MEMOIRS

OF THE

CABNEGIE MUSEUM.

VOL. VI. NO. 6.

CATALOG OF THE FOSSIL FISHES IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

PART III. CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES FROM THE LITHOGRAPHIC

STONE OF CERIN, FRANCE.

By C. R. Eastman.

(Plates XLVIII-LVI.)

The subject matter of the following Catalog consists of a large and representa-
tive assortment of Upper Jurassic fishes from Cerin (Ain) in southeastern France,
the material being contained in the Bayet Collection, which was acquired by the
Museum through the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie in 1903.

It is now generally considered that the deposits of lithographic limestone in
the Department of Ain, France, and in the vicinity of Solenhofen, Bavaria, are of
contemporary age, both being referable to the Lower Kimmeridgian division of the
marine Upper Jura, and not to the Corallian (upper member of the Middle Jura),
as some writers have supposed. The stratigraphic relations of the fish-bearing
beds at Cerin will be clear from an inspection of the annexed diagram showing
the geological section across this region.

Essentially the same ichthyic fauna is represented in the lithographic stone
of Cerin, France, and in similar deposits of the general region around Solenhofen,
Bavaria; the latter locality, however, furnishing the more abundant and more
diversified forms of animal life. The composition of the fish-fauna is essentially
" ganoid "; that is to say, teleost fishes of the Crossopterygian and Actinopterygian
orders predominate, cartilaginous forms are in the minority, and the Dipnoan
sub-class is without known representatives. Among Elasmobranch fishes the
Batoidei, or rays, outnumber the sharks, and Holocephali occur very sparsely

349

350

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

at the Bavarian locality, no trace of them having been found in the corresponding
deposits in France. In many cases where the same genera occur in both localities,
they are found to be represented by different species, as is perhaps natural to expect
from the point of view of geographic distribution.

Besides the fishes, some fifty species of which were known from Cerin during
the life-times of Louis Agassiz and Victor Thiolliere, mention should be made of

MOLAflO OE DON

M> LACHAT

CROIX. De LA ROCHC

C/vRRlERE OE CERIN

Fig. 1. Geological Section in the Vicinity of Cerin, France. (After Gervais).

the occurrence of Rhynchocephalian and Pterosaurian genera in the French deposits,
also of a considerable number of insects and Crustacea, apparently identical with
those which are found in Bavaria.

Of somewhat different nature lithologically, but yielding approximately the
same ichthyic fauna, and regarded in consequence as the homotaxial equivalent of
the beds at Cerin, is the Lower Kimmeridgian bituminous limestone of Orbagnoux,
Ain, France. One of the pioneer students of this fauna, Victor Thiolliere of Lyons,
writing in 1854, speaks as foUows regarding the synchronism of the deposits at
Orbagnoux, Cerin, and Solenhofen:

" Les schistes d'Orbagnoux sont principalement represented dans la coUection
de M. Itier par leurs vegetaux nombreux et varies; mais ils avaient aussi fourni
. . . toute une serie de Thrissops, Leptolepis, Aspidorhynchus, Caturus, Pycnodus
[ = Microdon? Eastman] et autres poissons, que j'ai examines avec d'autant plus
d'interet qu'ils m'ont donne la pleine conviction de l'identite de la faune ichthyo-
logique des schistes bitumineux avec celle des calcaires lithographiques. Cette
identite, que je n'avais annonc^e en 1850 que sur des preuves moins decisives, ne
peut pas plus etre revoquee en doute aujourd'hui, que celles de tout l'ensemble qui

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 351

en resulte avec la faune de Solenhofen." "Les Poissons Foss. &c, dans le
Bugey,"p.3.

The medium in which organic remains are preserved in the calcareous and
bituminous deposits of southeastern France has not the same fineness as that of
the Bavarian lithographic stone, hence the more delicate details are less exquisitely
portrayed in the form of impressions than at the famous locality of Solenhofen.
Nevertheless the perfection in which most of the hard parts are preserved in the
rock is truly marvellous. The chief difficulty with which vertebrate paleontologists
have to contend is the accidental distortion or displacement of parts owing to
pressure of freshly deposited sediment during fossilization.

A brief resume may be offered at this point concerning earlier contributions
to our knowledge of the Jurassic fish-fauna of the Bugey. Local geologists appear
to have become interested in collecting fossil remains from this region as early
as the second decade of the nineteenth century, and credit for having discovered
the fish-bearing beds of Cerin is awarded by later writers to M. Jules Itier, who began
in 1821 the preparation of a geological map of the Department of Ain. The con-
clusions reached by this excellent observer after many years of patient effort were
finally published in a communication entitled " Memoirs sur les roches asphaltiques
de la chaine du Jura."1

In 1838 a civil engineer and geologist, named M. Drian, brought together a
small collection of fish-remains from the quarries of lithographic stone of Cerin
in the commune of Marchamp (Ain), and some eight years later these remains
passed into the hands of M. Victor Thiolliere of the University at Grenoble, who
at once became deeply interested in their investigation, and whose labors were
unfortunately cut short by death before his final memoir was completed. It is
affirmed by Professor Thiolliere's associates, MM. Falsan and Dumortier, that the
beginning of our knowledge of the Cerin fish-fauna is traceable to the lively curiosity
aroused by the collection of the Lyonese geologist, Drian. The latter, in 1838
as stated by these authors, " decouvrit les belles empreintes de poissons de la
carriere de Cerin, commune de Marchamp (Ain) ; puis en 1846 il les communiqua
a V. Thiolliere. L'examen de ces echantillons fut le point de depart des per-
severantes et remarquables recherches de ce dernier savant, qui, pour s'occuper
uniquement de l'etude de cette riche faune et pour combler une lacune restee
dans les travaux geologiques frangais n' hesita pas a abandonner le trace de la
carte geologique du departement du Rhone."

Two short notices were published by M. Thiolliere during the years 1848-50,
the second of which contained a description of certain reptilian remains from the

1 Bull, de la Soc. de Statistique de l'Isere, Vol. II, 1839, p. 128.

352 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

same region, which had been submitted to Hermann von Meyer and studied by
him.2 In 1854 appeared the handsome memoir of Thiolliere, upon which his
claims for recognition as a student of paleichthyology chiefly rest.3 The sequel
to this work was not completed during the author's life-time, although a dozen
plates intended for its illustration had been printed in 1858, and were exhibited
before the visiting members of the French Geological Society at a meeting held at
Nevers in that year. A short paper presented by Thiolliere on this occasion was
his last published contribution,4 death having ensued a few months later; but in
1873 the aforementioned plates were issued under the editorial care of M. Paul
Gervais, accompanied by annotated extracts from some of Thiolliere's earlier
writings, and by essays on the local paleobotany and a stratigraphic section at
the hands of Count de Saporta and MM. Falsan and Dumortier. This publication,
designated as " seconde livraison," appears under the same title as Thiolliere's
memoir of 1854, and is evidently intended to be supplementary to it.

At the beginning of his introductory remarks prefixed to the memoir of 1873
just referred to, Professor Gervais makes the following significant observation:
" Une etude plus complete de la collection Thiolliere, aujourd'hui deposee au
Museum de Lyon, et une nouvelle comparaison des poissons qu'elle comprend
avec ceux qu' on a recueillis dans les terrains analogues de la Baviere et ailleurs,
conduiront a des resultats plus importants encore. Nous ne saurions trop re-
commander ces recherches aux naturalistes qui seront en mesure de les accomplir."

We have quoted the foregoing remarks in order to show that it was realized
by competent paleontologists two score years ago that a thorough-going revision
and comparative study of the Solenhofen and Cerin vertebrate faunas was a de-
sideratum, and that such an investigation promised extremely valuable results.
Thiolliere and Andreas Wagner of Munich had previously held the same opinion,
as will appear from the following comments of the first-named author, with reference
to the collections from Solenhofen: " On sait que les richesses dont il s'agit n'ont
pas ete suffisamment etudiees par M. Agassiz. II est urgent, comme le remarque

2 Premiere notice sur un nouveau gisement de poissons fossiles dans le Jura du Departement de 1' Ain.
Annales de la Soc. Nationale d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle, et Arts Utiles de Lyon, Vol. I, 1849,
pp. 43-66.

Seconde notice sur le gisement et sur les corps organised fossiles des calcaires lithographiques dans
le Jura du Departement de l'Ain, comprenant la description de deux reptiles inSdits provenant de ces
couches, par M. Hermann de Meyer. Lyons, 1850, p. 80, with 2 plates.

3 " Description des Poissons Fossiles Provenant des Gisements Coralliens du Jura dans le Bugey."
Lyons, 1854, pp. 28, with 10 plates.

4 "Notice sur les Poissons Fossiles du Bugey et sur 1' Application de la M6thode de Cuvier a leur
Classement." Bull. Soc. G6ol. de France, Vol. XV, p. 782.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 353

fort justement M. Wagner, de faire disparaitre les lacunes, les doutes, et les in-
exactitudes que le celebre naturaliste de Neufchatel a ete force de laisser dans ses
Recherches, relativement aux especes des schistes lithographiques de la Baviere."5

Fortunately for the science of paleichthyology the lacunae in our knowledge
of the Kimmeridgian fish-fauna of Bavaria, of which writers of half a century ago
complained, have been in large measure filled by the unremitting researches of a
long procession of students. Deficiencies still exist, however, in the extent and
thoroughness of our knowledge of the contemporary ichthyic fauna of southeastern
France. The quarries of lithographic stone in this region are relatively little worked
and in some localities have been abandoned; the supply of materials is at best
scanty; and the region is less easily accessible than the level plateau country of the
Alb in northern Bavaria.

For these and various other reasons comparatively few investigators have
been in later years attracted to the study of the Cerin fauna. The list is, indeed,
exhausted when we have mentioned the names of A. Wagner and Karl A. von
Zittel of Munich, and Professor Albert Gaudry of Paris, all deceased, and H. E.
Sauvage of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and Dr. A. Smith Woodward of London. Through
exchange with the Lyons Museum of Natural History in 1873, a number of well-
preserved specimens from Cerin were received by the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. This material has been studied in con-
nection with that belonging to the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, and a portion
of the results is incorporated in the present modest contribution.

After the above general statements we proceed to the description of the dif-
ferent genera and species from Cerin represented in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum. As in the preceding parts of the Catalog, the systematic arrangement
of families and genera follows closely that laid down in Dr. A. Smith Woodward's
" Catalogue of Fossil Fishes," and the. chief diagnostic characters have been almost
entirely extracted from the same source.

CLASS PISCES.

Subclass I. ELASMOBRANCHII.

Order PLAGIOSTOMI.

" Head prolonged in front of the ventrally-situated mouth as a more or less

prominent pre-oral rostrum; vertebral column consisting of alternating basi-

and inter-dorsal cartilages, generally supported by more or less well developed

chorda-centra. Pectoral and pelvic fins uniserial. Pelvic girdle and claspers

6 Memoir of 1854, p. 6.

354 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

present. Except in two families the branchial arches and clefts are invariably five
in number. An operculum is not developed." (T. W. Bridge, Cambridge Natural
History, Fishes, p. 442).

