;3 CATALOGUE BIRDS BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME vrii. LONDON: PliENTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1883. CATALOGUE PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS, >^vSH MUc COLLECTION \'7-„ ■' ^,1 OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. CICHLOMORPH^: Part Y CONTAINING THE FAMILIES PAMD^E AND LANIID^ (Titmice and Shrikes), AND CERTHIOMORPH^ (Cheepers and Nuthatches). HANS GADOW, Ph.D. LONDON: PRINTP^-D BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1883. I'RINTED BY T AV L 0 R AND FRANCIS, i,pi> 1. 1. IX ronnT. Fr.EF.T STKV.ET PREFACE. The Eighth Volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British iluseum ' contains an account of all the species of Titmice, Shrikes, Creepers, and Nuthatches known at present. It was prepared by Dr. H, Gadow, who has also completed the manuscript of the succeeding volume, which will contain the Cinnyrimorphse and is already in the press. The total number of species described amounts to 4(t2, of which no less than 337 are in the British iluseum ; they are represented by 2944 examples. Of the principal donors I have to mention H. I. and R. Highness the Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, B. H. Hodgson, Esq., F. D. (jodman, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill, W. E. and C. G. Gates, Esqrs., H. Seebohm, Esq., Lord Walsingham, Capt. Shelley, and Lieut.-Col. Irby. In consequence of the author's departure from London, it was found necessary to intrust the correction of the proof-sheets, and especially the revision of the lists of specimens, to the experience of Mr, Sharpe ; but all corrections were submitted to the author for his approval before the sheets were sent to press. ALBERT GiJNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zoologij. British Museum, June 28, 1883. INTRODUCTION. The sj-stematic arrangement followed in the present volume is, in part only, my own. I had to accommodate my views to those held and expressed by the authors of the previous volumes, notably in vol. iv. p. 6, where the limits of the last two families of the Cichlo- morphse, Paridte and Laniidae, were defined, and in vol. v., where the limits of the family Turdidffi^'were so much contracted that, in order to render a Catalogue of Cichlomorphous genera complete, I had to admit into the families which fell to mj' share genera which, in my opinion, ought to have been placed elsewhere. It is easy to form a satisfactory diagnosis of so-called typical families if we confine ourselves to such forms as we consider taxo- nomic centres ; but if we have to include the more peripheral forms, which are frequently highly specialized, as well as the more generalized forms, where the various groups inosculate with and overlap each other, the task of defining the families becomes ex- tremely difficult, as was already experienced by the author of the fourth volume (p. 6). The combination of the Parince with the Regulince seems to me artificial, and the latter probably had better have been treated in vol. vi. Moreover, Regulus and Leptopcecile being apparently closely allied to each other, I found it impossible to give a diagnosis of the family Paridoe. A discussion of the probable relationship between the Paridce and Sittince had become unnecessary through the establishment of the group Certhiomorpha? (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 3). Regarding the Laniidae I beg to refer to pp. 88 and 89. Vlll INTRODUCTION. The intrinsic arrangement of the families contained in this volume is my own ; and 1 have tried to justify it by the diagnoses of the subfamilies and genera. Besides other characters hitherto not ap- plied to diagnostic descriptions, the pattern of colour has frequently been resorted to as a most important taxonomic feature, although •' not the only character which indicates near relationship.'' One single character, no matter whether " structural " or not, as generally used in 'Keys,' hardly ever determines the limit of a family; but a greater number, the coincidence of several characters, although perhaps unimportant by themselves, will suffice for this purpose. Eegarding the vexed question of species, I have frequently made use of the designations subspecies and races; but as their synonj-my and designations have generally been kept distinct, they can easily be restored to specific rank, whenever this be thought necessary, the whole question being thus left as a mere matter of personal opinion. Besides, it must be borne in mind that the species of the various genera are not equivalent. I wish to tender my thanks to the following gentlemen, who by the loan of specimens, or kindly permitting access to their collections, have considerably facilitated the completion of this volume : — H. E. Dresser, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Captain "Wardlaw Eamsay, Dr. Scully, Captain Shelley, H. Schalow, Dr. Reichenow, and Professor Cabanis. Mr. Sclater put his rich collection of VireonincB at my disposal, and permitted me to make the fullest possible use of his descriptions and " Keys " to this difficult group. Mr. Seebohm not only gave me access to his large series of birds, but also thoroughly worked out and revised with me several times the Grey Shrikes, the Nuthatches, and many of the Titmice. Finally, I beg Mr. E. B. Sharpe to accept my thanks for his many acts of courtesy, not only in guiding me at the beginning of my work, but also in lending me throughout his assistance in many difficulties, which, without his aid, would have caused me much additional labour. H. GADOW. Cambridge, June 1883. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Order PASSERIFORMES. Suborder PASSERES. I. ACROMTODI. a. Passeres normales. Section TUEDIFOEMES. Group II. C1CHLO51ORPH.1;. Fam. P A R I D iE. Subfam. PAEiNiE. Page 1. Parus, Linn 3 1. sultaueus, Hodgs 6 2. niger, Bonn. >.y Vieill 7 3. fimereiis, J'crr 9 4. albiveuter, Shelley 10 5. leuconotus, Gucr 10 6. cvauiis, rail 10 7. flavipectus, Severtz 11 8. pleskii, Ci;. 15. Falciinculus, lleill 172 1. fi-ontatius, Lath 173 2. leucogaster, Gould .... 174 16. Oreoica, Gould 174 1. cristata, Lewin 174 17. Eopsaltria, Swains 175 1. australi.s, Lath 176 2. geoi'giaua, Qmo!/^- GfliW!. 178 3. flavigaster, Ve'rr 179 4. cucullata, Grai/ 179 /). caledouica, 6-'»i 180 (j. pulvenileuta, Up 180 7. gularis, Quoy c^ Gaim. . 181 18. Fachyce^haleijVi f/.. glauciira, Gould 194 7. clilornra, Gray 194 8. scblegeli, Rosenh 195 9. fulvotincta, Wall 196 10. soror, Sclaf 196 11. innominata, Ramsay . , 197 12. coUaris, Ramsay 197 13. calliope, Bonap". 198 14. littayei, Layard 198 15. morariensis, Verr.^- Des Mars 199 16. iistvohhi,IIombr.4-Jacq. 200 1 7. torquata, Lai/ard 201 18. graellei, Harfl 202 19. iacquinoti, Bonap 203 20. "icteroides, Pvale 204 21. falcata, Gould 205 22. pallida, Ramsay 206 23. xantberythrsea, Forster , 207 24. riifiventris, Lath 208 25. rufogularis, Gould .... 209 26. gilbeiti, Gould 210 27. xantboprocta, Gould . . 211 28. rufinucba, Sckd 211 29. olivacea, Tic/. ^ Horsf. . 212 30. albispecularis, Salvad.. . 212 31. hyperytbra, Salvad 213 32. orpbeiis, Jard 213 33. pbteonotus, Muller .... 214 34. griseiceps, Gray 215 35. ciuerascens, Salvad 216 36. griseonota, Gray 2] 7 37. rufipennis, Gray 218 38. dubia, Ramsay 219 39. simplex, Gould 219 40. grisola, Blyth 220 41. biunneicauda, Salvad. . . 220 42. pbilippiuensis, Walden. . 221 43. sulfuriveuter, Walden . . 221 44. monacba, Gray 222 44 a. arctitorquis, Sclater . . 368 45. leucogaster, Salvad. .... 222 46. leucostigma, Salvad. . . 223 47. lauioides, Gould 224 48. cyauea, Hume 224 49. battameiisi.?, Meyer .... 225 50. poliosoma, Sharpe .... 226 51. fortis, Gadow 369 19. Pacbycare, Goidd 226 1 . flavogrisea, Meyer .... 227 Subfain. L.^niin^t.. 20. Urolestes, Cah 228 1. melanoleucus, Jard 229 21. Lauiellus, Swains 2.30 1. leiicogrammicus, Stcaim. 230 22. Coi-vinella, Less 231 1. coi'vina, Shaw 231 23. Lanius 232 1. minor, Gm 235 2. excubitor, L 237 3. major, Fall 2.39 4. borealis, VieiU. 240 5. mollis, Eversm 241 6. bomeyeri, Cah 242 7. leucopteriis, Severtz 242 8. .'spbenocercus, Cah 242 9. seebobmi, Gadoiv 243 10. robustus, ^enVri 243 11. algerien.^is, Less 244 12. uncinatiis, Sclaf 245 13. luuoviciainis, Linn 245 14. meridionalis, lemm. . . 246 SYSTIOIATIC IXDKX. 24. V 1. '2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page fallax, Fimch l^47 assimilis, Brehm 249 honuliMicuriis, Finsch (5(- Jlaril 299 griiuini, Bof/danow .... 250 dealbatus, (k Filippi . . 250 eletrans, >Swtiins 251 lalitora, Si/kcs 252 excubitorius, Des Murs. 253 souziE, Boc 254 caudatus, Cab 254 antinorii, Salvatl 255 collaris, L 255 a. smitbii, Fraser .... 258 subcoronatus, Smith . . 260 tephronotus, Viijurs. . . . 261 scbacb, L 261 fuscatus, Less 263 ei'ytbronotus, Vigors . . 263 a. caniceps, Bhit]i .... 265 beutet, Hursf.' 266 uigriceps, FrankI 268 cephalomelas, Bonap. . . 269 bucephalus, Temm. ^• Schleg 270 cristatus, L 271 superciliosus, Lath 273 lucionensis, L 274 isabelliniLS, Ehrenh 277 a. phceuicuroides,&t'e;"offfye 330 3. Tichodroma, /// 331 1 . muraria, L 331 4. Climacteris, Temm 333 1. melanura, Gould 334 2.- melanonotus, Gould. . . . 334 3. placens, Sdnt 335 4. nifa, Gould 335 5. leucopbsea, Latham .... 330 6. scandeu.?, Tcnnn 337 7. erythrops, Gould 338 8. pyrrlioiiotus, Gould .... 339 9. mystacali.s, Temm 339 Subfam. Sittin.e. 5. Sitta, Linn 341 1. europsea, Linn 342 a. naoraen.'sis, Godwin- Austen :T44 2. aniureiisis, Su-inli 3^5 3. magna, liamsay 34o 4. neumayeri, Michah 345 5. s\Tiaca, Elirenh 34G 6. cassia, Wolf 347 7. himalayeusis, Jard. ^■ SAlnj 349 8. nenflecta, Walden 349 9. kriieperi, von Pelzeln . . 350 10. cajtaueoventris, Frank- lin 351 11. cinnamoiueoventris, 2?/. . 351 12. leucopsis, Gould 352 13. carolinensis, Tf7/.>t 353 14. canadensis, Bris!< 354 a. viUosa, Verr 355 15. pygmsea, Viy 355 16. pusilla, Lath 356 17. azurea, Less 357 18. formosa, Bh/th 357 19. frontalis, Uor-rf. 358 20. ojnochlamys, Sharpc . . 359 6. Sittella, Swains 360 1. chrysopteia, Lath 360 2. leucocepbala, Gould. . . . 301 3. albata, Ramsay 362 4. pileata, Gould 362 a. tenuirostris, Gould . . 363 5. leiicoptera, Gould 363 6. stidata, Gould 364 7. papuensis, Schl 365 7. Hypo itta, A. Xewton. . . . 365 1. cor.illii'O.stil*. .1. ycw!on 366 ' ^'^'>,s^ CATALOGUE OF BIRDS. Order II. PASSERIFORMES (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1). Suborder I. PASSERES (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 6). Group II. CICHLOMORPH^ (Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 6). Family PARID.E. Si/no^ms of Subfamilies. A. Bill without a notch ; tarsus less than twice the length of the halhix without nail .... PARIX.J!