-q-Htr-

CATALOGUE

OP THB

FOSSIL FISHES

IN THB

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY),

CEOMWELt EOAD, S.W,

PART I,

CONTATNING THE

ELASMOBRANCHII.

BT

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD,

F.G.S., F.Z.S.

LONDON:

FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1889.

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I'RINTFD RY TAVI-OR ANT) PRANCTS,
HBI) MON COUKT, Ff,HF.T STRKKT.

PfiEFACE.

Of the many varied and rich collections embraced within the
Museum there is probably none which contains so large an assem-
blage of “ types ” as that of the Possil Fishes. Many of the speci-
mens have been preserved for more than a hundred years, indeed
ever since the foundation of the Museum ; but it was during the
Keepership of the late Mr. Charles Konig (1813-1851) that the
fossU fish collection first assnmed a separate and marked import-
ance. It was most fortunate that the task commenced bj' Mr. Konig
should have been steadily followed .up by Mr. William Davies
(1843-1887), by whom it was relegated to Mr. Arthur Smith
Woodward, who entered the Museum in 1882 ; so that the history
of every specimen has, as a rule, been carefuUy preserved and safely
handed down to the present time.

The additions made by separate purchases, and by donations,
extending over so many years, have greatly augmented the series,
but the acquisition of the Collections of Mantell, Dixon, Bowerbank,
Hiiberlein, van Breda, Capron, Lewis, and, most of all those of
Egerton and Enniskillen, has raised the present standard of this
magnificent Gallery of Fossil Fishes higher than that in any
other Museum in the world.

No class of organisms are better represented in our rocks than
are fishes, although, particularly in the present subclass, we have
reason to regret their too frequent fragmentary condition, yet
recent researches have shed such a flood of light upon these ancient

a 2

IV

PEEFACE.

Elasmobranchs as not only clearly to show us the characters and
relationships of many obscure fossil forms, but often to aid us
towards a more correct interpretation of their living representatives.

With the exception of an Alphabetical Catalogue of the Type-
specimens of Fossil Fishes preserved in the British Museum prepared
by Mr. William Davies, F.G.S., and published in the Geolooical
Magazise for 1871 (pp. 208 & 334), no previous attempt had been
made to catalogue this Collection.

Although Mr. Arthur Smith Woodward has only been able to
devote a small part of his official time during the past seven years
to the study of Fossil Fishes, he has nevertheless made most excellent
use of all his opportunities, and having enjoyed the constant advice
and assistance of Mr. William Davies, and been in frequent com-
munication with Dr. K. H. Traquair, Dr. Gunther, and many other
eminent Ichthyologists, the present volume will be found worthy
to rank with similar publications as a valuable contribution to sys-
tematic Zoology and a most useful and accurate refercnce-Catalogue
for Pala3ontologists and Ichthyologists.

HENRY WOODWARD.

Geological Department,

9th March, 1889.

INTEODUCTION.

The present volume being the first attempt at a systematic treat-
ment of the Palaeontology of the Elasmohranch fishes, it seems a
fitting occasion for briefly reviewing the hearing of the newly-
collected evidence upon the various results that have already been
attained in the study of the existing members of this great sub-
class. Notwithstanding its imperfections, Paleontology must neces-
sarily be employed as the test — if it be »iot adopted as the basis —
for all morphological and taxonomic speculations ; and though the
pages of the Catalogue may indicate extreme imperfection in our
knowledge of the past history of most groups, there are still a few
well-ascertained facts which may be already profitably discussed
with reference to the conclusions of recent Zoology.

It is therefore proposed: — firstly, to enumerate the principal
stages by which the most modem schemes of classification of the
group have been elaborated ; secondly, to summarize the known
and available palaeontological resources ; thirdly, to recapitulate the
more important palaeontological results ; and lastly, to discuss these
• results in the light of modern theories of taxonom}’.

Taxonomic Deductions from the Study of Eecent Elasmobranchs.

From the time of Aristotle and Pliny, fishes with a cartilaginous
skeleton have been more or less clearly distinguished from those
possessed of well-formed bones ; and when \\'illughby and Ray in-
augurated the era of modern Ichthyologj' in 1686, they assigned to
the “ Pisces Cabtilaoinei ” the lampreys, sharks, rays, and stur-
geons *. In 1738, Artedi “ confirmed this arrangement, elaborating
details, and applying the name of Chonlropterygii to an “ order ”
comprising the existing types just mentioned; and Linnmus^ after-

* J. EaiuB, F. Willughbeii de Historia Piscium (1086), p. 22.

’ P. Artedi, Icbthyologia, pt. v. (1738), p. 89.

’ C. LinmcuB, Svstenia Natura:. 12th edit.

INTBODTJCTION.

vn

orders of a subclass, though only allowing the difference to rank of
equal importance with that observed between the Acanthopterygian
and Anacanth Teleosteans.

In 1870, Dr. Gunther ' once more adopted Bonaparte’s classifica-
tion, altering the nomenclature, however, and terming the sub-
classes Chondropiertsii and Ctccobtomata respectively, and the
orders of the former, Plagiostomata and Holocephula ; while the
Plagiostomos were further divided into the suborders of Selachoidei
and Batoidei. A year later the Chondropterygii, thus defined,
became an order of Dr. Gunther’s newly instituted subclass Pal^-
icHTHTEs, the Plagiostomata and Holocephala then being suborders,
and the Selachoidei and Batoidei merely sections.

At the same time, Prof- Cope“ proposed a precisely reverse modi-
fication, the Sharks and Bays to form one subclass (Selachi) and
the Chiroasras another (HoLOCErHAEi) ; this arrangement being
based upon the fundamental difference in the structure of the skull,
already indicated in Bonaparte’s second term. In 1876, Prof.
Huxley * adopted Cope’s wide separation of these two groups, but
regarded them as orders, and preferred the term Plagiostomi to that
of Selachi. Most modern researches have also tended to emphasir.e
the distinction between fishes with anto.stylic ®, and those with hyo-
stylic® skulls, both among those without membrane-bones and those
possessing these skeletal elements; and such is the arrangement
selected for adoption on the present occasion.

With regard to terminology, it will be observed that the signi-
ficance of each name already adopted has considerably varied accord-
ing to the views of the respective authors. The only term originally
restricted to the cartilaginous hyostylio fishes is that of “ Plagio-
stomi,” proposed by C. Dumeril ; but this is both inappropriate in
many instances, and also based upon a misconception of the sup-
posed relationships existing between the lampreys and the sharks.
We therefore venture to follow Prof. Cope in adopting Bonaparte’s
name, Elasmobranchii, excluding the Holoeephali, and elevating
these to the rank of an equivalent subclass.

In subdividing the Elasmobranchii, thus defined, almost all natu-

%

^ A. C. L. G, Gunther, Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,
Tol. viii. (1870), pp. 348, 353, 499.

2 Phil. Trans. 1871, p. 554.

® E. D. Cope, Proc. Araer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1871, p. 326.

* H. T. Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 57.

* 1. e., skull without separate suspensorium.

* I. skull with separate suspensoriuui.

INTRODUCTION.

IX

In 1883, Prof. Gill* adopted the orders Squali (Sharks) and
Eaj.® (Rays), and employed the results of Gegenbaur’s researches
upon the skull in subdividing the latter, proposing to recognize
four main groups. The Notidanidse, with a po.storbital articula-
tion between the pterygo-quadrate and the cranium, were named
Opistharthri ; the Cestraciontida;, with an antorbital articulation,
the Proarihri ; the modern types of Sharks, the Anartliri ; and
the Squatinidaj, the llhinae. In 1884, the first three divisions just
named were also adopted by Prof. Cope* ; but the Bhince were
now merged with the Anartliri.

An examination of a large series of skulls and skeletons by Prof.
Haswell, in 1884 also led him to diagnose great subdivisions by
endoskeletal characters. The proposed arrangement, however,
difiered but little from that of Dr. Gunther, the Selachoidei being
only further subdivided into Pahroselachii (=Iiotidanida;) and
Neoselaehii ( = other Sharks).

About the same time, the discovery of Chlamydoselache h}’ ilr.
Garman* induced him to add to the orders Galei (= Selachoidei)
and Batoidei, a supposed new order, Selachophichthyoidei, charac-
terized by “ vertebrae partially or imperfectly developed, a persistent
notochord, and teeth with broad backward-expanded bases;” but
in 1885’, this proposition was withdrawn, the new genus being
placed with Cladodus in a division of the Galei.

The discover}’ of Chlamydoselache, and the resemblance of its
dentition to the fossil teeth named Diplodus also excited the interest
of Prof. Cope, and led to the first attempt at a scientific description
of a Palaeozoic Elasmobranch skull SufBcient materials had been
obtained from the Permian beds of Texas to indicate that a fish
possessing teeth of the i>//)fo<f««-type presented an arrangement of
the mandibular and hyoid arches extremely similar to that observed
in the living Botidanw ; and the supposed presence not only of a
few definite tracts of ossification in the chondrocranium, but also of
imperfect membrane-bones, was considered to justify the recognition
of a new order of the Elasmobranch subclass, to be termed Ichthto-
TOMi. This order was made to include the Hybodontidae, as de-

I T. Gill, Bull. TJ. S. National Museum, no. 10 (1883), p. 967.

^ E. D. Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. Soe. 1884, p. 580.

’ W. A. Haswell, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. ix. (1884), pp. 71-119,
pis. i. & ii.

’ S. Garman, Science, vol. iii. (1884), p. 117.

’ S. Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard Coll. vol. lii. no. 1 (1885),
p. 30.

' E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1884, pp. .')72-51l0, with plate.

INTBODUCTION.

XI

mains of skeletons, which aflford important information concerning
features of real Biological significance and value.

The preliminary sketch of Agassiz has been followed by numerous
publications of greater or less extent, and nearly all of these, it is
hoped, are noticed in the present Catalogue. Many are brief
descriptions in geological treatises, but several are of a more special
kind and worthy of enumeration.

The detached teeth and spines of Carboniferous Elasmobranchs
have been described in Britain by F. M‘Coy ^ and J. W. Davis “ ; in
Belgium by L. G. de Koninek’’ and M. Lohest*; in Kussia by
H. Romanowsky ‘ and H. Trautschold * ; and in the United States
by J. S. li^ewbcrry’ and O. St. John", partly in conjunction with
A. H. Worthen®. Only four types of Carboniferous dentition,
however, are known with much completeness ; and the only
skeletons worthy of note are those of S^thenacunthus (p. 242),
Chondrmchelys (p. 15), and Cladodus (p. 20), from the Lower Car-
boniferous of Scotland ; “ Cladodus ” from the Erie Shale of Ohio
(p. 457) ; and Fleuracanthus “, from the Middle Coal-Measures of

* In A. Sedgwick and F. M‘Coy, British Palscozoic Bocks and Fossils,
4to, Cambridge, 1855.

" J. W. Davis, “ On the Fossil Fishes of the Carboniferous Limestone Series
of Great Britain,” Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), pp. 327-600,
pis. xlii.-liv.

’ L. G. de Koninck, “ Faune du Calcaire Carbonifere de la Belgique,” pt. i.
(in Ann. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Xat. Belg. vol. ii. 1878).

‘ M. Lohest, “ Recherehes sur les Poissons des Terrains Paleozoiques de
Belgique,” Ann. Soo Geol. Belg. vol. li. (1882), pp. 295-325, pis. iii.-v.

' H. Romanowsky, “ Description de quelques Restes de Poissons Fossiles
trouves dans le Calcaire Carbonifere du Gouverneinent de Toula,” Bull. Soc.
Imp. Kat. Mofcou, 1864, pt. ii. pp. 157-170, pis. iii., iv.

® H. Trautschold, ‘•Fisohreste aus dem Devonischen dcs Gouvernmems
Tula,” Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Hat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), pp. 261-276,
pis. xxvi., xxvii. Also “ Die Kalkbriiche von Mjatschkowa,” ibid. pp. 277-299,
pis. xxviii., xxix., and vol. xiv. (1879), pp. 49-61, pis. vi., vii.

" In the Reports of the Geological Surrey of Ohio, vol. i. pt. ii. (1873), and
vol. ii. pt. ii. (1875). Also in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of
Indiana, 1876-78 (1879), pp. 341-348.

’ In Hayden’s Final Report of the Geological Survey of Nebraska (1872).

® Geological Survey of Illinois, vols. ii. (1866), iv. (1870), vi. (1875), and
vii. (1883).

Chdodus (p. 25), Archmohatis (p. 108), Psephodus (p. 178), and Cochliadvs

(p. 208).

“ C. Brongniart, Etudes sur le Terrain Houiller de Comiuentry. — Faune
Ichthyologique, pt. i. (1888).

INTEODTJCTION.

Xlll

papers ' j the corresponding fossils of France are noticed by P. Ger-
vais (op. cit.) and H. E. Sauvage ^ ; of Switzerland by F. J. Pictet
and G. Campiche ’ ; of Saxony and Bohemia by A. E. Ileuss H. B.
Geinitz*, and A. Fritsch® ; of Kussia by V. Kiprijanoff ; of India
by Egerton ® and Stoliczka “ ; and of the United States by E. D.
Cope*" and J. Leidy A few important skeletons are known from
the Senonian Beds of AVestphaUa and the uppermost Cretaceous
deposits of Mount Lebanon have furnished numerous well-preserved
fishes, first noticed in detail by J. W. Davis ”, but considerably
revised in the present volume.

The innumerable Selacbian teeth of Tertiary age, discovered in
almost all marine deposits, are described in several extensive
memoirs. In England, many are noticed by F. Dixon (op. cit.) ;
those of France are made known by P. Gervais'* , F. Bassani ”, and

* See Smith tVoodward, “ A Synopsis of the Vertebrate Fossils of the English
Chalk,” Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. (1888), pp. 286-298.

^ H. E. Sauvage, “ Hecherehes sur les Poissons Fossiles du Terrain Cretaefi
de la Sarthe,” Bibl. Ecole Hautes Etudes, vol. v. no. 9 (1872).

® Pictet and Campiche, “ Description des Fossiles du Teirain Cr4tace des
Environs de Sainte-Croix,” pt. i. (1858-60), in Pictet’s Paleont. Suisse, s6r. 2.
Also F. J. Pictet, “ Description des Poissons Fossiles du Terrain Neocomien
des Voirons ” (1858), Hid.

* A. E. Eeuss, Versteinerungen der bohmischen Kreidefonnation, 1845-6.

® H. B. Gteinitz, ” Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen,” Palseontographica, vol. ix.
pts. i., ii, (1871-7.5).

* A Fritsch, Beptilien und Fische der bohmischen Kreideformation, 1878.

^ V • Kiprijanoff, “ Fisch-Ueberreste im Kurskschen eisenhaltigen Sand-
iteine,” Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855.

® Sir P. Egerton, “ On the Remains of Fishes found by Mr. Kaye and Mr.
Ounliffe in the Pondicherry Beds,” Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. i. (1845),
pp. 164-171.

“ F. Stoliczka, “ The Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India” (Palseontologia
Indica), vol. iv. pt. 4 (1873).

E. D. Cope, “ Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West,”Eep.
D. S. GeoL Surv. Territ. vol. ii. (1875).

J. Leidy, "Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western
Territories,” Und. vol. i. pt. 1 (1873).

” Squaiina baumbergentit (p. 68), Scyllium angmtwm (p. 340), and Falxo-
tcyllium deckeni (p. 343).

” J. W. Davis, “ The FossU Fishes of the Chalk of Mount Lebanon, in Syria,”
Trans. Roy. Dublin. Soc. [2] vol. iii. (1887), pp. 468-494, pis. xiv.-xxi.

“ Op. cit., and ‘ Zoologie et Paliontologie Gen4rales,’ 1867-69.

” F. Bassani, “ Eichercbe sui Pesci Fossili del Miocene Medio di Gahard
(Hle.e-Vilaine) in Francia,” Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi. (1879),
pp. 43-70, with plate.

IITTKODCCTION.

XV

are those from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca ' and Monte
Postale ’ in North Italy, described by Heckel, Molin, A. de Zigno,
and others ; and from the Green Eiver Shales of Wyoming, U.S.A.,
described by Prof. Cope

Stsopsis or Pal^osiological Eesclts.

Summarizing the general results of these discoveries and investi-
gations, aud adding much that is new, suggested hy a study of the
British-Museum Collection, the main points of biological significance
may be briefly enumerated as follows : —

Cartilaye.

Even among Elasmobranchs so early as those of the Lower Car-
boniferous, the cartilages exhibit a considerable amount of calcifi-
cation. A few Carboniferous genera, such as Pleuramnihtis (p. 2)
and Hyhodopsis (p. 240), display the well-known superficial crust
of polygonal calcified tesseraj upon the cartilage ; but a considerable
number of the older skeletons seem to exhibit a more penetrating
and irregular distribution of the centres of calcification than is
common among types of a later date. It is also interesting to note
that in the Lower Carboniferous Chondrenehelys (p. 15) and the late
Palffiozoic Pleuracanthus the slender cartilages present a curious
concretionary arrangement of the calcareous salts, imparting to
them a beaded appearance.

Head and Visceral Arches.

Concerning the cranium itself in extinct Elasmobranchs, there
is at present very little information. Mr. Garman * has already
pointed out that there is much reason to suspect a misconception in
Prof. Cope s statements as to the presence of distinct bony elements
in the skull of the Ichthyotomi ; and, if so, the only other divergence
that has yet been noted between the cranium of these early Elas-
mobranchs and the modern type is the possible presence of a basal
membrane-bone (parasphenoid) in Chondrenehelys (p. 15).

Among later Selachians there are a few instances in which a

• Bhinohatvs prinusvus (p. 82), Flafyrhina holcemis (p. 459), Myliobaiis
gazolai (p. 124), Torpedo egertoni (p. 90), Torpedo gigan/ea (p. 90), species of
Trygon (p. 153), Mesifeia emiluB (p. 346), and Protogaleus cuvicri (p. 4.37).

’ Trygonorhina dezignii (p. 83) and Urohphus prineeps (p. l.'id).

’ Xipholrygoa acufidens (p. 154).

’ Bull. Mns. Comp. Zoology Harvard Coll. vol. xii. no. 1 (1886). p. 29.

XVI

INTKODXTCIION.

well-marked type of skull is definitely known to persist for long
periods ; and in this connection the ease of Squatina, ranging from
the Jurassic to the present day, may be particularly mentioned.

Still more interesting, however, is the light I’almontology seems
destined soon to shed upon the history of some of the more specialized
skulls. The remarkable snout of the well-known Pristis seems to
date back at least to the Eocene period, though even at this time
there are apparently some forms not quite reaching the modern
stage in which the lateral teeth are all implanted in firm cartilage ' ;
but in Cretaceous rocks no Selachian with so highly-specialized a
rostrum has yet been found, and the discovery at Mount Lebanon
of a sawfish “ in which the rostral teeth are very small and only in
part in contact with the cartilages is thus of extreme interest, and
perhaps of considerable significance.

The mandibular and hyoid arches are known in “ Dklymodus”
Cope, of the Permian ; in Faheospinnx of the Lias ; in Ilyhodus of
the Wealden ; and in Synechodns of the Chalk. In all of these
extinct types the hyomandibular element appears to be more
slender than in the majority of living Selachians ; and in “ Didy-
modus” and Synechodus (p. 825) a postorbital facette has been
observed upon the pterygo-quadrate cartilage, evidently implying a
direct articulation with the cranium, such as occurs in the adult of
the surviving primitive genus Notidanm. The examples of Palceo-
spinax and Ilybodiis noted in the following Catalogue seem to be
sufficiently well preserved to demonstrate that no such arrangement
obtained in these genera.

A point of minor importance in connection with the mandible of
one extinct genus is also worthy of note, on account of its yet
awaiting satisfactory explanation. The Costraciont genus Astera-
canthus (p. 307) is provided with perhaps the most powerful dental
armature of all the Sharks possessing crushing teeth ; and most
likely for this reason there is evidence of some unusual arrangement
or development of the muscles by which the successful wielding and
support of the jaws are ensured. On the outer side of the man-
dibular cartilage slightly in advance of a point halfway between
the condyle and the anterior extremity, there is a large protuberance
or boss ; much of the external surfaee of the cartilage has a coarsely
fibrous appearance, and at the position of this curious prominence

' Propristis (p. 70).

’ Sclerorhynvhus (p. 76).

’ See figure and description by the present writer in Ann Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] Tol. ii. (1888), p. 337, ph xii. fig.l.

INTRODUCTION.

XVII

these fibres are directed in such a manner as to suggest the original
influence of some powerful strain tending in an upward and back-
ward direction.

The branchial arches have only been definitely revealed in one
extinct Selachian — Hyhodus basanus, from the Wealden of Sussex.
In this species, and hence presumably in all forms of Hyhodus, there
are not more than five arches, as well shown in the original of
PI. XII. fig. 3, in which the fourth and fifth are very small, and
can scarcely have been followed by others.

Vertebral Column.

Before the end of Palmozoic times there is very little evidence of
calcifications in the sheath of the notochord in Elasmobranchs ; and
even when such a stage of development is approached there seems
to be no constriction. Hasse has noticed the presence of complete
calcified rings in the caudal region of a Permian species of Pleura-
caniJtus (p. 4) ; and Traquair records an equally high condition of
development in the tail of the Lower Carboniferous Chrowlren-
ehelys (p. 15). Some specimens of Pleuraeanthus are also sugges-
tive of the presence of distinct triangnlar calcifications in the
notochordal sheath in the abdominal region ; hut it is still un-
certain whether these may not be merely the expanded bases of the
neural arches.

The early species of the genus Ifybodus, discovered in the Lower
Lias, are also destitute of vertebra), at least in the abdominal region ;
and it is especially interesting to observe an almost equally primitive
condition of the neural arches and spines (PI. VII. fig. 2). The
latter are relatively broader and stouter than in the Palmozoic
Pleuracanths, but there is still not the slightest trace of the inter-
calary cartilages so characteristic of modern Selachians ; and this
circumstance becomes all the more noteworthy when it is remem-
bered that, among living Sharks, the intercalary elements are
secondary structures, arising subsequently to the normal parts of
the vertebral axis.

The first traces of completed vertebral centra are met with in the
Cestraciont Pabeospinax of the Lower Lias — a fish exhibiting other
features denoting its comparatively high degree of specialization.
Here, however, the centra are for the most part simple double
cones, such as persist in the living Spinacidie, and only the faintest
indications of the secondarily developed peripheral calcifications can

b

xviii

INTRODUCTION.

bo detected. Another Cestraciont genus of Cretaceous ago {Syne-
chodus), which can scarcely be distinguished from Palceospinax in
the characters of its dentition and external dermal structures,
possesses fully-formed vertebrae of the asterospondylic type.

Truly asterospondylic vertebrce, indeed, are already mot with in
the Ceslracion falcifer (p. 332) of the Lithographic Stone ; and the
representatives of Sqvatina and Eldnohatus of the same age furnish
equally typical examples of well-formed toctospondylic vertebr®.
In the Jurassic species of Sqnadna, however. Dr. Hasse ‘ has
pointed out that the number of peri])heral calcified rings in the
vertebra; is less than in the later species of the same genus.

Pectoral Arch and Fins.

The remains of the pectoral arch in the earliest known Elasmo-
branchs indicate that it consisted of a pair of arched cartilages, one
upon cither side, probably separated in the median line. It would
bo interesting to know at what period, and in what form, the sepa-
ration of the supra-scapular cartilage in the Rays first occurred, and
how early the two lateral elements united in any of the Tcetospondyli
to form a complete girdle ; but evidence upon all these points is at
present wanting.

Each new discovery of the most primitive types of Elasraobranchs
seems to render the conclusion more certain, that the earliest stage
of the pectoral fin was that named the “ archipterygium ” by
Gegenbaur". As pointed out by Goldfuss and Kner, and more
recently by Anton Fritsch and C. Brongniart, this appendage in the
Palaeozoic Pletiracanfhns exhibits a long segmented axis, fringed on
cither side with cartilaginous rays ; and a nearly similar arrange-
ment has lately been discovered bj^ Traquair in Cladodvs (p. 16),
though in this genus the fin may have possessed ra}’s only upon one
bide of the longitudinal axis. There is still some slight approach
to such an archipterygial type in the pectoral fin even of a few
living Selachians ^ and, if the known examples of the pectoral fin
of Pleuracanthus sufSce for philosophical discussion, the central
axis is formed by the metapterygium, as Gegenbaur supposed, and

' Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil, p. 132.

’ 0. Gegenbaur, “ Ueber das Archipterygium,” Jena. Zeitschr. vol. vii. (1873)
pp. 131-141, pi. X.

’ C. Gegenbaur, ihid.

ISTRODUCTION.

XIX

not by the mesopterygium, as maintained by Huxley Balfour
and Howes In the majority of Selachians, however, the ijectoral
is completely shortened and so much modified that the homologies
of the parts are diflBcult of determination ; and this stage appears to
have been already reached even in a Lower Carhoniferous Shark *,
which possessed a dentition indistinguishable from that of Cladodua.

In the pectoral fin of the Lower Liassic Pakeospinax the type
characteristic of the modern Shark is also evident, and there are a
few robust dermal fin-rays. It is uncertain, however, whether any
genus at this time, or of prior date, had heoome possessed of cartila-
ginous pectoral fin-rays so enormously developed as to constitute a
fin comparable to that of the existing Rays. The fossils named
Artliropteni^ and Cyclartlirus (p. 150), from the Lias, are supposed
to be most satisfactorily interpreted as being parts of such fins ;
but the specimens are scarcely sufficient for profitable discussion.
The Low'er Carboniferous teeth named Psammodus (p. 99) are also
most nearly parallelled at the present day by those of fishes with
an extremely depressed trunk and enormously developed pectorals
without dermal rays ; but these fossils likewise afford no basis for
reasonable speculation.

Pelvic Arch and Fins.

The pelvic fins in the earliest genua in which they are known
(Pleuracanthus) exhibit the usual series of rays upon one side of
the basipterygial axis ; and in the male there is a distinct appended
clasper. The pelvis of Pleuracanthus is more singular than the
pair of fins, inasmuch as it consists of two triangular cartilages, one
on either side, only meeting and not united in the mesial line.

The pelvic arch and fins in the extinct Jlesozoic genera are known
in but few instances ; and only one case is worthy of special
remark. In a Cretaceous member of the Trygonidse ( Ch/c7o6atw),
the arch seems to be modified for the support of the metapterygium
of the enormously developed pectoral fins. The “ prepubic ” process
{p.ph., fig. A, p. xx) in this genus is much elongated and produced
forwards; and a lateral process (i7.) on either side, apparently

^ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 55.

= Comparative Embryology, vol. ii. (Reprint, 1885), p. 617.

® Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 24.

* Sphenacanihiis cosfe/latus (p, 242).

b 2

XX

INTRODUCTION.

homologous -with the “ iliac,” is not only of great length, hut has
also sharply reflected extremities, which seem to have been originally

Fig. A.

Pelvic cartilage of Cyclobatis oligodacfylui. — Senonian, Mount Lebanon, hp.,
basil cartilage of pelvic fin ; il., iliac process ; ph., pubic cartilage ; ppb-,
prepubio process. [From Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 128.]

in direct connection with the distal end of tho pectoral meta-
pterygium.

Median Fins.

A Lower Carboniferous species of Splienacanthm (p. 242) presents
as highly specialized an arrangement of the median fins as most
modern Sharks ; but in the primitive Chondrenchelys of the same
age, and in the late Palaeozoic Pleuracanthus, a lower stage of
development persists. In Chondrenchelys there was evidently a
long undiflerentiated median fin, with at least one series of slender
supporting cartilages above the neural spines. In Pleuracanthus
(according to C. Brongniart) a long dorsal fin is separated from the
diphycercal caudal ; and there is also said to be a small separate
“ cephalic ” fin supported by the barbed spine — a feature of which
the spine itself affords no evidence. As pointed out by R. Kner ‘,
the series of interspinous cartilages supporting the dorsal fin is
double ; and C. Brongniart shows these elements to be twice as
numerous as the neural arches, each of the neural spines distally
bifurcating to support them (see fig. B, p. xxiv). Very striking in
Pleuracanthus, on the other hand, is the specialization of the median

'■ Sitzung.sb. math.-naturw. Cl. k. Akad. Wise. Wien, vol. Iv. (1867), pis. i.,

IXTRODXrCTlOS.

XXI

fia in the anal region ; it is divided into two distinct members,
closely following each other, and exhibiting a singular arrangement
of the cartilages, most nearly parallelled, so far as known, in the
first dorsal fin of the common existing Raja *.

Shagreen and Dermal Defences.

A noteworthy feature in the Palseontological history of the Elas-
mobranchs is the relatively great development of the exoskeleton in
the majority of the early genera. Pleuracantlms and Chondren-
chelys, it is true, seem to have been almost, if not quite, destitute
of shagreen; and the former, at least, possessed but a single spine.
But the abundance of Ichthyodorulitcs, both paired and median,
in the older rocks, testifies to the frequent armature of the body ;
andilesoroic genera, like Ihjbodus and Acrodus, show how not only
the dorsal fins, but also the sides of the head, were provided with
formidable spines.

iloreover, the early types of shagreen and spinous defences are
remarkable for their degree of sculpturing. The small conical
tubercles in the skin of Hgbodas and Acrodus (and the presumably
equivalent Carboniferous fossils named Petrodus) exhibit a some-
times elaborate stellate ornamentation ; and these bodies do not
usually form so compact and continuous an investment as the small
quadrate granules, characteristic of modern Sharks, which are
apparently first met with in Janassa, of the Permian.

Smooth dorsal fin-spines are also rare in Palmozoic rocks, being
only known at present in the Carboniferous Pleuroplax and llelodus ;
and the earliest smooth spines covered with ganoine are those of the
E.h®tic and Liassic Pakeospinax. Except in Pleuroplax and Uelodus,
the spines of Palaeozoic age are all more or loss sculptured upon the
sides, or exhibit two series of powerful denticles. In the sculptured
laterally-compressed forms of this period, the denticles are placed
longitudinally in a scries upon each edge of the posterior face ; but
in later times very few spines, except those of Chimaeroids, continue
to exhibit such an arrangement, the denticles becoming still more
prominent and approximating to form a double series along the
middle of the posterior face.

Paired spines doubtless referable to Elasmobranch or Chim»roid
fishes are numerous in Carboniferous strata, and will be treated in
the section upon Ichihyodoeulites *. Many are triangular, and

’ See figure by Mivart, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x. pi. Ixxviii. fig. 7.

^ Following the Holoeephali, in Part II. of this Catalogue.

XXll

I.N'lKODrCIlGN.

attain to a considerable size (e. g., Oracanihus) ; and these may have
been arranged upon the ventral surface (like the spines of Acan-
thodians), or may perhaps have occupied the postero-lateral angles
of the head (like the cornua of Ccphalaspidians) ; some, however
are long and slender, and seem to have armed the front margin of
the pectoral or pelvic fins. In the Mesozoic llyhodm, Acrodiis, and
Astmicanthus, two pairs of largo hooked spines upon broad bases
also occupied the lateral regions of the head ; but no discovery of
paired fin-spines in deposits later than the Permian has yet been
recorded.

Dentition,

Pointed teeth and obtuse teeth occur among the earliest Elas-
mobranch fossils ; but the former, as well as the latter, are firmly
articulated together, and must always have formed part of a
dentition in which several series were functional. Though the
teeth of Cladodus and Diplodus are as sharply pointed as those of
most recent Sharks, the piercing crown is placed upon a broad
horizontally-expanded base, permitting of a considerable amount of
interlocking between one tooth and another — an arrangement most
nearly parallelled in the surviving Chlamydosdaclie. It is evident,
indeed, that all the modern types of dentition, in which not more
than one or two series of teeth are simultaneously functional, are
highly specialized modifications of this primitive arrangement; and
the change results from the deepening and lateral compression of
the root of each tooth, rendering its base of support less fixed, and
often not permitting its coming into use until after attaining the
summit, or passing to the outer side, of the jaw-cartilage.

In rare instances, the stages of this interesting course of specializa-
tion can already be traced to a certain extent ; and no case is more
striking than that of the genus Kotidunm In the earliest known
Jurassic species, the teeth possess few coronal cusps, fixed upon a
stout, depressed, and backwardly-expanded base of attachment ; in
the Upppp Cretaceous species the crown is longer, and the root or
base exhibits considerable lateral compression ; and in the Pliocene
species the tooth possesses the greatest number of cusps, and its
root is both very deep and extremely compressed. If Ot-thacodus is
rightly placed in the Lamnid®, this, too, is an illustration of the same
principle. The Jurassic tooth just mentioned has a broad hori-

Geol. Mag. [3] Tol. iii. (1886), p. 257.

ISTRODtTCIIOX.

xxni

zontally-expanded root, while all later forms are characterized by a
deeper and more or less bifurcated base of attachment.

With regard to the disposition of the teeth in the mouth as a
whole, the modern Rays, most ScyUiida;, and Chlamydoselache may
be looked upon as retaining the most primitive arrangement. In
the predaceous Sharks there has been a tendency towards the rela-
tive enlargement of the prehensile teeth upon the symphysis ; in
the C««trnci(»i-like Sharks the symj)hysial teeth have become small,
though prehensile, and the lateral teeth well adapted for tritu-
ration. The former arrangement is particularly characteristic of
modern times ; the latter, it is interesting to note, attained its
maximum of specialization so long ago as the Carboniferous period.
In many early Carboniferous genera the series of lateral crushing-
teeth began in part to fuse into continuous plates (Pleuropla.v) ;
two of these plates often amalgamated {Poscilodus) ; and in the
most specialized of these “ Coohliodonts ” (e. g., Deltoptychlus) all
traces of the boundaries of the original components of the dental
plates became obliterated.

Taxonomic Deductions from the Comparison op Extinct
WITH Recent Elasmobranchs.

In discussing the bearing of the foregoing facts upon published
schemes of classification of the Elasmobranchii, the first point to bo
considered is the validity of Prof. Cope’s division of the subclass
into the two orders Ichthyotomi and SsLACHn. If the characters
of the dentition are of any systematic importance — and when genera
of equivalent age are under comparison wo believe they are — there
can be no hesitation in associating the European later Palseozoic
Pleuracanths with the skuUs of the so-called Didymodus, Cope,
from the Permian of Texas. It is thus possible, from the researches
of Kner, Anton Fritsch, Traquair, and C. Brongniart, to take into
consideration all the more prominent skeletal features of these
primitive Elasmobranchs ; and the study of nearly complete indi-
viduals from the Middle Coal-Measures of Commentry, France, has
lately led jM. Brongniart to attempt the restoration given in the
accompanying fig. B *.

As already remarked, we are inclined to believe, with Carman,
that Cope’s determination of cartilage-bones and membrane-bones in
the skull of “ Didymodus ” was founded upon misconception ; and

' Op. cil. p. 7, fig. 2.

XXIV

INTRODUCTJOX.

it api)ears tliat tljis Permian fossil is a normal example of an
amphistylic Elasraobrancli skull. One feature in the appendicular
skeleton, hou’cvcr, amply justifies the recognition of the Ichthyotonii
as a distinct order, if appeal may be made to the analogy of the
accepted classification of the bony hyostylic fishes. The possession

Fig. li.

Restoration of Pleumcanthus gaudryi. — Coal- Measures, t'ommentry, France.

[After Charles Brongniart.]

of a pectoral archipterygium, of the type conceived by Gegenbaur,
differentiates the Crossoptcrygii from the higher Ganoidei or Actino-

pterygii ; and the same character separates the Ichthyotomi

though perhaps less widely — from the Selaehii. The division of the
pelvic girdle into two distinct halves is also a feature of significance ;
and the primitive character of the axial skeleton is worthy of note.
According to Prof. Cope’s latest proposition in regard to classifica-
tion \ the presence of a double series of interspinous cartilages will
also enter into the ordinal definition “ ; but the characters of the
median fins themselves, though in many respects primitive, cannot
be quoted at present as of more than family rank.

Having thus eliminated the Ichthyotomi, and attempting no
further division into suborders, on account of the slight character
of available evidence, it remains to determine the possible classifi-
cation of the Selaehii into minor groups. As is well known, most
zoologists divide these roughly into Sharks and Pays, in accordance
with the lateral or inferior situation of the gill-clefts ; Owen seems
to overestimate a character of family value (the possession of dorsal
fin-spines), and thus adds a third suborder; Gill adopts four
divisions (“ suborders ”) of Sharks, based upon the characters of the

' Auier. Xat. vol. xxi. (1887), p. 1015.

» This feature, however, has not been noted in Chvndrmvhehjs ■ but the circum-
sUne« is perhaps explained by the imperfect preservation of known specimens.

INTKODUCTION.

XXV

skull ; and Hasse four great suborders, based upon the condition of
the axial skeleton.

"With regard to the earliest of these classifications — the subdi-
vision into Sharks and Eays — it must be regarded as approximately
natural. For although some Sharks (e.ff., Scylliidse) live upon the
sea-bottom almost as constantly as the typical Eays, and although
a certain amount of depression of the trunk and elongation of the
slender tail naturally result from this circumstance, the pectoral
fins never tend to enlarge, and the anal fin in no case disappears.
On the other hand, even in such little-modified members of theEay-
series as the freely-swimming Pristidae, the pectorals have so far
enlarged as to grow forwards and turn the gill-clefts to the ventral
aspect, while the anal fin is completely wanting ; and every grada-
tion can be traced from this t3-pe to the most modified Trj'gonid®
and Myliobatidae.

At the same time, it must be remembered that, if the two sub-
divisions just mentioned are solely defined in the ordinary' manner
({. e.. Sharks with lateral gUl-clefts, and Eays with ventral gill-
clefts), aE survivors of the primitive families of the Eay-series will
become included unnaturally among the Sharks. The Squatinid®
and Pristiopihoridffi, for example, possess lateral giU-clefts, like
Sharks ; but the structure of the vertebr®, the partial growth
forwards of the pectoral propterygium in Squaiina, and several
striking resemblances existing between Prist ioqiJiorus a,ni Pristis and
Rhinobatus, aU point to the Squatinid® and Piistiophorid® as pro-
bably survivors of ancestral Eays. Moreover, the lowly family of
Spinacid® may bo as justly placed in one group as in the other,
so far as the situation of the gill-clefts is concerned ; but from the
circumstance that in some of the typical genera (o. g., AcanthUis)
considerable depression of the trunk is accompanied by a semi-
ventral disposition of the clefts, while the anal fin is totally absent,
it seems most philosophical to place the family provisionally with
the less differentiated Eaj's.

External features, indeed, though suggesting a broad natural
classification, do not suffice for precise subordinal diagnoses ; and
it is therefore necessary to take into account the distinctive features
presented by the endoskeleton.

It might be supposed, at first sight, that the various modifications
of the cranium and mandibular and hyoid arches would afford
some satisfactory basis for the definition of subordinal groups ; but
Pal®ontology combines with modern zoological results to demon-

XXVI

INTHODtrCTION.

strato that no such points of broad systematic importance can bo
found.

I’rof. Gill, for example, regards Hotidanus as the typo of a
“ suborder Opisiharthbi,” on account of the articulation of the
ptery go-quadrate cartilage with the postorbital region of the
cranium. According to Dr. Gunther ‘, however, the recently dis-
covered ChJumydoselache falls into the same family as JS’utidanns ;
and, from any point of view, it would certainly be impossible to
relegate the two genera just mentioned to groups more widely
separated than families. Nevertheless, in Chlamydoselache there
is no articulation between the pterygo-quadrate cartilage and the
cranium ; and the hyomandibular is as robust as in many types
that would rank as modern. Tt ought also to bo added that even
in Notidanus itself the postorbital articulation does not arise until
late in the history of the embryo ’ ; while in the adults of such
widely diverse genera as FUnracauthws and SynecJiodus a precisely
similar feature of specialization is to bo observed.

Prof. Gill's “ suborder PROARinar,” typified by the existing Ces-
traclon, would doubtless prove equally inconsistent with facts, if the
relations of the mandibular and hyoid arches in its extinct allies
could be ascertained. One Cretaceous genus {Si/nechodus), indeed,
which cannot yet bo separated from the Cestraciontidm, exhibits the
postorbital articulation of the pterygo-quadrate, exactly as in Koti-
danus.

Turning to the axial skeleton of the trunk, the elaborate researches
of Prof. Carl Hasse have provided ample materials for discussion.
As already explained, the Professor points out that the division of
the Sclachii into Sharks and Hays very nearly corresponds to a
grouping suggested by the structure of the vertebral centra. In
the Rays (Tectospondyli) a series of concentric laminse surrounds
the primitive double-cone of each vertebral centrum ; in the majo-
rity of Sharks (Asterospondyli) the arrangement of the secondary
lamina) is such as to impart a stellate aspect to transverse sections
of the contra.

These features are distinctive to such an extent, that we venture
to adopt the arrangement ; and in this wa}' it is possible to jilaco
the Pristiophoridso and Squatinid® in their apparently natural
position in proximity to the Rays.

‘ “Eeport on the Deep-Sea Fishes” (‘ Challenger’ Eeports, Zool. vol. xxii.
1887), p. 2.

T. H. Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soo. 1876, p. 44.

INTEODUCTION.

XXVll

The latest results of Palceontology, however, do not justify other
features in Prof. Hasse’s classification, and absolutely negative some
of the details.

Ssotidanus, for example, is made the type of a primitive division,
the “ Pal®onotidani ” or “ Plagiostomi Diplospondyli,” because the
notochord is persistent, though intercalary cartilages are developed
in the arches ; hut, as shown in the following Catalogue, the Liassic
llyhodux possessed a persistent notochord, and even Prof. Hasse
himself admits that other well-known features place this genus in
immediate proximity to Cestracion.

Again, the Spinacidoe are regarded as representing a distinct
division, the “ Cyclospondyli,” in which there are simple vertebral
centra without an)’ secondary calcifications. This is obviously a
stage in advance of the “ Palmonotidani,” being halfway between
these and either of the two higher groups, the Tectospondyli and
Asterosiiondyli. Put, like the Paheonotidani, the Sharks with an
axial skeleton in this stage of development exhibit no other features
widely separating them from the Selachians of the modern groups ;
and it appears to the present writer that there are known cyclo-
spondylic members of each of these groups. As already remarked,
the semiventral position of the gill-clefts in some Spinacidae, and
the absence of the anal fin in these fishes, are characters suggesting
that they form the base of the Tectospondylic series. Palaeospinax
of the Lias, with its cyclospondylic vertebrae and distinct anal fin,
scarcely differs from the Cretaceous asterospond5’lio Synechodus,
except in the lower degree of calcification of the vertebrae ; and the
Lias.sic genus may therefore be placed with the Cestracionts in the
Asterospondylic series.

In the sum-total of characters, indeed, the degree of development
of the vertebral centra is of small importance ; and the members of
Haste's “ Pala;onotidani ” and “ Cyclospondyli ” may be variously
distributed in the Tectospondyli and Asterospondyli, according as
they approach weU-dofined types of the one group or the other.
The acceleration of vertebral development, and the retardation of
the same, are singular features apparently having little correspon-
dence with the specialization or otherwise of characters still more
likely to change. In Chlumydoselache the dentition is primitive,
and in its close ally, ^otidanus, the teeth attain extreme specializa-
tion ; but the former has distinct cyclospondylic vertebra;, while the
latter only exhibits slight calcifications sometimes in the caudal
region. The Hybodont dentition persists in the notochordal IJybo-

XXVlll

INTRODUCTION.

dus, the e5’clospon(lylic Palicosjnnaa.’, and the asterosiiondylic Syne-
chodax ; and an extremely specialized dentition occurs in the existing
cyclospondylic Spinacidsc, while in many of the asterospondylic
Scylliidae the teeth have quite a primitive aspect and disposition.

With regard to the minor grouping of the Selachii into families
and genera, it is proposed to adopt the arrangement formulated by
Dr. Gunther in his Catalogue of 1870, for the recent forms ; and
the various extinct families and genera will he incorporated among
these in such provisional positions as the available evidence may
seem to justify. Except in the few instances in which complete
skeletons are known, this evidence is necessarily very slight, and
often admits of more than one interpretation ; and no fossils are
more difficult of satisfactory determination than scattered and iso-
lated teeth.

The teeth, in fact, can often be only satisfactorily identified when
something is known of their geological age and associations. There
are ITybodont teeth in the Chalk which would be named Orodus if
found in the Carboniferous ; and some of the teeth of Ithastio age
might well be mistaken for Cladodns. Lawley also doubtless had a
prehensile tooth very similar to those of the Cochliodonts when ho
announced tho discovery of Ilelodm in the ITiocene. But the evi-
dence of associated remains demonstrates the improbability of all
these identifications ; and the same kind of evidence must be care-
fully taken into account when the minor matters of specific nomen-
clature are under discussion.

With regard to synonymy, under such circumstances there is
scope for endless differences of opinion ; and it seems necessary to
accept as sufficiently defined each name applied to any part of a fish
precisely and correctly described, which can afterwards be identified
when satisfactory examples of that particular genus or species happen
to be discovered. In recent Zoology it is possible to observe a
stringent rule with reference to complete diagnoses ; but in the
Paheontology of the Vertebrata, if each investigator is permitted to
decide whether a recognizably described fossil is sufficient to justify
the retention or otherwise of the name originally proposed for it,
generic and specific synonymy will multiply ad wfinitnm.

In the present state of Palaeontology, it also seems advisable to
employ generic and specific names in a somewffiat extended sense ;
and the progress of research will doubtless lead to a further sub-
division of many of tho groupings now adopted. This Catalogue,
however, can only be regarded as a provisional attempt to systematize

INTEODTTCTION.

XXIX

and arrange the ascertained facts of Elasmobranch Palfcontology for
convenience of reference; and the writer would claim indulgence
for the numerous imperfections which further studios will soon
reveal.

As the following pages demonstrate, the collection of the Britisli
Museum is now so extensive that actual specimens of nearly all
the principal genera and species have been available for examina-
tion ; and the present undertaking has been all the more facilitated
by the orderly arrangement of this collection, due to the long-con-
tinued labours of Jlr. William Davies. To this gentleman the writer
is under the greatest obligation, not only for continual advice aud
the benefit of his wide experience, hut also for reading the whole of
the proofs ; and both to him and to many other friends cordial
thanks are respectfully tendered. To Dr. Gunther the writer is
indebted for help in regard to modern Selachians ; to Dr. 11. H.
Traquair and Mr. James W. Davis, in regard to ralacozoic genera.
Mr. John Ward, of Longton, has freely placed his unique series of
Coal-Measure fishes at the writer’s disposal ; and Mr. Henry Willett,
of Brighton, has extended similar favours in permitting the use of
his fine collection from the Sussex Chalk. Among fellow-workers
in Palaeichthyology on the Continent, Prof. K. A. von Zittel, of
Munich, Prof. W. Dames, of Berlin, and Dr. Anton Fritsch, of
Prague, have rendered much assistance ; and wherever the writer
has sought information, either in Britain or abroad, it has invariably
been most liberally accorded.

ARTHUB SillTII WOODWARD.

Geological Department,

March 8th, 1889.

List op Colleciioks.

In the foUowing Catalogue aU Donations are acknowledged in
full, with the Donor’s name and the date, whether the specimens
form part of a large scries or were separately presented. In the
case of collections acquired by purchase, only the name of the
founder of each of these is mentioned, and detaOed particulars are
given in the list below : —

Bavrjh CoUeciion. — A series of fish-remains, chiefly teeth and fill-

XXX

iXTUontrcTioN.

spines from tlie Carboniferous Limestone of Shropshire, purchased
from the executors of the late Mr. T. Baugh, of Bewdlcy, 1870.

Mus Baker’s Oollcction. — A miscellaneous collection from North.*-
amptonshire, purchased from Miss Baker, of 'Northampton, about
1843.

Bai/Jield Collection. — Fossil fishes and reptiles, chiefly from the
Upper Chalk of Norfolk, purchased from Mr. T. G. Bayfield, of
Norwich, 1878.

Bean Collection. — Miscellaneous fossils, chiefly Oolitic, from York-
shire, purchased from Mr. William Bean, of Scarborough, 1859.

Bowerhank Collection. — This collection comprises many remains of
fishes from the English Cretaceous and Eocene, and was purchased
in 1865 from the late Dr. J. S. Bowerhank, F.Il.S., of Highbury.

Braun Cdlection. — Vertebrate fossils from the Continental Trias,
purchased from Dr. Alexander Braun, about 1836.

Byne Collection. — Miscellaneous fossils from the Jurassic of Glou-
cestershire, purchased from Mr. Byne, before 1845.

Caleb Evans Collection. — This collection comprises several fossil
fish-remains from the English Eocene and Cretaceous, and was
purchased from the executors of the late Mr. Caleb Evans, 1888.

Capron Collection. — A fine series of English Chalk fossils, pur-
chased from Mr. J. Hand Capron, of Guildford, 1879.

CmMiwjton Collection. — This collection comprises numerous re-
mains of fossil fishes, chiefly from Wiltshire, and the main portion
was purchased from Mr. MTlliam Cunnington, of Devizes, in 1875,
though earlier instalments were received in 1849, 1859, and 1861.

Daniels Collection. — Fossils from the English Chalk and Eocene,
purchased from the executors of Mr. H. Daniels, about 1860.

Dawson Collection. — Vertebrate fossils from the Wealden of the
neighbourhood of Hastings, collected by Mr. Charles Dawson, of St.
Leonards. The first portion of the collection was purchased in
1884, since which date additions have been continually made to the
series.

Di.von Collection. — A series of specimens, mainly from the Ter-
tiaries and Chalk of the South of England, purchased in 1851 from
the executors of the late Mr. Frederic Dixon, of Worthing.

Edwards Collection. — ^This collection comprises numerous remains
of fossil fishes from the Eocene of Hampshire, and was purchased
from Mr. F. E. Edwards, in 1867 and 1873.

Eyerton Collection. — A very extensive collection of fossil fishes.

INTROBtrCTIOJf.

XXXI

purchased from the executors of the late Sir Philip do Malpas Grey
Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.ll.S. (Trustee Brit, if us.), in 1882.

Eniiislillen Collection. — A very extensive collection of fossil fishes,
purchased from the Right Hon. the Earl of Enniskillen, F.R.S., in
1882.

Fox Collection, — An important series of vertebrate fossils, chiefly
reptilian, from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight, purchased, in
1882, from the executors of the late Rev. W. Fox, of Brixton, Isle
of Wight.

Gardner Collection. — llisceUaneous specimens from the English
Cretaceous and Eocene, collected by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner, and
purchased from that gentleman in 1870, 1879, and 1881.

Gilbertson Collection. — Carboniferous fossils, chiefly from Carboni-
ferous Limestone and Yoredale Rocks of Yorkshire and Lancashire,
coUected by Mr. William Gilbertson, of Preston, and purchased in
1841.

Hdherlein Collection. — Fossils from the Lithographic Stone of
Bavaria, purchased from Dr. Carl Hiiberlcin, of Pappenheim, in
1862.

Harford Collection. — A miscellaneous collection, comprising nume-
rous remains of fossil fishes from the Chalk of Kent and the English
Tertiaries, purchased from Mr. F. Harford, of South Norwood, in
1888.

Harris Collection. — Fossils from the Kentish Chalk, collected by
the late Mr. Harris, of Charing, purchased in 1881 from Prof. Rupert
Jones, F.R.S.

Home Collection. — Fossil teeth of Elasmobranch fishes from the
Yoredale Rocks of Wensleydale, Yorkshire, purchased in 1885 from
Mr. WiUiam Home, of Leyburn.

Johnson Collection. — Fossils from the English Lias, coReeted by
Dr. .1. R. Johnson, of Hot IVclls, Bristol, and purchased in 1845.

ManUll Collection. — A large and important collection, mainly
comprising specimens from the Cretaceous of the South of England,
acquired in two portions. The first portion was purchased in 1838
from the late Dr. Gideon A. Mantell, F.R.S., and the second from his
executors in 1853.

Sharp Collection.— A aeiies of specimens chiefly from the .Jurassic
of Northamptonshire, purchased in 1876 from Mr. Samuel Sharp, of
Dallington Hall, Northamptonshire.

Sloane Collection.— 'Pwch&sei from the executors of Sir Hans
Sloane, Bart., F.R.S., of (Jhelsea, in 1753.

XXXll

INTRODUCTION.

Mrs. Smith’s Collection. — Possil fishes and reptiles from the Chalk
of Kent, collected by the late Mrs. Smith, of Tunbridge Wells, and
purchased in 1878 from her daughter Mrs. Bishop.

Taylor Collection. — Chalk fossils purchased from Mr. H. W . Taylor.

Tesson Collection. — A series of specimens from the Jurassic of
Normandy, purchased in 1857 from the late Mens. Tesson, of Caen.

Toxdmin-Smith Collection. — Chalk fossils purchased in 1869 from
the widow of the late Mr. J. Toulmin Smith, of Highgate.

Van Breda Collection. — This collection comprises numerous re-
mains of fossil fishes, from the Upper Cretaceous of Maastricht,
the Eocene of Aix-en-Provence, and the Miocene of Oeuingen,
Switzerland, and was purchased in 1871 from the executors of the
late Professor Van Breda, of Haarlem h

Weaver-Jones Collection. — Possil teeth and fin-s]iines of Elasmo-
branch fishes from the Carboniferous Limestone of Shropshire, pur-
chased in 1880 from the executors of the late Mr. Weaver Jones, of
Cleobury Mortimer.

Wetherell Collection. — A miscellaneous series of specimens from
the English Chalk and Eocene, purchased, through the late Mr. J.
Tennant, from the late Mr. N. T. Wetherell, of Highgate, in 1871.

Wigham Collection. — Norfolk fossils collected by Mr. Wigham, of
Norwich, purchased in 1859 from Mr. T. G. Bayfield, of the same
city.

Wilson Collection. — A series of teeth of Elasmohranch fishes,
chiefly from the Upper Carboniferous Limestone of Ticknall, near
Melbourne, South Derbyshire, purchased in 1887 from Mr. Edward
Wilson, of Bristol.

Almost all the Cretaceous fishes from Mount Lebanon mentioned
in this Catalogue were collected by the Rev. Professor E. 11. Lewis,
M. A., late of the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, and were obtained
by purchase, in several series, from Mr. 11. Damon, of Weymouth.

Bequests.

Cowderoy Bequest. — By iliss Cowderoy, about 1854.

Cracherode Bequest. — By the Rev. C. M. Cracherode, 1799.

Trevelyan Bequest.— My Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., 1879.

1 Professor van Breda was son-in-law to Dr. Petrus Camper, the celebrated
Dutch Anatomist, from whom he inherited much of his collection. Many of
tlie Oeningen specimens were also collected by Prof. Oswald Heer, of Zuricli.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

OF

GENERA AND SPECIES

DESCKIBED IN PAllT I.

Page

Subclass ELASMOBRANCHII 1

Order ICHTHYOTOMI 1

FamUy PLEURACANTHIDiE 1

Pleuracanthus 2

decheni 3

laevissimus 5

robustus 7

arcuatus 8

cylindricus 8

Diplodus gibbosus 10

tenuis 11

parvulus 12

latus 12

compressus 12

gracilis 13

acinaces 13

bohemicus 14

Chondrenchelys 15

problematica 16

XX XIV

SYBTEMA.TIC INDEX

Family CLADODONTIDJi .

Cladodus . . .

mirabilis .

marginatus

striatus

curvus . .

grandis . .

robiistus .

spinosus

springeri .

DicentroduB . .

— biciispidatus
Pha3bodus . .

Lambdodus . .

Uicreiiodus .

dentatus .

Hybocladodus

Page

16

16

16

18

19

20
21
21
22
22
26
26
27

27

28
28
29

Order 8ELACHI1

Suborder TEOTOSPONDYLl .

Family SPINACID^ . .

Centrina . . .

Aeanthias .

latidoiis

CentroplioruB

primaevus .

Spinax

Scymnus . . .

major! .

Fchiiiorhinus

Family PETALODONTID^
Janassa . .

bituminosa

linguffiformis

clavata . .

30

30

30

30

31

31

32

32

33
33

33

34

34

34

35

36

37

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XXXV

Kiiraily PETALODOXTID.;E (continued).

Page

Janassa imbricata 38

Fissodus 40

PetaloThynchus 40

psittacinus 40

psittacinus, var. minor 41

Petalodus 42

acuminatus 42

hastingsiae 44

grandis 45

flabellula 45

linearis 45

davisii 46

alleghaniensis 46

Ctenoptycbius 49

apicalis 50

dentatus 51

lobatus 51

serratus 52

Callopristodus 54

pectinatus 55

Polyrhizodus 56

maguus . 57

colei 57

sinuosus 58

elongatus 58

attenuatns 68

concavus 69

Glossodus 60

lingua-bovis 60

Mesolophodus 61

problematicus 61

Family PEISTODONTID /E 62

Pristodus 62

falcatus 63

c2

xxxvi

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family PRISTODONTIDiE {continued).

Pristodus concinnus

benniei

Page

64

64

Family SQU^IlTINID^ . .

Squatina . . . .

alifera . .

speciosa . .

baumbergensis

crassidens . .

cranei .

65

65

65

67

68

69

70

Family PRISTIOPHOMD^

Family PRISTID^ . . ,

Pristis ....

bisulcatus .

contortus .

Propriatis . . .

Sclerorhynchus .
atavus . .

72

73
73

73

74
76
76
76

FamUy RHINOEATID^ .
llhinobatua . .

bugesiacus

morinicus .

maronita .

tenuirostris

intermedius

latua

obtusatus

primmvus

Trygonorhina

Belemnobatis

sismoudffi

Aaterodermus
platypterua

77

77

78
80
80
81
82
82
82
82
83

83

84
84
84

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXvii

Page

Family RAJID.® 84

Raja 85

expansa 85

minor 85

primarmata 85

clavata 87

Dynatobatis 89

Acant.bobatis 89

Oncobatis 90

Family TORPEDINID.^ 90

Torpedo 90

FamUy PSAilMODOJfTID^ 91

Copodus 91

comutus 91

spatulatus 93

furcatus 94

lingua 94

auriculatus 95

minimus 95

planus 96

oblongus 96

prototypus 97

angulatus 98

(?) cuneatus 98

PsammoduB 99

rugosus 100

expansus 105

salopiensis 105

trapeziformis 105

angustus 106

specularis 107

Archseobatis 108

XXXViii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Family MYLIOBATID^ 109

Myliobatis 109

dixoiii 109

striatus 112

gonioplourus 115

toliapicus 110

, latidens 118

stokcsii 118

angustidens 119

(?) fcumidens 119

Ehinoptera 125

daviosii 126

studeri 127

woodwardi 127

Aetobatis 127

irregularis 128

marginalis 129

Apocopodon 132

Ptyebodus 132

mammillaris 133

rugostiH 136

oweni 138

deourrens 138

polygyrus 143

multistriatus 146

latissimus 147

mortoni 149

Family TEYGONID^ 152

Trygou 152

Tseniura . . . . 152

Xiphotrygon 153

acutidens 154

Urolophus 154

princeps . . . . ' 154

Cyclobatis 155

oligodactylus 155

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXix

Famil)’ TEYGONID.® (continued).

Page

Cyclobatis major 155

sp. ind 156

Tectospondyli incertse sedis 156

Suborder ASTEBOSPONDTLI 157

Family NOTIDANID.1E I57

Notidanus I57

muensfceri 158

serratus I59

dentatus 159

lanceolatus 160

microdon . 160

serratissimus 162

primigenius 163

gigas 165

Chlam}-doselache 168

Family COCHLIODONTID^ 169

Helodus 171

simplex I7I

Pleuroplax I73

rankinei 173

attheyi I75

woodi 175

Psephodus 176

magnus I77

lasvissimus 181

salopiensis 182

dubius 183

Sandalodus

morrisii 185

minor _ I87

angustus 187

carbonarius 188

laevissimus 188

xl

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pamily COCHLIODONTIDjE (continued).

Page

Sandalodus complanatus

Tomodus

convexus

Xystrodus

striatus

(?) egertoni

Deltodus

Bublaivis

gibbus 1®'

rugosus

concha

occidentalis

spatulatus

PcEcilodus '

• . 902

jonesn

gibbosus

Cochliodus

contortus

— 208

Stroblodus 209

oblongus 209

colei ■ • 210

91 1

egertoni .

Deltoptychins 212

acutus 212

gibbcrulus 214

Diplaoodus 216

bulboides 216

Cyrtonodus 216

hornei 216

Family CESTEACIONTID^ 229

Orodus 230

cinctus 230

ramosns 231

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xli

Family CESTRACIONTIDjE {continued).

Page

Orodus ornatus 233

elongatus 233

catenatus 234

tuberculatus 234

moniliformis 234

mammillaris 235

elegantulus 235

tenuis 236

(?) gibbus 236

Campodus 238

agassizianus 238

Diclitodus 241

scitulus 241

Sphenacanthus 241

serrulatus 242

costellatus 242

hybodoides 242

Tristychius 244

arcuatus • . 245

Wodnika 248

althausi 248

Pala;obates . ^ 248

angustissiraus 249

Hybodus 250

plicatilis 250

mougeoti 252

polycyphus 253

cuspidatus 253

apicalis 254

minor 254

lawsoni 255

cloacinus 256

raricostatus 257

delabechei 259

medius 264

reticulatus 266

xlii

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Famil}' CESTEACIONTIDjE {continued).

Page

Hybodus polyprion 268

levis 269

grossiconus 270

obtusus 272

basanus 273

sp. inc. (? strictus) 275

sp. inc. (? striatulus) 276

sp. inc 276

Acrodus 279

gaillardoti 279

lateralis 280

keuperinus 281

minimus 282

nobilis 283

anningise 289

leiodus 295

leioplourus 295

hirudo 296

ornatus 296

levis 296

nitidus 297

(?) illingworthi 297

Asteracanthus 307

ornatissimus 307

, var. flettonensis 312

semisulcatus 312

acutus 313

verrucosus 313

granulosus 314

Strophodus magnus 314

tenuis 317

lingualis 319

Bdellodus 321

bollensis 321

Palfcospinax 321

prisons 322

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xUii

Family CESTEACIONTID.® (continued).

- Page

Palmospinax egertoni 324

Synechodus 325

dubrisiensis 327

tenuis 329

recurvus 329

sulcatus 330

Cestracion 331

falcifer 332

sulcatus 333

canaliculatus 334

rugosus 335

Family SCYLLllD^ 338

Palffioscyllium 338

formosura 338

minus 339

ScyUium 340

angustum 34O

antiquum 340

dubium 341

elongatum 341

curtirostre 342

(?) tumidens 342

Pristiurus 344

hossci 344

Mesiteia 344

sahel-almm 345

emilim 343

Chilosey Ilium

Crossorhinus 34y

CantioscyUium 347

decipiens 347

Ginglymostoma 348

serra

Family LAMYIDjE 349

Orthacodus 349

xliv

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family LAMNID^E (continued).

Page

Ortliacodus longidens 349

Scapanorhynchus 351

lewisii 351

elongatus 353

rhaphiodon 353

(?) subulatuR 356

(?) gigas 358

Odontaspis 360

bronni ' 360

rutoti 361

elegans 361

contortidens 366

cuspidata 368

complanata 372

inourva 372

vorax 373

(?) crassidens 373

Alopecias 375

Oxyrhina 376

manteUi 376

subbasalis 380

angustidens 380

macrorhiza 381

crassidens 382

triangularis 382

desorii 382

vanieri 385

hastalis 385

crassa 389

Lamna 392

appendiculata 393

lata

scmiplicata 397

sulcata 398

macrorhiza 399

crassa

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

xlv

Family LAMNIDjE (continued).

Lamna serra

divergeus ....

trigonata ....

macrota ....

vincenti ....

(?) obliqua ....

Carcharodon

subserratus . . .

lanciformis . .

auric ulatus ....

megalodou ....

rondeletii ....

Corax

pristodontus . . .

falcatus

affinis

Cetorhinus . . .

duponti

FamUy CAECHAllIID^ ....

Carcharias

(Scoliodou) orpionsis

(Scoliodou) eocsenus .

-= (Aprionodon) gibbesii

(Prionodon) egertoni

(Prionodon) aculeatus

Galeocerdo

contortus ....

latidens ....

aduncuB ....

minor

Hemipristis

serra

Galeus

Spbyma

prisca

Mustelus

Page
. 400

. 401
. 401
. 402
. 403
. 404
. 410
. 411
. 411
. 411
. 415
. 420
. 422
. 423
. 424
. 427
. 429
. 430

. 435
. 435
. 436
. 436
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 443
. 443
. 444
. 444
. 446
. 448
. 449
. 452
. 453
. 453
. 455

xlvii

LIST OF WOODCUTS,

Page

Fig. A. Cyclobatis oligodactylus. Pelvis xx

li. Pleuracanthus gaudryi. Restored slceleton .... xxiv

1. Squatina alifera. Slceleton 66

2. spcciosa. Skeleton 68

3. Rhinobatus bugesiacus. Skeleton 79

4. Myliobatis dixoni. Section of tooth Ill

5. striatus. Section of tooth 114

6. Ptychodus decurrens. Plan of dentition .... 132

7. Notidanus gigas. Teeth 166

8. Cocliliodus contortu8. Dentition 207

9. Acrodus anningiae. Teeth 290

10. anningia). Dtoitition 293

11. Astoracanthus ornatissimus. Dentition . . . . 310

12. Synechodus dubrisiensis. Dentition 326

13. Cestracion philippi. Jaw, with dentition .... 332

CATALOGUE

OF

FOSSIL FISHES.

Class PISCES.

Subclass I. ELx\SMOBRANCHII.

Skeleton cartilaginous, membrane-bones absent (? except rarely,
ill-defined). Mandibular suspensorium articulated with the cranium ;
gill-clefts separated, without external cover. Exoskeleton, when
pre.sent, structurally identical with the teeth. In the living forms
— optic nerves not decussating, bulbus arteriosus of the heart with
three series of valves, intestine with a spiral valve, and ovaries with
few large ova.

Order I. ICHTHYOTOMl.

Endoskcletal cartilage permeated throughout with granular calci-
fications. Notochord rarely or never constricted ; calcifications of
the sheath arrested at the most primitive “ rbacbitomous ” stage,
except in the caudal region. Neural and haimal arches and spines
long and slender ; no intercalary cartilages. Pectoral fins with long
segmented axis (“ archipterygial ”).

Family PLEURACANTHIDiE.

Body slender, but slightly depressed ; mouth terminal ; tail diphy-
cercal. Dorsal fin elongate, low, continuous along the back from a
point shortly behind the head ; slender interneural cartilages more
numerous than the neural spines. Pectoral fin with biserial arrange-
ment of cartilaginous rays.

4 B

2

ICHTHYOTOMI.

Genus PLEURACANTHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Fosb. vol. iii. 1837, p. 66.]

Syn. Diplodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 181.% p. 204.

Oflhacanthus!, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1843, pi. 4.5, figs. 7-9.

Xenacanthiis, E. Beyricli, Monatsb. Verb. k. Prenss. Akad. Wiss.
1848, p. 24.

Triodus, Jordan, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 843.

Compsaeanthtm, J. 8. Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad.
1856, p. 100.

Dittodus, It. Owen, Trans. Odont. See. toI. v. 1867, p. 326.

Ayanodtm, R. Owen, tom, cit. p. 3.59.

Ochlodtis, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. 346.

Pternodm, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. .363.

Thrinacodu^, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1876,
p. 289.

Lophacanthus, T. Stock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. v. 1880,
p. 217.

Anodontacanthus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvii. 1881, p. 427.

Didymodu.1, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilad. 1883,

p. 108.

Body probably destitute of shagreen ; a long barbed spine, with
two series of denticles, placed dorsally immediately behind the head.
Tooth with thick depressed root, the crown consisting of two prin-
cipal divergent cones, generally of unequal size, with a more or less
minute intermediate denticle, and often a round flat-topped boss
(“ button ”) behind.

The generic identity of the fishes bearing the spines named
Plmracanthus and Xenacanthns, and the teeth named Diplodus, was
first pointed out by Egerton ’. Triodus was also referred to the
same genus by Schnur and Orthacanthus by J. W. Davis *. Zittel
ha.s already remarked" upon the probable identity of CompsacantJius
with the so-called Orthacanthus ■, and Traquair has determined® the
identity of Anodontacanthus, in part, with the spines of the present
genus. The name Thrinacodus was given by St. John and \Yorthen to
teeth differing from those Diplodus'’ in the absence of a “ button ”

a character apparently inconstant, as noted by Cope Dittodus,

‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. xx. (1857), p. 423.

® Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell. vol. viii. (I860), p. 542.
® Quart. .Toum. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. (1880), p. 331.

" Handb. Palseont. vol. iii. pt. i. (1887), p. 90.

® Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. (1888), p. 101. ’

PLEURACANTHIDiS.

3

Aganodtis, Ochhdut, and Pternodug, according to Hancock and
Atthey are supposed genera founded upon fragments of the teeth
named Diplodus. Didgmodus must also be included here until
satisfactory evidence as to its true position is obtained ; the dis-
tinctive features noted by Prof. Cope * are most probably due to the
perfection of the Texas fossils as compared with those of Europe.

The teeth of most species of Pleuracanthus cannot yet be corre-
lated with the spines, and it is thus necessary stiU to retain the
provisional name of Diplodus.

I. Species already Icmwn with much completeness.

Pleuracanthus decheni (Goldfuss).

1847. Orthacanthus decheni, Goldfuss, Neues Jahrb. p. 404.

1847. Orthacanthus decheni, Goldfuss, Beitr. vorw. Fauna Steink. p. 23,
pi. v. figs. 0-11.

1848. Xenacanthus decheni, E. Beyrich, Monatsh. Verb. k. Preuss.
Akad. Wiss. p. 24.

1840. Triodus sessUis, Jordan, Neues Jahrb. p. 843.

1851-66. Xenacanthus decheni, F. Koemer, in Bronn's Letb. geogn.
3rd ed. vol. i. p. C03, pi. ix*. fig. 15.

1856. Xenacanthus decheni, Schnur, Zeitscbr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. viii. p. 642.

1857. Xenacanthus decheni, F. Roemer, Zeitscbr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. ix. p. CO.

1857. Pleuracanthus decheni, Sir P. Egerton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [2]
vol. XX. p. 423.

1861. Xenacanthus decheni, H. B. Geinitz, Byas, p. 23, pi. xxiii. fig. 1.

1867. Xenacanthus decheni, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Iv. pt. i. p. 640, pis. i.-x.’

1808. Xenacanthus decheni, C. Liitken, Geol. Mag. vol. v. p. 376.

1880. Pleuracanthus decheni, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. p. 321.

1883. Pleuracanthus and Xenacanthus, C. Ilasse, Neues Jahrb. vol. ii.
p. 65.

Type. Imperfectly preserved skeleton ; Berlin Museum.

A comparatively small species, the barbed spine not attaining a
greater length than about 0-11 m. in the adult. Spine much
compressed and flattened antero-posteriorly ; denticles thick, pointed
hut not hooked, placed in very clo.se series upon each lateral margin.
Principal cones of the dental crown compressed, smooth or slightly
striated, with a slender intermediate denticle.

‘ Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durham, vol. iii. p. 113.

’ See detailed description in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1884, pp. 572-590, plate.

’ This is the most exhaustive account of the genus and species yet published.

B 2

4

ICHTHYOTOMI.

•It is uncertain at present whether all the specimens commonly
referred to this species are truly identical, but we venture to adopt
the provisional arrangement of Kner. Many of the differences
noted between the various fossils are undoubtedly duo to accident
in preservation ; moreover, it appears that errors in description must
also bo taken into account*.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Permian (Eothliegendes) : Bohemia, Silesia,
Ilhonish Prussia.

19665-6. Two imperfect skeletons, one showing a portion of the
spine in position, the other a part of the pectoral fin ;
Ituppersdorf, Bohemia. The first of these specimens
exhibits distinct calcifications in the sheath of the noto-
chord, and is referred to by Hasse, Neues Jahrb. 1883,
vol. ii. p. 65. Purchased, 1845.

35015. Imperfect skeleton, with the impression of the complete
spine and a well-preserved fragment of this defence
(PI. VI. fig. 1) ; llupporsdorf. This specimen exhibits
complete broad ring-like calcifications in the sheath of the
notochord in the caudal region, and is noticed by Hasse,
loc. cit. Purchased, 1860.

P. 1729. Crushed skull and pectoral arch, with the spine in position ;

Euppersdorf. Eyerton Coll.

P. 3182. A similar, but smaller specimen ; Euppersdorf.

Emiiskillen Coll.

38154. Specimen 0-325 m. in length, showing imperfect teeth and
spine, a portion of the pectoral arch, the vertebral column,
and impressions of the dorsal and pectoral fins ; Braunau,
Bohemia. In the abdominal region there appear to be
calcifications in the sheath of the notochord. The acutely-
lobato character of the pectoral fin is well shown by the
preservation of a fringe of horny fin-rays, such as are also
present in the dorsal flu.

Presented by Sir Itoderick 1. Murchison, K.C.B., 1864.

P. 3183. Portion of axial skeleton of the trunk, with median fin,
doubtfully referred to this genus and species ; Braunau.
The expansion of the bases of the neural and haemal arches
is well shown. Enniskillen Coll.

* £. g. Bee Kner’e remarks upon the spine described by Goldfuss, loc. cit.
p.550.

PLEUEACANTHIDiE.

5

P. 1728. Eemains of the head and anterior portion of the trunk ;

Klein Neundorf, near Lowenberg, Silesia. A few teeth
are shown, having the coronal cusps smooth.

Egerton Coll.

P. 3179. A similar specimen, exhibiting more of the trunk, but no
teeth ; Klein Neundorf. EmiiskiUen Coll.

P. 3180. Head and anterior portion of the trunk, upper and lateral
aspect ; Klein Keundorf. The cartilages of the appen-
dicular skeleton and the axial skeleton of the trunk
exhibit distinct nodular calcifications, having thus a
“beaded” appearance. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3181. Portion of trunk, showing imperfect pelvic girdle and fins ;

Klein Neundorf. Triangular calcifications are distin-
guishable, and may be either the bases of the arches or
elements in the sheath of the notochord. Enniskillen Coil.

40046. Portion of trunk, preserved in counterpart, showing the
supporting cartilages of the dorsal fin more numerous than
the neural spines ; in nodule from Lebach, near Saar-
briicken, llhcnish Prussia. The bases of the neural and
ha3mal arches exhibit triangular expansions, and no dis-
tinct calcifications are observed in the sheath of the noto-
chord. Purchased, 1806.

40047. Head and anterior portion of the trunk, preserved in coun-
terpart; Lebach. The coronal cusps of the teeth are
smooth. Purchased, I860..

II. Species founded upon spines.

Pleuracanthus laevissimus, Agassiz.

18.37. Pleuracanthm Usvksimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. CO,,
pi. 4o. figs. 4, 6.

1843. Pleuracant/ms planus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 177 (name only).

1873. Plettraeanthus Imvissimus, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. Palroont.
p. 17, pi. i. figs. 14-lC.

1875. Pleuracanthus lavissimus, .1. Ward, [Proc.’J N. Staffs. Nat. Field-
Club, p. 236.

1880. Compsaeanthus major, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. p. 62, woode. fig. 2.

1880. Pleuracanthus leevissimus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. p. 32.5.

1880. Pleuracanthus erectus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. p. 320,
woode. fig. 2.

ICHTHTOTOMI.

1880. Fieuracanthus pulchelhts, J. W. Davis, he. cit. vol. xxxvi. p. 327,
pi. xii. fig. 2.

1881. Anodemtacanthua faatigiatus, J. W. Davis, he. cit. vol. xxxvii.
p. 428, pi. xxii. fig. 12.J

(?) 1881. Anodontacanthua obtusua, J. W. Davis, he. cit. vol. xxxvii.
p. 428, pi. xxii. fig. 11.

1888. Fieuracanthus leevissimus, R. II. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v.

p. 101.

Type. Spine from 8. Staffordshire Coal-Measures.

Spine of adult fish attaining a maximum length of about 0-3 m.,
straight, compressed antoro-posteriorly throughout the greater por-
tion. of its length, but with a median longitudinal angulation towards
the distal extremity. Denticles placed laterally, of moderate size,
very sharply pointed and reflexed.

P. erectus, Davis, is evidently founded upon an abraded portion
of a spine pertaining to this species. P. planus, Agassiz, is identical
with P. pulcJidlus, Davis, and as there is no feature except size sepa-
rating it from the typical P. lawissimus, while intermediate forms in
this respect are noted below, it cannot bo regarded as distinct.

Form. ^ Loc. Coal-Measures : Midlothian, Lanarkshire, Scotland ;
Northumberland, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, England.

41115. Crushed and abraded spine, 8 inches (0’23 m.) in length ;

Dalkeith, Edinburgh. The worn extremity shows the
characters of the so-called P. erectus. Purchased, 1868.

33226-7, 36175. Fragments of spines; Dalkeith.

Purchased, 1857, 1862.
P. 3027, P. 3027 a. One spino 0’255 m. in length, and the terminal
half of a smaller example; Dalkeith. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3178, P. 3178a, P. 3178b. Three incomplete largo specimens;

Dalkeith. The first spine is 0'35 m. in length ; in the
second the rows of lateral denticles are more posteriorly
situated than ordinarily. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3028. A much abraded imperfect spine ; Dalkeith.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1730. Fragments of spines, probably all of this species ; Cauden-
foot, near Dalkeith. One is remarkable for the small size
of the proximal lateral denticles. Fjgerton Coll.

P. 1730 a. Portion of small spine having the lateral denticles placed
far posteriorly, as in No. P. 3178 a ; Caudenfoot.

Egerton Coll.

PLEURACAUTHIDvE.

7

P.1732. Distal two-thirds of small spino ; locality unknown. This
specimen shows several of the lateral denticles detached
from the spine. Egerton Coll.

42035. Portion of spine, probably of the same type as Nos. P. 1730 a
and P. 3178 a ; Airdrie, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1870.

21423 a. Small spine, doubtfully assigned to young of this species ;

Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1847.

P. 1181. Portions of two medium-sized spines, and the impressions
of part of two others ; lliddle Coal-Measures, Tingley,
Yorkshire. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.

P. 1183. Base of a large specimen ; Tingley.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.

P. 1179. Two abraded fragments, named P. erectus, J. W. Davis ;

Tingle}'. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.

P. 531. Specimen referred to by .\gassiz, lor, cit., under the name
of P. planus ; Leeds, Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 1178. Two specimens of the so-called P. pulchellus, J. W. Davis ;

Tingley. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.

P. 5170. Somewhat larger and much abraded, though similar spe-
cimen; Longton, North Staffordshire. Purchased,

P. 1733. Two small spines, one much abraded, probably young
of this species ; Longton. Egerton Coll.

Plenracantbus robustus, Davis '.

1880. Pleuracanthns robustus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. p. 330, pi. xii. fig. 5.

Type. Spine ; Davis Collection.

Spine (so far as known) not attaining a greater length than
0'13 m., almost straight, round or triangular in section, flattened
posteriorly. Denticles large, robust, sharply pointed, arranged in
series along each margin of the posterior flattened area.

Form. 4' Loe. Middle Coal-Measures : Yorkshire.

P. 1177, P. 1180. Five incomplete specimens ; Tingley.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.
21423. Four small spines, doubtfully associated with this species ;

Coal-Measures, Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1847.

* It is not improbable that the so-called Compsacanthus triangularis is
founded upon an abraded spine of thb species (J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. voL xxxvi. (18S01 p. 62, woodc.).

8

ICHTHVOTOMI.

Pleuracanthns arcuatus, Newberry.

1856. Plmracanthns arcuatus, J. S. Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. p. 100.

1873. Orthacanthw arcuatm, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. i. pt. ii. p. 332, pi. xl. %. 4.

Type. Spine.

Spine (so far as known) not more than 0'15 m. in length, slightly
arched, rounded in section, but flattened posteriorly. Denticles
small, but very robust, numerous, and closely arranged in series
along each margin of the posterior flattened area.

Form. hoc. Coal-Measures : Ohio, U.S..\.

P. 1734. Impression of spine in shale ; Linton. Egerton Coll.

P. 5443. A similar fossil ; Linton. Enniskillen Coll.

Pleuracanthns cylindricus (Agassiz).

1843. Orthacanthus eylindrinis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pi. 45.
figs. 7 -9.

1873. Orthocanthus, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. Palsoont. p. 20, figs. 39-42.
1875. Orthacanthus cylindricus, J. Ward, [Proc.] North Staffs, Nat.
Field-Club, p. 217.

(?) 1879. Phricacantkns biserialis, .1. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.

vol. XXXV. p. 186, pi. X. figs. 10, 17.

1880. Lophacanthus taylori, T. Stock, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. [5] vol. v.
p. 217, woodc.

1880. Pleuracanthns cylindricus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. p. 331, woodc.

(?)1881. Anodontacanthus acutus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. vol. xxxvii.
p. 428, pi. xxii. fig, 10.

1888. Pleuracanthns (^Orthacanthus') cylindricus, R. H. Traquair, Geol.
Mag. [3] vol. V. p. 101.

Type. Spine.

Spine of adult fish attaining a maximum length of about 0‘5 m.,
straight, or slightly arched towards the apex, and cylindrical in
section. Denticles robust, pointed, arranged in double series upon
the posterior aspect.

Form. 6f Loe. Coal-Measures : Scotch Coalfield ; Northumberland,
Yorkshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire.

P. 1735. Spine, 16 inches (0'4 m.) in length ; probably from Dal-
keith, near Edinburgh. Egertm Coll.

P. 3175. An equally largo specimen, more abraded ; Dalkeith.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3176. Abraded fragment of small spine ; Low-moor, Yorkshire.

Enniskillen Coll,

PLErBACANIHlI)^.

P. 3177. i>inall, much-abraded spiue ; Bassy-mine Ironstone, Long-
ton, Jf. Staffordshire. Enniskillen CoU.

P. 244, P. 5447. Fragments of large spines ; New Ironstone, Fen-
ton, N. Staffordshire. Purchased, 1880, 1886.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
spines, but there are no examples in the Collection ; —

Pleuracanthus dUitus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. (1880), p. 329, pi. xii. fig. 4. — Middle Coal-
Measures ; Tingley, Yorkshire.

Pleuracanthus alternidentatus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 328, pi. xii.

fig. 3. — Coal-Measures ; near Leeds, Yorkshire.
Pleuracanthus htserialis, J. S. Newbeny, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

PhUad. 1856, p. 100. — Coal-Measures; Ohio.
Pleuracanthus bohemieus : (h-thacanthus hohemicus, A. Fritsch,
Sitzungsb. konigl. bohm. Gesell. Wiss. 1877, p. 47 ;
loc. cit. 1879, p. 189 ; K. A. Zittel, Handb. Palaeont.
vol. iii. pt. i. (1887), p. 90, woodc. fig. 101. — Lower
Permian ; Bohemia.

Pleuracanthus denticulatus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 334, pi. xii.

fig. 7. — Lower Coal-Measures ; near Halifax, Yorkshire.
Pleuracanthus dilatatus, J. S. Newberrj’, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

PhUad. 1856, p. 100. — Coal-Measures ; Ohio.
Pleuracantlms elegans, E. H. Traquair, Gcol. Mag. [2] vol. viii.

(1881), p. 36. — L. Carboniferous; Borough Lee, Edinburgh.
Pleuracanthus frossardi, A. Gandry, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. vol. iii.
(1867), 39, pi. iii. fig. 6.— Middle Permian ; Autun,

Saone-et-Loire, France.

Pleuracanthus gaudryi, C. Brongniart, Comptes Bend., vol. cvi.

(1888),p. 1240. — Coal-Measures; Coronientiy, AlUer.
Pleuracanthus graciTlimus, E. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. ix.
(1881), p. 540. — Lower Carboniferous; Borough Lee, near
Edinburgh.

Pleuracanthus horridulus, E. H. Traquair, tom. cit. p. 541 . — Lower
Carboniferous ; Borough Lee, near Edinburgh.
Pleuracanthus lavis: Ccmpsacanthus lavis, J. S. Newberry, Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1856, p. 100, and Eep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
voL i. pt. ii. (1873), p. 332, pi. xl. fig. 5 ; (?) Orthacanfhus
gracilis, id. ojj. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 56, pi. lix. fig. 7. —
Coal-Measures; Ohio.

Pleuracanthus guadriseriatu.s : Orihacanthus quadriseriatus, E. D.
Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 192. — Permian;
Eastern Illinois.

10

ICHTHTOTOIII.

Pleuracanthus tenuis, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc.
vol. xxxvi. (1880), p. 327, pi. xii. fig. 1. — Lower Coal-
Measures ; near Halifax, Yorkshire.

Pleuracanthus wardi, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 334, pi. xii. fig. 6.

— Coal-Metisures (Ilagminc) ; Penton, N. Stafibrdshire.

Two small spines, from the Devonian of llussia, have been erro-
neously referred to this genus — the one named P. taberculatus
(E. d’Eichwald, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xix. 1846, no. iv.
p. 293, pi. X. figs. 8, 9), the other P.porosus (E. d’Eichwald, Lethma
Rossica, vol. i. (1860), p. 1607, pi. Iv. fig. 8).

III. Species fowuled upon teeth.

Diplodus gibbosuS) Agassiz.

1841. Diplodus ffiblmus, E. W. Hiuney, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc.

vol i. p. 169, pi. V. tigs. 17, 18 (name and figure only).

1843. Diplodus gihbosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 204, pi. 22 b.
fig. 1 (non figs. 2-6) (B.M. Coll.).

(?) 1843. Diplodus minutus, L. Agassiz, tom. cd. p. 205, pi. 22 b. figs. 6-8.
1861. Diplodus gibbosus, W. C. Williamson, Phil. Trans, p. 680.

1807. Dittodus paralklus, R. Owen, Trans. Odontol. Soc. vol. v. p. 326,
pi. i.

1807. Dittodus divergens, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. 3.34, pi. ii.

1867. Ochlodus crassus, R. Owen, toyn. cit. p. 340, pi. v.

1807. Aganodus apicalis, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. 369, pi. ix.

1867. Aganodm undalus, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. 302, pi. x.

1867. Plernodus productm, R. Owen, tom. cit. p. .363, pi. xi.

1870. Diplodus giblmsus, A. Hancock & T. Atthey, Nat. Hist. Trans.

Northumberland and Durham, vol. iii. p. 111.

1876. Pleuracanthus (Diplodus) gibbosiis, J. Ward, [Proc.l North Staffs.
Nat. Field-Club, p. 224.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum (P. 497).

Teeth having principal cones of the crown divergent, compressed,
with lateral carinm, sometimes delicately serrated ; median denticle
short, compressed, and slender, and posterior “ button ” prominent.

Form. hoc. Coal-Measures : Northumberland, Lancashire, Staf-
fordshire.

P. 497. Type specimen ; Silverdale, S. Stafiford shire. Egerton Coll.
P. 1724. Fragments of teeth ; Silverdale. Egerton Coll.

46294. Eleven teeth ; Longton, N. Stafibrdshire.

Presented by John Ward, Esq., 1874-
46029. Three teeth of a small variety, with very divergent prin-
cipal cusps, doubtfully of this species ; Longton.

Presented by John Ward, Esq., 1874.
P. 1725. Two teeth from Deep-mine shale; Longton. Egerton Coll.

PLEUKACANTHID^:.

11

P. 3025. Thirteen teeth, one of unusual size, with very broad
compressed principal cusps ; Longton. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5161. Large tooth ; Longton. Purchased, 1885.

P. 5448. Tooth, associated with dermal prickles ; near Manchester.

P. 1726. Imperfect teeth ; Leeds. Egerton Coll.

41205 a. Small tooth ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Presented by T. P. Barkas, Esq., 1808.

Diplodus tenuis, sp. nov.

1843. Diplodus gibbosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voL iii. p. 204, pi. 226,
figs. 2-5.

1861. Pleuracanthus {Xenacanthus) gibbosus, J. W. .Salter, Iron Ores
Gt. Britain — South Wales (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 224, pi. i. fig. 10.
(?) 1873. Diplodus gibbosus and Diplodus sp., T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas.
Palaeont. p. 16, pi. i. figs. 6-13.

1874. Diplodus, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery, vol. ii.
p. 346, figs. i.-v.

Type. Detached teeth, PI. VI. figs. 2-4 ; British Museum.

The two principal cones of the dental crown slender, round in
section, slightly compressed and divergent towards the extremities ;
intermediate denticle very long and slender.

i^orm. Loc. Coal-Measures : Scotch Coalfield ; Northumberland,
Yorkshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire ; South Wales.

P. 3026. Remains of associated teeth. One, exhibiting the anterior
aspect, is shown, of twice nat. size, in PI. VI. fig. 2 ;
another, side view, in fig. 4 ; Carluke. Enniskillen Coll.

20695-6. Four pieces of shale with numerous teeth ; one, exhibiting
the posterior aspect, is shown, of twice nat. size, in PI.
VI. fig. 3 ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1847.

21422. Portion of a similar tooth ; Carluke. Purchased, 1847.
21975. Four teeth ; Carluke. Purchased,

P. 5444. Associated teeth ; Dalkeith, Edinburgh. Enniskillen Coll.

41635. Six pieces of shale with teeth and fragments of cartilage, and
scattered minute pointed tubercles, suggestive of a sparse
shagreen ; Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Presented by T. P. Barkas, Esq., 1869.

P. 1182. Associated group of teeth, with fragments of cartilage ;
Middle Coal-Measures, Tingley, Yorkshire.

Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen, 1882.

P. 1725a. Tooth; Deep-mine shale ; Longton. Egerton Coll.

12

icnraroTOMi.

Diplodus parvulus, Traijuair.

1881. Diplodus parndus, R. H. Traquair, Qeol. Mag. [2] vol. viii.
p. 30.

Type. Detached teeth ; Traquair Collection.

Teeth of comparatively small size. Principal cones slightly
compressed, with sharp edges; coronal surface smooth; median
denticle in the form of a blunt lobulated boss ; posterior “button”
present.

Form. ^ Loe. Middle Carboniferous Limestone : Edinburgh.

P. 4495. Six specimens ; Blackband Ironstone, Borough Lee, near
Edinburgh. Two of the teeth are showq, of the natural
size, in PI. VI. figs. 5, 6, both showing the anterior aspect.

Presented hy 11. H. Traquair, Esq., M.D., 1884.

P. 2295. Similar small tooth ; Loanhead. Purchased, 1882.

Diplodus latus, Newberry.

1850. Diplodus latus, J. S. Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 99.

1800, Diplodus latus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. p. 69,
pi. iv. fig. 1.

187.'}. Diplodus latus, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. i.
pt. ii. p. 336.

1875. Diplodus lotus, J. S. Newberry, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 44,
pi. Iviii. fig. 1.

Type. Detached tooth.

A comparatively large species. Principal cusps of dental crown
extremely compressed and broad, with strongly serrated edges ;
anterior median denticle small ; posterior “ button ” prominent.
Anterior border of root produced downwards into an acute point.
Form. ^ hoc. Coal-Measures : Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, U.S.A.

P. 1720. Two imperfect teeth ; Linton, Ohio. Eyerton Coll.

P. 3030. Imperfect tooth ; Linton. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3031. Portions of three teeth ; Posey Co., Indiana.

Enniskillen Coll.

Diplodus compressus, Newberry.

1866. Diplodus compressus, J. S. Newberrv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. p. 99.

1860. Diplodus compressus, Newbcri-v & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 00, pi. iv. fig. 2.

PLEURACANTHID^. 13

1870. Diplodiis compresstis, O. St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
p. 432.

1872. Diplodus cotnprestug, O. St. John, in Hayden’s Final Rep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Nebraska, p. 240, pi. iv. fig. 19.

1873. Diplodus compressm, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. i. pt. ii. p. 335.

1875. Diplodus compressus, J. S. Newberry, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 4.5,
pi. Iviii. fig. 2.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth as large as those of D. gihhosus. Principal cusps of dental
crown extremely compressed, divergent, with serrated edges ;
anterior median denticle comparatively long and slender.

It is uncertain whether this supposed species is not the young of
D. lotus.

Form. ^ Loe. Coal-Measures : Indiana, Ohio, Nebraska.

P. 1718. Two teeth; Linton, Ohio. Egerton Coll.

Diplodus gracilis, Newberry.

1866. Diplodus graoilis, J. S. Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 99.

1873. Diplodus gracilis, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. i.
pt. ii. p. 335.

1875. Diplodus gracilis, J. S. Newberry, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 45,
pi. Iviii. fig. 3.

Type. Detached tooth.

DoubtfuUy distinct from D. compressus ; the typical teeth only
differ from those of the latter species in the less compressed and
more slender character of the principal cusps.

Form. ^ Loc. Coal-Measures : Ohio.

P. 1719. Two teeth ; Linton. Egerton Coll.

P. 3029. Another tooth ; Linton. EnnisTciUen Coll.

Diplodus acinaces, Dawson.

1860. Diplodus acinaces, J. W. Dawson, Acad. Geol., Suppl. p. 46, fig. 43.

1878. Diplodus acinaces, J. W. Dawson, Acad. Geol., Sided, p 211.
fig. 58. ’ V ,

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth robust ; principal cusps of the crown moderately compressed,
without serrated edges, one much larger than the other, and only
slightly divergent ; anterior median denticle small, slender.

Form. 4r Loe. Coal-Measures : Nova Scotia.

P. 1721. Five teeth ; Pictou.

Fjgerton Coll.

14

ICHTHTOTOMI.

Diplodus bohemicuS) Quensledt.

1882. Diplodus bohemicus, F. A. Quenatbdt, llandb. Palseont. 3rd edit,
p. 277, pi. xxi. figs. 35-37.

Type. Detached, tooth.

Adult teeth equalling those of D. lotus in size, and apparently
only differing in the somewhat greater length and slenderness of the
anterior median denticle.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Permian (Gaskohle) : Bohemia.

47484. Two large teeth, almost perfect ; Kounovd, near Rakonitz.

Purchased, 1876.

P. 3033. Similar tooth ; Kounova. Ennislcillen Coll.

47486. Two small teeth, probably of this species ; Nyfan, near
Pilsen. Purchased, 1876.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Diplodus bieornis : Thrinacodus hicornis, J. S. Newberry, Ann.
Rep. Gcol. Surv. Indiana, 1879, p. 344. — St. Louis Lime-
stone ; Indiana.

Diplodus duplicatus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
(1866), p. 61, pi. iv. flg. 3; Thrinacodus duplicate, St.
John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (1875), p- 289.
— Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Dip>lodus incurvns, Newberry & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 62, pi. iv.
fig. 4; Thrinac.odus incurvus, St. John & Worthen, tom.
cit. p. 289. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Diplodus levidens : Orthacanthus levidens, A. Fritsch, Sitzungsb.
kiinigl. bohra. Ges. Wiss. 1879, p. 189 (undefined). ■
Lower Permian ; Kounova, Bohemia.

Diplodus nanus: Thrinacodus nanus, St. John & Worthen, tom.

cit. p. 289, pi. V. figs. 1, 2. — Kindorhook Limestone ; Iowa.
Diplodus penetrans, J. W. Dawson, Acadian Geology, Suppl. Chap-
ter, 1860, p. 50, fig. 42; also op. cit. 3rd edit. (1878),
p. 211, woodc. fig. 57. — Coal-Measures ; Nova Seofia.
Diplodus plicatus, A. Fritsch, he. cit. 1879, p. 189 (undefined).—
Lower Permian ; Knezoves, Bohemia.

Skulls of two species from the Permian of Texas, possessing
teeth gonerically identical with those named Diplodus, have been
described by Prof. E. D. Cope under the names of Vidymodus
lexers and D. platypternus. The pterygo-quadrate cartilage
articulates with the postorbital process of the cranium, and the

PLEURACANTHID^.

15

hyomandibular is slender, as in Notulanus and the later Hybodonts.
The cartilages are permeated throughout by centres of calcification ;
hut, as already remarked by German *, Cope’s determination of dis-
tinct tracts as corresponding to several “ elements ” “ must be
regarded as very doubtful. The following is the synonymy of the
two species : —

Didymodus texe.nsis, E. D. Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi.
(1887), p. 285 ; Dtdi/modus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1884, p. 412,
and D. compms«« (New'berry), Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1884,
p. 573 ; Diaeramdus compresms, S. German, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard CoU. vol. xii. no. 1 (1885), p. 30.

Didyinodus platijptenius, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
1884, p. 590, and Amer. Nat. 1884, p. 412 ; Diacranodus
plalyptlernus, German, loc. cit. p. 30.

If truly generically distinct from Pleuraeanthus, it will be pre-
ferable to adopt the name Diacranodus, the term Didymodon having
already been occupied for a mammal (Blake, Geologist, vol. vi.
1863, p. 8).

Teeth identical with those named Diphdm also occur in the
Keuper of Somersetshire (Moore Collection, Bath Museum).

Genus CHONDRENCHELYS, Traquair.

[Geol. Mag. Dec. 3, vol. v. 1888, p. 103.]

This imperfectly known and remarkable genus is provisionally
associated with the Pleuracanthidse, on account of the striking
resemblance of its axial skeleton to that of the Permian fishes
described above as Pleuraeanthus decheni. The body is very similar
in form ; there is the same long dorsal fin and pointed tail ; the
calcifications in the sheath of the notochord appear to agree in every
particular ; and the cartilaginous apoph3'ses have a similar “ beaded ”
appearance. In Chomlrenchelys, however, there is no dorsal spine ;
the intemeural supports of the dorsal fin-rays seem to be in a
single scries, instead of in two ; and no paired fins are distinguish-
able in known specimens, though the well-developed character of
the pectoral girdle is suggestive of this circumstance being due to
accident in preservation. The snout is pointed, and Dr. Traquair

describes a “ spicular-looking body lying longitudinally in the middle

of the head, which may possibly be a parasphenoid membrane-
bone.

' Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. vol. xii. no. 1, p. 29.

’ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1884, pp. 573-577.

16

ICHTHYOTOMI.

Chondrenchelys problematica, Traquair.

1888. Chomlrencheh/s problemttica, U. II. Traquair, loc. cit.

Tijpe. Iraporfeot skeleton ; Edinburgh Museum.

Single known species.

Form. Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Calciferous Sandstone) :
Eskdale, Dumfriesshire.

P. 4085. Skeleton, 0-17 m. in length, more or less perfectly
preserved in the caudal region, and displaying the cha-
racters of the type specimen. Purchased, 1883.

Family CLADODONTID^.

An indefinable family, apparently closely allied to the Pleura-
canthidse. The only known example of the type genus, Cladodus,
exhibits a pectoral fin in the form of a unisorial archiptorygium —
intermediate between the truly biserial one of Pleuracanthus and
the pectoral fin of modern Sharks '. The two halves of the pectoral
arch are described as separate, but no other parts of the skeleton
are yet known.

Genus CLADODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Eoss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 190.J

Head broad, depressed; teeth in numerous series. Crown of
tooth consisting of a principal cone, long, subulate, pointed and
conical, with one or more similar, but smaller, cones on either side,
the outer of these being generally the largest. Base expanded at
right angles to tho crown posteriorly, the front margin, bearing the
coronal cones, being straight, the posterior semicircular.

Cladodus mirabilis, Agassiz.

1843. Cladodus mirabilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 197,
pi. 22 b. figs. 9-13.

1843. Cladodus miUeri, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 199, pi. 22 b. figs. 22, 23.

1855. Cladodus mirabilis, F. McCoy, Brit. Palseoz. Foss. p. 619 (in
part).

I860. Cladodus mirabilis, E. d’Eichwald, Lethsea Rossica, vol. i. p. 1604.

1862. Cladodus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii.
p. 105, pi. iii. fig. 6.

1864. Cladodus mirabilis, H. Romanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xx.xvii. no. iii. p. 166, pi. iv. fig. 31.

' B. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. (1888), p. 83.

CLADOBOSTIDiE.

17

1883. Cladodus mirahilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p.'372, pi. xlii. figs. 1-5.

188.3. Cladodm destructor, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 376, pi. xlix.
fig. 16.

1883. Cladodm milleri, J. AV. Davis, tom. dt. p. 378, pi. xlix. fig. 16.

1883. Cladodus mucronatus, J. W. Davis, torn. cit. p. 380, pi. xlix.
fig. 21.

188.3. Cladodm hasalis, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 379, pi. xlix. fig. IS.

1884. Cladodm mucronatus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. p. 619, pi. xxvii. fig. 10.

1888. Cladodus mirMlis, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. p. 81.

Type. Detached teeth : Geological Society of London.

Teeth very robust, the crown consisting of a median principal
cone, and two or three large lateral cones on each side. The cones
are very slightly compressed, though with sharp lateral edges to-
wards the apex, which is acute ; all are marked from the base up-
wards throughout the greater portion of their length with delicate
longitudinal stri®. The summits of the cones are slightly inclined
backwards, and those of the extreme lateral pair also outwards.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone: Armagh and
Wexford, Ireland; Somersetshire, Shropshire, and Derbyshire,
England. Upper Carboniferous Limestone (Yoredale Rocks) : Derby-
shire and Yorkshire, England. Lower Carboniferous : Government
of Toula, Russia.

P. 2925-9. Five specimens, figured hy J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. pi. xlix. figs. 1-5 ; Armagh and
Tynan. Ennisl-illen Coll.

P. 2938. Type specimen of C. destructor, Davis ; Armagh. As
noted by R. H. Traquair, this is almost certainly a frag-
ment of a large tooth of C. mirahilis. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2930. Eighteen teeth ; Armagh. Four are small, resembling
the so-called C. hasalis. EhiniskUlen Coll.

P. 2937. Very large tooth, much crushed; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1317. Two small broken teeth ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

P. 1318. Small abraded tooth, showing a minute cusp beyond the
ordinarily outermost lateral cone ; Hook Point, Wexford.

Egerton Coll.

34972. Imperfect tooth from the “ Black Rock,” Bristol, similar to
the type specimen of C. rralleri preserved in the Bristol
Museum. The characters of the coronal stri® appear to

0

18

ICHTHTOTOMI.

vary ; and teeth of this form may thus he provisionally
placed with G. mirabilis. Purchased, 1860.

P. 1319 a. Fragment of similar tooth, from the “ Black Rock,
labelled by Agassiz G. mirahilis. Egerton Goll.

34973. An imperfect tooth, the denticles unusually numerous and
slender; Bristol. Purchased, 1860.

P. 2952. Base of a large and a small tooth ; Bristol.

Ennislcillen Goll.

P. 1319, P. 2919. Group of much broken small teeth in limestone,
bearing Agassiz’s MS. label ; Bristol.

Egerton ^ Ennislcillen Golls.

36465. Two ‘imperfect small tooth, one figured in Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soo. vol. xviii. pi. iii. fig. 6 ; Groton, Shropshire.

Presented by 0. E, Roberts, Esq., 1862. •

42216. Seven imperfect teeth ; Groton. Baugh Goll.

46821. Small tooth ; Derbyshire. Gilbertson Goll.

P. 5360. Three imperfect teeth, detached from matrix ; Ticknall, S.

Derbyshire. Wilson Goll.

P. 4893. Four teeth; 'W’ensleydalo, Yorkshire. Horne Goll.

49628. Abraded and broken tooth, apparently of this species ;

Richmond, Yorkshire. Purchased, 1878.

Cladodus marginatas, Agassiz.

1843. Cladodus marginatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 198,
pi. 22 b. figs. 18-20.

1843. Cladodus aeutus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 109, pi. 22 b. fig. 21.
1848. Cladodus lavis, F. McCoy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii.
p. 133.

1865. Cladodus leevis, F. McCoy, Brit. Palseoz. Foss. p. 619, pi. 3 k.

fig. 6.

1856. Cladodus mirabilis, F. McCoy, op. cit. p. 619 (in part).

1883. Cladodus marginatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 373, pi. xHx. figs. 7-9.

1883. Cladodus conicus, .1. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 664, pi. xlix. fig. 6.
1883. CJadodus acuius, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 377, pi. xlix. fig. 17.

Type. Detached teeth : Geological Society of London.

Teeth robust, the crown consisting of a median principal cone, and
not more than two lateral cones on each side. The cones are much
compressed, with sharp lati.'ral edges ; except when worn, they are
marked by few small irregular, sharp striae. The apex of the

CLIDOBONTID^.

19

principal cone is generally obliquely directed to one side, and the
lateral cones are incompletely separated, the exterior diverging
outwards.

The teeth of this species are often extraordinarily worn.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2933-6. Four specimens, figured by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. pi. xlix
figs. 6-9. Enniskillen CoU.

P. 2937, P. 2951. Twenty more or less broken and abraded teeth.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2932. Three teeth ; Tynan, Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

38508. Small worn tooth, smooth. Purchased, 1864.

P. 2943. Five small teeth. Enniskillen Coll.

Cladodns striatns, Agassiz.

1843. Cladodtis striatm, L. .iVgassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 197, pi. 22 b.
figs. 14-17.

1865. Cladodus etriatus, F. McCoy, Brit. Palseoz. Foss. p. 620.

(?) 1878. Cladodus striatus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Garb. Belg.

(Ann. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg.) vol. ii. pt. i. p. 26, pi. iii. fig. 3.
1883. Cladodus striatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 375, pi. xlix. figs. 12, 13.

1883. Cladodus eUmgatus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 374, pi. xlix. figs.

10, 11.

1883. Cladodus eurtus, J. W. Davis (non C. curtus, Davis, 1881), tom.
cit. p. 379, pi. xlix. fig. 19.

1883. Cladodus hornei, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 380, pi. xlix. fig. 20.

1884. Cladodus homei, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 619, pi. xxvii. fig. 11.

1884. Cladodus striatus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 619.

1888. Cladodus striatus, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. p. 81.

Type. Detached teeth ; Geological Society of London.

Crown of teeth with long slender principal cone, and a numerous
series of small lateral cones. The outer pair of lateral cones is
much the largest, those placed between being very small and five or
six in number on each side ; the anterior margin of the crown is
also covered by a narrow irregular cluster of very small projecting
points. The crown is marked by numerous fine longitudinal stria;,
and the principal cone is compressed, with a pair of sharp lateral
edges.

Form. 4r Loc. Lower Carhoniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.
Upper Carboniferous Limestone ; Northumberland, Westmoreland,
Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Shropshire, England.

c2

20

ICHTHTOTOMl.

P. 2920-1. Two teeth, figured by J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy.

Dublin Sec. [2] vol. i. pi. xlix. figs. 12, 13; Tynan,
Armagh. CoTl,

P. 2923. Twenty-six teeth ; Armagh. EnnisJnllen Coll.

P. 1317, P. 1320. Portions of two small teeth, and base of
tooth ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

P. 2922, P. 2944. Thirteen specimens, variously broken ; Tynan,
Armagh. EnnisJcillen Coll,

P. 2942. Nine small teeth, one abnormal and double ; Armagh.

EnnisJdllen Coll.

P. 5149. Two teeth; Tynan, Armagh. Egerton Coll.

35468-71. Four small teeth ; Richmond, Yorkshire.

Purchased, 1860.

36176. Tooth associated with fragment of Erismacanthus •, Richmond.

Purchased, 1862.

P. 2924. Seven teeth, one detached from matrix ; Richmond.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 4892, P. 4898. Six teeth; Yoredale Rocks, Wensleydale, York-
shire. Home Coll.

P. 1321. Two teeth, probably from Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

46825-8. Portions of ten teeth ; Derbyshire. Gilbertson Coll.

P. 5361. Seven portions of teeth ; Ticknall, S. Derbyshire.

Wilson Coll.

P. 210. Tooth, probably of this species ; Oreton, Shropshire.

Weccver Jones Coll.

36485. Bases of two teeth : Oreton.

Presented by 0, E. Roberts, Esq., 1862.

Cladodus curvus, Davis.

1883. Cladodus curmcs,J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]vol. i.
p. .376, pi. xlix. fig. 14.

Type, Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Founded upon a unique tooth, with a much curved principal
cone, and two very largo lateral cones, strongly marked with
striations. The tooth has the appearance of being malformed.

Form. Sf hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2939. Type specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

CLiDODONTIDai.

21

Cladodus grandis, Newberry & Worthen.

1866. Cladodu$ grandis, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 29, pi. i. tig. 15.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth very large and robust. Principal cone broad, moderately
compressed, with sharp lateral edges ; outermost lateral cones large,
slender, diverging, others relatively small, 4-7 in number on each
side. Coronal surface marked by numerous delicate vertical striae.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Chester Limestone) : Illinois,
U.S.A.

P. 2948. Two broken principal dental cones ; Pope Co., Illinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

Cladodus robustus, Newberry & Worthen.

1866. Cladodus robustus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 20, pi. i. fig. 1.

1866. Cladodtis rrdcropus, Newberry & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 21, pi. i.

tig. 2.

1866. Cladodus angulatus, Newberry & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 24, pi. i,
figs. 7, 8.

1866. Cladodus turritus, Newberry & Worthen, tom cit. p. 28, pi. i.
fig. 14.

Type. Detached tooth.

Crown of tooth relatively high, base small. Principal cone elon-
gate, sigmoidal, compressed, with sharp lateral edges, and delicately
striated ; lateral cones very small, not more than two on either side.

Messrs. Newberry and Worthen have already suggested the possi-
bility of the four forms of teeth, here assigned to C. robustus, per-
taining to different parts of the mouth of one individual. It is
inconvenient to separate them specifically by characters so slight as
those referred to in the several diagnoses.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Keokuk Limestone) : Illinois,
U.S.A.

P. 2950. Broken fragment of principal cone ; Warsaw, Illinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2946. Tooth of the form of “ C. micropus”; Warsaw, Dlinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2947. Similar, more perfect tooth ; Warsaw, Illinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2941. Fifteen fragmentary teeth, probably of this species ;

Warsaw, Illinois. Enniskillm CoU.

22

ICHTHTOTOMI.

Cladodus spinosus, Newberry & Worthen.

1866. Cladodm spinosus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 22, pi. i. fig. 3.

Tiji>e. Detached tooth.

Principal cone of tooth long and slender, circular in section below,
compressed near the apex, delicately striated; lateral cones 6-7
on either side, the outer pair much the largest. Anterior base-line
of crown beset with numerous minute pointed prominences.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (St. Louis Limestone) : Mis-
souri, U.8.A.

P. 2949. Tooth showing posterior aspect ; St. Louis, Missouri.

Enniskillen Coll.

Cladodus springeri, St. John & Worthen.

1876. Cladodus springeri, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
p. 259, pi. ii. figs. 1-13.

1878. Cladodus springeri, L.G. deKoninck,Faune Calc. Carb. Belg.(Ann.
Mus. Koy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg.) vol. ii. pt. i. p. 28, pi. iii. figs. 6-6.

Type. Detached teeth.

Principal cone of tooth long and slender, slightly compressed, with
sharp lateral edges throughout its length. Lateral denticles long
and slender, not more than four in number on each side, and
alternating in size ; the outer pair generally the largest and di-
verging. The anterior base-line of the crown is often beset with
numerous minute pointed prominences ; the principal cone is marked
nearly to the apex by few, irregular, delicate sharp strice, the
lateral cones also with the bolder striae extending to the apex.

L. G. de Koninck ’ has suggested that the teeth named C. alter-
natus, C. succinctus, and C. wachsmuthi, not improbably belong to
this species — a suggestion which the respective figures and descrip-
tions appear to the present writer to render most justifiable. It is
also not unlikely that some of the Russian teeth referred by Traut-
schold “ to C. lamnoides truly pertain to C. springeri. The original
of Trautschold’s fig. 3 6, pi. xxviii. loc. eit., is evidently much
abraded, and this fact may account for some of the differences to be
observed.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Kinderhook Formation) : Iowa,
U.S.A. Carboniferous Limestone : Tournai, Belgium ; Mjatsch-
kowa, Russia.

’ Op. dt. pt. i. p. 29.

> Nouv. M^m. Acad. St. P^tersb. vol. liii. 1874, p. 286, pi. xirin. figs. Za-e.

CLADODOI^TID^.

23

P. 5114. One nearly perfect tooth, and three less complete speci-
mens, probably referable to this species ; Mjatscbkowa,
Government of Moscow. Purchased, 1886.

The following species have also been founded upon teeth,
mostly detached and isolated ; but there are no examples in the*
Collection : —

Cladodus acuminatus, J. 8, Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1856, p. 99 ; also Eep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ii.
pt. ii. (1875), p. 45, pi. Iviii. fig. 4. — Coal-Measures ;
Tuscarawas Co., Ohio.

Cladodus alUrnatus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(1875), p. 265, pi. ii. figs. 14-18. — Kinderhook Lime-
stone; Iowa.

Cladodus hellifer, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 270, pi. iv.
fig. 10 ; L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i.
(1878), p. 27, pi. iii. fig. 4. — Burlington Limestone;
Iowa. L. Carboniferous Limestone (Bed 1 e) ; Toumai,
Belgium.

Cladodus carinatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. eit. p. 279, pi. iv.

figs. 6, 7. — Coal-Measures ; Dliribis, Iowa.

Cladodus concinnus, J. S. Newberry, Eep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. ii. pt. ii. (1875), p. 48, pi. Iviii. fig. 8. — Huron Shale;
Lorain Co., Ohio.

Cladodus eonicus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. in. (1843), p. 199,
pi. 22 h. fig. 24 ; J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. i. (1883), p. 378. — Lower Carboniferous Lime-
stone ; Bristol.

Cladodus costalus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.

(1866), p. 27, pi. i. fig. 13. — Chester Limestone; Illinois.
Cladodus deJU,rus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. (1870),
p. 355, pi. iii. fig. 3. — Burlington Limestone ; Illinois.
Cladodus divaricatus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.

Nat. Moscou, voL xiii. (1874), p. 267, pi. xxvi. fig. 4.

L. Carboniferous Limestone ; Govt, of Toula, Russia.
Cladodus divergens, H. Trautschold, loc. cit. vol. xiv. (1879), p. 51,
pi. vi. fig. 11.— L. Carboniferous Limestone; Mjatsch-
kowa, Moscow.

Cladodus eceentricus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 272, pi. iv.

fig. 4. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Missouri.

Cladodus eUgans, Newberry & Worthen, op. eit. vol. iv. (1870),
p. 354, pi. iv. fig. 9. — St. Louis Limestone j Missouri.

24

ICHTHYOTOMI.

Cladodus euglypheus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 274, pi. iv.
figs. 1-3. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa, Missouri.

Cladodus exiguus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 261, pi. iii.
figs. 13-15. — Kiuderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus exilis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 258, pi. i.
figs. 1-6. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus ferox, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 26, pi. i. fig. 11. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri.

Cladodus fulleri, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 276, pi. iv.
fig. 9. — Coal-Measures ; lUinois, Iowa.

Cladodus gomphoides, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 269, pi. iv.
figs. 12-16. — Upper Uurlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus gracilis, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 30,
pi. i. fig. 17. — Coal-Measures ; Indiana.

(This species is considered as young of C. lamnoides by
H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiii. p. 287.)

Cladodus htrtzeri, J. S. Newberry, Hep. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1876), p. 46, pi. Iviii. fig. 5. — Limestone below Berea
Grit ; Ohio.

Cladodus hiblerti, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 200, pi. 22 b. fig. 26. —
Caleiferous Sandstone ; Burdiehouse, near Edinburgh.

Cladodus intercostatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 267, pi. iv.
fig. 11. — Burlington Limestone; Illinois, Iowa.

Cladodus ischypus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. p. 354,
pi. iv. fig. 6. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri.

Cladodus heohuk, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 268. Keokuk

Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa.

Cladodus lamnoides, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 30,
pi. i. fig. 16. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Cladodus magnificus, Tuomey ; Newberry & Worthen, op. cit.
vol. ii. p. 24, pi. i. fig. 6. — Lower Carboniferous ; Alabama.

Cladodus obtusus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 266, pi. xxvi. fig. 2.— L.
Carboniferous (U. Devonian); Govt. ofToula, llussia.

Cladodus occidentalis, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1859, p. 3; Ext. Vert. West. Territ. (U.S. Geol. Surv.
1873), p. 311, pi. xvii. figs. 4-6 : C. mortifer, New-
berry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 22, pi. i. fig. 5 ; 0.
St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1870), p. 431 ;
also in Hayden’s Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Nebraska,
1872, p. 239, pi. iii. fig. 6, pi. vi. fig. 13.— U. Coal-
Measures ; Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois.

CLADODONIID^.

25

Cladodus pandatus, St. John & Worthen, tmn. cit. p. 278, pi. iv.
fig. 8. — Coal-Measures; lUinois.

Cladodus parvulus, J. S. Ifewberry, Eep. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1875), p. 48, pi. Iviii. fig. 9. — Fish-bed in Valley of
Black lliver, Ohio.

Cladodus parvus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 200, pi. 22 6. figs. 26,
27. — Calciferous Sandstone; Burdiehouse, near Edinburgh.

Cladodus pattersoni, J. S. Newberrj', Itep. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1875), p. 47, pi. Iviii. fig. 6. — Waverly Group ; Ohio.
[A jaw with the nearly complete dentition is noticed, but
not figured or fully described. The teeth are said to
vary little except in size, and the total number in one
mouth is jjrobably 300-400.]

Cladodus politus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 27, pi. i. fig. 12. — Chester Limestone ; lUinois.

Cladodus pnenuntius, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 270, pi. iv.
fig. 17. — Upper Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus primigenius, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 266, pi. xxvi. fig. 3. —
Lower Carboniferous (U. Devonian) ; Govt, of Toula,
Russia.

Cladodus raricostatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 271, pi. iv.
fig. IS. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus romiiigeri, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1875), p. 49. — Waverly Group ; Michigan.

Cladodus simplea:, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. V. Gres Rouge, 1844,
p. 124, pi. 33. figs. 29-31 : Uyhodus longieonus, E. d’Eich-
wald, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xix. 1846, no. iv.
p. 293, pi. X. fig. 14: Homacanlhus triangularis, E.
d’Eichwald, Leth. Ross. vol. i. (1860), p. 1601 : Cladodus
simple.v, Semenov and MbUer, Bull. Acad. St. Pe'tersb.
vol. vii. (1864), p. 235, pi. i. fig. 12 ; H. Trautschold,
Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874),
p. 265, pi. xxvi. fig. 1. — Devonian ; near St. Petersburg.

Cladodus stenopus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 23,
pi. i. fig. 4. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois.

Cladodus subulatus, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1875), p. 47, pi. Iviii. fig. 7. — Shale over Berea Grit •
Ohio.

Cladodus succinctus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 265, pi. iii.
» figs. 8-12. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus vati-homei, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 273, pi. iv,
fig. 5. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois.

26

ICHIHrOIOMI.

Cladodus vachsmuthi, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 263,
pi. iii. figs. 1-7. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Cladodus zygopus, Newberry & W orthen,Jo^. dt. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 25, pi. i. figs. 9, 10. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

A portion of the skeleton, with the teeth, of a species allied to
C. mirabilis, from the Carboniferous Limestone of East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire, has been briefly noticed by R. H. Traquair (Geol.
Mag. 1888, p. 82), and will be described in the Trans. Geol. Soe.
Glasgow.

A fragmentary fossil, apparently the base of a cephalic spine of
Hybodus, from the Rhaetic Bone-hod of Aust near Bristol, has been
described under the name of Cladodus curtus, J. W. Davis, Quart.
Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. (1881), p. 424, pi. xxii. fig. 9.

Genus DICENTRODUS, Traquair.

[Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. v. 1888, p. 86.]

Teeth of the same type as those of Cladodus, but having the
crown unsymmetrical, consisting of one largo cone, with a smaller
cone on one side only — the latter rarely absent.

Dicentrodus bicuspidatus, Traquair.

1881. Cladodus^bicuspidatus, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. viii.
p. 35.

1888. Dicentrodus Ucuspidatus, R. II. Traquair, loc. cit. [3] vol. v.

p. 86.

Type. Detached teeth ; Edinburgh Museum.

Usual length of tooth from | to j inch. Base narrow, slightly
reniform, gently convex behind, and slightly notched in front at the
base of the principal cone. Principal cone varying much in slender-
ness, smooth, acutely pointed, sharply carinated on both sides from
its origin, more or less flexed backwards, and sometimes also
inclined to one side.

Form. ^ Loc. Middle Carboniferous Limestone (Blackband Iron-
stone) : Borough Lee, near Edinburgh.

P. 2295. Large tooth, one cone being broken away and shown in
impression (PL VI, fig. 7).

Presented by Mrs. Burton, 1882.

P, 4496. Seven small teeth, two shown in PI. VI. figs. 8, 9.

Presented by Dr. B,. H. Traquair, 1884.

I

CLADODONTIDiE. 27

Genus PHQIBODUS, St. John & Worthen.

[Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 251.]

Syn. Bathycheihdiu, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1876,
p. 252.

Teeth very similar to those of Cladodus, but having the outer
lateral cones as large as, or larger than, the median cone. Inter-
mediate cones, one, two, or three in number, very small.

Fhabodui soj>hi<e, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 251, pi. i.

fig. 14. — Middle Devonian ; Iowa.

PJwebodus madsaacmi: Baihycheilodug meisaacsii, St. John &
Worthen, tom. cit. p. 252, pi. i. figs. 12, 13. — Middle
Devonian ; Iowa.

Phoebodus sprinyeri'^ : Pristicladodus springeri, St. John & Wor-
then, tom. cit. p. 255, pi. i. figs. 7-11. — Kinderhook
Limestone ; Iowa.

Genus LAlMBDOCXJSy St. John <fe Worthen.

[Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 280.]

Teeth small, similar to those of Cladodus, but destitute of lateral
cones.

Lamhdodus calceolus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 281, pi. v.
fig- 5. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa, Illinois.

Lamhdodus costatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 280, pi. v.
fig. 3. — Burlington and Keokuk Limestones ; Iowa, Illinois,
Missouri.

Lamhdodus hamulus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 283, pi. v.
tig. 26. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Lamhdodus rejlexus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 284, pi. v.
fig. 25. — Chester Limestone ; Illiuois.

Lamhdodus robustus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 282, pi. v.
fig- 6. — Keokuk Limek one ; Iowa, Illinois, Missouri.

Lamhdodus transversus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 282,
pi- V. fig. 4.— St. Louis Limestone; Illinois.

> S. Garman (BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. vol. xii. no. 1, 1885,
p. 6) proposes the generic name of Ptemodus for this species. This, however,
seems unnecessary, and the term has already been occupied by B. Owen (Trans.
Odontol. Soc. 1867) for a supposed Carboniferous genus.

28

ICHTHTOTOMI.

Genus DICRENODUS, llomanowsky
[Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moseou, vol. xxvi. no. 1, 1853, p. 407.]

Syn. Carcharopsis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 313 (unde-
fined) ; J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. 1883,
p. 381.

Pristieladudui, F. McCoy, Brit. Palseoz. Foss. 1856, p. 642.

Crown of tooth relatively large, thick, and conical, but much
compressed, with the two cutting-edges coarsely denticulated ;
lateral cones absent, or not more than two on each side. Base
expanded at right angles to the crown posteriorly, thick, subsemi-
circular in shape.

Both the specimens to which Agassiz gave the name of Carcha-
ropsis being contained in the Enniskillen Collection and mentioned
below, it can bo determined definitely that they are geuerically
identical with the teeth described by llomanowsky as Dicrenodus
and by McCoy as Prist ieladodus. The present writer has seen no
evidence of the difference in the form of the root remarked upon
by J. W. Davis, loc. cit.

Dicrenodus dentatus (McCoy).

1843. Carcharopsis prototypns, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 313
(name only).

1866. Pristicladodus dentatus, F. McCoy, Brit. Palssoz. Foss. p. 042,
pi. 3 G. fig. 2.

1883. Pristicladodus dentatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] voL i. p. 384, pi. xlix. fig. 22.

1883. Carcharopsis colei, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 383, pi. xlix. fig. 2G.

1884. Pristicladodus dentatus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. p. 020, pi. xxvii. fig. 4.

1888. P-isticladodus dentatus, R. II. Traquair, Geol. Ma‘>'. [3] vol. v.
p. 103.

Type. Detached tooth.

Denticulations of coronal margin large, well-defined, abruptly
truncated ; no lateral cones.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone: Armagh, Ireland.
Upper Carboniferous Limestone: Ayrshire, Scotland; Yorkshire,
Derbyshire, England.

46044. Imperfect tooth ; Bcith, Ayrshire.

Presented by Itohert Craig, Esq., 1874.

* The identity of this genua with Chilodus, Giobel (Fauna Vorw. vol. i. 1847,
p. 352), asserted by Giebel and Heiutz (Zeitschr. gesammt. Katurw. 1854, p. 77),
must be regarded as very doubtful.

CLADODONTIB^.

29

P. 544:5. Impression of portion of dental crown, referred by Agassiz,
loc. cit., to Carcharopsis prototypus ; Pateley Bridge, York-
shire. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2267. Portion of tooth and impression ; Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 4886. Two teeth ; Yoredale Kocks, Wensleydale, Yorkshire.

Ilorne CoU.

46822. Broken tooth ; Derbyshire. Gilbertson CoU.

P. 5446. Tj*pe specimen of Carcharopsis colei, Davis, regarded by
Traquair as the abraded crown of a similar tooth ;
Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth ;
but there are no examples in the Collection ; —

Dicreno'lus youylii : Pristieladodus goxighi, F. McCoy, Brit. Palaeoz.
Foss. 185.5, p. 643, pi. 3x. fig. 11. — Carboniferous Lime-
stone ; Kettlewell, near Kendal.

Dicrenoilus jerofeyewi : Pristidadodus jerofeyewi, H. Eomanowsky,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, voL xxxvii. (1864), pt. iii.
p. 165, pi. iv. fig. 30. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Govern-
ment of Toula, Russia.

Dicrenodus okensis, H. Romanowsky, BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xxvi. no. 1 (1853), p. 407, pi. viu. ; ibid. vol. xxx.
no. 1 (1857), p. 290. — Carboniferous Limestone; Govern-
ment of Toula, Russia.

Dicrenodus vortheni: Carcharopsis wortheni, J. 8. Newberry, Pal.
Illinois, vol. ii. (1866), p. 69, pi. iv. fig. 14. — Lower Car-
boniferous ; Huntsville, Alabama.

Genus HYBOCLADODUS, St. John & Worthen.

[Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 284.]

Teeth scarcely distinguishable from those of Pristidadodus, but
destitute of crenulations upon the edge of the crown. No lateral
cones.

Hybodadodus eompressus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 287,
pL V. fig. 8.—Eelodus eompressus, Newberry & Worthen,
Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. 1866, p. 78, pi. v. fig. 1.— Upper
Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Hybodadodus intermedius, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 287,
pi. V. fig. 11. — Keokuk Limestone; Iowa, Illinois.

Hybodadodus nitidus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 288, pi. v.
fig. 7. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

30

SELACHn.

Hyhocladodns plicatilis, St. John & Worthen, iom. eit. p. 286,
pi. V. fig. 9. — Upper Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.
ffybocladodus tenuicostatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. eit. p. 286,
pi. V. fig. 10. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa, Illinois.

Order II. SELACHII.

Endoskeletal cartilage, as a rule, only superficially calcified.
Notochord (except in a few early tj-pes) alwa}’S more or less con-
stricted in the adult. Neural and h®mal arches and spines stout,
with intercalary cartilages in the more specialized forms. Pectoral
fins without segmented axis. Axial cartilages of the hind limb
prolonged into a clasper in the male.

Suborder I. TECTOSPONDYLI.

Vertebrae, when fully developed, having the concentric calcified
laminae predominating over the radiating laminae (tectospondylie,
Hasso). Specialization resulting in a depression of the body, and
an enlargement of the pectoral fins ; spiracles, of large size, retained
in the most specialized forms. Anal fin absent.

Family SPINACIDiE.

Body round or trihedral, and very slightly depressed. Mouth
gently arched ; snout obtuse. Pectoral fins not notched at their
origin and not produced forward ; gill-slits small, lateral, often in
the line of the pectorals, often half below. Spiracles large, behind
the eye.

Genus CENTRIPIA, Cuvier.

[Kegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 130.]

Syn. O.rynotus, Rafinesque Schmalz, Ind. Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810,
p. 60 (incomplete definition).

Powerful dorsal fin-spines present. Trunk rather elevated, trihe-
dral, with a fold of skin extending along each side of the ventral
surface. Teeth of the lower jaw erect, triangular, finely serrated ;
those of the upper slender, conical, forming a group in front of
the jaw.

The following extinct species is founded upon detached teeth from
the Pliocene of Orciano, Tuscany, described as scarcely distinguish-
able from those of the living O. salviani of the Mediterranean. The
figures show them to he remarkably similar to the lower teeth of
Scymnus.

sprsAciB^. 31

Centrina bcutanii, R. Lawley, Nnovi Studi sopra ai Peaci fossili
etc. 1876, p. 39, pi. i. fig. 18.

Detached teeth from the Miocene of Castries, Herault, France,
have also been referred to Centrina by P. Gervais, Zool. & Pal. Got.
(1867-69) p. 238, pi. xlvii. fig. 5.

Genus ACANTHIAS, Risso.

[Hist. nat. prod. Europe me'rid. vol. iii. 1826, p. 131.]

Syn. CentrophoroideS) J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
1887, p. 478.

Dorsal fin-spines present. Teeth rather small, triangular, com-
pressed, with the apex much turned aside, one margin of the crown
forming the functional cutting-edge ; similar in both jaws.

Acanthias latidens (Davis).

1887. CentropJurroiden latidens, J. \V. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.

[2] voL iii. p. 478, pi. xv. fig. 2.

Type. Anterior portion of fish ; British Museum.

The only known examples of this species being very imperfect, it
cannot be satisfactorily defined. No character is shown by which
it can be separated from Acanthias. It has the form and propor-
tions generally characterizing this genus: the upper teeth exhibit
the same obliquity of the crown as the lower, only differing in their
smaller size. The shagreen granules are similar to those of such
recent species as A. blainvUlei.

Form. 4' Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4021. Type specimen. Purchased, 1883.

P. 49467, 49470. Two fragments, showing shagreen, dorsal spines,
and vertebrae. Purchased, 1878.

To this genus the following detached teeth have also been pro-
visionally referred. They cannot be distinguished from the lower
teeth of Centrophorus, hut not being accompanied by any teeth
similar to those of the upper jaw of the last-named genus, the
present determination is perhaps correct.

Acanthias radicans, J. Prohst, Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 1(3, pL iii. figs. 31, 32. — Molasse ; Baltringen, Wiir-
temberg.

32

8ELACH1I.

Acanihias serratus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 174, pi. iii. fig. 33.

Molasse ; Schemmerberg and Althcim, Wurtembcrg.

A tooth of the living Acanthias vulgaris, Risso, is recorded from
the We)'bourii Crag of East llunton, Norfolk, by E. T. Newton,
Vertebrata of the Forest-bed Series (Mem. Gcol. Surv. 1882), p. 131,
pi. xix. fig. 8.

Genus CETUTROPHORUS, Miiller & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 88.]

Dorsal fin-spines present. Lower teeth as in Acanthias ; upper
teeth erect, triangular, or narrow lanceolate, with a single cusp.

Centrophorus primsevus (Pictet).

1860. Spina.T primeevus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 63, pi. x.
figs. 1-3.

1884. Cevtrophorus, C. Ilasso, Palajontogi-aphica, vol. xxxi. p. 3, pi. i.
fig. 1.

1887. Spina.v prinmvm, ,T. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 477, pi. xvi. fig. 2.

Tppe. Portions of fishes ; Geneva Museum.

Snout gently rounded, the length of the prseoral portion being
about equal to the maximum width of the head. Dorsal spines
projecting beyond the skin. The length of the base of the first
dorsal (without the spine) equals about one third the distance
between the two fins ; distal extremity of pelvic fins in advance of
a point opposite the second dorsal. Shagreen-scales with three or
four keels.

The teeth of the upper jaw being still unknown, the reference of
this species to Oentrophorus cannot be regarded as quite certain ; it
is not referable to Spina.v, but may bo an Acanthias.

Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4779. Specimen figured by J. W. Davis, he. cit.

Purchased, 1884.

49468-9. Less complete head and portion of the trunk, showing
impressions of the two dorsal fin-spines ; also a smaller
specimen exhibiting the lower teeth, a pectoral fin, and
the two imperfect dorsal fin-spinos. Purchased, 1878.

P. 4858. Crushed bent specimen, displaying well the lower aspect
of the head and pectoral fins. Purchased, 1885.

SPINACIDa;.

33

Genus SPINAX, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 129.]

Syn. Aeanthidimn, R. T. Lowe, Amn. & Mag. N. H. vol. iv. (1840), p. 422.

Dorsal fin-spines present. Lower teetli broad and compressed,
the apex of the crown greatly turned aside ; upper teeth slende*,
erect, each with a long pointed principal cusp, and one or two small
denticles on either side.

Spinax honapartci, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi etc. 1876, p. 39 (name
only). — Pliocene; Orciano and Volterra, Tuscany.

Genus SCYMNUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 130.]

Dorsal fin-spines absent. Upper teeth small, pointed ; lower teeth
much larger, broad and compressed, triangular, erect in the adult,
but somewhat oblique in the young.

Scymnus majori, Lawley.

1876. Scymnus majori, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi sopra ai Pesci fossili
etc. p. 38, pi. i. fig. 17.

Type. Detached teeth.

An imperfectly defined species, founded upon lower teeth with
serrated edges, very similar to those of the living S. lichia.

Form. Loc. Pliocene : Tuscany, Italy.

47029. Three teeth; Orciano. Purchased, 1875.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth
but there arc no examples in the Collection : —

Scymnus triangulus, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 175, pi. iii. figs. 35,36. — Molasse; Wiirtemberg.
Scymnus trituratus, J. Probst, tom. eit. p. 176; also F. Noetling,
Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1886, p. 17; Corax tritu-
ratiis, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. (1874),
fasc. i. p. 27, pi. ii. fig. 13.— Bruxellian ; Woluwe St.
Lambert, near Brussels.

Scymnus acutus, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. (1888), p. 315 ;
“ Young Carcharodon angustidens,” J. W. Davis, Trans.
Roy. Dubl. Soc. [2] vol. iv. (1888), p. 11, pi. vi. fig. 22.—
Miocene; New Zealand.

n

34

BELACHII.

Genus ECHINORHINUS, Blainville.

[Faune frangaise — Poissons, 1828, p. 60.]

Syn. Goniodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. Tol. iii. 1838, p. 04.

Dorsal fins very small, without spine, the first opposite to the
pelvics. Tooth equal in both jaws, very oblique, the point being
turned outwards, and having one, two, or three strong horizontally
directed dentieulations on each side. Skin with scattered largo
round tubercles.

An extinct species {E. ricliiardii) is founded by K. Lawley (op-
cit. 1876, p. 41, pi. i. fig. 8, pi. ii. fig. 0) upon teeth and dermal
tubercles from the Pliocene of Orciano aud Volterra, Tuscany.

An indeterminable fragment of a fish apparently referable to the
Spinacidas, from the Upper Cretaceous of Pictraroja, Naples, has
been described under the name of Centroptei-us lividm by 0. G.
Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli, pt. iii. (1857-63), p. 123, pi. xii.
fig. 13. The unsatisfactory nature of the specimen has already
been commented upon by F. Bassani, Donkschr. math.-naturw. Cl.
kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlv. (1882), pt. ii. p. 37.

Family PETALODONTID^.

Body moderately depressed; pectoral fins largo, continued for-
wards towards the head. Teeth compressed antero-posteriorly, with
root often relatively large ; crown more or less bent backwards,
either with a sharp cutting-edge, or very obtuse. When arranged
in the mouth the teeth form a close pavement.

The genus Janassa affords the most complete insight into the
characters of this famil)', the other genera, associated with it on
account of the form of their teeth, being only known by these
detached fragmentary fossils.

Genus JABJASSA, MUnster.

[Bcitr. Petrefakt. Heft i. 1832, p. 67.]

Syn. Eictea, G. Jliinster, Beitr. Petrefakt. iii. 1840, p. 124.

llyzenos, G. Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vi. 184.3, p. 60.

CKmaxodus, F. McCoy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. 1848,

p. 128.

Pdtodvs, J. S. Newberry & A. H. Worthen, Pal. llHnois, vol. iv.

1870, p. 302.

TanavduK, O. St. John & A. II. Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.

1876, p. 367.

Striyilina, E. D. Cope, Proc. Anier. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. 1876, p. 62.

PETALODOiraD^.

35

Teeth having the crown so much reflexed and thickened, that the
complete dentition forms an exclusively tritoral surface. There are
three principal rows of teeth, diminishing greatly in size towards
the front of the mouth ; and one or two smaller rows occur on each
side, having the summit of the crown less bent and thickened than
the others. The body is covered with fine, smooth shagreen granules,
largest apparently on the inferior aspect of the head.

A.S recognized by K. A. von Zittel’, the inteqmetation of the
arrangement of the dentition of Janassa proposed by Hancock and
Howsc ’ is undoubtedly erroneous.

Janassa bitraminosa (Schlotheim).

1762. Figure in Dresdinisches Magazin, vol. ii. pt. 4 (//. B. Geinitz).
1820. TrUobites bitumino$us, E. Schlotheim, Petrefaktenk. p. 30.

1823. TrUobites bitumirwstis, E. Schlotheim, Nachtrag Petref. pt. ii.
pp. 30, 87, pi. 22. fig. 0.

1832. Janassa angulata, O. Miinster, Beitr. Petrefakt. i. p. 67, pi. iv.
figs. 1, 2.

1832. Janassa kumboldi, G. Munster, op. cit. i. p. 122, pi. xiv. fig. 4.
1832. Janassa bituminosa, G. Miinster, <p. cit. i. p. 122.

1830. Acrodns larva, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 147, pi. 22.
figs. 23-25.

1839. Janassa angulata, G. A. Kurtze, Dissert. Petrefakt. Mansfeld,

p. 20.

1839. Janassa humboldti, G. A. Kurtze, op. at. p. 20.

1840. Janassa angulata, G. Munster, op. cit. iii. p. 122, pis. iii. & iv.
fig. 5 a.

1840. Bictea striata, G. Miinster, op. cit. iii. p. 124, pis. iii. & iv. figs. 1-4,
pi. viii. figs. 3, 4, 0-10.

1840. Janassa angulata, F. Germar, Verstein. Mansfeld Kupferschief.
p. 26, fig. 15.

1842. Janassa dictea, G. Miinster, op. cit. v. p. 38, pi. xv. figs. 10-16.
184.3. Bictea striata =Acrodus larva, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. iii. p. 376.

1843. Byzcnos latipinnatus, G. Miinster, op. cit. vi. p. 50, pi. i. fig. 2.
1861-6. Janassa angulata, F. Roemer, Bronn’s Leth. geogn. 3rd edit.

vol. i. p. 717, pi. ix'. fig. 13.

1851-6. Bictea striata, F. Roemer, tom. cit. p. 718.

1861. Janassa bituminosa, II. B. Geinitz, Dyas, p. 24, pi. iv. fig. 5, pi. v.
figs. 1-4.

1870. Janassa bituminosa, A. Hancock & R. Howse, Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. [4] vol. V. p. 47, pis. ii., iii.

1887. Janassa bituminosa, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palseont. vol. iii.
p. 98.

* Handb. Palseont, vol. iii. (1887), p. 98.

^ Ann. & Mag. Sat. Hist. [4] toL v. (1870), p. 47. pi. ii.

36

SELACHir.

Type. Detached tooth.

Crown of principal teeth very high, the lower two thirds of the

posterior face being covered with numerous delicate transverse

parallel rugce.

Form. Loc. Permian (Marl Slate, Kupferschiefer) : Germany,

N. England.

P. 3034. Portion of the dentition of both jaws, naturally associated.

The three median longitudinal scries are preserved in one
jaw, but of the opposing dentition only two transverse
rows from the hinder part of these series and the adjoining
outer series are preserved ; Eiechelsdorf, Hessen.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3035. Broken teeth, cartilage, and shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1374. Four much broken groups of teeth, with remains of calcified
cartilage and shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf. Egerton Coll.

43424-5. Very complete, though much broken dentition, associated
with shagreen, and preserved in counterpart ; the shagreen
granules arc much larger immediately round the mouth
than elsewhere. Also a more fragmentary specimen ;
Eiechelsdorf.

Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

38592, 41084. Broken teeth, cartilage, and shagreen ; Eiechelsdorf.

Purchased, 1864.

P. 1375. Portions of dentition, associated with shagreen and frag-
ments of calcified cartilage, in nodule ; llmenau, Thuringia.

Egerton Coll.

P. 3033. Teeth described aud figured by Hancock and Howse, loc.
cit. p. 59, pi. ii. fig. 1 ; Middcridge, Durham.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1373. Tooth ; Cullercoats, Northumberland. Egerton Coll.

Janassa linguaeformis (Atthey).

1868. Climaxodus lingueeformis, T. Atthey, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [4]
vol. ii. p. 321. (Tyneside Nat. Field-Club, Oct. 9th, 1867.)

1868. Climaxodus omtus, T. P. Barkas, Oeol. Mag. vol. v. p. 406.

1869. Climaxodus vermiformis, T. P. Barkas, Oeol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 381.

1870. Janassa Kngnafurmis, A. Hancock & T. Atthey, Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. & Durham, vol. iii. p. 330, pi. ix.

PETALODONTID^.

37

1873. Climaxodus, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. Palaeont. p. 20, pi. i.
figs. 36-38.

1875. Ja7Utssa lingiuaforimt, J. Ward, [Proc.] North Staffs. Nat. Field-
Club, p. 222. fig. 8.

1875. Janassa ovatus, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. iii. p. 153, figs. 49-54.

1875. Janasf>a minutns, W. J. Barkas, tom. cit. p. 156, fig. 65.

1876. Janassa proccstus, W. J. Barkas, tom. cit. p. 155, tig. 66.

Type. Detached tooth ; Mns. Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Margin of crown comparatively thin, but much reflexed in the
principal teeth. Posterior coronal imbricated ridges few and rela-
tively large in the principal teeth, sometimes absent in the lateral
teeth.

Form. ^ hoc. Coal-Measures : England, Scotland.

41211. Tj’pe specimen of CZimaaToduA owf it* ; Newsham, Newcastle-
on- Tyne. Presented by T. P. Barlcas, Esq., 1808.

P. 3037. Tooth; Newsham. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1371-2. Three teeth; Newsham. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5233. Tery large tooth ; near Dudley, S. Staffordshire.

Purchased, 1880.

P. 3036. One perfect dental crown detached from the matrix, and
another embedded upon its anterior face ; also two frag-
ments ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3006. Three teeth probably of this species ; Lowmoor, Yorkshire.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1418. Two similar teeth ; Lowmoor. Eyerton Coll.

Janassa clavata (McCoy).

1843. ChomatoJiis truncatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174
(name only).

1855. Chomahjdiis daratus, F. McCoy, Brit. Palmoz. Foss. p. G17,
pi. 3 K. fig. 10.

1855. Chomatodus tnmcatm, F. McCoy, op. cit. p. 618, pi. 3i. fig. 1.
1883. Petalorhynchus psittaeimis (in part), J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy.
Dublin Soc. [2] voL i. p. 618.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth with extremely robust crowns. The basal coronal rugm
arc few and insignificant, often entirely absent.

Form. ^ Loc. Carboniferous Limestone : England, Scotland, Ire-
land.

38

SEIACHn.

P. 2962, P. 2962 a. Twenty-five isolated teeth, one being nearly
perfect and detached from the matrix ; Armagh, Ireland.
The tablet bears the original label, “ Howse says this is
allied to the genus Jemassa.” Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2962 b. Broad tooth, like 4G036, showing delicate rug® or
folds at the base of the crown ; Armagh. Ennislcillen Coll.

P.1462. Four similar teeth, named Chomatodus truncatus” in
Agassiz’s handwriting ; Armagh. Efjerton Coll.

46036. Almost perfect tooth detached from matrix, showing no
folds at the base of the crown, figured in PI. I. fig. 3;
Beith, Ayrshire. Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

49624-6,49651. Four teeth, either of this or an allied species;

Eichmond, Yorkshire. Purchased, 1878.

Jauassa imbricata (McCoy).

1848. Climaxodus imbricatus, F. McCoy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2]
vol. ii. p. 129.

1855. Climaxodus imbricatus, F. McCoy, Brit. Pal®oz. Foss. p. C20,
pi. .3 o. fig. 6.

1870. Janassa imbricata, A. Hancock and T. Atthey, Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. & Durham, vol. iii. p. 338.

Type. Imperfect tooth.

Scarcely defined. The teeth are very similar to those of J. cla-
vata, but differ in the prominence of the folds at the base of the
crown. The original fragmentary tooth was misunderstood by
McCoy, and the upper extremity described as the posterior, the
hinder face of the crown as the grinding-surface.

Form. Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Derbyshire.

P. 5339. Two teeth figured, nat. size, in PL I. figs. 1, 2. The larger
specimen differs from the type in the same manner as the
median teeth of J. lingucrforviis differ from those placed
laterally in that species ; its crown is much worn, appa-
rently during the life of the animal. TicknaU, near
Melbourne, South Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

The following species have been recorded from the Permian of
North America, the type specimens being detached teeth : —

.Tanassa strigilina, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. 1881 , p. 163, and Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xvi. (1887), p. 285 : Strigilina lin-
gmrformis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii.
(1878), p. 52. — Eastern Illinois.