Suborder BATOIDEI.
"Body generally discoidal or rhombic in shape, the axial portion being formed
by the flattened head and trunk, and the lateral portions by the enormously ex-
panded pectoral fins, which are usually confluent with the sides of the head. Tail
slender, sharply marked off from the trunk, to which it usually appears as a mere
appendage. Dorsal fins, when present, on the tail. Anal fin absent. Branchial
clefts ventral in position. Spiracles large, usually crescentic. Vertebrae tecto-
spondylic." (T. W. Bridge, I. c, pp. 457-8).

Family RHINOBATID^E.

"Tail strong and long, with two well-developed dorsal fins; a caudal and a
longitudinal fold on each side. Disk not excessively dilated, the rayed portion
of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout. No electric organs in the
living forms." (A. S. Woodward, Cat. Fishes B. M., Pt. I, p. 77). Teeth small,
numerous, in pavement.

Genus Belemnobatis Thiolliere.
" Tail very distinct from the disk, which is almost of rhombic shape. Pectoral
fins not extending forwards beyond the base of the snout; pelvics not notched.
Tail with two smooth spines upon the proximal half, and apparently'two ^dorsal
fins on the distal half, without caudal fin. Body partially covered with conical
dermal tubercles, the larger only superficially calcified. Teeth minute, smooth."
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, p. 83).

1. Belemnobatis sismondae Thiolliere.
1854. Belemnobatis sismondce Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, p. 8; pi. Ill, fig. 1.
1873. Belemnobatis sismondce Thiolliere.

Op. cit., Pt. II (ed. P. Gervais), p. 12; pi. I, fig. 1.
1889. Belemnobatis sismondce A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. I, p. 84.

Type. — Complete skeleton; present location unknown.

"Snout moderately obtuse; tail shorter than disk. Dermal tubercles largest
between the pelvic fins; of considerable size along the median line of the back and
on the anterior portion of the disk." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, p. 84). Total length
upwards of 50 cm.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 355

This rare form, of which but few specimens have been brought to light, is
represented in the collections of the Carnegie Museum from Cerin, by a single
imperfect individual, which displays the greater part of the disk and a few caudal
vertebrae. Both the pectoral and pelvic arches together with the branchial clefts
and cartilaginous rays (radialia) of both pairs of fins are well exhibited. The
specimen is cataloged as No. 5131.

Subclass TELEOSTOMI.
Order CROSSOPTERYGIA.

Suborder ACTINISTIA.
Family CCELACANTHID^.

"Body deeply and irregularly fusiform, with cycloidal, deeply overlapping scales,
more or less ornamented with ganoine. Branchiostegal apparatus consisting of an
operculum on each side and a single pair of large jugular plates. Paired fins
obtusely lobate. Two dorsal fins and a single anal; the anterior dorsal without
baseosts, obtusely lobate. Axial skeleton extending to the extremity of the caudal
fin, usually projecting and terminated by a small supplementary caudal fin. Air-
bladder ossified." (A. S. Woodward, I c, Pt. II, p. 394).

This family, first recognized by Professor Agassiz in the second volume of his
Poissons Fossiles (1844, p. 168), and afterwards greatly restricted by Huxley in
two important memoirs of the British Geological Survey (Decades X and XII,
1861 and 1866), is at present understood as comprising not more than six clearly
defined genera, among which the most satisfactorily known are Ccelacanthus
proper, Macropoma, and Undina. The typical genus enjoys a truly remarkable
range from the Upper Devonian to the close of the Paleozoic, and if the evidence of
one or two doubtful forms be deemed trustworthy, possibly even higher in the
stratigraphic column. The remaining genera extend throughout the Mesozoic, and
exhibit such constancy of structural characters that the group has been cited as
one of the most distinct and sharply demarcated in the animal kingdom. Huxley,
for instance, remarks upon its singular compactness and homogeneity in the
following paragraph :

" The Ccelacanthini, as thus understood, are no less distinctly separated from
other fishes than they are closely united to one another. In the form and arrange-
ment of their fins, the structure of the tail and that of the cranium; the form and
number of the jugular plates; the dentition; the dorsal interspinous bones; the
pelvic bones, the ossified air-bladder; the Ccelacanthini differ widely from either
the Saurodipterini, the Glyptodipterini, or the Ctenodipterini ; but, on the other

356 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

hand, they agree with these families and differ from almost all other fishes, in the
same respects as those in which the families just mentioned have been shown to
agree with one another; viz., the number of the dorsal fins, the location of the paired
fins, the absence of branchiostegal rays and their replacement by jugular bones." 6

In a subsequent memoir the author whom we have just quoted speaks as
follows regaring the extraordinary conservatism and persistence manifested by
the group of Ccelacanth fishes ever since its introduction:7

" Bearing in mind the range of the Coelacanths from the Carboniferous [since
ascertained to extend from the Devonian] to the Chalk formations inclusive, the
imiformity of organization of the group appears to be something wonderful. I have
no evidence as to the structure of the base and side-walls of the skull in Ccelacanthus,
but the data collected in the present Decade shows that, in every other particular,
save the ornamentation of the fin-rays and scales, the organization of the Ccelacanths
has remained stationary from their first recorded appearance to their exit. They
are remarkable examples of what I have elsewhere termed ' persistent types,' and,
like the Labyrinthodonts, assist in bridging over the gap between the Paleozoic
and the Mesozoic faunae."

The chief feature in which this family shows specialization is in the large sym-
metrical caudal fin, which exhibits a series of supports directly apposed to the
neural and hsemal arches, equalling in number both these and the overlapping
dermal rays. It is also specialized, as noted by Dr. A. S. Woodward,8 in the
following respects: (i) the fusion of the bones of the pterygoquadrate arcade; (ii) the
reduction of the infradentaries to one; (iii) the reduction of the opercular apparatus
to one operculum on each side and a pair of gular plates ; (iv) the loss of the baseosts
in the anterior dorsal fin; and (v) the ossification of the air-bladder.

Genus Undina Mtinster.
" Teeth absent on the margin of the jaws, but a few hollow, conical teeth within.
Supplementary caudal fin prominent; the rays of all the fins broad and robust,
often expanded, and closely articulated in the distal portion; small, upwardly-
pointing denticles on the preaxial rays of the first dorsal and caudal fins. External

6 Huxley, T. H., Preliminary essay upon the systematic arrangement of the Fishes of the Devonian
Epoch, prefixed to the tenth decade of Figures and Descriptions illustrating British Organic Remains
(1861, p. 20).

' Huxley, T. H., Illustrations of the Structure of the Crossopterygian Ganoids. Memoirs of the
Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Decade XII., 1866, and reprinted in the supplementary volume
of the Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1903, p. 65.

8 Outlines of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 1895, p. 78.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 357

bones and scales superficially ornamented with tubercles or fine interrupted ridges
of ganoine; parafrontal and circumorbital bones plate-like, without superficial
excavations." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. II, p. 409).

2. Undina penicillata Munster.
1834. Undina penicillata G. von Munster.

Neues Jahrb., p. 539.
1842. Coelacanthus striolaris G. von Munster.

Neues Jahrb., p. 40.
1842. Coelacanthus kohleri G. von Munster.

Ibid., p. 40.
1842 Coelacanthus striolaris G. von Munster.

Beitr. Petrefakt., Pt. V, p. 57; pi. II, figs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16.
1844. Undina striolatus and U. kohleri L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 171.
1863. Undina penicillata A. Wagner.

Abh. Math.-Phys. CL, K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. IX, p. 696.
1869. Coelacanthus penicillatus R. von Willemoes-Suhm.

Palseontographica, Vol. XVII, p. 80; pi. X, figs. 2, 3; pi. XI, fig. 3.
1871. Coelacanthus harlemensis T. C. Winkler.

Archives Mus. Teyler, Vol. Ill, p. 101; pi. IV.
1881. Coelacanthus harlemensis B. Vetter.

Mittheil. K. Mineral.-Geol. Mus. Dresden, Pt. IV, p. 13; pi. II, fig. 4.
1887. Undina penicillata K. A. von Zittel.

Handb. Palaont., Vol. Ill, p. 175, fig. 177.

1887. Undina acutidens K. A. von Zittel.
Ibid., p. 175, fig. 1776 (fig. of scales only).

1888. Undina penicillata O. M. Reis.

Palseontogr., Vol. XXXV, pp. 30, 36; pi. II, figs. 5, 6, 9, 10; pi. IV, figs. 3, 4.
1888. Undina acutidens O. M. Reis.

Ibid., pp. 10, 36; pi. I, figs. 2-6, 8-24.
1891. Undina penicillata A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. II, p. 410.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Paleontological Museum, Munich.

" This species, which is the type of the genus, attains a length of about 40 cm.
Trunk robust, but elongated; head and opercular apparatus occupying somewhat
less than one-quarter of the total length. Fin-rays slightly expanded in the ar-

358 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ticulated distal half; dorsal fins well developed, the first consisting of about ten
relatively stout rays, the second and the anal each comprising at least twice that
number of more slender rays; principal caudal fin comprising about eighteen to twenty
stout rays above and below. Jugular plates four times as long as broad, covered
with sparse elongated tubercles; operculum, cheek-plates, and mandible delicately
tuberculated. Scales ornamented with numerous irregularly and closely arranged
elongated tubercles." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. II, p. 410).

The above synonymy and diagnosis are taken from A. Smith Woodward, who
regards it as still doubtful whether the Ccelacanth remains described by Thiolliere
from the Upper Jura of Cerin, under the name of Undina cirinensis (Poiss. Foss.
Bugey, pt. i, 1854, p. 10) are not identical with the type-species.

The status of the specific names hitherto applied to Cerin forms, namely U.
cirinensis and U. minuta, will be readily understood from the following observations
by Willemoes-Suhm (Palseontographica, 1869, Vol. XVII, p. 79) :

"Thiolliere beschreibt aus Cirin einen kleinen Ccelacanthus [= Undina] der
sich von Munsters penicillatus nur dadurch unterscheidet, dass, wahrend dieser
oben 21 und unten 17-18 Strahlen in der Caudale zeigt, oben nur 15 und unten 13
vorhanden sind. Wagner fand nun unter den ebenfalls aus Cirin dem Munchener
Museum eingesandten Fossilien einen sehr kleinen Ccelacanthen, der im Ganzen
gut erhalten ist, doch den hintern Korpertheil von der zweiten Ruckenflosse an
verloren hat. Bei Aufstellung dieser Species legt er nun besonderes Gewicht auf
die Kleinheit des gefundenen Exemplars die ihm als Charakter gemigt. Ich kann
mich dieser Ansicht nicht anschliessen. . . . Falls vollstandigere kleinere Exem-
plare gefunden werden, wird sich vielmehr wahrscheinlich herausstellen, dass auch
der Coelacanthus minutus zum Thiollieres Coelacanthus cirinensis gehort."