^, p. 1. B. Bill slightl}^ notched ; tar.sus more than twice and a half the length of the hallux without nail REGULIN.E, p. 79. Subfamily PARING. Bill shorter than the rest of the head, generally conical, and without a notch ; no.strils lateral or basal ; wings rounded, their tip generally formed by the 3rd to 5th primaries ; first primary always present, although short; tail varying in length and shape; toes and tarsi comparatively short, the latter being less than double the length of the hallux without nail; outer toes coalesced at the base VOL. VIII. B 2 PAKTD.IS. onl)-. Plumage soft, •vcoolly and lax. The principal colours of the plumage are -white, black, yellow, and blue ; red and green (except olive-yellow) do not occur. Spots on the back and -wings are often met with, but transverse bands are never found on any part of the plumage. The sides of the head are frequently coloured differently from the rest of the head ; the feathers of the crown are often pro- longed into a crest. Sexes generally alike in plumage. The Parince are small, non-migratory, mostly insectivorous birds, inhabiting the whole world, with the exception of the Neotropical Eegion and the Pacific islands. They comprise 7 genera with about 80 species. Key to the Genera. A. Parin.k typics. Nostrils mostly round and entirely devoid of any coriaceous opercidum ; always hidden by little feathers and bristles. Tongue obtuse, and beset at the tip with horny bristles. a. Culmen curved ; first primary long. a'. Tail rounded or square ; with many scales in front of the tarsus; often ■with a crest 1. Parus, p. 3. h'. Tail rather long and graduated; tarsus covered anteriorly with one scutum, or with the scales almost fused into ,„ Psjatt-rta* n 5S one ; no crest j g' Acredula p 54* h. Culuien straight ; bill very much pointed ; ' ' ' > P- • tail short, square, or emarginated ; tarsus anteriorly covered with many scales ; no crest 4. ^githalus, p. 66. B. Paring AfsxHALES. Nostrils in a groove, longitudinal, operculated ; not covered by feathers, but quite free and exposed. Tongue without bristles (?). Confined to the Australian Region. [c. First primary wanting ; second primary very long Oreocharis t.] d. First primary well developed. c'. Bill higher than broad ; tail square ; no crest ; secondaries equal to four fifths of the wing; nostrils partly covered 5. Xerophila, p. 73. d'. Bill not higher than broad ; nostrils exposed. a" . With a crest ; secondaries equal to sixth or seventh primary 6. Sphexostoma, p. 74. h". Without a crest ; secondaries equal to fourth or fifth, or third or fourth primaries 7. Certhiparus, p. 75. * PsaHria is intermediate between Acredula and Partis. Tail graduated ; tarsi anteriorly covered with scales ; no crest ; fl^-st primarj- longer than half the second primary. + Oreocharis, although referred to in this key, will be included in the account of the McUph'igirxB (Car. B. vol. ix.). i 1. PARUS. i I. Panurin.e. Nostrils ovate, with a large operculum, the nasal opening situated pos- teriorly; hidden by small plumes. Tongue horny, obtuse, divided at the end, ter- minating in a few horny bristles. One genus Panurus *, p. 77. 1. PARUS. Type. Parus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 341 (1766) P. major. Lophophanes, Kaup, Nat'drl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) P. cristatus. Cyanistes, id. op. cit. p. 99 P. cyaneus. Poecile, id. op. cit. ^^.Wi P. ater. Melanochlora, Lesson, Rev. Zool. p. 42 (1839) P. sultaneus. Crataionyx, Ei/ton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104 P. sultaneus. Ptilobaphus, Reichenh. Nat. Sijst. pi. Ixii. (1 850) P. sultaneus. Penthestes, Reichenb. I. c P. niger. Machlolophus, Cah. Mas. Hein. i. p. 91 (1850) P. spilonotus. Baeolophus, id. I. cit. (note) P. bicolor. Pentheres, id. op. cit. p. 92 P. niger. Melaniparus (!), Bp. Cmsp. Av. i. p. 228 (1850) P. sultaneus. Poekilis, Blasius, Lid of B. of Eur. p. 8 (1862) P. ater. Head of Parus major, with bill to show nostrils (exposed). Bill short, subulate, more or less conical, blunt at the tip, hardly notched, or without any notch at all ; nostrils always round and small, hidden, like the base of the bill, by recumbent little feathers of the forehead, never operculated, the margins being ossified ; first primary well developed, but less than half the next one in length ; tip of wing formed by 3rd to 5th primaries ; tail varying in length and shape ; tarsus comparatively short, less than double the length of the hallux, anteriorly covered with many transverse scales, which in some species, in old birds, tend to fuse into one another ; many species have a feather- crest. Plumage often beautifully coloured, the principal colours being black, yellow, and blue, whilst green and red are excluded ; back and wings frequently spotted, but streaks and cross markings do not occur. Most of the North - American species are plain and dull in colour ; African Tits prin- cipally black. Eanije. About 46 species in the Indian, Ethiopian, Palasarctic, and Nearctic Regions. * Panurus does not belong to the ParidcB, but perhaps to the Frbigillidcp. Tl\e nostrils are nearer to the culmen than to the edge of the maxilla, the culmen curved, and the first primary very short. b2 Key to the Species. A. Ouly colours black and yellow; high crest. (Melanociiloha.) mltaneiis, p. 6. B. General colour black ; no crest. (/. All the upper parts uniform black. a'. Ih-east and abdomen blackish. «". i'rimaries and wing-coverts edged with white ni 1 xi 1- n 1 *i . 1 6o/v«/!'s, p. 54. [52. h' '. Only the chin bkck; "PF^ throat K.^^^^^^^J^^i;^^^^^. L mottled or edged black and white . . /,,gf^.;g „ 49 ^ p". Throat without any blackish patch ; ^ . crown of head blackish brown hraiidfi, p. 53. 1. Parus sultaneus. Parus sultaneus, Hodgs. Ind. Sev. p. 31 (1831); id. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. p. 83 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192 ; id. Cat. 3Iamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 72; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 943; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Miis. i. p. 369. Parus flavocristatus, Lafresn. Mag. Zool. 1837, pi. 80 ; Horsf. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162 ; Blyt/i, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 184, xii. p. 955 ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 100 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 102 ; id. in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. sx. pi. 15. Melanochlora sumatrana, Less. Rev. Zool. p. 42 (1839) ; Sundev. Av. Mctli. Tent. p. 20. Crataionyx flava, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104. Crataionvx ater, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104. Melanochlora sultanea, Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 282 (1863) ; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 551 ; Hume Sf Davison, f>t. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 378 ; Hume, St. F. 1879, pp. 64, 105. Melanochlora flavocristata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 (1850) ; Blyth 4" Walden, B. Burmah, p. 111. Adult male. Head above and a long pointed crest, the breast, abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the axillaries bright yellow ; the under wing-coverts blackish at base, tipped with yellow, and with a subtermiual white band ; all the other parts of the body are glossy green-black, the quills internally edged with whitish ; the line of demarcation between the black of the fore neck and the yellow breast is strongly marked ; " bill black ; feet slaty ; iris dark brown'' (Jerdon). Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-4-2, tail 3-4-3-G, tarsus 0-95-1. Adult female. All the parts which are black in the male are brownish' black, with a peculiar olive-green tinge ; chin, cheeks, throat, and fore neck blackish, strongly washed with yellowish. lu all the other parts the female closely resembles the male. Wing 3-7 inches, tail 3-3. Young birds resemble the females, but want the yellow crest. 06s. Several specimens in the British Museum have some of the outer tail-feathers slightly tipped with white. Hah. From the Himalayas through Assam, Burmah, and Malacca to Sumatra. a, h, c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Tvpe.s of the species.) d, e.l6\f,9-l2'] Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. h, i. i c? ] ad., k. [ S Assam. Gould Collection. juv.] sk. Z. Ad. sk. kssam {McClelland). India Museum. VI. 9 ad. sk. Western Pegu bills, Eugene \V. Gates, Esq. [C.]. lat. 19° N., April 7, 1873. n. S ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenas- Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. serim,Dec.8,1876. o. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection. p. Juv.sk. Malacca. Hugli Cuming, y, r. [ cJ $ ] ad. sk. Malacca. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. *, <. cf ad., juv. sk. Malacca (CrtH^o/-)- India >Iuseum. u. Ad. sk. Penang. India Museum. V. Bones of body. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 2. Pams niger. La Mesange noire, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 137. figs. 1, 2. Parus niger, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 508 (1823); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 233, no. 3383; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 81 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 331 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 103; Borage, Orn. Anqola, p. 28.5. Parus leucomelas, Bi/pp. Xeue Wirh. Taf. 37. fig. 2 (1835) ; Heugl. Syst.Uebers. p. 252; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3387; Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 407. Parus leucopterus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 246 (1837) ; id. B. W. Afr. ii. pi. 42 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 70 ; Monteiro, His, 1862, p." 338; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 113; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3385 ; Bhmf. Geol. i^- Zool. Abyss, p. 356. Melauiparus leucopterus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850) ; Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 333, 1868, p. 22, 1874, p. 51, Melaniparus leucomelas, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850). Melaniparus niger, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850). Pentheres niger, Cab. IIiis. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). Peutheres leucopterus, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). Pentheres leucomelas, Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850). Penthestes melanoleucus, Pr. Paul Wilrttemberg, Icon. ined. Parus luctuosus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 30 (1854). A. Northern Race (P. leucopterus, Swains.). Achdt male. Above and below glossy blue-black, less glossy on the abdomen, tail, and under tail-coverts ; quills black, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white ; primary wing- coverts black and white ; the greater and median series almost pure ■white, the blackish colour being restricted to the basal or to the central parts of the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts black ; quills below dusky, with broad white edgings to the inner web ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish at the base of the feathers ; bill, feet, and claws black. Fenuih. Less glossy below ; the white edgings to the quills are a little narrower, and the upper wing-coverts more blackish brown, than the male. OJiS. Some of the Ganil)ia specimens lifive the tail-fcatbcrs sliglitly lipped, and one speeiraeii has the outer pair of tlie feathers narrowly ed{i;cd with white ; thighs and under wing-coveits in another (river Volta) slightly tipped with white. U. Southern Race (P, niger, VieiU.). Advlt male. Underparts of the body black, but with a strong brownish tinge; the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dark grey, tipped with whitish ; most of the tail-feathers are tipped, and the outermost pair externally broadly edged, with white ; bill and claws black; iris dark hazel (Oaf ex). Adult femedes from South Africa resemble the males closely in their ujiper parts: cheeks, throat, breast, abdomen, and flanks dusky brownish black or dark ashy brown ; tail, under tail-coverts, and thighs with white or whitish tips, the outer feathers broadly edged with white. Ohs. Two adult males from Daniara Land, shot by Andersson in the months of August and September, differ but slightly from the Northern race: greater wing-coverts black, broadly tipped and nar- rowly edged with white ; tail-feathers with narrow white tips, the outer pair (in one specimen) broadly edged with white ; thighs and under tail-coverts black, with whitish tips ; throat, breast, flanks, and greater part of abdomen glossy black. In order to find out whether there are any differences in size be- tween these two or three races, I have measured a large series of these birds from different parts of Africa. The north-eastern and the southern specimens are absolutely the same in size : those from the Gambia and the river Volta seem to be a little smaller. Whig. Tail. Tarsus, in. in. in. c? . Angola 3-2 2-9 0'8 c? . Damnra 3-15 275 I ^.