
beyond their peculiar smell. Truffle hunters
employ specially trained dogs, and occasionally
the services of pigs are enlisted, the keen sense of
smell possessed by these animals pointing out the
place where the Truffles lie concealed. Tuber
Eestivum is the species usually to be seen in the
markets ; it is generally to be found growing in
the shade of Beech trees, but occasionally under
Chestnuts, Birches, Hazels, and Oaks. Macro-
sporium and brumale are to be gathered under
Oaks. The large White Truffle, Choiromyces albus,
is occasionally in the market, but it is not so good
as Tuber sestivum.

In Britain the Truffles obtained are the natural
product of the soil, a chalky medium being usually
preferred. It has been noticed that plantations of
Beech trees on Salisbury Plain are commonly pro-
ductive of Truffles. In France areas of chalky
soils are enclosed, and sown with Acorns ; Truffles
make their appearance, and after about twelve
years the plantation becomes profitable, and con-
tinues to be more or less so for upwards of twenty
years. On the whole, however, the cultivation of

Tromsdorffia (of lilmnc, see C/nrita).
Tromsdorffia (of R. Brawn, see Dif-hrotrichum).
Trot tiff (tit/mphytmn agprrrimum).
Triif Lore (Paris qwidrifolia).
Trumpet florver (see Jiifinonia).
Trumpet Weed (Eupatorium jntrpureiim).

Trymalium

( 409 )

Tryphaena

Trui'ili's is rather precarious, and attempts to infect
the soil by watering with washings from sliced
Truffles have so far proved unsatisfactory.

TRYMALIUM.

An obscure genus of greenhouse shrubs (ord.
RhamneEc). Billardieri, a tall shrub with hoary

spread of the front wings from !J"-to2J". The
larvae are placed with the Surface Caterpillars.
Pronuba, the Common Yellow Underwing, is very
frequently met with. The wings of the perfect
insects are rather large, bright yellow in hue, with
a narrow black marginal band. The larvse do a
good deal of damage to the roots of Lettuces

Photo : Caseell & Contpany, Ltd.

THOFJKOLVM SCNLIOHT (see p. 408)i

foliage, the only species worth mention, is in-
•creased by cuttings in sandy soil, in a close frame,
or under a bell-glass. Soil, sandy loam and leaf
mould in equal prirts.

TRYPH/ENA.

These night moths, which are closely related to
Noctua .and Agrotis, are popularly known as Yellow
•Underwings. The six British species vary in

and Cabbages, and when full fed pupate in the
soil.

Tnnthina, the Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow
I'nderwing. is a rather smaller insect. Its larvse
attack the roots of Primroses and several other
common garden plants. Interjecta is, as the
popular name of Least Yellow I'nderwing denotes,
the smallest of the three ; its grubs do not troubla
the gardener much, since they subsist on the

Tsuga

( 410 )

Tulbaghia

roots of weeds. The caterpillars of fimbria feed
upon the young leaves of Willows and Birches
after living upon the older leaves in the autumn
and passing the winter in a quiescent state.
Orbona and subsequa are also common species.
The same remedies as are set forth under the
heading NOCTUJE may be resorted to.

TSUGA.

Hardy evergreen Conifers (ord. Conifera), with
comparatively slender and often pendulous
branches, spirally scattered, very narrow leaves,
and nearly round or oval cones. A number of the
species and varieties are of elegant habit and
appearance, and they are favourites with the lover
of hardy trees. (For cultural details, see PINUS.)
The timber of the Hemlock Spruce (canadensis),
although elastic, is coarse and loosely built. It is,
therefore, not in great demand. The bark of this
species is used by tanners, and in Canada it is
employed medicinally.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — The synonymy is that of the Jioe

derer Ivs. and red hark
(sy/t*. Abies albertiana,
merteusiana, and pat-
touiana of McNab, not
of Parl., Pinus cana-
densis of Bong, and P.
mertensiana).

pattoniana, 101)' to 150',
Ivs. light grn., cones
narrowly oblong, 2" to
3" long, habit pyra-
midal (syns.- Abies
Williamsonii, and Hes-
peropeuke and Piuus
pattoniana). Califor-
niaii Hemlock Spruce.

— glauca, branches more
pendulous, foliage
glaucous.

Sieboldii, 80' to 100', Ivs.
solitary, cones 1" long,
elliptic (synsi Abies
Araragi and Tsuga,
Pinus Araragi and
Tsuga, and Tsuga
Tsuga). There is a
dwarf var., uiina.

canadeusis («yn. Abies

caroliniana).
Douglasii (see Pseudo-

tsuga Douglasii) .
lindleyana (x?c Pseudo-

tsuga Douglasii).
Eoexlii, 50' to GO', cones

2" long, habit like that

of Cedrus Deodara*

cinadeiisis, 60' to 80', Ivs.
solitary, flat, cones oval,
pendulous (si/im. Abies
americana, canadensis,
and curvifolia, Picea
canadensis, and Piuus
americaua and caua-
densis). Hemlock
Spruce. Many vars.,
including: —

— albo-spica, young Ivs.
tipped wh.

- gracilis, branches
slander, drooping.

— niilfordensis, dwarf,
brauchlets drooping,
slender.

— liana, 3', dwarf, Ivs.
tufted.

— argentea, parvifolia,
and pendula are at Kew.
hookeriana, Ivs. spiny,

pointed, closely set,
cones cylindrical ovoid,
mertensiana, 100' to 150',
close to caiiadensis,
but has shorter, slen-

Other Species :-—
bruuom'aua, 70' to 80',
Ivs. solitary, cones 1"
long, solitary, sessile
(xyns. Abies duraosa and
Pinus brunoniana and
dumosa) .

caroliniana, 50' to 60',
Ivs. larger and darker
in hue than those of

TUBEROSE.

The Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa, see also
POLIANTHES) is really a half-hardy, tuberous
subject, with its natural flowering season in
autumn. The double varieties have, however,
proved so remarkably amenable to forcing that the
plants are generally treated as stove subjects, and
the fragrant flowers are in great demand for
buttonhole and bouquet work during the greater
part of the year, and, given a good batch of " bulbs "
(correctly tubers), it is not difficult to supply the

Tuber (see Trujtte).

demand. There are several varieties, including
Double African, Double American, Double Italian,
and The Pearl. Of these The Pearl is the most
generally useful, and it is easy to grow, a free
bloomer, and dwarfer in stature than the others.
For good bulbs a 5" pot is the best size, one
bulb in each. The soil must be good — two parts
of fibrous loam, one part of dried cow manure
rubbed through a sieve, and sand. The drainage
should be free, and the potting firm.

It is the usual plan to pot the whole of the
tubers as soon as they are received in autumn, and
consign them to a cold frame to make roots
gradually. Little water is wanted at this stage;
in. fact, if the compost is moist to begin with, and
the batch is in a north frame or pit, no heavy
waterings will be required until the tubers begin
to show signs of growth. An occasional sprinkling
with the syringe is helpful. As flowers are
required, batches of the plants which have started
may be introduced to heat, and then liberal
supplies of water become necessary. Plenty oE
heat, a liberal use of the syringe to keep down red
spider and thrips, and liquid manure when the
spikes are showing, are other items of culture.
After the crop of flowers lias been gathered the
tubers may be sent to the rubbish heap ; they
are of little further use, although, if planted out
in the open border, they now and again throw
useful blooms in subsequent seasons.

A constant succession can be maintained by (a)
having a good many tubers and (4) retarding them
in a north frame until they are wanted.

TUBS.

Where large shrubs and small trees have to be
grown in a portable condition for the furnishing of
greenhouse or conservatory, wooden tubs are far
more suitable to contain their roots than pots.
Not only can the tubs be made of any size required,
but they are less likely to be broken during
shifting. If well made they will last for years,
and it will be found false economy to attempt to
save by using flimsy material in their construction.
Holes must in all cases be bored in the bottom so
as to let the drainage water escape readily. The
outside may be painted three coats with any
colour desired, but the inside should be left bare.
If the tubs are over 2' square the corners should
always be strengthened with stout iron braces ;
these will add to the life of the receptacle by at
least 50 per cent.

Plants growing in tubs should not need such
frequent shifting as those in pots. Much may be
done to keep them in health by top-dressings of
rich soil occasionally, provided that thorough
drainage is given in the first place.

The rustic tubs used for the ornamentation of
the flower garden will be dealt with under VASES,
which Ki'e.

TULBAGHIA.

Greenhouse or half-hardy perennial herbs (iinl.
Liliacea;). The flowers are useless for cutting,
owing to the strong, Garlic-like odour possessed by
theiiij though their . free-flowering propensities
make them worth cultivating. Propagation, by
seeds and division. Soil, light, sandy loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
alliacea, 15", Je., grn., 2-t", pur. (ityn. Ir.'cl-

pur., red. wigiana).

— affinis, stronger grower natalensis, 12", My., wh.
(.».'/». affinis). violacea, 18", Je., pur.

— ludwigiami, 18" to vio.

Tulipa

( 411 )

Tulipa

TULIPA. (TULIP.)

Description. — A genus of upwards of eighty
species of hardy bulbous plants (iird. Liliacere),
long prized in the garden, and of high value under
glass or for cut flowers. The florists' varieties
raise. 1 from gesneriana gave rise to the historic
Tulip mania of the seventeenth century, and these
flowers have long been largely grown in this
country. The highest types of these are known
as English Tulips, and they are of much beauty
when well grown. The early-flowering Tulips are
still more popular for beds, and also for growing in
pots, for which their adaptability to forcing
renders them very useful. The old Cottage
Garden Tulips, generally blooming with the
English varieties, "are again coming into favour ;
while the quaint-looking Parrot Tulips are useful
for hanging baskets and for the garden. The
various species are also largely cultivated by hardy
plantsmen, and comprise many charming flowers
not generally known. Variegated-leaved Tulips
are little grown in Britain, though pretty for pots
or bedding.

Propagation. — By offsets, removed when the
plants are at, rest, or by seeds — a slow process—
sown in a cold frame in boxes of light soil about
the beginning of February.

Soil. — Loam inclined to sandiness in the open ;
in pots, about one part of thoroughly well-rotted
cow manure to two of good loam, with a little
sand.

Other Cultural Points.— From the beginning of
October to the end of November is the most suitable
time for planting in the open. In heavy soil they
may be planted 3" to 4" deep, and in light soil 5".
For bedding or in borders 4" to 0" is a good
distance to place them apart. It is seldom neces-
sary to cover ordinary Tulips when grown in the
open, but it is sometimes advisable to protect with
loose litter if they pierce through the soil early.
For the English Tulips, we the directions on
p. 412.

In Pots and Forced.— The early Tulips are the
best for this, planting from three to live bulbs in a
5" pot, plunging the pots outside until root growth
is made, when they are brought in as required and
forced gently. For cut flowers and for jardinettes
they may be grown in boxes, and cut, or lifted and
placed in the jardinettes, as required.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

r.ustralis, 14;', Ap., yel., kaufmanuiana, 6", spr..

flushed red (xi/i/.t. brey- wh., yel., red, variable,

niana and celsiana). macrospeila, 2', My.,

bilhetiana, 2', My., yel. ; crim., blk. blotch.

several vara. ' Ooulus-solis, U', Ap.,reel,

cluaiana, 8", Je., wh., lilk. blotches, yel. bor-

red, base blk. dered.

— alba, wh., pur. outside. patens, 6" to 12", My.,

gesneriaua, 2 to 3', My., yel. («/«. persica).

red ; the parent of the persica (nee patens).

florists' Tulips. suaveolens, 6", Mch., red,

Greigi, 9", Ap., red, yd.. yel.

variable, good forms sylvestris, 1' to 2', Ap.,

being aestuans, auren, My., yel.

carmiuea, impeiialis,

picta, and Victorije.

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : —
ueuiiiiniita, 1', Ap., red altaica, 6" to 9", Ap.,

•ii". oornuta). Turkish y<''- "r red.

Tulip, Uiitnliiiii, 8", Ap. , lemon

lberti, 2',

Alb

br.

, Ap., sc., yel., yel.

biebersteiniana, 1', Ap., o=trowskiaiia, li', spr.,

vel. red.

bittora, 6", Ap., wh., eye platystigma, 1' to U',

yel. My., ro. , lil. ; probable

buaotica, 1 ' , yel. , red, blk. parent of Parrot Tulip.

Borszczowi, 1', yel., blk. polychroma, dwarf, near

chrysaiitha, 4", yel. celsiana.

ciliatula, U", Ap., crim. praecox, 2', Ap., red,

conciuua, 9", Ap., crim. blotches blk,

cornuta (see acumiuata). primuliiia, 6", spr., yel.,

cuspidata, 6", Ap., sc. red.

(.«/«. Elwesii). pulchella, 6", spr., car.,

dainmauuiana, 1' to U', crim.

Ap., pur. retroflexa, 1', My., yel.,

Didieri, 2', My.,red,blotch petals reflexed.

blk. (fijit. f ransom- saxatilis, 1', Ap., mauve,

ana). pur.

— alba, wh. scabriscapa, Ap., My.,
edulis, 4" to 9", My., yel. variable.

Eichleri, 10', Ap., My., Schreucki, 2' to 3', My.,

crim., blotch blk. Je., pur. or yel.

elegans, 1', My., red, eye Siiitenisii, dwarf, pale

yel. red, sc.

— alba, wh. spathulata, 2' to 3', My.,
flava, 1', Je., yel., seg- Je., red, base blk.

meuts banded grn. Spreugeri, 9" to 12", Je.,

fragraus, 6" to 12", Ap., sc., very late.

yel. stellata, 1', Je., wh.,

gnsebachiana (see or- flushed red.

pham'dea var.). — lutea, yel.

Hageri, 1', Ap., red. strangulata, !+/, Ap.,yel.,

iliensis, _!', spr., lemon flushed ro.

yel. sultan abadensis, sc.,

Kesselriugii, 1', Ap., yel. blotch blk., near un-

kolpakowskiaua, 2 , Ap., dulatifolia.

sc. or yel. thirkeana, 1', Ap..yel.,br.

lanata, 8" to 15", pur. triphylla, 6" to 9", Muh.,

Leichtlini, 1', pk. , wh. lemou yel.

Levieri, sc., blotch blk. ; — Hoeltzeri, yel., pur.

near, if not a var. of, turcica of Kunth (see

montana. acuminata var.).

hbanotica, 6", pur. turkestanica, C", Ap.,

linifoha, 6", Ap., sc. wh., grn.

Lownei, 4" to 6", lil., uudulatifolia, 6" to 9",

yel. My., crim. red, blotch

maculata, K', My., bright blk.

red. uuiflora, Ap., yel., grn.

maleolens, 1]', Ap., red, violacea, 6", spr., mauve

odour slightly un- red.

pleasant. viridiflora, 1', Je., yel.,

Maximowiczii, 6", Ap., grn.

sc., pur. — tardiva, greener, later,

moiitana, 6", Je., red. vitelliua, 1 to 2', My.,

Orphanidea, 1^', My., yel. pale yel. A hybrid.

Selection of Early-flowering Tulips : —

[NoTB. — These selections are necessarily limited,
and reference to the dealers' catalogues is advised
in addition.]

Uoublei : —

Blanche Rosette, wh., ro.
Bride of Lammcrmoor,

wh., ro.

Cramoisie Superbe, sc.
Emperor William, fc.,

edged yel.

Imperator Kubrorum, sc.
La Candour, wh.
Leo XIII., sc., yel.
L'Imiocence, wh.
Miiriage de MaFilli1, \vh..

striped crim. ; late.

Artus, sc.

Bride of Haarlem, sc.,

feathered wh.
Chrysolora, yel.
I 'ullage Maul, ro., wh.
Crimson King, crim., sc.

Miunie Hank. car. ro.
Overwinaar, wh., crim.,

vio. ; late,
rosea perfecta, ro.,

streaked wh.
Rose Blanche, wh.
Kalvator Rosa, rf .
The Moor, maroon, crim.
Vuurbaak, or., sc.
Yellow Rose, very sweet.

Due Van Thol. iu var.

Franz Hals, wli.

•Ti.ost van Vouclel, crim.,

wh.
Keizer's Krooii, so.,

yel.

Tulipa

(412 )

Turf

Lac Van Rhyn, cherry,

\vh. edge.
Ophir d'Or, yel.
Pottebakker, yel.,sc., and

wh.
Prince of Austria, brick

red.

Late-flowering Cottage Tulips: —

Scarlet Beauty, sc.
Vermilion Brilliant, sc.
White Swan, wh.
Wouverman, claret pur.
Yellow Prince, yel.

Annie, yel.
Bridesmaid, ro., wh.
Buenaventura, sc., gold.
Dainty Maid, wh., fll.
Faerie Queen, heliotrope,

yel.
Gala Beauty, vermilion,

yel.

Golden Beauty, deep yel.
Golden Crown, y el. ,

edged crim.

Parrot Tulips: —
Ainiral de Constantinople,
• sc., or.
Coffee Colour, yel., red

br., crim.
Crimson Beauty, deep

crim.. blk.

Golden Eagle, yel.
ixioides, yel., base blk.
La Panachee, wh., crim.
Othello, crim., centre

dark.

Picotee, wh., edged ro.
Snowdon, wh., margin lil.
The Moor, deep crim.
York and Lancaster, wh.,

pk.
Zoinerschoou, salmon, ro.,

wh.

Large Yellow, yel., crim.,

grn.
Markgraaf Van Baden,

yel., sc.
perfecta, yel., sc.

FLAMED.

FEATHERED.

Dr. Dalton.

Commander.

Dr. Hardy.

Dr. Dalton.

Excelsior.

Garibaldi.

Masterpiece.
Polyphemus.
Sir Joseph Paxton

George Hayward.
Sir Joseph Paxton.
Target.

Byblaemens : —

FLAMED.

FEATHBRED.

Adonis.

Alice Grey.

Attraction.

Bessie.

David Jackson.

David Jackson.

Friar Tuck.

Nulli Secundus.

John Peacock.

Talisman.

Talisman.

Wm. Bentley.

Rose* : —

FL4MED.

FEATHERED.

Annie McGregor.

Annie McGregor.

Lady Sefton.

Heroine.

Mabel.

Industry.

Mrs. Barlow.

Lady Wilton.

Sarah Headley.

Modesty.

Triomphe Royal.

Nanny Gibson.

Breeders : —

lii:n.rrei : —

Ariosto.

Excelsior. Sam Barlow

Dr. Hardy.

Goldfinder. Sir J. Paxto

Jlyblixmcns : —

Alice Grey. David Jackson. Martin's 11 7.

Ashmole's 114. Glory of Stakehill. Talisman.

Roses :—

Annie McGregor. Kate Connor. Mabel.
Constance. Lady Grosvenor. Mrs. Barlow.

Kose Hill.

Darwin Tulips : —

These are Breeder Tulips of a different strain,
with dark purple bases, less perfect in colour or
form, but brighter in the garden.
Dorothy, heliotrope, wh. Mrs. Krelage. ro., blush.

Florists' Late-flowering or English Tulips.—
Cultivation. — These can be grown in good loam,
planted 4" deep and 4" to 6" apart at the end of
October or beginning of November. Shading from
strong sun when in flower will prolong the blooms.

Classification. — There are three classes — (1)
Bizarres, (2) Byblcemens, and (3) Roses, each sub-
divided into flamed and feathered. The Bizarres
have a yellow ground flamed or feathered witli
shades of red, brown, and almost black. The
Byblcemens and Roses have pure white grounds,
the former being flamed or feathered with shades
of purple, and the latter with scarlet or rose
shades. In addition to these are the " Breeder "
or self-coloured Tulips, the stage before " break-
ing " into the flames or featherings. These, like
the others, ought to have a stainless base. The
shape should be circular. The varieties named in
the selections are not all in ordinary commerce.

Selection : —

Bizarres : —

Early Dawn, vio., bluwh.

Fanny, pale ro., blush,
wh.

Glow, vermilion, wh.

Leonardo da Vinci, ma-
roon.

Loveliness, ro., blush.

Pride of Haarlem, ro. , sc.
Sir Joseph Hooker, sc.
The Sultan, maroon, blk.
Van Poortlivet, salmon,

ro.
Virginia, rosy pur., grey,

wh.

TUNICA.

Hardy annual and perennial herbs (ord. Caryo-
phyllese). Propagation, by seeds. Soil, light,
sandy loam. Saxifraga, July, perennial, white, one
of the two cultivated species, will grow on walls,
banks, and in the rockery.

TUPIDANTHUS.

Calyptratus, the only species (nrd. Araliacea?), is
a tall, greenhouse climber of little garden value.
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, light loam.

TUPISTRA (.«//«. PLATYMETRA).

Stove perennial herbs (i>rd. Liliaceje), closely
resembling Aspidistras. Propagation, by division.
Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

macrostigma, Dec., dark nutans, Mch., vio., lurid
pur. Mallet Flower. pur.

TURF.

A name commonly applied to the close green
sward of a lawn, synonymous with " grass " used
collectively.

Laying turf is the alternative operation to
sowing seed when a lawn is required. Where good
turf, free from coarse Grasses, weeds, and moss, is
obtainable, a lawn thus made comes into condition
sooner than one from seed. If such material can-
not be obtained seed may be sown. The sods may
be cut to any size that is most convenient ; usually
3' long by 1' wide is the size favoured. In cutting
turf choose that from good pasture land where
sheep have been feeding, for such grass is sure to
be well nourished ; mark out the size of the sods,
and roll them up as they are cut. (See also TURF
TOOLS.)

Probably the best time in the year for laying
turf is early spring. If laid then it is in time for the
warm spring rains, and is enabled to establish itself
before the drought of summer comes. Still, turf
can be laid in autumn, and all through the winter
if mild weather holds, not in frosty spells. Turf

Tulip, African (nee lltrmantlius).
Tulip-bearing Myrtle (Daririnia macroster/ia).
Tulip, liutterfy (nee (Jaloe/iortns lilacinm).
Tulip, Droojring (see Fritillaria Meleayris).
Tulip, Golden tit ar (see Ctiloclwrtus p'ttlcJicllu^.
Tulip Tree (see Liricidendron) .
Tulip Tree, Laurel-leaved (see Magnolia).
Tiillia (see Pycnant/iemmn').
Inpa (Lobelia, Tvpa).

Turf Tools

( 413 )

Turnip

should not be cut until it is wanted, and then the
sooner it is laid down the better.

The site should be first Corked over, levelled, the
surface soil broken up line, the stones raked off,
and then it should be trodden until it is firm. If
the suds have been neatly cut they will fit close
together, but it is a> well to work in a little fine
soil with a broom, and follow up with a heavy
beating with the turf beater. Where bare places
have to be made good in paths or corners of lawns
the old turf may be cut out and new let in, the
preparations to be the same as before. For
particulars as to nourishing turf, tee LAWNS.

TURF TOOLS.

Of the edged tools needed, the edging iron is the
most important. It has a half-moon shaped blade
in line with a stout ash handle about 3£' long.
It is used for cutting the sods required for laying
down, and also for trimming the edges of lawn.s
and grass paths where they are trodden down and
irregular. Where a straight run only is needed,
the guiding line may be drawn quite tightly and the
work will be easy. For cutting round curves it is
the best practical plan to lay the line loosely down,
and, having the iron very sharp, cut round the
curve the line describes. It is far more trouble
and less efficacious to put in pegs and stretch
the line round them.

The turfing iron is a modification of the edging
iron, and is used for lifting the sods after they
have been marked out. The blade is heart shaped
and thin. A spade will answer, but not nearly
so well. While one man is cutting underneath
another should be rolling up the turf as it is cut.

The turf beater may be made of a heavy block of
wood with a flat surface, a stout handle being
inserted at an angle that enables the operator to
lift the block up to his shoulder, or nearly so, and
hit the turf with the flat surface. {See also
LAWNS.)

TURNERA.

A rather large genus (ord. Turneracese) of stove
herbs, sub-shrubs, and shrubs with yellow flowers.
The plants are, as a rule, rather weedy in appear-
ance, but several of them make handsome
specimens in spite of this defect. Propagation, by
seeds and by cuttings, in sandy soil, in bottom heat,
for the shrubs. The soil should be light and rich,
the drainage free, and potting fairly firm.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

ulmifolia, 2' to 4', Je., to
Si']>., per. herb, Ivs. wli.
beneath. West Indian
Holly, Sage Rose.

— iingiistifolia, Ivs. nnr-

— cuneiformis, 1' to 3',
yel., bm.

— elegans, 1' to 2', yel.,
bm.; in bloom almost
constantly.

TURNIP.

Although not an indispensable vegetable, the
Turnip (Brassica Kapa) is highly esteemed in many
quarters. Its culture is for the most part easy,
although a combination of a dry season and an
attack of Turnip Fly is difficult to (leal with. The
principal point to aim at is to provide a continuous
succession, and this often needs much care and
forethought, as summer Turnips soon become
strong, stringy, and uneatable. The best roots are
produced upon a rather sandy loam, but passable

see Crassula}.

ones can be taken from almost any soil, provided
it is not deficient in lime. This is the Turnip's
greatest need, and it possesses it in common with
most Cruciferous plants. Superphosphate, bone
meal, and old mortar rubbish are all valuable
additions to the soil. Gas lime, in addition to
providing lime, is also about the greatest deterrent
to the troublesome Club disease.

Summer Turnips. — A very early crop may be
obtained by sowing broadcast, under glass in
January, upon a bed specially m;ule up, in the same
way as advised for Radishes. The earliest outdoor
sowing may be made on a warm south border about
the end of February. The frequency of the March,
April, and May sowings will depend on the demand
for the roots. An east or a north border should be
chosen for the May sowings, for, if the position is
hot and dry, the plants will " bolt " instead of
bulbing. The seeds should be sown in rows about
1' apart. Broadcasting is practised, but it is less
reliable. A method followed with success in some
quarters, is to draw drills 3" or 4" deep and of the
same width, and nearly fill them with rotten cow
dung or a mixture of fine soil and wood ashes, or
soil and guano. These stimulants are covered
thinly by a little of the ordinary soil, and the seed
is sown on the top. A very quick growth is the
result, and the plants are rushed past the stage at
which the Turnip fly or beetle is most troublesome.
Thinning, hoeing, and watering are routine items.

Winter Turnips. — The beginning of July is a
good time to sow for the winter crop, and satis-
factory results have been obtained from seed sown
at any time between that date and the middle of
September. The chief difficulty in a droughty
season is to get the seed to germinate. Several
sowings are sometimes necessary before a crop is
assured. Much may be done by forking the ground
over several times before sowing, and breaking it
up finely, thus leaving a dust mulching upon the
surface. Turnips may be broadcasted after
Potatoes. If the latter are late a few " greens "
only may 'be obtained, but they are better than
allowing the land to lie idle.

A Selection of Varieties :—

POT Summer : —

Early Red Milan. Early White Milan.

Early Six-weeks. Jersev Lilv.

Early Snowball. Red Glulii-.

}\>r Winter : —
Clu'rk Castle Black Stone. Golden Ball.

Pests and Diseases • —

Fungi. — The worst of these is undoubtedly the
Club (Plasmodiophora Brassicse) which has already
been described under CABBAGE, CLUB ROOT.
O'idium Balsamii has sometimes to be reckoned
with (see OIDIUM). Peronospora parasitica is
another Mildew; it has been dealt with under
PEROXOSPOUA. Cystopus candicans is closely
related to it, and may be subjugated in the same
way.

Insert*.— The Turnip Flea, Fly, or Beetle (Haltica,
or Phyllotreta, nemorum) is the worst. The beetles
feed upon the tender leaves of, the young plants,
and frequently work considerable havoc. They
are black, very small, and very lively. The female
beetles lay a few white eggs, which soon hatch,
are full fed in about a week, and pupate in the soil.
Both larvfe and beetles feed upon the leaves, which
not infrequently are almost skeletoniM'd as the
result. There are several broods in a season. The

Turpinia

( 414 )

Tylophora

chief methods of combating the beetles may be
summed up as follows : —

(1) Clear off all Cruciferous weeds and burn all
rubbish as soon as possible.

(2) Dig deeply in winter to bury the pup:e.

(3) Sow in drills instead of broadcast.

(4) Water overhead.

(5) Or dust with soot or lime.

The method of sowing in drills with manure in
the bottom assists in pushing the plants past I he
stage at which an attack is to be feared. Thick
sowing has been advised, but it is not a good plan
to follow.

Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis is the cause of the galls
so frequently seen upon the roots. The insect is
small and black, and the galls are fleshy. Examin-
ation will reveal a small maggot in the cavity of
each gall. Remedies : Cut off and burn the galls,
and dress with gas lime some weeks before cropping.
C. assimilis is grey instead of black, and feeds .upon
the flowers and young roots instead of the leaves.
Remedies as for sulcicollis.

TURPINIA (syns. DALRYMPLEA, EYREA,
LACEPEDEA, OCHHANTHE, and TRICERAIA).

Stove and greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.
Sapindacea?) with white flowers in panicles. Prop-
agation, by cuttings of ripe shoots in sand in a
close case in beat. Soil, peat and loam in equal
parts with sand. For Turpinia of Persoon sec

POIRETIA.

Principal Species : —

arguta,3' to 4', Mch., grh.

shr. (111/11. Ochranthe

arguta).
insignis, 20', My., st. ,

fragrant (si/ii. Lace-

pedea insignis).
occidentalis, 20' to 30',

rigida (now Quivisia chilo-
sautha)

with vio. steins and
petioles

My., at. tree, fruits dark
bl. Cassava Wood,
pomifera, 18' to -25', My.,
st., fruits red, pur. , yel. ,
or grn. (syn. nepalen-
sis).

Other Species : —

seini - clausa, sum., st.,
calyx red, corolla yel.
There are several vars.,

TUSSILAGO. (Coi/r's-Foox.)

As now composed the genus has only one species
(ord. Composite), and it has a reputation not
altogether enviable. The wild Colt's-t'oot, Farfara,
is a pretty plant when it is starring railway
embankments and stretches of waste land with its
yellow flowers early in the spring, but it is a
troublesome weed in gardens, especially where the
soil is heavy and inclined to be at all_ damp.
Weed as it is, the plant has economic value, for the
leaves, made into cigars, are given to asthmatic
patients to smoke. The variegated form may be
readily multiplied by dividing the rhizomes in
autumn. Almost any soil will do for it, provided
it be not very dry.

Only Species and its Variety : —
Farfara, 4" to 10", Mch., slmpeil/blotched creamy

Ap., hdy. per. wh. Becomes a weed

— variegata, Ivs. heart if once established.

TYCHIUS.

Peas are sometimes plagued — not so frequently
in Britain as elsewhere — by a lively little weevil,
Tychius quinque-maculatus, whose lame feed upon
the seeds of the Peas inside the pod. When they
are full fed they drop to the ground, pupate in the
soil, and hatch into beetles in the autumn. The
beetles, which are black, lined and spotted while
above, and black below, pass the winter in the
ground, the females getting to work next spring
to lay eggs in the ovaries of the young flowers.
Xothing can be done with the pests inside the
pods, but dressing the ground in the autumn
with soot is helpful, as it tends to reduce the
number of the beetles.

TURR^EA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs (ord. Meliacese),
not often grown. Propagation, by cuttings of ripe
shoots, from which none of the leaves should be
taken, rooted in sand in heat. Soil, loam and peat
in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —

obtusifolia, 4' to (>', My., grh. shr., Ivs. wh., usually
three lobed.

Other Species : —
heterophylla, My., st.

shr., wh. (»yn. lobata

of Botanical Register

XXX., 4).

TUSSACIA.

A small genus of stove herbs (ord. Gesneracea?)
with creeping, branching rhizomes. The calyx is
large, often bright scarlet, and is one of the showy
features of the flower. Few of the species are in
cultivation, but those that are have proved not
difficult to grow if treated in the same way as the
Gesneras, which sec.

Principal Species : —

pulchella, 1', Jy., st., corolla yel., calyx red (mjn.
Besleria pulchella).

Turnsole (see lleliotropium).

Turpentine Moth (see Tortrix).

Turpentine Tree (1'ixtacia TerebintJiui, Abies, and

Pintis).
Turritis (see Arabis).

TYD./EA (see ISOLOMA).

TYLENCHUS.

A genus of Nematoid worms or Eelworms which
frequently work great damage to garden crops,
especially those with tender and fleshy roots. They
differ considerably from the true worms, and are
exceedingly small, hair-like creatures, white, and
not visible except by means of a rather powerful
magnifying glass. They have a mouth but no
head properly so called. Some of the species live
in the roots, others in the green parts of plants,
setting up galls. Of the most important species,
Tritici makes galls in the ovaries of Wheat, and
devastatrix attacks the stems and flowers of the
Hye, several other Grasses, and a number of other
garden plants. Further particulars and methods
of treatment have been given under NEMATOID
WORMS and EEI.WORMS.

TYLOPHORA.

Stove sub-shrubs or herbs, usually twiners (ord.
Asclepiadere), with small flowers and opposite
leaves. All those named below are twining sub-
shrubs, which may be grown in the same way as
the Hoyas ; they are of much less garden value,
however.

Tussaein (nf Klotzcli, see Catopsis).
Tutsan (see Ifyperiemn Androsiemiim) .
Tireedia (see Onr>ji>etalniii).
Tirin-flon-er (see jiraroa f/eminijfora).
Twisted tttalk (see Streptotna).
Tyle Hcrry (Jatrvji/ta miiltifida).

Typha

( 415 )

Ulmus

Principal Species : —

a-thinatii-a. .V, Xov., grn. barbata, 10', ,Ty., dull
(SIIH. ('ynanrhiim viri- pur.

diflorum of IManirul graudiflora, 10', Jy., pur.
Mui/,i:iiii' li)i(»). East
Indian Ipecacuanha).

TYPHA. (BuLLKusH, CAT'S TAIL, CLUB
Krsn, HEED MACE.)

Stove or liarcly, marsh loving plants (nrd.
Typhaceas), of which the hardy species are tlie
best known and the most valuable. They are
rleirant subjects for planting by the side of
orn:imcntal water, the long, gracefully arcliing
leaves giving the plant a distinguished appearance,
even when there are no flowers. If gathered early
in the autumn the flower spikes will last a long
time, and be useful for winter decorations. Seeds
and division of the rhizomes may both be relied
upon to work up a stock. If planted right in the
water it will not be advisable to have this more
than 1' deep.

Principal Species : —

an«£astit'olia, Jy., hdy.,
lir., spikus V' to |" in
diameter. The plant is
really a smaller edition
of latifolia. Small Bull-
rush. British.

tion, by seeds in spring, in light, well-drained soil ;
the double and Irish Furze by cuttings in autumn,
in a cold frame. Soil, light, deep loam.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

latifolia, 3' to 7', Jy.,
Aug., spikes fi" to 12"
long, Ivs. 3' to 6' long.
Cat o'Xine Tails, Marsh
Beetle. British.

hastate (*//«. Arum
flagelliforme).
divi'rsi folium huegelia-
uum, s. 4" to 7" long,

TYPHONIUM.

Tuberous perennial herbs (nrd. Aroidese") all
needing a stove temperature. The leaves vary from
sagittate (arrow-head shaped) to three or five lobed.
I'mpagation, by division of the tubers in early
spring, before growth begins. The divisions should
be started in a close pit. The soil must be light
and rich, and a few pieces of charcoal are an
improvement. After the plants have died down in
the autumn little moisture is needed until spring;
in this respect the Typhoniums are much like the
Caladiums.

Principal Species : —
[NOTE.— s. = spathe, sp. = spadix.]
Browuii, Ap.,8. pur., Ivs. rosy pur., sp. cylindri-

three lobed. cal, Ivs. halberd shaped

trilobntum, IV, s. grn., (xi/ns. orixRiise and

Arum orixense).

Other Species and Varieties : —

cuspidatum, 1', s. gni., grit., dark purplish br.,

sp. wh., Ivs. sagittate or sp. shorter than s., Ivs.

variable (SI/H. Hetero-
stalis huegeliana).
giganteum, pedatum, and
Koxburghii are in the
Kew collection.
TYTONIA.

The name of this genus of one species (nrd.
Geraniacese) is kept up here for cultural purposes.
The plant is a stove aquatic, very beautiful, easy to
grow, propagated by seeds sown in spring in heat,
and liking a rich, loamy soil.
Only Species : —

natans, Jy., Sep., st., red, wh., and yel. (correctly
Hydroci ra angustifolia).

ULEX. (FURZE.)

Hardy spinous evergreens (oril. Leguminossr).
In addition to its beauty when in flower, Furze lias
value as a fodder plant, and for fences. Propaga-

Vlctr (xt'f Apple Canker).

europa?us, 4' to G', spr.,
yet.

— flore pleno, sum., yul. ;
very beautiful. '

— nauus (see nauus).

— strictus, 4' to 6', sum.,
vel. Irish or Upright
Furze.

Galli. o', aut., yel.
nanus of gardens (not

Forster ; «r Geuibta

hispanica) .
11:11111-. (Forster), 3', aut ,

yel. (*yn. europaus

nanus).
parviHorus, 4', sum., yel.

(sv/«. provincialis).

ULLUCUS.

A hardy, tuberous-rooted plant (ord. Chenopodi-
acese) that is rarely seen in this country. Propa-
gation, by division. Any light garden soil.

Only Species :—

tuberosus, '2', Aug., yel. (_mjn. Basella tuberosa).

ULMUS. (THE ELM).

Valuable forest trees (nrd. Urticacese) that are
grown for the formation of avenues, occasionally
as single specimens, and commonly as park trees.
Their disadvantage lies in the trees sometimes cast-
ing several feet of their top growth in hot weather.
All the species produce small greenish or reddish
flowers in spring. Propagation, by budding,
suckers, and layers for campestris and its many
varieties, also by grafting upon montana. The
last-named is best increased by seeds sown as soon
as ripe, but may also be grown from suckers and
layers. Soil, deep, well-drained, sandy loam. Elms
growing well are commonly taken as indicating a
good soil for Apples and Pears.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alata, 30' to 50' , branches
winged (syn. pumila
of Walter ;_ nee />. 419).

americana, 50' to 100'
(.«y««. alba, floridana,
and mollifolia). White
Elm.

campestris, 50' to 120'
(fi/n». angustifolia. nr-
morosa, and nuda).
Common Elm.

— antarctica, Ivs. small.

antarctica auroa,
Ivs. bronzy yel.

- Berardi, small, Ivs.
ftiff, growth erect.

— betuliofolia, Ivs. Birch-
like.

gracilis, branches
slender.

latifolia, Ivs. very
broad.

latifolia variegata,
Ivs. broad, variegated.

- pendula nova, weep-
ing.

— suberosa. Cork-barked
Elm.

— variegata, creamy wh.

— viminalis, twiggy ; very
elegant.

- vimiualis variegata ;
makes a pretty speci-
men,
glabra, W to 80' (XI/HX.

carpinifolia, insequalis.
nitons, and suberosa
glabra). Wych Elm.

— coruubiensis, Ivs. small.
Cornish Elm.

— pendula, weeping,
montana. 60' to 120' (.«>/»«.

fulva of gardens, major,
and scabra). Scotch
Elm.

— atropurpurea. Ivs. dark.

— aurea, Ivs. yel.

— crispa, stunted growth,
Ivs. crisped (syns. adi-
antifolia, asplenifolia,
crispa, effusa crispa, and
urticiefolia).

— Doviri, erect, Ivs. yel.

— fastigiata, erect (xyns.
Dampieri, exoniensis,
Fordi, ohioensis, and
plumosa).

- fastigiata aurea. Ivs.
bright yel. (xyns. Dam-
pieri aurea and Wrede: )

— macrophylla, Ivs. large.

— nana, dwarf.

— pendula, weeping.

— pendula variegata,
Ivs. variegated.

— Pitteursii pendula.

- vegeta, very strong
grower ; a handsome
avenue tree. Hunting-
don Elm.

I' I Ian ]>nra«itii-n (Juantillna aiirawtiaca).
Ulmaria (see fipirrta ITlmaria).

Umbellularia

( 416 )

Urceocharis

Other Species :—

adiantifolia (nee inoutana major (nee moutana).

crispa). mollifolia (see americana).

alba (see americana). nemorosa (see campestris).

angustifolia (see campes- uiteus (see glabra).

tris). iiuda (see campestris).

asplenifolia (see moutana octaudra (see peduucu-

crispa). lata).

carpinifolia (see glabra). ohioeusis (see moutaua

cliineusis (see parvittora). fastigiata).

crispa (see moutaua var.). parviflora, 3' to 10' (syiis.

Dampien (see montana chinensis, pumila of

fastigiata). gardens, Microptelea

- aurea (see moutana parvifolia, and Plauera

fastigiata sub- var.). parvifolia).

eff usa (see moutaua crispa peduuculata, 30' to 60'

and pedunculata). (*!/"*• eft'usu, octaudra,

exoniensis (see moutana audracemosaof Borkh.)

fastigiata). plumosa (see moutsina

floridana (see americana) . fastigiata).

Fordi (see montaua fasti- pumila (see p. 417).

giata). scabra (see moutana) .

fulva of gardens (see raou- suberosa (see campestris

tana). var. and glabra).

fulva, 20' to 40' ($yn. urticrefolia (see monUiua

rubra). Bed Elm. crispa).

iiuttjuaLis (see glabra). Wredei (see moutaua
fastigiata aurea).

UMBELLULARIA.

Hardy evergreen trees (ord. Laurineae). Propa-
gation, by cuttings and layers in late summer.
Ordinary well-drained soil.

Principal Species : —

californica, »iO', Je., greenish yel. (syiis. Drirno-
phyllum pauciflorum, Oreodaplme californica, and
Tetranthera californica).

UMBER MOTHS.

This is the popular name bestowed upon two
species of Geometer or Looper Moths, of the genus
Hybernia. Defoliaria, the Mottled Umber, has a
brown body, with two rows of dark spots upon the
abdomen. The forewings are of some shade of
reddish brown, with dark cross bands and black
central spots. The larvse are cylindrical, have six
legs in front, and four prolegs or claspcrs behind,
are yellow and brown, and feed voraciously upon the
leaves of many trees in spring. The perfect insects
appear in autumn, and, as the females are wingless,
grease banding the trees is very helpful. Spraying,
as for the Winter Moth, is an effectual method of
dealing with the caterpillars, and, in cases of bad
attacks, the soil beneath the trees may be dressed
with gas lime in autumn. The gas lime must,
however, not be allowed to come into direct con-
tact with the roots while it is fresh.

Aurantiaria is called the Scarce Umber. The
insects and caterpillars are like those of the
Mottled Umber in both general appearance and
habits, and the same remedies may be tried. (,S,>e
also HYBERNIA.)

UNCIFERA.

A small family of erect growing stove Orchids
(ord. Orchidaceae), allied to Saccolabium. Block

Umbilicus (see Cotyledon).
Umbrella Leaf (Dip/>i/lleia cynwsa).
Umbrella Pine (XT aeiadavttyg rertieillata) .
Umbrella Plant (see Saxifraija peltata).
Umbrella Tree, (Magnolia tripetala).
Umbrella Wort (nee Ofi/bnplni*}.
Unciniila spiralix (see Oirliinii '[iiflteri).
Underground Onion (sec Potato Onion].

or basket culture suits, with peat and sphagnum
for compost.

Principal Species : —

hoteroglossa, 1', sum., wh.

UNGERNIA.

Cool greenhouse or hardy bulbous plants (ord.
AmaryllidetB). Propagation, by offsets. Soil, three
parts loam and one part each decayed leaf
mould and decomposed manure, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

trisphtera, 9", sum., red (syn. Lycoris Sewer-
zowii).

UNGNADIA.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees (ord. Sapin-
daceaa), not hardy about London. Propagation and
culture arc the same as for jEsculus (which fee).

Principal Species : —

speciosa, 20', spr., pk.

UNICORN BEETLE.

The name Unicorn Beetle, bestowed upon Copris
lunaris, is due to the presence upon its head of a
single curiously shaped horn. The beetles are
glossy black in colour, and may easily be distin-
guished from other beetles. They are really
friends to the gardener, for the females carry dung
into their underground burrows to nourish their
larvse upon. In no case have they been proved to
be directly harmful.

UNIOLA. (SPIKE GRASS.)

Hardy perennial Grasses (urd. Gramineic). Prop-
agation, by seeds and division. Any ordinary
garden soil.

Principal Species : —
latifolia, 4', Aug., grn. paniculata, 8', Aug., gni.

UNONA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Anonacese). Propa-
gation, by cuttings in early summer, in very sandy
I soil, under a bell-glass, over bottom heat. .Soil,
equal parts fibrous loam and peat, with coarse
! sand.

Principal Species : —
discolor, 10', sum., yellowish grn.

URARIA.

Evergreen stove shrubs (ord. Leguminosie). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of short side growths in early
summer, .in sand, in a close case. Soil, mellow
loam, fibrous peat, and sand.

Principal Species :—

orinita, 3' to 6', Jy., pk. wh. (.«/». alopecur-

Lagopus, 3', Jy., oides).

picta, 3' to 6', Jy., pur.

URCEOCHARIS.

An artificial genus (ord. Amaryllideas), produced
by crossing Eucharis grandiflora and Urceolina
pendula. The result is a useful hybrid stove plant
of somewhat dwarfer growth than the Eurliari-i.

Unieorn Plant (see Martynia lutca OM& probo»-
eidea).

T'pas Tree (.tee Antiaris toxicaria).
Upland Willow Oak (SIT (Jui-n-u* elnerea}.
/'jini/lit I'lirtinjnl Laurel (see Primus lusitaaiica

myrtifolia).
Urania (sec Iltirrnala).
Urantliera (see Acisantliera).

Urceolina

( 417 )

ITrechites

bearing white, -pendulous flowers on stout spikes.
The same culture as for Eucharis suffices, with
a reduced water supply after the leaves have

matured.

i Principal Species : —

pendula, Je., yel., grn., pendent, umbels many
flowered (syns. aurea of gardens and Collania
urceolata).

o: L'asacll »t Cow/'U)/;/, Lid.

Ul.JHS i-L'MILA. (see p. 416).

Only Hybrid :—

C'ltbrani, I.'/, s]>r., sum., wh.

URCEOLINA (syns. COLLANIA and Uit-

CKOLAKIA).

A small genus of bulbous plants (urd. Amarvll-
ideic)^ requirinfr a greenhouse tcmperaturf. Prop-
agation, by offsets. Soil, fibrous loam and leaf
mould in equal parts, with sand.
57

Other Species :
aurea of gardens

latifolia, Ap., yd., red,

^nt. tij>TMt(l (.«//«. Lo-
jn'ri/a latifolia).

ininiata, Sep., cinnabar
red or sc. , nodding,
bulb large (.<//». Peut-

l.ui'ii:) Tnini.it i

URECHITES.

Stove under-shrtibs (urd. Apocynaceas) of pros-
trate or twining habit, rarely to be seen in gardens,

Urena

( 418 )

Utricularia

and of little value. They may be treated in the
same way as Dipladenias (which see).

Principal Species : —

sub-erecta, My., st., yel. (syns. Dipladenia flava
and Echites sub-erecta).

URENA.

Stove annual herbs (ord. Malvacese), possessing
little horticultural value. Propagation, by seeds
sown in spring, in brisk heat. Any light, rich
compost suits.

Principal Species : —

lobata, 3', Jy., pk.

URGINEA.

Greenhouse bulbous plants (ord. Liliacea;). Prop-
agation, by offsets. Soil, loam, leaf mould, and
sand.

Principal Species : —
altissima, 3', My., wh., filifolia, 9", Je., wh.,

grn. (KI/II. Drimia altiss- pur. (»•;/«. Albuca flli-

iuiii). ' folia).

exuviate, 6", Je.,wh., pur. maritama, :!', aut., wh.,

(fijii. Albuca exiiviata). gru., pur. Sea Ouiou.

URINE.

The urine of most animals is of greater manorial
strength than their solid excrement, and unless
liisrlilv diluted it may do more harm than good to
any growing crop to which it may be applied. Urine
contains much ammonia, chiefly united with acids,
and consequently is a valuable nitrogenous fer-
tiliser, especially after being stored for some time.
It may be either used in liquid form, mixed with
six times its bulk of water, for fruit trees and the
stronger growing kitchen garden crops, or it may
be mixed with dry soil and gypsum, and applied in
a dry state as a top-dressing. Sulphuric acid
added to urine prevents loss of ammonia by evapor-
ation, by the formation of sulphate of ammonia.
I'rine should not be wasted, and if it is not
possible to store it for future use it should be
poured on to unoccupied land that is shortly to
be dug.

UROCYSTIS.

This genus of parasitic fungi (ord. Ustilaginacese)
is included in the group of Smuts, and they have
already been alluded to under the latter heading
(which sec).

UROSKINNERA.

Stove herbaceous plants (ord. Scrophularinese).
Propagation, by cuttings in sand, in a close case.
Soil, loam and sand.

Principal Species : —

spectabilis, 1J', Jy., rosy pur.

UROSPATHA.

Moisture loving stove plants (ord. Aroidese)
Propagation, by division. Though seldom culti-
vated, all the species are easily grown in light,
rich soil, if given plenty of heat and moisture
when growing. Little water is needed when
growth is complete.

f'redo (see Puccinia).
Urnpappvi (see Microseris).
T'rapediiim (net Sulempedium)'.
I'rripi'titliim (see Dipcadi}.

Principal Species : —
descisceus, 3', sum.,

spathe br. , dark pur.
sagittajfolia, 3', sum.,

spathe yel., gru.,

mottled red ; elegiuis,
graiidis, pieturatu,,

spectaldlis, and spleu-
dens are vara.

UROSPERMUM.