Thiolliere's description of his so-called Undina cirinensis was published in
1854, and the small form named by Wagner Undina minuta, likewise from Cerin,
was not described until 1863, hence Thiolliere's name has priority, in case both are
not synonyms of U. penicillata. The original of the French author's description
is stated to have had a total length of 28 cm. and maximum depth of about 6 cm.
Wagner's type was considerably smaller, and may well have been an immature
individual. A much larger specimen of Undina than any hitherto made known,
and one which presents differences apparently having specific value, is that
described below.

3. Undina grandis sp. nov. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 2).

A large and imperfectly definable species, estimated to have equalled U.
gulo in size, and differing from it and other described forms in the structure,

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ' 359

position, and ornamentation of the median fins. Anterior portion of the body
unknown.

Type. — Posterior portion of large fish; Carnegie Museum, Cat. No. 4748.

It is unfortunate that the complete form of the body is unknown in the species
under discussion, which is founded upon an imperfectly preserved and somewhat
distorted caudal portion of a fish considerably exceeding U. penicillata in size, and
approximating U. gulo. In so far as the number of rays supporting the lobes of
the principal caudal fin may be relied upon as a differential character, the new species
presents the following contrast to its congeners:

Name of Species. Number of Caudal Fin-rays.

Undina gulo (Egerton) 16-18 above and below.

" penicillata Miinster 18-20 " " "

" cirinensis Thiolliere 15 " ; 13 "

" grandis Eastman 25 " ; 19 "

The supplementary caudal fin in the form under discussion is relatively shorter,
that is, less produced backwards, than in other species, and comprises eleven flexed
and articulated rays above and below. A noteworthy feature is that the rays of
the principal caudal are provided along their expanded lateral surface with a series
of minute conical denticles, similar to those occurring along the posterior border
of the dorsal fin-rays of certain species of Macrosemius. The rays of all the fins
are acutely pointed at their distal extremities. The posterior dorsal and anal fins
comprise each about fifteen rays, are more acuminate than in other species, and
arise nearer the base of the caudal fin. The position of the pelvic and pectoral
pair is indicated in the type-specimen, and the pair of elongated and slender basi-
pterygia, which are apparently fused, where they meet in an expanded distal process,
are well displayed.

The axis is remarkably broad, tapers gradually posteriorly, but becomes
expanded in the region of the articulated portion of the caudal fin-rays, after which
it again tapers, being continued to the tip of the supplementary caudal fin. The
lateral line is prominent, and runs parallel with the cartilaginous axis. None of
the scales display the outer surface satisfactorily, but appearances suggest that
the external ornament consisted of rather sparse and discontinuous ridges of ganoine,
directed more or less longitudinally or slightly radiating. The covered portion of
the scales is marked by numerous delicate concentric striae crossed by another fine
series having a fan-shaped arrangement. In U. gulo and U. penicillata the scales
are externally ornamented with numerous closely spaced elongated tubercles; and
in U. cirinensis the scale characters are thus described by the original author :

360 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

" Les ecailles proprement dites sont a peu pres indiscernables, bien qu'elles
existent: ce qui tient a leur tres-faible epaisseur; mais on reconnait a la loupe, que
la surface du corps est parsemee de petites epines fort aigues, disposers par zones
qui doivent correspondre au bord posterieur des ecailles " (Thiolliere, I. c, p. 10).

Order ACTINOPTERYGII.

Suborder PROTOSPONDYLI.

Family SEMIONOTID.E.

"Trunk more or less deeply fusiform, rarely cycloidal. Cranial and facial
bones all robust and opercular apparatus complete, but branchiostegals sometimes
reduced; parietals meeting in the middle line; mandibular suspensorium vertical
or inclined forwards, and gape of mouth small; teeth styliform or tritoral, especially
well developed on the inner bones of the mouth, and with vertical successors.
Notochord persistent, the vertebrae never advancing beyond the annular stage.
Fin-rays robust, the majority well-spaced, articulated, and divided distally; fulcra
large; dorsal fin not extending more than half the length of the trunk. Scales
rhombic, except occasionally in the caudal region." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt.
Ill, p. 49).

Genus Lepidotus Agassiz.

" Trunk fusiform and only moderately compressed. Marginal teeth robust,
styliform, inner teeth stouter, often tritoral but smooth; opercular apparatus
well-developed, with a narrow arched pre-operculum, but with few branchiostegal
rays, and the gular plate wanting. Ribs ossified. Fin-fulcra very large, present
on all the fins, biserial. Paired fins small; dorsal and anal fins short and deep, the
former opposed to the space between the latter and the pelvic fins; caudal fin
slightly forked. Scales very robust, smooth or feebly ornamented; flank-scales
not much deeper than broad, with their wide overlapped margin produced forwards
at the superior and inferior angles; scales of the ventral aspect nearly as deep as
broad; dorsal and ventral ridge-scales usually inconspicuous." (A. S. Woodward,
I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 77).

4. Lepidotus lasvis Agassiz. (Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1).
1837-44. Lepidotus Icevis L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 254; pi. XXIXc, figs. 4-6.
(?) 1846. Lepidotus subundatus G. von Minister (errore).

Beitr. Petrefakt., Pt. VII, p. 37; pi. Ill, fig. 16.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 361

1860. Lepidotus Icevis F. J. Pictet.

Descript. Rept. et Poiss. Foss. Jura Neufchatelois, p. 26, Pis. VI, VII.
1875. Lepidotus Icevis K. Fricke.

Palffiontogr., Vol. XXII, p. 377; pi. XXI, fig. 1.
1895. Lepidotus Icevis A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes B. M., Pt. Ill, p. 103.
1908. Lepidotus Icevis F. Priem.

Annales de Paleont., Vol. Ill, p. 10; PL I, fig. 1.

Type. — Scale; Museum of Soleure, Switzerland.

A robust species, attaining a length of about 75 cm., the proportions in general
resembling those of L. elvensis, but with deeper body, the maximum depth being
contained only about two-and-a-half times in the total length. External bones
more or less rugose and ornamented with prominent and closely spaced tubercula-
tions. Teeth short, stout, and smooth, the majority oval in outline, and sometimes
showing a median coronal tubercle or apex; splenial teeth apparently in more than
three concentric series. Scales large and smooth, none much deeper than long,
except those of the middle of the flank anteriorly; principal flank-scales with a few
broad ridges and furrows radiating from the center to the hinder border, where they
form a distinct pectination; as many as forty-three transverse scale-rows from the
region of the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.

Until recently, no well-preserved examples of this species have been known from
the lithographic stone of Cerin. In 1908, however, a very excellent specimen be-
longing to the Paris Museum of Natural History was described by Professor F.
Priem, and one nearly as large and quite as well preserved forms part of the Bayet
Collection of the Carnegie Museum, cataloged as No. 5130. In it all of the fins,
with the exception of the dorsal and caudal, are tolerably well shown, and the cranial
osteology is unusuaUy well displayed. It will be profitable to compare the figure
that is given of the head with Professor Priem's diagram (I. c.) showing the relation
of the cranial and facial elements in the specimen studied by him.

Family MACROSEMIID^.
" Trunk elongate, or elongate-fusiform, more or less laterally compressed. Cra-
nial and facial bones moderately robust, or delicate, and opercular apparatus
complete; mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards, and gape of
mouth small; marginal teeth styliform, inner teeth similar or tubercular. Noto-
chord persistent, the vertebrae never advancing beyond the annular stage. Fin-
rays robust, the majority well-spaced, articulated and divided distally; fulcra

362 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

variable; dorsal fin elongated, usually extending at least half of the length of the
trunk. Scales rhombic." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 163).

Genus Ophiopsis Agassiz.
"Trunk much elongated, gradually tapering from the occiput backwards or
the dorsal margin only slightly arcuate; head large or of moderate size. Marginal
teeth acutely pointed. Notochord invested with delicate ring- vertebrae ; ribs
ossified. Bifurcation of dorsal fin-rays variable; fulcra often absent on paired fins
and usually confined to the base of the median fins. Paired fins relatively large;
dorsal fin ordinarily extending about half the length of the back, high in front,
low behind; anal fin small; caudal fin forked. Scales covering the whole of the
trunk, in regular series, united by peg-and-socket articulation, and often pectinated
at the hinder border; the scales at the middle of the flank scarcely deeper than broad,
few of the ventral scales much broader than deep; no enlarged ridge-scales." (A.
S. Woodward, I c, Pt. Ill, p. 165-6).

5. Ophiopsis attenuata Wagner.
1863. Ophiopsis attenuata A. Wagner.

Abhandl. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. CI., Vol. IX, p. 655.
1873. Ophiopsis attenuata Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 19; pi. VIII, fig. 2.
1895. Ophiopsis attenuata A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 167; pi. Ill, figs. 2, 3.

Type. — Trunk of fish; Paleontological Museum, Munich.

A species attaining a length of about 15 cm. Length of head with opercular
apparatus equalling the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained about five
times in the total length of the fish; maximum depth of trunk twice as great as the
width of the caudal pedicle. External head-bones and opercular bones smooth.
Dorsal fin occupying about one-half of the length of the back, the length of the
dorsal fin-rays rapidly decreasing in a posterior direction, and most of them un-
divided. Scales delicately serrated, not pectinated.

This species is represented in the Carnegie Museum by two average-sized and
tolerably well-preserved individuals, cataloged under the numbers 4041 and 4422.

6. Ophiopsis guigardi Thiolliere.
1873. Ophiopsis guigardi Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, pi. VII (figure only).

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 363

1895. Ophiopsis guigardi A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 169.

" Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 30 cm. Length of head with opercular
apparatus equal to the maximum depth of the trunk and contained about five-and-
a-half times in the total length of the fish; maximum depth of trunk twice as great
as the depth of the caudal pedicle. Fin-fulcra slender, extending up the anterior
ray of each median fin. Dorsal fin less than half as long as the back, much elevated
in front, arising at the beginning of the second third of the trunk. Scales relatively
large and smooth." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 169).

This is a rare form, known only from Cerin, and is not represented in the Bayet
Collection.

7. Ophiopsis macrodus Thiolliere. (Plate LI, fig. 2).
1850. Ophiopsis macrodus Thiolliere.

Ann. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon [2] Vol. Ill, p. 148.
1873. Ophiopsis macrodus Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 19.
1895. Ophiopsis macrodus A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 172.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A much elongated species of small size, attaining a total length of about 18 cm.
Length of head with opercular apparatus equal to the maximum depth of trunk,
and contained about five times in the total length; width of caudal pedicle half as
great as the maximum depth of trunk. Head and opercular bones smooth, teeth
elongate-conical, of relatively very large size and widely spaced. Dorsal fin low,
not much extended, and arising at a point about opposite the pelvic pair. Fin-
fulcra slender on all the fins, none of which is strongly developed. Scales smooth
and relatively small, with entire posterior borders, and in numerous vertical series.