PETALOBO:!?!!!)^®.

39

Janassa gurleiatm, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. 1881, p. 103, and
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. (1887), p. 285; Stri-
gxlina gitrleiana, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. (1878),
p. 191. — Danville, Illinois.

Janassa ordiana, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. 1881, p. 103, and
Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. (1887), p. 285 (name
only). — Texas.

The detached teeth described under the following names also
appear to be referable to Janassa, as here defined : —

Climaxodus hrevis, J. S. Newberry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1850, p. 100. — Coal-Measures ; Ohio.

Pellodus qaadratus, 0. St. John & A. H. M'orthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. vi. (1875), p. 410, pi. xiii. figs. 0, 7. — St. Louis Lime-
stone ; Illinois, Missouri.

PeJtodus plicomphalus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 411,
pi. xiii. fig. 9. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Peltodus transversiis, St. John & IVorthen, tom. cil. p. 412, pi. xiii.
fig. 8. — Coal-Measures ; Illinois.

Pdtodus unguiformis, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. lU. vol. iv.
(1870), p. 303, pi. ii. fig. 7. — U. Coal-Measures ; Illinois.

Tanaodus bellicinctus, St. John & IVorthen, tom. cit. p. 370, pi. xi.
figs. 14^10, 25. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Tanaodus depressus, St. John & Mhrthen, tom. cit. j). 378, pi. xi.
figs. 11-13. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Tanaodus gross! plicatus, St. John & AVorthen, tom. cit. p. 375,
pi. xi. fig. 20. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Tanaodus pohjmorphus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 380, pi. xi.
figs. 17-19, 24. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Tanaodus prtcnuntius, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 371, pi. xi,
tigs. 6-10. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa, Missouri.

Tanaodus pumilus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 369, jd. xi.
figs. 1-5. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa.

Tanaodus satlptus, St. John & IVorthen, tom. cit. p. 37-3, pi. xi.
figs. 20-23. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa,Missouri.

Tanaodus sublunatus, St. John& Worthen, tom. cit. p. 368, pi. xi.
fig. 27. — St. Louis Limestone ; Iliinois.

The genus and species Thoracodus emydinus, Cope (Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1883, p. 108), is founded upon fossils from the Permian of
Illinois, evidently eorrespondbg each to half of a bilateral tooth
having the characters of that of Janassa. Cymatodus ohlonyus,
Newberry & Worthen (Pal. 111. vol. iv. p. 364, pi. iv. fig. 7), from
the Coal-Measures of Illinois, also seems to be related to Janassa.

40

SELACniI.

Genus FISSODUS, St. John & Worthen.

[Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 413.]

Teeth very similar to those of Janassa and Petalorhynchus, but
distinguished by the coronal margin being deeply cleft or divided
into two or three broad, acuminate points.

Fissodus hifidm, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 414, pi. xiii.
figs. 1, 2. — Chester Limestone; Illinois.

Fissodiui pattoni, R. Etheridge, jun., Gool. Mag. [2] vol. iv. (1877),
p. 306, pi. xiii. figs. 2, 3. — Lower Carboniferous Lime-
stone ; S. Scotland.

Fissodus tricuspidatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 415, pi. xiii.
fig. 3. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

The genus Cholodus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 415, is
founded upon imperfect teeth from the Upper Coal-Measures of
Illinois and Iowa, resembling those of Fissodus very closely. The
only described species is C. incequalis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit.
p. 416, pi. xiii. figs. 4, 5.

Genus PETALORHYNCHUS, Newberry & Worthen (ex
Agass. MS.).

[Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. 1866, p. 32.]

Teeth with crown compressed, thin, concavo-convex, petal-shaped,
relatively high and narrow ; basal imbricating folds few. The root
is long, tapering, and undivided. The complete dentition consists
of three or more parallel antero-posterior series, the crowns of the
teeth in the median row being very high and narrow compared with
those on either side.

Petalorh3mchus psittacinus (McCoy).

1843. Petalodus psittaoinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 174,
384 (name only).

1843. Petalodus sayilut’.us, L. Agn.ssiz, tom.cit.p^. 174,384 (name only).

1856. Petalodus psittacinus, P. McCoy, Brit. Palmoz. Foss. p. 036, pi. 3i.
fig. 4.

1855. Petalodus sagittatus, F. McCoy, op. cit. p. 036, pi. 3i. figs. 2, 3.

1802. Petalorhgnchus psittacinus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1881. Petalorhynchus psittacinus, J. W. Davis, Rep. Brit. Assoc, p. 046.

PETAtODOlTTXD^.

41

1883. Petalorhynchus psittacinm, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc.
[2J vol. i. p. 610, pi. bd. figs. 12-16.

1883. Petalodiu hastinpsia, J. W. Davis, (am. cii. p. 494, pi. lix. figs. 18,

20, 21.

1880. Pelalorhynchm psittacimu, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 149.

Type. Detached tooth.

Crown in the larger teeth produeed into a sharp mesial point, and

base extremely elongate and tapering.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Derbyshire, England.

Except where otherwise stated, the following specimens are from

the Enniskillen Collection.

P. 2954-8. Specimens described and figured by J. W. Davis Qoe.

cit. 1883) ; Armagh. The tooth on the right of the spe-
cimen shown in fig. 1.5, pi. Ixii. 1. e., was unfortunately
missing when the collection reached the Museum, and is
now only seen in impression.

P. 2995-7. Three unsymmetrical teeth, erroneously ascribed to
Petalodus hastinysice by J. W. Davis, he. cit. ; Armagh.

P. 2961. Eleven series of teeth, similar to the original of fig. 16,
loc. cit. ; Armagh.

P. 2953. Sixty detached teeth in matrix, exhibiting anterior aspect ;

some are broken, some complete, showing variations of
form ; Armagh.

P. 2960. Twelve detached teeth, showing posterior aspect, and
partly anterior ; Armagh.

P. 2959. Fifteen very unsymmetrical lateral teeth ; Armagh.

P. 1424. Twelve teeth, some broken ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

28731-2, 28737, 28919. Nine teeth, mostly broken ; Armagh.

Purchased, 1854.

Var. minor.

P. 5340. One perfect tooth, and four portions, detached from the
matrix, only differing from the type specimens of P. psit-
tacinus in their diminutive size. The perfect tooth is
shown, twice nat. size, in PI. I. fig. 9 ; Tieknall, near
Melbourne, S. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

P. 5341. Connected series of four small teeth ; Tieknall.

Wilson Coll.

42

SELACHir.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the CoUoction : —

Pefalorhi/nchus dislortus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(1875), p. 400, pi. xii. figs. 7, 8. — Upper St. Louis Lime-
stone ; Illinois, Iowa, Missouri.

FetalorJiynchus indicas, W. Waagen, Pal. Ind. ser. 13, pt. i. (1879),
p. 17, pi. i. fig. 8. — Produotus Limestone ; Salt llange,
India. (? Janassa.)

Petnlorhynchus pseudosngittatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit.
p. 405, pi. xii. tigs. 1-4. — -Upper St. Louis Limestone ;
Illinois, Iowa, Missouri.

PetalorhynoJms spatidatm, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 408,
pi. xii. figs. 5, 6. — Upper St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois,
Iowa.

Petalorhynclius striaius, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
■ vol. ii. (1860), p. 40, pi. ii. fig. 8. — Burlington Limestone ;
Illinois.

Genus PETALODUS, Owen.

[Odontography, 1840-4.5, p. 61.]

Syn. Chomatodus, L. Aga.ssiz (in part), Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 108.
Antliodus, Newberry & Worthen, Pid. Illinois, vol. ii. 1800, p. 33.
Sicarius, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. 1850,
p. 414.

Teeth much transversely elongated and compressed. The crown
is petal-shaped, with a smooth or delicately crenulated margin. In
the typical species the root is relatively large, though in some
(‘^Antliodus” and “Chomatodus”) comparatively short; it is tumid
and truncated at its lower extremity.

Petalodus acuminatus (Agass.).

1838. Chomatodus acuminaius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 108,
pi. 10. figs. 11-13.

1840-45. Petalodus hastingsii, II. Owen, Odontogr. p. 01, pi. xxii.
figs. 3-6.

1843, Petalodus acuminatus, L. Agassiz, to^n. cit. pp. 174, 384.

(?) 184.3. Petalodus hastinqsii, J. F. Portlock, Kep. Geol. Londonderry,
p. 408, pi. xiv. fig. 10.

18-48. Petalodus rhombus, F. McCoy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii.
p. 125.

1856. Petalodus acuminatus, F. McCoy, Brit. Palteoz. Foss. p. 035,
pi. 3 G. fig. 4.

(?) 1878. Petalodus hastingsiee, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Ciiic. Carbf.
Belg. pt. i. p. 60, pi. vi. figs. 0-8.

PETAMDONTII)^.

43

1883. Petalodm acurmnatug, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2]
Tol. i. p. 494, pi. lix. figs. 22-24.

1883. Petalodm ineguilateralis, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 497, pi. lx.
figs. 3, 4.

1884. Petalodm acuminatm, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. t>oc.
vol. xl. p. 024, pi. xxvi. fig. 10.

Type. Detached tooth.

Margin of the crown in the median rows of teeth more or less
acuminate, the apex being either sharp or rounded ; the anterior
face is approximately rhombic in form.

Form. ^ Loe. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Durham, York-
shire, and Derbyshire, in England ; Fifeshire and Ayrshire, in
Scotland.

P. 613. Fragment described by Owen, loc. cit., as P. hastinysii ;

TicknaU, South Derbyshire. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5343. Twenty-five teeth, variously broken and abraded ; Tick-
naU. Four of these are shown in PI. I. figs. 4-7 , and, as
aU the specimens were obtained from the same bed and
at the same spot as the type of P. Imstinysii, Owen,
the latter is thus proved to be identical with Agassiz’s
P. aeuminatus. Many of the teeth (e. g. fig. 5) are of the
same form as the Yorkshire specimens named P. inegui-
lateralis by Davis. Wilson Coll.

P. 261. Worn tooth in matrix; Derbyshire. Purchased, 1880.

46816-7. Two smaU teeth and one larger. The latter is consider-
ably broken, but has a remarkably short root. The small
teeth are apparently distinguished from those feund in
the Armagh limestone by the relatively greater extent of
the posterior face of the crown occupied by the basal folds ;
Derbyshire. Gilbertson Coll.

P. 2£36. Specimen figured in Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.

pL lix. fig. 24 ; Eichmond, Yorkshire. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2987. Twelve teeth from the same formation and locality,
variously broken and abraded. One is of the type of
“ P. inequilateralis.” Ennishillen Coll.

P. 1420, P. 1425. Eleven specimens ; Eichmond. Egerton Coll.

35472-6, 35478-80, 35482, 36884, 36887, 49612. Twelve speci-
mens ; Eichmend. Purchased, 1860, 1862, 1878.

P. 4899. Three teeth ; Wensleydale, Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

44

SELACHII.

P. 2990. Type specimens of P. inequilateralis, Davis ; Eichmond.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2991. Two similar, but less perfect, unsymmetrical lateral teeth ;

Yorcdale, Yorkshire. Enniskillen Coll.

35477, 35481. Two similar teeth ; Eichmond. Purchased, 1860.

39928, P. 1421. Incomplete crown {Purchased, 1866) and broken
fragment {Ejerton Coll.} ; Settle, Yorkshire.

46035. Four teeth in matrix ; Beith, Ayrshire.

Presented by Robert Craiy, Esq., 1874.

P. 258. Two tooth in matrix ; Beith. Purchased, 1880.

P. 2988. Tooth in matrix ; Ladedda, Fifeshire. Enniskillen Coll.

Petalodus hastingsise, McCoy {non Owen).

184.3. Petalodus hastingsue, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 174,
384 (name only).

1843. Petalodus Icevissimus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pp. 174, 384 (name
only).

1855. Petalodus hastingsii, F. McCoy, Brit. Pah-coz. Foss. p. 633.

1876. Petalodus hastiiigsiee, W. H. Baily, Figs. Char. Brit. Foss. p. 120,
pi. xli. fig. 13.

1883. Petalodus hastingsia, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 403, pi. lix. figs. 10, 17, 19 {non figs. 18, 20, 21).

1880. Petalodus hastingsiee, J. W. Davis, GeoL Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 149.

Type. Detached teeth.

A comparatively small species, none of the typical teeth having a
greater transverse measurement than 0-018 m. The margin of the
cro-mi of the principal teeth is almost always gently rounded ; that
of the lateral teeth shows more tendency towai-ds an acuminate
form. The basal coronal folds generally occupy a relatively less
space upon the posterior aspect of the tooth than in P. acuminatus.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Tyrone,
Ireland. Upper Carboniferous Limestone; Derbyshire {Davis),
(?) Yorkshire, Northumberland {McCoy), England.

P. 2992-4. Three teeth described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc.

cit. i Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2998. About twenty-six teeth ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1422. Fourteen teeth; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

28733, 28922, 38504. Twelve teeth ; Armagh.

Purchased, 1854, 1804.

PETALODOmlD,®.

45

P. 2999. Six teeth, either of this species, or lateral teeth and young
of P. acuminatus ; Eichmond, Yorkshire.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 3007. Fragmentary tooth, doubtfully of this species ; Bristol.

EnnvsTc'dlen Coll.

Fetalodas grandis, Davis.

1883. Petalodus grandis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 496, pi. lx. fig. 1.

Type. Much broken tooth ; British iluseum.

This name is given to a unique tooth of very large size (No.
P. 2985) in the Enniskillen Collection.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

Petalodus flabellula, sp. nov.

Type. Detached tooth, shown of nat. size in PI. I. fig. 8.

Crown comparatively high, having the posterior face (probably
also the anterior) marked by large vertical and slightly diverging
wrinkles ; coronal margin very gently arched, faintly crenulated.
Form. 4' Toe. Carboniferous Limestone : Oreton, Shropshire.

P. 227 a. Type specimen. Weaver Jones Coll.

42219. Fragment of less abraded tooth. Baugh Coll.

Petalodus linearis (Agassiz).

1838. Chomatodus linearis, L. Agas.siz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 108, pi. xii.

figs. 6, 9, 1 0, ? figs. 6, 11 {non figs. 7, 8, 12, 13).

Type. Detached teeth ; Bristol Museum.

Teeth extremely elongated. The margin of the crown is arched,
though scarcely tapering, at either extremity in the principal teeth;
anterior and pos terior faces nearly equal ; coronal surface smooth.
The root is very short, not deeper than the crown.

It is uncertain whether the tooth shown in Agassiz’s fig. 5 per-
tains to this species, the crown more approximating in form to
P. hastingsiee. This specimen is referred to “ Antliodus” by New-
berry and M'orthen*.

Many of the teeth commonly associated with this species may be
pronsionaUy referred to Uelodus. Such are the originals of
Agassiz’s figs. 7, 8, 12, 13, and one described and figured by Davis “ ;

* Pal. Dlinois, vol. ii. p. 52.

“ Trans. Eov. Dublin Soe. [2] vol. i. p. 508, pi. Ixi. fig. 1.

46

8ELACHII.

tho homologous parts of the latter are misinterpreted, the apical
edge being regarded as tho anterior coronal margin, and the pos-
terior half of tho coronal face as a portion of the root. It must,
however, bo admitted that at this point there is no very philoso-
phical line of distinction between the teeth named Helodus and tho
Petalodonts.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Bone-bed in Lower Limestone
Shales) : Bristol, England.

P. 2652. Four teeth ; Bristol. One of those specimens is unsym-
metrical, evidently having been laterally placed.

Enniskillen Coll.

P.1464. Three teeth; Bristol. Egerton Coll.

Petalodus davisii, sp. nov.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth extremely elongated, very similar to those of P. recites, but
somewhat smaller and even longer in proportion to their height ;
coronal surface with numerous vertical wrinkles and a tendency
towards crenulation of tho margin ; root considerably crimped.
Form. Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2656 a, P. 2656. Two type specimens and sixteen similar teeth.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1463. Similar imperfect tooth ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

A larger imperfect tooth (P. 5456) from the Upper Carboniferous
Limestone of Bichmond, Yorkshire, seems to indicate a species allied
to the foregoing ; and another fragmentary tooth (P. 2913, Ennis-
killen Coll.), from tho Lower Carboniferous Limestone of Armagh,
has been described by Davis (Trans. Boy. Dublin Soo. [2] vol. i.
1883, p. 509, pi. Ixi. fig. 2) under the name of Chomatodus acutus.

Petalodus alleghaniensis, Leidy.

1866. Sicarius extinctus, .1. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii.
p. 414.

1866. Petalodus alleghaniensis, J. Leidy, Joum. Acad. Not. Sci. Philad.
[2] vol. iii. p. 161, pi. xvi. figs. 4-6. [Specific name, extvmtus,
withdrawn.] ,

1866. Petalodus destructor, J. S. Newberry & A. H. Worthen, Pal.

Illinois, vol. ii. p. 36, pi. ii. figs. 1-3.

1870. Petalodus destructor, 0. St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil, Soc, vol. xi.
p. 433.

PETALODOSTID^.

47

1872. Petalodus destructor, 0. St John, Final Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Nebraska, p. 241, pi. iii. fig. 5.

1873. Petalodus alleghaniemts, J. Leidy, Extinct Vert Fauna "West.
Ten-it. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ, 1873), p. 312, pL xvii. fig. 3.

1875. Petalodus alleghaniensis, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 52, pi. Iviii. fig. 13.

Type. Detaclied tooth.

Crown of tooth acuminate, much projecting beyond the root an-
teriorly. Lateral margin of the root sharply bent at one third tho
distance from its tapering, but truncate, extremity.

Torm. Loc. Coal-Measures : Pennsylvania, Ohio, Arkansas,
Illinois, Nebraska, U.S. A.

H. Trautschold ' has also recorded this species from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Mjatschkowa, near Moscow; but the determi-
nation is extremely doubtful.

35678. Fine tooth from Turkey Creek, Conway Co., Arkansas.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 2981. Crown and portion of root ; La SaUe, Illinois.

EnnishUlen CoU.

Some abraded and fragmentary teeth (Nos. P. 4885, 4907, Pur-
chased, 1885) from the Yoredale Hocks of Wensleydsde, Yorkshire,
resemble the fossils described by J. W. Davis’* as Glyphanoclus
tenuis. Upon present evidence, however, these cannot be distin-
guished from worn fragments oi Petalodus.

The following species, referable to Petalodus as here defined, have
been founded upon detached teeth, but only three appear to be
represented in the Collection : these are from the Enniskillen Col-
lection, Nos. P. 2983 {P. parvulus'), P. 2980 {A. sulcatus), and
P. 2984 {A. 2>oUtus) : —

Petalodus curtus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. iv.
(1870), p. 355, pi. iii. fig. 2. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Petalodus hyhridus, St. John & "Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(18/5), p. 394, pi. xii. fig. 10. — St. Louis Limestone;
Illinois.

Petalodus hnajypi, J. S. Newberrj-, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1879, p. 345. — Keokuk Limestone ; Indiana.

Petalodus linguifer, Newberry & M’orthen, op. cit. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 3/, pi. ii. figs. 4, 5. — Chester Limestone; Illinois.

Petalodus “ new variety,” W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental

> Nouv. M^m. Soc. Imp.Nat. Moscou, vol.iiv. 1879, p. 56, pi vii.flgs. 13,14

= Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 386, pi. xlix. figs. 24, 26; and

Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol xl. (1884), p. 621, pi xxvii. fig. 8.

48

SELACHII.

Surgery, vol. ii. (1874) p. 537, figs, xxvii, xxviii.— Coal-
Measure.s; Northumberland.

Petalodus parvulus : AntUodus Newberry & Worthen,

op. cit. vol. ii. p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 7.— Burlington and Keokuk
Limestones ; lUinoia.

Petalodus proximus, St. John & Worthen, tom. eit. p. 395, pi. xii.
fig. 11. — Upper Coal-Measures ; Illinois.

AntUodus cucullus, Newberry & Wortben, op. cit. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 41, pi. iii. fig. 1. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

AntUodus gracilis, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. (1875),
p. 393, pi. xi. fig. 29. — Warsaw Beds ; Illinois.

AntUodus minutus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 43,
pi. iii. fig. 3 ; J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv.
Indiana, 1879, p. 341. — Keokuk Limestone, Illinois; St.
Louis Limestone, Indiana. ? Also A. minutus, L. G. de
Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Bclg. pt. i. (1878), p. 52,
pi. vi. fig. 9. — Lower Carboniferous Limestone (Bed le) ;
Toumai, Belgium.

AntUodus mucronatus, Newberry <fc Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 38,
pi. ii. fig. 6. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois.

AntUodus perovalis, St. .Tohn & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 393,
pi. xi. fig. 28. — Warsaw Beds ; Illinois.

AntUodus politus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 42,
pi. iii. fig. 2. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

AntUodus rohustus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 39,
pi. ii. fig. 9. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

AntUodus similis, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 41,
pi. ii. fig. 10. ?Also J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol.
Surv. Indiana, 1879, p. 346. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois,
(?) Indiana.

AntUodus simplex, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 44,
pi. iii. fig. 4. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

AntUodus sulcaitts, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 45,
pi. iii. fig. 5. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Chomatodus nffinis, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 54,
pi. iii. fig. 15. — Keokuk Limestone; Illinois.

Chomatodus angxdaris, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 55,
pi. iii. fig. 16. — Coal-Measures ; Illinois.

Chomatodus cultdhis, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 52,
pi. iii. fig. 13.— Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Chomatodus gracillimus, Newberry & Worthen, oj>. cit. vol. ii. p. 51,
pi. iii. fig. 12. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Chomatodus insignis (Leidy), St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi.
pi. X. A. fig. 5 : (?) Paloeobatis insignis, J. Leidy, Trans. Amor.

PETALODONTID^.

49

Phil. Soc. [2] vol. xi. (1857), p. 89, pi. v. figs. 24-26. —
Lower Carboniferous, Illinois ; and St. Louis Limestone,
Missouri.

Choviatodug lamelliformis, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. (1884), p. 625, pi. xxvii. fig. 23. — Yoredale Rocks ;
'Wensleydale, Yorkshire.

Chomatodus loriformis, Newberry & Worthen, oj>. eit. vol. ii. p. 58,
pi. iii. fig. 19. — ^Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Chomatodus molaris, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 56,
pi. iii. fig. 17. — Keokuk Limestone ; Dlinois.

Chomatodus multipUcatus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii.
p. 57, pi. iii. fig. 18. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa. ? Also
Tanaodus multipUcatus, L. G. de Koninok, Faune Calc.
Carbf. Belg. pt. i. 1878, p. 53, pi. vi. fig.s. 10, 11. — Lower
Carboniferous Limestone ; Tournai.

Chvniatodus parallelus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 358,
pi. x.A. figs. 3, 4. — Warsaw Beds; Dlinois, Missouri.

Chomatodus pusillus, Newberry & Worthen, op. eit. vol. ii. p. 53,
pi. iii. fig. 14. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Chomatodus sareululus, Newberry & W orthen, op. cit. vol. iv. p. 356,
pi. ii. fig. 8. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

The genus Litgtxlus, St. John & Worthen (op. cit. vol. vi. 1875,
p. 363), is difficultly definable from Petalodus. Four species are
described — L. eurtus (tom. cit. p. 364, pi. x. a. figs. 20-22), L. selluli-
formis (tom. eit. p. 366, pi. x.A. fig. 16), L. serratus (tom. cit. p. 365,
pi. x.A. figs. 17-19), and L. affinis (J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol.
Surv. Indiana. 1879, p. 343). The first and third are from the
Upper Burlington Limestone, Illinois and Iowa; the second and
fourth from the Upper St. Louis Limestone, Illinois and Missouri.

Closely allied also is the genus Calopodvs, St. John & Worthen,
represented by the single species C. apicalis, St. J. & W. (Pal. 111.
vol. vi. 1875, p. 403, pi. xii. figs. 16, 17), from the Middle Coal-
Measures of Iowa.

Genus CTENOPTYCHIUS, Agassiz.

[Rech. Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 99.]

Syn. Ctenopetalus, J. W. Davis (ex Agass. MSS.), Arm. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. [5] vol. viii. 1881, p. 426.

Harpacodus, J. W. Davis (&v Agass. MSS.), loc. eit. p. 426.

Serratodus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i.
1878, p. 53.

PeripristU, 0. St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol, xi. 1870,
p. 434.

B

50

8ELACHII.

Pet([lodopsis, J. W. Davis (iion W. J. Barkas), Trans. Roy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. i. 1883, p. 498.

Teeth as in Petalodus, but having the coronal margin coarsely
denticulated.

Ctenoptychius apicalis, Agassiz.

1838. Ctenoptychius apicalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 99,
pi. xix. fig. 1.

1841. Ctenoptychius apicalis, E. W. Binney, Trans. Manchester Geol.
Soc. vol. i. p. 109, pi. v. fig. 19.

1873. Ctenoptychius apicalis, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. Palseont. p. 18,
pi. i. fig. 21.

1874. Ctenoptychius apicalis, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental
Surgery, vol. ii. pp. 443, 482, figs, xiv., xv.

1874. Petahdus apicalis, W. .T. Barkas, tom. cit. p. 638.

1876. Ctenoptychius apicalis, J.Ward, [Proc.] f^orth Staffs. Nat. Field-
Club, p. 218, fig. 12.

T\jpe. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth with coronal margin acuminate, divided into few (5-9)
relatively largo, smooth, but pointed dcnticulations ; anterior base-
line of the crown slightly curved. In the principal teeth the median
denticulation is prominent and much the largest. Root markedly
tumid helow, truncate.

Form. ^ Loc. Coal-Measures : Lanarkshire, Scotland; Northumber-
land, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire, England.

P. 496. Typo specimen ; Silverdale, Staffordshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 3020, P. 3023. Seven teeth, variously broken and abraded; New
Ironstone (Rag-mine), Fenton, N. Staffordshire.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 1458, P. 1460-1. Six teeth ; Fenton. Egerton Coll.

34995-7, P. 246. Four teeth ; Fenton. Purchased, 1860, 1880.

P. 5167-8. Three portions of teeth ; Fenton. Purchased, 1885.

46028. Crown of tooth ; Longton, N. Stafford.shire.

Presented hy John Ward, Esq., 1874.

P. 3022. Fine tooth ; Harecastle, N. Staffordshire. Ennishillen Coll.
P. 1459. Tooth ; Lowmoor, Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 3021. Three teeth ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Ennishillen Coll.
21423. Tooth; Carluke. Purchased, 1847.

PETALODONTIDiE.

51

Ctenoptychins dentatus (Owen).

1843. Ctmoptychitts dentafut, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 173,
383 (name only).

1843. Ctenoptyehius macrodus, L. Agassiz, tom. dt. pp. 173, 383 (name
only).

1840-45. Petalodus denfatm, R. Owen, Odontography, vol. i. p. 62.

1843. CtenoptycMvs macrodus, J. E. Portlock, Rep. Geol. Londond.
p. 467, pL xiv. fig. 7 (inaccurate figure).

1862. Harpacodus detUatus, J. Morris & O. E. Roberts, Quart. Joum.
Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1881. JTarpacodus dentatus, J. W. Davis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [.5]
vol. viii. p. 420.

1883. Harpacodus dentatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 614, pi. Ixi. fig. 10.

Type. Detached tooth ; (?) British Museum*.

Margin of dental crown not acuminate, divided into few (about
5-7) relatively large, smooth, pointed denticulations ; anterior base-
line of crown gently curved. In the principal teeth the median
denticulation is scarcely larger than those immediately adjoining.
Root markedly tumid below, truncate.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 3008. Tooth described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc. dt.

1875. Petalodus? hbatus, R. Etheridge, jun., Geol. Mag. [2] voh ii.
p. 244, pi. viii. figs. 5, 6.

1883. Ctenopetalus crenatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 513, pi. Ixi. tig. 9 (broken tooth).

1884. Ctenopetalus crenatus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. p. 623, pi. xxvii. fig. 18.

Type. Detached tooth ; coll. James Bennie.

Margin of dental crown acuminate. Denticulations in principal
teeth about 9-13 in number, smooth and pointed, but appearing as
if crenulated when worn ; those of the unsymmetrical lateral teeth
more numerous and obtuse. Anterior base-line of crown sharply

* An unmarked specimen in Admiral Jones’s collection, either in the Museum
or in the posscssiou of the Geological Society. ‘

P. 3009. Twenty-two teeth.
P. 1441. Six teeth.

28926, 28736. Ten teeth.

Ennisldllen Coll.
Emiiskillen Coll.

Egerton Coll.
Purchased, 1854.

Ctenoptyehius lobatus (Etheridge).

52

8ELACHII.

angulated. Root elongated, and produced to a blunt point in the
principal teeth.

In the last-named character (7. lobatus bears the same relation to
the other species of the genus that is borne by Petdlodus alleghani-
ensis to the remaining species of its genus.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Lanarkshire.
Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire, Derbyshire.

P. 5342. Nine principal teeth, variously broken, detached from
matrix ; Ticknall, S. Derbyshire. One specimen, oocup) -
ing apparentl}' a median position in the mouth, is shown,
twice nat. size, in PI. I. fig. 12. Wilson Coll.

P. 5343. Seven very unsymmetrical lateral teeth, detached from
matrix, with numerous obtuse denticulations ; Ticknall.
Two specimens are shown, twice nat. size, in PI. !•
figs. 10, 11. Wilson Coll.

P. 3005. Five teeth, more or less broken, embedded in matrix ;

Yoredale Rocks, Wensleydale, Yorkshire. EnnisMUen Coll.

P. 4889. Two teeth with imperfect roots, one detached from matrix ;

Wensleydale. Iforne Coll.

Ctenoptychius serratus (Owen).

184.3. Ctenojitychins serratus, li. Agas.siz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 173,
.383 (name only).

1840-4.5. Petaloilus serratus, R. Owen, Odontography, vol. i. p. 62.

1855. Ctenoptychius serratus, P. McCoy, Brit. Palaeoz. Foss. p. 620,
pi. 3 1, figs. 21 -23.

1802. Ctenopetalus serratus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. .Toum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1881. Ctenopetalus serratus, J. W. Davis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. viii. p. 420.

1883. Ctenopetalus serratus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 612, pi. bd. figs. 6-8.

Type. Detached tooth ; Jones Collection.

Margin of crown acuminate in principal teeth, often gently rounded
in others. Denticulations large, truncate, often incompletely sepa-
rated, and crenulated at the summit. Anterior base-line of crown
sharply curved. Root obtuse.

This species connects the typical dentition of Ctenoptychius with
that of Petalodus. The coronal denticulations are sometimes only
evident at the extremities of the tooth, where the}’ are merely
divided by short vertical folds.

PETALOBONTIDa;.

53

Form, if Lot. Lower Carboniferous Limestone ; Armagh, Ireland.
Carboniferous Limestone: Shropshire {Bainn), Derbyshire (McCoy).

P. 3000-2. Specimens figured by J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin
Soc. loe. cit. ; Armagh. Ennislcilhn Coll.

P. 3003. Twenty teeth ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3004. Twelve teeth ; Tynan, Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1443. Six teeth ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

28538, 28735, 28921, 28927, 38504. Twenty-two broken teeth;

Armagh. Purchased.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,
but there are no examples in the Collection : —

CUnoptyehius acuminatus : Pristodas'I acuminatus, St. John &
Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (1875), p. 402, pi. x. a. fig. 6.
— Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Ctenop>tychius hellulvs-. Ctenopetnlus bellulus, St.John & Worthen,
tom. cit. p. 398, pi. xii. fig. 9. — St. Louis Limestone ; Iowa,
Illinois.

Ctenoptychius ceympactus ; llarpacodus compactus, St. John & Wor-
then, tom. cit. p. 355, pi. x.a. fig. 1. — Chester Limestone;
Dlinois.

Ctenoptychius elegans : Serratodus elegans, L. G. de Koninck, Faune
Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i. (1878), p. 54, pi. vi. fig. 12. — U.
Carboniferous Limestone ; Visd, Belgium.

Ctenoptychius lirnatvlus: Ctenopetalus liniatulus, St. John & Wor-
then, tom. cit. p. 399, pi. xii. fig. 18. — Chester Limestone ;
Illinois.

Ctenop>< ychius medius'. Ctenopetalus medius, St. John & Worthen,
tom. cit. p. 400, pi. X.A. fig. 26. — Chester Limestone ; lUi-
nois.

Ctenoptychius oceidentalis'^ ■. Ctenopetalus oecidentalis, St. John &
Worthen, tom. dt. p. 401, pi. xii. fig. 14. — Lower Coal-
Measures ; Iowa.

Ctenojitychius pertenuis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 382,
pi. X. A. fig. 27. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Ctenoptychius semicirctdaris, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,

' If, as the present writer considers, the tooth described by St. John & Wor-
then (tom. cit. p. 355, pi. x.a. fig. 2) as Harpacodus oecidentalis must be placed
in Ctenoptychius, and if these two species are distinct from all others, one will
require a new specific name.

54

SBLACHII.

vol. ii. (1866), p. 72, pi. iv. fig. 18 ; Peripristis semicireu-
laris, O. St. John, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Nebraska,
1872, p. 242, pi. iii. figs. 3, 4, pi. iv. fig. 20 ; Ctemptychius
semicircularis, J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ii.
pt. ii. (1875), p. 52, pi. Iviii. fig. 14. — Coal-Measures;
Indiana, Ohio, Nebraska.

Ctenoptychius stevensoni, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 383,
pi. xii. fig. 15. — Coal-Measures ; West Virginia.

Ctenoptychius tripartitus : Petalodopsis tripartitus, J. W. Davis,
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soo. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 499, pi. Lx.
fig. 6 ; and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. (1884), pi. xxvi.
fig. 16. — TJ. Carboniferous Limestone ; Wensleydale, York-
shire.

Ctenoptychius vinosus : Ctenopetalus vinosus, St. John & Worthen,
tom. cit. p. 396, pi. xii. fig. 13.— Keokuk Limestone ;
Iowa.

An indeterminable ichthyolite, from the Scotch Old Red Sand-
stone, has been described as Ctenoj>tycJiius priscus by Agassiz, Poiss.
Foss. V. Gres Rouge, 1844, p. 124. An unsatisfactory fossil, from
the Rhffitic Beds of Aust Cliff, near Bristol, also appears to form the
type of Ctenoptychius ordii, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvii. (1881), p. 422, pi. xxii. fig. 8.

A form of tooth, from the Northumbrian Coal-l»Ieasurcs, very
suggestive of Ctenoptychius, was described under the name of
Petalodopsis mirabilis by W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. ii. (1874), p. 538, figs, xxx.-xxxii., and vol. iii. p. 4, figs, xxxiii.-
XXXV. More recent researches, however, have shown that this is
probably the vomerine tooth of Ctemdus'.

Genus CALLOPRISTODUS, Traquair.

[Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. 1888, p. 85.]

Syn. Ctenoptychius, L. Agassiz (in part.).

Teeth with low crown, coarsely denticulated, having no folds at
its base-fine, which is straight both in front and behind. Root very
long, fibrous, often divided below into a number of small irregular
“ rootlets.”

W. J. Barkas “ has pointed out that the microscopical structure of
the typo species of this genus, C. pectinatus, is very different from

* See W. J. Barkas, Proc. Eoy. Soo. New South Wales, vol. x. (187G), p. 115,
figs, xiv.-xix. Also T. Atthey, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [4] vol. xv. (1875), p. 310,
pi. xii. fig. 4.

“ Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery, vol. ii. (1874), pp. 482, .5.38.

PETALODONUD^.

55

that of Ctenoptyehius apiealis, the latter more approaching Petalodus.
Since, however, it seems advisable to retain CUnoptychius, Agassiz,
as a genus distinct from Petalodus, G.pectinatus must henceforth be
quoted under the recently proposed generic name of Callopristodus.

Callopristodns pectinatua (Agassiz).

1838. Ctenoptyehius pectinatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 100,
pi. 19. figs. 2—4.

1838. Ctenoptyehius denticulatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 101, pi. 19.
figs. 5-7.

1841. Ctenoptyehius pectinatus, E. W. Binney, Trans. Manchester Geol.

Soc. voL i. p. 109, pL v. figs. 20, 21.

1867. Ageleodus diadeina, R. Owen, Trans. Odontol. Soc. vol. v. p. 340,
pi. iv.

1870. Cteiwptychius pectinatus, A. Hancock & T. Atthey, Nat. Hist.
Trans. Northurab. & Durham, vol. iii. p. 115.

1873. Ctemptychius pectinatus, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. Palseont. p. 18,
pi. i. tigs. 17-19.

1874. Ctenoptyehius pectitiatus, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental
Surgery, vol. ii. p. 440, figs, xiii., xviii., xix.

1874. Ctenoptyehius denticulatus, W. J. Barkas, tom. cit. p. 441.

1882. Ctenoptyehius pectinatus, T. Stock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [5]
voL ix. p. 266, pi. ■viii. figs. 5-17.

1888. Callopristodus pectinatus, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v.
p. 85.

Type. Detached teeth ; coU. Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Margin of dental crown not acuminate ; denticulations sharply
pointed.

Form. ^ Loe. Lower Carboniferous : Scotch Coalfield. Coal-
Measures : Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Staffordshire.

The occurrence of this species in the Rhaetic Bone-bed of Aust,
recorded by J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 424,
must be regarded as extremely doubtful.

50096. Two teeth ; Calciferous Sandstone, Burdiehouse, Edinburgh.

Purchased, 1879.

P. 4494. Eleven teeth ; Blackband Ironstone, Edge Coal Series,
Borough Leo, Edinburgh.

Presented by Ramsay H. Traquair, Esq., M.D., 1884.

41197, 45901. Seven teeth; probably from Borough Lee.

Purchased, 1868, 1874.

41196, 41734. Six teeth; Coal-Measures, Neweastle-on-Tyne.

Purchased. 1868, 1869.

56

SEIACHII.

41204. Four teeth ; Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Presented hy T. P. Barhas, Esq., 1868.

P. 5289. Two teeth; West Cramliugton, near Newcastle-ou-Tyne.

Presented hy Sir liichard Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

34998-9, P. 5169. Four teeth; Upper Coal-Measures (New Iron-
stone— Rag-mine), Fenton, North Staffordshire.

Purchased.

P. 1456. Four teeth ; Fenton. Egerton Coll.

P. 3017-19. Eight teeth ; Fenton. Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 1457. Impression of tooth very similar to those of this species ;

Coal-Measures, Nova Scotia. Egerton Coll.

Teeth slightly differing from those of C. pectinatus are described
from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia under the name of Cteno-
ptycJiius cristatus, J. W. Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3rd edit. 1878,
p. 209, woodcut. It is possible that the imperfect fossil last named
(P. 1457) may bo truly referable to this species.

With Callopristodus ma}’ also be placed the unique tooth from the
Northumbrian Coal-Measures, described under the name of Cteno-
ptychius acicidatus by W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. ii. (1874), p. 533, figs, xxiv.-xxvi.

Genus POLYRHIZODUS, McCoy.

[Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. 1848, p. 125.]

Syn. Bactylodus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. 1866,
p. 33.

Teeth very robust, with crown but slightly elevated and more
adapted for crushing than cutting. The edge of the crown is
generally sharp, but rarely crenulatcd ; its base is marked by one,
two, or three ridges. The root is large, and deeply divided into
several distinct, root-like lobes or fangs.

No teeth of PolyrMzodus have hitherto been discovered in natural
association, and it is thus impossible to distinguish between specific
characters and the variations exhibited by the teeth in different
parts of a single jaw. It seems certain that most of the so-called
specific differences belong to the latter category ; but since the
various types have unfortunately received names, and as there is
yet no absolute proof of their pertaining to one or any definite
number of species, it is considered convenient to adopt this pro-
visional arrangement.

PETALODONTIDJ!.

57

Polyrhizodns magnos, McCoy
1843. Petalodus radicans, L. Agasaiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 174, 384
(name only).

1848. Potyrhizodug magnug, F. McCoy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2]
vol. ii. p. 126.

1855. Polyrhizodm magnus, F. McCoy, Brit. Pal®oz. Foss. p. 641,
pi. 3 K. figs. 6-8.

1883. Polyrhizodm radkam, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 600, pi. lx. figs. 7, 8.

1883. Polyrhizodm constrictm, J. W. Davis, totn. cit. p. 506, pi. lx.
fig. 15.

Type. Detached tooth.

Crown of teeth moderately high, with the base-line curved both
in front and behind. “ Rootlets ” six to eight in number, each
generally divided again into two.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2963-4. Specimens figured by J. W. Davis, loe. cit.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2965. Twenty-three specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2978. Seven specimens ; Tynan, Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1467. Four small teeth, approaching P. sinuosus. Egerton Coll.
P. 1467 h. Two imperfect large teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2977. Type specimen of P. constnctus. This is a fragment of
a tooth similar to the last. Enniskillen Coll.

Polyrhizodus colei, Davis.

1883. Polyrhizodm colei, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 502, pi. lx. figs. 9, 10.

1884. Polyrhizodus colei, J. AV. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 022, pi. xxvii. fig. 13.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Crown of tooth relatively high, with much-curved base-line, con-
siderably overhanging the root in front. “ Rootlets ” only incom-
pletely subdivided.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh. Upper
Carboniferous Limestone (Yoredale Rocks) : Yorkshire (/. W. Davis).

' The tooth figured by Portlock (Geol. Londonderrj-, pi, xiv. fig. 9) under
the name of Petalodus rectus, Agass., is considered to be a young example of
this species by Morris and Boberts, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii p. 102.

58

8ELACHII.

P. 2974-5. Type specimens; Armagh. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2976. Ten specimens; some from Tynan. Ennishillen Coll.

Polyrhizodus sinuosus, Davis.

1883. Polyrhizodus ainuosus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 604, pi. lx. figs. 11-13.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth very similar to those of P. colei, but with less elevated
crowns, and unsymmetrical.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2970-2. Type specimens. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2973. Four teeth. Ennishillen Coll.

Polyrhizodus elongatus, Davis.

1883. Polyrhizodus eloitgaUta, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. i. p. 603, pi. Lx. fig. 16.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Tooth laterally elongated, crown relatively low, with scarcely
curved base-line in front and behind. “Rootlets” mostly sub-
divided.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2966. Typo specimen. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2967. Six similar teeth. Ennishillen Coll.

Polyrhizodus attenuatus, Davis.

1883. Polyrhizodus attenuatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. i. p. 505, pi. lx. fig. 14.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth scarcely distinguishable from P. elongatus, but much
smaller. The unworn coronal edge is faintly cremilated. “ Root-
lets ” much subdivided.

Form. Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2968. Type specimen. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2969. Fourteen similar teeth ; some from Tynan.

Ennishillen Coll.

PETAtODONTIDiE.

69

Polyrhizodus concavus (Trautschold).

1874. Dactylodm concavus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mdm. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, toI. xiii. p. 294, pi. xxviii. 6g. 1.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth of the t3pical form of P. magnus, but with fewer, often
undivided, “ rootlets.”

Form. Loc. Carboniferous Limestone : Mjatscbkowa, Govern-
ment of Moscow, Eussia.

P. 4487. Two complete, one broken tooth. Purchased, 1884.

The Collection also comprises a broken tooth (P. 227 a) of un-
certain species, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Oreton, Shrop-

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,
but, except of P. lohatus, there are no examples in the Collection.
To this species is probablj’ referable a broken tooth (P. 2979,
Ennislcillen Coll.) from the St. Louis Limestone, Monroe Co.,
Illinois, U.S.A.

Polyrhizodus amplus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(1875), p. 387, pi. xiii. fig. 13. — St. Louis Limestone;
Illinois, Missouri.

Polyrhizodus earhonarius, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 389,
pi. X A. figs. 24, 25, pi. xiii. fig. 10. — Coal-Measures ;
Illinois.

Polyrhizodus (Dactylodus) concavus, St. John & Worthen (non
Trautschold), tom. cit. p. 390, pi. xiii. figs. 17, 18. — St.
Louis Limestone ; Illinois.

Polyrhizodus dentatvs, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.

(1866), p. .50, pi. iii.fig. 10. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.
Polyrhizodus (Dactylodus) excavatus, St.John & Worthen, tom. cit.

p. 392, pi. xiii. fig. 16.— Chester Limestone ; Illinois.
Polyrhizodus (Dactylodus) injlexus, Newberiy & Worthen, op. cit.

vol. ii. p. 48, pi. iii. fig. 8. — Chester Limestone ; DUnois.
Polyrhizodus littoni, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. (1870),
p. 357, pi. iv. fig. 10. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri.
Polyrhizodus (Dastylodus) hiatus, Newbeny & Worthen, op. cit.
vol. ii. p. 47, pi. iii.fig. 7 ; Ctemptychius digitatus, J. Leidj*,

P. 5111. Three teeth.

P. 5490. Five specimens.

Purchased, 1886.
Purchased, 1888.

shire.

Weaver Jones Coll.

60

SELACHn.

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. [2] toI. xi. (1857), p. 90, pi. v.
figs. 27—29. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri, Illinois.
Polyrhizodus longus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiv. (1879), p. 50, pi. vi. figs. 9, 10. — Carbo-
niferous Limestone ; Mjatschkowa, near Moscow.
Polyrhizodus (Dactylodus) minimus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit.

p. 391, pi. xiii. fig. 19. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois.
Polyrhizodus modestus, J. S. Newberry, Pop. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. ii. pt. ii. (1875), p. 50, pi. Iviii. fig. 10. — Lower
Carboniferous ; Ohio.

Polyrhizodus nanus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 386, pi. xiii.

fig. 15. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa.

Polyrhizodus piasaensis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 386,
pi. xiii. fig. 12.— Warsaw Beds; Illinois.

Polyrhizodus ponticulus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii.

p. 51, pi. iii. fig. 11. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.
Polyrhizodus porosm, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 49,
Burlington Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa.
Polyrhizodus (Dactylodus) princeps, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit.

vol. ii. p. 45^ pi. ill. Louis Limestone ;

Missouri.

Polyrhizodus Jruncatus, Newberry & AVorthen, op. cit. vol. iv.

p. 35/, pi. HI. fig. 16.— Burlington Limestone; Illinois.
Polyrlnzodus williamsi, St. John & AVorthen, tom. cit. p. 384,

pi. X. A. fig. 23, pi. xiii. fig. 11. — Keokuk Limestone;
Missouri, Iowa.

Genus GLOSSODUS, McCoy.

[Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. 1848, p. 127.]

Teeth tongue-shaped. Crown very thick, and coronal margin
obtuse and rounded. Root long, as wide as the crown, terminating
below in two points.

Glossodus lingua-bovis, McCoy.

^^‘=Coy,Ann.& Mag. Nat. Hist. [2J
18^. Glossodus marginatus, F. McCoy, tom. cit. p. 128.

pi S Foss. p. 029,

]

PETAIODOHIID^.

61

Type. Detached tooth ; (?) British Museum \

Single known species.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2648-9. Specimens described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc. cit.

Ennigkillen Coll.

P. 2647, P. 2650. Four similar teeth. Ennukillen Coll.

P. 2647 a. Naturally associated series of three teeth, showing the
typical Petalodont arrangement. This specimen forms
the basis of the description and figure by J. W. Davis,
loc. cit. p. 511, pi. Isi. fig. 4. EnnisIciUen CoU.

P. 1475. Imperfect tooth. Egerton Coll.

Genus MESOLOPHODUS, nov.

Teeth robust. Crown relatively thick, elevated, with a sharp
cutting-edge ; posterior face of triangular outline, with truncated
summit, slightly hollowed mesially, and with straight inferior
margin ; anterior face of nearly similar form and size, but with a
sharp vertical median ridge and W-shaped base-line. Base of
crown with at least one largo fold. Hoot as deep as the crown,
abruptly truncate.

The supposed distinct genus represented by these teeth may
perhaps pertain to the Petalodontidae. In some respects the teeth
are suggestive of those named lAsgodw and Calopodus.

Mesolophodus problematicus, sp. nov.

Type. Detached teeth shown, nat. size, in PI. I. figs. 18, 19.
Single known species.

Form. Toe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2641. Type specimens. The original of PI. I. fig. 18 is a nearly
complete crown displaying the anterior aspect. The
tooth shown in PI. I. fig. 19 is nearly complete and ex-
hibits the characters of the posterior aspect.

Enniskillen CoU.

P. 2641 a. Three abraded crowns. Enniskillen Coll.

The so-called genus Cymatodus, H. Trautschold, 1879 {non New-
berry and Worthen, 1870), may also probably be referred to the

* An unmarked tooth in Admiral Jones's Collection, either in the Museum
or in the possession of the Geological Society.

62

SELACHII.

Petalodontidsc. The two described species are from the Lower Car-
boniferous of Russia, and named Oymatodiis plicatu.lus,Tra,\it»a)^o\A,
Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiv. (1879), p. 53, pi. vii.
fig. 3, and G. reclinatus, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1883, pt. ii.
p. 109, pi. V. figs. 3, 4. The tooth is very much compressed, and the
coronal margin wavy.

Family PRISTODONTID^.

An indefinable e.xtinct family, known only by detached teeth, of a
type very similar to some of those referred to the Petalodontidae.
Each tooth is bilaterally symmetrical, and the coronal contour of
one is hollowed in such a manner as to precisely “ fit ” the crown of
the other tooth directly opposed to it. These characters are
suggestive (though not conclusive proof) of there having been but
a single tooth in each jaw of the original fish.

Genus PRISTODUS, Davis (ex Agassiz, MS.).

[Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. sor. 2, vol. i. 1883, p. 519.]

Syn. Diodontopsodm, J. W. Davis, Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1881, p. 640..

Crown of tooth comparatively thin and plate-like, vertical in front,
but sharply bent backwards at a short distance below the apex,
thus forming a posterior horizontal portion. The latter portion is
flat, with an excavated hinder border, and the vertical portion rises
abruptly from its semicircular front margin, with a sharp cutting-
edge, highest in the middle and gradually becoming less elevated
on each side. Root short and thick, deepest in front, fixed to the
horizontal portion of the crown, immediately behind the anterior
margin (PL I. fig. 13).

In the tooth of one jaw the crown is much thickened at its
flexure, and thus, though appearing sharply bent from the anterior
asi)cot, slopes in a gradually ouired plane on the posterior face
(PI. I, fig. 13). The directly opposing tooth “ bites ” outside this
one, and accordingly there is a well-marked groove upon its pos-
terior face at the boundary of the sharply separated vertical and
horizontal moieties of the crown, the groove becoming gradually
deeper to a pit in front which receives the opposing apex. There
is no evidence as to the precise relations of these two forms of
teeth, but, for convenience of reference, the first may be termed
lower, the second upper.

As already recognized by William Davies, R. Etheridge, jun., and

PRISTODONTID^.

63

Traquair, the resemblance of the dentition of Pristodug to that of
the Plectognath Diodon is merely one of analogy, and does not
imply the least affinity.

Pristodas falcatoS) Davis.

1862. Pristodus falcatus (Agassiz, MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart.
Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Pristodus falcatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 619, pi. bti. figs. 17-22.

1884. Pristodus falcatus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 623, pi. xxvi. figs. 19, 20.

1888. Pristodus falcatus, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. p. 101.
Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Coronal margin of upper tooth divided into a series of 10-18
large, acutely-pointed denticulations, diminishing in size* from the
centre laterally ; the centre of the margin is the line of division
between the two largest denticulations, there being no median
azygous apex. Coronal margin of the lower tooth smooth, with a
series of minute pittings beneath, giving it the appearance of being
finely denticulated, gradually rising from either side to a median
acuminate, but not produced, apex.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire.

36888 a, 49640-42. Four upper teeth ; Richmond.

Purchased, 1862, 1878.

P. 1442. Nine portions of similar teeth ; Richmond. Egerton Coll.

P. 3015. Eighteen portions of similar teeth, some small ; Richmond.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4896-7. Five similar teeth ; Wensleydale. • Horne Coll.

P. 3012-4. Two imperfect upper teeth, and impression of the pos-
terior aspect of one lower, figured in Trans. Roy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. i. pi. bci. figs. 20-22; Richmond. The
original of fig. 21 is wrongly described as a lower tooth ;
and fig. 20 does not represent the “ under surface ” of
such a tooth, as stated in the text. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3016. Five upper and lower teeth ; Toredale. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1419. Four lower teeth ; Richmond. Egerton Coll.

P. 3015 a. Twelve lower teeth ; Richmond. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4895. Two lower teeth ; Wensleydale.

Horne Coll.

64

SELACHII.

Pristodus concinnus (Davis).
\9SiS.‘Pruticladodm concinnus, J. VV. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. i. p. 385, pi. xlix. lig. 23.

1884. PrigtiHadodus\concinnus, J. W. D.avis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. p. C21, pi. XX vi. fig. 16.

1888. Pnstodm concinnus, R. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. p. 102.

Type. Imperfect tooth ; Horne Collection, York Museum.

Upper tooth probably similar to that of P.falcatus; lower tooth
differing from the latter species in having the coronal apex produced
into a narrowT'sharply-pointed prominence.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone ; Yorkshire.

49637-9. Three crushed lower teeth ; Richmond.

Purchased, 1878.

Pristodus', benniei (R. Etheridge, jun.)

1876. Petahrhynchus (P) henniei, R. Etheridge, jun., Geol. Mag. [2]
vol. ii. p. 243, pi. viii. figs. 3, 4.

^ 1888. Pristodus benniei, R. H. Traquair, ibid. [3] vol. v. p. 101.

Type. Upper tooth : Coll. James Bennie.

Coronal margin of upper tooth not dentated, but acuminate and
smooth, with delicate punctations, like the margin of the lower
tooth ; a prominent fold, with traces of others, is seen anteriorly at
the base of the vertical portion of the crown. Lower tooth as in
P. falealus.

All the known teeth of this species are small compared with those
of the Yorkshire species ; and if the non-dentated character of the
margin of the upper tooth be eventually regarded as of generic
value, Etheridge’s suggested name of Eoplodus may be adopted.

Form. 4r Tuoc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Scotland : Derby-
shire, England.

46046. Crown of upper tooth, referred to by Etheridge, loc. cit. ;

Beith, Ayrshire. Presented by Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

P. 5344. Five imperfect upper teeth ; Ticknall, near Melbourne,
South Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

P. 5344 a. Lower tooth, shown of nat. size in PI. I. fig. 13 ; Tick-

Wilson Coll.

P. 5344 b. Four imperfect lower teeth ; Ticknall. Wilson Coll.

P. 3015 b. Upper tooth doubtfully assigned to this species; Rich-
mond, Yorkshire. This specimen appears to differ from
the typical teeth only in size. Enniskillen Coll.

BatTATINIB^.

65

Family SQUATINID^.

Body depressed, flattened. Mouth anterior. Pectoral fins large,
with the basal portion much produced forwards, but not connected
with the head. Gill-openings wide, lateral, partly covered by the
base of the pectoral. Spiracles wide, behind the ej-es. Teeth
conical and pointed. Dorsal fins, without spines, upon the tail.
Skin more or less provided with small tubercles.

Genus SQUATINA (Aldrovandi), Dumeril.

[Zool. Analyt. 1806, p. 102.]

Syu. Sgtmtina, Aldrovandi, De Piscibus Libri, 1G38, p. 471.

Rhina, J. T. Klein, Hist. Pise. Nat. pt. iii. 1742, p. 13.

Thtmmas, Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. v. 1842, p. 62.

?Phorcyni3, V. Thiollifere, Poiss. Foss. Bugey, 1854, p. 9.

Scaldia, H. Le Hon, Prdlim. M4m. Poiss. Tert. Belg. 1871, p. 7.
Trigonodus, T. C. inkier, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. 1876,
p. 14

All the fossil Siiuatinidae hitherto discovered may be referred to
this, the single surviving genus. The teeth are destitute of distinct
lateral denticles, and are characterized by a small median downward
extension of the crown upon the front of the root beneath the large
cone. Three or four rows of the teeth are simultaneously in func-
tion, and they are arranged in widely-separated transverse series.
There is a median symphysial row in the upper jaw.

Squatina alifera (Munster).

1842. Thaumat alifer, Miinster, Beitr. Petrefakt. v. p. 62, pi. vii. fig. 1.

1843. Thaumat fimbriatut, Munster, op. cit. vi. p. 63, pi. i. fig. 4.

1847. Squatina alifer, C. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw. vol. i. pt. iii. p. 298.
1864. Squatina acanthodenna, O. Fraas, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.

vol. vi. p. 782, pis. xxvii.-xxix.

1857. Thaumas (Squatina) alifer, A. Wagner, Gelehr. Anz. bay. Akad.
Wise. vol. xliv. p. 292.

1859. Squatina alifera, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. toI. vii. p. 3.

1861. patina alifera and S. acanthoderma, A. Wagner, Abb. k. bay.

Akad. Wiss. math.-phys. Cl. vol. ix. pp. 306, 306.

1876. Squatina acanthoderma and S. alifer, C. Hasse, Morphol. Jahrb
vol. ii. p. 466, pi. XXX. figs. 1, 2, 11, pi. xxxi. figs. 16-18.

F

66

SEIACmi.

1882. Thmmaa alifer, C. Hasse, Das natiirl. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil,
p. 132, pi. xvii. figs. 10, 12, 10.

1882. Squatma acanthoderma, C. Hasso, op. cit. p. 130, pi. xvii. figs.
11, 17.

1887. Squatina alifera, K. A. Zittel, Handb. Palseont. vol. iii. p. 92,
fig. 106.

Fig. 1.

Squatina alifera (Munster).-Lithographic Stone, Eiohstatt, Bavaria.
(After Zittel.) (One-tentli nat. size.)

Skeleton, with imperfect head and displaced pectoral arch;
Munich Museum.

SOTATINTD^.

67

Head gently rounded and blunt in front. Dermal granules vary-
ing from simple or stellate booklets to blunt, rounded tubercles ; no
great mass of the latter observed in advance of the head or the
paired fins. Caudal fin very large.

Fraas published a very complete description of the fish, to which
he gave the name of S. acanihoderma, making known the skeleton
almost in its entirety. We follow von Meyer and Zittel in iden-
tifying this form with the species previously described by MUnster.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) : Ba-
varia.

49149. Plaster cast of type specimen. Purchased, 1878.

38002. Plaster cast of type specimen of Squatina acanihoderma,
Fraas, figured loc. cit. pi. xxvii. Purchased, 1864.

38151. Plaster cast of nearly complete disk, with caudal vertebrsc,
from Eichstatt ; original in Haarlem Museum.

Purchased, 1864.

Squatina speciosa, H. von Meyer.

1856. Thaumas spedosus, H. v. Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 418.

1859. Squatina {Thaumas) speciosa, H. v. Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. vii.
p. 4, pi. I fig. 2.

1861. Squatina speciosa, A. Wagner, Abh. k. bay. Akad. Wiss. math.-
phys. Cl., vol. is. p. 307.

Type. Complete skeleton, wanting median fins.

A much smaller species than S. alijera, with more slender body,
and comparatively acute anterior termination of the cephalic region.
Dermal booklets, upon star-shaped bases, arranged upon the middle
of the head, trunk, and tail, and on the basal portions of the paired
fins. Series of strong rounded dermal tubercles upon the anterior
border of the head and each of the paired fins, and upon the lateral
aspect of the tail.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone); Ba-
varia.

37997. Plaster cast of type specimen. Purchased, .

37013. Specimen almost identical with the type, shown two thirds
nat. size in the accompanjing woodcut (fig. 2) ; Solenhofen.

Haherlein Coll.

p 2

68

8EI.ACHII.

Fip'. 2.

Sjuatma speciosa, II. Ton Meyer. — Litbograpliio Stone, Solenhofen
(No. 37013). (Two-thirds nat. size.)

a, mandible ; b, pectoral arch ; o, pectoral fin ; d, pelrio arch ; e, pelvic fin.

Squatina baumbergensisy W. von der Marck.

1886. Squatina laumhergensis, W. v. d. Marck, Palssontogr. vol. xxxi.
p. 204, pi. XXV. figs. 1-6.

Type. Head and trunk, with incomplete paired fins.

This species agrees in size with Squatina alifera, but is distin-
guished by the more elongate form of the pectoral fins, and possibly
by the more posterior situation of the pelvic girdle. W. von der
Marck describes the latter as being placed over the forty-second
vertebra, whereas in ^i. aeantJioderma, Fraas, it is over the thirty-
second ; but circumstances of preservation may perhaps account for
a portion of the difference. The shagreen-granules are merely
conical, without recurved spines.

Form. 4i Toe. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) : Baumberg, West-
phalia.

SaTJATlNH)^.

r.9

Squatina crassidens, sp. nov.

Type. A nearly complete fish, figured (one half nat. size) in
Plate II. fig. 1.

Head and branchial region short ; the pectoral propterygium ex-
tending almost or quite as far forwards as the first branchial arch.
The pectoral fins much elongated, with very long metapterygium.
Pelvic fins also elongate, with at least twenty basal cartilaginous
rays. Skin covered with numerous very minute prickles, but appa-
rently without larger spinous tubercles ; series of strong rounded
dermal tubercles upon the anterior border of the head and each of
the paired fins, and upon the lateral aspect of the tail. Teeth with
very low crowns.

Form. ^ hoc. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) ; Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4017. Type specimen, figured in Plate II. figs. 1, 4. Except
the median fins, almost the whole of the fish is preserved,
though in most parts much defaced by crushing and ex-
trication from the matrix. The total length of the fossil
is 0'42 metre, and the maximum breadth between the
outer margins of the pectoral fins would probably be
about 0’25 metre. The vertebras are of the usual type,
and strong ribs occur posterior to the pelvic girdle. In
the right pectoral fin the propterygium (pr.p) and meso-
pterygium (ms.p) are seen ; and there are indications of a
preaxial thickened ray in the pelvic fins. The teeth are
well shown in a portion of the mouth, and are remarkable
for the extreme lowness of the crown. An anterior view
of one of these teeth, enlaiged seven times, and an upper
view, on the same scale, are given in fig. 4; there are
radiating striations upon the posterior portion of the crown.
The dermal tubercles are very minute, and are better
shown in No. 48105 (fig. 5). There are also fossilized
remains of the muscles, and a portion of those of the
caudal region (mu) is so displaced as to have the false
appearance of being a fin. Purchased, 1883.

49518. Middle portion of fish, shown five ninths nat. size in Plato II.
fig. 2. The metapterygium of the pectoral fin is weU
displayed, with its cartilaginous rays ; and there is a
distinctly thickened preaxial cartilaginous ray in the pelvic
fin. Very singular is the fossilization of the muscles, not

70

8ELACHII.

only tho septa between the successive myotomes being
distinguishable, but also the fine fibres of the niuscular
substance itself. Purchased, 1878.

48105. Fragment of large individual, displaying a portion of the
vertebral column and ribs, with parts of the fins and
fossilized muscles. The minute dermal tubercles are also
well seen upon parts of the specimen, and are represented
(enlarged about 15 times) in Plate II. fig. 5 ; they have an
irregular stellate form, with a shallow depression in the
central portion. Purchased, 1877.

49546. Portion of large individual, viewed from below, showing
broken vertebrae with ribs, part of the branchial cartilages,
a fragment of the pectoral arch, tho right pectoral fin,
dermal tubercles, and fossilized muscle. Tho branchial
apparatus is not well preserved, but, so far as can be seen,
it appears to present striking differences from that of the
living Squatina, as figured by Gegenbaur’; the basi-
branchial cartilage more closely resembles that of Baja.

Purchased, 1878.

49547. Fragmentary specimen, displaying the basal pterygia of
the pectoral fins (PI. II. fig. 3). A wide space appears
between these basal cartilages, but is not improbably due
in part to shrinkage. At least fifteen cartilaginous rays
are articulated with the metapterygium, and eight with
the mesopterygium. Purchased, 1878.

Squatina cranei, A. 8. Woodw.

1888. Squatina cranei, A. S. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol.
xliv. p. 144, pi. vii. figs. 1-6.

P 1860. Teeth of a Squaloid Fish, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. xii, pi. xxx.
fig. 35.

Type. Portions of skull, teeth, and dermal tubercles ; Willett
Collection, Brighton Museum.

An imperfectly known species, remarkable for the great size of
the dermal tubercles with recurved spines, probably situated upon
the paired fins. The upper anterior teeth are very small, and the
opposing teeth of the lower jaw comparatively narrow and slender.

Form. ^ Lnc. Lower Chalk : Susses.

1 Kopfskelet der Selachier, 1872, pi. six. fig. 1.

SQTTATrsrD^.

71

The following detached teeth of Squatina have been obtained
from English deposits, but it seems inadvisable to assigpi them
specific names : —

47120. Tooth with high crown, probably from the anterior part of
the lower jaw ; Gault, Folkestone. PurcJiated, 1876.

25768. Small tooth, with downwardly-directed process of crown
very large ; Upper Chalk, Brighton. Dixon Coll.

R. 5322. Tooth, very similar to the hinder teeth of S. cranei ; Upper
Chalk, Lewes. Presented by James Fox, Esq., 1887.

P. 5321. Very robust anterior tooth ; Upper Chalk, Norwich.

P. 4104 a. Small tooth ;Lo wer Eocene, Chislehurat, Kent.

Presented by Sydney C. Coelcerell, Esq., 1883.

43135. Two teeth ; London Clay, Highgate Archway.

Weiherell Coll.

P. 5380. Tooth ; Red Crag, Suffolk.

The following vertebra; are also referable to Squatina \ —

49751. Connected series of four large vertebrae ; Chalk, Dorking.

Capron Coll.

42871. Four examples, labelled by Dr. C. Hasse ; Upper Cretaceous,
Maastricht, Holland. Van Breda Coll.

P. 1307. Two abraded examples, labelled by Dr. C. Hasse ; Tufeau
do Ciply, Belgium. Egerton Coll.

The following detached teeth have been described ; but of the
species thus imperfectly defined there are no examples in the
Collection : —

Squatina data, J. Probst, Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv, (1879),
p. 177, pi. iii. figs. 39, 40. — Molasse ; Baltringen, Wiir-
temberg.

Squatina biforis: Sealdia biforis, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss.
Tort. Belg. 1871, p. 7. — Pliocene ; Belgium.

Squatina carinata, C. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw. vol. i. pt. iii.
(1847), p. 298. — ^L. Eocene ; Klein Spauwen, Maastricht,
HoUand.

Squatina caudata, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 1/8, pi. iii. figs. 41, 42. — Molasse ; Baltringen.

Squatina d'anconai, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci CoUine Tos-
cane, 1876, p. 37, pi. i. fig. 16. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

72

8EI.ACHII.

Squaiina fraasi, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jaliresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 177, pi. iii. figs. 37, 38. — Molasse ; Baltringen.
Squatina lobata, A. E. Reuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. ii.
(1846), p. 101, pi. xxi. fig. 21 ; C. Giebel, oq>. eit. vol. i.
pt. iii. p. 299. — Planermergel ; Priesen, Bohemia.

? Squatina moelleri, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
1881, pt. ii. p. 14, pi. ii. figs. 1-3, 7-10. — Cretaceous ;
Russia.

Squatina muelleri, A. E. Reuss, op. eit. pt. ii. p. 100, pi. xxi.
figs. 18-20 ; C. Giebel, op. cit. vol. i. pt. iii. p. 299.— Pliiner-
kalk; Weisskirchlitz, Borzen, and Kosstitz, Bohemia.
Squatina prima, F. Noetling, Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, p. 16; Trigonodits pnrimus, T. C.
Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv. (1876), p. 14, with
figs. — L. Eocene (Heersian) ; Orji-le-Grand, Belgium.
Squatina sp. inc. : “ Oestradon (?),” E. Delfortric, Actes Soo. Linn.
Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 215, pi. x. fig. 21. —
Pliocene ; Salles, Gironde, France.

Detached vertebrae, from the Samland Eocene, have also been
named Squatina, heyrichi by F. Noetling, Abh. geol. Specialk.
Preussen u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 45, pi. vii.
figs. 2-7.

Others are recorded and described by Hasse from the Pliinerkalk
of Strehlen, near Dresden \ and the Upper Chalk of Aix Maas-
tricht and Ciply ‘, besides from several European Tertiaries.

Family PRISTIOPHORIDiE.

Body scarcely depressed ; pectoral fins of moderate size, not ex-
tending to the snout ; gill-openings lateral. Snout produced into a
long flat lamina, armed with a series of teeth on each edge ; pre-
palatine cartilages well developed.

This family is as yet unrecognized in the fossil state, except by
some detached vertebras of Pristiophorus from the Molasse of
Baltringen, M lirtemherg, recorded by C. Hasse, ‘ Das natiirl. Syst.
Elasm., Besond. Theil,’ p. 103, pi. xiii. figs. 6, 7.

* Nat. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 134, pi. xriii. fig. 19.

“ Morphol. Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 46(1, pi. xxx. fig. 7.

» Morphol. Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 4C6. pi. xxx. fig. 5 ; Nat. Syst. Elasm., Besond.
Theil, p. 134, pi. rviii. figs. 20-26.

* Morphol. Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 467, pi. xxx. figs. 3, 10, 12, pi. xxxi. figs. 14, 15 ;
Nat. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 132, pL xvii. figs. 13-15,

PR18TID>E.

73

Family PRISTIDiE.

Body scarcely depressed; pectoral fins of moderate size, not
extending to the snout; gill-openings ventral. Snout produced
into a long flat lamina, armed with a series of strong teeth on each
edge ; prcpalatine cartilages inconspicuous.

Genus PRISTIS, Latham.

[Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. ii. 1794, p. 276.]

Syn. Myriosteon, J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1804, p. 164.

Teeth of rostrum firmly implanted in sockets of calcified cartilage :
no tentacles. Teeth in jaws minute, ohtuse. Spiracles wide, behind
the eyes. Dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite or close to
the base of the pelvics ; caudal fin large.

The known fossil remains of this genus being only detached
vertebrse, teeth, and fragments of the rostrum, it is impossible to
determine the number and characters of the extinct species repre-
sented in collections. The specific names are thus aU provisional.

One of the hoUow cartilaginous rods of the rostrum was described
by Gray as Myriosteon.

Pristis bisulcatus, Agassiz.

1843. Pristis bisidcatm, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p, 382*,
pi. 41.

1833-43. Pristis hastingsicB, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 382* (name only).

18.50. Pristis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. pi. xii. figs. 0, 7.

1883. Pristis (?) bisulcatus, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. math.-phys. Cl.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pt. i. p. 139.

Type. Portion of rostrum, wanting teeth ; British Museum.

As already pointed out by Dames, tho character to which Agassiz’s
specific name refers is common to aU known Saw-fishes. The
original specimen was almost certainly obtained from the same
stratum as the majority of tho detached rostral teeth resembling
that forming the tj-pe of P. Jiastinysia ; and there is every gradation
from tho small size of the latter to the largo.st that would be re-
quired for the snout indicated by the fossil cartUage. The rostral
teeth are grooved posteriorly, and not bent.

Form, dr Loc. tipper Eocene: Barton Cliff, Hants. Middle
Eocene : Bracklesham Bay, Sussex.

74

SELACHIl.

P. 5454. Type specimen, probably from Bracklesham.

History unlcnown.

P. 1487, P. 3064, 5. Portions of a slightly larger rostrum, 0‘145 m.

in diameter, with the lateral margins preserved, and three
detached teeth ; Bracklesham.

Eyerton ^ EnnisMllen Colls.

P. 526. Small tooth, named P. hastingsice, Agassiz, loc. cii. j Barton
Cliff (not Sheppey, as stated). Egerton Coll.

28879. Larger, broader tooth j Barton. Purchased, 1854.

25712, 25743. Three fragments ; Bracklesham. Dixon Coll.

25689. Eleven teeth ; Bracklesham.

Dixon Coll.

40246. Nine small teeth j Bracklesham. Purchased, .

38868. Twelve teeth ; Bracklesham. Bowerhanlc Coll.

P. 1488. Thirteen teeth and fragments ; Bracklesham.

Egerton Coll.

P. 1490. Twelve small teeth ; Bracklesham. Egerton Coll.

P. 4455. Twelve teeth ; Bracklesham. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 5382. Pour teeth ; Bracklesham.

Presented hj P. E. Coombe, Esq,, 1888.

Pristis contortus, Dixon.

1850. Pristis contortxis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 202, pi. xii. figs. 9, 10.

Type. Rostral tooth ; British Museum.

Name given to much bent, robust rostral teeth.

Form, ^ Loc. Middle Eocene : Bracklesham Bay.

25687. Type specimen. Dixon Coll.

25688. Two smaller teeth. Dixon Coll.

P. 1489. One similar tooth. Egerton Coll.

P. 3066. Five teeth. . • EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 5383. Similar tooth. Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

The Collection also comprises detached rostral teeth of Pristis
from the Eocene of Alabama (P. 1491), the Calcairo Grossior of
Parncs in France (28848), and the Lower Eocene of the neighbour-
hood of Brussels, Belgium (P. 4456), aU purchased.

PBISTIB^.

75

The following extinct species have also been determined, but are
not represented in the Collection. Except when otherwise stated,
they are founded upon rostral teeth : —

Pristis aeutidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 382 ** (name
only) ; Bagshot Sands.

Pristis agassizi, R. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2]
vol. i. (1847), p. 11, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. — ^Eocene; South
Carolina.

Pristis angustior, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxiii.
(1877), p. 82, pi. i. figs. 19, 20 ; C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst.
Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 125. (Mouth-teeth and
vertebrae.) Molasse ; Baltringen, 'Wurtemberg.

Pristis aquiianieus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 216, pi. x. figs. 30-32. IT. Miocene ;
Lcognan, Gironde.

Pristis bassani, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Veneto, vol. xxi.

(1879), p. 783, pL xv. figs. 13-15. — Eocene; Italy.
Pristis eurvidens, 3. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855,
p. 414. Green Sand ; New Jersey.

Pristis ensidens, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855,
p. 414 ; Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pldlad. [2] vol. viii.
(1877), p. 252, pi. xxxiv. figs. 31, 32. — Phosphate Beds ;
S. Carolina.

Pristis laihami, H. Galeotti, Mem. Cour. Acad. Eoy. Bruxelles,
vol. xii. (1837), no. 3, p. 45, pi. ii. (Portions of snout.)
Middle Eocene ; Melsbroek, Belgium.

Pristis parisiensis, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. fran^. pt. v. (Poiss.
Foss.), 1852, p. 4, pi. Ixviii. figs. 3-7, and op. cit. 2nd edit.
(1859), p. 519, pi. Ixviii. figs. 3-7. — M. Eocene ; Soissons
and Magny.

Pristis pristinus, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jabresh. vol. xxxiii. (1877),
p. 81, pi. i. figs. 17, 18 ; C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasm.,
Besond. Theil, p.l25. (Vertebrae.) Molasse ; Baltringen.
Eostral teeth from the Miocene of Herault, France, have been
described, without specific name, by P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. gen.
(1867-69), p. 240, woodcut, p. 237, pi. xlvii. fig. 2. Vertcbr®
from the German Molasse are also made known by C. Hasse, Natiirl.
Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 125, pi. xvi. figs. 64-67. The sup-
posed vertebra from the Chalk Marl of Saxony (C. Hasse, op. cit.
p. 124, pi. xvi. figs. 61-63) is probably referable to Ptychodus.

Short and broad rostral teeth from the Eocene of Egypt are
assigned to a distinct genus and species, rLmhlgpristis cheops. Dames,
SB. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, June 19, 1888.

76

8ELAC11II.

Genus PROPRISTIS, Dames.

[Sitzungsb. math.-phys. Cl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1883, pt. i. p. 136.]

Fragments of rostrum described as showing that the ma^in
supporting the teeih was not calcified as in the living Pristis. ^
rostral teeth are also said to bo distinguished by having no
tudinal groove upon the posterior edge; but the rostral teet o
some living Saw-fishes (o. g. P. ewpidatm') are likewise destitu e o
a posterior groove.

Propristis schweinfurtJd, W. Dames, tom. cit, p. 136, p •
figs. 1, 2, is the only known species, founded upon portions of t e
rostrum from the Lower Tertiary of Birket-ol-Qurun, Egypt.

Genus SCLERORHYNCHUS, nov.

The portion of snout described below indicates a hitherto r
recognized genus, either of the PristidiB or Pristiophoridai.
robust character of the rostral cartilages, and the apparent a senc^
of prominent pre-palatine processes in advance of the nasal ® ^
suggest that it may most probably be placed in the first o ese
families. The teeth of the rostrum are comparatively small an
loosely attached to the skin.

Sclerorhynchus atavusj sp. nov.

Type. Imperfect rostrum, shown in PI. III. fig. _ a nd
Each rostral tooth comprises a high round base, crimpe , a
having a somewhat stellate appearance when viewed from benea
upon this is fixed a baekwardly-directed enamelled “ crown,
pressed to an anterior and posterior sharp edge. These toe a ^
arranged in single series upon each lateral margin of thn ® |

increasing considerably in size towards the anterior ex rem J
miniature tubercles, of the same kind, are also place upon

upper surface of the base of the snout. a i, i Alma

Form. 4' Toe- Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahe >

ilount Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4776. Type specimen. The snout is broken away from the head
at the level of the nasal capsules, and only one of these is
imperfectly displayed. The outline of the skin is indicated
by the marginal series of pointed dermal tubercles, whic
become considerably enlarged anteriorly, and merit t e

I

KHEfOBATID^.

77

name of ‘‘rostral teeth”; the rostral region is thus seen to
taper gradually, forming a long flattened blade. The
endoskeletal cartilages are much crushed and broken, and
at some distance from the base of the snout, where the
tapering decreases, they evidently occupy its entire width,
from margin to margin. In addition to the ordinary
median prolongation of the cranium itself, there is
apparently a laterally-placed pair of large cartilages,
corresponding to those of the existing Pristis, though it is
not possible to determine whether they agree with the
latter in structure. Purchased, 1884.

Family RHINOBATID^.

Tail strong and long, with two weU-developed dorsal fins; a
caudal and a longitudinal fold on each side. Disk not excessively
dilated, the rayed portion of the pectoral fins not being continued
to the snout. ~No electric organ in the living forms.

Genus RHINOBATUS, Bloch (Schneider).

[Schneider, ‘ Blochii Systcma Ichthyologioe,’ 1801, p. .353.]

Syn. Eun/arthra, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 382.

Aellopos, G. von Munster, Neues Jahrb. 1836, p. 681.

Spathobatis, ThiolliSre, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon [2] vol. i. 1840,
p. 63.

Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartilage
produced into a long rostral process, the space between the process
and pectoral fin being filled by a membrane. Nostrils oblique,
wide ; anterior nasal valves not confluent. Teeth obtuse, with an
indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine, both at
a great distance behind the pelvic fins. Caudal fin without lower
lobe.

Spa(ho}Mtis is described by ThioUiere as having the disk larger in
proportion to the caudal region than in Bhinobatus, the pelvic fins
being also more approached to the pectorals ; but there seems to be
an imperceptible gradation between the types, and it is thus con-
venient, upon present evidence, to recognize but one genus. AU the
extinct species differ from the recent ones in the approximation of
the pelvics to the pectorals, though this may sometimes be a false
appearance, due to crushing during fossilization.

78

SEIACHII.

The name Euryarthra was proposed by Agassiz for the pec ora
fin of a large Tariety of RMnobatus hityesiacus, in allusion to
great distance betwoen the successiTe joints in the cartilagmou
rays. , .

Syrrhina ' is also unrecognizable in a fossil state, and mus

included here.

Rhinobatus bugesiacus (Thiollieue).

(P) 1830. Aelhpos elongatus, G. von Miinster, Neues Jahrb, p- 681
(incompletely defined). ... gg2

1843. Eunjarthra munsterii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. m. P-

(incompletely defined). . rg-i

1849. Spathohatis bugesiacus, V. Thiollifire, Ann. Soc. Agric. yon L
vol. i. p. 63. . j

1864. Spathohatis bugesiacus, V. ThiolliSre, Poiss. Foss. Bugey, p •

p. 7, pis. i., ii. • . Atod.

1857. Spathohatis miralnlis, A. Wagner, Gelehrte Anzoig. ay.

Wiss. vol. xliv. p. 292. Wiss-

1801. Spathohatis mirahilis, A. Wagner, Abh. k. bay. A a
math.-phys. Cl., vol. ix. p. 813. ,

1887. Spathohatis mirahilis, K. A. von Zittel, Ilandb. Palceon .
p. 103, fig. 117 (woodcut).

Type. Complete skeleton. ,

Snout produced and acute ; the two rostral ridges narrow,
separated by a broad groove throughout their length. o
mouth straight. Disk moderately broad ; length of pcctora
nearly times its breadth at the point of insertion. Skin covere

with fine shagreen, without large tubercles or spines. ^ _

As shown by Zittol’s figure, the so-called Spui^iobatis niira i
is only a largo variety of this species. The Bavarian specimen i
the Munich Museum is 1'7 m. in length.

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithogi'aphic Stone) : op •

Ain, France ; Bavaria.

P. 2099. Impression of a fossil, showing the complete fish,

the extremity of the snout and right pectoral n ,

position of the dorsal fins well seen ; Cirin, Ain.

Egerton Volt.

P. 2099 a- Disk, destroyed in advance of the mouth, and including

a portion of the caudal region posteriorly ; Cirin,

Egerton Coll.

1 Muller and Henle, Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. H3-

EHIJfOBATIl)^.

79

Fig. 3.

Ehinohatus hugesiaxms (ThioU.). — Lithographic Stone, Eichstatt. (After ZitteL)
(One-twelfth nat, size.)

80

SBLACHII.

Rhinobatus morinicus (SauTage).

1873. Spathobatis moi'inicus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. AcadSmiilue
Boulogne-sur-Mer, p. 94.

Type. Complete skeleton.

Described by Sauvage as difiering from B. bugesiacus m the less
tapering form of the snout, the disk passing more graduaUy into tne
tail, and other characters.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Portlandian : Mont Lambert, Boulogne-sur
Mcr, France.

Rhinobatus maronita, Pictet and Humbert.

1860. Rhinobatus maronita, F. J. Pictet & A. Humbert, Nouv. Bech.

Poiss. Foss. M. Liban, p. 113, pi. xix. a „ r21

1887. Rhinobatus grandk, J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin bo . L J
vol. iii. p. 482, pi. xvi. fig. 1.

Type. Middle portion of skeleton, with paired fins; GenevaMuseum^
Snout acute, but slightly produced ; the distance from e
tremity to the nasal capsules being not quite equal to tho roa
at the latter position. Cleft of mouth straight. Disk mu
elongated ; pectoral fin gently rounded, its length equalling “
three times the breadth at its point of insertion ; pelvic fin
and elongate. Body covered with fine, dense shagreen, apparen y

without larger tubercles. r t n nn

Form. Loc. U. Cretaceous (Turonian) : Hakol, Mt. Le an ,

Syria.

39233. Anterior portion of disk, wanting extremity.

Tristram Coll-

39234. Middle portion of trunk, with right pectoral and both

Tristram CoU-

fins.

47319. Portion of cranial cartilage. „ . _

Presented by Sir Bithard Owen, K.V.

49554. Disk, incomplete in advance of the mouth, and wanting one
of tho pelvic fins. The remaining pelvic fin
preserved, and is shown, of tho natural size, in • _

fig. 4. There are twelve pairs of ribs in advance ° ®

pelvic girdle, and four or five behind. Purchased, i

49511. Portion of disk, showing pectoral fin and obscure traces of
branchial arches and cranium. There are indications o a
slender anteriorly-directed process from the outer ang e o

EHnrOBATIDJB.

81

the nasal capsule, which may probably be interpreted as
pre-palatine. This is shown in PI. III. fig. 3, pr.pa, ;
and the antorbital or post-palatine (pt.pa.) is also seen, of
much larger size. Purchased, 1878.

49512. Left side of disk, ventral aspect, shown, of two thirds nat.

size, in PI. III. fig. 2. The specimen is slightly distorted,
and the extremity of the snout is broken away, though the
form of this is distinctly traceable by the stain in the
matrix. The first dorsal fin is seen, of the ordinary pro-
portions, in the usual situation, at a considerable distance
behind the pelvic fins. Purchased, 1878.

49513. Imperfect large example, pectoral fin measuring 0-15 m. in
length. Purchased, 1878.

P. 4013, P. 4012. Two imperfect large examples, the pectoral fins
measuring 0'24 m. in length. The former is described as
R. grandis by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 484 ; but neither of
the specimens appears to exhibit specific differences from
R. viaronita, and the snout of the type specimen of
R. grandis as figured, loc. cit., is evidently erroneously
restored. Purchased, 1883.

49510. Half of disk, doubtfully referable to a variety of R. maronita.

This fossil is very imperfect, but appears to differ from the
typical specimen in its greater breadth and the relatively
larger size of the pelvic fins. Purchased, 1878.

Rhinobatas temurostria, Davis.

1887. Rhinobatus tenuiros/ris, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.

[2] vol. iii. p. 487, pi. xix. fig. 1.

Type. Nearly complete disk ; British Museum.

Snout extremely elongated and slender, its length in advance of
the nasal capsule being twice as great as the breadth at the latter
position. Rostral ridges separated by a narrow groove. Pectoral
fins relatively broad, rapidly widening to the maximum breadth
opposite their insertion. Body covered with fine, dense shagreen,
apparently without large tubercles. ’

Form. Sf ^c. U. Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mt.
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4770. Type specimen.

Purchased, 1884.

G

82

SELACHII.

Rhinobatus intermedius, Davis.

1887 . Rhinobatus intermedim, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 489, pi. xx. fig. 1.

Type. Imperfect disk, wanting snout and portion of tail ; British
Museum.

Pounded upon an imperfect specimen related to R. tenuirostris,
but apparently differing from this species in the proportions of the
vertebra), which are relatively shorter, and also in the largo size of
the tooth. This example being a male, however, it is uncertain
whether the differences in question may not he merely sexual.

Foim. ^ Loc. U . Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mt.
Lebanon, Syria.

49516. Typo specimen. Purchased, 1878.

Rhinobatus latus, Davis.

1887. Rhinobatus latus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 485, pi. xvii.

Type. Disk, wanting snout and portion of tail ; British Museum.
Snout probably short. Disk broad, gradually passing into the
tail. Pectoral fin rounded, length about 1| times its breadth at the
point of insertion. Skin covered with fine dense shagreen, without
large tubercles.

Form, ^ Loc. XJ. Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mt.
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4771, P. 4014. Type specimen and counterpart.

Purchased, 1883-4.

Rhinobatus obtusatus, Costa.

1805. Rhinobatus obtusatus, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Prov. Napoli, Ap-
pend. 1 A, p. 109, pi. c.

1882. Rhmobaiiis obtusatus, P. Bassani, Denkschr. math.-naturw. Cl.

kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 228.

Type. Nearly cemplete fish.

Snout very short and obtusely rounded. Cleft of mouth straight.
Disk relatively broad. Length of pectoral fin equal to about two
and a half times the breadth at its point of insertion. Pelvics
apparently small. Skin covered with fine shagreen.

Form.. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Pietraroja, Naples.

Rhinobatus primsevus) Zigno.

1874. Rhinobatus primeevus, A. de Zigno, ^ Cat. rag. Pesci Boss. Calc.
Eocen. M. Bolca e Postale,’ p. 176.

1878. Rhinobatus 2>rimavus, A. de Zigno, Mem. real. Istit. Veneto Sci.
vol. XX. p. 460, pi. xvi.

EHUfOBATlD^ .

83

Type. Complete skeleton, except hinder portion of tail.

Snout apparently rounded and obtuse. Disk much elongated.
Length of pectoral fin about three times its breadth at the insertion.

Form. hoc. Middle Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

Bhinobatus marlentii, F. Noetling (Abh. geol. Specialk. Preussen
u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. ri. pt. 3 (1885), p. 31, pi. vii. fig. 1), is
founded upon vertebr® from the Eocene of Samland, East Prussia.
Other vertebrae hare been described by C. Hasse from the Senonian
of Aix-larChapelle the Uppermost Cretaceous of Maastricht, in
Holland’, and Ciply in Belgium’, the BruxeUian of Etterbeck’,
and Woluwe St. Lambert ’, near Brussels, and the Molasse of Bal-
tringen, 'W'iirtemberg “.

Vertebrae of Bhinobatus also occur in the Kimmeridge Clay of
England (46332 a. Three examples from Culham, Oxford. Cunning-
ton Coll.).

Genus TRYGONORHINA, Muller & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 124.]

Genus differing only from Bhinobattis in having the anterior nasal
valves confluent, and forming a broad quadrangular flap.

Trygonorhina dezignii, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. math.-nat. Cl. k.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xi. (1854), p. 124. — Middle Eocene ;

Monte Postale, N. Italy.

The following genera appear to show that, in Jurassic times, the
Rhinobatidae and Rajidm were still less differentiated than at the
present day. They do not precisely accord with the definition of
either of these families.

Genus BELEMNOBATIS, ThioUiere.

[Poiss. Foss. Bugey, pt. i. 1854, p. 8.]

Tail very distinct from the disk, which is almost of rhombic
shape. Pectoral fins not extending forwards beyond the base of the
snout ; pelvics not notched. Tail with two smooth spines upon the
proximal half, and apparently two dorsal fins on the distal half, with-
out eaudal fin \ Body partially covered with conical dermal tubercles,
the larger only superficially calcified. Teeth minute, smooth.

* Natiirl. Syst, Elasm., Besond. Thefl, p. 112, pi. liv. figs. 17-19.

“ Md. pp. Ill, 116, 118. » Ibid, p. ii5_ pi figs. 28-31.

‘ Ibid. pp. 112, 116, 118, pL xiT. 6gs. 20-26, pL jet. figs. 32-35, 42-46.

' Ibid. p. 116, pi. IT. figs. 36-39. s p. m.

’’ The known fossils do not clearly elucidate this character.

g2

84

SELACHII.

Belemnobatis sismondse^ ThioUiere.

1864. Belemmbatis simnondce, V. TliiolliSre, Poiss. Foss. Bugey, pt- *•
p. 8, pi. iii, fig. 1.

1873, Belemnobatis sismondes, V. TMolliere, op. cit. pt. ii. (edit. P.
yais), p. 12, pi. i. fig. 1.

Type. Complete skeleton.

Snout moderately obtuse ; tail shorter than disk. Dermal tuber-
cles largest between the pelvic fins ; of considerable size along the
median line of the back and on the anterior portion of the disk.

Form. ^ Loc, Lower Kimmoridgian (Lithographic Stone) : Cirin,
Ain, France.

Genus ASTERODERMUS, Agassiz.

[Reeh. Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 381.]

Disk elongate, gradually passing into the tail. Pectoral fins ex-
tending forwards as far as the nasal capsules. Most preaxial ray
of pelvic fin apparently of great size. Tail with two smooth dorsal
spines j disk and tail covered with numerous stellate dermal calcifi-
cations.

This genus is placed by Hasse among the IlajidiB.

Asterodermus platypterus^ Agassiz.

1843. Asterodermus 2>latyptfrus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. P-
pi. 44. figs. 2-0. ’ 6 >

1860. Asterodermus platyptcrus, II. von Meyer, Palffiontogr. vol. vii.
p. 9, pi. i. fig. 1.

1861. Asterodermus platypterus, A. Wagner, Abb. k. bay. Akad. Wiss.
math.-phys. Cl. vol. ix. p. .311.

1882. Astcrodermm platxjpteni.s, C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasm., Besond.
Theil,p. 106. > . J

Type. Skeleton, wanting cephalic region ; Mus. Geological Society
of London.

Snout produced and acute. Second dorsal spine somewhat smaller
than the first, the former being at ono fourth the length of the tail
from its extremity, and the latter being another fourth in advance.
Dermal tubercles largest upon the region of the head and the pec-
toral girdle.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) : Kehl-
heim, Bavaria.

Family RAJID^.

Disk broad, rhombic, generally with dermal asperities ; no barbed
caudal sjjine ; tail with a longitudinal fold on each side, median fins
varying in development. The pectoral fins extend to the snout.
No electric organ in the living forms, except an occasional rudiment
in the tail.

RAJIB.«.

85

GenuB RAJA, Cuvier,

[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 134.]

Syn. Actmobatis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foes. vol. iii. 1843, p. 372.

Tail very distinct from the disk ; body rarely destitute of aspe-
rities. Pectoral fins not extending forwards to the extremity of the
snout ; pelvics deeply notched, with robust foremost cartilaginous
ray. Two dorsal fins on the tail ; c.audal fin rudimentary or absent.

Raja expansa (Davis).

1887. RMnohatut expansus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 486, pi. xviii.

Type. Disk, without snout, and portion of tail; British Museum.

Snout unknown, probably obtuse. Disk extremely broad, the
pectoral fins being almost triangular in shape, and their maximum
breadth nearly equal to their length. Outer pectoral angle acute.
Skin covered with fine shagreen, apparently without asperities.

The form and projiortions of the disk, the forward extension of
the pectoral fins, and the slendemc.ss of the tail separate this spe-
cies from the Rhinobatidae, and suggest its probable reference to
the genus Baja.

Form. 4' Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Hakel, Syria.

P, 4772. Type specimen. Purchased, 1884.

Raja minor, Davis.

1887. Baja minor, J. W, Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
p. 493, pi. xxi. fig. 2.

Type. Imperfect skeleton ; British Museum.

A small species (or young of larger form ?), with rounded pec-
toral fins, longer than broad. Dermal asperities and shagreen
either absent or very minute, except on the tail, where one or more
large thorn-shaped spines are situated.

The thickened anterior pelvic fin-ray is wrongly termed a spine
in the original description of this fish.

Form. 4' Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4780. Type specimen. Purchased, 1884.

Raja primarmata, sp. nov.

Type. Specimens figured in PI. IV, figs. 1-3.

Snout probably acute. Angle of pectoral fin acute. A series of

86

SELACHII.

largo oval conical tubercles, radiately grooved, is arranged along the
middle of the back and tail ; and two regular series of similar
smaUor tubercles are placed on either side of the median line.

Borm. ^ Loc, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Sahel Alma, Syria.

P. 4015-6, 49517. Tj-pe specimens figured in PI. IV. figs. 1-3. The
second is preserved in counterpart.

The first of these fossils consists of the much-crushed
middle portion of the disk and anterior extremity of the
tail. The caudal region is slender at its commencement,
and a portion of one of the pelvic fins is preserved, dis-
playing the thickened preaxial ray. The body is covered
with fine shagreen ; and larger tubercles, viewed from
below or only seen as impressions, have the characters
and disposition idready noted in the specific description.

The second fossil exhibits the complete anterior half of
one of the pectoral fins, extending to the snout, in addition
to portions of the skull, branchial arches, vertebral column,
and pectoral arch. The pectoral fin is very broad, but
rapidly tapers anteriorly. The region in advance of the
pectoral arch is elongated, and is suggestive of an acute
snout. The teeth are rounded and minute. The hinder
portion of the fossil is much crushed, and only a few of
the dermal tubercles are shown, scattered and displaced.

Purchased, 1878, 1883.

Raja similis) sp. nov.

Type. IJermal tubercles, figured in PL lY. figs. 4, 5.

A number of dermal tubercles from the Upper Eocene of Hamp
shire are so similar to those of Raja that they may be provisionally
associated with this genus. They are rounded or oval, and all
pointed at one extremity ; the inferior surface is convex and smooth ,
the exposed surface is also slightly convex, and marked with a few
delicate concentric and radiating ridges. No spine is preserved in
the fossils, but a small one appears to have been affixed to the
middle of most of the tubercles.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene (Barton Clay): Hampshire.

28094. Eleven specimens, including the types ; High Cliff.

Presented by F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

29023. Four specimens ; Chutan. Cowderoy Bequest.

RAJID.®.

87

Raja clavata, Liun.

1767. Raja clavata, Linnaeus, Syst. Naturae, vol. i. p. 397.

1843. Raja antiqua, L. Agassiz, Poias. Foss. vol. iii. p. 371^ pi 37
fig. 33.

1876. Raja antiqua, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci loss. CoUine Tos-
cano, p. 42, pi. ii. fig. 1.

1882. Rqfa clavata, E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Snrv.),
p. 132, pi. xix. figs. 10, 11.

1886. Raja antiqua (f), Larrazet, Bull. Soc. G4ol. France [3], vol. xiv.
p. 261, pi. xiii. %. 7.

Type of “ Baja antiqua.” Spinous dermal tubercle.

The fossil dermal tnbereles described as R. antiqua are indistin-
guishable from those of the living R. clavata, and the Pliocene
fossU may thus be provisionally assoeiated with this species. New-
ton records teeth from the Wey bourn Crag of East Eunton.

Form. 4r Roc. Weyboum, Norwich, Bed and Coralline Crags :
Norfolk, Suflfolk. Pliocene : Tuscany.

23200. Nineteen fragmentary tubercles ; Norwich Crag, Postwick.

Presented by Dr. S. P. Woodward, 1849.

P. 374. Nine similar specimens ; Norwich Crag, near Norwich.

Bayfield Coll.

P. 5453. Sixteen tubercles, and nine broken spines of ditto ;

Norwich Crag, near Norwich. Wigliam. CoU,

P. 267. Abraded tubercle ; Coralline Crag, Orford, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1880.

40402. Tubercle, probably of this species; Coralline Crag, Ged-
grave. Purchased, 1867.

40403. Abraded tubercle ; Ked Crag, FeUxstow. Purchmed,\8%7 .

35863. Two specimens ; Bed Crag, Suffolk.

Presented by J. Berners, Esq., 1861.

41276. Ten specimens ; Bed Crag, Valdringfield. Purctoccf, 1869.

27615,30904,37742, 41853, 43325. Twenty-three specimens, some
of very large size, and some consisting of two connected
tubercles ; Red Crag, Woodbridge. Purchased.

P. 3063. Eight similar specimens ; Bed Crag, Suffolk.

Ennislcillen Coll.

47021. ITiree tubercles, labelled by Lawley ; Pliocene, Orciano,
Tuscany. Purchased, 1875.

88

8ELACHII.

The following species have also been founded upon imperfect
evidence, and do not appear to bo represented in the Collection.
Except where otherwise stated, the typo specimens are dermal
tubercles.

Raja agassizii, Larra/.et, Bull. Sec. Gcol. Franco [3J, vol. xiv.
(1886), p. 259, pi. xiii. figs. 1-6.— Tertiary ; Villa Urquiza,
Bio Parana, S. America.

Raja ajojilanata, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. 33 (1877), P-
pi. ii. figs. 9-11. — Molasse ; Baltringen, Wiirtemberg.
Raja licornufa, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 79, pi. i. fig. 15 (tooth).
Molasse ; Baltringen.

Raja borussica, F. Noctling, Abb. geol. Spccialk. Preussen u.
Thiiring. Btaaton, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 41, ph i^-
figs. 1-5 (vertebra). — Eocene ; Samland.

Raja cavernosa, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 75, pi. i. figs. 1-4 (tooth).
— Molasse ; Baltringen.

Raja conica, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 99, pi. ii. figs. 13-15. — Molasse,
Baltringen.

Raja evacuata, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 101. — Molasse; Baltringen.
Raja grandis, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 78, pi. i. fig- 14 (tooth) ;
C. Hassc, Natiir]. Syst, Elasm., Besond. Theil, p- l^^-
Molasse ; Baltringen.

Raja (?) Helvetica, C. v. I’ischer-Ooster, Mitth. naturf. GeseU. Bern,
1866, p. 267 (with fig.) (egg-capsule). — Molasse ; bwit-
zerland.

Raja lohata, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 99, pi. ii. fig. 12. — Molasse,
Baltringen.

Raja mammillaris, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 97, pi. ii- figs. 7, 8.—
Molasse ; Baltringen. ^

Raja molassica, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Paleeont. vol. iii. (1887),
p. 104, woodc. fig. 118: Acijtenser molassicus, J. Probst,
Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. 38 (1882), p. 121, pi. ii. figs- l"^’
10-14,16. — Molasse ; Baltringen.

Raja (Actinobatis) omata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 184 ,
p. 372, pi. xxxvii. fig. 34. — Pliocene ; Piacenza, Italy.
Raja pMlippi, Munster, Bcitr. Petrcfakt. vii. p. 33, jd. ii. fig- 22;
J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. 33, p. 97, pi. ii- fig-
Molasse ; Cassel and Baltringen.

Raja pulchra, K. E. Schafhiiutl, Siid-Bayorns Leth. Geogn. 1863,
p. 249, pi. Ixiv. fig. 12. — Eocene ; Bavaria.

Raja rhombidens, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 79, pi. i. fig- 18 (tooth).
— Molasse ; Baltringen.

BAJiDa;.

89

Baja rugosa, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 76, pi. i. figs. 5-9 (tooth). —
Molasse; Baltringen.

Baja spiralis, Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. p. 33, pi. ii. fig. 24.
— Sandstone ; Jacobsberg, Minden.

Baja strangulata, J. Probst, tom, cit. p. 77, pi. i. figs. 10-13 (tooth).
— Molasse; Baltringen.

Baja suhoxyrhynchrts, 11. Lawley, Nuovi Studi, etc. 1876, p. 43,
pi. ii. figs. 2, 5 (teeth). — Pliocene; Orciano, Volterra
(Tuscany).

Undetermined species of Baja are recorded by C. Hasse, op. cit.,
upon the evidence of detached vertebrse from the Upper Chalk of
Maastricht (p. 167, pi. xxii. figs. 5-7), the Miocene Molasse of
Baltringen (p. 167, pi. xxii. figs. 8, 9), and the Pliocene Crag of
Antwerp (p. 170, pi. xxii. figs. 16-20).

Teeth of the existing Baja hatis have been determined from the
■Weybonrn Crag of East Kunton, Norfolk, by E. T. Newton, Vert.
Forest-bed Series (Mem. Geol. Suit. 1882), p. 131, pi. xix. fig. 9.

Genus DYNATOBATIS, Larrazet.

[BuU. Soc. Geol. France [3], vol. xiv. 1886, p. 258.]

Dermal tubercles with enormous base and very small spine.

Three species are determined by Larrazet, two from the Tertiary'
of the Kio Parana, South America, the first of unknown formation
and locality : —

Dynatohatis gaudryi, Larr. loc. cit. p. 265, pi. xv. fig. 2.

Dynatobatis paranensis, Larr. loc. cit. p. 263, pL xiv. figs. 1-4.

Dynatohatis rectangular is, Larr. loc. cit. p. 264, pi. xv. fig. 1.

Genus ACANTHOBATIS, Larrazet.

[BuU. Soc. Geol. France [3], vol. xiv. 1886, p. 258.]

High dermal tubercles, with smaU base, several fused together.
The foUowing species are recognized : —

Acanihohatis eximia, Larrazet, loc. cit. p. 265, pi. xv. fig. 3, pi. xvi.
fig. 1. — Molasse ; Gard, France.

Acanthohatis tuberculosus, K. A. von Zittel, Sitzungsb. math.-phys.
Cl. k. bay. Akad. Wise. vol. xvi. 1886, p. 264 ; Handb.
Palseont. vol. iii. 1887, p. 105, fig. 121 : Acipenser luber-
culosus, J. Probst, IVurtt. Jahresh. vol. 38 (1882), p. 127,
pi. ii. figs. 6-9, 15. — Molasse; Baltringen, Wiirtemberg.

90

8EIACHII.

Genus ONCOBATIS, Leidy.

[Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1870, p. 70.]

Dermal tubercles of pentagonal outline, with the under surface
convex and smooth ; upper surface presenting five sloping planes,
more or less well defined by prominent borders, the raised central
portion covered with gano-dentine. [? Buja.']

Oncobatis penta^onvs, J. Leidy, loc. eit,, and Extinct Vert. Fauna
West. Territ. (Hep. D. 8. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i-
1873), p. 204, pi. xvii. figs. 18, 19. — Pliocene ; Sinker
Creek, Idaho.

Family TORPEDINID^.

Disk broad, smooth ; skeleton of pectoral fins not continued for-
wards beyond the base of the snout. Median fins well developed,
n electric organ between the pectoral fins and the head.

Genus TORPEDO, Dumeril.

[Zool. Analyt. 1806, p. 102.]

Syn. Narcobatis, de BlainvUle, Faune Francaise— Poissons, 1820-30,
p. 43.

Tail nioderatcly developed, with two dorsal fins; pelvic fins sepa-
rate ; spiracles at a short distance behind the eyes.

Torpedo egertoni, A. do Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, vol. xx.

(1878), p. 452, pi. xvii. — Middle Eocene; Monte Bolca,
near Verona.

Torpedo gigantea, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 297, and
Poiss.Foss. vol. iii. p. 382**: Baja torpedo (Linn.), Volta,
Ittiolit. Veron. 1796, p. 261, pi. 61 : Narhohatus gigan-
teus, de BlainvUle, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
1818, p. 33/ . — Middle Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

Torpedo, sp., C. Hasso, Natiirl. 8yst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 176,
pi. xxiii. figs. 15-18.

Detached vertebrse, supposed to belong to Astrape, have been re-
corded from the amber-bearing beds of Samland, East Prussia
(F. Noetling, Abh. geol. Specialk. Preussen u. Thiiring. Staaten,
vol. vi. pt. 3, Lief. i. p. 36, pi. viii. figs. 6-9). They are named
Astrape (?) media, and were originally referred to Torpedo by
C. Masse, Paheontogr. vol. xxxi. (1884), p. 5, pi. i. figs. 6, 7.

Vertebrae of Barcine are also recorded by Hasse from the Tufeau
do Ciply (Natiirl. Syst. p. 178, pi. xxiii. figs. 22, 23) and the Brux-
ellian of Woluwe St. Lambert {op. eit. p. 178, pi. xxiii. figs. 24, 25).

PSAMMODONTID^.

91

Family PSAMMODONTID^.

An extinct family, imperfectly recognizable, being known only by
remains of the dentition. As shown by the teeth, the two rami of
the jaws were evidently placed in the same straight line — a fact
probably indicating a much-depressed body, like that of the existing
Kays. The teeth are flattened, more or less quadrate, and have the
root the same size as the crown ; the contour of the base of the root
corresponds to that of the crown, and the attached surface exhibits
only slight longitudinal striations. The dentition was originally
arranged in one, two, or several longitudinal series, arched antero-
posteriorly ; and when there are two or more series, the correspond-
ing rows of the opposite sides are symmetrical. The teeth of adjoining
series are not exactly opposite each other, but slightly alternating.

Genus COPODUS, Davis (ex Agassiz MS.).

[J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dubl. Soc. [2j vol. i. 1883, p. 464.]

Syn. Labodus, Agassiz MS., Davis, loc. cit. p. 468.

Meeogomphus, Agassiz MS., Davis, loc. cit. p. 470.

Rhymodus, Agassiz MS., Davis, loc. cit. p. 473.

Characodiis, Agassiz MS., Davis, loc. cit. p. 474.

Pinacodui, .4gassiz MS., Davis, loc. cit. p. 476.

Teeth bilaterally symmetrical, with the postero-lateral angles of
the root, and sometimes also of the crown, much produced back-
wards. They are narrower in front than behind, and the anterior
margin is generally straight or convex. Coronal surface slightly
rugose when unabraded, and generally almost flat, though in some
cases upturned laterally ; root about twice as thick as the crown.
The teeth are especially characterized by the presence in each of a
transverse sutural line, dividing a smaller or larger portion from the
remainder, sometimes allowing of the complete separation of the
parts, sometimes only faintly marked.

The dentition of each jaw probably consisted only of a single
antero-posterior series of teeth.

The following is a provisional arrangement of the species, the
number of which will doubtless be considerably reduced when more
perfect specimens are known.

Copodus corautas, Davis (ex Agassiz MS.).

1843. Psammodus comuttis, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

92

SELACHII.

(?) 1843. Pmmmodus corm/tug, J. E. Portlock, Rep. Geol. Londonderry,
p. 461, pi. xiv. a, fig. 8.

(?) 1855. Psammodus cornutm, F. M'Coy, Brit. Palaeoz. Foss. p. 643.
1862. Copodus eornutus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1862. Copodus lunvdutm (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, loc. ci .

p. 100 (name only). -

1883. Copodus rornutm, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [ J
vol. i. p. 404, pi. Iviii. figs. 2-6 (non fig. 1).

(?) 1883. Pinacodus gmoplax (Agassiz MS.), J. W. Davis, loc. cit.
p. 477, pi. Iviii. fig. 22.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth mostly longer than broad; a curved transverse suture
dividing the posterior fourth (or more) of the tooth from the ante-
rior portion. The posterior border of the latter is excavated and
gently curved, and the postero-lateral angles are not greatly prO"
duced. The small isolated binder portion of the tooth has a sinuous
posterior margin, strongly convex in the middle.

It does not appear certain that the tooth originally figured y
Portlock as pertaining to this species is the same as those upon
■which the foregoing diagnosis is founded. It seems advisable,
however, to follow Agassiz’s intentions as interpreted by J . W. Davis,
who first fully defined the form.

Form. Sf Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland ,
Northumberland (M‘Coy). Upper Carboniferous Limestone : York-
shire.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens are from the
Enniskillen Collection.

P. 2580-3. Four type specimens described and figured by J-
Davis, loc. cit.

P. 2584. Thirty-six examples of the main portion of the tooth.

P. 2584 c. Similar specimen, showing a sinuous transverse suture
near the anterior extremity.

P. 2584 a. One small specimen, showing posterior portion of tooth
in position, half as large as the anterior.

P. 2584 h. Two detached examples of the posterior portion of the
tooth.

P. 1406-7. Six examples of the anterior portion of the tooth.

Egerton CoU.

26053-4, 38506. Eight similar specimens. Purchased, 1851, 1864.

PSAMMODONTID^.

93

P. 2507. Type specimen of Pinacodtis gomplaa;, probably referable
to the present species. The anterior suture has already
been noted in P. 2584 c.

49617. Small tooth, probably of this species ; Eichmond, Yorkshire.

Purchased, 1878.

Copodns spatulatus, Davis.

1862. Copodus spatulatus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart.

Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1883. Copodus spatulatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 467, pi. Iviii. fig. 7.

1883. Copodus cornutus, J. W. Davis, tom. eit. pi. Iviii. fig. 1.

1883. Mplacodus quadratus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 480, pi. Iviii.
figs. 27, 28.

(?) 1883. Mplacodus sesamini, J. W. Davis, t. c. p. 481, pi. Iviii. fig. 29.

1884. Copodus corntdus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 623, pi. xxvii. fig. 22.

Ty2ye. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth mostly longer than broad, though sometimes of the reverse
proportions ; crown comparatively flat ; a transverse suture, almost
straight and sharply curved backwards at its extremities, dividing a
narrow posterior part of the tooth from the larger anterior portion.
The postero-lateral angles of the root are extraordinarily produoed
backwards, but the corresponding extensions of the crown are very
slight or absent. The small hinder portion of the tooth has a nearly
straight posterior margin, being of equal width throughout.

The specimens in the collection exhibit every gradation between
the typical elongate form of tooth and those described under the
names of Mylacodus quadratus and M. sesamini. The original of
J. "W. Davis’s fig. 27, pi. Iviii. loc. cit., is merely a broken and
abraded crown, and the other specimen shows the base of the
postero-lateral “ horns ” of the root. The coronal surface of the
last-named fossil also shows the slight rugosity erroneously described
as distinctive in M. sesamini. One of the specimens, broader than
long, exhibits the narrow posterior portion of the tooth in its natural
position ; and the form of the hinder margin of the type of M. sesamini
is largely due to fracture.

Form. Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.
Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire, Derbyshire.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens are from Armagh,
and in the Enniskillen Collection.

P. 2513. Type specimen, figured loc. cit.

94

SELACHII.

P. 2579. A much worn and abraded specimen, figured by J. W-
Davis, 1. e. pi. Iviii. fig. 1, as C. cornutus.

P. 2514, P. 2585. Eighteen examples, some broken and much ab-
raded, some perfect, and showing more or less of the pos-
terior portion of the tooth.

P. 2496-7. Type specimens of Mylaeodm quadratus.

P. 2495. Type specimen of MylacodvLS sesamini.

P. 2498. Thirty-two specimens, relatively short, some much broken
and abraded, two showing the posterior portion of the
tooth in position.

P. 1408-9. Four imperfect examples. Egerton Coll.

P. 2504 a. Perfect tooth with base, wanting hinder portion.

26053 a. Very broad broken specimen, showing hinder portion of
tooth in position. Purchased, 185

P. 5362. Three small teeth ; Ticknall, near Melbourne, S. Derby
shire. Two are shown, of the natural size, in PI.
figs. 14, 16. Wilson Coll.

Copodus furcatusy Davis.

1862. Copodus fcdcatus, Morris & Eoberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1883. Copodus furcatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. L J
vol. i. p. 460, pi. Iviii. fig. 10.

Type. Detached tooth ; Eritish Museum.

Teeth similar to those of C. spatidatus, but having the posterior

portion separated by a suture strongly bent in the middle, giving to

the detached piece a triangular form.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Irelan

P. 2509. Type specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

Copodus lingua (Davis).

1862. Mesogomphus lingua (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Eoberts, Quart,
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Mesogomphus lingua, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. |_
vol. i. p. 471, pi. Iviii. fig. 16.

Type. Imperfect detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth longer than broad ; crown flat ; the anterior margin

PSAilMOBONTID^. 95

rounded, but often comparatively acute. A median semicircular
suture separates a very small posterior portion of each tooth.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2500. Type specimen. EnnisMllen Coll,

P. 2501. A less perfect example, with the posterior semicircular
portion broader, and the anterior margin less curved.

Enniskillen Coll.

Copodus atirictilatus (Davis).

1862. Pleitrogomphus auriculatus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Koberts,
Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Plewogomphus auriculatm, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 472, pi. Iviii. fig. 16.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth similar to those of the latter species, but having two
postero-lateral semicircular portions separated by suture, instead of
the single median one.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.
P. 2601. Type specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2585. Less perfect, but larger example. Enniskillen Coll.

Copodus minimus, Davis.

1883. Copodus minimus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 467, pi. Iviii. fig. 8.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth longer than broad ; crown flat ; a curved, almost angu-
larly bent, transverse suture dividing a small posterior portion of
each tooth from the remainder. The posterior Wder of the entire
tooth is very slightly excavated; and the tooth rapidly becomes
narrowed anteriorly, the front margin being nearly straight.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Kichmond, York-
shire.

P. 2511. Type specimen. The suture is shown in this fossil, though
not noted in the original description and scarcely in the

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2512. Two much abraded teeth, probably referable to this species,
but larger. Enniskillen Coll,

96

8ELACHII.

Copodus planus (Davis).

1862. Labodm planus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. labodus planus, J.W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
p. 470, pi. Ivili. figs. 12-14.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth mostly broader than long, though sometimes of the reverse
proportions ; crown comparatively flat ; the posterior border more
or less strongly convex in the middle, and the anterior border straight,
with gently rounded lateral angles, and with a slight tendency to
median excavation. Anteriorly, the tooth is somewhat narrower
than behind ; and the postero-lateral angles of the root are much
produced backwards. The unabraded coronal surface is slightly
rugose, and there is rarely any trace of a transverse suture ; when
present, this is faintly marked and almost median.

This diagnosis is founded upon the specimens in the collection,
but it is not improbable that a small narrow portion of tooth was
originally connected with the posterior margin of the examples thus
described.

Form. Loc, Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2590-2. Type specimens. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2593. Twenty-four examples, some much broken and abraded.

Ennisl'illen Coll.

49618. Small imperfect tooth, doubtfully associated with this
species ; Dpper Carboniferous Limestone, Richmond,
Yorkshire. There is a suture, as shown in No. P. 2592
(Davis, pi. Iviii. fig. 14), but the tooth is relatively broader
and more arched antero-posteriorly. Purchased, 1878.

49620. A smaller tooth, without suture ; Richmond.

Purchased, 1878.

Copodus oblongus (Davis).

1802. Mylax hatoides (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only). ..

1883. Rhymodus oblonyus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [ J
vol. i. p. 473, pi. Iviii. fig. 18.

1883. Mylax hatoides, J. W. Davis, t07n. cit. p. 479, pi. Iviii. figs. 25, 2
Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth much broader than long; crown comparatively flat, the
coronal surface only slightly raised in the middle ; a posterior portion

PSAMMOBOSm)^.

97

separated by a straight or slightly curved transverse suture, about
half as large as the anterior portion. The anterior margin of the
tooth strongly convex, and the posterior margin slightly so ; the root
extending far beyond the crown on either side, and produced back-
wards at the postero-lateral angles.

Form. hoc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone ; Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2595-6. Type specimen and broken tooth. EtirdshUlen Coll.

P. 2493-4. Type specimens of Mylax batoides, both fragmentary.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5325. Two more perfect examples. Enniskillen Coll.

Copodus prototypus (Davis).

1862. Labodus prototypus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Labodus prototypus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
voL i. p. 468, pi. Iviii. figs. 0-11.

1883. Fhymodus transversus, J. \V. Davis, loc. cit. p. 473, pi. Iviii.
fig. 17.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth much broader than long, and strongly arched antero-pos-
teriorly. The lateral margins of the crown are upturned and the
median portion much raised ; the root extends considerably beyond
on either side, and its postero-lateral angles are somewhat produced
backwards. The unabraded coronal surface is very slightly rugose,
and there is occasionally one sinuous transverse suture — sometimes
two — imperfectly marked.

These are probably the opposing teeth of Copodus spatulatus, and
perhaps also of C. lingua and C. atiriculatus ; they have, however,
not yet been discovered in their natural position, and it is thus con-
venient to retain provisionally the specific name already proposed for
them.

Form. Toe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens are from the
Enniskillen Collection : —

P. 2586-8. Tj-pe specimens.

P. 9258, P. 2594. About forty specimens in various stages of wear
and abrasion. Some are deeply worn in the middle, one
also at each side. A few show a single transverse suture,
one has two sutures.

H

98

SELACHII.

P. 1405. Ten examples, some abraded and broken. Egerton Coll.

P. 2597. Type specimen of Bhy modus transversus (Agassiz MS.),
Davis. This only differs from Copodus prototypus in its
great lateral elongation, and is thus probably not separable.

Copodus angulatus (Davis).

1862. Chafacodits angulatus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 09 (name only).

1883. Characodus angulatus^ J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 475, pi. Iviii. figs. 10, 20.

(?) 1883. Pinacodus gelasimus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 477, pi. Iviii-
fig. 23.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth very' similar to those of C. prototypus, but differing in the
smaller lateral extension of the root, and in the straighter posterior
margin, which is often slightly concave.

This may possibly be the opposing dentition of 0. covnutus.

Form, ^ Loc, Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens are from the
Enniskillen Collection : —

P. 2502-3. Typo specimens.

P. 2504. Ten examples, mostly abraded.

P. 5326. A perfect tooth, detached from the matrix.

P. 1410, 11. Three small specimens. Egerton Coll.

38506 a. Two specimens. Purchased, 1864-

P. 2508. Type specimen of Pvnacodus gelasimus. This is an ex-
tremely abraded tooth, and agrees so closely in outline
with 0. angulatus, that it must be associated with this
species until the discovery of further evidence renders its
position certain.

Copodus (?) cuneatus (Davis).

1802. Characodus cuneatus (Agassiz MS.), Morris & Roberts, Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 09 (name only).

1883. Characodus cuneatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 476, pi. Iviii. fig. 21.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth narrower in front than behind, and much arched antero-
postcriorly. Crown thick or considerably bent downwards laterally,

PSAilMODONTID^.

99

with the lateral margina strongly crimped ; posterior border straight
or convex.

Form. ^ Loe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2505. Type si>ecimen, in some respects very suggestive of a
Cochliodont dental plate. Ennishillen Coll,

Dimylem woodi, J. W. Davis (ex Agassiz MS.) is founded upon
an indeterminable broken tooth (P. 2602) from the Upper Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Itichmond, Yorkshire, perhaps referable to
Copodus, perhaps Cochliodont. The published figure is misleading,
the remains of the root extending considerably on either side of the
fragments of the crown represented ; the division between the two
portions is evidently an accidental fracture.

The following species of Copodus have also been described upon
the evidence of detached teeth, but there are no examples in the
Collection : —

C(ypodus convexus ; Bhymodus convexus, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag.
[3] vol. iii. (1886), p. 155, woodc. fig. 7. — Carboniferous
Limestone ; Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire.

Copodus van Jioniii, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 229, pi. XX. figs. 2, 3. — St. Louis Limestone ;
Missouri, Illinois.

Copodus pusillus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 231, pi. xx.
fig. 1. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Copodus variabilis ; Mylaeodus variahilis, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag.
[3] vol. iii. (1886), p. 154, woodc. figs. 5, 6. — Carbonife-
rous Limestone ; Chapel-en-le F rith, Derbyshire. [? Psam-
modus.']

If specifically distinct, and rightly to be placed here, Characodus
•minimus, Davis (Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 155, woodc. fig. 8), will
require a new specific name. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Chapel-en-
le-Frith.

Genus PSAMMODUS) Agassiz.

[Eech. Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 110.]

Syn. Komalodm, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. 1883,
p.481.

Astrabodus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. 1884,
p.629.

Teeth quadrate, more or less elongated, rarely nearly square;
* Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 478, pi. Iviii. fig. 24.

H 2

100

8ELA.CHII.

root much thicker than the crown, and readily detached from the
latter. Coronal surface generally marked by transverse rugee. The
exterior postero-lateral angle of each tooth is somewhat produced
backwards, to ensure more firm articulation with the succeeding
tooth ; and there appear to have been not more than four antero-
posterior rows in each jaw — a middle pair and a lateral, without
any median azygous series.

Psammodus ragosus, Agassiz.

1838. Fmmmodus rugosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii' P-
pi. xii. figs. 14-18, pL xix. fig. 16. _ _

1838. Psammodus poroma,h.A.^ss\z,t(y)n.cit.Tg. 112, pi. xiii. figs.

1843. Psammodus nigosrn, J. E. Portlock, Rep. Geol. Londonderry,
p. 406, pi. xiv a, fig. 1. ■ -2

1843. Psammodus porosus, J. E. Portlock, op. cit. p. 466, pi. xiv a,

1844. Psammodus rugosus, L. G. de Koninck, Descr. Anim. Foss. err.

Garb. Belg. p. oio, pi. Iv. fig. 4. ... ^ g

1844. Psammodus x>orosus, L. G. de Koninck, op. cit. p. 016, pi. hii. •

1848. Psammodus canal icidatus, F. M'Coy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
vol. ii. p. 122. o

1855. Psammodus catudicidatus, F. M'Coy, Brit. Paleeoz. Foss, p- >
pi. 3 a, fig. 12.

1866. Psammodus rugosus, F. M'Coy, op. (At. p. 044.

1866. Psammodus ntgosus, var. porosus, F. M'Coy, op. cit. p. 644.

1800. Psammodus porosus, E. d’Eichwald, Lethaea Rossica, 'vo . i-
p. 1647.

1862. Psammodus rugosus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 102.

1864. Psammodus ntgosus, II. Romanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp.

cou, pt. ii. p. 168, pi. iii. figs. 3, 5. - fi 4

1864. Psammodus porosus, II. Romanowsky, tom. cit. p. 168, pi. in- '

1875. Psammodus porosus, W. II. Baily, Figs. Char. Brit. Foss. p. >
pi. xli. fig. 9.

1877. Psammodus rugosus, R. Etheridge, jun., Geol. Mag. [3] vo ■ i''-

p. 308, pi. xiii. figs. 7-9. .

1878. Psammodus porosus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carb. leg-

pt. i. p. 41, pi. V. figs. 1-6. I

1883. Psammodus rugosus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin boo. [ J

vol. i. p. 4.69, pis. Ivi., Ivii. ,

1884. ilsam»iorf!«r«(7osMs, .T. W. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol.

p. 029.

1880. Psammodus rugosus, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. P-

Ti/pc. Detached teeth ; Bristol and British Museums.

A very largo species. Teeth comparatively thick ; the coronal
surface in unworn specimens marked by numerous strong, coarse.

PSAMMODOUTID^.

101

transverse rugae. Complete dentition apparently consisting of a
median pair of teeth, generally broader than long, with a lateral
pair considerably longer than broad.

As shown by J. W. Davis, he. ciU, the teeth of this species vary
much in form — ^some having a convex coronal surface, some concave ;
some broader than long, raised at each narrow extremity, others
longer than broad, with similarly raised lateral margins (C. canali-
culatus, iI‘Coy) ; some nearly triangular in shape. The differences
between these various forms are as great as many considered to be
of specific value in other cases ; but all the varieties, except one, are
fortunately unnamed, and it seems advisable, upon present evidence,
to recognize only a single species.

Form. ^ hoc. Carboniferous Limestone : Ireland, Scotland, Eng-
land, Wales, Belgium, Kussia.

(i.) Co. Sligo, Ireland; Enniehillen Collection.

P. 2555. Type specimen described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit.
p. Ill, pi. xix. fig. 1.5 ; Easky.

P. 4163. Crown of much abraded broad tooth; Ballisodere.

(ii.) Armagh, Ireland; aU from the EnnisMUen Collection,
unless otherwise stated.

P. 2556. Large transversely elongated tooth, figured by J. "W. Davis,
loc. cit. pi. Ivi. fig. 1.

P. 2562. Large tooth, longer than broad, figured loc. cit. pi. Ivii.
fig. 6.

P. 2563. Detached abraded crown, figured loc. cit. pi. Ivii. fig. 5.

P. 2561. Abraded small tooth, broader than long, figured loc. cit,
pi. Ivii. fig. 4.

P. 2559, 60, P. 2564. Lateral teeth, figured loc. cit. pi. Ivii. figs. 2,
3, 7. Upon the original label the third of these teeth is
said to have been obtained from the Orton Scar Lime-
stone, Ravenstone Dale, Westmoreland.

P. 2566. Thirty -four teeth of large size, more or less perfeet.

P. 2567. Four fragmentary teeth, with strong rugose ornament,
said to have been found associated.

P. 4162. The finely ornamented crowns of seven broad teeth.

102

SELACHII.

P. 2548. Fifteen large broad teetb, with much abraded coronal
surface.

P. 2572. Twelve small broad teeth, somewhat abraded.

I*. 2547-50, P. 2578. Thirty-nine broad abraded teeth, mostly
small.

P. 2547 a. Abraded specimen showing portion of original coronal
surface.

P. 2552. Six very narrow abraded teeth (? partly fragmentary) of
irregular outline.

28536, 28742,43, 28923,4. Twenty-five broad teeth, some abraded
and some broken, and two polished transverse sections.
Also two lateral teeth.

Dixon Coll., and Purchased, 1853.

P. 1312, P, 1315, 6. Fifteen broad teeth, some abraded, some
broken. Egerton Coll.

P. 1312 a, P. 1315 a. Four lateral teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2551 a, P. 2571. Fifteen large lateral teeth, the two of the first
number remarkably thick.

P. 2551, P. 2553, P. 2568-70. About eighty examples of lateral
teeth.

P. 2576, 7. Two specimens figured by J. W. Davis, loe. cit. pi.
figs. 2, 3; Tynan, Armagh.

P.2575. Fine unabraded broad tooth, detached from matrix;
Tynan, Armagh.

(iii.) Ilooh Point, Wexford, Ireland.

23712. Two small, much abraded broad teeth. Purchased, 1849.

P. 4161. Another equally small broad tooth. EnnisMUen Coll.

P. 1478. A lateral tooth of corresponding size. Egerton Coll.

(iv.) Beifh, Ayrshire, Scotland.

P. 257. Typical example of broad tooth, somewhat abraded; Dang-
side, I’tirchased, 1880.

PSAMJIODONTID^.

103

46037. Small much abraded specimen.

Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874,

46034. Fine tooth, as broad as long, with ornament as in No. 49623.

Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

(v.) Kendal, Westmoreland.

P. 2566. Two large broad teeth, with very coarse ornament,
slightly abraded. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 4158. Detached abraded crowns of four smaller teeth.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 1314. Portion of unabraded crown of very large tooth.

Egerton Coll.

35662. Crushed and abraded lateral tooth. Purchased, 1859.

(vi.) Richmond, Yorkshire.

49623. Tooth longer than broad, much abraded, and partly broken.

Tbe superficial ornamentation passes posteriorly into pro-
minent coarse longitudinal rugae. Purchased, 1878.

(vii.) Derbyshire.

46813. Much abraded broad tooth, of medium size, detached from
matrix. Gilbertson Coll.

P. 5364. Three fragments ; TieknaU. Wilson Coll.

(viii.) Clifton, Bristol.

P. 2557. Broad tooth, much abraded, figured by J. W. Davis, loc.

cit. pi, Ivi. fig. 5, Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2558. Much abraded fragment of tooth, triangular in form,
figured loc. cit. pi. Ivi. fig. 7. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2574. Three large unabraded dental crowns (one from the
“ Black Rock ”) very- broad. Enniskillen Coll.

34966-68, 20825. Four broad teeth, moderately large, scarcely
abraded. Two of tbe specimens show the coronal protu-
berance noted by J. W. Davis in no. P, 2557.

Purchased, 1847, 1860.

104

BELAcinr.

49985. Very largo tooth, as broad as long, much abraded ; the
superficial ornament posteriorly becoming well-marked
longitudinal ridges and furrows. Purchased, 1879.

49986. Abraded broad tooth. Purchased, 1879.

I*. 9554. Pour much abraded specimens from the “ Black Rock ; ’
one of the type of no. 49985, another very broad, the two
others narrowed at one extremity. EnnisTcillen Coll-

34969, 34970. Two abraded examples of medium size, the one of
the type of P. 2557, the other ornamented like no. 49985.

Purchased, 1860.

P. 1313, P. 1316. Fourteen broad specimens, mostly abraded.

Egerton Coll.

44851. Three similar much abraded and somewhat broken speci-
^sns. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 18/3.

20575, 34971, 36306, 7. Five broken and abraded examples.

Purchased, 1846, 1860, 1861.

20828. Eleven small specimens, mostly fractured and abraded.

Purchased, 1847.

20828 a. One small specimen from the “ Black Rock,” polished to
show structure. Purchased, 1847.

P. 5224. Throe imperfect examples.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 1316 a. Three lateral teeth. Egerton Coll.

20828 b. Six small abraded elongate teeth, each tapering at one
extremity. One example shows a very thick root.

Purchased, 1847.

P. 2565. Two similar but larger specimens. Ennislcillen Coll.
(ix.) Clevedon, Somersetshire.

P. 4160. Specimen of medium size, slightly broader than long.

Ennishillen Coll.

(x.) North Wales.

P. 5365. Small abraded tooth, detached from matrix ; Crags near
Llangollen, Wilson Coll,

PSAMMODONTIDiB.

105

Psammodns expansns (Davis).

1884. Astrabodm exparusus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
Tol. xl. p. 630, pi. xxvi. figs. 11, 12.

Type. Imperfect teeth ; Horne Coll., York Museum.

Teeth somewhat saddle-shaped, broader than long. Near the
outer lateral margin the crown is raised into a prominent ridge,
which extends backwards as a process beyond the remainder of the
posterior border.

Form. ^ hoc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone (Toredale Eocks) :
Yorkshire.

P. 4903. Fragmentary abraded tooth ; Wensleydale. Horne Coll.

Psammodus salopiensis, sp. nov.

1862. A palate, or part of a palate, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 105, pi. iii. fig. 5.

Type. Four associated teeth, in natural relative positions ; British
Museum.

A small species. Teeth comparatively thick; the inner two
thirds of the crown round and tumid, rapidly thinning outwards
laterally.

Form. Sf Loc. Carboniferous Limestone (zone of Ehynchonella
pleurodon) : Farlow, Shropshire.

36469. Type specimen, figured, of the natural size, by Morris and
Roberts, he. cit. Two symmetrical pairs of teeth are
shown, one behind the other. Of one pair each tooth is
approximately as broad as long, while of the succeeding
(or preceding) pair the length equals only about two
thirds of the breadth. The appearance of tapering both
anteriorly and posteriorly is due to accidental fracture.

Presented by O. E. Eoherts, Esq., 1862.

Psammodus trapeziformis (Davis).

1883. Homahdus trapeziformis, J . Vf . Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc
[2] vol. i. p. 482, pi. Iviii. fig. 30.

1883. Homalodm quadratus, J.W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 482, pi. Ivih. fig. 31.
Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

The teeth are comparatively thin, though the root attains about
twice the thickness of the crown ; the coronal surface seems to have
been flat, smooth, and punctate. The length and breadth of each

106

SELACHII.

tooth are approximately equal, the latter measurement sometimes
slightly exceeding the former.

The third of the specimens mentioned below is intermediate
between the types of H. trajpeziformis and II. quadratus, which it
seems inadvisable to separate specifically. All are from the
EnniskiUen Collection.

Form. ^ Loo. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh.

P. 2599. Type of llomalodus trapeziformis, Davis.

P. 2600. Type of II. quadratus, Davis.

P. 5323. Tooth intermediate between the foregoing.

P. 5324. Smaller tooth, probably referable to the same species.

Psammodus angustus, Eomanowsky.

1804. Psammodus angustus, II. Eomanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, pt. ii. p. 150, pi. iii. fig. 0.

1874. Psammodus angustus, II. Trautschold, Nouv. M5m. Soc. Imp.

Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. p. 289, pi. xxviii. fig. 6.

1878. Psammodus angustus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Garb.
Belg. pt. i. p. 46, pi. v. fig. 0.

Type. Detached tooth.

The coronal surface of unworn and unabraded teeth i^ probably
rugose, though the majority of the fossils only show such markings
upon the sides. The inner teeth are mostly about two and a half
times as broad as long, the crown exhibiting a tumid rising towards
its outer lateral extremity, where it is produced into a downwardly
directed plate extending over the root. The root is scarcely as
thick as the crown, and likewise bent downwards at the lateral
extremity.

Trautschold mentions the occurrence of small square teeth of
Psammodtis in the same bod as the remains of the present species ;
and these may probably be regarded as lateral teeth, like those of
P. ruyosus.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Alexine, Govern-
ment of Toula, and Mjatschkowa, Government of Moscow, Eussia ;
Feluy, Belgium.

P. 4485. Five detached dental crowns and one complete tooth ;
Mjatschkowa. Purchased, 1884.

P. 5112. Two detached dental crowns and one almost complete
tooth; Mjatschkowa. Purchased, 1886.

PSAMMODONTID^.

107

Psammodas specularis, Trautschold.

1874. Psatnmodm specularis, II. Trautschold, Nouv. M4m. Soc. Imp.

Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. p. 288, pi. xxviii. fig. 4.

Type. Detached tooth.

The coronal surface of the fossil teeth is smooth, though, as these
are all more or less abraded, it may have originally been rugose.
The inner teeth are about two and a half times as broad as long,
and somewhat twisted round the long axis. The crown is nearly
twice as thick as the root, and is not downwardly bent at either
extremity.

As already remarked by Trautschold, it is not improbable that
these teeth may be truly referable to P. anyustus, being perhaps
the opposing teeth to those described under the last-named species.
The distinctness of their shape, however, renders it convenient to
separate them until further evidence as to their relationships is
discovered.

Form. ^ Loe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone: Mjatschkowa,
Government of Moscow, Kussia.

P. 4486. Four teeth and one detached crown. Purchased, 1884.

P. 5113. Two detached dental crowns, of large size.

Purchased, 1886.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Psarnmodus angularis, Newberry and Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. ii. (1866), p. 107, pi. xi. fig. 2. (?) “ P. porosus

Agassiz,” ibid. p. 107, pi. xi. fig. 1 ; P. anyularis, St.
John & Worthen, Pal. Dlinois, vol. vii. (1883), p. 222,
pi. xLs. figs. 1, 2. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Psarnmodus ccelatus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. (1883),
p. 217, pi. xviii. fig. 1.— St. Louis Limestone ; Iowa.

Psarnmodus crassidetis, St. John & Worthen, q/j. cit. vol. vii. (1883),
p. 218, pi. xviii. figs. 2-6; P. ruyosus, Newberry &
Worthen (non Agassiz), op. cit. vol. ii. p. 108, pi. xi
fig. 3. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Iowa.

Psarnmodus glyptus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 209, pi. xiv.
figs. 5, 6.— Upper Burlington Limestone ; Illinois.

Psarnmodus grandis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 211, pi. xv.
figs. 1-3. — Keokuk Limestone : Iowa.

Psarnmodus inflexus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.

108

SELACHir.

Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 271, pi. xxvii. fig. 12 ; Helodus,
P. Somonow & W. von MdUer, Pull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.
Petersb. vol. vii. (1864), p. 235, pi. i. fig. 9.— Lower
Carboniferous Limestone (L. G. do Koninck) or Upper
Devonian (Trautschold) ; Government of Toula, Eussia.

Psammodm lovianus, St. John & Worthen, torn. cit. p. 207, pL xiv.
figs. 7-9. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa, Illinois.

Pmmmodus plmus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 213, pL xvi.
figs. 1-4, pi. xvii. figs. 1-4. — St. Louis Limestone ; Mis-
souri, Illinois, Michigan.

Pmmmodus reticulatus, Newberry & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 109,
pi. xi. fig. 5 ; St. J ohn & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 224, pi. xix.
figs. 3, 5. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Psammodus springeri, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 202, pi. xx.
figs. 4-11. — Uj^per Burlington Limestone ; Iowa, Illinois.

Psammodus tumulus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 205, pi. xiv.
figs. 1-4. — Upper Burlington Limestone ; Iowa, Illinois.

Psammodus turgulus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 206, pi. xv.

Upper Burlington-Kookuk Limestone; Iowa.

It is also uncertain w'hether the tooth described nndcr the
0 owing name may not bo referred to a lateral position in the jaw
of Psammodus : —

Solenodus crenulatus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 293, pi. xxviii. fig. H-—
Carboniferous Limestone ; Moscow, Eussia.

An indeterminable tooth from the Eha3tic of Stuttgart, certainly
not of Psammodus, is described under the name of P. orbicularis,
Then. (Meyer & Plieningor, Pal. Wiirttemb., 1844, p. 117, pL x.

Genus ARCH.fflOBATIS, Newberry.

[Ann. Now York Acad. Sci. vol. i. 1878, p. 190.]

“ Dentition flat and pavement-like ; teeth of large size, thick and
massive, in several rows, the different series arched and increasing
r behind forward; under surfaces somewhat excavated

0^0 curvature of the cartilaginous jaw; upper third of teeth
ormed by a coat of enamel, transversely corrugated and punctate.”

Archmobatis gigas, J. S. Newberry, foe. cit. p. 191 ; also in Ann.
Eep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1879, p. 347.— St. Louis Lime-
stone ; Greoncastle, Indiana.

MTLIOBATID^.

109

Family MYLIOBATID^.

Pectoral fins of very large size, interrupted at the sides of the
head, but reappearing as one or a pair of small cephalic fins at the
extremity of the snout. Tail very slender. Cleft of mouth straight,
and dentition, when present, in the form of a triturating pavement.

Genus MYLIOBATIS, Cuvier.

[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 137.]

Head free from the disk; so-called cephalic fin single. Teeth
large, flat, sexangular, tessellated, arranged in seven antero-iwste-
rior series. The dentition of the upper jaw strongl)’ arched antcro-
posteriorly, that of the lower jaw quite flat. Dental crown smooth
or slightly striated ; attached surface of root longitudinally ridged
and grooved. Except in very young individuals — in which the
teeth are all approximately of equal size — the median row is rela-
tively very broad, while the teeth of the three lateral series on each
side are rarely broader than long. Tail with a dorsal fin near its
root, generally with a posteriorly situated barbed spine.

The relative proportions of the median teeth vary with the age
(or size) of the individual, the breadth gradually becoming greater
with respect to the length, and in determining the fossil teeth it is
necessary to allow for this change *.

Myliobatis dixoni, Agassiz.

1843. Myliobntis dixoni, X, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 319.

1843. Myliobatis heteropleurus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 323, pL xlvii.
figs. 6-8.

18.50. Myliobatu dixoni, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 108, pi. x. fim 1 2
_ pi. xi. %. 14, pi. xii. fig. 3. r , r b , ,

1850. Myliobatis contractvs, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. 200, pi. xi fig 17

Pl- xii. fig. 2.

(. ) 18o9. Myhobates do Cuise Lamotte, P. Gervais, Pal. Franc. 2nd ed
pl. Ixvu. lig. 14.

^^^plTfigl^ H. B. Geinitz {non Agass.), loe. cit. p. 38,

1888. Myliobatu dtxmi A. S. Woodward, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. 1. p. 41, pl. 1. figs. 1-4. °

1 See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] voL i. 1888, pp. 36-47, pl. i.

110

SELACHlr.

Type. Upper dental plates; British Museum.

Teeth very massive, the coronal contour transversely arched,
especially in the upper jaw. Longitudinal superficial striae well
marked in unabradcd specimens. Median teeth in the adult rarely
or never more than five times as broad as long ; lateral teeth much
longer than broad.

The specimens figured respectively under the names of M. con-
ttacius, M. slrialus, and M. toliapicus, by Dixon and Qeinitz, he. cit.,
are examples of the lower dentition of If. clivoni : so also probably
is the type specimen of M. heteropleurvs, Agassiz. Numerous
measurements of the tooth at various stages of growth are given
by the present writer, loc. cit.

Form. Loc. Barton Clay (Upper Eocene) : Hampshire. Brack-
Icsham Beds (Middle Eocene) : Sussex. Phosphate Beds (Middle or
Upper Eocene) : Holmstedt, near Harzburg, Brunswick. (?) Lower
Eocene : Cuise-Ia-Mottc, Oise, Erance.

Upper Dentition. — Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay.

25614, 25621, 25623, P. 434. Typo specimens figured by Dixon,
op. cit., and noticed by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 41.

DLvon Coll., and (P. 434) Purchased, 1882.

25644. Abnormal specimen, having the lateral plates in the form of
irregular parallelograms, referred to by Dixon, op. cit.
p. 198. Dixon Coll.

25645-6, 25648-9, 25654. Plates in connected series. Dixon Coll.

25664. A very fine connected scries of nine median teeth, with two
lateral rows on each side ; the unworn surface is somewhat
longitudinally striated and wrinkled. Dixon Coll.

38839, 38841-46. Plates in connected series. The first specimen
is noticed by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 41.

Bowerhanlc Coll.

P.435, P.437. Six examples. Purchased,

P. 5384. Four medium-sized specimens.

Presented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

P. 1496, P. 1498, P. 1498 a, P.1504 a, P. 1507 c, P. 1509. Twenty
examples. No. P. 1498 a is noticed by the present writer,
loc. cit. p. 41. Egerton Coll.

P. 3044, P. 3044 a-c. Twelve examples. Nos. P. 3044 a, h, are
noticed by the present writer, he. cit. p. 41.

EnnisTcillen Coll.

MTLIOBATID^.

Ill

28082. Five median teeth in connected aeries, very small.

Presented hy F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

P. 4457 a. Six small examples of median teeth. Enniskillen Coll.

Lower Dentition. — (i.) Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay.

25641. Connected series of seven median teeth, with parts of two
rows of lateral teeth, of adult, described and figured by the
present writer, loc. cit. p. 42, pi. i. fig. 4. A transverse
section of the dentition is shown in the accompanying
woodcut (fig. 4). Dixon Coll.

Fig. 4.

Transverse section of lower dentition of Myliobatis dixoni (no. 25641).

25642. iluch abraded adult specimen. Dixon Coll.

P. 4458. Connected series of five median teeth, with parts of two
lateral rows, of a larger individual than the preceding,
noticed loc. cit. p. 42. Enniskillen Coll.

25821. Specimen figured hy Dixon, op. cit. pi. xii. fig. 2, as M.

striatus. Dixon Coll.

25620. Type specimen of M. contractus, Dixon, op. cit. p. 200,
pi. xi. fig. 17. Dixon Coll.

25660. Similar specimen, noticed by the present writer, loc. cit.

p. 42. Dixon Coll.

40255. Similar less perfect specimen. Edwards Coll.

P. 1505 b. Another small example. Eyerton Coll.

37758. Somewhat larger specimen, noticed loc. cit. p. 42.

Purchased, 1863.

P. 438. Specimen described and figured by the present writer, loc.
cit. p. 42, pi. i. fig. 2. Purchased, 1882.

(ii.) Barton Clay, Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

P.1496, P.1508 a. Two connected series of five median teeth, with
two latered rows : the second is described and figured he.
cit. p. 42, pi. i. fig. 3. Egerton Coll.

112

SELACHII.

P. 1508 b. Fragment of very large dentition. Egerton Coll.

P. 4457 C. Fragment of young dentition, described and figured loo.

dt. p. 42, pi. i. fig. 1, EnnisJcillen Coll.

P. 3051. Type specimen of M. heteropleurus, Agassiz, loc-
p. 323, pi. xlvii. figs. 6-8 ; locality unknown.

Enniskillen Goll.

Myliobatis striatus, Buckland.

1837. Myliobatis striatm, W. Buckland, Geol. & Min. 2nd edit. vol. ii.

p. 4(5, pi. xxvii. d, fig. 14 (name and figure only).