Hardy herbs (ord. CompositKs). Propagation, l>3
seeds sown in spring. Any ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —
DalHchampii, 2', Jy., per., picroides, 1', Jy., aim.,

yc'l. (».(/«. Arnopogon yel. (KIJH. Arnopogon

Dalechampii). picroides) ; asperum

aud capeiise are vars.

URSINIA.

(ireenhouse or half-hardy herbs or shrubs (ord.
C'omposita3). Propagation, by cuttings beneath a
srliiss, in or out of doors according to the species.
Soil, loam and peat.

Principal Species : —
authemoides, 9", Aug.. pilifera, 1^', win., yel.,

pur., yel. (tyns. Arc- pur. (-11/11. Sphenogyue

totis anthemoides and pilifera).

Spheuogyue anthem- pulchra, 9", Aug., or.,

oides). " yel. (tyn. Sphenogyiie

crithmifolia, IV. Jy., yel. speciosa). Sulplnnva is

(«//«. Spheuogyue critli- a fine var.

inifolia).

URTICA.

Although of no horticultural value, this genus
(ord. Urticaceaj) is interesting in some degree. It
includes over thirty species of annual or perennial
herbs, all characterised by the more or less virulent
stinging hairs on leaves and stems. The tender
tops" of the common Stinging Nettle make a palat-
able vegetable when boiled, while country folk u>e
a decoction known as Nettle tea for a variety of
minor ailments. Nearly all the species produce
good fibre, but with rare exceptions this is seldom
used commercially. The tropical IT. spatulata is
so violent in its action that persons severely gtung
by it may lose their lives. U. ferox, a New Zea-
land species, is another notorious plant, as is al>o
the Japanese Laportea stimulans.

URVILLEA.

Stove climbing shrubs (ord. Sapindacea;), of little
garden value. Propagation, by cuttings in sandy
soil, in a close case. Soil, peat and loam.

Principal Species :—

ferruginea, 12'. Je., wh.

UTRICULARIA. (BLADDER WORT.)
Beautiful and interesting plants (ord. Lentibu-
larieae) that may be either aquatic, epiphytal, or
terrestrial. The aquatic species have tiny pitchers
on the leaf segments, and these have very small,
-valve-like lids that admit animalculse, but do not
permit their escape. The captives are retained
until the plant has absorbed all the nutritive
matter from their decomposed bodies. Several
species produce winter buds that fall to the bottom
of shallow water, and remain there until the warmth
of the succeeding spring excites them into growth.
Montana is the most commonly grown species.
Propagation, by division, or by winter buds, when
these are formed, or by separation of the tubercles
in some cases. Soil, sphagnum and a little fibrous
peat, in baskets suspended in a stove or greenhouse,
and provided with abundance of moisture.

Uroitigma (see Fi<-m}.

Uvaria

( 419 )

Vaccinium

Principal Species : —
Endresii, 4", spr., sum.,

warm grh., grn., hi-,

yel. («yii. moutaua

rosea).
Humboldtii, G", spr., st.,

bl., pur.

Other Species :
bitula, 3", sum., grh., yel.
forgetiuna (.w longifolia}.
intermedia. 4",sum.,hdy.

aquatlr. Vfl.

longilolia. S", spr., vio.,
disc y< 1.

ianthina, 6", sum., bl.,

marked yel., vio.
moutaiia, 6", sum., st.,

wh., yel. disc.

minor, 6", sum., hdy. •

aquatic, yel.
iiKin bum rosea (see En-

dresii) .
ri'iiiformis, 2', sum., st.,

ro.

small trees (ord. Vacciniaceae), usually producing
small edible berries, which are often used for
domestic purposes. The small Bowers are gener-
ally produced in spring. Those named are
hardy and deciduous, unless otherwise indicated.
The greenhouse species should be placed outdoors
in summer. Propagation, by seeds, sown in spring.
Soil, peat and sand, in a moist place, suit the
hardy species.

Principal Species and Varieties :

albiflorum (see corym- pi'iiuxylvaiiicum, 9" to

bosum palliilum). 15", \vh. or rosy, fruit

arboreum, G' to 24', spr., bluish blk. (*//««. humile,

ALATA (see p. 415>

UVARIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Anonacese) whose
propagation and culture are similar to Unona
(which sev).

Principal Species : —
Kirkii, 4', sum., dull yel., zeylam'ca, 15', sum., sc.

tinted grn.

UVULARIA.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (ord. Liliaceo;).
Propagation, by division in spring. Soil, san.ly
loam,

Principal Species :—

grandiflora, 1', My., yel. sessilifolia, G", Je., yel.
perfoliata, 1', My., yel.

VACCINIUM. (I5ILBEBBY, CliANBERBY,

I'.I.I'K I'.KIinY, and MUCKLEBKBRY.)
A large genus, comprising upwards of 130
species of generally hardy shrubs, or occasionally

I'm (irn*» (m;' ti'i/nrrium iaccharoidi'i).
V Moth (we Moth's).

wh. , fruit hlk. (»//«.
diffusum). Farkle-

Ijerry.

corymbosum, 5' to 10',
fipr. , wh. , fruit bluish
blk.

— amoenum, Ivs. bright
grn. (xyn. amosnum).

— fuscatum, Ivs. rather
ciliated.

— pallidum, a pale, glau-
cous form.

erythrinum, K', Oct., grh.
ev., red.

foimosum, 2' to 3', sum.,
rosy red, fruit bl.

leucobotrys (see serratum
var.).

Mortinia, 2' to 3', spr.,
hlf-hdy.. rosy pk.

Myrtillus, G" to 24", spr.,
rosy, fruit dark hi. Bil-
berry, Blaeberry, Blue-
berry, Whortleberry,
etc.

myrtilloides [Michx.not
Hook] , ramulosum, and
tenellum).

— angustifolium, 6" to
9", Ivs. narrow (iyn».
angustifolium and sali-
cinum).

serratum, 4' to 7', Bum.,
grh., wh., fruit wh.

— leucobotrys, flowers in
clusters, yel., fruit wh.

staraineum, 2' to 3', spr.,
pur., or yellowish gru.
lyni. album [Pursh],
and elevatum). Deer-
berry, Squaw Huckle-
berry.

Vitis-Id;ra,fi"to 18". fpr.,
hdy. ev., pk., fruit red
vtu. punctatum and
Vitis-Idii'jipunctatum).
Cowberry, Brawlius,
Flowering Box, etc.

— major, larger form.

— variegata, Ivs. varie-
gated.

Vagaria

( 420 )

Vancouveria.

Other Species, Hybrids,
brachycerum buxifolium

of Salisbury (now Gay-

lussacia brachyeera).
caespitosum, 3"to 6", spr.,

ro. or wh., fruit bl.
canadense, near penn-

sylvanicum, grh., wh. .

(syn. album),
dumosum (now Gaylus-

sacia dumosa).
erythrocarpura, 1' to 4',

sum., flesh, fruit red,

passing to blk.
hirsutum, V to 2', spr.,

wh. or ro., fruit bluish

blk.
Imrayi (now Horuemati-

nia martiniceusis).
intermedium, hybrid

(Myrtillus X Vitis-

Idiea).
Myrsinites,9"to 24", sum.,

hdy. or hlf-hdy. ev.,

wh. or ro., fruit bl.

(syns, Spreiigelii[of gar-
dens, not Wall.] and

nitidum decumbens).
myrtilloides, 1' to o',spr.,

and Varieties : —

greenish wh., fruit pur.

blk.
nitidum, 1' to 2', spr., ev.,

ro., fruit blk.

— decumbeus (see Myr-
smites).

ovatum, 3' to 5', spr.,
hdy. or hlf-hdy., ro.,
fruit reddish to blk.
(syn. prunifolium of
gardens).

Oxycoccus (now Oxy coc-
cus palustris).

prunifolium (see ovatum).

reflexum, Jan., grh. ev.,
red.

resinosum (now Gaylus-
sacia resiuosa).

Rollisoni, 2', st.ev. shr.,sc.

rugosum (now Pentap-
terygium rugosum).

serpeus (now Peiitaptery-
gium serpeus).

uhginosum, G"to 12", spr.,
pk.

virgatum, 3', spr., ro.,
fruit blk.

— tenellum, dwarf, white.

VAGARIA.

A monotypic genus (ord. Amaryllideaa), consist-
ing of a half-hardy bulbous plant, parviflora, prob-
ably not in cultivation.

VALDIVIA.

Valdivia gayana is a dwarf, half-hardy shrub
(urd. Saxifrageie), with red flowers on short stems,
probably not at present in cultivation.

, VALERIANA. (VALERIAN.)

A large genus of hardy, half-hardy, or green-
house herbs, sub-shrubs, or shrubs (ord. Valeri-
anese), of which only a few of the best need be
described, many being of no value. The herbs are
propagated by division or seeds in spring ; the
others by cuttings under glass. Common soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :: —

angustifolia (now Cen- — rotundifolia, dwarfer,
l\s. rounder.

officinalis, 3', Je., pk. ; a
medicinal plant. Com-
mon Valerian, All-heal,
St. George's Herb, etc.

Phu, 2', Aug., wh.

— aurea, Ivs. yel. in spr.;
worth growing.

ruthenica sihirica (now
Patriuia sibirica).

VALERIANELLA.

Small, generally annual, herbs (nrd. Valerianefe),
of which only a few are worth growing. The seeds
should be sown in spring, and the plants culti-
vated in common soil. The undernamed are the
Corn Salads (see SALADS).

Principal Species : —
carir.ata, whitish. Corn ]>ale lil. Common Corn

Salad. Salad, White Potherb,

olitoria, 6" to 12", My., Lamb's Lettuce.

Vaginaria (see Vat/aria).

Valerian, Greek (xeu Polemonium cteritleum).

Valerian, Long-spurred (see Centrantkiis macro-

sipliori).
Valerlwn, Red (nee Ccntrantftus riiber).

tranthus angustifolius).
arizouica, G" , sum. , pk.
Calcitrapa (now Centran-

thus Calcitrapa).
Cornucopias (now Fedia

Cornucopia),
dioica, 6" to 8", sum.,ro.

Marsh Valerian,
montana, 9", Jy., pk.

VALLARIS.

A small genus of twining stove shrubs (ord.
Apocynacea?), with white or whitish flowers, having
salver shaped corollas ; leaves opposite. Propa-
gated by cuttings in sand, in heat, covered with a.
bell-glass. Sandy loam and peat.

Principal Species : —

pergulana, twiner, wh. (syn. Pergularia).

VALLESIA.

A genus of stove shrubs or low trees (ord. Apo-
cynacese), with small flowers. Propagated by
cuttings, under a bell-glass, in sand, in heat. Peat
and sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

cymbsefolia, 3', My., wh. (syn. dichotoma).

VALLISNERIA. (EEL GRASS, TAPE
GRASS.)

A small genus of plants (ord. Hydrocharidea?),
that named below, a half-hardy aquatic, being
principally grown on account of the interesting
way in which it is fertilised. Tlie female flowers
are elevated to the surface just previous to being
ready for fertilising. The male flowers then part
from the base and rise to the top of the water, on
which they float. When the female blooms are
thus fertilised, the stalk contracts in a spiral
fashion, and lowers the ovary to the bottom to ripen
and deposit the seeds. Propagated by division, or
by seeds, and grown in deep tubs or cisterns.
Minimum temperature, about 45°.

Only Species :

spiralis. Jy., wh.. small, Ivs. grassy.

VALLOTA. (SCARBOROUGH LILY.)

Description. — A very effective and popular green-
house bulbous plant (ord. Amaryllidesp), with
showy scarlet flowers. It is a. fine plant for the
greenhouse, conservatory, or window.

Propagation. — By offsets.

Soil. — Sound, mellow loam, leaf soil, and rand,
in about equal parts.

Other Cultural Points. — Pot (irmly in June or
July, just below the surface, the soil being
only moderately moist at the time. The plants
dislike frequent removal, and should not have the
roots disturbed more than is absolutely necessary.
A top-dressing of fresh soil, with occasional soak-
ings of weak manure water, are very beneficial.
The smaller offsets may be removed with a stick
to avoid disturbing the main roots, •

Only Species, its Varieties and Hybrid : —

— oximia, throat wh.,
feathered crini.

— inagnifica, flowers
larger.

- m;i jor, reddish sct>
anthers longer.

hybrida, umbels of ver-
milion flowers ; hybrid
(purpurea X Cyrtan-
thus sanguineus).

purpurea, 2' to 3', sum.,
red(.v//«. Amaryllis pur-
purea).

— minor, red, smaller.

VANCOUVERIA.

A genus consisting of two species of hardy per-"
cnnial herbs (ord. Berberidea;). Propagated by
division. Soil, rather moist, sandy peat. The
following, though not a showy plant, is interesting
and pretty.

Vnllnni'ii, Oul; (fn- Quercus -fEg laps).
Vuliirndia (si-c Curatoxtigma).

Vanda

(421 )

Vanilla

Principal Species : —

bexandra, U", My., HI., wh. (.«//"• Epimcdium
hi'xandmm).

VANDA.

Description. — A large genus of Orchids (ord.
Orchidacea') that includes many magnificent
species. With very few exceptions, the plants
have erect, leafy steins. Generally the leaves are
grace-fully recurved, long, leathery, and channelled.
Tin- (lowers reach their largest size in the splendid
sanderiana ; they are borne in loose racemes, are
bright hued, and usually fragrant.

Propagation. — By the removal of basal growths
as soon as these have made a few roots ; and by
cutting the steins into pieces, each with some roots
attached.

Soil. — A mixture of fibrous peat and sphagnum
will suit all the Vandas, but in many gardens the
roots are embedded in crocks, and over these a
thick surfacing of living sphagnum is placed.

Other Cultural Points. — The same general con-
ditions as advised i'or Aerides will suit most
Yandas, l>ut they love a little more shade when
growing, and somewhat drier conditions when
resting. Vanda teres is an exception ; it loves
abundant light, and should be grown unshaded,
except when in flower. Syringe and water freely
while- growing, but after growth is complete give
little water until the flower spikes appear.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NdTK. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, l. = lip.]
amesiana, 1J', early sum., sal s. and p. blush pk.,

s. and p. wh., blush, 1. stained buff yel., lower

ro. s. greenish yel., crim., 1.

— alhii, pure wh. crim. pur.
caTiilea, 11' to 3', aut., — alhata, ground wh.

lil. — labello-viride, 1. gni.

fowleriana, large, suavis, 8', aut., various,

rounded flowers, bl. s. and p. wh., spotted

d. nisoniana, 11', sum., s. Pur-> 1- To- Pur-> Tery

;iml }>. wh., tinged grn., fragrant (.vy/<. tricolor

1. wh. of Hooker)'; the chief

hebraiea. sulphur, vars. are Chatsworth,

marked dark sulphur. much spotted; flava,

hookeriana, 3', alit., s. and ground yel.; Gott-

p. wh., marked ro., 1. schalckei, extra fine ;

wh., marked magenta, and rubra, or., br.

pur. teres, 2' to 6',spr., s. wh.,

'insignis (Blume), 3', late blush tinted, p. rosv ma-

win., s. and p. br., spot- genta, 1. or., marked

ted chocolate, reverse red, central lobe ro.

yel., 1. wh. , marked nvi genta; alba, aurorea,

ro. and Candida are whiter

— schroderiana, yel., wh. vars.

kitnlialliana, 11', spr., s. tricolor, 4' to 6', various,
and p. wh., 1. rosy pur. s. and p. pale yellow,

Parishii, 1', sum., s. and spotted reddish br., 1.

p. greenish yel., spotted wh., magenta pur.,

br., 1. magenta, wh., marked br. Dalkeith,

vio., fragrant. yel., pur.: Dodgsoni,

t— nmrriottiana, s. and p. very large, 1. vio. pur. ;

red and br. , shading to insignis, yel., crim. ;

ro., pur. and wh. at Patersoni, s. and p.

bfuse ; 1. magenta pur., wh., spotted br. ; and

wh., not .fragrant. plauilabris, extra fine,

sanderiana, 3', sum., dor- s. and p. citron yel., are

fine vars.

Only Artificial Hybrid :—
Miss Jnaquim (tores X hookeriaua), 3', spr., early

sum., s. and p. rosy pur., 1. or., vio., rosy pur.
Other Species and Hybrids : —

Bati'immnii (now Staur- p. yellowish grn..

upsis lissochiloides). marked br., 1. rosy

Bensoni, IV, spr., s. and pur., wh.

ca-rulescens, 1', sum., s.

and p. lil. bl., 1. vio. bl.
Cathcartii (now Arach-

nanthe Cathcartii).
Charlesworthi, '2', spr.,

s. and p. bl., veined

pur., 1. bl., pur., yel.;

probably a natural

hybrid (ca;rulea X Beu-

soni).
Clarke! (now Arachuauthe

Clarkei).
concolor, 5', sum., s. and

p. yellowish br., 1. wh.,

red, yel.
cristata, 2', sum., s. and

p. yellowish grn., 1.

pur., veined wh.
gigantea (now Stauropsis

giganteus).
lamellata, H", win., s. and

p. wh., br., 1. pur.

— Boxullii, stronger, more
distinctly marked.

limbata, I:', sum., s. and
p. cinnamon br., edged
yel., 1. ro., wh.

Lowii (now Araclmanthe
Lowii).

Moorei, iy, aut., s. and
p. light bl., 1. pur.;
probably a natural hy-
brid (kimballiana X
ceerulea).

multiflora (now Acampe
longifolia).

Roxburghii, 11', sum., s.
and p. grn., veined br.,
1. vib. pur., wh.

schiiideriaua (see insignis
var.).

.tricolor of Hooker (see
suavis).

umlnlata (now Stauropsis
uudulatus).

VANDELLIA.

Annuals (ord. Scrophularineae), requiring warm
greenhouse treatment. Propagation, by seeds in
spring, in loam and leaf mould, over gentle bottom
heat. Prick off the seedlings as necessary, and pot
in a light, rich compost.

Principal Species : —

Crustacea, 1', Je.,bl. (ayii.

Hornemanuia ovata).
diffusa, 1', Jy., wh.

hirsuta, 1', Je., bl. (si/n,
Honiemannia viscosa).
pedunculata, 1', Jy., pur.

(»//». Roxburghii).
VANESSA.

A genus of very handsome butterflies, and one
that seldom gives either farmer, forester, or
gardener any trouble. Such popular and beautiful
species as the Red Admiral (Atalanta), Peacock
(lo), and the Small Tortoiseshell (Urticaj),
feed on Nettles, and consequently deserve en-
couragement rather than destruction. A species
that was once common in London — the Camber-
well Beauty (Antiopa) — is now rarely found in
this country ; it feeds on Willows, and is sometimes
caught in the Fen districts. The Small Tortoise-
shell is one of the first butterflies to appear in
the spring.

VANGUERIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Rubiacere). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripened growths, in
sand, beneath a bell-glass, over bottom heat. Soil,
fibrous peat and sandy loam, in equal parts.

Principal Species : —

edulis, 10', Je., greenish wh. The Voa-Vanga of
Madagascar ; a dessert fruit of good quality.

VANILLA.

Strong growing plants (ord. Orchidacea?,) that
climb by means of their clinging roots and twining
stems. They require abundance of heat and mois-
ture, and should be allowed Larch poles or Teak
rods to climb np. Peat and sphagnum provide a
suitable medium for the basal roots. Propagation
is by division of the stems.

Vnpmirer Mnth (gee Moths and Orgyia}.
Varennea (see Ey»<*nhardtia).
Variegated Lavrnl (see Auovba).
Viiscoa (»ee Jlafnia).
Va»concella (nee Carica).

Vases

( 422 )

Vegetable Marrow

Principal Species : —
afrioaua, 10', sum., wh.
aromatica, 1'2', sum., wh.
Phalasnopsis, 10', sum.,

wh., lip blush, yel.

planifolia, 20', sum.,
greenish wh. The fruit
of this is the vanilla of

commerce.

VASES.

The proper arrangement of cut flowers in the
dwelling room and upon the dinner table necessi-
tates a supply of various makes and sizes of vases.
There are innumerable artistic designs now avail-
able at reasonable prices, and even the most
exacting of flower arrangers may find something
to suit his or her individual taste.

China and glass are both utilised, and glass
vases especially can be had in all manner of tints
and shades. On the whole, clear glass receptacles
are the most useful, as flowers of any colour can
be placed in them without fear of clashing.
Coloured glass, on the other hand, may be, and is,
employed with excellent effect in many cases, but
where a decided tone is adopted the number of
flowers that it is possible to use is considerably
reduced. This association of colours is one of the
most important branches of the floral artist's work.

With regard to size, the decoration of a large
dinner table will call for a number of receptacles
varying in size from the tall trumpet shaped tases
or epergnes in the middle to the smaller'specimen
glasses which stand immediately before the guests,
and which are meant to take only a single Rose or
Carnation with its accompanying greenery. Whether
large or small, the vases should have a sufficiently
long, hollow stem to hold the flowers securely.
Many otherwise excellent patterns are lacking in
this respect, and their value as cut flower holders
is severely discounted thereby.

For room decoration heavier and more massive
vases are required, to fill corners and to stand upon
sideboards or special stands. In these it is per-
missible to use much bigger flowers, and such a
vase, filled with Chrysanthemums for instance,
may be made to look very effective. The material
generally chosen is china, and both the trumpet
and urn shaped patterns, with others intermediate
in character, are to be had. In all cases it is a
most important point that the weight of the vase
should be in proportion to'the flowers it is expected
to hold, or the equilibrium of the former will be
seriously imperilled.

In the flower garden vases for living plants play
a great part. Some amount of taste is necessary
in apportioning them, for it is easy to have too
many. Also a vase that would bo quite suitable in
the front garden of a London suburban villa would
be ridiculous in a larger and more pretentious
garden, and vice versa. Here, too, the height of
the occupants must be strictly proportioned to the
size of the vase. When all these items are taken
into consideration the flower garden stands to gain
considerably by the inclusion of vases. The most
expensive ones are made of stone, or of brickwork
cemented over, and in some instances the value
and expense are increased by more or less elaborate
carving. Of these larger vases and the part they
play perhaps no better instances can be adduced
than those in Regent's Park, which, with their
complement of Palms, Abutilons, Dracasnas, and
Castor Oil Plants among the taller subjects,
finished off round the edges with such trailers as
Campanula isophylla, C. i. alba, Ivy-leaved Gera-
niums, Mimulus moschatus Harrison!!, and the
variegated Nepeta, are invariably one of the

features of the bedding. In the flower gardens
attached to the larger private estates, the terrace
surrounding the mansion is a capital place for
vases with low pedestals. Stonework is generally
favoured in such cases. Larger vases may be
fixed at the intersection of walks, or at the ends,
of short vistas, and these should always be mount ed
upon tall pedestals and filled with plants which
attain to a good height, otherwise the effect is
insignificant.

Vases of ordinary potware are in vogue, but the
receptacles of these are frequently so shallow that
only dwarf plants can be put in them. Also the
ware is liable to chip if exposed to sharp frost.
It is advisable, therefore, to remove these vases to
cover in the autumn. Stone receptacles stand the
weather much better, and thus, after the summer
occupants have gone, they may be tilled with
dwarf growing shrubs for the winter months.
Neither stone nor ware vases should have the
green moss washed from them. It usually appears
after a season or two, and helps to tone down the
newness and garishness of the receptacles.

For small gardens rustic vases are to be pre-
ferred to all others. Individual ingenuity and taste
will easily construct them out of small tubs,
covered with rough bark or sheets of virgin cork.
Small margarine or butter tubs are excellent. The
legs should be of rough, unbarked wood. Painted
tubs are occasionally seen, but unless the colour is
a dark green, to tone with the surrounding grass
and shrubs, the effect is not good.

P'resh soil and drainage should be put in once a
year, and practically any of the common summer
bedding plants may be utilised.

VEGETABLE MARROW.

The Vegetable Marrow is high in favour as a
cottagers' vegetable. Usually the fruits are eaten
whilst young and tender ; if the skin is too hard
to allow the entry of the thumb-nail it is con-
sidered too old. Ripe Marrows make an excellent
preserve.

The plants are very easy to grow, and the only
difficulty experienced by the cottager is to get
early plants. The best results arc obtained by
planting out of doors in prepared stations by the-
end of May. To do this, seed must be sown in heat
early in April. One plump seed may be placed in
a thumb pot, broad or wedge end downwards,
and as soon as the seedlings appear they may
be potted into 4|" pots. Or the seed may be
placed straight away in the.4J" pot and sub-
sequent potting avoided. Let the soil be goocl
loam three parts, and leaf mould one part, with one-
eighth sharp sand. Do not make the soil very
firm. If a place in a warm house cannot be
obtained, a cold frame kept close, or even a corner
in the window of a sunny dwelling room, may be
made to serve, but the plants will be later.

The stations should be prepared fully a couple
of months prior to planting, as although the
Marrow is a deep feeder it is advisable not to
bring the roots of the young plants into close
contact with rank manure. Dig out holes 1 yard
square and 1' deep, place in the bottom I!" of
good farmyard manure, return the soil to its
place, and plant on the top of the mound. Old
Violet beds come in capitally for Marrows, and the
frames may be kept on for a little while after
planting in case of frost.

It is always advisable to have covering material
at hand for two or three weeks after planting outj

Veins

( 423 )

Ventilago

for two or three degrees of frost would cripple the
plants. The careful cultivator who has Cauliflower
hand-lights to spare utilises them for his Marrows.

The points should be taken out of the plants
after they have begun to grow freely; this will
facilitate the formal ion of side shoots. The usual
method of training is to distribute these shoots
evenly over tho ground, but the plants may also be
trained with advantage up wooden or wire trellises.
No artificial pollination is necessary.

In periods of drought it will often be found that
the fruit will not set. Copious supplies of water at
the roots and overhead will help to ensure setting.
Also keep all Marrows cut as they become large
enough, except where one is wanted for seed.
Liquid manure may be given freely. Nitrate of
soda, \ oz. per square ycird, is an excellent fertiliser ;
so also is a little guano dissolved in clear water.
.Soot water is a capital variant.

Mildew occasionally attacks the plants in tho
autumn, but it does not appear to do them much
damage. If black fly appears in the earlier stages,
dust with tobacco powder, and wash off two hours
after with clear water.

The following are excellent varieties.

Custard. Moore's Cream.

"Long Green. I'en-y-byil.

"Long White.

* Select one of these where one variety only is
wanted.

VEINS.

Upon reaching the leaves the strands of fibro-
vascular tissue split up and branch more or less,
until at the margins of the leaves they resolve
themselves into very fine threads, which are, how-
ever, distinctly visible amidst the surrounding
tissue. Thus are originated the veins or nerves of
the leaves.

Broadly speaking, two systems of arrangement
are to be seen, (1) in which the nerves are
approximately parallel to each other, and (2) in
which they appear to branch indiscriminately and
run into each other so as to form a network,
the ultimate ends of the veinlets occurring within
the areas enclosed by the stronger veins. The
former type is characteristic of Monocotyledons
generally, and is well seen in the leaves of the Lily
of the Valley. The latter type is the Dicotyle-
donous one, and is exempli tied in most of our
common flowering plants, e.g. the Primrose, the
Oak, and the Horse Chestnut.

From a garden point of view, many foliage
plants owe much of the beauty of their leaves to
the nerves or veins. Where variegation is a feature
this is usually most strongly marked in the imnie-
mediate vicinity of the veins, as well as in the veins
themselves. Or the nerves may be delicately tinted
with a colour distinct from that displayed by the
rest of the leaf. This is well seen in many
Caladiums, where the veining is often the greatest
beauty of the leaf.

In skeletonising leaves the operator attempts to
sever the nerve system from the surrounding tissue
and to keep the former intact. The leaves are
either allowed to rot in water or are boiled in a
solution of potassimn permanganate, or lime and
soda mixed. After the ground tissue has been
destroyed the veins are bleached with chloride of
lime, two dessert spoonfuls in 1 gallon of water.
Leaves which are to be skeletonised should be
gathered at their prime.

VEITCHIA.

Handsome stove Palms, closely allied to and
needing somewhat the same conditions as Kentias.
They will not, however, stand the rough usage that
Kentias will. Propagation is by imported seeds, in
heat. The principal species are Johannis and
Storckii ; the latter attains a height of 4(/.

V ELL A. (CRESS ROCKET.)

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs (fird. Crucifenc).
Propagation, by cuttings of young growths in
summer, beneath a hand-light, and kept shaded.
Soil, loam, leaf mould, and sand.

Principal Species : —

Psetido-cytisus, 3', Ap. and My., spur yel.

VELLEIA (nyn. VELLEJA).

Dwarf growing greenhouse evergreen herbs (wrrf.
GoodenovieEe). Propagation, by division. Soil,
fibrous loam and sandy peat.

Principal Species :—

lyrata, 6", Ap., yel. paradoxa, 6", Jy., yel.

macrophylla, 3', My., yel. spathulata, 6", Ap., yel.

VELLOZIA.

Tall growing, much branched, stove or warm,
greenhouse perennials (or/l. Aniaryllidcai). Prop-
agation, by division in spring. Soil, loam and peat
in equal proportions, with a little leaf mould and
coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

Candida, 3', sum., wh. retinervis, 3' to 10', sum.,

elegans, 3', various, wh., bl.

gen.

VELTHEIMIA.

Greenhouse bulbous plants (tint. Liliaccsc).
Propagation, by offsets. Soil, light loam, with
plenty of sand. Viridifolia is a popular window
plant.

Principal Species and Variety : —

glauca, 2', Mrh., flesh.
— rubcsceus, deeper
colour.

intermedia, 1.'.', Ap.,

flesh,
viridifolin, 2", Aug., flesh

(«yn. Aletris capensis).

VENIDIUM.

A genus o£ hardy, half-hardy, or greenhouse
annual and perennial herbs (ord. Compositse), with
rather large and showy flowers. They make good
pot plants, or may be used for summer bedding.
They may be treated as annuals, and propagated
by seeds sown in heat in spring or by cuttings in
summer or autumn. Soil, loam and leaf mould or
peat.

Principal Species and Variety : —
calendulaceum (sir fu- or., blk. (.«//». ralendu-

gax). laceum of gardens),

decurrens var. calendula- hirsutum, 9" to 12", Jy.,

ceum, 6" to 12", Jy., hdy. ann., or., hlk.

grh. per., yel., hr. (»//». rather paler than above

calendulaceum of Less., (*.'/"• speciosum of

not of gardens). gardens),

fugax, U', Jy.,hdy. ami.,

VENTILAGO.

A small gonus of' climbing stove shrubs (ord.
lihamneai), with panicles of small flowers and
alternate leaves. Propagation, by division, and by
M 'ei Is a nd cut t ings in heat. Soil, loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —

madraspatana, el.. Je., grn.

Venter Siimiir/i (xcr Ithtis Cotiniii).
1 'mtrMatia mi'iiar (Stylidivm lintar/').

Ventilation

( 424 )

Verbena

VENTILATION.

Proper ventilation is one of the most important
factors in tlie cultivation of plants under glass, and
to secure it will well repay care and study.
Structures differ very much, and the amount of
ventilation required depends largely upon their
situation, and their condition as to the admission
of air at the various openings and between the laps
of the glass. Draughts must always be avoided,
and it is thus desirable that, wherever possible,
the building should have ventilation so provided
that the openings on the side away from strong
winds may be in Use, while those on which the
wind would impinge are closed. Ventilation
ought to be given before the houses become over-
heated, when the sudden admission of cold air
would be injurious. It is also desirable that the
ventilators should be so arranged that they
can be opened and closed easily and quickly,
or left open to any extent required. This can be
readily secured by the use of several of the
.appliances made for the purpose of working the
ventilators. Ventilation is one /of the most
effectual means of keeping down insect pests, and
due attention at the proper time will avoid much
future trouble.

VENUS' FLY-TRAP («r

MUSOIPULA).

VERATRUM. (FALSE HELLEBORE.)
A genus of hardy perennial herbs (orrf. Liliacesc),
ornamental in spring because of their young
leaves, and decorative when in flower, though the
blooms are not showy. From album is produced
the Hellebore which is used to destroy caterpillars.
The plants are propagated by division or seeds, and
prefer a strong, rich soil. They are not very
striking when grown in poor dry soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—

album, 3' to4', Jy., wliit- nigrum, 3', sum., blackish

ish, grn. pur.

— lobelianum, greenish. viricle, 3'- to 4', Jy., greeii-

— viride (see viride). ish (sijnu. album var.
Maackii, 2', sum., dark viride and Helouias

pur. viridis).

VERBASCUM. (MULLEIN.)

An extensive genus of biennial or perennial
herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Scrophularineai), of which
only a small number are ornamental enough to be
cultivated. Propagation, by seeds in the case of
-all the species ; the perennials, such as phoenicenm,
Chaixii, nigrurn, and cupreum, by division also,
and the sub-shrubs by Buttings. Any common soil
mill do.

Principal Species, Hybrid, and Varieties :—

•Chaixii, 3', sum., hdy. nigrum, 2' to 3', sum..

per.,yel. Nettle-leaved per., yel. Dark Mullein.

Mullein. — albuin, wh.

•craadfoUnm, 3', sum., olympicum, G', sum., hdy.

Men., yel. wen., yel.

cupreum, 3', sum... per., ph«>iiiceum,3',sum.,per.,

copper yel., hybrid vio., red (si/it, ferrugin-

(ovalifolium X phceni- eum of Andrews).

ceum). — vars. from wh. to pur.

Venus' Hair (see Adiamttim Capilhis-Venerh).
Venus' Looking-glass (see Spemlarta Speculum).
Venus' Navel-mart, (gee Ompltalndes).
Venus' Petticoat (see UliodnelMon rolubile)
Venn»' fiitmacfi (see Hints Cut inns)
Vepris (see Todda/ia).

Other Species and Varieties :—

Blattaria, 9"to 4iS", sum., sub-shr., yel. (xi/ii. bi-

bien., yel. Moth Mul- piimatitidum).

leiii. pulvprulentum, 3' to "',

Boerhavii, 2', sum., ami. sum., bien., yel. (aim.

or bien., yel. rloccosum') .

ferrugiueum (see ph«>ni- pynimidatuni, .'!' to (V ,

ceum). sum., bien.. yel.

rloccosum (KCC pulveru- rubigiuosum, 2', sum.,

leutum). Lien., yel,, red.

lougifoliuin, 4', Jy., bien., — tauricum, larger.

j'el. speciosum,6', sum., bieu..

— panuosum, 4', Jy., yel., yel.

Ivs. tomentose (XIIH- spectiihile, 2', sum., bicii.,

V. pannosum). yel., pur.

ovalifolium, 1', sum., Thapsus, 2' to G', sum.,

bien., or. bien., yel. Aaron's Rod,

panuosum (are longifolium Cow's Luugwort. Hag

var.). or Hig Taper, Jacob's

phlomoides, 3', sum.. Staff, etc.

bien., yel. Woolly wirdemaniiianum, 1' to

Mullein. 3', sum., bieu., hi. to

piiiimtifidum, 1', sum.. HI.

VERBENA. (VERVAIN)

Description. — A large genus of greenhouse or
hardy herbs and sub-shrubs of annual or perennial
habit (ord. Yerbenacese), of which comparatively
few species are in cultivation, on account of the
greater favour shown to the garden varieties.
Yenosa is almost hardy, and can be grown with
little protection. Officinalis was formerly used for
medicinal purposes.

Propagation. — By seeds, sown in spring in heat,
or by cuttings of the young growths ; the hardy
piTrnniaU also by division.

Soil. — Rich loam, well manured.

Principal Species and

[NOTE.— All arc peren
wise stated.]
Auhletia, 6" to 1'2", sum.,

hdy. Men., reddish pur.,

lil. Rose Vervain.
— Lambertii,lvs. narrower.
— rosea, paler.
rhaiiiii'drifolia. sum., hlf-

hdy. creeping sub-shr.,

sc. (fttni. melissoides) .
- Meliudres, Ivs. less

hairy, sc. («/». Meliii-

dres).
officiualis, 1' to 2', sum.,

hdy., lil. (.«;/». sororia).

Varieties :—

nial except where oilier-
Common Vervain, Sim-
pler'* Joy, Holy Herd,
etc.

stricta, 1' to 2', sum.,
hdy., hi.

sulphuroa, 2', sum., prli.
sub-shr., sulphur yel.

teucrioides, '!' , sum., grh.
sub-shr., pk. or wh.

triphylla (now Lippia
citriodora) .

veno=a, '2', sum., lilf-lulv.,
lil. or hi.

Other Species and Varieties : —

alata, 4', sum., hlf-hdy., the lower Ivs. three

ro. lobed.

amoena, 1', sum., hlf- mutabilis (now Stachy-

hdy., pur. tarpheta mutabilis).

bracteata, sum. ,hdy. aim., phlogiflora, 11', sum..

decumbent, pur., bl. grh. sub-shr., pur. , lil.,

elegans, sum., hdy. aim., red, or bl.

procumbent, hi. - vulgaris, decumbent

ermoides,sum.,hdy. aim., (.«?/«. tweediana).

decumbent, reddish radicans, sum., grh. sub-

vio. (syn. multiflda). shr., proonmbent, lil.

— contracta, (si/us, multi- tenera, sum., grh. sub-
f.da contracta and erin- shr., vio. (ttitn. pul-
oides Sabini). chella).

hastata, 3' to fi', sum., • — Mahonetti,reddishvio.,

hdy. per., bl. Wild margined wh.

Hyssop, Blue Vervain, trifida, 3', sum., grh. shr.

Simpler's Joy. xutha, 2' to 3', sum., hlf-

— paniculata, none of hdy., pur. or bl.

The hybrid Verbenas are very attractive and
useful, either for bedding or for growing in pots.

Named varieties are not now much cultivated, as

Verbena, Lemon-Scented

( 425 )

Veronica

seedlings are more vigorous and healthy. The
strains of seed ;ire now greatly improved, and sumr
can be depended on to come almost true from
seeds. One of the newest named varieties is
Miss Wilhnott, but it seems needless to name others
in view of tlie diversity secured from mixed seeds.

VERBENA, LEMON -SCENTED

(«';• Lll'i'IA CIT11IODORA).

VERBESINA. (CROWN BEARD.)
A genus comprising a considerable number of
stove, greenhouse, or hardy annuals and perennials
{orA. Composite), which are of little horticul-
tural merit. Pinnatifida and mameana have
ornamental leaves. Propagated by seeds ; the
perennials also by division. Soil, rich loam, with
leaf soil or peat.

VERNONIA

A most extensive genus (ord. Compositae),
embracing 300 or 400 hardy, greenhouse, or
stove perennial or annual herbs and shrubs, a few
being conspicuous plants in the border in autumn.
Propagated by division. Common soil.

Principal Species : —
altissima, o', aut., hdy.

per., jnir. vio. (»//«.

prsealta).
arkausaua, 4', aut., hdy.

per., pur.
— alba, wh.
calvouna, 8' to 12', Jan.,

st. shr., wh.
Cotoneaster, \\' , Sep., st.,

pur. (••'.'/". axillittora).
flexuosa, 11', Sep., st.

per., pur., or., wh.

noveboracensis, 5', Aug.,

hdy. per., pur.
pinifoliu, 2', sum., grh.

per., pur. (syn. Webbia

pimfolia).

]»docoma, 6', grh., pur.
scorpioides, 1 , sum., st.

shr. (-v/w. oeutriflora).
sericea, 4', Dec., st. sub-

»hr., pur. or wh.

VEUONICA MOXTICOLA (see p. 42(i).

Principal Species : —
alatii. 2", Aug., st. per.,

yel.
•Coreopsis (now Actino-

meris squarrosa).
crocata, 2', sum. , st. per. ,

or. yel.
encelioides, 3', Aug., grh.

ami., yel.
gigantea, sum., hlf-hdv.,

used young for bedding.

mameana, 6', Ivs. large,

handsome,
occidentalis, 3', Jy. , hdy.

per., yel. (.«»». Actino-

meris alataO.
pimiatifidii, 3', Aug. , grh.

per. , pale yel.
virginica, 2', Aug., hdy.

per., wh.

VERGE CUTTER.

The name of various appliances used for cutting
the margins of grass paths and beds in grass. A
common one is also known as an edging-iron — a
tool with blade of almost half-moon shape. There
are, however, others which do good work and are
more speedy, which are mounted on wheels, cutting
the verges as they are pushed along. While trim,
smooth verges are to be desired, the operation
ought not to be too frequently performed, as it
removes a portion of the turf each time, and thus
reduces it.

\i-n-in I m
Vernal (ir/iss,
odnrntiim}.

(gee Ant/ioxant/n/m

VERONICA.

A large genus of hardy or greenhouse herbs,
sub-shrubs, or shrubs (ord. Scrophularinese), fre-
quently of much beauty in the garden or shrubbery.
They are propagated by seeds, the shrubs also by
cuttings, and the herbaceous plants by division.
The hardiness of many of the shrubby species in
gardens is rather doubtful, and it is well to keep a
reserve stock in a frame. Syriaca and its variety
alba are pretty annuals for spring or summer bloom.
Principal Species and Varieties :
Hardy llrrhn/'cmii : —

spicata, 6" to 18", Jy.,
bl., variable. Good
vars. are alba, wh. :
rcirymbiflora and hy-
brida, various.
Teucrium, Jy., decum-

Ixmt, bl.

- dubia, Ivs. smaller,
bright bl. (.«//».«. pros-
trata and rupestris).

corymbosa, 6" to 9". aut ,
bl. A pretty Alpine.

gentianoides, 6' to 12",
Je., bl.

— alba, wh.

— variegata, Ivs. varie-
gated,
incana., IV, Jy., bl. (*irn.

neglecta of Sweet) .
Inngifolia, 2', Aug., 111.

— subsessilis, 2' to 4',
Aug., bl. ; very fine.

orientalis, 1', Jy., flesh,
rt-pens, 2", sum., wh.
rupestris (*rr Teucrium
dubia).

virginica, 2' to 6', Jy.,
wh. or bl. (tyn. Lep-
tandrn virginica).
Culvers' Physic, Great
Virginian Speedwell.

Veronica

( 426 )

Vessels

Shrubs or Sub-Shrubs : —

Andtrsonii, H' to 3', Jy., Lewisii, 3' to f/, sum.,

hybrid, hlf-hdy. hdy. or hlf-luly., bl.,

— variegata. wh., or pur.
Bidwillii, sum., dwarf, Lyallii, 1', sum., hdy.,

hdy., prostrate, wh., prostrate, wh.

vio., orpk. piuguifolia, 2' ', sum.,

cupressoides, 6" to 36", hdy., wh.

sum., hdy., vio., Heath- sanatoria, 2' to 6', sum.,

like (>I/H. salicornioides hdy., wh. Also var.

of gardens). graeilis.

— variabilis, dvrarfer. saxatilis, 2" to 6". Jy.,
decumbens, sum., hdy., hdy., bl. Itock Speed-
decumbent, wh. well.

elliptica, 3' to '20', Jy., — alba, wh.

hlf-hdy., wh. (»;/««. de- — balfouriaua, deep bl.

cussata and Men/iesii). — rosea, pk.

glauco-co3rulea, 1 j ' , sum. , speciosa, li' to 4', My.,

hdy., decumbent. hlf-luly., bluish pur. (fee

Hectori, 0" to 24", sum., garden vars.).

lil. ; very pretty. Traversii, 2' to 6', sum.,
wh.; oneof thehardiest.

Other Species and Varieties : —

Herbs (hardy tiniest otherwise indicated) : —

alpina, 6" to 12", My., multifida, 6", Je., diffuse,

bl. or vio. pale bl.

— Wormskioldii, pubes- iieglecta (set- incaua) .
cent. Nummularia, U", sum.,

aphylla, 3", My., bl. creeping, bl. or pk.
austriaca, 1', Jy., bl. officinalis, 3" to 6", My.
Beccabunga, 6" to 24", etc., bl. or lil. Coin-
sum., bl., wh. Brook- mon Tea Speedwell,

lime. Fluelleu, Grouud-hele.

bellidioides, 6", My., bl. orchidea, G" to 12", Jy.,

Buxbaumii, 6" to 12", bl.

. My., etc., prostrate paniculata (wr spuria).

ann., 1)1. pectinata, My., prostrate,

cauescens, 2", sum., hdy. bl.

or hlf-hdy., pale bl. — rosea, pk.

caucasica. 1', Je.,pk. pinnata, 4" to 24", Je.,

Chamsedrys, 8" to 24", bl.

My., bl. Germander prostrata, 6", sum.,

Speedwell, Angel's trailing, bl.

Eyes, Bird's Eyes, satureioides, 3", My., bl.

God's Eye. spuria, 1' to 3', Je., bl.

incisa, 2', Jy., bl. («/«. paniculala).

monticola, 1', sum., syriaca, 6", Je., ami., bl.

trailer, bl. (s e p. 42.5). — alba, wh.

telephiifolia, 6", sum.,
per., bl.

Shrubs or Sub-Shrubs : —

amplexicaulis, 1' to 2', — trisepala, sepals large,

sum., hdy. or hlf-hdy., two frequently joined.

wh. epacridea, sum., hlf-hdy.,

anomala, 3' to 6', sum., wh.

hdy., wh. Fairfieldii, 1' to 3', sum.,

Armstrongii, I'to3',sum., hlf-hdy., lil. ; hybrid.

hdy. or hlf-hdy., wh. formosa, 2' to 4', Jy.,grh.,

balfouriana, 1' to H', 1)1.

sum., hdy., pur. fruticulosa, G '. Jy., hdy.

buxifolia, 2' to 3', sum., sub-shrub, bl. orpk.

hdy., wh. Godefroyre, H' to 3',

carnosula of gardens (nee sum., hdy., supposed

pinguifolia). to be carnosula of

Catarracta?, 9" to 24", Hook. Handbook of

sum., hdy. or hlf-hdy., New Zealand Flora.

wh. orpk. Grievei,(i",sum.,hdy.,pk.

chathamica, sum. , hdy. or guthrieana, 6", sum.,

hlf-hdy. .prostrate, pur. hdy., bl.

Colensoi, 1' to 2', sum., hulkeana, 1' to 3', sum.,

hlf-hdy., wh., bl., or hlf-hdy., lil.

pk. Kirkii, 6' to 12', sum.,

decussata (see elliptica') . hlf-hdy., wh.

Dsrwentia, 2' to 3', Je., Isevis, 2' to 4', sum., hlf-

pale bl. or wh. hdy., wh.

Dieffenbachii, 2', sum., lavaudiaua, 8", sum.,

grh., bl. grh., decumbent, pur.

diosmifolia, 3' to 12', Jy., lindleyaua (sec salicifolia

grh., wh. var.).

Liudsayi, 1', sum., hdy. piineleoides, 6" to 12",
or hli-hdy., pk., hybrid. sum., grh., pur.

logauioides,G",sum.,hdy., rakaiensis, 3' to G', sum.,.
wh., striped pk. hdy. or hlf-hdy., wh.

lycopodioides, 1' to 3', (sifll> Colensoi gracilis).

sum., hdy. or hlf-hdy., salieoruoides of gardens
wh. (we cupressi tides).

parviflora, 4' to 6', My., vemieosa, 1', sum., hdy.
hlf-hdy., bl. or hlf-hdy.

— augustifolia, Ivs. nar-
rower.
There are a number of other shrubby species,

forms, and garden hybrids.

Selection of Tender Garden Varieties : —

Are-en-Ciel, red, Ivs. Etoile Blanche (White*
variegated. Star), Ivs. variegated.

Blue Gem, dark bl. La Seduisante, pur.

Eelataute, red. Purple Queen, pur. vio.

VERSCHAFFELTIA.

A monotypic genus (tml. Palmse) consisting of
the undernoted, an ornamental stove Palm, with
line, broad leaves. Propagation, by seeds sown in,
a hotbed or in bottom heat in a house. Soil,
fibrous loam, with about a quarter of thoroughly
decayed cow manure.

Only Species :—

melauoclui'tes (now Ros-
cheria melanochajtes).

splendida, 80', spadix 3'
to 6' long, Ivs. 4' to 7'

long, 3' to o' broad,,
bright grn. (*////, .
lirgclia niagiiilira, It.
majestica, and II. prin-
ceps of gardens).

VERTICORDIA.

A genus of Heath-like greenhouse shrubs (or:l.
Myrtaceaa), with small but pretty flowers :md
leaves. Propagated by cuttings of nearly ripe
shoots in sandy soil under a glass. Soil, loam and
leaf mould, with a little sand. Abundant lint
careful watering and syringing are needed.

Principal Species :—

acerosa, 2', Ap., yel. (*'/"• Chnimi'laucium

Browuii, 3', Ap.,wh. piuinosum).

densiflora, 2', Je., wh. or insiguis, 1', Ap., pk.

pk. nitens, 2', Ap., yel. (*;/».

Fontanesii, 3', Ap., wh. Chrysorrhoe uitens).

VESICARIA. (BLADDER POD.)
A genus of upwards of thirty species of yellow
(lowered hardy perennial or annual herbs (ord.
Crucifera;'), suitable for rockwork or the front of
the border, and interesting from their bladder-like
seed pods. They are propagated by seeds; t he-
perennials also by division. Common soil.

Principal Species : —

arctica, 1', Aug., per. utrieulata, 1', Ap. per.

gracilis, 6", Je., ann. («/«. Alyssum utricula-

gneca, 1', sum., per. turn). One of the best,

grandiflora, 1', Jy., ann.

VESSELS AND VASCULAR
SYSTEM.

In dealing with the morphology of plants the
cell is taken as the unit from which all the organs
are formed. The vessel is really an elongated cell.
usually formed by the superposition of several
cells and the absorption of the partitions or trans-
verse cell walls. The vessels may be divided into

Versailles Laurel (sue I'runiis Lmiroferiistit Ia1i-

folia).