This species has been briefly described but not previously illustrated, and would
appear to be a rare form. From the type species, 0. procera, it is distinguished bjr
the following characters, as noted by the original author:

" L'espece nouvelle . . . me parait differer del'O. procerus en ce que les dents
en sont beaucoup plus fortes et la dorsale bien moins vigoureuse. Les ecailles
de YO. macrodus ne sont pas, non plus, aussi uniformes que celles de l'espece de
Solenhofen."

A single example of this species is preserved in the Bayet Collection of the
Carnegie Museum. It is cataloged as No. 4104, and is shown in the plate. A
small example of Notagogus is contained in the same slab.

364 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus Histionotus Egerton.
" Head large, snout acute; the dorsal margin of the trunk rising above the head
to an angulation from which the body gradually tapers backwards. Marginal
teeth much elongated, closely arranged. Notochord invested with delicate ring-
vertebrae. Fins consisting of distally bifurcating rays, all with large A-shaped
fulcra; pectoral fins much larger than the pelvic pair; dorsal fin arising at the angu-
lation of the back, extending to the caudal pedicle, high in front, becoming low
behind; anal fin small; caudal fin forked. Scales covering the whole of the trunk,
in regular series, united by peg-and-socket articulation, and more or less pectinated
at the hinder border; [the scales of the middle of the flank and of the dorsal region
much deeper than broad, with more or less convex hinder border — Eastman] ; those of
the ventral region at least as broad as deep; postclavicular scales very large; the
ridge scales of the caudal pedicle not much enlarged." (A. S. Woodward, I. c,
Pt. Ill, pp. 173-4).

8. Histionotus falsani Thiolliere. (Plate XLIX, fig. 1).
1873. Histionotus falsani Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 14; pi. V, fig. 1.
1895. Histionotus falsani A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 175.

Type. — Much fractured fish; Lyons Museum.

A species about equalling the type of the genus in size, but the maximum depth
of the trunk somewhat exceeding half its length, and the head with opercular
apparatus at least as deep as long. Marginal teeth strong and conical, closely
crowded. Fulcra prominent on all the fins; scales delicately pectinated along their
posterior border.

This species was at first regarded by the original author as identical with
H. angularis Egerton from the Purbeck of Dorset and Wiltshire. It differs from
the latter form, however, and also from H. oberndorferi of Wagner, in the less
acute angulation of the back, less rapidly tapering posterior region of the trunk, and
less coarsely serrated character of the scales.

A single representative of this species, preserved in the collection of the
Carnegie Museum, is shown in the plate and is No. 4077. It is nearly as large as
the type of the genus, and presents the appearance of having a discontinuous dorsal
fin. The resemblance to Histionotus in other respects, however, is too close to
permit us to doubt that it is properly referred to this genus.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 365

Genus Macrosemius Agassiz.

" Trunk gradually tapering from the occiput backwards; head large, snout acute.
Teeth much elongated, closely arranged. Notochord persistent, without ring-verte-
brae; ribs ossified. Fins consisting of very robust, bifurcating rays, without fulcra
except in the caudal; pectoral fins much larger than the pelvic pair; dorsal fin arising
immediately behind the occiput and extending continuously to the caudal pedicle;
anal fin small; caudal fin rounded. Scales thin and more or less pectinated, with
peg-and-socket articulation, and apparently wanting towards the dorsal margin;
scales of the middle of the flank relatively large, becoming smaller both dorsally
and ventrally, in the former case by dichotomy of the vertical series; about four
very large ridge-scales on the ventral border between the anal and caudal fins."
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 176-7).

Three species of Macrosemius have been described from the lithographic stone
of Cerin under the following names: M. dumortieri, M. fourneti, and M. helence
Thiolliere, the last-named imperfectly defined. A single fragmentary specimen,
catalogued as No. 4034, and probably belonging to this genus, is contained in the
Bayet Collection.

Genus Notagogus Agassiz.
"A genus scarcely distinguished from Propterus, differing only in the non-
elongation of the anterior rays of the dorsal fin, which are very widely spaced, and
in the less deeply forked character of the caudal fin. The vertebral rings also
appear to be more robust than in Propterus." (A. S. Woodward, I c Pt III p
186).

9. Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere. (Plate XLIX, fig. 2; Plate L, figs. 1,2).
1850. Notagogus imimontis Thiolliere.

Ann. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon [2] Vol. Ill, p. 137.
1858. Notagogus iunismontis Thiolliere.

Bull. Soc. Geol. France [2], Vol. XV, p. 783 (Name only).
1873. Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 15; pi. VI, fig. 3.
1893. Notagogus inimontis H. E. Sauvage.

Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, Vol. VI, p. 428.
1895. Notagogus inimontis A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. 3, p. 188.

Type.— Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A small species having about the same form and proportions as N. denticulatus,

366 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

but distinguished from the latter by its relatively larger teeth and the steeper
facial profile of the head. The two portions of the dorsal fin about equally elevated,
each with about nine rays, those of the posterior portion more closely approximated
than those of the anterior portion. Fulcra well developed on all the median fins.
Scales prominently denticulated along the hinder border.

This species is represented in the collections of the Carnegie Museum by several
specimens, catalogued under the following numbers: 4033, 4035, 4399, 4418, 4654,
5115, and 5516. The one catalogued as No. 4399 is of unusually large size, ap-
proaching that of average specimens of N. pentlandi. It bears considerable
resemblance to the undescribed form figured by Thiolliere under the name of
I. margaritce.

10. Notagogus ornatus sp. nov. (PI. L, fig. 3.)

Type. — Nearly complete fish in counterpart; Carnegie Museum Cat. No. 5114
+5114a.

A species attaining a length of about 14 cm., of robust proportions and with
gently arched dorsal and ventral contours, the length of the head and opercular
apparatus equalling the maximum depth of the trunk and contained two and one-
half times in the total length, exclusive of the caudal fin. External bones of the
head ornamented with delicate strise, or sometimes with fine vermiculating rugae.
A circumorbital ring present. Jaws powerful, teeth stout, conical, and closely-
spaced. Dorsal fin extended, but not much elevated, the anterior portion com-
prising thirteen, and the posterior nine rays. Anal fin arising opposite the hinder
part of the posterior dorsal, well developed, and with about eight rays. Caudal fin
not deeply forked. Fulcra present on all the median fins.

Scales with numerous fine obliquely directed pectinations along their hinder
border; about thirty-six vertical series are to be counted along the lateral line,
which is distinctly indicated, and twelve longitudinal series in the deepest part of
the trunk. Scales of the pectoral region sharply differentiated by their smaller
size and almost cycloidal form from those covering the flanks and abdominal region.
A few enlarged ridge-scales at the base of the tail above and below and in advance
of the anal fin. £ftrt*rA ki

This species is distinguished from -H-. inimontis and the imperfectly known
H. margaritce, which accompany it in the Cerin locality, by its larger size, the deeper
contour of the body, more numerous dorsal fin-rays, and, as far as may be judged
from the published figures of the above-named species, by its scale-characters.
Three examples of it are contained in the Bayet Collection of the Carnegie Museum,
cataloged as Nos. 5114+5114a, 4071, and 4660+4660a. The first of these is
selected as typical.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 367

Family PYCNODONTID.E
"Trunk deeply fusiform or cycloidal. Cranial bones robust, and a median
occipital plate separating the parietal elements; facial bones delicate, or wanting;
opercular apparatus reduced to a small operculum, large pre-operculum, and not
more than two branchiostegal rays; mandibular suspensorium much inclined for-
wards and gape of mouth small; teeth prehensile on the premaxilla and dentary,
wanting on the maxilla (if this bone be present) and the pterygo-palatine arcade;
tritoral on the single vomer and the splenials; all the teeth apparently without
vertical successors. Notochord persistent, destitute of ossifications in its sheath.
Fin-rays robust, the majority well-spaced and articulated; fulcra absent, except
perhaps quite at the base of the caudal fin; dorsal and anal fins more or less extended.
Scales rhombic when present, frequently wanting on the whole or part of the caudal
region; almost invariably strengthened by the inner rib on their anterior margin
and united by a peg-and-socket articulation in connection therewith." (A. S.
Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 189-190).

Genus Microdon Agassiz.

" Trunk deeply fusiform, often almost discoidal, with a slender abbreviated
caudal pedicle. Head and opercular bones ornamented with reticulating rugse
and pittings; teeth smooth, sometimes feebly indented in the lateral series;
vomerine teeth in five longitudinal series, the inner lateral pairs regularly alternating
with the widely spaced median teeth ; splenial teeth in four series ; the innermost
being relatively small ; the second the largest or principal series. Neural and haemal
arches of axial skeleton of trunk not expanding sufficiently to encircle the notochord.
Fin-rays robust, closely articulated, and much divided distally. Pelvic fins present;
dorsal and anal fins very high and acuminate in front, rapidly becoming low and
fringe-like behind, the former occupying at least the hinder half of the back and the
latter somewhat shorter, arising more posteriorly; caudal fin forked. Scales orna-
mented with reticulating rugae or pittings, and covering only the anterior half of
the trunk in advance of the median fins, though sometimes partly extended over
the middle of the flank of the caudal region." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp.
221-2).

The type of the genus is M. elegans Agassiz.

11. Microdon bernardi (Thiolliere). (Plate LII, figs. 1 and 2.)
1854. Pycnodus bernardi Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, pt. i, p. 17, with plate.

368 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1856. Microdon bernardi J. J. Heckel.

Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math-Natur. CI., Vol. XI, p. 201.
1860. Microdon bernardi Wagner.

Gelehrte Anzeig. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, p. 396.
1895. Microdon bernardi A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 224.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A species attaining a total length of about 30 cm. " Maximum depth of trunk
equalling about two-thirds of the length of the head and trunk without caudal fin;
rostrum prominent, and head with opercular apparatus occupying somewhat less
than one-quarter of the total length of the fish. Vertebral axis at origin of dorsal
fin midway between the dorsal and ventral borders of the fish. Principal series of
mandibular teeth much wider than the two outer series, of which the innermost
is insignificant. Dorsal fin occupying considerably more than half of the back,
much more elevated than the anal fin, which is also shorter. Ridge-scales delicate
on the back, robust but feebly serrated on the ventral border; flank-scales orna-
mented with delicate radiating rugae." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 224-5).

This species is represented in the collection by the following mentioned speci-
mens: Car. Mus. Cat. Nos. 4040, 4084a, 5118, 5132.

12. Microdon wagneri (Thiolliere). (PI. LIU, figs. 1 and 2).
1854. Pycnodus wagneri Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, p. 23; PL V, figs. 1, 2.
1856. Microdon wagneri J. J. Heckel.

Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Natur. CI., Vol. XI, p. 201.
1860. Microdon wagneri Wagner.