1843. Myliobatis striatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. ^20.

1843. Myliobatis punctatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 322, pi- xlvii. g®'

11, 12.

1850. Myliobatis irregularis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 19%
fig. 16.

1860. Myliobatis edxcardsii, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. 190, pi- xi. fig-
(?)1886. Myliobatis toliapictis, E.’Eoe>i\vag {non Agassiz), Abli- geo .
Specialit. Preussen u. Tliuting. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3, p- 1% P •

fig- 1- . rn-]

1888. Myliobatis striatus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [ J
vol. i. p. 42, pi. i. figs. 6-9.

Type. Lower dentition ; Oxford Museum. ,

Dentition large and thick, the coronal contour slightly aic e
from side to side, almost flat in the adult lower jaw. Longitudina
superficial stria) or wrinkles generally well marked in unahra e
specimens. Median teeth in the adult at least six times as broad as
long ; lateral teeth longer than broad, but those of the first row no
so elongate as in M. dLvoni.

Form. ^ Loc. Barton Clay (Upper Eocene) : Hampshire. Brae
lesham Beds (Middle Eocene) : Sussex.

Upper Dentition. — Some of those specimens must pertain to M.
(jonipleurus, others perhai)S to M. toUapicus. Unless otherwise
stated, they were all obtained from the Bracklosham Be s,
Bracklosham Bay.

25671. Fragment of dentition of very young individual, remarkably
thick, and showing three lateral rows of teeth ; figured by

the present writer, loc. dt. p. 44, pi. i. fig- 10.

Diccon Coll.

25647, 25653, 25659. Three connected series of median teeth, very
young ; the third is noticed loc. cit. p. 44. Dixon Co .

MYLIOBATIB^.

113

P. 4457 b. Connected series of five median teeth, and two lateral
rows, unabraded ; very j’oung individual.

Enniskillen Coll.

25662. Small crushed median teeth, with three first laterals.

Dixon Coll,

38849. Connected series of six median teeth, with abraded surface.

Bowerhank Coll.

40257,40312-3. Four examples of median teeth in series; the
second and third specimens are noticed, loe. oil. p. 44.

Edwards Coll., and l^relutsed, 1 867.

25643. Connected series of seven large median teeth, probably re-
ferable to this species. Dixon Coll.

P. 1501. Type specimen of M. punctntus, Agassiz ; Barton Clay,
Barton Cliff, Hampshire. The punctated coronal surface
owes its characters to post-mortem abrasion, and the pro-
portions of the teeth agree with those of M. striatus.

Ejerton Coll.

P. 1505 C, P. 1507 e. Seven examples, very young. Ejerton Coll.

P. 1502. Two examples, one showing seven median plates, with
first lateral row ; noticed by the present writer, loc. cit.
p. 44. Ejerton Coll.

P. 3046. Connected series of six median teeth ; Barton Clay, Barton
Cliff. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3047. Connected scries of six median teeth, showing unworn
surface ; noticed, loc. cit. p. 44. Enniskillen Coll.

40253. Fragments of four median teeth ; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight.

Edwards Coll.

P. 5388. Two abraded specimens, retaining part of the original
coronal surface, one showing portions of two lateral series
of teeth. Presented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

Lower Dentition. — Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay.

P. 433. Type specimen of M. irrejularis, Dixon.

Purchased, 1882.

25665-7. Three adult examples, showing two lateral rows in ad-
dition to median teeth ; the second and third are noticed
by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 43. Dixon Coll.

I

114

8ELACHII.

40252. Specimen figured by the present writer, loc. dt. pi. !•

A transverse section of this fossil is shown in the ac-
companying woodcut, fig. 5. Edwards Co

Fig. 5.

Transverse section of lower dentition of MylidbaMs striatns (No. 4025w)-

38838, 39245. Two large specimens ; the first figured loc. dt.

fig. 8. BowerlanK vou.

P. 3040. One large example, showing 14 median teeth, flanked bj

two imperfect lateral series ; noticed, loc. dt. p- 43.

EnnisJdllen Coll.

24843. Medium-sized abraded specimen. Purchased, 1^^

P. 1504. Medium-sized specimen, with striated surface partly p

served. ^gerton Coll.

P. 1507 a, b. Three very small examples probably referable to th

species ; two are figured, loc. dt. pi. i. fig®- „ ,,

Egerton Coll.

P. 1507. Five small specimens. Egeiton (7a

P. 1505. One small specimen. Egeiton C

25615. Type specimen of M. edwardsii, Dixon ; evidently

abraded dentition of a half-grown individual oiM. stria

Dixon Coll.

25631-4, 25822. Five specimens, four about the size of the so
M. edwardsii, two smaller. Dixon

1852.

28082 a. Another similar specimen.

Presented hy F. E. Edwards, Es<i

P. 3043. Unabraded specimen showing three rows of lateral teet ,
noticed, loe. dt. p. 4.3. The lateral teeth are broa or a ^
ordinarily, though not equalling the breadth of t ose
M.tolia/ncus. EnnisJdlUn Coll

P. 3041, P. 3048, P. 4457, P. 4459-60, P. 4461 a. Eleven example®
about the size of M. edwardsii. Enniskillen o

P. 3049 a. Specimen figured by the present writer, loc. dt. J-

fig. 7. ^ Enniskillen Coll

P. 4461 b. Two very young specimens. Enniskillen Coll

MTIIOBATID^.

115

P. 5386. Twelve examples, of various sizes, some with two rows of
lateral teeth. Presented hy P. E. Coomhe, Esq,, 1888.

Myliobatis goniopleurus, Agassiz.

1843. Myliobatis gomopleunts, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 319,
pi. xlvii. figs. 9, 10.

1888. Myliobatis goniopleurus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] vol. i. p. 44.

Type. Abraded lower dentition ; British Museum.

Teeth of similar proportions to those of M. striatus ; lower den-
tition dififering in the greater thickness and more raised contour of
the crown (see PI. III. fig. 5 a).

The second of the specimens mentioned below seems to afiford the
requisite proof of the distinctness of this species from M. striatus,
noted as wanting at the time of publication of the present writer’s
memoir, loe. cit. All these specimens represent the lower dentition,
that of the upper jaw being at present indistinguishable from the
corresponding dentition of M. striatus.

Form. 4' Loc. London Clay (Lower Eocene) : Isle of Sheppey.
Bracklesham Beds (Middle Eocene) : Bracklesham Bay.

P. 3045. Type specimen ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5387. Connected series of eleven median teeth, with portions
of two rows of lateral teeth on one side, and three on
the other, mostly abraded, hut in part showing the
original coronal surface ; Bracklesham. A portion of the
specimen is represented, of tho natural size, in PI. III.
fig. 5, and the coronal contour is given in the section,
fig. 5 a. The median teeth measure O'Oo by 0-007-
0'009, and are slightly curved antero-posteriorly.

Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.
P. 5385. Three imperfect abraded series of median teeth, with a few
first lateral ; Bracklesham. The median teeth measure
respectively, 0-021 by 0-005, 0-032 by 0-007, and 0-038
by 0-008. Presented hy P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

38837. Series of five median teeth, with portions of two lateral rows ;

Bracklesham. Bowerhank Coll.

43102. Abraded series of seven median teeth, with portions of two
lateral series on each side ; Bracklesham. The median
teeth measure 0-031 by 0-007. Wetherell Coll.

25663. A very similar, hut slightly larger specimen ; Bracklesham.

Di.von Coll.

i2

116

SELACniI.

P. 1505a, P.15051), P. 1507d. Three small specimens; Brack-
losham. The first is referred to M. the present

writer, loc. cit. p. 43. Eijirton Coll.

P . 3049, P. 4457 d, e. Four medium-sized examples ; Bracklcsham.
The median teeth of the largest measure 0-037 by 0-008.

EnnisJcillen Coll.

Myliobatis toliapicuS; Agassiz.

184.3. Myhdbatis toUapicus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. P-
pi. xlvii. figs. 15-20.

1843. Myliohatia suturaUs, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 322, pi. xPi.
12-10.

1843. Myhuhatis nitidns, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 82.5.

1847. Myliohatk atriatus, II. Owen {non Agassiz), Ann. Mag. Nat. His .
[1] vol. xix. p. 25, woodcut.

(?) 1850. Myliobatis toliapicus, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. v, p ■
figs. ,3-5.

1888. Myliobatu toliapicus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. IBs •
[OJ vol. i. p. 45.

Type. Lower dentition ; British Museum.

Dentition comparatively thin, the coronal contour flat in the lower
jaw, nearly so in the upper. Longitudinal superficial stria; scarcely
apparent. Median teeth in the adult at least six times as broad as
long ; lateral teeth as broad as long, more or less diamond-shape .

iorm. Loc. Barton Clay- (Uiipor Eocene) : llampshire. Brae '
losham Beds (Middle Eocene) ; Sussex. London Clay (Lower
Eocene) ; Isle of Shoppey. Lower Eocene : Belgium.

Upper Dentition. — (i.) London Clay, Isle of Sheppey.

P. 1494. Connected series of nine median teeth, with remains of
three lateral rows. Eyerton Co

30892. Much abraded si)ecimcn, with fragments of cartilage.

Purchcised, 1856.

P. 1506 a. Connected series of seven median plates, with remains
of two lateral rows. Ejerton Co

P. 528. Connected series of six median teeth, probably belonging to
a young individual of this species, named M. nitidus^ by
Agassiz, loc. cit. It is described by the present writer,
loc. cit. p. 45. Eyerton Coll.

(ii.) Bracklcsham Beds, Bracklcsham Bay.

P. 436 a. Two series of small median teeth. Eurcliased, 1882.

MTXIOBATID^.

117

40254. Connected scries of six median teeth, young.

Edwards Coll.

35658. Connected series of five median teeth, -with two of the first
lateral row ; coronal surface mostly much abraded, having
the appearance described by Agassiz in the so-called M.
punctatus. Dixon Coll.

P. 1507 f. Three median teeth, with the first lateral row of each
side, belonging to a very young individual either of this
species or M. striatus. Each median tooth measures
approximately 0-011 m. by 0-002 m. E-jerton Coll.

Lower Dentition. — (i.) London Clay, Isle of Sheppey.

P. 3038. Type specimen. Ennisldllen Coll.

28764. Conneeted series of nine median teeth, with remains of two
lateral rows. Purchased, 1853.

P. 3042. Very large specimen, with first lateral row broad and
irregular ; noticed by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 45.

Ennisldllen Coll.

35693. Fragmentary dentition of young individual.

Purchased, 1859.

(ii.) Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay.

25669-70, 25672. Three examples of moderate size, and one small ;

the first is noticed, loc. cit. p. 45. Dixon Coll.

38850-54. Five fine specimens ; the last noticed, loc. cit. p. 45.

Bowerhank Coll.

25613. Specimen figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. x. figs. 3, 4.

Dixon CoTl.

P. 3039. Connected scries of 13 median teeth, with two lateral rows
on each side. Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 1505. Three fragmentary examples. Ejerton Coll.

P. 1505 c, P. 1507 c. Two small specimens; noticed, loc. cit. p. 45.

Eja-ion Coll.

P. 436. Small abraded connected series of seven median teeth.

Purchased, 1882.

P. 5426. Two small specimens.

Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

118

SELACHn.

(iii.) Barton Clay, Barton Cliff.

P. 1500, Connected series of 12 median teeth, with two lateral rows
on each side. Egerton Coll-

(iv.) Lower Eocene, near Brussels, Belgium.

42856. Connected series of six median teeth, with two lateral rows.

Van Breda Coll.

P. 1510. Fragment of dentition, showing three lateral rows of teeth.

Egerton Coll-

Myliobatis latidens, A. S. Woodward.

1888. Myliobatis latidens^ A. S. Woodward, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. i. p. 45, pi. i. figs. 11, 12.

Type- Lower dentition ; British Museum.

A small species. Coronal contour of lower dentition flat, that of
the upper only slightly transversely arched. Median teeth in adult
not loss than eight times as broad as long ; lateral teeth at least as
broad as long.

Form. ^ Loe. Bracklesham Bods (Middle Eocene) : Sussex.

25630 a. One of the type specimens ; figured, loc- cit- pi. i- fiS’

Diivon Coll-

P. 1507 g. Second type specimen; figured, loc. cit. pi. i. Ag-

Egerton Coll-

25630, 25637, 25672. Three similar specimens, the second showino
two series of lateral tooth on each side. Dixon CoU-

P. 1506 a. Abraded series of six median teeth of large individual ,
referred to, loc. cit. p. 46. Egerton Coll-

25656. Portion of upper dentition doubtfully assigned to this species ,
figured, loc. cit. ifi. i. fig. 13. Divon Coll-

The two species M. gyratus and M.jugalis, ascribed by Agassiz
to the London Clay of Sheppey, are probably founded upon the
abraded dentition of one of the foregoing species.

Myliobatis stokesii, Agassiz.

1843. Myliobatis stolcesii, L. Agassiz, Polss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 318, pi. xlvii.
figs. 1, 2.

'I\jpe. Half of lower dentition ; British Museum.

Crown of median tooth very thick, though flattened, in the middle

' Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, pp. 323, 324, pi. xlvi. figs. 1-3, pi. xlvii. figs- 13, 14'

MYLIOBATID^.

119

portion, rapidly becoming thinner on each side ; the extremities of
this tooth are more or less backwardly reflexed, and the lateral teeth
narrow, sixHsided, and somewhat obliqne.

Form. 4r Loc- Miocene : Maltese Islands.

Upper Dentition.

41768. Connected series of seven broken median teeth, measuring
0-039 m. by 0-0055 m. The extremities of the teeth are
not so much reflexed as those of the lower jaw.

Purchased, 1869.

P. 1493. Large, much broken specimen, showing portions of ten
median teeth and two lateral series, and exhibiting the
same characters as the preceding. The median teeth
measure 0-057 by 0-0075. Egerton Coll.

Lower Dentition.

P. 460. Typo specimen. Egerton Coll.

43036. Fine example, smaller than the type, showing two lateral
rows ; Isle of Gozo. The median teeth are reflexed at the
extremities, and measure 0-032 by 0-004-0-0055.

Presented hy the Rev. Greville Chester, 1871.

Myliobatis angustidens, Sismonda.

1849. Myliobatis angustidens, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. I. p. 62, pi. ii. %3. 56, 56.

1877. Myliobatis angustidens, A. Issel, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genova, vol. x. p. 328.

Type. Lower dentition ; School of Engineering, Turin.

Crown of lower dentition flat ; median teeth in adult about ten
times as broad as long ; lateral teeth longer than broad, somewhat
oblique.

Form. ^ hoc. Pliocene : Tuscany.

47030. Six fragments of lateral and median teeth, determined by
Lawley to belong to this species ; Lower Pliocene, Orciano,
Tuscany. Purchased, 1875.

Myliobatis (?) ttimidens, sp. nov.

An incompletely definable species, probably of Myliobatis, is indi-
cated by the following median teeth from the Red Crag of Suffolk.
The coronal contour is sharply raised in the middle, as in M. ju-
gosus, Leidy, difi’ering only from the latter tooth in the greater rela-
tive breadth of the rounded elevation.

120

SELACniI.

P. 5580. Type specimen ; a median tooth, measuring nearly 0'05 in
breadth and O'Ol in length ; much abraded.

Harford OoU.

44043. Two thirds of median tooth ; Woodbridgo. Purchased, 1873.

30905 a. Fragment of a similar smaUor tooth ; Woodbridge.

Purchased, 1856.

Nos. 43315-6 {Purchased, 1872) are two abraded thick-crowned
median teeth ot Myliohatk ovAetohatis, from the Eed Crag of Wood-
bridge, Suffolk.

The. following detached barbed caudal spines appear to be gencri-
cally indeterminable, and may probably in part be referable to
unknown Trjgonidco :

(i.) Bracklesham Beds, Bracklcsham Bay, Sussex.

25701-2. Fragment of Myliohatxs oweni, Agas8.,”‘ figured in
Dixon’s Foss. Suss. pi. x. fig. 10. Also two more com-
plete examples. Pixon Coll.

28085. One fragmentary specimen similar to the last, and one other
smaller. Presented by id hJ. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

25702 c. Specimen of Myliohatis toliajpicus, Agass.^ figured by Dixon,
op. at. pi. X. fig. 36. pixon Coll.

25702 a. Comparatively smooth example.
25702 b. Fragment of small unabraded spine.
38861-2. Two fragmentary examples.

P. 1511 a, b. Nearly complete small spines.

PLvon Coll.
PLvon Coll.
Powerhank Coll.
Eyerton Coll.

V W a namp.shire.

S27. irndoscnhed type specimen of JiyZwJafemaromoZu, Agassiz,
tom. at. p. 331. Coll.

28878. Nearly complete much larger spine. Paniels Coll.

p _ Cn-1 i^oroign localities.

ase of spine. Foccne, near Brussels. Egerton Coll.
36818. Fragment from the Miocene of the Isle of Gozo.

Presented by Prof, A. Leith Adams, 1862.
P. 1513. Brjen fragments from the Eocene of Clarke’s Co., Alabama,

Egerton Coll.

’ Foss. Tol. iii. p, 3si, pi. xly, figs. n_i3.

JsOCt cit, pi, xlv, figs. 21—23

SfTI.TOBATrDJE,

121

The following species have also been founded upon specimens of
the fossil dentition, hut there are no examples in the Collection : —
Myliohatis alhis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv.
(1888), p. 40, pi. vii. figs. 1, 2. — Oamaru Formation ; New
Zealand.

Myliohatis americanus, A. Bravard, Monografia de los terrenes
marinos tcrciarios de los Cercanias del Farana, 1858.
Myliohatis anyustm, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 326 (name only). — “Eckelshcim, Valley of the Bhine.”
Myliohatis apennitvis, O. G. Costa, Pal. Begno Napoli, pt. i.
(1850), p. 129, pi. vii. fig. 8 ; A. Issol, Ann. ilus. Civ. Stor.
Nat. Genova, vol. x. (1877), p. 3:39. — Mormanno, S. Italy.
Myliohatis areiintiis, J. W. Davis (non Schafhautl), loe. cit. p. 40,
pi. vi. figs. 20, 21. — Oamaru Formation ; New Zealand.
Myliohatis hellardii, A. Isscl, tom. cit, p. 331, woodc. — Miocene
(? Lower Tongrian) ; Carcare.

Myliohatis histilcns, O. C. Marsh, Proc. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
1809, p. 229. — Eocene Marl ; Mammoth Co., New Jersey.
[See M. fastiyiatus.'\

Myliohatis hrongniarti, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 324 (name only). —
Tertiary ; Ghent, Belgium.

Myliohatis colei, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 325 (name only). — London
Clay; Sheppey.

Myliohatis curvipalatus, B. L3-dekker, Pal. Ind. ser. 10, vol. iii.

(1886), p. 244, pi. XXXV. fig. 9. — Eocene ; Each, India.
Myliohatis dimorphas, E. Delfortric, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 227, pi. xi. fig. 39. — Epper Miocene ;
Leognan, Gironde.

Myliohatis diomedea, It. Ic lion. Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert. Bel-
gique, 1871, p. 13. — Eocene; Belgium.

Myliohatis duplicatus, G. von Miiustcr, Beitr. Petrefakt. pt. vii.

(1846), p. 24. — Tertiary; Vienna Basin.

Myliohatis eleyans, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Vcncto-Trent. Sci. Nat.

vol. V. (1878), p. 279. — M. Eocene ; N. Ital)%

Myliohatis enreodon, K. E. Schafhiiutl, Sud-Bayerns Leth. Geogn.

(1863), p. 238. — E. Eocene ; Bavaria.

Myliohatis fastigiatus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1876,
p. 86; also Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877),
p. 238, pi. xxxi. fig. 11, pi. xxxiii. fig. 6.^ — Eocene Marl ;
Monmouth Co., New Jersey. [This species is founded upon
the upper dentition, and Leidy suggests that it may pertain
to the species of which Iklarsh described the lower dentition
under the name of M. himlcus.'\

122

SELAOHII.

Myliohatis funiculatus, E. Delfortrie, tom.cit. p. 226, pi. x. fig. 38.
— Upper Miocene ; Ldognan.

Myliohatis gigas, E. D. Cope, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. PHlad. 1867,
p. 140; also J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii-
(1877), p. 241, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4. M. vicomicanus, E. D-
Cope, tom. cit. p. 140, and J. Leidy, tom. cit. p. 242,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 5. As suggested by Leidy, the latter is
almost certainly the lower dentition of the former. —
Miocene; Charles Co., Maryland, U.S.A.

Myliohatis granulosus, A. Issel, tom. cit. p. 335, woodc.— Pliocene ;
Bacedasco, Parmesan, N. Italy,

Myliohatis guyoti, M. Kouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii. 1858,
p. 101. — Miocene ; Rennes, lUe-et-Vilaine, France.

Myliohatis holmesii, R. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. i.
(1850), p. 299, pi. xlii. figs. 1-3. Myliohatis magister,
J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1876, p. 86 ; and Journ. Acad.
Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 233, pi. xxxiii. fig. 7.—
Ashley River Phosphate Beds, South Carolina.

Myliohatis jugosus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1876, p. 86 ; also
Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 240, pi. xxxi.
figs. 4, 5. — Marl ; Vincenttown, Burlington Co., New J ersey.

Myliohatis Imvis, H. von Meyer, Ncues Jahrb. 1844, p. 333.—
Lower Miocene ; Weinheim, Hessen-Darmstadt.

Myliohatis leognanensis, E. Delfortrie, tom. cit. p. 228, pi. xi. fig-
— Upper Miocene ; Leognan.

Myliohatis ligusticus, A. Issel, tom. cit. p. 320, woodc.— Lower
Pliocene; San Fruttuoso, Valley of Bisagno, N. Italy.
[Probably identical with M. meridionalis, Gervais.]

Myliohatis meridionalis, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang., Poiss-
Foss. (1852), p. 15, pi. Ixxix. figs. 2-4. Myliohatis
crassiis, P . Gervais, ihul. figs. 5, 6. — Pliocene ; Mont-
pellier, Languedoc, France. [? Spines figured, op. cit.
pi. Ixxx. figs. 6, 7.]

Myliohatis micropleurus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 318, pi. xlvi. fig. 17.
The formation and locality of the type (Faujas CoU., Paris
Museum) are unknown, but it was probably derived from
the Molasso of Maraval, near Castries, Herault. From
this locality a lower dentition is described and figured by
P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang., Poiss. Foss. (1852), p. 15,
pi. Ixxx. fig. 4 ; an upper dentition by P. Gervais, Zool.
et Pal. Ge'ncr. (1869), pi. xlvii. fig. 10. Another speci-
men, either of this species or M. dixoni, from the Faluns
of Merignac, is described and figured by P. M. Pedroni,

MTLIOBATID^.

123

fils, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xiii. (1843), p. 291,
pi. ii. figs. 1, 2.

Myliohatis microrhizus, E. Delfortrie, tom. dt. p. 225, pi. x. fig. 37 ;
A. Issel, tom. eit. p. 337. — U. Miocene ; Ldognan. Also
Pliocene, Tuscany (R. Lawley , Nuovi Studi &o. 1876, p. 47).
Myliohatis mordax, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1876, p. 86 ; also
Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 234, pi. xxxiii.
figs. 1-3. — Ashley-River Phosphate Beds, South Carolina.
Myliohatis omhonii, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.

vol. V. (1878), p. 278. — M. Eocene ; N. Italy.

Myliohatis pachyodon, E. D. Cope, tom. eit. 1867, p. 140 ; also
J. Leidy, Joum. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 242,
pi. xxxii. fig. 6. — Miocene ; Charles Co., Maryland.
[Doubtfully distinct from M. yigas. Cope.]

Myliohatis plieatilis', J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 39, pi. vi. figs. 16-19.

— Oamaru Formation ; Now Zealand.

Myliohatis jtressidens, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1844, p. 332 ;
also PaliEontogr. vol. i. (1848), p. 149, pi. xx. figs. 5, 6.
M. arcuatus, K. E. Schafhautl, SUd-Bay. Leth. Gcogn.
(1863), p. 238, pi. Ixii. fig. 14. — U. Eocene; Kressen-
berg, Bavaria.

Myliohatis reyleyi, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 320, pi. 46. figs. 6-11.

— Eocene ; near Brussels, Belgium.

Myliohatis rivkrei, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol. vi.

(1880), p. 623, pi. xi. fig. 3. — U. Eocene ; Montmartre.
Myliohatis rugosus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855, p. 395.
Myliohatis ohesus, J. Leidy, ibid. p. 396; also Joum.
Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 236, pi. xxxi. figs.
6-10, pi. xxxiv. fig. 44. — Tertiary Greensand; New Jersey.
Myliohatis salentinus, U. Botti, Atti Soc. Tosc. vol. iii. (1878),
p. 371, woodc. — Middle Miocene ; Galugnano, S. Donato.
Myliohatis serratus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 184.3, p. 703.
— Lower Miocene ; Flonhoim, Hessen-Darmstadt. [? Spine
figured by K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Paheont. vol. iii. pt. i.
1887, p. 101, woodc. fig. 114.]

Myliohatis serratus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855, p. 395 ;
also Journ. Acad. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 239, pi.
xxxii. fig. 5. — Eocene Marl ; Burlington Co., New Jersey.
Myliohatis strobeli, A. Issel, tom. cit. p. 326, woodc. — PUoceno (?) ;
Mulazzano, N. Tuscany.

* To this species probably belong some fragmentary indeterminable teeth
from Canterbury, New Zealand (42020, Presented by J. Davies Enys, Esq., 1870),
and from the Xrelissick Beds (P. 2310, By exchange, 1876).

124

SELACHII.

Myliohati^ superhm, M. von Ilanlkcn, Mitth. Jahrb. kon. ungar.
geol. Anstalt (Pest, 1875), yol.iii. pt, iii. p. 3G9, pi. xx. —
Tertiary ; Central Hungary.

Myliolatis testm, II. A. Philippi, Pa]®ontogr. vol. i. (1840), p. 25,
pl. ii. fig. 8 ; A. Isscl, tom. cit. p. 333. — Formation and
locality doubtful, but probably found with Carcharodon
meyctlodon near llagusa, Sicily.

Mylioha^ transversals, R. W. Gibbes, tom. cit. p. 299, pl. Ixii.

l^alirstone (Eocene) Formation ; Orangeburg,
South Carolina.

„ much abraded tooth have been referred to

MyhohaUspunefaUs, Agass.,” by P. GciTais, Zool. et Pal. Frang.,

p. n, pl. t,. {, A. I.„l, m,. elt.

p. 38, and 11. Law%, Nuovi Studi &c. 1870, p. 48.

A complete fish is known from the Upper Eocene of Monto Polca,
near erona having been described by Baron Achillo do Zigno under

l/azolai, Mem. E. Istit. Vencto, vol. xxii.
(1887), p. 081, pl. V. fig. 1.

_ The following detached barbed spines have been named, belonging
in part to Myhohat is and other Myliobatidco, but perhaps also to

unknown Trygonid® > i i

Myhohatis amtHs, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p.331,

nr r i I^o'nlon Clay ; Isle of Sheppey.

Myliobats {Zyyohatis) acuminatus, M. von Meyer, Ncuos Jahrb.

nr T I Pliocene ; ■\Vcinheim.

Mylmbat^ crmalicuhtas, E. Agassiz, to,a. p. 331, pl. xlv. figs.

“ ’ • IV iirtt. .Tahresh. vol. xx.viii. (1877),

P- , p . li. dg. 2. — London Clay ; Sheppey. Molasse,
Baltnngcn (Prokst). “

A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Yencto, vol. xxii.
i,j- T 7 • / — Ujiper Eocene; Monte Jiolca.

y 10 atis faujasii •, Ptychacanthns {Plychopleurus) faiijasii, L.
Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 07 (1838), pl. xlv. figs. 1-i Piquant
de Pasfenaque, Fanjas St. Fond, Ann. Museum I’aris,
vol XIV. (1809), pl. xxiv. figs. 1-3. Also Myliobatis, sp.,

. orvais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. Poiss. Foss.( 18.52), p. 10, pl.

10 7-; ^(i'nicno; near Aigues-Mortes, Gard, France.

IfyhohaUs yvrmulims, P. M. Pedroni, Actes See. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xm 0843), p. 292, pl. i. fig^. 42, 43.-Faluns ;
Saucats, Gironde.

Mylwhatis yraoilis,^ G. yon Miinstor, Bcitr. Petrefakt. pt. vii.

( ), p. 25, pl. iii. fin._ 4. j 94^ —

Miocene; Vienna and Baltringen.

MTLIOBATID^.

125

MyJiobatis Jiaidingeri, G. von Munster, op. cit. pt. vii. p. 24,
pl.iii. fig. 3; J. I’robst, tom. cit. p. 03. — Miocene; Vienna
and Baltringen.

Myliohatis lateralis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 331, pi. xlv. figs. 24-27.

— London Clay ; Isle of Slieppey.

Myliohatis leptacanihus, A. de Zigno, tom. cit. p. 686, pi. v. fig. 5.
— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.

Myliohatis marginalis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 331. — Upper
Eocene ; Barton Cliff.

Myliohatis oweni, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 331, pi. xlv. figs. 11-13 ;
F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. jd. x. fig. 10. — Middle Eocene;
Bracklesham Bay.

Myliohatis {Zyyohatis) rima, II. von ileycr, Neues Jahrb. 1844,
p. 334. — L. Miocene ; Weinbeim, Hessen-Darmstadt.
Myliohatis (Zyyohatis) ruyosus, II. von Meyer, Eeues Jahrb.

1844, p. 335. — L. Miocene; Weinbeim.

Myliohatis speciosvs, G. von Munster, op. cit. pt. v. (1842) p. 67.

— Miocene; Ifeuddrfl, near Vienna.

Myliohatis sternheryii, L. Agassiz, ton*, cit. p. 330, pi. xlv. fig. 10. —
Valley of Brenta.

Myliohatis <uZwp!Ci«,L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 331, pi. xlv. figs.21-23;
F. Dixon, op. cit. pi. x. fig. 36. (?) F. Noetling, Abb. Geol.

Specialk. rreusseu u.Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885),
p. 22, pi. ii. fig. 2. — Eocene ; S.E. England.

Bates hiserratus, J. Probst, Wiiitt. Jabresb. vol. xxxiii. (1877),
p. 02, pi. ii. fig. 5. — Molasse ; Baltringen, AVurtemberg.
Bates Jlaitans, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 01, xd. ii. fig. 4. — Molasse ;
Baltringen.

Bates lineatus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 00, id. ii. fig. 3.— Molasse ;
Baltringen.

Bates sjicetahilis, J. Probst, tom. dt. p. 88, pi. ii. fig. 1. — Molasse;
Baltringen.

Vertebrae supjjosed to be referable to Myliohatis arc described by
C. Basse (Xaturl. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Tbeil, p. 154), from the
Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary of the Continent.

Genus RHINOPTERA, Miiller (“ ea; Kuhl”),

[Abb. pbys.-matb. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1834, p. 236.]

Syn. Zygfjbates, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 328.

Mylorhina, T. GUI, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. viii.

1867, p. 136. ’

Miermrusus, T. Gill, tom. cit. p. 1.36.

Head free from the disk ; so-called cephalic fins paired. Teeth

126

SELACHII,

broad, flat, tessellated, in five or more series, the middle being the
largest, the first, or first and second, lateral series on each side some-
what smaller, and the others approximately as broad as long ; the
dentition of both jaws strongly arched antcro-posteriorly. Dental
crown smooth or slightly striated ; attached surface of tooth longi-
tudinally ridged and grooved. Tail with dorsal fin in front of a
barbed spine.

The crowns of the teeth, when unworn, are usually very thick,
but, after having been long in function, they become relatively thin.
The thickness of the teeth, therefore, sometimes noted in specific
descriptions, does not furnish a reliable diagnostic character.

Rhinoptera daviesii^ sp. nov.

Type. Portion of dentition (PI. III. figs. 6, 6 «) ; British Museum.

Teeth transversely channelled, arranged in nine antero-posterior
series. Each tooth of the median row is about four times as broad
as long ; the teeth of the first and second lateral rows are also much
transversely elongated, being respectively about three and two-and-a-
half times as broad as long ; the teeth of the two outer rows are
slightly broader than long.

Form. ^ Loe. London Clay (Lower Eocene) : Isle of Sheppey.

P. 1514. Type specimen, gencrically determined by Mr. William
Davies. The fossil consists of a large portion of the denti-
tion with parts of the ptorygo-quadrate and mandibular
cartilages, embedded in hard clay. The teeth of one jaw
are much scattered and displaced, but those of the other
are scarcely disturbed, being shown in transverse section
surrounding the cartilage, and more than half exposed from
above. The upper aspect of the dentition, as far as pre-
served, is shown of the natural size in PL HI- ® >
the crowns of the teeth have the appearance of being chan-
nelled in the direction of their long axes, and they exhibit
a curious mode of interlocking antero-posteriorly, well seen
in the transverse fracture (PI. III. fig. 6 a). The dental
crown is thin and its lower portion is produced into a pro-
jecting ridge anteriorly, which fits into a corresponding
groove upon the posterior face of the tooth immediately iu
front, and is firmly held by a small projecting ledge ap-
parently from the root of that tooth. Such an arrange-
ment has already been described by Agassiz in It. studeri .
The root exhibits the usual antero-posterior grooves and
ridges. Eyerton GoU.

'■ Poiss. Foss. Tol. iii, p. 333, pi, R. flg. 4.

MTLIOBATIDiB.

127

Rhinoptera studeri (Agassiz).

1843. Zt/ffobaten studeri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 329, 333,
pi. R. figs. 3-6.

1882. Zygobates studeri, II. E. Sauvage, M6m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. p. 67, pi. i. figs. 17, 18.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

A species at present indefinable.

Form. 4‘ Loc- Dower Miocene (Molasse) : Switzerland, (?) and
France.

P. 1523. Two teeth, one apparently median, the other first lateral,
bearing Agassiz’s MS. label. These must be regarded as
the type-specimens of the species ; Soleure. Egerton Coll.

P. 3062. Two teeth ; Soleure. Ennishillen Coll.

Rhinoptera woodward! (Agassiz).

1843. Zygobates woodwardi, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 329,
333, pi. R. figs. 6, 7.

1880. Shinoptera tcoodivardi, A. Giinther, Introd. Study of Fishes,
p. 34C, woodc. fig. 132.

Type. Detached teeth.

An indefinable species probably of this genus. The restored
figure of the dentition given by Dr. Giinther is hypothetical.

Form. <Sf Loc. Red Crag and Norwich Crag (Pliocene) : Suffolk,
Norfolk.

P. 4934. Median (?) dental plate ; Red Crag, Suffolk.

Presented hy J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 1524. Fragments ; Norwich Crag, Norwich. Egerton Coll.

Detached teeth of Rhinoptera have also been described from the
Phosphate Beds of South Carolina, under the name of Zygohatis
dubius, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855, p. 396, and Joum. Acad.
Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 247, pi. xxxi. figs. 21-37.

Vertebra) supposed to be referable to this genus are also described
by C. Hasse (Natiirl. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 160), from the
Upper Cretaceous of Aix and Maastricht, and the Lower Eocene of
Brussels.

Genus AETOBATIS, Miiller & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841 p. 179.]

Syn. Oonidxitis, Le Hon, Prelim. M4m. Poiss. Tert. Belg. 1871, p. 10
Head free from the disk ; so-called cephalic fins paired. Teeth

128

SELACHII.

flat, relatively very broad, in a single antero-postcrior series. The
upper dentition is strongly arched antcro-posteriorly, with the teeth
slightly and irregularly curved ; the lower dentition is flat, and the
teeth are either straight, or more or less angularly bent in the middle.
Dental crown smooth or slightly striated ; attached surface of root
longitudinally ridged and grooved.

In this genus there is much loss variability in the relations of the
length and breadth of the teeth according to ago than \n MyUuhatis
blit the form of the lower teeth is so inconstant, that species cannot
be determined upon the evidence of the lower dentition alone.

As already recognized by Dolfortrio', Lc lion’s genus Ooniobatis
is founded upon a fragment of the lower dentition of the present
form.

Aetobatis irregularis, Agassiz.

1843. Aetobatis irreyularis, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. P-
pi. 47. figs. .3-5.

1850. Aetobatis irregularis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 200, pi. x. figs.
pi. xi. figs. 2-4.

18.50. Aetobatis rectus, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. 201, pi. xi. fig. 8.

(?) 1885. Aetobatis irregularis, F. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.
u. Thliring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. .3, p. 27, pi. ii. figs. 4, 5.

Type. Fragment of upper dentition ; Ilritish Museum.

Dental plates of the upper jaw with a relatively low crown, ex-
hibiting scarce!}' any elevation in the median portion ; the anterior
and posterior border of each tooth usually more or less irregular, and
the extremities gradually curved backwards.

A detached tooth has been described by Dixon as A. rectus on
account of its being somewhat straightcr than the majority referable
to this species ; but the differences are very slight and appear to be
diminished by intermediate specimens, so that we venture to regard
it as a variety.

tonn, ^ Loe. London Clay (Lower Eocene) : Isle of Sheppey.
Bracklesham Beds (Middle Eocene) : Bracklesham Bay, feussex.
Barton Clay (Dpper Eocene) : Barton Cliffs, Uamiishire.

P. 3054. Typo specimen, figured and described by Agassiz, loe. cit. ;

Isle of Shoppey. EnnislciUen Coll.

38836. Portion of upper dentition ; Isle of Sheppey.

Boiuerbanlc Coll.

38835. Portions of upper and lower dentition, naturally associated ;

Isle of Sheppey. Bowerhanh Coll.

^ Actes Soc, Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. 1871j p* 229.

myliobatid-j:.

129

P. 1519. Portion of upper dentition ; Braeklesham. Egerton Coll.

40524. Rolled fragment of upper dentition ; Braeklesham.

Purchased, 1867.

25616. Type specimen of A. rectus, Dixon ; Braeklesham.

DLvmi Coll

P. 5429. Similar specimen ; Braeklesham.

Presented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.
40263. Small upper dental plate ; Braeklesham. Edwards Coll.

P. 3506. Two detached upper dental plates, and two in natural
association; Braeklesham. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 1519 a. Fragments of upper dental plates, one perfect, and two in
natural association; Braeklesham. Egerton Coll.

P.5588. Connected series of si.x imperfect upper teeth; Brackles-
ham. Harford Coll.

P. 1517. Upper dental plate and fragment ; Barton Cliff.

Egerton Cold.

P. 3055. Portion of lower dentition, showing parts of ten plates ;

Isle of Sheppej . Ehiniskdlen Coll.

25618, 25626. Single dental plate, and series of four, referable to the
lower jaw, figured by Dixon as pertaining to the present
species, oq>. ctt. pi. xi. figs. 3, 4 ; Braeklesham.

Idi.ron Coll.

25622. Series of three lower dental plates ; Braeklesham.

Dixon Cold.

Aetobatis marginalis, Dixon.

1850. Aetobatis marginalis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 201, pi. xii. fig. 1.

Type. Portion of upper dentition ; British Museum.

The coronal surface is much raised in the middle, thus exhibiting
a strongly arched contour, and the tooth attains a considerable thick-
ness. The crown becomes suddenly flattened a short distance from
each extremity, producing a small marginal area marked with large
longitudinal wrinkles.

Form. Loc. Braeklesham Beds (Jliddle Eocene) : Braeklesham
Bay, Sussex.

25624. Type simcimen figured by Dixon, lot. eit. Dixon Coll.

25625. Fragment of two connected upper dental plates, referred to
by Dixon, loc. cit. (joll.

P. 5428. Fragments of three teeth.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

K

130

SBLACHII.

Aetobatis, sp. iiid.

43317, 44050. Fragments of dental plates ; lied Crag, W oodbridgo,
Suffolk. Purchased,

The following detached dental plates are referable to the lower
jaw of Aetobatis, but cannot be specifically determined. They arc
all from the Middle Eocene of Bracklesham Bay, and most of them
probably belong to A. irregularis : —

25619, 25629. Gently curved plates, the former described by Dixon
{op. cit. p. 201, pi. xi. fig. 7) under the name of
arcuatus, Agass. Dkron Co

P. 3058. Gently curved plate, of similar type to the preceding.

Eniiishillen Coll

P. 5430. Two similar specimens.

Presented by P. E. Goombe, Esq., 188^

25617*. Small worn plate, described by Dixon {op. cit. p. 200, pi-

fig, 6) as typo of new species, A. suheonve.rus.

Diron Coll

25627, 25628, 29033. Nine detached places, and two naturall)
united, approaching type described by Dixon {op-
p. 200, pi. xi. fig. 5) as A. convexus. Dixon Co

P. 3057, P. 3060. Five similar detached plates. EnnislnUen Coll
P. 1518. Five similar detached plates. Egerton CoV

P. 5431. Four specimens. Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq-, I88b

The following species have been founded upon detached teeth, bu
they are mostly undefined, the types being usually fragments of t o
lower dentition : —

Aetobatis arcuatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p- 327.--
Molasse ; Switzerland. Numerous other Tertiary teet
have hcen referred to this species by Cope (Proc. '
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1807, p. 139), Leidy (Jouni. Acad. Nah
Sci. Philad. [2j viii, p. 245, pi. xxxi. figs. 14-18), Gcrvais
(Pal.Franq. pi. 80. figs. 1-3), Delfortrie (Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. p. 228, pi. xi. fig. 41), and Probst
(Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxiii. 1877, pi. i- fig- 28).

Aetobatis brevisulcus, II. Lc Hon, Prtdim. Mem. Poiss. Tort. Belg.

1871, p. 13 (name only). — Eocene; Belgium.

Aetobatis giyanleus, K. E. Schafhiiutl, Siid-Bayerns Leth. Geogn.
(1863), p. 237, pi. Ixiii. fig. 10. — U. Eocene; Bavaria.

MYLIOBATID.®. 131

Atlobatis meneghinii, F. Bassani, Atti Soo. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. (1878), p. 278.— Eocene ; N. Italy.

Aeiobatis omaliusi : Goniobatis omaliusi, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem.
Poiss. Tert. Belgique, 1871, p. 10, woodc. — Pliocene;
Belgium.

Aetobatis omaliusi, var. cuHuUns, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 230, pi. xi. figs. 43-45.—
Upper Miocene ; Lcoguan, Gironde.

Aeiobatis omaliusi, var. latidens, E. Delfortrie, tom. cit. p. 229,
pi. xi. fig. 42. — Lower Miocene ; Taulignan, Drome.

Aeiobatis jterspicuus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855,
p. 390; also .Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhUad. [2] vol. viii.
(18/ / ), p. 244, pi. XXXI. fig. 13. — Eocene (?) ; Monmouth
Co., New Jersey, U. S. A.

Aeiobatis profundus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1867, p. 139 ;
.1. Leidy, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877),
p. 246, pi. xxxi. figs. 19, 20.— Phosphate Beds; South
Carolina.

Aeiobatis sxilcatius, L. Agassiz, tom. eit. p. 326, pi. xlvi. figs. 4, 5.
— Form, and loc. unknown.

Aeiobatis tardiveli, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii. (1858),
p. 101. — Miocene ; Rennes, Ille-et-VLlaine, France.

A dental plate of Aeiobatis is referred in error to Myliobaiis
dixoni by F. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preuss. etc. vol. vi. pt. 3
(1885), p. 2/, pi. ii. fig. 3. Vertebrm from the Samland Eocene
are also doubtfully associated with this genus by Noetling, tom. eit.
p. 29, pi. viii. figs. 3-5.

^ ertebne supposed to be referable to Aeiobatis are described by
C. Hasse (Natiirl. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 157), from the
Cretaceous and Tertiaries of the Continent.

The genus and species Mesobatis eximius, Leidy’, have been
founded upon a jiortion of the dentition from the Ashley River Phos-
phate Beds, South Carolina, differing only from Aeiobatis in the
presence of a row of minute lateral teeth, occupying the interspaces
of the bevelled ends of the broad teeth.

A dermal tubercle from the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina
is assigned to Ceratoptera (Miiller and Henlc) under the name of
C. unios, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
(1877), p. 248, pi. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2.

' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855, p. 396 (Aetohatis) ; and ,Toum. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii. (1877), p. 214, pi. xxxi. fig. 12.

k2

132

SELACHII.

The following extinct genera, being known only by the dentition
and vcrtebraj, are provisionaUy associated with the family of Mylio-
batidae, Apoeopodon has already been placed here by Cope, and
the present writer^ has suggested that this genus is not improbably
a link between the more typical members of the family and the
Cretaceous Ptychodus.

Genus APOCOPODON, Cope.

[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. 1886, p. 2.]

Median teeth quadrate in form ; side teeth with irregularly an-
gnlated lateral extremities. Crown elevated, separated from the
root by a constriction, the grinding surface covered by a dense layer,
with fine antero-posterior wrinkles ; attached surface of root with
few, verjf shallow grooves.

Apocopodon sericem. Cope, loc. cit., is the only known species, from
the uppermost Cretaceous of Maria Farinha, Province of Pernam-
buco, Brazil.

Genus PTYCHODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 183t), p. 150.]

Syn. Aulodua, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. I860, p. .360.

Teeth quadrate in form, with elevated crown, somewhat over-
hanging, and sharply separated from the root by a constriction.
The crown is enamelled and ornamented with large transverse or
radiating ridges, surrounded by a more finely-marked marginal area,
of greater or less extent. The surface of attachment of the root is
smooth.

Fig. 6.

Diagram of arrangement of teeth of Ptychodus decurreus
A. Dpperjaw. B. Lower jaw.

Proc. Qeol. Assoc, rol. x. (1888), p. 207.

Eedueed from Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. (1888), p. 296.

JITLIOBATID.i;.

133

In the one jaw, presumably the lower (fig. 6, B), the median
series of teeth is the largest, and the lateral rows are arranged
symmetrically, diminishing in size to the left and right. In the
opposing dentition (fig. 6, A), the median series is very small,
and the first lateral row on each side large, with the outer lateral
series successively diminishing in size’.

The vertebrsB are very deep compared with their length, complete,
and apparently “ cyclospondylic ” in strncture. One example, from
the Chalk of Dorking, has been described by C, Hasse^, under the
name of SelarJu

Ptychodus mammillaris, Agassiz.

1822. Tooth allied to Diodon, G. A. Mantell, Foas. South Downs, p. 231,
pi. X.X.VU. figs. 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 27, 29.

1839. Ptychodm mammillarii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 151,
pi. XXV b. figs. 12-20 (? fig. 11).

1839. Ptychodm dcmrrem, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 154, pi. xxv. h. figa
3, 5.

1839. Ptychodm altior, L. .Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 155, pi. xxv. b. figs. 9,

10.

1845. Ptychodm mammillaris, A. E. Reuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreide-
form. pt. i. p. 2, pi. ii. figs. 11-13.

1850. Ptychodm mammillaris, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 361, pi. xxx.
fig. 6, pi. xxxi. fig. 4.

1850. Ptychodm mammillaris, II. B. Geinitz, Charact. bohm.-sachs-
isch. Kreidegeb. 2nd edit. p. 64, pi. xvii. fig. 7.

18.50. Ptychodus decurrens, II. B. Geinitz, op. cit. p. 64, pi. xvii.
fig.a 8-12.

1852. Ptychodm mammillaris, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscon, vol. xxv. pt. ii. p. 487, pi. xii. fig. .3, pi. xiiL fig. 3.

18*54. Ptychodm tnammillaris, F. J. Pictet, Pal^ont. 2nd edit. vol. ii.
p. 265, pL xxxviii. fig. 27.

1856. Ptychodm mammillaris, C. E. Fischer, Allgem. deutsch. naturh.
Zeit. Dresden, n. s. vol. ii. p. 139, pL ii. fig. 34.

1870. Ptychodm mammillaris, F, Roemer, Geol. von Oberschlesien,
p. 324, pi. xxxvi. fig. 8.

1872. Ptychodus ynammillaris, II. E. Sauvage, Biblioth. Ecole Ilautes
Etudes, voL v. art. 9, p. 16, pL ii. figs. 86-^9.

1875. Ptychodm mammillaris, H. B. Geinitz, Palaeontogr. vol. xx. pt. i.
p. 297, pi. btiv. fig. 26 ; pt. ii. p. 213, pi. xl. figs. 23-29.

1878. Ptychodus mammillaris,X. Fritsch, Rept. u. Fische bohm. Kreide-
form. p. 14, woodc. fig. 33.

' Science Gossip, vol. xii. (1885), p. 109.

“ Palaeontographica, vol. xxxi. (1884), p. 9, pi. ii. figs. 16, 17

134

SELACmi.

1878. iHychodw nwmmiltavk, St. Ziirecznego, Sprawozdanie Komi.syi
Fizyjograf. Galicyi, vol. xii. p. 201, pi. viii. fig. 9.

188.5. Ptychodus mammilkiriis, 1*'. A. Quonstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt. .3rd
edit. p. 282, pi. xxi. figs. 01, 02.

Type. Detached teeth ; British lluseum (in part).

The crowns of all the teeth are much elevated, the transverse!)'
ridged portion being sharply defined from the surrounding finely-
marked area. The latter is relafivelv extensive, and the delicate
rugae are mostly elongated, and concentric with the borders of the
crown : this area is al.so often marked by radiating grooves.

Form. ^ Loc. Senonian and Turonian ; S.E. England, France,
Germany. Turonian and Cenomanian : Belgium, Bohemia, and
Russia. Cretaceous: Delaware, U.S. A. (A;/«ss(‘r).

Except where otherwise stated, the following specimens were ob-
tained from undetermined horizons in the Upper or Lower Chalk : •

4408, 4394-6. Four of the type-specimens figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. 2.5 h. figs. 12, 14, 15, 18 ; Lewes, Sussex.

Mantell Coll.

25775, 28336. Two teeth figured by Dixon, oj>. ciV. ; Brighton,
Sussex. Dixon Coll.

28334. Sixteen naturally associated teeth and fragments in block
of Sussex Chalk. Dixon Coll.

28335. Three large teeth, and four smaller ; Brighton.

Dixon Coll.

4364, 4366-7. Three naturally associated series of teeth, one com-
prising ten teeth and fragments, the second nine, and the
third fourteen ; Lewes. Mantell Coll-

4397, 4399, 4401, 4404, 4406, 4414, 4426-7, 4430-33, 4435-43,
4447-8, 4450. Twenty-seven detached teeth ; Lowes.

Mantell Coll-

49838-9. Two groups of teeth, perhaps belonging to the same indi-
vidual ; Glynde, near Lowes. Capron Coll-

P. 5389. Group of eleven naturally associated teeth, with very
broad marginal area, and six similar teeth (including one
lower median), probably found with these ; Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

P. 5389 a. Another group of eleven teeth ; Lewes.

Presented hy P. E. Coonihe, Esq., 1888.

P. 5390 -1. Three large teeth and five small raised teeth ; Lewes.

Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

27032. Series of 23 large teeth, probably found associated ; Guild-
ford, Surrey. Purchased, 18.51.

49840-43. Teeth of large individuals ; Upper Chalk, Guildford.

Capron Coll.

47278. Fourteen detached teeth ; Dorking. Purchased, ISld.

47279. Group of about .37 naturally associated teeth ; Lower Chalk,
Dorking. Purchased , 18 1 h.

39126. Group of about 50 naturally associated teeth; Hailing,
Jvent. Bou'erhanh Coll.

39127. Group of about 3<i naturally associated teeth, including one
median upper ; near Chatham, Kent. Bowerhank Coll.

P. 1386-7. Eleven naturally associated teeth in block of Kentish
Chalk ; and six detached teeth. Eyerton Coll.

P. 4556. Fine crown of detached lower median tooth : Kent.

Enniskillen, Coll.

P. 5332-3. Two much-worn teeth, the second from llochestcr, Kent.

Purchased.

43266, 44028. Two detached teeth, one considerably worn ; Upper
Chalk, Warne’s Place, Rochester. Purchased, 1871, 1873.

P. 5334. Four associated teeth ; Cuxton, Kent. Purchased.

47902. Fourteen naturally associated teeth ; near Maidstone, Kent.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

35870. Similar tooth; Lower Chalk, Dover, Kent. Pifrcfiowff, 1861.

P. 5204. Block of chalk with seventeen teeth, more or less broken :
also three detached teeth ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Purchased, 1886.

P. 1388. Two broken teeth ; Lower Chalk, Heyteshurj’, Wiltshire.

Egerton Coll.

P. 2680, 2680 a, P. 4555. Group of sixteen naturally associated
teeth and fragments ; another of ten ; and two detached
teeth; Normandy. Enniskillen Coll.

]3G

SELACHir.

28720. Two teeth ; Cenomanian, Tournai, Belgium.

PureJmseeJ, 1853.

P. 1390. Six detached teeth from the same formation and locality.

Egerton CoV-

P. 4557. Two teeth ; Upper Green.sand or Chalk Marl, Montignies,
Belgium. Ennishillen CoU.

42862. Ihreo small teeth, probably of this species; lloueourt, near
Perustetz, Belgium. Van Breda GoU.

The following specimens are of a very coarsely marked variety:

4388 93, 4398, 4400, 4408,4446. Ten teeth, not improbably found
associated ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

49732. Portions of block of chalk, with 26 naturally associated
teeth ; Upper Chalk, Guildford. Oapron Coll.

49844. Three teeth, found associated ; Upper Chalk, Shalford, near
Guildford. Capron Coll.

35674. Detached tooth ; locality unknown. Bean Coll.

Ptychodus rugosus, Dixon.

1860. nycliodm myosus, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. .162, pi. xxxi. fig. 5-
850. Ptychodus altiorj F. Dixon {non Agassiz), op. cit. p* 362, pi. xxx.

fig. 10.

Type. Detached tooth.

The crowns of all the teeth are much elevated in the median
portion, and marked with coarse rounded ridges. The latter are
irregular and considerably interrupted, only about three being
usually complete upon the transversely ridged centre. Upon the
more finely marked surrounding area the ornament tends towards a
concentric arrangement.

In some of the teeth the median portion of the crown is raised
into a high, laterally compressed eminence, with smooth sides,
buch teeth have been described as referable to a distinct species,
P. altior, but the examples in the British Museum prove their
specific identity with P. rugosus. It is also not improbable that the
teeth named P. trigeri by H. E. Sauvage’ may belong to this
species.

Form. ^ Loc. Senonian and Turonian : S.E. England.

• Biblioth. Ecole Hautes Etudes, toI. t. art. 9 (1872), p. 19 ; and Bull. Soc.
G^ol. France, [3] vol. vi. (1880), p, 624, pi. li. fig. 1. Cenomanian ; Dept.
Sarthe, France.

J1YLI0BATID.J5.

LS7

39793. Group of about 5U naturally associated teeth, including one
from the upper median series ; Upper Chalk, Purlcy, Kent.

Purchased, 186C.

32352. Fifteen teeth, probably found associated ; Rochester, Kent.

Purchased, 1857.

33249. Four teeth, one shown in PI. V. fig. 1 ; Rochester.

Taylor Coll.

P. 1377. Seven broken teeth ; Greenhithe, Kent. Egerton Coll.

P. 2682-3. Four broken teeth and one much-worn jiortion of
crown : Greenhithe. Enniskillen Coll.

28751. Two fragments of teeth ; Greenhithe.

Presented hy the Earl of Enniskillen, 185.3.

32755. One nearly perfect dental crown; locality unknown.

Purchased, 1857.

43127. Worn and abraded crown ; Kent. Wetherell Coll.

39130. Five associated fragmentary teeth ; near Chatham, Kent.

Bowerhank Coll.

The following specimens mostly belong to the type figured by
Dixon (not by Agassiz) as P. altior : —

4421-25, 4428-9. Seven teeth ; Sussex. Mantell Coll.

28247. Four teeth ; Upper Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll,

49851. Two teeth ; Houghton Pit, Arundel, Sussex. Capron Coll.

P. 1380. Eight teeth ; Sussex. Egerton Coll.

49849-50. Five teeth ; Upper Chalk, Guildford. Capron Coll.

33250. Group of six naturally associated teeth, including one of the
upper median series, shown in PI. V. fig. 3, and another
tooth, shown in PI. V. fig. 2 ; Kent. Taylor Coll.

P. 5335. Four naturally associated teeth ; Kent. Purchased.

P. 2679. Three teeth ; Dover, Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

SELICIIII.

i;5s

Ptychodus oweni, Dixon.

1850. P/ychoduH owani, F. Di.xon, Foss. Suss. p. 364, pi. xxxi.

Type. Detaclied tooth ; British Museum.

Iceth with rounded, moderately elevated crowns, ornamented
with widely separated ridges, whieh rarely extend directly from side
to side, but arc disposed in an irregular manner ; the marginal
fine!}' marked area is insignificant.

Ibis species is very imperfectly known and appears to be rare.

Form. Lor. Senonian : S.E. England.

39125, 39125 a. Type specimen and four associated teeth ; Upp®'"
Chalk, Snodland, Kent. One of the teeth, shown in I’h
fig. 8, evidently represents the lower median row : a few
of the transverse ridges upon the crown are continuous,
regular, and parallel in the middle, but those placed pos-
teriorly are very irregular and discontinuous.

Bowerhanh Coll.

39700. Abraded and worn tooth, supposed lower median ; Kent.

Purchased, 1866.

P. 2688. Similar tooth ; Sussex. Kmiiskillen Coll.

28342. Typical tooth ; Lewes, Sussex. Di j'on Coll.

Ptychodus decurrens, Agassiz.

1762. Dem pUck Osfracionk, F. E. Bruckmann, Acta Phys. Med
vol. ix. p. 116, pi. V. fig. 4.

1811. Palate of Unknown Fish, J. Parkinson, Organic Kemain.s vol. iii-
pi. xviii. fig. 12. ®

1839. Ptychxhm deeurrms, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 154,
pi. XXV. b. figs. 1, 2, 4, 6-8 {non figs. 3, S).

1840-45. Ptychodus decurrens, R. Owen, Odontography, vol.'ii. pD. xviii.,

Ptychodus deewrens, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 362, pi. xxx.
figs. 7, 8, pi. xxxi. fig. 1, pi. xxxii. fig. .5.

18M. Ptychodus depressus, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. 303, pi. xxxi. fig. 0.

18.52. Ptychodus decurrens, P. Gervais, Zool. et I’aL Franc, pi. Ixxviii.
fig. 5.

18.52. nychodus decurrens, V. KiprijanofF, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,

P- P*- *fi‘- 4', 5.

186^. Ptychodus decurrens, F. A. Quenstedt, llandb. Petrefakt. p. 181,
pi. xiii. fig. 59.

P.

The original of this figure is a doubtful tooth subsequently assigned to
owem (V. Kiprijanotr, toe. cit. 1881, pt. jj, p, 2).

II yliokatid.t:.

139

18o0. Ptychodus polyyyrvf, C. K. Fisclier, Allgein. deutsclie uaturh.
Zeit. Dresden, n. s. vol. ii. p. 140, figs. 3]-4i:l.

1872. Ptychodua dectirnms, H. E. .Sauvage, Iliblioth. Ecole Hautes
Etudes, vol. V. art. 9, p. 18.

1875. Ptychidus deci/irens, 11. I!. Goinitz, Palieontographica, vol. xx.
pt. i. p. 2SX5, pi. Ixiv. figs. 24, 26.

1878. Ptychodua latksimua, 8t. Zarecznego, Sprawozdauie Komisyi
Fizyjogi’af. Galicyi, vol. xii. p. 200, pi. viii. fig. 8.

1878. Ptychodus decurrens, A. Fritscli, Kept. u. Fische bolim. Kreide-
form. p. 14, fig. 34.

1882. Ptychodus decurrens, F. A. Quenstedt. llandb. Petvefakt. 3rd edit,
p. 281, woodc. fig. 80, pi. xxi. figs. ()3, 04.

1887. Ptychodus decurrem, A. S. Woodward, Quart. .Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xliii. pp. 123-130, pi. x. figs. 1-10, 13.

Type. Detached teeth ; one in British JIusoum.

The median lower teeth are moderately elevated, the coronal
contour being greatly arched ; and the lateral teeth, both upper and
lower, are only slightly raised. The median transverse ridges of
each tooth are straight, small, and numerous, aud at either extre-
mity pass insensiidy into the finely marked marginal area, with
little or no terminal reflexion ; sometimes those near the anterior
border are irregularly branching and broken, and aj^proximate to a
diagonal direction.

The arrangement of the complete dentition of this species is
known, and two types are distinguishable. In the one described by
the present writer, loc. ciL, the lower median teeth ai'e remarkably
high, and both these and the first lateral series are much trans-
versely elongated. In the second type, made known both by Dixon
and the present writer, the lower median teeth are less elevated,
and both these and the first lateral series are considerably longer in
proportion to their breadth. The latter dentition may belong to a
distinct species {P. depressus, Dixon), but, upon present evidence,
it can only be regarded as a variety.

Form. Loc. Senonian and Turonian : S.E. England and France.
Txironian and Cenomanian : Germany and Bohemia.

E.xcept when otherwise stated, the following specimens were ob-
tained from undetermined horizons in the Upper or Lower Chalk; —

P. 5449. Lo-wer median tooth, figured among the type-specimens of
P. decurrens by Agassiz, tom. eit. pl. xxv. h. fig. 8 ; Lewes,
Sussex. Mantell Coll.

25773-4, 25776. Three varieties of lower median teeth, figured by
Dixon, op. eit. pi. xxx. figs. 7, 8, pi. xxxi. fig. 1; Brighton,
Sussex. Dixon Coll.

140

SELACHII.

28344. A group of eight small lateral teeth, and several detached
examples ; Brighton. Dixon Coll.

49852. Two very small teeth ; Dorking, Surrey. Capron Coll.

47279. Two lower teeth ; Dorking. Purchased, 1876.

P. 5851. Median upper, and one other small tooth ; Lower Chalk,
Guildford, Surrey. ' Capron Coll.

P. 1378. Group of about ninety naturally associated teeth, pertain-
ing to hoth jaws ; Kent. This and the throe following
specimens comprise teeth agreeing exactly with those of
the very complete fossil in the Willett Collection, Brighton,
described and figured by the present writer, loe. cit. p. 125,
pi. X. figs. 4-10. Egerton Coll.

P. 2678. Group of about eighty naturally associated teeth of small
size ; Kent. Phtnislcillen Coll.

P. 379. Group of about forty naturally associated teeth ; Kent.

Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

33247. Group of seventeen naturally associated teeth ; Kent. One
of the much-worn lower median teeth is described and
figured by the present writer, loc. dt. p. 128, pi. x. fig. 13.

Taylor Coll.

38564-5. Nine teeth of upper jaw in natural position, pertaining to
the median and first two lateral rows of the left side,
described and figured by the present writer, loc. dt.
p. 125, pi. X, fig. 3 ; also three detached teeth from the
same jaw; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.

Purchased, 1864.

36636. Thirteen associated lower teeth ; Lower Chalk, Hailing.

Purchased, 1862.

30545, 33248, 36637, 43096, 44621. Five lower median teeth from
the Chalk of various localities in Kent. Purchased.

47903. Seven lower teeth, of large size, pertaining to the median
and first lateral series ; near Maidstone.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

32748—9. Seven large lower teeth, pertaining to the median and first
lateral series ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. One of the
median teeth measures 0’065 transversely by 0'045
antero-posteriorly. Purchased, 1857.

MTLIOBATID^.

J41

32748 a, 36638. Five small teeth ; Lower Chalk, Durham.

Purchased, 1857, 1862.

P. 1377. Group of eight small lateral teeth ; Lower Chalk, Kent.

Eyerton Coll.

35883. Lower median tooth, with much elevated crown ; Lower
Chalk, Dover, Kent. Purchased, 1861.

47282, 47284. Nine detached teeth, mostly of the lower jaw, but
including one median upper tooth ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Purchased, 1876.

P. 5331. Detached tooth ; Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire.

Cracherode Bequest.

29041. Three teeth, including one upper median, and one of the
upper first lateral series ; Whittington, Norfolk.

Presented by G. B. Hose, Esq., 1854.

35020. Large tooth, probably referable to the first lateral row
of the upper dentition of P. decurrens ; Greensand,
Regensburg, Davaria. Purchased, 1860.

P. 1379. Large tooth, probably referable to the first lateral row of
the lower dentition of P. decurrens ; Greensand, Lippe,
Westphalia. Eyerton Coll.

The following specimens mostly belong to the depressed variety,

with narrow first lateral series of teeth in the lower jaw : —

28348-9. Type specimen of P. depressus, Dixon, and a similar
tooth ; Sussex. Coll.

28343. Eight naturally associated teeth; Lower Chalk, Brighton.

DLvon Coll.

4361. Group of about seventy teeth, naturally associated in block
of Chalk ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

P. 5393. Two groups of seven and nine teeth respectively ; near

Lewes. Ih-esented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

39436. Group of about 23 teeth, naturally associated with fragments
of cartilage and vertebrae, from the Sussex Chalk. The
vertebra; are of the same type as the one described by
C. Hasso (he. cit.) as Selache Bowerhanh Coll.

39134. Portion of lower dentition, showing 21 teeth in natural
order, described and figured by the present writer, loc.
cit. p. 124, pi. X. fig. 2 ; Dorking, Surrey.

Bowerhanh Coll.

142

SELACHII.

40056. Group of thirty-four teeth, of which twenty-three are ar-
ranged in natural order. The sjiecimen is described and
figured by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 123, pi. x. fig. h
and was probably obtained from the Chalk of Maidstone.

Purchased, 1866.

30546. Ten naturally associated teeth, including one lower median
and one upper median tooth, probably from the Chalk of
Maidstone. Purchased, 1856.

30547-8. Twelve teeth not improbably found with the last group.

Purchased, 1866.

39138. Twenty-one naturally associated teeth, two abnomal and
much worn, and exhibiting considerable irregularity in
the surface-markings ; Wouldham, Rochester, Kent.

Bowerhanh Coll-

39137. Group of about 45 teeth, naturally associated; Lower Chalk,
Hailing, Kent. Buiverhanlc Coll-

41241. Twelve teeth, including one lower median, found associated;

Lower Chalk, Hailing. Purchased, 1 868.

46962. Nine teeth ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent.

Purchased, 1876.

47279. Nine teeth, including two lower median ; Lower Chalk,

Purchased, 1876.

39125. Nine coarsely marked teeth ; Upper Chalk, Snodland, Kent.

Bowerbanh CoU>

P. 4550. Eleven teeth ; Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

47904. Pour (? lower) teeth ; locality unknown.

Presented by the Hon. liohert Marshaw, 1877.

39132. Seven teeth ; Triiig, Herts. Boiverbank Coll.

P. 5852. Laterally-worn tooth ; Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire.

Urcu-herode Bequest.

28351. Detached tooth ; near Cambridge. DLvon Coll.

29038. Seven small teeth ; Swaffham, Norfolk.

Presented by C. B. Bose, Esq., 1854.

28721. Detached tooth, probably of this species; Upper Greensand,
Tournai, Belgium. Purchased, 1853.

MYLIOIiATID.^J.

143

Ptychodus polygyrus, Agassiz.

1822. Teeth allied to Diodon, G. A. Maiitell, Foss. South Downs,
p. 231, pi. xxxii. figs. 23, 24.

1837. Ptychodus polygyrus, W. Buckland, Geol. & Min. 2nd edit,
vol. ii. pi. xxvii.y.

1839. Ptychodus polygyrm, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 156,
pi. XXV. figs. 4-11, pi. XXV. b, figs. 21-23.

1843. l^ychodus iatissimus, L. Agassiz, tmn. cit. p. 157, pi. xxv. a. fig. 8.

1860. Ptychodus polygyrus, 11. \V. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 299, pi. .xlii. figs. 6, 6.

1850. Ptychodus jiolygynis, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 363, pi. xxx.
fig. 9, pi. xxxi. fig. 10.

1860. Ptychodus latissitmts, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. xii, pi. xxx. figs. 1, 2.

1852. Ptychodus polygyrvs, V. Kiprijanofi) Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xxv. pt. ii. p. 494, pi. xiii. fig. 6.

1803. Ptychodus polygyrus, S. J. Maclde, Geologist, vol. vi. p. ICl,
pi. ix.

1868. IHychodus polygyrus, .1. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 208.

1887. I'tychodus polygynis, A. S. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xliii. p. 127, pi. x. fig. 11.

Typie. Detached teeth ; British Museum (in jiart).

The median transverse ridges upon the dental crown are relatively
large, and curve round more or less at the lateral extremities, being
sometimes completely reflexed. The finely marked marginal area
is usually of considerable extent and granulated, showing only a
tendency towards concentric rugosity immediately adjoining the
extremities of the median transverse ridges.

Among the specimens at first referred to this species, Agassiz
distinguished four types, which he considered might possibly prove
to be specifically distinct. In the absence of more satisfactory
materials, however, it is stiU advisable to retain the original
arrangement.

Form. Loc. Senonian and Turonian : 8.E. England, France,
Belgium, Eussiii. Upper Cretaceous : United States, America.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens were obtained
from undetermined horizons in the Upper or Lower Chalk : —

4385, 4408, 4413. Three of the type specimens figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. xxv. figs. 4, 5, 8 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4452. Plaster cast of lower tooth, referred to P. Iatissimus by
Agassiz, tom. cil. p. 1,57, pi. xxv. a. fig. 8 ; Sussex (?).

Mantell Coll.

144

SKLACmi.

4387, 4407, 4410-18. Five teeth, the third figured in Maiitell’s
Foss. S. Downs, pi. xxxii. fig. 24 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.

39123. Lower median footh, figured in Dixon’s Foss. Suss. pi. xxx.

fig. 1 (P. latissimun). Bowerhank Coll.

85771. Tooth of uncertain position, figured by Dixon, op. cit.
pi. xxx. fig. 2 (P. latissimus) ; Southeram, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

25772. Tooth figured by Dixon, op. at. pi. xxx. fig. 9 ; Lewes.

Dixon Coll.

25825. Very large lower median tooth; Lewes. DLvon Coll.

28338. Nine large teeth ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.

28337, 28340. Six teeth, naturally associated, and twenty-one
others ; Lewes. DLvon Coll.

P. 5394. Six detached teeth ; near Lewes.

Presented by P. B. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

P. 2690. One small lower median tooth, and two others ; Sussex.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2686. One large lower median tooth, and two other teeth, very
flat ; Sussex. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5450. Seven naturally associated small teeth ; Su.ssox.

Purchased.

44171. Tooth in flint ; Seaford, Sussex. Purchased, 1870.

49845. Detached tooth; Upper Chalk, St. Catherine’s Hill, Guild-
ford. Capron Coll.

43094. Kelatively long tooth, probably lower median, described and
figured in the ‘Geologist,’ vol. vi. p. 101, pi. ix. ; Kent.

Wetherell Coll.

40144. Lower median tooth ; Upper Chalk, Charlton, Kent.

Purchased, 1860.

33251. Similar, but larger, tooth ; Kent. Taylor Coll.

33231. Large tooth, possibly lower median ; Northfleet, Kent.

Purchased, 1857.

P. 318. Large tooth with narrow peripheral granulated area;

Charing, Kent. Uarris Coll.

mtliobatid.t:.

145

47905. Three lower median teeth of medium size, one largo worn
example, and two lateral teeth ; near Maidstone. One
of the lower median teeth is shown in PI. V. fig. 7.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

41240. Much worn tooth, probably lower median ; in Chalk Flint,
Bromley, Kent. Purchased, 1868.

42291. Lower median tooth ; Upper Chalk, Rochester, Kent.

Ptirchased, 1870.

39128. Naturally associated aeries of nineteen teeth, including one
lower median ; Kent. Bowerbank Coll.

39131. Fourteen naturally associated teeth : Chatham, Kent.

Bowerbank Coll.

33252 a. Sixteen naturally associated teeth ; Kent. Taylor CM.

47907. Group of about eighty naturally associated teeth ; Lower
Chalk, Hailing, Kent.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

36747. Group of about fifty similar naturally associated teeth ;

Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Purchased, 1862.

44837. Seven naturally associated large teeth, including lower
median ; near Dover.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

P. 319. Three small teeth, one being upper median and described
and figured by the present writer, loe. cit. p. 127, pi. x.
fig. 11 ; Lenham, Kent. Harris Coll.

P. 5451. Twelve teeth ; Lenham.

Presented by ,Tdhn Brown, Esq., 1852.

P. 4549. Three teeth, and one small group ; Kent.

Enniskillen Coll. ,

46391. Two lower median teeth; Winchester, Hants.

Cunnington Coll.

41297a, 47282. Two lower median teeth of small size ; English
Chalk. Purchased, 1869, 1876.

41297-8. Four large teeth ; English Chalk. Purchased, 1869.

49029. Seven teeth of large individual ; Kent. Mrs. Smith's Coll.

18777. Four teeth of large individuals ; English Chalk.

Presented by Edward Charlesworth, Esq., 1845.

146

SELACHII.

P. 382-4. Three groups of naturally associated teeth, one comprising
thirteen, the second six, and the third fourteen ; English
Chalk. Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

P. 1394. Two teeth ; France. Egerton Coll.

42861. Large tooth ; Antoign, near Tournai, Belgium.

Van Breda Coll.

P. 4554. Detached tooth ; Upper Chalk, Ciply, near Mons, Belgium.

Ennishillen Coll.

The following teeth are of the flattened variety shown in Agassiz s
pi. XXV. figs. 10, 11, and pi. xxv. 6. fig. 23 : —

P. 5395. Detached tooth ; near Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq,, 1888.

49028. Six naturally associated teeth, cemented by pyrites ; Dover.

Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

P. 1393. Four broken teeth ; Gravesend, Kent. Egerton Coll.

33258. Four similar but smaller teeth ; Upper Chalk, Purfleet,
Essex. Taylor Coll.

P. 380. Five naturally associated teeth ; Grays, Essex.

Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

33252. Six naturally associated large teeth ; Grays. Taylor Coll.

P. 4551. Five broken teeth ; Normandy. EnnisTciUen CoU.

Ptychodus multistriatusy sp. nov.

Type. Teeth shown in PI. V. figs. 4-6.

Teeth very similar to those of P. poly gyrus, but having the
transverse ridges upon the crown relatively much more delicate and
numerous.

Form. ^ Loc. Turonian and Senonian : S.E. England.

P. 2681. Group of ten naturally associated teeth of the lower jaw,
forming the type-specimen. PI. V. fig. 4 represents a
median tooth inadvertently placed with the anterior
border upwards ; fig. 5 a first lateral ; and fig. 6 an
outer series ; Kent. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 4549 a. Two teeth ; Kent. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 4558. Crown of lower median tooth ; Kent. Enniskillen Coll.

MYtlOBATID^.

147

P. 1383. Group of seven naturally associated teeth ; Kent.

Egerton Coll.

47281. Two large teeth, probably a variety of this species ; Lower
Chalk, Dover. Card tier Coll.

47906. Similar lower median tooth ; near Maidstone.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

33253. Almost similar, but broader and more perfect tooth ; Kent.

Taylor Coll.

P. 5605. Three associated teeth and three others ; Durham, Kent.

Harford Coll.

Ptychodus latissimus, Agassiz.

1762. Dens piscis Ostracionis, Briickmann, Acta Phys. Med. vol. ix.
p. 116, pi. V. fig. 3.

1769. Zahn eines Seejisches, 0. F. Wilckens, Nachr. Verstein. Thier-
reicbes, p. 81, figs, xlv.-xlvii.

1811. Fish Palate, J. Parkinson, Org. Remains, vol. iii. pi. xix. fig. 18.

1822. Tooth allied to Diodon, G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs,
p. 231, pi. xxxii. fig. 19.

1822. Hinterer kieferzahn einer Rochenart (P), E. F. von Schlotheim,
Petrefakt. Nachtr. i. p. 70, pi. xiii. fig. 2.

1827. Diodon, T. A. CatuUo, Snggio Zool. Foss. pi. iii. fig. C.

1843. Ptychodus latissimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 167,
pi. XXV. a. figs. 1-8 (? fig. 7, non fig. 8), pi. xxv h. figs. 24-26.

1846. Ptychodus latissimus, A. E. Reuse, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform.
pt. i. p. 1, pi. ii. figs. 6-8.

1845. Ptychodus deeurrens, A. E. Reuss, op. cit. pt. i. p. 1, pi. ii.
figs. 9, 10.

1846. Ptychodus latissimus, R. Owen, Odontogr. vol. ii. pi. xvii.
figs. 1, 2.

1845. Ptychodus latissimtis, H. B. Geinitz, Versteinerungsk. p. 167,
pi. vii. fig. 8.

1860. Ptychodus latissimus, H. B. Geinitz, Charact. bohm.-sachsisch.
Kreidegeb. 2nd edit. p. 63, pi. vii. fig. 6, pi. xvii. figs. 1-3.

1860. Ptychodus schlotheimi, H. B. Geinitz, op. cit. p. 63, pi. xvii.
figs. 4, 6.

1860. Ptychodus paucisulcatus, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 863, pi. xxx. fig. 3.

1861. Ptychodus latissimus, F. Oswald, Zeitschr. deutsch. geoL Ges.
vol. iii. p. 631.

1862. Ptychodus latissimus, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xxv. pt. ii. p. 483, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2.

1870. Ptychodus latissimus, F. Roemer, Geol. Oberschlesien, p. 323,
pi. xxxvi. fig. 7.

1873. Ptychodus latissimus, F. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India (Pal.
Ind.), vol. iv. pt. iv. p. 66, pi. xii. fig. 16.

1.2

148

8ELACHII.

1876. Ptt/chodus latissimus, II. B. Geinitz, Palseontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 212, pi. xl. figs. 16-22.

1878. Ptychodus latissimus, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bohm. Kreide-
form. p. 15, ■woodcut fig. 30.

1887. Ptychodus paiicisulcatus, A. S. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol.
8oc. vol. xliii. p. 127, pi. x. fig. 12.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth very similar to those of P. polygyrus, but having the
median transverse coronal ridges of enormous size, never completely
reflexcd at the extremities.

As proved by a specimen in the Brighton Museum, the lower
median tooth of this species is very coarsely marked. The specimen
figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxv. a. fig. 8, must thus be regarded
as the lower median tooth of P. polygyrus.

Form. ^ Loc. Turonian and Senonian: S.E. England, Germany,
Bohemia, and Russia.

Except when otherwise stated, the following specimens were ob-
tained from undetermined horizons in the Upper or Lower Chalk : —

4358. Group of twelve naturally associated teeth, including two
of upper median series, one of which is described and
figured by the present writer, loe. cit. ; Lowes.

Mantell Coll.

4355, 4360, 4368. Group of ten naturally associated teeth, including
one of lower median series, another of five, another of
six teeth, and a smaller group of nine teeth ; Lewes.

Mantell Coll.

4369, 4371-2, 4374. Two large and two smaller teeth ; Lewes.

Mantell Coll.

P. 5396. Large tooth ; near Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

25826. Type specimen of Ptychodus paucisidcatus, Dixon ; Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

25826 a, 28335, 28346. Six teeth ; Southeram, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

28341. Group of five small teeth; Lewes.
28339. Eleven small teeth ; Lewes.
49847. Four fragmentary teeth ; Lewes.
P. 1394 a. Lower median tooth ; Sussex.

Dixon Coll.
Dixon Coll.
Capron Coll.
Egerfon Coll.

WYLIOBATID^.

149

P. 2684. Coarsely marked large tooth ; English Chalk.

Enniskillen Coll.

39129. Very large, nearly perfect tooth ; near Croydon, Surrey.

Bowerhank Coll.

P. 5337. Similar tooth ; English Chalk. History unknown.

P. 385-6. Large tooth, and two groups of three naturally associated
small teeth ; English Chalk.

Presented hy the Earl of Dude, 1881.

49848. Small tooth ; Upper Chalk, Guildford. Caj>ron Coll.

47469. Twelve detached side-teeth, probably found associated ;

•near Rochester, Kent. Purchased, 1876.

47908. Very coarsely ridged largo tooth ; near Maidstone, Kent.

Presented by the Hon. liohert Marsham, 1877.

28345. Large tooth ; Kent. Dixon Coll.

P. 1382. Detached crown of large tooth, and three smaller teeth ;

Kent. Eyerton Coll.

37350. Large tooth embedded in flint ; Suffolk. Wetherell Coll.
P. 5864.. Large lower median tooth ; Hertford.

36103. Very large tooth; Orford, Suffolk. Purchased, 1861.

P. 5336. Small tooth ; Lower Chalk, Heytesbury, Wilts.

Enniskillen Coll.

47498. Plaster cast of specimen figured by Fritsch, ojy. dt. ; Lower
Chalk, near Koschtitz, Bohemia.

Presented hy Prof. Dr. Anton Fdtsch, 1876.

28335. Two small teeth, probably pertaining to young of this
species ; Brighton. Dixon Coll,

4373. Small tooth, doubtfully of this species, figured by Mantell,
op. dt. pi. xxxii. fig. 25 ; Sussex. Mantell Coll.

Ptychodus mortoni, Mantell *.

1834. Palate-bones of a fish?, S. G. Morton, Synopsis Org. Remains
Cretaceous U. S. A, pi. xviii. figs. 1, 2.

* This species is recorded as Platychodvs mortoni in a “ Catalogue of Fossils
in Lorenzo G-. Yates’ Collection, Santa Barbara, Cal." (1886), p. 20 ; but the
present writer has failed to discover the authority for the generic name.

160

BELACHII.

1839. Ptychodui mortoni (Mantell MS.), S. Q. Morton, Joum. Aca
Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii. p. 216, pi. xi. fig. 7.

1843. Ptyehodm mortoni, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. P- 1 >

pi. XXV. figs. 1-3. _

1868. Ptyehodm mortoni, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p.

1887. Ptyehodm mortoni, A. S. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol. oc.
vol. xliii. p. 130.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth similar in form to those of the typical species of Ptyehodm,
hut differing in having the centre of the crown raised into a sharp
point, from which strong branching ridges diverge ; the broa
marginal area is marked with an almost reticulate ornament. ^

The tooth from the English Chalk referred to this species y
Dixon ' is at present doubtfully determined.

Form. ^ Loo. Cretaceous : Alabama, TJ.S.A. ; also Niobrara re-
taceous of Kansas {Cope).

28394. Tooth described and figured by Agassiz, loo. cit. ; Alab^a-

Mantell Coll-

35586-9. Four detached teeth, one being perfect and unworn, the
others worn at the apex ; Alabama. _

Presented by Prof. J. W. Mallet,

P. 1381. Two detached teeth, one exhibiting perfectly the super^ial
coronal markings ; Alabama. Egerton o

P.2687. Eleven detached teeth. One is of very large size, measuring

0-05 in breadth. Alabama. Enniskillen Coil.

Whole or fragmentary teeth of Ptyehodus, from which the coronal
layer of gano-dentine has been broken away by post-mortem abrasion,
are sometimes discovered in the Chalk. One of these forms the type
of Aulodus ayassizi^, and the two following specimens are so
figured by Dixon as “ Nascent teeth of Ptyehodus.”

28350. Abraded tooth, figured in Dixon’s Foss. Suss. pi.
fig. 5 ; Chalk, Sussex.

39124. Large abraded tooth, figured op. cit. pi. xxx. fig. 4 ; Chalk,
Maidstone. Bowerbank Col .

^ Foss. Subs. pi. xxxi. figs. 6, 7.

* See Proo. Geol. Abboc. vol. x. (1888), p. 298.

MTLIOBATIDa.

161

In the Collection there are also similar teeth and fragments from
Burham (41697), Greenhithe (P. 5452), Bromley (41698), and
Dover (35871, 35875, 47285) in Kent, besides from localities in
Sussex (28389), and from 'Warminater, Wilts (46394).

The following vertebrce are of the same type as those associated
with the group of teeth of Ptychodus decurrens referred to above
(no. 39436). As already remarked, a similar vertebra has been
described in detail by C. Hasse, under the name of Selache dav-
i[e']si. The radiating lamellae are merely represented by faint lines
upon the “ central double-cone,” while the concentric lamellae are
numerous and well developed ; these vertebrae thus appear to the
present writer to be truly “ tectospondylic,” and quite comparable
with those of Myliobatis, only differing from the latter in the
presence of small uncalcified areas having the form of an X when
viewed in transverse section.

4214-5. Two small series of imperfect vertebrae ; Chalk, Sussex.

ManteU Coll.

P. 4641. Broken specimens in chalk, one partly shown in transverse
section, and others in longitudinal section ; Sussex.

Enniskillen Coll.

33295. Large imperfect vertebra ; Gravesend, Kent.

Presented by M. Wright, Esq., 1868.

49016. Vertebra and fragments; Kent. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

40644. Detached specimen much broken, enclosed in flint ; Chalk,
Norwich. Presented by W. Firth, Esq., 1864.

The following species of Ptychodus have also been founded upon
detached teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Ptychodtis janevaii : Sporetodus janevaii, E. D. Cope, in Hayden’s
Bulk U. S. GeoL Surv. Territ. no. 2, 1874, p. 47.
P. janewayii, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (U. 8.
Gcol. Surv. Territ. 1875), p. 244. — Cretaceous (Niobrara
Epoch) ; Kansas, IJ.S.A.

Ptychodus occidentalis, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1868, p. 207 ; also Extinct Vert. Fauna West Territ.
(U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ. 1873), p. 298, pi. xvii. figs. 7,
8, pi. xviii. figs. 15-18. — Cretaceous (Niobrara Epoch) ;
Smoky Hill, Kansas, IJ.S.A.

152

SELACHJI.

Ptjjchudus papillosus, E. D. Cope, Yert. Cret. Form. West (U. S.
Geol. iSurv. Tcrrit. 1875), p. 294. — Cretaceous ; Colorado.

Ptijtihodus triunpularig, A. E. lleuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform.
1845, pt. i. p. 2, pi. ii. figs. 14—19. Toetb very doubt-
fully placed in this genus and referred to Acrodus by
A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform. 1878,
p. 16, fig. 38. — Upper Cretaceous ; Bohemia.

Piychodus wMppdeyi, J. Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p- 33,
pi. i. fig. 4; J. Leidy, Extinct Vert. Fauna West lerrit.
(U. S. Geol. Snrv. Territ. 1873), p. 300, pi. xviii. figs-
20; J. S. Newberry, Eep. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe
to Colorado, 1876, p. 137, pi. iii. fig. 2. — Cretaceous
(Niobrara Epoch) ; Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, U-S.A.

M ith the Myliobatidse may also perhaps be associated the small,
flattened, rhomhoidal teeth from the Upper Chalk of Maastricht,
Holland, described under the name of lUiombodns hinkhorsti,
W. Dames, Sitzungsb. Gesell. naturf. Freuude, Berlin, 1881, P-
woodcuts.

Family TRYGONlDiE.

Pectoral fins uninterruptedly continued to, and confluent at, the
extremit)’' of the snout. Tail slender, sharply marked off from the
disk. Vertical fins absent or imperfectly developed, often re-
placed by strong serrated spines.

Genus TRYGON, Cuvier (“ ex Adanson ”).

[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 136.]

Genus T.ffi]>IIURA, Miiller & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiost. 1841, p. 171.]

The known fossil representatives of these two genera have not
hitherto been exhaustively studied and described. Prof. Dr. Carl
Hasso has made known * a detached vertebra, from the Low'er
Chalk (Aptian) of Dizier, considered to bo referable to Tryyon or an
allied genus ; E. Lawley ^ has referred a Pliocene dermal tubercle
to a species named T. tair/ionii ; and several nearly comi)lete fishes,
probably rightly placed here, have been discovered in the Middle
Eoc.ene limestone of Monte Bolca, near Verona. One of the latter

' IS'atiirl. Elasinobr., B.-eond. Tbcil, p. M-1. pi. xix. figs. 4, 5, 6.

’ Nuovi Sliuli I’esca foss. Colline Tobcusic, 1870, p. 45, pi. ii. fig- 4.

TRrGONID^.

163

was first figured by Volta', under the name of Raja muricata, and
subsequently assigned to Trygonohatus vulgaris by de BlainviUe
The same specimen was afterwards named by Agassiz * Trygon gaz-
zolce ; and more recently Molin ' and Baron de Zigno ‘ have founded
the genus Alexandrinum upon a very similar fossil, which is not
clearly distinguished either by the figure or in the descriptions.
A second species was described by de BlainviUe (loc. cit.) as Trygo-
nobatus crassicaudatus, and likewise re-named by Agassiz (loc. cit.)
Trygon oblongus.

The small fragment of tail, with caudal spine, originally figured
upon Volta’s plate of “■Raja muricata” has been identified with
other more recently discovered specimens considered by Heckcl ®
and Molin to he referable to Tceniura, and accordingly named
T. hnerii.

Another Monte Bolca fossil has been described by Molin “ as re-
ferable to Anacanthus, Ehrenb. (= Urogymnus, Miill. & Henle), and
named A. zigni. Neither this description, however, nor Baron de
Zigno’s subsequent figure * appears to place the generic determina-
tion beyond doubt. There are no dermal asperities such as specially
characterize the living Urogymnus, and it seems quite possible that
the brevity of the tail and the absence of caudal spines may be
merely due to accident in preservation.

The New Zealand fossil teeth and spines named Trygon ensifer,
J. W. Da'sds (Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv. (1888), p. 37,
pi. vi. figs. 13-15), are evidently not Selachian. Equally doubtful
also is the so-called Trygon pastinacoides, van Bcneden (T. C.Winkler,
Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. 1874, p. 304), from the Bruxcllian
Eocene of Belgium.

Genus XIPHOTRYGON, Cope.

[Amer. Naturalist, vol. xiii. 1879, p. 333.]

Syn. Ileliobatia, O. C. Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. [3] vol. xiv. 1877
p. 266 (undefined).

Distinguished from Trygon by the cuspidate character of the teeth.

* Ittiolit. Veron. 1706, p. 37, pi. ii. fig. 1.

= Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 336.

’ Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 297. Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 382**.

* SiUungsb. math.-nat. Cl. k. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlii. (1861), p. 579.

' Mem. B. Istit. Veneto, vol. xviii. (1874), p. 299, pi. xii. (A. molinii).

‘ Sitzuiigsb. math.-nat. Cl. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. vii. (1851), p. 324.

’ Loc. cit. vol. xlii. (1861), p. 581. » Ihid. p. 578.

' Mem. R. Istit. Veneto, vol. iviii. (1874), p. 298, pi. xi.

164

iRLACHII.

Xiphotrygon acutideus. Cope.

1877. Heliobatis radians, 0. C. Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. [3] vol. xiv.
p. 266 (undefined).

1879. Xiphotrygon acutidcns, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. p. 333.

1884. Xiphotrygon acuiidens, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tert. Form. West,
Book 1. (Rep. U. S. Geol. Suit. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 30, pi. !•
figs. 1, 6.

Type. Complete skeleton.

Disk longer than broad, and pectoral fins prolonged anteriorly
into a pointed median projection. Caudal spines, triangular in
section, three.

Form. ^ Loc. Middle Eocene (Green River Shales) : Twin Creek,
S.W. Wyoming, U.S.A.

Genus UROLOPHUS, Muller & Henlo.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiost. 1841, p. 173.]

Tail of moderate length, with a distinct rayed terminal fin and a
barbed spine ; rudimentary dorsal fin sometimes present. Mouth
and dentition as in Trygon.

Urolophns princeps, Heckel.

1864. Urolophus princeps, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. math.-nat. Cl. k. Ak.

Wiss. Wien, vol. xi. p. 124.

1863. Urolophus princeps, R. Kner & F. Steindachner, Denkschr. k.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xxi. p. 82, pi. vi. fig. 2.

Type. Complete skeleton ; Hof-Museum, Vienna.

Disk broader than long ; snout apparently not projecting. Tail
shorter than disk ; caudal spine extremely largo ; terminal rayed
fin well developed. Skin with small granular calcifications, not
spinous.

Form. Loc. Middle Eocene ; Monte Postale, N. Italy.

A vertebra from the Middle Eocene (Bruxellian) of Etterbeck,
Belgium, is referred to an undetermined species of Urolophus by C.
Hasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasm., Besond. Theil, p. 147, pi. xix. figs. 10-
14. Others, from beds of corresponding age in Samland, East
PrMsia, are described as Urolophus (?) Ucuneatus by F. Noetling,
Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preussen u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3
(1885), p. 34, pi. vii. fig. 8, pi. viii. fig. H.

TETSONID^.

165

Genus CYCLOBATIS, Egerton.

[Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. 1844, p. 442.]

Disk circular or oval; tail very short, only slightly projecting,
without fins or spine. Kays of paired fins few and well sepa-
rated ; pectorals united in front of the head ; pelvics relatively small,
and scarcely extending backwards beyond the posterior extremity
of the pectorals. Pelvic arch with enormous pre-pubic and iliac
processes. Body with one or more median longitudinal series of
large spinous tubercles extending from the pectoral arch posteriorly;
and the remainder of the trunk and fins more or less sparsely covered
with minute prickles. Teeth small, flattened, smooth, either dia-
mond-shaped or discoidal.

Cyclobatis oligodactylus, Egerton.

1844. Cyclobatis oligodactylus, Sir P. Egerton, loc. cit. p. 442, pi. v.
1850. Cyclobatis oligodactylus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. M. Liban.
p. 66, pi. X. fig. 4.

1887. Cyclobatis oligodactylus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 491, pi. xxi. fig. 3.

1887. Cyclobatis oligodactylus, A. S. Woodward, Geo). Mag. [3] vol. iv.
p.608.

1888. Cyclobatis oligodactylus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 128
(fig. of pelvis).

Type, Nearly complete skeleton ; British Museum.

Fin-rays comparatively slender, widely spaced, and not more than
50 in number in the pectorals. Trunk nearly or quite three times
as long as broad.

Form. ^ Loc. TJ. Cretaceous (Senonian) : Hakel and Djebail,
Mt. Lebanon.

P. 601. Type specimen, male. From Djebail. Egerton Coll.

P. 4009. Complete skeleton, female ; from Hakel. The proportions
scarcely differ from those of the male, the first being only
slightly more elongated. Purchased, 1883.

P. 99. Disk, apparently female, wanting parts anterior to mouth ;

from Hakel. This specimen is referred to by the present
writer, loc. cit. Purchased, 1880.

Cyclobatis major, Davis.

1887. Cyclobatis major, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 491, pi. xxi. fig. 1.

1887. Cyclobatis major, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv.

p. 608.

156

SELACHII.

Type. Nearly complete disk; British Museum.

Fill-rays robust, closely arranged, and more than 50 (usually
about 55) in number in the pectorals. Trunk scarcely more than
twice as long as broad. Attains to much largo dimensions than
G. oliffodactyliis.

Poem. ^ Loo. IT. Cretaceous (Senonian) : Ilakel, Mt. Lebanon,
Syria.

P. 4011. Type specimen and counterpart. Purchased, 1886.

P. 4010. Imperfect disk, smaller than type. Purchased, 1883.

P. 100. Complete disk, slightly obscured by matrix.

Purchased, 1880.

49514. Greater portion of disk and counterpart, showing dermal
tubercles ; referred to by the present writer, loc. cit.

Purchased, 1878.

49556. Incomplete disk of small individual, probably young of this
species. The small dermal tubercles are referred to by
the present writer, loc. cit. Purchased, 1878.

Cyclobatis, sp. ind.

A single specimen (no. 49557, purchased 1878) not improbably
indicates a distinct species from both tho.se already described. The
length of the trunk is less than twice its breadth. The number of
pectoral fin-rays agrees with that characterizing G. oliyodactylus,
but the fins are relatively broader, and the tail is apparently
longer, and armed with series of large spinous tubercles. The
specimen is referred to by the present writer, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv.
1887, p. 509.

TECTOSPONDYLI INCERTiE SEDIS.

The two following genera and species are founded upon fragments
of pectoral fins, in the Bristol Museum, apparently pertaining to
some type of Hay.

Arthropterus rileyi, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 379. — Lias ; Bristol.

Gyclarthrus macropterus,L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 382, pi. xliv. fig. 1-
— Lower Lias ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

The teeth described as follows may also pertain to Rays : —
Gryphodohatis uncus, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2]
vol. viii. (1877), p. 249, pi. xxxiv. figs. 8, 9.— Phosphate
Beds ; South Carolina.

NOTIDANIDjE.

157

Suborder II. JSTEROSPONDYLI.

Vertebrae, when fully developed, having the radiating calcified
laminae predominating over the concentric laminae (asterospondyUc,
Hasse). Specialization resulting in no marked depression of the
body, and the pectoral fins never growing forwards towards the
head ; spiracles of small size, almost or quite absent in the most
specialized forms. Anal fin present.

Division A. — A single dorsal fin present ; gill-clefts more
than five in number.

Tho following primitive family is provisionally placed here, its
distinctive subordinal characters being not yet very evident, but its
relationships being ob-viously closer with the Cestraciontidae than
with any other hitherto recognized family.

Family NOTIDANID.F.

Single dorsal fin, without spine, remote; caudal fin large. No
nictitating membrane ; gill-clefts 6-7 : spiracles small. Teeth
with sharply-pointed coronal cusps, several scries simultaneously
functional.

Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuvier.

[Ri'gne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 128.]

Syn. Heptranchias, C. S. Ilafinesque Schmalz, Caratt. Nuovi Gen.
Anim. Sicilia, 1810, p. 13.

JIe.ranchus, C. S. Rafinesque Schmalz, op. cit. p. 14.

Monoptertdnus, II. D. de Blainville, Hull. Soc. Philom. 1816,
p. 121 fin part).

AeUopos, L. Agas.siz, Roiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 376 (in part).

Xiphodolamia, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
1877, p. 262.

Body moderately elongated ; mouth inferior ; gill-openings six
or seven, without flaps of skin. Principal teeth consisting of a
series of compressed cusps fixed upon a long base ; all the cusjis
inclined in one direction, the anterior larger than tho others, with
or without small denticles at its base in front. Anterior teeth of
the upper jaw clustered, awl-shaped ; a median symphysial series in

158

BELACHII.

the lower jaw. Principal teeth of the upper jaw less laterally
elongated, with fewer cusps than those of the lower jaw. Noto-
chord persistent, except occasionally in the caudal region *.

Notidanns muensteri, Agassiz.

1843. Notidanug muemteri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 222,
pi. xxvii. figs. 2, 3.

1849. Notidanug muemteri, Beyrich & Frisohmann, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Qes. vol. i. p. 436, pi. vi.

1852. Notidanus mmnsteri, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. p. 167 ,
pi. xiii. fig. 4.

1868. Notidanus muemteri, F. A. Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 783, pi. xcvi.
figs. 33, 34.

1861. Notidanus eximius, A. Wagner, Abh. k. bay. Akad. Wiss. cl. ix.
vol. ix. p. 292, pi. iv. fig. 2.

1876. Notidanus eximius, K. Fricke, Palaeontogr. vol. xxii. p. 394,
pi. xxi. fig. 22.

1882. Notidanus (Neptanchus) eximius, C. Hasse, NatUrl. Syst. Elasm.,
Besond. Theil, p. 61, pi. vii. figs. 21-25.

1886. Notidanus eximius, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 209, pi. vi. figs. 3-6.

1887. Notidanus muemteri, td.. A.von Zittel,Handb. Palseont.vol. iii. p.66.

Type. Detached tooth.

A species attaining a maximum length of not less than 2-8 metres ;
snout rounded and obtuse ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, probably
not at all opposite the latter. Vertebral column as in the existing
Bubgenus Neptanchus (according to Hasse). Principal cone in the
lateral teeth relatively large and broad, without anterior denticles,
and followed by not more than three or four secondary cones.

A nearly complete fish in the Munich Museum is made known by
Beyrich and Frischmann and by Wagner ; but the supposed young
individuals referred to by the latter do not belong to the family of
Notidanidm (see Pristiurus).

Form. 4r Poe- Oxfordian : Bavaria and Switzerland. Corallian :
Wiirtemberg and Hanover. Lower Emmeridgian : Bavaria and
Wiirtemberg.

22500, 35763, 35763 a. Three teeth, described and figured by the
present writer, loc. cit. p. 210, pi. vi. figs. 3-5 ; Corallian,
Schnaitheim, Wiirtemberg. Purchased, 1848, 1860.

22489-91, 35764. Seven imperfect teeth; Schnaitheim.

Purchased, 1848, 1860.

* A. Kolliker (Verb, phys.-med. Gesell. Wurzburg, vol. x. 1860, p. 198, pi. ii.
fig. 3) notes t.be presence of calcified caiidal vertebras in Hepfanchut, feebly
asterospondylic in structure.

KOTIDAim)^.

169

P. 4708. Tooth exhibiting abraded apex of principal cone, noticed
by the present writer, loc. eit. p. 210 ; Scbnaitheim.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 4709. Imperfect tooth ; Scbnaitheim. Ennislillen Cull.

22503. Upper tooth, doubtfully referred to this species, figured, loc.

cit. pi. vi. fig. 6 ; Scbnaitheim. Purchased, 1848.

Notidanus serratus, Fraas.

1856. Notidanus serratus, O. Fraas, Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. xi. p. 98.
1858. Notidanus serratus, F. A. Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 784, pi. xcvi.
fig. 44.

1886. Notidanus serratus (?), A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 212, pi. vi. fig. 7.

Type. Group of twelve teeth ; Tubingen Museum.

Principal cone of lower lateral teeth relativel} large, strongly
serrated anteriorly; posterior secondary cones often as many as
seven in number, the first two much larger than the others. Base
of teeth depressed.

Form. ^ Loc. Corallian : Wurtemberg. Oxfordian : Yorkshire.

35667. Upper tooth, from the Oxford Clay of Scarborough, York-
shire, doubtfully assigned to this species by the present
writer, loc. cit. A subsequent examination of the type
specimen in Tubingen has confirmed the determination.

Purchased, 1859.

Notidanus dentatusj A. S. Woodward.

1886. Notidanus dentatus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 214, pi. vi. figs. 17, 18.

1888. Notidanus dentatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 36, pi. vi. figs. 9-12.

Type. Upper and lower teeth ; British Museum.

Principal cone of lower lateral teeth relatively small ; secondary
cones three or four in number; anterior denticulations of very
large size.

Form. 4' Loc. “ Lower Greensand ” : Amuri BluS, New Zealand.
P. 2303, P. 2303 a. Type specimens. By e.vchange, 1876.

160

SELACHir.

Notidanus lauceolatus, A. S. Woodward.

1886. Notidanm lanceulatus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 214, pi. vi. fig. 10.

Type,. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

An imperfectly defined species, founded apparently upon an upper
tooth, remarkable for the length and slenderness of the coronal
cones, which are few in number ; the two anterior denticles are of
large size.

Form. ^ Loc. Gault : (?) Folkestone.

P. 1227. Typo specimen. Eyerton Coll.

Notidanus micro don, Agassiz.

1822. Tooth of Squaltia?, G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 227,
pi. xxxii. fig. 22.

1843. Notidanus miarodon, L. Agas.siz, Poi.ss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 221,
pi. xxvii. fig. 1, pi. xxxvi. figs. 1, 2.

(P) 1843. Notidanus pectinatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 221, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 3.

1846. Notidanus microdon, A. E. Reus.s, Verstein. bohm. Kreideforni.
pt. ii. p. 98, pi. xlii. fig. 8.

1850. Notidanus mirrodon, II. B.Geinitz,Charact. Schiclit. u. Potrefakt.

sachs.-bilhni. Kreidegeb. 2nd. edit. p. 38, pi. ix. fig. 2.

1850. Notidanus microdon, F. Dixon, Foss. Su.ssex, pi. x.xx. fig. 30.

1876. Notidanus microdon, II. B. Geinitz, Palfeontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 210, pi. xl. fig. 1.

1878. Notidanus microdon, A. Fritscb, Kept. u. Fiaohe biihm. Kreide-
fonn. p. 12, woodc. fig. 25.

1880. Notidanus microdon, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 213, pi. vi. figs. 10-15.

1888. Notidanus microdon, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 287.

Type. Detached tooth.

Principal cone of lower lateral teeth relatively large, sometimes
slender and acutely pointed ; secondary cones not more than seven
in number; anterior denticulations numerous and fine, but well-
marked.

The teeth commonly referred to this species exhibit considerable
variations, but none of the observed differences can at present be
regarded as of specific value. A series from the English Chalk is
described and figured by the present writer, lor. cit.

Form, cj- Loc. Cambridge Greensand : Cambridge. Chalk ; Bohemia,
Germany, and S.E. England.

NOIIDANIB-E.

IGl

4164, 4167-8. Four teeth; Lewes, Sussex. One is figured by
Mantell, loe. cit., and another by the present writer,
loc. cit. pi. vi. fig. 1 1. Mantell Cull.

25793-4. Six teeth ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.

49936. Three teeth ; Brighton, Sussex.
49938. Tooth ; Newtimber, Sussex.
49937. Tooth; Guildford, Surrey.

Cajiron Coll.
Capron Coll.
Cajiron Coll.

32342, 33175. Two teeth, one showing a very deep root ; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. Purchased, 1857.

46960. Tooth; Lower Chalk, Burham. Purchased, 1876.

47918. Eight teeth ; near Maidstone.

Presented the Mon. liohcrt Marshani, 18/7.

P. 320. Three teeth ; Charing, Kent.
41706. Two teeth ; Kent.

44214, 47292. Three teeth; Kent.

Harris Coll.
Touhnin Smith Coll.
Purchased, 1873, 1876.

44580. Tooth, figured by the present writer, loc. cit. pi. vi. fig. 12 ;

* Purchased, 1873.

P. 4569. Four teeth ; Kent.

Ennishillen Coll.

29039. Four teeth ; Swaffham, Norfolk.

Presented by G. B. Hose, Esq., 1854.

24927-8. Three teeth and one fragment ; Upper Chalk, Norwich.

One specimen is an anterior upper tooth, figured by the
present writer, loc. cit. pi. vi. fig. 10; another is either a

lower or upper lateral tooth, figured loc. cit. fig. 13.

Purchased, 1850.

35648. Three teeth; Upper Chalk, Norwich. One is figured, for. ct«.

pi. vi. fig. 14. Bayfield Coll.

48950. Three teeth; Upper Chalk, Norwich. One is figured, loc.

cit. pi. vi. fig. 15. Bayfield Coll.

P. 399. Tooth in Chalk from uncertain locality.

Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.

P. 5596. Seven teeth ; Chalk, Kent. Harford Coll.

162

SELACHII.

36595-6. Eleven more or less fragmentary teeth; Cambridge
Greensand, Cambridge. Purchased, 1862.

46363. Three teeth, probably of upper jaw ; Cambridge Greensand.

Cunninyton Coll.

P. 5369. Twenty more or less fragmentary teeth ; Cambridge
Greensand. Presented hi/ James Carter, Esq., 1887.

Notidanus serratissimus, Agassiz.

1770. TJem Squall, G. Brander, Fossilia Hautonien.sia, fig. 111.

1843. Notidnnus srrrutmimus, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 222,
pi. xxxvi. tigs. 4, 5.

1883. NotiJanus serratissimus, II. B. Geiuitz, Abb. uaturw. Ges. Isis
Dresden, p. 108, woodcut.

1880. Notidanus serratissimus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. lii.
p. 216, pi. vi. tigs. 23-20.

Tijjie. Detached teeth.

rrincijial cone of lower lateral teeth relatively large, with nume-
rous strong anterior serrations, diminishing in size downwards ;
secondary cones sometimes as many as eight in number.

The specimens in tlie collection might, at first sight, bo regarded
as pertaining to two distinct species, the small teeth described and
figured by the present writer, loc. eit, p. 216, pi. vi. figs. 24-26,
being very different in character from the type-specimens made
known by Agassiz. A fossil in the Museum of Practical Geology,
however, shows that the former are immature teeth, evidently
referable to a lateral position in the lower jaw of this species. The
teeth first described were thus probably situated in the upper jaw.

A tooth from the Lower Miocene of Zabrze, Silesia, described by
F. lloemcr may belong either to this species or to N. primir/enius.
Some teeth from the Pliocene of Tuscany are also very similar to
tlie type specimens of N. serratissimus, and those are associated with
small lower teeth (so-called N. tanjionii) closely resembling those
alluded to above.

Form. 4' Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
Upper Eocene : llelmstedt, Brunswick.

24618. Nine tcotb of the typical form ; Lslc of Sheppey. One is
figured by the present writer, loc. cit. pi. vi. fig. 23.

Pur chased, 1850.

■ Geol. von Obersehleeicn, 1870, p. 379, pi. xlviii. fig. 1.

’ F. microdon, R. Ijawley, AUi Soc. Tosc. vol. iii. 1877, p. 70, pi. ii. fig-

NOTIDANID.®.

163

28890, 30550, 32265, Six similar teeth, and one smaller ; Isle of
Sheppey. Purchased.

38866. One perfect and one imperfect tooth ; Isle of Sheppey.

Bowerbank Coll.

P. 440. Two similar teeth ; Isle of Sheppey. Purchased, 1882.

28890 a, 28890 b, 30550 a, 38866 a. Small lower lateral teeth ;

Isle of Sheppey. The first and third are described and
figured by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 213, pi. vi.
figs. 24, 25 ; the delicacy of the anterior serrations is a
character of immaturity. Purchased.

43133. Immature lower tooth and fragment, the first described and
figured by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 216, ])1. vi. fig. 26 ;
Ilighgate. Wetherdl Coll.

43142. Small tooth, of typical form ; Kensal Green. Wetherdl Coll.

To the front of the upper jaw either of this species or li.primi-
genius may also probably be referred the following specimeus :

43141. Three teeth, one being much abraded, of the form named
Xiphodolamia by J. Leidy ; London Clay, Sheppej'.

Notidanus primigenius, Agassiz.

184.3. Notidanus primiyenius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. loss. vol. iii. p. 218,
pi. x.wii. figs. 6-8, 1-3-17 (? figs. 4, 5).

1843. Xotidanus recurvus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit, p. 220, pi. xxvii.
figs. 9-12.

1843. Sphyrua denliculata, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 236, pi. xxvi. a.
figs. 60, 61.

1844. Xotidanus primiyenius, P. M. Padroni, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xiii. p. 281, pi. i. figs. 10, 11.

(?) 1849. Xotidanus pnmiycjiiits, R. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Is at. Sci.

Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 195, pi. xxv. fig. 9.5.

1852. Xotidanus primiyeniusjV. Gervais, Zool. etPal. Fran9.,Poiss.p. 10,
pi. Ixxiv. figs. 9, 10.

1852. Xotidanus primiycnius, F. A. Queustedt, llandb. Petrefakt.
p. 107, pi. xiii. tig. 3.

1858. Xotidanus primigenius, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahre.sh. vol. xiv.
p. 124, svoodc.

1863. Xotidanus primigenius, K. E. Schafhautl, Siid-Bayerns Letb.
Geogn. p. 2.39.

1879. Xotidanus primigenius, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. vi. p. 66.

164

SELACIIII.

1879. Notidanug renirvHs, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresb. vol. xxxv. p. 162,
pi. iii. lig.-5. 12-17.

1879. Notidanug primigeniw>, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 158, pi. iii. figs. 1-6.

1879. Notidanm d’ancotue, J. Probst, to7ti. cit. p. 160, pi. iii. figs. 6-11.
(?) 1880. Notidanus jnicrodon, V. Kiprijanolf, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.

Moscou, pt. i. p. 0, pi. i. figs. 15, 10.

1885. Notidantts primigenius, F. Noetling, Abb. Geol. Specialk.
Preussen u. Tbiiriug. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 17, pi. i. figs. 4, 6.

1880. Notidanus primigenius, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 210, pi. vi. figs. 10, 20, 22 (? fig. 21).

Tgpe. Botached teeth ; Munich Museum.

The limits of this species arc at present unsatisfactoril}' defined.
The teeth appear to pass, on the one hand, into those of N, serra-
tissimus, from most of which they can only bo distinguished by their
larger size ; and, on tlio other, they are indefinitely separated from
the teeth of N. rjigas, the lateral mandibular examples of which are
longer and gcnenill)' possess a greater number of secondary cones.
The statement of Agassiz, repeated by the present writer, that the
teeth of N, prlmigenius differ from those of N. sei't'alissinius in the
more acute character of the cones, and the less uniform size of the
anterior serrations, is shown to be inaccurate by a study of the
variations in a larger scries of specimens ; though the features just
mentioned are often distinctive. A specific character is also found
in the lon er median tooth, which almost certainly has a well-defined
median cusp.

It is probable that the originals of Agassiz's figs. 4, 5 do not
pertain to the same species as those of tigs. 0-8, 13-17, which are
regarded as the typical teeth ; but N. recurvus may be referred,
with much (wobability of correctness, to the upper jaw of N.primi-
{jenitis. The localities of most of the type specimens are unknown,
but they were probably' all obtained from the Molasse ; and it seems
advisable at present to restrict the name to teeth from the Upper
Eocene and Miocene, no undoubted specimens being knowm from the

I’liocene.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : S. England and N. Germany. Lower
Miocene : Belgium, llessen-Darmstadt, Wiirtomberg, and bwitzei-
land '.

P. 1224. Two fine teeth ; Upper Eocene, Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

One is figured by the present writer, Iw. cit. pi. vi. tig- 22.

Egerton Coll.

P. 5802. Similar tooth ; Barton Cliff. Enniskillen Coll.

' A very doubtful tooth from the Molasse of Montpellier, S. France, is also
referred to N. primigenius by P. Gervais, Pal. GiSn, p. 230, tig- 30 (woode.).

NOTIDANID-H.

1G5

P. 4707. Upper anterior tooth, figured by the present writer, loc.
cit. pi. vi. fig. 19 ; Upper Eocene, Hampshire.

. Ennisl illen Coll.

35541. One perfect tooth, and two fragments ; Rupelian Beds,
Klein Spauwen, Belgium. Purchased, 1859.

P. 1226. Portion of tooth ; Rupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp.

Eyerton Coll.

35533-34. One anterior upper tooth, figured by the present writer,
loc, cit. pi. ri. fig. 20, and portions of seven other teeth;
Molasse, Baltringen, Wiirtemherg. Purchased, 1859.

35535. Imperfect tooth ; Molasse, Canton Aargau, Switzerland.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 1225. Tooth ; Molasse, Switzerland. Egerton Coll.

P. 5551. Six teeth ; Miocene, Weiiiheim, Hessen-Uarmstadt.

By e.vchange, 1888.

P. 441. Typical tooth ; locality unknown. Purchased, 1882.

P. 5803. Tooth with very large anterior denticulations, doubtfully
referred to this species; Molasse, North Germany.

Notidanus gigas, Sismonda '.

1857. Xotidanus gigas, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino [2]
vol. xix. p. 4C0, fig. 13.

1877. Xotidanus gigas, R. Lawley, Atti Soc. Tosc. vol. iii. p. 68, pi. i.
fig. 6.

1877. Xotidanus meneghmii, R. Lawley, tom. cit. p. 72, pi. ii. fig. 4.
1886. Xotidanus meneghinii, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
p. 255, woodcut fig. 2.

1886. Xotidanus gigas, A. S. Woodward, tom. cit. p. 255, woodcut fig. 1.
1886. Xotidanus gigas, H. M. Platnauer, Ann. Rep. ITorks. Phil. Soc.
pi. i. fig. 4.

1886. Xotidanus meneghinii, II. M. Platnauer, loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 6.
Type. Detached lower tooth.

A somewhat larger species than N. primigenius. Lower lateral
teeth differing from the typical teeth of the latter in the larger

' Several teeth, perhaps referable to this species, are figured by A. Scilla," De
corporibus marinis’ (1762), pi i. figs. 1-8.

160

SKLACHII.

number of the cones, and the relatively greater extent of the anterior
serrated margin ; the crown beneath and in advance of the principal
cone is produced far down upon the root. As suggested by Probst,
it is not impossible that the lower median tooth referred by Lawley '
to N. primigenius may belong to this species; it has no definite
median cone. The anterior upper teeth from the Pliocene of
Tuscany described by Lawley * as N. primigenim and N. recurvus
are also probably referable to N. gigas.

Fig. 7.

Teeth of Nofidanus gigas. Red Crag, Suffolk.

N. meneghinii appears to bo founded upon the less abraded teeth
of this species.

Form. ^ Loc. Pliocene : N. Italy and S.E. England.

47019. Portions of two large teeth ; Oreiano, Tuscany.

Purchased, 1875.

P. 5804. Worn fragment ; Red Crag, Eolixstowo, Suffolk.

Brown Coll. Presented hy l^of.Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B.,\S59 .

P. 5574. Complete tooth with eleven cones ; Red Crag, Felixstowe.

Harford Coll.

P. 5575. Imperfect tooth ; Red Crag, Orford Castle. Harford Coll.

P. 5576. Two smaller teeth, doubtfully assigned to this species ;

Red Crag, Suffolk. Harford Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection ; —

Notidanus anomalus, R. Lawley, Atti Soc. Tosc. vol. iii. (1877),
p. 74, pi. iii. fig. 6; A. S. Woodward, Geol. Hag. [3]
vol. iii. p. 256. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Notidanus aptiensis, F. J. Pictet, Ann. Soc. Lit. Sci. et Art. Apt.

* Atti Soc. Tosc. vol. iii. pi. i, fig. 4.

* Tom. cif. pp. 66, 69. pi. i. figs. 2, 3, 5, pi. ii. fig. 1.

KOTIDANIB^.

167

vol. i. (1865), j). 67 : E. Arnaud, Bull. 8oc. Gdol. France
[3], vol. X. (1882), p. 132. — Lower Cretaceous; Apt,
Vaucluse, France.

Kotidamts contrarins, G. von Munster, Beitr Petrefakt. vi. (1843),
p. 54, pi. ii. fig. 3. — Lower Oxfordian ; Bavaria.

Notidams d’anconce, K. Lawle)-, loc. cif. vol. iii. (1877), p. 73,
pi. iii. figs. 1,2; non J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jabresh. vol. xxxv.
(1876), p. 106, pi. iii. figs. 0-11. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Notidanus dnviesii, A. 8. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. (1886)
p. 212, pi. vi. fig. 8: llffhodim jtoli/prion, J. Phillips (non
Agassiz), Geol. Oxford (1871), p. 305, pi. xii. fig. 18. —
Oxford Clay ; Oxford.

Notidanus delfortriei, 11. Lawley, he. cit. vol. iv. (1879), p. 197.
— Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Lower median tooth.]

Notidanus Jiuegeluv, G. von Munster, op. cit. vi. (1843), p. 54,
pi. i. fig. 5 ; (?) F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt.
(1852), p. 167,pl. xiii. figs 5, 0, and Jura (1858), p. 519;
A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 211.— Corallian ;
Wiirtemberg.

Notidanus intermedins, A. M agner, Abh. k.-bay. Akad. Wiss.
math.-phys. Cl. vol. ix. (1801), p. 299, pi. iv. fig. 3. —
Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) ; Solenhofen,
Bavaria.

Notidanus loozi, G. Vincent, Ann. Soc. Boy. Malaeol. Belg. vol. xi.
(1876), p. 126, pi. vi. fig. 5. — Lower Landenian ; Belgium.

Notidanus marrfinalis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1888), p. 34, pi. vi. fig. 8 (non fig. 7).— Oamaru
and Waipara Formations ; New Zealand. [The supposed
upper tooth of this species is referable to Galeocerdo.']

Notidanus nettdhladti, T. C. M’inkler, Archiv Vereins Fr. d. -
Naturgesch. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. Ill, pi. ii.
fig. 5. — Miocene ; Sternberg.

Notidanus plectrodou, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad.
1867, p. 141. — Miocene ; United States.

Notidanus jtrohlematkus, B. Lawley, he. cit. vol. iii. (1877), p. 74,
pi. iii. figs. 3, 4. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Notidanus repens, J. Prob-st, WUrtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 163, pi. iii. fig. 18 (? 19-22) ; A. S. Woodward, Geol.
Jiag. [3] vol. iii. p. 254. — Miocene ; Wiirtemberg.

Notidanus stoppani, B. Lawley, he. cit. vol. iv. (1879), p. 199. —
Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Lower median tooth.]

Notidanus iargionii, E. Lawley, he. cit. vol. iii. (1877), p- 71,
pi. ii. fig. 3. — Pliocene; Tuscany.

168

SELACHII.

Notidanus thevenardi, E. Delfortrio, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxxii. (1878), p. 256, woodcuts. — Faluns; St. Mcdard,
Girondo, France. [Lower median tooth.]

Notidanus urcianensis, R. Lawley, loe. cit. vol. iv. (1879), p. 198.
— Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Lower median tooth.]

Of the above species, those founded upon lower median teeth are
especially doubtful. The so-called Notidanus amalthel, Oppel ‘, from
the Lias of Wiirtembcrg and Yorkshire, has been recorded upon the
evidence of indeterminable fragments ; and the present writer has
been unable to confirm Munster’s determination “ of a tooth of this
genus from the same horizon. A tooth from the Oxfordian of
Switzerland ascribed to Notidanus by PI. Favre ’ appears also to be
doubtfully determined, and most likely pertains to ilyhodus.

The caudal region of a Selachian from the Lithographic Stone of
Bavaria, named Adlopos vow/neri by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
1843, p. 377), is also referred to AbdefowMS by A. Wagner, Abh. k.-
bay. Akad. Wiss. math.-phys. Cl. vol. ix. p. 296. A nearly complete
fish, from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon, is also described
under the name of N. yraciUs, 3. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 470, pi. xiv. fig. 1. The former specimen is preserved
in the Munich Museum, the latter at liklinburgh.

Notidanus hiserratm, Munster (Beitr. Petrefakt. v. 1842, p. 66,
pi. XV. fig. 9), from the Oligocene of the Vienna Basin, is founded
upon an imperfect tooth of Oaleoesrdo, now in the Munich Museum.

Some awl-shaped teeth from the “ marls of New Jersey,” appa-
rently referable to the symph3’'si8 of the upper jaw of Notidanus, are
described under the name of Xiphodolamia ensis, J. Leidy, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii, (1877), p. 252, pi. xxxiv.
figs. 25-30.

Genus CHLAMYDOSELACHE, German.

[Bull. Essex Institute, vol. xvi. 1884, p. 52.]

Body much elongated, slender ; mouth terminal ; gill-opcnings
six, with anterior flaps of skin, the first especially large. Dentition
similar in both jaws, but a median symphysial series of teeth only

> A. Oppel, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. x. (1854), p. 62, pi. i. fig. 1 ; Tate & Blake,
Yorksh. Lias, 1876, p. 256; A. S. Woodward, Gteol, Mag. [3] vol. iii. (1886),
pp. 208, 525. The described specimens are respectively in the Museums of
Munich and Whitby.

’ Beitr. Petrefakt. vi. (1843), p. 55.

’ M^m. Soc. Pal^ont. Suisse, vol. iii. (1876), p. 16, pi. ii. fig. 1.

COCHLIOBOSTIDJ!.

169

present in the mandible. Q’eeth with broad, backwardly-extendod
bases, overlapping ; crown consisting of three slender, curved, sub-
conical cusps, separated by a pair of rudimentary denticles. Noto-
chord mainly persistent, in part replaced by feeble cyclospondylic
vertebral centra.

A nearly complete description of the t)-pe specimen (female) of the
single known living species, C. anf]uinett$, from Japanese sea.s, is
given by S. Garman in the BuU. ifuReum Comp. Zoology, Harvard
College, vol. xii. no. i. (1885). Further notes, and a large figure,
are published by A. Gunther, Rep. Deep-Sea Fishes (‘ Challenger ’
Reports, vol. xxii. 1887, p. 2, pi. Ixiv.).

Only one fossil species has hitherto been recorded, and this merely
upon the evidence of detached teeth: —

Chlamydosdache lawleyi, J. W. Davis, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
p. 542 ; ineerto! xedis, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi sopra ai
Pesci, etc., delle Collinc Toscane, 1876, p. 87, jd. i. fig. I.
— Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Division B. — Two dorsal fins present ; gill-clefts
five in number.

Family COCHLIODONTID^.

An imperfectly definable family, apparently related to the Cestra-
ciontida;, but with a more specialized dentition. At least one of
the transverse series of teeth encircling each ramus of the jaw is
fused into a continuous curved plate, sometimes with an even coronal
surface, sometimes with ridges and furrows marking the boundaries
of its components ; this plate increasing in size by additions to its
inner margin, and the outer border graduallj' coiling inwards instead
of becoming detached. The root and the crown are approximately
of corresponding thickness, the attached surface of the former
being thus almost parallel to the coronal contour. Coronal surface
punctate, the punctations having no relation to the extremities of
the vertical medullary canals *.

The priucipal forms of teeth of this family were originally referred
by Agassiz “ to Psammodus, and placed with this genus in the family
of Cestraciontidffi. Somewhat later, the same author recognized at
least their generic distinctness, first founding the genera Helodus

' E. Owen, Odontography, vol. i. p. .'59.

* Poisa. Foss. vol. iii. pis. xiv., xv.

170

SELACmi.

and Coehliodus and then naming others F. M‘Coy ^ described
many species (some already bearing Agassiz's iMS. names), en-
deavouring to show that Coehliodus itself was closely related to Pla-
endus (now known to bo a reptile), and, by mistaking a fragment of
the inwardly coiled outer border, considered that the teeth succeeded
vertically, as in the Pycnodonts In 1807°, It. Owen founded the
family of Cochliodontidae, having already remarked “ that “ it would
seem as if the several teeth of each obli(jue row in Ceslracion had
been w'eldcd into a single dental mass in Cocldiodus, the proportions
and direction of the rows being closely analogous.” About the
same year, Newberry and AVorthen described an American fossil
proving the occurrence of small separate teeth together with the
large plates in an ally of the British Cocldiodus. In 1872, Hancock
and Atthcy * made known the presence of at least one dorsal fin-
spine in the generalized genus Pleuroph.v (“ Pleurodus ”). In 1878
and 1883, L. 0. do Koninck”, J. W. Davis'", and St. John and
Worthen ", added much to our knowledge of the detached dental
plates ; and still more recently, R. II. Traquair has made known
the greater part of the dentition of Psephodus, emphasizing its
generalized character, besides pointing to Pleuroplax {Pleurodus)
and Pmilodm as affording a clue to the true homologies of the
larger teeth characterizing the whole family.

It seems probable that the Cochliodontida) possessed two dorsal
flns, often provided with spines. In some beds, however, yielding
Cochliodont teeth — e. g., those of Ticknall and Chapcl-eu-le-Frith
(Derbyshire), AVensleydalo (Yorkshire), and Beith (Ayrshire) —
dorsal fin-spines are almost or quite unknown.

The genera and species are distinguished by the form and pro-
portions of the large “ dental plates ” — morphologically, compound

‘ Tom. ait. pp. 104, 113 (1838).

= Tom. cU. p. 174 (1843).

’ Brit. I’alaioz. Foss. (185.')).

■* Op. cit. p. 621.

Gleol. Mug. Tol. iv. p. .59.

“ Palseontology, 2nd edit. (1801), p. 128.

Balajoiit. Illinois, toI. ii. p. 89.

" Nat. Hist. Trans. Northiimb. and Durham, vol. iv. p. 408.

* Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i. (Ann. Miis. Roy. d’llist. Nat. Bclg.
vol. ii.).

Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), pp. 327-600, pis. xlii.-Ixv.

" PaliEont. Illinois, rols. vi., vii.

Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. vii. (1884), p. 396, pi. xvi. ; and Geol.
Mag. [3] vol. ii. (1885), p. 340, pi. viii.

‘3 Geol. Mag. [3] vol. r. (1888), p. 84.

COCnr.IODONTID.^E.

171

teeth — which are nearly always, if not always, placed posteriorly
upon the jaws. For convenience of description, the margin to which
additions are made during growth will be termed the “ inner ”
border, the opposite in-roUed margin the “ outer ” border ; the
other pair of sides will be named the “ antero-latcral ” and “ postero-
lateral ” respectively, and a line joining these will be transverse.

The most generalized members of the family, Helodm, Pleuroplax,
and Pseplunhis, will be treated first, the most specisilized genus,
Beltoptyclnus, and some uncertain forms, being jilaced last. Pleuro-
plax is the only genus in Europe certainly ranging throughout the
Carboniferous Period ; and in the North- American beds Psephodus
is stated not only to occur in the earliest, but also to have the
greatest vertical range in the Lower Carboniferous

Genus HELODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 104.]

As originally defined by Agassiz, the generic name Ilelodus is
applicable to all the detached anterior teeth of Cochliodonts {see
p. 218) ; but, in the absence of definite evidence, it seems advisable
to restrict the term provisionally to the type species, which repre-
sents a genus still awaiting elucidation. This fish is ob\4ously very
closely related to Pleuroplax, as shown both by the dentition and
the dorsal fin-spine “ ; but in the known examples of the last-named
genus all the teeth are described as fused into plates, while in the
typical Helodm no such arrangement has been discovered^. If,
indeed, the latter observation be confirmed, the genus does not
strictly fall under the accepted definition of the Cochliodontidse, and
some modification will bo required ; but there can be no doubt that
in whatever family Pleuroplax bo placed, the type species of Helodm
must follow. The dental crown is tumid, and the coronal surface
coarsely punctate.

Helodus simplex, Agassiz.

1838. Helodm simplex, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 104, pi. xix.
figs. 8-10.

1861. Helodus simplex, J. W. Salter, Foss. S. Welsh Coal Field (Mem.
Geol. Surv.— Iron Ores Gt. Brit. pt. iii.), p. 225, pi. i. %. 17.

’ St. John and Worthen, Palaiont. Illinois, vol. vii. (1883), p. 59.
’ J. Ward, [Proc.] N. Staffs. Nat. Field-Club, 1875, p. 221,

’ E. H. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. r. 1888, p. 84.

172

SEr.Acnii.

1872. Ilelodus simplex, Ilancnclc & Atthey, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb.
& Piirhatii, vol. iv. p. 422.

1875. Ilelodus simplex, J. Ward, [Proe.] N. Staffs. Nat. Field-Olub,

p. 220.

1876. Ilelodus simplex, W. .1. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. iii. p. 101, figs, xlv.-xlviii.

1888. Ilehdus simplex, R. II. Trnquair, Oeol. Mag. [.I] vol. v. p. 84.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum (in part).

Dental crown very variable in form, but much elevated and
generally obtuse, attaining a maximum breadth of O'Olo. The
species is still imperfectly known, and many of the specimens men-
tioned below are only provisionally assigned to it.

Form. 4)' Toe. Coal Measures : Staffordshire, Shropshire, York-
shire, and Northumberland ; South Wales ; Lanarkshire.

P. 488. Tooth figured by Aga.ssiz, torn. dt. pi. xix. fig. 0 ; Silver-
dale, Staffordshire. Erjerton Coll.

P. 2906-7. Two groups of naturally-associated imperfect teeth,
with remains of cartilage ; Longton, Staffordshire.

EnmsJciUeii Coll.

P. 2908. Fragment of trunk, with imperfect dorsal fin-spine ;

Longton. Eimishillen Coll.

P. 2909. Six comparatively pointed teeth ; Longton.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 5160. Ten teeth; Longton. Purchased, 1S85.

P.2910. Four teeth; Fenton, Staffordshire. Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 5159. Two naturally-apposed series of four small teeth ; Fenton.

Purchased, 1885.

P. 1440. Two teeth ; Fenton and Silverdalo. Egerton Coll.

21422, 21975. Five detached teeth ; also six smaller teeth naturally
arranged in two adjoining series, doubtfully assigned to this
species ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1847-8.

P. 2905. Associated teeth ; Carluke. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2283. Two teeth; Carluke,

Presented hy George Griff^ths^ Esq., 1882.

C0CnLI0D0NIID,J5.

173

The following specimens may indicate a hitherto unknown
species : —

P. 5157-8. Tooth measuring 0-019 in the longer diameter, asso-
ciated with small teeth; also two associated teeth and
fragments pertaining to an equally large fish; Fenton.

Purchased, 1885.

Genus PLEUROPLAX, nomen nov.

Syn. Pleurodus, Hancock & Atthey (non Pleuroilon, IN'ood, 1S40, nec
Harlan, 1842), Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durham, vol. iv
1872, p. 408.

Kami of jaws meeting at an acute angle; teeth, so far as known,
mostly fused into continuous transverse plates, few in number,
carinated, and having indented antero- and postero-latoral borders,
marking the free extremities of the components. Body depressed,
covered with fine shagreen ; dorsal fin-spine laterally compressed,
broad, smooth, or ornamented with delicate longitudinal stri®.

Pleuroplax rankinei, Hancock & -Itthey.

1843. Pkwodus rankinei, L. .\gassiz, Poiss.Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

1843. Pleurodm affinis, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. (name only).

18131. Pleurodus uffinis,i, W. .Salter (w Egerton, MS.), loss. S. Welsh
Coal Field (Mem. Geol. Surv.— Iron Ores Gt. Brit. pt. iii.), p. 225
pi. i. tigs. 18, 19 (figures only).

1801. Paieilodas (?) sp., J. W. .Salter (at- Egerton, MS.), loc. cit.
p. 225, pi. i. tig. 20 (abraded tooth, figure only).

1872. Pleurodus rankinii, A. Hancock & T. Atthey, Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb. & Durham, vol. iv. p. 408, pi. xv. tig. 1.

1873. Pleurodus, T. P. Barkas, Coal Meas. I’aheont. p. 18, pi. i.
figs. 24-27.

1874. Pleurodus nffnis, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Kev. Dental Surgery,
vol. iii. p. 0, figs, xxxvi.-xxxix.

1876. Pleurodus ajfinis, J. Ward, [Proc.] N. Staffs. Nat. Field-Club,
p. 223.

1876. Pleurodus rankinii, J. Ward, loc. cit. p. 222, fig. 13.

1879. Pleurodus affinis, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Gecd. Soc. vol.
XXXV. p. 181, pi. X. figs. 1-11.

Type. Associated deutal plates, and anterior portion of body with
dorsal fin-spine ; Museum of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Axial rounded carina of the dental crown prominent, rarely
marked by faint transverse sulci ; unabradod coronal surface smooth,
or with delicate irregular wrinkles near the mai'giu. Anterior

174

BELACHII,

dental plates with little or no lateral expansion ; posterior dental
plates with large more or less unsymmetrical lateral “wings,”
broadest in the middle, diminishing to the outer and inner margin.

The dental plates vary considerably in form, but they are asso-
ciated in such a manner that, as already suggested by Ward and W. J .
Barkas, it seems probable that they pertain to a single species. A
small jaw is described by W. J. Barkas indicating the presence of
about three dental plates in each ramus, the anterior being rela-
tively narrower than the posterior; a portion of a fish is made
known by Hancock and Atthey, displaying about a dozen dental
plates in the mouth, lino shagreen, and a dorsal fin-spine ; and
several varieties of the narrow plates, with dorsal spines, are de-
scribed and figured by J. W. Davis. The tooth figured by Salter as
P<ecilodt(s (?) sp. is evidently a much abraded specimen.

Form. ^ Ijoc. Coal Measures : North and South Wales, Stafford-
shire, Yorkshire, Northumberland, and the Scotch Coalfield.

P. 1416. Small imperfect dental plate, with broad lateral “ wings,”
strongly furrowed; lluabon, N. Wales. This fossil bears
Agassiz’s MS. label, “ Pleurodns uffum,” and was intended
to be described and figured as the typo of the genus and
species. E<jerton Coll.

P. 6162. Throe narrow dental plates resembling the one figured by
Ward {loo. cit.) under the name of P. ranldnn-, Longton,
N. Stafibrdshire. Purchased, 1885.

P. 1415. Eight dental plates, variously abraded, mostly of the
narrow form figured by J. W. Davis (loc. cit.), but one of
the broader typo, and some smaller ; Bone-bed of Bctterbed
Coal (Lower Coal Measures), Lowmoor, near Halifax,
Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 2481. Eiglit similar specimens, one of very largo size (long axis
measuring 0-02), from the same locality.

Ennislcilleii Coll.

21422. Twenty examples, variously abraded, with lateral “ wings ”
well developed ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, .

21975. Eight narrow dental plates, one showing a tendency towards
division into teeth very similar to those of Ilelodus simple.v ;
Carluke. Purchased, 1848.

33300. Two specimens ; Carluke.

Purchased, 1858.

COCHI.IODONIID.B.

175

P. 1414. Three fragmentary dental plates, one showing a transverse
suture, another with broad lateral wings, and the third of
the form figured by J. W. Davis, loe. cit. figs. 0, 7 ; Car-
luke. Kgerton Coll.

P. 2281. Fourteen specimens ; Carluke. Emmhillen Coll.

P. 2480, P. 2482. Twelve dental plates, mostly abraded, of all the
different forms ; Carluke. An unworn fragment shows a
median longitudinal wrinkle, with short branches, and
small wrinkles directed towards the median carina upon
the lateral prolongations. Ennishillen Coll.

Pleuroplax attheyi (\V. J. Barkas).

1843. Pceeilodus angttstus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

1874. Pwcilodm attheyi, W. .1. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. iii. p. 57, figs. xl.-.\liv.

Type. Detached dental plate.

Axial Carina of the dental crown low, but sharply angulated,
divided by deep transverse sulci, corresponding to the divisions
between the incompletely coalesced components. Dental plates
approaching an elongated oval in form, usually broader at one
extremity than the other, witliout prominent median lateral expan-
sions.

Many of the dental plates from the Scotch Coalfield are twice as
large as the t)'pical examples from Northumberland.

Form. Loc. Coal Measures : Northumberland and Lanarkshire.

21423. Eight dental plates, some abraded, and the largest 0'012 in
length; Carluke, Lanarkshire. Two examples are shown,
of the natural size, in PI. VI. figs. 10, 11.

Purchased, 1847.

P. 2466. Four large examples, one unabraded; Carluke.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2282. Two specimens ; Carluke. Enniskillen Coll.

Pleuroplax woodi, Davis.

1874. Pleurodiis, .sp., W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery,
vol. iii. p. 9.

1883. P/eurodus woodi, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 438, pi. lix, figs. 12-15.

]7G

StLACniI.

1884. IHeurodus looudi, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 024, pi. xxvii. figs. 14-17.

1880. rieurodtts woodi, J. \V. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. loG-

Type. Detached dental plates; Heed Collection, York Museum.
Axial Carina of the dental crown narrow, rounded, divided by
transverse sulci, corresponding to the divisions between the incom-
pletely coalesced components ; lateral notches very deep.

The dental plates of this species were first described by W. J.
llarkas, but were not figured until 1883, when J. W. Davis iiroposed
the name by which the species is now known.

Form. 4' Toe. Ujipcr Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire and
Derbyshire.

P. 4887. Eight dental plates ; Yoredale Hocks, Wensleydale, York-
shire. Hovue Coll.

P. 5357. An abraded dental plate, probably referable to this species ;

Ticknall, near Melbourne, 8. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

Dental plates of a species of PleuropUuv, from the Lower Car-
boniferous Limestone of Belgium, have been described under the
name of Tomodus lacimcUiis, L. G. de Koninck, Eaune Calc. Carbf.
Bolg. pt. i. (1878), p. 61, pi. vi. fig. 20.

Genus PSEPHODUS, Agassiz.

[Morris and Hoberts («.u Agassiz, M8.), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. 1862, p. 101 '.]

Syri. llelodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 18.38, p. 104 (iu part).

Ltyphodus, II. Homanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol.
xxxvii. pt. ii. 1864, p. 1(10.

Aspidodus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. 1866,
p. 92.

T<eniodus,Sit. John & Worthen, I’al. Illinois, vol. vii. 1883, p. 75
(•n part).

At least one series of the teeth upon each ramus of the jaw repre-
sented by a large gently curved plate, quadrangular, without coronal
ridges or any marked iurolmont of the outer border, and having at
least the antero-lateral and postero-latoral margins of the crown

Xbe name only ig here mentioned and applied to tlie species previously
described and figured by M'Coy and Portlock under the name of Cochliodas
nwynm. The type species being thus already well-defined in 1802, the generic
name is generally regarded as dating from that year.

COCHI.IODOXTIDJi.

177

more or loss crenulatcd. Other side-teeth with gently rounded
crowns and crcnulated margins ; symphysial teeth smaller and
feebly prehensile.

A considerable portion of the dentition of the type species of the
genus has been described by It. H. Traquair It appears that there
are two forms of the large dental plates, one probably in each jaw ;
and it seems likely that there was originallj' at least one series of
small teeth situated posteriorly to these. The “upper” dental
plate has a relatively greater antero -posterior measurement than
the “ lower,” and is less curved round the supporting cartilage.

Psephodus magnus (M-Coy).

184.S. Cochliodus 7nngnux,'L,. Aga-ssiz, Poiss, Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

1844. Jlelvdus planus, L. .Vgaasiz, cit. p. 17.3 (name only).

1843. Ilelodiis didgmus, L. Aga.ssiz, tom. cit. p. 173 (name only).

1843. Coehliodtts maguHs, J. E. Portlock, Rep. Geol. Londonderry,
p. 4C0, pi. .xiv. <z. fig. 4 (figure only).

1843. Ilelodus planus= CoaMiudu,s nuifpius, .1. E. Portlock, np. cit. p. 4(12.

1855. Cochliodus magnus, F. 11‘Ooy, Rrit. Palseoz. Foss. p. 022.

18.55. IModus planus, F. M'Coy, op. cit. p. (531, pi. 3 i. figs. 12-15.

1855. Jlelodns didgmus, F. M'Coy, op. cit. p. 030, pi. 3 1, figs. lA 20
(in part).

1855. Jlelodus lavissimns, F. M‘0oy, op. cit. p. 630 (in part).

1855. Ilelodus mdis, F. M‘Coy, op. cit. p. 031, pi. 3 k. fig. 4.

1802. Psephodus magnus, Morri.s & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

(?) 1878. Psephodus magnus, L. G. do Koniack, Faune Calc. Carbf.
Belg. pt. i. p. (50, pi. iv. fig. 10 (non figs. 14, 15, 17).

(?) 1878. Tomodus craigi, L. G. de Koniuck, op. cit. pt. i. p. 61, pi. iv.
fig. 8, pi. vi. figs. 18, 10.

1883. Psephodus magnus, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 4.30, pi. Iv. figs. 1-14.

1883. Lophodus Icecissimus, .1. W. Davis, totn. cit. p. 404, pi. li. fig. 18
(in part).

1883. Lophodus didgmus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 407, pi. li. fig. 21 (in
part).

1883. Ilelodus rudis, .1. \V. Davis, tom. (it. p. 457, pi. lix. fig. 11.

1883. Selachian Fi.sh, J. Coutts, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. vii.
p. 104.

1885. Psephodus magnus, R. II. Traquair, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. vii. p. 392, pi. xvi. ; and Geol. Mag. [3] vol. ii. p. 337,
pi. viii.

1886. Psephodus magnus, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 151.

'■ Trans. Gteol. Soa Glasgow, vol. vii. (1884), p. 396, pi. xvi. ; also Geol. Mag.

[3J vol. ii. (1885), p. 337, pi. viii.

178

8EI.ACHIT.

Type. Detached largo dental plates.

Tho type species, of comparatively large size, the antoro-postenor
measurement of the “ upper” dental plates being sometimes as great
as 0'05, and the distance from the outer to the inner border 0'035.
Outer margin of “upper” dental plate straight, inner margin
nearly straight for its greater extent anteriorly and sharply curved
upwards behind ; coronal contour slight!}' raised along a line con-
necting tho bend of the inner border with tho posterior extremity of
the outer border, and the abraded hollows in worn teeth apparently
confined to the area in advance of this elevation. “ Lower ” dental
plate gently and more uniformly rounded than the “ upper; ” inner
border curved throughout its length.

The “ upper ” dental plate is described as “ posterior ” by
M‘Coy, and is figured by Davis {loo. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 1, 13, Id) and
Traquair (Joe. cit. pi. xvi. fig. 4); tho “lower” dental plate is
described as “middle” by M‘Coy, and is figured by Davis (loc. cit.
pi. Iv. figs. 2, 10) and Traquair {loc. cit. pi. xvi. fig. 3).

The finest example of the dentition yet known is that from the
Cement Limestone of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, described by
Coutts and Traquair. According to the latter it exhibits, in
addition to the ordinary largo dental plates, teeth identifiable with
Ilelodus planus., II. rudis, II. Icevissimus, and II. didymus.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ire-
land ; Lanarkshire, Scotland ; Northumberland and Somersetshire,
England. Carboniferous Limestone (various horizons) : Ayrshire,
Scotland; Westmoreland and Derbyshire, England; Denbighshire
and Flintshire, N. Wales.

(i.) Armagh, Ireland.

Unless otherwise stated, the following specimens are from the
Enniskillen Collection : —

P. 2394, P. 2406. Three “ upper ” dental plates, figured by J. W.

Davis, loc. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 1, 13, 14. As already remarked
by Traquair (loc. cit. p. 400) the inner margin of the first
is erroneously placed externally ; the coronal surface of
the second is much excavated by wear, and the postero-
lateral and inner margins are abraded and broken.

P. 2409. Twenty-five “upper” dental plates, of large size, some
much worn, and others showing marks of incomplete
division into teeth.

P. 2409 a. Five large dental plates of irregular shape.

COnnLIODONTID.B.