Vervain (see Verbena}.
Vervain, Bastard (see Rtafln/tarpht'ta}.
Vesptima (Limnoeharis JJinnboldtH, ottreetly

lli/dror.lvis Commergtmii) .

Vessels

( 427 )

Viburnum

two classes, viz. true vessels and ground tissue
vessels. The true vessels may be subdivided into
(1) those of the wood (xylein) and (2) those of
the bast (phloem). They are associated in the
tibro- vascular tissue of the stems and leaves both
of Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.

First taking the vessels of the wood, it will
be found that they can be conveniently classified.
according to the thickening of the walls, into
spiral, annular, reticulated, and scalariform. The
spiral and annular vessels have a spiral thickening,
which may be likened to a spiral coil of wire
enclosed in a glass tube. In the annular vessels
the coils of the spiral are very close. The reticu-
lated vessels have the thickening disposed in net-
work fashion, while the scalarifnrm ones show the
thickenings on their walls to be arranged to re-
semble the rungs of a ladder. At first filled with
protoplasm, the vessels of the wood soon lose this,
and in their later stages are only filled with air, or
air and sap at certain times of the year. The wood
cells or wood fibres seen in company with these
vessels are long, very narrow tubes, with lignified
walls and tapering and overlapping ends ; their
function is to impart strength and rigidity. Some-
times their walls are pitted like those of the vessels,
but their transverse walls are not absorbed ; in
this state they are known as tracheides, as apart
from the true trachese or vessels.

The vessels of the bast (phloem) appear as thin
and very slender ducts with thin and not at all
rigid walls, the transverse partitions being only
partly absorbed. These partly absorbed walls are,
however, perforated in various places, the per-
forated partitions being known as "sieve plates,"
and the vessels themselves as "sieve tubes." These
vessels of the bast are filled with protoplasmic or
mucilaginous contents. Bast fibres resemble the
wood fibres in shape and disposition, but they have
not lignified walls, and their functions are to give
toughness and elasticity rather than rigidity.

The vessels of the ground tissue are chiefly
represented by the lactiferous receptacles to be
found in plants belonging to such natural orders as
Papaveraceas, Euphorbiacese, and Asclepiadeae.
They may originate, not by the union of cells, but
by the growth and branching of a single cell. It
has been suggested that they may even be inter-
cellular spaces into which the latex has been
forced. In a work of this scope it is impossible to
go into detail, and the reader is recommended to
some of the excellent works upon morphological
botany which exist.

The vascular or fibro-vascular system of plants
is composed of bundles made up of the vessels
referred to in combination with their accompanying
tracheides and companion cells and, in the Dico-
tyledons, the all-important layer of cambium which
lies between the xylem and phloem. That is as
far as the stem is concerned. In the root the
xylem and phloem are dissociated and alternate
with each other, instead of the one lying behind
the other. The cambium is here represented by
the pericambium which encloses the central axis
formed by these strands of xylein and phloem.

Again referring to the stem, a different arrange-
ment of the bundles prevails in Monocotyledons
from that seen in Dicotyledons. In the latter the
bundles are " open " or " indefinite," and possessing,
as they do, a cambium layer, growth is only limited
by the life of the tree. In the fibro-vascular
bundles of Monocotyledons there is no cambium
layer, the bundles are said to be " closed " or

"definite," and little increase in size of the stem
takes place.

In all flowering plants the bundles pass from the
stem into the leaves, and hence are known as
"common" bundles. In the higher Cryptogams
there are " cauline " bundles, which only branch
into the leaves.

All plants possessing avascular system are styled
vascular plants.

VESTIA. (CHILIAN BOX-THORN).

An interesting greenhouse shrub (on/. Solanacese),
propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots under a
glass in sand, and thriving in loam and peat with
a little sand.

Only Species : —

lycinides, I!', .Te., yel.

VIBURNUM. (GUELDER ROSE.)
A large genus (tird. Caprifoliaceze) of deciduous,
or evergreen shrubs or trees, principally hardy, of
easy cultivation, and many very ornamental in
the shrubbery or garden. Propagation, by layers
or by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil,
under hand-lights. Common soil. Viburnums are"
prized for forcing to flower in winter and early
spring. Take from the open ground in October.
pot, and plunge them in the open or in a cold
frame until wanted to be brought into heat from
December onwards. For this purpose the greater
number are valuable — Tinus, the common Lauristi-
nus, beiag very suitable. Opulus is one of the
most ornamental of our native shrubs, with its
large flower heads followed by bunches of pinkish
berries. Opulus sterile is one of the most popular
and effective shrubs, with its large, globular heads
of white flowers in profusion. Lantana, the Way-
faring Tree, is a good hedge plant.
Principal Species and Varieties : —

cassinoides, 6", Je., yel.,
wh. (xtfiis. nucluiu cas-
sinoides and squama-
tum).

dentatum, 5' to 10', Je.,
bl. or pur. American
Arrow Wood.

— variegatum, Ivs. varie-
gated.

dilatatum, 10', Je., wh.

inacrocephalum, 20', Je.,
wh. (*//«. Fortunri of
gardens).

ocloratissimum, G' to 10',
My., wh., ev., fragrant.

Opulus, & to 8', Je., wh.
(»//»*. edule and Oxy-
coccus). Guelder Rose,
Suowball Tree, Cran-
berry Tree, etc.
- foliis-variegatis, Ivs.
wh., yel.

— nauum, about 1' high.

— sterile, all the flowers
sterile, the best. (Jar-
den Guelder Rose or
Snowball Tree.

prunifolium, 6' to 12',
My., wh. (SI/H. piri-

folium). American

Black Haw.

Tinus, 8' to 10', Dec. to
Mch., ev., wh., ro.
Laurustinus.

— Frrebeli, whiter, Ivs.
lighter.

— hirtum, blooms in aut.
and win., Ivs. hairy
below.

- lucidurn, larger than
type. There is also a
variegated form.

— purpureum, Ivs. pur-
plish.

— rotundifolium, Ivs.
round.

— strictum, rather up-
right in habit.

— strictum variegatum,
Ivs. variegated.

— variegatum, Ivs. varie-
gated wh.

tomentosum, 4' to 6', My.,
wh. (»//«. plicatum of
Siebold and Zuccarini).

— plicatum, 4' to 6', My.,
wh., sterile flowers.

I it '// (.svr I i/'fii .

Velch, Jiastard or Jikjdder (see Phaca).

]'ffi'/i, ISilli'r l.\vr Orobus).

Vflfli, Chicliliny fwr faithi/rut tativut).

Vrteh, Croren (see Cortmilla).

Vetrli, Liifiwrii-r (Attrayalu* i/Iyi-ipfiyllut).

Vetch, Mrdiclt (see Oniibryehis).

Vetch, Milk (see Astrayalus).

Vicia

( 428)

Villarsia

Other Species, Hybrids, and Varieties :

acerifolium, 3' to 6', My.,

wh. Dockmackie.
cotinifolinm, 5' to 10', ,Te.,

wh. Indian Wayfaring

Tree.

davuricum, 3', Je., wh.
edule (see Opulus).
erosum, flowers in a hairy

umbel.
Fortunei (see macroce-

phalum).
furcatura, 12', grown for

sc. or pur. aut. tints.
Keteleeri (see macro-

cephalum var.).
lif vigatum of gardens (see

prunifolium).
Lantaua, 6' to 20', My.,

wh. Common Way-
faring Tree.

— foliis-aureis variegatis,
variegated wh., yel.

lantanoides, 6', My., wh.

Hobble Tree, American

Wayfaring Tree.
Lentago, 15' to 30', My.

wh. Sheep Berry,

Sweet Viburnum.

— subpedunculatum,
flower stalks f" in
length.

niiicrocephalum Keteleeri,
20', Je., wh. ; wild
type.

molle, G' to 12', Jy., wh.
uitidum (nee nudum).
nudum, 6' to 10', My.,

wh. (syn. nitidum).

American Withe Rod.

— cassinoides (see cassin-
oides).

— Claytoni, Ivs. almost
whole.

obovatum, 2' to S', My.,
wh.

orientale, 6' to 10', Jy.,
wh.

pauciflorum, 2' to 5', sum. ,
wh.

pirifolium (see pruni-
folium).

plicatum (see tomentosum
var. plicatum).

pubesceus, 3' to 6', Je.,
wh.

reticulatum of gardens
(see Sieboldii).

rigidum, 4' to 6', Dec.,
hlf-hdy. (si/H.rugosum) .

rugosum (see rigidum).

Sargentii, near Opulus,
but anthers pur. and
ray flowers larger.

Sieboldii, Ivs. dark grn.,
opposite (.«/«. reticula-
tum of gardens) .

Vetteri. hybrid (Lentago
X nudum).

VICIA. (VETCH, TAKE.)

An extensive genus of hardy perennial or annual
herbs (ord. Leguminosie), of which only a few are
ornamental, though several (especially sativa) are
useful as fodder. They are propagated by seeds ;
the perennials by division also. Common soil.

Principal Species : —

onobrychioides, 2', Je.,
ami., pur.

oroboides, 1' to 2', Je.,
per., hi. (syn. Orobus
lathyroides of Bo-
tanical Magazine 2098).

— alba, wh.

pyrenaica, 1', My., per.,
pur.

sativa, 3', My., ann., pur.

sicula, 6", My., per., pur.
(SI/H. Orobus Fischeri).

sylvatica, Je.,per. trailer,
bl., wh.

tenuifolia, 1.',', Je., per.
climber, vio.

argentea, 1', Je.,per.. pk.,

blk.
atropurpurea, 3', Je.,

aim., pur.
Cracca, 2' to 6', Je., per.,

bl. Cow Vetch.
dennesiana, My., per.,

pale br. to pur.
Faba (see Bean, BroadX
fulgens, 3' to 4^', Je.,

ann., sc.
galegarfolia (now Swain-

sona coronillaefolia).
lathyroides, 8", My., ann.,

lil. Spring Vetch,
narboneusis, 3', Je. , ann.,

pur.

VICTORIA.

(Ord. Nymphaeacese.) The only species recog-
nised by the Index Kerccnsis is regia, a magnificent
stove aquatic plant, which has excited universal
admiration and wonder since its introduction in
1838. The great leaves are sufficient to support
a child on the surface of the water, and the fine
flowers are about 1' across. Recently a hardier sort
lias been introduced under the name of Trickeri.
This is said to be hardy in some places, but should
have at least greenhouse cultivation in this coun-
try. Propagation is effected by seeds in a pot of
loam sunk in a tank, with a temperature not
under 85° in January. Prick off the seedlings into
separate pots, and plant out in the tank early in

May, giving a water temperature of 80° or rather
more. Give plenty of sun. Trickeri may be sown
in a warm greenhouse in early spring.

Only Species and its Variety : —

parts, hardier, regarded
as regia var. amazouica
by prominent British
botanists, but American
authorities have now
concluded that it is the
true V. craziaua of
Orbigny.

regia, sum, aquatic, wh.,

pur., or ro., Ivs. 4' to 6|'

across, with turned up

margin. Royal Water

Lily, Queen Victoria's

Water Lily, etc. (see p.

429).
Trickeri, resembles above,

but smaller in all its

VIGNA.

Half-hardy or hardy annuals (ord. Legiiminosas),
of climbing habit. Propagation, by seeds in gentle
heat in March, planting out of doors late in May.
Soil, light, sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

Burchellii, 10' , sum. , grh. ,

pur. (»•//». Otoptera

Burchellii).
Catjang, 10', Jy., red,

yel. (ft/us, sinensis,

Dolichos sesquipodalis,

D. sinensis of botanical
Magazine 2232, D.
tranquebaricus, and
D. uuguiculatus).
glabra, 10', Jy., yel. (syn.
Dolichos luteolus).

VIGUIERA.

Stove herbaceous perennials (ord. Compositse).
Propagation, by division, or cuttings in spring, the
latter beneath a bell-glass. Soil, fibrous loam and
sandy, fibrous peat.

Principal Species : —

helianthoides, 3', Jy.,yel. prostrata, 1', Jy., yel.,

(xifii. dentata). hdy. in sheltered

linearis, 2', Sep., hlf-hdy., southern districts

yel. (nyn. Helianthus (correctly Helianthus

linearis). tracheliifolius).

VILLAMILLA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (ord. Phytolnccacese).
Propagation, by cuttings in sand beneath a bell-
glass over bottom heat. Soil, light loam and coarse
sand.

Principal Species : —

octandra, 2', My., wh. (.«//». Rivina octandra).

VILLANOVA.

Hardy annuals (ord. Composite), allied to
Palafoxia. Propagation, by seeds in May, in any
ordinary soil where the plants are to flower.

Principal Species : —

chrysanthemoides, lj', Sep., yel.

VILLARESIA.

Stove shrubs (ord. Olacineas). Propagation, by
cuttings of half-ripened growths in very sandy
peat beneath a bell-glass over bottom heat. Soil,
light, fibrous loam three parts, and fibrous peat
one part, with coarse sand.

Principal Species : —

emarginata, 6' to 20', Sep., wh. (syn. mucronata).

VILLARSIA.

Aquatic or bog plants (ord. Gentianeae), needing
greenhouse or stove protection, though some
species, notably parnassifolia, are hardy in shel-
tered southern waters. Propagation, by division

Victorian Hazel (Poniaderris apetala).
Viciissetixia, (see Mortea).

Vilmorinia

42!J )

Viola

and seeds in spring, in hear. Many species for-
merly included are now referred to Lininantliemum
and Menyanthes (which «<;<•).
Principal Species : —

parnossifuliu, '-'', An;;.,
yel. (»//«. Meuyauthes
exaltatii) .

capituta, 4", sura., yel.
ovata, 6", Jy., citron
yel. (sun. Meuyanthes

yel. (syn

uvuta).

reuiformis, 1', Jy., yel.

VILMORINIA.

A stove evergreen (ord. Legominosae). Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of half-ripened growths in sand,
beneath a bell-glass, or by seeds, soaked prior to
sowing, in heat. Soil, fibrous loam and peat, with
coarse sand.

Only Species : —

multiflora, G', Jly., pur. (syn. Clitoria mulliflor.ii).

loam, leaf soil, a little cow manure, and sand suit
the tender species.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

difformis, 1', Aug., hdy., media (.we- difformis).

minor, 1', Mch. to Aug.,
hdy., bl.
- fiore pleno, double

bl. (.»//«. media),
major, 2', Ap. to Aug.,
hdy., pur.

- variugata, '2', Aug.,
hdy., pur. ; handsome
variegated lv

flowered, not common,
rosea, 1', My., St., ro.
— alba, 1, Je., St., wh.

pusilla, 9", Aug., st. aim.,
bl.

Other Species : —

acutiflora (wr difformis).
herbacea, IV, Je., Jy.,
hdy., pur.

VINCETOXICUM.

Hardy herbaceous perennials (tird. Asclepiadea?).

VlCTOUIA KEGIA (see p. -U

VIMINARIA. (RUSH BROOM.)

Evergreen shrubs (ord. Leguminosa;), allied to
Hivii'sia, and requiring greenhouse culture. Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripenerl growths in
spring. Soil, equal parts of loam and peat, both
fibrous, with coarse sand.

Only Species : —
denudata, 3' to '20', Aug., (correctly Jacksonia

or. yel. scoparia).

lateritlora. 3', Jy., yel.

VINCA. (PERIWINKLE.)

Hardy and stove evergreens (nrd. Apocynaceso).
Propagation, by division or cuttings, in a shaded
liositiiui, in spring; outdoors for the hardy ones ;
cuttings in a close, warm case for the tender ones.
Any ordinary soil suits. The hardy species are
valuable because they will grow well under trees,
where practically no other plant would live. Good

Propagation, by cuttings or division in spring.
Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species : —
fuDcatum, 3', Jy., vol. officinale, 3', My., wh.

(i*//". Cynanchum min- (*ynti. Cynanchum lax-

us). • um and C. Vincetoxi-

nignim, 3', Jy., br. (*//«. cum).

Cynunclium nigrum).

VINES (we Gn.U'Ks and VlTIs).

VIOLA.

Description. — A valuable genus (ord. Violaceie) of
hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, whose ease
of culture, extraordinary floriferonsnr*s, and fre-
quently great fragrance, warrant their inclusion in
every garden.

Vine linin-r (wv I'li-miiti*

I me Miijili' '.li't-r rirriiiiiliini).

Viola

( 430 )

Viola

Propagation. — By seeds sown in gentle heat in
February, by division in spring or autumn, and by
cuttings. The last named is the best method for
the popular garden varieties, and the cuttings
should be inserted in a cold frame in August or
.September, in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand.
As much fresh air as possible should be admitted.

Soil. — Violas will grow in any-except an abso-
lutely impoverished medium, but the most satis-
factory results are ensured with a deep loam, with
which decomposed manure has been somewhat
generously incorporated.

Other Cultural Points. — Florists' Violas are in-
valuable for the margins of large beds and borders,
and for carpeting beneath tall growing plants.
Many of the species make lovely plants for the
rock garden. All flowers should be removed as
they commence to fade. When the best of the
late spring display is over, the plants may be
closely clipped over with hedging shears; they

Other Species and Varieties :—

arenaria, 3", My., 1)1. lutea, 3", Je., yel.

bliindii, 6", My., wh.

campcstris, 6", Ap., pur.

canadcusis, t>", My., wh.

ileclinata, 3", Je., bl.

hederacea, 2",' Jy., hlf-

hdy., hi.

hirta, ()", Mch. to My., lil.
lanceolata, 3", Je., wh.

Selection of Garden Varieties :—

White :—

Bethea. Marchioness.

Christiana. Marchioness of

Couutess of Twecddale.

Hopetoun.
White and Blue :—
Blue Cloud. James Cocker.

Countess of Kin- Laverock.

tore. Koran May.

. Eilina.

— aiucuna, hi., pur.
mirabilis, 3", Jy., bl.
prostrata, 3", Je., crin
Selkirkii, 6", Je., bl.
striata, 6", sum., crim. or

pur., with wh. lines,
variegata, 3", My., vio.

Mrs. Kinnaird.
Pencaitlaud.
White Empress.

Shamrock.
White Duchess.
W. P. A. Smith.

VlSCA MAJOR VAltlF.GATA (see p. 429).

will leok bare for a time, but new growths will
push quickly, and a magnificent second crop of
flowers will be ensured.

Principal Species and Varieties : —

alpina, 3', Je., pur. odorata, 6", spr., aut.,

altaica, 6", My., pur. hi., wh., or pur. Sweet

biflorar 3", Je , yel. Violet,

calcarata, G", My., bl. — alba, wh.

— alhiftora, wh. — pallida plena, double
- 1 1. 1 1 lie In plena, double 'lavender.

lavender. palustris, 4", My., wh. or

canina, 4", My., variable, lil.

hi., lil., grey, or wh. pedata, 6", My., bright

conmta, C", spr., sum., bl.; alba.atropurpurea,

bl. and bicolor are vars.

— alba, wh. pubescens, 3", Je., yel.
cueullata, 4", spr., vio. rothomagensis, 6", sum.,

bl., or pur.
graeilis, 3", Je., pur.
— Valderia, 2", pur.
lactea, 6", My., grey.

mnnhyana, 4", spr., vio.
— lutea, yel.

bright bl., l>lk. marks.

sagittate, 6", Jy., pur. bl.

sylvestris, fi", spr., bl.

tricolor, 6", sum., aut.,
yel., pur., wh. The
Pansy or Heartsease.

Rhie :—

Archie Grant. Blue Duchess. Favourite.
Blue Bedder. Blue Gown. True Blue.

Yellon- :—

Ardwell Gem. Lord Elcho. Sylvia.

Bullion. Primrose Dame. Wonder.

Yellow and Blue : —
Duchess of Fife. Golden Fleece. Goldfinch.

Purjtle : —
Acme. Mrs. C. Turner. The Mearns.

.Vtinri' : —

Bessie Clarke. Duchess of J. B. Biding.

Sutherland.

Lilne or Rtise : —

Lilacina. Princess Win. Neil.

Beatrice. W. Smith.

Bronze : —
Bronze Kintore. Bronze Prince.

CriiiiMii tfhadrs :—-
Councillor Crimson King. Mrs. James

Waters. Lucy Bertram. Fisher.

Violet

( 431 )

Virginian Stock

Miniature or Violetta Varieties : —

Blanche. Gold Crest. Violetta.

Blush (jueen. Picotee.

VIOLET.

Description. — Amongst British plants none has a
greater popularity or is more universally admired
than the .Sweet Violet. The Dog Violet grows in
shady places, and does not appear to be fasti-
dious in respect of soil.

Propagation. — liy runners, much in the same
inatiiMT as is adopted with Strawberries. The
number of runners should be strictly limited, so as
to ensure strength in those retained. To leave all
the runners means a mass of weak, spindly growths,
whieh rarely make satisfactory plants. The run-
ners should be pegged down into the soil between
the plants, and in a few weeks will be well rooted
if the soil is kept pleasantly moist. Some varieties
are best propagated by division.

Soil. — A medium sandy loam, of considerable
depth, is the best for Violets. If poor, decayed
manure must be incorporated with it; and if heavy,
an abundance of gritty matter should be worked
in, as the plants are frequently unsatisfactory in a
stiff, adhesive medium. Immediately prior to
planting, the soil should be deeply dug, and sub-
sequently made moderately firm. The smaller
growing varieties should be 10" asunder all ways,
and those of more robust growth, like some of the
comparatively modern singles, are best 15" apart.

Summer Culture. — This consists of planting the
stock in April or May on a cool, deeply worked
border, which, although well open to the light, is
sheltered from briu'ht sunshine; and in keeping
the plants well supplied with moisture, frequently
syringing them to guard against red spider.
Mulch with spent Mushroom bed manure, and in
the case of plants required to flower in pots or
frames during winter, prevent the formation of
runners.

Winter Culture. — Brick pits or well-made wooden
frames are needed to secure the best results, and
they should face south or south-east, so that the
plants in them may receive ample light. About
the middle of September place a quantity of well-
turned stable litter, mixed with leaves, in the
frame or pit, leaving room for 6" of soil, so that
after planting tlie Violets come within a few inches
of the glass. Lift and plant the strongest
crowns in the frames at the end of September or
«arly in October, and guard against any delay
between lifting and planting. Water well, and
keep the frame rather close for a week, until the
plants have recovered from the check. Afterwards
admit air freely, removing the lights altogether on
line days, and only keeping them quite stint during
very severe frost or dense fog. Prevent runner
formation, frequently stir the surface soil, remove
damped or broken foliage as soon as detected, pick
the flowers at least, every other day, and protect
the plants by means of garden mats when neces-
sary.

Violets in Pots. — Pot culture is but a modifica-
tion of that already advised. Bemove the plants
from the frame to a cool greenhouse for the winter,
:md place them in the conservatory when llower-
ing freely.

Enemies. — Red spider is the worst, but it need
not be feared if cool, moist conditions are pro-
vided. Several species of Fungi attack Violets,

more especially those grown in a close atmosphere.
I'uccinia Violse is the worst of these, and when
the stock is thoroughly infested with it the case is
hopeless. The grower should root up and burn the
plants, and not use the soil again for Violets.
Spraying with sulphide of potassium (1 oz. to
'•> gallons of water) serves as a preventive if used
at brief interval.-, but tlie-'best method of .preven-
tion is careful cultivation, i.e. strong plants to start
with, and, subsequently, conditions that ensure
linn, sturdy growth.

A Selection of Varieties : —

Single Flon'ered : —

California, bl., long stems. Princess of Wales, vio.,

Czar, deep bl. ; flue for pur., long stems, very

win. sweet,

devoniensis, bl., free. wellsiana, rounded, vio.

La France, rounded pur.

flowers, vio. hi. White Czar, wh.

Double Floivered : —

Comte de Brazza, wh. Mrs. J. J. Astor, rosy pur

de Panne, lavender. Neapolitan, mauve, wh.

Marie Louise, lavender, centre.

wh. ; the finest for New York, mauve, very

win. flowering. sweet.

Millie. B. Barron, rkhbl., Queen, wh., flushed ro.

very free.

VIRGILIA.

The only species (ord. Leguminosse) is a green-
house tree, propagated by cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots in sand, in a close case, in spring,
also by seeds ; and thriving in a compost of equal
parts of loam and peat, with sand.

Only Species :—
aurea (now Calpnrnia instrusa (now Calpuraia

lasiogyne). intrusa).

capensis, Jy., rosy pur., lutea (now Cladrastis

Ivs. with six to ten pairs tinctoria). .

of leaflets (.«//«. Po-

dalyiia cupeusis).

VIRGINIAN CREEPER (see AMPEL-
OPSIS and VITIS).

VIRGINIAN STOCK (see MALCOMIA

MAHITIMA).

I iolet. Adder's ((loodyera pnbeseens).
Violet, Afrirtiii ,wr ^nintjiaiilia).
Violet, Hog (gee I'ingiiieiila).
Violet, ('ape (see I mii din ni).
Violet, Corn (Hpeeiila-ria liybrida).
Violet, Dame's (tee llesperis matronal!*).
Violet, Dog's (see Viola canina).
I 'iolet. Day's Tooth (see Erythronium Dens-
en nis).

Violet, False (Kiibns Dalibarda).
Violel, Foreign (see Si'lnreiggeria).
Violet, Fringed (see Tjiysanotus).
I iolet, Mereiiry's (see ('nin/niniilii Medium).
Violet, itpurless (see Viola liederacca).
Violet, Tongue (see Xrlnreiggera).
Violet, \\nler (see llottimia paliistris).
Viper (ronril (Trielioxontlies Anguina).
V.per's liiiifluss ''see l-jehitlin).
Viper's llnifs (see Heorzanera liispanica).
Virei/ii see Illinilodendron).
\'irgininn Coirslip (see Mertmsia rirginiea).
Virginian I'o/te Weed (see I'lnjtolaeea decandra).
Virginian Hilk '.see 1'eriploea grteca).
Virgin's Jioieer (see Clematis).
I i ml, i i me Myristica,).

Viscaria

( 432 )

Vitis

VISCARIA (sec LYCHNIS).

VISCUM.

Shrubby parasites (ord. Loranthaceaj), found
growing on trees of various kinds. There are
about thirty species, the larger number occurring
in tropical countries, whence they have never yet
been successfully introduced. Only one species,
the native album, 2', May, green, is generally
known, for those not familiar with the plant in a
growing state recognise the berried growths im-
ported so largely from Normandy as an indis-
pensable item in Christmas decorations. (See
MISTLETOE.) Cruciatum, 1' to 2', March, red fruit,
a parasite on the common Olive, is cultivated in
some gardens. At Kew it is growing on a plant
of Pyrus torminalis.

VISMIA.

Stove evergreen shrubs (i>rd. Hypericineie). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of side growths, getting firm
at the base, in sand. Soil, fibrous loam and peat
in equal parts, with sand and a little charcoal.

Principal Species :—

brasiliensis, 8', Aug., yd. guianeusis, 8', Aug., yel.
glabra, 10', Jy., red. guiueensis, 6', My., yel.

sessilifolia, 6', My., yel.

VISNEA.

Greenhouse evergreen trees (ord. Temstru'ini-
acese). Propagation, by cuttings, in sand, beneath
a bell-glass. Soil, equal parts of loam and peat.

Principal Species :

Mocanera, C', Mch., whitish grn.

VITEX.

Hardy deciduous or stove evergreen trees and
shrubs (ord. Verbenaceso). Propagation, by cut-
tings in autumn, the hardy species under a hand-
light, and the stove species in heat. Light, well-
drained soil suits the hardy forms, and a mixture
of loam, peat, and sand the tender ones,

Principal Species : —

Agnus-castus, 6', Aug., capitata, G', Je., bl.

pale lil., almost wh., Negundo, 4', sum., pur.

.My. trifolia, 5', Jy., bl. ; there

biguonioides, 8', Jy., st., isavar. with variegated

bl. Ivs.

umbrosa, 25', sum., pur.

VITIS. (VINE.)

Description. — A great and important genus of
greenhouse, stove, or hardy creeping or climbing
shrubs (ord. Ampelidea;), some of which — vinifera,
the original of our Grape Vines (sec GRAPES), is
the chief— are valued for their fruit, and manv are
ornamental on trelliswork, walls, or trees. " The
cultivation of these hardy, ornarnental-foliaged
Vines is greatly on the increase, and the fine tints
the leaves assume in autumn add greatly to their
value. Ampelopsis and Cissus may also be re-
ferred to for some of the species botanically
included with Vitis, but known in gardens by
those names.

Propagation.— By eves or by cuttinsrs, the former
being the general method for Grape Vines in this
country, and the latter for the species. Layering,
grafting, budding, and inarching may also be
practised, and some of the species are occasionally
raised from seeds.

Soil. — Good fibrous loam for the species. (&e
GRAPES for the Grape Vines.)

Principal Species and Varieties :—
[NOTE. — f r. = fruit.]

1 a>stivalis, My., hdy. cl., cl., sweet scented,

fr. blk. American Sum- fr. pur. or yellowish,

mer Grape. Ivs. heart shaped, round-

califomica, sum., hdy. cl., ish. The parent of a

fr. blk. , Ivs. small, crim. number of vars., and

ill aut. used in raising new

candicans, hdy. cl., fr. Vines to withstand

blk., Ivs. handsome, Phylloxera Fox Grape,

heart shaped, wh. be- Pluiu Grape, Isabella

neath. Grape.

! Coignetia?, Ivs. very hand- lanata, hdy. cl., gru., fr.

some, large, becom- pur., Ivs. pubescent,

ing crim. or claret finely coloured in aut.

coloured in aut. ptcrophora, st. cl., with

Engelmaimi, Ivs. palmate, interesting habit, Ivs.

climbs by means of stem trifoliolate, on long

roots ; an excellent stalks ; tubers formed

species for walls or at end of branches, and

trees. detached, make young

flexuosa major, fine, decor- plants (SI/H. gongyl-

ative, hdy. Vine ; the odes),

three-lobed Ivs. are 6" Komanetii, hdy. cl., Ivs.

or more across, finely variable, grn. above,

coloured in aut. wh. below (*•//«*. pseudo-

heterophylla humulifolia, spina and Ampulovitis

low hdy. cl., pretty Komanetii).

foliage, fr. china bl., — obtusifolia, heart

blk. spotted. Turquoise- shaped, wh.

berry Vine. — serotina, later fruiter.

— humulifolia variegata, — variegata (Mine. Cap-

Ivs. variegated. lat).

inconstaus, the correct vinifera, hdy. cl., fr. vari-

name of Ampelopsis able : the original of

tricuspidata (Veitchii; the Grape Vines (see

ayn. japonica of gar- Grapes),

dens). Small -leaved — laciniosa, Ivs. in five

Virginian Creeper. deeply cleft segments

Labrusca, 20' and up- (*!/H. apiifolia).
wards, Je., very hdy.

Other Species and Varieties : —

acumiiiata, grh. or st. capreolata, hdy. cl. on

cl., Ivs. rounded, wall in the south of

pointed, toothed, glab- England, fr. small, blk.,

rous above, glaucous Ivs. pretty, five-foliate.

wh. below, fr. blk. chontaletisis', Dec., st. cl.,

segirophylla, hdy. cl., Ivs. sc., Ivs. bright gru.,

pale, glabrous, ovate, trifoliolate (xyii. Cissus

pointed, fr. small. choutalensis).

albo-nitens, st. cl., Ivs. cinerea, hdy. cl., Ivs.

marked silvery wh. (,<«/«. about 1' across, glossy

Cissus albo-nitens). a hove.

amazonica, st. cl., Ivs. — canesceus, Ivs. smaller,

large, oval, pointed, prettier.

silver veined, red below cirrhosa, grh. shr., stems

(S//H. Cissus amazonica). with long tendrils, Ivs.

amurensis, Ivs. entire or glabrous.

lobed, woolly (sijn. viui- cordifolia, My., hdy. cl.,

fera amureusis). fragrant, fr. lil. or

antarctica, grh. cl., Ivs. blk., Ivs. heart shaped,

ovate or oblong, fr. toothed, three lobrd.

round (syn. Cissus ant- Winter, Chicken, or

arctica). Kangaroo Frost Grape.

, Vine. davidiana (we hetero-

apiifolia (see vinifera laci- phylla).

niosal. doauiana, hdy. cl., Ivs.

argyrophylla (an error for and branches whitish,

a-girophylla). Endresii, st. cl., Ivs. deep

Bainesii, 4 j', succulent st. grn.. red veined, heart

tree, non-climbing. shaped.

Berlandieri, hdy. or hlf- flexuosa, hdy. cl., Ivs.

hdy., steins pubescent, heart shaped, toothed.

IYB. round, heart shaped, gongy lodes (we ptero-

with three lobes, fr. phora).

dark vio. (SI/H. inouti- hetprophylln, tall cl., fr.

cola of Engeimami). inedible, Ivs. palmately

capeiisis, grh. trailer, Ivs. lobed.

kidney shaped, angled, hypoglauca, grh. shr.,

toothed, fr. dark red.

Vittadinia

(433 )

Wachendorfia

vol., pretty, young Ivs.

glaucous below.
imlivisii, hdy. cl., Ivs.

simple, rather three.

lobed, fr. very small

(.11/11. Ampelopsis cor-

data).
japimira. hlf-hdy. el., Ivs.

compound, gla,hi'ous

(fi/n. I'issus japi>mra\

— mnrinorata.yul. blotches
on Ivs.

— of gardens (see incou-
stans).

javali'Msis, st., sc., Ivs.

very tine, simple, heart

shaped.grn., velvet-like,

(.<//«. Cissus javalc'iisis).
Lindeni, grh. oLf Ivs. gm.,

spotted wh.
Macropus, 2'.', dwarf st.

tree, of uo beauty, truuk

l)ulb-like.
monticola, hdy. cl., Ivs.

heart shaped, fr. wh. or

yel., well flavoured ;

said to be a form of

:i st ivalis.

— of Engelmann is Ber-

laudicri.
muhitiila gracilis, hdy.

cl., Ivs. deeply lobed,

fr. blk.

odoratissimn. (.fr riparia).
arientalis, hdy. or hlf-

hdy., Ivs. triangular.
i>lanicaulis, st. cl., glab-
rous, leaflets oblong

lanceolate.
4Uadrangnluris, warm

grh. cl., interesting,

Grape Vines. — (Sije GRAPES for cultivation ami
selections.)

American Grapes (from Labrusca) : —

HI ark, I'urple, or lied : —

[NOTE.— All small, musky, and in small bunches.]

four wiuged, usually
leafless, stems con-
tracted at the nodes.

quinquefolia, Ivs. pal-
mate, a common wall
plant. Large - leaved
Virginian Creeper.

riparia, like cordifolia,
but with broader,
lobed Ivs. (tyit. cordi-
folia riparia).

rupestris, hdy., Ivs. round-
ish kidney shaped, stem
striated, fr. bluish blk.,
small.

rutilans, red, stems and
leafstalks with red
bristles, Ivs. large, heait
shaped, tomeutose.

sempervirens (xre striata).

Sieboldii (nee Thunbergii).

striata, hdy. or hlf-hdy.
ev. cl., Ivs. dark gm.,
digitate, fr. reddish,
small.

Thuubergii, handsome
hdy. cl., Ivs. large, three
to five lobes, glabrous
or pubescent above, to-
mentose below (tytt. Sie-
boldii).

voinieriana, st. cl., fr.
large, Ivs. of three leaf-
lets ; possibly not a
Vitis.

vulpina, hdy. cl., Ivs.
small, glossy, fr. Musk
scented, pur. , thick
skinned, without bloom.
Bullace Muscadine.

Itrighton, sweet, blk.

• )rlYrl>nll. SWCI't, red.

Moore's Early, sweet,

pur. blk.
Strawberry, sweet, pur.

red.

Golden Pocklington,

sweet, yel.
Lady, rich, deep yel.

White or Yellow : —
Duchess, sweet, wh.
Kldorado, sweet, yel.

VITTADINIA.

A genus of about fourteen species of greenhouse
or h:inly perennial herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Com-
posite), allied to Erigeron. Few, if any, are in
cultivation. Triloba of gardens is Erigeron mu-
cronatus, which #ei>. The Vittadinias are propa-
gated by seeds or cuttings, and like a sandy soil.

VITTARIA.

A genus of stove Ferns (ord. Filices), with Grass-
like fronds and the brown sori or spore cases in
continuous lines at or near the margins. (See
b'Klixs for cultivation.)

Principal Species :—
elongata. fronds fi" to 18"

long, J" to J" broad,

sori sunk in a groove

(\v/*.v. ensit'onnis and

zosteriefolia).
lineata, fronds 6" to 18"
58

long, $" to J" broad,
narrowing to the base,
sori in a shallow furrow,
(.^///.Taeniopsis lineata).
Florida Bibbon Fern,
scolopendrina, fronds 1 '

stipitata, fronds 1J' to 2'
long, $" to J" broad,
tapering to the base,
sori in a groove inside
the margin ("!/»•
Tamiopsis stipitata).

to I.1.' long, J" to |"
broad, pointed, base
gradually narrowing,
sori in broad, sub-
marginal lines (fiftt.
Tirniopsis scolopen-
driua).

VIVIANIA.

A small genus of stove or greenhouse shrubs,
herbs, or sub-shrubs (ord. Geraniacere), scarcely, if
at all, cultivated at present. Propagated by cut-
tings of young growths in sand under a glass. Soil,
loam, peat, and a little sand.

Principal Species : —

grandifolia, 1' to 2', Jy.,
grh., wh. or red.

parvifolia, 1' to 2', Jy.,
grh., ro.

VOANDZEIA (syns. CRYPTOLOBUS and
GBOLOBUS. BOMBARBA GBOUXD NUT,
UNDERGROUND BEAN).

An interesting stove herb (ord. Leguminosa;),
with a hypogosous habit, i.e. the flower stems bend
after flowering so as to insert the seed pods in
the soil to ripen. Propagated by seeds. Common
soil.

Only Species :—

subterranea, 3", Jy., pale yel.

VOCHISIA. (Also spelled VoCHVSlA.)

A genus of stove trees or shrubs (ord. Vochysi-
acese), with scented flowers in panicles or racemes.
The only ones known to cultivation are the under-
named, which are propagated by cuttings of
ripened wood in heat under a bell-glass in a very
sandy soil. Soil, loam and peat.

Only Cultivated Species : —

ferrugiuea, 2.V, Aug., yel. guianensis, 12' or more,
(xi/n. tomeutosa). Aug., yel. Copai-yi'-

wood.

VOYRIA (syn. VOYRA).

A genus of dwarf, leafless, stove herbaceous
perennials (prd. Gentianese), propagated by seeds
and divisions in spring. Soil, sandy loam with a
large proportion of leaf soil or peat. The following
are probably not now in cultivation.

Principal Species : —

aphylla, Je., yel. (syn. carulea, Je., bl.
uniflora). rosea, Jy., red.

WACHENDORFIA (*yn. PEDILONIA).

A small genus (ord. Ifemodoraceoe) of greenhouse
or nearly hardy perennial herbs, with tuberous
roots. Propagation is by seeds and offsets. Soil,
sandy loam three parts and peat one part. Wach-
endorlias do best if planted out in prepared beds in
pits and frames. When the plants are at rest
practically no water is needed, for if water be given
the roots may rot.

Principal Species and Variety : —

paniculate, 11', Ap., grh.,

golden yel., Ivs. sword
shaped, three nerved.
— pallida, paler yel.

thyrsiflora, 2', My., grh.,
yel. in spikes, Ivs.
sword shaped, fiva
nerved.

VitlHIHtill 'ill 'I (Ijl/llllpllllg).

Vulltii mi- fin (.in- Cli'milcndrori).
I'rii-fia (KIT Ti////>tdxia).
I iilin-rnria (iti'i- Antlnjllis).

Wahlenbergia

Walks

Other Species and Variety:—

hirsuta, 1J', Ap., grh., - brevifolia, 1', Ap.,
red in bud, yel. when grh., crim., yel. (xyii.
expanded, drooping. brevifolia).

WAHLENBERGIA.

This is a large genus (ord. Campanulacese) of
greenhouse and hardy annual and perennial herbs,
some of which have woody stems. Comparatively
few of them are grown, although upwards of a
dozen species are to be found in catalogues. Cul-
ture as for the hardy Campanulas, which see.

Principal Species : —
hederacea,Jy.,Aug., hdy.

per., fine, creeping, pale

bl. stems (st/n. Cam-
panula hederacea).
Kitaibelii, ti", sum., hdy.

per., bl., flushed pur,

tufted habit,
saxicola, 2" to 8", Je.,

grh. or hlf-hdy. per.,

pale HI. (si/us, albo-

marginata aud Cam-

panula saxicola). New
Zealand Bluebell.

tenuifolia, 3" to 6", Je.,
Jy., hdy. per., vio.,
bl., wh., habit tufted
(syn. Edraianthus teu-
uifolius).

tuberosa, 6" to 24", sum.,
grh. per., wh., banded
externally ro., habit
branching, roots tuber-
ous.

Other Species : —

albo-marginata (see saxi-
cola).

capensis, 1' to H', hlf-
hdy. anil., dark bl.,
grn. (XI/H». Campanula
capeusia and Koella
decurreus).

capillacea, 1' to !»', My.,
grh. per. , bl.

dalmatica, sum. , hdy.
per., vio., bl.

gracilis, 6" to 24", Ap.,
grh. ami., bl., pur., or
wh. (suns. Campanula
capillaris aud gracilis).
Austrian Harebell.

graminifolia, 3", sum.,
hdy. per., pur., in
terminal clusters, Ivs.
Grass-like.

Pumilio, My., Jy., hdy.
per. , bl. or lil. bl.

serpyllifolia. (By links
Kewensis the correct
name is Campanula
serpyllifolia, but the
Kew Hand-List keeps
up Wahlenbergia ser-
pyllifolia.)

undulata, 0" to 12", sum.,
hlf-hdy. ann., vio., bl.

uivea (see odontolepis).
odontolepis, l\', sum.,

wh., pk., or pale yel.

(sy>i,t. nivea and Moma

uivea).

steetziaua, 10", sum., wh.

to pale yel. (syn. tenel-

la).
tenella (see steetziana).

WAITZIA.

Greenhouse annuals (ord. Composite). Several
pretty plants are included, but they are little
known to cultivators. Propagation, by seeds sown
in heat, the subsequent treatment being as for
half-hardy annuals. Soil, loam two parts, leaf
mould one part, dried cow manure one part, and
sand.

Principal Species : —

aurea, 1' to 2', sum.,

bracts yel. (»//«. Morna
nitida) .

grandiflora, 1' to 2', sum.,
resembles aurea, but
heads larger.

Other Species :—

acuminata (see corym-

bosa).
corymbosa, 1' to 2', sum.,

dark yel., flushed pk.,

sometimes with wh.

areas (KI/II. acuminata).

WALDSTEINIA.

A small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord.
Rosaceic), of creeping habit, much like that of the
Fragarias. They are all pretty plants, easy to

Wafer Ash (Pteka trifoliata).
Wailcsia (see Dipodium).

grow, and thrive in almost any soil. Propagation,
by divisions in spring, and by seeds, which germin-
ate freely if not sown deeply.

Principal Species : —
fragarioides, Je. , hdy.,
yel. (ngiis. Comaropsis
fragarioidee and Dali-

geoides, Je., hdy., yel.
trifolia, 4" to 0" Ap.,
My., hdy., }vl.

barda fragarioides).

WALKS.

It is highly important that walks should be well
made and properly proportioned to their surround-
ings. Hints as to their general trend and the
purposes which they serve have already been given
under LANDSCAPE GARDENING and PATHS. It may
be noted here, however, that whatever substance
the surface of the walks may be made of, it should
be possible to walk upon it in all but the worst of
weathers, and, in order to secure this, the walk
must be thoroughly made in the first instance.
In some localities, where the subsoil is a very
pervious gravel, little is done besides roughly
levelling the ground and putting on a coat of
gravel or ashes. This method, however, is not to
be recommended.

The amount of work needed in the construction
of a good walk will depend almost entirely upon
the traffic that the path is expected to carry,
considered with the lie of the ground, and the
character of the soil and subsoil. Thus patlis and
roads that are meant to bear heavy vehicular traffic
have to be excavated to a considerable depth, and
plenty of rough stuff worked in to serve as founda-
tion (tec ROADS). The gravel paths of the kitchen
garden, which have to carry rather lighter traffic,
should be dug out to the depth of at least 6", 4" of
rough foundation being used, and about 2" of finer
gravel, the top 1" being the finest. Heavy and
repeated rollings are in every case requisite. In
making all gravel paths and roads it is important
that the edges should first be determined, and the
nearer these two edges are on the same level the
easier the work will be. It is not difficult to
obtain the levels. Borning rods, a 10' to 12' straight-
edge, and a spirit level are the tools required.

Once the edges are cut, the levels obtained, and
the foundation placed in position, a row of pegs
should be driven down the centre to serve as a
guide for laying on the top fine gravel. It is quite
easy to remove these pegs as the work of finishing
off proceeds.

The draining of walks is an important item.
The usual plan is to lay 3" pipes under the rough
ballast at each side of the walk, taking these drains
to the nearest outlet. Take-away pipes, guarded
with iron gratings, communicate witli the drain
pipes. Frequently each take-away is provided
with a trap, to prevent sediment from choking up
the drains. These traps should be frequently
examined and cleaned out.

The height of the centre of the walk above the
level of the edges will depend upon the width.
Thus, in an 8' walk the centre will be about 4"
higher than the edges, J" being added for ever3"
additional 2' in width.

The width of walks must in all cases depend

WaJie Itnliin (see Arum macitlatitm and Trillium

yrandi forum).
Walltera (see Gompliia).
Walking Leaf (Soolopendfiwm rJii:opJnjlltuii).

Walks

(435)

Wallflower

upon their position, and the work tticy are intended
to do, so that they may vary from 2' for pedestrian
traffic only, to 30' wide for carriage drives.

Asphalte and concrete are occasionally employed
for paths whose gradient is steep, for, when this is
the case, heavy rains rinse and gutter the surface
badly and it is impossible to keep a smooth and
even pat hway. Ashes make a clean and useful path
for foot traffic, and for shaded, woodland walks
they are very suitable. Grass paths are high in
favour in the flower garden, and, while open to the
objection that they are damp to the feet in wet
weather, much of this may be obviated by keeping
the grass closely cut with the machine. As to the
beauty of grass paths there can be no two opinions.

WALLFLOWER.

Description.— For spring blooming the fragrant
Wallflower, Cheiranthus Cheiri (ord. Cruciferas),
has no superior, no matter whether we consider its
hardiness, its free blooming propensities, its
effectiveness, or the ease with which it may be
grown. Strictly speaking a perennial, the best
results are obtained when the plants are treated as
•biennials, for they become straggling and unkempt
in appearance in the third year.

Propagation.— By seed, "which should be sown
about the end of May or the beginning of June, in
a sunny border, in sweet but rather poor soil.
Many people have made the mistake of manuring
the soil for Wallflowers, and the result has been

I'hutii: II'.

A GARDEN WALK BORDERED WITH CLEMATISES.

Turf is not suitable, however, for .-haded walks, as
the roots of the trees exhaust the moisture and
the grass dies, or moss flourishes and chokes the
grass, so that the walk speedily becomes one of
moss rather than of grass.

All gravel paths need to be kept in condition by
regular rollings. A capital surface dressing for the
summer months is to be found in the crushed
-hell supplied by the sundriesman. This picks up
badly in wet weather, but forms an agreeable foot-
hold during dry spells. Other items of tip-keep
are the annual trimming of the edges, the filling up
of ruts caused by heavy rain, and the occasional
replacing in the centre of gravel which has been
worked to the sides, following the natural tendency
to level down.

\\'nll fn-fs (HIT An/bis).

Wall Fern (see Polypodhim vulgarc).

apparent in gross growths which failed to stand
the winter. The seed may be sown broadcast, or in
drills about 10" apart. In any case it is necessary
to transplant the seedlings, which in the nursery
beds should stand C" apart in the rows, the latter
1' asunder.

Other Cultural Points. — Subsequent culture
consists in keeping down weeds, hoeing occasion-
ally to promote soil aeration, and watering. The
final consignment to the flowering quarters takes
place after the summer occupants have vacated the
beds — usually in October. Lift the plants with a
good ball of soil attached, plant fairly firmly, and
water in. Plants thus raised will not succumb
except to very hard and long sustained frosts.
Coddled plants soon die. Generally speaking, the
double flowered varieties are rather more tender
than the singles, and seedlings are preferably
wintered in a cold frame.

"Wall Gardens

(436)

Walls

A Selection of Varieties :—

Hingla : — •
Blood Bed, 1' to 1", red- Golden Tom Thumb, 1',

dish br. yel.

Cloth of Gold, 1 , yel. Harbinger, 1',', br.

Eastern Queen, 1', cham- Old Castle, 6", yel.; ex-

ois, changing to salmon cellent for walls, old

red ; a distinct colour. ruins, dry banks, etc.

Ruby Gem, 1', ruby vio.

There is also an early single annual Wallflower,
which, if seed be sown under glass in March, will
begin to flower in June and bloom till autumn. The
flowers are brown and very fragrant. It is excellent
for pot culture.

Doubles : —

Double German, If, colours various, fragrant,
like double Stocks. The following distinct colours
can be obtained : yel., dark br., creamy wb., and
vio. A packet of mixed seed will give them all.
(Sec also CHEIBANTHUS.)

WALL GARDENS.