„^ J. Damaia 3-3 3-0 f "°^ cJ . River CLalumna .... 3-3 3'0 ) f>.„ cJ . Pine Town 3-12 2-82 / \° S . Elands Post 3-32 3-02 f ^° cJ . Eiver Eamaqiiebau . . 3-2 3-02) "°^ 2. Natal 2-92 2-6 2 . Grahams Town 3'07 2-8 5 . Tete 3-15 2-85 o' . River Auseba 3-] 5 2-55 J. Kokai 3'02 3-45 0 8 cJ . Bard el Maiideb .... 3-3 2-9 0-78 Ad. [cJ]. River Volta .. 3-0 2-65 0-75 Ad. [ c? ]. River Volta . . 2-92 2-5 1 Ad. River Gambia 2-85 2-5 | Ad. River Gambia 30 2-7 ^- 0-75 Ad. River Gambia 3a.5 27 | Ad. River Gambia 3-12 2-8 J Hah. The whole of the Ethiopian Eegion from Abyssinia to the Gambia and southwards to tlie Cape. 1. PAKirS. Northern Race (P. leueoptenis). a, b. Ad. st. c. Ad. St. d. Ad. sk. e. Ad. sk. /, y. Ad. sk. h. (5 ad. sk. i. Ad. sk. k. (S fid. sk. ?. Ad. sk. m. c? ad. sk. Africa. River Gambia. River Gambia. River Gambia. River Volta {Governor Ussher). Congo {Dr. Lucaii). Angola. River Anseba, 4000 feet, July 17, 1868. Bard el Mandeb, Bogos Land (Eskr). Kokai, Bogos, July 12, 1868 (Jesse). Purchased. Purchased. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. J. Gould, Esq. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l. W.T. Blanford,Esq.[C.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [C.]. F. D. Godman and O. Sal- viu, Esqrs. [P.]. Southern Race (P. niger). a. Ad. St. b. Ad. sk. c. 2 ad. sk. d. cJ ad. sk. e. Ad. sk. /. S ad. sk. g. (S ad. sk. /*. 2 ^^- s^' i. Ad. sk. k. (J ad. sk. n. Ad. sk. o. cJ ad. sk. 2y. cS ad. sk. South Africa. South Africa. Grahams Town (T. a A f more). Elands Post {T. C. Atmore). King William's Town. River Chalumna. Pine Town, Natal, May 28 {T. L. Aijres). Natal {T. At/res). Natal. Tati, Matabele Land, Oct. 3, 1874 {F. Oates). River Ramaqueban, Sept. 4, 1873 {F. Oates). Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Elephant Vley, Damara Land (Andersson). Otjimbinque, Sept. 29, 1866 (Andersson). Purchased. Gould Collection. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. Capt. H. Trevelvan [P.]. Capt. H. Trevel'yan [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal- viu, Esqrs. [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. C. G. and W. Oates, Esqrs. [P.]. C. G. and W. Oates, Esqrs. [P.]. Livingstone Expedition [C.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 3. Parus fimereus. Melanoparus tunereus, Verr. J. f. O. 1855, p. 104. Parus funereus, Hartl. Orn. W.'-Afr. p. 70 (1857); Gra>/, Hand-l B. i. p. 234, no. .3356. Adult (type of species). General colour of upper and under parts slaty black, inclining to dark grey on the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts : head with a slight greenish tinge ; quills and most of the wing-coverts narrowly edged with greyish ; inner web of quills pale; "bill black; feet dark lead-colour " (1?«H?.). 10 PARID.E. The sexes are alike in plumage. Total length about 'ro inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3--i, tail I'-l', tarsus 0-7. Hab. Gaboon. a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased. (Type of the species.) 4. Parus albiventer. Parus albiventi-is, Shelley, Ibis, 1881, p. 11(5 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 578. General plumage black ; median wing-coverts white ; greater ■wing-coverts and the quills edged with white on their outer webs ; the white edges of the inner primaries and outer secondaries shaded with ashy olive ; primary-coverts with almost obsolete pale edges ; the outer taU-feathers with the greater portion of the exterior web and the ends of the feathers white, the next pair having the end half of the outer webs very narrowly edged with white ; centre of the chest, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white ; inner margijis of the quills cream-colour ; bill black; legs slate-colour. Total length 7-7o inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3-3, tail 2-75, tarsus 4-8. Hab. Ugogo, Central East Africa. 5. Parus leuconotus. Parus leuconotus, Guerin, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 184.3, p. 162 ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 408, iv. p. cix ; Gal. ^- Ferret, Voy. en Abyss. iii. p. 222, t. 9. fig. 1 ; Bhmf. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 356. Parus dorsatus, Rilpp. Sijst.' Uebers. p. 42, pi. 18 (1845); Heityl. System. Uebers. no. 253. Melaniparus leuconotus, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 228 (1850). Pentheres leuconotus. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 (18.50). Adult male. Glossy blue-black, with the exception of the mantle, which is dingy or creamy white ; outer pair of tail-feathers with a narrow white edge ; the outer web of the terminal half of the primary-quills in some specimens slightly edged with whitish ; inner margin of quills whitish ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts jet- black, the greater series greyish with dark tips ; bill black ; feet lead-colour ; iris fuscous. Total length under 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3-3-2, tail 2-4-2-5.5, tarsus 0-8. The females and immature birds are mostly dull black ; the mantle white, with a vinous-brown tinge. Hah. Highlands of Abyssinia. a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. b Ad. sk. Agula, Tigre, 7000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. May 16, 1868. 6. Parus cyanus. Panis cyanus, Pallas, N. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. xiv. p. 588, tab. 13. fig. 1(1770) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 6.38 (1781-85); Petzius, Fami. Sicec. p. 267 ; Tenan. Man. d'Oni. p. 295(1820) ; VieillGal. Ois. i. p. 87, pi. 68 ; Nau77i. Vdg. Deutschl. iv. pi. 95. fig. 3 ; Pallas, 1. PAKTTS. 11 Zoogr. Eoss.-As. i. p. 5."j2 ; Brehm, Handh. Viig. Deidschl. p. 463 ; Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 318; id. Traite d'Orn. p. 45l); Werner, Atlas (Granivores), pi. lo ; Nihs. Skandin. Faun. i. p. 342 ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 153 ; Scliinz, Eur. Fauna, p. 218 ; Sundev. Svensk. Fofil. pi. 68. fig. 5; Wright, Finlands Foglar, i. p. 183 ; Fi-itsch, Vdg. Eur. pi. 27; Ilol/and. Wirbt-Uh. rommerns, p. 60 ; Hume and Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 107 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 143, pi. 114; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 231; Seehohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 189. Azure Titmouse", Feitn. Arct. Zool. p. 426 (1785 ). Azure Tit, Lath. Gen. 8yn. Suppl. i. p. 189 (1787). Parus saebyensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, tab. 25 (1786-88). Parus knjaescik, Gtn. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 1013 (1788). Cyanistes cyaneus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 99 (1829). Parus cyaneus, Schleg. liev. Crit. p. xlvi (1844) ; Bp. Consp. p. 229 ; Kjcerboll. Dumii. Fugle, pi. xxiv. Cyanistes elegans, Brehm, Xaumannia, 1855, p. 285. Cyanistes cyanus, Taczan. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 442 Parus cyauiis tianschanicus, Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 347. AcMt male. General colour above white, with a greyish-blue tinge on the mantle ; head all round white, with the exception of a black streak through the eye ; occiput separated from the hind neck by a dark-blue irregular band, which gets broader behind the ear- coverts ; upper wing-coverts blackish, strongly washed with blue ; the greater wing-coverts and scapulars blackish at base, the terminal half white, forming a broad alar band of that colour; primary-quills blackish, the basal half of the external web blue, the rest whitish ; secondaries externally blue, with large white tips which become larger and larger towards the innermost secondaries ; central tail- feathers dark blue, with irregular white tips ; the outer tail-feathers are almost entirely white, with a greyish spot only at their basal quarter ; the other tail-feathers are bluish grey at their inner web, blue at their outer web, and largely tipped with white ; upper tail- coverts grey and blue, with whitish tips ; all the underparts are white, with the exception of a dark greyish-blue spot in the middle of the breast ; under surface of quills pale grey, with whitish edgings to the inner web ; biU blackish. Total length 5-6 inches, ctilmen 0-4, wing 2-6-2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 0'7. Hah. Korthern Palaeaj-ctic Region. Purchased. Piu-chased. Dr. Finsch [CI. Dr. Finsch [C.]. 7. Parus flavipectus. Parus flavipectus, Severfz. Turk. Jevofnie, p. 133 (1873); id. J. f. O. 1873, pp. 346, 371 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 423; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 92. Cyanistes flavipectus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotnie, pi. viii. fig. 7 ( $ ). Adult male. Upper parts of head white, with a slight bluish hue on the occiput; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and about the tei-miiial half of most of the tail-feathers pure white ; lower part of a, b. Ad. St. Europe. c. Ad. sk. Siberia. d. Ad. sk. Omsk. e. Ad. sk. Omsk. 12 rAiun.T:. fore neck and chest rich sulpbur-yellow : throat pure white. In all other points of coloration and in the form of the tail this species resembles P. ci/cums, Avhilst P. p/cs^v'/ is nearer allied to P. ccendeus. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, in. in. in. in. c? 0-38 2-65 2'55 068 2 0-40 2-6o 2-30 0-70 a. c? ad. sk. Ferghana, Turkestan, Dr. Severtzo-n- [C.]. 2Gth October. 8. Parus pleskii. Parus pleskii, Cab. J.f. O. 1877, p. 213, pi. 3. fig. 1 ; 1878, p. 109. Adult male. Nearest allied to P. n/nnvs and P. cc^ride^is, but differ- ing from the former in the four following points :— Greater part of crown strongly washed with pale blue; throat and chin blackish, the single feathers slightly tipped with white ; part of fore neck and upper part of breast washed with lemon-yellow ; the white on the tail confined to the outer web of the outermost pair, and very narrow edgings and tips to the next pair; "bill horny colour; legs grey ; iris dark brown '' {Plesle). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2'6, tail 2'25, tarsus 0"65. The female has the chest only very slightly tinged with yellow. Hab. Western Siberia and Northern Eussia. a. 2 ad. sk. Moscow, 12th Oct. Purchased. 9. Parus caeruleus. Blue Titmouse, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 427 (1785). Parus cajruleus, Limi. S. N. i. p. 341 (17 HO) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 543; Beseke, Vog. Kurlands, no. 193; Retzius, Faun. Suec. p. 269 ; Koch, Si/stem. haier. Zool. p. 205 ; Temm. Man. d'Oni. p. 290; Hovx, Om. Prov. p. 190; Less. Trade d'Orn. p. 456; Pall. Zoogr. Poss.-As. i. p. 554 ; Kamn. Vog. Deiitschl. iv. pi. 95 ; Ndsson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 341 (1835), i.'p. 408 C1858); Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 217; Goidd, B. Eur. ii. pi. 154; Moquin-Tandon, Orn. Canar. p. 18 ; Yarrell, Brd. B. i. p. 330 ; Selys-Lonqch. Orn. Beige, p. 104 ; Bhjth, Cat. B. M. A. S. B. p. 104 ; Bj). C A. p. 229 ; Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, Mem. B. Acad. Madrid, p. 106 (1850) ; Kjarhijllinq, Danmarks Fu(/le, pi. sxviii. ; Ilorsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B- M. E.i. Comp. p. 372; \Schlegel, Vog. Kederl pi. 126; Sunder. Svetisk. Fogl. pi. xvi. Hg. 1 ; Wright, Finl. Foglar, i. p. 181 ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 20 ; JD'Orbigny, Ois. d'Eur. pi. xxviii. ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. toI. ii. pi. 24; Kculemans, Onze Vogels, pi. 14; Holland. Wirhelth. Pommerns,^. 60; Salvad. Fcmn. Bal. ii. p. 66 ; Danford i^- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Dresser, B. Ear. iii. p. 131, pi. 113 ; Moore, Brit. Birds, ordo ii. no 65 ; Yarrell, Brit. B. ed. Xewton, p. 483. Cvanistes cseruleus, Eaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 99 (1829) ; Cab. Mus. 'Hein. i. p. 90. Adult male in summer -plumage. Mantle, back, and scapulars yel- lowish green ; upper tail-coverts greyish blue ; cheeks, ear-coverts, 1. PAKUS. 13 and forehead white, which colour graduall}' passes into Prussian blue on the crown ; from each side of the forehead a white streak, passing over the eye and meeting with its fellow on the occiput, thus isolating the blue cap from the dark blue band which sur- rounds the hinder part and the sides of the neck ; this band then passes forwards under the cheeks and joins a triangular patch of blackish colour on the chin and upper throat ; a narrow streak of blackish blue runs from the nostrils through the eye and over the ear-coverts, meeting the dark blue neck-band ; smaller wing-coverts dark blue, the greater ones tipped with white ; primary-quills blackish, external web pale blue, with whitish edgings to the ter- minal half ; the inner secondaries with rather large white tips, the external web bluish, and edged with yellowish ; tail blue, the outer- most pair of feathers with a narrow white edge ; quills below dark grey internally, with conspicuous whitish edgings ; edge of wing blue ; under wing-coverts white ; breast, flanks, and under tail- coverts sulphur-yellow; the breast with a longitudinal irregular patch of dark blue ; abdomen whitish ; feet and claws bluish black ; bill dark horn-colour. Total length about 4'5 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-o-2-~, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65. The sexes are alike in plumage. In ivinter the plumage is more fluffy', the blackish feathers of the throat are edged with whitish, and the white edging to the outer web of the outermost pair of tail-feathers is remarkably broader. Nestling. General colour above dingy olive-green ; crown of head and neck-band dull blackish, with an olive tinge ; all the parts which are white in the adult bird are yellow in the nestling, like the whole underparts of the body ; secondary quills and greater wing-coverts with whitish-yellow tips, and, like the tail, with only a slight trace of bluish. 06s. The Blue Titmice of the British Islands are always some- what more dingy coloured than the continental, which, again, attain their richest coloration in Spain. Hah. Found all over Europe and Asia Minor, with the exception of Kussia. a. Pull. sk. England. J. Goidd, Esq. [C.]. h. Pull. sk. England. Purchased. c. Ad. St. Surbiton. Dr. Giinther [P.]. d. Ad. St. England. Purchased. e. Ad. St. Leicestershire. Th. Walker, Esq. [P.]. /, g. Ad. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. h, i. Pull. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. k, I. S 2 ^^- ^^- Cambridgeshire, Jan. F. Godman & O. Salvin, 1866(0.6'.). Esqrs. [P.]. 7)1. (5 ad.sk. Cambridgeshire, Jan. F. Godman &0. Salvin, 18r,7 (J. Baker). _ Esqrs. [P.]. M. c? ad. sk. Haddenham, Cambridge- F. Godman & 0. Salvin, shire, Mav 21, 1856 Esqrs. [P.]. (O. ,S'.). o, p. Ad. sk. Aviiigton, Hampshire, Capt. Shelley [P.]. Nov. 2o, l.-<72. y, /•. Ad. st. Devonshire. Col, Montagu [P.]. t. Ad. sk. u. Pull. sk. V Ad. St. JO. Ad. St. X. Ad. St. yi z, a'. Ad. St. h', c, d', e'. Ad. sk. f Ad. sk. 9 $ ad. sk. h' (S ad. sk. '', k',l'. c?$ad. sk. m . [ d ] ad. sk. n' o'. Ad., in spiiit 14 PARID^. s. (S ad. sk. B irregaard, Norway, F. Godman & O. Salviu, iMarch 20, 1859 (P. Esqrs. [P.]. Godman). Belgium, May 1876. Purchased. Belgium, May 15, 1872. Purchased. Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Holland. _ M. Kuhl, Esq. [P.]. Mongeron, near Paris. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Mongeron, near Pari.s, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. | P.]. Feb. 11, 1875. Bordeaux. Gould Collection. Asia Minor, Feb 16, Gould Collection. 18G5 {Rubson). Asia Minor. Purchased. Ortakeuy, Turkey, Nov. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 5, 1871 (liubson). Ortakeuy, Nov. 4, 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. (Rohson). Prussia. Dr. H. Gadow. -t'. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther. SubsxDecies a. Parus persicus. Parus (Cyanistes) persicus, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 89 ; id. East. Persia, p. 230, pi. xvi. fig. 2 (1876). The differences between this Persian species and the common Blue Titmouse are only differences of degree. The general colour of the Persian specimens is duller ; the mantle, hind neck, and upper back are grey, with a slight tinge of olive, which colour becomes more pronounced on the lower back ; the greater wing-coverts are tipped with white, the tips themselves are broader than is generally the case in P. cceruJeus ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts are yellowish buff, instead of the strong greeuish-yeUow colour of these parts in the common Blue Titmouse ; the dusky black feathers on the lower breast are the .same in both species, but the blue of the crown and of the hind neck is rather dull in the Persian form. The measurements, as given by Mr. Blanford, are : — culmen 0-29- 0-32 inch, wing 2-4-2-65, tail 1-98-2-02, tarsus 0-62-0-68. Hah. Southern Persia. a. (S ad. sk. Oak-forest, near Shiraz. Sir Oliver St. John [P.]. 10. Parus tenerijBFae. l*arus cferuleus, var. teneriffiB, Less. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 456 (1831). Parus ultramarinus, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 146. Parus cseruleanus, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 76 ; Gray, Gen. B, pi. 52 ; Levaill. pin., Expl. Scient. Ak/., Atlas, Ois. pi. 7. fig. 2. Cyanistes ultramarinus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 229 (li:<50) ; Cab. Mm. Heiv. "i. p. 90 ; Loche, Cat. Mamni. et Ois. Ahj. p. 77 ; Loche, Expl. Alg. p. 300, pi. 7. fig. 1. Parus violaceus, Bolle, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 455. Parus teneiiffaj. Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 1-39. 1. PAEUS. 15 A. Continental or Eastern Race (P. ultramarinus). — Adult. Mantle, back, and scapulars greyish blue ; crown of head deep blue, shading almost into black towards the occiput ; the collar round the neck is perfectly black on the fore neck and on the sides of the neck, blue-black on the hind neck ; in all the other parts this species resembles the European P. ccerulens closely, but is generally of a darker and richer coloration. Culmen (> 35-0-4, wing 2-25- 2-40, tail 1-8-2, tarsus 0-65. 15. Insular or Western liace (P. teneriffae). — Specimens from the Canary Islands have the secondaries and greater wing-coverts without white on the tips, or at least this colour is reduced to a small whitish edging. Hah. Represents P. cceruleus in Northern and 2^'.W. Africa, inclu- ding the Canary Islands. a. Ad. sk. Tangiers. Purchased. b, c. Ad. sk. Taugiers. Col. Irby [P.]. d, e. Ad. sk. Algeria. Purchased. /. Ad. sk. Algeria. Gould Collection. g, h. c? ad. sk. Souk Havras, Alsferia, F. D. Godman & 0. Sal- April 1857 (0.6'.). yin, Esqrs. [P.]. )'. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. k. 2 ad. sk. Teneriffe (F. G.). F. D. Godman & 0. Sal- yin, Esqrs. [P.]. /, m, n. d ad. sk. Teneriffe (F. G.). F. D. Godman & 0. Sal- vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 11. Parus minor. Parus minor, Temm. Sr Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 70, pi. 33 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 229 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. x. ; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, pp. 55, 131 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 437 ; Dyboiosky, J. f. O. 1875, p. 249 ; Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 1(32 (1876) ; Pije- valsky, in Dawso7i Eoicleys Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 187 ; David ^ Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 278 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33. In the eastern part of the Palaearctic Region, in Japan and China, P. major is represented by a smaller and closely allied species. The general distribution of colour is the same as in the European species ; but the Japanese and Chinese species has the sides of the breast and the flanks white instead of sulphur-yellow, with a faint grejash creamy hue ; on the occiput there is constantly found a little white patch between the black of the crown and the yellow hind neck. The female is a little less bright in colour than the male. Immature birds are much like those of P. major, but have the underparts dingy white with a slight creamy tinge. Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0-47-0-5, wing 2-55-2-7, tail 2-3-2-45, tarsus 0-75. Hah. Japan, Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and the greater part of China, where it gradually changes into P. cinereus. 16 PARID^. rt. Ad. sk. Ilakodiidi, Oct. 21, 1864 Gould Collection. {H. Whitely). b. c? ad. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 20, 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq, {Capt. Conrad). [P.]. c. dad.sk. Ilakodadi, Jan. 28, 1865. Henry Whitelv[C.l, d. S ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Feb. 12, 1865. Henry Whitely [C.J. e. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. /, (J. Ad. sk. China. Gould Collection. h. Ad. sk. China. Purchased. i. (S ad. sk. Chekiang, May. Purchased. /■;. Ad. sk. Sanda valley, "May 19, 1868, Dr. Anderson [C.]. 1700 feet elevation. 12. Parus cinereus. La M^sange a poitrine noire, Leoaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 139. hg. 2 (1802). La Mdsange grise a joue blanche, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 1.39. fig. 1. Parus atriceps, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 160 (1820) ; Hursf. Zool. Research. Java, pi. (1824); Temm. PL Col. 207. fig. 2 ; Lesson, Tmite d'Orn. p. 456 ; St/kes, P. Z. S. 18;J2, p. 92 ; McClel- land, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162 ; Jerdon, Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 7 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192^ Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 943; Walden, Ibis, 1877, p. 304 ; Nichols(m, Ibis, 1879, p. 167 ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 557. Parus cinereus, Bonn, et Vieill. Tabl. Cont. Meth. p. 506 (1823), e.v Levaill. ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 460 ; id. Cat. B. M.A. S. Beng. p. 103 ; ' Bjy. Consp. Av. p. 229 ; Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 92 ; Blyth, in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48 ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121 ; Horsf. 8)- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I. Co. p. 370 ; Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. p. 267 ; Gonld, B. Asia, pt. x. pi. ; Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 278 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 112 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3335 ; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 315 ; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 460 ; Hume Sf Henders. Lahore to Yarkand, p. 167 ; Cock ^ Marshall, Str. F. 1873, g. 384 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 417 ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 2/9; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 62. Parus nipalensis, Hodgs. Ind. Pev. p. 31 (1838) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hoclr/s. p. 72 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 459, & xii. p. 182; Blyth S^ Walden,' B. Burn. p. 112; Scully, Str. F. 1879, pp. 329, 367 ; Blanford, J. A. S. Beru/. 