]79

P. 2408. Three immature examples of the “upper ” dental plate.

P. 1395. Ten “ upper” dental plates. Egerton Coll.

28018, 28724, 41161. Fifteen “ upper ” dental plates.

Purchased, 1853, 1868.

P. 2395, P. 2403. Two “ lower ” dental plates, figured by J. W.
Davis, Joe. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 2, 10.

P. 2407. Fourteen “ lower” dental plates, some showing marks of
incomplete division into teeth.

P. 1395 a. Five small “ lower ” dental plates. Egerton Coll.

28042, 28724 a, 41161 a. Five “ lower” dental plates.

Ihtrchased, 1851, 185.3, 1868.

P. 2397. Three teeth, naturally arranged, the group having pre-
cisely the outline of an “ upper ” dental plate ; figured by
J. IV. Davis, loe. cit. pi. Iv. fig. 4.

P. 2396, P. 2398-P. 2404. Eight gently rounded teeth — the so-
called Helodus planus, — one associated with two narrow
broken teeth ; figured by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. pi. Iv.
figs. 3, 5-9, 11, 12.

P. 2410, P. 2614 a. Sixty similar teeth ; seven in associated pairs.

P. 2604. Forty-five similar teeth, mostly very narrow.

P. 1399, P. 1438, P. 1476. Sixteen similar specimens.

Egerton Coll.

28746-7, 28750, 38505, 41163. Thirty-three similar specimens.

Purchased.

P. 2604 a. Eight small narrow teeth, some of the form figured hy
J. W. Davis under the name of Helodus Icevissimus, loc. cit.
pi. li. fig. 1 8ff.

(ii.) Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, Scotland.

46048. Two “ upper ” and three “ lower ” dental plates, smaller
than the adult specimens from Armagh ; Beith, Ayrshire.

Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874,

46049. Two small flat teeth — the so-caUed Helodus planus ; Beith.

Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

N 2

180

SELACHTT.

P.359. “Upper” dental plate, diifering from the more typical
examples of this species in its relatively less anteio
posterior measurement and more angulated contour of the
crown ; Beith. Purchased, 1880.

(iii.) Westmoreland.

P. 2411. Five typical “ upper” dental plates, two broken ; Kendal.

Ennishlllen Coll.

P. 1396. Two “ upper ” dental plates, one of the largest size, the
other smaller ; Kendal. Egerton Coll.

(iv.) Derbyshire.

46814. “ Upper ” and portion of “ lower ” dental plate.

Gilbertson Coll.

P. 5347, P. 5347 a. Two “ upper ” and two “ lower ” dental plates,
of comparatively small size ; from a bed of shale in the
Upper Carboniferous Limestone, Tioknall, near Melbourne,
South Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

(v.) Bristol, Gloucestershire.

34978-9. Small abraded “ upper ” dental plate, and “ lower ” dental
plate exhibiting strong wrinkling of the inner coronal
border, the ridges and furrows being at right angles to
the margin. Purchased, I860.

41154. “Upper” dental plate, with two small clefts, one in each
lateral border, apparently marking the limits of the
orio-inal tooth forming the outermost portion of the plate.

Purchased, 1868.

P. 2412. “ Upper ” dental plate. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5227. Two “ upper ” and one “ lower ” dental plate.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 188.J.

P. 1477. Two small, almost rectangular teeth, with gently rounded
coronal contour. Egerton Coll.

(vi.) North Wales.

P. 5348. “ Low’er ” dental plate ; Trevor, Denbighshire.

Wilson Coll.

roCUUOUONTlD.E.

181

Psephodus Isevissimus (Agassiz).

1838. Helodus laiiissimm, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 104, pl.xiv.
figs. 1-14 {non fig. 15).

Type. Detached teeth and dental plates ; Bristol iluseum (in
part).

A small pjjccies, tlie “ upper ” dental plate measuring about
0 013 antero-posteriorly. Inner margin of “upper” plate nearly
straight anteriorly for more than half its length, then sharply
bent upwards almost at right jingles and equally straight ; coronal
contour raised into a prominent narrow ridge along a line connecting
the bend of the inner border with the jiosterior extremity of the
outer border. “ Lower ” dental plate gently and more uniformly
rounded than the “ upper inner margin very slightly curved.

The “ upper ” dental plato is shown by Agassiz, loe. cit. fig. 13,
but the specimen Ls imperfect and the drawing scarcely accurate ;
the “ lower ” plate is apparently the original of fig. 14, loc. cit., and
exhibits two small flattened teeth (erroneously shown as one long
tooth) adjoining its postero-lateral margin. The original of fig. 15,
loc. cit., is very suggestive of Tomoilns, and caunot be associated
with P. Irn’issimus upon present evidence. It is also uncertain
whether man}’ of the so-called anterior teeth of this species are
correctly so determined, some being very large and perhaps belonging
to other unknown Cochliodonts.

Form. & Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Bone-bed in Lower Limestone
tShales) : Avon Gorge, near Bristol, Gloucestershire.

P. 2620. series of thirty teeth, comprising two much worn
examples of the “ upper ” dental plate and imperfect
specimens of the “lower;” the anterior teeth re.semblc
those figured by Agassiz, and many are of remarkably
large size, if timly referable to this species. There appears
to bo a third form of dental plate, closely resembling the
“ lower ” in shape, but more convex. Ennwlnlkn Coll.

P. 2645. Tooth approaching the form of the so-called Uehdus
mciminiltaris. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1434 a. Two “ upper ” dental plates, one shown of the natural
size in PI. VI. fig. 16. Eyerton Coll.

P. 1434. Twenty-foUr anterior teeth, and one imperfect small
dental plate, apparently like the “ lower,” but more
convex. Home of the elongated teeth exhibit wide trans-

182

SKLACHII.

verse wrinkles upon one of the longer margins, suggesting
an approximation towards the teeth of Orodus.

Jiijerton Coll.

44857. One “ upper ” dental plate, another suggestive of the
“lower” dental plate fused with one small adjoining
tooth, and six anterior (//eZo(?«s-shaped) teeth of largo
size. Presented hij Benjamin Briejht, Esq., 18713.

P. 5858. Two small dental jdates, resembling the “ lower,” hut
more convex, and an elongated anterior tooth with a
transverse suture dividing the crown into two parts.

P. 4213. A very large dental plate, perhaps of this species, and
apparently consisting of three of the 7/e/ocftts-shaped
teeth fused together. Ennislcillen Coll.

Fsephodus salopiensis, sp. nov.

Tyqn. “ Upper” dental plate shown in PI. VI. fig. 14.

A small species, the “ upper ” dental plate usually measuring
about 0-012 antoro-postoriorly. Outer margin of “upper” dental
plate outwardly curved, and the inner margin also gently curved
throughout its length, the bend being almost in the middle ;
coronal contour gently, though considerably, raised along a line
connecting the bend of the inner border with that of the outer.
“Lower” dental plate (probably) strongly convex, very oblique;
antero-latoral border marked by large indentations ; inner border
curved.

The complete dentition of this species not yet being known, and
so many other Coehliodonts occurring upon the same horizon, it is
impossible to identify its anterior teeth, which are probably included
among the anterior teeth described below as of the form of Uelodus
Icevissimus, auctorum.

Form. ^ Loc. Carboniferous Limestone : Shropshire.

42189. “ Upper ” dental plate, shown in PI. VI, fig. 14, of the
natural size, forming the type sirecimcn ; Orcton.

Baugh Coll.

42188, 42215. Two smaller abraded examples; Oreton.

Baugh Coll.

42230. Supposed “lower” dental plate, shown in PI. VI. fig. lo, of
the natural size ; Oreton. A very similar dental plate is
met with in a llussian species of Fsephodus described

COCHLIODONIIDJi.

183

under the name of Helodxis dentatus, H. Romanowsky,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1864, pt. ii. p. 159, pi. iii.
fig. 15. Baugh Coll.

42187. Two smaller but similar dental plates ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

Psephodus dublus, sp. uov.

Type. “ Lower ” dental plate shown in PI. VI. figs. 13, 13 a.

The provisional name of F. dubias may bo given to a species
indicated by the large dental plate shown in the figure. This
specimen corresponds most closely in its characters and dimensions
to the “ lower ’ dental plate of F. magnus, exhibiting a similar
coronal contour and coarsely crimped borders, but having a rela-
tively much less aiitero-posterior measurement, and the outer portion
of the plate not being so abruptly truncated but prolonged into an
inrollod point, la addition to this gradual inrolmeut the plate
is sharply bent along an obli(]uo transverse line about its middle,
and the marks of wear appear to be confined to the area outside this
fiexure.

Form. 4’ Loc. Carboniferous Limestone : Shropshire.

P. 4209. Type-specimen ; Oretou. Enniskillen Coll.

42183. A broken specimen, showing the considerable thickness of
the dental plate, and faint transverse sutures near its
inner margin ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

P. 227 a. Smaller dental plate, much worn, showing the inrolmeut
of the outer apex, and transverse sutural lines across the
crown near its inner margin ; profile outline restored in
PI. VI. fig. 13 a; Oreton. Wearer-Jones Coll.

42191-93. Three small dental plates of similar form, either per-
taining to young of this species, or, if the so-called
“ lower ” dental plates of F. salopiensis prove to be erro-
neously identified above, perhaps referable to the latter ;
Oreton. Baugh Coll.

P. 227 b. Small “ upper ” dental plate, having an antcro-posterior
measurement of 0-916, and, so far as preserved, very
similar in form to the corresponding dental plate of
F. magnus; it is shown of the natural size in PI. VI.
fig. 12, and may possibly be referable to this species;
Oreton. Weavej'-Jones Coll.

Two undetermined species of Fsephudus, remarkable for the rela-

184

6ELAC1UI.

lively small antero-posterior measurement of the “ upper ” dental
plate, are indicated by the following specimens : —

23712. A small dental plate, shown, of the natural size, in PI. V'l.

lig. 17 ; Lower Carboniferous Limestone, Hook Point,
Wexford, Ireland. Ihmhased, 1849.

P. 227 C. A larger eorrcsponding plate, with prominently-coloured
transverse bands, shown, of the natural size, in PI. VI.
fig. 18 ; Carboniferous Limestone, Orcton.

Weavev-Joaes CoU.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
dental plates, but there are no c.^amiilcs in the Collect ion : —

I'sejihodus crenidatus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 67 : Aspidodus crmulatiin, Aewbeiry & Worthen,
Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. (1866), p. 93, pi. viii. figs. 3-1 1 ; also
J. S. Newberry, Ann. Itei). (leol. Surv. Indiana, 1876-
78 (1879), p. 341 : Afpidodum convolvlus, Newberry &
Worthen, tom. eit. p. 94, pi. viii. fig. 12. — Chester Lime-
stone; Illinois and Kentucky.

Paepliodus dentaUts: Idelodus dent(itu.<s, JI. Romanowsky, Pull.
Soc. Imp. ATit. Moscou, 1864, pt. ii. p. 159, pi. iii. figs. 12-
16. — Lower Carboniferous Limestone; Government of
Toula, Russia. ? Ifdodus i/entatus, L. G. do Koninck,
Faune Calc. Carbf. Relg. pt. i. (1878), p. 40, ))1. iv. fig. 18. —
Lower Carboniferous Limestone; Tournai, Relgium.

I'sephodus indicus, W. Waagen, Pal. Ind. ser. 13, pt. ii. (1880),
p. 73, pi. vii. figs. 3, 5. — IToductus Limestone ; Salt Range,
India.

I’sephodus latiis, St.John & Worthen, op. oil. vol. vii. p. 72, pi. ii.
figs. 1-3. — St. Louis Limestone; Illinois, Jlissouri.

Psephodus minor, II. Trautschold, Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiv. (1879), p. 57, pi. vii. figs. 9, 10 ( non figs. 1 1, 12).

Carboniferous Limestone ; Mjatschkowa, iMoscow.

Psejihodus ohliquus, St. John & IVorthen, op, eit. vol. vii. p. 66,
pi. i. figs. 1-5. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

1 sc^'hodus plactntu, St. John iSc Worthen, op. eit. vol. vii. p. 69,
pi. ii. figs. 5-8 ; Ileloilns plucnita, Newberry & Worthen,
op. cit. vol. ii. p. 80^ jjP y_ 4 — Kinderhook Lime-

stone ; Iowa.

Psephodus lyularis : Ta-niodos ree/nluris, St. John & Worthen,
op. cit. vol. vii. p. 77, pl. xiii. fig. 11. — Warsaw Lime-
stone ; Indiana.

COCIILIOUONTin.li.

185

Psephodus simple.v, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [11] vol. iii. p. 151,
figs. 1, 2.— Carboniferous Limestone; Derb^vshire.

(^1) Psephodus symtnetricus, St. John & Worthen, oy». cit. vol. vii.
p. 71, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

The so-caUed P. lumdatus, St. John & Wortlien {op. cit. vol. vii.
p. 74, pi. ii. fig. 4), from the Chester Limestone of Illinois, appears
to be founded upon a specifically indeterminable anterior tooth of
Psephodus; and very doubtful, also, is 7^.(?) reikidatus, St. John &
M orthcn {op. cil. vol. vi. 1875, p. 417, pi. vi. figs. 19-24), from the
Kinderhook Limestone of Iowa. Other evidence of the genus, from
the Lower Carboniferous of Russia, has been described and figured
by Semenov and Mbller, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. vii.
(1864), p. 2134, pi. i. fig. 10 (? and other figs.) ; and a doubtful tooth
from the Salt Range, India, is named P. dejiressus, W. AVaagon, Joe.
cit. p. 75, pi. vii. fig. 4.

A tooth from the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois, very suggestive
of a broken example of Psephodus, has also been described under
the name of Trigonodus minor, Kewberry & Wortben (Pal. Illinois,
vol. ii. 1866, p. 1 12, pi. xi. fig. 7 ) ; and a second example is recorded
from the St. Louis Limestone of Indiana (J. S. Kewberry, Ann. Hep.
Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1876-78 (1879), p. 1341).

Genus SANDALODUS, Newberry & Wortben.

[Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. 1866, p. 102.]

Sy n. Triyonodus, Newberry & Woi*lhen, tom. cit. 1 866, p. 1 1 1 (in pwt).

Vaticinodus, St. Jolm & Wortben, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. 1880, p. 80.

Orthopteurodus, St. John & Wortben, tom. cit. p. 190 (in part).

Dental plates of “upper” jaw triangular in outline, slightly
inrolled, having the antero- and postero-lateral borders each consi-
derably longer than the inner margin. Coron<il contour undulating
in transverse section, the anterior portion raised into a low rounded
longitudinal ridge, passing into a slightly hollowed posterior area.
Dental plates of “ lower ” jaw subtriangular or club-shaped in out-
line, with one or two pointed extremities, considerably inrolled, and
the longer axis approximately in an antero-posterior direction ;
coronal ridges and hollows few or absent.

Sandalodus morrisii, Davis.

]i^62. Dcltodus sp., Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Ceol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 105, pi. iii. figs. 1 .3.

(H) lf^02. Dcltodus .sp., Morris ik Roberts, toe. cil. pi. iii. lig. 1.

18G

SELACIIII.

1883. ^undaliidus mon'inii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. ]). 437, pi. liv. figs. 1-6.

1883. Vaticinodus sp., St. .John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, toI. vii. p. 81.
1883. Didlodopsia sp., St. .lolin & Worthen, turn. cit. p. 1(50.

Type. Detached dental plates ; Dritish Museum.

A very large species, the long axis of the “ u[)])er ” dental plate
attaining a length of 0-12, and its maximum breadth being about
O’O.u.j. “ Upper ” dental plate with anterior ridge, extending from
the outer apex to the inner border, prominent, its summit ungulated,
jilaced very near to the antero-latcral border. “ Lower ” dental
jilute much thickened towards the sharply rounded posterior angle,
and the root e.xteriding beyond ; coronal surface moderately convex,
faintly exhibiting antoro-posterior elevations and depressions in its
anterior portion.

As already remarked by Davis, the association of the two forms
of large teeth ascribed to this species, both in the Limestone of
Bristol and Oreton, seems sufficient proof of their pertaining to one
and the same fish. The so-called genus Vatieinodtm also appears to
the present writer superfluous, and may bo conveniently deemed a
synonym of Sandalodm ; indeed the type species, V. vetustas,
appears almost specifically indistinguishable from (S'. morrisH.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone ; Cloucestershire
and Shropshire.

(i.) Trianyidar Vai'iety (? Upper Jaw).

P. 202-3. Type specimens figured by Morris and Eoberts, tom. cit.

pi. iii. figs. 2, 3 ; Oreton, Shropshire. Weaver-Jones Coll.

P. 207-9. Three specimens ; Oreton. Weaver-Jo7ies Coll.

42175-42180. Six specimens ; Oreton. Baityh Coll-

41191. Two imperfect specimens, one small ; Oreton.

Purchased, 1868.

P. 2484, P. 2487. Two broken dental jdates, the first figured by
Davis, tom. cit. pi. liv. fig. 6 ; Oreton. EnnishiUeti Cod.

P. 4717. Very largo dental plate, measuring 0'12 from the outer
apex to the inner border ; Oreton. Pm'chased, 1884.

36194. Fragment of small dental plate ; Oreton. I^urcha.'ied,

P. 215. Small dental plate, probably of a young individual of this
species, showing a deep suture-like transverse line near
the inner margin ; Oreton. The specimen is figured by
Morris & Eoberts, loc. cit. pi. iii. fig. 4, and is associated

COCaLIODONTIIl.B.

187

with a smalt quadrilateral flat tooth. A second example
of the latter occurs in the Collection (So. 42230, Bimrjh
Coll.), and it would be comprised under the accepted
definition of Psammodus, like the so-called P. salojnensis
(suj)rn, p. 105). The fact, however, that small quadran-
gular flat teeth have been found bordering a dental plate
of Psejihodus Imnssimus (supra, p. 181 ) suggests the pos-
sibility of a similar arrangement in Saiidalodus.

IVeaver-Jones Coll.

P . 216. Three similar triangular dental plates, one still smaller and
showing two sutures parallel to the inner margin ; Oretou.

Weaver-Jones Coll.

46909. Medium-sized dental plate ; Bristol. Purchased, 1875.

(ii.) Incurved Bounded Variety ('! Lower Jaw).

P. 2483. P. 2485-6. Type specimen figured by Morris & Roberts,
tom. cit. pi. iii. fig. 1 ; also fragments of two smaller
specimens ; Oreton. Enniskillen Coll.

P.204-6. Three dental plates ; Oreton. Weaver-Jones Coll.

42202- 9. Eight fragmentary dental plates ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

42210. Small dental plates ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

36000, 37986, 41192. Three imperfect dental plates ; Oreton.

Purchased.

Sandalodus minor, Davis.

1834. Sandalodus minor, J. IV. Davis, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 626, pi. xxvi. fig. 17.

Type. Detached dental plate ; York JIuseum.

A very small species. “ Lower ” dental plate narrow, jwinted at
one extremit}’, broader and rounded at the other ; crown raised
into a low rounded longitudinal ridge.

Form. Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire.

P. 4894. “ Lower ” dental plate ; Yoredale Rocks, Wensleydale,
Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

Sandalodus angustus, Newberry & Worthen.

1860. Sandalodus anyustus, Newberry & Worthen, I’nl. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 10;i, pi. X. fig. 3.

Type. •‘Lower’’ dental plate.

A small species, the long axis of the “ lower ” dental [)late mea-

188

SKLACHIl.

suring about 0-022. This plate is narrow, compressed, and pointed
at one extremity, with the crown raised into a high median angulated
ridge.

Form. Loc. Keokuk Limestone (Lower Carboniferous): Illinois,

U. S. A.

P. 2488. Typical dental plate ; Warsaw, Illinois. EnnishiUen Uoll.

Sandalodus carbonarius, Newberry & Worthen.

1866. Eamlalodus carbonarius, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. ii. p. 104, pi. X. tigs. 4, 5.

1660. Dvltudm anytdaris, Newberry & Worthen, lorn. cit. p. 97, pi. ix.
lig. 1.

(P)1870. EcUodun (?) anyukuis, 0. St.John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xi. p. 467.

(P) 1872. Eeltodwi (? ) anyularis, O. St. Jtihn, in Tlaydeu’s Final Hep.

U.S. Geol. Surv. Nebiuska, p. 244, pi. vi. lig. 18.

188.6. Ovihopleurodm ca/Jyo»nr«/.s, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. vii. p. 192, pi. xiii. figs. 0-8.

'Fype. “ Lower” dental plate.

A small species. “ Lower” dental plate sub-spatulate, expanded
anteriorly, becoming narrow and poitited behind ; crown low, with
a faint angulated ridge along the long axis of the plate near the
straightor margin. “ Upper ” dental plate originally described
as Diiltodus anyularis.

Form. Loc. Coal-Measures : Illinois, Kansas, Indiana, Iowa,
(?) Nebraska, and Missouri, U.S.A.

P. 2489. Dental plate, wanting narrowed extremity ; La Salle,
Illinois. Enmsl-illen Coll.

Sandalodus Isevissimus, Newbei'ry & Worthen.

1806. Sandalodus Icerissimus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. ii. p. 104, pi. X. figs. 0-8.

1800. Sandalodus yrandis, Newberry & Worthen, tom. cit. p. lOo, pi. x.
fig. 9.

1800. Ihdtodus yrandis, Newberry A W'orthen, tom. cit. p. 101, pi- i-x.
fig. 9,

1800. Coc/ihodus? crassus, Newberry A Worthen, tom. cit. p. 91, pi. viii.
fig. 2.

1860. Psammodus? semicylindricus, Newberry & Worthen, tom. at.
p. 109, pi. xi. Hg. 4.

IbOf). Psammodus? r/nonAou/cMs, Newberry & Worfheu, fonn «?. p. HO,
pi. xi. fig. 0.

COCHLIODONTin,®.

189

(?) 1879. Deltodiis grandis, J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv.
Indiann, 1870-78, p. .344.

188.3. Sandahdus krcinsimtis, St. John & 'Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
Tol. vii. p. 186, pi. xii. figs. 8, 9 (in part).

Tgps. “ Lower ” dental plate.

The long axis of the “ lower ” iwsterior dental plate attaining a
length of 0-09, and its maximum breadth about 0-03; obtuse
anterior ridgo angulatod. “Lower” posterior dental plate sub-
triangular ; coronal surface considerably elevated, with one or two
slight median ridges c.xtending from the outer to the inner border,
becoming angulated outwards.

The above synonymy is copied from Messrs. St. John and Worthen,
who have had the opportunity of studying the original specimens.
The same authors doubtfully ascribe a third form of tooth, much
inroUed, to a “median” position upon the mandible of this species ;
they also reverse the terms “ upper ” and “ lower ” as here pro-
visionally employed.

Form. Loc. Keokuk Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) : Iowa,
Illinois, and Missoiu'i, U.S.A. (?) St. Louis Limestone : Indiana

P. 2491. Incomplete “ lower ” dental plate ; Warsaw, Illinois.

FnnisMlen Coll.

P. 2490. Two similar, but larger, specimens ; Warsaw, Illinois.

Ennisliillen Coll.

Sandalodus complanatus (Newberry & Worthen).

1806. Delfodus complanatiis, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. ii. p. 08, pi. ix. fig. 4.

• 1800. Triyonodus major, Newberry and Worthen, tom. cif. p. 112, pi. xi.

figs. 8, 9.

188.3. Sandalodus complanatus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. vii. p. 184, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2, (? figs. 3, 4).

Type. (?) “ Upper ” dental plate.

“ Upper ” dental plate having the antero-Iateral margin about
equal in length to the inner margin ; two rounded coronal ridges
from the outer to the inner side irregularly connected in the middle.
“ Lower ’’ dental plate subtriangular, with the postero-lateral border
much longer than either of the others, which are about equal ;
coronal surface raised anteriorly, though with a narrow antero-
lateral “ wing.”

Form. 4' Burlington Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) :

Illinois.

190

8ELACHII.

P. 2451. Imperfect “ lower ” denial plate ; Quincy, Illinois.

EimuhiUen Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Sandalodus convexus : Orthopleurodus convexus, St. John &
Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. (1883), p. 193, pi. xiii.
figs. 4, 5. — Coal-Measures (above Slahoning Sandstone) ;
West Virginia.

Sandalodus novo-mexicanus : Orthopleurodus novo-mexicanus, St.
John & Worthen, op. eit. vol. vii. p. 19.5, pi. xiii. figs. 1-
3. — Lower Carboniferous ; Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Samlalodus parvulus, Newberry & Worthen, op. eit. vol. ii. (1866),
p. 102, pi. X. fig. 1 : Stenopterod.us parvulus (in part), St.
John & Worthen, op. c/t. vol. vii. p. 107, pi. iv. figs. 4-8. —
St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. [Typo
8pecie.s.]

Sandalodus robustus, L. 0. de Koniuck, Fauno Calc. Carbf. Belg.
pt. i. (1878), p. 02, pi. V. fig. 7. — Lower Carboniferous
Limestone; Belgium.

Sandalodus spatulatus, Newberry & Worthen, q/n cit. vol. ii. p. 1 03,
pi. X. fig. 2 ; and St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii.
p. 188, pi. xii. fig. 7 : Beltodus rhonihoideus, Newberry &
Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 100, pi. ix. fig 8 : Sandalodus
crassus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. (1870), p. 369,
pi. iv. fig. 3. — St. Louis Limestone; Illinois and Missouri.
[Synonymy given by St. John & Worthen, he. cit.']

Sandalodus tenemmus : Streblodus lenerrimus, L. G. de Koninck,
Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i. (1878), p. 55, pi. vi. fig. 13 :
Vatichiodus tenerrimus, St. John & Worthen, ojy. eit.
vol. vii. p. 81. — Lower Carboniferous Limestone; Tournai,
Belgium.

Sandalodus vetustus: Vatieinodus vetustus, St. John & Worthen,
op. cit. vol. vii. p. 82, pi. iii. fig. 1. — Kinderhook Lime-
stone ; Iowa.

According to Trautsehold (Nouv. 5Iem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiv. 1879, p. 57), teeth of Sandalodus also occur in the Car-
boniferous Limestone of Mjatschkowa, Moscow.

A number of imperfect, mostly indeterminable, Cochliodont teeth
from the Carboniferous of the United States, have been described
under the names of 'Eatidnodus discr spans, St. John & Worthen
(op. cit. vol. vii. p. 83, pi. iii. figs. 2, 3), V. (?) carbonarius, St. J. &

COCHLIODONTID®.

191

{ihid. p. 88, pi. iv. fig. 20), V. (?) hpis, St. J. & W. {ibid. p. 88,
pi. iv. fig. 21), V. {!) similis, St. J. & W. {ibid. p. 86, pi. iv.
figs. 17-19), and V.(!) simplex, St. J. &,W. (ibid. p. 84, pi. iv.
figs. 22-26). The last-named “species” comprises a triangular
tooth.

Closely related to Saiidalodus is the genus and species Platyodm
lineatus, J. S. Newberry (Eep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii. (1875),
p. 58, pi. lix. fig. 12), founded upon a tooth from the Waverly
Shales of Kentucky.

Genus TOMODUS, Davis (ex Agassiz, MS.).

[Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. L 1883, p. 446.]

Dental plates thick, massive, triangular in outline, gently arched,
and the outer apex stronglj' inrolled ; coronal surface smooth,
punctate. One lateral margin — apparently the antero-lateral —
straight, presenting an abrupt face with a sharp angulation above ;
the crown at the opposite margin becoming thinner, with an
extension of the root beyond ; inner margin gently curved, making
a right angle with the antero-lateral margin.

Before the definition of this “ genus,” the name Tomodus had
already been proposed by Trautschold ' for a narrow high-crowned
tooth from the Carboniferous Limestone of Eussia (see p. 229). Since,
however, the term is in each case provisional, and as Trautschold
has more recently “ renamed the Eussian tooth Oxyiomodm, it does
not appear advisable to alter the accepted name of the teeth described
below.

Tomodus convexus, Davis.

1838. Cochliodus contortus, L. Agassiz (in part), Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
p. llo, pi. xiv. figs. 23-25.

1862. Tomodus conve-xus, Morris & Koberts (ex Agassiz, MS.), Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Tomodus convexus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 446, pi. Iv. figs. 15-18.

1883. Tomodus convexus, St. John k Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
p. 172.

Type. Detached dental plates ; Bristol Museum.

The type species. Dental plates (according to Davis) of two
kinds, larger and smaller. The large plate convex in each direction,
the coronal surface without ridges and furrows ; maximum distance

1 If OUT. M^m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moseou, toI. xiv. (1879), p. 65.

’ Bull. Soo. Imp. Nat. Moseou, 1880, pt. ii.

192

sKr.Acnrr.

from t,ho outer apex to the inner margin about 0'0:}5. Small plate
relatively narrower, the lateral margins of the crown more or less
raised, with a median hollow ; maximum distance from the outer
apex to the inner margin about 0-018.

Form. ^ Lor. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Bristol,

80575, 36198, 41162. Thirteen largo dental plates.

Purcham/, 1840, 1801, 1808.

39169. Abraded largo dental plate, with a fragment, either of
cartilage or of the root of a smaller tooth, attached
posteriorly. Bovierbank Coll.

P. 1403. Twelve large dental plates, some showing indications of
wear in the middle of the crown. Egerlon Coll.

P. 2492. Four largo examples and five of the small variety.

Enniskillen Coll.

20575 a, 20828, 41169. Six small dental plates.

Purchased, 1840, 1847, 1868.

No other undoubted species of Tomodus is yet known. The
dental ))lates from the Belgian Lower Carboniferous Limestone,
described bj' L. G. de Koninck under the names of 'Pomodus erai(/i ’
and T. laciniatus m'dy be referred respectively to Psephodus and
Pleuroplax. Another supposed species from the Burlington Lime-
stone (Lower Carboniferous) of Iowa, U.S.A., is also uncertain,
namely Tomodrts‘1 limitaris, lit. Jobn&Worthcn, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 173, pi. xiii. fig. 12.

Genus XYSTRODXJS, Agassiz.

[Morris & Roberts (e.v Agassiz, MS.), Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soe. vol. xviii. 1862, p. 101’.]

Dental plates small, thin, delicate, triangular in outline, gently
arched, with the outer apex more or less inrollcd ; coronal surface
exhibiting the puuctations closely arranged in transverse parallel
rows, generally producing a definite striated appearance. Antero-
lateral portion of the crown much raised, and thicker than the pos-
tero-lateral, which is also slightly' upturned at the margin.

' Faime Calc. C'arbf. Belg. pt. i. 1878, p. 61, pi. iv. fig. 8, pi. vi. figs. 18, 19.

* Op. cit. pt. i. p. 61, pi. vi. fig. 20.

■'* The name only is here rnentionecl and applied to the species previously
described and figured by M'Ooy under the name of CocMwdus sfiiafus. The
type species being thus already well-defined in 1862, the generic name may be
regarded as dating from that year.

COCHLIODOtrilD^.

193

As already remarked by St. John and Worthen *, the known dental
plates of each species arc of two forms — the one, presumably per-
taining to the upper jaw, but little inroUed and very narrow antero-
posteriorly, tho other considerably iuroUed and of the reverse
proportions.

So far as known, Xystrodus may bo regarded as closely allied to
Tomodus, the dental plates only differing from the small plates of
tho latter genus in their less curvature and in tho peculiar arrange-
ment of the minute coronal punctations.

Xystrodus striatus (M‘Coy).

184.3. CocUiudtts siriattis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

1856. Cochliodus striatus, F. M'Coy, Brit. Palasoz. Foss. p. 024, pi. 3 1.

^ fig. 27.

1802. Xystrodus striatus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1862. Xystrodus anyustus, Monis & Roberts, tom. cit. p. 101 (name
only).

1883. Xystrodus striatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2J
vol. i. p. 448, pi. liv. figs. 7-10.

1883. Xystrodus angustm, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 449, pi. Iv.
figs. 19-21.

1883. Xystrodus striatus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
p. 183.

rype. “ Upper ” dental plate ; Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

Transverse striaa upon the coronal surface very prominent and
regular in unahraded specimens. “ Upper ” dental plate regularly
triangular, the inner margin of the adult having an average measure-
ment of about O'Ol, tho distance from the outer apex to the inner
margin being about 0'022. Angle between the postero-lateral and
inner borders of tho “ lower ” dental plate very acute, and much
elevated ; antero-latcral border also much raised, giving the plate a
twisted appearance ; measurements of a typical specimen — postero-
lateral margin 0'018, inner margin 0'012.

Form. ^ Loc. Power Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland ;
Northumberland, England. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Ayr-
shire, Scotland ; Derbyshire, England.

(i.) “ Upper ” dental plates,

P. 2467-9. Three specimens figured by J. W. Davis, loc. cit., under
the name of X. angustus ; Armagh. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 2475. Twelve similar dental plates ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll,
' Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. p. 175.

0

1194

SELiCHII.

P. 1446. Four imperfect specimens ; Armagh. Egerlon Coll.

46042. Large abraded specimen ; Boith, Ayrshire.

Presented by liohert Craiy, Esq., 1874.

P. 5354. Five fragments of abraded dental plates detached from
the matrix, one being shown in PI. I. fig. 22 ; Ticknall,
near Melbourne, S. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

(ii.) “ Lower ” dental jdates.

P. 2471-4. Four specimens figured by J. W. Davis, loo. cit., under
the name of X. striatus ; Armagh. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2475 a. Six similar specimens ; Armagh. EnnisJcdlcn Coll.

P. 1446 a. Olio dental plate ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

Xystrodus verus, St. John & Worthen.

1883. Xystrodus vents, St. John & Worthen, Pal. lllinoi.s, vol. vii.
p. 181, pi. viii. figs.O, 7.

Type. Detached dental plates.

Transverse stri® upon the coronal surface largo, irregular and
wavy, coalescing and bifurcating. “ Upper” dental plates regularly
triangular, the inuer margin of the adult having an average measure-
ment of about 0-009, the distance from the outer apex to tho inuer
margin being about 0'02 ; anterior coronal elevation prominent and
the antero-latcral border abruptly descending almost vertically from
its summit.

Form. ^ Loc. Chester Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) : Illinois,

U.S.A.

P. 2479. Two “ up])or ” dental plates detached from matrix ; horizon
unrecorded, but probably from the Chester Limestone.

Ennislcillen Coll.

Xystrodus (?) egertoni, Davis.

1883. Xystrodus eyertoni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Iloy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 4.10, pi. Iv. figs. 22, 23.

Type. Abraded dental plates ; British Museum.

Founded upon comparatively massive, abraded dental plates, with
an irregular coronal surface, exhibiting little concavity, and large
punctations only indistinctly arranged in transverse rows. More

COCHLIODOUTID*.

195

satisfactory specimens are required to render it certain that the
species does not pertain to Tomodus.

Fonn. 4' Loc- Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Bristol.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Systrodus alatus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg,
pt. i. (1878), p. 64, pi. V. fig. 9. — Upper Carboniferous
Limestone; Vise, Belgium.

Xystrodus hellidus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 183, pi. viii. fig. 3. — Lower Coal Measures ;
Illinois.

Xystrodus imitatus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 180, pi. viii.
fig. 2. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa,

Xystrodus iMondiius, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 179, pi. viii.
fig. 1. — Keokuk Limestone ; lUinois and Iowa.

(?) Xystrodus (?) occidentalis, 0. St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
1870, p. 430, and in Hayden’s Final Rep. Geol. Surv.
Nebraska, 1872, p. 244, pi. iv. fig. 18. — Upper Coal
Measures ; Nebraska.

Xystrodus parheri, J. W. Davis, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. (1886),
p. 153, figs. 3, 4. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Derbyshire.

Xystrodus sim2)le.v, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 178, pi. viii.
figs. 4, 5. — Upper Burlington Limestone; Iowa and lUiuois.

Genus DELTODUS, Agassiz.

[Morris & Roberts (ex Agassiz, MS.), Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. 1862, p. 100 ‘.]

Syn. Teeniodua, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. 188-3, p. 76
(in part).

Two posterior series of teeth represented by two separate tri-
angular dental plates, marked by numerous rounded transverse
ridges and furrows parallel to the inner border ; antero- and pos-
tero-lateral borders usually longer than the inner border, not indented.
In each dental plate the large ridge from the outer to the inner

* The name only is hero mentioned and applied to the species previously de -
scribed and figured by M'Coy, under the name of Pceciludm suhlcevis. The type
species being thus already well-defined in 1862, the generic name may be
regarded as dating from that year .

P. 2476-7. Type specimens.

P. 2478. A similar, but smaller dental plate.

Eiinishillen Coll,
EnnisTcillen CoU.

o2

196

selachii.

border is broad, rounded, and placed nearest the aiitoro-latoral
margin.

The dental plates of one jaw (presumablj’ the lower) aro much
more inrollod than those of the opposing jaw.

Deltodus sublsevis (M‘Coy).

1843. Paxilodus mblavis, L. Agassiz, llech. Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174
(name only).

1843. rcecilodua piirallelm, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 174 (name only).
1856. Poocilodus sublesvis, F. M'Coy, Brit. Palasoz. Foss. p. 040,
pi. 3 1, figs. 7, 8, 9.

1856. FaxUodus paralklus, F. M‘Coy, op, cit. p. 040, pi. 3i. fig. 0.
1802. Ddtodm mblmm, Moms & lloberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1883. Deltodus suhkevis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 428, pi. lii. figs. 7-9.

1883. Deltodus expansus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 431, pi. liii. fig. 11.
1883. Pmcilodus juHcsii, J. W. Davis, torn. cit. p. 442, pi. liii. fig. 22.

Type. Detached dental plates ; Woodwardian Museum, Cam-
bridge.

A comparatively small species, tlie maximum trausvorse measure-
ment of the supposed lower posterior dental plates being about 0'02.
Transverse ridges and furrows of the dental crown numerous,
rounded, and very prominent in unabraded specimens. The promi-
nent elevation extending from the outer to the inner margin is
gently rounded, gradually passes into the narrower postcro-latcral
flattened portion of the plate, and immediately adjoins the antero-
lateral margin ; inner margin gently undulating.

D. e.vpaimis, Davus, appears to bo founded upon a orushed abraded
“ lower ” dental plate of this species.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

(i.) Slightly curved variety of posterior dental plate (? up>per jaw).

P. 2442-3. T wo plates described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc.

cit. p. 428, pi. lii. figs. 7, 8. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2444. Twenty specimens variously abraded. Ennislcillen Coil-
'S. 1450-1. Eight similar specimens. Egerton Coll.

(ii.) Narrow dental plates placed in advance of the posterior dental
plates, the more incurved examples referable to the “lower” juw,
the others prohahly to the “ upper.”

P. 2445 a. Fourteen specimens.

Ennislcillen Coll.

COCHLIODONTIB^.

197

P. 2459. Abraded example, described and figured by J. W. Davis,
loe. cit., as an anterior tooth of Peecihdus jowsii.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1449. Three similar teeth. Egerton Coll.

(iii.) Inrolled variety of posterior dental plates (? lower jaw).

P. 2441. Specimen with the narrow anteriorly-placed plate in its
natural position, described and figured by J. W. Davis,
loc. cit. p. 430, pi. lii. fig. 9. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2445-6. Twenty-five variously abraded plates.

Enniskillen Coll,

P. 2447. Much abraded and crashed dental plate, the type specimen
of D. e.vpansiis, Davis, loc. cit. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1447-8. Seven specimens. Egerton Coll.

Deltodus gibbus, sp. nov.

'Type. “Lower” dental plates, shown in PI. VI. figs. 19, 20.

A comparatively small species, the maximum transverse measure-
ment of the supposed lower posterior dental plate being about 0‘014.
Anterior coronal elevation extending from the outer to the inner
margin, broad, rounded, but having a hump-backed appearaneo
when worn, gradually passing into the narrow postcro-lateral
fiattened portion of the plate, and immediately adjoining the antero-
lateral margin ; inner margin strongly curved throughout the greater
portion of its length, the rounded elevation projecting. Transverse
ridges and furrows of the dental crown narrow, feebly marked.

The opposing dental plates of this species are not yet certainly
recognizable; it seems likely that they are confounded with the
supposed upper dental plates of Deltoptychius gibherulus.

Form. 4’ Eoe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Bristol.

20575 b, P. 5859. Type specimens, readily distinguished from the
corresponding dental plates of Z). suhlcevis by their narrow-
ness and the prominence, obliquity, and sharplj’-bent worn
surface of the rounded coronal elevation.

Purchased, 1846, and History unknown.

P. 5860. Similar specimen. History unknown.

34980. More imperfect abraded dental plate. Purchased, 1860.

198

8ELACHII.

Deltodus rugosus, sp. nov.

Type. Upper and lower dental plates, shown in I’l. VI. figs. 21,

22. '

A very small species, the maximum transverse measurement of
the supposed lower posterior dental plate being about O'Oll. Trans-
verse ridges and furrows of the dental crown fine, not always con-
tinuous, more or less w'avy. Posterior “ lower ” dental plate notably
elongated in an antoro-posterior direction, the gently rounded
coronal elevation extending from the outer to the inner margin not
immediately adjoining the antcro-lateral border.

Farm. ^ Loc. Carboniferous Limestone : Shropshire.

42186, 36193. Type specimens shown, of twice the natural size, in
ri. VI. figs. 21, 22, the first being an “ upper ” dental
plate, the second a “ lower ” ; Oreton.

Raugh Coll., and Purchased, 18G1.

42186 a. Imperfect “ upper ” dental plate ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

42186 b, 42225. Four imperfect “ lower ” dental plates ; Oreton.

Baugh Coll.

Deltodus concha (Trautschold).

1874. Poscilodus oonchn, 11. Trautschold, MtSni. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiii. p. 290, pi. xxviii. fig. (i, pi. xxix. fig. 10.

1874. VcRcilodii'i Umhatm, II. Trautschold, tom. cit. p. 290, pi. xxviii.
fig. 7.

Type. Detached tooth.

A comparatively small species, the maximum transverse measure-
ment of the supposed lower posterior dental plate being about O'OIG.
Transverse ridges and furrows of the dental crown few, largo,
rounded. Posterior “ lower ” dental plate (“ Pcecilodus limhatus )
slightly elongated antoro-posteriorly, the prominent elevation ex-
tending from the outer to the inner margin very broad, gently
rounded, immediately adjoining the antero-lateral margin. Anterior
“lower” dental plate Pmihdus concha") rapidly widening
inwardly.

dorm. ^ Loe. Carboniferous Limestone : Government of Moscow,
Eussia.

P. 5115. Three anterior dental plates ; Mjatschkowa.

Purchased, 1886.

COCHLIODONTID^.

199

Deltodus occidentalis (Leidy).

1857. Cochliodm occidentalis, J. Leidy, Trans. Araer. Phil, Soc. [21
vol. xi. p. 88, pi. V. figs. 3-10.

1866, Deltodus stellntus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 97, pi. i.x. figs. 2, 3.

18.83. Deltodus occidentalis ?, St. John & Worthen, op. dt. vol. vii.
p. 160, pi. ix. figs. 9, 10.

Type. Detached dental plates.

Transverse coronal folds, when present, broad and faintly marked,
but generally absent. “ Lower ” posterior dental plate "obliquely
twisted, gently arched, with the outer apex closely inrolled ;
anterior coronal elevation extending from the outer to the inner
margin broad, unequally divided by a faint angulation along its
highest part.

St. John and Worthen describe the supposed lower median dental
plate and the upper posterior dental plate of this species.

Form. ^ Loc. St. Louis, Warsaw, and Keokuk Limestones (Lower
Carboniferous) : Illinois, U.S.A.

P. 2453. Two abraded examples ; Keokuk Limestone, Warsaw,
Illinois. Ennishillen Coll.

Deltodus spatulatus, Newberry & Worthen.

1866. Deltodus spatulatus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 100, pi. ix. fig. 7.

1879. Deltodus spahdatus, J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv.
Indiana, 1876-78, p. 346.

Type. (?) “ Upper ” dental plates.

Supposed upper dental plate obliquely spatulate in outline, the
broader end having rounded angles ; anterior long coronal promi-
nence gently angulated; nnabraded coronal surface with only faint
transverse parallel furrows.

Form. ^ Loc. Burlington and Keokuk Limestones (Lower Car-
boniferous) : Illinois and Indiana, U.S.A.

P. 2452. Two imperfect specimens ; Burlington Limestone, Quincy,
Illinois. Ennishillen Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection

Deltodus alatus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. iv.
(1870), p. 308, pi. ii. fig. 6. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Deltodus ediformis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. (1883), p. 431, pi. liii. fig. 12 : Fadlodus aliformis.

200

SELACHII.

F. M‘Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 129 ;
and Brit. Palacoz. Foss. 1855, p. 638, pi. 3o. fig. 10. — Upper
Carboniferous Limestone ; Derbyshire.

Deltodus angustm, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. p. 368,
pi. iii. fig. 7 : Deltodopsis angustus, St. .John & Worthen,
Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. pp. 160, 163, pi. xi. figs. 7-10. —
Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

DeUodug cinctulus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 146, pi. ix. figs. 6, 7. — Warsaw Limestone ;
Missouri and Illinois.

Deltodus cinctuSj J. S. Newberry, Ann. Bop. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1876-78 (1879), p. 344. — St. Louis Limestone; Indiana.
Deltodus cingulatm, Newberty & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 99,
pi. ix. fig. 6. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Deltodus circinans : Piecilodtts circinans, H. Trautschold, Mem. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Moseon, vol. xiv. (1879), p. 52, pi. vii. fig. 1.- —
Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of Moscow.

(?) Deltodus eontm'tus : Taeniodtis contortus, St. John & Worthen («.v
L. G. de Koninck, MS.), oj). cit. vol. vii. (1883), p. 76. —
Lower Carboniferous Limestone ; Vise, Belgium.

(!) Deltodus fasciatus, Newberry & Worthen, oj>. eit.\<A. iv. (1870),
p. 366, pi. iii. fig. 17 : Temiodm fa[s~\ciatus'l , St. .lohn &
Worthen, op. dt. vol. vii. (1883), p. 76, pi. xiii. fig. 9.—
Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Deltodus grmidis-. Pcedlodus gmndis, H. Trautschold, loe. cit.
vol. xiv. (1879), p. 51, pi. vi. fig. 13.— Carboniferous
Limestone ; Government of Moscow.

Deltodus incrassatus, II. Trautschold, loc. cit. vol. xiv. p. 54,

pi. vii. fig. 5.— Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of
Moscow.

Deltodus mtermedius, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. p. 153,
pl. ix. figs. 14, 15. — St. Louis Limestone; Iowa, Illinois.
{1) Deltodm lamimiris, H. Trautschold, loc. cit. vol. xiv. (1879),
P . vii. fig. 6 : Cocliliodm lurninaris, H. Trautschold, loc.
cit. vol. xiii. (1874)^ 291. — Carboniferous Limestone;

Government of Moscow.

Deltodus latior, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. p. 145, pl.ix.

r\ u I ^®okuk Limestone ; Illinois and Iowa.

Deltodus httom, Newberry & Worthen, cit. vol. iv. p. 367,

p . IV. fig. 8; and St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii.

p. 149.— Lower Carboniferous; Missouri.

Deltodu.^,u>rurei,J.B. Newberry, in Hep. Expl. Exped. from Santa
he. New Mexico, to Colorado, 1876, p. 137, pl. iii. fig. 1 J

COCHLIODONTID^.

201

also St. John & Worthcn, op. cit. toI. vii. pi. s. fig. 2.

Coal Measures ; Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Deltodus ohliquut: Taniodus ohliqmis, St. John & Woithen, op. cit.
vol. vii. p. 78, pi. xiii. fig. 10. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Deltodus oniatus : Pwcilodus ornatus, Newberry & Worthen, op.
cit. vol. ii. (1866), p. 95, pi. viii. fig. 14. — Keokuk Lime-
stone ; Illinois.

Deltodus parvus, St. John & Worthen, op>. cit. vol. vii. p. 151,
pi. ix. figs. 1-5.— St. Louis Limestone; Iowa, Illinois,
and Missouri.

Uelludus poivellii, St. John & Worthen, oqi. cit. vol. vii. p. 154,
pi. X. fig. 1 . — Carboniferous Limestone (? Coal Measures) ;
Utah.

Deltodus proqnnquus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit.vol. vii. p. 156,
pi. X. figs. 3, 4. — Coal Measures ; Illinois.

Deltodus rossicies : Pcecilodus rossicus, A. von Kc3’serling, Ileise in
das Petschoraland (1846), p. 292, pi. xxi. fig. 6.— Car-
boniferous ; Kabosha.

Deltodies sandalinus, L. G. do Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg.
pt. i. (1878), p. 63, pi. V. fig. 8. — Upper Carboniferous
Limestone ; Vise, Belgium.

(?) Deltodus triangularis, H. Trautschold, loc. cit. vol. xiv. pi. vii.
fig. 7 : Cochliodus triangularis, H. Trautschold, loc. cit.
vol. xiii. (1874), p. 292. — Carboniferous Limestone;
Government of Moscow.

Deltodus trilohus, St.John ife Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. p. 148,
pi. ix. fig. 8. — Warsaw Limestone ; Illinois.

Deltodus undulatus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 98,
pi. ix. fig. 5. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa '.

The so-caUed Helodus(^.) curvatus, L. G. de Koninck (Faune Calo.
Carbf. Bclg. pt. i. 1878, p. 40, pi. iv. fig. 15), from the Carbon-
iferous Limestone of Belgium, is probably referable to Deltodus.

Genus PCBCILODUS, M‘Coy (emend. A. S. W.).

[Brit. Palacoz. Foss. 1855, p. 638, in part.]

Two posterior series of teeth in each jaw represented by a single
much inrolled plate, generally antero-postcriorly elongated ; coronal
surface marked by more or less distinct transverse ridges and fur-
rows. Two prominent broadening ridges extend from the outer
margin to the inner, the posterior of these being much the largest.

^ Possibly to this species may be referred a fragtnenhiry fossil from Warsaw,
Illinois (P. 2455, Enniskillen CoU.).

202

sELAcnir.

There is yet no evidence of any fusion of the teeth in advance
of the great posterior plate ; and the narrow specimen described by
J. W. Davis ‘ as the “ anterior tooth ” of Poecihdvs jonmi is the
foremost of the two dental plates of Deltodus mhhevis, being thus
homologous with the anterior ridge upon the single dental plate of
Poecilodns.

As remarked below (p. 212), St. John and Worthen regard the
dental plates, assigned in England to the lower jaw of Delto-
iHi/chitis, as truly the lower dental plates of Pcecilodm. It seems,
liowevor, much more probable that the dentition of each jaw of
Piedlodus was transversely ribbed, and this provisional interpreta-
tion is hero adopted. Of each of the well-marked British and Irish
species there are two forms of dental plates — one with the ridges from
the outer to the inner margin rounded, the other with these ridges
angulated. The former most probably pertain to the one jaw, the
latter to the opposite.

Poecilodus jonesii (M‘Coy).

184.3. Poecilodus jonesii, P. ohliquus, and P. tmnsversus, Ij. Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (names only).

1843. Poecilodus jonesii, J. E. Poi'tlock, Rep. Qeol. Ijondonderry,
p. 468, pi. xiv. «. fig. 0 (name and fig. only).

1843. Pojecilodus tramversus, .1. E. Portlock, o/i. cit. p. 408, pi. xiv. «.
fig. 7 (name and fig. only).

1856. Pcecilodm jonesii, F. M‘Coy, Brit. Palieoz. Foss. p. 630.

185.6. Pcecilodm ohltcjuus, F. IM'Coy, op. cit. p. 040, pi. 3i. fig. 5.

1883. Poecilodus jonesii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol i.
p. 442, pi. liii. fig.s. 20, 21, 23 (non fig. 22).

1883. Pcecilodm obliquus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 443, pi. liii. fig. 24.

1883. Pcecilodm corruc/citus, .1. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 444, pi. liii.
fig. 26.

1884. Pcecilodm corruyatns, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. p. 625, pi. xxvii. fig. 21.

1880. Pcecilodm jonesii, J. W. Davis, Qeol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 152.

Type. Detached dental plates.

Dental plate much elongated antero-postoriorly ; coronal cor-
nigations numerous, continuous, and prominent in unworn speci-
mens ; diverging ridges comparatively low ; inner margin slightly
sinuous.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone: Armagh, Ire-
land ; Ayrshire, Scotland. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Nor-
thumberland, Yorkshire, and Derbyshire.

‘ Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 442, pi. liii. fig- 22.

COCHLIODONIID^.

203

(i.) Rounded variety (? upper jaw).

P. 2457-8, P. 2460. Three dental plates, deseribed and figured by
J. W. Davis, loc. eit. 1883, as P.jonesH ; Armagh.

EnnisTcillen Coll.

P. 2456. Thirty similar plates ; Armagh. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 1412. Ton examples ; Armagh. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2456 a. Impression of a dental plate, of which only the anterior
part is preserved; Armagh. This is the type specimen of
P. transversus, Agassiz MS., and bears the following

labels. “ This specimen convinces me that Mens. Agassiz’s

species Pcecilodtis transversus is a bad one. I consider it
to he a divided tooth of Poecilodus Jonesii. [Signed]
Enniskillen, Florence Court, Feb. 4th, 1858.’’—“ I was
certainly mistaken in distinguishing a Paicilodus trans-
versus as distinct from P. Jonesii. [Signed] Agass.”

Enniskillen Coll.

28738. Seven dental plates ; Armagh. Purchased, 1853.

26039, 28741. Six fragments of dental plates similar to those from
Yorkshire described as P. corrugatus, Davis ; Armagh.

Purchased, 1851, 1853.

46038. Typical dental plate ; Boith, Ayrshire.

Presented hy Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

P. 4902. Two fragments; Yoredale Bocks, Wen sloy dale, Yorkshire.

Home Coll.

49615. Similar fragment ; Kichmond, Yorkshire. Purchased, 1878.

46819. Imperfect dental plate ; Derbyshire. GiUertson Coll.

P. 5356. Seven fragments of dental plates, one figured (I’l. I. fig. 25);

Ticknall, near Melbourne, S. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

P. 5355 a. Small imperfect example ; Ticknall. Wilson Coll.

(ii.) Angulated variety (? lower jaw).

P. 2461. Dental plate described and figured hy J. W. Davis, loc. cit.

1883, as P. obliquus ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2462. Thirty dental plates, some much abraded ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

204

SELACHII.

P. 1413. Seven imperfect examples ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

46818. Small specimen ; Derbyshire. Oilbertson Coll.

P. 5355. Ten fragmentary small dental plates ; Ticknall, S. Derby-
shire. The two most nearly perfect specimens are shown
of the natural size in PI. I. figs. 23, 24. Wilson Coll.

Poecilodus gibbosus, Davis.

1883. l-cBcihdus yibbosm, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [3]
vol. i. p. 446, pi. liii. fig. 27.

Type. Detached dental plate ; British Museum.

Maximum antero-posterior diameter of the dental plate not much
greater than its breadth ; coronal corrugations numerous, continuous.
Anterior diverging ridge small, the posterior very prominent, though
not affecting the extreme postero-lateral margin ; inner margin
deeply sinuous.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh and
Sligo, Ireland.

(i.) Rounded variety {^. ujiper jaw).

P. 2463-4. Type specimen, and two similar dental plates; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2464 a. A smaller dental plate, probably of this species ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

(ii.) Angidated variety (? lower jaw).

P. 2465. Nearly complete tooth, shown, of the natural size, in
PI. VI. fig. 23 ; Callooney, Sligo. Enniskillen Coll.

An undetermined .species, possibly of Peecilodus, is indicated by the
following tooth, which exhibits no ridges extending from the outer
to the inner border : —

42231. Tooth measuring 0'013 by 0'007, the transverse rugm few
and irregular ; Carboniferous Limestone : Croton, Shrop-
shire. Baugh Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Faecilodvs rarlmiarivs, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 130, pi. viii. figs. 20, 21.— Upper Coal Meas-
ures; Illinois and Kansas, U.8.A.

COCHIIODONIID^.

205

Poecilodus cestriensis, St. John & Worthen, tom. eit. p, 135,
pi. viii. figs. 15-17. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

('!}Poedlodus parado.viis,W. Waagon, Pal. Ind. ser, 13, pt. i.
(1870), p. 12, pi. i. fig. 1. — Productus Limestone; Salt
Eangc, India.

Poecilodus rugosus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
(1866), p.94, pi. viii. fig. 13. — Keokuk Limestone; Illinois.

Poecilodus sancli-ludovici,^t. & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 132,
j)l. viii. figs. 11, 12 (? figs. 8-10). — St. Louis Limestone ;
Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa.

Poecilodus varsouviensis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 131,
pi. viii. figs. 13, 14. — Warsaw Limestone ; Illinois.

The so-called P. spritigeri (St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 138,
pi. viii. fig. 19), from the Lower Carboniferous Limestone of Santa
Fe, New Mexico, and P. vortheni (St. John, tom. cit. p. 136, pi. viii.
fig. 18), from the Chester Limestone of Illinois, are founded upon
teeth which would, in Europe, bo regarded as referable to Delto-
ptychius.

The tooth from the Belgian Carboniferous Limestone named
Poecilodus (1) elegans by L. G. de Koninck (Faune Calc. Carbf.
Belg. pt. i, p. 59, pi. vi. fig. 17) is generically indeterminable.
The Russian Carboniferous teeth named P. liiigulattis and P. sul-
catus by H. llomanowsky (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1864,
pt. ii. p. 164, pi. iv. figs. 28, 29) are extremely doubtful frag-
ments, and may even pertain to Jmuissa. Tho same remark applies
to P. couvolutus, Newberry & Worthen (Pal. Illinois, vol. iv. 1870,
p. 366, pi. ii. fig. 9), from the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois.

Genus COCHIiIODUSy Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 113.]

Two posterior series of teeth in tho “ lower ” jaw represented by
two separate dental plates, having the outer border much inrolled.
Posterior dental plate elongated antero-posteriorly ; postcro-lateral
and autero-latcral borders rapidly converging outwards, the second
almost at right angles to the long axis of the supporting cartilage ;
coronal contour raised by a median rounded ridge, extending from
tho outer to the inner border. Anterior dental plate very narrow’, tho
hinder portion of the crown raised into a high, obtuselj’-angulated
ridge, extending from tho outer to tho inner border. Coronal surface
without transverse corrugations. Symphysial teeth small and feebly
prehensile.

206

SELACHII.

Owen ' has stated that there is evidence of a third smaller dental
j)lato in advance of those just described ; but the original specimen
supposed to prove this circumstance merely shows the remains of
bases of teeth in the position indicated, and more recent discoveries
render it i)robablo that there was no such triangular plate, but
rather a series of small llelodusAiko teeth.

Cochliodus contortus, Agassiz.

1838. Cochliodm contortus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 115,
pi. xix. fig. 14 {non pi. xiv. figs. 16-33).

1840. Cochliodus contorttm, K. Owen, Odontography, vol. i. p. 62,
vol. ii. p. 10, pi. xxii. lig. 1.

1855. Cochliodus contortus, F. M'Coy, Brit. Palajoz. Foss. p. 622.

1856. Cochliodus contortus, F. lloemer, in Bronii’s Leth. geogn. vol. i.
p. 708, pi. ix. b. fig. 4.

1807. Cochliodus contoHus, 11. Owen, Gool. Mag. vol. iv. p. 69, pi. iii.
__figs. 1, 3, 4,5.

1867. Tomodus convexus, R. Owen, t<nn. cit. p. 62, pi. iv. figs. 2-5.

1878. Cochliodus contortus, L. G. de Koninck, Fauue Calc. Coi'bf. Belg.
pt. i. p. 57, pi. vi. fig. 14.

1883. Cochliodus contortus, J. \V. Uavis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 421, pi. Iii. figs. 1-6.

Ti/2>e. Dental plates in natural position upon the jaw ; British
Museum.

The typo s])ecic8. Dental plates very variable in form, the pro-
portions ot the antero-lateral and postero-latcral areas of the
posterior plate on each side of the ridge especially inconstant.
Large ridge gently rounded, oblique, attaining the inner margin,
where it is broadest ; coronal surface smooth.

None of the dental plates from Bristol assigned by Agassiz (mi.
cit. pi. xiv. figs. 16-33) to this species can bo correctly retained in
this i)osition. Tho specimens described by Owen were from
Armagh, not from Bristol, as stated. Some Russian teeth, also
ascribed to Cochliodus contortus by Romanowsky (BuU. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, 1864, pt. ii. p. 159, pi. iii. figs. 7-10), are very
ijuestionably determined.

I'orni. IjOC. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ire-
land ; Belgium. Upper Cai'boniferous Limestone : Yorkshire,
England; Belgium.

* Geol. Mag. vol. iv. 1867, p. GO.

COCHLIODO!frtD.®.

207

P. 2424. Typo specimen shown, somewhat reduced in size, in the
accompanying woodcut (fig. 8) ; Tynan, Co. Armagh.

Emiislcillen Coll.

Fig. 8.

Jaw of Coohliodus contortm. — Carboniferous Limestone, Armagli. [P. 2424.]

P. 5849. Plaster cast of specimen described and figured by
Owen, loc. cil., under the name of Tomodus conve.vus.
The original fossil is much crushed and broken, and is
preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge; it is
correctly determined by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 423, and
was obtained from Armagh (not Pristol, as stated).

Made hi the Museum, 1888.

P. 5850. Plaster cast of specimen described and figured by Owen,
loc. cit., under the name of Cochliodus contortm.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

P. 2425. Jaw with the posterior dental plates of each side very
completely preserved ; Armagh. The specimen is figured
by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. pi. lii. fig. 1. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2426-7. Posterior and anterior dental plates, showing the iu-
rolmont of the outer border ; Armagh. The siiecimens
are described and figured by J . W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 422,
pi. lii. figs. 4, 6. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2429. About thirty posterior dental plates, of various sizes and
in different states of preservation, some with the anterior
tooth attached in position ; Armagh. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2428. Sixteen detached anterior dental plates ; Armagh.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 1402. Six small detached posterior plates ; Armagh.

Eijcrton Cull.

P. 4904. Small posterior dental plate shown, of the natural size,
in PI. VI. fig. 24, doubtfully assigned to a variety of this
species ; Yoredale Hocks, Wensleydale, Yorkshire.

Home Coll.

208

SELAcnir.

Cochliodus latuS) Lcidy.

1867. CwMiodm kctm, J, Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Sue. [2] vol. xi.

p. 88, pi. V. fig. 17.

1800, Helodics {Cochlioditu) nobilis, Newberry & VVortheii, Pal.

Illinois, vol. ii. p. 89, pi. vii. figs. 1-4, pi. viii. fig. 1.

1880. Chitonodus lalus, St. John & VVortlien, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.

p. 112.

Type. Portion of “ lower ” dental plate.

A comparatively largo species, the posterior “ lower ” dental plate
having an antero-postorior measurement of 0'075. Tho large ridge
of the posterior “ lower ” plate relatively narrow, with a tendency
towards angulation, and not quite attaining the inner margin ;
coronal surface slightly wrinkled at right angles to the inner mar-
gin. Anterior “lower” dental plate W’ith low ridge and feeble
plications. Opposing dental plate equal in antero-posterior extent
to tho two teeth just described, and having the cliaracters of the so-
called Strehlodus.

In the lino specimen described by Newberry and Worthen, lor.
cit., there are several scattered series of i/eZo(?i«s-shai)od teeth in
association with tho large tt^cth.

Form. Loc. Keokuk Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) : Illinois,

U.S.A.

P. 2430. An almost perfect posterior “ lower ” tooth ; Warsaw.

Illinois. Ennislcillen Coll.

'I'lie following species have also boon founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Cochliodus costatus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. iv.
(1870), p. 304, pi. iii. figs. 10, 12. — liurlington Lime-
stone ; Iowa.

Cochliodus leidyi, 8t. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. (1883),
p. 127, pi. vii. figs. 11-16. — Chester Limestone; Illinois.
[In this species are also included N<re6?ocf«s-likc teeth
and anterior Ilolodont teeth.]

Cochliodus tenuis, L. G. do Koninck, Panne Calc. Carbf. Lelg.
pt. i. (1878), p. 68, pi. vi. fig. 15. — Lower Carboniferous
Limestone ; Soignios, Tournai.

Cochliodus van hornii, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vii. p. 120,
pi. vii. figs. 1-10. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois, Missouri,
afld Iowa. [Nfrcl>Zo(/Ms-like tooth are hypothetically
assigned to the upper jaw, and Uelodus-Y\V.Q teeth to the
more anterior region.]

COCHLIODONTID^.

209

Genus STREBLODUS} Agassiz.

[Morris & Eoberts (ex Agassiz, MS.), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo.
vol. xviii. 1862, p. 101\]

Posterior dental plate much inrolled ; antero-latoral border cross-
ing the supporting cartilage at right angles, thus giving the plate
a truncated appearance in front ; postero-lateral border inclined
inwards and backwards, and forming an acute angle with the
inner margin. Hinder portion of the coronal surface tumid, and
separated more or less abruptly from the less elevated front portion ;
the latter area often marked by small ridges and grooves proceeding
directlj’ from the outer to the inner border.

The dental plate just described is evidently homologous with the
single posterior plate of Poecilodus and Deltcqttychius, and with the
two separate posterior i)lates of Cochliodtis. In at least two species
(S. oblongus, and the so-called upper dental plate of Ddloptychim
wachemuthi) the separate eeries of small teeth immediately in
advance of this large tooth is known.

By St. John and Worthen the dental plates referred to Sirehlodus
are considered to pertain in reality to the genera Cochliodus, Delto-
ptychius, and Chitonodus. In one case, indeed, plates of this charac-
ter have been found in natural association with an undoubted jaw
of Cochliodm “ ; but there is yet no proof of their connection with
the two last-named genera, and it thus seems advisable to retain
Strehlodus provisionally independent, awaiting further evidence of
the true relationships of the dental fragments on which it has been
founded.

Streblodus oblongus (Portlock).

184.3. Cochliodus oblonyus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 fname
only).

1843. Cochliodm dbhnyus, J. E. Portlock, Rep. Geol. Londonderir
p. 4G0, pi. xiv. o. figs. 5, 10.

18-5.5. Cochliodus oblonyus, F. M'Coy, British Palseoz. Foss. p. 623
pi. 3 H. fig. 19, pi. 3 1, fig. 28. ’

1802. Streblodus oblonyus, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

‘ The name only is here mentioned and applied to the species previously
figured and described by Portlock and M Coy under the name of Cochliodus
oblonyus. The type species being thus already well-defined in 1802, the generic
name may be regarded as dating from that year.

^ Cochliodus lotus, Leidy, suprh, p. 208.

p

'SKLAOUll.

'2l0

Ib(57. Utrebli/dns oblunytis, K. Owen, Oeol. Mag. vol. iv. p. 02, pi. in-
■lig. 3.

1883. Slrebhdus obhmjun, .1. W. Davis, Trans, lioy. Dublin Soo. [2]
vol. i. p, 424, pi. liii. lig,s. 1-4.

Tyi>e. Detached dental plate.

Dental jdate much elongated antoro-posteriorly ; Linder tumid
portion sharply separated by an abrupt elevation from the anterior
portion, with which it is equal in extent ; anterior portion crossed
by one broad low ridge, and occasional faintly-marked grooves
nearly parallel to (.he antero-latoral margin.

Tliis is supposed to be the upper dental plate of Cochliodm con-
turlxm by St. John and Worthen'.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2417. P ortions of two associated dental plates described and
figured by Owen, luc. cit., and by J. W. Davis, tom. cit.
p. 425, pi. liii. fig. 4. Ennislillen Coll.

P. 2414. Incomplete dentition, described and figured, and referred
to the lower jaw by J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 424, pi. liii.
fig. 1. The two rami are evidently crushed together, and
in advance of the largo posterior dental plate on each side
are indications of the bases of two small series of teeth.
Of the first series on the “ left ” side, one of those small
teeth is preserved in position, exhibiting the characters of
the so-called genus Lojihodas or Ilelodus.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2415-6. Two posterior dental plates, one exhibiting the inrol-
ment of the outer border ; figured by J. W. Davis, tom.
cit. pi. liii. figs. 2, 3. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2418. Thirty similar specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1400. Twelve specimens, mostly small. Ejerlon Coll.

28727, 28917, 38502, P. 260. Soventeeu speciuiens. Purchased.

Streblodus colei, Davis.

1802. Streblodus colei, Morris & Roberts (e.v Agassiz, MS.), (iuart.

Jouru. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Streblodus colei, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
p. 42(1, pi. liii. figs. 5, 0.

Tijpe. Detached posterior dental plates ; Rritish Museum.

’ Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. (1883), p. 02.

COCHLIODONTlDiE.

211

Dental plate extremely elongated antero-posteriorly ; hinder tumid
portion passing gradually into the anterior flattened portion ; the
latter portion longer than the former, and crossed by a small, faint,
very oblique ridge.

This is supposed to he the upper dental plate of Ddtoj)tychius
acutus by St. John and Worthen h

Form. hoc. Lower Carheniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2419-20. Type specimens. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 2421. Thirty similar dental plates, the largest having an antero-
posterior measurement of 0-053. Enniskillen. Coll.

P. 1401. Four similar specimens. Ejerton Coll.

28729. Two imperfect dental plates. Purchased, 1853.

A small variety, not distinctly separable from Slreblodus colei upon
present evidence, appears to bo indicated by the following speci-
mens : —

P. 4905. Two dental plates, one figured, of the natural size, in
Ph VI. fig. 25 ; Yoredalo Rocks (Upper Carboniferous
Limestone), Wensleydale, Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

P. 5349. Four portions of dental plates, somewhat larger ; Upper
Carboniferous Limestone, Ticknall, near Melbourne, S.
Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

Streblodus egertoni, Davis.

1862. Streblodus egcHoni, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 101 (name only).

1883. Streblodus egertoni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2J vol. i.
p. 426, pi. liii. figs. 7, 8.

Type. Detached dental plates ; British Museum.

A comparatively small species, the antero-posterior measurement
of the largest known dental plate being 0-014. Hinder tumid por-
tion of plate sharply separated by an abrupt elevation from the
anterior portion, and about equal to it in extent ; anterior portion
flattened, only crossed by one small angulated ridge, near to and
parallel with the antero-lateral margin.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Bristol.

P. 2422-3. Type specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

20575. Similar dental plate. Purchased, 1845.

p 2

' Pal. Uinois, vol. vii. p. 92.

212

SELACnll.

By St. John and Worthen (Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. 1883), dental
plates of the form of Streblodus are hypothetically assigned to Vdto-
ptychius expamus, U. primus, I), wetchsmuthi, and 1). varsomknsis,
and to various species of Cochliodus. Vulicmodus, Stenoj>terodus, and
Chitonodus. Another dental plate forms the t}’po of Cochliodus
ohliquus, St. John and Worthen {tom. cit. p. 12G, pi. vii. fig. 17)
from the St. Louis Limestone of Missouri.

Genus DELTOPTYCHIUS, Agassiz.

[Morris & llobcrts {ex Agassiz, MS.), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xvdii. 18G2, p. 100 '.]

Two posterior series of teeth in each jaw represented by a single
triangular dental plate, with the coronal surface destitute of trans-
verse ridges and furrows ; postero-latcral border much longer than
the antero-lateral, and this about equal in length to the inner mar-
gin. A large broadening ridge extends from the outer apex to the
inner margin ; while the postero- lateral border is somewhat raised,
and the antero-lateral abruptly ridged, thus giving the plate a
twisted appearance.

The dental plates of one jaw (presumably the lower) are much
more irirolled than those of the opposing jaw. They are evidently
the homologuos of the posterior pair of largo plates in Deltodus and
Cochliodus-, and appearances are suggestive of there having been no
fusion of the teeth immediately in front into a second smaller plate.

By 8t. John and Worthen “ the dental plates here assigned to
the lower jaw of Deltopti/ckius are considered as referable to I’oecil-
odus, while the “ upper” plates are regarded as truly pertaining to
the lower jaw of the genus under consideration. The true upper
dental plates of DdtoptycMus are identified by the same authors
with species of Streblodus. We prefer, however, to adopt the inter-
pretation of M‘Coy ^ as amended by Davis ^

Deltoptychius acutus, M‘Coy.

1843. Cochliodus acutus, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174 (name
only).

* The name only is here mentioned and applied to the species previously
described and figured by M'Cuy under (he name of Cochliodus acutus. The
typo species being thus already well-defined in 1862, the generic name may be
regarded as dating from that year.

‘‘ Pal. Illinois, vol. vii. (1883), p. 92.

^ Brit. Palteoz. Foss. p. 621.

' Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 432.

COCHLIODONTID^.

213

I860. Cochliodus amituf, F. M‘Coy, Brit. Palsooz. Foss. p. 021, pi. 3 i.
fig. 24.

1862. Deltoptychius acutm, Morris & Roberts, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1867. Coe/tlmltis compacts, R. Owen, Geol. Mag. vol. iv. pi. iv. fig. 1.
1883. Dcltoptychius avutue, .1. W. Davis, Tran.s. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. 433, pi. liii. figs. 13-17.

1883. Deltodus e.vpamm, .1. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 431, pi. liii. figs. 9, 10
(non fig. 11).

(?)1884. DeltoptycMus plicattis, J. W. Davis, Quart, .lourn. Geol.

Soc. vol. xl. p. 628, pi. xxvi. figs. 13, 14.

(?) 1886. Deltoptychius plicatux, .1. W. Davis, Geol. JIag. [3] vol. iii.

p. 162.

Type. Detached dental plates ; Woodwardian Museum, Cam-
bridge.

“ Upper ” dental plate expanded posteriorly towards the inner
border ; the large coronal ridge angulated ; lateral borders raised
into sharp ridges. “ Lower ” plate with the large median ridge
angulated, sharply separated from the upturned postcro-lateral area.

Form. 4' Toe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland,
and Ayrshire, Scotland. Upper Carboniferous Limestone ; York-
shire and Derbyshire.

(i.) Sliylitly curved variety (‘^ upper jaw).

P. 2433-35. Three dental plates described and figured by J. W.
Davis, loc. cit. p. 4.33, pi. liii. figs. 15-17 ; Armagh.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2448-9. Two specimens described and figured as referable to the
upper jaw of Deltodus expansus, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. ;
Armagh. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2436. Thirty specimens ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1455. Four small abraded dental plates ; Armagh.

Eyerton Coll.

28725. Two similar plates ; Armagh. Purchased, 1853.

46045. Imperfect dental plate probably of this species ; Beith, Ayr-
shire. Presented by It. Craig, Esq., 1874.

(ii.) Inrolled variety (? loiver jaw).

P. 2431-2. Two dental plates descjibed and figured by J. W. Davis.
loc. cit. p. 433, pi. liii. figs. 13, 14; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2437. Twenty specimens; Armagh.

Enntskillen Coll.

214

SELACHII.

P. 1455 a. Six specimens, one associated with a tooth of llelodus
didymus ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

P. 4888. Two dentil! plates only differing from the foregoing in
their smaller size; Yoredale Rocks, Wensleydalo, York-
shire. Coll.

P. 5353. One imperfect specimen and fragment; Tiokuall, near
Melbourne, South Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

Deltoptychius gibberiilus, Davis.

1838. Cochliodm contortus, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 116,
pi. xiv. figs. 21, 29-33.

1802. IJeltojitycMu? yihhet'vlu^ Morris tS; Roberts, Quart. Journ. Cieol.
Soc. vol. xviii. p. 100 (name only).

1883. Ddtoptychius (jibbendiis, S.W . Roy. Dublin Soc.

[2] vol. i. p. 436, pi. liii. tigs. 18, 19.

Type. Detached dental plates ; British Museum.

“ Upper ” dental plate much expanded posteriorly towards the inner
border ; the large coronal ridge broad, rounded ; lateral borders not
riiised into ridges. “ Lower ” plate with the largo median ridge
gentl}' rounded and relatively broad; antero-lateral border laised
into a sharp ridge.

Form. 4- Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Wexford, Ireland ,:
Cloucestershiro, Somersetshire, and Shropshire, England. Upper
Carboniferous Limestone : Derbyshire.

(i.) Slightly curved variety {2 tqiper jaw),shown by Agassiz, tom. cit.
])1. xiv. figs. 29-31 , arid by Davis, tom. cit. pi. liii. fig. 19.

P. 2439. Type-specimen ; Bristol. Ennislcillen Coil-
's. 2440. Five dental plates ; Bristol. EmiisHllen Coll.

P. 5225. One specimen ; Bristol.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 1478, P. 1452. Three similar plates ; Bristol. Egerton Coll.

20575 b, 41167. Six specimens ; Bristol. UiOT'/insetf, 1815, 1868.

40331. Three small dental plates; Clevedon, Somersetshire.

Purchased, 1867.

42189. Small abraded specimen ; Orcton, Shrop.shire. Baugh Coll.

P. 14^8 a. Two specimens ; Hook Point, Wexford. Egerton Coll.

23712. Three small specimens ; Hook Point, Wexford.

Purchased, 1849.

COCHLIODONTID^.

215

(ii.) Inrolled variety (? lower jaw), shown by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xiv.
figs. 32, H3, and by Davis, toin. cit. pi. liii. fig. 18.

P. 2438. Type specimen ; Bristol. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2440 a. Imperfect dental plate ; Bristol. Ennislcillen Coll.

20575 a. Imperfect dental plate ; Bristol. Purchased, ISAo.

P. 1478 B. Two specimens ; Black Hock, Bristol. Eyerton Coll.

40329. Perfect, though abraded, specimen ; Clevedon, Somersetshire.

Purchased, 1807.

P. 1478c. Similar specimen; Hook Point, Wexford. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5351. Imperfect specimen shown of the natural size in PI. I.
fig. 21 ; Ticknall, near Melbourne, South Derbyshire.

Wilson Coll.

P. 5350. Two fragments of worn dental plates, probably of this
species ; Ticknall. Wilson Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
dental plates, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

DiltoptycMus e.vpansus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.
(1883), p. 98, pi. V. figs. 9-11 (also figs. 12, 13, Slreblo-
tfus-platcs).— St. Louis Limestone; Illinois, Iowa, Missouri.

Delloptyehius nitidus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 99, pi. v.
fig. 16 : Cochliodiis nitidus, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. [2] vol. xi. (1857), p. 87, pi. v. fig. 2. — Chester
Limestone; Illinois.

I)dto2)tychi.us primus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 93, pi. v.
fig. 6 (also figs. 7, 8, /Sfr€6fof?««-plates). — Upper Burling-
ton Limestone ; Iowa.

Deltoptycliius wnchsmuthi, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 93.
pi. V. figs. 1, 2 (also figs. 3-5, StreiZorfas-plates). — Keokuk
Limestone; Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.

Deltoptycliius varsouviensis, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 96,
pi. V. fig. 14 (also fig. 15, *8</’e?<7ofb»s-plate). — Warsaw
Limestone ; Illinois.

As already remarked (p. 205), dental plates of the form hero re-
garded as Deltoptychius are described by St. John and Worthen as
Poecilodus vortheni and P. sprinyeri. The Belgian tooth named

216

SELACHir.

Strehlodus oblongus by L. 0. do Koninck (Faune Calc. Carbf. Folg.
pt. i. p. 55, pi. vi. fig. 22) also appears to be referable to Deltojiiy-
ehius.

Genus DIPLACODUS Davis.

[Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. xl. 1884, p. 632.J

An uncertain genus founded upon a fragment of a dental plate
resembling tbo original of I’l. VI. fig. 27, aiiparently only differing
from the supposed lower dental plates of Bellojitychitts in the re-
markable extension of the antero-laterul border indicated by the
plain line.

Diplacodus bulboides, Davis.

1884. Diplacodus hulhoides, J. VV. Davis, luc. ci7.p. 0.33, pi. xxvii. fig. 20.

Type. Fragment of dental plate ; Horne Collection, York Museum.
The single known species.

Form. ^ hoc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire.

P. 4913. Dental plate shown of the natural size in PI. VI. fig. 27 ;

Yoredale Rocks, Wenslcydule. The coronal surface of the
antero-lateral extension, shown in outline, is covered by
matrix, but appears to be certainly of tlio form indicated.

Horne Coll.

Genus CYRTONODUS, Davis.

[Quart. Journ. Geol. 8oc. vol. xl. 1884, p. 630.]

A doubtful and provisional genus founded upon triangular dental
plates very suggestive of those of Deltoptyrhius, but exhihiling a
largo rounded coronal prominence antero-lateral ly, expanded into a
wing po.stero-laterally ; the root also extending cou.siderably beyond
the crown outwardly. The type species is Uyrtonodvs yihhus, Davi.s
{loc. cii. p. 031, pi. xxvii. figs. 1, 6), from the Yoredale Rocks of
Wensleydale, Yorkshire ; and it may bo noted that the published
figures of the plates are so arranged that the antero-lateral mar-
gin is directed upwards, and the postero-latcrul downwards.

Cyrtonodus hornei, sp. nov.

Type. Detached dental plate ; British Museum.

‘ Tin’s name is preoccupied {Diplacodmi, O. 0. Marsh, Amer. Joiirii. Sci. [3]
vol. ix. 187.3, p. 246), but being only provisional, it may be retained until Curtber
evidence oC the nature of the teeth is discovered.

COCHLIODONIID^.

217

Dental plates differing from tkose of C. gibhus in the relatively
less antero-posterior extension and the more rounded and prominent
character of the coronal elevation.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire.

P. 4908. Type specimen shown, of the natural size, in PI. VI. fig. 26 ;

also a more imperfect dental plate ; Toredale llocks,\Vens-
Icydale. Horne Coll.

49634. Pragmeut of dental plate ; Richmond. Purchased, 1878.

According to the views of Agassiz, as interpreted by J. W. Davis,
the so-called genera Sienopterodus, Chitonodus, and Deltodoptsis,
proposed by St. John and Worthen (Pal. Illinois, vol. vii.), must be
regarded as comprising miscellaneous dental plates of the various
genera enumerated above.

The dental plates oi Stenopiterodus" (lorn. cit. p. 100) might
well be assigned to Beltodus and “ Streblodas.” They are described
under the names of F. ehngatus {tom. cit. p. 106, pi. iv. figs. 1-3),
from the Warsaw Limestone of lUiuois ; S. planus {tom. cit. p. 102,
pi. iv. figs. 0-14), from tlie Upper Rurlingtoii Limestone of Iowa
and Illinois ; and F. sp.‘? {tom. cit. p. 105, pi. iv. figs. 15, 16), from
the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois. The tyiio species of Sandalodus
(/S', parvulus, Newberry and Worthen) is also placed here.

The dental plates of “ Chitonodus ” {tom. cit. p. 100) seem to bo
assignable to Cochliodns, Beltodus, Poecilodus, and “ Streblodus,”
and the genus is said (p. 112) to include Cochliodus latus, Leidy,
Poecilodus rugosus, Newberry and Worthen, and P. ornalus, New-
berry and Worthen. Four other species are distinguished as fol-
lows : C. aniiquus (to»i. cit. x>. 116, pi. vi. fig. 2), from the Low'er
Burlington Limestone of Iowa; C. liratus {tenn. cit. p. 110, pi. vi.
fig. 1), from the St. Louis Limestone of Illinois ; C. springeri {tom.
cit. p. 112, pi. vi. figs. 3-15), from the Upper Burlington Limestone
of Iowa and Illinois; and 6’. tribidis {tom. cit. p. 117, pi. vii.
figs. 18-21), from the Keokuk Limestone of Iow a and Illinois.

Beltodopsis {tom. cit. p. 158) is separated with hesitation from
Beltodus, and also includes some dental plates assignable to Sanda-
lodus—e. g., the large “ upper ’’ x>latc of S. morrisii. The following
species are distinguished: B. affinis {tom. cit. p. 160, pi. xi. fig. 1),
from the Warsaw Limestone of Dlinois ; B.'l hialveatus {tom. cit.
X). 169, pi. xi. fig. 15), from the Upper Burlington Limestone of
Iowa ; B. ? convexus {tom. cit. p. 169, pi. xi. figs. 17, 18), from the
Upper Burlington Limestone of Iowa ; B. ? convolutus {tom. cit.
p. 16-5, pi. xi. figs. 11, 12), from the Upper Burlington Limestone

218

BELAcnir,

of Towa and Illinois ; Z». ? e.roruatun (iom.eit. p. 108, pi. xi. fig. 14),
from tho Warsaw Limestone of Illinois; D.? injlexits (turn. cit.
p. 167, pi. xi. fig. 18), from the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois ; D.?
Iceolcuh {tom. cit, p. 169, pi. xi. fig. 16), from the Keokuk Limestone
of Illinois ; and J). mncii-ludovici {tom. cit. p. 161, pi. xi. figs. 2-6),
from the St. Louis Limestone of Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. Del-
todm miffustus, Newberry and Worthen, is also j)lacod hero.

The genus Chalcodus, Zittel (llandb. Paheont. vol. iii. pt. i. 1887,
p. 72), from tho German Kupfcrschiofer, though originally referred
to the CochliodontidsD, does not appear to belong to this family ;
and a brachiopod shell ' from the Upper Carboniferous of Lo-Ping,
China, has also been placed here, under tho name of Lcptodiui
ri('kiIiofeni, E. Kayser (Richthofen’s Beitr. Paliiont. China, 1883,
p. 161, pi. xxi. figs. 9-11).

Undetermined Anterior 2'eeih.

Tho anterior teeth of the Cochliodontidm have been described
under tho provisional generic names of Jldodvs, Agassiz (Poiss.
Loss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 104) ; Chomatudvs, Agassiz {tom. cit.
p. 107); Lojihodus, Romanowsky (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xxxvii. 1864, pt. ii. p. 160); and perhaps Venusiodiw, St.John
and Worthen (Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 344). Those named
Uehdns planus by Agassiz are known to bo certainly referable to
Psephodus mat/ints ; and most of the teeth from tho Bristol Bone-
bed, named Jfelodus loivissimus, doubtless pertain to Psephodus
lirvissimus. Tho other teeth, however, except //. simplex, are pro-
bably common to one or more genera or species, and it is thus con-
venient, upon present evidence, to retain tho provisional determina-
tions, as follow. Unless otherwise stated, tho specimens were all
obtained from undetermined horizons in the Carboniferous Lime-
stone.

I. Largo elongated depressed teeth, generally with a longitudinal
elevation near one of the long margins, often rising into a
median prominence. Such have been described under the
names of Chomatndus einctus, Agassiz ^ lltlodvs timjidus,

> Lytfonia, W. Wangen, Paheont. Jndica [13] ])t. iv. (1882), p. 395.

» Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1838), p. 107, pi. xv. ligs. 13-21 (in part). Also
.1. E. I’ortloek, Rep. Gool. Londonderry (1843), p. 407, pi. xiv.fl. fig. 9 ; L. G. de
Koninek, Faune Calc. Carbf. lielg. pt. i. (1878), p. 40, pi. iv. fig. 3, pi. vi. figs. 1-5.
Heludus cincim, P. McCoy, Brit. Palacoz. Foss. (1855), p. 017.

COCHLIODONTID-®.

219

Agassiz Helodtis gihbenilus, Agassiz Helodus rrassus, Davis ,
and Helodus e.vpansus, Davis

P. 2918. Typo specimen of Chomatodm chictus, Aga.ssiz,^gnTcd tom.

cit. pi. XV. fig. 13'; Lower Carboniferous Limestone,
Bristol. Etiniskillen Coll.

20573, 20575, 28537, 34974. Fifteen nearly similar teeth, with a
more prominent coronal ridge ; Bristol. Purchased.

32739-40. Two teeth named Uelodus iurgidus ; Bristol.

Presented hy S. P. Pratt, Esy., 1857 .

44853. Similar tooth ; Bristol.

Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esep, 1873.

P. 1426, P. 1466. Ten similar teeth ; Bri.stol. Egerton Coll.

50009. Detached tooth ; Bristol. Trevelyan Bequest, 1879.

P. 2616, P. 2658. Twelve similar teeth ; Bristol. Ennislillen Coll.

36467, 41189. Four teeth ; Orcton, Shropshire. Purchased, 1868.

42217. Forty teeth ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

P. 1427. Similar tooth ; Settle, Yorkshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 2617. Similar tooth; Upper Carboniferous Limestone, Eichmond,
Yorkshire. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 217. Six similar teeth, two with a sharp longitudinal ridge,
approaching “ Uelodus expansus ” ; Oreton.

Weaver-Jones Coll.

35483. Abraded tooth ; Upper Carboniferous Limestone, Eichmond,
Yorkshire. Purchased, 1860.

P. 1474. Tooth of the same kind ; Lower Carboniferous Limestone,
Hook Point, \V oxford, Ireland. Egerton Coll.

P. 2618. Two teeth ; Hook Point. Enniskillen Coll.

' Poisa. Foaa. toI. iii. p. 106, pi. xv. figs. 1-12. Also F. M'Coy, op. cit.
p. 023 ; L. G. de Koninck, op. cit. pt. i. p. 39, pi. iv. figs. 13, 14, pi. vi. fig. 21.

^ Tom. cit. p. 106, pi. xii. figs. 1,2; (?) also II. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem.
Soo. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 269, pi. xxvi. fig. 9. Lophodus
gibbcrulus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soo. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 405,
pi. li. fig. 19 ; (?) also L. G. de Koninck, op. cit. pt. i. p. 34, pi. iv. fig. 7.

^ J.W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 453, pi. lix. figs. 1, 2. Including duymatodns
cinctus, Ag., in part.

* J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 457, pi. lix. fig. U). Including Chamatodus linearis,
Ag., in part.

220

SELACniI.

41201. Five more rounded teeth, with marginal concentric wrinkles;
Lower Carboniferous Limestone, Tournai, Belgium.

Purchased, 18G8.

P. 2619, P. 2646. About sixty tooth of similar form, but with
smooth coronal surface and having the middle of the
crown raised into a largo rounded boss ; Lower Car-
boniferous Limestone, Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2912. Smaller tooth with a low lateral boss in addition to the
median, described as Lojthotlus gihberultts, Agass. sp., by
J. W. Davis, Trans. Iloy. Dublin Soc. [2J vol. i. p. 405,
pi. li. fig. 19 ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2629. Si.x similar teeth ;

Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2630-1. Two very largo teeth, with delicate marginal concentric
wrinkles, and with the sharp longitudinal coronal ridge
raised into a pointed median apex, forming the type

W. Davis, loc. cit. ;
Enniskillen Coll.

Enniskillen Coll.

Fjgerton Coll.

Purchased, 1847.

specimens of I/elodus crassns, J.

Armagh.

P. 2632. Twelve similar teeth ; Armagh.

P. 1465. Three similar tooth ; Armagh.

20824. Imperfect tooth ; Bristol.

P. 4914. Nearly similar tooth; Yorcdalo Books, Wensleydale,
Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

P. 2611. Tooth with concentric marginal wrinkles and the longi-
tudinal ridge low and sharp, though ri.sing to a median
eminence, forming the typo specimen of Helodme.vpansus,
J. W. Davis, loe. cit. ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5862. Four teeth of the same kind, but less symmetrical ;

Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2654 a. Three teeth, nearly similar, but without the median
eminence ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2653. Three similar teeth ; Upper Carboniferous Limestone,
Eichmond, Yorkshire. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2651. Tooth of the same form, though slightly curved, resembling
some of the teeth included by Agassiz in Chomatodvs
linearis, and described under tins name by J. W. Davis,
Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. .508, pi. Ixi. fig. 1 ;
Bristol. Fmniskillen Coll.

COCHLIODONTIDa;.

221

P. 2615. Throo teeth of the form named Helodm anffidatus, New-
berry & Worthen'; Burlington Limestone, Quincy, Illi-
nois. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2603. Tooth of the form named Jlelodus sulcatiis, Newberry &
Worthen “ ; Keokuk Limestone, near Warsaw, Illinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

II. Large laterally compressed teeth, with a median eminence.

P. 2633-4. Two typo specimens of Ilelodus tenuis, J. W. Davis,
Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 454, pi. lix. figs. 3,
4 ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2635. About forty similar teeth, only differing from those of
Ilelodus entssus, Davis, in their extremo lateral com-
pression ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2608-9. Two teeth, forming the ty[)o specimens of Ilelodus
elavatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
(1883), p. 455, pi. lix. figs. 5, 6 ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Cull.

111. Small conical teeth.

P. 2636. Type specimen of Ilelodus richmondiensis, J. W. Davis,
Trans Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2j vol. i. p. 450, pi. lix. fig. 8 ;
Upper Carboniferous Limestone, Hichmond, Yorksliiro.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4900. Similar, but slightly larger tooth ; Yoredalc Hooks, Wens-
leydale, Yorkshire. llome Coll.

P. 2606. Type specimen of Ilelodus triangularis,!. W. Davis, Trans.

Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 450, pi. lix. fig. 9 ; Lower
Carboniferous Limestone, Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2612. Similar tooth ; Armagh. Enniskillen CoU.

P. 4191 a. Smaller tooth, with crimped margin ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2607. Type specimen of Ilelodus acutus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 455, pi. lix. fig. 7 ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

' Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. (1866), p. 83, pi. v. figs. 9-15.
“ Tom. cit. pi. V. fig. 16.

222 sELAcnii.

/

IV. Teeth witli rounded or gently elevated crown, soraetiraes
elongated and sometimes of irregular shape, commonly ascribed
to Hdodus loivissimus, Agassiz'.

P. 2623. Six small series of flat teeth, more or less nearly perfect,
resembling the specimen flgured by F. M‘Coy, Frit.
PaloDoz. Foss. pi. 3 I. fig. 17 ; Armagh. EmmlciUen Coll.

P. 2622. Three small examples ; Hook Point, Wexford.

Ennislcillen Coll.

36193. Fourteen teeth, of irregular elongate shape, with gently
rounded or raised crowns ; Carboniferous Limestone,
Oreton, Shropshire. Purchased, 1861.

42225. About one hundred small teeth, of irregular shapes, more or
loss elongated and rounded ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

35468-7, 35485-7. Six teeth ; Oreton. Purchased, 1860.

P. 2621. Twenty-five irregular rounded tooth, some relatively largo
and approaching “ Chomatodus ductus ” in characters ;
Oreton. Enniskillen Coll.

42218, 42322. Twenty-four tooth, mostly much elongated and

elevated in the middle ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

42223-4. Two examples of two elongated teeth associated in
natural sequence ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

41190. Throe associated elongated teeth, with a largo coronal
prominence at one extremity ; Oreton. Purchased, 1868.

P. 210, P. 221-6. Seven examples of relatively largo teeth, with
slightly elevated crowns, and two groups of three in
series ; Oreton. Weaver-Jo7ies Cod.

P. 2825, P. 4538, P. 4539. Fifteen small teeth, mostly similar ;

Oreton. EnHisklllen Coll.

40330. Two associated small, flat, elongated teeth, two fused to-
gether, and one imperfect broader tootli ; Carboniferous
Limestone, Clovedon, Somersetshire. Purchased, 1867.

' L. G. do Koiiinck, Descr. Anim. Foss. Terr. Oirbf. Belg. (1844), p. 014,

pi. Iv. flg. 3; F. M‘Ooy, Brit. Bokcoz. Foss. (185,5), p. G30, pi. 3i. fig. 17.

Lophodus Icevmimus, L. G. do Koninok, Fau no Calc. Cnrbf. Belg. pt. i. (1878),

p. 33, pi. iv. fig. 6 ; also J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]vol. i. (1883),

p. 404, pi. li. fig. 18.

COCHLIOBONTIDiE.

223

P. 4909 a. Small tootli, approaching the form described by J. W.

Davis as Lophodus conicvs ‘ ; Yoredalc Hocks, Weiisley-
dale, Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

V. Small elongated teeth with one half of the crown broader and

much more raised than the other, the elevation abruptly
terminating about the middle of the tooth ; described as
Chomaiodus (Helodas) obliquus by M‘Coy

P. 2626. Forty teeth ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

VI. Small elongated teeth with a relatively large quadrangular

coronal elevation, often slightly cleft by a small groove
upon one side of its summit, described by M‘Goy as
Helodus dkhjnms

P. 2638. Eighty specimens ; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2605, P. 2639, P. 2640, P. 4927. Sixty specimens, mostly with
the quadrangular elevation very broad ; Armagh.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1429. Two similar teeth ; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

P. 1431-2. Twelve teeth, and three abraded teeth in natural
sequence; Armagh. Egerton Coll.

28746, 28749, 38507. Seventeen specimens ; Armagh.

Purchased, 1853, 1864.

46040. Small tooth, with elevation more pointed ; Beith, Ayrshire.

Presented by liobert Craig, Esq., 1874.

46041. Much depressed tooth, with broad elevation; Beith.

Presented by liobert Craig, Esq., 1874.

P. 1430. Typical tooth ; Monmouthshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 218. Tooth ; Orcton, Shropshire. Weaver-Jones Coll.

P. 2657. Three imperfect teeth ; Oreton. ' Enniskillen Coll.

‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. (1884), p. 027, pi. xxvi. fig. 18.

Aim. Mag. Kat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 124 ; Brit. Palitoz. Foss. (185.5),
p. 018, pi. 3 K. fig. 3.

^ Brit. Palaioz. Foss. (1855), p. 030, pi. 3i. figs. 18-20. Lopkodus didymus,
II. Eomaiiowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1804, pt. ii. p. 162, pi. iv.
fig. 23 ; also J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 407,
pi. li. fig. 21.

224

8ELACHII.

P. 4909. Two teeth, with relatively narrow coronal elevation,
resembling the type of Lopliodus hifurcatm, J. W. Davis ' ;
Torcdalo Hocks, Wensleydale, Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

P. 5346. Two small teeth, and six fragments with more rounded
coronal elevations ; Upper Carboniferous Limestone,
Tioknall, near Melbourne, S. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

VII. Similar teeth, with the coronal eminence pointed, described

by M‘Coy as Ilelodiis appendicvlatus

P.2827-8. About fifty specimens ; Armagh. Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 2916. Two small series of five naturally associated teeth ;

Armagh. Ennisldllen Coll.

P.1433. One tooth; Armagh. E(/erton Coll.

36194, 42218, 42229a. Forty-five teeth, more or loss broken;

Oreton, Shropshire. Purchased, 18G1, and Bauijh Coll.

P.224. Four teeth : Oreton. Weaver-Jones Coll.

P. 2627 a. Eight specimens, one showing three imperfect teeth in
series, and one with two of unequal size ; Oreton.

Enniskillen Coll.

35743. Tooth; Bewdley, Worcestershire. Purchased, ^860.

34981, 34981 a. Three teeth ; Black liock, Bristol. Purchased, 1860.

P. 2637. Tooth ; Upper Carboniferous Limestone, llichmond, York-
shire. Enniskillen Coll.

VIII. Much elongated narrow teeth, with a more or less pointed
and transversely ridged coronal eminence, nearer one extremity
than the other, described by M‘Coy as Ilelodus mammillaris
Some are not readily distinguishable from abraded teeth of
Orodus elonr/atus.

P. 2644. About forty specimens; Armagh. Enniskillen Coll.

' Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] toI. i. 1883, p. 408, pi. li. fig. 25 ; and Quart.
Joum. Geol. Soe. vol. xl. (1884), p. 028, pi. xxvii. fig. 6.

” Ann. Mag. Hat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 123.

^ Brit. Palffioz. Foss. (18.55), p. 631, pi. 3i. fig. 16. Lophodm mammillaris,
L. G. de Koniuok, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i. (1878), p. 35, pi. iv. figs, fi-
ll ; also J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 406, pi. li-
fig. 20.

COCntlODONTi D J5.

225

P. 2614 b. Tooth associated with one of “ Heloilm didymus ; ”
Armagh. EnniskiUen Coll.

P. 2644 a, P. 2644 h. Very narrow tooth, with sharply pointed
eminence ; also two others apparently similar ; Armagh.

EiinisJciUen Coll.

P. 1436. Pour teeth naturally arranged in series ; Hook Point,
Wexford. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2645. Small tooth ; Bone-hed of Lower Limestone Shales,
Bristol. Ennishilleii Coll.

P.4911. Two small teeth; Yoredale Hocks, Wensleydale, York-
shire. llorne Coll.

28723. Perfect tooth; Lower Carboniferous Limestone, Tournai,
Belgium. Purchased, 1853.

IX. Elongated teeth with a longitudinal median keel rising into an
eminence and cremJated ; margins with more or less distinct
concentric wrinkles. [Venustodus, St. John & Worthen.]

P. 5290. Tooth of the form described by J. W. Davis as Lojdiodiis
serratus * ; Yoredale Hocks, Yorkshire. Purchased, 1880.

P. 4910. Three similar teeth ; Wensleydale, Yorkshire. Horne Coll.

P. 5345. Four similar teeth, imperfect, two figured, of the natural
size, in PI. I. figs. 10, 17 ; Upper Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Ticknall, Melbourne, S. Derbyshire. Wilson Coll.

44855. Larger tooth, with more feeble serrations ; Bristol.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

P. 2628 a. Nearly similar tooth, and fragment with more pointed
coronal eminence ; Armagh. EimisJcillen Coll.

46043. Unabraded tooth ; Beith, Ayrshire.

Presented by Robert Craig, Esq., 1874.

P. 3010, P. 3011. Type specimen of Harpacodus clavatus, Davis
and a fragmentary tooth, differing only from the fore-
going in their smaller size, and the relatively less number
and larger dimensions of the coronal denticulations ;
■A-rmagh. Enniskillen Cod.

' Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] voL i. (1883), p. 408, pi. li. figs. 23, 24 ; Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. (1884), p. G27, pi. xxvii. fig. 19. More robust teeth

of the same type from Armagh are named Chomatodus denticulatus, F. SI‘Coy

(Ann. M.ig. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. 1848, p. 124 ; and Brit. Pateoz. Foss. 1855,

p. 618, pi. 3 K. fig. 9).

“ Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. .515, pl.lxi. Gg. 20.

U

226

SKLACHII.

X. Much arched narrow tooth.

P. 2911. Typo specimen of lihumphodm dUpar, J. \V. Davis,
tom. eit. p. 402, pi. li. fig. 17 ; Armagh. Eimiskillen Coll.

Most of the teeth upon which the following “ species are
founded are also referable to the anterior portion of the jaws o
Cochliodonts, but there are no examples in the Collection :

Jldodus antiquisdniuK, E. von Eichwald, Leth. Uoss. vol. i. (1869),
p. 1545. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of Toula.

Helodus aversus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. 8oc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 268, pi. xxvi. fig. 8.- Car-
boniferous Liirestone ; Government of Toula, liussia.

t/elodus hiformis, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 77, pi. iv. fig. 22. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Hdodus carbomrhts, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 75,
pi. iv. fig. 20. — Coal-Measures ; Illinois.

Helodus compnssus, Newbcriy & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. (18i0),
p. 360, pi. iii. fig. 15. — Burlington Limestone ; Illinois.
[Aon Newberry & TVortbon, op. cit. vol. ii. p. <8, pi. v.
fig. 1, — see llijhodadodus compressus, p. 29.J

Helodus eoniculus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p- 75,
pi. iv. fig. 19; J. S. Newberry, Ann. Hop. Geol. Surv.
Indiana, 1879, p. 344. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois. 8t.
Louis Limestone ; Indiana. Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Helodus consolidatus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 87,
pi. vi. figs. 1 , 2. — Keokuk Limestone ; Missouri and Illinois.

Helodus crenulatus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 82,
pi. v. fig. 7. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Helodus dens-liumani, Newberry & W’orlhen, oj>. cit. vol. ii.
p. 76, pi. iv. fig. 21. — Keokuk Limestone: Illinois.

Helodus dcnticulatus, Newberry & W orthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 81,
pi. V. fig. 6. Helodus (1) denticidatus, St. John& W-orthen,
Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (1875), p. 317.— Keokuk Lime-
stone ; Illinois.

Helodus elytra, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. /8, pi. iv.
fig. 23. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Helodus yihhus, J. Leidy, Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. [2] vol. xi.
(1857), p. 88, pi. V. fig. 18.— Carboniferous Limestone ;

Illinois.

Helodus liEvis, J. 8. Newberry, Ann. Hep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1876-78 (1879), p. 343.— St. Louis Limestone ; Indiana.
Helodus limeuv, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 80, pi.
fig. 5. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

COCHLIODONIlD^.

22'7

Ududas mons-canxts, II. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 288, pi. xxviii. fig. 2. —
Carboniferous Limestone ; !Mjatschkowa, Moscow.
llehdus placenta, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 80,
pi. V. fig. 4. — Kindorhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Jlelodus polilus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 79,
pi. V. fig. 2. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.
llelodus pusillus : Polyrhizodus pusiUus, F. M‘Coy, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 126; and Brit. Palteoz.
Foss. (1855), p. 612, pi. 3 k. fig. 2. — Lower Carboni-
ferous Limestone ; Armagh.

Helodns rttgosus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. iv. (1870),
p. 359, pi. ii. fig. 10. — Coal-Measures; Illinois.

Helodus wuhdattis, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 82,
pi. V. fig. 8. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Ilelodopsis ahhreviata, W. Waagen, Pal. Ind. [13] pt. i. (1879),
p. 15, pi. i. fig. 6. — Productus Limestone ; Salt Range,
India.

Ilelodopsis elongata, W. Waagen, loc. cit. p. 14, pi. i. figs. 3, 4. —
Productus Limestone ; Salt Range.

Lophodus angularis, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
(1884), p. 628, pi. xxvii. fig. 25. — Yoredale Rocks;
Wensleydale, Yorkshire.

Lophodus contractus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg.
pt. i. (1878), p. 33, pi. iv. figs. 4, 5. Hehdus contractus,
H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiii. (1874), p. 270, pi. xxvi. fig. 10 (misprinted
H. angustus). — Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of
Toula, Russia, and Belgium.

Lophodus irregularis, II. Romanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, 1864, pt. ii.p. 161, pi. iii. fig. 21. — Carboniferous
Limestone ; Government of Toula.

Lophodus laneeolatus, H. Romanowsky, tom. cit. p. 162, pi. iv.
fig. 22 ; L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i.
(1878), p. 36, pi. iv. fig. 12. — Carboniferous Limestone ;
Government of Toula, Russia, and Belgium.

Lophodus levis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
(1883), p. 409, pi. U. figs. 26, 27 ; Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xl. (18841, p. 627.— Yoredale Rocks ; Wensleydale,
Lophodus linearis, H. Romanowsk)-, tom. cit. p. 162, pi. iv. fig. 26.

— Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of Toula.
Lophodus marginalis, H. Romanowsky, tom. cit. p. 161, pi. iii.

fig. 20. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of Toula.
Lophodus margodentatus, H. Romanowsky, tom. cit. p. 162, pi. iv.

ft2

228

SELACnII.

lig«. 24, 25. — C'arbouit'erous Limestone ; Govcnimeut of
Toula, llussia.

(?) Lopliodus reticulatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Iloy. Dublin 8oo. [2]
vol. i. (1883), p. 407, pi. li. fig. 22 ; Quart. Jouru. Gool.
8oc. vol. xl. (1884), p. G20, pi. xxvii. fig. 2. — Yoredalo
Hocks ; Wenslej-dalo, Yorkshire.

Lophodus simtosus, J. W. Davis, Trans, lloj. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. (1883), p. 40b, pi. li. fig. 28. — -Upper Carboniferous
Limestone ; Yorkshire.

Vfiomalodus amjustus, J. 8. Newberry, Ann. Hep. Geol. Surv.
Indiana, 1870-78 (1870), p. 342. — 8t. Louis Limestone;
Indiana.

Chomatodus arcuatus, 0. St. John, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
(1870), p. 435, and in Hayden’s Final Hep. Geol. Surv.
Nebraska (1872), p. 243, pi. vi. fig. 14; St. John &
Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (1875), id. x. fig. 23. —
Upper Coal-Measures ; Nebraska and Iowa.

Chumaiodus chestereusis, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(1875), p. 363, pi. X. figs. 15-17. — Chester Limestone;
Illinois.

Cfioinatodiis compfus, St. John & Worthen, o^). cit. vol. vi. p. 356,
pi. X. figs. 10-22. — Burlington Limestone; Iowa.
Chomatodus (leyans, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit, vol. ii. p. 86,
pi. V. fig. 18. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa.

(?) Chomatodus iiiconstmis, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi.

p. 360, pi. X. figs. 5-14. — St. Louis Limestone ; Iowa.
Chomatodus ohlhpius, J. S. Newberr}', loc. cit. p. 342. — St. Louis
Limestone; Indiana.

Chomatodus obscuncs, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. [2] vol. xi.
(1860), ]j. 80, pi. V. figs. 22, 23. — Carboniferous Lime-
stone ; Illinois. [Tanaodus, St. John & Worthen.]
Chomatodus sellifonnis, J. S. Newberry, loc. cit. p. 341. — St.
Louis Limestone, Illinois.

Chomatodus varsouvieiisis, St. John & Worthen, ojy. cit. vol. vi.
p. 363, pi. X. figs. 1—4. — Warsaw Limestone; Illinois
and Missouri.

I eiiustodus aryutus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 352,
id. ix. figs. 6, 6. — Chester Limestone; Illinois.

I enustodus leidyi, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 350,
pi. ix. figs. 1-4 : Chomatodus venustus, J. Leidy, Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc. [2] vol. xi. (1857), p. 80, pi. v. figs. 19-
21. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois and Missouri.
Venustodus robustus, St. John & Woi'then, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 345,
pi. ix. figs. 15-18. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

CESTEACIONTIDiE.

229

Venvstodm temdcristutns, St. John & Worthen, op. dt. yol. vi.
p. 348, pi. ix. figs. 19-24. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois,
loyya, and Missouri.

Venmtodvs varialilis, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 346,
pi. ix. figs. 7-14. — Burlington Limestone; Illinois and
Iowa.

(?) Cranodus zonatus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, vol. xiv. (1879), p. .54, pi. vii. fig. 4.— Car-
boniferous Limestone ; Government of Moscow, Russia.

(?) Totnodug argutus, H. Trautschold, iom. cit. p. 55, pi. vii. fig. 8 :
Oxgtomodus arguUis, II. Trautschold, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, 1880, pt. ii. p. 140. — Carboniferous Limestone ;
Government of Moscow, Russia.

Other anterior teeth of Cochliodonts, from the Lower Car-
boniferous of Russia, have also been described by Semenow & Mbller,
Bull. Aead. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. vii. (1864), p. 234, pi. i.
figs. 1-8, 10.

To the Cocbliodontida; also may possibly bo assigned the small
prehensile teeth described under the following names : —

Peripleeirodvs eompressus, St. .John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois,
vol. vi. (1875), p. 326, pi. viii. fig. 26. — St. Louis Lime-
stone ; Illinois.

Periplectrodus expansns, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 327,
pi. viii. fig. 27. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Periplectrodus warreni, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 325,
pi. viii. fig. 25. — Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

A single undetermined tooth from the Pliocene of Tuscany,
certainly not Cochliodont, is described under the name of Udodus
hriignond by R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi sopra ai Pesci, etc., Coiline
Toscane (1876), p. 83; and an equally doubtful fossil from the
Rhoetic of Stuttgart is named Cliomatodus sphenodisevs, Plion., in
kfeyer & Plieningcr’s Beitr. Pal. Wiirttembergs(1844), p. 55.

Family CESTRACIONTID^.

Dorsal fins each armed with a spine, the first opposite to the
space between the pectoral and pelvic fins. Teeth mostly obtuse,
never fused into continuous plates ; several series simultaneously in
function.

No distinctive characteristics of value having yet been discovered,
the so-called OEODoaTin.as and HiiionosTiiiiE are included in this
family.

230

8ELACHII.

Genus ORODUSy Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 96.]

An indefinable Carboniferous genus known only by teeth, which
are not genorically distinguishable from those of the Mesozoic
llyhodm. The tooth, however, are not associated with other
remains characteristic of the latter genus, and may thus bo regarded
as pertaining to a distinct fish. They are laterally elongated,
having the coronal contour raised mesially, and the surface orna-
mented by more or loss prominent transverse wrinkles, rising from
each long margin, or from a median longitudinal crest. The root is
often much deeper than the crown.

It is probable that the dorsal fin-spines originally named Gtena-
cantlius pertain to this genus

Orodus cinctus, Agassiz.

1838. Orodus cinctus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 90, pi. xi.
figs. 1-4.

1878. Orodus cinctus, L. G. de Koninck, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg. pt. i.
p. 31, pi. iv. fig. 2.

1883. Orodus cinctus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
p. 392, pi. 1. figs. 8, 9.

Type. Detached teeth ; Bristol Museum.

The type species, of medium size. Median coronal prominence
large, more or loss rounded : longitudinal median ridge rounded,
nearly even ; transverse ridges and furrows bi’oad and large.

It is uncertain at present to what extent the rounded character
of the teeth of 0. cinctus is due to post-mortem abrasion. Excepf;
in size, the teeth exhibit a very close approximation to those of

O. ramosns, as already rcm.arked by L. G. do Iloninck and J. W.
Davis. It seems advisable, however, to retain the species provision-
ally distinct.

Form. hoc. Eone-bed of Lower Limestone Shales : Bristol.
Lower Carboniferous Limestone (Bod I e) : Tournai, Belgium

P. 2713. Abraded tooth, figured by J. W. Davis, ioc. cit. pi. 1.

fig. 9. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1472. A broken similar, but less abraded tooth. Eyerton Coll.

■ See especially J. S. Newberry, Rep. Geol. Siirv. Ohio, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 54.

A very doubtful tooth from the Lower Carboniferous of Russia is also
recorded under the name of 0. cinctus by II. Truutschold, Norv. Mem Soc
Imp. Nat. Moseou, vol. xiv. (1S79), p. .52, pi. vii. lig. 2.

CESIBACIONIlDiE.

231

P. 2713 a. Two fragments of small, much elongated teeth.

EnnislHllen Coll.

P. 5863. Two small, much elongated teeth.

P. 2677. Two small teeth, naturally associated, with prominent
longitudinal crest, probably of this species.

EnnislHllen Coll.

Orodus ramosus, Agassiz.

18.j8. Orodus ramostts, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 9", pi. xi.
figs. 0-8.

18.18. Helodus mhteres, L. Agassiz, tom. cit, p. lOo, pi. xii. fig.s. 3,4.

1844. Orodus ramosus, L. G. de Koninek, Descr. Anim. Foss. Terr.
Carbf. Pelg. p. 613, pi. Iv. fig. 2.

1875. Orodtts ramosus, W. H. Baily, Figs. Charact. Brit. Foss. p. 120,
pi. xli. fig. 10.

1870. Orodus ramosus, F. Roemer, Leth. Palajoz. pi. xlviii. fig. 8.

1878. Orodus ramosus, L. G. de Koninek, Faune Calc. Carbf. Belg.
pt. i. p. 30, pi. iv. fig. 1.

1883. Orodus ramosus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. 1. p. 300, pi. 1. figs. 1-7.

1883. Orodus mbteres, .1. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 309, pi. li. fig. 16.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum (in part).

A very large species, the teeth sometimes attaining a length of
0-1. Dental crown gently raised to a transversely angulatcd, more
or less median eminence ; the elongated lateral portions with a
sharp, low, wavy longitudinal ridge, rarely mesially prlaccd, but
commonly much nearer to one side than to the other. The coronal
surface is wrinkled by a numerous scries of branching angulatcd
ridges, sometimes crenulated, extending transversely from the low
longitudinal crest.

The so-called Helodus sulieres may be regarded as a much
abraded tooth of this species. The Russian teeth described by
Romanowsky ' and Trauti^chold ^ as 0. ramosus are very doubtfully
determinable as such ; and the same may be said of the tooth from
Hook Point, Wexford, figured by Portlock’.

Form. 4> Toe. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Somersetshire,
Gloucestershire, and Belgium. Carboniferous Limestone : Shropshire
and Monmouthshire.

‘ Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscoii, 1864, pt. ii. p. l.^S, pi. iii. fig. 2.

“ Nouv. M^m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moecou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 292, woodcut.

® Hep. Geol. Londonderry (1843), pi. xiv A. fig. 8.

232

SELACHII.

P. 8703. One of the type Bpecimens, figured by Agassiz, (om. cit.

pi. xi. fig. 7 ; Bristol. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2700. Two associated teeth, figured by
pi. 1. fig. 3 ; Bristol.

P. 2701 b. Very largo tooth ; Bristol.

P. 1469. Two large teeth ; Bristol.

J. W. Davis, tom. cit.
Enniskillen Coll.

Enniskillen Coll.

Ejerton Coll.

20829. Largo imperfect tooth ; Bristol. Purchased, 1847.

P. 2701 a, P. 8701. A very broad curved hootb, and four smaller;

Bristol. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2702. Two imperfect abraded small teeth ; Bristol.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1470. Throe small teeth, closely approaching 0. cinctus ; Bristol.

Ejerton Coll.

20830-1, 34976. Portions of three small teeth ; Bristol.

Purchased, 1847 and 1800.

P. 2696. Large abraded tooth ; Clevcdon, Somersetshire.

Enniskillen Coll.

42169-71. Three examples of two large teeth in juxtaposition,
slightly broken ; Oroton, Shropshire. Baujh Coll.

42168. About fifty specimens, some large, some small, many with
the abraded coronal surface as smooth as in the so-called
llelodus suhteres, and three displayed in vertical longitu-
dinal section ; Oreton. Baugh Coll.

42172. Portions of three small teeth in natural series ; Oreton.

Baugh Coll.

36196. Large long narrow tooth ; Oreton. Purchased, 1861.

41186-88. Eight teeth, large and small, one abraded ; Oreton.

Purchased, 1868.

P. 814. A large narrow tooth, and one abraded ; Oreton.

Weaver-Jones Coll.

P. 234. Two abraded teeth, and two similar fragments ; Oroton.

Weaver-J^ones Coll.

P. 2697-8. Two small teeth figured by J. W. Davis, fom. cit. pi. 1.

figs. 6, 7 : Oreton. Enniskillen Coll.

CESIEACIONIII)^.

233

P. 2695. An abraded specimen, and three similar portions of teeth ;

Ennislilkn Coll.

P. 2694, P. 2699, P. 2712. Twenty small teeth ; Oreton.

Ennishillm Coll.

36191. Small tooth; Cleobury, Shropshire. Ptirchased, 1861.

35463-65. Three imperfect teeth ; Breton, near Glee Hill, Shrop-
sliire. Purchased, 1859.

P. 1471. Fine dental erown ; Monmouthshire. Egerton Coll.

28752. Tooth figured by L. G. do Koninck, Anim. Foss. 1844, pi.

Iv. fig. 2 ; Fcluy, Belgium. Purchased, 1853.

42882. Small perfect tooth, detached from matrix ; Belgium.

Yan Breda Coll.

Orodus ornatus, Newberry & Worthen.

1800. Orodus omaUis, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinoi.s, vol. ii. p. 0.),
pi. iv. tigs. 7, 8.

1879. Orodus ornatus, .1. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1870-78, p. .340.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth of small size, not attaining a greater length than 0’015.
Goronal contour gradually ri.sing into the median eminence, coveied
with numerous very largo transverse wrinkles, irregulai and
branching, radiating from the median cone and from the iraperfectlji
marked median longitudinal crest.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Keokuk Limestone) : Illinois
and Indiana, U.8.A.

P. 2717. Two teeth ; Warsaw, Illinois. Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus elongatus, Davis.

188.3. Orodus elongatus, J. W. Davis (e.r Agaasiz, MS.), Trans. Roy.

Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 394, pi. li. figs. 1-.3.

1883. Orodus angustus, J. W. Davis (ex Agassiz, MS.), tom. cit. p. 396,
pi. li. fig. 4.

Type. Detached teeth ; British JIuscum.

Teeth extremely long and n.arrow. Coronal contour gradual!}
rising into a more or less median, transvei’sely angulated eminence ;
longitudinal crest sharp, slightly wavy, with prominent transverse
wrinkles, extending on cither side, usually not branching, but
rarely bifurcated distally.

234

SELACHII.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone ; Aimagh, Ireland.
P. 2722-24. Typo specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2725. Five teeth, two much abraded. Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus catenatus, Davis.

184.3. Orodua catenatus, J. E. Portlock (e.v Aga»siz, MS.), Rep. Geol.

I.ondonderry, p. 4C1 (name only). ^

1883. Orodus catenatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. i. p. .305, pi. li. fig. 6.

Ti/pe. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth comparatively small, the type specimen only measuring
0-008 in length. Coronal contour gradually rising to the median
eminence, which is almost pointed and strongly wrinkled ; longitu-
dinal crest slightly divided into a scries of small eminences, from
each of which diverges a prominent, transverse, bifurcating wrinkle
on either side.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2715. Typo specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2715 a. Imperfect tooth, and three teeth associated in series.

Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus tuberculatus, Newberry & Worthen.

18G0. Orodus tuhei'culatus, Newberry Si Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. CO, pi. iv. fig. 0.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth small, shoit, the coronal contour gradually rising to the
pointed median eminence ; lateral portion of crown on each side
faintly divided into two or three small eminences. Coronal surface
completely ornamented with large wrinkles, diverging from the
apices.

Form. 4‘ Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Burlington Limestone) :
Illinois and Iowa, U.S.A.

P. 2729. Tooth ; Burlington, Iowa. Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus moniliformis, Davis.

188.3. Orodus mmiiliformis, J. W. Davi.s, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [..]
vol. i. p. 398, pi. li. figs. 10-12.

1883. Orodus ornatus, J. W. Davis {non Newberry «& Worthen), tom.
cU. p. 307, pi. li. fig. 9.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth much elongated, of small size, having the crown divided

CESTEACIONTIDjK.

235

into a ssries of more or less rouiiietl eminences by deep transverse
furrows. Median coronal eminence very large and prominent, dome-
shaped, with an apical point from which radiate short delicate
wrinkles. The sides of the crown are marked by large rounded,
transverse plications, which are sometimes beaded, and often extend
nearly to the apices of the lateral eminences.

Form. Lor. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.
Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire, England.

P- 2719-21. Type specimens ; Armagh. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 2714. Twelve broken teeth ; Armagh. Some show the beaded
character of the transverse wrinkles ; and in two there
are indications of a longitudinal beaded crest.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 4903. Typical tooth; Yoredale Rocks, Wonsleydalo, Yorkshire.

Horne Coll.

P- 2718. Specimen described by J. W. Davis, loe. cit., as 0. oriiatus ;

Richmond, Yorkshire. hnnislcillen Coll.

Orodus mammillaris, Newberry & Worthen.
lf^06. Orodus mammillaris, XewbeiTy & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.

p. 0(5, pi. iv. lig. 10.

'Fype. Detached tooth.

Teeth scarcely distinguishable from those of 0. moniliformis,
by the greater proniinonco and more beaded character of the trans-
verse plications upon the median eminence.

Form. ^ Loe. Lower Carboniferous (Keokuk Limestone) : Illi-
nois, U.S.A.

P- 2728. Three imperfect teeth ; Warsaw, Illinois.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 2 <16. Small narrow tooth, perhaps of this species; Wansaw.

Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus elegantulus, Newberry & Worthen.

18C(j. Orodus elegantulus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii.
p. 64, pi. iv. fig. 6.

(P) 1876. Orodus elegantulus (P), J. S. Newbenw, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 61, pi. Iviii. tig. 12.

I87tt. Orodus elegantulus, J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. In-
diana, 1876-78, p. 346.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth very similar to those of 0. moniliformis and 0. mammillaris,
but with the transverse wrinkles short and faintly marked.

236

SELACHII.

Form. 4" Loc. Lower Carboniferous (Burlington Limestone) :
Iowa, U.S.A. Keokuk Limestone : Indiana {Newberry). (?) Cleve-
land Shale : Ohio.

P. 2727. Tooth with much pointed eminences ; Augusta, Iowa.

Ennislcillen Coll.

Orodus tenuiS) Davis.

1883. Orodus tenuis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
p. 399, pi. li. fig. 14.

Type. Detached abraded tooth ; British Museum.

Founded upon a much abraded imperfect tooth, long and nar-
row, with very high pointed median eminence, and with an angu-
lated longitudinal median crest. Only two transverse wrinkles
remain at the base of tho median cone.

Form. Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2710. Typo specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

Orodus (?) gibbus, Davis.

1843. Orodus yibhus, .1. K. Portlock (e.v Agassiz, MS.), Rep. Geol.
Londonderry, p. 401 (name only).

1883. Orodus yihlms, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i.
p. .390, pi. li. figs. 6, 7.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

A very doubtful species founded upon tho teeth mentioned below.
The median eminence is prominent and gibbous ; there is no longi-
tudinal crest, and the transverse wrinkles are reduced to small
marginal crcnulations.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous Limestone : Armagh, Ireland.

P. 2704-5. Type specimens, the second very suggestive of a tooth
of Psephodus maynus. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2709. Three teeth regarded as probably belonging to this species
by J. W. Davis, loc. cit. Enniskillen Coll.

Tho following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Orodus alleni, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (18/5),
p. 310, pi. vii. fig. 19. — Low’er Coal-Measures ; Iowa.
Orodus earinatus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 30/,
pi. V. fig. 24. — Keokuk Limestone ; Iowa.

Orodus collctti, J. S. Newberry, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana,
1876-78 (1879), p. 343.— St. Louis Limestone ; Indiana.
Orodus compressus, F. M‘Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. n.

CESTEACIONTIDiE.

237

(1848), p. 131 : J. AV. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin 8oc.
[2] vol. i. (1883), p. 394, pi. 1. fig. 1 1. — Lower Carboni-
ferous Limestone ; Armagh, Ireland.

Orodus daxlahus, St. John & Worthen, oj). cit. vol. vi. p. 301,
pi. vi. figs. 7, 8. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Orodus decussatus, St. John & Worthen, op, cit. vol. vi. p. 300,
pi. vi. figs. 10-15. — Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Orodus eleyans, H. Ilomanowsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Kat. Moscou,
1864, pt. ii. p. 157, pi. iii. fig. 1 : (?) 0. ramosus, H. llo-
manowsky (non Agassiz), ibid. p. 158, pi. iii. fig. 2. —
Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of Toula, llussia.
Orodus e.i’centncus, II. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 268, pi. xxvi. fig. 6. — Car-
boniferous Limestone ; Government of Toula, liussia.
Orodus fastiyialus, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. j). 306,
pi. vi. figs. 1-3. — Upper Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.
Orodus inoquilaUrus, H. Trautschold, loc. ciL vol. xiii. (1874),
p. 292, pi. xxviii. fig. 8. — Carboniferous Limestone ;
Government of Moscow, llussia.

Orodus major, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 302, pi.

vii. fig. 10. — Lower Burlington Limestone ; Iowa.

Orodus miuusculus, Newberry & Worthen, Bal. Illinois, vol. ii.
(1866), p. 67, pi. iv. tig. 11. — Keokuk Limestone;
Uliiiois.

Orodus minutus, Newberry & Worthen, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 68,
pi. iv. fig. 12. — Keokuk Limestone ; Illinois.

Orodus (?) midticarinutus, Newberry & AVorthen, op. cit. vol. ii.

p. 62, pi. iv. fig. 13. — Kinderhook Beds ; Indiana.

Orodus mylectus, St. John & AA’orthen, oy). cit. vol. vi. p. 308,
pi. vi. fig. 26. — St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois and Iowa.
Orodus ('!)2>aralle1us,at. John & AA’orthen, o^). cit. vol. vi. p. 295,
pi. V. fig. 23. — Upper Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.
Orodus parvulus, St. John & AA'orthcn, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 309,
pi. vi. fig. 6. — Upper St. Louis Limestone ; Illinois.

Orodus plicatus, Newberry & AA’orthcn, op>. cit. vol. ii. p. 63, pi. iv.

fig. 5. — St. Louis Limestone ; Missouri.

Orodus porosus, P. M‘Coy, Ann. JIag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii.
(1848), p. 131; J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. i. p. 393, pi. 1. fig. 10. — Lower Carboniferous
Limestone ; Armagh, Ireland.

Orodus mrff, J. AAL Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2J vol. i.
(1883), p. 398, pi. li. fig. 13. — Carboniferous Limestone;
Settle, Yorkshire.

238

BELACHn.

Orodus sculptus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 396, pi. li. fig. 8. —
Lower Cai-boiiiforous Limestone ; Bristol.

Orodus sublcevis, H. Trautscliold, loc. cit. vol. xiii. (1874), p. 268,
pi. xxvi. fig. 7. — Carboniferous Limestone; Government
of Toula, Russia.

Orodus tumulus, II. Trautsehold, loc. cit. vol. xiii. p. 267, pi. xxvi.
fig. 6. — Carboniferous Limestono ; Government of Toula.

Orodus turtjidus, St. John & Worthon, op. (At. vol. vi. p. 310,
pi. vi. figs. 4, 6. — Chester Limestone ; Illinois.

Orodus varudAlis, J. S. NewboiTj-, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. ii.
pt. ii. (1875), p. 50, pi. Iviii. fig. 11. — Wavcrly Group;
Ohio and Kentucky.

Orodus variocostatus, St. John & Wortlicn, op. <At. vol. vi. p. 304,
pi. vii. figs. 1-9 : (?) Ildodus gibhosus, Newberry &Worthen,
op. cit. vol. ii. p. 79, pi. V. fig. 3.— Upper Burlington
Limestono; Iowa and Illinois.

Orodus whitei, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. vi. p. 297, pi. vi.
fig. 25. — Upper Kinderhook Limestone ; Iowa.

Genus CAMPODUS, L. G. do Koninok.

[Descr. Auim. Ross. Terr. Carbf. Belg. 1844, p. 61 7. J

Svu. Lophodus, Newberry & Worthen Own Romanowskyj, Pal. Illinois,
vol. iv. 1870, p. 300.

Ayassizodus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 311.

Arpayudus, II. Trautsehold, Nouv. Mdm. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. xiv. 1879, p. 50.

Dentition very similar to that of Orodus, but distinguished by the
buttressed condition of the coronal borders, and “ the relatively
fewer rows of acuminate teeth, as inferred from this feature being
so prevalent in all collections of Orodi, while the linear forms are
least commonly met with ” (St. John & Worthen).

A large portion of the dentition of one jaw of the so-called
Agassizodus vanahilis is described by St. John & Worthen \ and the
restoration amended by M. Lohest

Campodus agassizianus, L. G. de Koninck.

1844. Campodus ayassizianus, L. G. de Koninck, Descr. Anim. Foss.

Terr. Carbf. Belg. p. 617, pi. Iv. fig. 1.

* Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. p. 311, pi. viii. figs. 1-22.
^ Ann. Soc. Q^ol. Belg. vol. xi. (1883), p. 305.

CESTRACIONTIDiE.

239

(?) 1875. AijasaaijdM virt/Mumun, St. John & VV'oitheu, I’al. Illinois,
vol. vi. p. 321, pi. Tiii. fig. 23.

1833. Campudtts a//assizumus, M. Loliest, Ann. Soo. G6ol. 13elg. vol. xi.
p. 305, pi. ilL figs. 1—3, pi. iv. figs. 1, 4-0.

'I'ype. Associated teeth ; British Museum aud Paris School of
Mines.

Teeth with a few prominent large buttresses upon each long
border, and all the crests ornamented with short transverse wrinkles.

An elaborate description of the dentition is given by Lohest (/oc.
cit.), who assigns Agnssizodus virginianus to this species.

Form.^' Lioc. Lower Carboniferous (Ampelite): Belgium. (?)Uppcr
Coal-Measures: West Virginia, U.S.A.

28754. Portion of type specimen described and figured by L. G. do
Koniuck, op.cit.; from the “Ampelite alunifere,” Chockier,
near Liege. FureJutsed, 1853.

The following species have also been founded upon teeth, but
there aro no examples in the Collection : —

Camjjodus con-ugaius : Orodus corrugatus, Newberry & Worthen,
Pal. Illinois, vol. iv. (1870), p. 358, jJ. iii. fig. 18 : Agas-
sizodus corrugatus, St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
(1875), p. 323, pi. viii. fig. 24. — Lower Coal-Measures ;
Illinois. Upper Coal-Measures ; Kansas.

Vantpodus reclangulus: Arpagodus rectangalm, H. Trautschold,
Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiv. (1879), p. 59,
pi. vi. fig. 12. — Carboniferous Limestone ; Government of
Moscow, llussia.

Vampodus scitulus : Agassizodus scitulus, 8t. John & Worthen,
op. cit. vol. vi. p. 322, pi. vi. figs. 10-18. — Lower Coal-
Measures ; Illinois. Middle Coal-JIeasures ; Iowa.

Campodus variabilis: Lophodus variahilis, Newberry & Worthen,
op. cit. vol. iv. p. 301, pi. iv. figs. 4, 5, 11 : Agassizodus
variabilis, St. John & Worthen, op. cit. vol. v'i. p. 318,
pi. viii. figs. 1-22. — Upper Coal-ileasures ; Illinois, Iowa,
and Kansas.

Some Carboniferous Selachian teeth closely related to those of
Orodus and Agassizodus have been described under the generic
names of Mesodmodus (St. John & Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
1875, p. 290) and Hybodopsis (\\. J. Barkas, Monthly Kev. Dental
Surgery, vol. vii. 1878, p. 191). To the former are referred
Mesodmodus explanutus, St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 293, pi. v.

240

SELACHII.

figs. 15-17, from tho Kinderliook Limestone, Iowa; M. exsculptns,
St. John & Worthen, tom. oil. p. 291, pi. v. fig. 18-22, from the same
formation and localit}' ; and M. ornatus, St. John & Worthen, tom.
cit. j). 294, pi. V. figs. 12-14, from the Upper Burlington Limestone,
Illinois and Iowa. To Hybodopsis is assigned only one species,
II. wardi, W. J. Barkas, tom. cit, p. 191 (with figs.), founded upon
a fragment of jaw in the collection of Mr. John Ward, of Longton,
from tho Coal-ilcasures of Burnley, Lancashire. In the original
description of the latter tho calcified cartilage-granules are referred
to as shagreen, tho actual shagreen- granules being much larger,
flattened and elongated, with more or less transversely-disposed
wrinkles.

Closely similar also are tho Carboniferous teeth described under
the names of Leiodus, St. John & Worthen' (Pal. Illinois, vol. vi.
1875, p. 335), Desmiodus, St. John & Worthen {tom. cit. p. 337),
and Ohiastodus, Trautschold (Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
vol. siv. 1879, p. 58).

To the first are assigned two species : — Leiodus culcaratus, St. J ohn
& Worthen, tom. cit. p. 33(5, pi. vii. figs. 11-18, from tho Upper Bur-
lington Limestone, Iowa and Illinois; and L.yrossipunctatus, St. J ohn
& Worthen, tom. cit. xj. 337, from the Keokuk Limestone, Iowa and
Illinois. Some of these teeth are not much unlike a few Armagh
8X)ceimens commonly referred to the so-called Uelodus appendi-
culatus, M‘Coy.

Desmiodus comprises four species, as follow : — D. costcllifems,
St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 341, pi. x.a. figs. 10, 11, from the
UiJpor St. Louis Limestone, Illinois and Missouri; D.{?)JlaheUum,
St. John & Worthen, tom. cit. p. 343, pi. x. a. fig. 15, from the
Upper Keokuk Limestone, Missouri; D.{‘!) ligoniformis, St. John &
Worthen, tom. cit. p. 342, pi. x.a. figs. 12-14, from the Upper
Keokuk Limestone, Missouri and Iowa ; and D. tumidus, St. J ohn
& Worthen, tom. cit. jj. 339, pi. x.a. figs. 7-9, from the Upx>or St. Louis
Limestone, Illinois and Missouri.

A single species is referred to Chiastodiis, namely, C. obvcdlatus,
Trautschold, tom. cit. p. 58, pi. vii. figs. 19-22. It is from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Mjatschkowa, near Moscow.

' This name is preoccupied, Leiodon having been employed by Sir Eichard
Oweji for a genus of Mosasaurian Eeptiles (Odontogr. 1840-45, p.201).

CESTRACIONTIDJE.

241

Genus DICLITODUS, Davis.

[Trans. Key. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. 1883, p. 410.]

An indefinable Carboniferous genus, known only by the teeth,
which are of very small size, narrow and elongated. The dental
crown is elevated at each extremity and depressed mesially.

Diclitodus scitulus, Davis.

188.3. Biclitndus scitulus, 3. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [21
vol. i. p. 410, pi. li. fig. 29.

1884. BicUiodus scitulus, 3. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl.
p. 023, pi. xxvii. tig. 12.

Ty/jc. Detached tooth ; Horne Collection, York Museum.

The single known species.

, Form. 4" Loc. Upper Carboniferous Limestone : Yorkshire.

49629. Tooth ; Richmond. Purchased, 1878.

P. 4890. More imperfect tooth ; Yoredale Rocks, Wensleydale.

Home Coll.

P. 4891. Tooth on slab, with PUuro^lax and Pctalodus ; Wensley-

Home Coll.

Genus SPHENACAJMTHUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1837, p. 23.]

Teeth moderately high, with a large principal coronal cusp, and
smaller lateral cusps diminishing in size outwards, more or less
marked by superficial wrinkles; root depressed, forming a slight
expansion backwards. Dorsal fin-spines ornamented by robust
longitudinal ridges, in part nodose; posterior denticles small,
numerous, in two scries, one upon each lateral margin of the
flattened or slightly concave posterior face. Cephalic spines appa-
rently absent’ ; shagreen sparse, consisting of minute comb-shaped
granules.

Though the dorsa fin-spines of this fish arc indistinguishable from
those named CUnacanthus by Agassiz, the absence in the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of teeth gcncrically identical with those just de-
scribed indicates that the ichthyodorulites in question are common
to more than one genus. The writer thus ventures to foDow a

’ The spine assigned to the head by J. Thomson (Trans. GeoL Soc Glasgow
vol. iv. pt. i. 1871, p. 59, pi. iii. fig. 2) is evidently a dorsal spine of Plcuracaufkus.

K

242

SELACHII.

suggestion marie, with liesitation, by Dr. Traquair, and adopt the
provisional name of Sphenaeanthus for the fish.

Sphenacanthus serrulatus, Agassiz.

1837. SpJienacemthns serrulatm, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 24,
pi. i. figs. 11-1.3.

1884. Ctenacanlhus (P) serndatus, R. II. Traquair, Geol. 5Iag. [3] vol. i.
p. G.

Type. Imperfect dorsal fin-spine ; Edinburgh 'Museum.

The type species known only by the dorsal fin-spine, which attains
a ma.ximura length of about 0-15, and is ornamented by sharp
ridges, in part sparsely nodose.

Form. ^ Loc. Calciferous Sandstones : Burdiehouse, near Edin-
burgh.

15506 a. Very imperfect .spine ; Burdichouse. Piti-chased.

Sphenacanthus costellatus (Traquair).

1884. Ctenacanthm costellatus, R. II. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. i.
p. 3, pi. ii.

(?) 1888. Ctenacanthm costellatus (?), R. H. Traquair, loc. cit. vol. v.

p. 81.

Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.

Crown of tooth with slender cusps almost or quite smooth. Ribs
of the dorsal fin-spines ornamented with numerous finely-grooved
tubercles.

Form. Loc. Calciferous Sandstones : Dumfriesshire.

P. 5900. Type specimen, partly preserved in counterpart, described
by 11. II. Traquair, he. cit., 1884. Purchased, 1883.

Sphenacanthus hybodoides (Egerton).

1853. Ctenacanthus hybodoides. Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. ix. p. 280, pi. xii.

186.3. Ctenacanthus nodosus. Sir P. Egerton, ibid. p. 281.

1809. Ctenacanthus major, .1. Thomson, Brit. Assoc. Rep., Trans. Sect.

p. 102.

1871. Ctenacanthtts hybodoides, J. Thomson, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,
vol. iv. pt. i. p. 69, pis. ii., iii.

1873. Ctenacanthus (? and Cludodus), T. P. Barkas, Coal-Meas. Palmont.
p. 21, figs. 4.3-68 (Pp. 19, figs. 31-.34).

1874. Ilybodus, W. J. Barka.s, Geol. Jlag. [2] vol. i. p. 103.

CESTRACIOJTTID^. 243 ;

1876. Ctenacantlms hyhodoides, J. Ward, [Proc.] N. Staffs. Nat. Field-
Club, p. 215.

(?) 1878. Hybodm davisi, W. J. Barkas, Monthly Rev. Dental Surgery .
vol. vii. p. 192.

1878. Ilybodus, W. .1. Barkas, Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. xi.
p. 145.

Type, Dorsal fin-spine.

A species larger than either of the preceding, and not yet pre-
cisely defined. Crown of tooth robust and prominently striated;
lateral denticles well developed. Ribs of the dorsal fin-spines
generally smooth and rounded, sometimes in part nodose.

The dorsal fin-spines named by Egerton Ctenacantlms hyhodoides
and C. nodosus appear to the present writer to belong respectively
to the anterior and posterior dorsal fins of the same fish. The
nodose character of the superficial ornamental ridges varies greatly ;
in all the specimens examined from Staffordshire and Derbyshire
the ridges are smooth.

Form. ^ Loe. Coal-Measures ; Scotch Coal-field, Northumberland,
Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and N. Wales.

21428,21975. Three teeth, one having a smooth principal cone;

Carluke, Lanarkshire. Purchased, 1847.

P. 1322. Two teeth ; Longton, Staffordshire. Egerton Coll.

P. 5234. Imperfect tooth ; near Dudley, S. Staffordshire.

Purchased, 1880.

36173. Supposed anterior dorsal fin-spine, with most of the orna-
mental ridges slightly nodose ; Dalkeith, near Edinburgh*
The posterior face is well shown, and also the extent of
the posterior excavation. Purchased, 1862.

P. 2222. Three spines of similar proportions, with the ornamental
ridges less nodose ; Caudenfoot, Dalkeith. Egerton Coll,

P. 3123. Two imperfect associated spines, perhaps pertaining to the
two dorsal fins of one fish; Dalkeith. The exserted
portion of one specimen would probably measure 0'265
in length when complete, that of the other perhaps
0-305. Both are similarly ornamented, most of the super-
ficial ridges being finely nodose; but the fossil is too
imperfect to allow of the precise relative proportions of
the spines being compared. Ennislcillen Coll.

P.3121. Type specimen of Ctenacanthus nodosus, Egerton; Dal-

Ennislcillen Coll.

B 2

244

SELACnil.

P. 2223. Four similar specimens; Dalkeith. Egerton Coll.

P. 3117-20, P. 3122. Five similar specimens; Dalkeith.

EnnisTciUen Coll.

P. 3232. Imperfect small spine, the ornamental ridges not nodose ;
Lowmoor, Yorkshire. EnnislcUlen Coll.

P. 241. Fragment of small spine ; Deep Mine, Longton, Stafford-
shire. Weaver-Jones Coll.

P. 5572. Nearly complete small spine ; Tihshelf Colliery, near

Alfreton, Derbyshire.

Presented hy Edward Wilson, Esq., 1888.

Two fragmentary spines from the /S^jjVorifVLimostone (D. Coal-
Measures) of Ardwick, Manchester (41251 a. Purchased, 1869), are
also referable to Sjohenacanfhus ; and the following species have been
founded upon detached spines, of which there are no examples in
the Collection ; —

Sj>henacanthus aquistriatus : Ctenacanilius acjuislriatus, J. W.
Davis, Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc. vol. xxxv. (1879), p. 185,
pi. X. fig. 15. — Lower Coal-Measures ; Yorkshire.
Sqdienacantlms minor: Ctenacauthns minor, J. W. Davis, Geol.
Mag. [2] vol. vi. (1879), p. 5!51. — Lower Coal-Measures
(Black-bed Coal) ; near Bradford, Yorkshire.

Another ribbed spine from the Carboniferous of Fermanagh,
Ireland, evidently of a similar type, is named Tristychius minor,
J. E. Portlock, Bop. Geol. Londonderry (1843), p. 464, pi. xiv.
fig. 6 ; and a fragmentary fossil, from the Coal-Measures of South
Wales, is referred to “ Byssafanthusl ” by J. W. Salter, Iron-Ores
Gt. Britain, pt. iii. (Mem. Gcol. Suit., 1861), p. 224, pi. i. fig. 21.

The fragmentary tooth from the Lower Carboniferous of Russia,
named IJybochis irregularis, H. Eomanowsky (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, 1864, pt. ii. p. 166, jd. iv. fig. 32), may belong cither
to Sqihenacanthus or to Cladodus.

Genus TRISTYCHIUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1837, p. 21.]

Syn. Ptychacanthus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1837, p. 22.

Teeth not certainly identified, but probably resembling those of
Sphenacanthus and Hyhodus. Dorsal fin-spines with a few sharp
longitudinal ridges distally, three only — one upon the front margin

CESTKACIONIID^.

245

and one on each side — extending far downwards ; inserted portion
not definifely separated from the exserted portion ; posterior face
narrow, concave, bounded by two prominent longitudinal edges, each
with a series of large recurved denticles immediately within.

Though the spines of this genus were considered to be paired by
T. Stock', the fish is now shown to be a typical Cestraciont (Hybo-
dont) by E. H. Traquair’.

Tristychius arcuatus, Agassiz.

1837. Tristi/chius aremtus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 22, pi. i.a.
figs. 9-11.

1837. Ptijchacanthm siMeevis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 23, pi. v. figs. 1-3
1883. Trhtychius arcuatus, T. Stock, Ann. Mag. Nat. tllst. [5] vol. xii.
p. 177, pi. vii.