Much attention is now being paid to wall
gardening, an interesting phase of the art which
has for its object the decoration of walls by
covering them with plants. When planting is
properly carried out, these walls are not only
exceedingly ornamental, but frequently afford a
means of cultivating flowers which do not thrive
satisfactorily upon the level ground. Most people
are familiar with the pretty appearance of old
walls on which such things as Wallflowers, Pinks,
and Stonecrops have become established, or with
some rough wall against an earthen bank, through
which plants have grown, and veil the wall with
foliage and flower. Old walls with crumbling
mortar may be ornamented by scraping away
some of the lime from the joints, inserting a little
stiff soil, sowing seeds of suitable things in autumn
or spring, and keeping the walls moist until the
seedlings have become established ; but quicker
and better results are secured by fixing " pockets "
of stone filled with soil on the face of the walls, in
which plants may be placed. A still better plan
is to build a double wall of rather rough stones,
either without mortar or with plenty of spaces
between the stones for the plants, and having the
cavity between the walls filled with good soil.
For a retaining wall to a bank, the latter may be
cut away with a slight lean inwards, building the
rough wall against it, so that the bottom of the
wall is farther out than the top, and laying the
stones with the outer edges slightly tilted upwards,
so that the rain may enter at the joints. It is
advisable to lay the stones the same way in a
double wall, and some of the plants ought to be
placed in position as the work proceeds, ramming
the soil well in so as to leave no vacancies. To
cover an existing wall with pockets, drive a stout
spike nail into the joint of the wall immediately
below the pocket, fix on this a flat stone, cementing
it to the wall, lay on the edges of this stones fixed
with cement to form the front and sides, and fill
with good soil. Narrow stones on the top of the
wall with soil between form a good site for other
flowers. Watering the plants in wall gardens in
dry weather needs to be attended to, but plants
which can stand a good deal of drought should be
selected. Sedums, encrusted Saxifrages, Pinks,
dwarf Campanulas (such as portenschlagiana).
Androsace anuginosa, Arabises, and Aubrietias are
all very suitable for wall gardens.

WALLICHIA (»•//««. HAKINA and
WKIGHTIA of ROXBURGH).

Dwarf, stove Palms (ord. Palnue). Propagation,
by seeds sown in brisk heat, and by suckers from
the parent plants. Soil, loam which has been
stacked with cow manure four parts, leaf mould
one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —
caryotoides, Jy., Ivs. 3' to densiflora, 12', plant stem-

H' long, leaflets 1' to K' less, Ivs. wh. beneath.

long, jagged ut the apex

wh. beneath.

Other Species : —

naua (now Didymosperma porphyrocarpa (now
namim). Didymosperma por-

phyrocarpou).

WALLS.

Primarily the wall round the kitchen or fruit
garden is for the purpose of protection, not only
from undesirable visitors, who might make free
with the crops within the enclosure, but also from
cold and rough winds. As an aid to the proper
cultivation of fruit, however, these boundary walls
are of the highest importance. Wall-grown fruit
compares favourably with that obtained in the
open in earliness, appearance, and quality ; and
this being so it is manifest that every foot of wall
space should be utilised in some way. Walls with
a south aspect suit Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines,
Pears, Figs, and the better class of Gage Plums.
Plums and Pears do well on a west wall. Victoria
Plums are excellent for one facing to the east.
For the much abused north wall Morello Cherries,
late Gooseberries, Currants, and dessert Plums are
to be recommended.

In the south of England, Peaches, Nectarines,
and Apricots will do even better upon a west wall
than upon one facing south.

The height of these boundary walls varies con-
siderably. For a garden of, say, 2 acres they should
not be lower than 10' ; 12' will be better, and 14'
is not an uncommon height for large gardens. For
small ones 8' is a common height ; (V is occasionally
seen, but these low walls do not give the trees
much room for extension. With regard to thickness,
!l" work is usual for walls up to 8', 14" work for
those that are higher, and 18" is preferred where
great strength and durability are required. The
thinner walls have in most cases to be buttressed
to give them sufficient solidity. The coping should
project at least 2J" on each side, and if it is
made of stone slabs so much the better. Specially
moulded bricks are not uncommon.

As brick walls are great absorbers of sun bent,
which they part with at night, it is only to be
expected that wall trees are earlier in coming into
bloom than others in the open. In some of the
princely old-fashioned gardens attempts were made
to artificially heat the walls I y building them of
great thickness and running flues through them in
various directions. The heat was supplied by
several fires in furnaces built into the wall. These
heated walls have, however, fallen into disrepute.
They were found to be expensive to build and keep
up, and there was more than a doubt as to their
efficiency.

Wattisia, of Hegel (see Tillandai/i).
Wall I'i'iiiiyn-iirt (fiiti/litlmi I'mliilicmf).
Wall I'epper (see AVY/W/H ai'ri1).
Wall Hue (we A*plen,iuni Ititta-miiraria).

Waluewa

(437 )

Wasps

It is an excellent plan to furnish fruit walls with
glass copings projecting 8" to 10" ; the supports may
be of wood or iron, preferably the latter. These
copings not only give a good deal of shelter to the
trees, but they are convenient for attaching tiffany
ami other coverings to in frosty weather when the
trees are in bloom. If fixed glass copings are not
convenient, movable wooden ones may be used.

The nailing of fruit trees to walls is gradually
falling into desuetude ; it knocks the walls about
too much. Wiring is better. The wires may run
horizontally or vertically ; the former is better and
more commonly practised.

Where insect pests are numerous it is a capital
plan to undo the trees as far as possible in autumn
and limewash the wall. A little sulphur may be
added to the lime, and if the white is thought to be
too glaring the wash may be darkened with soot.
The time thus spent is generally well repaid.

Boundary walls, including those of sunk fences,
and the containing walls of terraces in the flower
garden, should never be allowed to remain bare,
but should always be covered with climbers of
some sort. There are many beautiful plants (see
CLIMBERS and CREEPERS) available. There are
also shrubby plants which, although not strictly
climbers, can be made to adopt a sub-scandent
habit, and many of these flourish better with the
protection of a wall than they would do in the open.

WALUEWA.

The only species (ord. Orclridaceas) is a small
stove Orchid, of tufted habit, answering to the
same treatment as that meted out to the Brazilian
Miltonias.

Only Species : —

pulchella, Feb., yel., petals pur. banded, lip
spotted pur.

WARDIAN CASE.

There are several different makes of Wardian
case, but they may all be described as small glass
structures, like miniature greenhouses, which can be
closed up very tightly, so as to allow little exchange
between their contained air and the external
atmosphere. When employed, as they occasionally
are, to convey delicate plants from their native
countries to Britain, they are kept very close indeed.
The pots containing the plants are plunged in
Cocoanut fibre refuse, and kept in position by strips
of wood, which are nailed or screwed into their
places. The glass of the frame is fitted in with
both top and bottom putty, and kept firm by narrow
strips of wood, screwed in. Many delicate plants
have thus made sea voyages, and with compara-
tively little injury, whereas if packed in the
ordinary way they would have died.

Less close cases are in great favour for accom-
modating plants in dwelling rooms, and even in
plant houses. Thus, Filmy Ferns may be enclosed
in cases and grown in an ordinary greenhouse
amongst other plants. Specially delicate and
precious foliage plants are often enclosed in
frames of this kind, especially when they are
exhibited at flower shows. The case not only
prevents touching by visitors, but also keeps the
atmospheric conditions in which the plant is placed
uniform.

When Wardian cases are employed in dwelling

II i, I n ut (tee
Wari:ririr:rlla (sir

rooms they should be stood in a zinc or leaden tray,
which may catch and hold the water. Cocoanut
fibre and moss should not be useil for plunging
unless they are frequently changed, because they
soon become sour and smell badly. Clean shingle
is far better.

An adaptation of the Wardian case is frequently
utilised for the windows of dwelling houses, and if
properly attended to it is a very valuable adjunct.
Almost any plants of dwarf habit may be grown in
it ; Ferns especially do well. It is a mistake,
however, to mix flowering and foliage plants in the
same case. They never do well together, for the
former need the sun, while the latter generally like
shade.

Various methods of filling these cases are avail-
able. The smaller hardy Alpines will do well if
planted upon a miniature rockery placed inside.
Where Ferns are favoured, some of the plants may
lie planted in mounds of soil placed in the bottom,
and others may be put in pockets of cork hung
against the sides. A favourite plan, and one to be
recommended where a frequent change is desired,
is to keep the cases filled with pot plants, which
may be grown for the purpose in another house.
There should always be holes in the bottom of the
structure through which the drainage water may
pass.

WARREA.

Tliis small genus of Orchids (ord. Orchidacesc)
is chiefly represented in collections by the species
tricolor. All are terrestrial plants, and need a
stove temperature. The flowers are large and
nearly round, the two lower sepals being bluntly
spurred. (For culture, see PHAIUS.)

Principal Species and Variety : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. =lip.]
tricolor, sum., pseudo- — stapelioides, s., p., and

bulbs 4" to o" high, s. 1. barred br.

and p. wh., shaded yel.,

1. wh., marked yel., pur.

Other Species : —
bidentata, has a longer cyanea (now Aganisia

and narrower 1. than cyanea).

tricolor. digitata (now Zygo-

camlida (now Zygo- petalum wailesianum).

petalum eandidum). discolor (now Xygo-

petalum discolor).

WASHINGTONIA.

A genus of one species (ord. Palmse) of tall and
distinct-looking Palms, with white flowers, small,
black fruits, and nearly round leaves, whose mar-
gins are hung with fine threads. Propagation, by
seeds sown in heat. Soil, loam three parts, leaf
mould one part, and sand.

Only Species :
filifera, 20' to 40',grh., Ivs. filamentosa, Pritchanlia

with thready margins filaraentosa, and P.

(*'/"*. robusta, Brahea filifera).

robusta (we filifera).

WASPS.

Among the stinging Hymenoptera the specie
best known in the United kingdom is the Comm.'M
British Wasp (Vespa vulgaris). In appearance
the wasps differ from bees in being less hairy,
more slender, and having a more distinctive
colouring— i.e. alternating bands of yellow and
black. They differ also in habit, as they do not
collect honey ; and, with the exception of a lew
fertile females— queen wasps — they do not survive
our winters. These queen wasps, after fertilisation

Water

( 438 )

Water

in the autumn, seek shelter, and remain torpid until
stimulated by the warmth of spring, though some-
times a specially bright winter's day arouses them.

The first business of the awakened queen is to
seek or make a suitable hole in the ground wherein
to form a nest. With some wood scrapings as a
foundation, she erects two or three layers of cells,
lays an egg in each, and roofs the whole over.
Then more cells are made and eggs laid, and as
fast as the earlier eggs hatch the cell walls are
added to, in order to keep pace with the growth of
the grubs. Not only does the queen act as builder
and mother, but she has also meanwhile to forage
for the grubs, and when in search of food often
steals honey from bees. Presently the grubs turn
into worker wasps, and then the queen's work is
lightened ; but she continues to lay eggs, and from
those laid in early autumn perfect male and female
insects appear, which fly away from the old home
and secure the continuity of the species. The
males die, as do the worker wasps in the old nest,
their course being now run.

The ovipositor of a wasp is also its sting ; males
have no sting.

In some districts wasps are very numerous in
summer, and not only are they unpleasant neigh-
bours, but they do a good deal of damage to Pears,
Peaches, Nectarines, Grapes, and other fruits.
Wide-mouthed bottles containing sugared beer, or a
mixture of treacle and water, suspended in the
trees bearing ripe fruit, act as traps, but in some
cases it is necessary to keep the pests away from a
crop by covering the trees, or the ventilators and
doors in the case of Grapes, with thin canvas or
scrim. Sweet traps in a house often attract
wasps.

" Taking " a wasps' nest is one method of
dealing wholesale destruction. This is done by
marking the entrance with a stake during the day
time, and in the evening plugging up the burrow
with damp earth and turf, except for a small hole,
through which a lighted squib of gunpowder and
sulphur is pushed. Immediately after the explo-
sion more wet earth is used to keep the powder and
sulphur fumes from escaping ; subsequently the
nest may be dug out, and if the gardener be a
disciple of Isaak Walton he will probably use
some of the grubs for bait. Cyanide of potassium
is likewise employed.

By far the best method of reducing the numbers
of wasps is to carefully look out for and kill the
queens in early spring, as every one accounted for
means a whole colony the less during the summer
and autumn.

WATER.

Water is formed by the combination of two
gases, hydrogen and oxygen, in the proportions of
two parts of the former, by volume, and one part
of the latter. Calculated by weight, the proportions
are sixteen parts of oxygen to two parts of hydrogen.
The chemical formula is H.,O. When pure, water
is tasteless, colourless, and without smell, but it has
the power of attracting to itself and dissolving
various minerals and gases, so that it is very rarely
found pure. When, under the influence of frost,
it becomes ice, it parts with most of these mineral
substances — e.g. ice formed from salt water.

This property of dissolving mineral substances is
of the greatest importance to the gardener, seeing
that these minerals are in many cases part of the
essential food of plants, and that the plants cannot

take them until they are dissolved. Water thus
becomes the vehicle which carries the supply of
food to the plant. (<$?« also ROOTS. I'or the move-
ments of water in the plants, and details as to its
subsequent expulsion, see SAP.) The presence of car-
bonic acid gas (CO2) in water enables the hitter to
dissolve small quantities of phosphates of lime, :is
well as other compounds in which lime is a factor.
Rain water usually contains a good deal of CO2,
as well as some oxygen, obtained from the atmo-
sphere, together with small quantities of nitrates
and ammonia from the same source. These are in
addition to the various mineral substances which
are in suspension in the atmosphere, and which it
collects during its passage.

Rain water is preferred by gardeners to that
coming from other sources, as it is found to
exercise a more beneficial effect upon the plants
than other and " harder " waters. The reason for
this is to be sought in the gases dissolved in it, and
also in the fact that it is heated to about the same
temperatnre as the atmosphere in which the plants
are growing. This is where outdoor plants are con-
cerned. The temperature of water is a most
important point. In dealing with under-glass
plants the water should be of the same temperature
as that of the house ; it is a mistake to apply it
when cold, for it seriously lowers the temperature
of the soil, and causes a check to the roots, perhaps
at a time when the latter are working at pressure
to supply the needs of the top growth.

Cold water is bad, but cold and hard water is
worse. Something may be done with naturally
hard water by allowing it to remain exposed to the
air in tanks and open reservoirs for a lengthened
period, but even then it is not so good as rain water.
Orchid growers generally contrive to keep up a
supply of soft water by catching the rain as it falls
from the houses, and conducting it into tanks to be
stored for use. A favourite plan is to have the large
tank underneath the floor of the house, the water
being dipped up, or pumped into a smaller cistern at
a higher level. A hot-water pipe running through
the tank is an excellent addition ; with it there
need be no fear as to the temperature of the water.

It is safe to say, however, that much valuable
rain water is wasted, and also that much might
be done to economise the water obtained from the
clouds. On some estates a system of dew ponds
has been found to work well, and the writer has in
mind at least one establishment where a constant
supply of soft water is obtained by this method
where formerly little was to be had. In making
these dew ponds, advantage is taken of any slight
natural hollow that may exist, so as to reduce the
labour of digging. The holes are dug basin shape,
with a central depth of about 5'. The bottom
is puddled with plastic clay to which a little
lime has been added to toughen it. After pud-
dling, the bottom of the pond to be is thatched
with straw to prevent cracks being made by the
sun, and subsequent leakage.

Although rain is the source of supply for all
springs and wells, the water obtained from them
varies a good deal. Very hard water — i.e. that
containing a great deal of carbonate of lime — is
not good for plants. Also it should not lie used for
filling boilers and pipes, for the carbonate is
deposited as a fur. clogging up the system. Iron
compounds are often dissolved in water, and
when this is the case the liquid is not always
suitable for giving to plants.

Water Cress

(439)

Watering Engines

For manure water, see LIQUID MANURE.

'I'lit.- fertility of a soil depends to a very great
degree upon the presence of water in it. Stagnant
moisture is injurious, and the soils in which it is to
be found— usually clayey in composition, or situated
in low-lying districts — are cold, unkindly, and
sometimes absolutely unable to sustain crops of
vegetables or fruit. Such soils may be helped by
draining. (See DRAINAGE.) On the other hand,
light, shallow soils that soon parch are assisted by
irrigation, and by the addition of humus to the
soil, the humus acting mechanically as a water
holder. One of the great advantages of cow
manure is that it contains great quantities of
water ; hence its suitability for applying to soils
of a shallow nature.

'WATER CRESS (see CUESS and NAS-
TURTIUM).

WATERFALL.

Various methods whereby the ornamental
qualities of water may be turned to account have
been referred to in parts of this work. The water-
fall is one of the most effective of them all. In
some estates natural waterfalls occur, and although
these may sometimes be scarcely improvable, their
effectiveness may usually be enhanced in a variety
of ways. Much may be done by the judicious
clothing of the sides with Ferns and sub-aquatic
plants which Nature has not already supplied.
The deepening of a pool here, or the removal of a
slight obstruction there, although simple in them-
lelves, may be great improvements. The clearing
of the channel will also react favourably upon the
clearness of the water. Where a series of orna-
mental ponds is present, situated at different
levels, it is an excellent idea to connect them by
means of miniature waterfalls, the results being
that the water is kept from stagnation, increased
opportunities for growing sub-aquatic plants are
obtained, and an agreeable feature is added to the
grounds. In outdoor rockeries of any size it is
usual to include a small waterfall. Where a large
quantity of water is not obtainable, or not desired,
it suffices to have a little trickling over the stones,
and dripping slowly into a pool below. Similar
waterfalls are to be seen in large under-glass
rockeries and ferneries where the Ferns are
planted out instead of being grown in pots. They
are always much admired, and might well be
extensively copied, seeing that such artificial
waterfalls are not difficult to construct. The main
thing is a constant supply of water, and this, un-
fortunately, is not always at command.

WATERING.

Without careful watering success in gardening
is not attainable. To be able to tell when a plant
needs water, and to supply it at once, are two chief

Water A loc (see Stratiotcs aloides) .

Water Arbiter (»«• l^ni/illiiriii sagittiffllia,}.

\\'utiT Ash, Carolina ( f 'ra j-imis naroliniana) .

Water Aveni (Geitm rirale).

Water Bean (see Nclumbium).

\\'ali'r lietony (see Scrophularia).

Water Caltrops (sri' Trapa, natans).

\\Hlir K/drr (set- Viburnum Opnlut).

\Vnli-r Kim (XIT Zelkmra).

\\'nli'r Flity (see Iris PtmdaOOTVl).

Water Gladiole (see liutomn* ttnbgttatut).

items in the cultural routine, whether of plants in
pots or in the open ground. Deciduous subjects
need very little water in winter, as is easily under-
stood when the fact is grasped that the organs of
transpiration are no longer there. Even evergreen
plants need only a lessened supply. Many bulbs, of
which Tulips, Hyacinths, and Freesias are familiar
examples, receive no water at all for a certain part
of the year ; they do not need it.

Pot Plants. — If a plant has been properly potted,
enough room will have been left between the
surface of the soil and the level of the pot brim to
hold sufficient water to soak the ball. In such
cases watering is easy, one application being gener-
ally sufficient. Where potting has been improperly
performed, and the pot filled too full, the plant
must be gone over twice or thrice. Giving water
in driblets is disastrous. The surface soil only is
wetted, the lower strata are dry, and the roots in them
are perishing, yet the owner of the plant is fondly
supposing that all is well. The usual method of
finding out whether a pot plant needs water is by
rapping with the knuckles. If the sound given
out be hollow, water is wanted ; if the sound be
dull and heavy, the plant is wet enough. With
some hard-wooded plants, notably Heaths, this
system does not answer. The only plan is to lift
the pots in the hand. With practice, it can be
told immediately by the weight whether water is
required or not.

Outdoor Plants. — The watering of lawns, bedding
plants, herbaceous borders, and even trees and
shrubs, will keep the outside staff busy in dry
seasons. Here also the common practice of
watering in driblets must be condemned. The
temperature of the soil is lowered thereby, the
roots are drawn to the surface, the soil becomes
'• baked," and the roots with it, and many of the
latter perish. All well appointed gardens are
supplied with hoses and sprinklers, in addition to
plenty of water cans. The hose should, however,
be employed wherever possible, and the cans only
where the hose will not reach. Watering plants
overhead in the middle of hot, bright days will
sometimes result in scorching of the foliage, but
scorching is not nearly so frequently caused by
this as is generally supposed, or we should find it
more prevalent when we get, as we often do,
alternate spells of showers and bright sunshine.
The lowering of the temperature that results from
overhead watering is a stronger reason to urge
against it than the fear of scorching.

WATERING ENGINES.

These include all kinds of force pumps, of which
numbers of different makes are employed to supply
water to gardens and glasshouses. A very in-
genious lawn sprinkler is, however, commonly
spoken of as a watering engine. It consists of
lengths of metal piping perforated along their
whole length, and mounted upon low wheels for
greater ease of locomotion. The lengths may be
joined to each other by short pieces of hose pipe,
so that coupling and uncoupling are speedily
performed. The apparatus is attached to the
garden hose, and the number of lengths of the
perforated piping used will depend upon the
w;ili •!• pressure. The last length of the sprinkler
will, of course, have a closed end. The water is
cjcrtrd with great force from the perforations,
anrl forms a rather coarse spray. The sprinkler
may be kept at work by night as well as day, as no

Watering Pots

(440 )

Watering Pots

danger of sun burning is to be feared. When tlie
turf within reach of the spray has been thoroughly
watered it is easy to move the sprinkler to a fresh
spot. A contrivance of this kind is commonly in
use at Ke\v during the summer months.

WATERING POTS.

Of late years the garden hose has become so
popular that the work done by the time honoured
water pot is not nearly so heavy as it used to be.
Still, a selection of watering pots, in various sizes,
must be considered an essential item in the

green painted pots are the most common ; they are
generally fitted with a cross handle at the top, a,
D shaped handle at the back, and the spout is
strengthened by stays. The rose may be either
slipped on or screwed ; the former is the usual
plan. Copper cans with the handle at the back
continued over the top in the same line, not across,
are to be seen sometimes, but they are expensive.
The pattern — a French one — is, however, handy,
and when galvanised iron is employed the cost is
considerably reduced.
The life of a water can is considerably lengthened

i'iioto: Cdsseil <t Company, Lia.

WATER LILIES i<j THE LAKE AT GUKXEKSBUKY HOUSE, ACTON. Fou NOTES ON SPECIES

AND CULTURE, See NYMPH /EA.

collection of garden tools. For carrying, pots
holding from 3 to 4 gallons are quite large
enough. Larger than this they are clumsy, and
their great weight when full rather hinders than
expedites the work. All pots should be fitted with
a detachable rose, but the holes of this often
require to be made larger than they are left by the
manufacturer before it is fit for use. Small pots,
holding from 2 quarts to 1 gallon, are employed
for watering pot plants. It is usual to have two
roses with each of these, one a coarse and the
other a fine one for watering seeds and seedlings.
Occasionally an extra length of tubing to affix to
the spout is found to be very useful when watering
plants on shelves. For watering Strawberries,
which are always close to the glass, a rather
shallow pot is favoured, and if it has no cross
handle, but only the D shaped handle at the back,
it is easier to manage. Galvanised iron pots are
used more now than formerly ; they are found to
be durable, but are, as a rule, rather heavy. Red or

if, after it has been used, it is turned upside down
to drain dry. In some gardens special racks are
provided for the cans. An occasional coat of
paint is helpful.

The " high level watering pot " is a name some-
times given to Haw's Patent can, which is deservedly
in great favour with gardeners and nurserymen.
The body of the can is rather shallow, and ter-
minates in an open, oval neck. The spout is long,
with a mainstay that serves as a handle for
carrying, and the rose is a flattened affair, slightly
convex on the upper side where the perforations
are. The result of this flattened rose, with the
holes looking upward, is that the water is forced
upwards, describes a graceful parabola, and
descends in a fine and gentle spray upon th?
plants. Roses with perforations of various sizes
are supplied. Without the rose the can is very
handy for watering pot plants, much more so, in
fact, than the older cross-handled make, which it
is rapidly superseding.

Water Lily

Weeds

WATER LILY (.«-•« NYMPHyEA).

WATSONIA (ai/ns. MEEIANA and NEU-
BEUIA. BUGLE LILY.)

About fifteen species of bulbous plants (ord.
Irideie) needing a greenhouse temperature. The
plants are easy to grow, and several of them are
verv handsome decorative subjects. Meriana
Ardernei (M. O'Brieni by the Kern /land-List) is
probably the best known of all. Propagation is
by offsets, removed while the bulbs are at rest ; and
by seeds, sown in gentle heat. Soil, two parts of
sandy loam and one part of peat. When planted
in prepared borders in pits or frames the bulbs
flower much more strongly than they do when
in pots.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
coccinea, My., sc. (*yn. (sijn. Autholyza Meri-

Mrrkma cocciiiea). ana).

deusiHora, Je., rosy red, — Ardernei (see var.

in a dense spike, Ivs. O'Brieni).

IV to '2' long, strongly — O'Brieni, 2' to 4',

ribbed. sum., wh.

Meriana, My., pur. or sc. rosea, !2', Jy., ro. (*.'/».
(iladiolus pyramidatus).

Other Species : —
aletroides, 1' to 2', Je., liumflis, 8" to 12", Je., ro.

sc. (syii. tubulosa). iridifolia fulgeus (see

angusta, Je., sc. (si/us. angusta).

iridifolia fulgeus, ful- margiuata, 2', Jy., pk.

gida of Salis., and Minor is a pretty yar.

Antholyza f ulgens) . plantaginea (now Micran-

brevifolia, 9" to !•">", My., thus plantagineus).

sc. (».'/». Antholyza punctate, 4" to 15", Je.,

spicata). sc. or vio. («yn. Ixia

f ulgida (sec angusta) . punctata) .

tubulosa (see aletroides).

WEBERA.

This genus (ord. Rubiacete) of stove trees and
shrul is is now referred to Tarenna by Index
Ken-entii, but it is still kept up in the Kmv Hand-
List. The only species worth mention is corym-
bosa, which may be multiplied by cuttings, and
thrives in a compost of equal parts of loam and peat.

Principal Species :—

corymbosa, sum., wh., a small tree, slightly
fragrant.

Water Leaf (Passijlora lanrifolia).

\Vnler Lentils (see Lemna).

Wnt IT Lettuce (see Pistia).

Water Lily, New Zealand (see Ranunculus

Lyallii).

Water Locust Tree (Gleditscliia monosperma).
Water Melon (see Citrttlliis rulgaris).
Water Milfoil (sec Myriophyllum).
Water Oak (see Quereiis nigra).
Water I'tirsiiip (see Siiim).
Water Plants (see Aquatics).
Water Reed (see AT undo).
Water Soldier (gee Stratiotes aloidci).
Water Violet (see Hottonia palustris).
Water White Oak (Qumus li/rata).
Water Dammcr (Podnnirpiix neriifolia).
Wattle (see Acacia and Citharexylum).
Waxflon-er (sec Hoy a}.

Waxjlower, Clustered (see Stephanotisfloribunda).
Wax Myrtle (see Myrica ccrifera).
Wax Palm (Copernicia ccrifera).
Wax Plant (see Cerinthe major).
Way liread (see Plantayo).
\V<iyJ'nrii>ij Tree (Viburnum Lantana).
Webbia (see Vernonia).

WEDELIA.

Stove, greenhouse, or hardy, annual or perennial
herbs or sub-shrubs (ord. Composite), of interest
chiefly to the botanist. Propagation, hispida by
seeds and divisions, radiosa by seeds and cuttings.

Principal Species : —
hispida, U', Je., hlf-hdy.
per., yel.

radiosa, 2', Je., grh. sub-
shr., yel.

WEED DESTROYERS.

There are several excellent weed destroyers upon
the market, and where there is a great length of
paths to be kept clean, and hands are few, it will
be found true economy to enlist the services of one
of them. One good dressing early in the season
will keep the paths in fairly good condition for the
rest of the year, provided a little hand-weeding
is done occasionally. As these liquid destroyers
do not possess discriminating powers, it is very
important that they should be kept off the grass
verges ; in fact, it will be advisable not to sprinkle
them within 6" of the grass edge. Also all
the utensils used for applying the weed killer
should be kept apart, and not used for anything
else. Tender pot plants have been killed by water
applied through pots which have been previously
used thus.

Common agricultural salt makes a fairly good
weed destroyer, and it may be sprinkled upon
walks that are very weedy ; but if the latter are
shaded with trees the salt should not be used, for
it tends to make the paths damp, and after a time
the weeds grow faster than ever.

WEEDS.

The keeping down of weeds is a heavy item in
the labour bill of the garden, yet it is evident that
if the crops are to be given a fair chance weeds
must not be allowed in any numbers. They not
only rob the cultivated plants of a good deal of
their legitimate food, but they prevent the proper
aeration of the soil, and hinder nitrification, as
well as give the garden an untidy appearance.
Moreover, the presence of certain weeds indicates
a condition of the soil that is not at all favourable
to healthy growth ; thus a waterlogged, stagnant
medium is almost always demonstrated by quantities
of Horse-tail (Equisetum arvense). Colt's-foot not
infrequently has the same significance, and the pres-
ence of Chickweed may be commonly associated
with soil poverty.

Amongst other common weeds Couch Grass,
Bindweed, Dandelions, Daisies, Shepherd's Purse,
Plantains, and Thistles are the most difficult to get
rid of. Where the weeds have running rhizomes,
as in the notorious Couch, there is nothing for it
but thorough winter cultivation, this being followed
by persistent spring and summer hoeing. The
same applies to Bindweed. Hand-weeding plays
an important part, but it must not be practised in
wet weather on heavy ground, or more harm than
good will result. Gravel paths may be kept in
trim by an occasional hand-weeding, special
weeding knives with short, stout blades being
employed. If they have been neglected and
allowed to get very bad, a weed destroyer must
be made use of, or the old gravel removed and
fresh material substituted.

Weed-trind or With-icind (tee Conrolruliii or-
ventit).

Weevil

( 442 )

Westringia

trichosperma, 4', My., st.
shr.

WKEVIL.

The popular name of Weevil is given to a large
section of beetles (Rhynchophora) which have the
head formed into a beak, with the mouth at the
extremity. This beak is usually flattened, but in
the Nut Weevil it is very long, slender, and
curved. The antenna; of most of the weevils are
elbowed, and the body is round and hard. The
larvae are, in most cases, white, fleshy grubs with
horny heads and powerful jaws ; most of them are
harmful, living in fruits, seeds, between the
epidermis of leaves, and in the interior of shoots.
The beetles themselves, or weevils proper, are
also destructive. The following is a list of the
best known and most troublesome weevils. Further
details will be found under the headings of ANTHO-
NOMUS, OTIOBHYNCHUS, and RHYNCHITES, or under
the crops they infest.

Anthonomus Pomorum. — sulcatus. Black Vine

Apple Blossom Weevil. or Furrowed Weevil.

— Bubi. Raspberry — tenebricosus. Apricot
Weevil. Weevil.

Balaninus Nucum. Nut Rhynchites Betuleti,
Weevil. various garden plants.

Otiorhynchus Ligustici. — cajruleus, fruit trees.

Vines. Heaths. — cupreus.Plums. Copper-

— picipes. Clay-coloured coloured Weevil.
Vine Weevil.

The popular name is in most cases a guide to
the plants attacked, but Otiorhynchus sulcatus
attacks Peaches, Nectarines, Strawberries, and
many pot plants, as well as Vines ; picipes troubles
Raspberries as well as Vines ; and tenebricosus
does not restrict its investigations to Apricots, but
pays attention to Raspberries, Nectarines, and
Peaches in addition.

WEIGELA (see DIEBVILLA).

WEINMANNIA (syn. LEIOSPEBMUM).

Stove or greenhouse trees and shrubs (ord.
Saxifrageae). Propagation, by cuttings in sandy
soil in a close case in heat. Soil, any light, rich
medium. The Weinmannias are of little garden
value.

Principal Species :—

hirta, 6' to 8', My., st.

tree or shr., wh.
ovata, 6', My., grh. tree,

wh.

WELDENIA (tyn. LAMPRA).

The only species, Candida (ord. Commelinaceae),
is a greenhouse shrub witli tuberous roots, allied to

Weeping Arbor-l'itie (fee Thuya orientalis pen-
dula).

Weeping Ash (see Fraxinus excelsior pendula).

Weeping Seech (see fagut sylvatica pendula).

Weeping Cherry (sec Primus Mahalcb pendula,
P. Padns pendula, etc.).

Weeping Elm ( Ulmiis glabra pendula and If.
montana pendula) .

Weeping Mountain Ash (Pyrus Aucujtaria
pendula) .

Weeping Oak (Qiirrcus pedimciilata pendula).

Weeping Poplar (I'npulus grandidentata pendula
and P. tremula pen/lain).

Weeping Red Cedar (Jimipertis virgiuiana pen-
dula).

Weeping Willow (see Salix babi/lmiiea).

Zebrina, and rarely, if ever, grown. It has white
flowers in April.

WELFIA.

A small genus (ord Palmse) of unarmed Palms,
requiring a stove temperature. The flowers are
pale yellowish white, the fruits black and oblong,
and the leaves deeply cut (pinnatisect). Probably
regia is the only species known to gardeners in this
country. It may be propagated by imported seeds
sown in heat as for other stove Palms, and likes a
compost of three parts of turfy loam which has
been stacked with cow manure, and one part of leaf
mould, with sand.

Principal Species:—

regia, 60', Ivs. 20' long when mature, wh. beneath.
When young the Ivs. are bronze grn., and are bi-
lobate.

WELLINGTON I A (.see SEQUOIA).

WELSH ONION.

This (Allium fistulosum) is an herbaceous peren-
nial, with long and fibrous roots. It does not produce
bulbs at any period of its existence. The two
varieties, Red and Green, are grown for their leaves,
which have the pungent properties of Alliums
generally. Seeds and root division are both
available for getting a stock of plants.

WELWITSCHIA.

The only species in this genus (ord. Gnetacea?),
mirabilis, is one of the most remarkable members
of the vegetable kingdom. It may be likened to a
huge wooden Mushroom, ornamented with a fringe
of leathery, flattened thongs. The leaves, which
last for many years, become split into fine seg-
ments by the action of the wind, and these flog the
air in all directions. The plant affects the arid
districts of tropical and south-western Africa, where
rain seldom falls. One or two plants have been
sent to Kew, but it is difficult to imitate the arid
conditions under which it is found in a state of
nature. A minimum temperature of 50° would
be necessary, with a soil chiefly composed of sand
and brick rubble, as well as a free exposure to sun.

WENDLANDIA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs and dwarf trees
(ord. Rubiacea?), with white, pink, or yellow
flowers, not commonly grown. Propagation, by
cuttings in sandy soil in bottom heat. Soil, loam
and peat in equal proportions, with sand.

Principal Species : —
paniculate, 6', Jy., st.,
wh.

tinctoria, 6', Jy., st., wh.

WERNERIA.

Low-growing perennial herbs (ord. Compositae).
Propagation, by division of the roots. The soil
should be light and rich. A frame suits the plants
best.

Principal Species : —

rigida, 9", Feb., yel.

WESTRINGIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (ord. Labiata;). Propagation,
by cuttings of the young shoots in sand in a close

Welsh Nut (Ttiglans regia}.

Welsh Poppy (see Meconopsis cambrwa).

Wheat

Wigandia

ease, with gentle heat. Any light and rich soil
will do.

Principal Species : —

rosmariniformis, 2' to 3', iuacea). Victorian Rose-

Jy., grh., pale bl., Ivs. inarv.

in whorlsof four, silvery triphylla, '!' , Mch., wh.
beneath (syn. rosinar-
Other Species : —

angustifolia («r rigida). Jiotanical Register

cim-rea (.vr rigida var.). 1481).

Dampieri, 2' to 4', Sep., longifnlia, 2' to '•'•,', sum..

grli., wh. lil.

eremicola, 3', Je., pale bl. rigula, 3', wh. (sijti. au-

(».i/«. lougifolia of gustifolia).

— cinerea, more hoary.

WHEAT.

The ancestor of this all-important cereal has
received the name of Triticum vulgare. Lt is
extremely problematical, however, whether the
original Wheat plant is in existence. It will be
noticed that the Wheat is a close relative of that
plague of the kitchen garden, Couch Grass, Cooch,
or Twitch, Agropyrum (Triticum) repens. The Buck-
wheat is Fagopyrum esculentum, and the Guinea
or Turkey Wheat, Zea Mays.

WHITE FLY.

In addition to being known as Black-tailed
Mealy Bug, White-tailed Mealy Bug, and Lantana
liiig, Orthezia insignis is sometimes called by the
distinctly inappropriate name of White Fly. The
Snowy Fly (Aleyrodes) is sometimes known as
White Fly, and here the name is certainly suitable.
A. Vaporariorum attacks plants under glass, and
A. proletella Cabbages. (For other details, xea
ALEYKODES and SNOWY FLY.)

WHITEHEADIA.

A genus of one species (prd. Liliacea?) of green-
house bulbous plants. Propagation, by offsets. Soil,
fibrous loam three parts, leaf mould and decom-
posed manure one part each, with coarse sand.

Westeria (see Wistaria].

Western Yew (Taxus baeeata brerifolia).

Went Indian CoeJtspur (Piionia aeuleata).

West Indian Mtigwort (Partheniiim Hystero-

pfiorui).

Went Wind, Flower oftlie (see Zepliyranthes).
Weymouth Pine (see Pinus titrobus).
Whanger Cane (see Phyllostachys nigra).
Wheat, Jtiirk (t'ayopyrum eseiilentiim).
Wheat, tiiiiiiea or Turkey (see Mai:e and Zea

Mays] .

Whin (see, Ulex).

Whin Iterry (Vaocinium Mi/rtilhis).
Whin, Petty (Genista anglica}.
White Arum Lily (see Ricliardia africana).
White Ash (see Fraxinus amerieana).
White Battmood, American (see Tilia hetcro-

phylla).

White Jleam Tree (see Pyrus Aria}.
White Jiladdcr Flower (see Arinijiii}.
II kite Jiothtn (see Chrysanthemum Leucanthe-

mum).

White liottle (flilene injlata).
White II uttern-ood (Trie/tilia tpimdiodei).
White Cedar (see Ciijrressus, Thuya gigantt'O, and

T. oecidentalis}.

White Cypress (see Tayndiiim dii-ttrtiuui).
White Elm (see I'lnius amerieana).

Only Species : —

latifolia, 1J", Ap., grn. (tyns. bifolia, Eucomis
liifolia of Jtotdttical Magazine 480, and Melanthium
massonia^folium).

W^HITE-LINE DART MOTH.

This is the popular name given toAgrotis Tritici,
a member of the section of Noctua, or Night Moths.
The larvae are almost omnivorous, but they are
especially fond of the young and tender shoots of
the Grape Vine. They attack most strongly the
shoots which are nearest to the ground, eating by
night and hiding in the soil during the day. Hand
picking by lantern light is generally recommended,
but the larva; are difficult of detection Where
herbaceous plants are concerned it is advisable,
if the attack be a bad one, to remove the surface
soil with the larvse and burn it, replacing it by
fresh material.

WHITFIELDIA.

Ornamental stove herbs (ord. Acanthaceas), only
one species of which has been introduced. Propa-
gation, by cuttings. Soil, fibrous loam two parts,
peat one part, and sand.

Only Species Introduced : —
lateritia, 3', aut., win., red.

WHITLAVIA (»ee PHACELIJ).

WIDDRINGTONIA. (AFRICAN
CYPRESS.)

Greenhouse or half-hardy trees (ord. Conifera;).
Propagation, by seeds. The young plants should
be carefully pricked into larger pots as soon as
possible. Soil, light sandy loam two-thirds, and
leaf mould one-third. The genus is referred to
Callitris by Index Kercenxis.

Only Species : —
cupressoides, 10' to 15', Whytei, only a few feet

cones ovate. lugh in this country,

juniperoides, 10' to 30', 140' or more in its

cones smaller, three or native habitat., Ivs.

four together. glaucous, handsnme tot

grh. (see p. 444).

WIGANDIA.

Tall, hairy, stove and greenhouse perennial herbs
(ord Hydrophyllacese). Their fine foliage and bold
appearance adapt them for summer bedding.
Propagation, by seeds in heat in early spring, and
by cuttings. Soil, rich, sandy loam.

\\~hitr Hum (Eucalyptus Leucoj'ylon).

White-heart Hicliory (Carya tomentosa) .

White Jlelti'linri' (see Veratrum).

White Lime (Tilia argentea).

White Pine (Pinus fexilis).

White Potherb (Yalerianella. olitoria).

White llont (Pulyytmatum aailtiflorwit).

White Thorn (see Cratteipis Oxyeantha).

White Tree (Meliileuni LeuetKlendriin).

White Truffle (see Truffles).

White Vine (see Clematis \itnllia).

White Water Lily (see Ifymphrea alba],

White Wood (see lArwdendron tulijtifera and

Tilia amerienn'i).
Whitleyfl (see NvyW/V/}.
Whitlow d'rass (see liraba and Paronychia).
Whitten Tree (see Viburnum Ojnilut).
\Vhif inirt (sue 1'i/n t/ir/nii l-'iirtheiiiiim).
Whortleberry (ViireiiiiniH Miirlillus).
Wi,j Tree 'see llhus Cotinus).

WlJ>DllINGTONIA WnYTEI (seep. 443).

Wikstroemia

( 445 )

Window Boxes

Principal Species :—
rur.-iivitsiinH. 10', Ap., HI. urens, G', aut., calyx

(*««. macrophylla). woolly, petals vio. bl.

Vigiori, 6', aut., lil. bl.

WIKSTRCEMIA.

Greenhouse deciduous shrubs (ord. Thymela>
acete). Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, peat and
loam, both fibrous, in equal parts.

Principal Species : —
Alberti. '2', sum., yel. viruliflora, 6', sum., grn.

(••'iin. Stollera Alberti). (*//"• indica).

WILLEMETIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (or A. Rhamnese), propagated
by cuttings in lieat, and thriving in peat, loam, and
sand.

Principal Species :—

africana, 10', My., \vh. (iyn. Noltia africana).

WILLESDEN CANVAS.

Tliis canvas, like the paper of the same name,
possesses great tensile strength, is watertight anil
durable. It may be put to the same uses as the
Willesden Paper, which see.

WILLESDEN PAPER.

This is a special kind of paper, of considerable
toughness, and so treated that it is quite water-
tight. Several qualities are obtainable. The
'• stout brown " is made in rolls about 4i' wide ;
it may be turned to good account for protective
purposes. Handy screens may be made with it,
and, if not subjected to such violence as to tear
them, these screens will last for a long time. The
lighter samples of paper are sometimes used to pack
plants in, especially where they have to travel long
distances. Waterproof labels have likewise been
inadi) from this paper, but, although they have
given satisfaction, they are not often seen.

WILLOW 0«- SALI.X).

WILLOW SAWFLIES.

Of all the plants liable to the attacks of Sawflies
few are more plagued than the Willows. Thus, of
British insects upwards of thirty species of Nematus
and twenty species belonging to various other
genera feed upon species of Salix, and this does
not take into account plants upon the Continent.
The mischief may be brought about in one of
several ways. Some of the larvas simply eat the
leaves, others net as leaf miners, and others cause
the formation of galls. Nematus gallicola is the
most common of the gall makers, and it is to be

Wilmtnrmia of Schroder (see Laplacca).

Wild Apple (sir 1'ijrim Muliis).

Wild lierijiiiunl (Mann rtlii fisti/losa).

ll'il/J I'lnnj (^ulriii Vi'i-bciiaca).

Wild Clove (1'imnita acris}.

Wild Jtufi' 'gee l'lni-n',.1- ti/lrrstri*).

Wild lli/iiri,,/li (SciUafcfttM).

H'il/l I rifliiiiini (Disearla Toumatou).

Wild (Hire (ser Dim riirnpira, and Eltcagniis).

Wild, Spaniard (see Ar>/>/iylla).

Will! Sunn-hull \(_'i'/i/iiilliiix iimeririnnis).

Wild Water ///•/»»« (Patriflorafcetlda).
Wild William (xee Lt/elinig JPlo$-CwuK),
Willmt, American Water (Dianthera amerieana}.
Willorv-Jierb, Frrneh or Persian (see Epilobiitm

anijnat ij'nl in HI).
Willow Grams (I'olyyimum amjiliilriiim).

seen on Salix alba, Lapponum, nigricans, and phyli-
cifolia, to mention only a few. The so-called Bean
Galls are very plentiful. The Pea Galls are chiefly
the work of Nematus Pedunculi. As a rule the
health of the affected trees does not suffer unless
the galls are very numerous, and in that case there
is nothing for it but excision of the affected
branches. Where there are many of the larvas
the trees may be shaken to dislodge them, and the
caterpillars may then be swept up and burned, or
left to the tender mercies of domestic fowls.
Hand-picking may be practised for small trees ; it
is out of the question for large ones. Applications
of soot, lime, and gas lime to the soil beneath the
trees, although not sufficient to get rid of the pests
entirely, are yet helpful.

WILLUGHBEIA (jsyn. ANCYLOCLADUS).

Stove climbing shrubs (ord. Apocynacese), few of
which are in cultivation. Propagation, by cuttings
of nearly ripened shoots. Soil, fibrous peat and
loam in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—

edulis, 50', Jy., cl., pale pk., Ivs. 4" to 7" long,
fruits edible, as large as a Lemon.

WINDOW BOXES.

As with the plants that are grown in windows,
inside the room, so with those that are accommo-
dated in boxes outside on the sills — much depends
upon whether the window be a sunny or a shaded
one. There is the difference, however, that the
occupants of the window boxes are not, as a rule,
permanently established in them. Still, if any-
thing like lasting effects are desired, only Ferns and
green foliage plants should be attempted in shaded
windows. If flowering plants are employed they
will need to be frequently renewed during the
season, with the single exception of the showy
shrubby Calceolarias, which do well in shade.

With regard to the boxes themselves, the most
expensive ones are made of stone, more or less
elaborately carved, or of china tiles of various
patterns. Handsome as these are, it cannot be
urged that they are more suitable for the plants
than the less expensive but very effective rustic
boxes now coming so much into fashion. On the
whole, the most satisfactory window boxes are
made of wood, and faced with sheets of virgin
cork. If made of stout stuff — inch boards answer
well — they will last for several years without
repairs. Then a little overhauling annually will
keep them in service for several years more. This,
of course, applies to boxes that are only allowed to
remain out during the summer months — that is,
from the end of May to the end of September.
The life of a box that has to remain exposed to the
weather all through the year will of necessity be
rather shorter.

One of two systems may be adopted for filling the
box. The plants may be planted out in it, or they
may be grown in pots and stood in the boxes when
they are in condition. This latter method has the

Willnir Herh (fir H/iilnhiiim).

H'illon-. A il miii-iiii:'!; 11,,/iinff (Salix Caprea pen-

diila).

Willnir. Weeping (see Salix babylonica).
Wui/l /''/Hirer (we d'i n/iiiiiii /'iieiniii'iiiiiit/ii mill

. I m-moiie).
ll'inilotf-bearing Orchid (sec Cryptopliorantlnis).

Window Gardening

( 446 )

Winter Cherry

advantage that it permits of frequent changes
being made in the arrangements, and for that
reason is to be recommended for town house
windows. Against it is to be urged that it involves
a good deal of extra trouble, especially in watering.

Where the plants are to be planted out the
drainage must be perfect, and once a year the old
soil must be taken out and replaced by new. A
mixture of two parts loam, one part leaf soil, and
about a twelfth sand will be found to answer.
About 1" of space should be left between the
surface of the soil and the top of the sides, so as
to facilitate the giving of water.

If the aspect be very windy, and the window-
sills rather sloping and none too broad, it will be
well to fasten the box securely in its place.

A box of fair width will hold three rows of !
plants. It is usual to put the tallest of these at j
the back, the next in the middle, and have a front
row of trailers to hang over the sides. Individual |
taste will suggest modifications of this arrangement.

After the tender occupants have gone, the
windows may be embellished during the winter by
dwarf Conifers, Tree Ivies, Euonymuses, Hollies,
both green and variegated, and, if desired, various
spring-flowering bulbs may be planted between
these.

In spring, Hyacinths, Tulips, and Scillas are all
available, and many showy colour combinations
may be worked out. In the summer Begonias,
Zonal and Ivy-leaved Geraniums, Fuchsias, yellow
and white Marguerites (Paris Daisies), Heliotropes,
Nasturtiums, Petunias, and Musks are commonly
made use of. The pretty little Fairy Roses also do
well if grown in pots in readiness. The appearance
of the window is much improved if a fringe of
greenery can be taken round it, and there is
nothing better for the purpose than the popular
Virginian Creeper. Tropseolum majus may be
used in the same way, but not against red brick-
work ; it is much too garish.

WINDOW GARDENING.

The growing of plants in windows has long been
a popular pastime, and yet it is probable that
the failures are as numerous as the successes.
The reason is not far to seek. It lies in neglecting
to choose suitable subjects for the windows. It is
of little use to put Ferns in the full blaze of the
sun in a south window, or Zonal Geraniums and
Fuchsias in a north window, and wonder why they
do not grow properly. Again, it is to be feared
that sufficient care is not taken in shielding the
plants from draughts and from sudden fluctuations
of temperature, while the watering problem is ever
recurrent. If only ordinary attention is paid to
these points, it is possible to grow many pretty
plants in the window of a dwelling room, in spite
of the rather arid conditions that too often prevail.