Gelehrte Anzeig. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, p. 396.
1895. Microdon wagneri A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 225.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

" A species resembling the type, in size, general form, and proportions, and
apparently only differing in the extension of the squamation over the middle of
of the flank of the anterior half of the caudal region." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt.
Ill, p. 225).

The following mentioned specimens belonging to this species are preserved in
the collection of the Museum: Car. Mus. Cat. Nos. 4078, 4090, 4306, 4320.

EASTMAN! CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 369

13. Microdon egertoni (Thiolliere). (PL LIV, fig. 1.)
1854. Pycnodus egertoni Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, p. 24, PI. VII, fig. 2.
1856. Microdon egertoni J. J. Heckel.

Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Natur. CI., Vol. XI, p. 201.
1860. Microdon egertoni A. Wagner.

Gelehrte Anzeig. K. Bay. Akad., Vol. I, p. 396.
1895. Microdon egertoni A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 226.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A species of small or moderate size, closely resembling M. elegans, but stated
to be distinguished from it in not exhibiting any angulation of the frontal profile,
and in having fewer vertebrae. As remarked, however, by Dr. A. S. Woodward,
the first character " may be due to imperfect preservation, and the second is
difficult to observe with certainty " (I. c, p. 226).

The following suite of specimens belonging to this species is contained in the
collection of the Carnegie Museum: Nos. 4085, 4557, 5106, 5107.

14. Microdon sauvanausi (Thiolliere). (Plate LIV, fig. 2.)
1850. Pycnodus sauvanausi Thiolliere.

Ann. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon [2], Vol. Ill, p. 131.
1854. Pycnodus sauvanausii Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey., Pt. I, p. 15, PL IV.
1856. Microdon sauvanausii J. J. Heckel.

Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Natur. CI., Vol. XI, p. 201.
1895. Microdon sauvanausi A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 226.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

" A large species attaining a length of about 60 cm. Maximum depth of trunk
apparently equalling about half of the length of the head and trunk without caudal
fin; head with opercular apparatus occupying somewhat more than one-quarter of
the total length of the fish. Each premaxilla with two chisel-shaped teeth, [other
teeth imperfectly known]. Scales apparently confined to the more anterior part
of the trunk." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 225-6).

This species is represented in the Bayet Collection of the Carnegie Museum
by a single specimen of moderate size, fairly well preserved, with the exception of
the anterior part of the head, and cataloged as No. 4666. This and the next

370 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

following species are of interest because they acquaint us with stages showing
progressive deepening of the trunk with increasing specialization, M. itieri being
regarded as a survival of a more primitive type, in which the form of body was
elongated and but slightly deepened. A parallel series of modifications is furnished
by the genera Lepidotus and Dapedius among the Semionotidse, and by typical
members of the Palse'oniscidse and Platysomidse in earlier times.

It is evident that the deep-bodied forms were not adapted for rapid locomotion,
and, as indicated by the prevailing type of crushing dentition, they were in all
probability bottom-feeders. The large size of the orbits in certain genera occurring
at the Solenhofen and Cerin localities suggests that they were probably inhabitants
of great depths. Abundant evidence exists, as shown by Dr. Walther and others,
to prove that the lithographic stone of Bavaria and southeastern France was
deposited under shallow-water conditions, often within lagoons of coral atolls.
The presence of a few deep-sea types amid a fauna consisting for the most part of
shallow-water inhabitants does not militate against the general theory of the origin
of these deposits, but merely bears witness to the fact that the total complex was
diversified from time to time by occasional stragglers from outlying regions.

The following remarks by Dr. E. Hennig may be appropriately quoted in
connection with this subject:

" Die Pyknodonten sind, nach einem Ausdruck Agassiz's, poissons broyeurs,
d.h. ihre Nahrung bestand aus Krustazeen, Muscheln, und Schnecken. Die
einander entsprechend gewolbten Kauplatten des Ober- und Unterkiefers mit ihren
kraftigen, meist in geschlossenen Reihen gestellten Mahlzahnen und die unge-
wohnlich starke Abkauung weisen ebenso darauf hin wie die Heranziehung der
gesamten unteren Kopfhalfte zur Festigung des Gebisses und die darin zum
Ausdruck kommende Konvergenz mit dem lebenden Anarrhichas lupus. Auch die
weitgehende Differenzierung der Zahne und die zu vermutende Ausschaltung eines
haufigeren Zahnwechsels machen eine starke Inanspruchnahme der Kauwerkzeuge
in hohem Maase wahrscheinlich.

" Die Beute bestand also auf festsitzenden oder langsam kriechenden Bewoh-
nern des Meeresgrundes und wurde mit den langen und kraftigen Schneidezahnen
losgerissen und aufgelesen. Mit dem Aufenthalt zwischen Unebenheiten des
Bodens wurde bereits das Aufwartsrucken des Auges in Verbindung gebracht;
auch die hohe Lage der Brustflossen und die Verkummerung der Bauchflossen
diirften in der gleichen Ursache ihre Erklarung finden. Die Grosse der Augen
scheint sogar anzudeuten, das die Tiefe, in der die Tiere sich aufhielten, keine
unbetrachtliche war. Wennman auch nicht mit O. Fraas anzunehmen braucht,

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 371

dass die lithographischen Schiefer selbst in grosserer Tiefe abgesetzt seien, so
stande doch nach der Walterschen Erklarung der Solnhofener Plattenkalke nichts
der Ansicht entgegen, dass die9 Fische aus tieferen Gewassern der Nachbarschaft
eingeschleppt worden sind."

15. Microdon itieiri (Thiolliere) .
1850. Pycnodus itieri Thiolliere.

Ann. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon [2], Vol. Ill, p. 132.
1854. Pycnodus itieri Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, p. 22, PL VI, and two text-figures, p. 23.
1856. Microdon itieri J. J. Heckel.

Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Natur. CI., Vol. XI, p. 201.
1860. Microdon itieri A. Wagner.

Gelehrte Anzeig. K. K. Akad. Wiss., Vol. L, p. 396.
1895. Microdon itieri A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 227.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

"A moderately elongated species, attaining a total length of about 50 cm.
Maximum depth of trunk contained three times in the length of the head and trunk
without caudal fin; head with opercular apparatus occupying only about one-fifth
of the total length of the fish. Vomerine teeth closely arranged; those of the
median series much broader than long; those of the inner paired series elongated and
their axes oblique, each pair alternating with the median teeth but scarcely pressed
between these; outer teeth irregularly quadrate, about as broad as long, and very
closely arranged. Splenial teeth (according to Thiolliere's diagram) much spaced;
those of the principal series two or three times as broad as long, rounded at each end;
those of the innermost series minute, and those of the two flanking series somewhat
broader than long, the buter twice as large as those of the inner flanking row. Dorsal
fin occupying about half of the back, and anal fin more than two-thirds as much
extended as this. Scales apparently confined to the most anterior portion of the
trunk." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 227).

The form of the body of this species indicates it to be one of the most primitive
of the genus and family, possibly a direct descendant of an ancestral type of Pyc-
nodont. It is known only from Cerin, and is not represented in any other than the
Lyons Museum.

9 Hennig, Erwin. Gyrodus und die Organisation der Pycnodonten. Paleontogr., 1906, Vol. LIII,
p. 200.

372 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In Part I of Thiolliere's Poissons Fossiles de Bugey, p. 23, diagrams are given
showing the complete dentition of this species. Several examples of the detached
upper and lower dental plates, perhaps referable to this species, are preserved in
the collection of the Carnegie Museum, and the most perfect of these is shown of
the natural size in the accompanying text-figure.

Fig. 2. Detached splenial dentition of a Pycnodont fish from Cerin, France, provisionally re-
ferred to Microdon itieri Thioll. X 1/1. Cat. No. 4241.

Family EUGNATHIME.
" Trunk fusiform or elongate, not much laterally compressed. Cranial and
facial bones moderately robust, externally enamelled, and opercular apparatus
complete; mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical or inclined backwards and
gape of mouth wide; snout not produced; premaxillse in contact mesially and
usually separate ; marginal teeth conical, and larger than the inner teeth. Notochord
usually persistent, the vertebrae rarely more than incomplete rings. Fin-rays robust,
articulated, and divided distally; fulcra conspicuous. Dorsal fin short and acu-
minate. Scales rhombic, sometimes with rounded postero-inferior angle." (A. S.
Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 285).

Genus Caturus Agassiz.
" Trunk elongate-fusiform. External head-bones and opercular bones feebly
ornamented with rugae and tuberculations, all except the cheek-plates robust;
snout obtusely pointed, and maxilla straight or with a slightly concavely-arched
dentigerous border; teeth relatively large and arranged in a sparse series on the
margin of the jaws; smaller on the palatine and on the splenial, where they are in
single series anteriorly, minute and almost granular on the other inner bones;
preoperculum nearly smooth and narrow; operculum deep, much broader below
than above, and suboperculum of moderate size. Ossifications in the sheath of
the notochord insignificant or absent in the smaller species, consisting only of
separate hypocentra and pleurocentra in the largest species; ossified ribs slender,
not reaching the ventral border of the abdomen. Fulcra biserial, well-developed
on all the fins, those of the pectoral being especially elongated and sometimes in
part fused together. Pectoral much exceeding the pelvic fins in size, but the

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 373

latter well-developed; dorsal and anal fins triangular in shape, the former arising
opposite or immediately behind, the pelvic fins; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
delicate, smooth, feebly crimped or in part tuberculated, deeply overlapping, and
none much deeper than broad; a few series anteriorly quadrangular and possibly
sometimes united with peg-and-socket, the others more or less cycloidal, and very
few narrowed on the ventral aspect of the fish. Lateral line inconspicuous."
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 329-330).

16. Caturus furcatus Agassiz. (Plate LV, fig. 1.)
1833. Pachycormus furcatus L. Agassiz.

Neues Jahrb., p. 476, and Poiss Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 11.

1833. Urceus nuchalis L. Agassiz.

Neues Jahrb., p. 477, and Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 12.

1834. Caturus latus G. von Munster.
Neues Jahrb., p. 539.

1834. Urceus furcatus L. Agassiz.

Verhandl. Ges. Vaterland. Mus. Bohmen, p. 70.
1839. Caturus maximus and macrodus L. Agassiz.

Neues Jahrb., p. 118.
1839-44. Caturus latus L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 117; pi. LVI.
1842-44. Caturus furcatus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., Pt. II, p. 116; pi. LVIa.
1844. Caturus maximus and macrodus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., Pt. II, pp. 118, 294.
1844. Caturus nuchalis L. Agassiz.

Ibid., Pt. II, p. 293.
1863. Caturus maximus A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Math-Phys. CL, Vol. IX, p. 700.
1863. Caturus furcatus A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 701.
1863. Caturus latus and cyprinoides A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 702.
(?) 1873. Caturus furcatus Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 18; pi. XIII, fig. 1.
(?) 1873. Caturus latus Thiolliere.