1888. TrUlijchim arcuatus, 'R. II. Traquair, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v. p. 83.

1889. Tristychius arcuatus, K. II. Traquair, loc. cit. [3] vol. vi. p. 27.

Type. Dorsal fin-spine ; Anderson’s College, Glasgow.

The single described species *.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Carboniferous : Scotch Coal-field.

42083. Imperfect spine; Calciferous Sandstones, Anstruthcr, Fife-
shire. Purchased, 1870.

To TrUtychim have also been doubtfully assigned’ the teeth from
the Coal-ileasures of Wettin, Prussia, described under the names of
Hybodus carbonarius, Giebel (Fauna Vorwclt, Fische, 1847, p. 313)
and Germar (Verstein. Steinkohlcngeb. Wettin, 1849, p. 71, pi. xxix.
fig. 5), and JI. vieinalis, Giebel (Fauna Yorwclt, Fische, p. 313) and
Germar (o/). cit. p. 72, pi. xxix. figs. 6, 7).

A number of small Carboniferous fossils, probably to bo regarded
as the dermal tubercles of some of the foregoing genera, have been
described under the names of Petrodus, F. M‘Coy (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [2] vol. ii. 1848, p. 132), Stemmatodus, St. John & Worthen
(Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. 1875, p. 328), and Styracodus, E. F. Germar
(Verstein. Steinkohlengeb. Wettin, 1849, p. 70).

The bodies named Petrodus are conical and more or less circular
in form, usually with a very thin root; the exserted portion is
deeply furrowed, with rough radiating ridges, and its height does

' Ann. Mag. Nat. Iliat. [5] vol. xii. (1883), p. 188.

2 Geol. Miig. [3] vol. v. (1888), p. 83.

® This is considered to be the spine of the adult by Dr. R. H. Traquair.

* The supposed T.fimhriatus, Stock {tom. cit. p. 177, pi. vii. fig. 1), is founded
upon a spine of a distinct genus, now named Harpacanthus (R. H. Trauqair,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [5] vol. xviii. p. 493).

5 T. Stock, tom. cit. p. 183.

246

SELACHII.

not exceed its maximum breadth. The fossil, in fact, is very similar
to the dermal tubercles of Ilyhodas (PI. VIII. figs. 2, 3), and though
regarded as a tooth by M‘Coy, L. G. de Koninck, and .1. \V. Davis,
it may be reasonably assigned to the outer skin, as already suggested
by Newberry & Worthen, Traiitschold, and Lohest. In accordance
with this determination, Trautsohold proposes to substitute the name
of Ostinasjiis for that of Petrodus, as being more appropriate h

The following examples of Patrodus are comprised in the Col-
lection : —

P. 2244. Two tubercles from the Carboniferous Limestone of Derby-
shire, similar to those in the Woodwardian ^Museum,
Cambridge, named P. palelliformis, JDCoy The ex-
serted 2)ortioii has a pointed apex, and the radiating
ridges arc about 13 or 14 in number, terminating at the
base, very strong, sometimes dichotomously branching,
and sometimes slightly marked by transverse sulci.

EfjiHon Coll.

46823-4. Six similar sjiecimcns, and piece of limestone exhibiting
six others ; Yoredale Hocks, near Todmorden, Lancashire.

Gilbertson Coll.

P. 2863. Three almost similar tubercles, of the form named P. occi-
dentalis, Newberry & Worthen®; Coal-Measures, Belle-
ville, Illinois. EiuiislcUhn Coll.

P. 4734. Small example, with comparatively smooth ridges, referable
to P. harhotanns, II. Ilomanowsky ^ ; Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Mjatsohkowa, near Moscow, Ilussia.

Purchased, 1884.

P. 5855. Smoother tubercle ; Yoredale Hocks, near Todmorden.

Presented by S. Barlcer, Esq., 1888.

P. 5116. Hive larger specimens ; Mjatschkowa. Purchased, \SS15.
P. 4734 a. Two tubercles, oval in shape, not pointed, but with

‘ Nout. M(Sm. Soc. Imp. Nat. JIoscou, Tol. xiii. (1874), p. 2'.)8.

® Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 132, and Brit. I’aliroz. Foss. (1855),
p. G."7, pi. 3 0. figs. 6-8 ; J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soo. [2] vol. i. (1883),
I). 400, pi. li. Hg. 16; M. Lobest, Ann, Soc. Gool. Belg. vol. xi. (1883), p. 318,
pi. iii. figs. 4-0, 1)1. V. fig. 1.

3 Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. (1866), p. 70, pi. iv. figs. 15, 16.

s Bull. Soo.Imp.Nat. Mosoju, 1864, pt. ii.p. 164, pi. iv.fig.36; Tubercnle isoU
dune plaque de I’Asterolepis (?), II. Eoraanowsky, loc. cit. p. 170 ; Ostinaspis har-
hoiana, 11. Trautsohold, Nouv. Mem. Soo. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874),
p. 2!)8, pi. xxviii. fig. 12, a-d.

CESTEACIONIIDiE.

247

a short acute central crest, from which a few sharp
simple ridges diverge ; Mjatschkowa. These are very
similar to P. acutus, Newberry & Worthen'.

Purchased, 1884,

P. 5117. A similar, hut more nearly perfect specimen ; Mjatschkowa.

Purchased, 1886.

The following “ species ” of Petrodus are not represented in the
Collection : — P. coronatus, H. Trautschold, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, vol. xiv. (1879), p. 60, pi. vii. fig. 14 {Ostinaspis), from
the Carboniferous Limestone of Mjatschkowa, near Moscow ; P. (?)
pustalosus, Newberry & IVorthcn, Pal. Illinois, vol. iv. (1870), p. 309,
pi. ii. fig. h, pi. iii. fig. 0, from the Purlingtou Limestone of Iowa ;
P. rycholti, L. G. de Koninck, Faunc Calc. Curbf. Belg. pt. i. (1878),
p. 37, pi. V. fig. 12, from the Lower Carboniferous Limestone of
Tournai, Belgium; and P. simplicissimus, H. Trautschold, Nouv.
Me'ni. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), pi. xxviii. fig. 12, g-i
(Ostinasjns), from the Carboniferous Limestone of Mjatschkowa.

The tubercles named Stemmalodus^ are small clusters of sharp
denticles. They occur in the English Coal-Measures, and are repre-
sented in the Collection by four specimens (Nos. 3500(1-1. Pur-
chased, 1 860) from Fenton, North Btaftbrdshire. From the -Imerican
Lower Carboniferous the following “ species ” are distinguished : —
S. cheiriformis, St. John & 'Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. vi. (1875),
p. 330, pi. viii. fig. 30, from the Burlington Limestone of Iowa ;
S. bicrisUiim, St. John & Worthen, tom. cil. p. 331, pi. viii. figs. 32,
33, 35, from Iowa ; S. hifurcatus, St. John & Worthen, tom, eit.
p. 330, pi. viii. fig. 31, from Iowa; S. compacitis, St. John &
Worthen, torn. eit. p. 334, pi. viii. fig. 38, from the Chester Lime-
stone, Illinois; <S'. St. John & Worthen, tom.cit. p. .334, from
the Keokuk Limestone, Illinois and Iowa; /S', simple.v, St. John &
Worthen, tom.cit. p. 332, pi. viii. figs. 36, 37, from Iowa; and
S. sgmmetricus, St. John ife Worthen, tom. cit. p.333, pi. viii. fig. 28,
from Iowa.

To Slgraeodus is referred one species, S. acutus, Giebel, sp. (Germar,
Verstein. Steinkohlengeb. Wettin, 1849, p. 70, pi. xxix. fig. 3), from
the Coal-Measures of Wettin, Prussia. It had previously been
described as Centrodus acutus, Giebel (Fauna Vorwclt, Fische, 1847,

» Pal. IllinoiB, Tol. ii. (18GC), p. 72, pi. iv. fig. 17 ; (?) Ostinaspis acuta.
H. Trautschold, Kouv. Mum. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 299,
pi. xxviii. fig. 12, e, /.

2 This name is preoccupied, having been employed by Ileokel for a Jurassic
Pycnodont (Denksuhr. math.-naturw. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xi. 1856,
p. 202).

248

SELACniI.

p. 344), and is noticed by T. Stock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [5]
vol. xii. p. 187, pi. vii. fig. 19.

A remarkable denticulated plate, from the Yoredale Rocks of
Wenslcydale, Yorkshire, perhaps also referable to the outer skin, is
, named Echinodus imradoxus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xl. (1884), p. 631, pi. xxvii. fig. 7.

Genus WODNIKA, G. von Munster.

[Boitr. Petrefakt. vi. 1 843, p. 48.]

Teeth of large size, all adapted for crushing ; coronal surface
smooth and gently rounded. Symphysial teeth few. Dorsal fin-
spines longitudinally ridged and grooved, the ridges few and
relatively large.

Wodnika althausi (Munster).

1840. Acrodus al/haumi, G. von Sliinster, Beitr. Petrefakt. iii. p. 123,
pis. iii. & iv. fig. 0, pi. viii. fig. 5.

1840. Strophodm areiiafus, G. von Miinstor, op. cit. iii. p. 123, pis. iii.
& iv. fig. 7, pi. viii. fig. 11.

1843. Sfrophodiu aretiatm, G. von Munster, op. cit. vi. p. r>0, pi. i. fig. 3.
1843. Wodnika striatula, G. von Miinster, op. cit. vi. p. 48, pi. i. fig. 1.
1843. Strophodm anffustus, G. von Munster, op. cit. vi. p. .51.

1861. Wodnika striatula, 11. B. Qeinitz, Dyas, p. 26, pi. v. figs. 5-7.

Tijpe, Detached tooth ; Munich Museum.

The single known species.

Form, 4’ dLoc. Upper Permian (Kupfersehiefor) : Thuringia.
38591. About ten associated teeth ; Ricchelsdorf. l\rcha,sed, 1864.

43423. Portion of jaws showing some of the principal teeth and the
two series immediately in advance ; Ricchelsdorf.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

P. 2774. Some of the teeth of three postoro-lateral series in natural
order; Ricchelsdorf. Emiiskillen Coll.

Genus PAL.ffiOBATES, H. von Meyer.
[Palasontogr. vol. i. 1849, p. 234.]

A very imperfectly known genus, the species of small size. Teeth
with low crowns, not longitudinally keeled, without lateral denticles ;
coronal surface coarsely j^unctate, almost reticulated. Principal
teeth elongated, flat or gently rounded ; anterior teeth slightly
elevated, obtuse, of relatively largo size.

CESTEACIONTIDJE.

249

Though not entirely appropriate in significance, this name may bo
provisionally retained for the Triassie Selachians with teeth much
resembling those termed Strophodus — no dorsal fin-spines with
tubercular ornament having hitherto been discovered in the Trias,
and other facts suggesting the generic distinctness of the fish in
question.

Palaeobates angnstissimus (Agassiz).

1837. Punmmothis anguMissimm, II. B. Geinitz (ex Agassiz, MS.), Beitr.
Kennt. Thiiriiig. Muschelkgeb. p. 22, pi. iil. figs. 6, 7.

1838. Strophodus angustissimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 128,
pi. xviii. figs. 28-30.

(?) 1838. Strophodus elytra, L. Agassiz, tom. cU. p. 128 b, pi. xviii. fig. 31.
1849. Paleeobates angustissimus, II. von Meyer, Palajontogr. vol. i.
p. 233, pi. xxviii. figs. 14, V>.

1801. Paleeobates angustissimus, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.

Leop.-Car. vol. xxix. no. 9, p. 8, pi. i. figs. 4-15.

1861. Paleeobates oralis, E. E. Schmid, loc. cit. p. 9, pi. i. figs. 16- 24 *.
1801. Paleeobates acrodiformis, E. E. Schmid, he. cit. p. 9, pi. i.
figs. 25-27.

(?) 1801. Paleeobates angustus, E. E. Schmid, loc. cit. p. 7, pi. i. figs. 1-3.
1805. Strophodus angustissimus, II. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u.
Muschelk. Oberschlesien, p. 62.

Type. Detached teeth.

Scarcely yet definable. Principal teeth very long and narrow
with rounded extremities.

As already recognized by Eck, the supposed specific differences
between three of the forms of teeth described by Schmid correspond
merely with differences of situation in the jaw. Agassiz’s Strophodus
elytra and Schmid’s Palaiubates angustus may be distinct, but cannot
yet be definitely separated.

Form. 4’ Poe. Muschelkalk: Silesia, Thuringia, Bavaria, Wiirtem-
berg, Saxe-Weimar, Alsace-Lorraine, and Eastern France. Epper
Bunter : Rhenish Bavaria.

P. 5563. Two elongated teeth ; Upper Muschelkalk, Beuthen,
Silesia. Purchased, 1888.

1115-6. Two moderately elongated teeth, and one anterior tooth ;

Laineck, near Bayreuth, Bavaria. Braun Coll.

P. 2666. Elongated tooth, the crown slightly raised towards one
extremity; Laineck. EnnisMllen Coll.

' Another tooth from tlie Muschelkalk, probably of Paleeobates, is named
Strophodus oralis, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw,, Fische (1847), i>. 330.

250

BELACHII.

P. 2122. Imperfect narrow tooth ; Jena. Egerton Coll.

28476 a. Three imperfect elongated teeth, and one from a more
anterior situation ; Cruilshcim, Wiirtemberg.

Purchased, 1853.

P. 2667. Abraded elongated tooth ; Crailshoim. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2129. Two anterior teeth ; Wiirtemberg. Egerton Coll.

Genus HYBODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Poss. vol. iii. 1837, p. 41.]

Syn. Sphenmehus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 184.1, p. 201 (in part).

(P) Meristvdon, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1843, p. 280.

(?) Selachidea, F. A. Qiicnstedt, llandb. I'otrefakt. 1862, p. 17.3.

Teeth conical or cuspidate, the crown more or le.ss striated, with
one principal elevation, and one or more lateral prominences on eitlicr
side diminishing outwards ; root much or moderately depressed.
Symphysial teeth few, relatively large. Dorsal fin-spine.s longi-
tudinally ridged and grooved, the ridges not denticulated ; two
posterior longitudinal scries of denticles, not marginal, but placed
together mesially. Anterior dorsal spine longer and more slender
than the posterior. Shagreen sparse, consisting of small conical,
radiately-grooved tubercles, sometimes fused into groups of three.
Two largo hook-shaped, semi-barbed dermal spines immediately
behind each orbit. Notochord persistent.

It will be convenient to arrange the species of this genus in
stratigraphical order, the detached teeth from some horizons being
doubtfully i)laced here until the discovery of more satisfactory
specimens.

The dorsal fin-spines do not appear to afford constant specific
characters, and all determinations attempted below must thus be
regarded as provisional.

Hybodus plicatilis, Agassiz.

1837. Ilyhodus plicatilis, II. B. Geinitz (cz Agassiz, MS.), Beitr. Kennt.
Thiiring. Muschelkalkgeb. p. 22, pi. iii. lig. 8.

1843. Hybodus plicatilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 189, pi. xxn. «.
fig. 1, pi. xxiv. ligs. 10, 13.

(?) 1843. llybodiis lonyicmms, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 191, pi. xxiv. figs.
19-21, 23 (71011 fig. 22).

1844. Hybodus plicatilis, U. von Meyer & T. Plieninger, Beitr. Pal.
Wiirttembergs, p. Ill, pi. .xii. figs. 51, 70,71.

1844. Hybodus lonyiconus, II. von Meyer & T. Plieninger, op. cit. p. 66;
pi. xii. figs. 64, 6G.

CESTRACIONTIDiE.

251

1849. Ilijhodus plicatilis, II. von Meyer, Paloeontogpr. vol. i. p. 224,
pi. xxviii. figs. 35, 30, 40.

1849. Ilybodus mougeoti, II. von Meyer, tom. cit. p. 225, pi. xxviii.
fig. 37.

1849. Ilyhodas obtiquus, II. von Meyer, tom. cit. p. 227, pi. xxviii.
fig- 41.

(?) 1849. Ilybodus lonyiconm, II. von Moyer, tom. cit. p. 227, pi. xxviii.
fig. 39.

18-52. Ilybodus plicatilis, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran^., Explic. PI.,
Poisson.s Foss. p. 12, pi. l.vxvii. tig. 3 (non figs. 1, 2, 4, 5).

1850. Ilybodus plicatilis, C. Giebel, Zeitschr. gcsammt. Naturw. vol. viii.
p. 420, pi. i. fig. 0.

1837. Ilybodus plicatilis, 0. Chop, Zoitsclir. ge,sammt. Naturw. vol. ix.

p. 128.

1801. Ilybodus plicatilis, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Cses. Leop.-
Car. vol. x.xix. no. 9, p. 18, pi. iii. figs. 7-12 (non figs. 1-0).

1805. Ilybodus plicatilis, II. Eck, Form. hunt. Sandst. u. Mu.schelk.
Oberschlesieii, p. 05.

1806. Ilybodus lonyiconus, II. Eck, op. cit. p. 119 (in part).

1870. Ilybodus plicatilis, F. Roemer, Geol. von Oherschlesien, pi. xii.
tigs. 1.3, 14.

1883. Ilybodus plicatilis, II. E. Sauvage, Pull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
vol. xi. p. 495, pi. xii. figs. 0-11.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth small, with a relatively high crown, strongly marked by
vertical superficial wrinkles. The lateral denticle.s are two, three,
or four in number on each side, well separated, elongate, and
slender.

Detached teeth only being known, it is impossible at present to
determine the precise characters of the dentition of this species.
The teeth named H. lonyiconus, Agass., maj' almost certainly be
referred to the symphysial portion of the jaw; and Sauvage (loc.
cit.) is inclined to think that II. anyustus, Agass., is founded upon
posterior teeth of this species. Schmid (loc. cit.) also proposes to
include Agassiz’s II. mouyeoti. If. anyustus, II. polynjphus, II. ohli-
quus, II. cuspidalus, II. suhlcevis, and H. apicalis. IVithout a larger
number of specimens, however, it does not appear justifiable to
extend the synonymy beyond that given above.

Form. ^ Loc. Muschclkalk : Upper Silesia, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg,
Brunswick, Thuringia, Saxc-Weimar, Lorraine, and Eastern France.

28464. Small posterior tooth; Bayreuth, Bavaria. PurcJia.'ied, 1853.
1533. Similar tooth ; Bayreuth. Braun Coll.

P. 2769, P. 2775. Two typical teeth, and one resembling II. lonyi-
conus, Agass. ; Bayreuth. Enniskillen Coll.

252

BELACHII.

P. 2179, P. 2180, P. 2191. Six toeth, three being of the form of
//. lorujiconus, and showing lateral denticles ; Bayreuth.

Egerlon Coll,

P. 2770, P. 2770 a. Three teeth, and one largo tooth either of this
species or II. mougeotl ; Brunswick. Ennisk'dlen Coll.

Hybodus mougeoti, Agassiz.

184.3. Hybodus mougeoti, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 190, pi. xxiv.
figs. 7, 8, 11, 12, 16.

1843. Hybodus ohliquus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 192, pi. xxiv. figs. 3-0
(non figs. 1, 2).

1844. Hybodus obliqiius, II. von Meyer & T. Plieniuger, Beitr. Pal.
Wurtteiiibergs, p. .'30, pi. xii. fig. 58.

1844. Hybodus (ohliquus, Ag. ?) adunnis, Plieninger, in II. von Meyer &
T. Plieninger, oj>. cit. p. 1 12, pi. xii. fig.s. .56, 88.

(?) 1844. Hybodus aduncus, Plieninger, in II. von Meyer & T. Plieninger,
oj>. cit. p. 112, pi. xii. figs. 20, !t5, 80.

18.52. Hybodus jdicatilis, I’. Oervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?. Explic. PI.

Poiss. Foss. p. 12, pi. Ixxvii. figs. I, 2, 4 (non tig. 3).

1850. Hybodus mougeoti, C. Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Nalurw. vol. viii.
p. 420, pi. i. fig. 7.

1801. Hybodus plicatilis, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Cses. Leop.-
Car. vol. xxi.x. no. 9, p. 19, pi. iii. figs. 1-6.

186.5. Hybodus mougeoti, II. Eck, Form. bout. Sandst. u. Muschelk.
Ober.schle.sien, p. 118.

1883. Hybodus mougeoti, II. E. Saiivage, B ill. Soc. Gdol. France, [.3]
vol. xi. p. 49.5, pi. xii. fig. 12.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth very robust, with a relatively high crown, strongly marked
by numerous vertical superficial wrinkles. Lateral denticles small,
robust, sometimes absent.

Some of the teeth referred to this species do not differ much from
those of //. 2>liccitllls, but we follow Sauv.agc in regarding it as distinct.

Form, tj" Loe. Mnschelknlk and Lettonkohl : Bavaria, WUrtemberg,
Hanover, and Eastern France.

1534-5. T wo small toeth, and one larger ; Bayreuth, Bavaria.

Braun Coll.

19684. Largo tooth, with worn or abraded principal cone ; Bayreuth.

Purchased, 1845.

P. 2180 a. Typical tooth ; Bayreuth. Egerlon Coll.

P. 2782. Tooth, with worn or abraded principal cone ; Hildesheim,
Hanover. Enniskillen Coll.

CESTEACIOSTID^.

2^53

28479. Three tooth-fragments, perhaps of this species ; Crailsheim,
Wiirtemberg. Purchased, 1853.

P. 2179. Similar fragment ; Crailsheim. Etjerion Coll.

Hybodus polycypbus, Agassiz.

184.3. Jlyhodus polycyphus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 193,
pi. xxiv. figs. 17, 18.

1843. Jlyhodus lonyiconus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxiv. fig. 22.

1844. Jlyhodus rugosus, T. Plieninger in II. von Meyer & T. Plieninger’s
Beitr. Pal. IViirtteiuhergs, pp. 50, 117, pi. xii. figs. 52, 59.

1849. Jlyhodus mougeoti and JI. pUcatilis, II. von Meyer, Palaeontogr.
vol. i. p. 220, pi. xxviii. figs. 40-48.

1852. Jlyhodus rugosus, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. p. 177,
pi. xiii. fig. 29.

1805. Jlyhodus polyeyphus, II. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Muschelk.
Obcrschlesicn, p. 119.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth very thick and robust, with a moderately elevated crown.
Coronal surface mostly smooth, with rugose markings extending
downwards from the summit of the principal cone, and also from
the summit of the stout lateral denticles.

Fonn. 4' Loc. Muschelkalk and Lettenkohl : E. France, Wiirtem.
berg, Saxony, and Silesia.

28476. Three broken teeth ; Bone-hed, Crailsheim.

Purchased, 1853.

P. 2189. Imperfect tooth ; Crailsheim. Egerton Coll.

P. 2790. Similar specimen ; Crailsheim. Ennisl-Ulen Coll-

28481. Tooth; Halle, Saxony, Purchased, 1853.

Hybodus cuspidatus, Agassiz.

1843. Jlyhodus cuspidaius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 194,
pi. xxii. a. figs. 6-7.

1844. Jlyhodus euspidatus, II. von Meyer & T. Plieninger, Beitr. Pal.
WUrttenibergs, p. 113, pi. xii. figs. 57, 01, 62.

1882. Jlyhodus robustus, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. 3rd edit,
p. 277, pi. xxi. fig. 31.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth with a relatively high conical crown, strongly marked by
vertical superficial wrinkles. Lateral denticles robust and conical.
Form. 4' Loc- Upper Muschelkalk and Keuper: Wurtemberg.

28465. Imperfect tooth ; Ludwigsburg. PurcJiased, 1853.

19691. Tooth fragment; 'Wurtemherg. Purchased, 1845.

254

SELACniI.

Hybodus apicalis, Agassiz.

1843. Ilyhudm apicalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 195, pi. xxiii.
figs. 1(5-20.

Type. Detached teeth.

Tooth very minute, with a higli crown, tlio principal cone tapering
to a very sharp point.

Fonn. ^ Loc. Lcttoukohl : Hanover.

P. 2190. Throe broken teeth ; Hildosheim. Ejerton Coll.

Hybodus minor, Agassiz.

1837. Hybodus minor, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 48, pi. viii. h.
figs. 2, 3 (spine).

1843. llybodtts minor, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 183, pi. xxiii. figs. 21-24
(teeth).

1844. Hybodus vtinor, II. von Meyer & T. Plieninger, Beitr. Pal. Wiirt-
tumbergs, p. 109, pi. xii. fig. 28.

1872. Hybodiis minor, R. Etheridge, Proc. Cardiff Naturalists’ Soc.
vol. iii. pi. ii. figs. 12-14.

Type. Dorsal fin-spino ; Bristol Museum. Teeth ; British
Museum.

A relatively small sjjecies. Teeth with a high crown, much
resembling U. apicalis, but having the principal cone more slender
and loss sharply pointed. Lateral denticles 1-3, robust, and the
coronal superficial wrinkles prominent. Base depressed, flattened,
expanded posteriorly.

U2>on the dorsal fin-spines, referred by Agassiz to the same
species, the longitudinal ridges arc rounded, strong, and of approxi-
mately equal size ; the posterior face is slightly convex, and the
denticles largo. Some of these sinncs, however, must pertain to
Acrodus minimus.

Form. Loc. Ehoctic : Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Devonshire,
Leicestershire, and Wiirtemberg.

P. 2783-4. Teeth described and figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 183,
pi. xxiii. figs. 23, 24 ; Axmouth, Devonshire.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2786, P. 2789. Fourteen detached teeth ; Axmouth.

EiinisJcilleii Coll.

P. 2771. One tooth labelled H. plicatilis by Agassiz; Axmouth.

Ennislcdlen Coll.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 2194. Two detached teeth ; Axmouth.

CESTKACIONTID^.

255

P. 2788. Tooth associated with fragment of cephalic dermal spine
(Sphenonchtis) ; Axmouth. EnnishilUn Coll.

P. 2193 a. Tooth ; Aust Cliff, near Bristol. Egerton Coll.

P. 5338. Seven teeth detached from matrix ; Aust Cliff.

P. 2787. Fragment of Aust bone-bod, with two largo teeth, a small
broken cephalic spine, and a fragment of the dorsal spine.

Ennislcillen Coll.

19692. Anterior tooth ; Wurtemberg. Purchased, 1845.

Of the following dorsal fin-spines, the majority doubtless pertain
to Uyhodus minor, but some almost certainly to Acrodus minimus : —

P. 3169. Incomplete slender spine ; Aust Cliff. Ennislcillen Coll.
P. 2176. Imperfect dorsal spines ; Aust Cliff. Egerton Coll.

34986. Two portions of dorsal spines, showing posterior denticles ;

Aust Cliff. Purchased, 1860.

41293. Abraded dorsal spine ; Aust Cliff. Purchased, 1869.

24840. Two much broken dorsal spines ; Aust Cliff.

Purchased, 1850.

P. 430. Imperfect dorsal spine ; Axminster. Purchased, 1882.

Hybodus lawsoni, Buff.

1842. Uyhodus lawsoni, P. Duff', Geol. Moray, pp. 61, 63, pi. iv. figs. 1,
2, 6, 6.

(?) 1842. Tooth of Sphenonchus, P. Duff', op. cit. p. 63, pi. iv. fig. 11.

• 1843. Ilyhodm dubius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voT. iii. p. 188, pi. xxii. a.
figs. 8-10.

(?) 1843. Sphenonchus martini, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 203, pi. xxii. a.
figs. 16-17.

Type. Dorsal fin-spines and teeth.

A small species. Teeth with a high crown, the principal cone
long, slender, and pointed, and at least one well-separated lateral
cone on each side ; coronal surface strongly wrinkled. Base of
tooth slightly expanded posteriorly.

Form. Loc. llhaetic : Linksfield, near Elgin, Scotland'.

P. 2174. Two teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2174 a. A small, abraded dorsal spine, and fragment of a larger
specimen. Egerton Coll.

* A tooth from the 'Wealden of Hanover is referred to H. dubius, Agaes., by
C. Struckmann, 'Vt^ealden-Bild. Pmgegend Hannover, 1880, p. 92, pi. iii. fig. 10.

256

SELACnil.

P. 2839. Imperfect large dorsal spine. EnnisMllen Coll.

34992-3. Two fragments of spines. Purchased, 1860.

Hybodus cloacinus, Qucnstcdt.

1858. Hybodus doacinus, F. A. Quenstedt, Tier Jura, p. 34, pi. ii. fig. 15.
1872. Hybodus reticulahis, R. Etheridge, Proc. Cardiff Naturalists’ Soc.
vol. iii. pi. ii. fig. 11.

(?)1881. Hybodus austtensus, J. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxvii. p. 416, pi. xxii. fig. 1.

Type. Detached tooth ; Tubingen Museum.

Teeth narrow and much laterally elongated ; the principal coronal
eminence slender and bluntly pointed, its height not equalling half
the length of the tooth ; lateral cones short, blunt, 3-4 on each side ;
superficial coronal wrinkles large, generally few and widely spaced,
but variable. Root not expanded posteriorly.

Form. Loc. Rhoetic : Wiirtemberg, Somersetshire, Gloucester-
shire, and Devonshire. (?) Lower Lias ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

23153 a. Three fragments of teeth; Aust Clifif, near Bristol.

Purchased, 1849.

P. 2193. Five teeth; Aust Clifif. Egerton Coll.

P.2776-7. Two imperfect teeth ; Aust Clifif. EnnisTcillen Coll.

P. 5100. Tooth; Garden Cliff, Westburj'-on-Severn.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 2771. Small tooth; Axmouth, Devonshire. Ennishillen Coll.

The following dorsal fin-spines are of the form described by J. W.
Davis (loc. cit.) as //. austiensis, and, on account of their size, may be
provisionally assigned to II. cloarunis. The lower portion of the
posterior face appears to exhibit a more prominent longitudinal
eminence than in the spines assigned to II. minor.

36165. Abraded middle portion of spine ; Aust Clifif. Johnson Coll.

P. 2177. Two imperfect abraded spines ; Aust Clifif. Egerton Coll,

P. 2778. A slightly crushed spine, wanting the extremity of the
base ; Aust Clifif. The exserted portion measures about
0’185 in length, and exhibits large posterior denticles
much abraded, as in the specimen figured by Davis, loc.
<^il. EnnisJi illen Coll.

P. 2779. Incomplete exserted portion of a slightly larger spine;

Aust Clifif. Eiinislcillen Coll.

cEsTKAcroiniiD^,

257

There is still some doubt as to the propriety of assigning the fol-
lowing specimens to II. doacinus, but the teeth seem to agree most
closely with those of this species : —

P. 2196. Crushed remains of the head and dentition, four of the
teeth shown, of the natural size, in PI. X. figs. 10-14 ;
Lower Lias, L}'me Eegis. Most of the teeth preserved are
referable to the principal lateral rows, and are scarcely
distinguishable in form from the typical teeth of II. doa-
cinm. The superficial coronal wrinkles are numerous in
all but few examples, and they are sometimes more closely
arranged and prominent on one side of the crown than on
the other. E<jtrton Coll.

39785. Small group of anterior teeth, two shown, of the natural
size, from the posterior and anterior aspect respectively, in
ri. X. figs. 8, 9 ; Lyme Eegis. Purchased, 1862.

Hybodus raricostatus, Agassiz.

1843. Hybodus raricostatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 187,
pi. xxiv. fig. 24.

Type. Detached tooth ; Bristol Museum.

Teeth with a relatively low crown, the median eminence broad
and pointed, and all the lateral cones and the longitudinal crest
acute ; superficial coronal wrinkles generally few, though variable.
The hinder lateral teeth are much elongated, with the sharifiy-
pointed coronal cu8i« partially fused together, and the longitudinal
acute crest especially prominent.

This species appears to bo intermediate between //. doacinus and
H. delahediei, and it is scarcely possible to distinguish some of the
teeth from those of the latter species.

Form. Sf J^oc. Lower Lias: Lyme Eegis, Dorsetshire*.

43972. A group of verj- largo postero-lateral teeth, many with few
and insignificant coronal wrinkles. Several of the teeth
are more elongated than any met with in II. delahechd.

Purchased, 1872.

P. 2800. Half of a naturall5'-arranged transverse series of seven
large teeth, with few coronal wrinkles, cut across the
median apices, and the section polished. EnnisJeUUn Coll.

* A fragmentary tooth, not of II. raricostatus, is described under this name
by K. Fricke, Paleeontogr. vol. xxii. (1875), p. 393, pi. xxi. fig. 20.

258

8ELACH1I,

P. 2798. Group of postoro-latoral teeth, and shagreen.

I'JimisIcilleti Uoll.

P. 2796. Portions probably of the three hinder series of tooth
(nos. VII. to IX.), with very low crowns, shown, of the
natural size, in PI. X. flg. 15. In the teeth of the small
terminal row the longitudinal crest gradually rises to a
median eminence, and there are only faint indications of
one or two lateral points on each side. The teeth of the
second row are more than three times as long as those,
and the principal eminence, which is narrow and pointed,
is idaeed at about one third of the length of the crown
from its anterior extremity ; the latend cusps vary in
their relative prominence, and are three or four in number
anteriorly and about eight posteriorly. The third scries of
teeth is too imperfect for description, but there is distinct
evidence that the median coronal elevation is much larger
than in the series behind. The number and proportions
of the superficial wrinkles upon the crown vary' consider-
ably, but they are often sparse and delicate.

Enniskillen Coll.

The following small specimens arc not certainly determinable, but

may pertain to young individuals of this species : —

P. 2797. Obscure remains of the jaws, branchial arches, and other
curtilages, with the scattered dentition, and part of a
tSjiJtenonckus.” Two of the teeth arc shown, of the
natural size, in PI. X. figs. 6, 7, and they are all re-
markable for the fewness and prominence of the coronal
wrinkles. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3168. The crushed head and anterior portion of the trunk of a
small Hybodont, probably to bo regarded as a young indi-
vidual. The skull must have originally measured about
0-08 in length ; and the first dorsal fin-spine attains a
total length of 0’U95, inserted at a distance of about 0’2
from the end of the snout. The remains of the head are
exposed from below, displaying the characteristic basi-
occipital region of the cranium and portions of the man-
dibular and hyoid arches, with a few scattered teeth. The
right ccratohyal is shown, slightly curved, very broad and
large, attaining a length of about O-OG ; but the precise
outlines of the other oleracnts are obscured. The teeth
exhibited have sharp, broad, coronal cusps, — one principal.

CESIEACIONIID^.

259

placed more or loss mesially, with two or three smaller
cusps on either side ; the superficial coronal wrinkles are
few and largo, and the base of the tooth in each case is
somewhat depressed. Portions of the branchial apparatus
are preserved, but the number and proportions of the
arches cannot bo determined. Still more posteriorly aro
to be observed the two long slender halves of the pectoral
arch, tai>ering above; each division measures about O'l in
length, but it cannot be determined whether they were
united ventrally. The dorsal fin-spine is not much broken ;
the base is about equal in size to the oxserted part ; the
posterior denticles are very largo ; and the lateral orna-
mental ribs are few, widely spaced, and sharp. In those
characters the spine much resembles that named by Agassiz
][. croissispinua. Ennislcillen Coll.

11262, 11282. Two groups of small low-crowned teeth, with the
cusps slightly oblique, bearing the MS. name of Ilijbodus
homopryon, Agassiz. Mantell Coll,

Hybodus delabechei, Charlesworth.

1839. Hybodus delabechei, E. Charlesworth, Mag. Nat. Hist. n. s.
vol. iii. p. 242, pi. iv.

184;l. Hybodus pyramidalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 182,
pi. xxii. a. figs. 20, 21 .

186.5. Hybodus delabechei, E. C. 11. Day, C eol. Mag. vol. ii. p. 565.

Type. Imperfect head associated with dorsal fin-spines.

Teeth with a relatively low crown, the median eminence largo
and prominent, conical or pyramidal, with two, three, or four small
lateral cones of similar form ; superficial coronal wrinkles numerous,
acute. The median coronal eminence is relatively the largest and
broadest in the principal lateral teeth ; and both it and the lateral
cones aro narrowest and highest in the symphysial teeth. The
hindermost lateral teeth are small, very low, long, and narrow, and
have the cones rounder than in other parts of the dentition.

The type specimen of U. pyramidalis appears to have been de-
scribed only from the drawing, which is misleading, inasmuch as it
does not exhibit the considerable variations of the teeth in the
associated group.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Lias : Lyme llegis, Dorsetshire.

39880. Crushed head and anterior portion of the trunk, exhibiting
the shagreen, cephalic spines, and a few teeth, shown, of

260

HKLACHll.

one-third the natural size, in PI. Vlll. fig. 1, and already
briefly noticed by E. C. H. Day, loc. cit. The parts are
much disturbed, and the thick covering of shagreen
obscures the internal skeleton ; but there is the appearance
of a blunt rounded snout, and the position of the right
orbit (orb.) is distinguishable. A few teeth are seen
bordering the lower margin of the right pterygo-quadrate
cartilage, and t hose are of the ordinary type characterizing
the species. The left pterygo-quadrate (ptg.) is displaced
upwards. The shagreen -granules (PI. Vlll. figs. 2-5) are
conical in shape, with ridges and deep furrows diverging
from the apex, and with a well-defined base ; being, indeed,
very suggestive of the small Carboniferous fossils named
Fetrodm. These granules are largest upon the top of the
head (figs. 2, 3), and are espcciiiUy conspicuous between,
and immediately in advance of, the orbits ; they are much
smaller behind the head, and tend towards fusion into
small groups of three (figs. 4, 5). Their relative propor-
tions are shown by the figures, which are all drawn of
three times the natural size. Pohind the orbit on the
right side, and on the same level as this aperture, arc fixed
two largo rocurved semi-barbed spines, upon triradiate
bases (fig. 1 c.s.‘, c.s.*), which have already been recognized
by Charlesworth and Day as identical with the supposed
teeth described by Agassiz under the name of Sphoion-
chus. Though probably slightly displaced, these append-
ages have the ii2>pearance of being almost in their natural
Ijosition ; and the corresponding spines arc scon uj)ou the
left side. Each of the anterior jiair has two protuber-
ances at the base of the “crown,” while in the posterior
pair these are absent. Purchased, 1866.

P. 3159. llemains of a larger fish, comxnising cartilage-fragments
of the head and aj)pendicular skeleton, two broken cephalic
spines, the imperfect dorsal sjunes, and shagreen.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3160. Crushed skull and mandible, side view, showing a portion
of the disidaced dentition and traces of shagreen, associated
with other fragments of cartilage, and the two dorsal fin-
spines. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3161. llemains ol the left mandibular, ^Aerygo-quadratc, and
other cartilages, with the scattered dentition and traces of
shagreen. The specimen has been broken across the middle

CESTRACrONTID.®.

261

of the head, and the anterior fragment somewhat misplaced,
a small intermediate portion in the upper part of the
fracture being wanting. EnnisJdllen Coll.

40352. Imperfect remains of the skull and mandible and other
cartilages, with part of the slightly scattered dentition,
shagreen, and three of the SphenoiicM,” Purchased, 1867.

P. 3171. Imperfect left mandibular and pterygo-quadrate cartilages,
and other fragments, with a few broken teeth.

Ennislcillen Coll.

35792. Fragment of cartilage and teeth. Purchased, 1860.

P. 2781. Remains of cartilage, shagreen, and a few large teeth, in
very hard matrix, identical in character with that of the
next specimen. Enniskillen Coll.

20570. Group of displaced teeth, forming the type specimen of If.

pi/ramidalis, Agassiz. As remarked above, the teeth
exhibit much variation in size and form, and four are
shown, of the natural size, in PI. X. figs. 1-4. Only a few
have the median eminence relatively so largo as indicated
in the figure in the ‘ Poiss. Foss.’ Johnson Coll.

P. 2795. A broken small slab of Lias, showing about seventy teeth,
some in their natural relative positions. Those originally
occupying the middle of the side of the jaw measure
0-023 in their long diameter, while those at the symphysi.s
only have a corresponding measurement of about 0-01.5.
In the latter, the coronal cusps are relatively high, and the
large fibrous base is very broad. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2791. Teeth of the four hindermost series in the jaw, arranged
in their original relative positions, and shown, of the
natural size, in PI. X. fig. .5. The teeth of the third row
preserved (6) arc very similar to the imperfect example
from the type specimen of II. pyramidalis Ugarcdm PI. X.
fig. 4, and those of the second row also resemble one of
the last-named fossil. There can thus be little doubt as
to the specific determination of the present specimen. As
shown in side view (figs. 5 a-c), the coronal cusps are less
elevated and more rounded than those of the more an-
teriorly placed teeth. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2799. Portions of four series of teeth, naturally arranged, with
fragments of cartilage and shagreen. Enniskillen Coll.

262

SELACHII.

P. 8198. Fossil of a very similar character to the preceding, but
showing more anterior teeth. Egerton Coll.

20600. A scattered group of teeth. Johnson Coll.

20600 a. Small group of naturally arranged principal teeth, much
abraded and broken. Johnson Coll.

18989. Group of about twenty tooth. Purchased, 1 854.

P. 4174. A few scattered teeth, associated with two broken cephalic
sjnnes. Ennishillen Coll.

32750. Group of small toeth.
39148. Seven associated teeth.
40092. Four teeth.

P. 2201-2. Four teeth.

Purchased, 1857.
BowerhcmJc Coll.
Purchased, 1866.
Egerton Coll.

P. 2203. Four groups of teeth, either of this species or of H. ran-
costatas. Egerton Coll.

P. 2793. Seven tooth.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2791 a. Group of small teeth, partly arranged in natural series,
probably referable to the young or a small individual of
this species. Enniskillen Coll.

39784. Group of small teeth.

Purchased, 1862.

38103. Largo group of scattered small teeth, including some from
the hindermost rows, associated with a fow small fragments
of cartilage, shagreen, and portions of two “ Sjjhenonchi.”
This specimen may be referred, without much hesitation,
to the young of the present sjjecics Purchased, 1864.

38127. Teeth and first dorsal fin-spine of a still smaller fish, either
of this species or II. medius. Purchased, 1864,

It is impossible at present to distinguish the dorsal fin-spines of
II. delahechei from those of //. medius and II. ruricostntus, and they
are therefore provisionally grouped together below. The dorsal spine
of II. delahechei is shown in No. P. 3160, and that of 11. medius in
No. P. 340; that of II, raricostatus is still unrecognized. The
spine is robust, and the lateral ribs very numerous and closely

CESTRACIONTID^..

2P3

arranged, sharp distallj’, rounder and more nodose proximally ; the

denticles are very large, placed upon a longitudinal elevation of the

posterior face.

42512. Tavo much abraded spines of one individual, free from matrix.
The posterior face exhibits the median longitudinal eleva-
tion ; and the exscrted portion of the first measures 0-355
in length, that of the second 0-255. Purchased.

P. 3231. Anterior dorsal spine, about 0-425 in total length, exhib-
iting two alternating series of verj- large posterior den-
ticles -, with three imperfect cephalic spines.

Ennislcillen Coll.

38544. Anterior spine, 0-48 in total length, the denticles towards
the extremity smaller and more nuraorous than usual.

Purchased, 1864.

P. 5869. Crushed and broken spine, with larger denticles, exserted
portion 0-34 in length. EumsJAllen Coll.

39853. Much curved crushed and broken spine, the exserted portion
measuring about 0-275 in length. Purchased, 1866.

P. 2165. Imperfect anterior spine. Efjerton Coll.

P. 2166. Crushed spine, about 0-42 in total length. Egerton Coll.

P. 2802. Spine about 0-35 in total length, with several characteristic
denticles. Ennislcillen. Coll.

P. 4279. Large crushed spine. EnnisHllen Coll.

P. 3164. Large crushed spine, 0-43.5 in total length, with a few

characteristic denticles. Ennislcillen Coll.

20006. Posterior dorsal spine, about 0-23 in total length.

Johnson Coll.

P. 5866. Imperfect posterior dorsal spine. Egerton Cull.

P. 5870. Less incomplete posterior dorsal spine, with characteristic
denticles, the exserted portion measuring about 0-19 in
length.

P. 2166 e. Corresponding spine, with very numerous closely arranged

lateral ribs. Egerton Coll.

P. 4327. Imperfect much curved posterior spine. EnnisMllen Coll.

264

SELACHII.

P. 2166 C. Small spine, the exscrted portion measuring 0‘24, and
the base 0*105 ; a few largo denticles are closely arranged
^towards the extremity. Egerton Goll.

P. 2166 g. Imperfect spine, labelled by Agassiz Ifyhodus Jiomojrrion.

Egerton Coll.

Hybodus medius, Agassiz.

1843. Ilyhodua medius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.p. 184, pi. xxiv.
fig. 25.

Type. Group of teeth.

Teeth with a relatively low crown, the contour gradually rising
into a median conical pointed eminence ; lateral cones generally
inconspicuous ; superficial coronal wrinkles numerous and prominent.
The lateral cones are relatively the hirgost in the most anterior
teeth ; and the most posterior teeth are not much elongated.

Form. ^ Loe. Lower Lias : Lyme llcgis, Dorsetshire.

P. 340. Head and anterior portion of the trunk, preserved upon a
slab of Lias, 1’17 m. (3 ft. o in.) in length, partly dist urbed
by the head of an Ichthyosaurus. The specimen is shown
of one-fifth the natural size, in I’l. VII. fig. 2, and exhibits
the crushed head and dentition from the lower aspect,
the partly disturbed axial skeleton of the trunk in side-
view, and the two dorsal fin-spines ‘. The outlines of
the pterygo-quadrato (ptq.) and mandibular (md.) carti-
lages are distinguishable, exhibiting the usual form ; and
the adjoining extremities of the left hyomandibular (hni.)
and ccratohyal (ch.) project beyond the loft mandibular
ramus. The dentition is somewhat scattered, and is closely
similar to that shown in No. P. 2199, many of the teeth
having more distinctly separated lateral cones than in
No. 41103. Obscure traces of the branchial apparatus
(l>r.) and the pectoral arch (p>ct.) occur behind the head ;
and still more posteriorly the neural arches and spines
(na.) arc arranged in broken, though comparatively regu-
lar series. The latter are broad and elongate, not clearly
s(!parated at their base, but without any indications of
intercalary cartilages; and immediately below the series
is a narrow vacant space, evidently implying the persis-
tence of the notochord (not.). The abdominiJ region is
well supported by strong ribs (r.), which are all unfortu-
nately displaced, crushed, and broken. Towards the

' The second dorsal spine being detached is not shown in the figure.

CESTRACI0NTIDJ5.

•265

hinder portion of the abdominal region, where the axial
skeleton abruptly terminates in the fossil, a series of about
nine broad elongated cartilages (m ?) occurs higher upon
the slab, with the appearance of having all the superior
extremities fused together ; and this may be interpreted,
either as a displaced portion of the axial skeleton itself, or
as the support of a dorsal fin. Both the dorsal fin-spines
are much broken, the anterior being situated verj'
far forwards, and the posterior being entirely detached
from the slab. The back of the anterior spine is not quite
fiat, but raised into a slight median longitudinal keel, upon
which are fixed two sparse series of large denticles.

I‘urchased, 1881.

41103. A large slab of Lias exhibiting the greater part of the left
pterygo-quadrate {ptq.) and mandibular (mrf.) cartilages,
side view (PI. IX. fig. 1), with the dentition, scattered
shagreen, and three imperfect displaced “ Sq^henonchi.”
The outer teeth of each transverse series in both jaws aro
nearly all in position, and there thus appear to be eight
series in each ramus, without a median symphysial row,
as shown by the figure. There are also numerous other
scattered teeth, exhibited from various aspects. In the
lower jaw, the first tooth (i.) has much the highest and
most prehensile crown, there being two large and perhaps
one small lateral denticle. The second tooth (ii.) is some-
what more elongated, with smaller lateral denticles ; and
in the teeth beyond, the denticles become very insignificant.
The teeth of series iv. and v. arc the largest, and the
hindermost are much the smallest. In the upper jaw the
most anterior teeth aro much displaced, and there is a
close general correspondence with the lower dentition,
those teeth nearest the sym])hysis only differing from the
opposing teeth in their relatively larger size.

Purchased, 1868.

P. 2199. Group of scattered large teeth, mostly of the typical form,
but some with unusually prominent lateral cusps.

Eijerton Coll.

36878-81, 38539-40. Twenty teeth, some with cleft summits, one
of the latter shown, of the natural size, in PI. IX. fig. 2.

Ihirchased, 1862, 1804.

Etjerton Coll.

P. 2200. About twenty-five teeth.

266

SELACHII.

P. 2793, P. 2794. Seventeen teeth, two having the central eminence
cleft, and two with the crown divided near one extremity
(PI. IX. fig. 3). Ennislcillen Coll.

Hybodus reticulatus, Agnfisiz.

1822. Fossil jaw with a triple row of teeth, II. T. De la Beclie, Tran."*.
Geol. Soc. [2] vol. i. p. 44, pi. v. fig. -3.

18.37-43. IlyhoduK retir-ulattis, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. pp. 50,
180, pi. ix. figs. 1-0*, pi. xxiv. lig. 26, pi. xxii. a. figs. 22, 2.3.

(?) 18.37. Ilyhodns /ormosws, L. Agassiz, fo»n.c(y. p.51, pi. ix.figs. 10, 11.

Type, Associated teeth, cartilage, and dorsal spines; Oxford
Museum.

Teeth narrow, with a relatively high crown, the median eminence
and all the lateral cones slender and sharply pointed ; superficial
coronal wrinkles fine and numerous, often not extending to the
apex. In the anterior and principal teeth, the height of the median
eminence is often equal to two-thirds or oven three-quarters of the
long diameter of the tooth ; and this cone is almost invariably much
bent both backwards and laterally. The root is of very loose
texture.

Form. ^ Loe. Power Lias : Lyme Eegis, Dorsetshire.

P. 3163. Crushed head, showing the partially distorted outlines of
one ptery go-quadrate cartilage and a number of scattered
teeth. Ennielcillen Coll.

40335. Portion of crushed head, showing shagreen and a few of
the anterior teeth. Some of the teeth (PI. X. figs. 16-18)
are of a more prehensile character than any figured by
Agassiz. Purchased, 1867.

P. 2198. Small specimen of associated cartilage, shagreen, and
teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2198 a. Portions of the cartilages of the jaws, associated with a
few teeth, and one “ Sphenonchvs.” Egerton Coll.

P. 2198 h. Two groups of teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2203 a. Fragmentary teeth associated with two “ Spihenonclnl’

Egerton Coll.

P. 2203 h. Three broken teeth, associated vith fragments of sha-
green and two “ Sphenowhi.” Egerton Coll.

^ Some of these spines mny pertain to Acrodus.

CESIEACIONTID^,.

267

P. 2208. Portions of left pterygo- quadrate, mandibular, hyoman-
dibular, and ceratohyal cartilages, with a few imperfect
teeth, and fragments of three SjohenoncM” and one

dorsal spine. Egerton Coll.

P. 3162. A few scattered teeth, associated with fragments of carti-
lage and shagreen. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5876. Fragments of skull, jaws, and branchial arches, associated
with teeth and the two dorsal fin-spines. Some caudal
vertebra; of a small Ichthyosaurus are mingled with the
remains. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3156. Remains of a crushed head, with traces of teeth, two
“ Sphenonchi,” and the first dorsal spine. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 423. Remains of the head, about five teeth, the first dorsal fin-
spine, and shagreen.

Presented hy F. Seymour linden, Esr/., 1882.

The dorsal fin-spines of this species are not readily distinguishable
from those of Acrodus anningice. The anterior dorsal is long and
slender, with the lateral ribs more or less acute and evenly spaced,
and the denticles of moderate size, placed upon a longitudinal
elevation of the posterior face. The following specimens are provi-
sionally placed here : —

P. 3170. Anterior and posterior dorsal fin- spines, associated with
fragments of cartilage. The superficial ganoino layer of
the spines is almost destroyed. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5865. Associated anterior and posterior spines, the exserted
portion of the first measuring 0'22 in length, that of the
second 0-185. History unknown.

42297. Much abraded and broken spine. Purchased, 1870.

P. 2166 h. Broken anterior spine, labelled by Agassiz Hyhodus in-
curvus. Egerton Coll.

P. 2162. Slender spine, with comparatively flat posterior face, the
exserted portion measuring 0-37. Egerton Coll.

P. 2826. Anterior spine, wanting posterior denticles and most of
the inserted portion ; the exserted portion measures 0-295,
and the lateral ridges are not crowded behind in the
proximal half. Enniskillen Coll.

268

SELACHII.

P. 3165. Very long slender spine, wanting posterior denticles, 0'435

Kimishillen Coll.

in total length
37387. Small spine, exsertod 0-14.

46564. Small spine, 0-143 in total length.

P. 2167. Small slender spine, exsertod 0-105.
P. 2805. Small slender spine, exsorted 0-17.

Purchased, 1863.
Purchased, 1875.

Egerton Coll.
Eiinislillen. Coll.

P. 2825, P. 2829. Two small spines, exsorted 0-08 and 0-0.9 respec-
tively. Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 2817- Much abraded posterior spine, exsertod 0-2.

Ennishillen Coll.

An undetermined species allied to Ihjhodus reticulatus is indicated
by a largo slab from the Lias of Boll, Wiirtemberg (P. 5880), ex-
hibiting remains of the cartilages of the mandibular, hyoid, and
branchial arches, with a few imperfect teeth and one dorsal fin-
spine.

Hybodus polyprion, Agassiz.

184.3. Ilyhodm poli/prion, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 185,
pi. xxiii. figs. 1-15 b

1871. Ihjlmlm pohjprion, J. 1‘liillips, Geol. Oxford, p 177, diagr.
.xxxvii. (ig.s. 2, 3.

1871. Ili/bodus juj/osm, .1. Phillips, op. dt. p. 177, diagr. xxxvii. fig. 1.

1886. Hylxidiis polyprion, A. S. Woodward, Oool. Mag. [3] vol. iii,
p. 257, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Detached teeth ; School of Mines, Paris.

Teeth with a high much compressed crown ; median cone ob-
lique, except in the most anterior teeth ; lateral cones two or three
in number, broad. Coronal surface of the anterior and princi]>al
teeth smooth, except near the base, where marked by short vertical
wrinkles ; a few of the superficial wrinkles in the po.sterior teeth
extending to the apices of the cones. Root short, depressed.

As already remarked by Agassiz and the present writer, some of
the teeth of this species exhibit considerable resemblance to those
of Notidamis.

Form. Loe. Bathonian (Stoncsfiold Slate) : Oxfordshire and
(?) Somersetshire *.

' It is not unlikely that some of these are small tooth of H. gro.mconus.

“ Quenstedt (I)er J lira, 1858, p. 348, pi. 47. tigs. 21), 30) refers some teeth to
this species from the Continental “Brauner Jura /3”; the detormin.ation is,
however, very doubtful. The same may be said of the tooth from the CoraUian

CF^TKACJONTIDJS.

269

11123, 11124. Three typical teeth, one shown, of the natural size,
in PI. XI. fig. 2 ; Stonesfleld. Mantdl Coll.

28497. Two similar teeth ; Stonesfleld. Dixon Coll.

35494. Tooth with relatively small anterior denticles, described
and flgured by the present writer, loc. cit. p. 257, pi. vi.
flg. 1 ; Stonesfleld. Purchased, 1800.

38026, 39778. Two teeth; Stonesfleld. Purchased, 18G2-63.

39203. Four typieal teeth, one of the hindermost shown, of the
natural size, in PI. XI. flg. 1 ; Stonesfleld.

Bowerhanlc Coll.

47974. Two similar teeth ; Stonesfleld.

Presented by the Hon. llobert Marshain, 1877.

P. 2182. Four teeth ; Stonesfleld. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2186, P. 2186 a. Two tooth, one with relatively small anterior
denticles and serrations, described and flgured by the pre-
sent writer, loc. cit. p. 257, pi. vi. flg. 2 ; probably from
the Great Oolite of Bath. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2845. Two teeth, one flgured, of the natural size, in PI. XI.

flg. 3 ; Stonesfleld. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5103. Typical tooth ; Stonesfleld.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

11139. Two teeth of the form named II. jugosus by Phillips ; Stones-
field. So far as can be determined from these and the
following specimens, it seems most jnobable that they are
the posterior teeth of II. polyprion. Mantdl Coll.

28590. Two similar teeth, one approaching the more typical II.

polyprion ; Eyeford. Purchased, 1853.

P. 2182 a, P. 2845 b. Two similar teeth ; Stonesfleld.

Eyerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.

P. 2182 b, P. 2845 a. Two anterior teeth, either of this species or
H. levis ; Stonesfleld. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.

Hybodus levis, sp. nov.

Type. Detached tooth (PI. XI. flg. 5) ; British Museum.

The provisional name of II. levis may bo given to the teeth from

of Hanover, noticed by Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii (1810), p. 47. The

North German Wealden and Purbeck teeth figured by Hunker and Meyer

(Nordd. Wealdenbild. 1840, p. 68, pi. xv. fig. 22) and Stnickmann (Wealdenbild.

Umgegend Hannover, 1880, p. 58, pi. iii. flg. 9) do not pertain to this species.

270

sELAcnir.

Stones field mentioned below. In size they arc as small as the
teeth of Jf. polijiirion, but seem to be specifically distinsuished by
the following characters : — Crown of principal teeth high, com-
pressed, with a largo erect median cone and two or three lateral
cones, narrow and acutely pointed ; coronal surface of all the teeth
smooth, except (juite at the base, where vertically wrinkled. Hoot
depressed, flattened, expanded posteriorly.

Form. ^ Lor. Hathonian (Stoncsfield Slate) : Oxfordshire.

33474. Type specimen, shown, of twice the natural size, in I’l. XI.

fig. 5; Stonosficld. Purchased, 1858.

39203 a. Less perfect tooth ; Stonesfield. Bowerbank Coll.

P. 2182 d. Tooth, posterior aspect, shown, of twice the natural size,
in ri. XI. fig. 6 ; Stonesfield. The root has a consider-
able rounded posterior extension. Er/erton Coll.

P. 2845 C. Low-crowned posterior tooth, shown, of twice the
natural size, in PI. XI. fig. 7 ; Stonesfield. Ihc lateral
cones are relatively broader and apparently more rounded
than in the principal teeth. Enniskillen Coll'

P. 2845 d. Imperfect tooth ; Stonesfield. Enniskillen Coll.

Hybodus grossiconus, Agassiz.

1843. Ilyhodus grossiconus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 184,
pi. xxiii. figs. 26-41 (.’’fig. 2b).

1868. Ilyhodus grossiconus, F. A. Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 348, pi. 47.
fig. 3.3.

(1)18.58. Hybodus monoprion, F. A. Queustedt, ep. at. p. 848, pi. 4/.
fig's. 31, 32.

1871. Ilyhodus grossiconus, J. Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 177, diagr.
xx.vvii. figs. 4-0.

(?) 1876. Hybodus polyprion, K. Fricke, Palajontogr. vol. xxii. p. 393,
pi. xxi. tigs. 17, 18.

Type. Detached teeth ; School of Mines, Paris ; British Museum ;
and Caen Museum.

Teeth with a very high, much compressed crown ; median cone
very broad and nearly erect in the large principal teeth, narrower
in the smaller tooth ; lateral cones two or three in number, narrow
and shaiidy pointed. Coronal surface marked by numerous deli-
cate vertical wrinkles, extending to the apices in the lateral cones,
but only reaching the apex of the median cone in the hinder small
teeth. Root anfcro-postcriorly compressed.

CESTRACIONTIDJE,

271

Form. Luo. Bathoaiau : Uxt'ordsLire (iStoaestiold Slate), Somer-
setsliiro, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, aud Normandy.

(i.) Stonesfield Slate and Great Oolite.

P. 2840. Tooth figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. i>l. xxiii. fig. 40 ;

Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. Ennvskilleii Coll.

P. 2841. Two similar specimens, marked as types by the Earl of
Enniskillen, but not agreeing with any of Agassiz’s figures ;
Stonesfield. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2842. Slightly smaller tooth ; Stonesfield. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2183-4. Six large teeth, more or loss imperfect, the first bearing
Agassiz’s MS. label ; Stonesfield. Eyerlon Coll.

P. 5105. Imperfect large tooth ; Stonesfield.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

47972. Three large teeth ; Stonesfield.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

11049, 11121, 11150. Two large and two small teeth; Stonesfield.

Mantell Coll.

39202. Two imperfect large teeth ; Stonesfield. Eowerbank Coll.

28589. Ten teeth, some large, some small ; Eyeford, near Stones-
fielfi* Purchased, 1853.

28497 a, 32741, 35495, 36314, 37750. Seven teeth, mostly smaU.

Purchased.

48041. Three small teeth ; Stonesfield.

John Brown Coll. Presented by Sir Richard Owen, 1859.

47973. One large and two small teeth ; Stonesfield.

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.

P. 2181. One small tooth labelled by Agassiz II. polyqjrion, and five
others; Stonesfield. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2845 e. Small tooth ; Stonesfield. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5104. Pour small teeth ; Stonesfield.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

28590 a. Pour comparatively low-crowned hinder teeth, one shown,
of the natural size, in PI. XI. fig. 4 ; Stonesfield.

Purchased, 1853.

P. 2186 b. Large imperfect tooth ; near Bath. Ejerton Coll.

272

SELACHII.

P. 5877. Ten imperfect teeth, mostly small ;
Gloucestershire.

Minchinhampton,
Byne Coll.

P. 4214. Two teeth; Lansdown, Bath. Ennislillen Coll.

32566. Three teeth ; Caen, Normandy. Tesson Coll.

(ii.) Forest Marble.

24770. Tooth ; Wiltshire.

28442. Three small teeth ; Stanton, Wiltshire.
28441. Ten teeth, one showing the complete root ;

32355. Tooth ; Malmesbury, Wiltshire.

30556. Two teeth; Atford, near Bath.

46340. Five teeth ; Atford.

P. 2185. Two teeth ; Atford.

Cunnington Coll.

Cunnington Coll.

Wiltshire.
Cnnnington Coll.

Purchased, 1857.

Purchased, 1856.

Cunnington Coll.

Egerton Coll.

Hybodus obtusus, Agassiz.

1813. Jlyhodm obtusus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 186, pi. xxiii.
figs. 43, 44.

1876. Ilyhodus crassus, K. Fricko {non Agassiz), Palffiontogr. vol. xxii.
p. 393, pi. xxi. fig. 10.

1887. Ilyhodus obtusus, II. M. Platnauer, Ann. Hop. Yorks. Phil. Soc.
p. 35, pi. i. figs. 1-16.

Type. Detached teeth ; Caen Museum.

Teeth with a high crown, moderately compressed. Median cone
broad, sharply pointed in the anterior teeth, more obtuse in the
posterior ; lateral cones two or three in number, broad, high and
pointed in the anterior teeth, considerably fused together in the
posterior teeth. Coronal surface mostly smooth, with occasional
faint wrinkles, and prominent excrescences at the base.

A fine series of fifteen detached teeth is figured by Platnauer
from the Corallian of Malton, Yorkshire. The same author also
makes known an imperfect dorsal fin-spine, probably of this speeies.

Form. Loc. Bathonian ; Caen, Normandy. Oxfordian: Hun-
tingdonshire. Corallian : Yorkshire and Hanover. Lower Kim-
meridgian : Oxfordshire and Dorsetshire.

39205. Six teeth ; Coral Bag, Malton, Yorkshire. Purchased, 1865.
35670-73. Four teeth ; Coral Bag, Malton. Bean Coll.

CESTRACIOJfTID.i:.

273

47988. Two teeth ; Coral Rag, Wheatley.

Presented by the Hon. Itohert Marsham, 1877.

41223. Ten teeth, one figured, of the natural size, anterior a.spect,
in PI. XI. fig. 8 ; Kimmoridge Clay, near Weymouth.

Purchased, 1808.

41875. Seven large teeth, two figured, of the natural size, anterior
aspect, in PI. XI. figs. 9, 10 ; also four imperfect anterior
teeth ; near Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

43569. Seven large teeth, one figured, of the natural size, posterior
aspect, in PI. XI. fig. 11 ; near Weymouth.

Purchased, 1872.

45927. Seven teeth, mostly smaller, and six fragments; near Wey-
mouth. Two specimens are shown, of the natural size, in
PI. XI. figs. 12, 13. Purchased, 1874.

P. 2195. Five imperfect teeth ; Kimmeridge Bay. Egerton Coll,

P. 5871. Three teeth; near Weymouth. Enniskillen Coll.

21430, 31367, 46352. Three teeth ; Oxford Clay, Christian Malford,
near Chippenham, Wiltshire. Purchased.

40463 a. Two derived teeth ; Xeocomian Bone-hed, Potton, Bedford-
shire. Purchased, 1867.

46382 a. Three fragmentary derived teeth ; Xeocomian, Farringdon,
Berkshire. Cunnington Coll.

Hybodus basauus, Egerton.

(?) 1837. Ilyhodm sulcafus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 44, pi. x. b.
tigs, lo, 16.

1845. Hybodus basanus. Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec.
vol. i. p. 197, pi. iv.

1886. Hybodus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii. p. 238.

Type. Head, with dentition.

Teeth with a very high, much compressed erowii ; median cone
narrow, slender, slightly arched inwards ; lateral cones two, short
but sharply pointed. Coronal surface marked by numerous very
fine vertical wrinkles, often extending to the apices of the lateral
cones, but always absent upon the smooth upper half of the median
cone.

Fonn. Loc, Upper Wealden : Isle of Wight and Sussex.

I

i

274 sELAcnii.

P. 2083. Plaster cast of type specimen ; Isle of Wight.

E^erton Coll.

P. 2082. Skull, mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches, with re-
mains of the dentition, referred to by the present writer,
he. cit. : Pevensey Bay, Sussex. A side view of the spe-
cimen is given, of one half the natural size, in PI. XII.
tig. 1, indicating the general proportions of the ptery go-
quadrate and mandibular («id.) cartilages. The

upper jaw projects forwards beyond the lower, and there
is no evidence of an articulation of the pterygo- quadrate
with the cranium, cither in advance of or behind the
orbit. The hyomandibular cartilage is only imperfectly
shown, but seems to have been slender ; and there is dis-
tinct evidence of five pairs of branchial arches. Portions
of the latter of the left side are shown, one half nat. size,
in PI. XII. fig. 3, A/-.1-5 ; they rapidly diminish in size
backwards, the fifth being very small and slender. The
granular calcifications in all the cartilages appear to be
entirely superficial. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2082 a. A more imperfect head, with a portion of the dentition ;

Pevensey Bay. The anterior extremities of the ccratohyal
cartilages (c7u/.), with a large rounded basihyal (l>7i
well shown (PI. XII. fig. 2). Kyertou Coll.

P. 3172. Head, scarcely crushed, with a nearly complete mandible,
remains of the dentition, and indications of the large
ceratohyal cartilages; Pevensey Bay. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3172 a. Portion of crushed head, with many imperfect teeth in
at least three erect scries, and also remains of the eerato-
hyals and branchial arches ; Pevensey Bay.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3172 h. A very imperfect large head ; Pevensey Bay.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3172 C. Smaller head, uncrushed, displaying part of the dentition,
and showing the form and proportions of the occipita
region of the cranium ; Pevensey Bay. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3172 d. Portions of a small head, with the much broken anterior
dorsal fin-spine ; Pevensey Bay. The massive character
of the large ceratohyal cartilages is shown.

Enniskillen Coll-

CE9TR\CI0NIII).B.

275

P. 2082 b. Remains of a small head, showing part of the dentition
and some of the branchial arches ; Pevensey Bay.

Eyerton Cull.

P. 2082 C. A very small head, with remains of the dentition, and
indications of a very large massive ceratohyal cartilage ;
Pevensey Bay. Eyerton Cull.

P. 2082 d. Associated imperfect teeth ; Pevensey Bay.

Eyerton Coll.

40717-8. Two very imperfect heads, one large, the other small ;

Bexhill. Purchased, 1807.

40716. Very imperfect head ; Ilollington. Purchased, 1867.

P. 2833. Portions of two associated dorsal fin-spines, probably of
II. basanas, one shown, of the natural size, in PI. XII.
fig. 5 ; Hastings. EnnisJcillen Coll.

P. 2833 a, P. 2834. Proximal portions of two similar spines ;

Hastings and Tilgate Forest. Ennisk-illen Coll.

39254. Imperfect spine stouter and apparently distorted ; Hastings.

Purchased, 1865.

P. 5880. Two fragments of spines, probably of this species, from
the Wealden, de.scribed as having been obtained from tho
Chalk of Lewes, and named Hyhodus sulcatus, Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 44, pi. x. b. figs. 15, 16.

Mantell Coll.

Hybodus sp. inc. (? strictus, Agassiz).

/

The following teeth were obtained from the Purbeck Beds of the
neighbourhood of Swanage, Dorsetshire, and may pertain, at least in
part, to II. strictus, Agassiz', hitherto only' known by dorsal fin-
spines.

21349. High-crowned tooth, very suggestive of II. yrossiconus, with
a single lateral cone on each side ; coronal surface smooth,
merely wrinkled near the base. Also a fragmentary smaller
tooth, with narrower principal cone. Purchased, 1 847.

P. 5296. Incomplete abraded tooth, probably similar.

21349 a. Fragment of a very largo tooth, showing the long first
lateral cones. Purchased, 1847.

* Poiss, Foss. Tol. iii. (1837), p. 45, pi. x. figs. 7-9.

t2

276

8ELACHII.

Hybodus sp. inc. (? striatulus, Agassiz).

Teeth with a very high, much comprosscd crown ; median cone
moderately broad ; lateral cones one, two, or three in number, the
inner pair very long, slender, and pointed. Coronal surface marked
with numerous delicate vertical wrinkles, rarely extending more
than half the height of the median cone, but often reaching the
apices of the lateral cones.

Those teeth are most probabl)’ referable to the species indicated
by the dorsal fin-spines named Ilyhodm striatulus, Agassiz ' ; but
there is yet no evidence of association, and other spines occur in
the same beds. A very similar tooth from the Wealden of Hanover
is named If. pohjimon hy C. fttruckraann, Wealden- JSild. Umgegend
Hannover (1880), p. .58, pi. iii. fig. 0.

Form. 4- Loe. Wealden : Tilgato Forest, Sussex.

2685, 2693, 2692, 2697, 3027, 3029, 3032, 3136, 3139 41, 3144,
3147-8. Sixteen teeth, some very fragmentary, one shown
of the natural size in I’l. XI. fig. 15. Mantell Coll.

26024, 26026, 26038. Three teeth and two fragments, one shown
of the natural size in PI. XI. fig. 14. Dixon Coll.

P. 1276, P. 5823. The abraded principal cones of two similar teeth,
figured among the type specimens of Merktodon paradoxus
by L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxxvi. figs. 53, 54.

Eyerton 4 Ennislcillen Colls.

28410, 28420. Xino more or loss perfect teeth. Mantell Coll.

48377. Median cone of a very largo smooth tooth. Purchased, 1877.

P. 2844. Two teeth and two imperfect associated teeth.

EimisJcilJen Coll.

Three fragments, possibly of similar teeth, have also been obtained
from the Lower Greensand of Godaiming, Surre}'.

(P. 5520. Caleb Evans Coll.)

Hybodus sp. inc.

Teeth with a relatively low crown ; lateral denticles broad, two
or three in number ; coronal surface marked by few widely spaced
wrinkles, many extending to the apices.

Form. 4 Loc. Wealden: Sussex. Neocomian ; Isle of Wight.

28420 a. Specimen figured of the natural size in PI. XI. fig. 16 ;

Tilgate Forest. Mantell Coll.

' L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 44, pi. viii, b. flg. 1.

CESTBACIOSTIDa:.

277

26027. Tooth with imperfect crown, but complete root ; Tilgate
Forest. Dixon Coll.

P. 4919 a. Three imperfect smaller teeth, with higher median cone ;

Hastings. Dawson Coll.

P. 4680. An abraded tooth ; Lower Greensand, Isle of Wight.

Presented hij C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
The following specimens may indicate late Cretaceous species of
Hybodus, but the determination in each case is uncertain : —

45311. Group of eight naturally associated teeth and fragments, in
form and proportions much resembling the Ehsctic teeth
named Hybodus cloacinus; English Chalk.

Purchased, 1872.

P. 5878. iledian portion of a very robust large tooth, the principal
cone measuring O'OKJ in height, and O'Ol in breadth at
the base, and the coronal surface almost smooth ; Chalk,
Knapton, Yorkshire. Bean Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,
but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Hybodus auavslus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 191,
pi. xxiv. 6gs. 9, 1.5 ; (?) H. von Meyer, Palteontogr. vol. i.
(1849), p. 227, pi. xxviii. tig. 45 ; H. Eck, Form. bunt.
Sandst. u. Muschclk. Oberschlesien (1865), p. 119 (non
Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran^., Poiss. p. 12, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 6).
— Muschelkalk ; E. France, (?)and Silesia.

Hybodus attenuatus, H. von Meyer and T. Plieniuger, Beitr. Pal.
AViirltembergs (1844), p. 110, pi. xii. figs. 33, 34, 72, 76.
H. bimaryinntus, Aleyer & Plieninger, op. cit. p. 114,
pi. xii. figs. 27, 53, 60, 84. — Rhaitic ; Stuttgart.

Hybodus cristatus, A. E. lleuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. i.

( 1 845), p. 2, j)l. ii. fig. 20. — L. Planerkalk ; Bohemia.
Hybodus injlatus, L. Agassiz, tom. r-it. p. 186, pi. xxiii. fig. 42.

— Inferior Oolite; Caen, Yormandy.

Hybodus Iceuperianm, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.

(1880), p. 116, pi. vi. figs. 15, 16. — Keuper; Wurzburg.
Hybodus mahrothi, II. B. Geiniiz, Ilyas (1861), p. 27, pi. iv.

fig. 4. — Kupferschiefer ; Gera, Saxony.

Hybodus non-striatus, T, C. Winkler, tom. cit. livr. 2, p. 121,
pi. vi. figs. 17, 18. — Keuper ; Wurzburg.

Hybodus orthoconus, Meyer & Plieninger, op. cit. pp. Ill, 119,
pi. xii. figs. 77, 85, 87, 89. — Rhaitic ; Stuttgart.

Hybodus pusillus, W. Duuker, Xordd. Wealdenbild. (1846), p. 68,
pi, XV. fig. 23. — AVcaldcn ; X. (iermany.

278

SELAOHII.

llylodus radix, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw., Fischo (1847),
p. 317. — Lias : Quedlinbiirg;, Prussia.
llylodus stschiirovskii : Cladodvs stschurovskii, V. Kiprijanoff,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1880, pt. i. p. 1, pi. i. figs.
1-11. Sjdienodus maeer, 11. Trautschold, Ergiinz. Fauna
lluss. Jura (1870), pi. iii. fig. {i. — Jurassic; Govt, of
Moscow, llussia. [H. Trautschold (Bull. 8oe. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, 1880, pt. i. p. 190) assigns Kiprijanoff ’s fig. 1 to
Sphenodm lonyidevs, Ag., and figs. 2, 3, 5-9, to S. maeer,
Quenst. P'ig. 4 evidently represents a tooth of Oa-yrhina,
but the others more resemble llylodus.']
llylodus sublavis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. Hi. (1843), p. 194,
pi. sxii. a, figs. 3, 4 {non fig. 2) ; Meyer & Plieningor,
Beitr. Pal. lYiirttembergs (1844), p. 113, pi. .xii. figs. 73,
74, 86 ; F. A. Quenstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt. (1852), p. 176,
pi. xiii. fig. 21. — llheetic ; Wiirtemborg.
llylodus undidatus, L. Agassiz, torn. cit. p. 188, pi. xxii. a. fig. 11.
— llha;tic ; I.inksfield, Elgin.

A tooth of llylodus, from the J urassic of Berne, Switzerland, is
also figured by Thurmann & Etallon, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci.
Nat. vol. xviii. (1804), pi. Ixi. fig. 11 ; another (under the name of
Kolidanvs sp.) from the Oxfordian of Switzerland, by E. Favre,
Foss. Terr. Oxford. Alpes Tribourg. (Mem. Soc. Pal. Suisse, vol. iii.
1870), pi. ii. fig. 1 : and a doubtful tooth (under the name of
llylodus personati), from the Braun Jura of Wiirtemberg, by F. A.
Queustedt, Jura (1858), p. 339, pi. xlvi. fig. 14.

As already remarked (p. 270) imperfect teeth precisely resembling
those of llylodus are also described under the name of Meristodon,
L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 286, the type species
being O.vyrltina (Meristodon) 2>arado.va, Agassiz (loc. cit.). Other
teeth of a similar type, from the Jurassic of Manganischlak, Caspian
Sea, arc named Oivyrhina carinata by E. von Eichwald, Geogn.-
palu'ont. Bemerk. llalbinsel Manganischlak (1871), p. 14, pl- i-
figs. 1-3; and Oxyrhina (Aleristodon) sp.” is recorded by S'-
Stoliezka, Cretaceous Fauna S. India (Pal. Indica), vol. iv. (1873),
pt. 4, p. 08, pl. xii. fig. 34. A distinct species, Aleristodon jurensis,
Sauvago, has also been determined by 41. E. Sauvago from the
B.ijocian Beds of Montmorot, Jura Jits. (Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
vol. xi. (1883), p. 480, pl. xii. figs. 13, 14).

An indeterminable tragment of a tooth of a somewhat similar
character, from the “Braun Jura «” of Wiirtemberg, is named
Selachidca tondosi, F. A. Uuenstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt. 1852, p. 173,
pl. xiii. fig. 10.

CESTBACIOSTID^.

279

Genus ACRODUS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 139.]

Syn. Sphenonchiis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1843, p. 201 (in part).

Thectodus, Meyer & Plieninger, Beitr. Pal. Wiirttembergf), 1844

p. 116. ’

A genus only differing from Ihjhodus in the rounded, non-cuspidate
character of the teeth.

As in the case of Ilybodits, the species are arranged in stratigra-
phical order ; and all determinations of dorsal fin-spines must be
regarded as provisional.

Acrodus gaillardoti, Agassiz.

1837. Ao'odus gaillardoti, II. B. Geinitz (ex Agassiz, MS.), Beitr.

Kennt. Tbiiring. Muschelkgeb. p. 21, pi. iii. fig. 5.

1839. Aerodm gaillardoti, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 146,
pi. xxii. figs. 16-20.

1839. Acrodite bratmii, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 147, pi. xxii. fig. 26.
1849. Aerodm gaillardoti, II. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. i. p. 229,
pi. xxviii figs. 3-8, 12, 13.

1849. Aerodm bratmii, II. von Meyer, he. cit. p. 231, pi. xxviii.
figs. 1, 2.

1862. Aerodm gaillardoti, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran^., Explic. PI.
Poissons Foss. p. 13, pi. Ixxvii. tig. 14.

1856. Aerodm gaillardoti, C. Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw.
vol. viii. p. 428.

1857. Aerodm gaillardoti, C. Chop, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. vol. ix.
p. 130.

(? J 1859. Aerodm gaillardoti, K. von Schauroth, Sitzungsb. k. Akad.

IViss. matb.-iiaturw. Cl. vol. xxxiv. p. 350, pi. iii. tig. 21.

1861. Aerodm gaillardoti, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Cses. Leop.-
Car. vol. xxix. no. 0, p. 10, pi. ii. tigs. 29-32.

1865. Aerodm gaillardoti, II. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Muschelk.
Oberschlesieu, p. 116.

1870. Aerodm gaillardoti, F. Roemer, Geol. von Oberschlesien, pi. xii

fig. 10.

1880. Aerodm gaillardoti, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
livr. 2, p. 109, pi. V. figs. 1-3.

1883. Aerodm gaillardoti, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, [3]
vol. xi. p. 494, pi. xii. tig. 4.

Type. Detached teeth.

A species of moderate size, the principal teeth not measuring
more than 0'035 in length, gently rounded, marked by numerous
fine branching and bifurcating wrinkles. Anterior teeth slightly
keeled, not much elevated.

280

SELACHII.

temberg, Hessen, Saxe-Weimar, Upper Silesia, Lorraine, and E.
Prance. Kcupor : Thuringia {Giehel, Chop).

P. 2131 a, P. 2755. Pour typical teeth ; Bunter Sandstone, Bruns-

Eger ton Enniskillen Colls.

P. 2760. Type specimen of Acrodus braunii, Agassiz ; Bunter Sand-
stone, Zweihriicken, Brunswick. Eiiniskillen Coll.

1117-8. Two imperfect broad teeth, one much worn ; Muschelkalk,
Bayreuth, Bavaria. Braun Coll.

19683. Large tooth, measuring 0-032 in length, and a small narrow
tooth, slightly keeled ; Bayreuth. Purchased, 1S45.

P. 2131. Small (? anterior) tooth and three larger ; Bayreuth.

Egertun Coll.

P. 2756. Narrow longitudinally keeled tooth, with prominent median
rounded elevation ; Bayreuth. Enniskillen Cull.

P. 2757. Small keeled tooth, probably of most anterior series ;

Muschelkalk, Mattstadt, Jicar Jena. Enniskillen Coll.

28474. Seventeen small teeth, many longitudinally keeled, probably
of this species ; Hauptmuscholkalk Bone-bed, Crailsheim,
Wiirtemberg. Purchased, 1853.

P. 298. Two small teeth ; Muschelkalk, Meissner, Hessen.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Oeologg, 1880.

32556. Narrow tooth ; Muschelkalk, Lunevillo. Tesson Coll.

Acrodus lateralis, Agassiz.

1839. Acrodus lateralis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. hi. p. 147, pi. xxii.
figs. 21, 22.

1843. Ilyhodus obliquus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxiv. figs. 1, 2.

(t) 1849. Acrodus acutus, II. von Meyer, Palajoutogr. vol. i. p. 2.‘11,
jil. xxviii. figs. 9, 10.

18G2. Acrodus, 1’. Gervais, Zool. et I’al. Praiif., Explic. I’l. Poiss. Poss.
p. 13, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 9.

1856. Hyhodus obliquus, 0. Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. vol. viii.
p. 427, pi. i. tig. 8.

1866. llybodus thnrinyiee, C. Giebel, tom. cit. p. 427, pi. i. fig. 9.

1857. llybodus thuringia, C. Chop, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. vol. ix.
p. 120, pi. iv. fig. .3.

1857. Acrodus bruuni, 0. Chop, fenn. cit. p. 1.30, pi. iv. fig. 4.

1801. Acrodus lateralis, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Cues. Leop.-
Car. vol. xxix. no. 9, p. 1.5, pi. ii. figg. 8-28.

CESTBACIONTID^.

281

1865. Acrodu* lateralis, II. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Muschelk.
Oberschlesien, p. GO.

1883. Acrodus lateralis, II. E. Sauyage, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, [3]
vol. xi. p. 493.

Type. Detached teeth.

A small species, the principal teeth not measuring more than
0-01 in length, very similar to those of A. yaillunloti,\i\i\, often more
elevated and keeled (according to Schmid). Anterior teeth longi-
tudinally keeled and much elevated at the broader extremity ;
superficial wrinkles dichotomously branching.

Fom. Loc. lluschelkalk : Lorraine, Saxe- Weimar, and Bavaria.
Lettenkohl and Keuper : Saxe- Weimar (Schmid). Keuper : Thu-
ringia.

P. 2133, P. 2161. Small comparatively low-crowned tooth, probably
of this species ; also one slightly larger, with the surface
ornament in part reticulate, and obtained from Count
Munster under the MS. name of A. pumtatus, Miinst. ;
Benk, Bavaria. EytHon Coll.

P. 2133, P. 2149. Seven typical teeth, five received from Count
Munster under the MS. name of A. pmlulosus, Munst. ;
Bttnk. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2758, P. 2761. Five teeth; Benk. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2133 a. Tooth in matrix ; Laineck, Bavaria. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2768. Broken tooth; Schlotheim, Gotha. Enniskillen Coll.

Acrodus keuperinus (Murchison & Strickland.)

1840. llyhudus keuperinus, Murchison & Strickland, Trans. Geol. Soc.

[2] vid. V. p. 338, pi. xxviii. fig. 3.

1840. Tooth of llyhudus, Murchison & Strickland, ibid. fig. 3*.

IHil. I.uphodns, W. S. Symonds, Old Bones, p. 103.

18G3. Kemacanthus, S. J. Alackie, The Geologist, vol. vi. p. 243.

Type. Dorsal fin-spines and teeth.

Teeth of small size, mostly much elongated, compressed at right
angles to the long axis. Coronal contour elevated mcsially ; longi-'
tudinal ridge prominent, dividing the surface into two unequal
halves ; superficial stri® strong, directly transverse.

Form. Loc. Keuper ; Worcestershire and Warwickshire.

P. 2152. Three teeth ; Pendock, Worcestershire. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2764. Six teeth, two shown, of twice the natural size, in PI. XIII.

figs. 1,2; Pendock. Enniekillen Coll.

282

SELACHII.

P. 5848. Three tooth ; Shrewley, Warwickshire.

Presented by the llev, P, B. Brodie, 1888.

P. 2767. Nearly com])leto dorsal fin-spine destitute of posterior
denticles, rosemhling that assigned to this species by Mur-
chison and Strickland; llowiugton, Warwick.

EnnisJrillen Coll-

P. 4092. Extremely abraded fragmentary spine ; Rowington.

Presented by the llev. P. B. Brodie, 1883.

46958. Three fragments ; Upper Keuper Conglomerate, Hippie,
Worcestershire. Parclutsed, 1876.

P. 2766. Portion of base of spine, apparently less laterally compressed
than No. P. 2767 ; Purgehill, Worcester.shire.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2153, P. 2156. Five fragments ; Pendock. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2765. Four fragments, two showing traces of posterior denticles ;

Pendock. Enniskillen Coll.

43957. Imperfect large cephalic spine, associated with dorsal fin-
spine; Hippie. Purchased, 18/6.

Acrodus minimus, Agassiz.

1839. Acroilus minimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 145, pi. xxu.
figs. G-12.

1839. Acrodus acutus, L. Agassiz, tom. ctf. p. 146, pi. xxii. figs. 13-15.
1844. Acrodus minimus, 11. von Meyer & T. I’lieninger, Beitr. Pal.

Wtirttembergs, p. 115, pi. x. figs. 25, 26, pi. xii. figs. 63, 82.

1844. Thectodw iujiatus, Meyer & Plieuinger, oy. cit. p. 116, pi. x.
fig. 20.

1844. Thcctodus (jlaber, Meyer & Plieuinger, op. at. p. 116, pi. x.

fig- 21-

1844. Thcctodus crenatus, Meyer & Plieninger, op. cit. p. 116, pi. x.

fig. 22, pi. xii. fig. 39. . , , ,

1844. Thcctodus tricuspidatus, Meyer & Plieninger, op. cit. p. 116, pi. x.
fig. 27, pi. xii, tig. 20.

1862. Acrodxis minimus, F’. A. Quenstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt. p. l/9>
pi. xiii. figs. 47-50.

1861. Acrodus acutus, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Ca;s. Leop.-Car.

vol. xxix. no. 9, p. 17, pi. ii. fig.s. 33-37.

1861. Acrodus minimus, E. E. Schmid, loc. cit. p. 17, pi. ii. fig. 38.
186.5. Acrodus minimus, II. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Musclielk.
Obersehlesicn, p. 1 18.

1871. Acrodtts tninimics, R. Etheridge, Proc. Cardiff Naturalists’ Soc.
vol. iii. pi. ii. tigs. 15-17.

CESTRACIONTIDiB.

283

Type. Detached teeth ; Bristol Museum.

A small species, the principal teeth not measuring more than
0-01 in length. Longitudinal keel moderately developed in all the
teeth, a mediaji transverse keel also in many ; minute lateral denticles
often present ; superficial wrinkles large, occasionally feeble, some-
times bifurcated.

Fonn. Loc. Kcupor : Saxe-Weimar, Wiirtemberg, and Hanover.
Khatic ; S.W. England, and (?) Elgin, Scotland.

23153. Two portions of bone-bed, with numerous teeth ; llhmtic,
Aust Chff, near Bristol. l\irchased, 1849.

P. 2155. About one hundred teeth from the Ehsetio fissure at Hol-
well, near Erome, Somersetshire *. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2135. Twenty teeth ; Ehsetie, Axmouth, Devonshire.

Ejerton Coll.

P. 2130. Slab with several teeth ; Axmouth. Egerton Coll.

P- 2759. Twelve teeth; Axmouth. Ennisidllen Coll.

P. 2136. Twelve teeth, supposed to have been obtained from the
Bhmtic of Liuksfield, Elgin. Egerton Coll.

P. 2150. Two small teeth, probably of this species, received from
Count Miinster under the MS. name of A. angustus,
Miiust. ; Hildesheim, Hanover. Egerton Coll.

Acrodus nobilis, Agassiz.

1837. Acrodue nobilis, \V. Buckland, Geol. & Min. 2nd edit. vol. ii.
p. 47, pi. 27 e (name and fig. only).

1838. Acrodus nobilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Fo.ss. vol. iii. p. 140, pi. xxi.

1839. Acrodus lotus, L. .\gassiz, tom. cit. p. 144.

1839. Acrodus gihberulus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 144, pi. xxii. figs. 1-3.

1840. Acrodus jiobilis, K. Owen, Odontography, vol. i. p. 54, vol. ii.
pis. xiv., XV.

1868. Acridus arietis, F. A. Quenstedt, Jura, p. 00, pi. viii. fig. 10.

Type. Incomplete dentition ; Bristol Museum.

The type species, of very large size, the principal teeth often
measuring 0-045 in length. Coronal contour gently rounded,
covered by very fine wrinkles, frequently branching and reticulate ;
longitudinal crest undeveloped, and only indicated by the divisional
line of the ornament. Anterior teeth short and broad, without

‘ 8ee Charles Moore, Quart. Joiirn. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. (1867), p. 463.

284

SEtACHir.

longitudinal keel, and with only faint indications of lateral denticles
in one jaw; a median symphysial series present.

As shown hy the series of specimens described below, there is
considerable variation in the relative proportions of the successive
rows of teeth, exactly as is to be observed in the dentition of the
living Cestracioii. it seems probable that the two principal series
of teeth were always relatively smaller in one jaw than in the
opposite ; and this jaw is here provisionally regarded as the uj>per.

Though the originals of Agassiz's pi. xxi. tigs. 4-7 are stated to be
in the Enniskillen and Egertou Collections, they cannot now be
identified.

Fonn. ^ Loo. Lower Lias : Dorsetshire, Wiirtemberg, Somerset-
shire, and (?) N. France.

Unless otherwise stated, all the specimens were obtained from the
neighbourhood of Lyme llegis, Dorsetshire.

P. 3154. The crushed anterior portion of a fish of moderate size,
exhibiting no definite outline, hut merely fragments ot
cartilage associated with scattered teeth, shagreen, and
the two dorsal fin-spines. The teeth exhibit the charac-
teristic roiinduess and finely-marked coronal surface of
those of A. noliili% and those from the anterior portion of

. the jaw show traces of lateral prominences ; the largest

measure 0-022 in length. The shagreen- granules pre-
served are minute, slender and conical, longitudinally
ribbed and grooved. The first dorsal s])inc is incomplete
in the distal half and much broken, but the second dorsal
is nearly perfect. The latter is comparatively short aud
stout, measurit)g 0-255 in total length ; the lateral ribs
are broad, lounded, and irregularly wavy ; and the x)os-
terior face has the appearance of being slightly convex.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2736. A large portion of the dentition, figured, of the natural
size, in PI. XI 11. fig. II. The specimen shows about forty-
four teeth arranged in natural order, and comprises the
symphysial region, portions of the first three rows on one
side, and portions of live on the other. Throe small teeth
(o) represent the median symphysial series, each mea-
suring about 0-015 in length and exhibiting three lateral
points. Ot the first lateral series (i.), the teeth measure
0-018 in length, and arc unsym metrical, each having the
greatest elevation near the anterior extremity, with three
or four lateral j)oints, -widely separated behind, closely

CESTRACIOSTID.’E.

235

approximated in front. Of series ii., the teeth measure
0-025, and still show faint traces of lateral denticles, while
considerably raised and broadened mesially. Of series in.,
the teeth nearly equal those of series iv.‘ in length, the
former measuring 0-037 and the latter 0-04 ; they are
also considerably raised mesially. Of series v., only two
imperfect teeth are preserved, slightly shorter (0-035), less
elevated, and narrower than those of series iv.

Ennisl'iHen Cell.

P- 2142. Group of eighteen teeth, associated with fragments of car-
tilage and shagreen, and partly displaced ; one aspect
figured, of the natural size, in PI. XIll. fig. 4. The teeth
of series n. measure 0-018 in length ; those of in. about
0-026 ; those of iv. and v., 0-035 and 0-038 respectively ;
and those of series vi. 0-032. Some of the teeth of series
IV. and V. exhibit a constriction at each end of the much
broadened central portion ; and those of series vi. are
notably narrow. Eyerton Coll,

20573. Group of twenty teeth, nearly perfect, in natural order;

Weston, near Bath. Series n. to v. are represented, and,
though slightly larger, the relative proportions of the suc-
cessive rows are very similar to those of Xo. P. 2142.

Johnson Coll.

35054. Group of about sixty naturally associated teeth, of nearly
similar proportions to those of Xo. P. 2736. The anterior
teeth exhibit the slight indications of lateral denticles.

rnrehased, 1860.

P- 2738. About seventy-five teeth embedded in hard matrix, partly
scattered and partly in natural order, indicating a denti-
tion of very similar proportions to the preceding, but
remarkable for the breadth of all the teeth.

Enniskillen Coll.

P- 2140, P. 2743. Group of comparatively broad teeth, much broken.

Egerton Enniskillen Colls.

P- 2737, P. 2739. Two specimens, figured, of the natural size, in
PI. XIV. figs. 1, 2, displaying the complete dentition of
one ramus of the jaw. They may possibly pertain to the
same jaw, though they cannot have been found naturally
apposed, as shown by the form of the matrix. Eight

' The tooth marked a in the figure is evidently misplaced.

286

SETACHII.

series are indieahed, seven as in the type specimen, and
one additional hinder tow. The proportions, however,
are slightly different, as shown by the following measure-
ments : —

Series.

No. of teeth
preserved.

Length of
tooth.

I.

7

0-017

II.

8

0-022

III.

8

0-028

IV.

8

0-04(5

V.

8

0-049

VI.

8

0-031

VII.

7

0-014

VIII.

2

0-0O8

In the first three series the teeth are relatively very
broad, with rapidly tapering extremities ; those of series
IV. are blunt at each end, but narrowest anteriorly, and
slightly bent at a faintly marked constriction near this
extremity ; the teeth of series v. are narrowest and least
blunt posteriorly ; the front half of each tooth of series
VI. is much broader than the hinder half, gradually
tapering posteriorly; the teeth of series vir. are nearly
the same in breadth throughout, somewhat tapering at
each extremity; and those of series viii. are almost tri-
angular, with the outwardly directed ape.x rounded, and
the longitudinal divisional line of the surface-ornament
arched. Of series r., three teeth show signs of wear ; of
II., three ; of in., three ; of iv., three ; of v., four ; and
of VI., VII., and viii., none but two exhibit distinct traces.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2740. A group of naturally-arranged teeth of scries v., vi., vii.,
partly figured, of the natural size, in PI. XIV. fig. 3. The
teeth of scries vi., vii. are much longer in proportion to
those of series v. than in Xo. P. 2739, the former mea-
suring respectively 0-037 and 0-018, while the latter
measure only 0-045. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2741. Eight teeth of series vi., naturally arranged, with indi-

cations of scries v. and vii., and two of the hindermost
triangular teeth. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2742. Eorty-eight scattered, but naturally associated teeth,
mostly very similar to those of Nos. P. 2737, P- 2739,
but somewhat larger. Enniskillen Coll.

CESTRACIONTID.®.

287

P. 3173. A smaller group of more imperfect scattered teeth in matrix.

Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 418. 77umerous scattered teeth, naturally associated in matrix.

Presented hy F. Seymour lladen. Esq., 1882.

P. 2144. Group of about ten imperfect teeth. Egerlon Coll.

P. 5872. Six naturally-associated broad teeth ; Weston, near Bath.

11258. Four detached teeth ; Weston. Mantell Coll.

P. 2141. Six detached teeth ; Weston. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2744, P. 2746-7. Five detached teeth ; Weston.

Ennislillen Coll.

P. 2748. Three associated teeth ; Keynsham, near Bath.

Enniskillen Coll.

11279, 20161. 25850, 32753, 35727, 41280, 43393. Twelve
detached teeth. Purchased.

P. 424. Five teeth. Purchased, 1882.

P. 2143. Two detached broad teeth, one showing a tendency towards
a transverse division into two. Eyerton Coll.

The dorsal fin-spines of Acrodus nohilU are large and curved ; the
lateral ribs are rounded and widely spaced ; and the posterior den-
ticles arc of enormous size, placed upon a longitudinal elevation of
the hinder face. The spines are associated with the teeth in
No. P. 3154; and they occur in the Lias of AVeston, near Bath,
where the only known Acrodxts-toot\^ are referable to this species.
The following examples occur in the Collection : —

P. 3158. Naturally associated anterior and posterior dorsal spines,
much crushed, and the latter incomplete proximally. The
exserted portion of the first measures about 0'41 in length,
and the base 0-14. Ennislcillen Coll.,

19814. Imperfect large spine. Purchased, 1845.

20008. Imperfect large stout spine. Johnson Coll.

30868. Imperfect pyritized large spine, the exserted portion mea-
suring 0 25 in length. Purchased, 1856.

38126. Typical spine, the exserted portion measuring 0-4 in length,
and the base 0-14. Purchased, 1864.

288

SELACniI.

38543. Incomplete very large spine, abraded, with raised posterior
face. Purchased, 1 864.

37747. Imperfect largo sjnno ; locality unknown. Purchased, 1 863.

P. 419. Very largo typical spine, O'Sl.o in length.

Presented by F. Seymour Haden, Esq., 1882.

P. 2164. Gently curved anterior spine, showing denticles?, exserted
0'3.55. Eyerton Goll.

P. 2165 b. Large curved spine, somewhat broken. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2186 d, P. 2163-9. Three imperfect large stout spines.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 2301, P. 2823. Two largo curved spines, the exserted portion of
the first measuring 0'33 in length. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2810, P. 2813-4, P. 2816. Four abraded largo spines.

Etmislcillen Coll.

P. 2811,2812 a. Two large spines in matrix, somewhat emshed,
one with very largo posterior denticles and exserted 0’35,
the other almost wanting denticles and exserted 0-38.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2812. Spine, wanting most of the posterior denticles, the exserted
portion measuring 0-24 in length, and the base 0‘1.

Enniskillen Coll.

20007 a. Nearly complete exserted portion of a stout spine, with
very largo denticles upon a posterior ridge, and the stout
lateral ribs much interrupted proximally ; Weston, near
Bath. Johnson Coll.

P. 2819. Very similar spine, more comjdeto, originally about 0-44
in total length. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3157. Crushed and abraded curved spine. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2185 a. Small spine, with posterior denticles, exserted 0'235.

Eyerton Coll.

33288, 35726. Two imperfect large stout spines, perhaps posterior
dorsal. Purchased, 1858, 1859.

20007. Posterior spine, wanting the greater portion of the base and
posterior denticles, exserted 0-225, and the hinder face
notably flattened; Weston. Johnson Coll.

CESIBACIONTID^.

289

P. 2165 c. Smallspine, probably posterior, with large denticles upon
a median ridge, exserted 0'145 . Jigerton ColL

P. 2165. Similar spine, exserted 0'2. Egerion Coll-.

P. 2818. Imperfect posterior spine. Enniskillen Cdl.

P. 4175. Fragment of spine ; Lias, Normandy. Enniskillen CoU.

Acrodus anningise, Agassiz.

1837. Hgbodm curtus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 49, pi. viii. b.
6gs. 4-6 (dorsal fin-spines).

1839. Acrodus undulatus—- Acrodus anningice, L. Agassiz, torn. cit.
p. 144, pi. xxii. fig. 4.

1804. Acrodus anningice, E. C. II. Day, Geol. Mag. vol. i. p. 67,
pis. iii., iv.

'Eype. Series of teeth, artificially arranged ; British Museum.

A species closely related to A. nohilis, but smaller, the principal
teeth not measuring more than 0'03 in length. Coronal contour
ot the teeth less rounded than in A. nohilis, and the superficial
wrinkles coarser. Anterior teeth moderately elongated, almost in-
variably with well-marked lateral prominences ; a median symphy-
sial series present.

It is stiU uncertain whether this “ species ” may not be founded
— at least in part — upon the immature individuals of A. nohilis ;
hut the Collection does not afford any very definite evidence of a
passage between the two forms, and one specimen at least (No. .37371)
seems to show that in A. nohilis the dorsal fin-spines were relatively
smaller than in A. anningice. In this species, however, as in A.
nohilis, the principal teeth of one jaw appear to be smaller than
those of the other ; and the former is proved to he the upper by
specimen No. P. 2140.

Form. 4" Icoc. Lower Lias : Dorsetshire.

All the following specimens were obtained from the neighbourhood
of Lyme Eegis.

P. 2731. Tyix; specimen, consisting of forty teeth, probably found
associated, but artificially and incorrectly arranged.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3153. The crushed anterior portion of a small fish, exhibiting a
few of the teeth, shagreen, and the first dorsal fin-spine.
The shagreen consists of minute slender conical tubercles,
longitudinally grooved, and sometimes fused into groups
of two and three, as in Ilyhodus. The dorsal spine is
much compressed laterally, and marked by sharp even
/ ribs, widely spaced. Enniskillen Coll,

u

290 SELAOHli.

P, 2733. Twelve teeth associated with the anterior dorsal fin-spine
of a still smaUer fish. The spine exhibits very large
denticles upon the slightly convex posterior face ; and the
lateral ridges are widely spaced, and rounded and nodose

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3152. Very fragmentary remains of the anterior portion of a
larger fish. A few scattered teeth arc shown, in associa-
tion with three imperfect ec]ihalic spines, and the crushed
first dorsal fin- spine. The latter is much abraded and
broken, but the superficial longitudinal ridges upon the
proximal portion are evidently more rounded than in that
of No. P. 3153, and faintly nodose ; and the posterior den-
ticles seem to bo fixed in the lower part upon a median
elevation of the hinder face. Enniskillen Coll.

38125. Remains of the head, with scattered teeth, portions of three
cephalic spines, and shagreen, in association with the first
dorsal fin-spine. The fin-spine is more perfect than in
the last specimen, and exhihits no prominent elevation
upon the posterior face ; in other features it is similar.

Purchased, 1 804.

l-'ig. 9.

Associated Leetli ul’ Acrodm annwrji(Bj Agaesiz.— Lower

(No. 37371). Nat, size.

Lius, Lynie Kegis

37371. Twenty-throe teeth associated with the two dorsal flu-spines.

Five of the teeth and the spines arc described and figured
by E. C. II. Day, loc. cit. ; the figures of the teeth being
reproduced in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 9)-

Purchased, 1863.

CESTRACIONTIB^.

291

P. 3155. Remains of a largo head, exhibiting fragments of car-
tilage, shagreen, and several teeth. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2146. An imperfect laterally compressed head, exhibiting teeth,
shagreen, and the bases of three cephalic spines, 'fhe
outlines of none of the cartilages can be discerned, but
the left ptcrygo-quadrate is pressed slightly upwards, thus
exposing the dentition of the right side, as shown, of the
natural size, in PI. XV. fig. 1. The lateral prominences of
the anterior teeth are scarcely evident, and thus suggestive
of A. yiobUis ; but the coarseness of the coronal markings
and the form of the principal teeth point rather to
A. annimjice, with which the specimen is here provision-
ally associated. The teeth of series ii. to n. are readily
recognizable; and two teeth in front and one behind
ajipear to be respectively referable to series i. and vii.
The last-named tooth measures O’Oll in length, and is
notably broad, with blunt extremities. In series ix. and
III. the teeth are elevated to an obtuse point, with the
longitudinal division-line of the coronal ornament forming
a slight crest ; and they measure respectively about 0-015
and 0-02 in length. The teeth of the succeeding series
are more flattened; those of no. rv. are broadest near
the anterior extremity, measuring 0-023 ; those of no. v.
(0-025 in length) are narrow in front and relatively broad
in the posterior halt, where each is almost divided into
two by a transverse suture. In series vi. the teeth taper
only slightly at each extremity, though most behind, and
these attain a length of about 0-017. The shagreen is
similar to that already described upon the head of llybodus
ddahei hei (p. 2G0, PI. VIII.), the largest tubercles being
upon the frontal region, and the smallest behind ; but the
l.atter, so far as preserved, do not exhibit any fusion into
groups of three. Egerton Coll.

P. 2735. Fragment of a head, exhibiting a cephalic spine and
numerous teeth. The cephalic spine, of which the pro-
jecting portion is almost perfect, is very similar to that of
llybodus. The teeth are characteristic of the species,
and those situated anteriorly have distinct lateral pro-
minences. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2145. Fragment apparently of the upper jaw showing minute
comparatively blunt shagreen-granules and some of the
principal teeth. The crown of one of the larger teeth is

c 2

292

SEIACHII .

slightly divided into two unsymmetrical emincuces, one
smaller than the other, with traces of lateral denticles.

Ef/erton Coll.

P. 2734. night ])torygo quadrate and mandibular cartilages, with
about twenty teeth, much displaced. Enniul'iUen Coll.

39925. Plaster cast of the dentition probably of the lower jaw,
described and figured by E. C. II. Day, loe. cit., and shown
iu the accompanying woodcut (fig. 10); original in the
collection of S. H. Deckles, Esq., of St. Leonards.

Purchased, 18G0.

P. 2732. Portions of the dental series ii. to vi. of one half of a
similar, but larger jaw, shown of the natural size iu
PI. XIV. fig. 4. The length of the teeth of the successive
soi'ies is as follows : — ii. O’OlO, ui. 0'024, iv. 0'028,
V. 0-U24, VI. 0-UlG. Slight indications of lateral pro-
niineiices arc observed in nearly all the teeth, and the
coronal contour is much raised in scries n. to iv. In
series v. the teeth are very obtuse iu front, but gradually
taper behind : and those of no. vi. are comparatively
narrow, tapering at each extremity. Ennislcillai Coll.

32751. A group of teeth, also probably of the lower jaw, having
less elevated crowns than iu the last B])ecimon.

Purchased, 1857.

P. 2137-8. Three small groups of typical teeth. Ejerton Coll.

32752. Eive detached teeth, the crown of one divided into two well-
marked eminences, and three of the others approaching a
similar form. Purchased, 1857.

P. 2139. A posterior series of four small teeth, and nine detached
teeth. Egerton Coll.

P. 2745. Elongated principal tooth, the crown marked by two
faint transverse constrictions. Ennislcillen Coll.

As already remarked (p. 207) the dorsal fin-spines of Acrodus
anningite can scarcely be distinguished from those of llyhodus
reticulalus. They were first described by E. C. II. Day (Joe. cit.),
who pointed out that the second dorsal formed the t3 pe of Agas.siz s
Uyhodus nirlus. The first dorsal is long and slender, and seems to
differ from that of //. retieidatus iu the more rounded character of
the ribs and the relulivoly wider spaces between those placed
anteriorly. The posterior face bearing the denticles is not much

CESTRACIONTTD^,

293

294

SELACniI.

raised, only slightly convex. Most of the following specimens may

be assigned to this species.

(i.) Anterior dorsal fin^spines.

28282. Large crushed specimen in matrix. Purchased^ 1853.

29012. Incomplete specimen. Pur chased, 1854.

P. 2206. Imperfect pyritized spine. Eijerion Coll.

P. 2166 a. Imperfect specimen, exsertod about 0’24. E(/erton Coll.

P. 2750. Much crushed spine, showing few denticles, exsorted 0’4.

Ennisl'Ulen Coll.

P. 2803-4. Two imperfect specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5007. Fine specimen, exserted about 0'26 ; the posterior face
almost flat, and the denticles large and alternating.

Presented hy J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 5868. Spine with very largo denticles, 0'37 in length.

P. 2822. Type .specimen of Ilyhcdits carinatus, Agassiz probably
referable to the young of Acrodus anninyke.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2815, P. 2824. Two similar spines. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3167. Doubtful small spine, with widely spaced nodose ribs,
associated with a portion of the posterior spine.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2167. Small spine, with ornament very similar to that of
No. P. 2733. ’ Eyerton Coll.

(ii.) Posterior dorsal fin-sjoines.

P. 491. Specimen figured by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pi. viii. l>-
fig. 4 (Jlylodus ciirtus). Eyerton Coll.

P. 2808. Specimen figured by Agassiz, tom. ait. pi. viii. b. fig- ^
{Hyhodus curtus) ; Keynsham, near Hath.

Enniskillen Coll-

P. 2807, P. 2809. Two imperfect examples, the second labelled
“ Hyhodus curtus ” by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2821. Small spine, 0-2 in total length, perhaps correctly placed
here. Enniskillen Cull.

' Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 52, pi. ix. figs. 13, 14.

cestraciontih^.

295

P. 5867. Small spine, 0-33 in total length, with traces of moderately-
sized denticles, perhaps correctly placed here.

Acrodas leiodus, A. S. Woodward.

1844. Acrcdus leiodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. i. p. xxxviii (name
only).

1871. Acrodus, J. Phillips, Geol. Oxford, diagr. xxxvii. p. 177, fig. 10.
1887. Acrodus Modus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Jlag- [3] vol. iv. p. 101,
woodc.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Principal teeth not attaining to a greater length than 0-01.
Coronal contour gently rounded, with an obtuse median longitudinal
keel, and very little elevated even in the anterior teeth. Super-
ficial ridges large and rounded, disposed in the usual manner ; traces
of lateral prominences in the anterior teeth indistinct.

Form. Loc. Bathonian : Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucester-
shire.

P. 5873. Typo specimen, figured, of twice the natural size, in
PI. XIII. fig. G; Great Oolite, Minchinhampton, Glou-
cestershire. Byne Coll.

P- 5874. Six teeth, five abraded and broken, the sixth from the
syraphysial region, and shown, of twice the natural size,
in PI. XIII. fig. 5 ; Great Oolite, Minchinhampton.

Byne Coll.

36583, 41316. Three teeth ; Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield, Oxford-
shire. Purchased, 1862, 1869.

P. 2134. Three abraded and broken teeth bearing Agassiz’s MS.

label ; Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2753. Fourteeth, one shown, of thrice the natural size, in PI. XIII.

fig. 7 ; Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield. Enniskillen Coll.

30559. Tooth ; Forest Marble, Atford, near Bath.

Purchased, 1856.

Acrodus leiopleurus, Agassiz.

1839. Acrodus leiopleurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 146,
pi. xxii. fig. 5.

1887. Acrodus Mopleurus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [.3] vol. iv.

p. 102.

Type. Detached tooth ; Bristol Museum.

A small, imperfectly known species, characterized by the con-

296

SELACniI.

sidcrable elev ation of the dental crown, and the angularity of the
numerous branching superficial coronal wrinkles ; lateral pro-
minences in the known teeth distinct and large.

Form. TjOC. Bathonian : Gloucestershire.

P. 5875. Perfect tooth, described by the present writer, hr. cit., and
figured, of twice the natural size, in PI. XIIT. figs. 8, 8 « ;
Great Oolite, Minchinhampton. Byne Coll.

Acrodus hirudo, Agassiz.

1839. Acrodus hirudo, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 148, pi. xxii.
fig. 27.

1887. Acrodus hirudo, A. S. Woodward, Geol. IMag. [3] vol. iv. p. 102.
Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Principal teeth about 0-025 in length. Coronal contour gently
rounded, the surface marked by extremely fine wrinkles diverging
from a central faintly-marked longitudinal groove.

Form. 4’ hoc. Wealden : Sussex.

2706. Typo specimen, invcited in the figure given by Agassiz;

Tilgatc Forest. Muntell Coll.

P. 4994. A smaller more perfect tooth, described by the present
writer, lor. cit., and shown, of twice the natural size, in
PI. XIII. figs. 9, 9 a ; Telham, near Battle.

Presented hy ./. K. Lee, Esq., 1885.

Acrodus omatus, sp. nov.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

An imperfectly known species, founded upon the small tooth,
shown, of thrice the natural size, in PI. XIII. fig. 10. The dental
coronal contour is low and gently rounded, marked by a longi-
tudinal median wrinkle ; the laterally directed wrinkles are short,
stout, and marginal, but few extending to the middle line.

Form. Sf Loc. Wealden; Isle of Wight.

P. 5275, P. 5275 a. Type specimen and a more elongated abraded
tooth ; Brixton. Fox Coll.

Acrodus levis, A. S. Woodward.

1887. Acrodus levis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. it', p.
woodc. figs. 2, 3.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Principal teeth attaining a length of about 0-013. Coronal con-

CESTRACIONTIDiE.

297

tour rounded and much elevated, often notably smooth, being marked
only by a few sharp wrinkles. Anterior teeth with distinct indi-
cations of lateral prominences.

Form. Lot. Gault : Kent.

47293a, P. Ha, P. 11 b. Two type specimens, and a tooth with a
smoother coronal surface, shown, of twice the natural
size, in PI. XIV. figs. 5-7 ; Folkestone. Oardner Coll.

47223,47293-4, P. 11, P. 17. Six teeth; Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

Acrodus nitidus, A. S. Woodward.

1888. Acrodus A. S. Woodward, .‘X.nn. Mag. Nat. Hist. [C]

vol. ii. p, 135.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

An imperfectly recognizable species, founded upon the unique
tooth shown, of thrice the natural size, in PI. XIV. fig. 8. The
dental crown is low and rounded and remarkably smooth, the faint
wrinkles being only exhibited near the margin, though perhaps
partly destroyed by abrasion.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Bahia, Brazil.

P. 5536. Type specimen. Presented by Joseph Mawson, Esq., 1888.

Acrodus (?) illingworthi, Dixon.

18-50. Acrodus iUinyioorthi, F. Dixon, Foss. Suss. p. 301, pi. xxx.
figs. 11, 12, pi. xxxii. fig. 9.

1887. Acrodus (?) iUinyioorthi, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3J
vol. iv. p. 101.

1888. Acrodus (?) illinyworthi, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 200.

Type. Imperfect detached teeth ; British Museum.

A species of uncertain generic position founded upon teeth much
like those of Acrodus, but more elongated, and some very suggestive
of Orodus. Mosially, each tooth is considerably elevated, and there
are faint indications of numerous lateral denticles ; the coronal
wrinkles are numerous, prominent, and sharp.

Form. Loc. Chalk : Sussex, Surrey, and Kent.

25777-8. Two imperfect teeth, the type specimens figured by Dixon,
op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 11, 12 ; Southeram, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

49858. Typical tooth ; L. Chalk, Guildford, Surrey. Capron Coll.
39059. Typical tooth ; Dorking, Surrey. Bowerhank Coll.

298

SELACniI.

37161. Elongated tooth ; L. Chalk, Dover, Kent. IMrchaml, 1863.

P. 5879. Much elongated tooth ; Southeram.

J’resented hy the Rev. E. A. lUingivorth.

P. 2148. Similar tooth ; Sussex. Egerton Coll.

P- 2752. Imperfect similar tooth ; Southeram. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 5397. Fragments of throe similar teeth, associated; Lowes.

Presented hy P, /?. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

P. 5398. A comparatively short much rounded tooth, pertainitig
cither to this species or to A. levis ; referred to the latter
by the present writer in I’roc. Gool. Assoc, vol. x. p. 290 ;
Lewes. Presented hy P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

The following specimens may pertain either to Acrodus or Ces-

traeion : —

22492. Two small teeth with a longitudinal ridgo-fold, and the
lateral markings semi-reticulate, of the form namced yfcTO-
dns semirugosus, T. I’lieninger, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. iii.
(1847), p. 227, pi. ii. fig. 17 ; Corallian, Schnaitheim,
Wurtemberg. Purchased, 1848.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,

but there are no examples in the Collection

Acrodus affinis, A. E. lleuss, Verstcin. biihm. Kreideform. pt. i.
(1845), p. 1, pi. ii. figs. 3, 4; A. Fritsch, llcpt. u. Fische
bohm. Kreideform. 1878, p. 15, fig. 37; II. B. Geinitz,
Pal0contogr. vol. XX. pt. ii. (1875), p. 212. — Pliinorkalk ;
Bohemia and Saxony.

Acrodus angustus, C. G. Giobcl, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische (1848),
p. 327. — Lias ; Quedlinburg.

Acrodus emmonsi, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872,
p. 163. “yicrodits, Emmons, N. Carolina Gcol. Surv.
185 f, p. 244, fig. 97. — Miocene ; North Carolina ” (?).

Acrodus jlemingiunus, L. G. do Koninck, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xix. (1863), p. 17, pi. viii. fig. 5. — Productus Lime-
stone ; Salt Range, Punjab, India.

Acrodus humUis, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872,
p. 163; Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Torrit. (U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 301, pi. xxxvii. fig. 5. — Cre-
taceous ; New Jersey,

CESTK ACIONTID iE .

299

Acrodus immarffbuttus, H. von ifcyer, Palseontogr. vol. i. (1849),
p. 232, pi. xxviii. fig. 11.— Upper Musehelkalk ; Silesia.
[OroJ.us triadeits, Schmid (Nova Acta Acad. Cms. Leop.-
Car. vol. xxix. no. 9, p. 11, pi. i. figs. 38-40), is also
referred to this species by H. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst.
u. Muschelk. Oberschlesieu, 1865, p. 02.]

Acrodus microdus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
livr. 2 (1880), p. Ill, pi. v. figs. 4—11. — Trias ; Wurzburg.

Acrodus personati, F. A. Quenstedt, Jura (1858), p. 339, pi. xlvi.
fig. 11. — Braun Jura/3; Wiirteraberg.

Acrodus pulvinatus, H. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Muschelk.
Oberschlesien, 1865, p. 117: Stropdtodus pulvimhts,
E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Cms. Leop.-Car. vol. xxix.
no. 9 (1861), p. 13, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3. — Upper Muschel-
kalk ; Jena. [To this species, also, H. Eck (op. eit.) adds
A. gaillardoti, H. von Meyer, Palrcontogr. vol. i. p. 229,
pi. xxviii. figs. 3-5.]

(?) Acrodus riff/osus : Strophndus riujosus, E. E. Schmid, loe. eit.
p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 4. — Upper Musehelkalk; Jena. [This
species is accepted and recorded from France by II. E.
Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xi. (1883), p. 493,
pi. xii. fig. 1 ; but the name is regarded as a synonym of
A. (jaillardoti by H. Eck, oj). eit. p. 110.]

Acrodus simplex'. Ilyhodus simphx, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr.
vol. i. (1849), p. 228, pi. xxviii. fig. 42. — Musehelkalk ;
Silesia.

Acrodus spitzbergensis, J. W. Hulke, Bihang k. Svenska Vet.-
Akad. Handl. vol. i. (1873), no. 9, p. 10. — Saurie Hook,
Spitzbergen.

Acrodus suhstriatus, H. Eck, op. eit. p. 62 : Strophodus suh-

slriatus, E. E. Schmid, loc. eit. p. 12, pi. ii. figs. 6, 7.

Upper Musehelkalk ; Jena.

(?) Acrodus virgatus: Strophodus virgatus, E. E. Schmid, Joe. eit.
p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 5. — Keuper ; Jena.

Teeth of Acrodus, from the Ilhoctio or Lias of Linksfield, near
Elgin, are also figured by P. Duff, ‘ Geology of Moray,’ 1842, pi. iv.
figs. 12, 13. A species closely related to A. lateralis, from Chen-
deroo, in the Punjab, India, is recorded by L. G. de Koninck, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xix. (1863), p. 16.

A doubtful tooth, from the Miocene of Turin, is also named
Acrodus gastaldi, 0. G. Costa, Ann. Accad, Aspir. Nat. Napoli, [3]
vol. iii. (1864), p. 30, pi. v. fig. 1 : another, from the tipper Eocene

300

SELACniI.

of Bavaria, is named Acmlus Jlexnosm, K. E. Schafhiiutl, Siid-
Bayerns Loth. Geogn. (1803), p. 244, pi. Ixiv. fig. 2.

The following ribbed dorsal spines and hook-liko cephalic spines
pertain to various species of Ifi/hodwf and Acrodus, but cannot yet
bo even approximately dotermined. They may bo conveniontly
arranged in stratigrapliieal order : —

I. MusenEtKALK. (a) Dorsal Fm-sjnnes.

48205. Basal portion of a largo spine, assignable to the so-called
Jfyhodus major, Agassiz ' ; Luneville. I’lireltased, 1877.

19685, 21509. Fragments of two smaller spines; Bayreuth, Bavaria.

Ptirchased, 1845, 1847.

P. 2160, P. 2175. Imperfect small spine, and fragment of one still
smaller ; the latter labelled “ Ifyhoiliis dimidiatus, Agass.,”
by Egerton, but not showing notches in the posterior
denticles, and more resembling TT. femiis, Agassiz ^ ; Bay-
reuth. Kyerton Coll.

P. 2780. Small broken spine ; Bayreuth. Ennidrillen Coll.

II. Keupeu.

P. 2178. Short dorsal fin-spine; Schlotheim, near Gotha.

Egerton Coll.

III. Lias. — In addition to numerous fragments, the following in-
determinable spines from the Lower Lias of I^yme Begis,
Dorsetshire, may be enumerated : —

(a) Dorsal Fin-spines.

30869, 32748-9, 41381. Five small spines, approaching the spine
named If.crassispimis. Purchased, 185(5-.57, 1809.

P. 152. Slender spine, the exserted portion measuring O'l.

Purchased, 1880.

P. 425. Two smaller spines. Purchased, 1882.

’ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 62, pi. viii.A figs. 7-12; (?) II. von
Meyer, Palaioiitogr. vol. i. (1849), p. 222, pi. xxx. figs. 3-6 ; P. Eoeuier, Geol.
von Obcrschlesien (1870), pi. lii. fig. 21.

“ Ij. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. .63, pi. viii. h. figs. 13, 14.

® Jj. Agassiz, tom. eit. p. 64, pi. viii. b. fig. 16. (?) II. von Meyer, Palicontogr.
vol. i. (1849), p. 223, pi. xxx. fig. 0 ; II. v. Meyer & T. Plieninger, Boitr. Pal.
Wiintembergs, p. 60, pi. xii. fig. 09. (f)0. Oiebel, Zeilsdir. gesainint. Natnrw.
vol. viii. (1866), p. 426, pi. i. fig. 5.

CESTEACIOirnD^.

301

P. 2167. Eleven small spines, mostly with large posterior denticles,
some approaching “ U. crassisjnnus,” some much larger.

Eyerton CoU,

P. 2828. Type specimen of 11. crassispinus described by Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 48, pi. viii. b. fig. 7.

Enniskillen Coll,

P. 2815, P. 2823, P. 2829, P. 4427-9. Twenty small spines, some
like “ H. crassispinus” some more slender and more finely
ribbed, others much larger. Enniskillen Coll,

(h) Cephalic Epines.

36164. Jfearly complete spine with small protuberances at the base
of the exserted portion, the so-called Ephenonchus liamatus,
Agass. ' Purchased, 18C1.

41350. Three e.xamples. Purchased, 1869.

38538. Exserted portion of a similar spine. Purchased, 1864.

P. 2204. Three more or less complete examples, one with broad
rounded base, the othere with the base more compre.ssed ;
one is labelled in Agassiz’s haiidwiiting, E^dieiwtulius
hamatus, Ag.” Eyerton CoU.

P. 2772. Seven specimens, five nearly perfect, showing a single
barb. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4630. Two spines, associated with cartilage and shagreen.

Enniskillen Coll,

IV. Lower Oolite. (a) Dorsal Fin-spines.

47144. Type specimen of Hybodus crassus, Agassiz, described and
figured, tarn. cit. p. 47, pi. x. fig. 23, said to have been
obtained from the Inferior Oolite of Eraunston, Oakham ;
the locality cannot be accurate, and is given by Agassiz as
llodmore Pits, near Towcester. Eharji Coll.

47439. A small finely-ribbed compressed spine, the exserted portion
measuring about 0'09 in length, and its base-line very
oblique ; posterior denticles small, though mostly de-
stroyed ; Inferior Oolite, Stamford, Lincolnshire.

Sharp Coll.

P. 2153. Extremity of a spine resembling that named Hyhodus apn-
adis, Agassiz’; Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield. Erjerlon CoU.

' L. Agas.siz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843) p. 2U2, pi. xxii. a. figs. 12-14.

^ Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 43, pi. i. fig. 22. This is not H. apicalis,

Agats., tom. cit. p. 195, pb xxiii. figs. 16-20.

302

SELACnil.

P. 3831.' Type spocimon of JJyhodus dorsalis, Agassiz, described and
figured, tom. cit. p. 42, pi. x. fig. 1 ; Stoucsfield Slate,
Stonesficld. Ennislcillen Coil-

's. 2159. The fragmentary extremities of two similar spines ; Stoncs-
field. Eijerton Coll.

47148. Portion of a nearly similar spine, more curved, with larger
posterior denticles ; Great Oolite, Blisworth, Northamp-
tonshire. Sharp Coll.

P. 2904. Type specimen of Ilylodus maryhialis, Agassiz, described
and figured, tom. cit. p. 43, pi. x. fig. 18; Stonesfiold
Slate, Stonesfield '. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 490. Smaller fragment assigned to II. maryinalis, Agassiz, tom.

cit. pi. X. figs. 19, 20; Stonesfield. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2832. Portion of still smaller spino, labelled “ Ilyhodus maryin-
alis, Agass.,” in Agassiz’s handwriting ; Stonesfield.

Enniskillen Coll.

47146-7. T wo imperfect abraded stout spines, larger than the
foregoing ; Great Oolite, Orton, near Peterborough.

Sharp Coll.

P. 2161. Extremely abraded but less incomplete example of the
same spine ; Groat Oolite, Stonesfield Eyerton Coll.

47143. Worn extremity of an equally large and stout spino; Great
■ Oolite, Wcodon, Buckinghamshire. Sharp Coll.

V. Kimmeridge Clay. (a) Dorsal Fin-spines.

P. 489. Typo specimen of Ilyhodus acutus, Agassiz, described and
figured, tom. cit. p. 45, pi. x. figs. 4-0 Lower Kim-
meridgo Clay, Shotover, near Oxford. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2157. Two fragments of nearly similar spines, the larger speci-
men showing the posterior dent icles more clearlj" separated
into two longitudinal series than in the type ; Lower Kim-
mcridge Clay,Kimmeridge Bay, Dorsetshire. Eyerton Coll.

’ A fragment from the Upper Corallian of Hanover is al.so assigned to this
species by K. Fricke, Pnlcconlogr. vol. xxii. (187.')), p. 3!)0, pi. xxii. lig. 5. See
also C. Struckmann, Wcalcleubild, Umgegend Hannover (1880), p. 01, pi. ii'-

fig- L „

“ Dorsal fin-spines from Stonesfield are also figured under the names oi
H. dorsalis, H. apkalis, and H, marginatus, by J. I'liillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 178,
diagr. xxxviii. figs. 1, 2, 6.

A fragment from the Upper Corallian of Hanover is also assigned to this
species by K. Fricke, Palmontogr. vol. xxii, (1875), p. 300, pi. xxii. fig. 0-

CESIEACIONIID^.

303

41400. Larger distal portion of a dorsal fin-spine, showing the
posterior denticles less clearly divided into two series
above than below ; Lower Kimmeridge Cla}% near Wey-
mouth, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 18G0.

P. 155. Imperfect spine, figured in Damon’s ‘ Geol. of Weymouth,’
Append, pi. X. fig. 4 ; near Weymouth. The bases of
the lower posterior denticles are seen distinctly separated
into two series ; and the form of the transverse section
of the upper part of the fragment is altered by the
breaking away of the anterior margin. Purc/uised, 1881.

41177, 41222, 41399. Fragments of larger spines, with more
numerous lateral longitudinal ridges ; near Weymouth.
One specimen shows three irregular series of posterior
denticles. Purchased, 1808-69.

46335. Portions of a spine closely resembling the type specimen of
Utjhodus acutus in size and characters ; Kimmeridge Clay,
Foxhangers, near Devizes, Wiltshire. (Juunington CoU.

(b) Cejihalie Hinne.

41876. Exserted portion of spine; near Weymouth.

Purchased, 1869.

VI. PujiBECK. — The following s{)Ocimens were aU obtained from the
neighbourhood of Swanage, Dorsetshire.

(a) Dorsal Fin-spines.

33476. Tw'o spines indistinguishable from H. dorsalis, Aga.ss., of
the StonesBeld Slate. Purchased, 1868.

35569. A less perfect similar spine. Purchased, 1859.

44847 a. Fragment of a more curved spine, nearly similar.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esg., 1873.

21346, 24725. A larger more robust spine, and a portion of another.

Purchased, 1847, 1849.

46908. Similar spine, nearly complete, but wanting posterior den-
ficles- PureJutsed, 1875.

21347-8. Two imperfect crushed spiucs of the form named Ilyhodus
strictus, Agassiz '. Purchased, 1847.

21974. Two imixirfect similar spines. Purchased, 1848.

' Poiss. Foss. Tol. iii. (1837), p. 45, pi. x. figs. 7-9.

304

BELACmi.

28447. A nearly perfect similar spine, the exserted portion measuring
0’08 in length, and exhibiting very prominent lines of
growth. Cminimjton Coll.

44847. More slender nearly perfect spine, of the same type, the
exserted portion measuring 0'007 in length.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

48375. Short small spine, probably of the same species.

Purchased, 1877.

P. 2170. A very typical spine of 11. strictus. Egerton Coll.

P. 2835. Three nearly perfect similar spines, and one less complete.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2836. Basal half of a slightly larger specimen.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2837. Smaller imi)erfect spine, probably young.

Enniskillen Coll.
(b) Cephalic Spine.

P. 2205. Exserted portion, and fragment of the base of a cephalic
spine. Egerton Coll.

Vll. Wkalden. (a) Dorsal Fin-sqnnes.

2686, 2689. Tj'pe specimens of Uyhodus striatulus, Agassiz, I’oiss.

Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 44, pi. viii. h. fig. 1, the largest
described as the dorsal fin of a fish allied to Silurus, m
Mantell’s Foss. Tilgute Forest (1827), p. 58, pi. x. fig. 4;
Tilgato Forest, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

2686 a, 2687, 2689 a, 2703, 2708. Five fragmentary spines, referable
to Ilnbodus subcarinatus, Agassiz ’ ; Tilgato Forest.

Mantell Coll.

26036, 28418, 28421. Abraded nearly complete specimen, and two
fragments of similar spines ; Tilgato Forest.

Mantell CoH.

P. 4992. Incomplete spine ; St. Leonards, Sussex.

Presented by ,J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 4918. Two fragmentary similar spines ; Hastings.

Dawson CoU.

* PoisB. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 40, pi. x. figs. 10-12. See also figure
Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] vol. ii. (1829), pi. vi. fig. 9.

CESIEACIONTID^.

305

(b) Cephalic Sjtines.

2691. T}'pe specimen of Sphenonehus elongatus, Agassiz, tom. cit.

p. 202, pi. xxii.a. fig. 18 ; Tilgate Forest. Mantell Coll.

P. 4919. One small spine, the basal portion of another, and the
exserted portion of one larger spine ; Hastings.

Dawson Coll.

VIII. Cretaceous. (a) Dorsal Fin-spitws.

47228. Portion of a small spine, with few widely-spaced sharp ribs ;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

30260, 35168, 35352-3, 35461. Nine more or less abraded frag-
ments of spines ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased.

P. 2173. Two similar fragments ; Cambridge. Egerton Coll.

P. 4328. Another fragment ; Cambridge. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2830. Large abraded and crushed spine, described under the
name of Hyhodws complaiuitus, 11. Owen, Geol. Hag. vol. vi.
(1869), p. 482 ; Upper Greensand, Maidstone, Kent.

Enniskillen Coll.

(b) Cephalic Spine.

P. 2296. Portion of a spine equalling those of the Liassic Hybo-
donts in size ; Grey Chalk, Dover, Kent.

Presented by Mrs. Burton, 1882.

The following dorsal fin-spines resembling those of Hyhodus and

Acrodus have also been named: —

Hyhodus acanthophoi-us, T. C. Winkler, Archiv, Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
livr. 2 (1880), p. 122, pi. vi. figs. 19-21, pi. iii. figs. 22-
26. — Keuper ; Wurzburg.

Hyhodus angulatus, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. iv, (1841),
p. 141, pi. xvi. fig. 17.— Trias ; S.E. Tyrol.

Hyhodus dewalquei, H. Forir, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiv.
(1887), p. 29, pi. ii. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Belgium.

Hyhodus ekhwaldi, V. Kiprijanoff, BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
1853, pt. i. p. 331, pi. vi. ; ihid. 1855, pt. i. p. 392, pi. ii.
— Cenomanian ; Government of Kursk, Kussia.

Hyhodus ensatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 51,
pi. ix. fig. 12. — Lower Lias ; Lyme EegLs.

X

30G

SELACIIII.

Ihjhodas Jltloni, W. Bunker, Nordd. Woaldeiibild. (184(5), p. 07,
pi. xiii. fig. 34. — Wcalden ; N. (Icrmany.

Jli/hodus furcatostriatiis, K. Martin, Zeitschr. deutsch. gcol. <jes.
vol. xxvi. (1874), p. 819, pi. xxix. figs. 3, 4. — llhrotic ;
Ilildeskeim, Hanover.

Hijhodus hexMjonus, G. von Miinstor, o^. cii. iv. (1841), p. 141,
pi. xvi. fig. 10. — Trias; S.E. Tyrol.

llyhodus laviusctdus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 40, pi. x. figs. 24-20 ;
(? ) II. von Mcyor & T. Plieninger, Beitr. Pul. W iirttonibergs
(1844), p. 108, pi. xii. fig. 07. — llbiotic ; Aust Cliffi
Bristol, and (?) Wiirtcmborg. Memacanthus.'j

llyhodus leptodm, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 44, pi. x. figs. '

Form, and loc. unknown.

llyhodus pliiodus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 45, pi. x. figs. 13-1 1
Form, and loc. unknown.

llyhodus punctatus, J. W. Bavis, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol.
xxxvii. (1881), p. 417, pi. xxii. fig. 2. — lUuetic; Aust
Cliff, Bristol.

Leiacanthus falcatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 55, pi. viii. fiS- 1®'
— Muschelkalk ; I.undville, E. France.

Lnaciinthus (llyhodus) o^xttoivitznnus, U. von Moyer, Palieoutogr.
vol. i. (1849), p. 221, pi. xxx. fig. 1. — Muschelkalk;
Silesia.

Leiacanthus (llyhodus) tarnowitzanvs, II. von Mcyor, tom,
p. 221, pi. xxx. fig. 2. — Muschelkalk ; Silesia.

The so-called llyhodus panderi (E. von Eichwald, Leth. Kossica,
vol. i. 1800, p. 1003), from the Carboniferous Limestone of the
Government of Toula, Russia, is founded upon a spine probably of
Ctenacanthus.

A small cephalic dermal spine (Spdienonchus) from the Trias of
Wurtemberg, now in the Stuttgart Museum, is named Ceratodus
heteromorphns, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1838), p.
pi. xviii. fig. 32. Other spines arc figured under the same name by
F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Potrefakt., 3rd edit. (1883), p. 298, pi-
xxiv. figs. 9-13.

Some similar spines from the llhaetic Bone-bed of Aust Cliff, near
Bristol, arc named Sphenomdius (llyhodus) ohtusus, J. W. Bavis,
Quart. Journ. Geol. 8oo. vol. xxxvii. (1881), p. 420, ^d. xxii. fig-
See also T. Webster, Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] vol. ii. p. 35, ph ''"I-
fig- (** Tooth of fish ”), where a Wealdcm example is noticed.

“ SpJienonchus” is also recorded from the Lias of Weston, near
Bath (ilag. Nat. Hist. n. s. vol. iii. p. 282), and the Wcalden of
■ Sandown, Isle of Wight (ibid. p. 279).

CESTBACIOSIID^.

307

Genus ASTERACANTHUS, Agassiz.

[I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1837, i>. 31.]

Syn. Strophodm, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1838, p. 110.

Curtodus, II. E. 8auvage, Catal. Poiss. Form. Second. Iloulonnals
(M^m. Soc. Acad. lioulogne-sur-Mer, yol. ii.), 1807, p. 53.

Principal teeth elongated, irregularly quadrate, with slightly
arched, but flattened, crown ; sympliysial teeth few, relatively large,
much arched, without lateral denticles, longitudinally keeled ; all
superficially ornamented by reticulate markings. Dorsal tin-spines
marked by stellate tubercles, sometimes in part fused into short
longitudinal ribs ; two posterior longitudinal series of denticles
placed mesially. Large hook-shaped, semi-barbed spines present
upon the head. Notochord persistent.

The teeth and spines have hitherto only been found associated in
the type species ', and it is thus necessary at present to retain the
duplicate provisional names for all others. As in the case of
Ifyhodus and Acrodus, the superficial ornamentation of the dorsal
fin-spines is so variable, that no species founded upon these fossils
alone can be regarded as satisfactorily defined.

Asteracanthus oraatissimus, Agassiz.

1753. Snout of gome animal of the JUh tribe, II. Baker, Phil. Trans,
p. 118, pi. vi.

1837. Agteracaulhug omaliggimug, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 31,
pi. viii.

1838. Strophodug reticulatug, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 123, pi. xvii.

1838. Strophodug gubreticulatug, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 125, pL xviii.

figs. ^10.

1840. Strophodug radiatug, G. von Miinster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. p. 47,
pi. iii. fig. 14.

1848. Agteracanthm preuggi, \V. Dunker, Paheontogr. vol. i. p. 188,
pi. x.vri. fig. 3.

1851. Agteracaathug ornatiggimtu, AV. Dunker, Palaeontogr. vol. i.
p. 310, pi. xxxvii. fig.s. 1-7.

1855. Agteracaulhug papillosus, Sir P. Egerton, Figs, and Descrips.
Brit. Org. Bemains (Mem. Geol. Surv.), dec. viii. no. 3, p. .3.

1801. Agteracantkug omaliggimug, AA'agner, Abh. k. bay. Akad.
AViss., math.-phys. CL vol. ix. p. 317.

1804. Strophodug gubreticulatug, J. Tliurmnnn & A. Etallon, Letb. Brun-
trutana, (Xouv. Mem. Soc. llelv. Sci. Nat. vol. xx.) p. 432, pi. ki.
figs. 10, 20.

1864. Agteracauthug omatiggimug, 11. Damon, Geol. AVeymouth, Suppl.
pi. X. fig. 2.

' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. 1888, p. 336, pi. xii.

x2

308

SELACmi.

1868. Stropkodus ratisbonensts, C. W. vou Giimbol, Oeogn. Ilesclireib.
Ostbay. Grenzgeb. (Googn. Beschreib. Konigr. Bay., pt. ii.), p- 762,
woodc. '

1860. Strophodtis medius, 11. Owen, Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 103, pi. vii.

1876. Asteracmdhux ornalissimus, K. Fricke, Palroontogr. vol. xxii.
p. 387, pi. xxii. fig. 4.

1875. Asteracanthua preusii, K. Fricke, tom. cit. p. 388, pi. xxii. fig. !•

1876. Strophodm reticulatng, K. Fricke, tom. cit. p. 391, pi. xxi. fig. 16.

1888. Aateracanthus ornaimimtta, var. ficUonemu, A. S. Woodward,

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. p. 3!16, pi. xii.

Type. Dorsal fin-spine; Paris Museum of Natural History.

The type species, of very largo size, the oxscrtcd portion of the
dorsal fin-spine sometimes attaining a length of 0-48.

Dorsal fiti-spines robust, ornamented by relatively largo, rounded
or elongated, stellate tubercles, of unequal size, generally arranged
in longitudinal series, sometimes very irregular, rarely in part
fused into short ridges ; anterior face rounded, sometimes keeled ;
posterior face raised into a median longitudinal ridge, with two
series of largo denticles.

Crowns of the small hindermost teeth, and those of series in.)
IV. gently rounded, coarsely reticulated, without longitudinal keel,
but the most jirominent superficial markings often becoming in part
nearly parallel and transverse ; teeth of series i., ii. considerably
elevated, prominently keeled in the (? lower) jaw, less so in the
opposite, the superficial ornament partly reticulate, but the principal
markings more or less transverse and radiating or parallel.

That the dentition named Stropliodna reticulutujt by Agassiz
pertains to this species, is proved by specimens from the Oxford
Clay, described by the present writer, loc. cit. ; and the nearly
complete dentition of one jaw is made known by the so-called
S. medius.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Oolite : Normandy. Middle Oolite: 8. England.
Upper Oolite: 8. England, N. France, W. Switzerland, and N.
and S.W. Germany.

(i.) Dorsal Fin-spines.

P. 586. Type specimen of A. papillosus described by Egerton, loc.

cit. ; Great Oolite, Caen, Normandy. Eyerton Coll.

32731-2. Greater portion of a smaller spine, with very largo
posterior denticles, and the tubercular ornament finer than
in the last ; also a portion of a spine of similar size, with
relatively larger tubercles ; Caen. Tesson Coll-

^ This species i® described as obtained from the Oreensand; biitDr. K. A*
von Zittel informs the present writer that it was moat probably obtained from
tlie underlying Juraaeic rocks.

CESTKACIONIIDJE.

309

39473-4. Basal halves of two spines, with very numerous elongated
tubercles ; Lower Oxford Clay, Christian Malford, Wilt-
shire. Purchased, 1865.

P. 461-2. Two specimens figured hy Agassiz, tom. at. pi. viii.
figs. 7, 8 ; Kimmeridge Clay, Shotover, near Oxford.

Egerton CoU.

43157. Nearly complete spine, the exserted portion 0'225 in length ;

Kimmeridge Clay, Shotover. WetJiereU Coll.

P. 2545. Imperfect larger spine, the exserted portion about 0'35
in length ; Kimmeridge Clay, Ely, Cambridgeshire.

Ennislillen Coll.

P. 2860 a. Portion of smaller spine ; Kimmeridge Clay, Ely.

Enniskillen Coll.

40318. Distal third of small spine ; Kimmeridge Clay, Hartwell,
Buckinghamshire. Purchased, 1867.

46330. Two fragments ; Kimmeridge Clay, Devizes, W iltshire.

Cunnington Coll.

47331. Several small fragments ; Kimmeridge Clay, Swindon,
Wiltshire.

Presented hy the Swhulon Brick and Tile Co., 18/6.

50091. Fine, nearly complete spine, measuring 0'43 in length ;
Kimmeridge Claj’, Weymouth, Dorsetshire.

Purchased, 1879.

45924. Fragment of spine, showing very long base ; Kimmeridge
Cla}’, Weymouth. Purchased, 1874.

48162. Small spine, nearly complete and well-preserved, some of
the tubercles fused into short ridges; Kimmeridge Clay,
Sandsfoot, near Weymouth. Purchased, 187/.

P" 156. Much abraded small spine, the distal extremity broken
away and the preserved termination thus deceptive in
form, figured b}' Damon, op. cit. ; Kimmeridge Clay, M ey-
mouth. Purchased, 1881.

P- 2860. Incomplete small, very robust spine ; Kimmeridge Clay,
Weymouth. Enniskillen Coll.

P- 4682. Distal portion of small spine ; Kimmeridge Clay, Wey-
mouth. Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

310

REr.\ciiir.

P. 2210. Two fine spines, somcwliat abraded, Ibc cxserted portion
measuring 0'28 in length ; also three fragments ; Kim-
meridgo Clay, Kimmoridgo, Dorsetshire. K<jerton Coll.

25300. Greater portion of an enormous spine, the exsorted portion
originally about 0-48 in length, and the extremity exhi-

. biting longitudinal ribs, as in lfijhoclus\ Kimmeridgc Cla) ,

Havre, N. Trance. I’uixhased, 1850.

32547. Five fragments ; Kimmeridge Clay, Vaches Noircs, N. France.

Tesson Coll.

32771. Abraded fragment; Kimmeridge Clay, Boulogne, N. France.

I'lirfhased, 185 1.

P. 2211. Portion of very small spine ; Portlandian,8oleurc, Switzer-
land. E(jerton Coll.

P. 4183. Portion of larger spine ; Portlandian, Solourc.

KimisJcillen Coll.

(ii.) Cephalic Spine.

32772. Imperfect cxserted portion of a large cephalic spine, pro-
bably of this species ; Kimmeridge Clay, Boulogne.

I’ur chased, 185/.

(iii.) Dentition.

41378. A large portion of the dentition of the (? upper) jaw, de-
scribed by Owen {loc. cit.) under the niime of S. medius,
and shown, of one third the natural size, in the accom-
panying woodcut, tig. 11 ; Great Oolite, Caen, Normandy.

I'urehased, 18611'

Fig. 11.