For a south or a west window the following are
a few subjects that may be relied upon : Begonias,
of the tuberous, Rex, and semperflorens types ;
Calceolarias (herbaceous and shrubby), Campanula
isophylla, i. alba, and Mayi ; Cytisuses (Genistas),
Fuchsias, Geraniums, both Zonal and scented-leaved';
Heliotropes, Musk, both Mimulus moschatus and
Harrison's large-flowered variety ; Myrtles, Pelargo-
niums, both Show and Regal ; Phyllocactuses in
variety, and Sedums. In the spring it is possible to
have in bloom, and with very little trouble, Crocuses
and Hyacinths, grown both in soil and water ;

Freesias, and Lachenalias. Most of these will thrive
moderately well in an east window, but with the
lesser amount of sun they will naturally not be
so fine.

In a north window it is useless to expect flowering
plants to thrive, so that the window gardener is
obliged to choose from among such plants as the
well-known Aspidistra, Araucaria excelsa, Fntsia
japonica (Aralia Sieboldii), Ficus elastica, F. e.
variegata, and such Palms as Howea (Kentia)
belmoreana, H. forsteriana, and Cocos weddeliana ;
the latter, although a stove plant, is one of the
best room plants in existence. Amongst the Ferns
available may be noted Asplenium bulbiferum and
its varieties, and the crested forms of Polypodium
vulgare and Scolopendrium vulgare. Adiantum
cuneatum is a great favourite among window
gardeners, but it is unfortunate that it is but a
qualified success, one season frequently being
enough for it.

A few hanging baskets are a capital addition.
The baskets themselves may be made of wood or
wire, or hanging pots may be utilised. There are
several contrivances upon the market that enable
ordinary pots to be slung up. Of the subjects
suitable for these baskets in a sunny window
tuberous Begonias, the trailing Campanulas before
referred to, Nepeta Glechoma variegata, and
Linaria Cymbalaria may be mentioned.

So far the subjects dealt with may be made more
or less permanent occupants of the window. There
are a few that are only bought in to stand while
they are in flower. The beautiful Erica hyemalis
is a case in point. It is very seldom that the
sojourn in the window does not kill it. And there
are many other plants in like case.

With regard to treatment, window plants are
subject to the same rules as those laid down for
ordinary greenhouse subjects, except that the hints
as to the giving of water and air should be even
more closely followed. Dust should not be per-
mitted to rest upon the leaves of foliage plants,
but the sponge and syringe must be continuously
applied in summer, with an occasional sponging at
other times. During spells of sharp frost the
plants should be taken out of the window and stood
in the middle of the room ; there will then be less
danger of their being nipped.

It is impossible to give window plants strong-
smelling fertilisers, but that does not mean that
they are to have no manurial help at all. A choice
should be made among the less odorous chemical
manures, and it will be found that Clay's fertiliser,
for one, has very little objectionable smell. If the
window is opened, weather permitting, for an hour
or so after the fertiliser has been applied, all smell
will disappear.

WINTER CHERRY (see PHYSALIS
ALKEKEXGI and SOLANUM CAPSICASTRUM).

Wind-root' (sec Ascle/nas tuber ota).

Wind Rose (flmmeria lii/brida).

Wine Berry (Vacciniiim Mi/rtilhis).

Wine Berrt/, Japanese (see Jtiilum ph

Wine Palm (Caryota tireni and Phoenix syl-

ri'stris).

Wintera (see Drimyi) .
Winter Aconite (sec Eranthis hyemalis).
Winter Berry (see Ilex).

Winter Garden

( 447 )

Wistaria

WINTER GARDEN.

A cool plant house of considerably larger dimen-
sions than the ordinary conservatory is generally
dignified by the title of winter garden. Such a
structure should be beautiful from an architectural
point of view, and in keeping with the mansion to
which it is attached. .Sometimes the winter
garden is not connected with a mansion, and when
this is the case the designer has more scope, and
not infrequently takes so great an advantage of
his opportunities that the result is a structure of
elegant appearance, but quite unsuitable for the
cultivation of plants. If plants cannot be grown
in a winter garden the structure does not justify
its existence.

The internal arrangement of a winter garden
may differ considerably from that of a conservatory,
indeed, it should look like a garden under glass,
and not merely a place for the display of pot plants
cultivated elsewhere. There should be broaxl paths,
beds planted with fine examples of trees and
shrubs from the warmer temperate regions, aud
one or more spaces where a party of people might
take afternoon tea amid beautiful surroundings, or
in the case of a public winter garden, a space for
a small band and the listeners.

Suitable plants must be selected or failure will
assuredly follow. Those requiring a high tempera-
ture and moist atmosphere must be tabooed.
Remembering that it is during late autumn, winter,
and early spring that the winter garden is most
popular, affording welcome shelter and genial
warmth, planters should rely mostly upon ever-
green subjects, such as Acacias, Araucarias,
Camellias.Eucalyptuses, Himalayan Rhododendrons,
Proteas, Indian Azaleas, and Bamboos, with a few
Palms, notably Trachycarpus excelsa, T. martiana,
Phoenix dactylifera, P. humilis. P. reclinata, P.
rnpicoli), Jubaca spectabilis, Chamserops humilis,
Livistona chinensis, Khapis flabelliformis, and R.
humilis. Ferns of many kinds should find a place,
especially Dicksonia antarctica, Cyathea dealbata,
C. medullaris, lirainea insignis, Lomaria procera,
Aspidium falcatum, Pteris umbrosa, P. serrulata
varieties, P. tremula varieties, Platycerium alcicorne
(in baskets or on blocks), Polypodium juglandi-
foliun;, P. vulgare varieties, Scolopendrium vulgare
varieties, Woodwardia. radicans, Gleichenia cir-
cinata, G. c. Mendelii, G. c. Spelunca;, G. dicarpa
varieties, G. flabellata, Nephrodium molle, N. m.
corymbiferum, Nephrolepis cordifolia pectinata (in
baskets), Todea barbara, and T. Fraseri. There
are many others.

The beds for the permanent subjects must be
well drained, and have a good depth of broken
bricks and potsherds in the bottom, this being
covered with turves ere the soil is put in. A peaty
soil suits the majority of subjects, but it is easy to
arrange the plants together in accordance with
their likes so far as soil is concerned. If strong,
well-grown specimens are planted, a winter garden
soon looks furnished. The introduction of water,
alone or in combination with rocks and bog,
always forms an attractive feature in a large house.
Aponogeton distachyon should always find a place
in the little pond, as it will riower throughout the
winter.

Winter liliiniii tee Iliiiiiiniielis eirginica).
ll'i.iler <'/i>rrr . Mitelielln repent).
Winter (.'rests fir Hnrliiireii mill I inerienii Crrss).
Winter Daffodil (set- fiternberyia In fen).

To enter into the details of design and planting
and selection of subjects for a winter garden
would occupy more space than can be spared in a
work of this kind, and this note must con-
clude with a brief reference to overhead furnish.
ing. Plants in baskets should have their place, and
be suspended well out of the reach of people passing
beneath them. Whether flowering or foliage
plants are used they should be light, graceful,
and more or less drooping. For training to the
roof there is ample material to select from, but
Semele androgyna, Acacia riceana, Asparagus
plumosus, A. retrofractus, A. scandens, and Tea-
scented Roses ought not to be omitted. Passifloras,
Tacsonias, Coboeas, and Hibbertia dentata are also
useful.

WINTER MOTH (see APPLE ENEMIES).

WIREWORMS.

Because of their toughness and appearance, the
grubs of most species of Agriotes (or Elater), a
genus of beetles, are known as Wireworms. The
beetles are commonly referred to as Skipjacks, or
Click Beetles, but both these titles are used in con-
nection with other genera than that under notice.
Wireworms are voracious feeders, and do much
damage to root crops, to Carnations, and to many
subjects that have fleshy or thickened roots, or
rhizomes. The species found most destructive are A.
lineatus, A. obscurus, and A. sputator, all of which
feed near the surface, but remain concealed in the
soil, so that often the first indication of their presence
is the collapse of the plants attacked. In the
perfect beetle stage the species are not destructive
to plants

Many are the remedies that have been advocated
for wireworms, but in all cases the unfortunate
gardener whose land is infested must be persistent,
and exercise patience. Gas lime, fresh from the
works, liberally applied and lightly pointed in, is a
famous remedy. If, in addition, the land so
dressed is not cropped for a year, any wireworms
escaping the gas lime will be starved out. Where
the wireworms attack a valuable crop the applica-
tion of nitrogenous fertilisers, such as nitrate of
soda, and soot, will not only assist the plants, but
be distasteful to the pests. In gardens, and especi-
ally those of small size, traps made of hollowed
halves of Potatoes, pieces of Turnip, Carrot or
Parsnip, each with a wooden skewer attached, may
be effectively used. The material should be buried
1" or so, leaving the skewer standing well out of
the ground. A daily examination of the traps, and
destruction of the wireworms caught, will soon
reduce the pest.

WJSTARIA (syn. WISTEHIA. GBA.PE-
FLOWEK VINE).

Handsome, hardy, deciduous climbing shrubs
(ord. Leguminosse). Propagation, by layers of
young shoots, which should remain one year
before being detached. Soil, rich, sandy loam.
Wistarias in the young state are very slow growing.

Winter (iree ii (SIT 1'ijrola).

Winter Green, Aromatic or Creeping (sec Gaul-

Winter Green, Cliirkn-eed (KIT Trientalii).
Winter Hantliorn (see Ijm/mf/e/nn distafhyon).
Winter Kn-cet (ire Origanum).
Winter Wolf* Ilitue (gee I'.ninlliis lii/emnlii).
ll'i.itaria, Tuberous-rooted (gee Apios tuberosa),

Witch Knots

( 448 )

Woodlice

The shoots may be spurred back on large plants.
Wistarias may also be grown in pots for forcing.

Principal Species and Varieties : —
chiiiensis, rambler, My., — macrobotrys, wh., bl.,

Je., mauve (.-<//«.*•. sin- pur.

eiisis and Glycine chin- - variegata, Ivs. varie-

ensis or siiiensis). gated.

Chinese Kidney Bean multijuga, sum., lil. pur.,

Tree. very long racemes (syn.

— alba, wh., sweet. grandiflora).

— rlore pleno, double. siuensis (tie chinensis).

Other Species and Varieties : —

brachybotrys, 5', Ap., vio. — magnifica, bl., spotted

pur. yel.

frutescens, 10', Ap., My., — purpurea, vio. pur.

shr. (x//«s. Glycine frut- japouica, Jy., Aug., shr. ,

escens). wh. (syn. Milletia

— alba, wh. japoniea).

— backhousiana, vio.

WITCH KNOTS OP WITCHES'
BROOMS.

Carious-looking bundles of twigs, resembling
loosely built rooks' nests, that are to be seen
occasionally on Beech, Birch, Bullace, and Horn-
beam trees. Upon examination, the twigs are seen
to be swollen and distorted, and the leaves they
bear are of a sickly yellow green. The popular
names of Witch Knots and Witches' Brooms are
probably due to local attempts to ascribe the
formation of these clusters to some uncanny
agency. Search has revealed that they are brought
about in some trees by low Fungi (Ascomycetes),
and in others by the action of Gall Mites (Phy-
topti). The so-called true Witch Knots are,
however, due to Fungi. Tims, Exoascus turgidus
affects the Birch, E. Carpini the Hornbeam, and
E. Insititise the Bullace. Other species, or modifi-
cations of these, are to be found on Poplars,
Alders, Elms, and Cherries, producing distorted
leaves. Abies pectinata, the Silver Fir, occasionally
bears a Witch Knot. This arises from a swelling
of the central stem, or one of the larger branches,
and from this tumour a number of short, brittle
branches proceed, the "needles" being short,
swollen, and bright green in colour. As in the
case of deciduous trees, therefore, the Witch Knot
is easy of discernment. jEcidium elatinum is the
name of the Fungus which produces this condition
of things in the Silver Fir.

Witli regard to remedies, the excision of the
affected parts is the only treatment ; but, although
the presence of Witch Knots indicates a patho-
logical condition, the tree, beyond being a little
stunted in growth, does not seem to suffer much.
All parts cut out should be burned, to prevent the
spreading of the spores.

WITLOEF, OP WITLOOF.

Under this title a strong growing variety of
Cichorium Intybus is cultivated largely in France
anil Belgium, and to a lesser degree in this country,
for salads. The forced and blanched stems and
leaves are eaten. (For methods of culture and
forcing, see CHICORY.)

Witch Elm (Ulmiis glabra montana).

WiMirs' Thimble (see Silene iiiaritima).

Witch Hotel (see Hamamelis).

Withe Rod, American ( Vibnrnvm niidwu).

Withy (Salix f rat/His).

Woad, Dyer's (Ixatis tinctoria).

Woad, Waxen (Genista tinetoria).

Wood, Wild (Reseda Luteola}.

WITSENIA.

Ornamental, evergreen greenhouse plants (prd.
Iridese). Propagation, by seeds, division and cut-
tings. Soil, sandy peat and loam, in equal parts.

Only Species : —
corymbosa, 3', Je., pale maura, 4', Dec., bl., blk.,

bl. (correctly Aristea br.

corymbosa).

WITTSTEINIA.

Greenhouse shrubs (prd. Vacciniacea?), of pros-
trate habit. Culture as for Erica (which nee). The
only species is vacciniacea, 6", autumn, red or
greenish yel.

WOOD ASHES.

Pure wood ashes, as well as the remains of
quickly burned clippings of garden refuse, are
valuable to the gardener by reason of their fertilis-
ing properties. They contain from four to eight,
or even nine, per cent, of potash, and from one to
two per cent, of phosphoric acid. Wood ashes
can scarcely be wrongly used in the garden, but
they are of the greatest value for Leguminous
crops, lawns, and Potatoes. It is not, however,
easy to obtain pure wood ashes, except in the
neighbourhood of woods and forests, consequently
gardeners now largely use Kainit when a potassic
manure is required. Crops that are liable to have
their leaves attacked and crippled by insects may
be preserved from their enemies by occasional
dustings with wood ashes early in the morning.
Turnips especially benefit from such applications.
Wood ashes have also another value ; they absorb
ammonia, and may thus be utilised for surfacing
beds of fermenting manure, and for mixing with
urine.

WOODFORDIA.

Stove shrubs (nrd. Lythraricip). Propagation, by
cuttings in sandy peat, beneath a bell-glass, ove'r
bottom heat. Soil, loam and peat in equal parts,
with sand.

Only Species : —

floribunda, 3', My., sc. (si/ns. tomentosa, Grislea
tomentosa of Botanical Magazine 190G, and Ly-
thrum fruticosum).

WOODLICE.

These little scavengers, known also as Wood
Bugs and Slaters, are well known by reason of their
greyish colour, and the habit they have of rolling
themselves into a ball when alarmed. To the
Cucumber and Mushroom grower wood! ice
(Oniscus Armadillo) are great pests, as they soon
render the produce unsaleable, but where Cucum-
bers are grown in houses on trellises the fruits

Wolf liernj (Si/mphoriearpiis occidental is}.

Wolf Chop (Mi-sembrt/anthemum liipinum).

Wolf's liane (see Aeonitum}.

Wolf s Bane, Winter (see Eranthis).

Wolf's Claw (Li/c(i])odiiin> claratum.)

Wolf's Milk (see Knplinrbia).

Wollastonifi (see Wedelia).

Woman's Cap Orchid (sie T/i/'h/mitra).

Woodbine (see Lonicera Periclymenum).

Woodbine, American (see Ampelopsis

folin).

Wood Fern (see Poli/podium n/lf/are).
Wood Lily (sec J'yrola and Trillium}.

Woodsia

Wulfenia

are ont of harm's way. Old manure beds have
great attractions for woodlice, and they also
frequent decaying wood, bark, and rubbish heaps :
in short, wherever decaying vegetation is found in
the garden or greenhouse, provided it is not too
wet. there the woodlice congregate in fulfilment
of their mission. Hence, cleanliness is by far the
be.-t remedy, and should be especially enforced in
Orchid houses, Cucumber and Melon pits, forcing
pits, and wherever there are succulent fruits,
vegetables, or flower spikes that might attract
them. A dirty board laid beneath the hot-water
pipes will soon be used as a shelter by woodlice,
and form a trap, as also will a few dirty pots,
especially if partly filled with dry but dirty moss.
(ias lime ami boiling water are remedies wherever
it is possible to use them without injury to plants,

WOODSIA.

Hardy or cool greenhouse Ferns (ord, Filices),
that, thrive admirably in the rockery or Fern
garden. Propagation, by spores and division.
They are hardy except where otherwise stated.

Principal Species : —

ilvensis, 1".

obtusu. (i" to r>", grh.

oreganu, 6".
polystichoides, 9", giu. ;

several vmx
scopulina,, 8",

WOODWARDIA.

Strong-growing Ferns that succeed in a cool
greenhouse, and will thrive out of doors in sheltered
positions in the southern counties. They are of
great beauty, and as the fronds are fairly tough,
their effect is not easily spoiled. Kadicans makes
a grand basket Fern for a conservatory or winter
garden, but it needs a large receptacle ; while areo-
lata is a line species for planting near water in
similar structures. Propagation is by spores, divi-
sion, and the removal of the plantlets that form
on tlie fronds of some species. Soil, good fibrous
loam and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species and Variety :
areolatu, !)" to 18", fertile orientulis, 3' to 10', erect,

fronds rirh br. (*yit. proliferous.

angustifoliii). radioaiis, 3" to 10", arch-

Harlaiidii, 9" to 20". ing, proliferous.

japonicu, 1J' to -2',', fronds — Brownii, all the pimiie

very broad in proper- crcsted(»y«. r. cristata).

tion to their length. virgim'ca, 1!' to :i', jiin-

me deeply lobed.

WORMIA (*<jii. LKXIDIA).

Stove evergreen trees (ord. Dilleniaceii.1). Prop-
agation, by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in a
close case. Soil, fibrous loam two parts, peat one
part, and sand.

Principal Species :—

Burbidgei, 10', Jy., golden triquctni, '20'. My., wh.
yel. (>'.'/"• dentata).

'WORMS.

The earthworms, all of which belong to the
genus Lumbricus, have a great part to play in

" inn! -\ut tare Curt/Ins and A'uts").
Jf~inid La iirt'l (HIT Itnphnr l.n m-rnln .
Woodruff or \\'oniirnirrl (SIT Asjwriila).
H'ninl fvirrrl (nee Ofulis .Intnsi-lla).
It nod Tii/itftir l-'i'Tn (xi'f JDrymoglo3stt8i\t

ll'linil V'nili-l f,T I inlil si/I rill ii-ll).
' Xii/lilsliillli1 ('.vr Stilifiiiun J >u It'll mam}.

nll/'ii (HIT Vvrbatevin).
illi/ slph'ts (HIT .Imi-rii-iiii Hti</hf).
59

fields and gardens. In some respects they are
beneficial, and in others they are distinctly
injurious. Taking the former side of their mission
first, it is manifest that boring in the soil as they
do they must assist in its aeration to a considerable
degree. Moreover, they feed on decaying vegetable
matter, and with it they take in a great deal of
earth, which they get rid of at the surface in the
form of " castings."' In this way they set up a
constant interchange between the various strata
of soils ; in fact, estimates have been made of the
number of years which it takes for the whole of
the soil to pass through them.

With regard to the objectionable side, there is
no doubt that worms, especially the large lob-
worms, do damage to young and tender seedlings,
either by feeding upon them or disturbing the
young roots by their burrows. On lawns, too, the
castings are a great nuisance if they are present
in any quantity. Before setting the mowing
machine to work a stiff broom should be passed
over the lawn to break up and distribute these
casts, or clogging of the machine will result.
A dry day should be chosen. To get rid of worms
from a lawn, apply clear lime water in the
evening, and pick up the stupefied worms in the
morning. Starlings, hedgehogs, and shrew mice
all prey upon worms.

Pot plants are sometimes troubled with worms,
and if the latter are not soon got rid of, the health
of the plants is seriously endangered. As a rule, the
worms get in when, as in the case of Chrysanthe-
mums, the pots are stood upon the ground. Instead
of this the plants should be placed upon a layer of
sharp ashes, or upon boards, slates, or tiles. Worm
excluders are sometimes used, but they have not
come greatly into favour. As with the lawn,
watering with clear lime water is the remedy.

WORMWOOD.

This hardy perennial (Artemisia Absinthium, iml.
Composite) is sometimes grown for the medicinal
value of its leaves and young shoots, which have
very bitter properties. Propagation is by seeds,
cuttings, and root division, the last-named being
conducted in spring. Almost any garden soil will
suit, provided it is well drained. The situation
should be dry and, if possible, sheltered. (For
further particulars, sec ARTEMISIA.)

WRIGHTIA. (PAI.AY or IVORY TREK.)

Stove trees or shrubs (ord. Apocynaceaj). Prop-
agation, by cuttings in a close case. Soil, fibrous
loam two parts, peat one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —
cocciuea, 20', Jy., dnrk dubia, Jc., or. red.

red (*//«• narfum w- jmbescens, Moll., wh.

cineum). tinctoria, sum., wh. I'ala

Indigo Plant.

WULFENIA.

Hardy perennial herbs (nrtl. Scrophularinea').
Propagation, by seeds ami division. Soil, light
loam two parts, and leaf mould one part, in a moist
but well drained position in the rockery or border.
Some protection is needed to prevent rotting in
the winter.

Principal Species : —
amliiTstiaiia, .">" to 10", carinthiaca, 1' to '!' , Jy.,

Jy., hi. lil.

H'lirmirmiil (HIT Arti'uiisin'..

ll'iiiinilirurl (Aiitliiilli.i l'i//iii rnrin}.

II fi-ntlii'irvrt. Purple v«v t>r,-li .< nn/xrii/ii).

Wulffia

(450)

Xanthosia

AVULFFIA Oy»s. CHATIAKKLLA, CHT-
I.ODIA, and TILESIA).

Stove perennial herbs (ord. Compositrc). Propa-
gation, by seeds and division. Soil, light san ly
loam. Stenoglossa, 3', June, orange yellow (xyn.
maculata), is the only species introduced.

WURMBEA.

Greenhouse bulbs (ord. Liliacetc). Propagation.
by seeds and offsets. Soil, loam and sandy peat in
equal parts.

XANTHOCEPHALUM (v/« XANTIIU-

COMA).

Greenhouse and hardy annual and perennial
herbs and sub-shrubs (nrd. Composite). Propa-
gation, by seeds and cuttings. Soil, light sandy
loam, in a sunny position.

Principal Species : —
eentauroides, IS", Jy., Aug., hdy. ann.,or. yel.

grh. sub-shr., yel. (*//«. (?yn. Gutierrezia gym-

Grindelia coronopifolia). nospermoicles of Jlola/i-
gynmospeiinoides, 4', ieal Magazine 515~>).

XANXHOSOHA LINDENI

Principal Species and Varieties : —
capensis, 6" to 12", My., longiflora pumila,

Je., lil. (.--y«. campaiiu- dwarf, fewer flowers.

late). — purpurea, lurid pur.

~- lougiflora, longer

flowers, more robust.

WYETHIA (sym. ALAB(?ONIA and MELA-

BHIZA).

Hardy perennial herbs (ord. Compositte). Prop-
agation, by seeds. Soil, light loam.
Principal Species : —

august ifolia, 10" to 24", aut., yel.

XANTHISMA (syn. CENTAITRIDIUM).

Tfxanum (ai/n. Drumniondii) is a hardy annual or
biennial herb (ord. Composite). It grows 2' high,
and has yello.v flowers in summer. Propagation'
by seeds sown in the open in April. Any good
garden soil will do.

XANTHIUM.

Hardy annual and perennial herbs (ord. Com-
posite)^ of no horticultural merit.

Wyi-ti Elm (Ulnnis ijlabra and montima).
Wijmut (sec Althaa}.

XANTHOCERAS.

Sorbifolia, 5' to 15', July, white, with red spots,
the only species in this genus (ord, Sapindacea;) is
a small hardy or half-hardy tree. Propagation, by
seeds or root cuttings. Soil, light sandy loam, in a
sheltered position.

XANTHORRHCEA. (BLACK BOY,
GKASS TREK.)

Greenhouse, slow-growing shrubs (orrf.Juncacesc).
Several species furnish a yellow, resinous gum.
Propagation, by seeds and offsets. Soil, loam, a
little peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
arborea, 4', Ap. Botany

Bay Gum.
australis, 2', sum.

minor, Ivs. 2' long, rtem

short and thick.
Preissii, 10', Ivs. 4' loiisf.
quadrangulata, 4', Ivs.

1~' long.

br.icteata, sum., ITS. 2'

long.
hostilts, Ivs. 4' long, stem

very short.

XANTHOSIA.

Greenhouse herbs and low-growing shrubs (ord.
Umbellifera), frequently clothed with long, soft
liairs. Probably only about two species have been

Xanthosoma

( t-,1 )

Yew

introduced, and they ave not common. Propaga-
tion, by seeds, sown in In at in spring. Soil, loam {
and peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species :—
pilosa, 1' to '!' , Jo., pro- rotuiidifolia, 1' to 2', Je.,

cumbeiitshr., vvli. (ti/nt. herb, wh.

hirsuta ami montaua).

XANTHOSOMA.

Evergreen, stove, perennial herbs (ord. Aroidea>>
Propagation, by cuttings of the stem in a close
case, with strong bottom heat. Soil, rich fibrous
loam two parts, peat one part, with charcoal and
Bond.

Principal Species and Variety :—
Earilloti, Ivs. palmate, on sagittifolium, I!', spathe

a st.-ilk :>' lung, grn., wn- Arrow-leaved

I.in.leiii, Ivs.' spear Spoonflower.

shaped, 1' long, veins violaceuin, spathe vio.,

wh. (fi/n. Phyllotami- yel., wh.

inn I.indeni: tee p.4/iO). Wallisi, Ivs. spear-shaped,
m.i-nilirum, larger Ivs. veins wh.

•<i/ii. rhyljitiunium

I, in -leni magm'ncum).

XERANTHEMUM (*>jn. XEUOLOMA.

IM.MOUTELLE).

Haply, erect, mostly white leaved annuals (iird.
Composite). 1'ropagatioti, by seeds in spring or
autumn Soil, rich sandy loam, in a shady posi- I
fcion. (>'«•«/«- HIOI.ICHBYSUM and EVEIIIASTINGS.) |

Principal Species : —

aiminim. '!' . .ly.. pur. inapertum, 2', Je., wh.

(.- ifn. erectum).

XERONEMA (*yn. SCI.EUONEMA).

Moorei. is". bright crimson (ord. LiliaceaV), the [
onlv species is a stove perennial. Propagation, ;
by seeds or division. Soil, loam and peat or leaf

soil in cc|iial part-, with sand.

XEROPHYLLUM.

A hardy perennial (ord. Liliaceos). Propaga-
tion, by seeds and division. Soil, moist peat ami
loam. ' The plant may be treated as a sub-aquatic.

Principal Species:—

asphodeloides, •>' , My., wh. (xyn. Helomas acpDO-
ileloides).

XEROTES (syn- LOMANDUA).

Greenhouse perennial rigid herbs (ord. Jim-
cacete). Propagation, by division. Soil, loam and
peat in equal parts, with sand.

Principal Species : —
longifolia, 3', Je., grn., Australian Tussock

wh., Ivs. 1' to 2' Grass.

]011K rigida, dwarf, Je., grn.,

wh., Ivs. shorter.

XIMENIA.

Stove and greenhouse shrubs (ord. OlaCineffi).
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, loam two parts,
peat one part, and sand.

Principal Species : —

amerirana, 20', Ap., St., wh., fruit edible. False
Sandal wood. Hog. .Mountain, and Seaside flam.

XIPHIDIUM.

Stove and greenhouse perennial herbs («JW.
Haemodoracece) with small flowers; not of much

fateria (»v inemonepft*).

\, ,.,,;,,,„,, , , \, rn nl lirni iin
t,! (fir \'cl'<izia\.

uar<len value. Propagation, by division. Soil,
sandy loam and peat.

Principal Species and Variety : -
floribundum, '2'. Je.. wh. — gigiintsiim.lvs.broader.

or pale bl . (r.ijii . albidum) .

XYLOBIUM.

Epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orcliidacese) allied to
Maxillar'ia, and thriving under the same cultural
conditions. The plants are not favourites with
Orchidists. An intermediate house or stove will
suit all those named.

Principal Species :—

[NoTE.— s. = sepals, p. == petals, 1. = lip.]
decolor, spr., s. and p. yel., spotted maroon,

light yel., shaded wh., 1. fleshy.

1. whitish. squalens, spr., s. and p.

elongatum, spr., s. and p. yel., wh. . streaked pur.:

yet, wh , 1. yel., br. there is a good deal of

leontoglossum. win., fpr., pur. in the lip.

Other Species :—
Collevi, reddish br.. spot- corrugatum, jiallidifln-

ted pur. (SI/H. Maxillaria rum, aud scabriliuguis aio

Colleyi). at Kew, but they have

concavum, 9", pale yel. little decorative value.

(xi/n. Maxillaria con-

cava) .

XYLOMELUM.

Greenhouse trees and shrubs (vrd. Proteacesc),
few of which are in cultivation. Propagation, by
seeds and cuttings. Soil, fibrous peat and loam
in equal parts, with sand.

XYLOPIA. (HiTTEB WOOD.)

Stove evergreen trees and shrulw(«;v/. Anonace;c).
Propagation, by cuttings. Soil, loam, peat, charcoal,
and sand.

Principal Species : —

asthiopicu. Negro Pepper. glabra, 20', Ivs lance
shaped, downy beneath.

XYRIS. (YELLOW-EYED GltASS.)

Kush-like stove, greenhouse, and hardy perennials
(nrd. Xyrideje). Propagation, by division. Soil,
rich, sandy loam.

Principal Species :—

operculata, 18", Je., st., yel., br.

YEW.

The Yew (Taxus baccata) occupies a very
prominent position in song and legend. As a
decorative tree its beauty is of too sombre a
character to appeal to many, yet it has been
extensively planted, and there are some fine old
specimens scattered through the country. Geologi-
callv considered, the Yew is one of the oldest trees
we have, and it also boasts a much longer life than
the majority of our forest trees, being in this
respect a very worthy rival of the Oak. The wood
is exceedingly hard 'and close grained, elastic, and

(.<••(• Varbetina).

ir Irix).

''f (w /'i'/i/pmli>im.
< (»•'• PTManlh't
),/•,-,/ \\'iiiiii 'I'm-

) ,,,„ ,'»•/• liiiixi-nri-

Yang-mat 'I'm- Mijrn-n

Yiir'niir <ia-<- .\fliilli-n . .

Yurnur, Sniilirr'n [tee Utratiatet olotatt).

)///,•»/• feit Tree Biualyptiii oornuta).

Yfiiiiir Irehangtl Leumrnn ffaleoMolM).

Yi-llinrlii/ tee r/ir:/xiiat/ii'uii/»i

Yew

(452)

Yucca

durable, but it splits readily, and this, with the
hardness, militates against its use as timber. Its
elasticity stood it in good stead when the longbow
was in request, and the good " Yew bow " was a
necessary part of the household furniture, (t'or
otlier particulars, see TAXUS.)

The Yew is not so frequently attacked by insect
and fungoid pests as the majority of the Conifers.
One of the gall midges (Cecidomyia Taxi) is nftrn
troublesome. The eggs are laid in the tips of the
branchiate, the larvte hatch, and the irritation they

can easily be cut off and burned, with their con
tained larva;. This excision must be done when
the galls are young. The gall mite (Phvtoptus
Taxi) is a sterner foe. Its eggs are laid" in the
young buds as well as in the male and female
flowers. These all swell, and take on a bright.
yellow or red hue. The gall mites live between
the scales of the galls. As with the Big Bud in
Black Currants, the only reliable remedy is to cut
out and 'burn affected branches. Spraying- is
useless.

A I'Aiit or HAXUSOMI-: Yiiws ix A BATH CAUDKN.

set up causes the formation of a gall not unlike a
small cone in appearance. Unless these galls are
very numerous they do not do much mischief, and
they are so conspicuous upon small trees that they

Yellom Cress (see Harbareaprierox and American

Cress).

Yellow Elder ( Teeoma stans) .
Yellom Ji/verlasting Flower, (Hi-lir/irysinu arena-

rium).

Yellow Harden Hamltmeed (Tolpis barbatii).
Yellow Iris (see Iris Pse/udaeorim).
Yellow Larkspur (see Iropeeolvm).
Yellom Battle (Rliin/mtlnts Crista-galli).
Yellow lidcltet (liarbarea rHlt/aris).
Yellow Hoot (Hydrastis eanadensis).
Yellow Star Flower (see titernbergia Intend).
Yellow Sultan (see Centaurea odorata and

MosrJintri).

Yellow Water Lily (see Nnpliar Intrant).
Yellow Weed, Dyer's (Reseda Litteola).
Yellom Wood (Claafattit tiwtoria, Oehrosia

borbmiira, and Podoearpits).
Yellom-mort ( Chlora perfoliata).

YUCCA. (ADAM'S NEEDLE, BEAU'S GRASS,
SPANISH BAYONET.)

Description. — Stove, greenhouse, and hardy
plants (ord. Liliacere), related to the Dracaenas and
the Cordylines. The hardy species, of which
august ifolia, filamentosa, and gloriosa aro notable
examples, are plants of very distinct habit, and
they, with their numerous varieties, are excellent
subjects for forming isolated clumps upon the lawn.
In corners of the rockery where succulent plants are
collected they form tine additions, and the well-
drained soil of the rockery is exactly to their liking.
Gloriosa is a good town plant. The Yuccas are of
comparatively slow growth, and most of them do
not flower until they have reached a good age.
The huge, erect panicle, with its pendulous
flowers, is a great attraction, but seeds seldom
ripen in this country. Filamentosa flowers freely
when young.

Yew, Chinese (see Podoearpits).

Yi-ir. Cliister-llnirered (see Crp/iulotaxiis).
Yen- Hall and -Mite (see Yew).

Yucca

(453 )

Zaiuzianskia

Propagation. — liy suckers from, or divisions of,
the old plants; also by means of cuttings of the
fleshy roots, inserted in rather sandy soil in a
close frame, with heat according to the character
of the species or variety.

Soil. — A light, rather rich soil suits the Yuccas
best. A good, sandy loam, with about one-fifth of
its bulk mortar rubbish, and another fifth old
Mushroom bed manure, is suitable. Heavy loam'
will need more of the mortar rubbish.

Other Cultural Points. — Drainage must in all
cases be free, or the plants will rot. Where they
are to be grown in the open ground it will be
well to dig the beds 3' and drain thoroughly. Pot
plants should be potted firmly. The outdoor
clumps benefit considerably by annual mulchings
of rotted ynrd dung ; pot plants may have liquid
manure in the summer. With regard to the quantity
of water needed, Yuccas come halfway between
the Cacti and ordinary plants. In winter one
watering will carry them on for weeks. Hardy
species that are grown in pots, and stood in orna-
mental vases, may require to be taken indoors
during long spells of frost, for the low temperature
lias a greater effect upon them when they are in
pots than it has upon plants in the open ground.

Principal Species and Varieties : -

aloifolia, stem l.j' to 20', folia, mexicana, steno-

My., Je., grh., wh., Ivs phylla, all of gardens).

I' to 1J' long, l"toi;" — erisifolia, stems4'to5',

Other Species and Varieties :—

broad, grn., with a red-
dish br. spine at the tip.
- Draconis, Ivs. longer,
more drooping.

— pnrpurea, dwarf, Ivs.
pur.

— quadricolor, Ivs. tinged
red.

— tenuifolia, Ivs. very
narrow.

— tricolor, Ivs. wh.. grn.,
yel.

— varicgata, Ivs. striped
wh.; a favourite in
gardens.

Areuata, Atkinsii, con-

sjiieiia, and crenulata are

other vars.

angustifolia, nearly stem-
less, Jy., hdy., wh., Ivs.
1 J' to 2' long, y broad.

— • stricta, inflorescence
more compound (»//«.
strieta of Sims).

filamentosa, nearly stem-
less, Je., hdy., wh., Ivs.
U' to 2' long, I.1." to
2" broad, margins7 fila-
mentous. Silk Grass.

— tlac'cida, Ivs. more
slender than type,
filaments on leaf mar-
gins .stronger (*yn.
llaceida of Haw.).

— orchioides (see orchi-
oides).

— variegata, variegated.
Other vars. are ant-

wcrprnsis, concava, glau-

cescens, grandillora,

maxima, and puherula.

flexilis, stem short, sum.,

grh., wh., Ivs. 2' to 2'.'

long, 1" to H" broad,

spinous at the end,

margins reddish br.

(.«.WM. acuminata, longi-

flowers wh., red.
Concava, falcata, nobi-

lis, and semi-cylindrica

are other vars.

glauea, stemless, sum.,
hlf-hdy., wh., Ivs. IV
long, \\" to U" broad,
glaucous when young.

gloriosa, stems 4' to 6',
often branching, Jy.,
hdy., wh., flushed red,
Ivs. H' to 3' long, 2" to
3" broad, stiff, erect,
glaucous, grn. Mound
Lily.

— Ellacombei, nearly
stemless (syii. Ellacom-
bei).

— recurvifolia (fee recur-
vifolia).

Other vars. are acu-
minata, mcdio - striata,
minor, obliqua, plicata,
pruinosa, superba, and
tortulata.

guatemalensis, 15' to 20',

sum., grh.. wh.. Ivs. 2' to

3' long, 2" to 3" broad.

orchioides, sum., hdy.,

wh., Ivs. 6" to 9" long,

to ^" broad (ftyn.

filamentosa orchioides).

recurvifolia, stem short,

branching, sum., hdy.,

wh., Ivs. 2' to 3' long,

recurving (.<;/»«. japon-

icaof gardens, pendula,

recurva, and gloriosa

recurvifolia).

— foliis-variegatis, Ivs.
with a central green-
ish red stripe.

treculeana, 20' to 2.V,
branching, sum., grh.,
wh., Ivs. !}' to 4J' long,
2J" to 3J" "broad.
Caualiculata is a var.

acuminata (see gloriosa
var.).

acutifolia, sum., hdy.,
wh., Ivs. 2j' loug, stiff,
sub-erect.

antwerpensis (see fila-
mentosa var.).

arcuata (fee aloifolia
var.).

Atkinsii (see aloifolia
var.).

baecata, 8' to 10', some-
times stemless, sum.,
hdy. or hlf-hdy., \vh.,
fruits pur., Ivs. U' to
3' long, 1" to 2" broad,
Circinata, periculosa,
and scahrifoha are vars.

Boerhaavii, grh., Ivs. 2'
to 3' long, J" to |"
broad.

canalieulata, (wr trecu-
leana var.).

oirciuata (tee baocata
var.).

concava (see filamentosa
var.).

dcsmetiana, grh., Ivs. 1'
long, J" to j" broad,
grn.

Dracouis (tre aloifolia
var.).

Ellacombei (see gloriosa
var.).

exigua (*ee filamentosa).

filifera, trunk 50' high,
2' to 3' through, sum.,
grh., wh., Ivs. 14' long,
1" to iy' broad~, mar-
gins reddish br.

gigantea, 3' to 4', sum.,

grh., wh., Ivs. 4' to 5'
mg, 3" to 3£" broad,
japonica of gardens (see

recurvifolia).
macrocarpa, 1' to 4', close

to baecata).
Peacockii, grh., Ivs.

channelled, with sharp

points (gyn. Irevigata of

gardens) .
semi-cyliudrica (see flexilis

var.).

superba (see gloriosa var.).
teuuifolia (see aloifolia

var.) .
Whipplei, nearly stemless,

sum., hdy., wh., grn.,

Ivs. r to U' long, J'!

broad.

HYBRID YUCCAS.

Recently several new hybrid Yuccas have been
introduced to commerce, and when more generally
cultivated will add much to the favour being now
shown to these effective plants. The following is
a list of those at present in commerce. AH are
white unless otherwise stated.

a,lbella. hdy.

elegantissima, hdy. (fila-
mentosa major X glori-
osa).

elmeiisis, hdy. (fila-
mentosa major X
gloriosa).

Guiglielmi, hdy., one of
the finest.

Imperator, hdy., very
fine (fllamentosa major
X recurvifolia).

liliacea, hily. (filamentosa
X rupestris).

magnifica, hdy. (filamen-
tosa flaccidaXgloriosa).

margaritacea, hdy. (fila-
mentosa X gloriosa).

prajcox, hdy., early
bloomer.

Treleasii, hdy., early,
large spikes and flowers.

viridiflora, hdy. , large
srikes of light green,
flowers.

ZACINTHA.

Verrucosa, the only species (ord. Compositas),
is a hardy annual, 6" to 12" high, with yellow
flowers in summer. It is of little garden value.
Increased by seeds in light, sandy loam.

ZALACCA (*yn. SALACCA).

Dwarf, almost stemless, Palms (ord. Palmac),
seldom grown.

Principal Species :—

edulis, Ivs. erect, clustered, divisions 2' long, 2"
broad, wh. beneath, sharp prickles (fyns. blumeana
and wallichiana).

ZALUZANIA (syn. FEUDINANDA, in part).

Stove, half-hardy, and hardy shrubs (ord. Com-
positse). Propagation, by seeds and cuttings.
Soil, light loam. Ferdinanda eminens (correctly
Podachasnium paniculatum), stove, white, is the
only species in cultivation.

ZALUZIANSKIA (syn. NYCTEIUSIA).
Greenhouse and half-hardy annual and peren-
nial herbs and sub-shrubs (ord. Scrophularinea;).

Zamia

( 454 )

Zephyranthos

nitidum, 30', Je., grh. or
hlf-hdy., gm.

piperitum, 10', aut., wh.
(s.V«. Fagara piperita).
Chinese or Japanese
Pepper.

Pterota, 10', Au?., hlf-
hdy., grn. B-stard
Irouwood.

Propagation, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Soil,
light, moist, sandy loara and peat.

Principal Species :—
capeusis, 8" to 1'2", sum., and Nycterinia lych-

luf-hdy. aim., wh. iiidea).

iychnidea, 1', Jy., grh. selaginoides, 6", My., hlf-

sub-shr., yellowish wh. hdy. aim., wh., or. centre,

(syns. Erinus lychuideus fragrant at night.

ZAMIA.

Stove and warm greenhouse, Palm-like plants
(ord. Cycadacese), of slow growth and dwarf
stature. Propagation, by seeds and offsets, occa-
sionally by division. Soil, loam two parts, peat
one part, and sand. (See also CYCAS.)

Principal Species and Variety : —

amplifolia (see Wallisii 8" long I one of the

var.). best,

calocoma, dwarf, Ivs. 3' picta, Ivs. spotted wh.;

long, leaflets with eighty near muricuta.

pairs (correctly Micro- pseudo-parasitica, Ivs. 6"

cycas calocoma). long (syn. Roezlii).

furfuracea, leaflets ten to Skinneri, 6', Ivs. 5', leaf-

thirteen pairs, leafstalks lets very broad.

prickly. Jamaica Sago Wallisii, leaflets 1' long,

Tree. .stalks reddish, prickly.

Lindeni, Ivs. C' long, — amplifolia, leaflets yel-

leaflets with forty pairs, Iowisli_ gm., small
prickles.

ZAMIOCULCAS (including GONATOPUS).

Stove herbaceous perennials with tuberous roots
(ord. Aroidese). Propagation, by division and by
pegging the mature leaflets on to moist soil. Soil,
loam two parts, leaf mould one part, with cow
manure, charcoal, and sand A decided rest must
be given.

Only Species : —
Boivini, 3', spathe yel- I.,ocidigesii, 4', Jy., spathe

lowish grn. (syn. Gona- gni., spathix yellowish

topus Boivini). grn. (lyn. Caladium

zamirefohum).

ZANNICHELLIA. (HOUNED POND-

WUIiD.)

Hardy annual and perennial aquatic herbs (nrd.
Naiadacete), of no garden value.

ZANTHORHIZA.

A dwarf hardy shrub (crd. Ranunculacese).
Propagation, by suckers. Soil, moist loam.
Only Species : —
apiifolia, 3', Ap., dark pur.

ZANTHOXYLUM (*//»*. PTEKOTA and
XANTHOXYLOX. PIUCKLY ASH, TOOTH-
ACHE TREE.)

Stove, greenhouse, half-hardy, and hardy trees
(ord. Rutaceas). Propagation, by seeds. Soil, rich
loam two parts, leaf mould one part, and sand.

Principal Species :—
alatum, 10' to 20', epr.,

greenish wh., prickly,

flattened vertically to

the trunk,
americanum, 20', Ap.,

hdy. (syns. fraxiueum

and ramifJorum't.
Clava-Herculis, 50', Ap.,

St., gru.

ZAUSCHNERIA.

A handsome, dwarf, half-hardy shrub (ord.
Onagrariese). Propagation, by seeds, division, and
cuttings. Young plants should be wintered in a

Zanonia (see Alsomitra and Campelia).

cold fr.mie. Soil, light, sandy loam. It grows
well on rockwork and on walls, and is hardy
if given a sunny, well-drained position.

Only Species and its Varieties :—
ttilifornica, 1', sum., - (rrandiflora, flowers

bright sc. C;ilifornian blighter and larger.

Fuchsia and Humming- — latifolia, Ivs. broader,

bird's Trumpet. flowers dull red, smaller.

ZE A (syn. MAYS).

A half-hardy, tall-growing Grass (nrd. Graminese),
largely cultivated for the production of Jlaizc,
fodder, and also for ils handsome appearance in
the flower garden. (For culture and varieties, see
MAIZE.)

ZEBRINA.

Stove and greenhouse trailing herbs (ord. Com-
melinacese). They arc useful for baskets, edgings
to stages, and covering unsightly places beneath
stages. Propagation, l>y cuttings. Soil, light
sandy loam.

Principal Species and Variety :-
peudula, sum., wh. , Ivs. — tricolor, upper siiifuco

striped wh. (synx. Cy- of Ivs. gru., wh. , red.

anotis vittata,Z. tricolor,

and Z. zebrina).

ZELKOW A (syn. ADELICEA. WATER ELM.

Hardy deciduous trees, closely resembling Elms
(ord. Urticaceai). Propagation, by seeds and
grafting. Soil, rich loam.

Principal Species and Variety :—
acuminata, 40', Ap., male ata, Gmelini Riehardi,

flowers in racemes (xytts, Kaki, and Ulmus poly-

Z. Keaki, Planera acu- gama). Siberian Klin.

minata, Ulmus Keaki, peudula, drooping

and U. mouumeutalis branches.

of gardens). Verschaffeltii, 30', Ivs.

crenata, 80', Ap., male deeply toothed (xi/ns.

flowers in bundles (*v«.v. Z. japonica Verschaf-

Abelicea ulmoides, Pla- feltii, aud UlniUB Ver-

uera carpinifolia, cren- schaffeltii).

ZENOBIA.

A showy, hardy shrub (nrd. Ericaceae). Propa-
gation, by seeds and layers. Soil, sandy peat with
plenty of moisture.

Only Species and Variety : —

spcciosa, 4', sum., wh., pulverulenta, Ivs.

drooping (syns. Audro- waxy wh., more showy

meda cassineeefolia, A. (syns. A. dealbatu, A.

nitida of gardens, A. speciosa giaura, and

Bpeciosa, and A. viridis) . Lyonia pulvcruleuta).

ZEPHYRANTHES. (ZEPHYB FLOWEU.)

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy bulbs (ord. Amaryl-
lideae). Propagation, by seeds and offsets. Soil,
sandy loam and leaf mould, with good drainage,
The stove and greenhouse species should be rested
during winter.

Principal Species and Varieties:—
Andersoni, 7", My., grh. Candida, Sep., hdy., wh.

or hlf-hdy., golden yel., («y». Amaryllis can-

red base (syiu. Habran- dida). Peruvian Swamp

thusAndersoui). Aurea Lily.

and cuprea have golden carinata, My., grh., pk. ;

aud coppery flowers. var. graudiflora haa

Atamasco, 15", My., hlf- blush flowers.

hdy., whitish pk. (*y>i. macrosiphon, sum., rosy

Amaryllis Atamasco). red.

Atamasco Lily. rosea, My.,hlf-luly., ro.

Zapanta (see Lippia}.

Zebra Plant (Caltit/iea zebrina).

Zehiicria (see Melothria).

Zeuxine

Zcstera

ZEUXINE. (STRIPED KING OP THE

WOODS.)

Dwarf sK>ve Orchi<is (ord. Orchidaceae), few of
which are in cultivation. Propagation, by division.
Soil, tibrous peat and sphagnum. (See also ANIEC-

TOIMIII.US.)

Principal Species : —

n'gia, ;">", Ivs. greenish wh. with pale lil. and wh.
bands (syns. Haplouhilus regiura and Monochilus
regiumX

ZEUZERA. (Wooo LEOPARD MOTH.)
Zeuzura vEsculi is a handsome moth about ]J"
long, and lias narrow, semi-transparent white wings
with bluish black marks. The larvse, yellowish
white with black marks, feed on the wood of Apple,
Pear, Plum, Elm, Chestnut, and Poplar Trees.
Grease banding the trees, catching the moths, and
killing the caterpillars in their burrows, are the
best remedies.

ZEXMENIA.

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy annual and peren-
nial herbs (ord. Composite), few of which are of
garden value. Propagation, by seeds and cuttings.
Soil, light, sandy loam.

Principal Species : —
aurea, 1", Sep. .golden yel. ovata, '2', aut., hdy. ann.,

(syns. Verbesiua aurea or. yel. (syn. Tithonia

and Wedelia aurea). ovata).