Ibid., p. 18, pi. XIII, fig. 3.

374 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1881. Caturus furcatus B. Vetter.

Mittheil. K. Mineral.-Geol. Mus. Dresden, Pt. IV, p. 109.
1887. Caturus maximus K. A. von Zittel.

Handb. Palseont., Vol. Ill, p. 228, fig. 241 a.
1887. Caturus furcatus K. A. von Zittel.

Ibid., p. 228, figs. 241 b-g.
1887. Caturus elongatus K. A. von Zittel.

Ibid., p. 227, fig. 240 (errore).
1895. Caturus furcatus A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 332.

According to the last-named author, the small fishes described under the
following names also appear to be immature examples of this species:
1833. Urazus macrurus L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 12.
1839. Caturus microchirus L. Agassiz.

Neues Jahrb., p. 118.
1842. Caturus obovatus G. von Miinster.

Neues Jahrb., p. 44.
1844. Caturus macrurus L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 118.
1844. Caturus microchirus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., pp. 118, 294.
1861. Caturus ferox Winkler.

Descript. Poiss. Foss. Solenhofen (Natuurk., Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2],
Vol. XIV, p. 56, fig. 10).
1863. Caturus microchirus A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math-Phys. CI., Vol. IX, p. 703.
1863. Caturus macrurus A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 706.
1863. Caturus obovatus and gracilis A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 707.
1871. Caturus ferox Winkler.

Archiv. Mus. Teyler, Vol. Ill, p. 176; pi. V, figs. 2, 3.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.

" The type-species attains a length of about one meter. Length of head with
opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk and usually
less than one-quarter of the total length of the fish. Caudal region tapering to a

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 375

comparatively slender pedicle; its depth little, if at all, exceeding one-third the
maximum depth of the abdominal region. Teeth large, with very slender apex, and
about forty in total number in the dentary; depth of operculum somewhat ex-
ceeding its maximum breadth; branchiostegal rays about twenty-four. Dorsal
fin with about twenty rays, deeper than long, its depth equalling about one-half
that of the trunk at its origin; this fin arising in advance of the middle of the back,
the distance from the occiput to its origin being about equal to that from its hinder
border to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins arising opposite the front half of
the dorsal fin; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, with from twelve to fourteen rays.
Scales smooth, or in part marked with a few feeble, short, transverse striae." (A.
S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 333).

The specimens listed below agree with those from Cerin, which are assigned
to this species by Thiolliere, but the identity of which with the type-species is
regarded by Dr. A. S. Woodward as somewhat uncertain: Nos. 4062, 4064, 4074,
4074a, 4097, 4300, 4301, 4302, 5108.

17. Caturus driani Thiolliere.

18. Caturus velifer Thiolliere.

The two foregoing are large species, occurring in the lithographic stone of
Cerin, France, known only by a few examples, and not represented in the collection
of the Carnegie Museum, except by one or two obscure fragments (Cat. No. 4089).
It may be remarked here that the genus Callopterus, two species of which have been
described from the Lower Kimmeridgian of Ain, France, is very closely related to
Caturus, differing only in the more remote position of the dorsal fin, which is almost
completely opposed to the anal. No examples of Callopterus are preserved in either
the British or the Carnegie Museums.

Suborder ^THEOSPONDYLI.
"Notochord varying in persistence, but pleurocentra and hypocentra usually
fused, never forming alternating discs or rings; tail abbreviate-heterocercal or
homocercal. Mandible complex, with well-developed splenial rising into a coronoid
process, which is completed by a distinct coronoid bone. Infra-clavicular plates
wanting in the pectoral arch; pectoral fin with more than five basals. Scales
ganoid." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 415).

Family ASPIDORHYNCHID^.
" Head and trunk much elongated, the snout produced, and the abdominal
much longer than the caudal region; tail homocercal. Cranial and facial bones

376 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

robust, and opercular apparatus complete, all more or less ganoid, mandibular
suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards, but gape of mouth wide; a distinct
azygous presymphysial bone present in the mandible; marginal teeth slender,
conical. Branchiostegal rays numerous. Vertebral centra annular or amphio-
ccelous. Fins small, with broad, flattened rays, branched and articulated distally;
fulcra minute or absent. Scales rhombic, much deepened on the flank." (A. S.
Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 415).

This family, which perhaps may be regarded as ancestral to the modern gar-
pikes (Lepidosteidae) comprises two genera, which are distinguished by the following
differential characters :

"Synopsis of Genera.
Rostrum much produced in advance of mandibular symphysis, and intercalary cheek-plate between the

suborbitals and preoperculum; foremost scales of lateral line not deeper than those immediately

beneath Aspidorhynchus.

Rostrum scarcely if at all produced in advance of mandibular symphysis; suborbitals in contact with

preoperculum; all scales of lateral line deeper than those immediately beneath Belonostomus."

(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 415).

Genus Belonostomus Agassiz.
" Snout very slender, scarcely if at all produced in front of the extremity of the
much-elongated presymphysial bone; cheek-plates robust, the postorbitals extend-
ing to the anterior border of the preoperculum; the conical teeth irregular in size,
largest on the hinder part of the premaxillae and the median line of the presymphysial
bone, obtuse on the splenial and reduced to a fine granulation on the inner face of
the ectopterygoid. Ossified vertebrae usually pierced by a remnant of the noto-
chord. Fin-rays distally bifurcating; fulcra wanting on paired fins, rare on median
fins. Pelvic fins situated near the middle of the trunk; dorsal and anal fins short-
based, triangular, remote and opposed; caudal fin symmetrically forked. Scales
robust, smooth or rugose; in three deepened series on the flank of the abdominal
region, and the series traversed by the lateral line the deepest; dorsal scales between
the flank scales and the median ridge in two series." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt.
Ill, p. 498).

19. Belonostomus muensteri Agassiz. (Plate LV, figs. 2 and 3).
1834. Aspidorhynchus miinsteri L. Agassiz.

Verhandl. Ges. vaterland. Mus. Bohmen, p. 70 (name only).
1837. Belonostomus miinsteri L. Agassiz.

Bericht Versamml. deutsch. Naturf., Jena, 1836, p. 127 (name only).

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CAENEGIE MUSEUM. 377

1844. Belonostomus munsteri L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. II, pp. 141, 297, pi. XLVIIa, fig. 2.
1848. Belonostomus muensteri C. G. Giebel.

Fauna der Vorwelt, Fische, p. 155.
1861. Belonostomus munsteri T. C. Winkler.

Descript. Poiss. Foss. Solenhofen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch.
[2] Vol. XIV) p. 34, fig. 5.
1863. Belonostomus munsteri A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. CI., Vol. IX, p. 689.
1863. Belonostomus speciosus A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 689.
1887. Belonostomus speciosus 0. Reis.

Sitzungsber. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. CI., Vol. XVII, p. 159, pi. I, fig. 4.
1895. Belonostomus muensteri A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 429.

" Type. — Head and anterior part of trunk; British Museum.

A species of moderate size attaining a length of about 40 cm. Head with
opercular apparatus occupying about one-quarter of the total length; maximum
depth of trunk contained fifteen times in the total length. Cranium about five
times as long as its maximum depth, jaws equal in length, the pointed anterior
extremity of the dentary bones suturally united with a deep re-entering angle in
the pre-symphysial bone; external ornament very finely rugose. Vertebrae in the
form of robust constricted rings, longer than deep. Space between the origin of the
pelvic fins and that of the anal fin about equal to the space between the latter and
the caudal. Scales finely tuberculated, partly rugose; those of the lateral line not
much exceeding in depth the series below." (A. S. Woodward, I. c., Pt. Ill,
p. 430).

This species is represented in the collection of the Carnegie Museum by several
well-preserved specimens, cataloged under the following numbers: Car. Mus.
Cat., Nos. 4043, 4321, 4343, 4653, 5112, 5113, 5133. A distorted and indistinct
impression of the trunk belonging to this or a closely related species is cataloged
as No. 4068.

20. Belonostomus tenuirostris Agassiz. (Plate LI, fig. 3).

1833. Aspidorhynchus tenuirostris L. Agassiz.
Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 14.

1834. Belonostomus tenuirostris L. Agassiz.
Neues Jahrb., p. 388.

378 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1837. Belonostomus tenuirostris L. Agassiz.

Bericht Versamml. deutsch. Naturf., Jena, 1836, p. 127.
1837. Belonostomus tabulatus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., p. 127 (name only).
1844. Belonostomus tenuirostris L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. II, pp. 143, 297.
1844. Belonostomus subulatus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., pp. 143, 297.
1863. Belonostomus tenuirostris A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bay Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys., CI., Vol. IX, p. 691.
1863. Belonostomus tenuirostris var. brevivertebralis A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 691.
1873. Belonostomus tenuirostris V. Thiolliere, ed. P. Gervais.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 24.
1881. Belonostomus tenuirostris B. Vetter.

Mittheil. K. Miner al-geol. Mus. Dresden, Pt. IV, p. 85.
895. Belonostomus tenuirostris A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 431.
1912. Belonostomus tenuirostris juv. C. R. Eastman.

Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VIII, p. 184, pi. X.

Type. — Incomplete fish; present location unknown.

"A species of very slender proportions attaining a length of about 30 cm.
Head with opercular apparatus occupying one-third of the total length; maximum
depth of trunk contained fourteen times in the total length. Cranium about nine
times as long as its maximum depth, having the snout excessively elongated and
projecting to some extent in advance of the anterior extremity of the mandible; the
pointed front end of the dentary bones suturally united with a deep re-entering
angle in the pre-symphysial bone; superficial ornament consisting of delicate rugae.
Vertebrae in the form of separated narrow rings, much deeper than broad. Scales
smooth or feebly tuberculated and rugose; those of the lateral line not much ex-
ceeding in depth the series below." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 431-2).

Thiolliere's recognition of this species in the paleichthyic fauna of Cerin is
stated to have been based upon two specimens showing the head, in which the
rostrum projects considerably in advance of the anterior extremity of the mandible.
A single specimen in the Carnegie Museum, catalogued as No. 4080, seems referable
to this species, judging from the characters of the head, proportions of the anterior
part of the trunk (which lacks the caudal region), and depth of the vertebral rings.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 379

The small and incomplete fish, which is illustrated in the accompanying plate,
possesses unusual interest on account of its containing within the abdominal
cavity a well preserved skeleton of a small Rhynchocephalian reptile. The prey
had been swallowed head first, and may have caused the death of the fish, as diges-
tion had not proceeded far enough to dismember the limbs nor to disturb the natural
position of the body-parts of the reptile, beyond a slight lateral compression of the
trunk. The head, notwithstanding its small size, is very well preserved, a fact
which is the more remarkable, when we consider the peculiar conditions which have
revealed to us the fate of both creatures. In the case of the reptile, which is
probably a young Homceosaurus, certain of the cranial elements and vacuities
are distinguishable as well as the sensory canals and even a few minute teeth. So
far as the writer is aware, paleontology affords no other instance of a fossil reptile
enclosed within the digestive tract of a fish.