Dentition of Aderacanthus ornatUdmus {Slnphodus medins, Owen).
Great Oolite, Caen, One third nat. size. (No. 41378.)

CESTRACIOXTID^.

311

32532. Three imperfect teeth, probably of this species ; Caen.

Tesson Coll.

41309. Tooth of series iv., wanting root ; Great Oolite, Calvados,
France. PurcJutsed 1869.

22494, 22496, 22658. Six teeth, doubtfully assigned to this species;

Corallian, Schnaitlieim, Wiirtemlmrg. Purchased, 1848.

P. 499. Anterior tooth, figured by Agassiz, torn. eit. pi. xvii. fig. 5,
and five other teeth; Kirameridge Clay, Shotover, near
Oxford. Efjerton Coll.

P. 2668. Twenty teeth, figured hy Agassiz, tom. eit. pi. xvii. figs. 1-4,
C-21; Shotover. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2669. Thirty similar teeth ; Shotover. Enniskillen Coll.

20288. Tooth of series iv. ; Kimmeridge Clay, Ely, Cambridgeshire.

Purchased, 1846.

41221, 41398. Fifteen teeth, including one example of the hin-
dermost series and two of series iv. ; Kimmeridge Clay,
Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1868, I860.

41874. Four hindermost teeth, two of series iv., and six other teeth ,
Weymouth. Purchased, 1869.

45925. Seven dental crowns; Weymouth. Purchased, 1874.

P. 2663. Two principal teeth, one being much abraded, and three

imperfect small anterior teeth ; eymouth.

Enniskillen Cull.

40464, 42103. Five teeth, more or less perfect, from the Keocommn
Bone-bed, Fotton, Bedfordshire, derived from Kimmeridge
^2^ P nvcftcLscd 9

46459. Two teeth ; Potton. Cunnington Coll.

P. 2126. Two imperfect teeth ; Portlandian, Soleure, Switzerland

Egerton Coll.

P. 5295. Tooth ; Upper Jurassic, Switzerland.

Presented hg the Duchess of St. Allans, 18i6.

P. 2. Eight more or less fragmentary large teeth, doubtful!} assigned
to this species ; Upper Jurassic, Favara Villabate, Sicily.

Purchased, 1879.

312

SELACHII.

Var. flettonensis. Tuberclns upon tho dorsal fin -spines com-
paratively small, fused into rldgos distally. Teeth of series iv.
narrow ; coronal prominence in most teeth well marked.

39475. Fragment of spine ; Upper 0.x.ford Clay, Chippenham.

Purchased, 1865.

P. 5881. Plaster cast of cephalic spine, dcscrihod and figured by the
present writer, loc. cit. p. 3-10, pi. xii. figs. 7, 8 ; Oxford
Clay, Flctton, near Peterborough.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

47440. Forty-four associated teeth ; Fletton. Two of series iv. are
shown, of tho natural size, in Plato XV. fig. 14.

Sharp CoTl.

I. Species founded upon detached dorsal Jin-spines with which the
teeth have not yet been found associated.

Asteracanthus aexnisulcatus, Agassiz.

1837. Asteracanthus semisulcatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. hu
p. 34, pi. vili. a. figs. 7, !), 10 (P fig. 8).

1871. Asteracanthus teuuistriatus, J. Phillips, Qeol. Oxford, p. 178,
diagi-. xxxviii. fig. 7.

Ty2>e. Imperfect dorsal fin-spine ; British Museum.

Dorsal fin-spine about equal in size to that of A. acutus, hut less
laterally compressed and more robust ; anterior face rounded, but
keeled ; posterior face slightly convex, with largo denticles. Orna-
mental tubercles relatively large, elongated, arranged in close series,
often fused iu part into short ribs.

The teeth of this species are probably described under the name
of Strophodus magnus, Agassiz.

Form. ^ Loc. Great Oolite : Oxfordshire.

P. 2855. Typo specimen described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit.

fig. 7 ; Stonosfield Slate, Stonesfleld. Ennislcillen Coil-
'S. 463. A smaller imperfect spine associated with this species by
Agassiz {loc. cit. fig. 8), but exhibiting striking resem-
blances to A. acutus ; Stonosfield. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2856—7. Two abraded fragments of spines equal in size to the
type, and one imperfect larger specimen ; Stonosfield.

Ennisl'illen Coll.

CESTBACIONIID^.

313

Asteracanthus acutns, Agassiz.

18.37. Aiteracanthus acutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. loss. vol. iii. p. 3.3,
pL viii. a. figs. 1-3.

Type. Distal half of dorsal fin-spine ; Bedford Museum.

Dorsal fin-spine attaining a length of about 0‘27, much laterally
compressed; anterior face keeled; posterior face slightly convex,
with large denticles. Ornamental tubercles relatively large, elon-
gated, arranged in close series, rarely fused into ribs in known
specimens.

The teeth of this species are probably described under the name
of Strophodus tenuis, Agassiz.

Form. ^ Loc. Great Oolite : Oxfordshire. Combrash : Northamp-
tonshire. (?) Forest Marble : Dorsetshire.

43616. Much abraded but nearly complete spine, originally measuring
about 0-27 in length ; Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield, Oxford-

Purchased, 1872.

28597. Extremity of spine, with some of the tubercles fused, pro-
bably of this species ; Stonesfield Slate, Eyeford.

Purchased, 1853.

B. 5377. Imperfect exsertod portion of spine ; Great Oolite, Enslow
Bridge, Oxfordshire. Purchased, 18 <7.

47131. Incomplete crushed exserted portion of spine ; Cornbrash,
Botolph’s Bridge, Peterborough. Sharp Coll.

B- 2853. An imperfect impression of a spine, doubtfully assigned
to this species, and labelled A. stutchburyi, Aga.ssiz *, by
the Earl of EnniskiUen ; Forest Marble, near Bridport,
Dorsetshire. Ennishillen Coll.

Asteracanthus verrucosus, Egerton.

1855. Asteracanthus verrucosus, Sir P. Egerton, Fi^. & Descrips.
Brit. Organic Remains (Mem. Geol. Surv.), dec. xiii. pi. ii*

Type. Dorsal fin-spine ; Dorchester Museum.

Dorsal fin-spine attaining a maximum length of about 0*32,
laterally compressed, not keeled anteriorly ; posterior face slightly
raised, with two series of large denticles. Ornamental tubercles
ver)’ numerous, closely arranged, mostly oval in form and disposed

* This name is given, vrithout definition, to a fossil said to have been derived
from the Lias of Charmouth, Dorset (Poiss. Foss. voL iii. p. 1(7).

314

SELAcnir.

in Innwitudiniil series, becoming fused into short ribs near the
apex. «

Teeth unknown.

Form, cj- Loc. rurbcok heds ; Swanage, Dorsetshire.

23407. Nearly complete small spine, detached from matrix.

Purchased, 1849.

Purchased, 1800.
Purchased, 1804.
Purchased, 1 807.

35571. Crushed si)inc, 0-3 in length.

38496. Broader imperfect sjjino.

40652. Smaller crushed spine.

44829. Nearly complete spine, detached from matrix, the extremity
abraded. Presented by Benjamin BrUjht, Esq., 18/3.

P. 2209, P. 2209 a. Well-preserved large spine, and a less perfect
smaller spine. Eyerton CoU.

P. 2859. An imperfect large spine, and two smaller specimens,
one much abraded. Ennislcillen CoU.

Asteracanthus granulosus, Egerton.

1855. Asteracanthus i/ranulusus, Sir V. Egerton, Figs. & Descripa.

Brit. Organic, Remains (Mem. (ieol. Surv.), dec. viii. pi. i-
1859. Asteracanthus yramdosns, I’ietet & Oampiclie, Foss. Terr. Cr5-
. tac6 St. Croix, p. 08, pi. xii. lig. 11.

Type. Dorsal fin-spine ; British Museum.

Dorsal fin-spine very similar iu form and proportions to that ot
A. verrucosus, but with the ornamental tubercles relatively smaller,
rounder, and less closely arranged.

Teeth unknown.

Form. ^ fiOC. Wealden: Tilgate Forest, Sussex. L. Neocomian :
Switzerland.

P. 565. Tj’pe specimen. Eyerton Coll.

2688, 2704. Two fragments of larger spines, the second figured by
Egerton, loc. cit. pi. i. figs. 2, 3. Muntcll Coll.

40166. Plaster cast of fragment described and figured by Pictet and
Campiche, loc. cit. ; L. Neocomian, St. Croix.

Presented by Alotis. Campiche, 1806-

IT. Species founded upon detached teeth not yet correlated ivith the
dorsa I Jin-spines.

Strophodus magnus, Agassiz.

1838. Strophodus magnus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Fos.s. vol. iii. 1^*^>
pi. xviii. figs. 11-15.

CESTRACIONTID-E.

315

1843. SlropJiodiusfavosHS, L. Agas.«z, tom. cit. p. 175 (name only). •
1871. Strophudui magma, J. Phillips, Geol. O.tford, p. 177, diagr. x.x.\vii.
fig. 7.

188-5. Slrophodut favosns, A. S. Woodward (ex Agassiz), Science
Gossip, p. 107, fig. 78.

(?) 1886. Strophodus rigaiLvi, K. M. Platnauer, Ann. Rep. Yorkshire
' Phil. Soc. p. 36, pi. i. figs. 1, 2.

Type. Detached teeth.

' Crown of all the teeth gently rounded, those anterior in position
exhibiting little or no traces of a longitudinal keel ; coronal surface
finely reticulated, the more prominent markings becoming straight,
parallel, and directly transverse upon the longer margins. In the
most posterior series the teeth are small and oval, with very coarse
superficial reticulations (PI. XV. fig. 8) ; the teeth presumably of
series no. iv. are relatively broad and Hat (PI. X\ . fig. 7) ; those of
no. III. somewhat longer, the postcro-latcral angle gently upturned,
and the anterior third of the tooth slightly bent forwards and down-
wards (PI. XV. fig. 6). The teeth assumed to belong to series no. n.
are broadest posteriorly, with an abrupt hinder margin, the antero-
lateral angle produced and the postero-lateral angle rounded
(PI. XV. fig. 5) ; and the teeth of the most anterior paired series
are still smaller than those of no. ii., and apparently shorter
(PI. XV. fig. 4).

No median symph3’sial tooth is recognizable in the Collection.
Form. ^ Loc. Inferior Oolite : Lincolnshire. Bathonian : Ox-
fordshire, Northamptonshire, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, Wilt-
shire, and N. France.

(i.) Inferior Oolite.

47441. Seven teeth of the principal series ; Upper Beds of the Lin-
colnshire Limestone, Stamford, Lincolnshire.

SJuirp Coll.

(ii.) Stmesjield Slate, Stonesfkld, Oxfordshire.

26010 a. Much abraded tooth of series iv. Dixon Coll.

88599. Nine teeth of series i.-iv. ; Eyeford, near Stonesfield.

Purchased, 1853.

33200. Unabraded tooth of series iii. Hastings Coll.

33472. Ten flat teeth, more or less abraded. Purchased, 1858.

T. 2116-7. Thirteen flat teeth, some extremely abraded, labelled
in Agassiz's handwriting. Egerton Coll.

P. 2661. Eleven flat teeth, slightly abraded. Enniskillen Coll.

316

SELACHII.

P. 5106. Throe abraded flat teeth.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 5883. Naturally arranged series of the hindermost small oval
teeth, shown in PI. XV. fig. 8. Purchased.

P. 2614. Similar tooth. Ennishillen Coll.

P. 2119. Two similar examples, one largo flat tooth, and seven
anterior teeth, labelled by Agassiz Stroqdwdus favosus.

Eyerton Coll.

(iii.) Great Oolite.

18997. Tooth of series iv. ; Sewardslee. Miss BalcePs Coll.

19491. Three teeth of 8orio.s in., iv. ; Weston Favell, Northampton-
shire. Miss Baker's Coll.

19493. Three abraded fragments ; Shutlangor, Northamptonshire.

Miss Baker s Coll.

20926. Six abraded teeth, one jirobably of series ir. ; lloado, near
Blisworth, Northamptonshire. Miss Baker’s Coll.

47134. Fourteen more or loss abraded teeth, including two anterior ;

Orton, near Peterborough. Sharp Coll.

47135. Tooth of series in. ; Buttock’s Booth, near Peterborough.

Sharp Coll.

47136. Ten flat teeth and one anterior tooth ; Kingsthorpe, North-
amptonshire. Sharq) Coll.

P. 2660. Fourteen teeth, two with nearly perfect roots ; Orton,
near Peterborough. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2118. Fifteen fragmentary and abraded teeth ; Cairnscross,
Stroud, Gloucestershire. Eyerton Coll.

P. 4169. Twelve imperfect teeth; Cairnscross. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5883. Four teeth; Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire. Byne Coil-

'S. 4173. Two flat teeth and one anterior tooth ; Molksham, Wilt-
shire. Enniskillen Coll.

(iv.) Forest Marble.

28440. Forty teeth, some scarcely abraded, of all scries, two
anterior teeth shown in PI. XV. figs. 4, 5 ; Stanton,
Wiltshire. Cunninyton Coll.

30552. Thirteen flat teeth ; Atford, near Bath. Purcluised, 1856.

CESTEACI0JITID3.

317

30564-68. Two hindcrmost teeth, one of series iv.,two of series iii.,
and a much abraded tooth of series ii. ; Atford.

Purchased, 1856.

p. 2659, P. 2659 a, b. Twenty-four teeth, mostly flat, but five re-
ferable to an anterior series ; Atford. A tooth of series iv .
is shown in PI. XV. fig. 7, and another of series iii. in
PI. XV. fig. 6. Enniskillen Coll.

32353. Tooth of series it. ; llalmesbury, Wiltshire.

Purchased, 1857.

40535. Two flat teeth; Wiltshire. Purchased, 1867.

(v.) Cornhrash.

47132. Thirteen teeth of small size ; Botolph’s Bridge, near Peter-
borough. Sharp Coll.

47133. Nine teeth, mostly larger; near Peterborough. Sharp Coll.

Strophodus tenuis, Agassiz.

1838, ^rophofhis tenuis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 127, pi. x\ iii.
figs. 16-2.5.

1858, Strophodus tenuis, F, A. Quenstedt, Der J ura, p. 340, pL xlvi.
figs. 12, 1,3.

1871. Strophodus tenuis, J. Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 177, diagr. xxxvii.
fig. 9.

^ype. Detached teeth.

Teeth long and narrow, the crown in all except the hindermost
rows and series iv. considerably elevated; anterior teeth much
arched, with a longitudinal keel, superficial coronal ornament as in
S. maynus, except in the anterior teeth. Of the hindermost series,
the teeth are small and oval ; those of series no. rv. (Agass., fig. 21)
®ncm to be only gently rounded ; and those of no. iii. (Agass.,
figs. 17-20) are much longer than the latter, the crown raised and
tumid at one half or one third the distance from its anterior ex-
tremity, and bent downwards and forwards in front. The teeth
presumably referable to series no. n. (Agass., figs. 22, 23) are much
elevated mesially, slightly keeled, and narrowed at each extremity,
though especially in front ; and those of the most anterior paired
series (Agass., figs. 24, 25) are strongly arched, the apex of the
crown being a blunt point and the longitudinal keel prominent.
There is also evidence of a high-crowned median symphysial row
of teeth in one of the jaws.

Form. ^ Loc. Bathonian : Oxfordshire (Stonesfield Slate), Xorth-
amptonshire, Lincolnshire, Gloucestershire, and Wiltshire. Brown
Jura /3 : Wiirtemberg.

318

SELACIIII.

(i.) Stonexjiehl Slate, Stonexjiehl, Oxfordshire.

11046, Flue tooth of series iii. Mauiell Cull.

33472 a, 33473,35497. Nino teeth, including one iioslerior oval and
two anterior raised examples. Purchased, 1858, 1300.

36315. Three tooth ; Eyeford, near Stonesfield. Daniels Coll.

P. 2120. Eight teeth, including a fine example of series iir- and
three anterior teeth, five being labelled by Agassiz.

Ei/erlon Coll.

P. 4632. Six small teeth. Eiinislcillen Coll.

(ii.) Great Oolite.

47442. Abraded tooth of series ii., and two fragments ; tlreat Oolite,
Stamford, Lincolnshire. Sharji Coll.

47442 a. Three imperfect anterior teeth ; Great Oolite, Kingsthorpe,
Northamptonshire. Sharii Coll.

P. 4173 a. Two anterior teeth ; Melksham, Wiltshire.

Ennislcillen Coll.

(iii.) Cornhrash.

P. 2662. Six abraded imperfect teeth ; I’eterborough.

Ennishdlcn Coll.

47132 a. liaised tooth of large size; llotoljdi’s Fridge, near I’eter-
borough. Shari> Coll.

(iv.) Forest Marble.

47964. Two associated teeth, one of series i., the other of series in- j
near Oxford.

Presented by the lion. liobcri Marshum, 1877.

28440 a. Eighteen teeth, of the anterior series and no. ni. ; Stanton,
Wiltshire. Cunninyton Coll.

30558, 30562. Three teeth, series in., iv. ; Atford, near Bath.

Purchased, 185(1.

30553-4. Three anterior raised teeth and one of scries in., three
being very large and provisionally assigned to this species,
and one of the raised teeth symmcti'ical ; Atford.

Pur chased, 1856.

46339. Two teeth, series n., in. ; Atford. Cunninyton Coll.

P. 5885. Four flat teeth ; (?) Atford. Dyne Coll.

P. 5884, P. 5884 a, b. Twenty-five teeth of scries i., n., two sho\^n
in ri. XV. figs. 2, 3 ; (?) Atford. Byne Coll.

CESIRACIOXTID,E.

319

P. 5891. Three large anterior teeth, one symmetrical ; Chippenham,
Wiltshire.

41295. Two teeth, series in. ; Jlox, Wiltshire. Purduised, 1869.
P. 2115 a. Four anterior teeth, and one of series in. Egerton Coll.
P. 4172 a. Two anterior teeth. Enni$Tcillen Coll.

Strophodus lingtialis, sp. nov. (e.v Phillips).

1871. Strophodus linguaJis, J. Phillips, Geol. O-Yford, p. 177, diagr.
^ xxxvii. fig. 8 (fig. only).

Tgpe. Detached tooth ; Oxford JIuseum.

The following teeth appear to belong to the same species as the
tooth from the Stonesfield Slate figured by Phillips (op.cit.), without
description, under the name of Utrophodvs lingttalis. The)' are of
verj’ small size, the principal teeth narrow and not measuring more
than 0-018 in length ; the coronal surface is very coarsely reti-
culated, the transverse markings being especially prominent ; and
there is occasionally a longitudinal ridge.

J'orm, Zoc. Bathonian : Oxfordshire and Wiltshire.

88600. Two longitudinally ridged teeth, one having a single emi-
nence near one extremity (PI. XV. fig. 11), the other
having two (PI. XV. fig. 10); Stonesfield Slate, Fyeford.

Purchased, 1853.

11158. A broader flatter tooth (PI. XV. fig. 9); Stonesfield Slate,
Stonesfield. Mantell Coll.

P- 8121. Two teeth longitudinally ridged ; Stonesfield. AJ/ri-fon CWf.
P. 2665. Flatter, worn tooth ; Stonesfield. Ennislcdlen Coll.

32356. Slightly ridged tooth (PI. XV. fig. 12); Forest Marble,
Malmesburj’, Wiltshire. Purchased, 1857.

The following tooth, from the Forest Marble of Stanton, Wilt-
shire, is also probably referable to a species of Asleracanthus ; —

P- 5886. Tooth probably of series iii., measuring 0-035 in length
the crown raised mesially, and marked by coarse feather-
like reticulations (PI. XV. fig. 13). Cunnington Coll.

The supiiosed tooth (4158, Mantell Coll.) from the Chalk of
ewes, named Strophodus asper, Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
P. 128 b. pi. X. 5. figs_ 1-3), is a fragment of a Crustacean.

320

SELACim.

Tho following species have also been named, but there appear to
bo no examples in tho Collection : —

(i.) Dorsal Fin-spines.

Asteracanthus lepidus, A. Dollfuss, Eauno Kimm. Cap Do La Ileve
(1863), p. 34, pi. ii. figs. 1-7. — Kimmeridgian ; Ca^jo Do
La lleve.

Asteracanthus minor, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837),
p. 33, pi. viii. a. figs. 4—6. — Form, and loc. unknown.

Asteracanthus semiverrurosvs, Sir P. Egorton, Figs, and Descrips.
Brit. Org. Remains (Mem. Geol. Surv. 185.5), dec. viii.
pi. iii. — Purbcckian ; Swanago, Dorset.

Asteracanthus tetrastichodon, K. Fricko, Palicontogr. vol. xxii.
(1875), p. 389, pi. xxii. fig. 2. — Upper Corallian ; Hanover.

Asteracanthus vastensis, II. E. Sauvago, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France,
[3] vol. viii. p. 454, jd. xiv. fig. 5.— U. Callovian; Bou-
logne-sur-Mer.

Tho so-called Asteracanthus siderius, J. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philad. 1870, p. 13, and Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. vol. i. pt. i.
(18(3), p. 313, pi. xxxii. fig. 59), from the Sub-Carboniferous of
Tennessee, certainly does not belong to this genus.

(ii.) Teeth.

atrophodvs heaugrandi, H. E. Sauvago, Catal. Poiss. Secondaires
Boulonn.(Mcm. Soc. Acad. Boulogno-sur-Mcr, vol. ii. 1867),
p. 52, pi iii. fig. 6. — Kimmeridgian ; Boulogne-sur-Mcr.

Utrophodus corallinus : Curtodus coralUnus, H. E. Sauvago, op.
eit. p. 53, pi. iii. fig. 8.— Corallian ; Boulogne-sur-ldcr.

Strophodus hamii, II. E. Sauvago, op. cit. p. 52, pi. iii. figs. 4, 5 :
Acrodus ekgans, II. E. Sauvago, ibid. p. 54, pi. iii. fig. 9.—
Bathonian ; lilarquise, Boulonnais.

Strophodus irreejidaris, L. Agassiz {ex Munster, MS.), torn. cit.
(1838) p. 127, pi. xviii. fig. 26. — Lower Oolite; Bavaria.

Strophodus longidens, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 117, pi. xvi.—
Bathonian ; Caen, Normandy.

Strophodus nehrodensis, G. G. Gemmellaro, Studi Paleont. Fauna
Calc, a Terebratida janitor N. Sicilia, pt. i. (1868-76),
p. 10, pi. i. figs. 48-56.— Jurassic; N. Sicily.

Strophodus normanianus, A. Dollfuss, Faune Kimm. Cap De La
Hove (1863), p. 33, pi. i. figs. 3-16. — Kimmeridgian ;
Capo Do La Hove. [11= Asteracanthus lejiidus, Dollfuss.]

Strophodus persotuiii, F. A. Quenstedt, Der Jura (1858), p. 339,
pi. xlvi. fig. 15. — Brown Jura (3; "Wurtemberg.

CESTRACIONTID^.

321

Stroj)hodug punciatus, L. Agassiz (ex Jliinstcr MS.), tom. cit.
p. 128 b, pi. xxii. figs. 1, 2. — Cenomanian; Kelheim,
Bavaria.

Strophodus radiato-punctatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 128, pi. xviii.
fig. 27. — Callovian ; Yorkshire.

Strojdiodus tridentinus, K. A. von Zittel, Fauna Aelt. Ccphalopo-
denfiihr Tithonbild. (Suppl. to Paloeontogr. 1870), p. 24,
pi. i. fig. 2. — Tithonian ; Trient, Tyrol.

Teeth of Strophodus are also figured and noticed by Pictet and
, Campiche, Foss. Terr. Cretace St. Croix (1858), p. 02, jd. xii.
%8. 1-0 (Lower Jfeocomian) and p. 24 (Aptian) ; and by G. G.

emmellaro, Studi Paleont. Calc, a Terebratula janitor, pt. i.
(1868-76), p. 9, pi. i. figs. 35-47.

Genus BDELLODUS, Quenstedt.

[^iirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxviii. 1882, p. 137.]

Teeth quadrate, with slightly arched, but flattened crown, super-
ciaUy ornamented by reticulate markings. Symphysial teeth few.
ceth of series i. to m. scarcely increasing in size, those of series iv.
relatively very large and elongated. Dorsal fin-spines unknown.

Bdellodiis boUensis, Quenstedt.

1882. Sdellvdus bollensis, F. A. Quenstedt, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxviii.
P- 137, pi. iii.

iype. Associated upper and lower dentition ; Tubingen Univer-
sity Museum.

Anterior teeth tumid, not keeled ; those of series iv. five times as
as these.

Porm. ^ Loc. Upper Lias : Boll, Wiirtemberg.

Genus PAL.fflOSPINAX, Egerton.

[Figs, and Descrips. Prit. Organic Remains (Mem. Geol. Survey,

. 1872), dec. xiii. no. vii.]

Body long and slender ; the first dorsal fin opposite the space
Ween the pectorals and pelvics, the second partly in advance of,
part y opposite, the anal. Dentition comparatively specialized, the
_ nor teeth being high-crowned and prehensile, those placed pos-
having the cusps reduced to minute beads and adapted for
ems ing. Symphysial teeth with a single pair of lateral denticles,
Co with two or three. Dorsal fin-spines smooth, the sides

ered with a dense layer cf ganoine, sometimes forming isolated
ercles immediately above the inserted portion ; posterior denticles

r

322

SELACniI.

absent. Shagreen fine, dense ; no cephalic spines ; large dermal
hooks upon the clampers of the male. Vertebras cyclospoiidylic,
sometimes feebly asterospondylio.

Palseospinax priscus (Agassiz).

1843. Thyellina pritca, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 378, pi. xxxix.
figs. 1, 2.

1872. Talaospinax prucus, Sir P. Egerton, Figs. & Descrips. Brit.
Organic Remains (Mem. Geol. Surv.), dec. xiii. pi. vii.

1873. PalcBospinax prucus, Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxix. p. 420.

1881. PalcBospinax pnsem, J. W. Davis, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6]
vol. vii. p. 420, pi. XX.

1883. Palmoipinax priscus, 0. Ilfisse, Neues Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 00.

1884. Cestracion (Acrodus'), C. Ilasse, Palsoontogr. vol. xxxi. p. 0, pi. ii-
figs. 8, 9.

1888. Palaospinax priscus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. v.
p. 400.

Type. Vertebral column and shagreen.

The type species, of small size. Principal cusp of the anterior
teeth much attenuated. Shagreen-granules often striated ; dermal
spines of claspors forked.

Form. Loc. Lower Lias : Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

P. 3189. Hoad and anterior portion of the trunk, described and
figured by Egerton, Mem. Geol. Surv. dec. xiii. pL
figs. 1, 4—6. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 3190. Mandible and dentition, described and figured by Egerton,
loc. cit. pi. vii. figs. 2, 7, 8. The posterior tooth is not so
smooth as shown in fig. 8, the crown having a more
beaded appearance, as in Synecliodus. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 3192. Imperfect vertebral column, with shagreen, half of the
pectoral arch, and the broken second dorsal fin-spine,
referred to by Egerton, loc. cit. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1297. Crushed and obscure remains of a complete fish, the out-
lines not being recognizable. The specimen is described
by Egerton in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix.
p. 420, and shows the relative positions and proportions
of the two dorsal fin-spines. Both spines (especially the
first) are considerably worn obliquely at the distal end,
and Egerton points out that in situation they agree more
closely with those of Cestracion than with those of Acan-

CESIEACIONTID^.

323

thias. The difference between the anterior and posterior
teeth is well shown, and most of the examples exposed
are delicately striated. The pectoral arch is slender, each
upper extremity tapering to a fine point ; and in the ex-
pansions of the pectoral, pelvic, and first dorsal fins there
are traces of delicate exoskeletal supporting-fibres. The
fine shagreen-granules are more or less quadrate in form,
apparently all striated. Egerton (Jolh

P. 3193. A less complete male individual, much crushed and broken,
but preserved as far as the second dorsal spine. The few
scattered teeth have mostly smooth crowns. The two
dorsal fin-spines are comparatively small and much
abraded distaUy ; and some of the shagreen-granules are
smooth, though the majority exhibit prominent striations.
Exoskeletal fibres are also seen in the pectoral and first
dorsal fins, and indications of large spines occur at the
extremities of the pelvic claspers. Enniskillen CoU.

P. 1396. Half of the abdominal region and the nearly complete
tail, laterally compressed, and mostly exhibiting a definite
outline, shown of two thirds the natural size in PI. Til.
fig. 1. The body and fins are enveloped in dense shagreen,
the granules being especially large and thick upon the
upper border of the tail, and here smooth externally,
having only dentated margins. The shagreen in most
parts, however, is fine, and the m ajority of the granules
appear to be striated. The position of the pelvic fins is
in^catcd by the remains of claspers with large dermal
spines (<f.) at the extremities ; but the precise characters of
the latter are not certainly distinguishable. Each clasper
appears to be provided with two bifurcating spines in
contact at their base, which is expanded and flattened
upon the apposed side ; and, as shown in the figure, the
exserted portion of each of these consists of two com-
pressed divergent branches, gently curved, and unequal in
size. The second dorsal fin is placed opposite a point
about midway between the pclvics and the caudal ; and
the spine is relatively small, its exserted portion not ex-
tending along more than one third the length of the anterior
border of the fin. Distinct indications of an anal fin (a.)
are to be observed opposite the posterior two thirds of the
second dorsal, but the outline is unfortunately destroyed.

T 2

324

SELACim.

The caiidal fin (c.) is also imperfect, but evidently large
and powerful. Egerton Coll.

P. 3194. Portion of a vertebral column, comprising about twenty-
eight centra, with shagreen and a dorsal spine.

Ennishillen Coll.

P. 3195. Series of thirteen vcrtebruc. Ennisicillen Coll.

P. 1299. Series of about twenty-nine vertebrm. Egerton Coll.

P. 3191. Anterior dorsal fin-spine, figured by Egerton, loc. cit.

pi. vii. fig. 3, and said to pertain to another fossil in the
Enniskillen Collection not now identifiable, unless it bo
No. P. 3194, inaccurately described. Ennisicillen Coll.

P . 1298. A larger remarkably straight dorsal spine. Egerton Coll.

47463. A complete spine, unabraded, long and straight.

Purchased, 1876.

Palseospinax egertoni, sp, nov.

1873. Palceospina.i: (?), Sir P. Egerton, Figs. & Descrip.s. Brit. Organic
Remains (Mom. Cool. Suit.), doc. xiii. no. vii. p. 3.

figpe. Crushed head, teeth, and vertebras ; British Museum.

Ihe unique specimen mentioned below may bo referred with
much probability to the genus Palceospina.z, and indicates a larger
species than P. priscus, characterized by the relatively greater
breadth of the median cone in the anterior teeth, and the smooth-
ness of the shagreen-granules, of which the margins are sometimes
so much indented as to give them a stellate appearance.

Form. Loc. Lower Lias : Wiirtomberg.

P. 1132. A vertically crushed head and the anterior portion of the
vertebral column, with shagreen, a few prehensile teeth,
and a displaced cartilage, to bo regarded either as the left
mandibular or ceratohyal ; Ohraden, Wiirtemberg. The
head must have been originally at least 0-075 in length,
and the snout is obtusely rounded. The anterior teeth
are quite smooth, showing only the slightest traces of
vertical wrinkles at the base, and the median cone is rela-
tively broad, gradually tapering to a very sharp point ; a
single prominent broad lateral denticle occurs on each
side. The shagreen-granules are largest towards the end
of the snout, smooth, and more or less quadrate, but often
deeply indented on two or more borders, thus assuming

CESTRACIONIID^.

325

an almost stellate appearance. On the right side, imme-
diately behind the head, four or five faint transverse
grooves in the shagreen-investment appear to mark the
gill-slits, diminishing in size backwards. Egerton Coll.

A fragmentary example of Paloeosphmx from the Lias of Holz-
maden, Wiirtemberg, now in the Stuttgart JTuseum, seems to differ
from both of the described species. Detached teeth and dorsal fin-
spines of an undetermined species have also been discovered in the
Rha;tic of HolweU, Frome, Somersetshire (iloore Collection, Bath
Museum).

Genus SYNECHODUS, A. 8. Woodward.

[Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. 1888, p. 288.]

A genus, so far as known, scarcely differing from Pahxospinax
except in its higher degree of specialization. The pterygo-quadrate
cartilage in the adult is directly connected with the cranium by a
postorbital articulation', and the vertebr® are distinctly astero-
spondylic. Jfone of the teeth have less than two lateral denticles,
these being generally numerous ; aU are in part delicately striated,
and at the base of the crown the ornament is often reticulate.

The complete dentition of one jaw of the type species of this
genus is made known b)' a fine fossil, from the Chalk of Sussex,
preserved in the collection of Henry Willett, Esq., Brighton Mu-
seum. About 140 teeth are displayed in their natural relative
positions ; and the specimen is shown, of twice the natural size, in
the accompanying woodcut (fig. 12), with the first and second teeth
and one of each of the alteniato succeeding series, still further en-
larged separately. There are eleven dental series upon either ramus
of the jaw, each of those posteriorly placed comprising as many as
eight or nine teeth, while those near the symph3-si8 have not more
than six. There is no median sjmphj'sial row of teeth, and the
first pair (i.) is extremely small. In the latter the principal
coronal cusp is long and slender, its height being equal to the entire
width of the tooth ; and there arc two small denticles in front and
one behind. The teeth of series ri . arc nearly four times as wide
as those of no. i., with the principal coronal cusp still very pro-
minent and flanked in front and behind by three large denticles and
one smaller point, of which those behind are the more widely spaced.
The teeth of series in. are very similar to those of no. ii. ; but in
the teeth of series iiii. and v. the principal cusp rapidly becomes

' Proc. Zool. Soc. 188G, p. 218, pi. xx. figs. 1, 2.

[Collection of Henry W'illett, Esq., F.G.S., Brighton Museum.]

326

SELACHIT,

CESTBACIOXTIDai.

327

stouter and less elevated, and there are five denticles in front, while
only three or four can be distinguished behind. In series vi. to ix.
the size of the teeth only gradually decreases backwards, but the
principal cusp becomes very short and stout, thus more resembling
the lateral denticles, which arc still very numerous and placed well
apart. In these teeth the denticles are five or six in number,
both in front and behind. In series x. the teeth are only about
two thirds as wide as those of no. ix., while those of series xi. are
still smaller by one half ; and in both of these all the coronal pro-
niinenccs have become insignificant, though yet faintly indicated by
a beaded contour. The base of the crown in all the teeth is
marked by fine reticulating wrinkles, and the lower portion of
the coronal cusps is often vertically striated.

On comparing the teeth of this fossil with the few examples of
S. duhritiensis already described, one important difference will at
once be noted. Whereas in Mr. Willett’s specimen the most an-
terior teeth are very small and delicate, some other fossils exhibit
teeth in a corresponding position of a very large and robust cha-
racter, with several feebly-marked denticles on each side *. One
specimen noticed below (Jfo. 41673) suggests that the latter per-
tain to the upper jaw ; and in that case the Brighton fossil may
represent the lower dentition. There can be no doubt, indeed, that
the two types belong to one and the same species ; hut whether the
differences in the anterior teeth depend merely upon their pertain-
ing to one or the other jaw, or whether one type is referable to the
male and the other to the female, remains yet to bo determined.
The present writer has examined no specimen in which the small
teeth and the robust teeth occur together.

Synechodus dubrisiensis (Mackie).

18C3. Bybodtis dubruiensis, S. J. Mackie, Geologist, vol. vi. p. 241,
pi. xiii.

1886. Hyhodas (?) dubrisiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc.

p. 218, pL XX. 1 A

1888. Synechodus dubrisiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. GeoL Assoc,
vol. X. p. 288.

1888. Synechodus dubrisiensis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3]
vol. V. p. 490, woodcut.

Type. Jaws with dentition ; British Museum.

Supposed upper anterior teeth robust, the coronal surface promi-
nently striated almost to the apex, and the lateral denticles three

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, pi. xx. fig. 3 a.

328

SELACHTT.

or four in number and small ; base-lino of crown gently arched.

Supposed lower anterior teeth very minute, with well-separated

lateral cusps.

Form. ^ Loc. Chalk : Kent.

36908. Type specimen, described, with a very imperfect figure, by
llackie, loc. cit. ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Farchased, 1862.

41675. Nearly complete mandibular and hyoid arches, with a por-
tion of the right (? upper) dentition, and a few teeth on
the left, described and figured by the present writer, Proc.
Zool. 8oc. 1886, p. 218, pi. xx. ; Kent. The pterygo-
quadratc measures about 0'075 in length, and exhibits a
facette for a postorbital articulation with tho cranium;
the hyoid arch is notably slender. An anterior tooth,
probably of tho upper jaw, is shown, of three times tho
natural size, in PI. XI. fig. 17, and a posterior tooth,
similarly enlarged, in fig. 20. Touhnin Smith Coll.

47287. Fragments of cartilage associated with shagreen and a few
teeth ; I.owor Chalk, Dover. One tooth, representing
about tho fourth lateral series, is shown, of three times
the natural size, in PI. XI. fig. 18, and another, of about
tho sixth series, similarly enlarged, in PI. XI. fig. 19.
I ho shagreen -granules are marked by prominent ridges,
terminating in a dcnticulateil margin. Gardner Coll.

41909. Fragments of jaws, with a few teeth, mostly of tho upper
anterior scries ; (?) Burham. Mrs. Smith's Coll.

49032. Imperfect remains of the head, pectoral arch, and the ante-
rior half of tho vertebral column, exposed from beneath,
noticed by tho present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886,
p. 223. The base of tho cranium exhibits a longitudinal
raised line, evidently the remains of the primitive invest-
ment of the notochord ; each half of the pectoral arch is
long, slender, and tapering distally; and tho vertobrm are
astorospondylic, a few being shown, of the natural size, in
PI. XII. fig. 6. Mrs. Smith's Coll.

43124. Anterior upper tooth ; Gravesend. Weiherell Coll.

P. 4100. Minute anterior upper tooth, doubtfully referable to this
species; near Margate, Kent.

Presented hy Sydney C. Cocleerell, Esq., 1 883.

49960. An imperfect aiitero-lateral tooth, doubtfully referable to
S. duhrisiensis ; Glyndo, Sussex. Caj^ron Coll.

CESTRACIONTID.®.

329

P. 1295. Remains of a large head, the pterygo-quadrate cartilage
originally measuring about O' 11 in length ; Snodland,
Kent. Several teeth are preserved, and only differ from
those of S. duhnsiensis in the remarkable smoothness of
their coronal surface ; the shagreen-granules resemble
those of this species ; and the fragmentary cartilages also
exhibit no notable differences. It thus seems probable
that the fossil pertains to S. dubrisiensis, and indicates
the large size to vehich this fish sometimes attained.

Eijerton Coll.

S3mechodus tenuis, sp. nov.

Type. Detached anterior tooth, shovrn in PI. XI. fig. 21.

Coronal cusp of the largo anterior teeth more slender and pro-
duced than in the type species, the superficial wrinkles less conspi-
cuous, and apparently confined to the basal portion of the crown ;
base-line of the crown much arched.

Form. Loe. Xeocomian : Kent.

9297. The t5q)c specimen, shown, of three times the natural size,
in PI. XI. fig. 21, and two less perfect teeth; I.ower
Greensand, Maidstone. Mantell Cod.

39218. Tooth ; Maidstone. SowerbanJe Coll.

Synechodus recurvus (Trautschold).

18/ 7. Sphmodus recurxms, II. Trautschold, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. p, 3.3.5, pi. V. fig. 4.

Type. Detached anterior tooth.

The specimens mentioned below indicate a large species, with the
teeth of the anterior half of the jaw so similar to those of Syne-
ehodvg that it may bo provisionally associated with this genus.
The principal cone is high and compressed, and all the lateral cones
slender, pointed, and well separated ; superficial ornament confined
to short vertical wrinkles at the base of the crown. The base-line
of the dental crown is almost straight, and the anterior margin of
the flattened root crimped.

If the generic determination be correct, the most posterior teeth
still remain unknown.

Form. Loc. Cenomanian : S. Russia. Gault : Kent.

P. 6562. Two fragmentary teeth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, Russia.

By exchange, 1888.

330

sisLAcnii.

47220 a, 47220 b. Two spccimoiis, shown, of tho natural size, in
PI. XI. figs. 22, 23 ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Goll.

47220 C, 47220 d. Two smaller teeth, one anterior, one from tho
side of the jaw ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Goll.

39219. Tooth as largo as tho typo speeimens, but less olovatod and
reforablo to a more posterior situation in tho jaw ; Gault,
Folkostono. Bowerhanh Goll.

Synechodus sulcatus (Davis).

1888. Odontaepis aidcata, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soo. [2]
vol. iv. p. 25, pi. V. figs. 11-13.

1888. Synechodus sulcatus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mng. [3] vol. v.
p. 409.

Type. Detachod toeth ; Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zea-
land.

A species known only by tho lateral teeth, which are much com-
pressed. The cones are well separated, each having a broad base
and an elongated slender extremity ; and tho lower half in all is
marked by a few widely-spaced vertical wrinkles.

Form. ^ Loc. Cretaceo-Tertiary (Black Grit Scries) : Amuri Bluff,
New Zealand.

P. 2314. Imperfect dental crown. By exchange, 187d.

Undetermined species of Synechodus are indicated by tho follow-
ing teeth ; —

48954. Anterior tooth, measuring 0-008 from side to side, and half
of a tooth of corresponding size from the middle of tho
ramus of the jaw ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. The teeth are
very suggestive of S. dubrisiensis, but are distinguished by
the breadth and compression of the lateral denticles.

Bayfield Goll.

P. 5846. A still larger anterior tooth, measuring 0-009 from side to
side, differing from tho foregoing in its much greater height
and the smoothness of the coronal surface ; Upper Chalk,
Norwich. Presented by B. B. Woodward, Esq., 1888.

48953. Anterior tooth much resembling that of S. recurvus, but
somewhat larger, and with the lateral cones more di-
vergent ; shown, of tho natural size, in PI. XII. fig- 7 ;
Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayfield Goll.

P. 5847. A loss perfect similar tooth; Upper Chalk, Norwich.

CESTKACIONTIDiE.

331

P. 5834. Imperfect small tooth ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near
Mens, Belgium.

Presented hy Mens. A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

Sereral teeth of Synechodus, from the Lower Pliinerkalk of Weiss-
kirchlitz, Bohemia, have been described by A. E. Reuss, Yerstein.
bbhm. Kreideform. pt. ii. 1846. They have received the Mowing
seven names, but cannot be regarded as representing so many
species: — Hybodus bronnii (p. 97, ph xxiv. fig. 26, pi. xlii. fig. 7);
S. dispar (p. 98, pi. xxiv. figs. 27, 28) ; H. gracilis (p. 98, pi. xxi.
figs. 12, 13); H. polyptychus (p. 97, pi. xxi. figs. 9, 10); II. regu-
la,ri$(p. 98, pi. xxi. fig. 11); H. serratus (p. 98, pi. xxi. figs. 14, 15);
and II. Unuissimus (p. 98, pi. xxi. figs. 16, 17). Of all of these,
figures arc also given by A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fischo bbhm. Kreide-
form. 1878, p. 6, figs. 7, 8 (woodcuts), p. 13, figs. 28-32 (woodcute) ;
and II. gracilis is noticed by C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutsch. Naturh.
Zeitung, n. s. vol. ii. (1856), p. 140, pi. ii. fig. 35. II. regularis and
II. gracilis are considered to be the young of “ Otedus sulcatus
by H. B. Geinitz, Palaeontogr. vol. xx. pt. i. (18/5), p. 294, and by A.
Fritsch, o^j. cit.

Genus CESTRACION, Cuvier.

[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 129.]

Syn. Heterodontus, A. D. de Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 121 *.

Tropidodus, T. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 489.

Oyropleurodtis, T. Gill, foe. dt. p. 489.

Drepanephorus, Sir P. Egerton, Figs. & Descrips. Brit. Organic
remains (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1872), dec. xiii. no. ix.

Body moderately elongated ; the first dorsal fin opposite to the
space between the pectorals and pelvics, the second in advance of
the anal. Month terminal or nearly so. Dentition (fig. 13), spe-
cialized ; the anterior teeth small, numerous, cuspidate, generally
■with at least one pair of lateral denticles ; principal teeth without
cusps, but relatively broad and flattened, having a slight longitudinal
keel and a more or less reticulate ornamentation. Dorsal fin-spines
smooth, the sides covered with a dense layer of ganoine ; posterior
denticles absent. Shagreen fine ; no cephalic spines ; no lai^
dermal hooks upon the claspers of the male. Yertebrae well deve-
loped, asterospondylic.

This name being prior to Cesiracion, it is frequently employed in syste-
matic works ; it Ls, however, preoccupied by Heierodon, Palisot de Beauvois (in
lAlreille, Bept. vol. iv. 1800, p. 32), applied to a recent Ophidian.

332

SELACmi.

The jaw shown in the accompanying woodcnt (fig. 13), is some-
times termed upper *, and sometimes lower In his latest remarks
upon the subject, Sir llichard Owen states that it represents the
lower dentition, which differs from the upper in the presence of an
uzygous series of syraphysial teeth. So far, however, as the present
writer has had the opportunity of observing, this character is not
constant.

Jaw of Cestracio>i philipj/i. — Bocont.

In the living species the ptcrygo-qnadrate cartilage articulates
with the preorhital region of the cranium, but it is impossible to
determine whether such was the case in the extinct species here
referred to the same genus.

Cestracion falcifer, Wagner.

18-')2. Cegtraciem, F. A. Quenstodt, Ilandb. Potrefakt. p. 178.

1867. Cestracion falcifer, A. Wagner, Gelehr. Auz. bay. Akad. Wiss.
vol. xliv. p. 290.

1803. Acrodus falcifer, A. Wagner, Abh. k. bay. Akad. Wiss., niath.-
phys. Cl. vol. ix. p. 301, pi. v. fig. 1.

‘ E. Owen, Paleontology, 2nd edit. (1801), p. 127, fig. 41.
’ R. Owen, Gteol. Mag. vol. vi. (1869), p. 196.

CESTBACIOmiD^.

333

1882. Acrodug falcifer, C. Ilasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond.

Theil, p. 191, pi. xxiv. figs. 12-14, pL ixv. figs. 15-21.

1887. Acrodtts (?) falcifer, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3J toI. iv.
p. 104.

1887. Acrodue falcifer, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. iii. p. 76,
woodc. fig. 72.

Type. Imperfect skeleton, with dentition ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.

Extremities of the principal lateral teeth rounded or acute ;
coronal surface with a longitudinal keel, and the superficial markings
feebly reticulate.

The cuspidate anterior teeth are well seen in the type specimen,
though not distinctly indicated in the published figure.

form, ^ hoc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) ; Ba-
varia.

38004. Plaster cast of tj’pe specimen, the original from Solenhofen.

Purchased, 1864.

37014. Imperfect portions of the skull and other cartilages, with
the vertebral column and broken dorsal fin-spinca of a
smaller fish about 0'29 in length ; Solenhofen. The spe-
cimen is referred to Acrodus by C. Hasse, Neues Jahrb.
1883, vol. ii. p. 66. Mdherlein Coll.

The following dorsal fin-spines, from the Kimmeridge Clay of
M eymouth, probably pertain either to this or an allied species : —

43287, 43567. Two short- broad spines, the exserted portion of the
largest, when perfect, measuring about 0‘025 in length.

Purchased, 1871, 1872.

41878. Much smaller narrower spine. Purchased, 1869.

Cestracion snlcatus, sp. nov.

184.3. Strophodus sulcatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voL iii. p. 176 (name
only).

Type. Detached teeth, shown, of the natural size, in PI. XIII.

figs- 11, 12.

An imperfectly known species, the coronal contour of the prin-
cipal teeth gently rounded, with angular or abrupt extremities ;
superficial reticulations very coarse, longitudinal keel generally
indistinct, sometimes with a furrow on one side.

Perm. ^ Loc, Cenomanian : Kent.

334

SKLACmi.

25858. Typo specimens, figured, of the natural size, in PI. XIII.

figs. 11, 12; Upper Greensand, Maidstone. Dixon Coll.

39217. Two teeth, one relatively narrow and tapering at each extre-
mity ; Maidstone. Bowerhmik Coll.

P. 2125. Two teeth named “ Strophod^is sulcatus,” in Agassiz’s hand-
writing ; Maidstone. Egerton Coll.

P. 2664. Imperfect abraded tooth ; Maidstone. Ennislcillen Coll.

Cestracion canaliculatusy Egerton.

1850. Cesiracion eanaliculatm, Sir P. Egerton, in Dixon’s Foss. Suss,
p. 8C6, pi. xxxii.* fig. 8.

1850. Acrodus cretacMK, F. Dixon, op. cit. p. 364, pi. xxx. fig. 13.

1853. Cestracion canaliculatus, Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
Tol. ix. p. 281.

1872. Drepanephorus canaliculatus, SirP. Egerton, Figs. & Descrips.
Brit. Organic llemains (Mem. Geol. Surv.), dec. xiii. pi. ix.

1883. Cestracion canaliculatus, C. Ilasse, Neues Jahrb, vol. ii. p. 66.

- 1887. Drepanephorus canaliculatus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3]

vol. iv. p. 105.

1888. Drepanephorus canaliculatus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 200.

Type. Associated teeth.

Anterior dorsal fin-spine placed approximately over the twenty-
fifth vertebra. Extremities of the principal lateral teeth rounded,
and the longitudinal coronal keel in these raised mesially into a low
rounded eminence ; root pierced by a large oblique perforation.

Form. ^ Loc. Senonian : S.E. England.

49735. The right pterj-go-quadrate and mandibular cartilages, with
the anterior extremity of the left mandibular, preserved in
the two halves of a small block of chalk ; Uiqier Chalk,
Guildford, Surrey. Though much crushed and broken,
the ptcrygo-quadrate has the appearance of being notably
longer than the mandibular. A few of the anterior teeth
are displayed, and two are shown, of three times the
natural size, from the posterior and anterior aspect respec-
tively, in PI. XI. figs. 24, 25 ; each has one j)air of broad
lateral denticles. Some of the principal lateral teeth of
the upper jaw also occur in position. Those of the largest
scries (PI. XI. fig. 26) measure 0'007 in length, and those
of tho series immediately behind (PI. XI. fig. 26) 0’005 ;

CESTEACI0STIDJ8.

335

the teeth of the Bcries next to the largest in front are also
about equal in size to the latter, and then follows a still
narrower row, the teeth (PI. XI. fig. 26) measuring 0'003
in length. A few displaced teeth, with an irregular orna-
mentation, are situated near the anterior extremity of the
left mandibular ramus, and one is shown, of twice the
natural size, in PI. XI. fig. 27. Capron Coll.

49771. Imperfect remains of a small head preserved in the two
halves of a block of chalk ; Upper Chalk, Southeram Pit,
Lewes, Sussex. Capron Coll.

39060. Fragments of cartilage with three teeth ; (?) Kent.

Bowerbank Coll.

P. 1293. Fragments of cartilage and about three teeth; Bromlo}',
Kent. Egerton Coll.

49734. Portion of a vertebral column, with two dorsal fin-spines
and remains of cartilage and shagreen, ascribed to tbis
species by Sir Philip Egerton, Mem. GeoL Surv. loc. cit.
pi. ix. fig. 2 ; Upper Chalk, Glynde, near Lewes. An
anterior tooth of C. canallculatvs is artificially attached to
the specimen, and may have been found associated. The
first dorsal fin-spine is broken, but restored in Egerton’s
figure, and is not so much curved as in the fossil in the
Willett Collection, Brighton. Capron Coll.

Cestracion rngosns (Agassiz).

1839. Acrodu* rugoms, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voL iii. p. 148, pi. xxii.
figs- 28, 29.

1887. Brepanephonis, A. S. 'Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv. p. 103.

1888. BrepanephorvSj A. S. Woodward, Proc. GeoL Assoc, vol, x,
p. 290.

'^ypf. Detached tooth ; Palax)ntological Museum, Munich.

A larger species than the foregoing, the principal teeth moderately

elevated mesially, and the extremities sometimes narrowed, but

either abruptly truncated or pointed.

Form. ^ ioc. Senonian : S.E. England. Danian : Holland.

4166. Nearly perfect tooth, shown, of the natural size, in PI. XI.

fig. 29 ; Lewes, Sussex. ManUll Coll.

P- 323. A smaller narrower tooth ; Charing, Kent.

Harris Coll.

336

SELACHII.

Undetermined species of Gestracion are also indicated by the

following teeth : —

47293 a. A very small tooth, and another shown of the natural size
in PI. XI. fig. 28 ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

28718. Two comparatively narrow teeth much raised raosially ;
Danian Beds, Ciply, near Mens, Belgium.

Purchased, 1853.

P. 5836. Small tooth; Ciply.

Presented hy Mom. A. Ilouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

43136. Narrow tooth, 0'012 in length, with a prominent longitudinal
keel and obtusely angulated extremities ; London Clay,
Uighgato Archway. Wetherell Coll.

Tho following species have also been founded upon dctaclied teeth,

but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Gestracion dupmiti, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. klus. Tcylcr, vol. iv.
(1870), p. 17, pi. ii. figs. 1-3. — Bruxcllian Eocene ; Bel-
gium.

Gestracion polydictyos : Acrod,us polydietyos, A. E. lleuss, Verstein.
bbhm. Kreideform. ]it. ii. (1846), p. !>7, pi. xxi. figs. 1-8 ;
C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutech. Naturh. Zoitung, n. s. vol. ii.
( 1856), p. 139, pi. ii. figs. 29, 30 ; 11. B. Geinitz, Pala;ontogr.
vol. XX. x>t. i. (1875), p. 296, iil, Ixiv. fig. 23; A. Fritsch,
Kept. u. Fische bbhm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 16, woodc.
fig. 39. IJrepanephorus, A. S. Woodward, Gcol. Mag. [3]
vol. iv. (1887), p. 103. — Cenomanian and Turonian ; Saxony
and Bohemia.

The following dorsal fin-spines are referable in part to Gestracion

and in part to Synechodus : —

47122. Small spine; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P. 3199. Two largo imperfect specimens ; Upper Grcens.and, Jlaid-
stone. Ennislcillen Coll.

35160. Five fragments : Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 5888. Two fragments ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Eyerton Coll.

P.405. Smaller spine ; (?) Lower Chalk, Dover.

Presented hy the Earl of Dude, 1881.

cESTKACiojinDa;. 337

19830. Imperfect spine ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Purchased,

47921. Short broad spine ; Chalk, Maidstone.

Presented hy the Hon. Eohert Marsham, 1877.

P. 325. Three fragments ; Chalk, Hart Hill, Charing, Kent.

Harris Coll.

49736. Imperfect large spine, with four vertebrae ; Upper Chalk,
Guildford. Capron CoU.

4041, 4080, 4084-5, 4103. Five examples described and figured by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1837), p. 62, pi. x.6. figs. 8,
10-14, under the name of Spinax major ; L’^pper Chalk,
Lewes. Mantell Coll.

P. 1294. Nearly complete arched spine; Chalk, Sussex.

Egerton Coll.

48949. Small narrow spine, incomplete; U. Chadk, Norwich.

Bayfield CoU.

48949 a. Narrow spine, not much curved, worn or broken at the
• extremity ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayfield Coll.

P. 4921. Large much-curved spine, associated with a series of thirty
vertebrae ; Chalk, Sussex. Purchased, 1885.

Similar dorsal fin-spines have also been described and figured
from the Cretaceous of Saxony (H. B. Geinitz, Charact. Schicht.
u. Petrefakt. Siichs. Kreidegeb., Nachtr. 1843, p. 5, pi. iv. fig. 4 ;
also Palaeontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. p. 211, pi. xl. figs. 36-38); but
the so-called Spina.v maryinatus and S. rotundatus, A. E. Bcuss
(Verstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. i. 1845, p. 8, pi. iv. figs. 10, 11,
13, 14), from the Turonian of Bohemia, are Teleostean teeth.

The following imperfect series of vertebrae may also perhaps be
referable to Synechodus or Cestracion : —

4110. Series of about forty much-broken vertebrae, referred to Spinax
major by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xl. a. fig. 6 ; Chalk, Lewes.

Mantell Coll.

38114. Chain of small vertebrae, with traces of cartilage and sha-
green ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Purchased, 1864.

48079. Series of much larger broken vertebrae, with remains of the
• head, pectoral arch, aind pelvic arch, with claspers ; Lower

CKalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

P. 4326. Short chain of vertebrae ; Lower Chalk, Kent.

Enniskillen Coll.

z

338

SJ5LACIIII.

The following “genera” and “species” may possibly be founded
upon the anterior teeth of undetermined Ccstraciontidoo, but their
systematic position is uncertain ; —

Dorutodus triempidatm, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad. Coes.
Lcop.-Car. vol. xxix. no. 9 (1801), p. 10, pi. i. figs. 28-37 ;
H. Eck, Form. bunt. Sandst. u. Muschelk. Oberschlesicn
(1805), p. 01; and E. E. Schmid, Abh. Geol. Specialk.
Preussen u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. i. pt.ii. (1874), p. 50. —
Keupor, Germany.

Oomphodus agasgizii, A. E. Eeuss, Verstcin. bohm. Kreideform.
pt. ii. (1840), p. 99, pi. xxi. figs. 22-25 ; A. Fritsch, Kept,
u. Fische bohm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 10, woodc. fig. 20.
— Cenomanian ; Bohemia.

The following specimens in the Collection are referable to the
latter “ genus ” : —

41702. Complete tooth ; Chalk, Gravesend, Kent.

Toulmin Smith Coll.

P. 334. Two teeth ; Chalk, Charing, Kent. Harris Coll.

Family SCYLLIID^.

Dorsal fins without spines, the first situated above or behind the
pelvic fins. No nictitating membrane. Teeth small, several series
being generally in function.

Genus P .AXj./Lj030YX«LIXJiy[^ Wagner.

[Golehr. Anz. bay. Akad. Wiss. vol. xliv. 1857, p. 291.]

First dorsal fin above or partly behind the pelvics ; origin of
second dorsal in advance of the anal, which is small. Tail of
moderate length. [Teeth unknown, but probably minute.]

As pointed out by Wagner, the arrangement of the fins in this
genus is suggestive of Oinglymostoma ; and Hasso describes * the ver-
tebral column as indistinguishable from that of Scylliwm.

Palseoscylliuin formosiunj Wagner.

1857. Palccoscyllium formosum, A. W'^agner, Gelehr. Anz. bay. Akad.

Wiss. vol. xliv. p. 291.

* Natiirl. Syst. Ela.smobr., Besond. Tbeil, p. 252, pi. xxxiv. fig. 27.

SCrLLITD.E.

339

1863. Pataoscyttium formosum, A. Wa(fner, Abb. k. bay. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-phys. Cl. vol. ix. p. 280, pi. v. fig. 2.

1882. ScyUium catulta, C. Has.«e (?/o» lAnn.), Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr.,
Besond. Theil, p. 2-52, pi. xxxiv. fig. 27.

1887. Palaoscyllhtm, K. A. von Zittel, Ilandb. Pateont. vol. iii. p. 79.

Type. Trunk of fish ; Munich Museum.

The type species attaining a length of about 0'4. Pelvic fins
completely beneath the first dorsal ; anal fin beneath the hinder
portion of the second dorsal.

Form. ^ Loc, Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) : Bavaria.

Palaeoscyllium minas, sp. nov.

Type. Nearly complete fish; British Museum.

Pectoral fins relatively large. Origin of pelvic fins in advance of
the first dorsal ; anal completely behind the second dorsal.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone) : Bavaria.

B. 5541. Type specimen, figured, of two thirds the natural size, in
PI. XVI. fig. 4 ; Eichstadt. The fish is almost complete,
though in some parts indistinctly preserved. The snout
appears to be very obtuse, and the cranial cartilage, so
far as observable, presents no features worth)' of note.
No teeth can be distinguished, and the cartilages of the
jaws are crushed and fragmentary. The vertebral column
is almost complete and consists of about 100 centra. Of
the paired fins, the pectorals appear to have been very
large, the length equalling that of the head ; and the
pelvic fins also attain to considerable proportions, one
being well shown and exhibiting several stout cartila-
ginous rays. MTien pressed to the side of the trunk the
pectorals extend to the base of the pelvic fins ; and oppo-
site a point immediately behind the origin of the latter
the first dorsal arises. The dorsal fins are nearly equal in
size, triangular in form, and separated by an interval only
half as long as the base-line of either. The anal, so far as
preserved, is extremely small, and placed completely be-
hind the second dorsal ; and the caudal fin immediately
follows, with an indication of an inferiorly notched ex-
tremity. The body is covered with fine dense shagreen,
the granules being mostly quadrate, with rounded angles,
but sometimes distinctly spinous. By exchange, 1888.

340

SELACHII.

Genus SCYLLIUM, Cuvier.

[Etgne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 124.]

Syn. Thydlina, I,. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 184.3, p. 378.

Scylliodus, L; Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 377 (in part).

First dorsal fin above or behind the pelvics ; origin of anal always
in advance of that of the second dorsal. Upper edge of the caudal
fin not serrated. Tooth small, delicate, with a middle longer cusp,
and generally one or two small lateral cusps, arranged in numerous
series.

Scyllium angustum (Agassiz).

1843. Thydlina anymta, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol, iii. p. 378, pi. xxxix.
fig. 3.

1873. Thydlina anguata, W. von der March, Palajontogr. vol. xxii. p. 64,
pi. ii. figs. 6, 7.

1882. Scyllium catulm, C. Hasse {non Linn.), Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr.,
Besond. Theil, p. 262.

Type. Fish, wanting head ; Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge,
and Munich Museum.

Pectoral fins large ; pelvic fins truncated behind, slightly in
advance of the opposing first dorsal. Second dorsal fin larger than
the first dorsal, and also much larger than the anal, to which it is
almost completely opposed. [Teeth unknown.]

This species, the ty]Jo of Thyellina, is referred to Scyllium by
Ilasse and identified by him with S. catulus { — S. cankula) ; the
fossil form, however, is readily distinguished specifically by the
character of the fins.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian): Westphalia.

Scyllium antiquum (Agassiz).

1843. Scylliodus antiquus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 378,
pi. xxxviii. figs. 1, 3 {non fig. 2).

Type. Imperfect head, &c. ; British Museum.

Teeth with a very' slender coronal emincnco, and a single pair of
widely separated short lateral denticles. Posterior coronal face in
most of the teeth, and both faces of the crown in those placed at
the back of the jaw, vertically striated.

Form. 4" Toe. Turonian : Kent.

P. 472, P. 5889. Typo specimen, preserved in counterpart, exhibit-
ing remains ot the head, with a few scattered teeth and
imperfect vertebne ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. A few

SCTLUID^.

341

smooth, leaf-shaped shagreen-granules are to he observed ;
but the structures shown in fig. 4 of Agassiz’s plate are
the calcified tesserae of the endoskeletal cartilage.

Egerton and EnnisknVen Colls.

Scyllium dubium, sp. nov.

Type. Group of teeth ; British Museum (PI. XVI. figs. 7, 8).

Teeth with an extremelj’ slender coronal eminence, having two
pairs of lateral denticles, the inner very long, slender, and curved,
the outer smaller and at a lower level.

Form. Loc. Turonian : Kent.

47288. The tj'pe specimen, being a group of teeth associated with
remains of cartilage and a vertebral centrum ; Lower
Chalk, Dover. Two of the teeth are shown, enlarged
eight times, in PI. XVI. figs. 7, 8. Gardner Coll.

Scyllium elongatum (Davis).

1887. ThyeUina elonyata^ J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 473, pi. xiv. figs. 2, 3.

Type. Xearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum.

Teeth slender, erect, with one pair of lateral denticles ; those of
the lower jaw much larger and fewer than those of the upper.
Trunk very slender and elongated. Pelvic fins immediately in
advance of the first dorsal. Second dorsal much larger than the
first ; [anal unknown].

The known specimens do not attain a greater length than 0'2o.

Form. Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

49521. An imperfectlj' preserved fish, 0*22 in length. The head
and pectoral fins are well shown in outline ; also a few
teeth of both jaws in position (PI. XVI. fig. o), displaying
the characters noted in the diagnosis. Farchased, 18 <8.

P- 4775. A nearly complete fish, vertically crushed and apparently
much flattened. The j)ectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins are
exhibited ; and indications of slender conical teeth may be
observed in the mouth. Purchased, 1884.

48104. Anterior portion of a more typical specimen.

Purchased, 1887.

49472. Imperfect young individual, showing the head, pectoral, and
pelvic fins. Purchased, 1878.

342

SELACniI.

Scyllium curtirostre (Davis).

1887. Thyellina curtirostris, J. \V. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 475, pi. XV. fiij. 1.

Tyjte. Incomplete fish ; British Museum.

Teeth of lower jaw broad, the coronal cusp much inclined pos-
teriorly, with indistinct lateral denticles, or destitute of those.
Pectoral fins of moderate size ; [other fins imperfectly known].

The known specimens do not attain a greater length than 0‘4.

Form. ^ Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Seuonian) ; Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4022. Typo specimen, described and figured by J. W. Davis,
loc. cit. Ihirchased, 1833.

49476. A less perfect specimen, probably of this species, 0-338 in
length. Purchased, 1878.

49471. Imperfect anterior portion of trunk, with pectoral fins.

Purchased, 1878.

Scyllium (?) tumidens, sp. nov.

Type. Anterior portion of fish ; British Museum.

Teeth apparently similar in both jaws, each with an erect prin-
cipal cone and a single pair of large, slightly divergent lateral den-
ticles ; base of principal cone and the lateral denticles tumid and
marked with delicate vortical stria).

Form. Loe. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian): Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4777. Type specimen, displaying the head from the inferior
aspect, traces of about thirty anterior vertebrae, the pec-
toral arch, and the right pectoral fin. The snout is very
obtuse, and the head measures 0-047 in length. The
teeth are numerous and relatively small, displaying the
characters already noted in the specific diagnosis, and one
is shown, of six times the natural size, in I’l. XVI. fig. 6.
The pectoral fin is acutely triangular, with a short base of
insertion, and slender basal cartilaginous rays.

Purchased, 1884.

The following species have also been founded npon detached teeth,
bnt there are no examples in the Collection : —

Scyllium acre, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879), p. 171,
pi. iii. fig. 27. — Molasso; Baltriugeu, Wiirtomberg.

SOTIillD^.

343

Sq/llium distans, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 170, pi. iii. figs. 23-26. —
Molusse ; Baltringen.

Seyllium yuitatum, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 171, pL iii. figs. 28, 29. —
lllolasse; Baltringen.

Seyllium (Tachiardii, 11. Lawley, Kuovi Studi Pesci etc. CoUine
Toscane (1876), p. 36. — Pliocene; Tuscany.

Seyllium hauchecomei, F. lioetling. Abb. Geol. Specialk. Preussen
u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 93, pi. v.
fig. 5. — Upper Eocene (Zone A,) ; Samland, Prussia.

Seyllium paiduccii, II. Lawley, op. cit. p. 36. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Other teeth of Seyllium, from the Miocene of Herault, are noticed
by P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Gen. (1867-69), p. 237, pi. xlvii. fig. 8.

A vertebra from the Molasse of Baltringen iS also assigned to
Seyllium by C. Hasse, Xatiirl. Syst. Ela-smobr., Besond. Tbeil (1882),
p. 248, pi. xxxiii. fig. 10 ; while the same author describes vertebne
of the type of Seyllium catuhis from the Oligocene of Palmnickeu
(Paheontogr. vol. xxxi. 1884, p. 7, pi. ii. fig. and of Seyllium
edwardgi from the Upper Chalk of Dorking {ibid. p. 7, pi. ii. figs.
10, 11). See also F. Noetling, loc.cit. p. 96, pi. %"iii. fig. 10.

Of very doubtful position are the small teeth from the Pliinerkalk
of Bohemia and Saxon)', described under the following names :
Seyllium crassiconum, A. E. Keuss, Yerstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. i.
1845, p. 4, pi. ii. figs. 21, 22, pi. xii. fig. 11 (Jlybodus appemlicu-
latus, A. E. Keuss, Geogn. Skizze Bdbmen, vol. ii. 1844, p. 219.
Seylluxliig crassieoiius, H. B. Geinitz, Palceontogr. vol. xx. pt. i.
P. 295, pi. bcv. fig. 8, and A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fisebe bohm. Kreide-
form. p. 1] . flg. 22. — Hyhodus seeratug, C. E. Fischer, .411g. deutseh.
^"aturh. Zeit. n. s. vol. ii. 1856, p. 140, pi. ii. fig. 36); ScylUum
humholdti A. E. Keuss, op. cit. pt. i. p. 4, pi. iv. figs. 4-8 {Scyllio-
dug humholdti, A. Fritsch, op. eit. p. 11, fig. 21).

The preoccupied term Paheoscyllium has been employed by W. von
der Marck for a fossil dog-fish from the Senonian of Arenfeld,
\V estphalia, the generic distinctness of which from Seyllium yet
remains to be demonstrated. The species is named P. dechenP.

It is also not improbable that the teeth described under the fol-
lowing names belong to Seyllium or an allied genus : —

Triyonodus minutus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
(1880), p. 81, woodc. figs. 4, 5. — Upper Eocene; Lim-
bourg, Belgium.

Yerh. natuph. Yerein, preuss, Rheinl. u. Westphal., Jahrg. xvii. (1860),

Corpespondenzbl. p. 47 (name only); Palmontographica, vol. li. (1863), p. 07,

pi. Tiii. figs. 0-9 ; yoL IV. (1868), p. 289 ; iUd. vol. iiii. (1873). p. 65, pi. ii.
fig. 0. V F .

344

SELACHII.

Trifjonodus secundus, T. C. Winklor, he. cit. vol. iv. (1870), p. 20,
pi. ii. figs. 4, 5. — Bru.xollian Eocene ; Brussels.

Triffonorlns tertius, T. C. Winkler, he. oit. vol. iv. (1876), p. 21,
pi. ii. figs. 6, 7. — Bnixellian Eocene ; Brussels.

Lamna triplex, F. A. Quenstedt, ITandb. Petrefakt. 3rd edit.
(1882), p. 268, pi. XX. figs. 26. — “Feuerstein; Miirk-
isebo Gescbiebc.”

Otodus tricuspis, L. Agassiz, Pois. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 273,
pi. xxxvi. fig. 28. — Lower Miocene ; Wilhelmshbhe, near
Cassel.

Orthodon eondamyi, II. Coquand, Beser. Geol. Dept. Charente,
vol. ii. (1860), p. 126. — Upper Cretaceous ; Charente,
France.

Genus PRISTIURUS, Bonaparte.

[Faun. Ital. vol. iii. 1841, art. 131.]

Dorsal and anal fins as in SeylUum. A series of small flat spines
on each side of the upfier edge of the caudal fin. Snout much
elongated. Teeth small, tricuspid.

Pristiurus hassei, sp. nov.

1803. NotidaniM (jomip;), A. Wagner, Abh. k. bay. Akad. Wiss.,math.-
phys. Cl. vol. ix. p. 296.

1882. Prisfiurur, C. llasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil,
p. 2.56, pi. XXXV. figs. 46, 46.

Type. Nearly complete tish ; Palmontological Museum, Munich.

A very small species, distinguished from the existing P. melano-
stomus by the relatively greater size of the tail. The second dorsal
fin is situated above the hinder part of the anal ; and the length of
the tail behind the second dorsal is equal to that of the trunk in
advance ef this fin.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Kimmeridgian (Lithographic Stone): Bavaria.

33003. Plaster cast of t}'pe specimen, figured, without specific name,
by C. Hasse, op. cit. ; Eichstiidt. The snout is indicated
as being very obtuse, and, if confirmed, this feature will
necessitate a slight modification in the acce2>ted definition
of the genus. Purchased, 1864.

Genus MESITEIA, Kramberger.

[Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. Ixxii. 1885, p. 53.]

First dorsal fin above or behind the pelvios ; anal fin long. Tail

SCrLLIID^.

345

excessively elongated, ■without dermal scutes or spines ; snout pro-
duced. Shagreen absent' or very delicate ; lateral line supported by
a series of calcified incomplete rings. Teeth minute, numerous,
tricuspid.

Mesiteia saliel-alm (Pictet & Humbert).

18C0. Scylliitm sahel-alintt, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Kech. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. Ill, pi. xviii. tigs. 2-4.

1887. Scyllium Mhel-almte, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 470, pi. XV. fig. 3.

1888. “ fkyUium ” sahel-alitue, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 126.

Typt- Fish, wanting the greater portion of the caudal region ;
Geneva Museum.

A sj>ecies attaining a total length of about 0‘19. Origin of the
first dorsal fin immediately behind the pelvics, the latter much larger -
than the pectoral fins. Length of the caudal region beyond the
pelvic fins about four times as great as the space between the pec-
torals and pelvics.

In placing this species in the genus Scyllium, Pictet and Humbert
employed the term in a very wide sense. They recognized resem-
blances to Prigtlunis, but the discovery of the tail now determines
the generic distinctness of the fish.

Perm. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4778, 48107. A nearly complete fish, shown, of the natural
size, in PI. XVI. fig. 1, and partially described by J. IV.
Davis, loc. eit. The counterpart of the anterior half only
is preserved. There are indications of the production of
the cranium at least 0‘017 in advance of the jaws (m.),
and the anterior fontanelle ( f.) is well shown. Fach
mandibular ramus measures about O’Ol in length, and
numerous minute cuspidate teeth are displayed. Remains
of the branchial arches (“ branchiostegal rays,’ Davit)
are distinct upon each side. The vertebne are longer
than deep, much constricted, and evidently asterospondjdic
in structure ; there are slender ribs, and in the caudal
region the neural aud hmmal arches are well displayed.
The luemal spines are long and narrow, each expanded
distally ; while the neural spines are comparatively small,
alternating with the intercalary cartilages. The precise
characters of the jjectoral arch (pcf.) cannot be determined ;
and the only noteworthy feature in the pectoral fins is
the great length of the metapterygium, which bears not

346

SELACHII.

less than ten cartilaginous rays. The pelvic arch and fins
(plv.) are more satisfactorily preserved, and remarkable
on account of their relatively largo size ; there is a dis-
tinct prcpubic process {p.pb.), and the hasal pterygium
of the fin is much elongated, hearing not less than sixteen
robust cartilaginous rays. The first dorsal fin (cV) is only
seen upon the counterpart of the fossil, hut is introduced
into the figure for completeness. It is situated imme-
diately behind the pelvics, and still further postcriorlj^ are
a few rays of another small median fin(cf') above the neural
arches, evidently to be interpreted as the second dorsal.
No traces of the anal fin can be discerned. A few im-
pressions of the muscles occur in the abdominal region ;
but there is no evidence of shagreen upon any portion of
the fossil, and the only external dermal structures are
some of the series of calcified rings supporting the groove
of the lateral lino. A portion of the counterpart is en-
larged four times to sho w the latter, in PI. XVI. fig. 3(1.L),
the structures having already been described by the present
writer (Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1888, p. 126).

Purchased, 1878, 1884.

46506, 49515. Two imperfect specimens ; a tooth of the first shown,
of twelve times the natural size, in PI. XVI. fig. 2.

Purchased, 1875, 1878.

Mesiteia emilise, Kramberger.

1885. Mesiteiaemilice,'D. Gorganovic Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. p. 64, pi. iii. fig. 2 h

Type. Nearly complete skeleton ; Geological Museum, University
of Agram, Croatia.

The type species, somewhat larger than M. sahel-almce, and dif-
fering in the relatively larger size and more posterior situation of
the dorsal fins.

Form. ^ hoc. Middle Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.

Genus CfHIiOSCYLLIXTlVI, Muller & Henle.

[Syst. Eesohreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 17.]

First dorsal fin above or behind the pelvic tins ; the anal fin far
behind the second dorsal, and very close to the caudal. Teeth
small, triangular, with or without lateral ousps.

* A German abstract of this memoir appeared in 1886.

BCTLLlIDi.

347

Chiloscyllium fossile, J. Probst, Wurtt. Jahresh. toI. xxxv. (1879),
p. 171, pi. iii. fig. .30. — Molasse; Baltringen, Wiirtemberg.

Genus CROSSORHINUS, MiiUer & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 21.]

First dorsal fin behind the pelvic fins, and the second in advance
of the anal, which is very close to the caudal. Tail short. Head
broad and flat, with lateral appendages of skin ; mouth wide, nearly
terminal ; eyes small ; the spiracle a wide oblique slit, behind and
below the eye. Teeth comparatively few and largo, the middle
portion of the anterior coronal face extending downwards as a pro-
cess over the root. Anterior teeth long, slender, subulate ; lateral
teeth less elevated, tricuspid.

Some of the teeth are scarcely distinguishable from those of
Squattna, and no fossil examples have hitherto been recorded.

A vertebra from the “ Gault ” (? Cambri dge Greensand) of Cam-
bridge is supposed to belong to Crossorhirms by C. Hasse, Ifatiirl.
Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. TheE (1882), p. 200, pi. xxv. figs. 7-10.

Genus CANTIOSCYLLIUM, nov.

Syn. 8cyUiodu», L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 377 (in part).

Teeth robust, with a broad depressed root, flattened and scarcely
divided into two radicles. Dental crown consisting of a single
elevated principal cone, with one or two pairs of small lateral cones ;
the anterior coronal face produced downwards and forwards
raesially. Vertebr® large, deep and short in the abdominal region.

The character of the dentition suggests affinities with Oitujly-
fnostoraa. Before any teeth had been exposed, however, the type
specimen of the only known species had been theoretically associated
■with the remains of a distinct fish (Scyllium antiquum, p. 340), to
form a “ genus ” named ScylUodus.

Cantioscyllium decipiens, sp. nov.

'^ype. Head and anterior portion of trunk ; British iluseum.
Teeth striated.

Form. ioc. Turonian : Kent.

• 5890. The type specimen, consisting of the imperfect mandi-
bular and hyoid arches, pectoral arch, and the anterior
portion of the vertebral column, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit.
pi. xxxviii. fig. 2 (^ScylUodus aniiquus) ; Lower Chalk,
Burham, Kent. Several teeth have been exposed by the

348

8ELACHII.

removal of matrix since the publication of the original
figure and description ; and these exhibit the characters
noted in the foregoing generic and specific diagnoses.

Enniskillen Coll-

Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA, Miillor & Henle.

[Syst. Boschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 22.]

Syn. Nebruis, E. IlUppell, None Wirbelth. Abyssinien, Fische, 1836,

p. 02.

Plicodus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. 1874,
p. 301.

Awodohatis, J. Eeidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
1877, p. 250.

First dorsal fin above or partly behind the pelvics ; origin of
second dorsal in advance of the anal. Teeth robust, with a broad
depressed root, flattonod and not divided into two radicles ; anterior
face of the crown much larger than the posterior, produced down-
wards and forwards mesially, the trenchant coronal border more or
less coarsely denticulated.

Ginglymostoma serra (Loidy).

1877. Acrodohatis serra, J. Loidy, .iourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2]
vol. viii. p. 250, pi. xxxiv. figs. 10-13.

(?) 1877. Acroduhatis ohliquus, J. Loidy, tom. cit. p. 250, pi. xxxiv. fig. 14.

Type. Detached teeth.

Median cusp of dental crown narrow, prominent ; lateral serra-
tions relatively small and numerous (about 7-9).

Form, if Loc. Eocene : South Carolina, Alabama, and (?) New
Jersey, U.S.A.

P. 1216. T wo teeth, one shown of the natural size in PI. XVI.

fig. 9 ; Clarke’s Co., Alabama. Eyerton Coll.

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,
but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Ouiylymostoma minutam, W. Dames, Neues Jahrb. 1888, vol. ii.
Eeforat. p. 323. Ilyhodus minutus, II. Forir, Ann. Soc.
Geol. Belg. vol. xiv. (1887), p. 35, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3. — •
Danian ; Maastricht, Belgium.

Ginylymostoma ihielense, F. Noetling, Sitzb. Ges. natiirf. Fr. Berlin,
1886, p. 14, figs. 2, 3. Plicodxis ihielensis, T. C. Winkler,
Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. (1874), p. 301, pi. vii. fig. 5 J
ibid. vol. iv. (1876), p. 20. — Bruxellian Eocene ; Belgium.

LAMKID^.

349

Family LAMNID^F.

Dorsal fins without spines, the first situated opposite to the space
between the pectoral and pelvic fins. No nictitating membrane.
Gill-openings generally wide ; spiracles minute or absent. Teeth
solid when completely formed, pointed, and in most genera relatively
large.

Owing to the considerable variation in the form of the teeth in
difiTerent parts of the mouth, the satisfactory determination of the
extinct s{>ecies of the various genera of Lamnidae is almost impossible.
The following arrangement is thus in a great measure provisional.

Genus ORTHACODUS, nomen nov.

Syn. L. Agassiz (non Sphenodon, Gray, IS.*!!, uec Sphenodon,

Lund, 1839), Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 288.

An extinct genus, known only by detached teeth, and provision-
ally assigned to the family of Lamnid®. Each tooth consists of a
slender, erect, more or less compressed crown, placed upon the
centre of the anterior margin of a horizontally expanded root. The
latter is not forked or divided, and resembles the root of the tooth
in Cladodus and certain species assigned to Hyhodxts.

Orthacodns longidens (Agassiz).

1843. Lamna {Sphenodus) hngidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
p. 298, pL ixxvii. figs. 24-29.

184C. Sgualtts phiUipgii, C. Rouillier, BulL Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. pi. B. fig. 0. (Name given, loc. cit. 1847, pt i. p. .372.)

18.32. Oxyvhina longideng, F. A. Quenstedt, llandb. Petrefakt. p. 172,
pl. xiii. fig. 11.

1852. Oxyrhina macer, F. A. Quenstedt, op. cit, p. 172, pi. xiii. fig. 18.

1852. O.ryrhina ornati, F. A. Quenstedt, op. cU. p. 173, pl. xiii. fig. 1.3.

1858. Oxyrhina omaii, F. A. Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 467, pl. btiii.
%• 5.

(?) 18M. Sphenodus, F. A. Quenstedt, op. cit. p. Ot‘2, pl. Ixxxi. fig. 30.

1858. Oxyrhina macer, F. A. Quenstedt, op. cit. p. 783, pl. xevi. figs.
45, 40.

1800. Sphenodus macer, H. Trantschold, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. p. 356, pL viii. figs. 23, 24.

1861. Sphenodus macer, H. Trautschold, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell.
vol. xiii. p. 433.

1861. Sphenodus longidens, II. T rautschold, tom. cit. p. 433.

1875. Sphenodus macer, K. Fricke, Palseontocr. vol. xxii. p. 394,
pl.xxi.fig.21.

350

SELACHII.

1876. Sphenndm lonyidens, E. Fiivre, Fos.s. Terr. O.xford. Alpes Tribourg.

(M(5m. Soc. Pal. Suisse, vol. iii.), pi. ii. fig. 2.

Type. Detached dental crowns ; Munich Museum (in part).

The typo species, of moderate size. Dental crown narrow, at-
taining a maximum height of about 0'03, and scarcely sigmoidally
curved ; inner coronal face gently convex, outer face flat or slightly
convex ; cutting-edges very iwomincnt.

0. maeer was only distinguished by Quenstedt on account of its
occurring at a somewhat higher horizon than the typical teeth.

Form, (f" hoc. Oxfordian : Bavaria and Wiirtembcrg. Corallian :
Wiirtcmborg and Hanover. Upper Jurassic: Government of Mos-
cow, Russia.

P. 1254-5. Typical dental crown, and small example ; Oxfordian,
Rabenstein, Bavaria. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5753. Three small dental crowns; Rabenstein. Emiiskillen Coll.

P. 1256. Small dental crown ; Oxfordian, Streitberg, Franconia.

Eyerton Coll.

22489, 22503, 22658. Eight dental crowns ; Corallian, Schnaitheim,
Wiirtemberg. Purchased, 1848.

P. 2370. Dental crown ; Schnaitheim. Enniskillen Coll.

The following species are also distinguished, but there are no
examples in the Collection : —

Orihacodus impressus, K. A. von Zittel, Fauna Aelt. Ccphalopo-
dcnfiihr, Tithonbild. (Suppl. to Palajontogr., 1870), p. 25,
pi. i. figs. 3, 4 (Sphenodus). — Tithonian ; Southern Alps.

Orthacodus nitidns. A, Wagner, Abh. konigl. bay. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-phy.s. Cl. vol. ix. (1863), p. 290, pi. iv. fig- 4
{Sphenodus). — Lithographic Stone ; Bavaria.

Orthacodus titlionius, G. G. Gemmellaro, Studi Paleont. Fauna
Calc, a Terehratula janitor N. Sicilia, pt. i. (1868—76),
p. 8, pi. ii. figs. 32-41 {Sphenodus). — Upper Jurassic;
Sicily.

Orthacodus viryai, G. G. Gemmellaro, op. cit. pt. i. p. 8, pi. u-
figs. 42-47 {Sphenodus). — Upper Jurassic; Sicily.

To this genus also Quenstedt (Handb. Petrefakt. 3rd edit. 1882,
p. 271) refers the Liassic tooth named Lamna liassica, U. Schou-
bach (Neues Jahrb. 1863, p. 166).

LAMSID-E.

351

Somewhat doubtfully placed in this genus is Hjihenodtu gahau-
diamu, Pictet (Foss. Terr. Xcocom. Toirons, pt. iii. (1858), p. 50,
pi. vii. figs. 9-11), from the Xcocomian of Voirons, apparently
figured under the name of <S. salcniintis by P. Gervais (Zool. et Pal.
Fran^., 2nd. edit. p. 524, pi. Ixxvi. figs. 9, 10) ; and Ltiruna {Sjtheno-
dus) plana, Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 298, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 30-32), from the Cenomanian of Switzerland, is probably a true
Lamna.

Genus SCAPANORHYNCHUS, nov.

Syn. Rhinoynathug, J. W. Davis (non Rhinognathug, Fairmaire, 1873),
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. 1^7, p. 480.

Body slender, snout much elongated. Second dorsal fin small,
placed immediately above a long anal. Caudal fin much elongated,
interiorly notched near the extremity. Teeth with a long slender
pnr.cipal cusp, and mostly with a pair of minute lateral cusjis.

This genus is yery imperfectly defined by J. W. Davis (foe. ci’t.)
under the preoccupied name of Rhinognathus, and erroneously
referred to the Spinacid®.

Scapanorhynchas lewisii (Davis).

1887. Rhimgnathug lewigii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 480^ p], j;iv. fig. 4.

^ypt. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.

Length of snout in advance of the mouth not more than twice as
great as the width of the head at this position. Extent of the
caudal fin nearly equal to the entire length of the trunk in advance
of its origin. Teeth with the inner face of the coronal cusp promi-
nently striated.

dorm, Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

48099. Imperfect remains of the head and a fragment of the ante-
rior portion of the trunk, with indications of the pectoral
arch and fine. A number of teeth are well shown, one
being drawn, four times the natural size, in PI. XVII.
fig- 6- Purchased, 1877.

49473. Crushed snout and head, with numerous teeth in position, a
few anterior vertebrae, and the left pectoral fin. Two of
the anterior teeth are shown, of three times the natural size,
from the inner and outer aspects, in PI. XVII. figs. 4, 5.

Purchased, 1878.

352

SELACIUJ.

49474. Head and brancliial region, shown, of two thirds the natural
size, in 1‘1. XVII. fig. 2, extending somewhat further back-
wards and displaying the imperfect pectoral fins. The
intertrabccular rostral cartilage is prominent ; a few cha-
racteristic teeth are seen ; and there are distinct remains
of some of the branchial arches and gill-clefts.

Purchased, 1878.

49475. Imperfect head, with the snout nearly complete, and crushed
remains of the anterior portion of the trunk, with the left
pectoral fin. A few teeth are exhibited, including one of
the hindmost, shown, of four times the natural size, in
PI. XVII. fig. 7. Purchased, 1878.

49551. A less perfect specimen, exhibiting several teeth. The
lateral aspect of the crown of an anterior tooth is shown,
of three times the natural size, in PI. XVII. fig. 3. The
posterior face of the crown in the lateral teeth appears to
bo smooth. Purchased, 1878.

P. 4020. A nearly complete trunk, imperfect in the anterior dorsal
region, shown, of two thirds the natural size, in PI. XVII.
fig. 1. The body is covered with a fine dense shagreen,
and this, in addition to the fossilization of the muscular
tissues, renders the outline distinct ; the fins, however,
seem to have been destitute of shagreen towards all the
free margins, except the anterior one, and their exact
proportions are thus not detcnninable. Most of the ver-
tebral centra are much broken, but their astcrospondylic
character is evident, and in the abdominal region they are
deeper than long ; in the caudal region their size very
gradually diminishes towards the posterior extremity, and
above the inferior lobe of the caudal fin the haemal arches
are distinct. The small second dorsal flu {tP.) is completely
opposed to the anterior half of the much elongated anal
{an.). The pelvic fins {plv.) are large, atid arise about
halfway between the pectorals {pet.) and the anal ; and
at the base of each of these fins a numerous scries of
delicate cartilages is distinguishable. The long caudal fin
(c.) is well preserved, and shows very distinctly the single
inferior notch near its hinder extremity.

Purchased, 1883.

48100-03. Pour imperfect examples of the trunk. Purchased, 1877.

LAMNID^.

353

Scapanorhjrnchus elongatos, sp. nov.

Type. Head and anterior portion of trunk, shown, of two thirds
the natural size, in PI. XVII. fig. 8.

An extremely elongated species. Length of snout in advance of
the mouth not less than three times as great as the width of the
head at this position. Extent of the caudal fin not equalling more
than one half the entire length of the trunk in advance of its origin.
Teeth with the posterior face of the coronal cusp prominently
striated, scarcely differing from the teeth of S. lewisii.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) : Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon, Syria.

P. 4774. Type specimen, mostlj' shown, of two thirds the natural
size, in PI. XVII. fig. 8. The outline of the slender snout
is well exhibited ; the mouth is large ; the vertebral centra
are much elongated; and the body is covered with fine
dense shagreen. Several teeth of both jaws are preserved,
all being slender, but those placed near the symphysis
possess especially high and narrow crowns.

Purchased, 1884.

P. 4773. An imperfectly preserved fish, 0'645 in length, wanting
aU the fins except the caudal. An impression of the inner
face of an anterior tooth shows marks of the character-
istic striations ; and the vertebrae are distinctly astero-
spondylic, most being longer than deep. The distance from
the mouth to the beginning of the caudal fin is about
0-395 ; and the length of this fin is approximately 0-19.

Purchased, 1884.

Scapanorhynchns rhaphiodon (Agassiz)’.

184-3. Lamna (fidontaspis') rhaphiodon, L. Aga.ssiz, Poiss. l-oss. vol. iii.
p. 206, pi. xxxvii. a. figs. 12-10 (mm fig. 1 1).

- 1842. Isunna (Odontaspis') rhaphiodon, II. U* Geinitz, Charact. Schicht.
u. Petrefakt. sachs.-bbhm. Kreidegeb. pi. xvii. figs. 13, 14.

‘ To this species also H. E. Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Gtol. France, [2] vol. viii.
1880, p. 457) proTiaionally assigns Lanina trigeri, H. Coquand (Deseript. Gcol.

Depart. Charente, voL ii. 1800, p. 98). The dimensions given, if correct,
render the determination doubtful.

Very similar teeth, from tlie Upper Cretaceous of Xew Jersey, Texas, Alabama,
ansas, and Mississippi, U.S. A., are described under the name of Lamna iexana,
p- Boemer, Kreidebild. von Texas (1852), p. 29, pi. i. fig. 7 ; see also J. Lcidy,
^P. GeoL Surv. Teri-it. vol. i. pt. 1 (1873), p. 304, pi. xviii. figs. 46-50, and
D. D. Cope, Und. vol. u. (1875) p. 2%.

354

SELACHII.

1S45 rliiipliiMlon, A. E. Reiiss, Verstein. bohni. Kroideform.

pt. i. p. 7, pi. vii. fig. 15, pi. .\ii. fig. 3 (non jd. iii. figs. .34-36).

1845. Lcimna plicatelki, A. E. Keuss, op. cit. pt. i. p. 7, pi. iii. figs.
37-44.

18.50. 'Encliodus Imlocyon, II. 13. Geinitz (wonAgassiz), Charact. Schicbt.
u. Petrefalrt. sachs.-bohm. Kreidogeb. 2nd edit. p. 63, pi. xvii.
figs. 13, 14.

1860. Odontaspis r/iaphiodon, F. Dixon, Fo.ss. Sussex, pi. xxx. fig. .32.

(?) 1864. lamna raph'odon, V. Kiprijauoli', Dull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos-
cou, pt. ii. p. 392, pi. iii. figs. 27-38 (in part).

1860. Lamna plieafella, C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutscb. naturb. Zeit. n. s.
vol. ii. p. 142, pi. ii. figs. 62, 63.

1867. Oayrhina zippei?, P. GervaLs, Zool. et Pal. Fran^. 2nd edit,
pi. Ixxvi. fig. 14.

(?) 1871. Eiudmlm striatus, E. von Eicbwald, Geogn.-Palajont. Be-
merk. Ilalbinael Manganiscblak, p. 04, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2.

1872. OdontaKpia rJiapModon, II. E. Sauvage, Bibl. Ecnle Ilautes
Etudes, vol. V. no. 9, p. .30, pi. i. figs. 42-63.

1873. Enclwdus aerratva, F. Stoliczka {non Egerton), Cret. Fauna
S. India, (Pal. Tnd.) vol. iv. pt. 4, p. 00, pi. xii. fig. 41.

1876. Lamna raphiodon, II. B. Geinitz, Palroontogr. vol. xx. pt. i.
p. 296, pi. Ixv. figs. 9-11.

1878. Lamna atnola, St. Zarecznego, Sprawozd. Koraisyi Fizyjograt.
Galicyl, vol. xii. p. (204), pi. viii. fig. 6.

1878. LMmna stiiatella, St. Zarecznego, tom. cit. p. (205), pi. viii.

fig. 10.

1878. Lamna rhaphiodon, A. Fritscb, Kept. u. Fisclie bblim. Kreide-
form. p. 10, woodc. fig. 17.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

A larger species than cither of the foregoing, known only by the
dentition. Inner coronal face prominently striated. Anterior
teeth without lateral denticles ; postcro-lateral teeth w'ith a single
pair of sharp denticles.

Form. Loc. Cenomanian: Russia and Galicia. Cenomanian and
Turonian : Franco, Saxony, and Bohemia. Cenomanian — Senonian :
S. England. U. Cretaceous : S. India and Manganiscblak, Caspian
Sea.

4582-3. Two type specimens figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Chalk,
I.ewes, Sussex. Mmtell Coll.

4578-80. Throe anterior dental crowns, one with a jwrtion of the
root; Lowes. Manlell Coll.

25889, 25890, 25946. Four dental crowns, one figured by' Dixon,
he. cit. ; also a small tooth ; Chalk, Sussex. Di.von Coll-

LAMXIDJ..

355

P. 1252. Small lateral tooth ; Chalk, Susses. Erjerton Coil.

43080. Perfect anterior tooth ; Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1871.

P. 404. Similar tooth ; Chalk, probably from Kent.

Preserved by the Earl of Ducie, 1881.

37755. Antero-lateral tooth, without denticles; English Chalk.

Purchased, 1863.

49952. Lateral tooth, with a pair of pointed lateral denticles;

Upper Chalk, Shalford, near Guildford. Capron Coll.

49948 a. Tooth ; Lower Chalk, Guildford. Capron Coll.

44216. Two dental crowms ; Upper Chalk, Parley, Surrey.

Purchased, 1873.

46402. Two imperfect anterior teeth; Chalk, Warminster.

Cunnington Coll.

P. 5892. Much contorted auterior tooth ; Upper Chalk, Norwich.

44839. Two anterior teeth ; English CTialk.

Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

P- 5841. Three teeth; Danian beds, Malogne, near Ciply, Belgium.

Presented hy Mom. A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

36326 a. Two teeth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1862.

P.5297. Seven small teeth, mostly imperfect; Cambridge Green-
sand, Cambridge. History unlcnown.

31315 a. Large dental crown ; Upper Greensand, Belgium.

300, P. 306. Three teeth ; Planerkalk, Strehlen, near Dresden,
Saxony. Tramf erred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

^•1251. Lateral tooth : (?) Strehlen. Egerton Coll.

37235. About thirty dental crowns : Planerkalk, Ousti, near Labem,
Bohemia. Purchased, 1863.

P* 5559 b. Seven teeth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, Russia.

By exchange, 1888.

2 A 2

356

SEIACHII.

Scapanorhynchus (?) subulatus (Agassiz).

1822, Squalm cornuhicus, G. A. Maatell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 226, pi.
xxxii. fig. 1.

1843. Lanina (Odontaspis) mbulata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. loss. vol. m.
p. 200, pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 5 (? figs. 6, 7),

(?) 1843. Lamna (Odontanpis) rhaphiodon, L. Agassiz (cnwp), tom. cit.
pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 11.

1845. Lamna undidata, A. E. lleuss, Versteia. bolim. Kroidefonii. p. 8,
pi. iii. figs. 45-48.

1846. OdontaspU rhaphiodon, A. E. lleuss, op. cit. pt. i. pi. iii. fio®‘
34-.30.

1845. Odontanpis const rictus, Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Jourji. Qeol. Soc,
vol. i. p. 171, woodc.

1845. Odontaspis o.vyprion. Sir P. Egerton, ibid. p. 171, woodc.

1840. Jjnrnna subulata, A. E. lleuss, o/o. cit. pt. ii. p. 100, pi. xxiv.
fig. 25.

18.52. Ijanma?, P. Gervals, Zool. et Pal. Frau9. pl.lx.xvi. fig. 21.

1854. Lamna subulata, V. Kiprijanofl', Dull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pf . ii. ]). 304, pi. iii. figs. 30-45.

1850. Lamna sulidata, E, lldbort, M4m. Soc. Gaol. France, [2] vol. v.
p. 355, pi. xxvii. fig. 10.

1868. Odontaspis subulata, Pictet h Campicbe, Foss. Terr. Cretacd St.
Croix, p. 87, pi. xi. figs. 1 -8.

1873. Odontaspis constrictus, F. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, (Pal.
lud.) vol. iv. pt. 4, p. 08, pi. xii. figs. 36 -37.

1875. Lamna sulndata,!!. 15. Geiiiitz, Palnjontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. p. 200,
pi. xxxviii. figs. 33-30 (? figs. 29, 30, 32, nun fig. 31).

1878. Lamna subulata, A. Fritscb, Kept. u. Fiscbu biilim. Kreideforui.
p. 0, fig. 10 (won fig. 15).

(?) 1888. Odontaspis kaikoraensis, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iv. p. 24, pi. V. figs. 0-10.

1888. Lamna subulata, S. Nikitin, Mdm. Comitd Gi5ol. vol. v. no. 2,
p. 40, pi. V. figs. 0, 7.

Type. Defaclied tooth ; Palaeontological Museuna, Munich.

A species known only by detached teeth, and provisionally
assigned to this genus. Inner eoronal face smooth ; lateral den-
ticles always present and prominent, robust in the lateral teeth.

Form. Loc. Albian — Senonian : S.E. England. Albian : Swit-
zerland. Cenomanian : Central and S.E. Russia. Cenomanian and
I’uronian : Saxony and Rohemia. Senonian : N. France. Danian :
Holland. Upper Cretaceous : S. India and New Zealand.

4569, 4573. Two small tooth ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.

25769, 25795, 25807, 25934, 25936. Seven teeth ; Chalk, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

LAMSIDJ!. 357

49949. Two teeth ; Chalk, Arandel, Sussex. (Japron Coll.

49947 a. Small anterior tooth ; TJ. Chalk, Guildford. Capron CcHl.

20289 a. Two teeth ; Chalk, Greenhithe, Kent. Purchased, 1846.

41707. Two teeth; Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll.

P. 332. Small tooth, probably to be regarded as the fourth of the
upper jaw ; Chalk, Charing, Kent. Harris Cold.

P. 2380. Tooth ; Chalk, Kent. EnnisHllen Coll.

P- 5755. Two teeth, one very imperfect ; Grey Chalk, Dover, Kent.

Daniels Coll.

35882. Tooth ; Grey Chalk, Dover. • Purchased, 1861.

P- 5756. Two teeth ; Upper Chalk, Grays, Essex. Daniels Coll.

35653. Three teeth; Upx)cr Chalk, Norwich. Purchased,

48956 a. Tooth; Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayjield CoU.

P.5757. Five imperfect teeth ; Norwich. History unknown.

42985. Three teeth ; Upper Chalk, Maastricht, Holland.

Van Breda Coll.

42868 c. Tooth ; Upper Chalk, Obourg, Hainaut, Belgium.

Fim Breda Coll.

28295 a. Twelve teeth ; Upper Chalk, Mont Aime, Marne, France.

Purchased, 1851.

P-5758. Five teeth; Chalk, locality unknown.

P- 1229. Dental crown ; Chalk, Heytesbur)-, Wiltshire.

Eyerton Coll.

30541. Five dental crowns ; Upper Greensand, Warminster.

Purchased, 1856.

36326. Three teeth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1862.

39878. Tooth ; Gault, Folkestone, Kent. Purchased, 1865.

47218, P. 12 a. Seven teeth; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner CoU.

P- 1238. One imperfect tooth ; also three dental crowns, doubtfully
assigned to this species ; Planerkalk, Strehlen, near
Dresden, Saxonv. Egerton CoU.

358

snT.ACuri.

P. 2372. Imperfect tooth; Pliinerkalk, Weinhohla, Saxony.

EnnisJiillen Coll.

P. 5559. Twenty-eight teeth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, llussia.

By exchange, 1888.

P. 5559 a. Eight teeth, doubtfully assigned to tho upper jaw of this
species; Saratov. By exchange, 1888.

P. 598. Seventeen imperfect teeth of tho so-callcd Odontaspis con-
strictwf, Egort. ; Pondicherry, Madras. Egerton Coll.

47885 a. Similar teeth ; Pondicherry.

Presented by the lion. Robert Marsham, 1877.

P. 597. Seven teeth of tho .so-called Odontaspis o.vyprion ; Pondi-
cherry. Egerton Coll.

P. 2304 a. Tooth of the form named Odontaspis Icailcoraensis, Davis,
noticed by the present writer, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iii.
(1880), p. 210 ; Neocomian, Anuiri llliiff, New Zealand.

By e.vcliange, 1878.

The following teeth arc also commonly assigned to the symphysi.s
of the jaw of subulatus {e. g. see II. li. Gcinitz, Palooonto-

graphica, vol. xx. pt. ii. pi. xxxviii. hgs. 29, 30, 32) ; but some are
very suggestive of anterior tooth of tho so-callcd Otodns sulcatns,
Geinitz, tho long pointed lateral denticles and both faces of the
crown being vertically plicated at the base.

4581. Small anterior dental crown, figured by Agassiz (loe. cit.)

among the type specimens of Lamna {Odontaspis) rhajyhio-
don ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.

49949 a. Two examples ; Chalk, Arundel, Sussex. Captron Coll.

41707 a. One tooth ; Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Toidmin Smith Coll.

44030. Another similar specimen ; Upper Chalk, Warne’s Place,
Rochester, Kent. Purchased, 1873.

47218 a. One tooth ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P.2300. Much sulcated tooth; Atherfield Clay (“ Lobster Bed”),
Isle of Wight. Presented by Mrs. Burton, 1882.

Scapanorhynchus (?) gigas, sp. nov.

Type. Imperfect teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth very slender, often sigmoidally curved, subulate, but with
sharp edges ; external coronal face flat, except in the most anterior

LAMNID.E.

359

teeth ; internal face smooth. Crown attaining a maximum height
of about 0'03, expanded laterally at the base, the sharp edges
extending to its inferior limit ; lateral denticles absent, or mere
asperities in the anterior teeth, very minute in the others.

J'hrm. Zoe. Cenomanian (Cambridge Greensand) : Cambridge-
shire.

46362. Five teeth, with imperfect roots, forming the type speci-
mens. The crown of one anterior tooth measures 0'03 in
height, and the outer face is slightly convex.

Pttrchated, 1875.

28109. Three small examples, one showing a slight longitudinal
median elevation of the outer coronal face.

Presented hij James Carter, Esq., 1852.

41915. Four dental crowns. Purchased,

35130. Eight specimens. Purchased, 1859.

The following specimens may belong to the so-called Odontasj)is
studeri, Pictet ‘ (Pictet & Campiche, Foss. Terr. Cretace St. Croix,
1858, p. 90, pi. xi. figs. 19-23), from the Xeocomian of Switzer-
land ; but the evidence is insufficient for satisfactory comparison :

P. 5759. Five imperfect teeth ; Neocomiau, near Folkestone, Kent.

The teeth from the Xeocomian of Switzerland, named Lamna
(Odonlaspis) {jracilis, L. Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 295,
pi. xxxvii. a. figs. 2—4), are also perhaps referable to this genus ; and
teeth of the same form, from the Lower Cretaceous of Apt, Vaucluse,

are recorded hy E. Arilaud (Bull. Soc. Gw)l. France, [3] vol. x.
(1882), p. 133)'-‘. Gibbes’ and Giebel* identify the species with

S. suhulata.

Possibly also may be placed here a detached dental crown, from
the White Chalk of Manganischlak, Caspian Sea, named OxyrMna
^nrfustidens by E. von Eichwald (Geogn.-palseont. Bemerk. Halbinsel
Manganischlak, 1871, p. 66, pi. iv. figs. 4, 5).

* This seems to be the species provisionally named Odontaspu desorii, Pictet,
in tlie Arehiv. Sci. Pbys. et Nat. 1858, p. 240.

“ Teetb from Ibe Bnixellian of Belgium are also assigned to this species by

T. C. Winkler, Arehiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. (18V4), p. 298, pL vii. fig. 3.

* H. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] voL i. (1849), p. 198.

* C. G. Giebel, Fauna cl. Vorsr., Fische (1847), p. 362.

860

SliLACHII.

Oonus ODONTASPIS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 183S, p. 87.]

Syn. Triylochis, Miillor & Ilenle, Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. s. vol. ii. 1838,

p. 88.

(^)Oxytes, C. G. Gietel, Fauna dor Vorwolt, Fische, 1847, p. 364.

Second dorsal fin and the anal of equal size, scarcely smaller than
the first dorsal. No pit at the root of the caudal ; side of the tail
without keel. Teeth of all but the few hindermost series with a
high, narrow, eompressed coronal eminence, flanked bj' one or two
pairs of small pointed denticles ; the fourth tooth from the symphysis
upon each side of the uppc'r jaw very small : the teeth of the most
anterior pair in the lower jaw small and relatively very slender.

As remarked by Agassiz, it is very difficult to distinguish the
teeth of this genus from those of Lamna, the only difference appa-
rently being the greater relative size and more subulate character of
the anterior teeth in Odontasjiis. From Scapanorhynchus the teeth
differ in no essential respects.

Odontaspis bronni, Agassiz.

1843. Lmmui (OiJonianpls) hrnnni, L. .\gassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 297,
pi. xxxvii. «. figs. 8-10.

(.'') 1843. Otodux serratns, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 272, pi. xxxii. figs.
27, 28.

1862. Otodiis and Lamna, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran^. pi. Ixxvi.
tigs. 6, 8

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth robust, the crown of the anterior teetti attaining a height
of about 0-018, with but the slightest sigmoidal curvature. Outer
coronal face convex, more or less uneven, and sometimes vertically
folded towards the basal line, which is transversely straight ; inner
face smooth ; two pairs of pointed lateral denticles generally present,
the outer insignificant. Pase of crown in lateral teeth overhanging
the root in front. Nutritive foramen of the root in a deep groove.

The upper postero-lateral teeth are probably those named Otodu.x
sermtds, Agassiz.

Ihe teeth of 0. acuta, J. W. Davis, from the Oamaru System of
New Zealand, are very similar to those of this species.

Form, tj- Loc. Danian : Holland and Belgium.

42984. Six teeth ; Maastricht. Van Breda Coll.

■ To (his species may also probably be assigned the Maastricht tooth named
Odmituspix hopci by F. Bassani. Atti Soc. Venelo-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880),
p. 10, pi. c. fig. 1.

LAMSID-K.

361

44842. An anterior and a small lateral tooth ; ilaastricht.

PresenUd hi/ Benjamin BAtjht, Esq., 1873.

P. 1250. Small anterior tooth mentioned by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 297 ;

Maastricht. Eejerton Coll.

P. 1282. Three teeth ; Maastricht. Eyerton Coll.

P. 4572. An anterior and a lateral tooth ; Maastricht.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5556. One perfect anterior tooth, and three abraded examples ;

Craie de Ciply, Belgium. By exchawye, 1888.

P. 5555. Lateral tooth; Ciply. By txchanye, 1888.

P. 5829. Two teeth ; Ciply.

Presented hy Mans. A. Uouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

42868 a. Tooth ; Obourg, Hainaut, Belgium. Fan Breda Coll.

Odontaspis ratoti (Winkler).

H7C. Otudus rirfotijT. C. Winkler, .\rehiv. Mas. Teyler, vol. iv. fasc.l,
_ P- 4, pl. i. figs. 3, 4.

1^70. Otodus rutoti, G. Vincent, .\nn. Soc. Hoy. Mabicol. Belg. vol. xi.
p. 124, pl. vi. figs. 1 a~e.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth almost indistinguishable from those of 0. hronni, but often
with a greater development of lateral denticles, and the anterior
teeth apparently never with a straight anterior coronal base-line.

Form. Loc. Heersian, Landenian, and Ypresian : Belgium,
lhanet Sands : England.

P. 4933. Two teeth ; Heersian, Orp-le- Grand.

Presented by G. F. Harris, Esq., 1885.

P. 4102. Four teeth ; Thanet Sands, Eeculvers, Kent.

Presented hy Sydney C. Cockerell, Esq., 188,3.

Odontaspis elegans (.Agassiz).

1770. Dentes Squali, G. BianJer, Foss. Ilantoniensia, pl. ix. figs. 113,
114.

lS43. Lamna eleyans, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 289, pl. xxxv.

figs. 1-5 (won figs. 6, 7), pl. xxxvii. a. fig. 59 (non fig. 58).

1849. Lamnn eleyans, R. \V. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad. [2]
vol. i. p. luo, p’. XXV. figs. 98-102 (? figs. 96, 97).

18,50. Lamna eleyans, F. Dixon, Foss. Susse.r, p. 203, pl. x. figs. 28-31.
1852. Lamna eleyans, P. GenaD, Zool. et PaL Prany. pl. Ixxv. fig. 3.

362

SELACHII.

1803. Lamna elegans, K. E. Sohafhiiutl, Siid-Bay. Leth. Geogn. p. 242,
pi. Ixii. %. 6.

1871. Lamna elegam, II. I.,e Hon, Prdlim. MtSin. I’oisa. Tert. Belg.

p. 12.

1876. Lamna elegam, A. llutot, Ann. Soc. G4ol.B(?lg. vol. ii. p. 34.

1870. iMmna elegam, T. 0. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teylor, vol. iv. p. 9.

1870. Lamna elegam, G. Vincent, Ann. Soc. Eoy. Malacol. Belg. vol. xi.

p. 123, pi. vi. fig. 4.

1877. Lamna elegam, A. Locard, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 6.

1880. Lamna e%a>w, T. C. AVinkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v. p.74.

188.3. Lamna elegam, II. B. Oeinitz, Abh. Naturw. (ies. Isis Dre.sden

p. 6, pi. i. figs. 4-0.

1885. J^amna elegam, F. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preus.sen n
Thiiring. Staaton, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 01, pi. iv.

1888. Lamna huttoni, J.W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol.iv
p. 15, pi. iii. fig. 1.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth slender, the inner coronal face marked by delicate but pro-
minent longitudinal striic ‘ ; a single pair of small pointed lateral
denticles ; the two branches of the root long, stout, compressed, and
generally j)ointed. Anterior teeth very much elevated and narrow,
sometimes attaining a total height of 0‘06.5, the long crown slightly
curved, but scarcely sigmoidal when viewed from the lateral aspect ;
outer coronal face flat or faintly convex ; lateral edges prominent ;
inner face strongly convex, slighllj flattened in the middle ; angle
between the branches of the root acute. More posterior tooth with
less elevated crowns, broader base, wider angle between the branches
of the root, and relatively larger later.al denticles.

The dentition approximates much more closely to that of Odon-
tasph than to that of Lamna, a fact apparently only hitherto
recognized by 0. G. Costa, Paloont. Regno Napoli, pt. i. (1850),
p. 127.

Among the specimens originally assigned to this species by Agassiz
are three teeth (op. cit. pi. xxxv. figs. 6, 7, pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 58)
which appear to be truly referable to Lamna (Oiodiui) macrota ; and
it would be unsafe at present to accept all the determinations of
teeth from various horizons recorded without figures in many strati-
graphical works. Noetling {Joe. cH.) has attempted to determine
the variation in form exhibited by the teeth of different parts of the
mouth.

Form, tj!’ Loc.'‘ (?) Upper Danian : Belgium. Eocene: S. E.

‘ On the Striation of Selachian Teeth, see J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xv.
(1859), p. 100.

* See especially A. Rutot, “Note sur I’Extension Ae Lamna elegans, Ag., a

LAMNID^.

363

England, France, Belgium, and Germany ; also Alabama and South
Carolina, U.S. A. Lower Miocene : Belgium and Corsica. Oamaru
and Waireka Series : Xew Zealand

P. 5831. Two dental crowns, either of this species or of the so-called
Lamna texana (see p. 353) ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near
Mons, Belgium.

Presented by Mons. A. Houzeav. de Lehaie, 1888.

8566. Slender anterior tooth of medium size ; Woolwich and Read-
ing Beds, Newhaven, Sussex. ManUll Coll.

P- 5763. Fragmentarj- teeth; Oldhaven Beds, Herne Bay, Kent.

P- 4726 a. Tooth ; Herne Baj'. Gardner Coll.

P- 4932. Seven small slender teeth, none measuring more than
0-015 in total height; Heersian Beds, Orp-le-Grand,
Brussels, Belgium. Presented by G. F. Harris, Esq., 1885.

P. 5508. Imperfect tooth; Lower Eocene, Portsmouth Docks.

Caleb Evans Coll.

40232, 40239. Eight teeth, more or less fragmentary ; also three
small lateral teeth, cither of this species or 0. enspidata ;
London Clay, Clarendon HUl, near Salisbury.

Elivards Coll.

38867. Tooth associated with cartilage and vertebras, figured in
Agassiz’s Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pi. xl.6. fig. 24 ; London
Clay, Isle of Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

28358. Eleven teeth, corresponding in size to the last ; Sheppey.

Cowderoy Bequest.

28887. Ten small teeth ; Shejjpey. Purchased, 1854.

P- 5764. Ten teeth, the largest having a total height of 0-065 ;

Sheppe}-. Purchased, 1882.

P- 1237. Very broad dental crown, in matrix, with two vertebr® ;

Sheppey. Eyerton Coll.

P- 2377. Five teeth with comparatively broad crowns; Sheppey.

Ennishillen Coll.

travers lea Terrains cretao^ et tertiare,” loc. cit. Very doubtful teeth are also
Ij^rded from the Miocene of Piedmont by E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sd.
■Torino, [2] toI. i. (184'J). p. 46, pi. ii. figs. 33-35.

This species is also recorded from the Miocene of Victoria by F. M'Coy,
Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist [3] vol. xx. (1»>7), p. 192.

3(54

SEITACnil.

P. 4643. Fragments of teeth, with cartilage, in matrix ; Sheppey.

Knmslcilkn ColL

P. 5765. Four teeth ; London Clay, Primrose Hill, London.

Brown Coll. Presented hy Bir Itichard Oiven, K.C.B., 1859.

43115. Large tooth, measuring 0'045 in total height; Primrose Hill.

WetJierell Coll.

20205*. Small slender tooth; London Clay, Highgato Archway,
London. Presented by N. T. Wetherell, Es</., 1833.

43112. T wo dental crowns and one tooth, with perforations supposed
to have been made by Cliona ; Highgate Archway.

Wetherell Coll.

P. 5509. Two teeth ; Highgate Archway. Cctleh Evans Coll.

43121. Tooth, with perforations supposed to have been made by
Cliona ; London Clay, Finchley, London. Wetherell Coll.

P. 1230. Four teeth and five dental crowms ; London Clay, Hert-
ford Bridge. Eyerton Coll.

43122. Two largo teeth the largest 0-0(S2 in total height; London
Clay, Southampton Hocks. Wetherell Coll.

29017. Thirty-three teeth, mostly of small size, and mostly abraded
and fragmentary ; from a bed of sand at the base of the
London Clay,Kyson (Kingston), near Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Presented hy J. Middleton, Esq., 1854.

P. 1246. Tooth ; Kyson. Eyerton Coll.

25683-4. Ten teeth, four being very large; Bracklesham Bods,
Bracklesham Bay, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

40235 a. Lateral tooth ; Bracklesham Bay. Edwards Coll.

48013. Two teeth ; Bracklesham Beds, Stubbington, near Gosport,
Hampshire. Purchased, 1877-

P. 4501. Small tooth; Middle Eocene, Antibes, Provence.

P. 5766. Twelve teeth, of medium and small size ; Calcaire Grossicr,
llocpiet, Paris.

28368, 28850. Five dental crowns ; Calcaire Grossier, Parnes, Paris.

Purchased, 1853.

LAMNIDi;.

365

P. 5797. Two teeth; Calcaire (irossier, Chaumont, Paris.

23355. Three very large teeth ; Calcaire Grossier, Paris.

Purchased, 1853.

P. 5767. Imperfect tooth; Middle Eocene, Gard, France.

28091. Four small teeth ; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

Presented by F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

40228, 40231, 40334, 40237, 40244. Forty teeth, many more or
less fragmentarj’ ; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff and High
Cliff, Hampshire. Edwards Coll.

P. 1164. Si.vteen teeth, some large; Barton Cliff. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5763. .Six leeth, the largest 0-048 in total height; Barton Cliff.

Enniskillen Coll.

40236. Two large teeth, one 0 06 in total height ; Upper Eocene,

Bramshaw, Hampshire. Edwards Coll.

40229. Two teeth, with long slender lateral denticles; Upper
Eocene, Bramshaw, Hampshire. Edwards Coll.

40233. Tooth; Upper Eocene, Burn Heath, Culling. Edwards Coll.

40230. Tooth ; Upjxjr Eocene, Hempstead, Isle of Wight.

Edwards Coll.

P. 1231. Six teeth ; Upper Eocene, Brussels. Eyerton Coll.

P. 4365. Three teeth; Bupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp.

Enniskillen Coll.

35540. Twelve abraded dental ciowus; Bupelian Beds, Klein
Spauwen, Belgium. Purchased, 1875.

P. 5769. Two small teeth; Klein .Spauwen. Purchased.

42851. Fine large tooth ; Brussels. 1 an Breda Coll.

28363. Six very- large teeth, somewhat imperfect ; said to have been
obtained from the Miocene of l)ax, near Bordeaux. In
character they are very similar to those of Xo. 28365.

Purchased, 1853.

35611. Eight imperfect teeth ; Eocene, Alabama, U.S.A.

Presented by Prof. J. lU. Mallet, 1859.

360

SELACHII.

P. 5770. Abraded tooth, of the form named Lamna JutUoni, Davis;
formation unknown, New Zealand.

43019. Five fragmentary small teeth ; formation unknown, Canter-
bury, New Zealand.

Presented hy J. Davies Enys, Esq., 1870.

The following is one of the hiudermost teetb, probably of this
species : —

P. 5743. Small tooth, with three pairs of lateral cones; Heersian
Beds, Or[i-le-Grand, Belgium.

Presented hy Q. F. Harris, Esq., 1888.

Odontaspis contortidens, Agassiz.

184.3. Lamna {Odontaspis) contortidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
p. 294, pi. xxxvii. a. figs, 17-23.

1849. iMmna {Oduntaspis) contortidens, E. Sismonda, Rlem. II. .\ccad.

Sci. Torino, [2] vol. x. p. 48, pi. ii. figs. 25-28.

1849. Lamna (Odontaspis) contortidens, 11. W. Oibbes, .lourn. ,\cad.

Nat. Sci. Pliilad. [2] vol. i. p. 197, pi. xxvi. fig. 1 19.

1857. L.amna ( Odontaspis) contortidens, O. G. Gemmellaro, AttiAccad.
Gioenia Sci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. ,320, pi, i. a. fig. 13 a (P pi. vi. a.
f. 18-20).

1864. Lamna (Odontaspis) contortidens, O. G. Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir.

Nat. Napoli, [,3] vol. iii. p. 30, pi. v. fig. 2.

1877. Lamna contortidens, A. Locard, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 7.
1879. Lamna (Odontaspis) contortidens, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jaliresh.
vol. XXXV. p. 144, pi. ii. figs. 33-30.

1879. Odontaspis contortidens, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. vi. p. 57.

1882. Odontaspis contortidens, II. E. Sauvage, Mdm. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Sa6ne-et-Loire, vol. iv. p. 60.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth slender, with delieate longitudinal strim upon the inner
coronal face, and only distinguished from those of Odontaspis elerjans
by the pronounced sigmoidal curvature of those occupying the ante-
rior portion of the jaw.

The teeth at least of the most anterior pair in the upper jaw of
all species of Odontaspis exhibit considerable sigmoidal curvature;
but ill 0. contortidens all the front teeth seem to bo thus character-
ized, and in such the inward projection of the base of the root is
much greater than in 0. eleyans. By Lo lion ‘ the species is iilaccd
with 0. eleyans, and it docs appear to he the representative of this

‘ Prtliiu. Mem. Poiss. Tort. Belg. 1871, p. 12.

LAMNID*. 367

form in the Miocene and Pliocene ; but the teeth do not attain to
so large a size.

Form. Loc. Fpper Eocene: France. Miocene: Belgium,
France, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Sicily, Malta, and
Corsica. Pliocene : France. (?) Eocene : Alabama and South
Carolina, U.S.A.’

P. 1257. Tooth; Fpper Eocene, Vaueluse, France. Egerton Coll.

35540 a. Perfect tooth ; Eupelian Beds, Klein Spauwen, Belgium.

Purchased, 1875.

28367 a. Five imperfect teeth ; Miocene, Bordeaux.

Purchased, 1853.

28367. Two teeth , one very perfect, 0-028 in total height ; Miocene,
Martigues, Provence. Purchased, 1853.

P- 1244. Dental crown ; Miocene, Ardeche. Ejerton Coll.

33644. Tooth wanting branches of the root ; Miocene, Tejares,
Malaga, Spain. Purchased, 1860.

32735. Nearly perfect tooth ; Miocene, Xabregas, Lisbon.

Presented hg J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

P- 1241. .Seven fragmentary teeth, bearing Agassiz’s MS. label ;

Miocene, Soleure, Switzerland. Egerton Coll.

P. 5771. Twelve fragmentary teeth ; Soleure. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5553. Two teeth; Miocene, Montegibio. Bg exchange, 1888.

P. 1242. Four teeth ; Lower Miocene, Alzey, Hessen-Darmstadt.

Egerton Coll.

P. 5774. Small dental crown ; Miocene, Baltringen, Wiirtemberg.

Ennul'illen Coll.

F- 1245 a. Five dental crowns ; Miocene, Malta. Egerton Coll.

P. 1243. Imperfect tooth ; Neudorfl, Vienna. Egerton Coll.

F- 5772. Two teeth; Xeudbrfl. Purchased.

F. 293 a. Sir imperfect teeth, possibly of this species; Pliocene,
Montpellier, France.

Transferred from Mus. Practiced Geology, 1880.

* Xhia species is also recorded from the Miocene of Victoria by F. M'Coy,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [3] voL xx. (1867). P- 192.

308

8ELACIIIT.

47005. Nine teeth; Phosphate Bods, South Carolina, U.S.A.

Purchased, 1870.

P. 5773. Dental crown, probably of this species ; Eocene, Clarke’s
Co., Alabama. Ennisldllen Coll.

28360. Twenty much abraded teeth, probably all of this species ;

Faluns of Touraine, France. Purchased, 1853.

Odoutaspis cuspidata (Agassi/.).

184.'!. Lamna cuspidata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 200, pb
xxxvii.a. figs. 43-50.

1843. Lamna dcnticulata, L. Aga.ssiz, tom. cit. p. 201, pi. xxxvii. a. figs-
51-63'.

184.8. Lamna iOdmdaspu)hopei, L. Agassiz, tom. p.293, pi. xxxvii. a.

fig.s. 27-30.

1843. Lamna {Odontaspis) rfafa'a, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 205, pi. xxxvii. «•
figs. 24-20.

1840. Lamna cuspidata, 11. W. Oibbes, .lourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

[2] Vol. i. p. 107, pi. XXV. figs. 103-100.

1840. Ijamna cuspidata, E. Si.sinonda, Mein. 11. Aecad. Sci. Tornio, [2]
vol. X. p. 47, pi. ii. figs. 31, .82 (? figs. 20, .80).

1840. Lamna (Odonf.aspis) duhia, K. Sismoiida, tom. cit. p. 48, pi. n.
figs. 17-22.

18.52. Lamna dubia?, P. Gervnis, /ool. et Pal. Frani;. pi. ixxv. fig. 5.
(f) 1857. Lamna (Odontaspis) duhia, G. O. Gemiuellaro, Atti Accad.

Gioonia Sci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 322, pi. vi. a. fig. 21.

1871. Lamna cuspidata, 11. Le Hon, Prelim. Mf5iu. Poiss. Tert. Belg.
pp. 5, 10.

1871. Lamna (Odontaspis) hopei, II. Le lion, op. cit. p. 12.

1870. Lamna cuspidata, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.

p. 10.

1877. Lamna cuspidata, A. Locard, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 0.
1877. Lamna cuspidata, K. Miller, Das Molasscmeer Bodenseegeg.
p. 00, pi. iii. figs. 76, 70.

1870. Lamna (Odmtaspis) cits)>idata, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jabresh. vol.
XXXV. p. 140, pi. ii. figs. 50 03.

1870. Odontaspis hopiei=. Lamna (Odontaspis) dubia, F. Bassani, Atti
Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi. p. 57.

1882. Lamna cuspidata, II. E. Sauvage, MsSni. Soc. Sci. Nat. Snone-et-
I,oire, vol. iv. p. 48, pi. i. figs. 15, 10.

1883. Lamna cuspidata, II. B. Geinitz, Abb. Nntiirw. Ges. Isis Dresden,
p. 5, pi. i. figs. 1-.8.

1885. Odontaspis hopei, F. Noetling, Abb. Geol. Specialk. Preussen u.
Tbiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 71, pi. v. figs. 1-3.

' Under this name teeth from the Miocene of Victoria are also recorded by
F. M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. ITist. [3] vol. xx. (1807\ l>. 192.

LAMSID^.

369

Type. Detached teeth; Neuchatel Jruseum.

Teeth scarcel}’ distinguishable from those of 0. eleyans, except by
the absence of striae upon the inner coronal face. They are some-
times more robust than the corresponding teeth of the last-named
species, and do not appear to attain so large a size.

Lamna dentieulata is commonly regarded as founded upon an
upper lateral tooth of this sjiecies. L. diihia is placed in the syno-
nymy by Le Hon, Bassani, and Sauvage.

Form. Loe. Eocene; S.E. England, France, and Germany ; also
Georgia, Virginia, and (?) Alabama, U.S.A. Miocene: Belgium,
France, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Corsica.

F. 4726. Five small teeth ; Lower Eocene, Heme Bay, Kent.

Gardner Coll,

29017 a. Four teeth, and one small tooth perhaps of this species;

from a bed of sand at the base of the London Clay at
Kyson (Kingston), near Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Presented by J. Middleton, Esrp, 1854.

F- 5512. Fine tooth ; London Clay, Portsmouth.

Caleb Evans Coll.

28763. Anterior portion of the jaws, with a few teeth and a frag-
ment of a vertebra, preserved in hard clay ; London Clay,
Isle of Sheppey. The extremely narrow first tooth cha-
racteri.stic of each side of the mandible in the living species
is not recognizable; but the next two teeth are well
shown, ver)' loug and slender, and much more contorted
than those l>cyond. Of the latter teeth two are preserved
on the right side ; and in these the minute pointed lateral
denticles are relativelj’ larger than in the more slender
contorted teeth. Purchased, 1853.

28356, 28886. Four teeth ; London Clay, Shepi>ey.

Cowderoy Bequest and Daniels Coll.

F. 1249. Three teeth; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.

F. 5775. Two anterior teeth, labelled by Agassiz;

Sheppey. Enniskillen CoU.

F. 5510. Three small teeth ; London Clay, Highgate.

Caleb Evans Coll.

2b

370

SKLACHIl.

28852. Small lateral tooth, probably of this S25ecies; Lower Eocene,
Cuise-la-Mottc, Oise, France. Purchased, 1854.

40238. Twelve teeth, mostly imperfect; BrackJeshara Beds, Bracklcs-
ham Bay, Sussex. Edivards Coll.

40237. Twenty teeth, two extremely slender and suggestive of the
most anterior pair of the lower jaw ; Barton Clay, Barton
Cliff', Hampshire. Edwards Coll.

P. 55 a. Tooth ; Barton Cliff.

Presented hy Sir iliehard Owen, K.C.B., 1880.

P.5776. Slender tooth ; Upper Eocene, Brockonhurst, Hampshire.

Purchased.

40240. Three teeth ; Upi^er Eocene, Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.

Edwards Coll.

32564. Six abraded teeth ; Upper Eocene, Villeneuve d’Asitiucs,
Card, Franco. Purchased, 1857.

P. 281. Seven teeth ; llupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerj).

Presented hy Prof. L. O. de KonineJe, 1853.

P. 1248. Ton teeth ; Boom. Egerton Coll.

P. 2375, P. 2378. Sixteen teeth; Boom. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4365 a. Four teeth ; Boom. Enniskillen Coll.

P.5777, ihreo teeth; llujjclian, Rujjelmonde, Belgium. Purchased.

P. 1235. Abraded dental crown ; llujielian, Klein Sj)auwen, Belgium,

Egerton Coll.

P.1232. Twelve more or less abraded teeth; Miocene, Soleure,
Switzerland. Egerton Coll.

P. 2379, P. 2379 a. Five typical teeth; also six lateral teeth
labelled Lamna deyiticidata” by Agassiz; Soleure.

Emiiskillen Coll.

P. 5778. Tooth and two dental crowns ; Soleure.

P. 1233. Six teeth ; Miocene, Otmarsingen, Aargau, Switzerland.

Egerton Coll.

22658. Two teeth ; Miocene, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Purchased, 1848.

J,AMXID^.

371

43525. Lateral tooth ; Lausanne.

Presented by Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.

32582. Slender anterior tooth ; Swiss Molasse. PurcJutsed, 1857.

P. 5779. Four teeth; Miocene, Weinheim, Hessen-Dannstadt.

Edwards Coll.

47347. Eight teeth ; Miocene, FloTiheim, Hessen-Darmstadt.

Brown Coll. Presented by Sir Richard
Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

P. 1234. Six teeth ; Flonheim. Eyerton Coll.

29888. Two teeth ; Miocene, Baltringen, 'Wiirtemberg.

Purchased, 1855.

35768-9. Two teeth; Miocene, Ermingen, Wiirtemberg.

Purchased, 1860,

24595. Tooth, said to have been obtained from the Miocene of
Malta. Purchased, 1850.

P. 1243 a. Two teeth ; Miocene, Xeudbrfl, Vienna. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5780. Five teeth ; Neudbrfl. Purchased.

28362. Six teeth^ mostly large and robust, much resembling 0.

erassidens ; Miocene, Touraine, France. Purchased, 1853.

32735. Tooth ; Miocene, Xabregas, Lisbon.

Presented by J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

P. 5781. Six teeth, probably of this species ; Eocene, South Caro-
lina, r.S.A. Purchased.

Most of the following abraded teeth, from the Eocene of Alabama,
may also pertain to the present species ; but the determination is
very doubtful : —

35611 a. Eight specimens. Presented by Prof. J. W. Mallet, 1859.
P. 1247. Ten specimens. Eyerton CoU.

P. 5782. Three specimens. Enniskillen Coll.

2 b2

372

BELAClIIl.

Odontaspis complanata (Egcrloii).

184o, Lamna cumplanata, SirP. Egerton, Quart. Journ.Geol. Soc. vol. i.
p. 170, woodcut.

184.5. Lamna siymoides, Sir P. Egerton, ihid. p. 170, woodcut.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

A species of moderate size, the crowns of the teeth much com-
l)ressed, and none exhibiting a pronounced sigmoidal curvature ;
outer coronal face considerably flattened, inner face smooth, and the
edges extremely sharp ; a single pair of small lateral denticles.

Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Madras, India. Wait aki Beds :
New Zealand.

P. 595. Two lateral teeth, one being the tyj)o specimen ; Pondicherry,
Madras. Egerton Coll.

P. 5155. Anterior tooth, and fragment of crown, of the form named
L. siymoides ; Pondicherry. Egerton Coll.

P. 291. Similar dental crown ; Waitaki Scries, Takiroa, Waitaki,
New Zealand.

Transferred from Mas. Practical Geology, 1880.

Odontaspis incurva (Davis).

1888. Lamna inrurca,.!. W. Davis, Trans. Iloy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv.
p. 17, pi. iii. figs. 2-5.

I >U)e. Detached teeth; Museums of Canterbury and Otago, Now
Zealand.

Teeth robust, the crown of those placed anteriorly sometimes
attaining a height of 0-03.5, with a more or less marked sigmoidal
curvature. Outer coronal face j.)rominently convex; inner face
smooth ; cutting-edges obtn.se, almost or (juite disap])caring near tho
base ; a single pair of lateral denticles, very minute.

Form. 4- Lnc. Oamaru and Waipara Systems, and the Waireka
Scries : Now Zealand.

P. 271. Eour dental crowns ; Otatara scries, throe miles N. of
Kakannui. Transferred from Mas. Practical Geology, 1880.

P. 2307 a. Large dental crown, with base of minute lateral denticle ;

Oamaru System, Tokomariri. By exchange, 1876.

P. 2303 a. Abraded dental crown ; Otatara series, Trelissic, Can-
terbury. py e,i.cJumge, 1876

LAMNID^.

V-:i

P. 2303 b. Three comparatirely slender small dental crowns ; Ota-
tara series, Trelissic. By exrhawje, 1870.

P. 2307 b. liobust tooth, probahlj' of this specie.s, with the outer
face remarkably flat, one edge sharp and the other rounded ;
Oamarn System, Tokomariri. By excluinye, 1876.

Odontaspis vorax, Le Hon.

lf!71. Lanina {Odontaspis^ vorax, II. I^e Hon, Prflim. M^m. Poiss.
Tert. Belg. pp. 6, 10.

Type. Detached tooth ; Brussels Museum.

Teeth slender, those anteriorly placed being much curved and
attaining a total height of about 0-025 ; branches of the root short.
Outer coronal face prominently convex ; inner face smooth ; lateral
denticles long, slender, and pointed, in two or more pairs, the inner
pair_ being always much the largest.

Bonn. Loc. Miocene and Pliocene : Belgium. Pliocene : Tuscany.

47025. Two anterior teeth, only differing from that outlined by Lo
Hon by the relatively greater length and slenderness of
the crown; Lucardo, Tuscany. Purchased, 1875.

Odontaspis ( ?) crassidens, Agassiz.

1843. Lamna crassidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Fo.ss. vol. iii. p. 292, pi. xx.w.
figs. 8-21.

1849, Lanina crassidens, R. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. *Sci. Philad.

[2] vol. i. p. 197, pi. xxvi. figs. llG-118.

18-57. Lamna crassidens, G. G. Geramellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci.

Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 318, pi. vi. a. figs. 1-5, 16.

1879. Ljanina ci’assidcns, J. I'rubst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. p. 1.53,
pi. ii. figs. 64-68.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth robust, attaining a maximum total height of about 0'04 ;
apex of crown only slightly bent inwards, except in the most ante-
rior pair; outer coronal face gently convex; inner coronal face
strongly convex, flattened in the middle, smooth. Branches of the
root of moderate length, coni[iressed ; considerably divergent in the
most anterior teeth.

As remarked by Agassiz, the detachefl crowns of the teeth of this
species can scarcely be distinguished from those of Oxyrhinadesorii.

Form. Loc. Eocene: Baden, Sicily, and South Carolina, U.S.A.
Miocene : Wiirtemberg.

374

SELACHII.

35537. Thirteen teeth; Upper Eocene, Moeskirch, Baden.

Purchased, 1859.

The following species have also boon founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Odontaspis acutissima, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Boss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 294, pi. xxxvii. a. figs. 33, 34 ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc.
Vcncto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi. (1879), p. 50.— Miocene :
Switzerland and W. France.

Odontaspis amita, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv.
(1888), p. 22, pi. V. figs. ], 2. — Oamaru System ; New
Zealand.

Odontaspis adunca: Lamna adunca, O. G. Costa, I’aleont. Regno
Napoli, pt. ii. (1854—56), p. 72. — Miocene; Naples.
Odontaspis anpttstits, C. G. Giebol, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische (1847),
p. 303. — Upper Eocene ; Siildorf, Magdeburg.

Odontaspis attenuata ; Lamna attennala, J. W. Davis, tom. cit.

p. 19, pi. iii. fig. tl. — Oamaru System; New Zealand.

(?) Odontaspis carinata : Lamna carinata, J. W. Davis, tom. cit.

p. 21, pi. iii. fig. 1,3, — Waipara Series ; Now Zealand.
Odonlasjm duplex, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p.297,
pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 1. — Form. & loc. unknown.

Odontaspis exigua, J. W. Davis, tom. dt. p. 23, pi. v. figs. 3-5.—
Oamaru System ; New Zealand.

Odontaspis gustroviensis, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Veroins Fr. d.
Naturgesch. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. 98, pi. ii.
figs. 1,2. — Miocene; Sternberg.

Odontaspis lineata, J. Probst, Wiirtt. .lahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),

p. 147, pi. ii. figs. 40-40. — Molasso ; Baltringcn, Wiirtem-
berg.

Odontaspis lupus, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tort. Belg.

1871, p. 5, woodc. — Pliocene; Belgium.

Odontaspis mirahilis, C. G. Giebel, tom. cit. p. 363.— Upper
Eocene ; Siildorf, near Magdeburg.

Odontaspis molassica, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 150, pi. ii. figs. 47-52.
Molasso ; Baltringcn.

Odontaspis pggmm : Lamncf. (Odontaspis) pi.gmcea, G. von
Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. (1840), p". 23.— Miocene ;
Vienna,

(?) Odontaspis regularis, C. G. Giebel, tom. cit. p. 362.— Cretaceous;
Qucdlinburg.

Odontaspis reticulata, J. Probst, tom. dt. p. 145, j)!. ii. figs. 26-32.
— Molasso ; Baltringcn.

LAMNID^,

375

OdontcMjjis rigkla: Lanina rigida, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 152,
pi. ii. figs. 53-58. — llolasse ; Baltringen.

Odontaspis van-dm-hroedci, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler,,
vol. V. (1880), p. 77, woodcut fig. 3. — Upper Eocene ;
Limbourg, Belgium.

Odontaspis verticalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol. iii. (1843),
p. 294, pi. xxxvii. a. figs. 31, 32; E. W. Gibbes, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. i. (1849), p. 198, pi. xxvi.
figs. 124—127 ; W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. prcuss. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1883, pt. i. p. 145, pi. iii. figs. 8-10. Otodus
minutissimus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. llus. Teyler, vol. iii.
(1874), p. 297, pi. vii. fig. 2, and ihid. vol. iv. (1876),
p. 23 ; Archiv Vereins Er. d. Naturgesch. Mecklenburg,
vol. xxix. (1875), p. 110. Otodus parvus, T. C. Winkler,
he. cit. vol. iv. (1876), p. 7, pi. i. figs. 5, 6. Odontaspis
mourhni, T. C. Winkler, loc. cit. vol. v. (1880), p. 77,
woodc. figs. 1, 2. Odontaspis minutissimus, F. Noetling,
Sitzungsb. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1886, p. 16. — Eocene;
Belgium and South Carolina. Miocene; Mecklenburg.
Lower Tertiary ; Egypt. (?) London Clay ; Sheppey,
England. [S3'nonymy according to W. Dames, he. cit.'\

The following is probably a posterior tooth of Odontaspis : —

O.vi/tes obliqua, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fische (1847),
p. 364. — Upper Eocene; Siildorf, Magdeburg.

Genus ALOPECIAS, MiiUer & Henle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 74.]

Second dorsal fin and the anal very small. Caudal fin extremely
elongated, with a pit at its root ; no keel on the side of the taU.
Teeth equal in both jaws, of moderate size, compressed, triangular
and not serrated.

The teeth of this genus are not readily distinguishable from those
of Oxgrhina ; the following species, however, are recognized, though
the first two are very doubtful : —

Alopecias acuarius, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 140, pi. ii, figs. 76, 77. — Molasse; Baltringen, Wiir-
temberg.

(^■)Ahpecias gigas, J. Probst (in part), tom. cit. p. 141, pi. ii. figs.
69-71 (non figs. 72-75). — Molasse; Baltringen. [See also
Oxgrhina desorii, synonymy, p. 383.]

376

SELACniI.

Alopecias hassd, F. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preusscn u.
Thliring. Staatcn, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 75, pi. v.
figs. 4a-/. — Upper Eocene (Zone A,); Samland, Prussia.

Vertebra; from the llupelian of Boom, near Antwerp, and
Briistcrort, N. Germany, have also been assigned to this genus by
C. llasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil (1882), p. 223,
pi. xxix. flg.s. 22, 2.J. They are further remarked upon by
F. Noetling, tom. cit. p. 78, jd. x. fig. 3.

Genus OXYRHINA, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1838, p. 80.]

Second dorsal fin and the anal very small. A pit at the root of
the caudal fin, which has tlie lower lobe much developed ; side of
tho tail with a keel. Teeth large, anteriorly lanceolate, postcro-
laterally triangular and much compressed, without lateral denticles.

Although only differing from Lmnna in the prevailing absence of
lateral denticles in the teeth, it is conveuieut, from a pahcontological
point of vicvv, to retain O.vyrhiun as a distinct genus ; more especially
as several forms of these teeth bear specific names identical with those
applied to other teeth referable to Lamna proper.

Oxyrhina xnantelli, Agassiz.

1822. Si/ualm zyytena P,G. A. Mautell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 227, pi. x.xxii.
figs. 4,7, 8, 10, 11,20, 28.

18.39. O.vtjrhina, II. B. (teinitz (er Agassiz), Oliaraet. Schiclit. u. Petre-
fiilit. sachs.-bohni. Krcidegeb. p. 12, pi. i. fig. 4 (in part).

184.3. O.vyrhma mantelli, E. Aga.ssiz, I’oi.ss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 28'J,
pi. xxxiii. tigs. 1-5, 7-9 (««/« fig. 0).

1843. iMinna acuminata, L. Agassiz, to)n. cit. p. 292, pi. xxxvii. a.
fig. 64 (? non figs. 56-67).

184.5. Oxyrhina manteUi, ,\. E. Reus.s, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. i.
p. 6, pi. iii. figs. 1, 3, 6, 0 (? fig.s. 2, 4).

(P) 1849. O.iyrhina mantelli. It. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 202, pi. xxvii. fig. 458.

1860. Oxyrhina mantelli, 4. Di.vou, Fos.s. Sussox, pi. .xxx. fig. 24.

18.50. Lamna acuminata, F. Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxx. fig. 19.

1862. 0.cyrhina mantelli, P. Gervais, Zool. ot Pal.'’Frau9. pi. ixxvi.
fig.s. 3, 20.

(.') 1852. O.vyrhma, H. Kner, Donk.schr. k. .\kad. Wiss. Wien, vol. iii.
pi. XV. fig. 3.

I860. 0.vyrhina mantelli, C. E. Fisclior, Allg. deutsch. natiirli. Zeit.
Dre.sden, n. s. vol. ii. p. 141, pi. ii. fig. 4.3.

LAMNID^.

377

1867. Oxyrkina mantelli (sabinflata), II. E. Sauvage, Cat. Pois?. Fonn.
Second, lioulonnais, (Mdiu. Soc. Acad. Boulogne, vol. ii.) p. 71,
pi. ill. lig. 16.

1870. O.cyrhiiia man'eVi, F. Iloemar, Oeol. Oberschlesien, p. .33.5,
pi. xxxvi. tigs. 3-0.

1872. Oxyrhinn. mantelli, II. E. Sauvage, Bibl. Ecole Hautes Etudes,
vol. V. no. 9, p. 21, figs. 33-35.

1872. Otudwt uxyrhinoides, II. E. Sauvage, loc. cii. p. 21, figs. 39-11,
64-56 ' .

1873. Oxyrkina extenta, J. Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Territ. (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 302, pi. xviii. figs. 21-26.