ZIERIA. (AUSTRALIAN TURMERIC TRKK.)
Greenhouse trees (iml. Kutaceae) of little- garden

value. Propagation, by cuttings of young shoots

and by seeds. Soil, light, sandy loam.
Principal Species and Variety : —

Smithii, 10', wh. (.V.I/H. - macrophylla, larg-r
laii'-i-olata). SandHy (.sy^.v. arboresccua anil

Bush and Tasmaniaii macrophylla).

Stiukwood.

ZILLA.

Half-hardy herbs (ord. Cruciferae), of little horti-
cultural value.

ZINGIBER.

Stove perennial herbs (ord. Scitatnineie'), with
tuberous rhizomes. The roots of offlcinale furnish
the Ginger of commerce. Propagation, by division
;a a close case. Soil, rich loam, peat, and sand.

Principal Species : —
Coasuinunar, ">', Jy., pale officinale, Jy., yel., lip

yol., bracts red (syti. dark bl. Ginger.

Clilfordiai). Bengal Zerumbet, 4', sura., sul-

Boot phur. There is a vario-

gated var.

ZINNIA (syns. CRASSINA and LEJIOA).

Half-hardy annual and perennial herbs and sub-
shrubs (ord. Composite;), of much value for summer
and early autumn bedding. Propagation, by seeds
in gentle heat in April. The plants, which must,
never become starved, should be gradually hardened
off, and transferred to the beds in June. Most of
the single and double varieties of gardens have
sprung from elegans. Packets of mixed seed, or
collections of separate colours, may be bought.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
clegaus, 2', sum., sc., multiflora, 2', sum., sc.,

crim., ro., buff, wh. ; red, disc yel.

many vars., including pauciflora, 2' ', yel.

verticillata. teuuiflora, 2', sum., sc.

haagcana, 1', sum., or. yel.

Zichya (gee Kentirdya).

ZIZANIA. (WATER, CANADIAN, and INDIAN
KICE.)

Tall, hardy aquatic Grasses (ord. Graminese), of
great beauty in shallow water. Propagation, by
seeds, which must be kept in water during winter.
They should be sown indoors, and the young plants
kept inside till May. The young plants are best
protected from frost. Birds and water fowl are
very fond of the seed.

Principal Species : —

acjuatica, 6' to 8', sum., grn., br. Water Oats.
There is a dwurf var.

ZIZIPHORA.

Dwarf hardy annuals or perennial sub-shrubs
(ord. Labiate). Propagation, by seeds and cuttings.
Ordinary garden soil.

Principal Species and Varieties :—
clmopodioides, 15", Je., — dasyantha, 6", Jy.,

bl., pur. red (SI/HI, dasyautha

- media, Ivs. uarrow(sy», and Puschkini of l!u-

serphyllacea of llutan- tamcul Magazine 1(W3).

teal .Miry/tziiie 906).

ZIZYPHUS.

Stove, greenhouse, and hardy trees (ord.
Rliamnese), of little horticultural value. The fruits
of sativus (syn. vulgaris) afford jujubes. Propaga-
tion, by cuttings of ripened shoots under a bell-
glass. Soil, light sandy loam.

Principal Species : —

incurva, 15', Je., hdy.,

Km.
Jujuba, 50', Ap., grh.,

grn. Jujube Tree.
Lotus, 6', fruit yel.

African or Jujube

Lotus.

mucronata, 2,V, Je., grh.,

grn.
Paliurus (now Paliurus

Spina-Christi).
saliva, 10', Aug., lid'.-..

fruit red, blk. (ryn.

vulgaris).

ZOMICARPA.

Stove, tuberous perennial herbs (ord. Aroidere).
Propagation, by division. Soil, fibrous loam and
peat, with sand.

Principal Species : —
Pythonium, 1', spathe steigeriana, 1', spntho

vio. , Ivs. kidney shaped. blackish pur., spadix

riedeliaiiii, 1', epathe wh., dark pur.

grn.

ZOMICARPELLA.

Maculiita, the only species, is a tuberous-rooted
stove perennial (ord. Aroidese), with a dull green
spathe and black spadix. (For culture, tee
ZOMICARPA.)

ZORNIA.

Stove and greenhouse annual and perennial
herbs (ord. Leguminosss), very few of which are in
cultivation. Propagation, by seeds. Soil, light
loarn.

Principal Species : —

bracteata, 6", Jy., grh. per., yel. (sijnt. tetra-
phylla and Anonymos bracteata).

ZOSTERA. (GRASSWRACK.)

Hardy sub-aquatics of tufted habit (ord. Naiad -
acese), of no horticultural merit. Marina and
nana are British species.

Znrragnia (see Dipradi).

(see jfygnpetalum).

Zygadenus

i 456 )

Zygopetalum

ZYGADENUS (syn. ZIGADENUS).

Hardy bulbous plants (ord. Liliaceae). Propaga-
tion, by division and seeds. Soil, moist peat in a
half-shady position.

Principal Species : —
angustifolius, 11', Je.,

wh., turning pur. (syns.

Amianthium angusti-

folium, Helonias angus-

tifolia, and H. laeta

minor),
elegans, 2*', Jy., grn.,

wh., Ivs. Grass-like

(syn. glaucus).

li',

Fremoutii,
cream.

glaberrimus,
wh.

Muscitoxicum, 2', sum.,
grn., wh. (syns. Ami-
anthium Muscastoxicum
and Helouias lagta) .

Nuttallii, H', Je., wh.

ZYGO-BATEMANNIA.

Masters! is a bigeneric hybrid Orchid (ord.
Orchidacese) produced from Batemannia Colleyi X
Zygopetalum crinitum, and is intermediate between
the two parents ; sepals and petals green, marked
brown, lip white, purple. (For culture, sec ZYGO-
PETALUM.)

ZYGO-COLAX.

A group of hybrid Orchids (ord. Orchidacese)
obtained by crossing Zygopetalum with Colax. (For
culture, see ZYGOPETALUM.)

Principal Hybrids : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip.]

amesianus (Z. brachy- Veitchii (Z. crinitum X

petalum X C. jugosus); C. jugosus): s. and p.

s. and p. gm., marked yel., grn., marked pur.

pur., 1. wh., vio. br., 1. wh., vio.

leopardinus (Z. maxillare - Kromeri, s. and p.

X C. jugosus); s. andp. grn., with dark br.

greenish wh., marked spots, 1. wh., lined

pur., 1. bl., wh. vio. bl.

— Wigan's var. (Z. Gau- wiganianus (Z. inter-

tieri — syn. maxillare medium X C. jugosus) ;

var. X C. jugosus); a s. aud p. dull grn.,

fine hybrid with richer marked greenish pur.,

colouring and more 1. wh., vio.

decided markings.

ZYGOPETALUM.

Description, — A large genus (ord. Orchidacese)
of epiphytal stove and greenhouse Orchids, all from
the warmer parts of America. Bollea, Galeottia,
Huntleya, Kefersteinia, Pescatorea, Promensea, and
Warscewiczella are all now included with the Zygo-
petalums. The flowers, which are, in not a few
cases, large and showy, are usually produced during
late autumn and winter, and upon some of the
species they last a long time in good condition.

Propagation. — By division and imported pieces.

Soil. — Fibrous peat from which all the finer
particles have been shaken, and chopped sphag-
num. Mackaii thrives with a little fibrous loam
added.

Other Cultural Points.— All the Zygopetalums
are shade loving subjects, but they vary a good
deal as to the treatment required. What may be
called the true Zygopetalums, as typified by
Mackaii, may be grown in pots along with the
warmth-loving Cattleyas. The Promensea section
does best in pans, nearly filled with crocks, and
hung up close to the glass in a cool house during
summer, and in a warmer (intermediate) one in
the autumn, winter, and early spring. All the
species with creeping rhizomes thrive if fastened
to blocks of wood — Birch preferably, with the
bark on. Gramineum, and other species like it,
do well in small Teak baskets. The atmospheric

moisture must be equable, and, as much diffused

light as possible should be given. Disturb Hie
roots only when the compost is inclined to become
sour, thus rendering a shift inevitable. (For hybrids
raised between Zygopetalum and Batemannia, see
ZYGO-BATEMANNIA; between Zygopetalum and
Colax, see ZYGO-CoLAX.)

Principal Species and Varieties : —

[NOTE. — s. = sepals, p. = petals, 1. = lip. In

many cases the extreme height refers to plant'
in flower.]

Balli, C" to 10", win., st., intermedium (Lodd.), 1'

s. rosy car., p. ro., wh., to 21', aut., inter-

1. wh.,rosypur.,crestbl. mediate, s. aud p. grn.,

brachypetalum, 1' to 2', usually blotched br.,

win., intermediate, 2}" 1. wh., lined vio. pur.,

across, s. and p. br., 1. bi-lobed (syn. veluti-

mauve, crest furrowed, uum).

wh. Klabochorum, 12" to 15",

— stenopetalum, seg- at., s. and p. wh., pur.,

ments narrower. 1. wh. or yel. with crim.

Burkei, .9" to 18", win., papilla1 pur. tipped

st., 8. and p. grn., lined («/«. Pescatorea Kla-

br., 1. wh., crest fleshy, boehorum).

vio. — excellens, larger.

Burtii, 8" to 15", sum., Liudeuiio, 4" to 8 , sum.,

st., 6. and p. wh., yel., various, st., s. and p.

reddish br., 1. half wh., rosy pk., 1. wh., lined

half reddish br. Pitt's rosy pk.

var. is very fine. Mackaii, 1' to 21', aut.,

candidum, 6" to 9", sum., win., st. or mterme-

st., s. and p. wh., 1. diate, s. and p. yel.,

wh., vio. («//».«. Hunt- gru., blotched yel., br. ,

leya, Warrea, and 1. wh., striped and

Warscewiczella cau- spotted vio., pur. (syn.

dida). Eulophia muckaiana).

coeleste, 6" to 10", sum., maxillare, 8" to 18' ,

intermediate, s. and p. various, intermediate,

bluish vio., I. with a yel. s. and p. grn., barred

crest (xyn. Bollea cooles- chocolate br., 1. three-

tis). lobed, vio. bl.

crinitum. 1' to 2.V, win., rostratum, 6" to 10 ',

spr. , intermediate, s. various, st. , s. and p.

aud p. grn., barred br., greenish, shade rosy br.,

1. wh., veined vio. bl. 1. wh., streaked pur.,

or reddish crim. Coeru- crest yel., pur. (»yn.

leum is a pretty var. Zygosepalum rostra -

dayanum, 8" to 15", win., turn),

st., s. andp. wh., tipped venustum, G" to 14",

pale grn., 1. wh., crest sum., st., s. aud p. wh.,

crim. (syn. Pescatorea 1. wh. pur.

da'yana). Candidulum, Wallisii, 0" to 12",

rhodacrum, and spleu- various, st. , s. and p.

dens are good vars. creamy wh., tipped

gairiauum, 8" to 15", st., bluish vio., 1. vio., mar-

s and p. deep vio., 1. gined wh. (syn. Pes-

pur. ro. or pur. mauve ; catorea Wallisiil.

pretty (.s//;/. Pescatorea xanthinum, 3". late sum.,

gairiana. intermediate, s. and p.

Gautieri, 9" to 20", inter- citron yel., 1 yel.,

mediate, H. and p. grn., spotted red (.V;/NS.

barred br., 1. yel., Maxillaria aud Prome-

spotted reddish pur. ncea xanthiua and P.

(.s;/n. maxillare Gau- citrina.)
tieri).

Principal Hybrids : —

Clayi (crinitum X maxil- Perrenoudii (intermedium

lare), 1' to 21', st., s. X Gautieri), I'to2', s.

and p. grn., 1. vio. pur. and p. pur., br., grn.,

leucochilum (Mackaii X '• pur., crest wh.

Burkei), 8" to 15", a. Sedenii (maxillare X

andp. light grn., 1. wh., Mackaii), 1' to 2', s.

striped vio. and p. br., pur., mar-

pentachromum (Mackaii gined grn., 1. vio. bl.

X maxillare), 1' to 21', Veitohii (see Zygo-Colax

s. and p. grn., blotched Veitchii).

to. , 1. wh. , striped vio.

Zygopetalum

( 457 )

Zygostates

Other Species : —

aromaticum, 6" to 12",
St., s. and p. wh., 1.
axure bl. (,v//;/s. Huut-
leya and Warsoevvic-
'/.••]\;i aromatica).

corinnm, 0" to 12", aut.,
St., s., p., anil 1. pale
yel. , crest furrowed, br.
(tyni. Iluntlcya and
Pescatorea <vrina).

cochleare, I!" to l.V'.simi.,
st., wh., 1. lined vio.,
fragrant (•«/«. Warsce-
wiiv.i'lla cocnlearii).

disrolor, (3" to 12", sum.,
St., s. and p. wh. or
yel., with a flushing of
pur., 1. vio. pur. (\///;v.
Warrea and Warsce-
wir/ella discolor).

gramineum, 5" to 10",
various, st., s., p., and
1. yel., grn., spotted
reddish br. (s//n. Kefer-
steinia graminea).

grrmdifiorum, . 8" to 12",
late sum., st., s. and
p. grn., banded br., 1.
wh., lined pur.

jorisianum, 6" to 15",
sum., intermediate, s.
and p. grn., heavily
barred pur. br., 1. wh.,

Sur., three lobed.
imU'i, 7" to 14",
various, st., s. and p
ro., yel., vio., gr. , 1. yet.-

Lehmannii, 10" to 18",
various, st., s. and p.
wh., striped pur., 1.
mauve pur. (syn. Pes-
catorea Lehmannii).

Lindeni, 6" to 9",
various, St., s. and p.
wh., 1. wh., pur.

nmrginatum, various, st.,
s. and p. yel,, wh., 1.
wh.. pur. ro. (*//''•'•
Warrea quadrata and
Warscewiczella mar-
ginata).

maxillare Gautieri (see
(Jautieri).

Meleagris, 6" to 12",
sum., st., wh., yel., red-
dish br., crest wh.,
fringed (synn. Bate-
maimia and Huntleya

Meleagris). Albidoful-
vum is a var.

Eollisonii, 3", aut., win.,
intermediate, s. and p.
pale yel., 1. wh., spot-
ted crim.

schroderiannin, S" to 16",
spr. , s. and p. wh., 1.
ro., pur.

stapelioides, 3", sum., in-
termediate, s. anil p.
gni., yel., spotted and
striped pur., 1. similarly
coloured, three lobed

(HI/IIS. Promensea and
Maxillaria stapelioides) .

wailesiamun, G" to 9",
ant., st., s. and p. wh.,
1. wh., flushed bl.(syn.«.
Warrea and Warsce-
wiczella wailesiana).

Wendlandii, 6" to 10",
aut., st., s. and p. pale
yel., gru., or wh., 1.
wh., bluish vio. (syn.
Warscewiczella Wend-
landii).

ZYGOPHYLLUM. (BEAN CAPER.)
Greenhouse and half-hardy and hardy shrubs,
sub-shrubs, and perennial herbs (ord. Zygophyllese),
of little value horticulturally. Propagation, by
seeds and young cuttings. Soil, light sandy loam.
Kabago is the Syrian Bean. Caper, 3', summer,
yellow, a hardy perennial, is sometimes grown.

ZYGOSTATES (syn. DACTYLOSTYLES).
Stove epiphytic Orchids (ord. Orchidaceae), orily
one of which is in cultivation.
Principal Species :—

greeniana, petals wh., lip wh., grn., pseudo-bulbs
Pear shaped.

GLOSSARY.

[\OTK. — To economise space masculine terminations only are given, except in the case of Acanthifolius,
Acanthifolia, Acantbifolium, which is quoted as an example of the different terminations.]

A, indicating absence.

Abraded, rubbed oft.

A/ii-issus, cut off.

Abruptly /linnatf. a pinnate leaf
without an odd leaflet at the
apex.

Ai-anthifnliui, Acanthifolia, Acan-
thifoliun, prickly leaved.

Acaulis, apparently without a
stem.

Aecedeiil, approaching.

Accrescent, to increase in size after
flowering ; an accrescent calyx
is one that becomes larger as
the fruit develops.as in I'hysalis.
I 'i-n'tc, fastened or growing to an
adjoining organ.

.\f -uni'ii'iit, seed leaves which
have their edges applied to the
folded radicle are said to be
accumben-t.

-I 'i-inu, used in the terminations
of names to denote a resem-
blance, as foliaceotis, like a leaf.

s, without a head,
linear ncelle shaped, as
in the leaves of the Firs.

Acervate, in dense clusters.

Acetarious, pertaining to salad
plants.

Arliene, a dry, superior single
carpel containing one seed, and
not opening when rip?.

Acie.Uar, needle shaped.

Acinaciformis. scimitar shaped,
curved, rounded to the point,
thick on the straighter edge
and thin on the other.

Acotyledont, plants which hnveno
seed leaves or cotyledons:
Ferns and cryptogamic plants
generally. The term is rarely
used now.

Acris, sharp, bitter.

Aculeate, prickly.

Acu/eoliitiis, arin^d with small
prickles.

.\culens. a prickle: a sharp, hard
process of the epidermis.
Prickles fall off when old,
spines do not.

Acuminate, tapering sharply to a
point.

Acvtangtdns, sharp-angled.

Acute, sharp.

Adherent, united; union of dis-
similar parts usually distinct,
as ovary to calyx.

Adnite, united lengthwise.

Adpressed, closely pressed to
some surface.

. [il ii tii'iniK. bent like a hook.

Adrentitinus, accidental : not
normal, as the aerial roots on
Vine rods.

.Kniiilit*, rivalling.

jKqmiH», equal and uniform.

A'iroitli yl e , a plant which lives ex-
clusively in the air, attached
to some object.

! .-fat ! rails, relating to summer.

A finis, related.

Aijiilnmerate, gathered into a
head.

A !/<// titillated, glued together, as
the pollinia or pollen masses
of Orchids.

Aggregate, crowded together, as
the flowers of the Thrift
(Armeria).

Agrestis, rustic, relating to a
field.

Aiji/noua, without female- organs.
i.e. a staminate flower.

Ala, a wing: ala>, the lateral
petals of a Pea shaped (lower.

Alatus. winged, with a membra-
nous expansion.

Albescmt. becoming white,
changing or fading to white.

Albinism. whiteness, brought
about, by the absence of chlor-
ophyll or colouring matters.

A/liis/>iiiiif. white spined.

Albumen, nutritive matter of the
seed embryo.

Alburnum, the soft layer, or snp-
wood, found between the inner
bark and the hard wood of a
tree.

Alhtis. white.

Mi'irnrnis, shaped like an oik's
horn, as the fronds of Platy-
cerinm alcicorne.

Ali/ir, water plants of simple con-
struction.

Alliaceous

(45S )

Basifixed

Alliaceous, belonging to the Onion
family, or possessing the odour

of Garlic.
Allupliylluus, with dissimilar

leaves.

Aloides, like the Aloe.
Alpestris, of the mountains.
Aljtinvi, alpine.
Alnnacetms, having intervals

between the petals, as in the

Ghickweed.
Alternate, arranged on different

levels, as the leaves of the

Borage.

Altisslnms, the highest.
Alveolate, like a honeycomb, with

regular cavities on the surface.
Amabilis, lovable.
Amarus, bitter.
Amentum, a deciduous spike of

unisexual flowers, as the male

inflorescence of the Hazel.
Ametkystor/liissiis, with an ame-
thyst-like tongue.
Amtenus, pleasing.
Amorphous, shapeless, without

definite form.
Amphibious, living on land and in

water.
Amphioarpous, having two kinds

of fruit or times of ripening.
Amphitropous, curved upon itself

(applied to the embryo).
Amplexicaulis, embracing or

sheathing the stem, as the

leaves of Lychnis Flos-Jovis.
Amplus, of ample proportions.
Ampulla, a hollow, bladder-like

appendage of some aquatic

plants ; e.ij. Utricularia.
Amygdaloid, resembling Almonds.
Amylaceous, having the properties

of starch.

Anacantltous, without spines.
Analogous, resembling in certain

respects.

Anandrous, without stamens.
Anantherous, destitute of anthers .
Aiianthous, without flowers.
Anastomosis, the union of vessels

or nerves of a leaf.
Anatnmy, th<? study of structures.
Anatropous, with an inverted

ovule.
Anceps, with two edges, as the

stem of an Iris.
Anilreeeium, the rnnle organ or

collection of male organs in

a flower.
Aiutrogymna. possessing male and

female flowers, as in the

Melon .
Andrnpetalims, with the stamens

changed into petals, as in

some double flowers ; e.g.

Roses.

Anemophilous, wind loving; ferti-
lised by the wind, as the

Conifers and Willows.
A tier, used in composition to

denote male.
Anjrnctuose, wavy, bending,

sinuous.

Angiencliyma,, the name given to
vascular tissue.

Angiosptrm, a plant whose seeds
are enclosed in a capsule, as
is usual with all flowering
plants and trees, except Coni-
fers and their allies.

Angular, with angles ; opposed to
cylindrical. The Archangel
has angular stems and the Iris
an angular seed vessel.

Anrjusiifolius, narrow leaved.

Anisoinerous, unequally divided.

Annatlnuf, of one year's growth.

Annual, existing for one year
only.

Annular, ringed.

Annitlaris, possessing rings.

Anterior, placed in front.

Anther, the lobes of the stamen
which contain the pollen.

Antheridium, the male organ in
cryptogamic plants.

Atitlierozoid, a male fertilising
cell ; the fertilising body from
an antheridium.

Antltesls, referring to the opening
of flowers.

Ant/ivdiitm, the inflorescence of a
compound flower.

Antlios, a flower.

Anthotaxis, the arrangement of
flowers on axes.

Antii'iis, placed in front of a
flower.

Apertus, .exposed, not covered .

Apetalous, without petals.

Apex, the point or termination of
a leaf, etc.

Ap/ii/llus, leafless.

Apical, at the point, or apex.

Apiculaie, pointed ; having a little
point.

Apocarpus, with carpels free from
each other.

Apoda, not possessing a foot.

Aj>»fl i/nous, dying after once pro-
ducing fruit.

Apothecium, a shield-like fructifi-
cation, as in Lichens.

Appendieulatiii, with an append-
age.

; Applanatus, flattened.
I Apposite, placed side by side.

Approximate, close, near together.

Apterous, wingless.

Aquatii'us, living in water.

Aquatilis, living under water.

Arac/moideiis, covered with fine
hairs, like a cobwub.

Arhor, a tree.

Arborescent, tree-like.

Arbnsci/lar, shrub-like.

Ardiff/aninm, the young female
organ in cryptogamous plants.

Arcuate, curved like a bow.

Ardent, fiery.

Anitfitjis, sandy.

Arenlafe, divided into distinct
open spaces.

Argentina, silvery.

Arr/i/tiis, sharply pointed.

Aridvs, arid, dry

Aril or Arillits, an extra seed
covering.

Aristate, furnished with awns.

Armatus, armed, possessing
prickles, etc.

Armillaris, possessing a collar.

Aromaticus, pungent smelling.

Articulatiit, jointed, ea.-ily sepa-
rating.

Arnndinaceoui, Keed-like.

Arrensis, relating to a field.

Ascending, a procumbent Mem
whick rises from its base, as
that of Veronica spicata.

Aseidiform, bottle shaped, pitcher
shaped,

Ascidium, a folded leaf ; a pitcher,
as in Nepenthes.

Ascigerous, bearing asci.

ASCIIS, a bag containing spores,
found in cryptogamic plants.

Asperifolia, rough leaved.

Asperous, rough.

Aspersus, diffused, scattered.

A tsimilatim, feeding.

Asaimilis, similar.

Asmtrywit, curved upwards.

Ater or a,tro-, black, sad coloured.

Attenuated, becoming slender to-
wards the extremities.

Augustus, majestic.

Aiirantiacvs, of an orange colour.

Auratus, golden.

Aiirein, yellow or golden.

Auricomus, with golden hairs.

A iiriculate, ear-like, or having an
ear shaped appendage.

Aiistralis, southern.

Antumnalis, pertaining to the
autumn.

Avil, an awn.

A n-l shaped, narrow pointed.

Ann, the sharp point or beard
found in Barley and some
Grasses.

Axil, the angle between the leaf
and stem of a plant.

Axillary, arising from an axil.

A;aleos, dry.

Azureus, of an azure bh;e.

B

Saeca, a berry ; a fruit having its
seeds immersed in pulp ; e.g.
Gooseberry.

llncniti', berried, fleshy.

Jlaccifcrous, bearing berries.

Jiarb, hooked hairs on plant
surfaces.

llarbatc, bearded, bearing tufts of
hooked hairs, as in Chelone
barbata.

Hark, the outer covering of stems
and roots.

liarred, crossed in a bar-like man-
ner with another colour.

Jlarnii, unfruitful, applied to
flowers possessing only male
organs and fronds of Ferns '
which bear no spores.

Itaml, attached to the base.

Basifixed, attached by the base.

Basinerved

(459)

Capillary

linsinemd, applied to leaves
whose nerves or veins spring
from their bases.

fins.1 (jr Jlant, the inner bark of
dicotyledonous trees ; that of
the Lime tree is generally used
in the manufacture of what
are known ;is Bass mats.

ll.-uJt. a pointed project ion resem-
bling the beak of a bird, as the
fruit of Geranium ami Pelar-
gonium.

Hrdeynar, a hairy excrescence
found chiefly in Roses, caused
l>y a gall fly (Cynips).

filling, pretty, beautiful.

lierberl/oliHf, with leaves like
Uiose of a I5erbcris.

Hi-articit/ati; two jointed.

Ki-aiiririiluti, with two auricles
or ears.

lii-bractmti; with two bracts.

iiicolor, two coloured.

Bi-amjuyatt; bide by side, in
pairs.

i'i-'nirnis, with two horns.

Ilifiisjiiilnti; twice pointed.

liidrnttili; two toothed.

H'l-Hiiinl. a plant which requires
two years to develop seed,
after which it dies.

HifariHiit, in two ranks or rows.

Ilifrrtiiis, fruiting twice in a year.

Jiijid, divided halfway into two
parts.

Jiifoliate, two leaved, generally
applied to compound leaves
which hare their leaflets in
a double row.

Bifurcate, forked doubly, twica
divided.

Bigrminatc; in double pairs.

liiynur.a, popular abbreviation of
the term bigeneric hybrid,
a plant produced from a
cross between two species be-
longing to different genera ; e.g.
Lselio-Cattleya.

JUijiiijate, applied to compound
leaves which have two pairs
of leaflets.

Bilabiate, two lipped, a? the
flowers of Erythrina Crista-
galli and Lamium.

Jiiliibate, with two lobes, as the
leaves of the Maidenhair tree
(Ginkgo biloba).

ll'liii-iiliir, with two cells.

Himartjinnte, with a double mar-
gin.

liinati; in pairs, applied to a leaf
composed of two leaflets.

Bipartite, divided in two parts
nearly to the base.

liipinnate, twice divided to the
base.

Bipinnatifid, with all the seg-
ments of the leaf divided
halfway to the base.

Jtiplivatc, doubly folded or plaited.

Jiiramtit, double branched.

Sis, twice.

Jlisaccztc, with two pouches.

. cut into two parts.

Him finti; arranged in two parallel
rows.

H'. ti- r rait; applied to a toothed
leaf the teeth of which are
again cut or notched, the teeth
directed forward.

Ilifi Inns, with two bristles.

Bisexual, containing male and
female organs in the same
flower, hermaphrodite.

Ilisiilfnti; with two furrows.

liitemale, twice divided into
threes.

Hindi; the broad part of a leaf.

Bitmclung, making white.

/Hunting, plea.-ing, beautiful.

Blotting, the change by which a i
fruit becomes mellow after be-
ing picked, really a condition
of incipient decay ; e.g. the
Medlar.

JUii/lit, a popular name for any
attack of insects and fungi.

/iliigginit, the flower of a plant,
popularly applied to the
corolla.

Jtn/i: the trunk of a tree, from the
ground line to the first tier of
branches.

I li'ii us. good.

Border, the spreading part of a
gamopetalous blossom ; e.g. the
Primrose and Auricula.

Jii>mili», pertaining to the north.

Hiiiiiny, the science which deals
with the anatomy, physiology,
and morphology of plants ; now
divided into many sections.

Hntrnnidi g, having bunches; like
Grapes.

llrncliiaii; having arms or
branches.

Ilrnrliij, short ; c.ij. brachyfolius,
short leaved, etc.

liTai-liyatidrout, with short sta-
mens.

llriiflniti; furnished with bracts.

lirniii'iilcs, small bracts.

Bracts, irregularly developed
leaves which are intermixed
with the inflorescence.

Itri'i-is, short; brevifftlius, short
leaved, etc.

Jirilliantiss'niHS, mo.-'t brilliant.

Itristlfs, stiff, short hails.

Br unidi's, moss-like.

Hud, an axis on a stern or branch
which contains the rudiments
of stems, leaves, or flowers.

lin fnii! >n, relating to the toad.

Jiulb, buds consisting of fleshy
scales.

UnlliifiTiiHs, bearing bulbs.

Hulliilt, small bulbs or modified
buds which are produced in
the axils of the leaves in Lilies
and other plants.

Itiillntiis, covered with small bub
bles or pustules.

Jinl riiiimnis. yielding butter.

Hiif'ifoliiis, JJox leaved.

liyzantinus, Turkish.

C

Cniliii'inis, falling off early, as tho
calyx of the Poppy.

('irriilriu, blue.

Ctf tiling, of a pale blue or bluish
grey colour.

Ciif/iitnse, growing in tufts.

Calathiform, concave, like a cup,
or hemispherical.

Calcaratt; spuned,orspur shaped.

Calcareous, chalky.

< 'nil-mint", slipper-like; e.g. the
pouch of the (lowers of Cal-
ceolaria and Cypripedium.

Cnl/Hsiti/, a leathery or hardened
thickening.

( ii//ns, the healing t issue formed
at the end of a wound or on
the base of a cutting prior to
the formation of roots.

Cnlotnrix, beautiful-haired.

Catypiflvns, a subdivision of
Dicotyledons with stamens in-
serted on the calyx of the
polypetalous flow CMS.

CatycffOm, shaped like a calyx. .

t'li/Hi-inuus, possessing a calyx.

/'nl Hi-It; a row of leaflets beneath
the calyx.

( 'nl iffiiltttt; having bracts which
resemble an additional calyx.

Cali/pirate, hooded, with an ex-
tinguisher-like covering, as
that which covers the tlieca.
in mosses.

Calyx, the outer whorl of leaves
in ,i flower, often green in
colour, and subject to many
modifications. *

('iniiliiiim, a layer of cells found
between the inner bark and
the wood. This, by divi-
sion, gives rise to new bark
to the exterior and new,
wood to the interior. It. was
formerly describe 1 as a viscid
or mucilaginous fluid, but this
is erroneous.

I'liiii/iiniiiliiti; bell shaped, as the
flowers of the Campanula.

('nui/>r»tris, belonging to the,
plains.

iiiil'mlHti; furrowed or chan-
nelled.

resembling lattice-
work.

('iitiiUnnis. white, or becoming1
white.

CnmUil'ias'iHiu, whitest, very
white and shining.

t'midiiliis. shining white.

i 'tnii'xi-ens, greyish white, surface
hairy.

Cant'sccnt, hoary, almost while.

/'n n inn, relating to the dog; e.g.
the Dog Rose is Rosa canina.

I ',ni us, greyish white.
'inisis. of the Cape, generally
referring to the Cape of Good
Hope.

Cnjiilliiry, slender, resembling a
hair.

Capitate

( 460 )

Collateral

Capitate, growing in a close, clensa i
head.

Capituli, small heads.

Capitulum, a head of flowers with-
out pedicels, as in the Danrle- |
lion and Composite Mowers j
generally.

Capreolate, having tendrils.

Capsule, a dry, hollow seed vessel
opening in a regular manner
by valves, teeth, etc.

Carbonised, burned to a coal.

Cardinalis, red.

Carduaceous, like a Thistle.

Carina, a keel, such as is formed
by the lower petals of a Pea
shaped flower.

Ctirinal, the form of (estivation
in which the keel encloses the |
other parts of the flowers.

Carinate, keeled.

Carious, decayed.

Carminative, promoting perspira-
tion.

Carnation, flesh coloured.

Carnosa or corneas, fleshy.

Carpel, the divisions of the seed :
vessel.

Carpology, the science which deals |
with fruits.

Carpophore, the stalk which,
when present, bears the pistil. '

Cartilaginous, of a gristly nature,
as the core of an Apple.

Cams, beloved.

Caruncnla, a fleshy appendage of
seeds.

Cassidemts, helmet shaped, as the
lip of Coryanthes macrantha,
the Helmet Orchid.

Catharticus, purging.

Catkin, a deciduous spike of
flowers and bracts, as in the
Hazel.

Caudate, tailed, having a process
like a tail ; e.g. Cypripedium
caudatum.

Caiidex, the main axis of a plant,
sometimes applied to the stems
of trees, but more generally to
those of Palms and Ferns.

Caitdicle, the cartilaginous little
strap which connects the
pollen masses in some Orchids
with the gland.

Caulescent, possessing a stem.

Caidicle, a little stalk which con-
nects the axis of the embryo
and the seed leaves.

Cauline, pertaining to a stem.

Caulis, a stem.

Careus, hollow.

Cell, a closed sac or leaf, the
name given to the divisions
in seed carpels ; thus the Prim-
rose has a one-celled carpel,
Datura Stramonium a two- or
four-celled, the Lily a three-
celled, and so on.

Cellular, composed of cells.

Cellulose, the substance of which
the young cell walls of plants
consist.

Ctntr'fiigal, developing from the
centre first, as the blossoms of
the Zonal Pelargonium ("Gera-
nium " of gardens.)

Centripetal, developing the outer
flowers first, as Primula
sinensis.

Cephaloid, head shaped.

Ceraceotn, wax-like.

Cerasiformis, Cherry shaped.

Cereals, Wheat. Barley, etc.

Ceriferous, bearing wax.

Cerniumi, pendulous ; drooping,
as the flower stalks of the
Crown Imperial.

Chaffy, covered with membranous
scales, as the young leaves of
the Pine, Yew, and Cedar.

Ct/alaza, the part of the nucleus
of the seed which is joined
to the cover, by which it is
fastened to the integuments
or seed coats.

Channelled, hollowed out, grooved.

Cheilot, a lip.

Clieir, a hand.

Chlinnys, a covering ; applied to
the floral envelopes.

Chlorophyll, the green colouring
matter of leaves and stems.

Chloros, green.

Chlorosis, loss of green colouring.

Ckorisis. the multiplication of
organs.

Chroma, colour.

Chromagen, the colouring matter
of flowers.

Chrijs or chrysos. gold, golden ;
e.g. Chrysanthemum, golden
flower ; Chrysophyllum, golden
leaf.

Cicatriwila, the scar left by a
fallen leaf.

Cicatrisatus, scarred ; marked
with scars where the leaves
have fallen off, as the stems of
Euphorbia jacquiniajflora.

Ciliee, stiff hairs.

Ciliated, fringed witli hairs, as
the lip of Lrelia digbyana or
Epiclendrum Medusae.

Ciliato-dentate, finely toothed and
fringed.

Cineretis, ashy grey.

Cingent, binding round.

Cinnamomeus, like Cinnamon.

Cireinate, curled inwards like a
crook, as the young fronds of
Ferns.

Circiim, around.

Circiimcissiig, cut round, or in a
circular manner.

Cirrhiferous, bearing tendrils.

Cirrhose, having tendrils.

Clrr/ius, a tendril.

Citrinus, of a lemon yellow-
colour.

f'lados, a branch.

Clammy, viscid, sticky, as the
berries of the Mistletoe or the
stems of Mimulus glutinosus.
! Clarissimiis, most brilliant.
' Class, in botany, the name given

to a division of a sub-kingdom.
Under the natural system the
vegetable kingdom is divided
into two great sub-kingdoms
or groups ; the first of these
is AngiosperniEe, with its two
classes — Dicotyledons and
Monocotyledons.

Clnxsijieatinn, the grouping of
plants.

(,'lat/irate, latticed, similar to :\
grating.

Clauses, closed.

Clarate, shaped like a club, with
the thick end uppermost, as
the flower stalk of Tagetes
erecta, the African Marigold.

Clan:, the narrowed base of a
petal; e.g. the Carnation and
Wallflower.

Cleft, deeply cut, but not to the
midrib.

Clcistagamiiiis. Some plants, as the
Violet, produce two kinds of
flowers ; one the normal, and
the other closed, inconspicuous,
and often near the ground.
These latter are cleistogamous
— literally," closed marriage";
it is these self-fertilised flowers
which produce the seeds.

Clinandrium, the part of the
column which bears the
anthers in Orchids.

Cline, a bed ; the part of a plant
in which the floral organs are
inserted.

Clores, the popular name given
to the young bulbs or divisions
of Garlic and Shallots.

Cluster, a close head of flowers,
as in the Lilac.

Clypeate, shield shaped.

Coadnatus or Coadunatus, united
at the base.

Coaretati; compact, pressed to-
gether.

Coeeiiutut, scarlet.

Coccus, a dry cell or capsule.

Cochleariform, shaped like a
spoon.

Coc/ilearis, spiral, snail-like, or
spoon shaped.

Coclileate, convoluted like a
snail's shell, as the lip of Epi-
dendrum cochleatum.

Cirlestis, sky blue in colour.

Cceloffernut, seeds which possess
albumen at their extremities.

Creruleus, Cti-ruleus, blue.

Co/u'riny, connected, applied to
the union of identical parts, as
the petals of a monopetaloas
corolla.

Cohesion, the union of parts in
the same whorl.

Coleorhiza, the sheath of a
monocotyledonous embryonic
radicle.

Collar, the part of a plant from
which the stem and roots
spring.

Collateral, side by side.

Collinus

(481 )

Cyathiform

Collinus, growing on low hills.

Colorans, colouring.

('/i/iiitm'iit, very largo, gigiintic.

Column, an upright little pillar in
the centre of a capsule which
bears the seeds ; also applied
to the part jof an Orchid which
carries the anther and stigma,
anil which is formed by the
union of the filaments and
styles of the fructifying
organs.

Coma, a tuft of hair, or the
arrangement of the branches
of a tree.

Co mat us, hairy.

Comb-like, leaves with wings
arranged like the teeth of a
comb.

I'n in minuted, pulverised.

Common, belonging to both stem
and leaf. The outer covering
of a Dandelion llower and
other Composite is called the
common calyx, as it includes
the whole of the florets which
go to make up the capitulum.

COIHIISI, covered with hairs.

('/impact, growing close together.

CumfiliDiate, levelled or flattened.

Compiling, flowers which possess
both calyx and corolla.

Complicate, folded upon itself;
doubled together.

,".imj>niiti(l, formed of several
parts which are united in one
common whole. A compound
flower is composed of several
simple flowers, as the Thistle ;
a compound leaf, of several
simple leaves, as the Kobinia ;
a compound berry, of several
simple berries, as the Hasp-
berry.

Compressed, flattened laterally.
The cup of the Wallflower is
compressed, as is its pod, and
that of Cardaminu pratensis,
the Lady's Smock or Cuckoo
Flower.

Concave, hollowed like a bowl.

Concentric, having a common
centre.

Conceptacle, a hollow sac contain-
ing a cluster of spores.

Conchiforniis, shaped like a shell
or horn.

Concinnim, elegant.

Caneolnr, of one colour.

Concrete, hardened.

Conduplicate, folded face to face.

Cone, a hard fruit composed of
bracts which shelter naked
seeds, as in the Fir and
Cedar.

Confertut, crowded.

Confercoid, formed of a single row
of cells.

Continent, becoming united in
growth.

Comjextug, crowded together.

Conyliibatut, collected into a glob-
ular form.

('i«i</liiiitcr(i/H.t. congregated ;

several spikes crowded to-
gether, as in the Cocksfoot
Grass, Dactylis glomeratus.

I'i'ii'iilia, bud-like spores in Fungi.

CiiHJiujnle, joined in pairs; gener-
ally applied to a stalk which
bears but one pair of leaflets.

Connate, applied generally to
opposite leaves which are
united at their bases.

CuiiiK'ct've, the filament which
connects the anther lobes.

Connleent, converging , arching
over to meet each other, as the
petals of the Paeony.

Consolidiit, consolidated.

Conspic.il us, strikingly apparent.

Comtrictus, contracted in some
particular place.

('i.iit'i/iions, rising parallel with
the stem and almost pressed
to it, as the pods of the com-
mon Mustard.

Contorted, twisted ; applied to
buds whose parts are twisted
in direction.

Concerning, sec, connivent.

Convex, rising like the surface of
a globe.

Convolute, rolled together from
one side.

Coralloid, like coral.

Cordate, heart shaped, as the
leaves of the Violit.

Cordijolius, with heart shaped
leaves.

Cordiform, shaped like a heart.

Coriaceous, tough, of the consist-
ence of leather.

Coral, a fleshy, underground stem,
solid and bulb-like, but without
apparent scales ; e.g. the Cycla
men or Crocus.

Corinophijtei, plants which possess
stems

Corneous, horny

Cornwiilatiis, with processes like
small horns.

Commits, horned.

Corolla, the petals of a flower

Corona, an outgrowth from the
petals, a crown The cup of
the Daffodil is so called. a>
are the rays of the Passion
Flower,

Coronatus, crowned.

Corrosive, wearing or eating away

Corrugated, wrinkled, crumpled.

Cortex, bark.

Cortical, pertaining to the bark.

Corunulc, the downy crown of
seeds.

Cnriiscans, flashing

Corymb, a raceme whose pedi-
cels shorten towards the top,
so as to bring the constituent
flowers on a level, as in the
Wallflower and Candytuft.

Corymbose, in the form of a
corymb.

Coryiilndose, arranged in many
small corymbs.

Coxta, a rib; Ute name given to
the prominent veins of a leaf,
more especially the central one.

Custiite, ribbed, or furnished with
a midrib.

Coti/U'dons, seed leaves ; the first
leaves of a plant, often tem-
porary.

Craiticatillt, thick stemmed.

Cnissifol'iu*, thick leaved.

Crassus, thick.

I'rciintr, notched with rounded

teeth ; scolloped.
! C rciiat arcs, the marginal divisions
of crenate leaves.

Creuiilatc, minutely crenated or
notched.

Crated, an irregular, raised ridge
in the form of an appendage,
as in the fronds of Pteris ser-
rulata cristata.

Cr lirmc, perforated like a sieve.

Crinitus. possessing stiff hairs in
tufts.

Crispatc, with leaves crisped or
curled at the margins ; e.g.
Parsley.

Crixtatiis, crested.
j Crocens, of a saffron colour.
. Cross fcrtiUsatiim, impregnating
the ovule of one flower with
pollen from another but similar
flower of the same species.

Cruciate, shaped like a cross.

Cruciform, with petals arranged
like a cross.

Cruentus, bloody,

Crustaeeniii, having a hard, brittle
shell

Cryptwjamia, a division of the
vegetable kingdom, comprising
plants which have no seed
leaves and produce no flowers ;
e<j. Ferns, mosses, and
Lichens

Crt/ptiyamons, with organs of fruc-
tification obscure or hidden.

Cneiilltite, formed like a hood.

Culm, straw, the stalks of Grasses

Cult rate or citttritorm, of the
shape of a knife.

Cuneatc, like a wedge with the
broadest end uppermost, as the
pinnules of the Maidenhair
Fern, Adiantum cuneatum.

Cui>ren», copper coloured.

Cii/iul'ite, like an inverted bell.

Cnjiiile, the cup of an Acorn or
Nut, applied to the bracts of
Amentaceous plants.

Ciirtits, short.

Cuspidate, pointed like a spear ;
terminating in a point.

Culiiiieou.t. relating to the skin.

Cuticle, the outer skin or epi-
dermis ; strictly, the tough
membrane overlying the epi-
dermis.

CIJH Hctiiit, of a clear, bright blue
colour.

('i/iit/ii/nriH, cup shaped, widest at
the top, as the calyx of Pole-
monium.

Cylindrical

( 462 )

Drupels

Cylindrical, round, in the form of

a cylinder.

Cymbiform, boat shaped.
Cyme, a centrifugal inflorescence.
Ci/psela, a hollow, one seeded fruit

of a composite flower ; e.g. tlie

seed of the Dandelion invested

by an adnate calyx.
Cytos, a cell.

D

Daddock, the rotten body of a
tree.

Dollop, a tuft or clump.

Das//-, thickly covered with hairs.

Dasycarpus, hairy fruited.

Dasyphylliis, hairy leaved.

Dealbatus, whitened, covered with
a white, opaque substance.

Debilis, weakly.

Deca, ten.

Decaijynous, with ten pistils.

Decandrous, with ten stamens.

De-capetaloui, with ten petals.

Decaphyllous, having ten leaves or
perianth segments.

Deciduous, falling off, applied to
plants which lose their leaves
annually.

Dcclinate. curved downwards, as
the filaments of Echium vul-
gare.

Decompound, divided into com-
pound sections, as the leaves of
the Parsley and Chamomile.

Decorticated, deprived of bark.

Decumbent, lying horizontally with
a tendency to become erect at !
the tips.

Decnrrent, running down, when
the edges of the leaf extend
down the sides of the stem, as
in the Comfrey

Dee-Hi rive, inclined to run down.

Decussate, crossing each other at
right angles ; intersecting in
such a manner as to resem-
ble a square.

Definite, ending in a single flower,
or having a limited number of
parts.

Dejlexed turned downwards.

Drfcliation,the discarding of leaves.

Jleformts, misshapen.

Degeneration, applied to an organ
which, becoming less highly
developed, changes in appear-
ance, as when leaves revert
to scales, or branches to phyl-
lodes. as in some Acacias.

Dehiscent, gaping, opening regu-
larly and liberating seeds,
applied to the manner in which
a fruit opens.

Delicatus, tender, delicate.

Deliqvetaent, melting when ex-
posed to the air.

Deltoid, shaped like a triangle
with a narrow base.

Di'lre, to dig.

liemissHg, lowered, abased.

Demulcent, capable of softening
other things.

Dendriform, formed like a tree.

Dendroineter, an instrument used
for measuring trees.

Dens-canis, dog's tooth.

Densns, thick, dense.

Dentate, with the margins divided
into tooth-like incisions.

Dentuto-ciliatc, having toothed
margins tipped with fine hairs.

Hentato-tin«a1e, with toothed and
scalloped margins.

Denticulate, with fine teeth, as the
margins of Camellia leaves.

Dentiform, tooth shaped.

Denudale, a hairy surface becom-
ing bare.

Di-pressed, flattened from the top
downwards, as the fruit of the
Orange.

Di-scisreiis, withdrawing.

JJcsmos, brought or bound into
close contact with.

Detergent, possessed of cleansing
power.

Determinate, applied to a definite
inflorescence.

Dextrorse, pointed to the right.

Diafantlic, with two spines.

Diadclphous, united in two bun-
dles, as the stamens of the
False Acacia.

Uiaholiotropim, the tendency to
lie at right angles to the light.

Dialycarpoits, with fruits made up
of separate carpels.

Diandratis, having two stamens.

Diaphanous, nearly transparent.

Dichlamydemis, having both calyx
and corolla.

Dichogamous, anthers and pistils
not ripening together.

Dlekatotunu, regularly divided or
forked into pairs, as the
branches of the Mistletoe.

Diclinous, having stamens in one
flower and pistils in another.

Dicotyledons, one of the two
classes into which flowering
plants are divided. Embryo
with two seed leaves, leaves
with netted veins, and flowers
with the organs in twos or fives
or their multiples are the
characteristics.

Dictijoijens, Monocotyledonous
plants which have netted
veins.

Didistifha, with leaves in two
rows.

Didy movs, two ; united, or in
pairs.

Didi/namous, with two long and
two short stamens in the same
flower, as in the Larnium.

Diffuse, scattered, widely spread-
ing.

Digitate, with the lobes of the
leaves arranged fingerwise, as
in the Lupin.

Digit-form, shaped like fingers.

/l'f/i/ni>ns, with two styles.

IHlitattts, spreading, ciliated.

Dimerus, composed of two pieces.

Dimidiate, divided into two very
unequal parts, as a Begonia
leaf.

Dimorphous, two forms, when
similar parts of plants assume
different shapes, as the stamens
and pistils of Primulas.

Dicecioiis, having stamens (male
organs) and pistils (female
organs) on different plants, as
in the Yew tree.

Dtofftoltntt, with two petals.

Diphyllout, two leaved.

Diplort0mon0u$i having twice as
many stamens as petals.

Dipterous, two winged.

Di», twice.

Disc, the surface of a leaf; the
centre of a Composite flower,
as the yellow inner part of
a Daisy.

Discoid, in the form of a flattened
sphere; applied to Composite
flowers when the ray florets
are suppressed.

Discolor, parti-coloured, with one
surface of one colour and the
other of another, as the leaves
of Vitis (Cissus) discolor.

Di.ipar, unequal.

Disiii-rmniif, having two seeds.

Jl'wrtitK, cut into ma,ny divisions.

Dissepiment, the internal division
of a seed vessel or ovary.

Dissilient, applied to fruits or
capsules which burst elastic-
ally ; e.g. those of Impatiens.

Distichous, with leaves, flowers, or
branches in two opposite rows,
as the leaves in Taxodiinii
distichum, Vandas, etc.

Dinrniis, daily.

Dirnriratc, spreading, branching
at an obtuse angle.

Ilia njent, gradually spreading
outwards from a common
centre.

Dirersijolius, witli different kinds
of leaves, as the Water Crow-
foot (Itammculus aquatilis).

Divisiis, divided.

lln/lirti, twelve.

/><>i/, -riii/i/Hiiiis, having twelve
pistils.

Dodecandrous, having twelve
stamens.