The apparent anomaly of finding a land reptile within the body of a marine
fish may be accounted for by supposing the former to have been a shore-inhabitant
of a coral island, thus resembling the modern Sphenodon in habitat. The creature
may have been carried out to sea by floating vegetation, and been seized at a distance
from land by a marine carnivorous fish. The proximity of land to the locality
when the deposits at Cerin were laid down is indicated by a considerable quantity
of plant remains, which have been described by Count G. de Saporta.

An exceedingly well preserved example, which has been chosen for the purpose
of illustrating the characters of the adult of this species, is that shown in Plate LI,
fig. 3, which belongs to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts.

Suborder ISOSPONDYLI.

" Notochord varying in persistence, the vertebral centra usually complete, but
none coalesced; tail homocercal, but hamal supports not much expanded or fused.
Symplectic bone present; mandible simple, each ramus consisting only of two
elements (dentary and articulo-angular), with rare rudiments of a splenial on the
inner side. Pectoral arch suspended from the cranium; a precoracoid arch present,
infraclavicular plates wanting; pectoral fin with not more than four or five basals.
Pelvic fins abdominal. Scales ganoid only in the less specialized families." (A. S.
Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 446).

Family PHOLIDOPHORID^.
" Trunk elegantly fusiform. Head with delicate membrane-bones, the subor-
bital and circumorbital plates completely covering the cheek, all enamelled; snout

380 MEMOIES OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

not produced; mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical or inclined forwards, and
gape of mouth wide; premaxilla very small; maxilla large, loosely attached and with
two well-developed supramaxillary plates; teeth small and conical. Opercular
apparatus complete. Vertebral centra never advanced beyond the annular stage;
ribs delicate; no fused nor expanded haemal arches at the base of the tail. Inter-
muscular bones absent. Fin-fulcra present, but usually small; dorsal and anal
fins small, the former above or behind the pelvic fins. Scales ganoid, more or less
rhombic, but deeply overlapping, and the hinder margin often somewhat rounded."
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 446-7).

Genus Pholidophorus Agassiz.

" Trunk not much deepened, and head relatively large. External bones smooth
or delicately ornamented with rugae and tuberculations; sensory canal on suborbital
and preorbital plates branched; maxilla more or less arched, the oval margin convex
and provided with minute teeth; mandibular teeth larger, but still minute and
arranged in a single series. Preoperculum broad mesially and marked with slight
radiating furrows; suboperculum large, but smaller than the trapezoidal operculum,
from which it is divided by an oblique suture; branchiostegal rays numerous.
Pleurocentra and hypocentra in notochordal sheath fused or separate. Fin-fulcra
small, extending along the foremost ray of each of the fins. Pectoral not excessively
large, but much exceeding the pelvic fins in size; dorsal and anal fins triangular in
shape, not extended, the former opposite or arising somewhat behind the pelvic
fins; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales thin, deeply overlapping, usually with an
inner rib and peg-and-socket articulation, and the external layer of ganoine smooth
or feebly ornamented; principal flank-scales deeper than broad, ventral scales in part
broader than deep ; no enlarged series of ridge-scales, but a large scale at the base of
one or both lobes of the caudal fin, and three slightly enlarged scales round the
anus at the base of the anal fin. Lateral line opening by widely separated large
pores." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, pp. 447-8). .

The occurrence of this genus in the Lithographic Stone at Cerin was first
reported by Thiolliere, who recognized what he considered to be three new species,
without, however, describing or naming them. Wagner, in 1860, recorded the
presence of his newly described P. ovatus in the Cerin deposits, an identification
concerning which later writers appear to have entertained some doubt. The only
scientifically described species of this genus occurring at the Cerin locality is
P. similis.

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 381

21. Pholidophorus similis A. S. Woodward. (PI. LVI, fig. 1).
1895. Pholidophorus similis A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 470, pi. XIII, fig. 2.

Type.— Nearly complete fish; British Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 20 cm. " Length of head with opercular
apparatus nearly equalling the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained
from four-and-a-half to five times in the total length of the fish. Head and oper-
cular bones very finely rugose. Fin-rays stout and smooth. Pelvic fins arising
far in advance of the middle point of the trunk, and the dorsal fin opposed
to them. Scales large, ornamented with fine oblique striations, more or less
radiating, and terminating at the hinder margin in denticulations; several series of
flank-scales deeper than broad; the orifices of the lateral line inconspicuous." (A.
S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 470).

The undermentioned examples are representative of this species in the col-
lections of the Carnegie Museum. Car. Mus. Cat., Nos. 4063, 4069, 4081, 4082,
4095, 4326, 4661, 4667.

22. Pholidophorus ovatus Wagner.

1863. Pholidophorus ovatus A. Wagner.

Abh. Bay. Akad., Wiss., math.-phys. CL, Vol. IX, p. 666.
1895. Pholidophorus ovatus A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 471.

" Type. — Fish with imperfect median fins; Paleontological Museum, Munich.

A robust species attaining a length of about 18 cm., not yet clearly distinguished
from P. granulatus, but perhaps with a somewhat less deepened trunk. Fin-rays
smooth and stout; fulcra conspicuous. Fins and scales as in the preceding species."
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 471).

A single, moderate-sized, incompletely preserved example, cataloged as No.
4073, and probably referable to this species, is contained in the Bayet Collection.

Genus Pleuropholis Egerton.
" Trunk elongate-fusiform, and upper caudal lobe conspicuous. External bones
smooth or delicately ornamented with rugae and tuberculations; maxilla more or
less arched and the oval margin convex; teeth minute. Vertebral centra annular.
Fulcra present on all the fins. Pelvic fins well developed, but smaller than the
pectorals; dorsal and anal fins longer than deep, opposite. Scales thick and
moderately overlapping; those of the middle of the flank excessively deepened,
covering nearly the whole of it, each strengthened within by a broad rib and exhibit-

382 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ing a peg-and-socket articulation; dorsal and ventral scales few, relatively small
and rhomboidal. Lateral line deflected, passing down the second or third deepened
flank-scale and then traversing the uppermost series of small ventral scales." (A.
S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 482-3).

23. Pleuropholis thiollieri Sauvage.
1873. Pleurophoilis V. Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, pi. VI, fig. 6.
1883. Pleuropholis thiollieri H. E. Sauvage.

Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3], Vol. XI, p. 499.
1895. Pleuropholis thiollieri A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, pp. 485-6.

" Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 12 cm. Length of head with opercular
apparatus about equalling the maximum depth of the trunk and contained nearly
five-and-a-half times in the total length of the fish; caudal pedicle slender, its width
equalling two-thirds the depth of the flank-scales in the middle of the abdominal
region. Pelvic fins arising midway between the pectorals and the anal; the latter
fin arising slightly behind the middle point between the pectorals and the caudal.
Scales smooth, not serrated." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp, 485-6).

This species is represented in the collection by two individuals of average size,
cataloged as Nos. 4318 and 4322. A smaller example, cataloged as No. 4032,
is perhaps also referable to the same species. This latter is of about the same size
as the unnamed original of Thiolliere's Plate VI, fig. 5, a specimen which was sub-
sequently described by Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] Vol. XI, 1883, p. 498;
pi. XIII, fig. 1) under the preoccupied title of P. egertoni. According to Dr. A. S.
Woodward, the original of Thiolliere's and Sauvage's illustrations is indistinguish-
able from P. serrata Egerton. In whatever way we may regard the identity of
Thiolliere's original (Poiss. Foss., Pt. II, 1873, pi. VI, fig. 5) the specimen bearing
the Carnegie Museum Catalog Number 4032 differs from it in the non-serrated
condition of the principal flank-scales.

Family OLIGOPLEUPJD.E.

" Trunk fusiform. Head with delicate membrane bones, scarcely, if at all,

enamelled; mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical or inclined forwards, and gape

of mouth wide; teeth small or of moderate size. Vertebral centra well-ossified,

with no distinct pleurocentra and hypocentra in any part of the column; large free

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF POSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 383

neural spines in the abdominal region; ribs short; no fused or expanded h*mal arches
at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones rare or absent. Fin-fulcra present-
dorsal and anal fins acuminate in front, of variable length. Scales thin, more or
less rounded, and deeply imbricating." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, p. 490).

Genus (Eonoscopus Costa.
(Syn. Attakeopsis V. Thiolliere; Macrorhipis A. Wagner.)
"Head large and snout pointed; maxilla much deepened behind, with nearly
straight dentigerous border; teeth of moderate size, stout and conical or styliform
Vertebral centra usually about as long as deep, and the side of each exhibiting a
median longitudinal ridge with a deep pit above and below; ribs robust, but short
Fin-rays robust, all closely articulated and divided at some distance from the base:
fulcra conspicuous on the median fins. Dorsal and anal fins short-based, the former
almost or completely in advance of the latter; caudal fin much forked. Scales large »
(A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt. Ill, pp. 494-5).

24. (Eonoscopus desori (Thiolliere).
1858. Attakeopsis desori Thiolliere.

Bull. Soc. Geol. France [2] Vol. XV, p. 784 (name only).
1873. Attakeopsis desori Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. II, p. 23, pi. XL
1887. (Eonoscopus desori K. A. von Zittel.

Handb. Paleont., Vol. Ill, p. 232.
1895. (Eonoscopus desori A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 497.

Type.— Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

This species, regarded by Thiolliere as the type of a distinct genus, named by
him Attakeopsis, is of moderate size, attaining a length of about 35 cm. Length of
head with opercular apparatus nearly equal to the maximum depth of the trunk
and contained somewhat more than four times in the total length of the fish; cauda
pedicle less than half as deep as the abdominal region. Teeth closely arranged
m the maxilla and dentary. Vertebra, not more than 50 in number and mostly
as long as deep. Pelvic fins arising at a point about midway between the pectorals
and anal fin; median fins as in 0. cyprinoides.

An excellent figure of an example of this species, without description, is given
in the posthumous work of Thiolliere, published in 1873. A single specimen is
recorded m Dr. Woodward's Catalogue as belonging to the British Museum. Two

384 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

representatives of this species are contained in the collections of the Carnegie
Museum, one having a length of 17 cm. and the other of 28 cm. These bear the
catalog numbers 4303 and 4432 respectively. The former of these displays the
undigested remains of a small vertebrate, probably a lizard-like reptile, within the
abdominal cavity. Either the vertebral column of the enclosed prey has been
flexed upon itself, or there are two small creatures to be seen within the body of the
fish.

25. (Eonoscopus elongatus Eastman. (Plate LVI, figs. 2 and 3).

1912. (Eonoscopus elongatus C. R. Eastman.

Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VIII, p. 185, pi. XL

Type. — Nearly complete fish in counterpart: Carnegie Museum Catalogue
No. 4079+4079a.