1871. Oxyrkina mantelli, St. Zarecznego, Sprawozd. Koniisyi Fi/.yjo-
graf. Ualicyi, vol. viii. p. (126).

1875. Oxyrkina maiiLdli, II. B. Oeinitz, Pal®ontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 207, pi. xxxviii. figs. 1-21.

1878. Oxyrkina mantelli, St. Zarecznego, loe. cit. vol. xii. p. (203).
1878. Oxyrkina mantelli, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform.
p. 7, woodc. fig. 12.

1888. Oxyrkina mantelli, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. .\ssoc. vol. x.
p. 291.

Type. Detached teeth ; British iluscura and Strassburg Museum.
Teeth moderately robust ; outer coronal face always nearly flat,
often with large vertical wrinkles; inner coronal face gently
rounded; root short, the branches very divergent, thick, expanded,
and abbreviated. Anterior teeth large, triangular, and com-
paratively broad, the crown only gently curved outwards at the
apex; lateral teeth having the root much wider than the main
portion of the crown, which thus exhibits a sudden basal expansion
behind, and often also in front.

Form. ^ Loc. Cenomanian and Turonian : S.E. England, If.
France, Germany, Bohemia, Galicia, and Russia. Senonian : S.E.
England and U. France. Cretaceous : Alabama, Kansas, and Mis-
sissippi, U.8.A.“

4498, 4520, 4521, 4549, 4550. Five of the type specimens, figured
by Agassiz, tom. cii. pi. xxxiii. figs. 2, 4, 7-9 ; Chalk,
Lewes. Mantell Coll.

4524, 4527, 4539, 4540. Four imperfect teeth, figured hy Mantell,
op. cit. figs. 8, 11, 26, 28 ; Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

To tbia “ speciea ” also II. E. Sauvage (Bull. SoO. Q&l. France, [2] voL viii.
1880, p. 456) refers Lxmna pelro;oriensis, H. Coquaad (Desoript. Geol. etc.
Depart. Charenic, vol. ii. 1860, p. 157).

-This species is also recorded from the White Chalk of Manganischlak,
Caspian Sea (E. von Eichwald, Geogn.-palaeont. Beinerk. Halbinsel Mangan-
ischlak, 1871, p. 65),

378

BELACHII.

4490, 4494, 4496, 4499-4517, 4519, 4520, 4523, 4525, 4526,
4528-4534, 4537, 4541-4548, 4551, 4556-4559. One
tooth and forty-six dental crowns ; Chalk, Sussex.

Muntell Coll.

25759, 25787-89, 25799, 25946 a. One complete, and twelve more
or less imperfect teeth, the first figured by Dixon, op.
cit. ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

25799, 25767. Three teeth figured by Dixon (op. cit. pi. xxx. tigs. 10,
19, pi. xxxi. fig. 18) under the name of Lamna acuminata,
the figure of the second also given by Aga.ssiz (tom. cit.
pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 54) ; Chalk, Sussex. DLvon Coll.

25923 a. T bur imperfect associated teeth ; Chalk, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

41344. ¥ 'ive imperfect large teeth ; Chalk, Sussex.

Purchased, 1869.

43129. Small lateral tooth ; Chalk, Sussex. Wetlierell Coll.

49958. Largo lateral tooth ; Chalk, Lowes. Capron Coll.

P. 1263-4. Three anterior associated teeth, one showing a faint
indication of a denticle ; also three detached teeth j
Chalk, Sussex, Kyerton Coll.

P. 1265. ¥ ive small dental crowns, probably of this species ; Chalk,
Sussex. Mjerton Coll.

P. 5403. Broad tooth, with indications of lateral denticles ; Chalk,
Sussex. Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

32346-7, 39434. Group of about fifty-seven naturally associated
teeth, with remains of vertobrm ; Chalk, Grays, Essex.
Thirteen of the teeth are shown, of the natural size, in
PI. XVII. figs. 9-21.

Purchased, 1857, and Bovjerhanlc Coll.

20289. Small tooth ; Chalk, Oreenhithe, Kent. Purchased, 1840.

23158 a. Two imperfect teeth ; Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1849.

39056. Lateral to(>th j Chalk, Kent. DowerhanJe Coll.

40546. Tooth ; Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1867.

43095. Lateral tooth ; Chalk, Gravesend, Kent. Wetherell CoU.
44585. Two small lateral teeth ; Gravesend. Purchased, 1873.
44840. Two teeth ; English Chalk.

Presented hy Benjamin lirvjht. Esq., 1873.

LAMNIDJE.

379

46964. Imperfect tooth ; T/Ower Chalk, Burham, Kent.

Purchased, 1876.

P. 328. Anterior tooth and lateral tooth ; Chalk, Charing, Kent.

Purchased, 1881.

P. 400, P. 403. Seven teeth ; Chalk, probably Kent.

Presented hrj the Earl of Dude, 1881.

P. 1264. Seven small dental crowns; Chalk, Kent. Egerton Coll.

47237. Dental crown associated with four vertebra;, labelled Otodus‘1
by Prof. Dr. Carl Basse ; Lower Chalk, Dover.

Gardner Coll.

19831. Tooth associated with large group of vertebras ; Grey Chalk,
Dover. Purchased, 1846.

47253 a, 47255. Two teeth ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

35160 a. Lateral tooth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 1239. Small anterior dental crown ; Planerkalk, Quedlinburg,
Prussia. Egerton Coll.

P. 2371. Five imperfect small teeth ; Planerkalk, Strehlen, near
Dresden. Enniskillen Coll.

28542. One small tooth, and three imperfect large teeth ; Planer-
kalk, Teplitz, Bohemia. Purchased, 1853.

P.357. Large anterior tooth ; Teplitz. Purchased,

P. 269. Two anterior teeth; Greensand, Regensburg, Bavaria.

Purchased, 1880.

40502. Small anterior tooth, doubtfully of this species ; Greensand,
Charmouth, Dorset. Purchased, 1867.

32047. Tooth with partially separated lateral denticles, and one
dental crown ; Upper Greensand, Kilmcrton, Somerset.

Purchased, 1857.

P. 365. Broad dental crown, doubtfully of this species; Chloritic
Marl, Ventnor, Isle of Wight. Purchased, 1880.

The following specimens indicate an unknown species, probably

closely aUied to 0. mantelli

P. 2304. Three teeth, noticed by the present writer in the Geol. Mag.

[3] vol. iii. (1886), p. 216; “ Lower Greensand,” Amuri
Bluff, New Zealand. By exchange, 1876.

380

sKLAcmr.

Oxyrhina subbasalis (KiprijanofF).

1864. Otoclus mlbaealis, V. KiprijanoiF, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. p. 3!>0, pi. iii. ligs. 11-21.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth oF moderate size, the largest attaining a total height of
about 0’034, with a slender elevated crown ; coronal faces smooth,
rarely with a few vortical wrinkles anteriorly ; root short, the
branches very divergent. Anterior teeth narrow, cuspidate ; poa-
tcro-latcral teeth much compressed, though comparatively narrow,
and often with a faint trace of the separation of a pair of lateral
denticles.

Form, 4' Loc. Cenomanian : Governments of Kursk and Saratov,
Russia.

P. 5783. Six teeth ; Saratov. History unknown.

Oxyrbina angustidens, Rcuss.

1846. Oxyrhina angustidens, A. E, Reuss, Verstein. biilim. Kreideform.
pt. i. p. 6, pi. iii. ligs. 7-13.

1846. O.vyrhina acuminata, A. E. Reuss, op, cit. pt. i. p. 7, 1>1. iii.
ligs. 17-19, pi. vii. fig. 20.

1845. O.vyrhina heteromorpha, A. E. Reuss, op. cit. pt. i. p. 7, pi. iii.
ligs. 14-10.

1840. Scoliodon prisons, A. E. Reuss, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 100, pi. xxiv.
lig.s. 23, 24, pi. xlii. figs. 10-12.

I860. 0.vyrhina angustidens, C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutsclie Natiirh.
Zeit. n. 8. vol. ii. p. 141 , pi. ii. tigs. 44, 46.

1850. Oxyrhina Iveteromorphn, C. E. Fischer, tom. cit. p. 142, pi. ii.
figs. 40-49.

1876. O.vyrhina angustidens, II. B. Geinitz, Palieontogr. vol. xx. pt. i.
p. 293, pi. Ixv. figs. 1-3 ; pt. ii. p, 207, pi. xxxviii. tigs. 22-28.

1878. Oxyrhina angustidens, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bolim. Kreido-
form. p. 8, woodc. tig. 13.

Type. Detached teeth.

A very small species, the tooth with narrow crowns, not attaining
a greater height than 0-012, and the branches of the root elongated
in those near the symphysis.

Form. 4 Toe- Cenomanian and Turonian : Saxony and Bohemia.
Turonian and Senonian : 8. England.

28542 a. Four imperfect teeth ; Pliinerkalk, Teplitz, Bohemia.

Furvhased, 1853.

LAMNIDJJ.

381

P. 1275, P. 2362. Two denial crowns ; Turonian, Bohemia.

Ef/erton and EnnhhUlen Culls.

28374. Five imperfect dental crowns; (?) Turonian, Vienenburg,
Prussia. Purchased, 1853.

P. 304. Three teeth ; PlSnerkalk, Plauen, near Dresden.

Transferred from Mus. Praclical Geology, 1880.

30541 a. Perfect tooth ; Upper Greensand, M arminster.

Purchased, 1856.

49955. Two teeth ; Lower Chalk, near Guildford. Caj>ron Coll.

P. 5784. Tooth ; Grey Chalk, Dover, Kent. Daniels Coll.

P. 5785. Three teeth ; Chalk, Kent. Daniels Coll.

41707 b. Tooth ; Chalk, HaUing, Kent. Toidmin Smith Cull.

P. 2380a. Tooth; Chalk, Kent. Ennislillen Cull.

P. 2381. Tooth ; Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire. Ennlshllen Coll.

4581, 4562, 4566, 4568, 4570. Five teeth : Chalk, Sussex.

Mantell Coll.

49948. Two associated teeth; Chalk, Glynde, near Lewes.

Capron Coll.

Oxyrhina macrorhiza, Pictet & Campiche.

18.08. O.iyrhitia macrorhiza, Pictet & Campiche, Foss. Terr. Cr«5t.
St. Croix, p. 8S, pi. x. figs. C 18.

1882. 0.vyrhina macrorhiza, E. Amaud, Bull. Soc. G4ol. France, [-3]
vol. X. p. 1.33.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth of moderate size, very robust and narrow ; erown in the
anterior teeth relatively small ; the root greatly developed and pro-
duced inwards, and its branches diverging at a very acute angle.
Form. Loe. Albian : Switzerland, France, and England.

P. 10. Two teeth ; Gault, Folkestone, Kent. Gardner Coll.

35128. Seven teeth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1859.

36326. Seven teeth; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1862.

382

SELACHII.

Oxyrhina crassidens, Dixon.

1843. Oxi/rhinn mantelli, Jj. Agassiz (errore), Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.
pi. xxxiii. fig. C.

1850. Oxyrhina crasaidens, F. Dixon, Foss. Sassex, p. 367, pi. xxxi.
fig. 13.

Type. Detached tooth ; Dritish Mu.scum.

Teeth extremely robust and of very large size, sometimes attaining
a total height of 0‘06. Main portion of the crown narrow with
respect to the root, the coronal edges rapidly diverging outwards at
the base and Tisually coarsely crimped ; outer coronal face irregularly
convex, with few vertical wrinkles ; inner face extremely convex
and smooth, or with minute basal wrinkles.

Form. ^ Loc. Sononian : Sussex.

25823. Type specimen ; Houghton. Dixon Ooll.

25786. Two nearly complete anterior teeth and four dental crowns.

Dixon Coll.

25787. Very small dental crown. Dixon Coll.

4577. Dental crown, figured by Agassiz, loe. cit. ; Lewes.

Mantell Coll.

49951. Dental crown ; Lewes. Capron Coll.

49951 a. Base of tooth ; Arundel. Capron Ooll.

Oxyrhina triangularis, Egerton.

1845. Oxyrhina trlanytdaria, Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc.
vol. i. p. 109, woodcut.

Type. Imperfect teeth ; British Museum.

A very small species, founded upon the much compressed broad
teeth mentioned below.

Form, tf- Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Pondicherry, Madras, India.

P. 594. Two dental crowns, one figured loe. cit. Egerton Coll.

Oxyrhina desorii, Agassiz.

1843. Oxyrhina deaorii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 282,
pi. xxxvii. figs. 8-13.

184.3. Oxyrhina leptodon, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 282, pi. xxxvii. figs. 3-6
(? pi. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2).

1847. Oxyrhina deaorii, R. W. Gibbes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 267.

1849. Oxyrhina deaorii, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, [2]
vol. X. p. 44, pi. ii. figs. 7-16.

LAMJflD^. 383

1849. Oxxjrliina desoni, E. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

[2] vol. i. p. 203, pi. xxvii. figs. 109-171.

1849. O.ryrhina wilsoni, R. W. Gibbes, ibid. p. 203, pi. xxvii. figs. 172,
173.

1802. Oxyrhina denorii, 1*. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?, pi. Ixxv. fig. 2.
18o4-30. Oxj/rhtna wUsonii, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli, pt. ii.

pl. vii. fig. 12.

1864-50. Oxyrhina desorii, O. G. Costa, op. dt. pt. ii. pl. vii. fig. 13.
(.'') 1857. O.ryrhina desorii, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti .\ccad. Gioenia Sci.

Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 315, pl. vi. a. figs. 12, 13.

1857. Lamna bjeUii, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom.cil. p. 319, pl. vi. a. fig. 17.
1 8ij7. Lamna inaquilateralis, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom. cit. p. 319, pl. vi. a.
fig. 22.

1881. Oxyrhina incerta, G. Michelotti, Miocfine Inf. Italie Septeutr.

(Mdm. Soc. Holland. Sci., Haarlem), p. 144, pl. xiv. figs. 10-12.
1861. Oxyrhina desorii, G. Michelotti, op. cit. p. 145, pl. xiv. figs. 13-16.

1803. Oxyrhina dcsori, K. E. Schafhautl, Siid-Bay. Leth. Geogn. p. 242,
pl. Ixii. fig. 7.

1871. O.ryrhina gracilis, II. Le Hon, Prelim. Mdm. Poiss. Tert. Belg.
p. 11 (woodcut).

18/0. 0.ryrhina desorii, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci etc. Colline
Toscane, p. 29.

1870. Lamna lyellii, R. Lawley, op. cit. p. 32.

1877. O.ryrhina desorii, A. Locard, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 4.
1877. Oxyrhina desorii, K. Miller, Das Molassemeer Bodenseegeg.
p. 00, pl. iii. fig. 74.

1879. Oxyrhina desorii, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresb. vol. xxxv. p. 131,
^ pl. ii. figs. 7-13.

1879. Alojxedas gigas, J. Probst, ihid. p. 141, pl. ii. figs. 72-75 (non
figs. 69-71).

1881. Oxyrhina desorii, R. Lawley, Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv.
generi Carcharodon, 0.ryrhina, e Galeocerdo, p. 77, pis. 2, 3 (Oxy-
rhino).

1885. O.ryrhina xiphodon, F. Noetlirg, Abb. Geol. Specialk. Preussen u.
TbUriug. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 60, pl. iii.

'^ype. Detached teeth.

Anterior teeth narrow, much elevated, and robust ; crown much
curved inwards, the outer coronal face nearly flat, the inner very
convex ; root with two elongated branches, diverging at an acute
s.ngle. Lateral teeth more compressed, with a shorter root having
more divergent branches ; crown narrow, the cutting-edges in most
cases graduaUy diverging to the extremities of the base, and the
apex rarely reflexed.

The dentition of this species only diflers from that of the existing
0. spaUanzanii in the less curvature of the lateral teeth.

Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Prussia, Italy, Alabama, and South

384

SELACmi.

Carolina. Miocene : Franco, Bolgiutn, Switzerland, Gorman}', Malta,
Italy, Sicily, and Corsica'. Pliocene : Belgium and Italy.

35604-6, 35611-12. About tlnrty-fivo teeth ; Eocene, Clarke’s Co.,
Alabama, U.S.A. Presented by Prof.J. W. Mallet, 1859.

P. 1261, P. 1262. Sixty teeth ; Eocene, Clarke’s Co., Alabama.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 2374. Twenty-four teeth ; Eocene, Clarke’s Co., Alabama.

Ennisldllen Coll.

P. 5786. Four imperfect teeth ; Miocene, Bordeaux. Purchased.

P. 1260. Lateral tooth ; Rupclian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 1258. Six imperfect teeth ; Molasse, Solcurc, Switzerland.

Eyerton Coll.

P.2364. Six imperfect teeth ; Soloure. EnnisMllen Coll.

P. 1271, P. 1272. Eight imperfect teeth ; Molasse, Otmarsingen,
Aargau, Switzerland. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5787. Two teeth; Mola.sse, Baltringcn, Wiirtemborg.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 1259, P. 1274 a. Twelve imperfect teeth ; Miocene, Malta.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 4580 a. Seven teeth ; Malta. EnnisHllen Coll.

47026-7. Two anterior teeth; Pliocene, Tuscany. Purchased,lS75.

The following tooth probably pertain to species allied to 0.
desorii : —

P. 5573. Complete tooth ; Tertiary, MuiAay River, near Adelaide,
Sout.h Australia. Presented by William Evans, Esq., 1887.

P. 5299. Narrow complete tooth, possibly of the existing 0. spal-
lanzanii ; Formosa, China. By exchanye.

^ Teeth of this species from the Miocene of Victoria are also recorded
by P. M'Ooy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [3] vol. xx. (1837), p. 192.

LAMNIBiE.

385

Oxyrhina vanieri, Kouault.

1858. Oxyrhina vanieri, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii.

p. 101.

1876. Oxyrhina vanieri, II. E. Saurage, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, [3]
vol. iii. p. 63.3, pi. xxii. fig. 1.

1882. Oxyrhina vanieri, II. E. Sauvage, M4m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. p. 45.

Type. Detached tooth.

A species attaining a somewhat less size than 0. clesoni, and
differing from the latter in the comparative stoutness of the teeth.
The two forms, however, appear to be very closely related.

Form. Loc. iliocene : N.W. France.

P. 5788. Tooth, wanting half the root ; St. Juvat, near Dinan,
Cdtes-du-Nord.

Oxyrhina hastalis, Agassiz.

1762. Figure by A. Scilla, De Corporibus Marinis, pi. iii. fig. 2.

1835. Figure by E. Hitchcock, GeoL Massachussetts, pi. xiii. fig. 37.
184.3. Oxyrhina hastalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 277,
pi. xxxiv. (excl. figs. 1, 2, ?14).

1843. Oxyrhina ociphodon, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 278, pi, xxxiii.
figs. 11-17.

1843. Oxyrhina triyonodon, L. Agassiz, torn. cit. p. 279, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 17, 18’.

184.3. Oxyrhina piicatilis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 2/9, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 14, 15.

1843. Oxyrhina retrofleva, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 281, pi. xxxiii.
fig. 10.

1843. Oxyrhina quadrans, L. Agassiz, totn. cit. p. 281, pi. xxxvu.
figs. 1, 2.

1849. Oxyrhina hastalis, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, [2]
vol. X. p. 40, pi. i. figs. 41-47.

1849. Oxyrhina piicatilis, E. Si.smonda, tom. cit. p. 42, pi. i. figs. 48-60.
1849. Oxyrhina xiphodon, E. Sismonda, tom. cit. p. 42, pi. i. figs. 61, 62.
1849. O.ryrhina isocelica, E. Sis uonda, tom. cit. p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 1-C.
1849. Oxyrhina hastalis, R. AV. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

[2] vol. i. p. 201, pi. xxvi. figs. 148-162.

1849. Oxyrhina xiphodon, R. W. Gibbes, tom. cit. p. 201, pi. xxvii.
figs. 153, 164.

1849. Oxyrhina piicatilis, R. W. Gibbes, tom. cit. p. 202, pi. xxvii.
figs. 1.55-157.

’ Under this name teeth from the Miocene of Victoria are also recorded' by
F. M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [3] to ix (1867) p. 192. •

2 0

386

SELACHII.

1850. Oxyrhina kpiodon, 0. G. Costa, Paloont. Regno Napoli, pt. i-
p. 121, pi. ix. lig. 11.

1850. Oxyrhina xiphuthm, O. G. Costa, ibid. p. 122, pi. ix. lig- 0-
1860. Oxyrhina hastalis, 0. G. Costa, ibid. p. 123, pi. ix. ligs. 10, 1
1852. Oxyrhina hasUdis, 1’. Gervais, Zool. et I’al. Fraiif. pi. Ixxv. figs.
1,7.

1852. Oxyrhina xiphodon, 1’, Gervais, op. cit. pi. Ixxv. fig. 8.

1852. Oxyrhina plicatilu, 1’. Gervais, oj}. cit. pi. Ixxv. fig. 0.

1854-60. Oxyrhina plicatilia,0. O. Costa, I’aleout. Regno Napoli, pt. in
p. 78, pi. vi. fig. 6.

(?) 1864-50. O.vyrhina desorii, 0. G. Co.sta, ibid. p. 70, pi. vi. fig. 7,
pi. vii. figs. 1-3.

1854-60. Oxyrhina haslalis, O. G. Costa, ibid. pi. vi. figs. 0, 0, 10, 14,
pi. vii. fig. 7.

1854-50. O.ryrhina xiphodon and O. leplodon, 0. G. Costa, ibid. pi. vii.
figs. 5, 0.

1857; O.ryrhina hastalia, O. G. Gemmellaro, Atli Accad, Gioenia Sci.

Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 312, pi. vi. a. fig. 5 a.

1867. O.vyrhina xiphodon, G. G. Gemniellaro, turn. cit. p. 313, pi. vi. a.
figs. 0 a-8 a.

1867. Oxyrhina leptudun, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom. cit. p. 814, pi. vi. n.
figs. 0 a 11 a.

1871. O.ryrhina lriymwdon=0. plicatilis, II. Lo lion, Prdlim. Mdm.
Poiss. Tert. Belg. p. 0.

1876. Oxyrhina xiphodon, II. E. Sauvago, Bull. Soc. Gdol. Franco, [Oj
vol. iii. p. 033.

1875. Oxyrhina hadalis, 11. E. Sauvage, tom. cit. p. 033.

1870. Oxyrhina hadalia, xiphodon, triyrmodon, plicaiilia, and isoceba,
R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci etc. Collino Toscane, ],p. 27, 28, 31
(firielly noticed separately).

1877. Oxyrhina ayassizii, R. Lawley, Atti Soc, Tosc. vol, iii. p.337.
1877. Oxyrhina hastalia, K. Miller, Molassemeer Bodenseegeg. j). 05,

pi. iii, lig. 73.

1877. O.ryrhina haatalis, A. Jjocard, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 2.
1870. O.vyrhina hastalia, J. Probst, Wiirtt, .laliresli. vol. xxxv. p. 120,
pi. ii. figs. 1-0.

1870. O.vyrhina xiphodon, J. I’robst, tom. cit. p. 132, pi. ii. figs. 14-10.

1881. Oxyrhina ayassizii, It. Lawley, Studi Comp. Pesci loss, coi viv.
generi Carcharodon, O.iyrhinu, e (iakoccrdo, p, 03, pis. v.-ix.

( O.iyrhina).

1882. Oxyrhina .viphodon, II. E. Sauvage, M6m. Sue. Sci. Nat. Saone-
et- Loire, vol. iv. p. 40.

1882. O.vyrhina hastalia, II. E. Sauvago, tom. cit. p. 47.

(?) 1888. Oxyrhina acuminata, J. W. Bavis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iv. p. 20, pi, V. fig. 21.

Type. Detached teeth ; Stuttgart Museum.

Teeth attaining a largo size, broad, thin, compressed ; outer

tAJIXID^.

387

coronal face flat or concave, rarely with vertical wrinkles; root
short, the branches very divergent, usually hlunt and abbreviated.
Anterior teeth large, triangular and relatively broad, the crown only
gently curved outwards at the apex ; coronal edges of the lateral
teeth gradually curving to the extremities of the base, the apex
often bent slightly outwards

Lawley has described 150 teeth of this species, found associated
with cartilage and vertehne in the Tlioceno of Tuscany ; and the
synonymy given above is based upon the information thus obtained.
It is almost impossible to distinguish many of the postero-latcral
teeth from those of 0. desorii and 0. spdllanzanii.

Form. Loc. Eocene : Alabama and S. Carolina, TJ.S.A. Mio-
cene : France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Wiirtemberg,
Malta, Italy, Sicily, Corsica, Virginia, Maryland, S. Carolina, and
Victoria. Pliocene : S.E. England, Belgium, S. France, and Italy.
Oamaru 83'stem : Xew Zealand. Tertiary: Canary and Cape de
Verde Isles.

P. 1263 a. Seven small teeth ; Eocene, Clarke’s Co., Alabama,
U.S.A. Egerton Coll.

P. 2368. Three teeth ; Alabama. Enniskillen Coll.

28103. Two small dental crowns ; Eocene, South Carolina, U.S.A.

Purchased, 1852.

P. 5739. Three dental crowns ; South Carolina.

Presented hy Miss Caroluu Birley, 1888.

P. 5914. Three imperfect teeth ; Lower Tertiary, Las Palmas, Canary
Isles. Presented by Sir Clmrles hydl, Bart.

P. 5789. Two imperfect teeth ; Lower Tertiary, San Nicatao, Cape
de Verde Isles.

Transferred from Mus. Practiced Oeoloyy, 1880.

P. 1260 a. Small dental crown ; Eupelian Beds, Boom, near Ant-
werp. EyeHon Coll.

28369. Tooth; Miocene, (?) Dax, Bordeaux. Purchased, 1S5‘6.

' Some rare teeth (one from the “ Calcaire de Veteuil ”), agreeing in every
respect with this description, but characterized by the presence of a rudimentary
lateral denticle, are named Otodus apieuleitus, L. Agas.siz, tom. cit. p. 275,
pi. xxxii. figs. 33-3.5. A rudimentary denticle has already been noted in
0. manteUi (p. 378, No. P. 1263), thus suggesting that Otodus apiculaius is a
synonym of Oxyrhina hastalis.

2c 2

388

SELACniI.

33562. Two teeth ; Miocene, Lot-et-Oaronne, France.

Purchased, 1857.

32737. Small tooth ; Miocene, Xabrogas, Lisbon.

Presented hy J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

38645. Dental crown ; Miocene, Tejares, Malaga, Spain.

Purchased, 1860.

P. 1358 a. Two imperfect teeth ; Molasse, Soleurc, Switzerland.

Eyerlon Coll.

P. 1274 b, P. 2363. Three posterior teeth, one figured by Agassiz
(tom. cit. pi. xxxvii. fig. 2) under the name of 0. quadrans,
Ag. ; Soleurc. Eyerton ^ EnnisJeillcn Colls.

P. 3365. Two teeth ; Molasse, Otmarsingen. Ennislillen Coll.

P. 5790. Three teeth : Molasse, Baltringcn, Wiirtombcrg.

Purchased, 1859.

24601. Seventeen teeth, some comparatively narrow and referable
to the anterior portion of the lower jaw ; Miocene, Malta.

Purchased, 1850.

32582. Two teeth ; Malta. Purchased, 1857, 1870.

50011 a. Tooth ; Malta. Trevelyan Bequest.

P. 1268, P. 1270, P. 1273-4. Twenty-one teeth, some of the form
named 0. quadrans, Ag. ; Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2367, P. 2369, P. 4560. Seventeen teeth; Malta.

Ennislillen Coll.

33315. Twelve large teeth ; lied Crag, Saxmundham, Suffolk.

Purcluised, 1858.

30895-7. Nine large teeth ; lied Crag, Woodbridgo, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1856.

P. 1269, P. 5154. Twelve teeth; lied Crag, Suffolk. Eyerton CoU.

P. 5577. Three teeth, with perforations in the base; lied Crag,
Suffolk. Harford Coll.

40398. 1 w'o small dental crow'ns ; Coralline Crag, Gedgrave, Suflblk.

Daniels Coll.

P. 266. Tooth; Coralline Crag, Orford, Suffolk. Purchased, 1880.

LAMNID^.

389

41337, 41340. Two tooth; Miocene, Maryland, U.S.A.

Purchased, 1869.

41911. Two teeth; Crag, Suffolk. Purchased, 1870.

42853. Six teeth ; Crag, Antwerp. Van Breda Coll.

P. 2366, P. 2391. Twelve teeth; Crag, Antwerp. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 293. Four imperfect teeth ; Pliocene, Montpellier, S. France.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

47023-4. Lateral tooth, and one probably from the symphysis of
the lower jaw of this species; Pliocene, Tuscany.

Purchased, 1875.

1083 (Sloane Cat.). Tooth ; locality unknown. Sloane Coll.

43995. Four large teeth, provisionally assigned to this species ;

Miocene, Mordialloc, Melbourne. Purchased, 1872.

Oxyrhina crassa, Agassiz.

1S4.3. O.ryi-hiiia erassa, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 28-3, pi. xxxni.
fig. 16 {non pi. xxxiv. fig. 14;.

(? ) l.'^O. O.ryrhiiin erassa, 11. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
[2] vol. i. p. 202, pi. xxvii. figs. 159, ICO.

18.57. Oxyrhina erassa, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Giocnia Sci.
Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 317, pi. i. a. fig. 11a.

1871. Oxyrhina benedeni, II. Le lion, Prelim. M6m. Poiss. Tert. Belg.
p. 6, woodcut.

1876. Oxyrhina erassa, R. Lawley, Nuo« Studi Pesci etc. Colline
Toscane, p. .30.

1876. Ojyrhina yibbosissima, R. Lawley, op. cit. p. 31.

1876. Oxyrhina foresHi, R. Lawley, op. cit. p. 31.

1881. O.iyrhina 'forestu, R. Lawley, Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv
generi Carcharndon, Oxyrhina, e Galeoeerdo, p. 107, pi. iv. {O.ry-
rhina), fig. 1.

1881. Oayrhina quadrans, R. Lawley, op. (it. p. 112, pi. iv. {Oxyrhina),
fig. 2.

1881. Oxyrhina furestii, R. Lawley, op. cit. p. 121, pi. iv. {Oxyrhina),
fig. 3.

1681. 0.ryrhina yilbosissima, R. Lawley, <y). cit. p. 118, pi. iv. {Oxy-
rhina), fig. 4.

Type. Detached tooth.

A large species, the teeth extremely robust. Anterior teeth
narrow, with high crown, and deep root divided into two long

390

SELACHII,

branches diverging at an acute angle; lateral teeth only differing
from those of 0. xiphodon in their considerable thickness.

Form. ^ Loo. Eocene : S. Carolina and Alalmma. Eocene or Mio-
cene: Valley of the llhinc. Miocene: Sicily. Pliocene: Italy and
Eelgium.

P. 2374. Anterior tooth; Eocene, Clarke’s Co., Alabama, U.S.A.

Ennigkdlen Coll.

P. 4096. Similar tooth ; Phosphate Beds, Charleston, South Carolina,
U.S.A. ]iy exchange, 1883.

47024 a. Imperfect lateral tooth ; Pliocene, Orciano, Tuscany.

Furchaml, 1875.

The following species have also been founded uj)on teeth, mostly
detached ; but there arc no examples in the Collection : —

0.vyrhina arjossizii : Anotodus apassizii, II. Lellon, Prelim. Mem.

Poiss. Tort. Belg. (1871), p. 8, figs. — Pliocene ; Belgium.
Oxyrhina brevis, O. U. Cosia, Paleont. lloguo Napoli, pt. ii.
(1854-56), p. 82, pi. vii. figs. 8, 9. O.vyrhbia tumidulu,
O. G. Costa, 02K cil. pt. ii. p. 82, pi. vii. figs. 10, 11. —
Miocene ; Naples.

Oxyrhina cornplanctta, E. Sismonda, Mem. It. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. X. (1849), p. 41, pi. i. figs. 37-40. — Miocene;
Piedmont.

Oxyrhina enysii, J. W. Davis, Trans, lioy. Dublin Soc. [2j vol. iv.
(1888), p, 28, pi. V. figs. 17-20. — Oamaru System; New
Zealand. [?=0. Imuslii, Davis. j
Oxyrhina exiyua, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879),
p. 135, pi. ii. figs. 20-25. — Molasso; Baltringon, Wiirtem-
berg.

Oxyrhina fasiiyiata, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 30, pi. vi. figs. 1-3.

— Oamaru System ; Now Zealand.

O.vyrhina yrandis, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 30, pi. v. figs. 15, 16.
— Oamaru and Waipara Systems, and Cretacco-Tortiary ;
New Zealand.

0.vyrhina haastii : O.vyrhina von haastii, J. W. Davis, tom., cit.

p. 26, pi. iv. figs. 1-3. — Oamaru System ; New Zealand.
0.vyrhina kocfii, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Veroins Er. d. Naturgesch.
Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. 105, pi. ii. figs. 3, 4.—
Miocene ; Holstein.

0.vyrhina hmiiyata, A. Dairneries, Ann. Soc. lioy. Malacol. Belg.,
Proc.-verb. 1888, p. liv (name only). — Heersian Beds ;
Belgium.

LAMJJID^.

891

Oxyrhina lata, J. W. Daris, tom. cit. p. 32, pi. vi. fig. 5. — Oamaru
System ; Xew Zealand.

Oxyrhina mimita, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 285,
pi. xxxvi. figs. 39-47 ; E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci-
Torino, [2] vol. x. (1849), p. 44, pi. ii. figs. 36-39 ; 0. G.
Costa, Paleont. Regno Xapoli, pt. ii. (1854-56), p. 85,
pi. vii. figs. 52-58 ; G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia
Sci. Xat. [2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 316, pi. vi. a. fig. 14. —
Lower Miocene ; Osnabriick, Prussia ; also Piedmont,
Naples, and Sicily '.

Oxyrhina nova, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mas. Teyler, vol. iv.
(1876), p. 22, pi. ii. fig. 8. — BruxeUian Beds ; Woluwe
St. Lambert, Brussels.

Oxyrhina numida, A. Valenciennes, .Ann. Sci. Nat. [3] vol. i.

(1844), p. 103, pi. i. fig. 15.— Newer Tertiary ; Algeria.
Oxyrhina plana, L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. [2] vol. xxi. (1856),
p. 274 ; R. Lawley, Stndi Comp. Pesci loss, coi viv.(1881),
p. 82. — Tertiarj- ; Ocoya Creek, California.

Oxyrhina recta, J. W. Davis, torn. cit. p. 2/ , pi. v, fig. 14. Oamaru
System : Canterbury, New Zealand.

Oxyrhina rouillieri, V. Riprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, ^
1854, pt. ii. p. 391, pi. iii. figs. 22-26.— Cenomanian ;
Government of Kursk, Russia.

Oxyrhina sillimani, R. W. Gibbes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1847, p. 268, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. i.
p. 202, pi. xxvii. figs. 165-168.— Eocene ; South Carolina.
O.mirhina xuhinjlata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 284, pi. xxxvii. figs. 6, 7 ; P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal.
Fran?. (1852), pi. Ixxvi. fig. 1 ; H. E. Sauvage, Biblioth.
Ecole Hautes Etudes, vol. v. no. 9 (1872), p. 22, figs. 36-
38.— Mbian ; Perte-du- Rhone, France. Cenomanian ;
Kemmertingen.Wurtemberg, and Sarthe, France.

0.vyrhina guhve.va, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 31, pi. 'd. fig. 4.

Oamaru System; Hogs Back, New Zealand. [? 0,

haastii, Davis.]

O.ryrhina taroti, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii. (1858),
p. 101.— Miocene ; W. France.

Oxyrhina tmnvla, L. Agas.siz, Amer. Journ. Sci. [2] vol. xxi.
(1856), p. 275 ; R. Lawley, Stndi Comp. Pesci foss. coi
viv. (1881), p. 82. — Tertiary ; Ocoya Creek, California.

' Some doubtful teeth from the Eocene of South Carolina are also assigned
to this species by E. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] rol. i.
(1849), p. 202, pi. ixrii. figs. 161- 164. The last seems referable to Aprionodon.

392

SELACHII.

Oxyrldna w'niZm',G. Vincent, Ann. Soo, Roy. Malaool. Bclg.vol.xi.

(1876), p. 125, pi. vi. fig. 3. — Lower Laudeiiiaii ; Belgium.
Oxyrhina woodsii, J. E. T. Woods {ex E. M‘Coy, MS.), Geol. Obs.
S. Australia (1&62), p. 80, woodcut. — Tertiary ; Mt.
Gambior.

Oxyrhina ziynoi, F. Bassani, Alti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. iii.
(1877), p. 78, pi. xi. fig. 2 ; Atti Soo. Venoto-Tront. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. (1878) p. 280. — Eocene; Fumanc, Verona.

(?) Oxyrhina tippei, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 284,
pi. xxxvi. figs. 48-52. — Cenomanian ; Regensburg, Ba-
varia*. [The original of fig. 48 is con.sidored to bo the
lateral denticle of a large tooth of “ Ot.odm ” by H. E.
Sauvage, Biblioth. Ecole Hautea Etudes, vol. v. no. 9,
p. 23.]

Teeth of the recent Oxyrhina yomphodon, Mlillor & Hcnle ( = 0.
spallanzanii, Bonaparte), arc also recorded from a Tertiary deposit
in the island of Bonaire, West Indies, by K. Martin, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol Ges. vol. xxxi. (1879), p. 477.

Vertebrae of Oxyrhina are also described by C. Hasso, Nutiirl. Syst.
Elasmobr., Besond. Theil (1882), from the Chalk of Orel, Russia {op.
eit. p. 2.34, pi. xxxi. fig. 47), and from the Tortiarics of Baltringen,
Flonheim, and Antwerp {op. cit. p. 234, pi. xxxi. figs. 43-40).
Others by F. Noctlitig, Abh. Geol. Specialk. I’rcussen u. Thiiiing.
Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 57, pi. x. fig. 5.

The so-called O.vyrhina arnaudi, H. Coqiiand (Descript. Geol. etc.
Depart. Charente, vol. ii. I860, ]). 133), from the Santonian Beds of
Franco, is considered by II. E. Sauvage to be probably founded upon
a tooth of Gorax (Bull. Soc. Geol. Franco, [31 vol. viii 1880,
p. 456).

Genus LAlVEBJAy Cuvier.

[RDgne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 126.]

Syn. Otodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 266.

Second dorsal fin and the anal very small. A pit at the root of
the caudal fin, which has the lower lobe much developed; side
of the tail with a keel. Dentition only differing from that of
Oilontaspis (p. 360) in the relatively loss elevated and less subulate
character of the anterior teeth, and the usually larger size of the
lateral denticles.

By Oxyrhina manielU thi.s genus appears to bo connected with
O.vyrhina ; by Lanma ohliqua with Cardmrodon.

Some doubtful Tertiary teeth are also assigned to this species by O. Ct-
Cosla, Palcont. Begno Napoli, pt, i. (18b0), p. 121, pi. ix. figs. 8, 19.

LAMNID^,

393

Lamna appendicolata (Agassiz).

1799. Dent de Sqiuxle, Faujas St.-Fond, Hist. Nat. Mt. St.-Pierre de
Maestriclit, p. 110, pi. xviii. fig. 2.

1822. Squaltts mmteltis ?, G. A. ManteU, Foss. S. Downs, pL xxxii.
figs. 2, 3, 6, 6, 9.

1839. Squalm eomubictu and Odontaspu rhapModon, II. B. Geinitz,
Charact. Schiclit. u.Petrefakt. bdhm.-sachs. Kreideform. pp. 11,12,
pi. i. figs. 3, 5.

1841. Otodm appendiculatm, F, Roeiter (<>4: Agassiz, MS.), Nordd.
Kreidegeb. p. 107.

1843. Otodm appendiadatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 270,
pi. xxxii. figs. 1-2-5.

1845. Otodm appendiculatm, A. E. Reu.s.«, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform.
pt. i. p. 6, pi. iii. figs. 23-29 (? figs. 30, 31, non fig. 22).

(?) 1847. Otodu* bmalis, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische, p. 354.

1849. Otodm appendiculatm, R. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pbilad. [2] vol. i. p. 199, pi. xxvi. figs. 1;18-140.

1850. Otodm appendiculatm, F. Dixon, Foss. Sussex, pi. xxx. fig. 25,
pi. xxxi. fig. 17.

1852. Otodm latm?, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franf. pi. Ixxvi. fig. 23.

(?) 1852. Lamna acuminata, P. Gervais, op. cit. pi. Ixxvi. figs. 12, 24.

(?) 1864. Otodm haealii,Y. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. p. 388, pi. ii. figs. 31--38, pi. iii. figs. 1-10.

1855. Otodm appendiculatm, E. Hubert, Miim. Soc. Gdol. France, [2]
vol. V. p. 855.

1850. Otodiis appendiculatm, C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutsche Naturh. Zeit.
n. 8. vol. ii. p. 141, pL ii. figs. 38-4 fig. 59).

1858. Otodus ajypendieuhtug, Pictet & Campiche, Foss. Terr. Crdtac5
St. Croix, p. 82, pi. x. figs. 3, 4.

1870. Otodm appendicvlatus, F. Roemer, Geol. von Oberschlesien,
p. 323, pi. xxxvi. fig. 0.

1872. Otodm appendietdatm, II. E. Sauvage, Bibl. Ecole Hautes
Etudes, vol. V. no. 9, p. 26, pi. ii. figs. 57-59.

1872. Lamna acuminata, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 34, pi. ii. figs. 73-75.

1875. Otodm appendiculatm, H. B. Geinitz, Palseontogr. vol. xx. pt. i.
p. 294, pi. Ixv. figs. 0, 7, pt. ii. p. 208, pi. xxxviii. figs. -37-54.

1874. Otodtu appendiculatus, St. Zarecznego, Sprawozd. Komisyi Fizy-
jogrnf. GaUcj-i, vol. viii. p. (125).

1878. Otodm appendiculatm, St. Zarecznego, loc. cit. vol. xii. p. (203).

1888. Otodm appendicttlatus, R. Etheridge, jnn., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
4\'ale.s, [2] voL iii. p. 158, pi. iv. fig. 1.

1888. Otodm appendiculatm, S. Niliitin, M^m. ComittS GAol. vol. v. no. 2,
p. 40, pi. V. figs. 3-5.

Tppe. Detached teeth ; British Museum and Strassbnrg Museum.

Teeth robust, with a very thick root having a much flattened
postero-inferior face, the nutritive foramen not in a groove ; the
largest example attaining a total height of about 0-04. Outer

394

SELACim.

coronal face slightly convex or flat, often with few indefinite vertical
folds in the basal half ; inner coronal face markedly convex, smooth ;
cutting-edges prominent ; a single pair of lateral denticles, broad
but pointed. Anterior teeth narrow and upright : lateral teeth
much inclined backwards, the anterior edge being much more arcuate
and longer than the posterior.

Form. ^ Loo. Albian — Scuonian : S. England. Cenomanian :
Belgium, Bavaria, and llussia. Cenomanian and Turonian ; Saxony,
Upper Silesia, and Bohemia. (?) Danian : Holland. lT])por Creta-
ceous : Galicia, New Jersey, and N. Queensland ‘.

35885, 36114, 36319, 36320, 36905. Seven tooth, including one
very robust example, 0'04 in total height ; Gault, Eolke-
stone. Pvrchaiied, 1801, 1862.

36331. Tooth ; Gault, Folkestone. Darnels Coll.

47218 a, P. 9. Fifteen teeth ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P. 253-4. Three teeth ; Gault, Folkestone.

Presented bi/ ./. Wood-Mason, Es/j., 1880.

P. 2382. Anterior tooth figured by Agassiz, tom.cit. pi. xxxii. fig. 7;

Gault, Folkestone. Ennislcillea Coll.

28108. Seventeen teeth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Presented by James Carter, Esej., 1852.

35127, 35129, 35160. Thirty-four teeth; Cambridge Greensand.

Purchased, 1859.

41914. Nine teeth; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1870.

P. 5791. Three teeth ; Cambridge Greensand.

40501. Lateral tooth ; Upper Greensand, Charmouth, Dorset.

Purchased, 1 867 .

47957. Tooth; Upper Greensand, Warminster.

Presented by the Hon. liohert Marsham, 1877.

P. 5793. Six imperfect teeth, and one with a remarkably broad
triangular compressed crown ; Warminster.

P. 5909. One perfect and one imperfect tooth; Greensand, Tournai,
Belgium. Purchased.

P. 1283. Seven teeth, more or less imperfect ; Tournai.

Eyerton Coll.

* This species is also recorded from the White Chalk of Manganischlak (E.
von Bichwald, Oeogn.-pala;ont. Bemork. Ilalbinsel Manganischlak, 1871, p. C5).

LAMNID.E.

395

P. 5792. Imperfect anterior tooth ; Toumai. Enniskillm Coll.

P. 268. Three teeth ; Greensand, Regensburg, Bavaria.

Pttrchased, 1880.

P. 5558. Fourteen teeth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, Russia.

By exchanye, 1888.

23158. Tooth; Chalk Marl, Dover. Purchased, 18-J9.

P. 2299. Two teeth ; Chalk Marl, Rocken End, Undercliff, Isle of
Wight. Presented by Mrs. Burton, 1882.

1505. Tooth ; Pliinerkalk, Weinbohla, near Meissen, Saxony.

Purchased, 1838.

28893. Four teeth; Pliinerkalk, Strehlen, near Dresden, Saxony.

Di.ron Coll.

P. 283, P. 301. Eight teeth ; Pliinerkalk, Strehlen.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

P. 1281. Eight teeth ; Pliinerkalk, Strehlen. Egerton Coll.

49195. Three teeth ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Daniels Coll.

36904, 43011. Three teeth ; Grey Chalk, Dover.

Purchased, 1862, 1871.

47244, 47253, 47256-7. Twelve teeth; Grey Chalk, Dover.

Gardner Coll.

P. 45. Group of about sixty naturally associated teeth, including
some from the symphysiul region and many of the hinder-
most teeth ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

49948. Four teeth, one very large though fragmentary; Lower
Chalk, Guildford, Surrey. Capron Coll.

4475, 4486. Five teeth, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxxii.

figs. 1, 5, 6, 11, 14 ; Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

4518. Tooth figured in Mantell’s Foss. South Downs, pi. xxxii.

fig. 6 ; Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

4473, 4476, 4477, 4480, 4483, 4484, 4485, 4487, 4488, 4491,
4493, 4564, 4565, 4567, 4572. About twenty teeth ;
Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

25799, 25762. Two teeth figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxx. fig. 25,
pi. xxxi. fig. 17 ; Chalk, Sussex. DLvon Coll.

396

SELACHri.

25799, 25800, 25946 b. Twelve teeth ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

49949. Tooth ; Chalk, Arundel, Sussex. Gapron Coll.

49950. Tooth ; Chalk, Lowes. Gapron Coll.

49898. Group of fifteen vertebra) and fifteen teeth ; Chalk, Glyiide,
Lowes. Gapron Coll.

P. 1280. Four teeth ; Chalk, Sussex. Kgerion Coll.

P. 5401. Tooth ; Chalk, Lewes.

Presented hij P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

P. 1280 a. Imperfect tooth ; Chalk, Heytesbury, Wiltshire.

Egerton Coll.

20289. Tooth and dental crown ; Chalk, Grecnhithe, Kent.

Purchased, 1846.

23158. Tooth ; Chalk, Kent, Purchased, 1849.

39053. Group of> about twenty-five naturally associated teeth in a
block of Chalk from the neighbourhood of Jlnidstone, Kent.
Most of the teeth belong to the anterior portion of the jaw
and are very robust. One tooth much resembles the
original of fig. 7 of Agassiz’s pi. xxxii. tom. clt. ; and a
small examj)lo may most probably bo regarded as the
diminutive third tooth of the upper jaw, closely resembling
a tooth assigned to Lanina subidata by II. 1!. Goinitz,
I’almontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. pi. xx.xviii. fig. 31.

Boiverhanh Coll.

41707. Two small teeth; Chalk, Burham, Kent.

Toulmin Smith Coll.

44212-3. Four teeth ; Upper Chalk, Purley, Kent.

Purchased, 1873.

47920. Four associated and two detached teeth ; Chalk, near Maid-
stone. Presented hg the Hon. liohert Marsham, 1877.

P. 1280 b. Fine lateral tooth and one small hinder tooth ; Chalk,
Kent. Egerton Coll.

P. 401. Five teeth, probably from the Chalk of Kent.

Presented hg the Earl of Ducie, 1881.

44031. Small tooth ; Upper Chalk, Bromley, Kent.

Purchased, 1873.

P. 4100 9/. Tooth ; Chalk, Birchington, near Margate, Kent.

Presented hg Sgdney C. Coclerell, Esq., 1883.

LAMUIB^.

897

49947. Seven teeth, including one of the supposed third upper
series ; Upper Chalk, Guildford, Surrey. Capron Coll.

35652. Tooth ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. BayJteU Coll.

48956 a. Tooth ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayjleld Coll.

P. 2357. Three teeth, probably of this species ; Upper Cretaceous,
ilaastrieht, Holland. Enniskillen Coll.

42868. Nine teeth, mostly imperfect ; Upper Cretaceous, Obourg,
Hainaut, Belgium. Van Breda Coll.

Lamna lata (Agassiz).

1843. Otodtis latus, L. Agassiz, Poias. Foss. vol. iii. p. 271, pi. xxxii.

6g. 20.

Tijpe. Detached tooth.

Teeth broad, much compressed, the inner coronal face smooth ; a
single pair of extremely broad, acuminate lateral denticles.

Form. ^ Lot. Danian : Holland. Upper Senonian : Syria.

P. 1284. Typical tooth, labelled by Agassiz, and noticed, loo. cit ;

Maastricht, Holland. Eyerton Coll.

P. 4535. Smaller tooth ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon, Syria.

Enniskillen Coll.

Lamna semiplicata (Agassiz).

1843. Otodus semiplicatus, L. Agassiz {ex Miinster, MS.), Poiss. Foss.

vol. iii. p. 272, pi. xxxvi. fig. 32 (? fig. 33).

184.5. Otvdus semiplicatus, A. E. Keuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreidefunn.
pt. i. p. 6, pi. iii. figs. 20, 21.

1872. Otodus semiplicatus, II. E. Sauvage, Biblioth. Ecole Ilautes
Etudes, vol. V. no. 0, p. 20, figs. 2.5, 20.

1875. Otodus semiplicatus, H. B. Geinitz, Palmontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 200, pi. xxxviii. figs. .5.5-00

1878. Otodus semiplicatus, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bobm. Kreide-
form. p. 7, woodc. fig. 10.

1888. Otodus semiplicatus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol x
p. 292.

Type. Imperfect tooth ; Munich Museum.

Teeth robust, of considerable size, with a single pair of very
broad lateral denticles, sometimes incompletely subdivided. Outer
coronal face even, flat or slightly convex ; a series of short parallel
vertical wrinkles upon the basal portion of the crown both on the
outer and inner fiice. Boot with a considerable inward prominence
immediately below the base of the crown.

* The originals of figs. o9 and 60 much reseuible the supposed young teeth of
L. stPcaia.

398

fiWLACniI.

Form. Loe. Conoinanian : N.W. Franco. Turonian : Saxony,
lioheraia, and S.E. England

43514. Nearly perfect tooth, noEced by the present writer, loc. cit. ;

llochoster, Kent. Purchased, 1872.

P.327. More posterior tooth ; Charing, Kent. Harris Coll.

Lamua sulcata (Oeinitz).

184.‘3. Otudus suleatus, II. II. Geiniti!, Char. Schicht. u. Petrefakt. siichs.-
bblim. Kroidegeb. Naclitr. p. 6, pi. iv. fig. 2.

1845. 0/odiM appe.ndieulatus, A. E. Keuss {non Agassiz), Verstein.
boliin. Kreideforra. pi. iii. fig. 22.

1840. Otodus sukalus, A. E. Reuss, op.'oit. pt. ii. p. 100, pi. xxi. fig. 41.

1862. Otodus?, P. Oervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 11.

(?) 1852. Otodus appendicukdus, R. Kner, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, vol. iii. pi. xv. fig. 1.

1866. Otodus suleatus, C. E. Fischer, Allg. deutsche Naturh. Zeit. n. s.
vol. ii. p. 141, pi. ii. fig. 41.

(?) 1850. Odontaspis rhaphiodon, C. E, Fischer, tom. cit. p. 142, pi. ii.
fig. 51.

I860. Otodus michoni, II. Coquaiid, Descript. Gdol. etc. Charente,
vol. ii. p. 08

1872. Otodus suleatus, II. E. Sauvage, Biblioth. Ecolo Ilautes Etudes,
vol. V. no. 0. p. 29, figs. 00-60.

1872. Otodus piugnis, II. E. Sauvage, tom. cit. no. 0, p. 31, figs. 70-72.

1873. Otodus divaricatus, .1. Ijeidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Turrit, (Rep.
U.S. Oool. Surv. vol. i, pt. i.), p. 305, pi, xviii. figs. 26-28,

18/5. Otodus suleatus, II. R. Geinitz, Palasontogr. vol. xx. pt. i. p. 204,
pi. Ixv. figs. 4, 5.

(?) 1880. Odon^spis rocheh-unei, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gi5ol. France,
[3] vol. viii. p. 457, pi. xiii. fig. 3.

1888. Otodus crassus, A. S. Woodward {non Agassiz), Proc, Geol.
Assoc, vol. X. p. 202.

Type. Dotaclicd tooth.

Teeth very robust, the crown sometimes attaining a height of
nearly 0'05. Outer coronal face slightly convex, generally uneven ;
both the inner and the outer face with a more or less prominent
series of vcrticiil wrinkles towards the base, usually irregular. A
single pair of large acuminate lateral denticles, slightly divergent,
often incompletely separated from the principal cone. Root with a
considerable inward prominence immcdiatelj’ below the base of the
crown.

^ A nearly perfect tooth from the Upper Cre! aceous of Southern India is also
compared witli this species by P. Stoliezka, Oret. Fauna 8. India (PaliEOnt.
Ind.) vol. iv pt. 4 (1873), p. 67, pi. xii. fig. 24.

® Referred to this species by II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, [3]
vol. viii, (1880), p. 4.50.

LAMNID^.

399

TJie limits of this species are not readily determinable, but we
venture to follow Sauvage {he. eil. 1872) in assigning to it the very
largo teeth mentioned below. We would furlljer suggest ttmt there
are no differences of specific value between the originals of Sauvage 's
figs. GO, 01, and that of the same author’s figs. 70-72 ; and Olodus
jiimjuu is thus relegated to the above synonymy.

Geinitz (for. cit. 1875) considers that the so-called Hyhodm gracilis,
lleuss, and II. regidaris, lleuss, are founded upon teeth of the young
of this species.

Form. 4' Loc Cenomanian and Turonian ; S.E. England, W.
France, Belgium, Saxony, and Bohemia. Senonian : S.E. England.
Cretaceous : Texas, and (?) Galicia.

P. 5908. Two imperfect teeth ; Greensand, Belgium. Purchased.

39054. Large anterior tooth ; Chalk, Surrey. Bowerhank Coll.

25786. Imperfect tooth ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

P. 5402. Tooth ; Chalk, near Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

41704. Imperfect tooth ; Chalk, near llochester.

Toulmin Smith Coll.

P. 1288. Imperfect anterior tooth; English Chalk. Egerton Coll.

Lamna xnacrorhiza, Cope.

1875. Lamna macrorhiza, E. I). Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Rep.

U.S. (ieol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 297, pi. xlii. figs, f), 10.

Pyi>e. Detached teeth.

Teeth of small size, elevated though robust, the maximum total
height being about 0'025. Outer coronal face flat, or nearly so,
with a faint median longitudinal elevation, and often a few folds at
the base ; inner coronal face very convex, smooth ; cutting-edges
sharp. A single pair of relatively large, narrow, acuminate lateral
denticles, divergent, also often marked at the base by minute vertical
folds. Root with a prominent inward projection below the base of
tho crown ; nutritive foramen in a groove.

Form. 4' Loc. Niobrara Formation: Kansas, U.S. A. Albian :
S. England. Cenomanian : S.E. Russia.

37398. Small tooth ; Gault, Folkestone, Kent. Purchased, 1863.
P. 12 a» Two large teeth ; Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

400

SELACmi.

47218 b, P. 12 b. Ten examples ; Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P. 5560. Five tooth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, Russia.

By exchange, 1888.

Lamna crassa (Agassi/.).

1843. Otodus crassm, Ij. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 271, pi. xxxvi.
figs. 29-31.

1864. Otodus crassus, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. ii. p. 384, pi. ii. figs. 4-20.

Type. Imperfect teeth.

Teeth robust, the orown attaining a maximum height of about
0-04. Outer coronal face somewhat convex, generally with two
or three broad vertical folds ; a single pair of broad, acuminate
lateral denticles. Root relatively compressed, scarcely forming an
inward prominence below the base of the crown.

Form. Loc. Cenomanian : Bavaria and 8.E. Russia. Danian :
Belgium h

P. 5554. Imperfect tooth ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near Mens,
Belgium. By exchange, 1888.

P. 5833. Four teeth, and five dental crowns ; Ciply.

Presented by Mans. A. Ilouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

The following four tooth seem to indicate a Cretaceous species
distinct from any already described. The dental crown is moderately
compressed, smooth, high, acute, and narrow ; a single pair of large
acuminate lateral denticles is present ; the root is relatively small.

48956 b. Two tooth, one measuring 0'027 in total height ; Upper
Chalk, Norwich. Bayfield Coll.

P. 1282 a. Tooth with imperfect root; Upper Cretaceous, Maa.stricht,
Holland. Egerton Coll.

P. 5832. Tooth ; Cruic phosphatee, Ciply, near Mons, Belgium.

Presented by Alons. A. Ilouzeau de Lelmie, 1888.

Lamna serra, sp. nov.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Teeth of moderate size, the largest attaining a total height of
about 0‘018 ; crown elevated, smooth, and much compressed, with

‘ This species is also recorded from the Cretaceous of Alabama by E. W.
Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Thilad. [2] vol. i. (1849) p. 200, pi. xxvi. fig. 142.

LAMjrlD^.

401

a single pair of broad acuminate lateral denticles, and one or two
smaller outer x>air8 ; root short, the branches diverging at a very
wide angle, and the nutritive foramen situated in a groove.

The teeth named Galeocerdo tremauxi, Sauvage {^Lamna, p. 409),
seem to approach this species most closely, but are distinguished by
the relatively deeper root and the larger size of the lateral denticles.
The so-called Otodus gerratus, Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843,
p. 272, pi. xsxii. figs. 27, 28), is founded upon teeth also very
similar, hut differing in the irregularity of the lateral denticles ;
these teeth probably pertaining to Odontaspis hronni.

Form. 4' Loc- Banian : Mont Aimd, Marne, France.

P. 5761. Two type specimens. Purchased, 1851.

P. 5762. Twenty teeth, mostly imperfect. Purchased, 1851.

1845. Otodus divergens, Sir Philip Egerton, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.
vol. i. p. ICO, woodcut.

Type. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

Teeth of very small size, much compressed and elevated ; coronal
surface smooth. A single pair of large sharply-pointed lateral
denticles, somewhat divergent, with a minute outer pair.

Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Madras, India.

P. 593. Tj-pe specimen; Pondicherry. Eyerton Coll.

1843. Otodus trigonaius, L. Agassiz, PoLss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 274,
pi. xxxvi. figs. .35-37.

Type. Imperfect teeth ; Munich Museum.

Teeth small, broad, much compressed, with smooth coronal faces ;
a single pair of large, broad, acuminate, lateral denticles. Root
short and comparatively robust.

Form. Loc. Upper Eocene (Ironstone) : Kressenberg, Bavaria *.

1 Doubtful teeth from the Eocene of South Carolina are also assigned to
this species by B. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. i. (1849)
p. 200, pi. xivi. figs. 145, 146. ’

Lamna divergens (Egerton).

Lamna trigonata (Agassiz).

P. 1289. Two teeth.

P. 5794. Hinder tooth.

Egerton CoU.
EnnislciUen Coll.

2d

402

SELACHII.

Lamna macrota (Agassiz).

1843. Otudtis macrijfus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Fuss. vol. iii. p. 2/.i,
pi. xxxii. figs. 20-31.

1843. Lamna elcyam, L. Agassiz (in part), tom.cit. pi. xxxv. figs. 0, /,
pi. xxxvii. a. fig. 68.

1843. Lamna cumpressa, L. Agassiz, tom. eit. p. 290, pi. xxxvii. a.
figs. 36-42.

1840. Otodns macrotm, R. \V. Gibbes, Joiivn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad.

[2] vol. i. p. 200, pi. xxvi. figs. 143, 144.

1850. Otodns lanceolaitis, F. Dixon (tion .Agassiz), Foss. Sussex, p. 204,
pi. xi. figs. 20, 21.

1803. Otodns macrotns, K. E. Schafhiiutl, Siid-Bay. Letli. Oeogn.
p. 24.3, pi. l.xii. fig. 10.

1876. Otodns macrntns, T. 0. Winkler, Arcbiv Vcreins Fr. d. Natur-
gesch. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. p. 110.

1888. Lamna maryinnlis, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 10, pi. iii. figs. 8-10.

Type. Detached teeth ; Paris Museum of Natural History.

Teeth much compressed, the largest attaining a maximum total
height of about 0'05 ; cutting-edges prominent ; outer coronal face
gently convex ; inner coronal face with faint longitudinal strim ; a
single jiair of lateral denticles, well separated, broad, but rarely
acuminate.

Form. ^ Loc. Lower Eocene : 8.E. England and South Carolina.
Middle Eocene : London and Hampshire Basins, and N. France.
U])per Eocene: S. Germany. Lower Miocene: Belgium and W.
Germany. Oamaru and Waipara Systems : New Zealand.

P. 5905. Three teeth ; London Clay, Sheppey. Daniels Coll.

P. 1286. Three teeth ; Sheppey. Fyerton Coll.

P. 5505. Postero-lateral tooth ; Lower Eocene, S3'donham, near
London. Caleb Evans Coll.

23200. Tooth ; Brackleshnm Bods, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex.

Presented by S. P. Woodward, Esq., 1849.

25683 a, 25885-6. Nineteen tooth; Bracklesham Bay. Di.ro>i Coll.
40235. Twelve teeth ; Bracklesham Bay. Edwards Coll.

P. 5795. Five tooth; Bracklesham Bay. Purchased, 1882.

39774. Broad tooth; (?) M. Eocene, Hampshire. Purchased, 1802.

40309. Anterior tooth ; Colosworth, near Woking, Surrey.

Purchased, 1867.

LAMNIDJ!.

403

P. 1287. Eight teeth ; Bracklesham Bay. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2358. Six teeth; Bracklesham Bay. Enniskillen Coll.

28851. Five anterior teeth ; Calcaire Grossier, Roquet, Paris.

Purchased, 1854.

28851 a. Sixteen teeth ; Roquet. Purchased, 1854.

P. 5796. Four fragmentary teeth ; Calcaire Grossier, Chaumont,
Paris. Purchased.

40228, 40243. Ten teeth ; Barton Clay, Barton Clifif, Hampshire.

Edwards Coll.

P . 55 C. Imperfect large tooth ; Barton.

Presented by Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1880.

P. 1166. Eleven teeth ; Barton. Egerton Coll.

P. 2359. Four teeth ; Barton. Enniskillen Coll.

30892. Tooth ; Upper Eocene, Bramshaw, Hampshire.

Purchased, 1856.

40236. Two teeth ; Bramshaw. Edwards Coll.

P. 1291. Four teeth : Eocene, near Brussels. Egerton Coll.

P.2376. Three teeth; Rupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp, Bel-
gium. Enniskillen Coll.

9758. Small tooth ; Lower Miocene, Cassel. Mantell Coll.

28364. Tooth ; said to have been obtained from the Miocene of
Dax, Bordeaux. Purchased, 1854.

Lamna viucenti (Winkler).

1870. Otudus micenti, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
p. 2-5, pi. ii. figs. 9, 10.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth much compressed, the largest attaining a maximum total
height of about 0‘018 ; apex acute and cutting-edges prominent ;
outer coronal face gently convex; inner coronal face smooth; a
single pair of broad, wcU-separated, acuminate lateral denticles,
flanked in the side teeth by a minute outer pair.

It is possible that some of the type specimens of Lamna

2d2

com-

404

SELACHII.

jiretaa, Ag , pertain to this species ; but most of the teeth figured by
Agassiz may be assigned to L. macrota, and we therefore adopt
Winkler’s name for the specific type now defined.

Form. Loe. Lower Eocene : S.E. England. Middle and Upper
Eocene: Hampshire Basin and Belgium. Lower Miocene ; Belgium
and Prance.

43132. Two teeth ; London Clay, Ilighgato. Wetherell Coll.

P. 5507. Two teeth ; Lower Eocene, Portsmouth, Hampshire.

Caleb Evans Coll.

25685 b. Two teeth ; Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

40243 a. Three teeth ; Bracklesham. Edwards Coll.

40244 a. Tooth ; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff, Hampshire.

Edwards Coll.

P.5912. Twelve teeth; Bruxcllian Beds, Woluwo St. Lambert,
Brussels. Presented by M. Ilouzeau de LeJuiie, 1889.

P. 1292. Tooth ; llupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp.

Eyerlon Coll.

28366 a. Tooth; Paluns of Touraine, Prance, Purchased,

Lainna(?) obliqua (Agassiz).

17(56. Dem Squali, G. Brander, Foss, llantoiiiensia, pi. ix. fig. 116.
1843. Otodus obliquus, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Poss. vol. iii. p. 207, pi. xxxi.,
pi. xxxvi. figs. 22-27.

1843. Otodus lanceolatm, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 209, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 10-23.

1849. Otodus ohliquus, R. W. Gibbes, Jom’u. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
[2] vol. i. p. 109, pi. xxvi. fig.s. 131-137.

1850. Otodus ohliquus, F. Dixon, Poss. Sussex, p. 204, pi. x. figs. 32-3-5,

pi. XV. tig. 11.

1883. Otodus ohliquus, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss.
pt. i. p. 145, pi. iii. tig. 0.

1883. Otodus obliqmis, II. B. Geinitz, Abh. luiturw. Ge.s. Isis Dresden,
p. 0, pi. i. tigs. 12-18.

1885. Carcharodon ohliquus, P. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preussen
u. Tliuring. Staatou, vol. vi. pt. iii. p. 84, pi. vi. tigs. 4-0.

(?) 1888. Otodus ohliquus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 15, pi. vii. tig. 10.

Type. Detached teeth ; Museums of Paris and Strassburg.

tAMSIBiE.

405

Teeth robust, attaining to a very large size ; crown moderately
compressed, sliarply pointed, with one broad acuminate pair of
lateral denticles, and, in the smaller teeth, an additional pair of
more slender denticles. Outer coronal face flat or slightly convex,
without folds ; inner face smooth.

As pointed out by Hoetling {loc. eit.) this species may belong to
CarcJiarudon; and in very rare instances (e.ff. No. 43111) the edges
of the teeth exhibit faint serrations.

Form, tj" Loc. Lower Eocene : London Basin. Middle and Upper
Eocene : Hampshire Basin, Pmssia and Bavaria. Eocene : New
Jersey. Lower Tertiary : Egj-pt.

1425 (Sloane Cat.). Tooth ; London Clay, Isle of Sheppey.

Sloane Coll.

28359, 28361, 29013. Seven large teeth, and one small example
probably of this species ; London Clay, Isle of Sheppey.

Cowderoy Bequest.

24617,32264. Four large teeth ; Sheppey. Purchased, \8o0.

28886,28889. Two large teeth and two small lateral teeth ; Sheppey.

Daniels Coll.

39773. Abraded tooth, cut longitudinally ; Sheppey.

Bowerhank Coll.

40522. Three large teeth ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1867.

42852. Tooth with blunt lateral denticles ; Sheppey.

Van Breda Coll.

44137. Malformed tooth ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1873.

P. 55. Tooth ; (?) Sheppey.

Presented hy Sir Bichard Owen, K.C.B., 1880.

P. 162. Malformed tooth ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1880.

P. 439 a. Eight teeth; Sheppey. Purchased, 1882.

P. 1277. Five teeth ; Sheppey. Eyerton CoU.

P. 2360-1, P. 2361 a. Two typical teeth, and two malformed ;

Sheppe}'. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5798. Twenty-six large teeth ; Sheppey. History unknown.

P. 5799. Six small teeth ; Sheppey. History unknown.

406

SELACHJI.

43114. Abraded tooth ; London Clay, Primrose Hill, London.

Wttherell Coll.

43111. Tooth exhibiting indistinct serrations ; London Clay, High-
gate, near London. Weiherell Coll.

43120. Largo tooth ; London Clay, Finchley, near London.

Weiherell Coll.

P. 5906. Tooth figured in Dixon’s Foss. Suss. pi. xv. fig. 11; Lower
Eocene, Bognor, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

P. 5511. Imperfect largo tooth; Lower Eocene, Portsmouth.

Caleb Evans Coll.

P. 5506. Lateral tooth ; Lower Eocene, Portsmouth Docks.

Caleb Evans Coll.

25685 a. Fourteen small teeth ; Bracklosham Bods, Braoklesham
Bay, Sussex. Di.von Coll.

29018. Three small teeth, probably from Bracklosham Bay.

Cowderoy Bequest.

P. 1278. Twelve teeth ; Bracklosham Bay. Egerton Coll.

P. 5800. Six teeth, probably from Bracklosham Bay.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5433. Large tooth, probably from Bracklosham Bay.

Bresenied by P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.

48013. Lateral tooth ; Bracklesham Bods, Stubbington, near Gos-
port, Hampshire. Purchased, 1877.

28881. Small tooth ; Barton Clay, Barton Clitf, Hampshire.

Daniels Coll.

40244. Twenty-three teeth, some very small ; Barton.

Edwards Colt.

P. 55 b. Narrow tooth ; Barton.

Presented by Sir liichard Owen, K.C.B., 1880.

P. 1167. Twelve teeth ; (?) Barton. Egerton Coll.

26485. Largo tooth ; Hod Crag (derived fo.ssil), Woodbridge,
Suffolk. Purchased, 1851.

LAMNIB^.

407

P. 1279. Seven teeth : Red Crag (derived fossils), Suffolk.

Efjerton Coll.

P. 5579. Four teeth ; Red Crag (derived fossils), Felixstowe, Suf-
folk. Harford Coll.

P. 5801. Imperfect abraded tooth, of the form named Otodm lan-
ceolatug, Agassiz ; Upper Eocene (Ironstone), Kre.ssenberg,
Bavaria. Ennishilhn Coll.

9757. Ifarrow tootb, resembling Jfo. P. 55 b, but smaller in size
and with a relatively larger root ; Ix>wer Miocene, Casscl.

Mantell Coll.

The following species have also been distinguished upon the
evidence of detached teeth, but there are no examples in the
Collection : —

Lamna adunca : Otodus aduncus, R. Lawley, Jinovi Studi Pesci,
etc. Colliue Toscane (1876), p. 26. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Lamna basalis: Otodus basalis, Sir P. Egertou (non Giebel, 1847),
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. i. (1845), p. 168, woodcut;
F. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India (Palaeont. Indica),
vol. iv. (1873), pt. iv. p. 67, pi. xii. figs. 22, 2.3.— Upper
Cretaceous ; Pondicherry, Madras.

Lamna bouchardi, H. E. Sauvage, Catal. Poiss. Form. Second.
Boulonnais (Mem. Soc Acad. Boulogne, vol. ii.), 1867,
p. 69, pl.iii. fig. 15. — Gault; Boulogne.

Lamna brandti : Otodus brandti, V. KiprijanofF, Bull. Soc. Imp.
If at. Moscou, 1854, pt. ii. p. 382, pi. ii. fig. 3. — Ceno-
manian ; Government of Orel, Eu.ssia.

Lamna ealtica : Otodus cattieus, R. A. Philippi, Palaeontogr. vol. i.
(1846), p. 24, pi. ii. figs. 5-7. — Lower Miocene ; WUhelms-
bbhe, Cassel. (1 Lamna macrota.)

Lamna elavata, L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. [2] vol. xxi. (1856),
p. 275. —Tertiary ; Ocoya Creek, California.

Lamna debilis ; Otodus (Pscu^lotrialcis') debilis^ J, Probst, M iirtt.
Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879), p. 1-55, pi. ii. figs. 78-81.—
Molasse ; Baltringen, Wurtemberg.

Lamna ensiculata, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv.
(1888), p. 18, pi. iii. figs. 6, 7. — Oamaru S3’stem; Xew
Zealand.

Lamna gracilis, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fische, 1847,
p. 361.— ^Upper Eocene ; Siildorf, near Magdeburg.

Lanuia haslalisi Otodus hasialis, R. Lawley, op. cit. p. 26. —
Pliocene ; Tuscany.

408

SELACnil.

(?)Lamna hector!, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 2\, pi. iii, fig. 16. —
Lower Cretaceous ; Ainuri Bluff, Now Zealand.

Lamna isosceltcus : Olodtis isoscdicus, 11. Lawloy, o/>. cit. p. 26. —
Plioeono ; Tuscany.

Lamna lawhyi ; Olodus lawleyi, F. Bassatii, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci.
Nat. Tol. iii. (1877), p. 80, pi. xi. figs. 3-5; Atti Soc.
Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol.v. (1878), p. 281, and vol. vi.
(1870), p. 60; II. E. Sauvagc, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-
et-Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 48, pi. i. figs. 12-14.— Upper
Eocene ; Vicentin, Itiily. II iocono ; W. Franco. Oxy-
rhina.}

Lamna lepida, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. (1852), pi. Ixxv.

%• 4. — Miocene ; Montpellier, Ildrault.

Lamna levis : Otodus levis, E. W. Gibbos, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliilad. 1847, p. 268, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad
[2] vol. i. p. 190, pi. xxvi. fig. 141. — Eocene; South
Carolina.

Lamna niaryinata : Otodus ? maryinatus, Sir P. Egerton, tom. cit.

p. 168, woodcut. — Upper Cretaceous ; Pondicherry.

Lamna marroti : Otodus marroli, II. Coquand, Descripb. Gdol. etc.
Depart. Charento, vol. ii. (1860), p. 157. — Campanian ;
Dordogne.

Lamna minor ; Otodus minor, C. G. Giobel, op. cit. Fische, p. 355.

Up])er Eocene; Siildorf, near Magdeburg. Also re-
corded from Wcsteregoln and Antwerp.

Ljumna minuta : Otodus mimitus. Sir P. Egerton, tom. cit. p. 160,
woodcut; F. Stoliczka, tom. cit. pt. iv. p. 68, pi. xii.
figs. 29, 30. — Upper Cretaceous ; Pondicherry.

Lamna mitk : Otodus mitis, E. A. Philii)pi, tom. cit. p. 24, pi. ii.

figs. 2-4. — Lower Miocene ; Wilhclmshbho, Cassel.

Lamna mudyei, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Eep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 297, pi. xlii. figs. 11,
Niobrara Formation ; Kansas. Greensand ; New
Jersey.

Lamna nana : Otodus nanus. Sir P. Egerton, tom. cit. p. 169,
woodcut ; F. Stoliczka, tom. cit. pt. iv. p. 68, pi. xii.
figs. 25-28. — Upper Cretaceous ; Pondicherry.

Lamna ornata, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. (1856), p. 275.— Tertiary ;
Ocoya Creek, f!alifornia.

Lamna plana-. Lamna {&phemdus) plana, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss,
vol. iii. (1843), p. 299, pi. xxxvii. figs. 30-32. — Ceno-
manian ; Switzerland.

LAMNID^.

409

(?) Limna jpsiudo-upfendiculata : Otodvs psevdo-appendiculatus,
G. G. GemmtUaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. [2]
vol. xiii. (1857), p. 311, pi. vi. a. fig. 4. — Formation
and locality unknown.

Lamna reeticona: Otodus rectkomis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss,
vol. iii. (1843), p. 275, pi. xxxvi. fig. 34. — Miocene ;
Malta. (? Oxyrhina.)

Lamna renardi ; Otodvs renardi, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, 1854, pt. ii. p. 387, pi. ii. figs. 21-30. —
Cenomanian ; Governments of Kursk and Orel, Russia.
Lamna nversa, C. G. Gictcl, op. cit. Fische, p. 300. — Fppei
Eocene ; Siildorf.

(‘f) Lamna rudis : Otodus rudis, A. E. lleuss, Verstein. bcihm.
Kreideform. pt. ii. (1846), p. 99, pi. xxi. figs. 26-40 ; A.
Fritsch, Rept. n. Fische bohm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 6,
woodcut fig. 6. — Turoniiin ; Bohemia. (? Hinder teeth of
Lamna semiplicata.)

Lamna rvpieliensis : Otodus rvpeliensis, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mt-m.
Poiss. Tcrt. Belg. (1871), p. 11, woodcut. — Rupelian ;
Belgium.

Lamyia salentina : Otodus saleniinus, 0. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno
Napoli, pt. i. (1850), p. 115, pi. ix. fig. 6. — Miocene ;
Naples.

L.an.na strotina : Otodus (Pseud otriakis') serotinus, J. Probst, Wiirtt.
Jahresh. vol. xxxv. (1879), p. 155, pi. ii. figs. 82-85. —
Molasse; Baltringen.

Lamna spathula : Otodus sp,aihuh, H. E. Sauvage, Biblioth.
Ecole Hautes Etudes, vol. v. no. 9 (1872), p. 32, pi. i.
figs. 27-32. — Senonian ; Sarthe, France.

Lamna striata-. Otodus striatus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus.
Teyler, vol. iv. (1876), pp. 8, 24, pi. i. figs. 7-9; G.
Vincent, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malacol. Belg. vol. xi. (1876),
p. 125, pi. vi. fig. 2. — Heersian and Bruxellian ; Belgium.
Lamna suhplicata : Otoehs suhplicatus, L. Agassiz (e.r Miinster,
MS.), Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 274, pi. xxxvi. fig. 38.
— Lower Miocene ; Biinde, Prussia.

Lamna sidcata : Otodus suleatus, E. Sismonda (non Geinitz, 1843),
Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, [2] vol. x. (1849), p. 39, pi. i.
figs. 34-36 ; G. G. Gemmellaro, tom. cit. p. 310, pi. i. a.
fig. 10. — Miocene ; Piedmont. [If weU founded, requires
a new specific name.]

(?) Lamna tremauxi : Galeocerdo iremauxi, H. E. Sauvage, Bull.

410

sELAorni.

Soc. Gcol. France, [3] vul. viii. (1880), i>. 457, pi. xiii.
fig. 2. — U. Cretaceous (Carentonian) ; Charente, France.

Lamna undulata, E. Sismonda, tom. cit, p. 47, pi. ii. figs. 23, 24.
— Middle Tertiary ; Piedmont.

Fragmentary teeth of Lamna from the Chalk of Sweden are
also figured by S. Nilsson, Petrif. Suocana, 1827, pi. x. fig. 1 ; and
a tooth from the Tertiary of Arkansas is figured in I). D. Owen,
First Hep. Oool. lleconn. N. Counties of Arkansas, 1858, pi. ix.
fig. 7.

A species, L. (Otodus') woodwardii, is founded upon a vertebra
from the Cambridge Greensand, by C. Ilasse, Pala5ontogr. vol. xxxi.
(1884), p. 8, pi. ii. figs. 13-15; another vertebra from the Ceno-
manian of Kursk, llussia, is named Olodiis prerdator, E. von Eich-
wald, Bull. Soc. Lnp. Nat. Moscou, 1853, pt. i. p. 221 ; and other
vertebra;, from the Rolling Downs Formation, North Queensland,
are described as Lamna daviesii by II. Etheridge, Jun., Proe. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, [2] vol. iii. (1888), p. 15ti, pi. iv. figs. 2, 3.

In his work, Naturl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Thcil (1882),
C. Basse describes vertebra; of Lamna from the Pliinerkalk of
Strehlen, near Dresden (p. 220, pi. xxviii. figs. 8, 0), tbo Upper
Eocene of Kressenberg, Bavaria (p. 220, pi. xxviii. fig. 7), and of
Helmstedt, Brunswick (p. 219, pi. xxviii. figs. 10-13), and from tho
Crag of Antwerp (p. 219).

An example from tho Samland Eocene is also described by
F. Noetling, Abh. Geol. Speeiulk. Preussen u. Thiiring. Staaten,
vol. vi. i>t. 3 (1885), p. 09, pi. x. fig. 4.

Various vertebra; from the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiaries are
also assigned to “Otoefas” (C. Basse, op. cit. p. 200, pi. xxvii.),
which is placed with Crossorhinus and Oimjhjmostoma in the
Scylliolamnidoc. Some connection between certain forms of Otodus
and Sfjuatina is also suspected by C. Basso, Morphol. Jahrbuch,
vol. ii. (1870), p. 474.

Tho so-called Lamna lanceolata, J. W. Davis (Trans. Roy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. iv. 1888, p. 20, pi. iii. fig. 12), from New Zealand, is
founded upon a tooth evidently not Selachian.

Genus CARCHARODON, Miillor & Bcnle.

[Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 70.]

Second dorsal fin and the anal very small. A pit at tho root of
the caudal fin, which has the lower lobe well developed ; side of tho
tail with a keel. Teeth large, erect, triangular, and serrated.

LAMNID^.

411

Carcharodon subserratos, Agassiz.

1843. Carcharodon subserrattts, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 2(50,
pi. xxxvi. tigs. 14, 15.

1843. Carcharodon escheri, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 260, pi. xxxvi.
figs. 10-21.

Ti/pe. Detached tooth ; British Museum.

A small, imperfectly known species. Teeth comparatively broad,
compressed, without lateral denticles ; serrations upon the ooronal
edges irregular and faintly marked.

Form. ^ Loe. London Clay (Lower Eocene): Isle of Sheppey.
Upper Eocene : Kressenberg, Bavaria. “ Swiss Molasse.”

P. 2356. Type specimen ; London Clay, Isle of Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

Carcharodon lanciformis, Gibbes.

1847. Carcharodon lanciformis, 11. W. Gibbes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. p. 267.

1848. Carcharodon lanciformis, 11. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 147, pi. xxi. figs. 4(>-61.

Type. Detached teeth.

A species of moderate size. Teeth comparatively broad, much
compressed, often with partially separated lateral denticles. The
ui>per lateral teeth often much curved outwards.

Form. Loc. Eocene (Phosphate Beds) : South Carolina.

28103. Five imperfect teeth. Purchased, 1852.

P. 6738. Six teeth. Presented by Miss Caroline Birley, 1888.

46999 a. Tooth. ^ Purchased,

10535. Tooth, either of this species or the so-called C. sulcidens.

Maniell Coll.

10537. Ten small teeth, some pertaining to this species, others
probably to young of C. meyalodon. Mantell Coll.

Carcharodon auricnlatns (Blainville).

1762. Figure by A. Scilla, De Corporibus Marinis, pi. v. fig. 1.

1784. Figures by Biirtin, Oryctographie de Bruxelles, pi. I. figs. Q, It.
1818. Squalm auriculatus, fl. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. .384.

412

SELACnil.

1843. Carcharodon aio'icidrttus, L, An'assiz, Poiss. Fo-^is. vol. iii. p. 254,
pi. xxviii. figs. 17-19.

1843. Carcharodon. angucttidens, L. Agas.siz, tom. cit. p. 255, pi. x.xviii.
figs. 20-25, pi. XXX. fig. 3.

1843. Carcharodon tnrgidus, L. Agassiz, tcnn. cit. p. 250, pi. xxx. a.
figs. 8, 9.

1843. Carcharodon lanceolatus, L. Agassiz, tom, cit. p. 257, pi. xx.x. fig. 1 .
1843. Carcharodon toliapicm, L. Agas.siz, tom. cit. p. 257, pi. xxx. a.
fig. 14.

184.1. Carcharodon hcterodonj Ij. Agassiz, tom, cit, p. 258, pi. xxviii.
figs. 11-10.

1843. Carcharodon mecjcdotu, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 258, pi. xxviii.
figs. 8-10.

184.3. Carcharodon dismiris, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 259, pi. xxviii. fig. 7.

1844. Carcharodon auriculatvs, P, M. Padroni, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-
deaux, vol. xiii. p. 285, pi. i. fig. 23.

1847. Carcharodon acutidena, 1!. W. Oibbcs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. p. 207.

1848. Carcharodon angustidcm, R. W. Gibbes, .loum. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 145, pi. xix. figs. 10-18, pi. xx., pi. xxi.
figs. 37, 38.

1848. Carcharodon acutidcns, U. W. Gibbes, tom. cit. p. 140, pi. xxi.
figs. 39-44.

(P) 1849. Carcharodon angustidenSf E. Si.smonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci.
Torino, [2] vol. x. p. .30, pi. i. figs. .30, .31.

1849. Carcharodon hcterodm, E. Sisraonda, tom. cit. p. .38.

1850. Carcharodon hetcrodon, E. Dixon, Foss. Sussex, p. 204, pi. xi.
fig. 19.

1852. Carcharodon disnuria, P. Gervais, Zool. ot Pal. Franc, pi. Ixxiv.
fig. 0, pi. Ixxv. fig. 0.

18.54-60. Carcharodon anguatidens, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno
Napoli, pt. ii. p. 50, pi. vi. fig. 3.

1854-60. Carcharodon inter amnim, O. G. Costa, op. cit. pt ii. p. 53,

pl. V. fig. 0. ^ i V r >

G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad.

P- P^-

1867. Carcharodon angmtidena, var. turgidua, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom.
at. p. 305, pl. v. a. figs. 7, 8 a.

Carcharodon anguatidem, turgidua, lanccohitua, and hetcrodon.
K. E. Scbafhiiutl, Siid-Bay. Letli. Geogn. p. 239, pl. Ixiii.
figs. .3-6, pl. Ixiv. fig. 7.

180.3. Carchariaa leptodon, K. E. Scbafhiiutl, op. cit. p. 241, pl. Ixiii. fig 2.
Carcharodon diaauria?, II. Le lion, Prdlim. Mdm. Poiss. Tert.

Belg. p. 12.

1876. Carcharodon angmtidena, F. M'Coy, Prodrom. Palroont. Victoria
^ (Geol. Survey Victoria), dec. ii. p. 8, pl. xi. figs. 2, 3.

1875. Carcharodon arndti, T. C. Winldor, Arcliiv Verein.s Fr. d. Natur-
gesch. Mecklenburg, vol, xxix. p. 119, pl. iii. fig. 11.

LAMNID^.

413

1877. (,'archarodon angiutidens, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
[2] vol. viii. p. 2.33.

1882. Carcharodon nngudidens, II. E. Sauvage, M4m. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Saone-ft-Loire, vol. iv. p. 44.

1883. Carcharodon anyustidens, H. B. Geinitz, Abh. Naturw. Ges. Bis,
Dresden, p. 0, pi. i. lig. 11.

1883. Carcharodon anyMtidens,W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad.
Wiss. pt. i. p. 14.5.

1885. Carcharodon amjiutidens, F. Noetling, Abb. Geol. Specialk.
l*reussen u. Thuring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3, p. 82, pi. vi. figs. 1-3.

1887. Carcharodon hcterodon, L. DoUo, Ilevue Quest. Scient. vol. xsii.

p. 81.

1888. Carcharodon anyuttidem, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iv. p. 0, pi. i. figs. 4-C, pi. vi. fig. 22.

Type. Detached tooth.

Teeth robust, comparatively narrow, with a pair of broad lateral
denticles ; outer coronal face flat or slightly convex. Lateral den-
ticles especially large in the lateral teeth, which have a verj- narrow
oblique crown.

The teeth from the English, French, and Bavarian Eocene
assigned to this species are generally smaller than those from
other localities, but similar in form.

Two nearly complete skeletons, from the Kupelian Beds of Boom,
near Antwerp, are preserved in the Royal Museum of Natural His-
tory, Brussels (see L. DoUo, loc. cit,').

Form. 4" Loc. Middle and Upper Eocene: S.E. England, N. France,
Belgium, Bavaria, S. Carolina, and Alabama. Miocene : W. Franco,
Belgium, N . Germany, Italy, Sicil)’, and Maryland. Pliocene :
Antwerp, Belgium. Lower and Middle Tertiarics : Egj-pt, Arabia,
Victoria ', and New Zealand.

35598-603, 35612. Two perfect and eight fragmentary teeth ;
Eocene, Alabama, U.S.A.

Presented by Prof. J. W. Mallet, 1859.

P. 1200. Seven teeth ; Eocene, Clarke’s Co., Alabama.

Eyerton CoU.

P. 2386. Eighteen teeth, some imperfect ; Clarke’s Co., Alabama.

Etinishillen Coll.

42850. Lateral tooth; Belgium. Van Breda Coll.

P. 4095. Very large tooth ; Phosphate Beds, Charleston, S. Carolina.

By exchange, 1883.

‘ F. M'Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi»t. [3J vol. a. (1807), p. 192.

414

SELACIIII.

46996-98. Six teeth ; South Carolina.

Purchaser!, 1870.

25674-5. Two toeth, figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xi. figs. 11, 19,
under the name of G. heterodon, Agass. ; Bracklosham
Beds, Bracklosham Bay, Sussex.

25676. Ten similar tooth ; Bracklosham.
38865. Robust orcct tooth ; Bracklesham.
43123. Lateral tooth ; Bracklesham.

P. 1199. Six teeth ; Bracklosham.

P. 5818. Tooth ; Bracklesham.

Dixon Coll.
Dixon Coll.
Bowerbanlc Coll.
Weiherell Coll.
Eger ton Coll.
Gracherode Bequest.

40310. Lateral tooth; Colesworth, near Woking, Surrey.

Purchased, 1867.

28372. Five tooth ; Calcaire Grossicr, Roquot, Paris.

Purchased, 1853.

29024. Erect tooth, wanting lateral denticles, and another much
abraded tooth ; Calcaire Grossior, Chaumont, Paris.

Purchased, 1854.

35536. Six imperfect teeth ; Upper Eocene, Kressenberg, Bavaria.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 367, P. 369. T wo dental crowns ; Kressenberg. By exchange.

P. 4945. Two imperfect teeth ; Kressenberg.

Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

42007. Small tooth ; Eocene, near Brussels. Purchased, 1870.

P. 280. Large lateral tooth; Rupelian Beds, Boom, near Antwerp,
Belgium. Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.

P. 1201. Three teeth, and one much abraded ; Boom. Egerton Coll.

P. 2384, P. 2389. Three teeth; Boom. Ennislcillen Coll.

41343. Dental crown ; Rupelian Beds, Rupelmonde, near Antwerp.

Purchased, 1869.

28373. Small abraded erect tooth ; Miocene, Bordeaux.

Purchased, 1853.

32734. Large robust dental crown ; Miocene, Xabregas, near
Lisbon. Presented by J. S. Valentine, Etq,, 1875.

LAMNID^.

415

P. 2385. Two teeth ; Crag, Antwerp. EtinitskiUen Coll.

P. 337 a. Two im])erfect small teeth, perhaps of this sijecies, from
the Arabian Desert.

Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1881.

Carcharodon megalodon, Agassiz.

1752. Figures by A. Scilla, De Corporibus Marinis, pi. iiL fig. 1, pi. v.
fig. 2, pi. vi. fig. 1.

1818. Carcharias verus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
Tol. xxvii. p. 384'.

1837. Carcharias m°galodon, E. Charlesworth, Mag. Nat. Hist. n. s.
vol. i. p. 223, woodc. fig. 24.

1843. Carcharodon megalodon, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 247,
pi. xxix.

1843. Carcharodon rectidens, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 250, pi. xxx. a.

%• fo.

1843. Carcharodon subauriculatus, L. Agassiz, totn. cit. p. 2.51, pi. xxx. a.
tigs. 11-1.3.

1843. Carcharodon prodtictus, L. Agassiz, to/n. cit. p. 251, pi. xxx.
figs. 2, 4, 0, 7, 8.

184.3. Carcharodon poly gyrus, L. Agassiz, tom. at. p. 25.3, pi. xxx.
figs. 0-12.

1844. Carcharodon megalodon, P. M. Pddroni, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-
deaux, vol. xiii. p. 280, pi. i. fig. 20.

1848. Carcharodon megalodon, K. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 14.3, pi. xviii., pi. xix. figs. 8, 9.

1840. Carcharodon megalodon, E. Sismouda, Mem. B. Accad. Sci.

Torino, [2] vol. x. p. 34, pi. i, figs. 8-13.

1840. Carcharodon crassidms, E. Sismonda, tom. cit. p. 35, pL i.
figs. 32, .3:1.

1840. Cardmrodon polygyrus, E. Sismonda, tom. cit. p. 30.

1849. Carcharodon productus, E. Sismonda, tom. cit. p. .37, pi. i.
figs. 25-20.

1830. Carcharodon megalodon, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Kegno Napoli,
pt. i. p. 117, pi. ix. fig. 2.

1 852. Carcharodon megalodon, P. Gervais, Zcol. et Pal. Frany. pi. Ixxiv.
figs. 11, 12, pi. Ixxv. fig. 10.

1854. Carcharodon megalodon, R. Owen, Cat. Foss. Kept. & Pisces Mus.
R. Coll. Surgeons, p. 124.

1804-.50. Carcharodon megalodon, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli,
pt. il. p. 40, pi. V. figs. 2, 3, pi. H. fig. 1.

' This specific name refers to the existing Carcharias lamia, to which
Blainville assigned the fossil teeth.

416

SELACItir.

1854-56. Carcharod'in aiericulatun, O. O. Oosta, op, cit. pt. ii. p. 48,
pi. V. fig. 5.

1854-50. Carcharodon rectidens, 0. Q. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 51, pi. v.
fig. 4, pi. vi. fig. 2.

1854-56. Carcharodon productm, O, G. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 52, pi. v.

. 1-

1854-56. Carcharodon arcualus, 0. G, Costa, op. cit, pt. ii. p. 56, pi. vi.
fig. 4.

1854-56. Carcharodon latissimus, 0. G. Costa, op, cit, pt. ii. p. 56, pi. v.
fig. 8.

1857. Carcharodon mcyalodon, G. G. Gommellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia
Sci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 200, pi. ii. a.

1857. Carcharodon mcgalodon, var. dcidas, G. G. Gemraollaro, tom. cit.
p. 300, pi. iii. a. fig.s. 1-3.

1857. Carcharodon mcgalodon, var. suhauriculatus, G. G. Gemmollaro,
tom. cit. p. .301, pi. iv. a. figs. 1 a-3 a.

1857. Carcharodon prodactus, G. G. Gommellaro, torn. cit. p. 306, pi. v. a.
figs. 3 a-5 «.

1857. Carcharodon latissirnns, G. G. Gemmollaro, tom. dt. p. 307, pi. iv. «.
fig. 4.

(?) 1801. Carcharodon hetcrodon, G. Michellotti, Miocene Iiif. Italie
Septentr. (Mdm. Soc. Holland. Sci.), p. 143, pi. xiv. figs. 8, 9.

180.5. Carcharodon crassns, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Rogiio Napoli,
Append, i. p. 102, pi. vi. fig. 1.

1805. Carcharodon aiiriculatus, var. falciformis, O. G. Costa, op. cit.
Append, i. p. 104, pi. vi. fig. 2.

1870. Carcharodon mcgalodon, F. Ilooimr, Gjfi, vo i Ojor^lilosien,
pi. .xlviii. fig. 10.

1871. Carcharodon mcgalodon, 11. Le Hon, Pr6lini. Mdm Poiss. Tort.

• llelg.p.7.

(P)1872. Carcharodon heloeticm m<X Carcharotlon turicensia,\i. Mayer,
Syst. Verzeichu. Vorstein. Helvetian Schweiz u. Schwabons, p. 36
(names only)'.

1875. Carcharodon mcgalodon, F. M'Coy, Prodr. Palmont. Victoria,
(Geol. Surv. Viet.), dec. ii. pi. xi. fig. 4.

1870. Carcharodon mcgalodon, rcctideru, productus, and polgggrus,
li. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesoi, etc. Colline To.scane, pp. 22, 23.

1877. Carcharodon mcgalodon, J. Loidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad.
[2] vol. viii. p. 263.

1877. Carcharodon mcgalodon, K. Miller, Das Mulassomeer Doden-
soogeg. p. 05, pi. iii. fig. 72.

‘ Through the kinclno.s8 of Prof. Mayor-Eymar, the writer has had the oppor-
tunity of studying the original teetli thus named. They are insullicient for
definite determination ; but the types of C, hclvcticus closely resemble the low er
tooth ot C. negaloAon, and that of C. turicensis the hinder teeth of the same
species.

LAMNID^. 417

1877. Carcharodun nwialolon, .V. Locai-d, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse,

p. 8.

1879. Carcharodun megalodon, F. Basjani, Atti Soc. Veneto.-Trent.
Sci. Nat. vol. vi. p. G2.

1879. CarcharodoH megalodon, J. Probst. Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxv.
p. 1.38.

1879. Carcharodon megalodon, K. Martin, Zeitscbr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
toL xx.vi. p. 478.

1831. Carcharodon megalodon, R. Lawley, Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi
viv. generi Carcharodon, O.ryrhina, e Galcocerdo, p. 36, pis. vi.-xi.
{Carcharodon), pi. iv. (Carcharodon), fig. 1.

1832. Carcharodon megalodon, II. E. Sauvage, M^m. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Saone-et-Loire, vol. iv. p. 41, pi. i. fig. 11.

1882. Carcharodon polygyrm, II. E. Sauvage, tom. cit. p. 43, pi. i.
fig. 10.

1883. Carcharodon megalodon, K. Martin, Saraml. geol. Reichs-Mus.
Leiden, [1] vol. iii. p. 23, pi. i. fig. 12.

1888. Carcharodon megalodon, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iv. p. 12, pL ii. figs. 1-3.

1888. Carcharodon rohtstus, J. W. Davis, tom. cit. p. 13, pi. i. fig. 7.

Type. Detached teeth ; Museums of Carlsruhe, Strassburg, and
Paris.

A species attaining to a very large size, the teeth being sometimes
as much as O-lo in total height. Teeth comparatively broad and
robust, the outer coronal face flat or slightly convex, the apex some-
times gently curved outwards ; distinct lateral denticles absent.

Form. Loc. Eocene and Phosphate Beds : Alabama and South
Carolina, D.S.A. Miocene : France, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Sicily,
Corsica, Germany, Austria, and Maryland. Pliocene: Italy, Bel-
gium, and S.E. England. Various Tertiary Deposits: Arabian
Desert, East Indies, West Indies, Central and South America,
^ ictoria South Australia, and New Zealand.

28103. Fragmentary tooth ; Phosphate Beds, Cooper River, South
Carolina, U.S.A. Purchased, 1852.

46994-5. Three very large teeth, one measuring 0'127 in maximum
breadth and 0-15 in height; IVimbee and Parrott Creeks,
St. Helena Sound, S. Carolina. Purchased, 1876.

P. 5816. Two teeth, slightly smaller ; S. Carolina. Purchased.

P. 4094. Large tooth ; Ashley River Phosphate Beds, Charleston
S. Carolina. By exchange, 1883.

‘ F. M‘Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [3] vol. xx. (1867), p. 192.

2 £

418

SELACnil.

P. 4939. Similar tooth ; Charleston.

Presented hy J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.

P. 1191, P. 1198. Imperfect largo tooth, and small abraded tooth ;

Miocene, Maryland. Eyerton Coll.

P. 5806. Fragmentary tooth, labelled by Agassiz “ CarcJiarias
nutcrodon ” ; Maryland. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2383 a. Small abraded tootb, referred to C. polyyynts by Agassiz,
tom. cit. p. 253; Eocene (or Miocene), Newburn, N.
Carolina. Ennislcillen Coll.

P. 2388. Throe small teeth, probably hinder teeth of this species ;

Eocene, Clarke’s County, Alabama. Ennislcillen Coll.

35538 Tooth ; “ Miocene, United States.”

Presented by the lion, E. Chitty, 1859.

40354. Dental crown ; Miocene, Anjou, France. Purchased, 1867.

28376. Tooth ; Miocene, Bordeaux. Purchased, 1853.

P. 1192. Dental crown ; Miocene, Ardeche, S. France.

Eyerton Coll.

P. 1193. Small tooth ; M. Miocene, Sansan, Cers, Franco.

Eyerton Coll.

32734. Apex of tooth ; Miocene, Sacavem, near Lisbon.

Presented hy J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

32734 a. Throe small teeth, i)robably of this species ; Miocene,
Xabregas, near Lisbon.

Presented by J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

38643. Tooth ; Pliocene, Tejares, Malaga. Purchased, 1800.

172, 995, 998, 1066, 1073, 1082, 1279 (Sloane Cut.). Seven teeth ;

Miocene, Malta. Sloane Coll.

1956. Dental crown ; Malta. IVesented by Miss Attersoll.

20569. F’our erect teeth ; Malta. Purchased, 1845.

24595,24600,24855. Six teeth, and three others much broken;

Malta. Purchased, 1850.

Purchased, 1853.

28375. Large perfect tooth ; Malta.

LAJTSID^.

419

28539. Large tooth, and lateral tooth ; Malta.
29036. Small erect tooth ; Malta.

36072. Large tooth ; Malta.

39043. Large tooth ; Malta.

41769. Imperfect lateral tooth ; Malta.

Dixon Coll.
Purchased, 1854.
Purchased, 1861.
Bowerbank Coll.
Purchased, 1869.

50011-12. Large tooth, and imperfect lateral tooth ; Malta.

Trevelyan Bequest.

P. 5817. Perfect tooth, and fragment ; Malta. Grojcherode Bequest.

P. 1190. Nine teeth ; Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 1195-6. Nine small lateral teeth ; Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2383, P. 2390, P. 2392-3, P. 4566-68. Sixteen teeth, some
large, some imperfect ; Malta. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4666. Three teeth; Malta. Purchased, 1884.

P.4884. Dental crown ; Malta.

Presented by Joshua Brown, Esq., 1885.

42064. Large dental crown ; (?) Malta.

Presented by Mrs. Balfour, 1870.

P. 5807. Imperfect dental crown; Molasse,Hohenzollern, Germany.

Purchased.

P.5124. Tooth; “ Miocene, Vienna Basin.” Purchased,

P.1194. Four teeth ; formation and locality unknown, hut probably
Antwerp Crag. Eyerton Coll.

P . 5808. Tooth ; Crag, Antwerp. Enniskillen Coll.

49459. Abraded tooth ; Eed Crag, Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1878.

39004-5. Two abraded teeth ; Red Crag, near Felixstowe, Suffolk.

Bowerbank Coll.

P. 1197. Four abraded teeth ; Felixstowe. Eyerton Coll.

P. 337. Two teeth, and six fragmentary teeth ; Arabian Desert.

Presented by Sir Bichard Owen, K.C.B., 1881.

2 £ 2

420

SELACHII.

46505. Tooth; Paradise Bay, Jamaica.

Presented by Thomas Kerr, Esq., 1875

P. 5911. Large tooth ; Seven Brothers, St. Domingo.

Presented by Sir liobert Schomburylc, 1836.

P. 278. Small tooth ; Cuba.

Transferred from Mus. Practical Oeoloyy, 1880.

36328. Small tooth, noticed by C. C. Blake, ‘ The Geologist,’ vol. v.

p. 316 ; Aspinwall, Darien. Purchased, 1862.

P. 5810. Imperfect small tooth ; from Guimbi, Province of Esme-
ralda, Ecuador. History unknown.

P. 279. Dental crown ; South America.

Transferred from Alus. Practical Geology, 1880.

P. 5216. Plaster cast of large tooth; Upper Tertiary, Lake Bonny,
S. Australia.

Presented by Sir Samuel Davenport, K.O .M.G., 1880.

P. 5809. Imperfect large dental crown; Wanganui Bods (?), between
N. Plymouth and Adelaide, New Zealand.

Presented by Dr. ./. S. Bowerbank.

P. 2309. Small tooth ; Trelissic Formation, New Zealand.

By e.vcliange, 1876.

Carcharodon rondeletii, M tiller & Ilenle.

1841. C'archarodon rondeletii, Midler & Ilenle, Syst. Beschreib. Plagio-
stom. p. 70 *.

184.3. Carcharodon suleidens, L. Agassiz, I’oiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 2.54,
pi. XXX. a. figs. 3-7.

(P) 1848. Carcharodon stdeidens, 11. W. Qibbos, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 1 47, pi. xxi. figs. 52, 63.

1857. Carcharodmi suleidens, G. G. Geramellaro, Atti Acead. Gioenia
Sci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 308, pi. Iv. a. figs. 6-7.

1867. Carcharodon tornubene, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom. cit. p. 309, pi. i. a.

fig. 12.

1881. Carcharodon etruscus,'R. L.awley, Studi Comp. Poscl foss. coi
viventi gen. Carcharodon, Oxyrhina, e Galeocerdo, p. 17, pis. ii.,
iii., V. {Carcharodon'), pi. iv. {Carcharodon'), fig. 2.

2'ype of C. suleidens. Detached teeth ; Paleontological Museum,
Munich (Munster Collection).

’ For other references to the recent fish, see A. Giinther, Oat. Fishes Brit.
Mus. vol. viii. p. 392.

LAMNIDaU

421

The type specice of moderate size. Teeth comparatively broad,
compressed, without indications of lateral denticles. Coronal apex
often slightly curved outwards ; external coronal face of the upper
teeth often marked by few vertical wrinkles.

As tbe result of Lawley’s researches, the fossil teeth here enume-
rated may be regarded as pertaining to the existing species.

Form. 4c Loc. Pliocene : Italy, Sicily, and England. (?) Miocene
and Eocene : South Carolina, XJ.S.A. Newer Tertiary : Chili.

27029-30, 27520. Nine abraded teeth ; Red Crag, Sutton, Suffolk.

Purehased, 1851-52.

41341. Eight abraded teeth ; Red Crag, Suffolk.

Brou'n Coll. — Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

P. 5805. Tooth with scarcely abraded crown ; Coralline Crag,
Orford, Suffolk. Purehased.

P. 2313. Imperfect tooth, much resembling those of this species;

Older Miocene (?), New Zealand. By e-vehange, 1876.

47022. Tooth and dental crown ; Orciano, Tuscany.

Purchased, 1875.

P. 5550. Four teeth, more or less imperfect ; Piacenza, N. Italy.

By exchange, 1 888.

48996. Seven teeth ; Newer Tertiary, Coquimbo, Chili.

Presented hy C. J. Lambert, Esq., 1878.

The following species are also recognized upon the evidence of
detached teeth, though it is not improbable that some of the names
are synonyms of those recorded above : —

Carcharodon brevis, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert. Belg.

(1871), p. 7, woodcut. — Pliocene ; Belgium.

Carcharodon caifassil, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pcsci etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 23. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Carcharodon costtr, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci.
Nat. [2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 303, pi. v. a. figs. 1 a, 2 a. —
Miocene ; Sicily. [? C. megahdon.']

Carcharodon gibbesii, G. Michelotti, Miocene Inf. Italic Septen-
trionale (Mem. Soc. Holland. Sci. Haarlem, 1861), p. 143,
pi. xiv. figs. 5-7. — Miocene; N. Italy.

Carcharodon leptodon, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 259, pi. xxviii. figs. 1-6. — Formation and locality
unknown.

422

sELAcnn.

Gareharodon longidem, L. Pillet, Mem. Acad. Sci. Savoie, [3]
vol. ix. (1883), p. 277, with plate. — (?) Daiiiaii ; Haute
Savoie.

Gareharodon microdon, H. Lo Hon, ojj. cii. p. 7, woodcut. —
I’lioceno; Belgium.

Gareharodon mortoni, 11. W. Gibbes, I’roo. Acad. Nat. Sci. I’liilad.
1847, p. 20(5 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Bhilad. [2] vol. i.
(1848), p. 146, pi. xxi. fig. 45. — Phosphate Beds ; South
Carolina.

Gareharodon rectus, L. Agassiz, Amcr. Journ. Sci. [2] vol. xxi.
(1850), p. 274. — Tertiarj' ; Ocoya Creek, California.

Gareharodon semiserratus, L. Agassiz, Poise. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 250, pi. XXX. a. figs. 1, 2. — Miocene ; Malta.

Gareharodon simws, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. iii.
(1877), p. 77, pi. xi. fig. 1 ; Atti Soc. Veneto-Tront. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. (1878), p. 280. — Miocene ; Creazzo, Italy.

Gareharodon tumidissimus, 0. G. Costa, Paleont. llegno Napoli,
pt. ii. (1854-56), p. 54, pi. v. fig. 7. — Miocene ; Naples.

A detached dental crown of Gareharodon, from the Chalk or
Tertiary beds of Manganischlak, Caspian Sea, is also described by
E. von Eichwald, Geogn.-palffiont. Benierk. Halbinsel Manganischlak
(1871), p. GO, pi. iv. figs. 8, 0 {G. sidcidens). Another tooth, from
the Siwalik Formation of Pegu, Burmah, is described by 11. Lydekker,
Pill. Ind. [10] vol. iii. (1886), p. 243, pi. xxxv. fig. 8.

A large vertebra from the Crag of Antwerp, very suggestive of
the vertebra of Getorhinus {Selache), is described under the name of
Gareharodon selachoides by C. Hasso, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Bof ond.
Iheil (1882), p. 220, pi. xxx. fig. 35; and another is figured on
pi. xxx. fig. 34.

Vertebrae from the Samland Eocene are also assigned to Garcha-
rodon by F. Noetling, Abb. Geol. Spocialk. Preusson u. Thiiring.
Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), p. 88, pi. x. figs. 1, 2.

Genus CORAX, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 224.]

An imperfectly definable genus, comprising species of small or
moderate size, known only by tho teeth. Tooth compressed, more
or less triangular, usuallj' with distinct marginal serrations ; in
external form very suggestive of the teeth of Sphyrtui {Zy<jcena) or
Garchanas, but differing in the absence of an internal cavity.

lAMNID^.

423

Corax pristodontuS) Agassiz.

1799. Dents tie Squales, Fiiujas St. T'und, Hist. Nat. Mt. St.-Pierre de
Maastricht, p. 1 10, pi. xviii. figs. 1, 9.

1834. Galetu pristodentus, S. G. Morton, Synopsis Org. Remains Cret.
U. States, pL xi. lig. 0, and Amer. Joum. Sci. vol. xxviii. p. 277.

1843. Cora.v pristodontus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 224,
pi. xxvi. figs. 9^13.

1843. Corax kaupii, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 225, pi. xxvi. figs. 4-8,
pi. xxvi. a. figs. 25-34.

(?) 1843. CuriLv appendicidatw, L. Agassiz, tom,, cit. p. 227, pL xxvi. a.
figs. 16-20 *.

1845. Corax pristodontus, Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. i. p. 107 (woodc.).

1849. Galeocerdo pristodontus, R. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Xat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 192, pi. xxv. fig. 70.

1862. Cora.v appendiculatus ?, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?, pi. ixxvi.
fig. 18.

1854. Corax pristodontus, E. Hubert, M6m. Soc. G^ol. France, [2]
vol. V. p. 353, pi. xxvii. fig. 8.

1887. Corax pristodontus, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palmont. vol. iii.
p. 84, fig. 88.

1888. Corax pristodontus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 293.

Type. Detached teeth.

The type species attaining to a comparatively large size, some of
the teeth measuring 0'028 across. Teeth low and broad, with a
very' large root ; anterior coronal margin much arched ; serrations
distinct.

Form. ^ Loc. Danian : Holland and Belgium. Upper Senonian :
S.E. England and N. France (? also Aix-la-ChapeUe). Upper
Cretaceous: S. India, N. Africa, and New Jersey. Eocene:
Alabama.

28276. Tooth with broken apex; Maastricht Beds, Holland.

Purchased, 1853.

42980. Seven teeth and one dental crown ; Maastricht.

Van Breda Coll.

P. 2332. Four teeth; Maastricht. Enniskillen Coll.

^ These may be the binder teeth either of C. pristodontus or C. affinis. With
them, H. E. Sauvage (Bull. Soc. G4ol. France, [3] vol. vui. 1880, p. 456, pi. liu.
fig. 4) also associates Corax parallelus, H. Coquand, and C. irapezoidalis,
H. Coquand (Descript. G4ol. etc. Depart. Charente, vol. ii. 1860, p. 97).

424

SELACHn.

P. 5907. Anterior tooth ; Craie de Ciply, Belgium.

42875. Dental erovra ; Ciply. Fan Breda Coll

P.5827. Fourteen naturally associated teeth; Craie phosphatde,
Ciply. Presented hy Mans. A. I/ouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

P. 5828. Four teeth ; Poudingue de Malogne, Ciply.

Presented by Mons. A. Jfouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

35649, 35651. Crown of anterior tooth, and three other dental
crowns ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayfield Coll.

48946. Ten teeth; Norwich. Bayfield Coll.

P. 592. Tooth described and figured by Egerton, loc. cit. ; Upper
Cretaceous, Pondieherry, Madras. Eyerton Coll.

35609. Nine imperfect teeth ; Eocene, Alabama.

Presented hy Prof. ./. W. Mallet, 18.59.

P. 2350. Three teeth ; Alabama. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 5811. Tooth; Cretaceous, Aix-la-Chapelle.

P. 1203, P. 2353. Five small teeth, of the form named C. kaupii,
Agassiz ; “ Greensand,” Ai.x-la-Chapelle.

Eyerton Enniskillen Colls.

• Corax falcatuS) Agassiz.

1822. Squalus galeus?, Q. A. Mantell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 227,ril xxxii.
figs. 12-10.

18.39. Oaleus pristodonius, II. 15. Goinitz (ex Agassiz, MS.), Cliaract,
Schicht. u. Petrefakt. siichs.-bohm. Kreidegeb. p. 11, pi. i. fig. 1.

18.39. Galeus appendiailatus, II. B. Geiiiitz (e.r Agassiz, MS 1 on cit.
p. 11, pi. i. fig. 2. ’

184.3. Corax fulcutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 220, pi. xxvi.
fig. 14, pi. xxvi. a. figs. 1-16.

1846. Corax heterodon, A. E. Iteuss, Verstein. biihm. Kreidoform. pt. i.
p. 3, pi. iii. figs. 49-71.

184.5. Corax oblUpius, A. E. Iteuss, op. cit. pt. i. p. 4, pi. iv. figs. 1-3.

18.50. Curax falcatns, I'’. Dixon, P’oss. Siis.sex, pi. xxx. fig. 18.

(?) 1850. Corax maximus, F. Dixon, oj). cit. p. 3C0, pi. xxx. fig. 17.

18.52. Cora.v heterodon, F. Roemer, Kreidebild. von Texas, p. 30, pi. i.
fig. 8.

186.3. Corax heterodon, y. Kiprijanolf, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
pt. 11. p. 293, pi. ii.

1868. Corax falcatus, Pictet & Campiche, Foss. Terr. Ordtacd St. Croix,
p. 80, pi. X. figs. 1, 2.

LAMNIDjE.

425

1860. C'ora.v elongatus, II. Coquand, Descript. G6ol. etc. Depart.
Charente, vol. ii. p. 97.

I860. Corax boreaui, II. Coquand, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 134.

1872. Corax falcatus, II. E. Sauvage, Bibliotli. Ecole Ilautes Etudes,
vol. V. art. 0, p. 40, pi. ii. figs. 84, 8o.

1872. Corax kaupii and Corax sp., II. E. Sauvage, ibid. pp. 41, 42,
pi. ii. figs. 80-83.

1873. Galeocerdo falcatus, J. Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Territ. (Rep.
U..S. Geol. Surv. vol. i. pt. i.) p. ilOl, pi. xviii. figs. 29-42.

1874. Corax heterodon, St. Znrecznego, Sprawozd. Komisyi Fizyjograf.
Galicyi, vol. viii. p. (127), pi. L fig. 2.

1875. Corax heterodon, II. B. Geinitz, Palaeontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. p. 210,
pi. xl. figs. 2-15.

1878. Cora.v heterodon, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fische bohm. Kreidefomi.
p. 11, woodc., figs. 2-3, 24.

1878. Cora.r heterodon, St. Zarecznego, loc. cit. vol. xii. p. (202).

1880. Corax falcalus, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, [3]
vol. viii. p. 456.

1888. Corax falcatue, A. S. AVoodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 293 (in part).

1888. Sphyma cf. plana, S. Nikitin, M6m. Com. Gdol. vol. v. no. 2,
p. 40, pi. V. fig. 8.

Type. Detached teeth ; British iluseum and Munich Aluseuin.

A species rarel)’ attaining to so laige a size as C. priitodonius ;
teeth scarcely differing from those of the latter species, except in
the more prevalent elevation of the dental crown and the less arched
character of the anterior coronal margin. Coronal serrations gene-
rally distinct, but sometimes absent in the small teeth.

A large series of teeth of this species is figured by Reuss under
the name of C. heterodon.

Form. Loc. Cenomanian and Turonian : S. England, N . France,
bwitzerland, Saxony, Bohemia, Galicia, and Russia. Senonian :
S.E. England, and N.E. France. Cretaceous : Kansas, Texas, New
Jersey, and Mississippi, U.S.A.

4454, 4457, 4465. Three of the type specimens, figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. xxvi. a. figs. 1, 3, 6; Chalk, Sussex.

Mantell Coll.

4455,4456, 4458-4462, 4464, 4465 a, 4468,4469, 4471. Twenty-
thrte teeth, the second figured by Mantell, op. cit. pi. xxxii.
fig. 12 ; Sussex. Mantell Coll

25824. Tooth figured by Dixon, op. cit. ; Sussex. Dixon ColL

25796, 25799. 25809, 25815, 25946. Six teeth; Stssex,

Dixon Coll.

426

SELACniI.

P. 5400. Tooth ; near Lewes, Sussex.

Presented hj P. B. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

49942. Two teeth, one erect ; Eastbourne, Sussex. Cupron Ooll.

49943. Two teeth ; Houj'hton Pit, Arundel, Sussex. Uaqwon Coll.

49945. Two imperfect large teeth ; Upper Chalk, Guildford.

Cap>ron Coll.

49944, 49946. Four small teeth; Upper Chalk, Shalford, near
Guildford. Oaqtron Coll.

49953. Small abnormal tooth ; Upper Chalk, St. Catherine’s Hill,
Guildford. Capron Coll.

49941. Three teeth ; Chalk, Dorking, Surrey. Caqtron Coll.

36317. Three large dental crowns ; Chalk, Grays, Essex.

Daniels Coll.

20289. Six teeth, one erect ; Chalk, Greenhithe, Kent.

Purchased, 1846.

23156. Tooth ; Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1849.

25766. Large tooth; Chalk, IJromloy, Kent.

33211. Four teeth ; Chalk, Kent.

37754. Broad tooth; Chalk, Kent.

40544. Three teeth ; Chalk, (?) Kent.

41705, 41707. Seven teeth ; Chalk, Kent.

P. 1204. Six teeth ; Chalk, Kent.

P. 2333. Two small and three large teeth, the
lodontus by Agassiz ; Chalk, Kent.

Dixon Coll.

Purchased, 1858.

Purchased, 1863.

Purchased, 1867.

Touhnin Smith Coll.

Eyerton Coll.

latter labelled C.pris-
Ennishillen Coll.

P. 4099. Five small teeth ; Chalk, near Margate, Kent.

Presented Iry Sydwy C. Coclcerell, Esq., 1883.

P. 403 a. Two teeth ; Chalk, probably Kent.

Presented by tlte Earl of Ducie, 1881.

47919. Three teeth ; Chalk, near Maidstone.

Presented by the lion. Itobert Marsham, 1877.

28295. Nine imperfect teeth; Upj)er Chalk, Mont Aime, Marne,
France. Purchased, 1851.

LAMNID^.

427

47145, P. 48. Eight teeth; Grey Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.
29860. Tooth; Craie glauconeuse, Kouen, France.

Purchased, 1855.

P. 5370. Imperfect tooth ; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Presented hy James Carter, Esy., 1887.

28892. Six denial crowns ; Pliinerkalk, Strehlen, near Dresden,
Saxony. Dixon Coll.

P. 284, P. 299. Six teeth ; Strehlen.

Transferred from AI us. Practical Geology, 1880.

P.1205. Nine teeth; Strehlen. Eger ton Coll.

P. 2334. Ten teeth ; Strehlen. EnniskilUn Coll.

37234. Tooth ; Pliinerkalk, Ousti, near Labem, Bohemia.

Purchased, 1863.

P. 5561. Four teeth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, llussia.

By exchange, 1888.

24412. Three teeth ; Warminster. Purchased, 1849.

24498, 30542. Two detached dental crowns, probably of this
species; Upper Greensand (“junction bed ”), Marminster,
Wiltshire. Purchased, 1849.

P. 1207. Dental crown, probably of this species ; “ Greensand,
Kelheim,” Bavaria. Egerton Coll.

The following teeth are of comparatively large size, and provi-
sionally assigned to C. falcatus : —

25758. Type specimen of Corax maximus, Dixon, loc. cit. ; Upper
Chalk, Houghton, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

P. 1206. Similar tooth; Chalk, Sussex. Egerton Coll.

Corax affinis, Agassiz.

1843. Corax affinu, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 227, pi. xxvi.
fig. 2, pi. xxvi. a. figs. 21-24.

1843. Corax appetidiadatus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxvi. fig. .3.

1843. Corax planus, U Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 229, pi. xxvi. a. figs. 61-67.
1847. Carcharodon minor, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische,
p. 349.

1852. Espece voisine des Corax et des Sphyma, P. Gervais, Zool. et
Pal. Fran9. pi. Ixxvi. fig. 19.

428

SELA.CHII.

1854. Sphyrna plana, E. Hubert, Mdm. Soc. G4ol. France, [2] vol. v.
p. .854, pi. xxvii. fig. !).

1888. Corax falcalus, A. S. Woodward, Pvoc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 29.8 (in part).

Type. Detached teeth.

A small species; principal teeth with a much elevated slender
crown, notched prominently at the base of the hinder margin, and
less so upon the anterior margin, thus j)roducing a broad posterior
denticle and a less distinct anterior denticle. Coronal serrations
• feeble, often absent.

The present writer has examined microscopical sections of these
teeth, and confirmed Agassiz’s determination of the absence of an
internal cavity.

Form. ^ Loc. Danian : Holland and Belgium. . Upper Senonian :
S.E. England and N. France.

42987. Two teeth, one being almost symmetrical and erect ; Maas-
tricht Bods, Holland. Van Breda Coll.

44842 a. Almost symmetrical erect tooth ; Maastricht.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

42986. Two posterior teeth ; Maastricht. Van Breda Coll.

P.2355. Posterior tooth ; Maastricht. Ennislnllen Coll.

28719. Two teeth ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near Mens, Belgium.

Purchased, 18.53.

P. 5557. Tooth ; Ciply. By exchange, 1888.

■P. 5826. Eight teeth ; Poudingue do Malogne, Ciply.

Presented by Mans. A. J/ouzeau de Lehaie, 1888.

35904. Imperfect tooth ; Limbourg. Purchased, 1860.

35650. Two teeth ; Upper Chalk, Norwich. Bayfield Coll.

36916. Tooth ; Norwich. Presented by — Hill, Esq., 1862.

48947, 48956 e. Seventeen teeth, more or less perfect ; Norwich.

Baifield Coll.

P. 5812. F our teeth ; Norwich. IHstory unlcnown.

P. 1208, P. 2354. Two abraded dental crowns, the second figured
by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xxvi. a. fig. 50 {Oorax qjlanus) ;
Aix-la-Chapello. Egerton ^ Ennislcdlen Colls.

P. 2350 a. Tooth either of this or a closely allied species, larger than
the typical teeth ; Eocene, Alabama, U.S.A.

En n isk'illen Coll.

LAMNID^.

429

The following species have also been founded upon detached teeth,
but there are no examples in the Collection ; —

Corax antiquus, E. E. Deslongchamps, Le JuraNonnand, Mon. vi.

(1877), p. 4, pi. i. figs. 4-5. — Lower Oolite ; Normandy.
Corax incisus. Sir P. Egerton, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. i.
(1845), p. 163, woodcut. — Upper Cretaceous ; Pondicherr}',
Madras, India.

Corax Imiig, C. G. Giehel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fische, p. 371. —
Turonian ; Quedlinburg, Prussia.

Corax pyqmceug, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. (1846),
p. 19. Oaleus piygmcnts, G. von Munster, op. cit. v. (1842),
p. 66. — Miocene ; Vienna Basin. [The generic position
of this tooth is said to have been decided by microscopical
examination.]

The so-called Corax Jissuratug, T. C. 'Winklor (Archiv. Mus. Teyler,
vol. iii. (1874), p. 299, pi. vii. fig. 4), from the Bruxellian Beds of
Belgium, is founded upon a tooth of a Ganoid or Teleostean (see
IV. Dames, Ucber A)icigtrodon, Debey, in Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. XXXV. 1883, p. 655).

A few teeth of doubtful Lamnidac, in form somewhat suggestive of
Corax, are named Xemdolamia, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2J vol. viii. (1877), p. 251. Two species are distinguished
from the Ashley River Phosphate Beds, South Carolina : — X. pravvs,
Leidy {tom. cit. p. 251, pi. xxxiv. figs. 33, 34) and X. simplex,
Leidy {tom. cit. p. 2.51, pi. xxxiv. figs. 35, 36). The following
specimens are also closely similar: —

49954. Small tooth ; Lower Chalk, Guildford. Capron Coll.

P. 5813. Larger stouter tooth ; Cenomanian, Saratov, Russia.

By exchanye, 1888.

Genus CETORHINUS, H. D. de Blainville.

[Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 121.]

8yn. Helache, G. Cuvier, Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 129.

Hannotera, P. J. van Boneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Beige, [2]
vol. xxxi. 1871, p. 604.

Second dorsal fin and the anal very small. A pit at the root of
the caudal fin ; side of the tail with a keel. Gill-clefts very large
and wide. Teeth very small, numerous, and conical, without lateral
denticles, and rarely or never serrated.

430

sEijAonii.

Cetorhinus dupouti, Hassc.

1882. Selaclie dupmiti, 0. Ilasse^ Natiirl. Syst. Elawnobr., Ik'soncl.

Theil, p. 241, pi. xxxii. figs. 6-8.

Type. Detached vertebra ; Brussels Museum.

A provisional species founded upon vertebrae very similar to those
of the living Cetorhinus maximus, and in which the calcified con-
centric rings are very numerous.

Form, 4" Toe. Pliocene (Crag) : Antwerp, Belgium.

P. 2316. Half of a typical vertebra, 0 095 in diameter, in section.

By exchange, 1883.

The following extinct species are also recognized upon imperfect
evidence : —

Cetorhinus auratus : Selache aurata, II. Lawley, Atti Soc. Toso-
Sci. Nat. vol. iv. (1879), p. 109 ; F. Sacco, Bull. Soc. Gcol.
Franco, [3] vol. xiv. (1880), p. 304. Hannovera aurata,
P. J. van Benedcn, Bull. Acad. Boy. Sci. Belg. [2] vol. xxxi.
(1871), p. 504, pi. ii. fig. 1(1; B. Lawley, Nuovi Studi,
Pesci etc. Colline Toscano (1870), p. 44, pi. i. fig- 17
Teeth resembling Selache maxima, B. Lawley, op. cit. p. 89,
pi. i. fig. 11. — Pliocene; Belgium and Italy. [Founded
upon donnal appendages of gill-arches (see A. Hannover,
Overs, k. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1807, p- 40,
woodcut).]

Cetorhinus glauconiticus : Selache glauconitica, F. Noetling, Abh.
Geol. Spccialk. Proussen u. Thiiring. Staaton, vol. vi. pt. 3
(1885), p. 49. Selache sp., C. Ilnsse, Paloeontogr. vol. xxxi.
(1884), p. 10, pi. ii. fig. 18. — Uppfsr Eocene ; Palm-
nicken and Samland, Prussia. [Founded upon a vertebra.]

Cetorhinus vetmius : Selache vetusta, 0. G. Costa, Palcont. Begno
Napoli, pt. ii. (1854-50), p. 58, pi. vii. figs. 59, 03 (00).
Miocene ; Naples. [Tooth.]

The so-called Selache manzonii, B. Lawley (loc. cit. vol. v. (1881),
p. 107, woodcuts), from the Miocene of Monte Titano, Bopublic of
San Marino, is founded upon a very doubtful tooth.

Largo dermal sj)ines identical with those affixed to the claspers of
the existing male Cetorhinus maximvs are described from the Crag
of Antwerj) by P. J. van Benedcn, Bull. Acad. Boy. Sci. Belg. [2]
vol. xliL (1876), p. 294 (with plate). The following are similar
specimens from the English Crag : —

LAsriaDvE.

431

45721. Short, broad, and robust spine ; lied Crag, Woodbridge.
Suffolk. Purehfistd, 1875.

48934-5. Imperfect, larger, and more elongated spine, and one small
complete example ; Eed Crag. Purchased, 1878.

The following vertebrae are referable to members of the family
Lamnid®, but the generic determination of these fossils is somewhat
uncertain : —

35157-9. Eight specimens; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.

Purchased, 1859.

35350. Large vertebra, 0'07 in diameter, labelled Otodus ? by Prof.

Dr. Carl Hasse; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.

35440-46. Seven vertebr® ; Cambridge Greensand.

Purchased, 1859.

41917. Seven vertebr®, the three largest labelled Otodus by Dr.

Hasse ; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1870.

P. 1301 a. Two small vertebrae ; (?) Cambridge Greensand.

Egerton Coll.

P. 4647. Five large vertebr® ; Cambridge Greensand.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4646. Small vertebra, labelled Otodus by Dr. Hasse ; Greensand,
Toumai, Belgium. Enniskillen Coll.

35708. Large vertebra; Greensand, Folkestone, Kent.

Purchased, 1859.

43084. Slightly smaller specimen ; Gault, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1871.

47214, P. 22. Twenty vertebrae, labelled Otodus bj' Dr. Hasse;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

47230. Nine vertebrae, determined as Oxyrhina by Dr. Hasse ;

Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.

P. 1301. Three large vertebrae, labelled Otodus by Dr. Hasse ;

(?) Gault, Folkestone. Eyerton Coll.

47249. Vertebra ; Chalk Mari, Dover. Gardner CM.

47238. Larger vertebra ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

4210. Vertebra 0-08 in diameter ; Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

432

SELACHII.

25938. Still larger, but imperfect vertebra, figured in Dixon’s Foss.

Sussex (1850), pi. xxxi. fig. 8; Chalk, Sussex. DLvon Coll.

25939. Slightly smaller vertebra, with fragment; Chalk, Sussex.

Dixon Coll.

49015. Group of four imperfect vertebree, one 0'088 in diameter,
with fragments of others ; Chalk, (?) Kent.

Mrs. Smith's Coll.

P. 1300 a. Vertebra 0'09 in diameter, labelled Otoclus by Dr. Ilasse ;

Chalk, Kent or Sussex. lijerton Coll.

P. 5404. Similar imperfect vertebra ; Chalk, near Lewes.

Presented by P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.

P. 5539. Group of four imperfect large vertebrm ; Chalk, Folkestone.

Purchased, 1888.

P. 5910. Group of ton vertohrm, somewhat smaller ; Chalk, Kent or
Sussex. JJistori/ unknown,

33131. Similar vertebra ; Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1858.

P. 5810-11. Largo vertebra, and group of small vertebrm ; Chalk,
Kent. Harford Coll.

47249 a. Fragmentary vertebra ; Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.

25852. Vertebra 0'055 in diameter; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

4144, 4145, 4194, 4208-4209, 4213. Four groups of still smaller
vertebra!, two associated examples, and three detached
specimens ; Chalk, Sussex. Mantell Coll.

25798, 25853, 25879. Two associated vertebra), 0'03 in diameter,
labelled Lamna by Dr. Ilasse ; also two imperfect larger
vertebra) ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.

49902. Two fragmentary similar vertebra) ; Chalk, Ambcrley Pit,
Arundel, Sussex. Capron Coll.

49017. Vertebra 0'035 in diameter; Chalk, Kent.

Mrs. Smith’s Coll.

49901. Two larger vertebra); Chalk, Newtimber, Sussex.

Capron Coll

P. 1300. Fragmentary vertebroe, labelled Otodus by Dr. Hass o ;

Chalk, Kent or Sussex. Eyerton Coll.

LAMNID^.

433

P. 3200, P. 4641. Group of about fifteen vertebnc, mostly broken,
averaging 0'042 in diameter, and assigned to Oiodus by
Dr. Hasse ; also two smaller groups of fragments ; Chalk,
Kent. Enniskillen Coll,

49900. Three similar associated vertebnc, labelled Olodus by Dr.

Hasse ; Upper Chalk, Guildford. Capron Coll.

49899. Series of five vertebras, 0'04 in diameter, labelled Olodus by
Dr. Hasse ; Upper Chalk, Glynde, near Lewes.

Capron Coll.

49959. Fourteen associated vertebras ; English Chalk. Capron Coll.

48982. Vertebra ; Maastricht Beds, Holland. Van Breda Coll.

28352. Imperfect vertebra, 0-102 in diameter ; London Clay,
Sheppey. Dixon Coll.

33197. Vertebra, 0-09 in diameter; Sheppey. Purchased, 1858.

38828-30. Three large vertebnc, respectively 0-1, 0'087, and 0-072
in diameter ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

43185. Two equally large vertebnc ; Sheppey. Wtlherdl Coll.

P. 1323. Large vertebra, 0-103 in diameter; Sheppey.

Erjerton Coll,

P. 4648-51. Ten imperfect vertebrae, mostly smaller; Sheppey.

Enniskillen Coll.

28765. Vertebra, nearly 0-06 in diameter; Sheppey.

Purchased, 1853.

38831-33. Five vertebrae, still smaller ; Sheppey. Bowerbank Coll.

P. 617. Similar vertebra figured by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii.

pi. xl. b, figs. 16, 17, under the name of Lamna elegans,
and assigned to “ Olodus ” by Dr. Hasse ; Sheppey.

EgerUm Coll.

P. 1302. Series of four similar vertebrae ; Sheppey. Egerlon Coll.

P. 5819. Series of three and series of five similar vertebrae ;

Sheppey. Enniskillen CoU.

P. 5820. Two vertebrae, much deeper than broad, labelled Olodus
by Dr. Hasse ; Sheppey. History unknown.

33308. Group of seven smaller vertebrae, about 0'03 in diameter ;

Sheppey. Purchased, 1858.

2f

434

SELACniI.

38834. Two bmall vertobrao ; Shcppey. Bowerhank Coll.

P. 5821. Series of five small vcrtebrcc, and another of thirteen ;

Sheppey, History unknown.

P. 5513. Group of tivo small vortebrai ; Sheppey,

Caleb Evans Coll.

25682. Throe imperfect vertebra} ; Bracklosham Beds, Bracklesham
Bay. Divon Coll.

25733 d. Two small vertebra}, labelled Oioclus by Dr. Hasso ;

Bracklosham. Dixon Coll.

25678, 25679, 25717. Two vertebra), assigned to O.vyrhina by
Dr. Hasso ; two others and a small group, to Otodus ;
Bracklesham. Dixon Coll.

29021. Series of five imperfect vertebra) ; Bracklosham.

Cowderoy Bequest.

P. 439. Two vertebra) ; (?) Bracklesham. Purchased, 1882.

P. 1303. Imperfect vertebra ; Bracklesham. Egerton Coll.

P. 5587. Vertebra, 0-08 in diameter; Bracklesham. Harford Coll.

P. 5822. Small vertebra; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff.

28104 C. Small vertebra, assigned to O.vyrhina by Dr. Hasso;

Eocene, South Carolina. Purchased, 1852.

P. 1311. Two imperfect small vertebra); Molasse, Soleuro, Switzer-

Egerton Coll.

P. 2318. Vertebra, in section, labelled Otodushy Dr. Hasse; Lower
Miocene, Elonhcim, Hessen-Darmstadt.

By exchange, 1883.

P. 2319. Larger vertebra, in section, labelled Oa?^r7«'M«by Dr. Hasso;

Elonheim. By exchange, 1883.

P.2317, lortion of vertebra, in section; Itupclian Beds, Boom,
near Antwerp, Belgium. By exchange, 1883.

The following specimens are also probably referable to largo
members of the fiimily Lamnida) :

39435. Piece of cartilage. O' 155 in length, with very coarse tessera) ;

Lower Chalk, Kent. Bowerbank Coll.

CAKCHARIID^.

435

47945. Two pieces of similar cartilage; Lower Chalk, Ilurham,
Kent. Presented hj the Bon. Mohert Marslmm, 1877.

49939. Smaller piece of similar cartilage ; Lower Chalk, Gljnde,
Sussex. Caj>ron Coll.

49940. Another specimen ; Chalk, Anindel, Sussex. Caprmi Coll.

42981. Two elongated pieces of cartilage ; Maastricht Beds, Hol-

Van Breda CoU.

4188. “Fragment de Squelette ” (tesseras of calcified cartilage),
figured by L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. pi. x.b. fig. 6;
Chalk, Lewes. Bantell CoU.

39062. Similar fossil figured by F. Dixon, Foss. Sussex, pi. xxxi.

fig. 15 ; Chalk, Sussex. Bowerbardc Coll.

42990. Smaller example ; Danian Beds, Maastricht, Holland.

Van Breda CoU.

Family CARCHARIID.E.

Dorsal fins without spines, the first situated opposite to the space
between the pectoral and pelvic fins. Eye with a nictitating mem-
brane. Teeth hollow when completely formed, usually pointed.

Genus CARCHARIAS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 125.]

Syn. Careharinut, H. D. de Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1810, p. 121
(in part).

Snout produced forwards ; mouth crescent-shaped, the labial
groove or fold being confined to, or not extending much beyond,
the angle of the mouth. Spiracles absent. A pit at the root of
the caudal fin, which has a distinct lower lobe. Teeth with a single
sharp cusp, mostly compressed and triangular ; upper teeth usually
difiering much from the lower teeth.

According to the characters of the dentition, five subgenera are
distinguished, as follow ; —

A. Kone of the teeth serrated.

i. Scdliodon, Muller & Henle (Syst. Beschreib. Plagiostom.

1841, p. 27).

Upper and lower teeth oblique, not swollen at the base,
ii. Physodon, Muller «fe Henle {op. cit. p. 30).

Lower teeth swollen at the base, points slender ; upper
teeth compressed, triangular, oblique.

2f2

8ELACHII.

4:i(i

iii. A^jrioTwdon, Gill (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. vii.

1802, p]>. 401, 411). Aprion, Miillcr & llcnlc, op. oil.
p. 31.

Teeth narrow, on a broad base ; the lower erect, the upper
erect or only slightly oblique.

11. Some or all of the teeth serrated.

iv. Hypoprion, Miillcr & lleiile {op. cit. p. 34).

Lower teeth not serrated, upper only serrated at the base.

V. Frionoclon, Muller & Ilonlc (o^j. cit. p. 35). Olyphis, L.
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 243.

Some or all the teeth entirely sci’ratcd.

i. SCOLIODON.

Carcharias (Scoliodon) orpiensis (Winkler).

1870. Notidanua orpiensis, T. 0. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
p. 12, pi. i. figs. 13-17.

1870. Notidumis orpiensis, A. Rutot, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malacol. Relg. ^
vol. xi. p. 29, pi. i. fig. 3.

Type. Detached teeth.

Teeth with a broad, low crown, the anterior margin arched and
the posterior margin deejdy notched. Faint truces of serrations
occasionally observable upon the anterior coronal margin, more fre-
quently upon the posterior margin below the notch.

Form. ^ hoc. Lower Eocene : Belgium and England.

P. 4104. Twe teeth ; Woolwich and Reading Beds.

Presented by Sydney C. Cockerell, Esq., 1883.

P. 5742. Two teeth ; Lower Hcersian Beds, Orp-le-Grand, Belgium.

Presented hy G. F. Harris, Esq., 1888.

Carcharias (Scoliodon) eocsenuS) sp. nov.

Tyqte. Detached teeth ; British !Museum.

Teeth of considerable size, broad and triangular, much com-
pressed ; dental crown with very slightly excavated posterior
margin.

Form. 4' Toe. London Clay : Highgato, London.

43135. Two type specimens, the larger measuring O'Ol across the
base ; llighgate Archway. Wetlierell Coll.

The foUowing specimens also appear to bo referable to this sub-
genus : —

40242. Fifteen minute teeth ; Barton Clay, High Cliff, Hampshire.

Edwards Coll.

CAECHABIID^.

437

P. 4501a. Small imperfect tooth, deeply notched posteriorly ; Plio-
cene, Antibes, S. France.

Presented hy Miss Battersby, 1883.

The following extinct species has also been determined upon the
evidence of detached teeth, hut there are no examples in the Collec-
tion : —

Carcharias (Seoliodon') kraussi, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh.
vol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 120, jil. i. figs. 7-11. — Molasse;
Baltringen, W'iirtemberg.

A tooth of an undetermined species, from the Miocene of Naples,
is also figured by 0. G. Costa, Paleont. Eegno Napoli, pt.ii.(1864— 56),
pi. vii. fig. 62 (Corcu; appendiculatus).

Some small teeth from the Pluncrkalk of Bohemia originally de-
scribed under the name of Oxyrhina lietei-omorphn by A. E. Eeuss
(Verstein. biihm. Kreideform. pt. i. 1845, p. 7, pi. iii. figs. 14-16)
were subsequently assigned by the same author {op. cit. pt. ii. 1846,
p. 100, pi. xxiv. figs. 23, 24, pi. xlii. figs. 10-12) to Scoliodon, with
the name of S. prigeus. By later authors, however, these teeth are
ascribed to Oxyrhina anyustidens, Eeuss (see p. 380).

Vertebrm from the Molasse of Switzerland and Wiirtemberg are
also described as referable to this subgenus by C. Hasse, Natiirl.
Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil, p. 270, pi. xxxix. fig. 5.

A shark from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca, near Verona,
having a dentition very suggestive of that of Scoiiodon^ is made the
type of a distinct genus, Protoyalevs, E. Molin (Sitzungsb. math.-
nat. Cl. k. Akad. Miss. Wien, vol. xl. 1860, p. 585), subsequently
named Alopiopsis P. Lioy (Atti Soc. Ital. 8ci. Nat. vol. viii. 1865,
p. 403). The type species is the following : —

Protoyaleus cuvieri, E. MoUn, tom. cit. p. o83 : S<piahts carcharias,
Volta {non Eisso), Ittiolit. Veron. (1796), pi. iii. fig. 1 :
Squalus fasciatas, Volta {non Bloch), oii. cit, pi. Ixvii.
fig. 1 : Galeus cuvieri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.

(1839), p. 33 (name only): Alopiopsis pltyodon, P. Lioy,
tom. cit. p. 404, pi. iv. Alopiopsis cuvieri, F. Bassani,
Atti Soe. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. iii. (1874), p. 190.

iu. APEIONODON.

Carcharias ( Aprionodon) gibbesii, sp. nov.

1849. Qaleocerdo minor, E. W. Gibbes {non Agassiz), Joum. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 192, pi. x.xv. figs. 6-3-65.

(?) 1849. Oxyrhina miunta, R. W. Gibbes (in part), tom. cit. p. 202,
pi. xxvii. fig. 164.

438

SEIACTIII.

Type. Detached teeth.

A species of moderate size, the teeth comparatively robust and
broad, the coronal margin often feebly crimped upon the basal ex-
tensions.

Form. ^ Loc. Eocene: South Carolina and Alabama, U.S.A.

28103. About seventy-five teeth ; South Carolina. Ptirchased, 1852.
47006. Two teeth ; South Carolina. 1876.

P. 5747. Seven tooth ; South Carolina. History unknown.

P. 1220. Six teeth ; South Carolina. Eyerton Coll.

P. 1220 a. Eleven teeth ; Clarke’s Co., Alabama. Eyerton Coll.
P. 2338. Twenty teeth ; Clarke’s Co., Alabama. Enniskillen Coll.

The following specimen may also be referred to this subgenus : —
36330. Largo tooth, measuring 0*02 across the base, having the
lateral extensions of the crown faintly plicated ; named
Lamna euryhathrodon, C. C. Blake, The Geologist, vol. v.
(1862), p. 316 ; Miocene, Aspinwall, Darien.

Purchased, 1862.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Carcliarias (Aprionodon) acanthodon: Oaleocerdo acanthodon, H.
Le lion, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tort. Bolg. 1871, p. 0, wood-
cut. — Pliocene ; Belgium.

(?) Carcharias {Aprionodon) basisulcatus : O.vyrhina hasisuleata,Yj.
Sismonda, Mem. 11. Accad. Sci. Torino, [2J vol. x. (1849),
p. 45, pi. ii. fig. 40 ; 0. 0. Costa, Paloont. llogno Napoli,
pt. ii. (1854-56), p. 83, pi. vii. %s. 19, 20, 25 {non
fig. 1 8). — Miocene ; Turin.

Carcharias {Aprionodon) brevis, J. Probst, Wiirtt. .Tahresh.
vol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 122, pi. i. fig. 4.— Molasse ; Bal-
tringen, Wurtemberg.