Doldbriformit, shaped like an axe.

DomesliCHg, belonging to a lmu.sc.

Dorsal, attached to the back, as
the large upright sepal in
Cypripedium.

Doriifiaxd, joined by the back.

Jhnihli; applied to flowers whose
stamens or pistils have been
transformed into petals.

Dinrn, soft, short hairs.

Drupaceous, producing drupes.

Drupe, a stone fruit with a suc-
culent or fleshy covering ; e.g.
the Cherry and Plum.

Druffls, small drupes which com-
pose a fruit, as in the Easp-
berrv.

Dulcis

(463)

riammeus

Dulcis. sweet.

Dumosiii, bushy, as the Bramhlo.

I}M /ili x, double.

Jtiinnncn, the heartwood of a

tree; the hardened portion

of the wood.
Duriis, hard, durable.

E

E, without.

Ebenaceous, ebony-like.

Klinirli'iiti , without bracts.

Ebnrneiis, ivory-like.

Efliinttte, covered with prickles

like a hedgehog.
l-'.fiiriintu*, without horns.
Edentatvt, without teeth.
l-'.ilili'ilis, eatable.
l-'ih/lig, eatable.

/•jl'i/sr, applied to pinicles of
flowers of loose arrangement.
Elatinr, higher.
t'.liitiis, elevated, exalted.
I'.lcijiiiis, elegant.
Ellipund, an attenuated sphere.
Elliptic, oval, but terminating

sharply at each end.
1-jtni i-iji mitt1, with a notched apex.
/:'ii//itisscil. projecting in the centre

like the boss of a shield.
Kiiilirdriiii/, applied to a leaf which
encircles a stem with its base.
Kmhryo, a rudimentary plant.
l-'.iulirijo sue, an embryo cell in

which the embryo is found.
l-'.mi //CHS, <iisri n Blushed.
l-./nli-rn, the lireek for eleven.
En ilrm ml rn us. with eleven stamens.
Eiii/iicarp, inner layer next the

seed.
Endiiclirome, the colouring matter

of cells.
Endiiderntis, the inner corticul

layer.

l-:/i//i>i/rns, inward growers.
Kndnii, inwards.
l-'.iidii/ililieum,, the inner bark of a

plant.
Endiipleura, the inner covering of

a seed.

l-'.itiliimiiiisix. the process by which
(luids pass inwards through a
membrane from one vessel to I
another of a greater or less
density.
Endosperm, albumen, or nutritive

matter in the seed.
Endostome. the inner opening of

an ovule's covering.
.r.ii/li/llieciinu, the inner coat of an

anther.
I-', in-ill1 ma. the inner covering of a

seed.

Enerrit, without nerves.
l-'.iini-n. the (Ireek for nine.
Ensati'/n- Ivns'/fin-m. sword shaped,

with a straight blade.
Entire, with an undivided margin.
jElitfiiiin/i/iiliiits, insect loving, fer-
tilised by insects.
Enri'lnprs, the name given to the
calyx and corolla of a blossom,
called floral envelopes.

Epi, upon, outside, or aoove.
Epicali/j; the outer calyx formed

of bracts or scales ; e.g Mallow.
Epiearp, outer covering of fruit.
Ejrio/tilivm, terminal portion of

the jointed lip or labellum of

an Orchid.

I''l>iilennii, outer skin.
/'•/".'/.'/"""•S appearing to grow from

the top of the ovary.
I'.fiijiJiltcutn, the outer bark.
EpiphyUaut, growing upon the

leaf.

Eplphytet, plants which grow sus-
pended in the air, frequently

upon other living plants, from

which, however, they extract

no food; e.g. Orchids.
Epiiperm, the outer cover of a

seed.

Equestriit, pertaining to a horse.
1-ii/niliiteriil, with equal sides.
Equitant, leaves which alternately

overlap each other at their

edges ; e.g. the Iris.
F.m-hiis. upright, applied to an

ovule which rises from the

base of an ovary.
i'.rnili i/, gnawed away, bitten ;

used to describe a particular

kind of irregular denticu-

lation.

Eriiht-si'i-tut, becoming red.
Km in pent, apparently bursting

through the skin.

'rpi/s, bearing red fruits.
s, fitted for food.
Etinlntiim. the act of blanching,

or whitening, bv withholding

light,

Etuberotut, without tubers.
Evanescent, quickly fading.
Evolved, unfolded.
Exalbtiminoiis, not possessing al-
bumen.

Exaltatiis, elevated, lofty.
Excavated, hollowed out.
7-,'jv, /,««*, lofty.
Excoriate, to strip off the bark or

skin.

Exo, on the outside.
Exuiimoiii, the passage of fluids

outwards through a membrane,

the opposite of endosmose.
Exotic, foreign.

Exserted, protruding, stamens pro-
jecting beyond the corolla ; e.g.

Lilium auratum.
Ext-ine, the outer covering of a

pollen grain.

Ejclrnrfi; applied to anthers which
discharge their pollen on the
.side away from the pistil.

F

Falcate, bent like a sickle ; e.g. the

loaf of Kochea falcata.
Falltif, deceitful.
I-'iiriiiiii-i-niis, floury or mealy, full

of flour.

- /'. applied to stems and

organs which arc united in a

flattened manner— the Aspa-
ragus frequently presents this
appearance in its young stems.
Fascicle, a flattened inflorescence
marie up of many flowers so
arranged that their corollas arc
on a level, as in the Sweet
William and other Dianthuses.
Faacicidatiis, arranged in bundles.
Fa slit/late, tapering to a narrow
point, of a pyramidal shape
owing to the branches growing
erect and parallel ; e.g. the
Lombard}' Poplar.
Finn-is, the jaws, or gaping part
of a monopetalous corolla ; e.g.
Salvia patens.

Famse, pitted like a honeycomb.
l-'i/ill/i'i-i/, resembling a feather;
leaves whose veins pass from
the midrib at, an acute angle
to the margin.
I-'/ i-iiiidfition, fertilisation.
/•'< lij1, happy.
Femiile ,ffti>rm, containing pistils

but no stamens.

tiitrstra-lif, furnished with open-
ings, windowed.
l-'ei-rees. set with spines.
I'rnij-, fierce.
Ferreus, resembling iron, MTV

hard.
l-'erriiijineiis. of the colour of iron

rust, rusty.

Fertile, flowers which bear seeds
capable of vegetating : also
applied to the spore bCfaring
fronds of Ferns.

Fibres, woody strings or nerves of
leaves and stems ; e.g. Broad-
leaved Plantain.
Fibrilimr. covered with fibres.
1'ihrniis, composed of fibres or

threads.

Fibro-ratcular timie, composed of
vessels which contain spiral
and other fibres and vessels.
Ficoideiii, like a Fig.
Fid, cleft.

Filament, the thread-like part of

a stamen which supports the

anther; also any thread-like

body.

Filirrntlif, having a thread-like

stem.

Fillers, Ferns, the name given
to the first order of crypto-
gamous plants.
Fili/iiriH, thread shaped; e.g. the

stamens of Maize.
Fimbriate, fringed.
/•'issuer, a slit in an organ.
/•'is.-. /is, cloven.

l-'isliilnr, hollow, but closed at tho
extremities ; e.g. the fruiting
stems of Onions.
Flabcllate, fan shaped ; e.g. leaves

of Latania borbonica.
Flaccid, weak, flabby, feeble.
Flagcllifiirmis, shaped like a whip;
e.g. steins of C'ereus flagelli-
formis.
F/aaimeut, flame coloured.

riavescens

(464)

Hastate

Flaveseois, becoming yellow.

Flams, pale yellow.
Flexilis, pliable, flexible.

Flexuosc, crooked, zigzag, chang-
ing in direction after each
joint.

Floteote, covered with little 'wool-
like tufts. •

Flurc plena, double flowered.

florets, little flowers; the small,
individual flowers (often called
petals) which go to make up
a Composite flower.

Flondns, flourishing.

Jiloriferous, bearing flowers.

Flos, a flower.

Foetidus, stinking.

Foliaceous, leafy, having the form
of leaves.

Foliaris, an appendage to a leaf.

Foliation, leaf development.

Foliosus, with leaves exceptionally
numerous.

Folium, ii leaf.

Fontamis, pertaining to a spring
of water.

Foramen, an opening in the cover
of an ovnle.

Fornicatus, arched, vaulted.

Foeeolate, having pits and depres-
sions.

Fragilis, fragile, breaking readily.

Fragrans, emitting a sweet per-
fume.

Fragrantiishnns, very fragrant, the
sweetest of all.

Fraxineits, belonging to the Ash.

Frigidus, cold, freezing.

I'rin'/ed, bordered with fine hairs or
fringe.

Frond, the leaf of a Fern.

F-rondose. applied to cryptogamous
plants with leafy expansion.

Fructification, the parts which
compose the flower and fruits
of a plant.

Fruit, the ripened seed vessel with
its contents and external cover-
ing.

Frutescens, becoming bushy.

Frutex, a shrub.

Fruticosus, shrubbv.

Fitcati/s, painted, counterfeit.

Fuciformis, like Seaweed.

Fugacious, fading quickly, soon j
falling, as the petals of the
Cistus.

Fulgent, shining.

Fidgidous, burnished.

Fnlvus, tawny yellow.

Fiinalis, rope-like.

Fiinestus, destructive.

Fungosus, spongy, of the substance
of Fungi.

Panicle, the little stalk which
attaches the seed to the
placenta.

Furcatiis. forked.

Furftirai't'ous, scaly, scurfy.

Fitsco-viridis, dark green.

FIISCUS, brown.

Fusiformis, spindle shaped ; e.y.
the root of the Carrot.

G

Galeate, helmeted ; e.g. the Gale-

opsis, the upper lip of which

is called a galea or helmet.
Gamopetaloits, applied to a flower

whose petals are united; eg.

the Primrose.

Gamos, a union or marriage.
(iamoscpaloiis, with united sepals ;

e.g. Primrose.
Gelatinous, jelly-like, consisting

of jelly.
Gelidiis, cold.
Gemmrr, leafy, as distinguished

from flower buds ; also applied

to vegetative, reproductive

bodies in Liverworts.
Gemmatiis, bearing buds.
Gemmiparous, reproduced from

buds.

Gemnate, doubled, in pairs.
General involucre, the bracts at

the base of a general umbel ot

flowers, as in the Carrot.
Genie iilatus, jointed like a knee,

knotty.
Genus, a division of a natural

order, and made up of allied

species and varieties.
Germ, or Gormen, the base of the

pistil, the old name for an

ovary.
Germinal vesicle, a cell in the

embryo-sac from which the

embryo is formed.
Germination, the growth of a

seed after its period ot

rest.
Gibbosity, a swelling at the base

of mi organ.
Gibbous, bulging, protuberant,

slightly pouched.
Gigas, a giant.
Gills, thin plates beneath the

pileus of an Agaric; e.g. Mush-
room.

Glaberrimus, very smooth.
Glabrous, smooth, devoid of hairs.

like the leaves of Bougainvillea

glabra.

Glands, secreting vessels, wart-
like, often found at the bases

of Peach leaves.
Glandular hairs, hairs which

bear glands at their tips, as

in the Sundew.

Giant, a nut, such as the Hazel.
G taucescent, having a bluish grey

appearance.

Glaucous, having a sea green ap-
pearance, as in Echeveria (now

Cotyledon) secnnda glauca.
Globifermis, bearing globes or

balls.

Globose, spherical, globe shaped.
Glomernttis, congregated in a

round head.
Glomerultis, a rounded, cymosc

inflorescence ; e.g. Campanula

glomerata.

Glucose, the sugar of fruit.
Glume, a bract which encloses

the reproductive organs of tho
Grasses.

Gluten, a nitrogenous substance
of seeds.

Glutinmis. sticky, covered with
adhesive slime.

Gracilis, slender.

Gracillimus, very slender.

Grained, clothed with grain-like
protuberances, as the seg-
ments of the flowers of the
Dock.

Gramineous, Grassy.

Grandis, large, noble.

Granulatus, granular, composed
of grains.

Gram/lose, the formative matter
of starch granules.

GrattiK, pleasant.

Graveolens, strong smelling.

Gregarious, sociable, herding to-
gether.

Griimotis, knotted at intervals.

Giiiiiiiiiferous, bearing gum.

tiiittat/is, covered with small
spots.

Giininogen, a plant whose seeds are
not in a true ovaryjc.//. Conifers.

Gi/nmos, naked.

Gi/inntiaperins, a botanical term
applied to flowering plants
with naked ovules, Cycads and
Conifers being examples.
These plants differ from
Angiosperms (other flowering
plants) by the pollen being
conveyed direct to the
micropyle, no style or stigma
being present. As soon as the
pollen is deposited in the
micropyle the mouth con-
tracts, imprisoning the pollen.
After a time — varying con-
siderably in length with
various species— has elapsed,
a short pollen tube grows and
forces its way into and fertil-
ises the egg cell, the whole
process being much simpler
than in Angiosperms.

Gynandrophore, a column which
supports stamens and pistils.

Gynandrous, with stamens and
pistils united in one column,
as in Orchids.

Gijne, a female.

Gyna'cium, the collective female
reproductive organs.

Gynophore, the stalk which, when
present, bears the ovary.

Gyrans, revolving.

II

Habit, a general term applied to
style of growth.

Habitat, the place in which a
plant is found growing natur-
ally.

Ifamosus or Hamatiis, curved like
a hook.

Hastate, shaped like the head of
a halberd.

Hastato-lanceolate

( 465 )

Involucre

Hmtato-lanceolate, between hal-
berd shaped and lanceolate.

lltistiitn-siii/ittiite, between hal-
berd and arrow shaped.

Htixtiitiis. armed as with spears.

llnxtilia, spear shaped.

Haulm, usually applied to the
dead stems of herbs.

Huiistiirinm, a root-like organ by
which parasites absorb nour-
ishment.

Hi ad, a. close cluster of flowers,
as in the Composites.

llfili-riimiiis. Ivy -like.

Helinntliiiides, resembling a Sun-
flower.

Heliciiidul, applied to an inflores-
cence which bears a resem-
blance to the shell of a snail.

Heliotropism, positive heliotrop-
ism is growing towards the
light, and negative heliotrop-
ism growing away from it.

Helmet, the hooded upper part
of a flower ; e.g. Aconitum
Napelius (Monkshood).

HeniixpliH'rirux, hemispherical.

Hemispherical, in the shape of half
a globe.

Heptagynmu, with seven styles.

Hejftandrtna, possessing seven
stamens.

Herbaceous, without wood ; used
to distinguish plants which
possess annual stems from
those having stems of a woody
and enduring nature.

Hermaphrodite, containing two
sexes.

Ilesptridiiini, the fruit of the
Orange and its relatives.

Btteractmthma, with different
sorts of spines.

Hcleroearpi'US, with different sorts
of fruits.

Hettrogamout, applied to Compo-
site flowers which have herma-
phrodite and unisexual flowers
in the same head.

Ifeterottytetl, with long and short
styles, as in the Primula.

Hexagonous, with six sides.

ll'j'itndrous, with six stamens.

Jlians, gaping, open, in opposition
to closed.

llilum, the scar or mark on a seed
which indicates the place by
which it was attached to the
placenta.

//<V»Hf!«s,rough with hairs, shaggy.

/li rt n.i, rough haired.

Hispid, rough with stiff, bristly
hairs ; e.g. Borage.

Unary, covered with greyish or
white down.

Ilolaierieeims, covered with min-
ute, silky hairs.

Iloiiioi/aminis, applied to Compo-
site plants which possess heads
containing only hermaphrodite
flowers.

HoiHoijeneout, uniform in nature,
structure, or substance.
60

llttnoloijy, similarity in structure.

lIomotrojioHt, with embryos which
take the same general direc-
tion as the seed.

Iliwdi'd, curved into the form of a
hood.

Iloriiontalis, horizontal ; a leaf or
branch which grows from a
stem in a direction parallel to
the earth's surface.

Horn, the name given to any long
tapering process arising in or
from a flower.

Horological, applied to flowers
which open and close regularly
at certain hours.

Ilorridut, shaggy, spiny, unplea-
sant.

Hurli'iixis, relating to a garden.

Hum/fuse, spreading on the
ground.

Iliimilis, humble, lowly.

Husk, the dry coverings of flowers
or fruits, particularly Grasses.

Hyalinns, crystalline, transparent.

Hybernalis, sleeping or resting in
winter.

Hybrid, mule ; a plant produced
by fertilising a flower of one
species with pollen taken from
another of a different species.

Hyrmalit, relating to winter.

Ryfrvmetrieal, indicating moist-
ure.

Hyper-, over, above.

Hyphce, the thread-like tissues of
Fungi.

Hypo-, beneath, under.

irypocrateriformis, shaped like a
salver ; e.g. the blossom of the
Primrose.

Hypoijynous, situated below the
ovary or pistil.

Hypnpliyllut, inserted beneath the
leaves.

I
i Icosl, twenty.

Igneus, fiery.

Illustris, famous, brilliant.

Imberbis, without a beard.

Imbricatus, overlapping like tiles

or the scales of a Fir cone.
j Immaciilatiis, without spots.

Impart-pinnate, pinnate, but pos-
srssiug an odd terminal leaf-
let.

Imperfect, flowers which do not
possess both anthers and
pistils.

Imperialis, imperial, powerful.

Implexiis, entwined, interwoven.

Impressus, marked, impressed.

fiifft/Halis, unequal.

Inarticulate, without joints.

Ittmnnt, grey with fine hairs,
hoary.

Innirii'itiiK, flesh coloured, pink.

liieisim, divided, deeply cut; e.g.
Hawthorn leaves.

liicliiititus, inclined, bent.

Included, with stamens enclosed
within the corolla and not
protruding beyond it.

Ineomparabills, incomparable, un-
excelled.

Incomplete, applied to a plant
which is lacking one of the
usual four floral whorls.

Inconiptiis, rough, unrefined.

1 iifin-i'iihis, bending inwards.

Indefinite, applied to stamens
above twenty ; e.g. the stamens
in Cacti.

Indchiicent, not opening or burst-
ing; having no regular line of
opening.

Indeterminate, applied to an in-
definite inflorescence.

Indigenous, native to a country,
aboriginal.

Tndiriius, undivided.

Indiiplicate, with the edges turned
slightly inwards when unfold-
ing from the bud.

Indurated, hardened.

Indiitium, a spore case, a mem-
brane covering the spores of
some Ferns.

Inermis, unarmed, without spines
or thorns.

Inferior, beneath ; applied to
ovaries around and above
which the receptacle has
grown.

In/ems, beneath, under.

Inftatiti, distended, swollen, like
a bladder.

Inflexed, bending inwards.

Injtorescenee, the arrangement
of flowers, or mode of flower-
ing.

Infractus, broken.

Infiindibidiformis, funnel shaped.

1 in/ ii i nans, contaminating.

I a xi <j HIS, remarkable.

Inspisxated, thickened ; applied to
dried up sap.

Integrifoliui, with entire leaves.

Interfoliar, between two opposite
leaves.

Internnde, the space between the-
nodes or joints of a stem.

Interpetiolar, between the petioles
or leafstalks.

Interrupted, used to indicate th&
destruction of a symmetrical
arrangement.

Intine, inner coat of a pollen grain.

Intrafoliaceoiis, within the leaves.

Intronc, applied to anthers which
open on the side next to the
pistil.

Inverted, applied to an embryo
when its radicle is directed
towards the end of the seed
opposite to its eye or hilum.

Iiiriiliicellum, the partial involucre
of Umbelliferous plants.

I it mineral, with an involucre.

Innilncrc, the appendage of art
umbel which is found at a dis-
tance from the flowers, or a
collection of bracts which en-
closes many florets. The Carrot
illustrates the first instance,
and the Dandelion the second.

Involute

(466)

Maxillaris

Involute, rolled inwards; edges of
leaves rolled inwards from
either side.

Lonantha, violet coloured.

Iridescent, shining.

Irregular, applied to flowers
with blossoms which are not
uniform ; e.g. the Carrot, Pea,
and Salvia.

Irroratus, moistened.

Iso-, equal.

Jsomcrmis, with different organs
composed of an equal number
of parts.

Isostemonous, with stamens and
floral envelopes composed of
the same number of parts.

Jointed, articulated, with joints ;
e.g. the stem of Wheat.

Joints, the nodes of a stem.

Jubatus, crested, having a crown
of hair, etc.

Jiicundws, pleasing.

Jurja, the ribs on the seeds of
Umbelliferous plants.

Jugatiis, joined as with a yoke ; e.g.
the pairs of leaflets in com-
pound leaves, as in the Walnut.

J-ugosus, mountainous.

Jurium, a pair of leaflets.

Jiiliform, in the form of a catkin.

J-unccai,. Hush-like.

Juvenilit, youthful.

Keel, a prominent ridge, the low-
est petal or petals of Pea shaped
blossoms, so called from a sup-
posed resemblance to the keel
of a boat ; e.g. the Sweet Pea.

Kingdom., one of the sections into
which plants are divided which
possess broad characteristics
in common.

Knarry, knotty.

Jtnee-fmnted, bent at the joints
lik"; a knee, as in the Foxtail
Grass and Polygonum.

Labellum, the lip, or front petal
of a flower, especially applied
to Orchidaceous plants.

Labiatus, Imving lips.

Labrosus, with a wide lip.

Laeeriis, ragged, lacerated.

Lachrynwii*, tearful, weeping.

Laciniatus, cut into narrow seg-
ments.

Lactescent, yielding milk-like juice.

Lactens, milky.

Lacuna, a space in the midst of a
cell group.

Lacimosns, pitted, covered with
little holes or depressions.

Lacnstris, belonging to a lake.

L<etmrcns, of a bright green
colour.

Lrevigaiits, smooth, polished.
Lrevin, free from asperities.
Lamellate, divided into plates like

the gills of a Mushroom.
Lamina, blade of a leaf, or the

broad part of a petal ; literally

a plate.

Lanatus, woolly.
Lanceolatvs, lance shaped ; widest

in the centre and tapering to

each end, as the leaves of the

Oleander.
Lantiginoxs, woolly ; covered with

long, interlaced hairs ; downy.
Lamigo, soft down or wool.
Lateral, at the side ; applied by j

gardeners to the side shoots of

Vines, etc.
Latex, milky fluid.
Laticiferoits, containing a milky

fluid.
Latticed, open, like lattice work ;

the leaves of Aponogeton fenes-

trale, which is popularly known '

as the Lattice-leaf Plant, are

a good illustration of the mean-
ing of this term.
Latus, broad.
Laxus, loosely arranged, opposite

to compact.
Leaf, generally applied to the

green expansions of plants;

the leaves of flowers are called

sepals and petals.
Leaflet, a little leaf, applied to the

divisions of compound leaves ;

e.g. Rose and Acacia.
Legume, a pod ; e.g. the edible Pea.
Leguminous, plants which bear

pods, as the Pea and Bean.
Lentwel, openings in the young

bark which correspond to the

stomata of leaves.
Lenticularis, shaped like a Lentil,

convex on both sides.
Lentns, tough.
L/'pidotiis, scaly.
Lepidus, pleasant.
Leprous, covered with spots or

scales.

Lianas, twining, woody plants.
Liber, inner, fibrous bark.
Ligneous, woody.
Lignine, a substance of which the

secondary linings of cell walls

are composed.
Ligtilatus. strap shaped.
Liguliflorte, Composite flowers with

strap shaped florets.
Lilacinus, lilac coloured.
Limb, the upper, spreading part

of a blopsom, as in the Wall-
flower, the lower part being

termed the claw.

Limbatus, bordered, having a di-
lated surface.
Limbits, limb.
Lincaris, with two parellel sides,

n >rro>v and long.
Linear-lanceolate, between linear

and lanceolate.
Linaatus, streaked with lines.
Lingulformis, tongue shaped.

Lip, one of the two chief divisions
of a gaping blossom ; e.g. the
Dead Nettle.

Litturalis, pertaining to the sea
shore.

Lividiis, livid, bluish grey.

Lobe, a large division of an organ,
generally applied to the leaves,
petals, and anthers of a plant.

Locular, a uni-locular fruit con-
tains one cell, a bi-locular two,
etc.

Loculieidal, fruit opening at the
back of the carpels.

Locnsta, a spikelet of Grasses.

Lodicttlc, a scale at the base of
the ovary in Gras-ses.

Loliaceoiis, pertaining to Tares,
weedy.

Lomewtiim, pod or legume with
transverse partitions, each
division containing but one
seed.

Lonytis, long.

Lorate, shaped like a thong or
strap.

Liiciditm, shining.

Lunaris, relating to the moon.

Liinvlate, of the shape of a half-
moon.

Liiridiis, pale yellowish grey.

Lntesfcns, becoming yellow.

Lntevs, yellow.

Lyxatiis, dislocated.

Lyratus, shaped like a lyre ; e.g.
the leaves of the Shepherd's
Purse, or Dandelion.

M

Macrantlnis, long flowered.

Macrocarpiis. bearing a large car-
pel or fruit.

Maerocephahis, large headed.

Macros, large.

Maerosprrmus, large seeded.

Mai'iilatus, blotched.

Magniticiis, magnificent.

Majalis, pertaining to the month
of May.

Maji'sticus, dignified, majestic.

Majiig, greater.

Male flowers, such as contain one
or more stamens, but no pistils.

Maliformis, shaped like an Apple.

Manimaform, in the t-hape of a
nipple.

Mammmui, with large breasts.

Manii'atus, having long scales.

Marcescent, permanent, withering,
but not falling off.

Marr/inntns, having a margin or
border.

Marinas or maritimiis, pertaining
to the spa.

Marmoratns, marble-like.

Mfusfiilus, male.

Matrix, place of birth or form-
ation.

Mntronalis, matronly.

Mtillulla, fibrous covering of Palm
stems.

Maxillaris, relating to a jaw.

Maximus

(467)

Octogynous

Miu-imiis, tln> largest.

Mi-iliim, middle.

Medulla, pith.

Mi-dullnrif, iclating to pith or
marrow.

Medullary rays, strands of cellular
tissue connecting the pith and
the bark.

Medullary sheath, cells surround-
ing the pith.

Mi yns, large.

Mel a H ot, black.

Melleus, pertaining to honey, tast-
ing like honey.

Mi'll inn/limn, sweet smelling.

Melliferous, honey bearing, with
nectaries.

Membranous or meml/ranaceous,
thin, like parchment.

Meriearp, the name given to each
of the two halves of the fruit
of Umbelliferous plants.

Meshes, op'-nings in tissues.

Mcfuciirp, the middle layer of a
fruit

Mftophltsitm, the middle layer of
bark.

Heseptytt, the cellular tissue be-
i \\cen the upper and lower
epidermis of leaves.

Mivat, mid- lie.

Mirnns, glittering, shining.

Ifieropyle, the opening in an ovule
through which thu pollen tube
enters.

Micros, small.

Midrib, the middle vein of a leaf,
running from the base to the
apex,

Milita rit, soldier-like.

Miini.r, overhanging.

Minintiis, vermilion coloured.

Mini mils, smallest.

Minii.-s. .-mall.

Minntisiimiit, very small.

Mirnbilis, wonderful, extraordin-
ary.

Mifis, mild.

Mitriform, shaped like a mitre, as
the cover of some Mosses.

Miibilis, having the power of
motion.

Modestiis, modest, unassuming.

Mollii, soft.

Mon, one.

Monadelphoits, having the fila-
ments of the. stamens united
into one bundle.

Monili/orai, beaded, with cells
united in the manner of a
string of beads.

Mnnoearpellary, with one carpel.

Monocarpic, perishing after fruit-
ing once.

Monochlamydeons, having only one
floral covering, which may be
either calyx or corolla.

Monoclinous, bisexual, both sexes
in one flower, hermaphrodite.

Mi»ii>coti/lei/iiiitiHS, having only one
seed leaf.

Monmcioiis, with the sexes in differ-
ent flowers on the same plant.

Moniigyninis, with one pistil in a
flower.

Monopetaloits, the petals united
in on • piece ; e.g. Convolvulus.

Monophylloiis, one leaved.

Monospi-rmous, one seeded.

Monticola, a native of the moun-
tains.

Morphology, the study of the
forms of organs.

Moschatus, Musky.

Mottled, marked with blotches of
colour.

Mucronatiis, sharply tipped, dag-
ger pointed.

M-ultiangHlaris, many cornered.

Multiccps, many headed.

Multicostatc, many ribbed.

Multifarious, arranged in many
rows.

Multijid, divided halfway into
n any p:\rts.

AfuUiftorus, many flowered.

Miil/ijiigiis, bearing many pairs of
leatlets.

Multi-partite, much divided.

Multiis, many.

Mitnitus, fortified.

Muralii, pertaining to a wall.

Muricate, covered with conical
sharp points.

Mitriform, with cells arranged like
bricks in a. wall.

Muscoides, Moss-like.

Muscology, the study of mosses.

Miitabilis, changeable.

Mnticui, shortened, pointless.

Mycelium, the spawn of Fungi.

Myri-, innumerable, infinite.

N

Nal/ed-, without leaves, as the stem
of the Tulip ; also applied to
seeds which are not confined
in an ovary or to flowers with-
out a calyx.

Nanus, dwarf.

Napiformis, in the form of a Tur-
nip ; spherical, but depressed.

Narcotic, producing sleep.

Nasiitus. with a large nose.

Natans, floating.

Naturalised, reproducing them-
selves from seed in other
positions than their original
home.

Navicularis, shaped like a boat.

Nebulosus, cloudy.

Neck, the upper, tapering part of
bulbs or plants; e.g. the Onion.

Nectariferous, bearing nectar.

Nectary, a hollow sac, generally
at the base of a petal, which
secretes nectar.

Neglect-Hi, neglected, unnoticed.

Ncnwralis, sylvan, growing in
woods or groves.

Nervation, the veining of leaves.

Nerves, the veins or ribs of leaves.

Ncrvosus, full of nerves.

Netted, covered with lines like a
network.

.\idnlent, nestling, lying among.

Nidus, nest.

Niger, black.

Nigricans, becoming black.

Nigritus, having a portion black-
ened.

Nitidum or Xitidui, glossy and
smooth, shining, brilliant.

M i-ii/iii, appearing during the
snow season.

.\ ii-eiix, white and snovvlike, pure
white.

Nirostn, snowy.

Nodding, drooping, bent, as the
flower stalk of the Daffodil.

Node, a joint, the part of a stem
or branch whence leaves spring

Nodijtorus, flowering at the joims.

Nodose, with swollen nodes.

Nodulose, applied to roots and
stems which have thickened
parts or portions at intervals.

Niihiijenous, issuing from clouds.

Niicellus, a cellular mass found in
ovules, a portion of the proto-
plasmic contents of the nucleus.

Niieifi-roin, bearing nuts.

Nucleus, a kernel, the dense proto-
plasm in a cell.

Niidicaulis, naked stemmed.

Nitdus, naked.

-\nmmularitefolia, bearing leaves
which are shaped like money,
as the Creeping Jenny.

Nut, a hard, dry, one seeded car-
pel resulting from a compound
ovary.

Nutaiu, nodding.

Nux, a nut.

O

Ob, used to denote that a thing is
inverted, as obcordate ; a leaf
which is heart shaped, but
attached by its thinner end.

Obconical, inversely cone shaped.

Obesiis, fat, corpulent.

Obliquus, with unequal sides,
slanting.

Oblong, longer than broad, with
rounded obtuse ends, as the
leaves of the Daisy.

Obsolete, indistinct or imperfectly-
developed, decayed.

Obnaliite, having the margins
alternately overlapping those
of opposite leaves.

Occidentnlis, Western, native of
the West.

Ucellatus, spotted as with eyes;
used when one colour has a
bold eye-like spot of another
colour upon it, as in Dendro-
bium fimbriatum oculatum.

Ochraceous or Oclireous, clay
coloured, or of the colour of
yellow ochre.

Di-liriileneiia, whitish yellow.

Ortiiiir/rini.i. with eight stamens,
as in the Willowherb.

Oetogynons, with eight styles or
I pistils.

Oculatus

( 408

Pepo

Oculatus, see Ocellatus.

Odes or Oides, used in termina-
tions to signify similarity, as
Phyllodos, like a leaf.

Odoratissimus, very sweetsmelling.

Odoratus, sweet smelling.

Officinalis, pertaining to a shop ;
used in medicine.

Oleaginous, having the qualities
of oil.

Oleraceous, eatable, suitable for an
esculent potherb.

Oligandrous, with stamens fewer
than twenty.

Oligos, few in number.

Oligosperinoiis, having few seeds.

Olitorius, relating to culinary
herbs.

Olicaceous, greenish brown, rela-
ting to the Olive.

Omphalodium, the central part of
the hilum, where the nourish-
ing vessels enter.

Oosporanyium, the spore cases in
some species of Algae.

Oosjtores, the fertilised spores of
Fungi.

Opacvs, opaque, shaded, not shin-
ing.

Operculate. covered with a lid, as
the flowers of Sarracenia.

Opposite, growing on opposite
sides of the stem, but on the j
same level, as the leaves of the
Nettle.

Orbicular or Orbiculate, circular
and flat ; applied to rounded !
leaves.

Order, an artificial division of the |
vegetable kingdom.

Organ, a part of a plant that per-
forms a definite function, as
the stamen, pistil, etc.

Oryanoyraphi/, the description of
the organs of plants.

Ornatiis, adorned, ornamented.

Ornithopous, bird footed.

Orthos, straight, erect.

Osmosis, the passage of fluids
through membranes, as the sap
through the cell walls.

Osseous, bony.

Ossified, having become hard as a
bone ; e.g. the stone of a Plum.

Ostrcatun, rough like an oyster
shell.

Ocal, rounded at both ends but
widest in the centre, as the
leaves of Box.

Ovary, the part of the flower
which encloses the young
seeds, situated at the base
of the pistil.

Orate, egg shaped, with the broad
end downwards, as in the
leaves of the Beech.
Otiferoiii or Ovigerous, bearing

eggs.

Ovoid, egg-like.
Ovule, the young, unfertilised

S3ed contained in the ovary.
QJCI/S, sharp, sour, or pointed ;
oxyacantha, sharp spined.

Pacliys, thick.

1'iiinted, applied to flowers whose
colours are arranged in streaks
of unequal density.

Palate, a projection in the throat
of a gaping flower.

Paleaceous, chaffy.

Paleie, membranous chaff-like
scales found in the flowers of
the Grasses, and also separat-
ing the florets in the Sca-
bious.

Pollens or Pallidus, pale, whitish.

Pallescens, becoming pale.

Palmate, hand shaped, as the
leaves of the Passion Flower
and Chestnut.

Palmatijid, cut halfway in a pal-
mate manner, as in the leaves
of Ricinus communis.

Palmatilobed, with shallow pal-
mate divisions, as the leaves
of the common Maple.

Paludosus, marshy.

Palustre or Palustris, marshy,
boggy.

Panduratus, fiddle shaped, as the
leaves of Kumex pulcher.

Panicle, an inflorescence with the
branches irregularly divided, I
as in the Oat, Phlox paniculata,
Saxifraga Fortune), Pentste-
mon barbatus, and the Lilac.

Paniculatiis, bearing tufts or
panicles, as the Golden Rod.

Pannosus, ragged, resembling
coarse cloth in appearance.

Papilionaceous, butterfly shaped.
as the blossoms of the Pea and
Broom.

Papillosiis, bearing small nipples
or pimples.

Pappus, down ; the fine hairs on
the fruits of Composite plants,
as on the Dandelion.

Papyraceous, like paper or parch-
ment.

Paraphi/Kes, filaments which occur
in the fructification of mosses
and other Cryptogams.

Parasit,', a plant which grows
upon and derives its nourish-
ment from another, as the
Broomrape and Dodder.
1'iireHi'lii/Hin, cellular tissue.

Parietal, attached to the wall of
the ovary.

Parterre, a French title given to a
collection of gay flower beds,
as a " flower garden."

Parthenogenesis, production of
perfect seed without the ap-
lication of pollen.

Partite, divided into segments.
Pan-us, small.

Pa/ellaris, dish or platter shaped ;
circular, with a rim.

Patens or Patent, widely spread-
ing, between horizontal and
upright ; e.g. the lip of Salvia
patens.

Pathology, the study of diseases.

Pat iil-iis, slightly spreading.

I'niici, few.

l'iiiii-i-ttorus, with few flowers.

J'aiicifiilius, with few leaves.

1'ai-onmiis, variegated in colour,
like a Peacock.

I'l'i-linate, with numerous seg-
ments cut in the manner of a
comb.

Pedate, resembling a bird's foot,
as the leaves of the Hellebore
or the seed vessels of the
Bird's Foot Trefoil.

Pedatiseet, a pedate leaf with the
segments divided in such a
manner as to appear distinct
leaflets.

Pedicel, the stem which supports
a single flower. The radiating
stalks which bear the blossoms
in the Polyanthus Narcissus
are pedicels ; the stalk that
supports the whole is called
a peduncle.

Peduncle, a flower stalk ; gener-
ally applied to the main floral
axis (see Pedicel).

Peduitculatits, growing on fruit
stalks ; opposed to sitting or
sessile.

I'ediini'-ttlus, a fruitstalk.

Pelargos, a stork.

Pcllucidus, bright, transparent.

Peloria, applied to flowers,
usually irregular, which be-
come regular.

Pelta, a shield.

Peltate, shield shaped, with the
petiole attached to the under
surface, as in the case of the
leaves of the Water Lily and
Nasturtium.

Peltatifid, peltate but divided.

I'clriformis, shaped like a shallow
cup or basin.

I'riiriliformis, shaped like a camel
hair pencil, as the appendages
to the blossom of the Poly-
gala.

Pencillatiis, consisting of, or
clothed with, tufts of soft
hairs.

Pendnliis, drooping, hanging
down.

Pennate, tee Pinnate.

Penninerred or Pennireined, Hav-
ing the veins or ribs running
from the midrib to the margin,
like a feather.

I'l'iiln. five.

1'eiilinjunnl, with five corners or
angles.

Pentat/ynotii, with five pistils.

Pentawero-us, composed of five
parts. A pentamerous flower
has its whorls arranged in fives
or multiples of that number;
e.g. Pentas carnea.
I'enl apterous, having five wings:

Pepo or Peponida, a name given
to the fruits of CucurbitaceEe ;
L e.g. the Melon and Marrow.

Per-

(469 )

Pollen

Per-, used sometimes as a superla-
tive, as in pcrpnsillus, very
weak ; at other times to sig-
nify through, as perfoliate,
through the leaf.
Peri'iirrent, running through from

top to bottom.
Perennial, lasting for several

years.

Peri'iinis, perennial.
Perfect, generally used to denote
that a flower possesses both
male anil female organs, and
calyx and corolla.
Pi'rMiatc, when a stem runs ap-
parently through a leaf, owing
to the union of its basal lobes ;
c.i/. the upper leaves of Chlora
1'erf'oliata.
Peri-, around.

Perianth, the flower cup ; gener-
ally applied to the floral enve-
lope when it is not differen-
tiated into calyx and corolla,
as the blossom of the Lily and
Amaryllis.

Periiuif/iii/m, a cup ; tee Perianth.
Pi'fii-arp, the outer covering, rind,
shell, or seed vessel of the
fruit or seed.

I'l'rifltidiiim, the large, sheathing
base of the petiole of Umbelli-
ferous plants.

Pi-fif/iitiitHi, the involucre of
Composite flowers ; the com-
mon calyx.
Pcrirli-rmis, the outer layer of

hark.

I'ffit/tiH,; same as perianth.
Pereyrimit, foreign, strange.
I't-rigi/nims, applied to stamens
and corollas which are inserted
in or combined with the calyx,
literally, around the ovary.
Perisperm, the albumen or
nourishing matter which sur-
rounds the embryo in the
seed.
Perixpore, the outer covering of a

spore.
Perixtiiuia. the rim around the

orifice of the theca in mosses.
I'eritheoium, a hollow receptacle
containing spores found in
mosses and fungi.
Pcrpusilltis, very small.
Persistent, remaining until the
part to which it is attached is
matured, as the calyx of
the Pink. Leaves which are
evergreen are also called per-
sistent.

Personate, a gamopetalous, ir-
regular corolla, with the lower
'flip placed in such a manner
as to close the orifice of the
blossom, as in the Antirrhi-
num.

Pert ute, having slits or holes.
Pet, foot or stalk ; brevipes, short

stalked.

Petal, a division of a corolla,.
Pftaliild, like a petal, coloured.

Petiolans, fixed to the leafstalk.
I't fiolarisoi Petiolate, having leaf-
stalks.

I'r/inle, the footstalk of a leaf.
Petnfiis or Petroiiu, growing in

rocky places.

/'/in •iHii/amintt, having conspicuous
flowers; visibly furnished with
sexual organs.

Phcrnogaiiis, Phanerogamia, or
Pkanefogamt, the sub-kingdom
of the vegetable world which
includes the flowering plants,
or those in which stamens and
pistils are found.
Phalanges, stamens united by

their filaments into bundles.
Phnneros or I'/itr/tos, conspicu-
ous.
Phlteum, the inner bark or liber

tissue.

Pltore, Phorum, and Phonis are
used as terminations to denote
that which bears.
Phyllaries,. bracts or scales which
form the involucre of Compo-
site.

PJtijllnclades. branches flattened
out to serve the functions of
leaves.

Phyllodet, flattened leaf-like peti-
oles, as the so-called leaves
of many Acacias.
Phyllodinm, sec Phyllodes.
Phyllody, the changing of an

organ into a leaf.
Phylloid, leaf-like.
Phyllomanta, production of an
abnormal number of leaves,
as Begonia phyllomaniaca.
Phyllon, leaf.
Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of

leaves on the axis.
Physiology, the study of the func-
tions of plants.
Phylogenesis, the development of

plants.

Phytograpky, plant description.
Phytoloyy, the study of plants

generally.

Phyton, Pliytos, a plant.
Pieeut, brownish black.
Pictux or Picturatus, see Painted.
Pileate, having a cap or pileus ;

e.g. the Mushroom.
Pileus, the spreading top of many

Fungi.
Pili, hairs.

Piliferoiis, bearing hairs.
Piliform, formed like down or

hairs.

Pilose, covered with long hairs.
Pin-eyed, applied to Primula
flowers which have the stigma
on a long style, rendering it
visible at the top of the tube.
Pinna, one of the segments or

leaflets of a pinnate leaf.
Pinnate, applied to a compound
leaf with divisions arranged in
a regular manner on either side
of the midrib, as in Jasminum
officinale.

Pinnatijid, divided deeply from
the margin almost to the mid-
rib, as the leaf of the Globe
Artichoke.

Pinnules, the secondary divisions
of pinnate leaves.

Pisiform, shaped like a Pea.

Pistil, the female organ in a
flower, consisting generally of
the ovary at the base and the
style which rises from it and
supports the stigma on its top.
Sometimes the style is wanting.

Pistillate or PistiUiferous, applied
to flowers containing one of
more pistils, but no stamens.

Pitchers, the tubular leaves of
Sarracenias, and the modified
leaves of Nepenthes.

Pith, the central, cellular part of a
stem, well represented in the
Elder.

Pitted, covered with small, de-
pressed spots.

Placenta, the point of attachment
of the ovules to the ovary.

Placentiform, shaped like a quoit
or a flat cake.

Plaited, folded in plaits or pleats,
as the blossom of the Convol-
vulus or the leaves of Curculigo
recurvata.

Planus, flat.

Platy-, large or broad; e.g. platy-
phyllus, broad-leaved.

Pleion, several.

Plenus, full, double ; e.g. flore
pleno, double flower.

Plicate, folded lengthwise, see
Plaited.

Plumatus, plume-like.

Plumbeus, leaden.

Plumosus, feathery, plumed ; e.g.
the spikes of the Pampas Grass.

Plumule, the first bud or stem of
the embryo, generally enclosed
by the cotyledons.

P£««-,manyorseveral;pluriIocular,
with many loculaments or cells.

Poculifnrm, goblet shaped.

Pud, generally applied to the fruit
or Legume of the Pea family.
bnt botanically used to indicate
a one celled, two valved, many
seeded vessel which opens in a
regular manner.

Podocarp,the stalk which supports
the fruit or seed vessel.

Pudoifi/nium, a stalk which sup-
ports an ovary.

Poaotperm, the stalk by which
seeds in the ovary are attached
to the placenta.

f'm/ in or Pints, a foot or stalk.

Pogon, a beard, a collection of
long hairs.

Pulitiis, polished refined.

Pollen,t\\e fine, dust-like substance
found in the anthers of flowers.
This, by the emission of pollen
tubes, fertilises the ovules in
the ovary of a plant and so
produces seeds.

Pollination

(470)

Ramenta

Pollination, the application of
pollen grains to a stigma to
effect fertilisation.

Pollinia, masses of pollen found
in Orchids and Asclepiads.

Poly-, many, numerous ; e.g. poly-
phyllus, many leaved.

Polyadclphus, stamens fused into
many bundles.

Polyandrous, many stamened. with
more than twenty stamens.

Polycarpie, plants which produce
flowers and fruits many times
during their lives ; many
fruited.

Polygamous, applied to plants
which bear hermaphrodite as
well as male and female flowers ;
e.g. the Ash.

Polyyonatus, a stem with many
knots.

Polygymius, with many pistils.

Polymorphous, assuming many
shapes or forms.

Polypetalous, with distinct and
separate petals.

Pome, a fleshy seed vessel without
valves, covering the capsule
which contains the seeds, as in
the Apple and Pear.

Pores, the orifices in the outer
cuticle of plants through which
transpiration takes place.

Porous, opening by pores.

1'orpliyreous, brown or warm red
in colour.

Porrigens, extending.

Posterior, placed next to the axis
of the inflorescence.

Pmick, a short seed pod, as the
seed vessel of the Honesty or
Shepherd's Purse ; the little
sac found at the base of some
petals.

Prcecox, appearing comparatively
early, precocious.

Prcemorxc, with a ragged termina-
tion, as though bitten off ; e.g.
the root of Scabiosa succisa
or the petals of the common
Mallow.

Prcenomen, sometimes used to in-
dicate the generic name.

Preestans, good, excellent.

Prasinus, grass green.

Pratensis, growing in meadows.

Prickle, a hardened, sharp, conical
appendage formed on the epi-
dermis.

Primine, the outer coat of the
ovule.

Primordial, the first to appear,
applied generally to the first
true leaves formed on a plant.

Princeps, chief.

Prismaticus, with an angular cir-
cumference; prism shaped.

Proboscidptis, with a hard, ter-
minal horn.

Proeerus, very tall, tall and
slender.

Procumbent, lying on the ground,
as the stems of trailing plants.

Procurrens, running forward.

1'rofusus, profuse, extravagant.

Proliferous, forming abnormal
flowers or shoots ; e.g. the Hose-
in-Hose primrose and the Hen
and Chickens Daisy.

Prolifiealion or Proliferation, the
production of plants by means
of buds rather than by seeds ;
eg. Asplenium bulbiferum, Lil-
ium tigrinum, bulbifernm, etc.

Promts, prostrate, lying flat with
the face downwards,

Propendcnt, hanging forward and
downward.

Propliylla, primary leaves.

Propinquus, related, near.

Prostratus, prostrate, lying down.

Protandrmis,'wit\\ anthers ripening-
pollen before the pistils are
receptive.

Prothallus, the first stage of a
Cryptogamous plant, which is
produced by the germination
of a spore.

Protogynous, applied to flowers
whose pistils .are receptive
before the anthers have ma-
tured their pollen.

Protoplasm, the living matter ;
colourless, granular, semifluid.

Protrusus, protruding, as the
stamens of the Amaryllis or
Hippeastrum.

Pntinateor Pruinose, covered with
glittering particles, frosted.

Prurient, stinging, causing irrita-
tion.

Pseudo-, false.

Pseudo-bulb, bulb-like in appear-
ance, but not a true bulb ; the
thickened leaf-base of rnany
Orchids.

Psilos, thin, bare.

1'sittacinus, like a parrot.

Ptero-carpous, wing fruited.

Pteron, a wing.

1'tibt'S, clothing.

Pubeseent, clothed with soft downy
hairs.

Pugioniform, dagger shaped.

Pulcher, fair, beautiful, pretty.

Pulakerrinuu, very beautiful.

Piilliis, of a dark brown colour.

Pulposus, soft and tenacious, as
the flesh of the Cherry.

Puh-eratus, dusted, as the leaves
of the Auricula.

Pvherulentus, covered with fine
powdery matter.

Pvlrinate, cushion or pillow
shaped.

Pulmnus, a cushion-like swelling
at the base or at the apex of
the petiole of some leaves.

Pumilus, dwarf, short, low growing.

Punctatus, dotted.

Punctnlate, covered with minute
dots.

Pimgens, penetrating, pricking,
stinging ; terminating in a
sharp point, as the lobes of
the Holly leaf.

Puniccus, bright red.

1'urpurascens, becoming purple.

Purpurevs, purple in colour.

Piisilltis, small or weak.

Pustulate, covered with blister-
like, glandular excrescences.

Pustulosus, covered with pimples.

Putamen, the hard inner part of
the carpel of a stone fruit.

I'l/tfr/K/'its, dwarf.

J'ymnmt/nis, with yellow spines.

Pyramidal, in the shape of a
pyramid or cone.

Pyriforui, Pear shaped.

Pyxidate, furnished with a lid.

Pyxif, a capsule which opens by
means of a lid, as in Anagallis.

Q

Quadrangularis, four angled or

cornered.
Quadri-, four.
Quail rijidiis, four cleft.
Qiiadrifoliale, with four leaves

springing from a common

point.