A small-sized species, attaining a length of about 20 cm. and distinguished
from all others belonging to the same genus by its slender and elongated form of
body, and by the more forward position of the dorsal fin, which arises opposite the
pelvics, and does not extend back of a point midway between them and the origin
of the anal. Length of the head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum
depth of trunk, and contained about five times in the total length of the fish.
Vertebrae about 50 in number, with strong neural and hsemal spines. A single
large ridge-scale at the upper and lower borders of the caudal pedicle. Teeth small
and conical. All fins relatively small, caudal lobes not much expanded.

The holotype of this species is a nearly complete fish preserved in counterpart,
cataloged as No. 4079+4079a. It has a total length of 19 cm., and is interesting
for containing apparently a small Rhynchocephalian reptile within the abdominal
cavity. Another example, cataloged as No. 4088, is about one-third smaller
than the type and is complete except for the anterior margin of the head, which is
wanting. Three small specimens of Leptolepis are preserved in the same slab,
one either superimposed over the body of the large fish in a longitudinal direction,
or contained inside.

Family LEPTOLEPID.E.

" Trunk elegantly fusiform. Head with delicate membrane-bones, the sub-
orbital and circumorbital plates almost or completely covering the cheek, more or less
enamelled ; parietal bones meeting in the middle line ; snout not produced ; mandibular
suspensorium nearly vertical or inclined forwards, but gape of mouth wide; pre-
maxilla very small; maxilla large, loosely attached and with two well-developed
supramaxillary plates; teeth small and conical. Opercular apparatus complete.
Vertebral centra well ossified, but always pierced by the notochord; ribs delicate;

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 385

no fused or expanded haemal arches at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones
present. Fin-fulcra absent; fin-rays more or less divided and articulated distally
dorsal and anal fins small, the former usually short-based, above or behind the'
pelvic pair. Scales thin, cycloidal and deeply imbricating, usually ganoid in their
exposed portion; lateral line not observable." (A. S. Woodward I c Pt III n
500). ' "' " ' p'

Genus Leptolepis Agassiz.
"Head large and teeth minute; sclerotic ossified. Maxilla arched, with a
slightly convex dentigerous border; mandible prominent, and dentary sharply
rising into a thickened, obtuse elevation near its anterior extremitv; preoperculum
broad mesially, with a large inferior limb, marked with radiating ridges; sub-
operculum large, but smaller than the trapezoidal operculum, from which it is
divided by an oblique suture. Vertebrae in the form of much-constricted cylinders,
with little or no secondary ossification. Pelvic fins relatively large; dorsal fin
about as long as deep, opposed to the pelvic pair or to the space between the latter
and the anal; anal fin small, not much extended; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
completely covering the trunk; no enlarged or thickened ridge-scales." (A S
Woodward. I. c, P. Ill, p. 501).

26. Leptolepis sprattiformis (Blainville).
1755. Figure by G. W. Knorr.

Samml. Merkwiirdigk. Natur, pi. XXIII, figs. 2, 3; pi. XXVIII fig 3- Dl
XXIX, figs. 2-4. ' V '

1818. Clupea sprattiformis H. D. de Blainville.

Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., Vol. XXVII, p. 330.
(?) 1839. Leptolepis pusillus G. von Miinster.

Neues Jahrb., p. 680.
1833-44. Leptolepis sprattiformis L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 13; Pt. II, pp. 130, 294, pi. LXIa, fig. 1.
1839-44. Leptolepis macrolepidotus L. Agassiz.

Ibid., Pt. II, p. 132, pi. LXI, figs. 4-6.
1863. Leptolepis sprattiformis A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys., CI., Vol. IX, pp. 741, 744.
1888. Leptolepis sprattiformis K. A. von Zittel.

Handb. Palaont., Vol. Ill, p. 272, fig. 279.
1895. Leptolepis sprattiformis A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 513.

386 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Type.— Nearly complete fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

The occurrence of this species in the Lithographic Stone of Cerin, France, is
reported by Thiolliere in the faunal list included in his posthumous work of 1873. A
considerable number of small and indistinct impressions which may be referred
to this species, or may be the fry of some other Leptolepid, are contained in the
Bayet Collection. A slab in which several are to be seen has already been spoken
of in connection with a specimen of (Eonoscopus elongatus (No. 4088), which appar-
ently contains one of the small fry inside.

27. Leptolepis dubia (Blainville) . (Plate LI, Fig. 1).
1818. Clupea dubia H. D. de Blainville.

Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., Vol. XXVII, p. 331.
1833-44. Leptolepis dubius L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss., Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 13; Pt. II, pp. 134, 294 (in part).
1895. Leptolepis dubius A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 509, pi. XIV, figs. 6, 7.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.

This is a large and robust species, attaining a length of about 30 cm., and very
abundant in the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria. It has not hitherto been reported
from other localities than in the neighborhood of Solenhofen and Eichstadt, but
there is one example in the Bayet Collection of the Carnegie Museum which is
evidently referable to this species, and is figured in the accompanying plates. It
is from the Upper Jura of Cerin, France, and, together with the smaller species
of the same genus, serves to illustrate the close correspondence existing between the
faunae of the respective localities. The figured specimen is cataloged as No. 4396.

Genus Thrissops Agassiz.
"Head small and teeth minute; sclerotic ossified. Maxilla arched, with a
slightly convex dentigerous border; mandible prominent, the dentary apparently
intermediate in form between that of Leptolepis and Mthalion. Opercular ap-
paratus as in Leptolepis. Vertebral centra well ossified, strengthened by a median
lateral ridge; the free neural arches in the abdominal region much elongated and
thickened, the ribs also especially robust. Pelvic fins much smaller than the
pectorals ; dorsal fin small and short-based, opposite to the anal fin, which is acuminate
in front, and much extended behind; caudal fin forked. Scales completely covering
the trunk; no enlarged or thickened ridge-scales." (A. S. Woodward, I. c, Pt.
Ill, p. 521).

EASTMAN: CATALOG OF FOSSIL FISHES IN CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 387

28. Thrissops formosus Agassiz.
1833-44. Thrissops formosus L. Agassiz.

Poiss. Foss, Vol. II, pt. I, p. 12; Pt. II, p. 124, pi. LXVa.
1844. Thrissops subovatus L. Agassiz (ex Munster MS.).

Ibid., Pt. II, p. 128 (undefined).
1839. Thrissops ovatus G. von Munster.

Neues Jahrb., p. 680.
1852. Thrissops formosus F. A. Quenstedt.

Handb. Petrefakt., p. 219, pi. XVII, fig. 19.
1863. Thrissops formosus A. Wagner.

Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. CI., Vol. IX, p. 734.
1863. Thrissops subovatus A. Wagner.

Ibid., p. 734.
1888. Thrissops formosus K. A. von Zittel.

Handb. Palaont., Vol. Ill, p. 273, figs. 280, 281.
1895. Thrissops formosus A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 521.
" Type.— Nearly complete fish; Paleontological Museum, Munich.
The type-species, attaining a length of about 50 cm. Head with opercular
apparatus occupying from one-eighth to one-seventh of the total length of the fish;
maximum depth of trunk much exceeding the length of the head with opercular
apparatus, and contained about three-and-a-half times in the length of the trunk
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebra at least 60 in number,
about 32 being abdominal and 28 caudal. Pelvic fins arising much nearer to the
anal than to the pectorals, and comprising about 5 rays; dorsal fin with 14 rays
arising somewhat behind the origin of the anal, which is much elevated in front and
comprises not less than 30 rays; caudal fin very deeply forked and the lobes slender.
Scales partly ornamented with delicate radiating stria." (A S Woodward I c
Pt. Ill, p. 521). ' ' "'

A single undoubted representative of this species, which has not been heretofore
reported from the French lithographic limestone, forms part of the Bayet Collection
in the Carnegie Museum, and is cataloged as No. 4083. It has a total length
of about 34 cm., the extremity of the tail being preserved in impression.

29. Thrissops regleyi Thiolliere.
1854. Thrissops regleyi Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, pi. X, fig. 2 (figure only).

388 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1 86 1 . Thrissops clupeoides Winkler.

Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] Vol. XIV, p. 21, fig. 3.
1895. Thrissops clupeoides A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 523.

Type. — Nearly complete fish; Lyons Museum.

A species attaining a length of about 25 cm. Head with opercular apparatus
contained about four times in the total length exclusive of the caudal fin, and equal-
ling the maximum depth of the trunk. Vertebrse about 50 in number, of which 25
are caudal. Fins as in the type-species, except that the caudal is much less deeply
forked and with broader lobes. Lower limb of the preoperculum ornamented with
about ten fine radiating elevated ridges.

30. Thrissops heckeli Thiolliere.
1854. Thrissops heckeli Thiolliere.

Poiss. Foss. Bugey, Pt. I, pi. X, fig. 1 (no description).
1895. Thrissops heckeli A. S. Woodward.

Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., Pt. Ill, p. 527.

Type. — Contorted large fish; Lyons Museum.

The holotype of this undescribed species is a large specimen having a total
length of about 73 cm. It is slender and elongate in form, the proportions resembl-
ing those of T. formosus, but the pectoral and caudal fins are much more strongly
developed than in that species, and the lobes of the tail are narrower and longer.

A single specimen in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, cataloged as
No. 4091, is apparently referable to this species. It shows the head-region with
the opercular apparatus, together with the powerful pectoral fin of the left-hand
side, in which thirteen extremely stout rays are to be counted, decreasing in length
gradually in a posterior direction.

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate XLVIII.

Fig. 1. Lepidotus Icevis Agassiz. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5130. X |.
Fig. 2. Undina grandis sp. nov. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4748. X ^.

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate L.

Fig. 1. Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5115. X f.
Fig. 2. Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4399. X f.
Fig. 3. Notagogus ornatus sr. nov. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5114a. X f.

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate LIT,

Fig. 1. Microdon benumb' (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4084. X yuV
Fig. 2. Microdon bernardi (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5118. X |.

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate LIII.

Fig. 1. Microdon Wagneri (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4090. X f.
Fig. 2. Microdon Wagneri (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4320. X |.

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate LIV.

i

; )

/
■ ■V

'"-/'X •ml

Fig. 1. Microdon egertoni (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5107. X $.
Fig. 2. Microdon sauvanausi (Thiolliere). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4666. X y%V

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate LV.

Fig. 1. Calurus furcatus (Agassiz). C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4301. X f.
Fig. 2. Belenostomus muensteri Agassiz. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4343. X
Fig. 3. Belenostomus muensteri Agassiz. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 5112. X

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.

Plate LVI,

Fig. 1. Pholidophorus similis A. S. Woodward. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4081. X
Fig. 2. (Eonoscopus elongatus sp. nov. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4079. X }■
Fig. 3. (Eonoscopus elongatus sp. nov. C. M. Cat. Foss. Fishes, No. 4079a. X i-