Carcharias {Aprionodon) frequens, hV. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss.
Akad. Wiss. 1883, pt. i. p. 143, pi. iii. fig. 7 a-p. — Lower
Tertiary ; Birkot-el-Qurfin, Egypt.

Carcharias {Aprionodon) stellatus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 121, pi. i.

— Molasse; Baltringon.

iv. HYPOPBION.

The upper teeth of this subgenus are scarcely distinguishable

from those of Galeiis, and extinct species arc thus difficult of deter-

CAECHAKHDiE.

439

mination. The following specimens, however, probably represent
an unknown Eocene form : —

P. 4104 a. Three small teeth, one showing three broad posterior
denticulations ; Woolwich and Heading Bods, Chislehurst,
Kent. Presented by Sydney C. Cockerell, Esq., 1883.

The following species has also been founded upon detached teeth,
but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Carcharicts (Hypoprxon) sinyularis, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh.
vol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 123, pi. i. figs. 5, 6. — ilolasse;
Baltringen.

Another tooth, from the Tertiary of Xgembak, Java, has been
doubtfully assigned to this subgenus by K. Martin, Samml. geol.
Reichs-Mus. Leiden, [1] vol. iii. (1883), p. 30, pi. ii. fig. 24.

V. PRIONODOK.

Carcharias (Prionodon) egertoni (Agassiz).

1837. Carcharias minor, L. Agassiz in Egerton’s List of Fossil Fishes.
1843. Corax egertoni, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 228, pi. xixvi.
figs. 6, 7.

1847. Glyphis mhulata, R. W. Gibbes, Proc. Acad. Nat ScL Philad.

p. 208.

1849. Galeocerdo egertoni, R. W. Gibbes, Jonm. Acad. Nat Sci.

Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 192, pi. xiv. figs. 68-69.

1849. Glyphis sahdata, R. W. Gibbes, torn. cit. p. 194, pL xxv. figs.
86,87.

Type. Detached teeth ; British Museum.

Upper teeth broad, triangular, prominently serrated, both margins
slightly concave. Lower teeth probably narrower than the upper,
robust, and prominently serrated.

Form. ^ hoc. Eocene : South Carolina, U.S.A. Miocene : Mary-
land, U.S.A.

P. 2351. T}-pe specimen, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xx.xvi.

fig. 6; Maryland. Enniskillen Cull.

P. 494. Larger tooth, figured ibid. fig. 7 ; Marjland. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2352. Still larger tooth ; Maryland. Enniskillen Coll.

41331. Two smaU teeth, one relatively narrow; Maryland.

Purchased, 1869.

P. 5746. Three teeth ; probably from Marjdand or South Carolina.
47002. Tooth; Phosphate Beds, South Carolina. Ihirchased, 1876.

440

SELACniI.

Teeth have also been assigned to C'. egertoni from the Lower Ter-
tiary of Birket^el-Qurun, Egypt (W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. prcuss.
Akad. Wiss. 1883, pt. i. p. 142, pi. iii. Hg. 5) ; from the Miocene
of Naples (0. G. Costa, Paloont. Regno Napoli, pt. ii. (1854-
50), p. 65, pi. vii. fig. 29); and from the Pliocene of Tuscany (R.
Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pcsci, etc. Collino Toacane, 1870, p. 14, and
Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv. generi Carcharoifon, O.vyrhina, e
Galeocerdo, 1881, p. 130, pi. i. (Galeocerdo), fig. 2, pi. ii. fig. 1,
pi. iii. fig. 7) ; but the evidence is insufficient to render the deter-
minations certain. The species is retained in Corax by Dames and
Costa, but assigned to Galeocerdo by Lawley, the latter having de-
termined the liollowness of the Italian to(ith.

Carcharias (Prionodon) aculeatus (Davis).

1888. Galeocerdo aculeatm, .1. \V. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 8, pi. i. figs. 1-3.

Type. Detached teotli ; Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, Now
Zealand.

Lower teeth with a narrow elevated crown suddenly expanding
at its base over a broad root ; marginal serrations especially largo
and prominent at the base.

Form. <^- Loc. Paroora and Oamaru Systems : New Zealand.

42019. Two teeth, one almost destitute of serrations, and evidently
referable to the symphysis; Canterbury, New Zealand.

Presented hy J. Davies Enys, Esq., 1870.

P. 2308 b. Largo imperfect tooth ; Otatara series, Trolissic, Canter-
bury. By e.vehanye, 1870.

The following detached teeth of the subgenus Prionodon are also
preserved in the Collection : —

10556. High-crowned, oblique upper tooth, prominently serrated,
and deeply notched posteriorly ; Cretaceous, Now Jersey,
U.S.A. 31antdl Coll.

47020. Three teeth, resembling those named Galeocerdo eyertoni by
Lawley; Pliocene, Orciano, Tuscany. Purchased, Dil 5.

47009. Lower tooth, in form suggestive of the subgenus Aprionodon,
but with finely serrated coronal edges ; Phosphate Reds,
South Carolina. Purchased, 1870.

Teeth of the subgenus Ih-ionodon have also been described under
the following names, but there are no examples in the Collection : —
Carcharias {Prionodon) acutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. iii.

CABCHAEnD^.

441

(1843), p. 242, pi. xxxvi. figs. 8, 9. — “Marnes de la craie
de Bockum,” Westphalia.

Carcharias (Primodon) aru/ustidens, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh.
Tol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 129, pi. i. figs. 25,26. — ilolasse;
Baltringen, Wiirtemberg.

Carcharias (Prionodon) antiquus, L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sei.
[2] Tol. xxi. (1856), p. 273. — Tertiary; Ocoya Creek,
California.

Carcharias {Primodon) armatvs, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 133, pi. i.
figs. 32-36. — Ifolasse ; Baltringen.

Carcharias {Prionodon) halfringensis, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 135,
pi. i. figs. 40-42. — Mola^e ; Baltringen.

Carcharias {Prionodon) deformis, J. Probst, tom. cit. j). 128, pi. i.
fig. 22. — llolasse; Baltringen.

Carcharias {Prionodon) dijki, K. Martin, Samml. gcol. Eeichs-
Mus. Leiden, [IJ toI. iii. (1883), p. 28, pi. ii. figs. 21-23.
— Tertiary; Xgembak, Java.

Carcharias {Prionodon) desohjnei : Gltjiihis desoVjrui, M. Kouault,
Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii. (1858), p. 101 ; H. E. Sauvage,
Me'm Soc. Sci. Xat. Saone-et-Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 52.
— Falnns ; Bretagne, France.

Carcharias {Prionodon) etrnsevs : Gaieocsrdo etruseus, R. Lawlcy,
Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv. generi Carcharodon, Oxy-
rhina, e Galeocerdo (1881), p. 142, pi. iii. {Galeocerdo),
figs. 1-6, 8, 9 : CarcJiarodon minimus, R. Lawley, Nnovi
Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscane (1876), p. 24. — Pliocene;
Tuscany. {1= Galeocerdo egertoni, Lawley.)

Carcharias {Prionodon) gibhus : GaUocerdus gibbus, 0. G. Costa,
Paleont. Regno Napoli, pt. ii. (1854-56), p. 62, pi. vii.
fig. 14. — Miocene; Naples.

Carcharias {Prionodon) hastalis: Glyphis hastalis, L. Agassiz,
tom. cit. p. 244, pi. xxxvi. figs. 10-13. — London Clay;
Sheppey.

Carcharias {Primodon) javanus, K. Martin, tom. cit. (1883), p. 27,
pi. ii. figs. 19, 20. — Tertiary; Ngembak, Java.

(?) Carcharias {Prionodon) medius, V. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, 1854, pt. ii. p. 375, pi. ii. fig. 2. — Ceno-
manian ; Kursk, Russia.

Carcharias {Prionodon) modestus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 129, pi. i.
figs. 23, 24. — Molasse ; Baltringen.

Carcharias {Prioiuxlon) orpiensis : Glyphis orpiensis, A. Daime-
ries, Ann. Soc. Roy. MalacoL Belg. 1888, Proc.-Verb.,
p. liv (name only). — Heersian Beds ; Belgium.

442

8T5LACHTI,

Careharias {Prmiofloii) pedemontanusi Corax pedemontanun, E.
Sismoiida, J[crn. K. Accud. Sci. Torino, [2] vol. x. (1849),
p. 31, pi. i. figs. 19-24. — Upper Tertiary ; Tiodmont.

Careharias (Prionodon) similis, J. Probat, tom. cit. p. 125, pi. i.
figa. 12-19. — Molaaso; Ilaltringen.

Careharias (Prionodon) sj>eciosvs, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 127, pi. i-
figs. 20, 21. — Molusae: Baltringen.

Careharias (Prionodon) sulnjlaueus, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pcaci,
etc. CoUiiic Toacane (1876), p. 19. — Pliocene; Tuscany.

Careharias (Prionodon) suhlamia, 11. Lawloy, cit. 1876, p. 20.
— Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Careharias (Prionodon) tenuis, L. Agassiz, Poise. Foss. vol. iii.
(1843), p. 242, pi. XXX. a. fig. 15 ; (?) 11. Lawloy, op. cit.
1876, p. 21. — Senonian ; Sentia, Canton St. Gull, Switzer-
land.

Careharias (Prionodon) tumidus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 134, pi. i.
figs. 37-39. — Molasse ; Baltringen.

(?) Careharias (Prionodon) uwjulatus, J. Probst, tom. rit. p. 131,
pi. i. figs. 27-31 : Ghjphis uinjulata, G. von Miinster,
Beitr. Petrefukt. vii. (1846), p. 22, pi. ii. fig. 18. — Molasse ;
Baltringen. Miocene ; Neudorfl, Vienna.

Careharias (Prionodon) urcianensis : Glyphis urdanensis, B.

Lawloy, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscane (1876),
p. 20. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.

Teeth of an undetermined species, from the Miocene of Naples,
are also figured by 0. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli, pt. ii. (1854-
56), pi. vii. figs. 36, 37 (Corax appendiculaitis). Others, from the
Siwalik Formation of the Punjab, India, are described by R. Lydek-
ker. Pal. Ind. [lOJ vol. iii. (1886), p. 242, pi. xxxv. figs. 12-15.

Vertebra! of Prionodon, from the Bruxollian Beds of Belgium,
arc also described by C. Hassc, NatUrl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond.
Tbeil (1882), p. 273, pi. xxxix. figs. 14-20.

The so-called Ouleocerdo sismondtx, G. G. Gemmcllaro (Atti Accad.
Gioenia Hci. Nat. [2] vol. xiii. 1857, p. 294, pl.i.a. fig. 7 a), seems
to bo founded upon a tooth-fragment of Carcharodon ; but to this
species has been referred a tooth of a true Prionodon from the
Pliocene of Tuscany (R. Lawloy, Studi Comp. &c. 1881, p. 140,
pi. i. (Qaleocerdo), fig. 3, pi. ii. fig. 2).

CASCHAKIIDjE.

443

Genus GALEOCERDO, Miiller & Henlo.

[Syst. liesehreib. Plagiostom. 1841, p. 59.]

Syn. Gdleodes, 3. 3. Ileckel, Sitzungsb. math.-nat. Cl. k. .\kad. Wias.
Wien, vol. xi. (1854), p. 324.

Snout short ; mouth crescent-shaped, the labieJ groove incon-
spicuous. Spiracles minute. A pit on the tail, above and below,
at the commencement of the caudal fin ; the latter with a double
notch. Teeth subequal in both jaws, oblique, serrated on both
margins, with a deep notch posteriorly.

The fossil teeth of this genus, l>eing found detached, can often be
only doubtfully separated from those of certain species of Car-
rharim.

Galeocerdo contortus, Gibbes.

1849. Galeocerdo contortus, II. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 193, pi. xxv. figs. 71-74.

Type. Detached teeth.

A species of moderate size. Teeth veiy robust, with elevated
crown ; the apex above the posterior notch elongated, produced to a
sharp point, more or less twisted ; anterior margin arched, some-
what sinuous, and finely serrated ; margin below the posterior
notch short, with comparatively small serrations.

Form. ^ Lor. Eocene : South Carolina and Alabama, TJ.S.A.
Miocene : Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A.

28100. Thirty-three teeth, some imperfect ; Eocene, South Caro-
lina. Purchased, 1852.

47001. Tooth; South Carolina. Purchased,

P. 1213. Two teeth ; South Carolina. EgerUm Coll.

P. 2347. Three teeth ; probably from South Carolina.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4098. Six teeth ; Charleston, South Carolina.

By exchange, 1883.

P. 5748. Six teeth ; probably from South Carolina.

35610. Five teeth, more or less imperfect ; Eocene, Alabama.

PrestrUed ly Prof. J. W. Mallet, 1859.

P. 2349. Tooth ; Alabama. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2348. Tooth ; Miocene, Maryland. Enniskillen Coll.

41333. Tooth ; Miocene, Marj land. Purchased, 1869.

444

SELACHII.

Galeocerdo latidens, Agassiz.

1843. Oalcoeerdo Intidena, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 231,
pi. xxvi. figs. 22, 23 (Pfigs. 20, 21).

(?) 1849. Galeocerdo latiden», 11. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 102, pi. xxv. figs. 60-62.

1860. Galeocerdo latidetis, F. Dixon, Foss. Sussex, p. 202, pi. xi.
figs. 22, 23.

1883. Galeocerdo latidens, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss.
pt. i. p, 142.

Ti/pe. Detached tooth ; Paris Museum.

Teeth broad, mostly low-crowned, the largest measuring about
0‘024 across the base. Anterior coronal margin only slightly
arched, except near the apex ; apex above the posterior notch
small, narrow ; margin below the posterior notch long, straight atul
much inclined ; root large. Serrations of the coronal margin very
prominent.

Form. ^ Loc. Bracklesham Beds : Sussex. Bruxellian Beds :
Belgium (Winlder). Lower Tertiary: Birkct-el-Quriin, Fjgypt
(Dames). Eocene: South Carolina (G'?7)6fs). Miocene: Maryland
(Gibbes) '.

25677. Five teeth ; Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex.

D'Lvon Coll.

P. 1209. Tooth ; Bracklesham. Egerton Coll.

P. 2346. Three teeth ; Bracklesham. Enniskillen Coll.

28080. Comparatively narrow high-crowned tooth, probably from
the symphysis of the jaw of this species ; Bracklesham.

Presented by F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.

Galeocerdo aduncus, Agassiz.

1842. Notidanus biserratus, G. von MUnster, Beitr. Petrefakt. v. p. 66,

pi. XV. fig. 9.

1843. Galeocerdo advnms, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol. iii. p. 231,
pi. xxvi. figs. 24—28.

1844. Galeocerdo aduncus, P. M. P<5droni, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xiii. p. 283, pi. i. figs. 12, 13.

* Teeth probjibly not of this species are also recorded under the name of
G. latidens from the Miocene of Iliirault (P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frant,-. 1852,
pi. Ixxiv. fig. 7), and from the Lower Miocene of StornWg, Moekl'onburg
(T. C. Winkler, Archiv Voreins Fr. d. Natiirgesoh. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix.
1876, p. 118, pi. ii. fig. 10.)

CABCHAEIID^.

445

1840. Galeoeerdo aduncui, B. W. Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. [2] vol. i. p. 191, pi. xxv. figs. 54-58.

1850. Gakocerdus reetui, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Kegno Napoli, pt. i.
p. Ill, pi. ix. fig. 5.

1&32. Galeoeerdo aduticus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?, pi. Ixxiv.
fig. 8.

(?) 18-52. Galeoeerdo latidens, P. Gervais, op. eit. pi. Ixxiv. fig. 7.
1854-56. Galeocerdus rectus, 0. G. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 59, pi. v.
fig. 10.

1854-56. Galeocerdus denticulatus, 0. G. Costa (non Agassiz), op. cit.
pt. ii. p. 60, pi. vii. fig. 26.

1854—56. Galeocerdus admtcMjO. G. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 61, pi. vii.
figs. 26-28.

1861. Galeoeerdo adunetts, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. xiv. p. 463, pi. i. figs. 14, 15.

1871. Galeoeerdo aduncus, II. Le Hon, Prelim. M^m. Poiss. Tert. Belg.

P- ®-

1876. Galeoeerdo aduncus, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. CoUine
Toscane, p. 14.

1877. Galeoeerdo aduncus, K. Miller, Das Molassemeer Bodenseegeg.
p. 64, pi. iii. fig. 69.

1879. Corax- pristodontus, F. Bassani (non Agassiz), Atti Soc. Veneto-
Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi. p. 67.

1880. Galeoeerdo aduncus, F. Bassani, Boll. Soc. ^ eneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. voL i. p. 149.

1881. Galeoeerdo aduncus, R. Lawley, Studi Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv.
generi Carcharodon, Oxyrhina,o Galeoeerdo, p. 13.3, pi. \,(Galeo-
cerdo), fig. 1.

1887. Galeoeerdo aduncus, K. A. von Zittel, Ilandb. PalmonL vol. iii.
p. 85, fig. 90.

Type. Detached teeth ; Mu.seum of Carlsruhe.

A species with the dentition very similar to that of the existing

O. arcticus, but of smaller size. Anterior coronal margin much
arched and finely serrated ; the apex above the posterior notch short,
broad, and sharply directed backwards ; margin below the posterior
notch relatively short in the principal teeth, with large serrations.

Form. 4' Loe. Eocene ; South Carolina and Alabama. Miocene :
Switzerland, Germany, Malta, France, and Marjland. Pliocene:
Tuscany and Belgium.

33313. Tooth ; locality unknown.

Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., 1858.

P. 1212. Seven imperfect teeth ; Miocene, Malta. EgerUm. Coll.

P. 2342. One tooth and three fragments j Molasse, Soleure,
Switzerland. Enniskillen Coll,

440

SELACHII.

28360. Much abraded posterior tooth, probably of this spocios ;

Faluns of Tourainc. Purchased, 1853.

41332. Throo teeth ; Miocene, Maryland. Purchased, 1800.

35610. Two small hinder teeth ; Eocene, Alabama.

Presented by Prof. J. W. Mallet, 1859.

P. 1211. Five teeth ; Alabama. Egerton Coll,

P. 2344. Three broad teeth ; Alabama. EnnisJcillen Coll.

35610 a. Eight tooth ; Alabama.

Presented by Prof. J. W. Mallet, 1859.

P. 1210. Four teeth ; Eocene, South Carolina. Egerton Coll.

P. 2345. Three teeth ; South Carolina. Enniskillen Coll.

P.5749. Seven teeth ; South Carolina. History unlcnoiun.

P . 2343. Largo tooth, with very prominent anterior serrations,
doubtfully assigned to this species ; South Carolina.

Enniskillen Coll.

Galeocerdo (?) luinor, Agassiz.

1843. Qaleucerdo minor, L. Agiis.siz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 2.32,
pi. x.xvi. figs. 15-19 (P figs. 20, 21), pi. .xxvi. a. Hg.s. (U-GC.

1800. Protoyalcus nimor, 11. Molin, Sitzungsb. niath.-nat. Cl. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. .\1. p. .58.3.

1874. Oakocerdo recticonus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Tevlor vol iii.
p. 296, pi. vii.fig. 1. ’

1876. Guleocerdus recticonus, T. C. Winkler, foe. cit. vol. iv. p. 20.

1879. Galeocerdo minor, F. Bassani, Atti Soo. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. vi. p. 04,

Type. Detached teeth.

A small species, the largest teeth probably not measuring more
than 0 01 across the base. Crown much elevated, the apex above
the posterior notch long, slender, and pointed ; anterior margin
almost straight, the serrations largo and confined to its basal half ;
margin below the posterior notch short, with few large serrations.

Form. 4- Loc. Molasse : Switzerland. Miocene : France. Eocene :
Belgium, S.E. England, and Alabama, U.S.A.'

A number of teeth from the Miocene of Naples, probably for the most part
referable to Carcharias, are also assigned to this species by O. G. Costa,
Paleont. Regno Napoli, pt. ii. (1864-56), p. 63, pi. v. fig. 13, pi. vii. figs. 15, 16,
17, 34, 36, 39, 40, 61.

CAECHARIIDJB.

447

35542. Three teeth ; RupeL'an Beds, Klein Spauwen, Ik'lgium.

Purchased, 1859.

P. 4931. Three small teeth; Laekenian Beds, St. Gilles, near
Brussels. Presented by G. F. Harris, Esq., 1885.

P. 5913. Six teeth; BruxeUianBeds,Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.

Presented by Mans. A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 1889.

40245. Two teeth ; Barton Clay, High Cliff, Hampshire.

Edwards Coll.

3134. Five teeth; London Clay, Highgate Archway, near London.

Wetherell Coll.

P. 1211a. Tooth; Eocene, Alabama. Egerton Coll.

A single tooth from the London Clay of Highgate Archway, near
London (Xo. 43135 a. WethereU Coll.) may possibly re-
present an unknown small species of Ocdeocerdo.

The following species have also been founded upon detached

teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection ; —

Galeocerdo capellini, E. Lawley, Xuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 16; Studi Comp. Pesci foss coi viv.
generi Cartdiarodm, Oxyrhina, e Galeocerdo (1881),
p. 145, pi. i. {Galeocerdo), fig. 6, pL ii. fig. 5. — Pliocene;
Tuscany.

Galeocerdo crassidens, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1872,
p. 355. — Xiobrara Formation ; Smoky Hill, Kansas.
(? Prionodon.)

(?) Galeocerdo dvbius, F. Xoetling, Abh. Geol. Specialk. Preussen
u. Thiiring. Staaten, vol. vi. pt. 3 (1885), j). 97, pi. v.
fig. 6. — Upper Eocene ; Samland. Prussia. (? Prionodon.)

Galeocerdo deniiculaius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843),
p. 233, pi. xxvi. fig. 1 : Prionodon ?, L. Aga.ssiz, Amer.
Joum. Sci. [2) vol. xxi. (1856), p. 274. — Danian ; Maas-
tricht, Holland.

Galeocerdo giblerulus, L. Agassiz, tom. cif. p. 232, pi. xxvi. a.
figs. 62, 63. — “ (Thalk Marl ” ; Haldem, "Westphalia.

Galeocerdo hartveUii, E. D. Cope, torn. eit. p. 3.56. — Xiobrara
Formation ; Smoky Hill, Kansas.

Galeocerdo javanus, K. Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Museum
Leiden, [l]vol. iii. (1883), p. 24, pi. ii. fig. 15.— Tertiary;
Xgembak, Java.

448

SELACniI.

fiahocerdo hnisshmis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
18G7, p. 141. — Miocene; United States.

(?) Oaleocerdo marehemw, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teylor,
vol. iv. (1870), p. 10, pi. i. figs. 10, 11, 12.— Heorsian
Beds ; Belgium. (? Prionodon.)

Oaleocerdo priscus (Zigno), E. Bassani, Bond. 11. Aeoad. Sci. Eis.
e Matem. 1888, p. 375 : Oaleodes jyriscus, J. J. Hockcl,
Sitmngsl). math.-nat. Cl. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xi.
(1854), p. 324. — Upper Eocene ; Chiavon, Vicontin,
Italy.

Oaleocerdo productua, L. Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. [2] vol. xxi.
(1850), p. 273. — Tertiary ; Ocoya Creek, California.

Oaleocerdo suhlcevis, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrofakt. vii. (1840),
p. 20 : Oaletis sublcevis, G. von Munster, op. cit. v. (1842),
p. 00. — Miocene ; Vienna Basin.

Oaleocerdo vincenti, A. Daimerics, Ann. Soc. Boy. Malacol. Beige,
Proc.-Verb., Juno 1888, p. liv (name only). — Heorsian
Beds ; Belgium.

Eossil vertebrae of Oaleocerdo have boon described by C. Hasse,
Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Tbcil (1882). Some resembling
those of the existing O. iigrinus are recorded from the Molassc of
Baltringen, Wurtomberg (p. 200, pi. xxxvi. fig. 17), and the Crag
of Antwerp (p. 200, pi. xxxvi. fig. 18) ; others resembling those of
the existing 0. arcticus are recorded from the Swiss Molasso (p. 202,
pi. xxxvii. figs. 25, 20), and from the Miocene of Germany and
Erance (p. 202, pi. xxxvii. figs. 27-32). Vertebra) from the Sam-
land Eocene are also described by E. Nootling, loc. cit. p. 99, pi. ix.
figs. 0-10.

Genus HEMIPRISTIS, Agassiz.

[Poiss. Eoss. vol. iii. 1843, p. 237.]

Syn. Dirrhkodon, 0. B. Khmzingor, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesoll.
Wien, vol. xxi. 1871, p. 004.

Principal teeth elevated and triangular, more or less curved or
inclined backwards, with both coronal margins coarsely serrated,
except towards the apex ; root well-divided into two divergent
branches. Upper tooth relatively largo, broad, and flat ; anterior
lower teeth slender, subulate, inwardly curved, and destitute of
denticulations or with one or two minute points at the base.

This genus was originally founded by Agassiz upon fossil teeth
from the Molasso of Wiirtomberg, but a living species of the fish
{II. elowjatus) has subsequently been discovered in the lied Sea.

CABCHABIID^.

449

The latter is named Dirrhizodon, by Klunzinger (loc. cit.), bat, as
remarked by Probst *, its dentition is generically identical with that
of the extinct form.

Hemipristis serra, Agassiz.

184-3. Semtprittia terra, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. voL iii. p. 237,
pi. xxvii. figs. 18-30.

1843. HemipriitU paitcident, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 2-38, pi. xxvii.
6gs. 31-33.

1844. HemiprutU terra and H. paitcident, P. M. Padroni, Actes Soc.
Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xiii. pp. 284, 28-5, pi. i. figs. 19-22.

(.”) 1844. 0.tyrhina cyehdonta, P. il. Padroni, tom. cit. p. 288, pi. i.
figs. .36-38.

1846. Hemipritt.it terra and H. paucidem, G. von Miinster, Beitr.
Petrefakt. vii. p. 21.

1849. Hemiprixtit terra, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, [2]
vol. X. p. 33, pi. i. figs. 17, 18.

1849. Hemiprixtit terra, R. W. Gibbes, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
[2] vol. i. p. 19-3, pi. XXV. figs. 75-8.3.

1849. Lamna (Odontatpit) hopei, R. 'W. Gibbes (non Agassiz), tom. cit.
p. 198, pi. xxvi. figs. 120-123.

1850. Hemipristit terra, 0. G. Costs, Paleont Regno Napoli, pt. i.
p. 114, pi. ix. fig.s. 3, 4.

1852. Hemipristit serra, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frany. pi. Ixxiv.
figs. 1-4.

18.52. Hemipristit paitcident, P. Gen-ais, op. cit. pi. Ixxiv. fig. 6.

1854—56. Hemipristit paitcident, O. G. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 67, pi. v.
fig. 12, pi. vii. figs. 3C-3.3.

1854—56. Hemipristit minutus, O. G. Costa, op. cit. pt. ii. p. 68, pk vii.
figs. 4.3, 45 (? fig. 44).

1854-56. Hemipristit serra, O. G. Costa, op cit. pt. ii. p. 69, pi. vii.
figs. 46^.

1857. Hemipristit terra, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci.
Nat. [2] vol. xiii. p. 296, pi. i. a. fig. 0 a.

1857. Glyphit tcacchii, G. G. Gemmellaro, tom. cit. p. 298, pi. i. a.
figs. 8, 9.

1875. Odontatpit sacheri, II. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. GdoL France, [3J
vol. iii. p. 034, pi. xxii. fig. 2.

1876. Hemipristis terra, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
To.<!caDe, p, 18.

1877. Hemiprittis terra, A. I/ward, Faune Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse, p. 1.

1878. Hemipristit serra, J. Probst. W'iirtt. Jahresh. voL xxxiv. p. 14.3,
pi. L figs. 49-57.

1879. Hemipristit terra, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
voL vi. p. 63.

' Wurtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxiv. (1878), p. 141,

2o

450

SELA.CU1I.

]870. Odontanins saefieri, F. IJasHani, (oni. cit. p. 50, pi. v. fig. 17.

1882. Odoutaspis sacheri, II. E. Sauvago, M4:n. >Soc. Soi. Nat. Sa6ne-
et-Loiro, vol. iv. p. 61.

1882. llemiprixtis serra, 11. E. Sauvago, turn. ot. p. n.l.

(?) Ids."!, llemipristia serra, K. Martin, Samuil, geol. lloiclis-Mus.

Leklen, [1] vol. iii. p. 2((, pi. ii. fig. 17.

1884. Ilevilpristis serra, E. Nicolis, Mem. Accad. Agricolt. Arti e
Comm. Verona, pi. ii. fig. 0.

1887. Jlemipristis serra, K. A. von Zittel, llandb. Pnlaoont. vol. iii.
p. So, fig. 80.

Tyju. Detached teeth ; Museums of Tiihingen, Stuttgart, Carls-
ruhe, Florence, and Paris.

The type species, of large size. Marginal serrations in the broad
upper teeth large, extending almost to the ajiox, which is gently
curved backwards. Cutting-edges of the anterior lower teeth very
sharp distally. Inner face of root bulging inwards, with a deep
cleft.

Tire synonymy given above seems proved by the dentition of the
existing H. elonyatus.

Form. ^ Loe. Eocene : South Carolina. Miocene : Germany,
Austria, Italy, Sicily, klalta, Corsica, Switzerland, France, Jlary-
land, and Virginia. Pliocene : Tuscany {Lawleij). (?) Tertiary :
Ngemhak, Java.

P. 5750. Nineteen broad teeth ; Molasse, Baltringen, Wiirtem-
berg. Purchased, 1859.

P. 2337. Anterior lower tooth ; klolusse, probably from Otmar-
siugen, Aargau, Switzerland. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 2336. Three imperfect dental crowns ; klolasse, Soleure, Switz-
erland. Enniskillen Coll.

28370. Tooth; Miocene (?), Bordeaux. Purchased,

P. 5751. Tooth and fragment; Miocene, St. Juvat, near Dinan.

32736. Broad tooth and imperfect dental crown ; Miocene, Lisbon.

Presented hy J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1857.

P. 1217, P. 1219. Six broad teeth and one narrow example; Mio-
cene, Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 1253. One anterior lower tooth, and three imperfect examples ;

Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2335, P. 4561. Six imperfect teeth, and one anterior lower
tooth ; Malta. Enniskillen Coll.

CAECHARITDJ?.

451

33339. Large tooth, probably of this species, noticed by C. C.

Ulake, ‘ The Geolo^st,’ vol. v. p. 316 ; Miocene, Aspinwall,
Darien, Central America. Purchased, 1862.

41334-5. Two broad upper, and two narrow lower teeth ; Miocene,
Maryland, U..S.A. Purehaseil, 1809.

28099. Twelve anterior lower teeth ; Phosphate Beds, South Caro-
lina, U.S.A. Purchased, 1852.

28102. Thirty-two teeth ; South Carolina. Purchased, 1852.

47000. Three broad teeth ; South Carolina. Purchased, \S~Q.

47004. Three anterior lower teeth ; South Carolina.

Purchased, 1876.

P. 1215, P. 1218. Five teeth ; South Carolina. Egerion Coll.

P. 4097. Four teeth; South Carolina. By exchange, 1883.

P. 1218 a. Small tooth, doubtfully of this species; Eocene, Clarke's
Co., Alabama, F.S.A. Egerton Coll.

P. 5857. Large anterior lower tooth, doubtfully of this species ;
Phosphate Beds, South Carolina.

Presented hg John B. Martin, Esq., 1888.

The following species have also been founded upon detached
teeth, but there are no examples in the Collection : —

Hemipristis curvaius, M'. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad.
■\Vis8. 1883, pt. i. p. 140, pi. iii. fig. 4. — Lower Tertiary ;
Birket-cl-Qurun, Eg3’pt.

Hemipristis heteropleurus, L. Agassiz, Amcr. Journ. Sci. [2]
vol. xxi. (1856), p. 274. — Tertiary; Ocoya Creek, Cali-
fornia.

Hemipristis l-lunzingeri, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxiv.
(1878), p. 146, pi. i. figs. 58-63. — Molasse; Baltringen,
IViirtemberg.

(?) Hemipristis subserratvs, G. von Miinster, Beitr. Petrefakt.
vii. (1846), p. 21. — Cenomanian ; Kegensburg, Bavaria.

A very doubtful fragmentary tooth from the Cenomanian of
Kursk, Kussia, is named Hemipristis pliealilis, V. Kiprijanoff (Bulk
Soc. Imp. Xat. Moscon, 1854, pt. ii. p. 373, pi. ii. fig. 1). Other
teeth, certainly not of this genus, from the Corallian of Schnaitheim,
Wiirtemberg, are named Hemipristis hidens, F. A. Quenstedt
(Handb. Petrefakt. 1852, p. 169, pi. xiv. figs. 21, 22).

Vertebr® either of Hemipristis or Hemigalens, from the Molasse

452

SELACnit.

of Baltringcn, arc described by C. Tlasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasraobr.,
Besond. Theil (1882), p. 258, pi. xxxvi. fig. 8. Nearly similar
vertebr® from the Crag of Antwerp arc also assigned to Ilemigaleus,
op. cii. p. 258, pi. xxxvi. figs. 0-11.

Genus GALEUS, Ctivi<!r.

[Ilf'gne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 127.]

Snout short ; mouth cresoent-sbaped. Spiracles minute. No
pit at the commencement of the caudal fin ; the latter with a single
notch. Teeth equal in both jaws, with posterior notch and ser-
rations.

As already remarked (p. 438), it is difficult to distinguish the teeth
of this genus from those of the upper jaw of Bi/poprion. The
following specimens, however, may probably be placed here : —

43134 a. Three teeth ; London Clay, Ilighgato, near London.

Weiherdl Coll.

40242 a, 40245. Five small teeth ; Barton Clay, High Cliff, ITump-
shiro. Edwards Coll.

The following extinct species are supposed to be indicated by
various detached teeth, but there are no examples in the Collec-
tion : —

Galeus affmis, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxxiv. (1878),
p. 130, pi. i. figs. 64—70. — Molassc; Baltringen, Wiir-
temberg.

Galeus mstntus, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 140, pi. i. fig. 71. —
klolasse ; Baltringen, (? Gingli/mosfoma.)

Galeus mallzani, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Vereins Fr. Naturgcsch.
Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. 116, pi. ii. figs. 6-9. —
Miocene ; Sternberg.

Galeus pantanellii-. Galeocerdo pantancllii, 11. I,awley, Nuovi
Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscano (1876), p. 15; Studi
Comp. Pesci foss. coi viv. generi Carcharodon, O.ryrhina,
e Galeocerdo (1881), p. 140, pi. \. {Galeocerdo) fig. 5, pi. ii-
fig. 4 : Galeocerdo minor, R. Lawley {non Agassiz), op.
cit. 1881, p. 147, pi. i {Galeocerdo) fig. 4. — Pliocene ;
Tuscany.

Galeus tenuis, J. Probst, tom. cit. p. 140, pi. i. figs. 68-70. —
Molasse ; Baltringen.

Vertebra) from the Upper Cretaceous of Maastricht, Holland,
and from tho Crag of Antwerp, Belgium, are also assigned to

CAECffABIID.*;.

453

Galois by C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil (1882),
p. 2CG, pi. xxxTiii. figs. 8-18.

Teeth of the existing Galeus eanis, Linn., from the Forest Bed of
Norfolk, are described by E. T. Newton, Ycrtebrata of the Forest
Bed Series (31era. Geol. Snrv. 1882), p. 130, pi. xix. fig. 7, and the
striking similarity between these teeth and those of Galeus affinis,
Probst, is remarked upon.

Genus SPHYRNA, Bafinesque.

[Ind. Ittiol. Sicilians, 1810, p. 60.]

Syn. Cestrorhinus, II. I), de Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 121.
Zyijmia, G. Cuvier, Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 127.

Anterior portion of the head broad, flattened and laterally elon-
gated ; eyes situated at the extremities of the lobes. Nostrils
situated on the front edge of the head ; mouth crescent-shaped ;
spiracles absent. A pit at the commencement of the caudal fin ;
the latter with a single notch. Teeth of both jaws similar, oblique,
with a posterior notch, and margins smooth or serrated.

When found detached it is impossible to distinguish the teeth of
this genus with certainty from those of Carcliarias. The following
species, however, is recognized.

Spli3rrna prisca, Agassiz.

1843. Sphyma prisca, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 234, pi. ixvi. a.
figs, 35-50.

1844. Sphyrna prisca, P. M. Padroni, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xiiL p. 284, pi. i. figs. 15, 16.

1846. Sphyma serrata, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. p. 20,
pi. ii. fig. 18.

1850. Sphyma prisca, O. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli, pi. i. p. 112,
pi. ix. fig. 7.

(?) 1857. Sphyma prisca, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci.

Nat [2] vol. xiii. p. 295, pi. i. a. fig. 6 a, pi. vi. a. fig. 3 a.

(?) 1858. Sphyma rameti, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, vol. xlvii.

p. 101.

(?) 1878. Sphyma serrata, J. Probst, Wiirtt Jahresh. vol. xixiv.
p. 151, pi. i. fig. 45.

1879. Sphyma prisca, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. vi. p. 65.

1882. Sphyma prisca, H. E. Sauvage, Mdm. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. p. 52.

1884. Sphyrna prisca, E. Nicolis, Mem. Accad. Agricolt. Arti e Comm.
Verona, pi. ii. fig. 7.

1887. Sphyma serrata, K. A. von Zittel, Ilandb. Palseont. vol. iii.
p. 86, fig. 93.

454

SEL.VCHTI.

Type. Detached teeth ; Palaeontological MuHcum, Jfiinich.

A species of moderate size. Teeth broad, gently ohliciue, often
erect, finely serrated.

Form. ^ Tjoc. Miocene ; Malta, Austria, (?) Sicily, Italy, France,
and Maryland, U.S.A.'

Some of the following teeth have narrow crowns, with non-ser-
riited edges, and are quite indistinguishahlo from those of the typical
Aprionodoa ; occurring, however, in the same beds as those named
Sphyrna prisai auA S. serrata,ii'^oy are provisionally catalogued hero.

P. 1232. Ten teeth, mostly imperfect ; Malta. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2340. Five imperfect teeth ; Malta. Enniskillen Coll.

P.1223. Eight teeth ; Neudorfl-a.-d.-March, Vienna. Eyerton Coll.

P. 2339, P. 2341. Nino teeth, some imperfect; Noudorfl.

Enniskillen Coll.

28360. Four abraded teeth, of very similar form and proportions ;

Faluns of Touraine. Furchased, 1853.

41336. Very similar perfect tooth ; Maryland. Purchased, 1809.

The following tooth is also probably referable to Sjihyrna, of a
larger species than S. prisca : —

P. 4501 b. Perfect tooth ; Pliocene, Antibes, Franco.

Presented hy Miss Batiershy, 1883.

The following very doubtful species are also founded upon
detached teeth, of which there are no examples in the Collection : —

Sjdiyrna inteyra, J. Probst, Wiirtt. .Jahresh. vol. xxxiv. (1878),
p. 152, pi. i. figs. 40, 47.— Molasso; lialtringen, Wiir-
temberg.

Sphyma Icevis, J. Probst, tom.cit. p. 153, pi. i. fig. 48. — Molasse;
lialtringen.

Sphyrna lata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. (1843), p. 235,
pi. x.xvi. fi. figs. 58, 59. Form. & loo. unknown

' Teeth arc also assigned to this epecie.s by R. W. Gibbos, Jourii. Aead. Nat.
Sei. I’hilail. [2] vol. i. (1819), p. 191, pi, xxv. figs. 88-90, from the Kocene of
South Carolina; and by R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesoi, etc. Colliuo Toscano

(1870), p. 17.

* Doubtful teeth are assigned to this species by P. M. Pudroni, Aotes Soo.
Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xiii. (1844), p. 284, pi. i. figs. 17, 18 ; R. W. Qibbes, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad. [2] vol. i. (1849), p. 19.5, pi. xxv. figs. 91-93 ; and by
G. G. Gonimellaro, Atti Accad. Oioenia Sei. Nat. [2] vol. xiii, (18.57), p. 290,
pi. vi. O', fig. 10 a. Also hy R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscane
(1876), p. 17.

CAKCHABIID^.

455

Sphi/ma magna, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1867,
p. 142. — Miocene; United States.

A tooth very suggestive of this genus, from the Tertiary of Java,
is also described by K. Martin, Samml. geol. Eeichs-Mus. Leiden,
[1] vol. iii. (1883), p. 25, pi. ii. fig. \ (i (Galeoctrdo, sp. ?). Doubtful
teeth, probably from the Swiss Molasse, are also recorded, without
description, imder the name of Sphgriia duJtia, L. Agassiz, tom. cit.
p. 235.

The so-called Sphyrna dentieulata, Munster (Agassiz, tom. cit.
p. 236, pi. xxvi.u. figs. 60, 61), is founded upon the anterior cone
of a tooth of Nutidanus primigenitu of Tertiary age. Sphyma
subserruta, Munster (Beitr. Petrefakt. vii. (1846), p. 21, pi. ii.
fig. 17), from the Miocene of Neudbrfl, Vienna, is evidently founded
upon a tooth of Squatina, as remarked by Probst {tom. cit. p. 152).

Some vertebrae from the Swiss Molasse are also assigned to
Sphyrmt,\>y C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst. Elasmobr., Besond. Theil(1882),
p. 275, pi. xxxix. fig. 26.

Genus MUSTELUS, Cuvier.

[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 127.]

Syn. GaJeorhinut, II. D. de Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 121
(incomplete definition).

Snout short ; mouth crescent-shaped, with weU-dcveloped, long
labial folds. Spiracles minute. No pit at the root of the caudal
fin ; second dorsal fin scarcely smaller than the first. Teeth small,
numerous, obtu.se or with indistinct cusps, pavement-like, and
similar in both jaws.

Mtistelug stefanii, E. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 35, pi. ii. fig. 3. — PEocene; Orciano,
Tuscan)'.

Vertebrae from the Danian Beds of Ciply and the Crag of Ant-
werp, Belgium, are referred to Mustelus by C. Hasse, Natiirl. Syst.
Elasmobr., Besond. TheU (1882), p. 283, pi. xl. figs. 13-15.

The following vertebrae are referable to members of the family
Carchariidae, hut the generic determination of these fossUs is some-
what uncertain : —

35611 a. Eight small examples, labelled Carcharias by Prof. Dr.
Carl Hasse ; Eocene, Alabama.

PreSinted by Prof. J. TV. Malht, 1859.

456

SELACniI.

P. 4644. Seven vertebrcc, mostly larger, similarly labelled ; Eocene,
Clarke's Co., Alabama, U.S.A. Ennixkillen Coll.

28104 d. Three small vertebrae, similarly determined ; Eocene,
South Carolina. Purchased, 1852.

25733 b. Two small vertebrae, similarly determined ; Bracklesham
Beds, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex. Dixoji Coll.

P. 5286. Similar small vertebra ; Bracklesham. Jitjerlon Coll.

28883. Small vertebra ; Barton Clay, Burton Cliff, Hampshire.

Daniels Coll.

40271-3. Eight small vertebrae, similarly determined ; Barton Cliff.

Edwards Coll.

24599. Seven larger vertebrm, also labelled Carcharins by Dr.

Hasso ; Miocene, Malta. Purchased, 1850.

28104 a. Vertebra, labelled Ilemipristis by Dr. Ilasse ; Eocene,

South Carolina. Purchased, 1852.

28104 b. Imperfect vertebra, labelled Galeocerdo by Dr. Hasse ;

South Carolina. Purchased, 1852.

38924. Associated series of eleven small vertebras labelled Galeo-
cerdo or Ilemujaleus by Dr. Ilasse ; Loudon Clay, Sheppey.

Bowerhank Coll.

P. 1309. Vertebra, labelled Galeocerdo by Dr. Ilasse ; Eocene,
South Carolina. Eijerton Coll.

P. 4645 a. Two imperfect vertebra), similarly determined ; South
Carolina. Enniskillen Coll.

P. 4645. Six vertebra), similarly determined ; Eocene, Alabama.

Enniskillen Coll.

P. 1304. Eight vertebra), moslly larger than the foregoing, labelled
Uemiyaleus ? by Dr. Hasse ; Miocene, Malta.

Ejerton Coll.

P. 5571. Four transversely oval vertebra), measuring 0'025 across ;
Woolwich Beds, Charlton, Kent.

Presented hy 11. W. Cheadle, Esq., 1888.

P. 5752. Two large transversely-oval vertebra), labelled Gahus by
Dr. Hasse, and the largest measuring 0'068 across ;
Eocene, Alabama. Enniskillen Coll.

1965. Similar vertebra ; Miocene, Malta.

Presented hy Miss Atiersoll.

CARCHARIID^.

457

28353, 24599. Tavo smaller and less oval vertebra), and one frag-
ment : ifalta. Duron Coll., and Purchased, 1850.

41771. One oval and four smaller rounder vertebrae ; Malta.

Purchased, 1869.

P. 1310, P. 1310 a. Two large abraded oval vertebrae ; Malta.

Erjerton Coll.

P. 4564. Similar specimen and throe fragments ; Malta.

Ennishillen Coll.

1142 (Sloane Cat.). Vertebra 0-032 in diameter; Phosphate Beds,
South Carolina. Sloane Coll.

46382 a. Small vertebra, labelled CarcAaria* ? by Dr. Hasse ; Lower
Greensand, Farringdon, Wiltshire. Cunnin^ton Coll.

Vertebrae of fos.sil Carchariidic, from the Molasse of Baltringen,
are described by J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xlii. (1886), p. 308,
pi. ix. figs. 6-10.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

P. 26. Dr. J. S. Newberry has lately described a Shark with
Cladodont dentition from the Erie Shale of Ohio, under
the name of Ctadodus Jcepleri (Trans. New York Acad.
Sci. vol. vii. no. 7, 1888).

P. 29, line 30, for Pristidadodus read Dkrenodus.

P. 3 1 . AtUl •.—Centrina exiyua, 0. G. Costa, Paleont. Regno Napoli,
Append. I.a. (ISfo), p. 105, pi. vi. fig. 9. — Tertiary;
Naples.

P. 32. To Acanthias have also been assigned two doubtful fossils,
certainly not of this genus. The so-called Acanthias
monspeliensis, P. Gervais (Zool. et Pal. Gen. 1867-69,
p. 235, woodc. figs. 32, 33), from the Pliocene of Mont-

2 H

458

ADDENDA ET COUKIOENDA.

pollier, seems to Ijo foundod upon a Chiinocroid fm- spine ;
the supposed spine from tiro ilioceno of Turin, named
A. licannatm,¥j. Sismonda (Mem. R. Acoad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. X. 1849, p. 28, pi. ii. figs. 41-43), is inde-
termin.al)le.

P. 33. Add-, — Sajmiws oecidentalis, L. Agassiz, Araer. Jonrn. Sci.

[2J Tol. xxi. (1850), p. 272. — Tertiary; Ocoya Creek,
California.

P. 34. The earliest publication of Echinorhinus, Rlainville, is Bull.
800. Philoin. 1810, p. 121.

Add : — Echinorhinus hlalrei, L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sei.
[2] vol. xxi. (1850), p. 272. — Tertiary ; Oco3-a Creek,
California.

P. 39. Add : — (?) Antliodiis sitrcuhdus, Newberry & Worthen, Pal.

Illinois, vol. iv. (1870), p. 350, pi. ii. fig. 8. — Burlington
Limestone ; Iowa.

P. 47. Add : — Petalodus Icevis, H. Trautsehold, Mem. 800. Imp. Nat.

Moscou, vol. xiii. (1874), p. 293, pi. xxviii. fig. 9. —
Carboniferous Limestone ; Mjatschkowa, JIoscow.

P.48. Add: — Choinaiodas incrassatus, Z(A\n & Worthen, Pal.

Illinois, vol. vi. (1875), p. 359, pi. x. fig. 18. — St. Louis
Limestone ; Illinois.

P. 54. An indeterminable fossil from the Upper Silurian and
Devonian of tlie Ilarz. Mts. is also named GtenoptijcMus
hercijiiia, C. Giobel, Abh. Naturw. Vereins Prov. Sachsen
u. Thiiring. vol. i. (1858), p. 203, pi. i. fig. 2.

P. 57. According to F. M‘Coy(Brit. Palmoz. Foss. p. 030), Petalodus
marginalis, L. Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iii. p. 174, name
only) is a synonym of P. rectus.

P. GO. Add: — Pulyrhizodus rossiens: Daetylodus rossicus, A. A.

Inostrautzeff, Trudui St. Peterb. Obshsch. Estest.-Ispuit.
vol. xix. (1888), p. 1, pi. i. figs. 1-0. — U. Carboniferous
Limestone ; Government of Olonetz, Russia.

P. 01. The genus Cymatodus, Jlewberry & Worthen (Pal. Illinois,
vol. vi. 1870, p. 303), is founded upon a tooth very
suggestive of .Janassn, from the Upper Coal-Measures of
Illinois ; the tyi)e species being C. ohlonyus, Newborrj’ &
Worthen (tom. cit. p. 304, pi. iv. fig. 7).

P. 65. The type species of Phorcynis, from the Lithographic Stone
of Cirin, Ain, France, is named P. catulhia, Thiolliere,
ihid.

P. 75. Add : — Pristis ambhdon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston 80c. Nat.
Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 312. — Eocene; Now Jerse)’.

ADDENDA ET C0EBI8ENDA.

459

P. 75.

P. 80.
P. 88.

P. 89.

P. 90.
P. 108.

P. 131.

P. 143.
P. 205.

P. 228.

Add : — Pristis attenuatus, E. D. Cope, iu W. C. Kerr’s Hop.
Geol. Surv. N. Carolina, vol. i. (1875), Appendix, p. 29.
— Tertiar}' ; K. Carolina.

Pristis brachyodon, E. D. Cope, Proo. Boston Soc.
Kat. Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 312, and in W. C. Kerr,
op. cit. — Greensand ; Tirginia.

Paja similis. — See explanation of Plato IV.

Add : — liaja dii.v, E. 1). Cope, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad.

1867, p. 141. — Miocene; United States, America.

Add : — Platyrliina bolemsis, K. Molin, Sitzungsb. math.-
phys. Cl. k. Akad. IViss. IVien, vol. xl. (1860), p. 587 :
ParcopUrus bolcanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss., Boss. vol. iii.
p. 382** (name only). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
Torpedo giyantea has also received the name of Narcine
gigantea, 11. iMolin, Sitzungsb. math.-phys. Cl. k. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, vol. xl. (I860), p. 585.

Add : — Psammodiis bretonensis, 3. E. Whiteaves, Canadian
Naturalist, vol. x. (1881), p. 36. — Coal-Measures ; Nova
Scotia.

A species of Psummodus (P. aiitiquus, Newberry) from the
Devonian Corniferous Limestone of Ohio is also de.scribed
in the Bull. National Institute, 1857 (teste 3. S. New-
berry, Bcp. Gcol. Surv. Ohio, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 265).

Add: — Qoniobatis agassizii. It. Blanchet, Bull. Soc. Vau-
doise, vol. vi. (1860), p. 472, with plate. — Molasse ;
Moliure, Switzerland.

PKntliieus, E. D. Cope (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. xii. 1869, p. 316), doubtfully distinct from Aetobatis.
The type species is P. slenodoti, E. D. Cope, ibid. —
Miocene; New Jersey.

Agassiz recognizes four varieties of the teeth of Ptyclwdus
polygyrus (loc. cit.), three of which, he suggests, may be
named P. concentnem, P. marginalis, and P. sulcatus, if
they eventually prove to be distinct species.

Add : — Pacilodus foveolatus, F. M‘Coy, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [2] vol. ii. (1848), p. 129, and Brit. Pala;oz. Foss.
(1855), p. 639, pi. 3g. fig. 11 ; J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. i. (1883), p. 445, pi. liii. fig. 26. —
Carboniferous Limestone ; Derbyshire.

A doubtful tooth, from the Keokuk Limestone of Illinois,
is also named CJioniatodiis ? costatus, Newberry and
Worthen, Pal. Illinois, vol. ii. (1866), p. 85, pi. v.
fig. 17.

2 H 2

460 ADDENDA Et COlilUOENDA.

1’. 259. The type spcciiiK'n of Jfi/hodiis delahechei is now pre-
served in the Museum of I’ractieul Geology, Jermyn
Street.

r. 270. The tooth figured in Quenstedt’s ‘Jura’ under the name of
Hyhodus yrossiconns received the suhspeciftc name of
diprion, ibid.

r. 278. An imperfectly defined genus, Xyntrodus, I’lieningcr (non
Agassiz), is proposed for some llybodoiit teeth from the
llhajtic llone-bed of Salzgittcr, Ilildcshoim, tlio typo
species being X. Jtnitimus (T. I’lieninger, Neues Jahrb.
1860, p. G9.J).

P. 298. Add-. — Acrodns fah^t.% C. G. Giobel, Neues Jahrb. 1818,
p. 156. — !Muschelkalk ; Esperstiidt, Thiiringia.

P. 299. A tooth of the form of Acrodusi, from the Lower Musohol-
kalk of Jena, is also described under the name of
Strojdiodua acrodiformis, E. E. Schmid, Nova Acta Acad.
Ca3s. Loop.-Car. vol. xxix. no. 9 (1861), p. 13, pi. ii.
fig. 1.

P.321. Add-. — Htrophodns riyauxi, II. E. Sauvage, Cat. Poiss.

Second, lloulonii. (1867), p. 53, pi. iii. fig. 7 (Ctirtudus).
— Batlionian ; Boulogno-sur-Mor.

P. 351, line 4, for salentitms read salcmdianus.

Among non-Elasmobranch fossils erroneously determined, and
not already mentioned in tho text, may bo placed the following : —

Pristis duhins, G. von Munster, Boitr. Petrefakt. vii. (1846),
]'• 47. — Corallian ; llanover. [Probably a fin-ray of a
Lopidotoid Ganoid.]

Hemkladodus unievspidatus, .T. W. Davis, Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soe.
vol. xl. (1884), p. 020, pi. xxvii. fig. 24. — Yorodale Hocks ;
Wensloydalo, Yorkshire. [Fragment of splenial dentition
of Aniphicentrnm or Cheirodus.~\

In tho earlier pages tho Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon,
yielding fossil fishes, is identified with the Turonian (after Oscar
iraas and J. W. Davis); in the later pages the formation is
assigned to tho Senoniau (after F. Noetling and \V. Dames), tho
character of the fish-fauna being more in accordance with tho latter
determination.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

[Note. — The numbers of pages on which merely incidental references occur
are printed in italics.]

Acanthias, 31.
bicarinatus, 458.
latideus. 31.
monspeliensis, 457.
radicans, 31.
serratus, 32.
vulgaris. 32.

Acanthidimn, 33.

Acanthobatis, 89.
eximius, 89.
tuberculosus, 89.

‘Acipenser tuberciilosus,”
89.

Acrodobatis, 348.
obliqmis, 348.
serra, 348.

Acrodus, 279.
acutus, 282.
aflinis, 298.
althansii, 248.
angu8tiis,3/iiws?‘rr, 283.
angustus, Gichel. 298.
anningia?, 207y 289,
292.

arietis, 283.
braunii, 279, 2S0,
cretaceus, 334.
elegans, 320.
emmonsi, 298.
falcifer, 333.
falsus, 400.
flemingianus, 298.
flexuosus, 290.
gaillardoti, 279, 209.
gastaldi, 299.
gibberulua, 283.
hiriido, 29(>.
humilis, 298.
illingworthi, 297.
iuimarginatu.s, 299.

Acrodus {cont.).
keuperinus, 281.
larva, 35.
laterals, 280, 299.
latus, 283.
leiodus, 295.
loiopleurus, 295.
levis, 290.
inicrodus, 299.
minimus, 2o5, 282.
nitidua, 297.
nobilis, 283, 287, 280.
ornatus, 290.
personati, 299.
polydictyos, 330.
pidvinatup, 299.
punctatiis,
piistulosus, 281.
rugosus, 335.

rugosus, Shmidt ep.,
299.

semtnigosiis. 293.
simplex, 290.
spitzbergensis, 209.
suhstriatus, 2^)9.
triangularis, 152.
undulatus, 289.
virgatus. 299.

Actinobatis, 85.
ornata, 88.

Aellopos, 77, 157.
elongatus, 78.
wngneri, 108.

Aetobatis, 127.
arciiatua, 130.
bi*evisulcus, 130.
convexus, 130.
exiniius, 131.
giganteus, 130.
irregularis, 128, ISO.

Aetobatis {cont.).
marginalis, 129.
menegbinii, 131.
omaliusi, 131.
omiliusi, var. curti-
dens, 131.

omaliusi, var. hitidons,
131.

perspicuus, 131.
profundus. 131.
rectus, 128.
subarcuat.us,
subcon vexus, 13<-),
sulcntus. 131.
tardiveli, 131.

Aganodus, 2, 3.
apicalis, 10.
undatus, 10.

Agassizodus, 238.
cornigatiis, 239.
scitiilus, 239.
variabilis, 2S8, 239.
virginianus, 239.

Ageleodus, 55.
diadeinu, 5.5.

Alexandrinum, 153.
molinii, 153.

Alopecias, 375.

I acuarius, 375.

! gigas. 375, S83.

\ hassei, 370.

Alopiopsis, 437.
cuvieri, 437.
plejodon, 437.

Amblypristis, 75.
che<q>s, 75,

Amphicentrum, 459.

Anacanthus, 153.
zigni, 153.

Ancistrodon, 429.

462

INDEX.

Anodontacanthus, 2.

acut H?, 8.
fastiginlufi, (?.
obtiisUH, (>.

Anotodus, 3‘.)0.

agasMizii,

Antliodus, 42, 45.
cuculliis, 48.
gracilis, 48.
niiimtus, 48.
mucronatus, 48.
parvnluB, 47, 48.
perovalis, 48.
polil.ua, 47, 48.
robust us, 48.
sarcululua, 4.58.

Biniilis, 48.
simplex, 48.

Buleatus, 47, 48.

Apocopodon, 132.
sericeus, 132.

Aprion, 438,

Aprionodon, 5.07, 438.
acanthodon, 438.
basisulealua, 438.
brevis, 438.
frequens, 438.
gibbesii, 437.
stellatus, 43.8.

Archaeobatis, 108.

gigas, 108.

Arpagodus, 238.
rectaiigulus, 239.

Arthropterus, 150.
rileyi, 1.58,

Aspidodus, 176.
convolutus, 184.
crenulatus. 184.

Asteracanthus, 307.
acuUis, 313.
granulosus, 314.
lepidus, 320.
minor, 320.
oniatissimus, 307.
ornatissimus, var,
fleltoncnsis, .308.
papillosus, .307.
preuBsi, 307.
Beinisulcatus, 312.
serniTerrucosiiB, 320.
siderius, .320.
Btutchburyi, 31.3.
tenuistriatus, 312.
tetraBlichodoii, 320.
vastensis, 320.
verrucosus, 313.

Asterodermus, 84.
platyptcrus, 84.

Asterospondyli, 157.

Astrabodus, 99,

eipansus, 10.5.

Astrape, 90.

(?) media, 90.

Aulodus, 132.
agnssizii, 150.

Bates, 125.
biserratus, 125.
fliiitans, 12.5.
lineatus, 12.5.
spectabilis, 125.

Bathycheilodus, 27.
mcisuacBii, 27.

Bdellodus, 321.
bollensis, .321.

Belemnoba tis, 83.
sisinouda?, 84.

“ Byssacanthus,” 244.

Byzenos, 34.
l.'iUpinnatuB, 35.

Callopristodus, .54.
aciculafus, .58.
cristatua, 58.
pectinaluB, ,55.

Calopodus, 49.
apiculis. 49.

Campodus, 2.38.
agnssizianus, 238.
corrugatuB, 239.
recUngiiliis, 239.
seituluB, 239.
variabilis. 239.

Cantioscyllium, 347.

decipicus, 347.
Carcharias, 435.
acanthodon, 438.
aculcatus, 440.
noutus, 440.
angustidens, 441.
antiquus, 441.
armatus, 441.
baltringensis, 441.
bnsisuleatus, 438.
brevis, 438.
deformis, 441.
dcsolgnoi, 441.
dijki, 441.
egertoni, 439.
etruscus, 441,
coca'nus, 430.
frequens, 438.
gibbesii, 4.37.
gibbus, 441.
hasfnlis, 441.

.javamis, 441.

Kraussi, 437.

Icptodon, 412.
macnjdon, 418.
medius, 441.
megalodon, 415.
minor, 439.

Carcharias (coni.).
modcslus, 441.
orpiensis, 4.38, 441.
pedemontanus, 442.
siuiilis, 442.
singularis, 4.39.
speeiosus, 442.
stellatus, 4.38.
subglaueus, 442.
sublamia, 442.
tenuis, 4-12.
tumidus, 442.
unguIatuB, 442.
ureianensis, 442.
vems, 415.

C'ARfiiAuiin.E, 43.5.
vertebra' tif, 4.55.

Carcharinus, 435.

Carcharodon, 410.
acutideiiR, 412.
angustidens, 412.
arcimtus, 410.
arndti, 412.
auriculatus, 411,
brevis, 421.
cail'nssii, 421.
costse, 421.
ernssidens, 415.
crassus, 410.
clisauris, 412.
escheri, 411.
el.ruscus, 420.
fnloiformis, 418.
gibbesii, 421.
belvetioUR, 418.
heterodon, 412,
interamniie, 412.
lanceolatus, 412.
lanciformis, 411.
latissiiiius, 418.
Icptodon, 421.
longidens, 422.
megalodon. 415.
megnlolis, 412.
inicrodon, 422.
minimus, 441.
minor, 428.
mortoni, 422.
obliquuB, 404.
polygyrus, 415.
productus, 415.
rcctidens, 415.
rectus, 422.
robustus, 417.
rondeletii, 420.
sclachoides, 422.
semiserratus, 422.
siculua, 410.
simus, 422.
subauriculatus, 415.
Bubserratus, 411.

TKBKX.

463

Carcharodon (coni.).
suleidens, 4'JO,
toliapious, 412.
tornabene, 420.
tiimidissinuw, 422.
turgidua, 412.
tiiricetisis, 416.

Carcharopsis, 28.
colei, 28.
prototjpus, 28.
wortlieni, 20.

Centrina, 30.
bassanii, 31.
exigua, 437.

Centrodus, 247.
acutus, 247.

Centrophoroides, 31.
latidena, 31.

Centrophorus, 32.
primrovus, 32.

Centropterus, 34.
lividus, 34.

“ Ceratoduri heteroraor-

phtia J306.

Ceratoptera, 131.
unios, 131.

Cestracion, 331.
canalieulatus, 334.
dupoidi, 336.
falcifer, ^132.
polydietyos, 336.
rugosua, 335.
aulcatus, 333.

CESTKAClONTIDiB, 220.

Cestrorhintis, 453.

Cetorhinus, 4--.

42^.).

auratiis, 430.
duponti, 430.
glauconiticus, 430.
niaximuB, 430.

Tetustus, 430.
Chalcodus, 218.
Characodus, 01.

angulatus, 98.

cuneatus, 98.
tniiiiroijs, 09.
Cheirodus, 460.
CMastodus, 240.

obvallatiis, 240.
Chilodtis, 28.
Chiloscyllium, 34<>.
fosaile, «147.

Chitonodus, 309, Sli.,
217.

aotiquus, 217.
latus, 208.

Hratua. 217.

rugoaus, 217.
apringeri, 217.
tribidia, 217.

Chlamydoselache,

168.

aiigiUDeus, 169.
lawlevi, 169.
Cholodtis, 40.

injcqnalis, 40.
Chomatodus,.^^, 218.

aeuminatus, 42.
acutua, 46.
aHinia, 48.
angularis, 48.
anguatus, 228.
arcuatiia. 228.
cliesiereiiBis, 228.

cinetus, 218.
clavatus, 37.
comptua, 228.
costatue, 450.
cultellus, 48.
deiiticulatus, 225.

elegans, 228,
gnicilUmue, 48.
inconstans, 2^.
incrassatus, 458.
m.signis. 48.
lamolUformis, 49.
linearis, 45, 219, 3^0.
lorifomiie, 49.
niolaris. 49.
niultiplicatas, 49.

(lIt*Iodus)obliquus,J23.
obliquua, 22S.
olwcurus, 228.
parallelus, 49.
pusillus, 49.
sarcululus, 49.
eelHformis, 228.

epUenodiscue, 229.

varsoviensis, 228.
veuustus, 228.

Chondrenclielys, 15.
problematica, 15.

Cl.AOCPONTID.K, 16.

Cladodus, 16, 343,
acuminatiie, 23.
acutufl, 18.
alternatue, 33, 23.

angulatue, 21.

bas.alie, 17.
bellifer, 23.

bicuspidatuB, 26.
carinatiis, 23.
concinnus. 23.
coiiicus, 18, 23.
coslatus, 23.
curtus (1883), 19.
curtua (1881), 26.
curvus, 20.
dedexus, 23.
destructor, 17.

Cladodus
divaricatus, 23.
divergons, 23.
eccentricue, 23.
elegans, 23.
elongatua, 19.
eiiglypbeus, 24.
exiguus, 24.
exilis, 24.
ferox, 24.
fulleri, 24.
gomphoides, 24.
gracilis, 24.
grandis, 21.
hertzeri, 24,
hibberti, 24.
homei, 19.
intercostatus, 24.
ischypus, 24.
teokiik, 24.
kepleri, 457.
laevis, IS.
lamnoides, 33, 24.
magnificua, 24.
marginatus, 18.
micropa.s, 21.
railleri, 16.
mirabilis, 16, 18.
inortifer, 24.
mucronatus, 17.
obtnsus, 24.
occidentalis, 24.
paudatus, 25.
parvulus, 25.
parvus, 2.5.
pattersoni, 25.
politus, 25.

praiiiuntius, 2^».
priniigcnius, 25.
raricostatus, 26.
robustus, 21.
romiugeri, 25.
simplex, 25.
spinosus, 22.
Bpringeri, 22.
stenopus, 25,
striatus, 19.
Btscluirovskii, 278.
subulatus, 25.
suceinctus, 33, 25.
turritus, 21.
van-liornci. 25.
w:ichsinutbi, 33, 26.
zygopus, 26.

Climaxodus, 34.
brevis, 39.
imbricatus, 38.
linguseforuiis, 36.
ovatus, 36.
vermiforniis, 36.

CoCHLIODOKTlDA?, 169.

404

INDEX

Cochliodus, J70, 20r>,
30n, 213, 217.
acutiis, 212.
coni pact us, 21.3.
confortua, lUl, 206,
210, 2H.
costfltuB; 208.
(?)criiseu8, 188.
laminaris, 2(,K).

Intus, 208.

Iciilyi, 208.
niagnus, 170, 177.
niliflua, 21.').
nobilia, 208.
obliqnuR, 212.
oblongus, 209, 210.
occiilenlalia, 199.
siriatus, 1!)2, 193.
tenuis, 208.
trinnguliiria, 201.

Tiin hornii, 208.

Compsacantlius, 2.
lievia, 9.
major, f>.
triiingiilai-is, 7.

Copodus, 91.
angulatua. 98.
aurieulal iia, 95, 07.
convexua, Oil.
comutu.R. 91, 03, 08.
(?) cuneatiis, 98.
falcatuR, 94.
furcatus, 94.
lingua, 94, 07.
lunulatus, 92.
tninhuus, 9.5.
oblongus, 06.
planus, 96.
prototypus, 07.
pusillus, 99.
apatulatus, 9.3, 07.
van hornii, 90.
variabilia, 99.

Corax, 422.
adinis, 423, 427.
antiquus, 429.
appciuliciilafua, 423,
427, 4S7, 443.
boi-eaui, 42.5.
cgcrtoni, 439,
olongatua, 425.
falcatiiB, 424,4^5.
llasumtua, 429.
hctorodon, 424.
incisus, 429.
kaupii, 423, 4~5.
lajvis, 429.
luaiinuia, 424, 427.
obliquiis, 424.
parnlleUis, 423.
pedonionlanus, 442.

Corax (coni.).
planus, 427.
pristodontus, 423,440.
pygmania, 429.
trapoxoidalia, 423.
trituratua, 33.

Cranodus, 220.
zonatiiB, 220.

Crossorhinus, 347,
410.

Ctenacanthos, 230,
241.

fcquistriatna, 244.
coatcllatns, 242.
bybodoidea, 242.
major, 242.
minor, 244.
nodosna, 242.
(?)8crruiatna, 242.

Ctenopetalus, 49.
bcllulus, .53.
crenatus, 51.
limatnluB, 53.
medius, .53.
oooidcntalis, 53.
scrratna, .52.
vinosns, .54.

Ctenoptychius, 49, 04.
ncicnlatus, 56.
acnminalua, ,53.
apicalia, 50.
bcllulus, 53.
compactire, .53.
cristatua, 56.
dentatua, 51.
dcnticulatus, 55.
digitatua, 59.
clegans, 53.
hercyniiE, 458.
limatulu.s, 53.
lobatua, 51.
mncrodus, 51.
medius, 5.3.
occidentalis, 63.
ordii, 54.
peclinatus, ,55.
pcrteniiis, 53.
priscua, 54.
semicircularis, 53.
sorratus, 52.
stevensoni, 64.
triparti tns, .54.
vinosns, 64.

Curtodus, .307.
corallinus, 320.
riganxi, 460.

Cyclarthrus, 156.
macrojiterua, 1,56.

Cyclobatis, 155.
major, 155.
oligodnetylua, 156.

Cymatodvis, Traut-
fchold, 61.
plicatulus, 62.
rcclinatna, (i2.
Cymatodus, Newb. 4'
it'orili., 4.58.
oblongus, 4.58.
Cyrtonodus, 216.
gibbua, 21(i.
liuruci, 216.

Dactylodvis, .56.

concavua, Trautschokl,
5!l.

coucavua, 8f. John 4'
IVorthen, 59.
excavaUis, 50.
inlloxus, 59.

. lobntus, 5)9.
minim us, l!0.

])rincppa, 60.
Deltcdopsis, ISO, 217.
alllnis, 217.
angiistus, 200.

(?) bialvcatua, 217.

(?) convexua, 217.

(?) convolutna, 217.

(?) exornatua, 218.

(?) inllexus, 218.

(?) kcokuk, 218.

(?) sancti-ludovioi, 218.
Deltodus, 185, 195, 212,
217.

ahitue, 109.
aliformis, 200.
angularia, 188.
anguatua, 2(K1.
cinclulus, 200.
cinetus, 2<XI.
cingulatna, 200.
cireinans, 200.
complanatus, 189.
conclia, 198.
contortus, 200.
cxpansns, 196, 107,
213.

faaciatua, 200.

gibbua, 197.
grandis, Kewh. cj’
Worth., 188.
grandis, Traidschold,
sp., 2CK).
incrassatus, 200.
intermedins, 200.
lauiiimris, 200.
latior, 200.
littoni, 200.
mercurei, 20l.
obliquus, 201.
occidentalis, 199.
oruatus, 201.

INDEX.

4G5

Deltodus [coni.).
parvus, 201.
povrellii, 201.
propinquus, 201.
rhoinboideus, 190.
rosaicus, 201.
nigosHs, 198.
sanclalinus, 201.
spatulutus, 199.
Btellatus, 199.
subliBiis, 19G.

triangularis, 201.
trilobuE, 201.
\mdulatus, 201.
Deltoptychius, 205,
212.

acutus, 211, 212.
exp.ansiis, 212, 215.
gibberuIuB, 197, 214.
nitklus, 215.
plicatus, 213.
primus, 212, 215.
Tarsoviensis, 212,
215.

waclismutbi, 212,

215.

“Deiis pisoisOstracionis,”
138, 147.

Desmiodus, 240.
costrlliferus, 240.

(?) flabcllum, 240.

(?) ligoniformis, 240.
tumidus, 240.
Diacranodus, 15.
comprossus, 1.5.
jdatypt^-rnus, 15.
Dicentrodus, 26.
bicuspidatus, 26.

Diclitodus, 241.

scitulus, 241.
Dicrenodus, 28.
denlatus, 28.
goughi, 29.
jerofejewi, 29.
okensis, 29.

Tortheni, 29.

Dictea, 34.

striata, 3.5.
Didymodus, 2, 3.
platyptcmus, 14, 15.
texenais, 14, 15.
Dimyleus, 99.
woodi, 99.

“Diodon,” 133, 143,
147.

Diodontopsodiis, 62.

* Diplacodus, 21(i.

bulboides, 216.
Diplodus, 2.
acinaet's, 13.
bobeniicus, 14.

Diplodus (cont).
bicornis, 14.
compressus, 12, 15.
duplicatus, 14.
gibboBUS, 10, 11.
gracilis, 13.
incurvus, 14.
latus, 12.
levidpus, 14.
rainutus, 10.
nanus, 14.
parruhrs, 12.
penetrans, 14.
plicatus, 14.
tenuis, 11.

Dirrhizodon, 448.
elongaius, 448.

Dittodus, 2.
divergeus, 10.
parallelus, 10.

Doratodus, 338.
triouspidatus, 338.

Drepanephorus, 331.
canaliculatus, 3,34.

Dynatobatis, 89.
gaudryi, 89.
paranensis, 89.
rectangularis, 89.

Echinodus, 248.
paradoxus, 248.

Echinorhinus, 34.
blakei, 4.58.
ricbiardii, 34.

Elasmobranchii, 1.

“ Enebodus haloeyon,”
354.

“ EncliudiLS serratus,”
354.

“Encbodus striatus,”354.

Euryarthra, 77.
munsterii, 78.

Fissodus, 40.
bifldus, 40.
pattoni, 40.
trieuspidatus, 40.

Galeocerdo, 443.
acanthodon, 438.
aculeatus, 440.
aduncus, 444.
arcticms, 448.
capellini, 447.
contortus, 443.
crassidens, 447.
denticulatus, 445, 447.
dubius, 447.
egertoni, 439, 441-
etruscHs, 441.

Galeocerdo (con/.).
falcatus, 42.5.
gibberulus, 447.
gibbets, 441.
hartrellii, 447.
.javanus, 447.
lajviasimus, 447.
latidens, 444.
marelstmsis, 448.
minor, 4^7, 446, 402.
pautanellii, 452.
priacus, 448.
prislodontus, 423.
produetus, 448.
recticoiius, 446.
rectus, 445.
sismondiB, 442.
sublntvis, 448.
trigriuus, 448.
tremauxi, 401, 4<J9.
rineenti, 448.

Galeodes, 443.
prisons, 448.

I Galeorhinus, 455.

Galeus, 452.
alllnis, 452.
appcudiciilatus, 424.
canis, 453.
cristatus, 452.
cuvieri, 437.
maltzani, 4.52.
pantanellii, 4.52.
pristodonlus, 423, 424-
jtygtuntiis, 429.
sublajTis, 44'8.
tenuis, 452.

Ginglymostoma, 348,

410.

(?) cristalnm, 452.
minutum, 348.
serra, 348.

Ihielense, 348.

Glcssodus, (Kl.
lingua-bovis, 60.
inargiiiatus, 60.

Gljrphanodus, 47.
tenuis, 47.

Glyphis, 436.
desolgnoi, 441.
hostalis, 441.
orpiensis, 441.
scacobii, 449.

Bubulata, 439.
ungulata, 442.
ureianensis, 442.

Gomphodus, 338.
agassizii, 3.i.'8.

Goniobatis, 127.
agassizii, 459.
omaliusi, 131.

Goniodus, 34.

460

INDEX.

Gryphodobatis, 150.

uncus. UnO,

G3rropleurodus, 331.

Hannovera, -120.

aurnta, 4.30.
Harpacodus, 40.
compaotus, .5.3.
flavat.ua, 22.5.
deiitatus, 51.
oofideiilalia, .53,
Heliobatis, 153.

radians, 1.54.
Helodopsis, 227.
abbreviatn, 227.
eldiiKata, 227-
Helodus, W8, 171, 170,

210, ns.

acutiis, 221.
angulatu.s, 220.
augusiiiB, 227.
antiquissimus. 220.
appendieulatus, 224,
2/,0.

averaus, 220.
biformia, 220.
brugnoiiei, 229.
earbonariu.s, 220.
cinetiis, 218.
clavatus, 221.
eoniproaaus, 29, 220.
conioulus, 220.
consolid.atus, 220.
contractus, 227.
missus, 219.
crennlatns, 220.

(?) curiatns, 201.
dens-lmniani, 220.
deutatus, 18-t.
diMitinilutna, 220.

didyinua, 177,77.'*, 214,
22.3.

eljtm., 220.
espaiisiis, 210.
gibberulus, 210.
gibbosus,
gibbus, 220.
lajvi.s, 220.

Iffivissitmi.s, 177, 170,
181, 21S, 222.

Umax, 227.
longicomis, 2.5.
niammillari.s, 181, 224.
imms-eanus, 227.
(Coi'hliodua) uobilis,
208.

placenl.a, 184.
planus, 177, 179.

Helodus {cnnf.).
politu.s, 227.
pusillus, 227.
riolimondiensis, 221.
rudi.s. 177, 179.
rugosiia, 227.
simplex, 171, 218.
subtores, 2,31.
siiloatua, 221.
fenuis, 221.
triangulan'a, 221.
turgidns, 218.
undulatuB, 227.
Hemicladodus, 400, i
imicuspidatua, 400. j
Hemipristis, 448.
bidens, 451.
curvatiis, 451.
beterripleunia, 451.
klunzingeri, 451.
ininiifus, 440.
piuifidcna, 449.
plicatilis, 451.
scrra, 440.
subscrratus, 451.
Heptranchias, 157. |

Heterodontus, .3.31.
Hexanchus, 157.

“ Iloiiiacantlius” triangii- i
laris, 25.

Homalodus, 90.
quadrat, us, 10.5.
trapozi fom\is, 105.
Hoplodus, 04.
Hybocladodus, 29.
compressuB, 29.
intermedins, 29.
nit id us, 29.
plicatilis, .30.
tcnuicostatus, .30.
nvnonoNTiDS!, 229.
Hybodopsis, 239.

wardi, 2 It).

Hybodus, 2J/2, 2.50.
*acantho])lioru8, 305.
*acutus, 302,
aduneus, 2.52.

*angiilatH8, .305.
angnstus, 251, 277.
apicalis, 251, 2.54.
*apioalis, .301, 302'.
appendiculntus, .34.3,
attenuatus, 277.
austiensis, 256.
basanus, 273.
bimarginatus, 277.
bronnii, .331.
carbonari us, 245.

Hybodus (cnnf.).
farinatus, 294.
eloacimis. 2.50, 277.
*complaiintus, 3f)5.
*fnissigpinus, 250, 300,
.301.

crassus, Vnvke,, 272.
*crassus, Aifa.^niz, 301.
cristatus, 277.

•curtuB, 289.
cuspidalus, 251, 25.3.
davi.si, 24.3.
delabechei, 259, 202.
*dewalquei, 305.
*dimidiatii.s, 300.
diprion, 400.
dispnr, 331.

•dorsalis, 302, ,303.
dubiuH, 2.55.
dubrisiensis, 327.
•oiohwaldi. 3t).5.
•cna.at'ia, ,30.5.

•fittoui, 3tHl.

formosus, 200.
•I'urcaloatpialus, 300.
gracilis, 3.31.
grossiconus, 208, 270.
*he.xngonus, 30t).
liomoprjon, 259, 204.
inllatiis, 277-
irregularis, 244.
jugosus, 208.
keuperianiiB, 277.
keiiperiniis, 281.
*la!viuBfulus, 306.
lawsoni, 255.

•leptoduB, .300.
levis, 209.

longicomis, 250, 253.
•ninior, 3IX).
mnitrotbi, 277.
•niarginalis, .302.
inediuB, 202, 204.
minor, 2.5*1.
niinutu.s, ,348.
inonoprion, 270.
mougeoti, 251, 252,
253.

non-striatus, 277.
obliqmia, 251, 252, 280.
obtiisus, 272.
ortboooniis, 277.
•panderi, .300.
pcr.sonati, 278.
•plciodus, 300.

])licatilis, 250, 252,
253.

polycyphiis, 251, 253.

* Dorsal fln-spine.s only.

IlfDEX,

467

Hybodus (cont).
polvprion, 1G7, 2C8,
270, S7G.
polyptychus, 331.
♦punctatus, 306.
pusillus, 278.
pyramulalis, 259.
radix, 278.

raricostatiis, 257, 262,
regiilaris, 331.
retioiilatus, 256, 266.
robustus, 253.
rugosiis, 253.
serratus, 331, 345.
simplex, 299.
*striatulus, 276, 304.
*strictu9, 275, 3l !3.
stsehiiroTskii, 278.
*.subearinatu.s, 304.
sublsB\is, 251, 278.
*sulcatus, 273.

♦tenuis, 300.
tenuissimiis, 331.
thuringia;, 280.
undulatii.s, 278.
vioinalis, 245.

Hypoprion, 4.36, 438.
singularis, 439.

Ichthyotomi, 1.

Janassa, 34, 205.
angulata, 35.
bitiiniinosa, 35.
clavata, 37.
dictea, 35.
gurleiana, 39.
humboldti, 35.
imbrieata, 38.
liuguaiformis, 30.
miiiutus, 37.
ordiana, 39.
ovatus, 37.
processus, 37.
strigilina, 38.

Labodus, 91.
planus, 96.
prototypus, 97.

Lambdodus, 27.
calceolus, 27.
costat.us, 27.
hamulus, 27.
reflexus, 27.
robustus, 27.
transversus, 27.

Lamna, 360, 376, 392.
acuminata, 376, 393.
adiiiiea, Costa, 374.
adunca, Lawley,%p. 407.
ajipendiculata, 393.
nttenuata, 374.
basalis, 407.
boucbardi, 407.
brandti, 407.
brunni, 360.
carinabi, 374.
cattiea, 407.
clafata, 407.
complanata, 372.
coinpres.'a, 402.
contortidens, 366.
crassa, 400.
crassidens, 373.
cuspidata, 368.
daviesii, 410.
debilis, 407.
dentioulata, 368, 369.
divergens, 401.
dubia, 368, 369.
elegans, 3til, 402.
ensioulata, 407.
curvb.atbrodon. 438.
gracilis, 359, 407.
basialis, 407.
bectori, 407.
hopei, 368, 449.
hultoni, 362.
iusequilateralis, 383.
inciirva, 372.
iso.sceliea, 408.
l.anceolata, 410.
lata, 397.
lawieyi, 408.
lepida, 408.
levis, 408.
liassica, 350.
longidens, 349.
lyellii, 383.
macrorbiza, 399.
inacrota, 362, 402, 407,
luarginalis, 402.
niarginata, 408.
niarroti, 408.
minor, 408.
minuta, 408.
niitis, 408.
mudgoi, 408.
nana, ^8.
obliqua, 392, 404.
omata, 408.
petroeoriensis, 377.
plana, 351, 408.
plicatella, 354.

Lamna (cont.).
pscuilo-appendiculata,
408.

pygmaea, 374.
recticona, 409.
renardi, 409.
reversa, 409.
rbapbiodon, 353.
rigida, 375.
rudis, 409.
rupeliensis, 409.
salentiiia, 409.
semiplicata, 397, 409.
serra, 400.
serotina, 409.
sigmoides, 372.
spatbula, 409.
striata, 409.
striatella, 354.
striola, 354.

Bubplicala, 409.
sububita, 356, 396.
sulcata. Geiiiitf, sp.,
397, 398.

sulcata, Sismotida, 409.
te.x!ma, 353.
treinauxi, 409.
trigeri, 353.
trigonata, 401.
triplex, 344.
undulata, 356, 410.
vincenti, 403.

TOrax, 37.3.
woodwardii, 410.
L.tMxin.E, 349.

vertebra! of, 431.
Leiacanthus, 306.
falcatus, 306.
(Hybodus) opatowitz-
aniis, 306.

(Hybodus) tamowitz-
anus, 306.

Leiodus, 240.
calcaratus, 240.
grossipunctatus, 240.
Leptodus richthofeni,
218.

Lisgodus, 49.
alfinis, 49.
curtus, 49.
sellulifonnis, 49.
serratus, 49.
Lophacanthus, 2.
taylori, 8.

Lophodus, Romanow-
sky, 176, 210, 218.
angularis, 227.
bifurcatus, 224.

* Dorsal fin-spines only.

408

INDEX.

Lophodus (non/.).
cotiicus, 2'J3.
contrnotiis, 'J'27.
didyiims, 177, 223.
gibbi?rulu», 211).
irreguliiris, 227.
Inivissimus, 177,
binceolut IIS, 227.
levis, 227.
linearis, 227.
ummmilluris, 221.
marginalis, 227.
iiiargodeiitatiis, 228.
retioubitu.s, 228.
semitus, 223.
sinuosus, 228.

Lophodus, iVetci. ^
Worth., 238.
Tariiibilis, 2.31).

Lophodus, met., 281 .
kcuprrinus, 281.

Meristodon, 200.
jureiiBis, 278.
jiiinidoxa, 270.

Mesiteia, 344.
omilia). .'Ilti.
aaliel-alniio, 345.

Mesobatis, 131.
e.vimius, 1,'il.

Slesodmodus, 239.
ex|ilHimtuB, 239.
exKCiilptuB, 240.
ornatuB, 2 10.

Mesogomphus, 9 1 .
lingim, 94.

Mesolophodus, Cl.
pnililematicuB, (11.

IMicromesus, 125.

lUonopterhinus, 157.

Mustelus, 405.
stefaiiii, 455.

Mylacodus, 93.
qiiadratiis, 93.
BRSumini, 93.
Tariiibilis, 99.

Mylax, 9(5.
baloidcs, DC.

MyliobiiteB do Cuiae
Lain o( to, 109.

Mvi,ioii.vni).E, 109.

Myliobatis, 109.
*(Zygobatis) uciimina-
tus, 124.

*acutus, 124.
altuB, 121 .
ainerioanu.B, 121.
angustidons, 119.
angiistus, 121.
apennimis, 121.

Myliobatis (non/.).
arcuatiiB, Davis, 121.
arcuatu.s, Schafh., 123.
bellardii, 121.
bisulcuB, 121.
brinigniarti, 121.
*oaualioulatnB, 124.
*elaToni8, 124.
eoloi, 121.
contractus, 109.
crassuB, 122.
cui'vipalatus, 121.
dimorplius, 121.
diomedca, 121.
dixoni, 109, 131.
duplicatus, 121.
odwardsii, 1 12.
elegniis, 121.
eiircodon, 121.
I'astigiatus, 121.
*l'aujaBii, 124.
funioulatus, 122.
gazolai, 124.
gigas, 122, 133,
*girondicus, 124.
goniojileiiruB, 113, 115.
*gracilis, 124.
granulosus, 122.
guyoti, 122.
gyratus, 118.
*lmidingeri, 125.
hoterojilcuriiB, 109.
bolmcBii, 122.
irregularis, 112.
jugalis, 118.
jugoBus, 119, 122.
luivia, 122.
latidens, 1 18.

*latoraliB, 125.

leognaiicusis, 122.
*leptacanthus, 125.
ligusticuB, 122.
magistor, 122.
•marginalia, 120, 135,
nicridiimaliB, 122.
inicroplcuriia, 122.
iniororliizuB, 123.
inordax, 123.
nitiduB, lie.
obesus, 123.
oinbonii, 123.

•oweui, 120, 135,
paobyodon, 123.
plicatilis, 123.
presaideiiH, 123.
punctatus, 1 12, 134,
regleyi, 123.
•(Zygobatis) rima, 125.
rivioroi, 12.3.
rugosus, Ltidy, 123.

Myliobatis (nontX
•(Zygobatis) rugosus,
Met/e.r, 125.
saleutiuuB, 123.
serratus, Leidy, 123.
Bcrralus, Meyer, 123.
“epeoiosuB, 12.0.
•stornbergii, 125.
striatus, 109, 112, 115,
110,

Btokosii, 11,8.

Blrobcli, 123.

Buperbus, 124.
suluralis, 110.
testa), 124.
toliapicus, 109, 113,
110,120, 135,
tran.svorsal in, 124.
tuundens, 1 19.
TiconiicanuH, 122.
Mylorhina, 125.
Myriosteon, 73.

Narcine, 90.

gigautoa, 4.09.
Karcobatis, ‘.kl.

giganteus, 90.
Narcoptorus bolcaiius,
4.09.

Nebrius, 348.
“Nemacanthus,” 3S1,

sm.

Nothianid.b, 157.
Notidanus, 157, 30S,

m.

auialtboi, 1C8.
nnoiiialuB, ICC.
aptionais, ICC.
bisorratUK, 108,444.
cuntrarius, 107.
d'ancoiuc, 104, 107.
daviosii, 1C7.
dolfortriui, 107.
dontatus, 159.
oximius, 168.
gigas, 104, 105.
gracilis, 108.
liuegelia', 107.
intormediua, 1G7.
lanoeolatuB, 100.
loozi, 107.
nmrgiualia, 107.
raoneghinii, 105.
microdon, \W),103,1G4.
luuensteri, 158.
nettidbladti, 107.
orpiensis, 430.
poctinatUB, 100.
plcetrodon, 107.
priuiigeniua, 1G3, 100.

* Dorsal spines only.

INDEX.

409

Notidanus (coi/t)
probleniaticiu, 167.
recurxus, l(i.'3.
repoiis, 107.
serr.atissimus, 102.
serratiis, l.‘)i).
stoppani, 1()7.
targionii, IGJ, 107.
thevenanli, 108.
urcianenBis, 168.

Ochlodus, 2, 3.

crassus, 10.

Odontaspis, 300.
acuta, SffO, 374.
acutissiiiia, 374.
aduiica, .374.
angusta, 374.
atteuuata, 374.
bronni, 360.
carinata, 374.
complanata, 372.
constricta, 35<).
coiitorticlcn.s, 306.
crassiclen.s, 373.
cuspidata, 308.
desorii, 359.
ditbia, 368.
duplex, 374.
elegan.s, 361, SO’G.
exigua, 374.
gracilis, 359,
gustroviensis, 374.
Lopei, 3G0, 308, SCO,
UG.

incur™, 372.
kaikomensis, 350.
liiieata, 374.
lupus, 374.
minutissiinn, 375.
mirabilis, 374.
molassica, 374.
mourloni, 375.
oxyprion, 356.
pygiriara, 374.
regularis. 375.
reticuljita, 375.
rbaphiodon, 354, S5C,
353, SOS.
rigida, 375.
rochebrunei, 398.
rutoti, 301.
sacheri, 449.
etuderi, 359.
subulata, 350.
sulcata, 330.
van-den-broecki, 375.
Terticalis, 375.
vorax, 373.

Oncobatis, 90.
pentagonus, 90.

Orodontiii.f., 229.

Orodus, 21M).
allcni, 230.
angustus, 233.
oarinatus, 236.
catenatus, 234.
cinctus, 230.
colletti, 230.
cotnprcssus, 237.
corrugatus. 239.
dtcdaleus, 237.
decussatus. 237.
elcgniis, 237.
elegantiilus, 23.5.
elongatus, S34, 233.
exeentricus, 237.
fastigiatus, 237.

(?) gibbus, 236.
incquilaterus, 237.
major, 237.
mammillaris, 235.
minuaculu.s 237.
minutus, 237.
moniliformis, 234.

(?) multicarinatus,

237.

neglectus, 237.
oruatu3,57n'fi.4’ Worth.,

233.

ornatus, Davis, 2,34.

(?) parallelus, 237.
pamdus. 237.
plicalus, 237.
porosus, 237.
ramosue, 231, 237.
reedi, 237.
sculpfus, 238.
eublaevis, 238.
subteres, 231.
tenuis, 230.
triadeus, 299.
tuherculatus, 234.
tuinidus, 238.
turgid us, 238.
variabilis, 238.
variocostatus, 238.
whitei, 238.

Orthacanthus, 2.
arcuutua, 8.
boliemicuB, 9.
eylindricus, 8.
decheni, 3.
gr.'tcilis, 9,
levidens, 14.
quadri.seriatus, 9.

Orthacodus, 349.
impresBUB, 350.
longidens, 349.
nitidus, 3f>0.
tithonius, 350.
virgai, 350.

Oithcdon, 344.

coud.iiMji. 344.
Oithopleurodus, 185.
carbonariUB. 188.
convexus, 190.
novo-niexieaniis, 190.
Ostinaspis, 246.
acuta, 247.
barbotana, 240.
coronata, 247.
simpliciBBima, 247,
Otodus, 392.
ad uncus, 407.
apiculatus, 387.
appeiidiculatUB, 393,
dOS.

basalis, Giebel, 393.
basalis, Kyfrton, 407.
brandli, 407.
catticuB, 407.
crassus, 308, 400.
(Pseudotriakis) debilis,
407.

divarieatuB, 398.
dixergens. 401.
basialis, 407.
isoscelicus, 408.
lanceolatus, 402, 404.
latus, SOS, 397.
lawleyi, 408.
levis, 408.
macrotus, 3G2, 402.
marginatus, 408.
marroti, 408.
michoni, 398.
minor, 408.
minutisaimus, 375.
minutus, 408.
mitis, 408.
nanus, 408.
obliquns, 404.
oxyrliinoides, 377.
pars us, 375.
pinguis, 398.
prsedator, 410.
pseudo-appendicula-
tus, 408.
recticonus, 409.
renardi, 409.
rudis, 409.
rupclienais, 4(X).
rutoti, 301.
salentinus, 409.
semiplicutus, 397.
(Pseudotriakis) sero-
tinus, 409.
seiTatus, 300, 401.
spatliula, 409.
striatus, 409.

Bubba.salis, 380.
subplicatus, 409.

470

INDEX.

Otodus (coni'.'),
sulcafus, (ieinits, SSI,

ao8.

Biilcatu.s, tSismonda,
40!t.

tricu9i>is, 344.
trig! matiiH, 401.
vineenti, 403.
woodwartlii, 410.
Oxynotus, 30.
Oxyrhina, 370.
acuminata, 380, 38(5.
ugiuiBizii, jMV'lei/, .‘580.
Bgawizii, Le Hon, 3tt0.
unguslidciis, 35‘.t, 380,
4ii7. ^

nrmiudi, 392.
baaisulcnta, 438.
benedcni, 389.
bre\is, 390.
earinata, 278.
comi>laimta, 390.
crassa, 389.
crassidcns, 382.
cyclndiinta, 449.
deaorii, 382, 38S.
ciiysii, 3!)0.
exigua, 390.

Bxtcnta, 377.
fuBtlgiala, 390.
foreslii, 389.
gibbosissiiim, 389.
gomphodon, 392.
gracilis, 383.

f'randis, 390.
laiiBtii, 390.
basialis, 38.’>.
bctcrouiorjdia, 380,
437.

iiioerta, 383.
isocelica, 38.').
kocbi, 390.
licvignta, .390.
lata, 391.

leptodon, 382, S8G.
longidens, 349.
niaccT, 349.
niacrorbiza, 381.
nmntelli, 37(5, S82,
S'J2.

niinuta, .391, ^S7.
nova, .391.
mimida, ,391.
ornati, 3-19.
paradoxa, 278.
plana. 391.
plicatilis, 38.').
quadrans, 385, S8S,
recta, 391.
retrodoxn, 38.5.
rouillirri, 391.

Oxyrhina (coni.).
slllimaui, 391 .
spallanzanii, 38//, S87,
392.

subbasalis, .380.
Bubiiillata, 391.
siibvexa, 391.
taroti, 391.
triangulari.s, ,382.
triginiodon, 385.
tunddula, .390.
tumiila, 391.
viiiiicri, .385.
)(>n-baaBtii, .3'.t0.
wilBimi, 383.
winkleri, .392.
woodsii, 392.
xipliodon. S83, 385.
zignoi, 392.
zippci, S5/f, 392.

Oxytes, 375.
obliqua, 375.

Oxytomodus, 191.
argiitus, 229,

Palaeobates, 248.
acrodiformis, 249.
angiistisBimuB, 249.
anguatuH, 249.
ovalis, 249.

Palaeobatis, 48.
iusignis, 48.

PalaBoscyllium,
Marck, .343.
dechon i, 343.

Palaeoscyllium, Wag-
ner, 338.
formoBum, 338.
minus, 339.

Palaeospinax, 321.
egoi’toni, 324.
prisciis, 322.

Peltodus, 34.

(?) jilicomphalus, 39.
quadratus, 39.
transvcrsus, 39.
)tiignironni8, 39.

Periplectrodus, 229.
ooniprcBBus, 229.
cxpan.sus, 220.
warrcni, 229.

Peripristis, 49.
semicimdaria, .54.

PKTALODONTlI).t!, 34.

Petalodopsis, Barkas,
.54.

Petalodopsis, Davis,
.50.

mirabiliB, 54.
tripartitus, 54.

Petalodus, 42.

licimiinatua, ‘12.
allcgliaiiicnBia, 4(5.
iipicidis, .50.
curtuB, 47.
davisii, 4(1.
dentatua, 51.
destructor, 40.
llabcllula, 45.
grandis, 45.
liaBtiiigsiffi, Jjl, 4S, dl.

liybriduB, 47.
incquilatcralia, 43.
knappi, 47.
hevis, 45,8.
laiviflsiimis, 44.
linooris, 4.5.
linguifer, 47.

(?j lubatiiB, 51.
inargiimlis, 468.
parvulus, 47, 48.
proxirnuB, 48.
psittaciuus, 40.
radicnns, .57.
rectus, 57.
rhombus, 42.
sagiltnt us, 40.

BciTntus, 52.

Petalorhynchus, 40.
(?) benniei, 04.
distortiis, ‘42.
indicuB, 42.
pseudusiigittatus, 42.
psittacimis, S7, 40.
psittacinus, var. minor,
41.

spatulntus, 42.

Htriatus, 42.

Petrodus, 245, 2G0.
acutus, 247.
barbolanus, 240.
coronatus, 247.
occidcntalis, 246.
patclliformis, 240.
pustuloBus, 247.
ryokolti, 247.
Bimiilicissimus, 247.

Phoebodus, 27.
inarismirsii, 27.

BOphiai, 27.
springcri, 27.

Phorcynis, (55.
catulina, 4,58.

Phricacanthus, 8.
bi.se rial is, 8.

Physodon, 4.35.

Finacodus, 91.
gclasimus, 98.
goiioplax, 92.
sesamini (MylacoduB),

93.

INDEX.

471

Platychodus, 149.
mortoni, 14S).

Platyodus, 191.
lineatus, 191.

Platyrhina, 459.
boleensis, 4.59.

PLEUnACA.VTIlID.E, 1.

Pleurae anthus, 2,

2J,1.

alatua, 9.

altemidentatus, 9.
arouatuK, 8.
biserialis, 9.
buhomieus, 0.
cyliiulricus, 8.
tleclieni, 3.
denticulatus, 9.
dilatiitiis, 9.
elegans, 9.
erectus, 5, 6.
frossardi, 9.
pacilliinus, 9.
boiTiduliis, 9.
loevis, 9.
lajvissimus, 5.
jilaiius, 5, (>.
poroaus, 10.
pulcliellua, 6.
quadriseriatua, 9.

robustiis, 7.
tenuis, 9.
tuberculatiis, 10.
wardi, 10.

Pleurodus, 170, 173. i
afllnis, 173.
rankiuei, 173.
woodi, 175.

Pleurogomphus, 95.

auriculatus, 95.

Pleuroplax, 170, 173.
attbeyi, 175.
rankinei, 173.
woodi, 175.

Plicodus, 348.
tbieleusis, 348.

Plintliicus, 459.
atenodon, 459.

Poecilodus, 170, 201,
SO'J, ill, 217.
alifortnis, 200.
angustus, 17.5, 193.
attheyi, 175.
carbonarius, 204.
cestnen.si.s, 205.
circinans, 200.
concha, 198.
convolutua, 20.5.
corrugatus, 202.

(?) elegans, 205.
foveolatus, 459.
gibbosus, 204.

Poecilodus (coU.).
grandis, 200.
joncsii, 196, 107, 202.
limbiitus, 198.
lingulatus, 205.
obliqims, 202.
omatas, 201, 217.
paradoxus, 205.
parallelus, 19(3.
rossicu.s, 201.
riigosus, 205, 217.
sancti-ludovioi, 205.

[ springeri, 205, 215.
sublajvis, 195, 196.
sulcatus, 205.
transversus, 202, 203.
varsoviensis, 205.
wortheni, 205, 215,
Polyrhizodus, 56.
ainplus, 59.
altcnuatus, 58.
oarbonariug, 59.
colei, 57.

concavus, St. John
Worthc7i, 59.
concarus, Tmutschold,
59.

constrictus, 57.
j deiitatus, 59.
elongatus, 58.
cxcavatus, 59.
inflexus, 59.
liltoni, 59.
lobatue, 59.
longua, (iO.
uiagnus, 57.
minimus, 60.
modestus, 60.
nanus, 60.
piasaenais, 60.
ponticulus, 60.
porosus, 60.
princeps, (iO.
pusillus, 227.
radieauB, 57.
siuuosus, 58.
truncatus, 60.
wilHaiusi, (JO.

Prionodon, 436.
aculeatua, 440.
aculus, 440.
angustidens, 441 .
autiquas, 441 .
armatus, 441.
baltringeiisia, 441.
deformis, 441.
desolgnei, 441.
dijki, 441.
egertoni, 439.
etrusoua, 441.
gibbus, 441.

: Prionodon (cont.).
liastalis, 441.
javanus, 441.
medius, 441.
modestus, 441.
orpiensi-s 441.
pedemontanus, 442.
similis, 442.
specio.sus, 442.
subglaucus, 442.

I Bublamia, 442.
tenuis, 442.
tumidus, 442.
lingulatus, 442.
urcianensis, 442.

Pristicladodus, 28.
concinnuB, 64.
dentatus, 28.
goughi, 29.
jerol'eyewi, 29.
springeri, 27.

PKi.sTin,E, 73.

PRI.STIOPHORin.E, 72.

Pristiophoras, 72.

Pristis, 73.
acutidens, 75.
agassizi, to.
amWodon, 458.
angustior, 7.5.
aquitanicus, 75.
attenuatus, 459.
bassani, 75.
bisuleatus, 73.
braohyodon, 459.
contortus, 74.
curvideus, 75.
dubius, 460.
ensidens, 75.
hastingsi®, 73.
lathami, 75.
parisiensis, 75.
pristinus, 75.

Pristiurus, 344.
has.sci, 344.

PRISTODONTID.E, 62.

Pristodus, 62.

(?) acuminatus, 53.
benniei, 64.
concinnus, 64.
falcatus, 6.3.

Propristis, 76.
schweinfurtlii, 76.

Protogaleus, 437.
cuvieri, 437.
minor, 446.

PsAMMODONTID.K, 91.

Psammodus, 99, 169.
angularis, 107.
angustissimus, 249,
angustus, 106, 107.
antiquus, 459.

472

INDEX.

Psammodus {coni.).
bretmionsis, 459.
calatiiH, 107.
caiialiculiitua, 100.
ooniutiis, 91.
crnssideiiH, 107.
expiin.su8, 105.
gl^vptua, 107.
grandis, 107.
inflexUB, 107.
loviaiuLS, lOS.
orbionlaris, lOS.
plomiB, 108.
poroBUB, 100, 107.

rctioidatus, 108.

(?) rliomboidpus, 188.
rugoaiiB, loo, 707.
Balopionsis, 105, 7<¥7.
seinicylindricu.", 188.
epccularis, 107.
springeri, 108.
trapcxiforiidi*, 105.
tumidus, 10.8.
turgidus, 108.

Fsephodus, 170, 176.
crenul.atus, 184.
duntatUB, 184.
dfipreflaus, 185.
dubius, 18.'1.
indiaiiR, 184.
liuvisHiiiiuB, 181.
latus, 18-1.
liinulatuB, 185.
magnus, 177, SS6.
niiiior, 184.
obliquus, 184.
placenta, 184.
regulariB, 184.

(?) rotioulaluH, 18.5.
saloiiionBU, 182, 183.
eitnjilox, 185.
Bynimctricua, 185.

Pternodus, Owe?i, 23.

Pternodus, Garman, 27.
prodiictiiB, 10.
Bpritigori, 27.

Ptychacanthus, 13i,
214.

faujasil, 124.
sublffiTiB, 245.

Ptychodus, 75, 132.
altior, i;«, 756.
concentricus, 459.
dociirrcnB, 132, 133,
138, W.
depresBiiH, 1.38.
janevaii, 151.
latisBimuB, 139, l,'/3,
147.

inaininillariB, 133.
niarginaliB, 459.

Ptychodus (ront.).
inortoni, 149.
muUiBtriatiia, 146.

“ na.Bocnt ” teeth of,
1.50.

oocidctitalis, 161.
oweni, 138.
piipillosus, 152.
paucisnlcatUB, 147.
polygyruB, 139, 143,
U8.

riigoBUB, 136.
Bchlotheiini, 147.
sidcatus, 459.
triaiigulari», 152.
trigeri, 136.
wliipplcyi, 152.
Ptychopleurus, 124.
I'aujaBii, 124.

Raja, 85.

agaBsizii, 88.

anliqiia, 87.
npplanata, 88.
batis, 89.
bicornuta, 88.
boruBsica, 88.
cavernosa, 88.
clavata, 87.
conioa, 88.
dux, 458.
evaouata, 88.
expanaa, 85.
gratidiB, 88.

(?) helvetica, 88.
lobata, 88.
mammillariB, 88.
ndnor, 85.
molaBBlca, 88.
nuiricata, 153.
ornata, 88.
pliilippi, 88.
priinarinata, 85.
pulohra, 88.
rliombidons, 88.
rugOBa, 88.

Bimilia, 86, and PI. IV.
spiralis, 89.
strangulata, 89.
Buboxyrhyncluis, 89.
torpedo, 90.

Baju).e, 84.
Rbamphodus, 226.

dispar, 226.

Rhina, 65.
Kuinobatida!, 77.
Rhinobatus, 77.
bugcsiacus, 78.
ex|)ansus, 85.
grandis, 80.
intermedius, 82.

Rhinobatus [cont.).
latus, 82.
maronita, 80.
martensii, 83.
morinieiis, 80.
obtusatus, 82.
prinuevus, 82.
teniurostris, 8 1 .

Rhinognathus, 351.
lewiKii, 351.

Rhinoptera, 125.
daviesii, 126.
dubiuB, 127.
etuileri, 127.
woodwardi, 127.

Rhombodus, 152.
binkhorsti, 1.52.

Rhymodus, 91.
oonvoxUB, 99.
oblongus, 96.
transversus, 97.

Sandalodus, 185.
anguslUB, 187.
carbonariuB, 188.
eomplanatUB, 189.
convoxuB, 190.
crassus, 190.
grandis, 188.
SeviBBimus, 188.
minor, 187.
tuorrisii, 185.
novo-mexicanus, 190.
parvulus, 190, 217.
robuatiia, 190.
BpatidatUB, 190.
tonerrimuB, 190.
vetuBtuB, 190.

Scaldia, 65.
biforis, 71.

Scapanorhynchus,

351, 3(10.
cIongatuB, 353.
gigns, 358.
lewiaii, 3,51.
rhapliiodon, 353.
subulutus, 356, 358.

Sclerorhynchus, 76.
ataviiB, 76.

ScoUodon, 435.
cocipnns, 436.
krauBsi, 437.
orpiensis, 436.
prisctiB, 380, 437.

Scyluiua!, 338.

Scylliodus, 340, 347.
antiqnua, 340, 347.
oraBsiconus, 343.
Inunboldti, 343.

Scyllium, 340.
acre, 342.

IXDEX.

473

Scylllum {cont.),
antiquum, 34U.
“catulus,” 339, 340.

343.

crassiconum, /443.
curtirostre, 342.
d’achiardii, ‘543.
distaaSf 343.
dubium, 341.
edwardsi, 343.
elongatiiin, 341.
guttatum, 343.
baucbeoornei, 343.
pauluceii, 343.
sahel-almie, 34t5.

(?) tumidens, 342.

Scymnus. 33.
acutus, 33.
majori, 33.
occidentalis, 458.
triangulus, 33.
trituratus, 33.

Selache, 429.
aurata, 430.
daviesi, 133, Ul. 151.
duponti, 430.
glauconitica, 430.
manzonii, 430.
maxima, 430.
vetusta, 430.

Selachidea, 250.
toruloai, 278.

Selachii, 30.

Serratodus, 49.
elegans, 53.

Sicarius, 42.
extinctus, 46.

Solenodus, 108.

crenulatu«, 108.

Spatliobatis, 77.
bugefliacus, 78.
mirabilia, 78.
morinicus, 80.

Sphenacanthus, 241.
aequifltriatus, 24*1.
costellatus, 242.
hybodoidea, 242.
minor, 244.
serrulatiifi, 242.

Sphenodus, 349.
imprcssus, 350.
longidens, f^78. 349.
rnacer, 349.
uitidus, 350.
planus, 351.
Babaudianus, 351.
salandianus. 351, 46<).
tithonius, 360.
virgai, 350.

Sphenonchus, 250,
H55, ^60, S79, 50t\

I Sphenonchus (cont.).
elongatua, 305.
hainatiiB, 301.
maptini, 255.
(Hvbodus) obtuaus,

;io6.

Sphyrna, 453.

, deiiticulata, 163, 455.

I dubia, 45.5.

Integra, 454.

Iseris, 454.
lata, 454.
inagna, 455.
pbiua, 4^5f 427.

I prisca, 453.

rameti. 453.
serrata, 453.
Bubserrata, 455.

SpiKACin.fi, 30.

Spinax, 33.
boiiapartei, 33.

I major, 337.

marginatus, 337.
prini5e?u8, 32.
rotundatus, 337.

Sporetodxis, 151.
janevaii, 151.

Squalus auriculatus, 411.

Squalus philiipsii, 349.
SqualuB carcbarias,”

437.

’ “ Squalus cornubicus,”

356. 393.

“ Squalus faeciatus,” 437.

“ Squalus galeus,” 424.

“ Squalus inustelus,” 393.

“ Squalus zjgiena,” 376.

Squatina, 65, 412-
acauthoderma, 65.
alata. 71.
alifera, 65.
baunibergensis, 68.
beyrichi, 72.
biforis, 71.
carinata. 71.
caudata, 71-
eranei, 70.
umssidens, 69.
d’anconai. 72.
fraaei, 72.
lobata, 72.
muelieri, 72.
muelleri, 72.
prima, 72.
speciosa, 67.

Bubserrata, ^55.

Sqi ati.sid.b, 65.

Stemmatodus, 245,

247.

bicristatus, 247.
bifurcatuB, 247.

Stemmatodus (cont.).
djeiriformis, 247.
compaotus, 247.
keokiik, 247.
simplex, 247.
symmetricus, 247.
Stenopterodus, fif,
217.

elongatua, 217.

parvulus, 100.

planus, 217.

Streblodtis, 209,
22S, 215, m,
colei, 210.

(?) colei, 211.
egertoni, 211.
oblongus, 209.
teuerrimuB, 190.
Strigilina, 34.
gurleiaua, 39.
linguffiformia, 38.
Strophodus, 307.
acrodiformis, *160.
angustissiinus, 249.
angustus, 248.
arcuatus, 248.
asper, 319.
beaugrandi, 320.
coraliinus, 320.
elytra, 249.
favosuB, 315, $16,
hamii, 320,
irregularis, 320.
lingualw, 319.
longidons, 320.
magnus, $12, 314.
mediiiB, 308.
nebrodeuBis, 320.
normaniamis, 320.
orbicularis (Psammo-
dus), 108.
oralis, 249.
personati, 320.
pulviuatus, 299.
piinctatus, 320.
radiuto • punctatus,
321.

radiatuA, .307.
ratisbonensis, 308.
reticulatuB, t'107.
rigauxi, 3L5.
rugosus, 299.
BubreticulatuB, 307.
BubstriatuB, 299.
sulcatus, 333.
tenuis. SIS, 317.
tridentinus, 321.
Tirgatus. 299.
Styracodus, 245.

acutus, 247.
Syneshodus, 325.

2l

474

IXDRX.

S3mechodus (amt.).
dubrisipiisis, 327.
recurvup, 329.
siilcutiiB, 3.'?IK
tetiiiis, 329,

Syrrhina, 78.

Taenicdus, 170, 19.').
contortUD. 2lHJ.
fuHi'iahm, 2lM).
oblimma, 21H.
rt-Knlaris, 184.

Taeniura, l.'>2.
knerii, l.bS.

Tanaodus, 34.

angiilaris (Chomalo-
(lu9), 48.
bcllieiiictiis, 39.
clej)i*PH9uH, 39.
graailliniiis (C'lioiiiato-
(lii»), 48.

grossii)licatuH, 39.
iiiultiplioiliia, 49.
obsfuruH (Cl)oinalu-
clua), 228.
j)olyniop|)liiis.39.
praniunliii.H, 39.
pumilua, 39.
sciilptua, .‘ill.
subliinalua, .39.

Tectospondyli .30.

Thaumas, G.').
alifer. 0.').
fiinbrialiia, 0.').
specioKiia, 07.

Thectodus, 279.
crcnatus, 282.
glabfp. 282.
inflat.119. 282.
trieuapidatiiji, 282.

Thoracodus, 39.
enivdinus, 39.

Thrinacodus, 2.
bicornis, 14.
duplicntus, 14.
incurviiK, 14.
naniiH, 14.

Thyellina, 340.
angii.ata, 340.
curl.in)atj'is. 342.
elongala, 341.
prisea, 322.

Tomodus, Truutmlwld,
191.

argut.iis, 229.
Tomodus, Agamz, tSl,
191.

convexiis, 191, 200.
craigi, 177, 702.
laciiiiatuH. 170, ltl~.

(?) Hmitaris, 192.
O’oHI'EniNID.K, 90.
Torpedo, 90.
cgertoni, 90.
gigantea, 90.
Triglochis, ,3(i0.
Trigonodus, A>«*. &
Wnrfh., 18a.
major. 189.
minor, 18.').

Trigonodus, WhMcr,
till.

mimil 119,343.

[)riimi8, 72.

Heciuiduw, 344.
tertius, 344.

“ Trilobiles bitiimiiiu-
Sus,”;ia.

Triodus, 2.

8C88il:6, 3,

Tristychius, 244.
arfimln.s, 24.7.
limbriatuB, 24.7.
minor, 244.
Tropidodus, 331.
Trygon, 1.72.
ensifcr, Ia3.
gazxobc, 1.73.
oblongns, 1.73.
piiBtimic()ide.9, 1.73.
tiirgionii, 1.72.
TliV(i(>.slI).E, 1;72.
Trygonobatus, 1.73.
rraKsirandatuo, 1.7.3.
vulgaris, 1.7,3.
Trygonorhina, 83.
dczigiiii, 83.

Urogymnus, 1 ,73.

zigni, 1.73.
Urolophus, 1.74.

(?) bmmieatua, 1,74.
imnceps, 1.74.

Vaticinodus, 18.7, 212.
(?) carbonari ns, 190.
discrcpans. 190.

(?) lepis, 191.

(?) similis, 191.
simplex, 191.
tcnerrimus. 190.
vctuslns, IHH, 190.

Venustodus, 218, 227.
ai-giiUiB, 228.

Icidyi, 228.
robiiHlns. 228.
ti-innicristatus, 228.
variabilis, 229.

Wodnika, 248.
(iltbausi, 248.
striatida, 248.

Xenacanthus, 2.
declieiii, 3.

Xenodolamia, 429.
pravus, 429.
smiplcx, 429.

Xiphodolamia, 157.

ensis, 108.

Xiphotrygon, 1.73.
aciiLidena, 1.74.

Xystrodus, Agassi:;,
192.

)ilatns, 19.7.
angustiis, 193.
bcllulus, 195.
cgertoni, 194.
imilalii!), 19.7.
inconditns, 195.

(?) occidcnOilis, 195.
parkeri, 195.
simplex, 1 95.
striatus, 193.
verns, 194.

Xystrodus, Plkninuer,
400.

linitinins, 400.

Zygaena, 4.7.3.

Zygobates, 125.
aenminafns, 124.
dubivis, 127.
rinia, 12.7.
njgosns, 12.7.
sintleri, 127.
woodwai'di. 127.

I’niXIEI) I)V TAVJ.OK AXJ) FKANCiS, KEI) J.ION COUKT, FLEET STKEET.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The specimens represented in the Plates are all preserved
in the Collectionj and bear the register-numbers placed
in square brackets. Unless otherwise stated^ the drawings
are of the natural size.

r

PLATE I.

Fig. Pago

1,2. Jmiassa imhricutii ('Sl'Coy) ; two tooth with incomplete
root, unterior and posterior aspects, and section. —

U. Carbfs. Linnst. ; Ticknall, Derbyshire. [P. 5339.] 38

3. JuMixsa elaimla (iI‘Coy) ; tooth, anterior and posterior
aspects, and section. — U. Carbfs. Lim.st. ; Boith, Ayr-
shire. [46036.J 38

4-7. I’etalndm acmninatus (Agassi/.) ; four teeth, anterior
and posterior aspects. — U. Carbfs. Limst. ; Ticknall,
Derbyshire. 1 P. 5342.] 43

8. Petalodus jlahcUnla, s]). nov. ; tooth, posterior aspect. —

Carbfs. Limst. ; Oreton, Salop. |P. 227 a.] 45

9. J’etalorhi/Hchus psittaci iiim (M‘Coy), var. minor; tooth,

anterior and posterior aspects, twice nat. si/o.' —

U. Carbfs. Limst. ; Ticknall, Derbyshire. | P.5340.] 41

10-12. C'tenoplycMus lohatus (Etheridge) ; throe teeth, anterior
and posterior aspects, twice nat. size. — Ibid.

[P. 5342-3.] 52

13. Pristudus heruiiei (Etheridge) ; supposed lower tooth,
anterior aspect and section, showing root. — Ibid.

[P. 5344 a.] 64

14, 15. Copodus spatulatus, Davis ; two teeth, upper aspect. —

Ibid.

[P. 5362.]

94

16,

1 7. Loidiodng gerrntus, Davis ;

two teeth, posterior and

anterior aspects. — Ibid.

[P. 5345.]

225

18,

19. Megolojdwdus problematicus,

gen. & sp. nov. : two

teeth, anterior and posterior aspects. — L. Carbfs. Limst. ;

Armagh.

| P. 2641.]

61

20.

Strehlodvs colei, Davis ; dental

plate, coronal aspect. —

U. Carbfs. Limst. : Ticknall, Derbyshire. [P. 5349.]

211

21.

Dcltoptiijchins f/ihherulng, Davis ;

“lower” dental plate.

coronal aspect. — Ibid.

| P. 5351.]

215

22.

Xygtrodug striiitng (M‘Coy); “ upper ” dental jdate, coronal

aspect. — Ibid.

[P. 5354.]

194

23,

24. Pmdlodug jonesii (JiDCoy) ;

“ lower ” dental plates.

coronal aspect. — Ibid.

|P. 5355.]

204

25.

Ditto ; portion of “ upper ” dental plate, coronal aspect. —

Ibid.

1 P. 5356.]

203

Pla,te 1.

3.M. FOSS. i'lSH'WS.

G ■ K ■ WooaweuroL oel et

CaTboTiifcyrcuo Selachian Teeth.

'Wert^N'ewman.S.Ooimp

1‘LATE II.

1. S(jiiaf{nn crasKvlenn, sp. nov. ; imperfect skeleton, about

one half nat. si/.o. — U. Senoniau ; ISaliel Alma, Mt.
Lebanon, br. Branchial arches. m. Mouth, ms.y).
Pectoral mesopteryginm. mu. Possilizod muscle, pet.
Pectoral hn. j>lv. Pelvic fin. pr.p. Pectoral proptery-
giiim. V. Vertebral column. [P. 4017.] 09

2. Ditto ; middle portion of trunk, five ninths nat. size.— Ibid.

r. Bibs. Other letters as above. | 49518.] 99

3. Ditto; basal cartilages of pectoral fin.— Ibid. ml.p. Meta-

pterygium. Other letters as above. [49547.J 70

4. Ditto ; tooth, upper and anterior aspects, seven times nat.

size.— Ibid. | p. 4017.J 09

5. Ditto ; three dernul tubercles, about fifteen times nat.

size.— Ibid. [48105.] 70

B M FOSS. FISHES.

Pi£L.te jl

pr.p.--

TlT^p--

ivz.p.--

K C.'Wbodwdrd drtl fltliUa.

Cretaceous Squatma.

A.

.S , •

If"

I’LATK 111.

Kig. Page

1. Sclerorhynchiis attaiuK, gen. ife si), iiov. ; portion of snout.

— U. Senonian ; ISahol Alma, Mt. Ijc'janon.

[P. 4776.] 70

2. llhinohatas maronita, I’ictct & Humbert ; iraperfoct skele-

ton, two thirds nat. size. — U. Senonian ; liakel, Mt.
Lebanon. 1 49512.J 81

3. Ditto ; portion of head. — Ibid. r. llostral cartilage, pr.jpa.

Propalatine cartilage, pit.pa. I’ostpulatine (antorbital)
cartilage. [49511.] 80

4. Ditto ; pelvic fin. — Ibid. [49554.] 80

5. 5 a. Myliohalis goninpleurus, Agassiz ; portion of lower

dentition, coronal aspect and section. — M. Eocene ;
llracklesham Bay, Sussex. [P. 5387.] 115

6. G a. Ehinoptera danksii, sp. nov. ; portion of dentition,

coronal aspect and section. — London Clay ; Isle of
Sheppey. [P. 1514.] 12G

B.Jtf. FOSS. FISHES.

VhLze in.

pr.pit^

pipou

Ji . C . W>odward, olol , et lith, .

■West^Newman. 8c 09 iinj!

Cretax:eoxL8 axiiL Eocene TlsctospoTidyli.c Selachii

/

t > .

V: V

I’L ATE IV.

Tig. Tage

1. liaja priiiiwmala, sp. iiov. ; portion ofdi.sk. — U. Senonian;

Hahol Alma, Mt. Lebanon, pet. Tcctoral tin. plv.
Tolvic tin. pr.r. I'reaxial ray of pelvic tin.

I P. 4015.] 80

2. Ditto ; portion of disk, two thirds nat. size. — Ibid. mx.p.

Tcctoral mosopterygium. pci. I’ectoral tin-rays.

Tectoral proptcryginm. [P, 4016.J 80

:i. Ditto ; dermal tubercle of no. P. 4015, upper and lateral

aspects, about four times nat. size. 80

4, 5. Otoliths of Artii.<i, from tho liarton Clay. Described
in the text ns dermal tubercles of a new species of
J2(ija {li. siinilin). These fossils have lately been
identified, and will shortly be described, by Mr. E. T.
Newton, to whom the writer is indebted for the correc-
tion of this unfortunate error. [28094. | 80

B.M. FOSS. FISHES.

Place IV.

£ . C.'Woo(iwar3,i3€il.«?t Jith..

Cretaceous 2c Eocene Rays.

"V/e Bi^NawmaiLS: C

PLATE V.

Fig. Page

1. Ptychodns rngosiis, Dixon ; dental crown, coronal and

lateral aspucts. — Chalk ; llochestor, Kent. [33249.] 137

2. Ditto ; tooth, coronal, lateral, and posterior aspects. —

Chalk ; Kent. [33250.] 137

3. Ditto ; upper median tooth, coronal aspect, associated with

the preceding. — Chalk; Kent. 1 33250.] 137

4-0. Ptychodus multistrialvs, sp. nov. ; lower median and
two lateral teeth, coronal a.spcct, the anterior margin
in figs. 4 and 0 inadvertently directed upwards. — Chalk;
Kent. [P. 2681.] 140

7. Ptychodus polygy run, Agiiasiz; lower median tooth, coronal

aspect. — Chalk ; near Maidstone. [47905.] 145

8. Ptychodns otveni, Dixon ; tooth (? lower median), coronal

aspect. — U. Chalk ; Kent. [39125.]

138

B.M FOSS. WISHES.

*3 "NC. Woodw eurcL dal- at Ulii.

Teetn of PtychodxLS.

PLATE Vr.

Kig. Tago

1. I’lmrncaitthHs derheiii ((ioldfuss), fixtrornity of dorsiil spine,
twice nat. size. — L. Purnuan ; Jtupperadorf, Uidiemia.

[35015.] -i

^-4. Diplodvs temtix, sp. nov. ; tliree tcelli, anterior, posterior,
and imperfect lateral a8])ccts, twice nat. size. — (toal-
Meas. ; Carluke, Lanarkshire. | P. 3026, 20695.] H
T), (i. Diplodm parvidus, Traqimir ; two teeth, anterior aspect,
twice nat. size, — M. C'arbfs. Linist. ; Horon^h Lee, near
Edinburfth. [P. 4495,] 1 2

7-t). Dicitidroilits hiciin/tulalnn ■, three teeth, d". 7 nat. size,

tigs. 8, !t twice nat. size.— Ibid. | P. 2295, P. 4496. | 2d
10, 11. Pkuropla.i: (dt/inii {\\'. ,J. liarkas) ; two dental |ihites,

eororifil a.spcct. — Coal-Mcas. ; Carluke. | 21423. j 1“^

12. I’xephmhm {'!)duhlm, sp. nov.; “ up|)or ” dental |)Iate,

coronal aspect. — Carbfs. Limst. ; Oreton, Shroiishire.

I P. 227 b.] 18d

13. Pseplindns diddm, sp. nov. ; “ lower ” dental plate, coronal

aspect. — Ibid. 1 P. 4209. | 183

13a. Ditto; “lower” dental plate, profile outline. — Ibid.

1 P. 227 d.] 183

1 4. PsqiJiodwtsaJopieunh, sp. nov.; “ upper ” dental plate, coronal

aspect. — Ibid. [42189. ] 182

15. Ditto; “lower” dental plate, coronal aspect. — Ibid.

[42230.] 182

10. Pseplmdua hevtsmmus (Agassiz); “upper” dental plate,
coronal aspect. — L. Limst. Shales ; Avon (Jorffe, near
Jlrustol. [P. 1434 a.] 181

1/. Psepliodm, sp. ; dental ]dato, coronal aspect. — L. Carbfs.

Limst. ; Hook Point, Wexford. 1 23712.] 184

18. Pxephudug, sp. ; dental plate, coronal aspect. — Carbfs.

Limst. ; Oreton. | P. 227 C.] 184

19. Deltodus (jilihus, sp. nov. ; “lower” dental plate, coronal

aspect.— L. Carbfs. I.imst. ; llristol. [20575 b.] 197

20. Ditto ; “ lower ” dental plate, untero-latcral aspect. — 1 bid.

I P.5859.] 197

21. Deltodas riiriosns, sp. nov. ; “ upper ” dental ]dato, coronal

aspect, twice nat. size.— C. Limst. ; Oreton. [ 42188,] 198

22. Ditto; “lower” dental plate, coronal aspect, twice nat.

size.— Ibid. [36193.] 198

2.1. P(f‘cdodiiH (lilihosiig, Davis ; “ lower ” dental plate, coronal
aspect. — L. Carbfs. Limst. ; Callooney, 8lig;o.

, , ^ . [P.2465.] 204

24. Coehuodus conlorlvs, Ap;assiz ; posterior dental idatc,
coronal aspect.— A'oredale Hocks ; Wensleydale, York-
sbire. ^ | p. 4904.] 207

2o. Strehlddug {‘!)cohi, Davis; dental plate, coronal aspect. —

_ I P. 4905.] 21 1

20. Cyrloiwdtis hornei, sp. nov. ; dental plate, coronal aspect.

—Ibid. [P.4908.] 217

27. Diplacodux Indboides, Davis ; dental plate, coronal aspect.

—Ibid. ^ I P.4913.] 210

28. “ Venuslodm,’' .sp. ; tooth, outew aspect. — L. Carbfs. Limst, ;

Armagh. | p. 2628 a.] 25.5

I

B.M.POSS.FISHES.

mce VI.

Qt.M-Wbodivaird,dal'ethlii.

We e t ^Kewni aiL& C ? imp

Palasozoic lclitl:5rotx3mi amd. Seladhii.

•v;

V /. ,

.,■«» •

' ,f

l'

X-

A

Am

;»i:; :*

PLATE VII.

Fig. I’uge

1 . ral(Ponpimx jiriaenx (Agassiz) ; hinder portion of aluloniiiial

region and nearly complete tail, lateral aspect, two
thirds nat. size. — L. Lias ; Lyme llegis, Dorset, a. Anal
tin. c. Caudal tin. d. Pelvic claspers, with spines.
d^. Second dorsal fin. [P. 1296.] 323

2. Ilyhodm meditiH, Agassiz ; head and anterior portion of

trunk, one fifth nat. size. — Ibid, hr. Branchial arches.
ch. Ceratohyal. dg'. Anterior dorsal tin-spine, hm.
llyomandibular. l.md. Left ramus of mandible. I.ptq.

Left ptorygo-(piadrate. na. Neural arcbes and spines.
not. Position of notochord, Pectoral arch. r. Bibs.
r.md. Bight ramus of mandible, r.jdq. Bight pterygo-
ipiadrate. [P. 340.] 261

B.M.POSS. PISHES,

Pla,te VII.

We 8t ^owmaii A C ? imp

i.ptq,- —

I/.7U^

r.rnd.

£ . C. Wx>dyr&r^<l*l. eiliiib..

PcQaeospinaLx anii Hypiod-us.

PLATE Vin.

Fig. Page

1. lli/hodus (lelaln-Jii, Cluirlesworth; head and anterior portion

of abdomen, superior and lateral aspects, one third nat.
size. — L. Lias ; Ljme llegis. r.s.', c.s.'^ First and
second pairs of cephalic spines, m. Mouth, with a few
teeth, orb. Orbit. Portion of ptorygo-iiuadrate.

t. Isolated tooth. 1 39880.] 25i)

2, .‘3. Ditto ; dermal tubercles from the top of the head in the

same specimen, three times nat. size. 260

4, 5. Ditto ; dermal tubercles upon the trunk, sliglitly behind

the head, in the same specimen, three times nat. size. 260

Plate Vni.

Q.M. Woodward, dUL etlitlv-

I

PLATE rX.

Fig. P"««

1 . Jhjhodus niedius, Agassiz : remains of tho iicad ami denti-

tion, left lateral as])ect, (wo thirds nat. size. L. Lias;
Lyme llegis. c.s. Cephalie spines, md. Left ramus of
mandible. Left i)terygo-quadratc, obscured by

shagreen, i.-viii. Successive dental series of the lower
jaw. [41103.]

2. Ditto; tooth with cleft summit, lateral aspect. — ll)id.

[36881.] 2()5

3. Ditto ; tooth dividtal near one extremity, lateral aspect. —

Ibid. ’ [P. 2794.] 200

B M.FOSS. FISHES

Plate IX

Fig. 3

Wfest NexiTTMui & Co.imp

Fig. 2

G.M.Woodiv'anS del et litli

I.iassic Bybodus.

■V. . ' :

/-

''^■m

PLATE X.

Fig. Pago

1-4. Hijhodus delabechei, Cliarlesworth ; four associated teeth,

outer aspect. — L. Lias ; Lyme llegis. [20570.] 201

5. Ditto ; four hinder series of teeth, coronal aspect: one of
each of three series also shown in side view («, h, c). —

Ibid. [P. 2791.] 201

0, 7. Hi/hodus ('?) raricosfatns, Agassiz ; tw'o associated teeth,

outer and inner aspects. — Ibid. |P. 2797.] 258

8, !). 11 ijhodusV}) c/ortci«as, Qiienstodt ; two associated anterior

teeth, inner and outer aspects. — Ibid. [39785.] 257

10-14. Ditto; five associated teeth, inner and outer aspects.

—Ibid. [2196.] 257

15. Ifi/hodus raricostatus, Agassiz ; two hinder series of teeth
and portions of a third, coronal aspect ; two teeth also
shown in side view (h, c). — Ibid. [P. 2796.] 258

10-18. Ihjhodns reticulatus, Agassiz ; three associated anterior

teeth, outer aspect. — Ibid. [40335.J 200

B.M. FOSS. FISHES,

Plate X.

G.yriVoodvrard,(U etjidi.

Liassio Hybodus.

PLATE XT.

Pig. Pngo

1. Ili/hndm poli/p)'io», Apjassiz : hinrlcr tooTL, outer aspect. —

Stonesfield Slate ; Stonesfield, Oxford. [39203.] 2G0

2. Ditto ; tooth, outer aspect. — Ibid. [11124.] 209

3. Ditto ; tootli, outer aspect. — Ibid. | P. 2845.] 20T)

4. Ihjhodus r/rnssiconiis, AgiiHHi'/,; tooth, outer aspect. — Il)id.

[28590 a. 1 271

5. Hi/ltodtis levin, sp. nov. ; tooth, outer aspect, twice nat.

size. — ll)id. 1 33474.] 270

0. Ditto ; tooth, inner aspect, twice nat. size. — Ii)id.

|P. 2182d.] 270

7. Ditto ; tooth, outer aspect, twice nat. size. — Ilnd.

[P. 2845 c.] 270

8. Ilyhodvn ohi.unan, Agassiz ; tooth, outer aspect. — Kimme-

ridge Clay ; near Weymouth. 1 41223.] 273

9. TO. Ditto ; two teetli ; outer aspect. — Dnd. [41875.] 273

11. Ditto ; tooth, inner aspect. — Ibid. [43569. | 273

12, 13. Ditto ; two teeth, outer and inner aspects. — Ibid.

[45927.] 273

14. Hifhodm (cf. strialuhis, Agassiz) ; tooth, outer aspect. —

Wcaldon ; Tilgate Forest, Sussex. [25026.] 270

15. Ditto ; tooth, outer aspect. — Ibid. | 2693.] 270

10. sp. ; tooth, outer aspect. — llhd. [28420 a.] 277

17. Sipiechodun dHhrisu!nsis('ShicY\e); anterior (? upper) tooth,

outer aspect, three times nat. size. — Challc ; Ivont.

141675.1 328

18, 19. Ditto ; two associated teeth, outer aspect, tlireo times

nat. size. — L. Clialk ; Dover. [47287 ] 328

20. Ditto ; hinder tooth, outer aspect, tliree times uat. size.—

Chalk; Ivent. 1 41675. i 328

21. Synechodas tenuin, sp. nov.; anterior tooth, outer aspect,

three times nat. size. — L. Gretmsand ; Maidstone.

[9297.]' 329

22. 23. SynechnduK reeurvnx (Trautsehold) ; two teeth, outer

aspect. — Gault ; Folkestone. [47220 a. b.] 330

24, 25. (Jentradon ennaUadatns, Egerton ; two associated ante-
rior teeth, outer and inner asi)ects, three times nat.
size. — U. Chalk ; Guildford. [49735.] 334

20, 2<. Ditto; associated lateral teeth of the same specimen,

coronal aspect, twice nat. size. [49735.] 334

28. Centrndm, sp. ; lateral tooth, coronal aspect,— Gault ;

Folkestone. [47293 a. | 330

29. Cenlntdon riiynniin (Agassiz) ; lateral tooth, coronal aspect.

—Chalk ; Lewes. [4166.] 335

B.M POSS.FISHES.

Piaxo^I.

G JC 'Wbodsvnrd.dflLet }idi

¥esozoic Cestraoiontiiias,

'WM'' 'Hev’/oum&.C^inp.

PLATE XII. X

Fig. Pngi'

1. JTyhodus hamnus, Egerton ; head, loft lateral aspect, ono

half nat. size. — Wcaldcii ; Povensey Bay, Sussex, md.

Left ramus of mandible, ptq. Left pterygo-quadrato.

I P. 2082.] 274

2. Ditto ; portion of inferior as[)ect of head, one half nat. size.

— Ibid, hhy, Basihyal. chy. Ceratohyal. md. Inferior
margin of mandible. [P. 2082 a. J 274

B. Ditto ; branchial arches of left side, inferior aspect, ono
half nat. size. — Ibid. hr.'-hr.^ Series of branchial

arches. | P. 2082.] 274

4, a, h. Ditto ; four upper and four lower teeth, anterior aspect,
restored from various s])ecimens, the larger examples
b(!ing the more anterior. 273

.*5. Ditto ; imperfect dorsal fin-spine, lateral aspect. — Wealden ;

Hastings. [P. 2833.J 275

0. SynecliodiisdidAsknsis vertebra;. — Chalk; Kent.

[49032.] 328

7. Synecliodus, tooth, anterior aspect. — U. Chalk; Nor-

' wich. [48954.] 330

B.M.POSS.FISHES.

Plate XII.

"We ftb^ewmazL ^ C? irup .

Git.Woodwajri <laL etlilii.

WealjaLeii ajrui OretsiceouLS IfyTjodae.

rLATE XII 1.

Fig. I’ligo

1 , 2. Aa odim keiijicrinus (JInrchisoii & Stvickhiiid) ; two toctli,
outer ami inner asjiccts, twice nat. size. — Koujier ; I’cn-
(lock, Worccstersliire. [P. 2764.]

15. Acrodug nuhilig, Agassiz ; dentition, coronal aspect. — L.

Lias; Lyme Kogis. o. Jlcdian scries of teeth, i.-v.
Successive lateral series, a. Misplaced tooth.

[P. 2736.]

4. Ditto ; grouj) of naturally arranged teeth, series ii.-vi.,

coronal aspect. — Ibid. | P.2142.] 1185

5. Acrodiis hiodus, A. S. Woodward ; anterior tooth, coronal

aspect, twice nat. size. — (Jt. Oolite ; ilinchinhainpton,
(lloucestcrshiro. [P. 5874.J 295

(!. Ditto; lateral tooth, outer aspect, twice nat. size. —

Ibid. [P. 5873.]

7, Ditto; lateral tooth, coronal aspect, three times nut. size.

— Stoncstield Slate ; Stone.sticld. [P.2753.] 295.

8, 8(1. Acrodus leioi>Ienrm, Agassiz ; tooth, inner andcsoronal

aspects, twice nat. size. — Gt. Oolite ; Minohinhanipton.

[P. 5875.]

9, 9 a. Acrodus Jiirudo, Aga.ssiz ; lateral tooth, inner and

coronal aspects, twice nat. size. — Wealden ; Telham,
Sussex. [P. 4994.] 290

10. Acrodus ornatns, .sp. nov. ; tooth, coronal aspect, three

times nat. size. — Wealden ; llrixton, I. of Wight.

[P. 5275.] 290

11, 12. CeslrucioH sidntlus, s]t. nov. ; two teeth, coronal aspect.

— U. Greensand ; Maidstone. [25858.] 384

i

B.M.FOSS. FISHKS.

PLATE HIL

West, "Newman 5iCo.wnp.

G M.Woodwarcl d^.et lith.

Mesozoic Cestraci oritidae

PLATE XIV.

Pig. l’«g«

1. Aerodus nohilis, .^wassiz ; naturally arranged teeth of aeries

i.-iv., inner and coronal aspect. — L. Lias ; Lyme Regia.

[P. 2737.] 285

2. Ditto ; naturally arranged tooth of series v.-viii., inner

and coronal aspect. — Ibid. | P. 2739.] 285

3. Ditto ; naturally arranged teeth of series v.-vii., coronal

aspect.— Ibid. [P. 2740.| 28«

4. Aerodus anningicr, Agassiz ; naturally arranged teeth of

series ri.-vi., coronal aspect. — Ibid. fP. 2732.] 292

5. Aerodus levis, A. S. Woodward ; anterior tooth, coronal

aspect, twice nat. size. — Gault; Folkestone.

|P. 11.] 297

6. Ditto ; tooth, outer aspect, twice nat. size. — Ibid.

IP. 11.] 297

7. Ditto ; tooth, coronal aspect, twice nat. size. — Ibid.

[47293.] 297

8. Aerodus nhidus, A. S. Woodward ; tooth, coronal aspect,

three times nat. size. — U. Cretaceous ; Bahia, Brazil.

[P. 5536.]

297

B.M.POSS. FISHES

PLATE XIV

G.MWoodwai’d del.etlith.

Mesozoic Acrodus

Wisst,tfewman.^cCo.imp.

I’LATE XV.

Kig.

1. Acrodus amiingia’, Agassiz ; naturally arranged dentition
of uj)per jaw, series i.-vii., inner aspect. — L. Lias ;

I.ymc llcgis. [P. 2146.] 21*1

2,3. Strojdiodus Agassiz ; two anterior teeth, coronal

aspect. — (?) Forest Marble ; Atford, near Lath.

[P. 5884 a, h.] 318

4, 5. Stroj)hodus ma(/ru(s, Af'osmz •, two anterior teeth, coronal
aspect. — I’orost Marble ; Stanton, Wiltshire.

[28440.] 31(5

(5. Ditto ; tooth of series in., coronal aspect. — Forest Marble ;

Atford. [P. 2659 a.] 317

7. Ditto ; tooth of scries iv., coronal aspect. — Ibid.

[P. 2659 b.] 317

8. Ditto ; series of three posterior teeth, coronal aspect. —

Stoncsfield Slate ; Stonesfield. [P. 5882.J 31(5

9. StropJiodus lingualis, sp. nov. ; tooth, coronal aspect. — Ibid.

[11158.] 319

10, 11. Ditto ; two teeth, outer and coronal aspects. — Ibid.

[28600.] 319

12. Ditto; tooth, coronal aspect. — ForostMarble; Malmesbury,

Wiltshire. [32356.] 319

13. Stropliodus, sir. ; tooth, coronal aspect. — Forest Marble ;

Stanton. [P. 5886.] 319

14. Strophodus reticulatiis, Agassiz (i. e. teeth of Asteracnnfhus

oriiatissimus) ; two teeth of series iv., coronal aspect. —
Oxford Clay ; Fletton, near Peterborough.

[47440.] 312

B.M FOSS, FISHES. 1 Plate X\ .

G NTWoodwa-rd del etlith.

^ - r - -

'A ■ -

'"d

t/'- ,

fe.^

C>.'

?iir; *

• V' ■• ;

V

ii

■t

PLATE XVI.

Fig.

1. Me.si.teia sahel-nlmee (Piclofc & Humbert) ; inferior and partly

lateral aspect of fish. — Sononian ; Sahel Alma, Mt.
lajhanon. d‘, d‘. Dorsal fins. /. Eontanello in cranial
roof. m. Mouth, p.ph. Prepubic process of pelvic arch.
pet. Pectoral arch and fins. plv. Pelvic arch and fins.

[P. 4778, 48107.]

2. Ditto ; tooth, outer aspect, twelve times nat. size. — Ibid.

[46506.]

:L Ditto; portion of trunk, four times nnt. size. — Ibid.
1.1. Calcified dermal rings of lateral lino. r. Kibs.
V. Vertebne. [48107.]

4. Palcfoseyllinm minus, sp. nov. ; lateral aspect of fish, two

thirds nat. size. — L. Kimincridgian ; Eichstiidt, Bavaria.

fP. 5541.]

5. Scyllium elonyatum (Davis) ; portion of the upper and lower

dentition, outer aspect, four times nat. size. — Senonian ;
Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. [49521.]

6. Scyllium (?) tumidens, sp. nov. ; tooth, outer aspect, six

times nat. size. — Ibid. [ P. 4777.]

7. 8. Scyllium duhlum, sp. nov. ; two associated teeth, inner

and outer aspects, eight times nat. size. — L. Chalk,
Dover. [47288.]

9. Ginglymosfoma serra (Lcidy) ; tooth, outer aspect. —
Eocene; Clarke’s Co., Alabama. [P. 1216.]

Pago

B45

:146

345

339

341

342

341

348

GM-WbOdvrard del etlitli. VfestJ{ev,iii«3.&,Co.imp.

Scylludse.

PLATE XVII.

P‘g Page

1. Scapanorhi/nchun lewisii (Davia) ; abdominal and caudal

roRions, lateral aapcct, two thirds nat. size. — Senonian ;
Sahel Alma, Mt. Lobanon. an. Anal flu. c. Caudal
fin. dP. Posterior dorsal fin. pet. Pectoral fin. plv.
Pelvic fin. [P. 4020.] 352

2. Ditto ; head and branchial region, inferior aspect, two

thirds nat. size. — Ibid. [49474.] 352

3. Ditto ; crown of anterior tooth, lateral aspect, three times

nat. size. — Ibid. [49551.] 362

4. 5. Ditto ; two anterior teeth, inner and outer aspects, three

times nat. size. — Ibid. [49473.] 351

6. Ditto : lateral tooth, outer aspect, four times nat. size. —

[48099.] 351

7. Ditto ; posterior tooth, outer aspect, four times nat. size.

ibid. [49475.] 352

8. Ucapanorhyiu-hus elunpatus, sp. nov. ; head and anterior

portion of trunk, inferior aspect, two thirds nat. size. —
ibid. [P. 4774.] y53

9-2 1 . O-i yrhina ■numtelli, Agassiz ; associated series of thirteen
teeth, outer and inner aspects.— Chalk ; Gia^s, Essex.

[32347, 39434.] 378

B.M.FOSS, FISHES.

Plate XVII.

We s t Ne w t n fi,Ti (5c. Co -

G.M.Woodwa,rd del.etKth

CT*eta.ceo|is Lamnid^.