Quaternary, arranged in fours.
tjuaternati', pinnate, with pinnre

arranged in fours.
Quercifoli us. Oak-leaved.
Quin or Quinque, five.
Quinalc, with the parts arranged

in fives.
Quinquefoliate, with five leaves

arising from the same point.

B

Race, the name given to a variety
of a plant which may be re-
produced from seed.

Raceme, a cluster of flowers on
stalks arranged singly along a
common stem or axis ; e.g. the
blossoms of the Laburnum.

Raceinifcrous, bearing racemes.

Racemose, growing in racemes.

Racltis, spike stalk; the part of
the stalk of a Fern frond which
carries the leaflets or pinnae.

Radiate, like the spokes of a,
wheel, arranged around a
common centre ; e.g. florets of
the Daisy and other Composite
flowers.

Radical, belonging to or proceed-
ing from the root ; the leaves
at the base of the flower stalk.

Radicans, producing roots.

Radift'l, a small root, a rootlet.

Radieiforus, flowering, or appear-
ing to do so, from the root.

Radicle, the embryonic root in a
seed.

Radirose, having a large root.

Radii, rays, the outer florets in
a radiate compound flower.

Radix, the root ; the part which
develops from the radicle.

Ramenta, chaffy scides covering the
stems and leafstalks of many
Ferns and some other plants.

Ramentaceous

(471 )

Scorpioidal

Ramentaceous, covered with scales.

Jtanii'iiK, belonging to a branch.

Ramifications, sub-divisions of
roots, leaves, and branelies.

Rami.tlorus, producing blossoms on
the branches.

ltamosiisinius.\^T\- much branched.

Itamimus, branched or branching.

llanailoie, bearing many small
branches.

Itiiiniis, ii branch.

Hajihides, needle shaped crystals,
generally formed of oxidate of
lime, found in plant cells.

Receptacle, the common support of
the parts of a flower.

Itcclinute, bending backward to-
wards the base.

Reettnerrii, with straight and
parallel wins.

Itn-liis, straight.

Ilfi'iiri'ii-patcnt, bent back and
spreading.

ReJ/cxed, bent backwards in an
abrupt manner, as the petals
of the Iris.

Refracted, bent abruptly from the
base as if broken.

Iti'i/ina, queen.

Itcijtilar, with uniform and sym-
metrical parts; e.y. the Prim-
rose is a regular flower, the
8alvia an irregular one.

Remains, distant, remote, as the
whorls of Salvia interrupta.

Ren-tform, kidney shaped, as the
seeds of the French Bean or
I he leaves of Nepeta Glechoma.

Jlepand, having undulated or ser-
pentine margins.

Ilepens or Replant, creeping ; trai'-
ing and rooting on the ground.

Replicate, folded backwards so as
to form a groove or channel.

Ili'xii/iinafe, inverted through the
twisting of the stalk.

Jti-tii-iiliite, netted, veined with a
network.

lli'lifnrm, formed like network.

Iletinervig, with netted veins.

Itelrof/rxus, see Reflexed.

Rctrirrse, bent baek in an undulat-
ing manner.

Retiige, terminating in a round
end with a notched centre.

Rerolute, rolled back from the
margins, as in some leaves.

IlJiiia, a root.

Rhizanthmis, apparently flowering
from the root, as the Aspidistra
and Rafflesia.

Rhizoid, resembling a root.

Rhizome, a root-like stem, on or
under the ground, from the
under side of which rootlets
are emitted. Shoots, leaves,
and flower stalks often arise
from the upper surface.

Rlii;omorj>hou», of the form of a
root.

Rldzntaxis, the arrangement of
root*.

Rhodo-, rosy, red.

llili. a projecting vein of a leaf.

llii-tii,i, the mouth of a two lipped
corolla.

Hi iiioKifx, marked witli cracks, as
the bark of an Kim tree.

Ringed, surrounded by circular
lines.

Itiinjeiit, gaping ; applied to a two
lipped enrolla, as the Mimulus.

Ripariui, growing on the banks of
rivers.

lliralii, relating to a brook.

llnlmntui, strong, robust.

Iliixiiccoiis, with separate petals
like a Hose ; of the colour of a
Rose.

Jfosea or Ituteiu, Rose coloured.

Rosette, a collection of leaves
growing in a clustered circle,
like the petals in a double
Lose.

Rostellum, a small beak, as found
in Orchids.

Rostrate, having a bill or beak,
as the pod of a Radish.

lliiftrum, an extension resembling
a bird's beak.

Itufiilate, rosette shaped.

Rotate, wheel shaped ; a mono-
petalous corolla with a very
short tube and a spreading
limb ; e.y. the flowers of the
Creeping Jenny.

Rotund or Rotxndate, with round-
ed outlines.

Ratundifoliut, round leaved.

Ruber, red.

Rubcscent, reddish, becoming red.

Rubicund, becoming rosy or red.

Rubigitwse,ot a brown or rusty red.

Rudimentary, arrested in develop-
ment, incomplete.

Rndifi, rough, rude.

Riifetcent, reddish, becoming red.

Ititi'iif. ruddy, rust coloured.

Rugnsux, wrinkled ; e.g. the leaves
of the Primrose and Sage.

Rnguloie, finely wrinkled.

.RMTOMirtW.appearingasifehewed;
applied to mottled albumen.

Ritneinate, toothed at the edge,
with the teeth pointing to the
base ; e.g. the leaves of the
Dandelion.

Runner, a prostrate shoot which
emits roots at its joints or
extremity; e.g. the Strawberry.

Rupeitrii, growing in rocky places.

liupicola, inhabiting rocks.

Riiiticut, rustic, rural.

Rutilans, becoming glowing red.

8

Saccate or Sacciform, with a pouch

or bag.

Saccns, a cup or bag.
Sagittate or fiaijittifurm. shaped

like an arrowhead, as the leaves

of the Arum Lily.
flalrtr x/iajii'tl, blossoms similar to

those of the Primrose are

termed salver shaped.

>nlri,ifoliut, with leaves like the

garden Sage.
Samara, a winged seed vessel, as

that of the Elm or Maple.
' ', like a samara.
, sacred.
leans or Sangnineolentut,

bloody, dull red in colour.
Sap, the vitalising fluid which

circulates in the cells of plants.
Saponaceous, soapy, soap-like.
Saprophyte, a plant living and

feeding upon decaying veget-
able matter.
Sajtwood, the new wood of a tree

found near the bark.
Sarcocarp, the fleshy portion of

a drupaceous fruit. A berry

is sometimes called a sarco-

carp.
Sarmentostis, yielding runners, as

Saxifraga sarmentosa.
Sarmentum, a climbing stem ; the

thread-like stem of a runner.
Sativun, cultivated.
Saxatilii or taxicolus, inhabiting

rocks or stones.
Scaber, rough, with very short,

stiff hairs.

Scabrid, rather rough.
Scalariform, ladder shaped ; the

name given to vessels with bars

like a ladder, frequently found

in Ferns.

Scalaris, ladder-like.
Scales, small, rudimentary leaves ;

e.g. the leaves of the involucre

of Composite plants.
Scaljielliform, resembling the blade

of a penknife or scalpel.
Scandent, climbing.
Scape, a. long naked stem arising

from the root of a plant and

bearing the blossoms, as in the

Narcissus.

Scaj/iform, like a scape.
^rii i>'n/erous, bearing scapes.
Scar, the mark exposed on a

stem by the fall of a leaf.
Scarious, skinny, chaffy, with a

dry shrivelled appearance ; e.g.

the involucral leaves of the

Cornflower.,
Scattered, leaves which are neither

opposite nor whorled but thinly

disposed.
SeMifoits, slaty grey, of the colour

of the schist rock.
ScM:-, split.
Scillaris, Squill-Hko.
Scion, a young shoot used in

grafting.
Sclereneliyma, cells with walls

thickened all over the surface.
Sclerogen, the thickening matter

of woody cells.
Scleroid, of hard texture.
Hcopvlinut, belonging to rocks or

cliffs.
Scorpioidal, like the toil of a

scorpion, twisted ; e.g. the in-
florescence of the Viper's

Bugloss.

Scutate

(472 )

Squalidus

Scutate, shaped like an ancient

round buckler or shield.
Scvtellate or Scutellifor»t, like a

disc, platter, or saucer.
Sebi^erous, wax bearing.
Secretions, substances produced in

the interior of plants and stored

in glands.

Sectits, divided to the base.
Secund, arranged on one side only,

pointing one way, following.
Secundine, the second or inner

coat of an ovule.
Seeuriformis, shaped like an axe.
Seed leaves or Seed lobes, those first

appearing from a germinating

seed.
Segment, a division of a leaf, or

the petal of a Monocotyledon.
Self-fertilisation, the impregnation

of ovules with pollen of the

same flower.
Semen, seed.
.Semi-, half ; e.g. semicylindrical,

half-round.

Semi-lunate, resembling a half-
moon.
Seminal, belonging to the seed, as

cotyledons or seed leaves.
Semination, seeding.
Sentiniferous, seed bearing.
Sempervtrtnu, evergreen.
Senilis, old, decaying.
Sepal, a leaf or segment of the

calyx ; it is generally green,

though examples of coloured

sepals are found in Orchids,

etc.
Sepaline or Sepalom, pertaining to

sepals.
Sepalody, the changing of leaves

or petals into sepals.
Sepaloid, resembling a sepal.
Septa, partitions.
Septate, separated by a division or

septum.
Septem, seven.
Septenate, with parts in sevens;

a compound leaf with seven

leaflets arising from the same

point.
Septicidal, applied to seed vessels

which open through the edges

of the carpel.
Septiferrova, with partitions.
Septifragous, opening through the

back of the cells or carpels,

with the valves separating

from the septa.
Seriate, disposed in rows.
Sericeous, silky, covered with flne,

closely pressed hairs.
Serotinns, late flowering.
Serrate, toothed like a saw, as the

edge of an Apple leaf; some

leaves are doubly serrated, i.e.

the teethareagain divided ; e.g.

the Elm.
Serratnrei, the tooth-like divisions

of a leaf's margins.
Serrulate, with very small saw-
like teeth.
Scsqui-, one and a half.

Sessile, sitting, applied to flowers
and leaves without stalks,
stigmas without styles, and
anthers without filaments.
Seta, a bristle, a stiff hair, or a
slender prickle. .

Setaceous or Setosus, bristly;
covered with stiff hairs.

Setiyermis, bearing bristles.
Setulose, slightly bristly.

Sex, six; sexfidus, cut into six
parts.

Shaggy, rough, with stiff hairs.

Sheath, the lower part of the leaf
which is rolled round the
stem.

Sheathing, embracing the stem, as
the base of the leaves in many
Grasses.

Shrub, a woody-stemmed peren-
nial which does not exceed 10'
jn height.

Siecus, dry.

Signatus, marked.

Siliceous, flinty.

Silicula, a pod whose breadth is
as great as, or greater than,
its length.

Siliculose, bearing broad, short
pods.

Siliqua, a long pod ; e.g. the fruit

of the Pea,
I Siliquose, bearing long pods.

Simple or Simplex, the reverse of
compound, consisting of one
part only.; e.g. the stem of the
Tulip.

Simplieissimus, not branched or
divided.

Simulans, imitating.

Sinite, the recesses between the
lobes of leaves.

Sinuate or Sinuosus, wavy, having
the margin broken up into
wavy lobes, as in the Oak leaf.

Sobnles, shoots which spring from
beneath the ground.

Soboliferom, producing young
plants or shoots directly from
the roots ; e.g. the Lilac.

Solaris, relating to the' sun.

Solidits, solid, compact.

Solitaries, alone, solitary.

Sordidiis, dirty, of a muddy colour.

Sari, the patches on the backs
of Fern fronds ; consisting of
sporangia which enclose the
spores.

Sflrote, bearing sori.

Spadiceovt, like a spadix, bearing
a spadix.

Spadix, a succulent spike bearing
many crowded sessile flowers
and enclosed in a spathe ; e.g.
the central yellow portion of
the flower of an Arum Lily.

Sparsns, scattered.

Spatliaceoux, bearing spathes, or
like a spathe.

Spathe, a broad, sheathing bract,
situated on the flower stalk be-
neath the inflorescence, which
it often encloses.

Spatlnilate or Spatiilate, oblong,
with one end broad and the
other suddenly becoming nar-
row.

Spawn,, the mycelium of Fungi.

Sjii'i-i/'ti, an artificial division of a
genus ; the name given to a
number of individual plants
which resemble each other
sufficiently to point to a com-
mon parentage.

Speeifif character, the essential
character of a species.

Sjit'i-inxisxi inn*, most handsome.

Speoioxus, beautiful.

Spertabilis, remarkable, notable.

Spermatia, the motionless repro-
ductive spermatozoids in Fungi,
etc.

Spematetoidt, moving filaments
contained in the antheridia of
Cryptogamous plants.

Spcrmoderni, the general covering
of a seed, usually applied to
the outer coat.

Spermum, seed, or a seed-like part ;
polyspermum, many seeded.

Sphifricus or Spheroidal, resem-
bling a sphere in shape.

SphtfroccpJtaliiis, applied to flowers
growing in close spherical
heads.

Spie-atus, like a spike, arranged in
spikes.

Spike, an inflorescence consisting
of numerous sessile flowers on
an elongated axis or stem.

Spiltelet, a secondary spike ; the
small terminal collection or
cluster of flowers in Grasses.

Spine, a thorn, a sharp pointed,
hardened wooden body, an
abortive branch ending in a
sharp point.

Spinexeent or Spinose, of a spiny
character ; bearing spines.

Spiniileseent, having a tendency to
produce small spines.

Splendidissimiis, most brilliant,
most splendid.

Sponaiolf, root hair, the extremity
of a root fibre having the power
of absorption.

Sporadic, widely distributed ;
occurring singly in isolated
places.

Sporangia, cases found in the sori
on the backs of Fern fronds,
and which contain the spores.

Spore, a detached cell of Crypto-
gamous plants which has the
power of germinating.

Sporiferotin, spore-bearing.

Sport, a bud or seed variation
from a plant.

Spmnrtri-nt, froth-like in appear-
ance.

Spur, a hollow, rounded extension
of a flower seen in the calyx
of the Larkspur and in some
Orchids.

Spuriui:, false.
I Squalidus, rough.

Squama

(473 )

Terminal

,-v/ mi ma, a scale.

i\/i<i/niate or Sqvamosc, covered
with scales.

/v/ mi in (form is, scale-like.

M/uHiiiiila, a small scale.

Sijiiiimiiloie, covered with small
scales.

8y Marrow, rough, with widely pro- '
jecting or spreading scales.

S/ne/i/fx, a spike.

Stamen, the male organ of a
flower, consisting of the anther l
containing the pollen and
generally a filament or thread-
like stem supporting the anther.

StaiMinateoiStaminfferenu, applied
to male flowers, or plants which
bear male flowers or stamens.

Stiiniinode. an abortive stamen.

StaiHinixlif, the changing of other
organs into stamens.

Stinidiird, the posterior, generally
upright petal of a Pea shaped
blossom.

Stellate or Stelliform, star shaped ;
arranged in the form of a star.

Stem**, narrow; stenophylla, with
narrow leaves.

Sltirtle. barren; male plants, which
do not bear fruits.

Stir/ions, a row or rank ; distich-
ous, in two rows.

Stiijiua,, the summit of the pistil
which receives the pollen.

Stiy aiatic, pertaining to the
st igma.

Sliijiitatiferous, bearing stigmas.

Stipe, the petiole of Palms and
Ferns ; the stalk supporting
the cap of the Mushroom.

Stipi'h, leaflets, like small stipules,
situate at the base of the pinna;
in compound leaves.

te. having a stalk which is
distinct from a petiole or
peduncle

yeout resembling stipules.

Stipiilnry, occupying the place of
stipules ; e.g. tendrils

Stipulate, having stipules.

Stipules, lateral appendages, gener-
ally one on each side, placed
at the base of petioles.

Stiilini, a branch which arises from
near the base of the parent
plant, and after travelling
along the ground emits roots
from its tip, ultimately forming
an independent plant ; the
Violet and the Strawberry are
instances.

Stoloniferoiis, bearing stolons.

Stoma (plural Stomata), a mouth-
like opening in the epidermal
covering of plants ; more espe-
cially found in the leaves.

Stone, the hard, inner portion of
a drupaceous fruit ; e.g. the
Plum.

Stool, the base of a plant which
emits shoots for propagation
after having been cut down.

Str/niiinews, straw coloured.

Strap ilinped, ligulate, about six
times as long as broad.

Strept-, twisted.

Stria, a narrow line or channel.

Slrinleil. scored, marked with
parallel lines, as the calyx of
the Pink.

Strietiis, still', straight, upright.

Slrii/if, strong, spear shaped
bristles or thorns.

fftriyflse, covered with rough, strong
adpressed hairs or bristles.

Strobiluf, a cone, the fruit of a Fir
tree or Cedar; also applied
to the fruits of the Hop.

StrombuHform, spirally twisted
into a screw-like body.

Stropliiole, a tubercle or swelling
found on the surface of some
seeds.

Strumii, a cushion-like protuber-
ance.

Striiinose, covered with tubercles.

Stiipntf, covered with tufts of long
hairs.

Style, the column-like process
which, standing upon the ovary,
carries the stigma.

Stylopodiiim, an enlarged disc
situated at the base of the
style in Umbelliferous plants.

Suweolent, sweet smelling.

Snavis, sweet, pleasant.

Sub-, nearly, slightly ; sub-rotund,
nearly round.

Snli-<//ir/ifiutx, nearly smooth.

Sub-kingdom, an artificial division
of the vegetable world.

Sub-pet iolar, beneath the leaf-
stalk.

Sub-speeies, between a species and
a variety ; not having the rank
of a species, but being above a
variety.

Subulate, awl shaped ; tapering
from the base to a fine
point.

Siirei.te. cut or broken off abruptly
at the lower end, as the root of
Scabiosa succisa.

Siirni/ent, juicy, fleshy.

Sucker, a branch from an under-
ground stem.

Sn/frvteteatt, slightly shrubby.

Sujt'riitieofe. herbaceous, but with
perennial woody stems, as the
Lavender.

SideatiiK, furrowed or channelled.

Sn/p/iiire/is, sulphur coloured.

Snperbux, magnificent, superb.

Superior, growing above anything,
i.e. the ovary when free from
the calyx, or the calyx when
attached to the top of the
ovary, is called superior.

Sn/ternnliiHt, floating.

Superroinle, when the two edges
of a leaf are rolled inwards
and one overlaps the other.

Su/iimit, horizontal, with the face
upwards.

>'«/>/)/•/•»»»>«, the complete abortion
of an organ.

Supra, above ; supra-foliaceous,

growing above a leaf.
Surculose, producing suckers.
Siireulut, a shoot rising from

underground, a sucker.
Simpeitsnr, the stalk of the embryo.
Suspeiuiis, hanging.
Suture, the line formed by the

union of the valves of the seed

vessel ; the place where a Pea

pod opens.
Sylvt'strig or Sylvaticns, growing

in woods or forests.
Si/mbimis, state in which two

plants grow together for mutual

benefit.

Sympbisi», growing together.
Sijmpkijostenumovs, having the

stamens united.
Syn-, union, adhesion ; synan-

therous stamens are united

by their anthers.
Syucarpittm, an agglomeration of

fruits, as in the Mulberry.
Synearpoiis, with carpels united to

form one ovary.
Si/iii/rnesiotis, with the anthers

united by their edges to form

a tube, as in the florets of

Composite flowers.

Tabulifform, flat topped, table
shaped.

Tabwlaris, flat, relating to boards.

Tails, long, feathery terminations
of flowers and fruits.

Tap-root, the continued and thick-
ened radicle in the embryo ; a
tapering root which penetrates
deeply into the ground with-
out dividing ; e.g. the Carrot.

Tardiflorus, slow in flowering.

Tartareovs, with a rough and
crumbling surface.

Taimy, dull yellow in colour.

Taxonomy, the classification of
plants.

Teated, shaped like an animal's
teat.

Teetns, covered.

Tegmen, the second covering of a
seed.

Tegmenta, the scales which pro-
tect some buds.

Tendril, a slender, twining organ
which aids a plant in climbing,
well seen in the Vine, or ter-
minating a leaf as in the
Pea.

Tenebrasu*, dark and gloomy.

Tener, tender, delicate, soft.

Tentacttlatiif, provided with ten-
tacles or arms.

Tennis, thin and slender.

Teratology, the study of monstrosi-
ties.

Terei or Terete, round, cylindrical.

Teretiuseiilous, roundish.

Tcrgeminoux, applied to leaves
which are doubly twin forked.

'terminal or Terminalis, ending.

Ternately verticillate

( 474 )

Unilateral

proceeding from the end ; e.g.

the flowers of the Cineraria.
Ternately vertieillate, having tl iree

leaves arranged in a whorl.
Ternatiis, growing or arranged in

threes, a leaf consisting of

three leaflets ; e.g. Choisya

ternata.

Terrestris, pertaining to the earth.
Tessellatus, chequered, with dif-
ferent colours arranged in

squares.

Testa, the skin of a seed.
Testaceous, pale brown in colour.
1'esticulate, applied to roots having

two oblong appendages ; e.g.

Orchis mascula.
Tetra, four ; tetragynum, with four

pistils.
Tistrachotomoiis, applied to stems

which branch in fours.
Tetragonal or Tetragonous, four

angled.
Tetramerous, with all the parts

arranged in fours.
Tttrandrous, having four anthers.
Tetratjwetrous, with four sharp

wing-like angles.
Tetra.ftlchous, with a four angled

spike.
Thalamus, the receptacle of a

flower, the part which bears

the floral organs.
Theca, a sporangium or spore case,

found in Cryptogamous plants.
Thecaphorc, the stalk which sup-
ports the spore case in Crypto-
gamous plants.
Thermalis, pertaining to warm

springs.

Thrixspermum, a hairy seed.
Throat, the orifice of a tubular,

monopetalous flower or of a

monosepalous calyx.
Thrum-eyed, applied to flowers

wherein the anthers protrude

beyond the stigma in the

mouth of the corolla, as in the

Primula.
Thyrse, a dense panicle or cluster,

like that of the Lilac.
Thyrsoid, like a thyrse.
Thyrsula, a little cluster ; generally

applied to that found in the

axils of the leaves of Labiate

plants.
Tiyrinus, striped and spotted like

a tiger.

Tinctorius, dyed, relating to dye-
ing.
Tissue, the substance of which

organs are composed.
Tomentose, covered with matted

hair, woolly.

Tumentum, dense, close hair.
Torfaceous, pertaining to bogs or

marshes.
Torose or Torulosc, protuberating,

swelling unevenly, as the pods

of the Broad Bean.
Tortilis, twisted.
Tortuosus, irregularly twisted and

turned.

Torus, see Tfinlamus.

Toxicarius, poisonous.

Trachea?, vessels found in the
tissue of plants.

TransjAratwn, the giving off of
water from the surface of a
plant ; generally greatest from
the leaves.

Trapeaiform.it, flat, but having
four unequal sides, the oppo-
site ones not parallel.

Tremulus, quivering.

Tri- or Tris-, three, thrice ; tri-
foliate, three-leaved.

Triad elphous, stamens united in
three bundles.

Triandrous, having three stamens.

Trichos, a hair.

Trichotommis, with the branches
divided into threes.

Tricolor, three coloured.

Tricnstate, with three ribs.

Tricuspidecte, with three short
points.

Tridentate, shaped like a trident ;
with three teeth.

Trifarious, arranged in three
rows.

Trijid, divided into three parts,
with three clefts extending
about halfway.

Trifoliate, with three leaflets
arising from the same point,
as in the Clover.

Tri(jynoui, with three styles.

Trijuijate, with three pairs of
leaflets.

Trinitrons, with all the parts ar-
ranged in threes.

Trimi'.stris, lasting three months.

Trimorpliic, with three forms of
flower in the same species,
each on different plants, vary-
ing in the lengths of their
pistils and stamens.

Triaseious, with male flowers on
one plant, females on a second,
and hermaphrodite flowers on
a third.

Tripartite, cut nearly to the base
in three divisions.

Tnstis, sad, sorrowful.

Triumphans, triumphant., exalted.

Trimalis, ordinary, trifling.

Troclileate, twisted like a pulley.

Tropis, the keel of a Pea shaped
blossom, or a part which re-
sembles it.

Truncate, ending bluntly as though
cut off ; e.g. the petals of the
Periwinkle.

Tube, the lengthened part of a
monopetalous flower which is
formed by the cohesion of the
edges of the petals ; also
applied to the calyx.

Tuber, a thickened, fleshy under-
ground stem bearing buds or
eyes ; e.g. the Potato. Also the
generic name of some Truffles.

Tubercle, a small wart-like ex-
crescence.

Tuberculatus, bearing small tubers.

Tubercule, a little tuber ; applied
to fleshy roots which store up
food, but which are not big
enough to be called tubers.

Tuberous, with fleshy, thickened
roots or tubers.

Titbiflortti, bearing tubular flowers.

Tumid, swollen or swelling.

Tunicated, with broad overlapping
scales or coats, as in the Onion.

Turbinate, shaped like a top,
conical.

Turgid, swollen.

Turio, young shoot covered with
scales sent up from an under-
ground stem ; e.g. Asparagus as
when gathered for consump-
tion.

Typieus, typical ; applied to a
specimen which has emi-
nently the characteristics of
its species.

U

Uliginose, growing in marshy
places.

Vlmifolius, with leaves like an Elm.

Umbel, an inflorescence in which
numerous stalked flowers
radiate from a common centre.
A compound umbel is an in-
florescence whose component
parts are smaller umbels. The
Agapanthus is a familiar
instance of the simple, and
the Carrot of the compound
umbel.

Umbellate, disposed in umbels,
resembling an umbel.

Umbellule, a small umbel, one of
the secondary umbels which go
to make up an umbelliferous
inflorescence.

Umbilicate, navel-like, dimpled,
fixed to the stalk by a point in
the centre.

Umbilicus, a slender cord by
which a seed is attached to
the placenta.

Umbonate, round, with a projec-
tion in the centre like the boss
of a shield.

Umbraculiform, shade yielding ;
in the form of an expanded
umbrella.

Unarmed, without prickles or
thorns.

Unnate or uncinate, provided with
hook-like processes ; hooked
at the end.

Unctuous, fat or oily.

Undulatt/s. waved.

Unguiculate. applied to petals
which have a claw at the base,
as those of the Pink.

Unguis, a claw, the narrowed part
of a petal.

Ungulatus, hoof shaped.

Uni-, one ; uniflorus, one flowered.

Unicus, single, only one.

Unilateral, growing on one side
only ; turned to one side.

Unisexual

I 475 )

Zygomorphic

Unisexual, bearing male or female
organs only.

Urceolate, shaped like an urn or a
pitcher.

ffrens, stinging.

IJtilis, useful, serviceable.

Iftilissimus, most useful.

Utricle, a thin walled bottle
shaped cell, a membranous
bladder.

Utrimlate or fftriculoie, bladder-
like, consisting of bladders.

Vacillans, wavering.

Vacuole, a space in the protoplasm
of a plant which contains the
sap of the cells.

Vacuous, empty; generally applied
to parts which are normally
filled, but whose contents
have disappeared.

Vagiform, of uncertain shape.

Vagina,, the sheathing expansion
of the base of a leaf.

Vaginans, sheathing.

Vaginatus, sheathed.

Validiii, powerful.

Valvate, united by the margins to
form valves or doors.

Valves, the divisions of a capsule.

Variabilis, variable.

Varians, changing.

Varicosus, swollen intermittently.

Varieyatum, variegated.

Vartrty,a, plant which differs from
others of the same species, but
not sufficiently so to have
specific rank accorded it. A
variety often does not come-
true from seed ; a species in-
variably does so. A variety is
therefore less "fixed" than a
species.

Variolate, marked with small de-
pressions.

Vas, a vessel.

Vascular, consisting of tissue in
the shape of vessels or
channels.

Vascultim, the botanist's collect-
ing tin.

Vei/etus, vigorous.

Veins, the bundles of vessels,
fibre - vascular, which form
the ribs of leaves.

Velutiniu, with a velvety appear-
ance, covered with very fine
soft hairs.

Venation, the arrangement of the
veins in leaves.

Venose, veined.

Ventral, belonging to the inner
surface of a carpel, used in
contradistinction to dorsal.

Ventricose, inflated, swelling un-
equally on one side.

Vantstus, charming, lovely.

Vermicular, worm-like, either in
shape or movements.

Vernal or Vernits, pertaining to
the spring.

Vernation, the arrangement of
leaves in the bud.

Vernieose, appearing as if var-
nished, as the flowers of many
Cypripediums.

Verniciw, covered with wart-like
excrescences.

Versatile, fixed in such a manner
as t ii readily turn about ; swing-
ing to and fro.

Vcrsi color, of various colours.

I 'rr/fliriitt; contracted at intervals
with a joint at each contrac-
tion ; like the backbone of an
animal.

Vertex, the uppermost point or
apex of an organ.

Vertical, upright.

Vcrtici'l, a whorl ; parts arranged
opposite each other at the
same level.

Vertieillaster, a false whorl, com-
posed of two opposite inflor-
escences, as in the Dead
Nettle.

Verticillate, arranged in a whorl ;
with the parts disposed in a
circle around a common axis.

Vertilineat , in a straight line.

I 'eriis, true.

Vesicle, a small, hollow excres-
cence resembling a bladder.

Vesicular or Vesteitloie, inflated,
appearing as if formed of
bladders.

Vttftrti/MU, relating to the even-
ing; expanding in the evening.

Vessels, tubes formed by the
amalgamation of a vertical
row of cells, and having their
ends closed.

Vi'atitui, clothed.

Vexillarins, bearing standards.

Vexillary, having when in bud
one larger part overlapping
and enveloping the others, as
in the blossoms of the Sweet
Pea.

Vexillum, the standard or large
upper petal in Pea shaped
blossoms.

\"tlli, soft hairs.

Villims or Villotus, covered with
long loose hair; having a woolly
appearance.

Vimineoiis, having long slender
and flexible twigs or shoots,
as the Osier.

Vine, a trailing or climbing stem.

Violaceous, violet coloured.

Virens, green.

Virescent, becoming green.

Virgate, twiggy, long and straight
like a wand.

Virginalis or Virg-nevi, virgin,
maiden.

Virii/'wuit, greenish, becoming
green.

Viridis, green.

Viscid or Viscous, clammy, adhe-
sive, sticky.

Vitellinus, yellow, like the yolk
of an egg.

Vitellirus, persistent.

Viticulose, bearing Vine-like twigs
or suckers.

Vittatus, with long ribbon-like
stripes.

Viviparous, producing young
plants or leaf buds in place
of seeds ; plants which pro-
duce bulbils in the axils of
the leaves. Aspleniuin vivi-
parium is an example of the
first, Lilium tigrinum of the
second.

Volubilii, twining.

Volra, a curtain or wrapper cover-
ing the fructification in some
Fungi while young.

Vulffaris, common, ordinary.

Viilpinus, relating to the fox.

Vutciform, shaped like a cleft,
with protruding margins.

W

Wattled, with processes like the
wattles of a cock.

Whorlea, arranged in a circle.

Whorls, leaves, flowers, or
branches arranged in circles
around a common stem.
Examples are the leaves of the
Martagon Lily, the flowers of
Primula verticillata, and the
branches of the Kir.

Wing-cleft, almost divided to the
midrib on either side, as the
leaves of the Shirley 1'oppy.

Wings, the lateral petals of a Pea
shaped flower, the flat mem-
branous appendages of some
seeds ; e.g. the Elm.

Xanthophyll, the yellow colour-
ing matter of plants.

Xant/ios, yellow.

Xerophilous, requiring a hot and
dry atmosphere.

Xylem, woody tiss-ue of plants.

Xylo-, woody ; xylocarpum, woody
fruited.

Tuccrffolia, with leaves like a
Yucca.

Zantfio-, yellow ; zanthoriza, with

yellow roots.
Zonalis or Zonatus, marked with

zones or bands.
/ones, stripes, belts, bands.
ZoapMIows, fertilised by insects,

insect loving.
Zooi-pore, a moving spore furnished

with fine hairs.
Xyyo-, united ; zygophyllum, with

united leaves.
Zygomarphic, divisible into two

similar halves in only one

direction.

USEFUL TABLES.

HARDY ANNUALS.

GENUS.

SPECIES OK VARIETY.

POPULAR NAME.

COLOUR.

HEIGHT.

TIME OK
FLOWKHISC.

Abronia .

umbellata

Everlastings

ro.

G"

Amaranthus .

caudatus

Love-Lies-Bleeding

crim.

2'

Asperula

azurea setosa

Blue Woodruff

bl.

1'

Barton ia

aurea

yel.

H'

Cacalia .

coccinea

Tassel Flower

or. sc.

if'

Calandrinia .

grandiflora

ro.

H'

sum.

»i • •

speciosa

magenta

9"

Calendula

officinalis (several

Marigold

yel. and wh.

1'

vars., including

doubles)

Callirhoe
Centaurea

pedata
Cyanus (several vars.)

Cornflower

pur. crim.
bl. and var.

2'

y

Aug.
Jy. to Sep.

"

Moschata
odorata

|- Sweet Sultan 4

pur.

yel.

2' \

H' /

Jy. and Aug.

Centranthus .

macrosiphon

red

A2 *

IV

1

»

macrosiphon albus

wh.

j? f July

Chrysanthemum .

carinatum (several

Annual Chrysan-

wh.,cr.,yel.,

2'

Aug

named vars., in-

themum

and sc.

cluding burridge-

anum)

" • •

coronarium (several

Annual Chrysan-

wh. and yel.

3'

1

vars.)

themum

M

segetum
segetum grandiflorum

1 Corn Marigold

yel.

1*'

v sum.

Clarkia .

elegans (many vars.)

rosypur.and

2'

July

various

,, •

pulchella

various

2'

June

Collinsia . • •.

bicolor

pur. wh.

r

1

n . .

bicolor alba

wh.

r

) Aug.

>i •

grandiflora

pur. bl.

r

July

»» •

verna

wh. and bl.

r

May

Collomia

coccinea

red

14'

V

1

>»
Convolvulus .

grandiflora
major (correctly

Convolvulus

red, yel.
various

l|'
climber

June

Ipomcea purpurea.)

sum.

>• •

minor

various

1'

Coreopsis

Drummondii

yel. and or.

2'

June

»i

tinctoria

vel 9'

1

Datura . . .

ceratocaula

JCl,

wh.

3'

July

Delphinium .

Stramonium
Ajacis (several vars.)

Thorn Apple
Annual Rocket,

wh.

bl.

2'
li'

1

„ . • .

Larkspur
Consolida (several Branching Lark-

bl.

2

2'

[• sum.

'Erysimmn
Eschscholtzia .

vars.)
perofskianum
californica
californica(manyvars.)

spur
Californian Poppy

or.
yel.
various

H'

if

H'

1
May and Aug.

(June

,.

C. tenuifolia

or. and or.

1' to" I?/

Eutoca .

viscida

bl.

1'

sum.

Gilia

achillefefolia

1)1.

1'

Auu.

11 ...

dichotoma

wh.

(!"

sum.

Godetia .

tricolor (many vars.)
(many named vars.)

various
various

r

6" to 18"

June

Hibiscus .

Trionum

yel.

2'

i> •

Trionum major

prim., yel.,

2'

(sum.

Hurmilus

japonicus

Japanese Hop

tillll \ 1O.

climber

"

japonicus variegatus

Variegated Hop

climber \'

Hardy Annuals

( 477 )

Hardy Annuals

GF.NCS.

SPECIES OR VARIETY.

PoprLAR NAME.

COLOUR.

HEIOHT.

TIME OF
FLOWERINO.

Iberis

umbellata (several

^ (

various

1' to H'

vars.)

]• Candytuft

...

violacea

/ I

pur.

3"

sum.

Kiiiilftissia

ainelloides

bl.

G"

1

Lathyrus

odoratus (many vars.)

Sweet Pea .

various

climbers

sum. to aut.

mostly

Lavatera

trimestris
trimestris alba

| Mallow -j

wh. and ro.
wh.

8' to 6'
3' to G4

Layia

elegans

yel. and wh.

V

,, ...

elegans alba

wh.

1'

LeptosiphOn .

densiilorus (several

bl. and wh.

3" to G"

sum.

vars.)

Linaria .

reticulata (several

3 el.

2' to 3'

vars.)

Linum

grandillorum (several

Scarlet Flax

ro.

G" to 12"

vars.)

Lnpinus .

atrococcineng hy-

crim. sc.

2'

brid us

„ . . .

Hartvvegii

bl. and wh.

2

Tnltr

„

nanus

HI. bl.

1

July

,, • . •

naiius albus

wh.

1

,, .

subcarnosus

bluish yel.

1

lychnis .

Coeli-rosa

ro., wh., or

1

sum.

pur.

Malcomia

maritima

Virginian Stock

various

6" to 12"

spr. to aut.

Malope .

trifida

pur. or wh.

1' to li'

,, . . .

trilida grandiflora

ro.

11' to *'

(several sub-vars.)

sum.

Malva .

moschata

Musk Mallow

ro.

2' to 2i'

,, ...

moschata alba

White Musk Mal-

wh.

2' to 2i'

low

Mattliiola

bicornis

Night - Scented

pur. red

r

}'

Stock

Julv

,,

tricuspidata

bl.

r

Minmliis

guttatus

Monkey Musk

various

r

Neinesia.

strnmosa (several

various

8" to 15"

vars.)

Nemophila

insignis (several vars .)

bl.

G"

Nigclla .

liispanica

Love-in-a-Mist

bl.

9" to 12"

sum.

,.

hispanica alba (also

White Love-in-a-

wh.

12" to 15"

double vars.)

Mist

(Enotliera

speciosa rosea

Evening Primrose

ro.

<!"

Omphalodes .

linifolia

Venus' Navelwort

6" to 12"

June to Aug.

Papaver .

Rhu'iis var.

.Shirley Poppies

various

6" to ll" i

Phacelia.

otvnipanularia

bl.

V

sum.

,, .

tanacctifoh'a

bl.

li'

J

Reseda .

odorata (several vars.)

Mignonette

red and wh.

G" to 12"

sum. and aut.

Sanvitalia

procninbens (also a

yel.

G"

double var.)

Saponaria

calabriea

pk.

8"

1*

calabrica alba

wh.

G"

Seneeio .

elegans (many vars.,

Jacoba:a

various

i.y

single and double)

sum.

Silene

pendula (several vars.,

Catchfly

pk.

4"

Including com-

pacta)

Statice .

spicata

ro.

r

II

Suworowi

bright ro.

15"

Tropseolum

majus
dwarf vars.

Nasturtium

various
various

climber
10" to 1;V

j sum. and aut.

ii

canariense

Canary Creeper

yel.

climber

\

Whitlavia

grandiflora

vio.

r

t sum.

ii •

gloxinioides

wh. and bl.

r

/

Xeranthemuin

imperials
sapeibUsimnm

vio.
pur.

2'

2"

| sum. and aut.

NOTE. — Seed of all the subjects in this list may be sown out of doors about the beginning of April,
either in places where they are to flower or in seed beds, the young plants being afterwards transplanted.
Some of them are not strictly annuals, but become perennials when placed in such favourable circum-
stances that more or less continuous growth is possible.

Half-Hardy Annuals

( 478 )

Half-Hardy Annuals

HALF-HARDY ANNUALS.

(* See note at the end of the table.)

GKNUS.

SPECIES OR VARIETY.

POPULAR NAME.

HEIGHT.

COLOUR.

TIME OF
FLOWERING.

Aster

China Aster

(see Callistephus)

Ageratum
» • • •

mexicanum
raexicanum album

} Ageratum {! ^i'

bl.
wh.

| summer

(several good bl.

named vars.)

Alonsoa .

gracilis

1'

red

July

>i • • •

linifolia

H'

sc.

summer

Mutisii

pk. and crim.

sum. and aut.

,, • • •

Warscewiczii com-

1'

bright sc.

summer

pacta

Amaranthus

melancholious

1'

Ivs. crim. fls.

July

ruber

inconspicuous

Browallia .

demissa (elata)

If

bl. and wh.

summer

Callistephus

hortensis (many

China Aster

G"to24"

various

late sum. and

vars.)

aut.

Cosmea .

bipinnata

3'

ro. and wh.

sura, and early

aut.

Dianthus .

Heddewigii and

Indian or Japan

6" to 9"

various

)

vars.)

Pink

f summer

Exacnm .

affine

G" vio. pur.

i

Jmpatiens

balsamina (many

Balsam

11' to 2'

various

}

vars.)

(STUD, ana earl;

Loasa

aurantiaca

climber

or.

j" aut.

Lobelia

Erinus (many

Lobelia

G"

wh. , bl., and

J
\

vars )

pur.

1

Martynia .

fragrans

2'

mauve

Matthiola.

incana

Brompton, Queen,

1' to 2'

various

)" su Turner

and Wallflower-

leaved Stocks

;

incana annua

Ten-Week Stock

]' to 2'

various

May to Oct.

Maurandia

barclayana

climber

vio. pur.

„

barclayana lucey-

climber

pk.

ana

Mesembryanthemum

crystallinum

Ice Plant

3"

Ivs. grn.andvvh.

Mina

lobata

climber

red, wh., and

yel.

Nicotiana .

affinis

Tobacco

y

wh.

n

sylvestris
grandiflora pur-

]- Giant Tobacco -

<>'

5'

wh.
reddish pur.

purea

Petunia .

many vars.

Petunia

1' to 2'

various

Perilla .

nankinensis

2'

, Ivs. pur.

Phlox ...

Drummondii

1'

various

Portulaca .

grandiflora (many

Sun Plant

6"

yel. and pur.

vars. known as

summer

compacta)

Pyrethrum

part henifolium

^ /

1'

wh., Ivs, yel.

»i • •

aureum

parthenifolium

I Golden Feather J

r

Ivs. finely cut

selaginoides

} [

Ricinus

communis
communis Gibsonii

| Castor-oil Plant |

3' to 5'
4' to 5'

Ivs. large, grn.
Ivs. bronze pur.

Salpiglossis

sinuata (several

2' to 4'

various

vars.)

Schizanthus

pinnatus

Butterfly flower

1' to 3'

bl. and ro.

»»

retusus

1' to 3'

or. and ro.

Tagetes .

erecta (many

African Marigold

3'

various shades

vars.)

of yel.

„ ...

patula (many vars.)

French Marigold

U'to2'

various

» ...

signata

Striped Mexican 1J' yel.

\

Marigold

>sum. and aut.

„ . . .

signata pumila

dwarf ditto

10"tol2" yel.

1

Half-Hardy Annuals

( 479 )

Trained Fruit Treeo

GENUS.

SPECIES on VARIETY.

POPULAR NAME.

HEIGHT. COLOUR.

Thnnbergia

Ziiini;i

alata

aurantiaca
elegans

Zinnia

4'cl.

4'cl.
1' to 2'

yel. and blk.
eye

or
various

TIME OF
FLOWKHIIXL

!• sum. and aut.

* Some of the plants named in the foregoing list are not really annuals, but it is found convenient
to cultivate them as such, either because there is a difficulty in keeping them through the winter, or
because the best flowers are borne by young plants. The qualifying "half-hardy" means that some
artificial heat is necessary in the early stages of the plant's existence. Thus it is usual to sow the seed
in fairly brisk heat (about 60°) under glass towards the end of February or the beginning of March, the
seedlings being pricked off into pans or boxes as they (the plants) become large enough to handle.
Hardening off is practised during May, and the end of that month or the beginning of the next finds
the plants consigned to their flowering quarters outdoors.

TRAINED FRUIT TREES.

FRTIT.

METHOD OF BEARING.

ASPECT OF WALL IF
GROWS OUTDOORS.

Apples . . . »

Spur

Fan. Vertical and oblique

S., S.W., N.W.

single or multiple cor-

dons. Horizontal cor-

dons. Espalier.

Apricots ....

* Spur and extension

Fan

S. in the midlands.

S., S.W., and W.

in the south of

Britain.

Cherries, Sweet .

Spur

Fan

W., SW.. S.E.

„ Morello

Extension

Fan

E., N.E., N.

Currants, Ked and White .

Spur

Gridiron or multiple cordon

N., N.E., E.

Figs

Extension

Modified fan, growths being

S., S.W., W.

trained from stool

Gooseberries

Spur and extension

Fan and gridiron or mul-

N., N.E., E.

tiple cordon

Nectarines ....

Extension usuallv, spur

Fan

S., S.K., S.W., W.

occasionally

Peaches ....

Extension usually, spur

Fan

S., S.E., S.W., VV.

occasionally

Pears

Spur

Single or multiple vertical

S., S.E., E., S.W.,

or oblique cordons. Hori-

W.

zontal cordons. Hori-

zontal or espalier trained

Plums, Gage

•»

S., S E., W., S.W.

„ Victoria .

Spur

W., E., and S.E.

„ Coe's Golden Drop

f

N., N.E., E.

Vines

Spur. Extension for a

Cordon

S., S.W.

few varieties, like

•

Duke of Buccleuch

* The systems of pruning are broadly two : (1) The " spar," which necessitates a summer pinching
of the young shoots, followed by a winter pruning; (2) the " extension," under which system new wood is
trained in annually to take the place of the old, and to bear fruit the following year. The old bearing
wood is usually cut out after the fruit has been gathered. Some trees may be trained upon either of
these methods. Again, as in the case of the Apric-nt, and to some extent of the Peach and the Nectarine,
a compromise between the two systems is eltected, shoots that cannot be trained in being pinched to
form spurs.

Garden Friends

( 480 )

Garden Friends

GARDEN FRIENDS.

ANIMALS (INCLUDING INSECTS) THAT AUK OF SEBVICE TO GARDENERS.

GENERIC NAMEV

SPECIFIC OR
^ VARIETAL NAME.

POPULAR NAME.

RsMAftKB.

Apanteles

glomeratus

Ichneumons

larvse parasitic upon White Cab-
bage Butterfly

Apis

mellifica

Honey Bee

gives honey ; assists in the pol-

lenising of flowers

Bombiis .

Lucorum
terrestris

| Humble or Bumble Bee

pollenises flowers

Braconidese (see

(many species)

Ichneumon Flies

larvse parasitic upon injurious

Apanteles)
Bufo

vulgaris

Toad

insects
feeds upon insects, chiefly by night,

but also on dull days ; excel-

lent for placing in Cucumber

and Melon houses

Carabus .

nemoralis

Ground Beetles

feed upon snails and insects, both

living and dead

Chilopoda
Chrysopa

(many species)
vulgaris

Centipedes
Lacewing Fly ; Golden-

feed upon insects
feeds upon aphides

eyed Fly

Cicindela

campestris

Tiger Beetle

larvae and perfect insects feed upon
insects

Coociuella

bipunctata

Two-spotted Ladybird

septempunctata

Seven-spotted Ladybird

feed upon aphides ; some of the

M • • •

undecempunctata

Eleven-spotted Ladybird

most useful of all insects

variabilis

Variable Ladybird

Copris

lunaris

Unicorn Beetle \ helps to bury decaying- vegetable

matter

Drilus

(several species)

feed upon snails

Epeira .

diademata

Garden Spider

feeds upon moths and aphides

Goerius .

olens (see Ocypus)

Devil's Coach Horse Beetle-

preys upon insects

Harpalus

(several species)

Ground Beetles

although carnivorous, these occa-

sionally adopt a vegetarian diet

Hemerobius .

(several species)

Lacewing Flies

feed upon aphides

Hypena .

proboscidalis

Snout Moths

feed upon nettles

Ichneumonidea; (see

(many species)

Ichneumon Flies

larvae parasitic upon many in-

Apanteles, Rhys-

jurious insects

sa, and Thalassa)

Lampyris

noctiluca

Glow-worm

larvse feed upon snails

Linypliia

(several forms)

Gossamer Spiders

feed upon flies

Lumbricus

terrestris communis

Earthworms

promote soil aeration and fertility

Lycosa .

(several forms)

Hunting Spiders

feed upon flies

Macroglossa .

Stellatarum

Humming-bird Hawk

pollenises flowers of Honeysuckle

Moth

and other flowers with long tubes

Microgaster (see

glomeratus

Ichneumons

Apanteles)

Mustela .

vulgaris

Weasel

hunts rabbits

Neriene . . . ! (several forms)

Gossamer Spiders

feed upon flies

Neuroptera

(several forms)

Lacewing Flies

feed upon aphides

Ocypus .

olens

Devil's Coach Horse or

feeds upon slugs, worms, and snails

Cock-tail

Rhyssa .

(several species)

Ichneumons

larva; parasitic upon injurious

insects ; feed upon insects

Salticus .

scenicus

Leaping Spiders

feed upon flies

Scolopendra .

electricus

Light-bearing Centipede

feeds upon insects

Syrphus

(many species)

Hawk Flies

prey upon aphides

Testacella

lialiotidea

Slugs

]

»

Maugei

Slugs

-live on earthworms

Thalassa

(many species)

Ichneumons

J

Thrips .

Phylloxeras

Thrips

larvse parasitic on injurious insects

Vanessa .

Antiopa

Camberwell Beauty

"•V •

Atalanta

Red Admiral Butterfly

»,

lo

Peacock Butterfly

feed upon Nettles

,,

Urticse

Small Tortoise-shell 'But-

Vespa .

Crabo

terfly
Hornet

feeds upon other insects, including

Walckenaera .

(several forms)

Gossamer Spiders

wasps
feed upon flies

FKINTKD BY CASSEI.L & COMPANY, LIMITHII, I.A B;:LLE SAUVAOE, LONDON. E.G.

right.

practical

APK

dictionary o

Agronomy

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

YF 02V57