1869, ii. p. 181 ; Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. 73 ; Sculh/, op. cit. p. 5U8. Parus cajsius, Tick. J. A. S. B. {pde auctt.) ; Stcinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 361 ; Hume, Nests Sf Eqas Ind. B. ii. p. 405 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 253 ; Butler, ibid. 1875, p. 491 ; Hume, ibid. 1876, p. 402, 1878, i. p. 376 ; Butler, ibid. 1877, p. 221 ; Ball, ibid. 1878, ii. p. 220 ; Hume Sf Davison, ibid. 1878, p. 376 ; Davidson Sf Weriden, ibid. 1879, p. 95. Parus schistinotus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). Parus commixtus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, p. 63, & 1871, p. 361 ; Blyth Sf Walden, B. Burm. p. Ill ; David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 280; Hume, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 376. Parus commixus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3341. North-ivestern Race (P. boccharensis). Parus bocchariensis, ijc/;^., Eversm. Pcise Zool. p. 131 ; Joubert, Bull. Sci. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 77 ; Severtz. J. f. 0. 1873, pp. 346, 385. 1. PARUS. 17 Adult. Entire mantle and back bluish grey instead of yellowish green. In all the other parts this species resembles P. minor per- fectly. Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2"5-2'6, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-7-0'75. Young birds have the mantle and rest of the back dull grey, and the parts which are black in the adult dull black or brownish black ; below ding)- whitish. Hah. The Grey Indian Titmouse has a very extensive range, being found all over India from the Himalaj'as to Ceylon, and the southern half of China, as well as in Hainan, Java, Lombock, Flores. Obs. In the collection of the British Museum there is one speci- men from the N.W. Himalayas (moulting), one from Behar, one from Ceylon, one from Fokieu, another from Eastern Java, three from Lombock, which have the tips of some of the feathers of the mantle just visibly washed with yellowish green — an interesting indication of the close affinity between the Japanese species (P. minor) and P. cinereus. Some of the typical specimens labelled by Mr. Swinhoe's own hand as P. commixtus, now in Mr. Seebohm's collection, are really intermediate between the olive- and the grey- backed form ; others, again, from the same localities (South-eastern China) are scarcely distinguishable from P. cinereus, and only on close examination is a faint olive tint visible on some parts of the mantle. As these seven slightly aberrant specimens in the British- Museum collection were obtained from the most varied localities of the Indo-Malayan and Chinese regions, it seems to me to prove that this modification of colour is not an indication of geographical race. The occurrence of the olive tint on the mantle of P. cinereus may be nothing but the sign of an immature male, especially as the young birds of both species, P. cinereus and P. minor, have the mantle more or less dull olive-green. This, however, is a mere supposition, as of all the specimens examined by me, and more than thirty in number, only a few are sexed by the collectors themselves. North-western Race (P. boccharensis). — In Turkestan and Afghani- stan P. cinereus is represented by a somewhat larger and paler race. General colour above pale or French grey : greater wing-coverts and secondaries broadly edged with white ; the two outer pairs of tail-feathers almost completely white ; the white nuchal spot well developed ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen black. 6- 2- 6. «. Ad. .sk. Afghanistan (OriJ^fh). India Museum. b. Ad.sk. Khooner (ffri^t/i). India Museum. c, (I. d ? ad sk. Gilgit, March 10, 1878, Major liiddulph [C.]. 5000 ft. Cuhnen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus in. in. in. in. Aral Lake . . . . 0-40 2-75 2-9 0-70 Kandahar . . . . 0-45 2-74 2-7 0-70 Afghanistan . . . , . . . 0-45 3'0 2-6o 0-80 Turkestan , . . . 0-40 2-70 2-80 0-67 18 e. c? pull. sk. /. [cJ Jat-^-jy-Iiu^- h-k. Ad. sk. /, m. Ad. sk. >j, 0. (S ad. sk. /). [ cJ ] imrn. sk. y. Juv. sk. r. Ad. sk. s. Ad. sk. t, u. Ad. sk. V, w. Ad. sk. X, y. S 2 ad. sk. s. Ad. sk. a'. Ad. sk. 6'. Ad. sk. c', £^'. Ad. sk. e'. c? ad. sk. /'. Ad. sk. g'. Ad. sk. A', i'. Ad. sk. k'. Ad. sk. /'. Ad. sk. m'. Ad. sk. w'. (S ad. sk. o'. Ad. sk. p'. Ad. sk. j', >•'. Ad. sk. s'. Ad. sk. t', u'. S 2 ad. sk. v', w'. (S 2 ad. sk. x', c? ad. sk. y'. 2 juv. sk. z', a". Ad. St. b", c". Ad. sk. d". Skeleton. a. S ad. sk. h. S ad. sk. c. S ad. sk. £/. 2 ad. sk. Major Biddulph [C.]. Gould Collection. Colonel Way [P.]. _ Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [!'■]• Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P-]- Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill ap [P.] Gilgit, June. Cashmere. Peshavrur. N.W. Himalayas. N.W. Himalayas. N.W. Himalayas. Mussoorie. Simla. Kumaon {Strachey). Nepal. Nepal. Behav. Kandeish. Godavery valley. Madras. Madras. Travancore. Ceylon {Thwaites). Ceylon. Bootan (Pemberto)i). Nazeerah , Upper Assam (Dr. Reid). Assam {McClelland). Bhamo, Burmah, No- vember. Foot of Arrakan hills, Dec. 9. Fokien, China. E. Java. W. Java {E. C. Buxton). Java. Lombock. Lombock {Wallace). Flores. Flores. N.W. India. Himalayas. Java. a. P. hoccliarensis. Aral lake. Purchased. Ferghanah, Turkestan, Dr. Severtzoflfl Dec. 2. Kojuk, Afghanistan, Col. Swinhoe [P.]. April 27, 1881. Kandahar, Jan. 9, 1881. Col. Swinhoe [P.]. Capt. G. F L. Marshall fc.]. India Museum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Types of P. nipalenm.) B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. India Museum. W.T.BIanford,Esq. [C.]. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. Rev. H. H. Baber [P.]. Major Biddulph [C.]. Piu'chased. Major V. Legge [P.]. India Museum. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. India Museum. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. Gould Collection. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. Gould Collection. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Gould Collection. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Capt. Boys [C.]. India Museum. Purchased. 1, PARUS. 19 13. Parus major. Great Titmouse, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 425 (1785). Parus major, i««w. S. N. i. p. .341 (1(G6) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 536; Besek^, Voff. Kurlonds, no. VJ2 ; Bechstein, Viig. Deiifschl.'w.'^.lVi; liefzius, Faun. Suec. p. 208 ; Driimpe/mann, Thierr. Russl., Lief., Esth- u. Kurlands, p. 22, pi. iii. cj (1811) ; Koch, Si/stem. baier. Zool. p. 204; Temm. Man. cTOrn. p. 287; Bou.r, Orn. Pruvenq. p. 180, pis. 117 & 118; Less. Traite, p. 456; Nikson, Skandin. Faun. p. 331 ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 331 ; Seh/s-Lonych. Faune Belg.T^. 104; Moquin-Tandon, Ornith. Canarienne, ^. 17; Thomp- son, Nat. Hist. Ireland, p. 201 ; Naceyro, Cat. Av. de Galicia, in Mem. R. Acad. Madrid, 1850, p. 105 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 229 ; Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 90 ; KjcerboUing , Danm. Fugle, pi. xxiii. ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. x^i. fig. 3 ; Wright, Finl. Foglar, i. p. 174 ; Loche, F.rpl. Alger., Ois. i. p. 296 ; Keulemans, Onze Vog. pi. 12 ; Holland. Wirbelth. Pommerns, p. 61 ; Salrad. Faun. Hal. ii. p. 67 ; Sundev. Av. Mefh. Tent. p. 17 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 106 ; Neicton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 479; Malm, Fauna, p. 180 ; Danford ^- Broicn, Ibis, 1875, p. 313 ; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 227 ; Booth, Rough Notes, pt. ii. pi. Parus iffuotus, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 537 (1781-85) ; Less. 3Ian. d'Orn. i. p. 322 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103. Panis stroinei, Bonn.'et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 504 (1823). Parus fringillae^'inensis ; but tbe underparts show no white. Breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tianka buffish ochraceous, inclining to pale cream-colour towards the upper and central part of the breast. cj. Culmen 0-40 inch, wing 2-35, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-70. $. „ 0-42 inch, „ 2-34, „ 1-9, „ 0-70. Eab. Eastern Turkestan. Subspecies y. Parus phaeonotus. Parus phaeonotus, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 88 ; id. Fast. Pers. p. 228, pi. 16. fig. 1 (1876). Closely allied to P. ater, from which this species differs by its greater size and by the colour of the back. Hind neck, mantle, and entire back olive-brown. The bill much stronger than that of P. ater. Total length about 2-6 inches, culmen 0-4-0-4o, wing 2-6, tail 1*8, tarsus 0'75. This Titmouse has hitherto been found only in the oak-forests west of Shiraz, in Soiitheru Persia. a. c? ad. sk. Oak forest near Shiraz, June 1870, Sir OHver St. John 7000 feet elevation. [C.]. (Type of the species.) 41. Parus ledouci. Parus ledoucii, MaUi. Cat. Ois. Alg. in Mem. de la Soe. d'llist. Nat. de la Moselle, 1842 ; id. Eev. ZooL 1846, p. 45 ; ^;j. C. A. i. p. 229 ; id. Cat. Parzud., Apjjend. p. 18 ; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alg. p. 78 ; id. Fxpl. de TAlg., Ois. p. 298 ; Taczan. J.f. O. 1870, p. 41 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 86, pi. 3 ; Dress. B. Fur. iii. pi. 107 ; Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 669. Adult male. Mantle and back olive-grey ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck, and breast sulphur-yeUow ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts dingy yellow. In aU other respects like P. ater. Cul- men 0-4 inch, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0'6. Hah. Algeria. a. Ad. sk. North Africa. Purchased. 6. (S ad. sk. Cedar forests, W. of Batna, H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. May 11, 1882 {Dixon). 42. Parus atricapillus. La M^sange a teste noire de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 553, pi. 29. fig. 1 (1760). Parus atricapiUus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 34 (1766), Parus atricapillus, Pennayit, Arctic Zool. p. 424 (1785) ; Auduh. Orn. 1. PAETJP. 45 Btog. ii. p. 140, pi. 126 ; Wilsoti, Am. Orn. i. p. 1.34, pi. viii. %. 4 ; Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Melh. p. .508 ; Lem. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 320 ; Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Atn. Birds, p. 226; Lesson, Traife d'Orn. p. 4.56 ; KidfaU, Man. Orn. p. 241 ; DeKay, Fauna New York, p. 60, pi. 45. tig. 100 ; Bjh a A. i. p. 2.30 ; Cdssin, N. A. B. p. 17 ; Hr.lat. Cat. Am.B. p. 13, no. 80 ; Samuels, Orn. New Etu/I. p. 182 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2.32, no. 3354 ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 30 ; Coues, Keif N. A. B. p. 81 ; id. B. K. West, p. 20 ; Baird, Breiv., 8f Bi'dffw. JV. A. B. i. p. 96. Parus palustris, Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 79 (18.32). Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. ii. 1845, p. 300 ; Cassin, III. i. pi. xiv. (1835) (teste Baird, Br. Si- B.) ; Cassin, N. Am. B. p. 17 (1856) ; Baird, Cass. 4" Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 389 ; Gray, Jland-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3353 (1869) ; Baird, Br., <§• Bidffiv. JV. A. B. i. p. 99 (1874) ; Coties, B. Colorado Vail. p. 120 ; Mat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 82 (1862). PoBcUe atricapilla, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850). Parus septentrionalis, yar. albescens, Baird, B. N. Am,, p. xxxvii, (1858). Parus occidentalis, Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N. A. p. 391 (18.58) ; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 85; Elliot, N. Am. B. i. pi. viii. (ex Baird) ; Cooper, Birds Calif, i. p. 45 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3355 (1869). Parus atricapillus, var. septentrionalis, Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 81 (1872) j id. B. N. West, p. 21 (1874). Parus atrieapiUus, var. occidentalis, Coues, Key N.A.B. p. 81 (1872) ; Baird, Brew., Sf Eidgic. N. A. B. i. p. 101. Adult. Mantle and upper back light olive-brown or brownish ashy ; rump inclining to yellowish brown ; wings dark brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white or whitish ; greater wing-coverts broadly edged like the secon- dary quills, the rest edged with grey : tail dark grey, outer webs edged whitish ; entire crown, occiput, and hind neck jet-black, this colour extending backwards to the middle of the back ; lores, cheeks, car-coverts, sides of neck, and space between mantle and the black parts pure white ; chin, throat, and fore neck deep black ; greater part of breast and middle of abdomen dull white ; rest of underparts pale buff or light fawn-colour. Total length about 4-5 inches, culmen 0-42, wing 2"45-2-5, tail 2-3-2"5, tarsus 0-65. Hah. Greater part of North America north of 39th parallel. In the Pacific States it is represented by a somewhat differently coloured race (P. occidentalis). Obs. After the examination of seven specimens of this Tit from the Kocky Mountains and from the Pacific States, I find that the slight differences pointed out by Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway for the separation of P. occidentalis do not hold good. According to these authors, P. occidentalis may be looked upon as simply a long- tailed western variety of the common species. Specimens from the Upper-Missouri region seem to form a larger and slightly differently coloured race (P. sej^tentrioncdis); the whitish edgings to the feathers of the wings, tail, and greater wing-coverts are certainly broader and more conspicuous. 46 PAEITU. Adult 2 . Fort Simpson. Total length about 5-3 inches, culmen 0-42, -wing 2-6, tail 2-(J5, tarsus 0-65. a. Ad. St. North America. Purchased. b. Ad. sk. North America. Gould Collection. c. Ad. sk. Hvde Tark, Illinois, H. K. Coale, Esq. [C.]. Mar. 18, 1876. d. e. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. Bernard S. Ptoss, Esq. [P.]. /. Ad. sk. Fort Dull'eriu ((?. N. A. Boundary Commission. Dmvson). g, h. Ad. sk. Sumass, British Co- J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J. lumhia. i, h. I, ?«, c? 2 ad. West side of Rocky J . K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. sk. Mountains. n. Ad. sk. California. John Gould, Esq. o. Skeleton. Pinchased. Subspecies a. Parus carolinensis. Pams carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 474, pi. 160 (1834) ; id. Birds Am. ii. p. 152, pi. 127; BeKay, New York Fauna, p. 61, pi. 54. fig. 123 ; Cassin, N. A. B. p. 17 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 392 ; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 81 ; Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 81 ; Baird, Bretc, S,- Bidc/w. N. A. B. i. p. 102. Precile carolinensis, Cab. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850); Bp. C. A. i. p. 230. Parus atricapiUus, Maynai-d, B. Florida, p. 30 (1872). This bird, according to Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway, is a very near ally of T. atricapiUus. The chief points of difference are : — " the black of the throat extends much further back, is more dense and more sharply defined behind than in P. atricapiUus ; the tail is considerably shorter than the wing, instead of longer ; no conspicuous white edgings to wings and tail." Total length about 7"5 inches, wing less than 2-50, tail 2-40. Ohs. The measurements given above (copied from the above- named authors) do not show a considerable difference between the length of the tail and wing. However, in the key to the species {op. cit.) I find the foUowiaig measurements given : culmen 0-35, wing 2-55, tail 2-30, tarsus 0-53. Hab. " Eastern Province of United States south of about 40°." a. Skeleton. N. America. Pm-chased, 43. Parus meridionalis. Parus meridionahs, Sclaf^r, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293, 1857, p. 81, 1858 p. 299; Baird, Cass., ^ Lam: B. N. Am. p. 392 ; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 83; id. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgiv. N. A. B. i. p. 94 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 63 ; id. ^- Godm. 'Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 57. Crown of head, hind neck, the whole throat and fore neck jet- black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white ; middle line of breast and abdomen whitish, like the under wing-coverts ; 1. PAEUS. 47 all the rest of underparts ashy grey ; mantle and back dark ashy grey, with a slight olive tinge ; tail and wings like those of P. atri- ccqyiUus, but withont the consi)icuous white edgings ; bill black, feet lead-colour. Total length about 5 inches. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, in. in. in. in. Ad. (5 0-4 2-63 2-4 0(i7 Ad. c? 0-4 2-7 2-4 0-74 Ad 0-41 2-7 2-35 07 Hah. Mexico. a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. e. S ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. /. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection. g. (S ad. sk. El Jacale. Mexico, May M. A. Salle rCl. 1857. ^ ^ h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Hi-. Mann [C.]. 44. Par us montanus. Parus montanus, Gamhel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1843, p. 259; id. Journ. A. N. Sc. 2nd ser. i. 1847, p. 35, pi. viii. fig. 1 ; Cassin, N. A. B. p. 18; Bnird, Cass., Sf Lmcr. B. K. Am. p. 394; Schit. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 84; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 82 ; Cooper, Birds Calif, p. 46 ; Coues, B. N. West, p. 22 ; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridcjio. N. A. B. i. p. 95 ; Cones, B. Colorado Valley, p. 122. Tery similar to P. meridionaVis in size and colour, but easily di- stinguished from all the other black-capped Tits by a conspicuous white superciliary stripe and white forehead ; as this white band extends backwards as far as the occiput, a black stripe runs through the eye, uniting on the hind neck with the black of the head. General colour above a little lighter grey than in P. meridio7ialis, and the underparts more wlitish ashy. Total length about 4-5 inches, culmen (ad. d ) 0-43, wing 2-Q5-2-82, tail 2-4-2-5, tarsus O'T. Hah. Rocky Mountains and "VTestern N. America. a,b. c? 5 ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. c. Ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. d, e. c? ad.sk. Upper Ivlamath Lake, Oregon. A. Forrer, Esq. [C.]. f-h. Ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.]. 45, Paras lugubris. Parus lugubris, " Natterer," Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 292 (1820) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 318 ; Schi7iz, Ettro}). Faun. p. 219; Dress. B. Bur. iii. pi. Ill ; Danf. 4' Brotcn, Ibis, 1875, p. 303 ; Blanf. Bast. Persia, p. 229. Pcecila lugubris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). Poecile lugubris, Cab. Mus.Hein. i. p. 91 (1850) ; Deffl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Europ. p. 569 ; Git/lioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194. Pentbestes lugubris, Beichenh. At: Si/st. Nat. pi. 62 (1850). Poecila lugeus, Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 3G9. 48 PAEID^. Pcecila melanocephala, Brehm, I. c. Poikilis lugubris, Bias. List £. Europ. p. 8 (18G2). Adult male in spring. Crown of head, nape, throat, and fore neck deep soot}' black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white ; rest of underparts dull white ; mautle, back, and lesser wiug- coverts pale ashy brown ; primary-coverts and bastard wing blackish brown, with narrow light edgings ; rest of Aviug-coverts, quills, and tail greyish brown, with conspicuous white edgings to the outer webs ; bill and feet lead-colour ; iris dark brown. Male in winter. General colour above ashj-, with a strong olive- brown tinge ; crown of head, nape, and fore neck dull blackish brown ; flanks and sides of breast tinged with fulvous ; outer web of secon- daries, of the tail, and of the greater wing-coverts edged with light fulvous instead of whitish. Female in spring. Like the male in winter plumage ; throat dull blackish. In ivinter the coloration of the female is a little duller. Immature birds have the general colour above and the throat pale olive-brown ; head a little darker ; quills and tail brown, edged with fulvous ; underparts, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull white ; bill and feet horn-colour. Total length 5'o inches. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, in. in. in. in. 2 0-5 2-8 2-5 275 S O-o 2-82 2-6 2-8 cJ O-o 2-82 2-47 276 cJ (Persia).. 0-47 2-95 2-52 2-8 Obs. One male specimen from Shiraz has the mantle and back much paler, the breast and rest of the underparts clearer white than in the European specimens. Hab. South-eastern Europe, extending eastwards through Asia Minor into Syria and Persia. a. Juv. sk. S.E. Europe. Purchased. b. 5 ad. sk. Smyrna, May 1875. Dr. Kriiper [C.]. c. Immat. sk. Smyrna, June 1875. Dr. Kriiper [C.]. (I, e. cS 2 ad. sk. Mount Olvmpus, Oct. 10, F. D. Godman and 0. Sal- 18G9 (Dr. Kriiper). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. f. (S ad. sk. Anascha, Taunis, Asia F. D. Godman and 0. Sal- Minor, Mai-ch 21, 1876 vin, Esqrs. [P.]. (C. G. Batiford). g. S (moulting). Shiraz, 7000 feet, Jime Sir Oliver St. John [C.]. 1870. 46. Parus songarus. Parus songarus, Serertz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 134 (1873) ; id. J.f. 0, 1873, pp. 346, 386 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 423. Parus sibiricus, Eadde, Reis. S. 0. Sib. ii. p. 198 (1863, tree Gmel.). Precila sibirica(6'?M.?), Tacz.Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 163 (1876), (teste David ^- Oustal.'). Poecile affinis, Prjev. in Datcson Roiclet/s Ornith. Misc. ii. p. 188 (1877). 1. PARTJS. 49 Entire crown of head, nape, and centre of hind neck sooty black ; mantle, scapulars, and entire back bnffish brown : quills, tail- feathers, and wing-coverts brown, with narrow paler edgings ; lores, cheeks, and ear-corerts white, passing through pale cream-colonr on the sides of the neck into the colour of the mantle ; chin, throat, and fore neck dull black, each feather narrowly tipped with white, giving the throat a mottled appearance ; sides of breast, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts huffish ochraceous, inclining to pale cream-colour or whitish towards the centre and upper part of breast ; under wing-coverts reddish brown like abdomen ; " culmen black; feet dark lead-colour; iris dark brown"' {Prjzexi'.). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-52, wing 2-7, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-72. Hah. Pine-forestsof Central Asia, from the Thian-Shan mountains to Kan-Su. 47. Parus palustris. La Mesange de Marais on la Xounette cendree, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 55.5. Parus paju,-^tris, Linn. S. X. i. p. 341 (1706) ; Bec/ist. Vog. Deidschl iv. p. 741 ; lietzius, Faun. Siiec. p. 270 ; Koch, Si/sfe?n. baier. Zool. p. 206; Temm. Man. (TOni. p. 291 ; Bonn. ef'Tmll. Enc. Meth. p. 502 ; Eovx, Orn. Prorenq. p. 189, pi. 120 ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- As. i. p. 557, tab. 34. f. 2 ; Nihson, Sknnclin. Faun. 1. p. 339 (1835) ; Seli/s-Lojif/ch. Faune Beige, p. 104 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, p. 206 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 ; Kjarholl. Banmarhs Fugle, pi. 23 ; Sunder. Svenska Fogl. pi. 16. fig. 6 ; Wright, Finlands Foglar, i. p. 180 ; Holland. Wirhelth. Pommerns, p. 61 ; Sahad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 68 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 108 ; Danford ^- Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 303 ; Irbg, Ibis, 1879, p. ,344 ; Neicton, ed. Yarrell Br. B. p. 495 ; Booth, Bough Xotes. pt. ii. pi. Marsh Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Sgn. ii. pt. 2, p. 541 (1783). Parus cinereus communis, Baldenst. Xeue Alpina, p. 30, t. 2 (1829). Poecile palu.stris, Kaup, Xatiirl. Sijst. p. 114 ( 1829) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 91 ; 3Ialm, Fauna, p. 181 ; Dav. 4- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 288. Parus salicarius, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 405 (1831). Poikilis palustris, Blasius, List B. Eur. p. 8 (1862). Poecile communis, Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 567 (1867). Parus palustris, suK-^p. japonicus, Seebohn, Pis, 1879, p. 32. Parus palustris japonicus, Blakist. ^- Pryer, B. Japan, p. 150. Adult male in summer. ^lantle and upper back greyish brown, with a very perceptible olive tinge, paler on the lower back and rurnp and more yellowish instead of olive; tail grey-brown, with whitish tips and margins to the outer pairs of feathers ; most of the wing-coverts with the external web coloured like the back, the inner one darker ; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries dark greyish brown, with light olive-brown margins, especially to the outer webs of the innermost secondaries : crown of head and occiput jet-black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pnre white ; feathers of chin and ujjper throat black ; lower down the feathers become more and more edged with whiti.sh, passing into the dull white colour of the breast and middle of abdomen ; sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts more or less washed with buff; quills below VOL. VIII. K 50 PARID^. greyish ; axiUarics and under wing-coverts dull white ; hill black ; iris dark brown ; feet lead-colour. Male in autumn. General colour above more olive-brown instead of greyish ; the black patch on the throat smaller, and the white tips and edgings to the single feathers a little larger ; rest of under- parts more buff than in spring. Adult female. Mantle and underparts slightly paler than in the male. Young. Similar to the male in autumn plumage, but still darker olive-brown on the upper back ; crown of head darkbrownisli black or sooty black, never glossy or jet-black; rump rosy butf ; wing- coverts, secondaries, and tail edged with a kind of olive-brown instead of whitish ; throat dull black ; rest of underparts whitish, W'ith a strong rosj- tinge, especially on the flanks, instead of buff; feet paler than in the adult. Bab. The Marsh-Titmouse is rather common during the w^hole j-ear in Western and Central Europe, being also found in South Europe and Asia Minor in winter. In the mountainous parts of Central Europe and in the north it is represented by the following subspecies or race, P, borealis. — Total length about 4 inches. Par us palustris, Ciilmen. Wiug. in. in. S. England 0-4 2-27 rf. Kent 0-45 2-4 S. Stockliolni 0-42 2-3 2. Stockholm. 0-42 2-4 Parus borealis. 2 . Norwav 0-42 2-43 c? . Norway 0-48 2-75 S . Norway 0-43 2'27 cJ . Alps 0-48 2-65 $ . Archangel 0-45 2-35 a,b. S 2 ^d. st. Cambridgeshire. c. Nestling st. Cambridgeshire. d,e. [6] 2 *d. st. Devonshire. /. Ad. st. Great Britain. ff. Ad. sk. Great Britain. h. Ad. sk. Colehrooke, Ireland (Sir V. Brooke), i.k. Ad. sk. Middlesex. I, m. Pull. sk. Maidenhead, Berks. n. S ad. sk. Piestou Hall, Shrop- shire, Jan. liSOG. o. Ad. St. Avington, Hants. »). c? ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 12. q. c? ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov, 25, Tail. Tarsus. 1-9 0-65 205 007 0-63 2-2 0-7 2-25 0'68 2-4 0-69 2-1 0-65 2-4 0-08 2-25 0 65 Mr. J. Baker [P.". ■P.l. Mr. J. Baker Mr. J. Baker T.]. Purchased. Gould Collection. E. B. Sharpe , Esq. [P.] F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. Gould Collection. Gould Collection. Capt. Shelley [P.]. E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 1. PARU8. 51 r. f? ad. sk. Stockliolm, Nov. 9. ruichased. s. 2 >^d. .-k. Stockliolm, Oct. 18. Purchased. t. Ad. sk. Belgium, May 17. Purchased. «. Ad. sk. France. Purchased. V, to. Ad. St. France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. TP. X. Ad. sk. Mongeron. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. y. Ad. sk. Bordeaux. Gould Collection. s. 5 ad. sk. Wallachia. H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. a'. 2 ad. sk. Turkey, April 20, H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P. j. 18G8. b', cJ ad. sk. Asia Minor, Guiksu, Gould Collection. November (liobson). c', d' . Skeletons. England. Purchased. e' . Skull. England. Purchased. /'. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Giiuther. SubsiDecies a. Parus borealis. A. Western Race. Parus cinereus montanus, Baldenst. Neue Alpina, ii. p. 217 (1829). Parus borealis, Seh/s-Longch. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bnuelles, 1843, p. 2 Sundev. SvensJc. Fog!, pi. 16. fig. 7 ; Wright, Finl. Fogl. i. p. 180 Nilsson, Skcindin. Faun. i. p. 419 ; Scdvad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 69 Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 109 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 32. Poecila borealis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). Parus lugubris, Fairmaire, Rev. Zool. 18.30, p. 276 (nee batterer, Jide F)resser). Parus fruticeti, Walletigr. Nmonannia, p. 141 (18o4). Parus alpestris, Bailly, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, 1851, p. 22 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3350. Poecila alpestris, Brehm, Kaumannia, 1855, p. 286. Poecila assimilis, Brihm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 286. Poecila salicaria alpina, 1 PcEcila salicaria borealis, \ Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 370. Pcecila salicaria assimilis, ) Parus baldensteinii, De 6'alis, Mem. Soc. H. N. Grisons, p. 106 (1861). pS SSS' 1 ^^-"'^' ^^^ ^- ^- p- « (^^•^^> Pcecile palustris, Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 565 (1867). B. Eastern Race (P. kamtscbalkensis). Poecila kamtschatkensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). Parus borealis, Middend. Reis. NO. Sibir. ii. p. 115 (1851, 7iec Selys). Parus palustris, var. borealis, Schrenck, Reise im Armirl. i. p. 307 (\mO,nec Sely.s). Parus palustris, Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 331. Parus kamtschatkensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207, 1870, p. 437, 1871, p. .362; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 110 (1873). Pcecile baicalensis, Sicinh. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1871, p. 257. Pcecile brevirostris, Taczanotcski, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 444. Parus palustris, subsp. camtschatkensis, Seebohm, His, 1871, p. 32. Pcecila kamtschatkensis, Taczan. J.f. O. 1872, p. 443. A. Western Race (P. borealis). Crown of liead never so glossj- black as in P. palustris, but always 52 TARID-E. sooty or even brownish black, this colour extendingsomewhat further down on the hind neck than in P. palustris : general colour more greyish and scarcely inclining to olive ; the margins to the secon- dary quills generally more greyish, broader, and more distinct ; bill brownish black ; feet leaden brown. P. borealis seems to be slightly larger in its dimensions than the common Marsh-Titmouse. Tor measurements see above. Hah. In Sweden and ISTorway P. horealis is more common than P. jutlKstris. The specimens found in Switzerland and Savoy are intermediate both in size and colour between the two forms in question. Birds from Galicia agree with P. borealis. The Switzer- land-Savoy race (the P. aJpestris) is another proof of the well-known fact that alpine species resemble northern ones although geogra- phically they may be widely separated. B. Eastern Race (P. kamtschatkensis). General colour above rather paler than in P. horealis. The black of the cap and hind neck in old males seems to extend a little further down, to the interscapular region ; iris brown. The following measurements of specimens from Siberia show that there is really no difference in size of the wings and tails between P. borealis and P. kamtschathensis : — Wing. Tail. in. in. c? ad 2-4 2-3 cJ ad 2-4 2-25 cJ ad 2-52 2-6 d ad 2-.57 2-4 c? ad 2-3 2-25 Hah. Kepresents P. borealis in Siberia, Kamtschatka, and Japan. Parus borealis (Western Race). a. Ad. St. Europe. Purchased. b. 2 ad. sk. Norway, May 24. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l F. D. Godman and 0 c,d. c? 2 ad. sk. S. Norway, July 1. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. e. Ad. sk. Sweden (TMieehcright) . Gould Collection. /. Ad. sk. Muoniovara, Lapland, April 19, 1855. Gould Collection. ff. Ad. sk. France. Gould Collection. h. Ad. sk. Savoy. Pm-chased. i. (S ad. sk. Alps. Purchased. h. ? ad. sk. Centi-al Em-ope. Purchased. I. Ad. sk. Archangel. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Parus Jcamtschatl-ensis (Eastern Eace). a, b. Ad. sk. North Russia. Dr. Giinther [P.]. c. c? ad. sk. Kondinsky, Sept. 18. Dr. 0. Finsch [C". d, e. 2 ad. sk Bolskoi Ustram, Ob Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. river, Sept. 11. 2. PSALTRIA, 53 /. c? ad. sk. g. (S ad. sk. fi,i- c? 2 ad. sk. k. (J ad. sk. I. Ad.sk. m. c? ad. sk. n, o, p. Ad. sk. y. Skeleton. Krasnojarsk, Oct. 7, 1878. Krasmijarsk, Dec. 3, 1878. Ussiiri river. Lake Baikal. Hakodadi, Japan, Nov. 22 (H. imteli/). Hakodadi, Nov. 15. Hakodadi. N. Russia. Henry Seebohm, Esq. Henry Seebohm, Esq. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Purchiised. Gould Collection. Henry Whitely, Esq. [C]. H. Pryer, Esq. [C.J. " Dr. Gunther [P.J. 48. Parus brandti. Poecile brandtii, Bogdanow, Aves Caucus, p. 89; Schalotv, J. f. O. 1880, p. 268 ; Rekhenow Sf Schalow, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 220. " Very similar to P. j^cdustris, but with the bill thicker and stronger ; crown of head blackish brown instead of black, and not extending backwards as far as the nape ; throat without any blackish patch. " JIab. Caucasus " (Reichenow c|" Schalow). Ohs. I have not seen a specimen of this species ; it may possibly belong to the P. luyuhris group. 2. PSALTRIA. Psaltria, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 600. fig. 4 (1836) Tj'pe. P. exilis. Head, bill, and tail of Psaltria exilis. Bill rather broad, short and curved ; nostrils situated in a groove, and thickly covered with small feathers ; first primary longer than half the second primary ; secondaries equal to live sixths of whole wing ; tail graduated, slightly longer than wing ; tarsus anteriorly covered with scales. No crest. Plumage very dull-coloured. Sexes alike. Length of wing about 1"6 inch. One species, confined to Java. 1. Psaltria exilis. Psaltria exilis, Temm. PL Col. GOO. fig. 4 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 231 ; Licht. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Suiidev. Ac. Meth. TeiU, p. 17. Parus exilis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3390. Adult male. Crown and sides of head, wing-coverts, quills, and tail uniform brown; mantle and back ashy grey, slightly washed 54 PAEIDiE. with brownish ; all the underparts dull dirty whitish, palest on the al)domeu and mider tail-coverts ; breast washed with fulvous ; across the breast a faint collar of brownish ; bill dark brown ; feet tlcshy- yellow. Total length about 3-3 inches, culmeu 0-25, wing 1-G- 1-95, tail 1-5-1-65, tarsus 0-54. Adult female. General colour above a little paler than in the male ; quiUs and tail-feathers with faint lighter margins to the outer webs. Hab. Java. a. Ad. slv. Java. J. Gould, Esq. b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. c. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 3. ACREDULA. Type. Orites, Moehrhu/, Gen. Av. p. 45 (1752) A. caudata. Acredula, Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. p. 19.) (1816) . . A. caudata. Mecistura, Leach, Cat. Mamm. 4" -S. Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1816) A. caudata. Paroides, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 468 (1831) . . A. caudata. ^Egithaliscus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) . . A. erythroc 'phala. Psaltriparus (pt.), Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 478 (1850) . A. melanotis. Acanthiparus, Gould, B. An'a, pt. vii. (1855) .... A. niveogularis. Psaltrites, Cab. J. f. O. 1881, p. 333 {notnen emendat. pro Psaltriparus). Bill extremely short and stout ; culmen strongly curved ; nostrils completely hidden by small recumbent feathers ; first primary well developed, but shorter tlian half the length of the next primary ; tip of wing formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ; tail generally much longer than the wing, and much graduated ; the scales covering the tarsus in front inclined to fuse into one long scutum. Xo crest. Plumage very soft, and of light colours. Range. Palmare tic and jS^earctic Regions. Key to the 8])ecies. a. Crown uniformly coloured. «'. Crown grey; underparts dull whiti-sh, with a tinge of fawn melanotis, p. 55. b' . Crown brown. a". Crown liirbt brown : underparts dull. , • • ,-„ a , Throat white < , j. ' ^ -o Iplumbea, p. oo. V". Throat black leucoytnys, p. 59. h". Crown bright reddish brown ; throat black. c'". Upper breast reddish chestnut, rest of undei"parts whitish concinna, p. 57. d'" . Breast and abdomen pale fawn vinous erythrocephala, p. 56. b. Centre of crown, from nostrils to nape, pale, either fawn-coloured or white. c' Abdomen and breast rich reddish fawn ; from nostrils to nape a broad fawn-coloured band ; sides of crown black ; throat dull white jouschisfos, p. .58. 3. ACREDITLA. 55 Abdomen and breast pale vinous fawn. c". Sides of crown black or blackish brown. e'". Centre of crown brown ; throat white nioeogidarU, p. 58. f". Centre of crown whitish or pale fawn; throat grej'ish or blackish grey. a^. Across the upper breast faint lon- gitudinal spots ; whole mantle and back bluish gi'ey tephronofn, p. 64. h*. No spots across upper breast glaucogularis, p. (35. g'". Centre of crown white; throat white, with much rose and vinous on the shoulders and lower back. (*. Prieocular and loral region blackish trivirgata, p. 62. rf*. Prteocular and loral region white. a^. Centre of mantle grey irbii, p. 6.3. ¥. Centre of mantle black rosea, p. Gl. d". Sides of crown pure white like the whole head caudafa, p. 59. 1. Acredula melanotis. Parus melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 216 ; Ltcht. Xomencl. p. 37 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3391. Poecile melanotis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850). yEiiithaliscus melanotis. Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850). Psaltria melanotis, Westerman, Bijdrag. Dierk. p. 16, pi. (1851) ; Cassin, X. Am. B. p. 20. Psaltriparus personatus, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 478 (1850). Psaltriparus melanotis, Baird, Cass.,1^- Lawr. B. N. A. p. 396, pi. 53. lig. 3 (1860) ; 8dat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 78 ; id. i^- Sale. Xomencl. Av. Xeotrop. p. 4 ; Baird, Breiv., 4" Ridgw. X. A. B. i. p. 108 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 66 ; id. ^- Godm. Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 58. Adult male. Entire crown of head and occiput pale grey ; sides of head, including the loral region, and the cheeks glossy black, this colour extending backwards so as to form a narrow collar round the hind neck : wings and tail brown, externally edged with pale grey ; mantle and back yellowish brown, with a slight olive tinge ; outer pair of tail-feathers with a whitish margin to the outer web ; chin blackish ; throat and sides of neck white, gradually passing into dull pinkish white; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale ochraceous or fulvous ; bill and feet black ; " iris pale straw-colour " {Salviii). Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0"3, wing 1-95, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-6. Adult female. Sides of head pale brown instead of black ; sides of neck a little blackish ; throat whitish ; rest of underpaits fulvous. Hub. Mountainous regions of 3Iexico and California. a. [5] orjuv.sk. Mexico. Dr. Kaup [P.]. b, c. (5 2 ad. sk. Parada, Mexico. Purchased. d. (S ad. sk. ^lexico. Piu'chased. e,f. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. g. 2 ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.]. 56 2. Acredula minima. A. Western liace (A. minima). Parus minimus, Towmvnd, J. A. N. Sc. Pliilad. vii. 1837, p. 190; Audiih. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. -i&l, pi. 382. figs. 5 & G ; Aud. B. Am. ii. p. IGO, pi. 130; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3392. Pcecile minima, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (1850). Psaltria minima, Cassin, N. A. B. p. 20 (1856). Psaltripaius minimus, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. G2 (1854) ; Baird, Cass., i^ Laicr. N. A. B. p. 397; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 76; Cooper, Birds Californ. p. 48 ; Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 82. Psaltriparus minimus, var. minimus, Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgiv. N. A. B. i. p. 109 (1874). B. Eastern Race (A. plumbea). Psaltria plumbea, Baird, Pr. Acad. N. S. Phil. y\\. 1854, p. 118. Psaltripaius plumbeus, Baird, Cass., ^- Laicr. B. N. Am. p. 398, pi. 33. tig. 2 (1860) ; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 77 ; Cooper, Birds Calif, p. 49; Cnies, Key N. A. B. p. 82; id. B. N. West, p. 23 ; id. B. Colorado VaU. p. 125. Parus plumbeus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3393 (1869). Psaltriparus minimus, var. plumbeus, Baird, Brew., ^- Bidqiv. N. A, B. i. p. 110 (1874). Psaltrites helviventris, Cab. J.f. O. 1881, p. 333, pi. 4. tig. 1. Western Eace (A. minima). The whole crown and nape dull brown ; general colour above ashy grey, with a slight olive tinge ; wings and tail dai-k brown, externallj- narrowly edged with pale grey ; sides of head and Hanks dull fulvous or brownish white ; rest of uuderparts and throat dull white ; bill and feet black. Total length under 4 inches, culmen 0-32-0-35, wing 1-75-1-85, tail 2-1-2-2, tarsus 0-55. Hcib. Pacific States of North America. a. Ad. sk. Puget Sound. John Gould, Esq. b. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. Eastern Race (A. plumbea). Slightly larger than A. minima, and having the crown of the head uniformly coloured with the back instead of brown. Total length about 4-20 inches, wing 2-15, tail 2'50. (Baird, Brewer, i|- liichj ~ way, 1. c.) "Represents A. minhna in the Southern Eocky-Mountain region being found in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Wyoming '\iid. I. c). 3. Acredula erythrocephala. Parus erythrocephalus, J'igors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gmdd, Cent. B. Him. Mts. pi. XXX. fig. 1 (1832) ; Hodys. in Grays Zool. 3Iisc. 1844, p. 83 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 73; Bp. C. A. i. p. 230; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. p. 11 ; Brooks, &tr. F. 1879, p. 487. Orites erythrocephalus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 104 (1849) ; 3. ACEEDULA. 57 id. in Jard. Cuntr. Oni. 1851, p. 51 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. p. 374 ; Sunder. Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 17, ^githaliscus erythrucephaluii, Cub. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) ; Jerdon, B. Lai. ii. p. i'70 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, uo. 3423; BUjthi) Waklen, B. Burmah, p. 112; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252. Adult. Forehead, crown, and nape rich rufous chestnut; sides of head, ear-coverts, and part of the sides of the neck, and a large patch on the throat deep black ; between the crown and the ear- coverts a more or less conspicuous white superciliary stripe ; general colour above, including scapulars and most of the wing-coverts, bluish grey ; quills and tail ashy brown, externally sHghtly edged with grey ; the two outer pairs of the tail-feathers broadly edged and tipped with white ; chin, sides of throat and neck pure white ; rest of underparts ochraceous, deepest and sometimes with a vinous tinge on the Hanks and abdomen ; " bill black : feet ileshy yellow ; iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length about 4 inches, cubnen 0-3, wing 2-05, tail 2, tarsus 0-6. The sexes are alike in plumage. Youmj. Crown fulvous, mixed with grey; sides of head dull black ; throat greyish ; back grey, with brownish tinge ; underparts whitish and ochraceous. Hah. Himalayas. a, b. Ad. st. Himalava.s. Purchased. c-g. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalavas. Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill rP.l h, i. Ad. sk. MuiTee, Aug. 1878. Col. ^Yay [P.]. k. Juv. sk. Simla. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.]. I. Ad. sk. Nepal. Goidd Collection. m~o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.l. p,q,r. Pull. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [CJ. s. Ad. sk. Nepal. Purchased. t,u.\di.sk. 'i^(i\^A{B.IL Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. V. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringbam, Esq. [P.]. ?6', x, y. Ad. sk. 'BihooiKQ {Femberton). India Museum [P.]. z. Ad. St. Assam. Gould Collection. 4. Acredula concinna. Psaltria concinna, Goidd, B. Asia, pt. vii. (1855) ; A. David, N. Arch Mm., Bull, vii., Cat. Ois. Chine, no. 214. ^■Egitbaliscus annphrvs, Swinh. Ibis 1878, p. 64. ^githalusanophrys/6-';-rty, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3425 (18G9). vEgithakis concinnus, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3426 (1869). ^githahscus concinnus, Sicin/i. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 362. Acredula concinna, David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 293 (1877), Closely allied to A. enjthrocephala, but lighter-coloured, and re- markably different in the coloration of the underparts : the white superciliary stripe, so conspicuous in A. ergthrocepliala, is indicated only by some slight white filaments ; rump reddish fulvous ; breast pure white, crossed by a richly-coloured chestnut semilunar band, which becomes broader towards the sides of the breast, and extends backwards on the sides and flanks ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts white, mottled with rufous chestnut ; under wing-coverts 58 PARID^. pure white ; mantle and scapulars dark slaty blue ; quills and tail- feathers blackish brown, externally edged with bluish gre_v ; outer pair of tail-feathers broadly edged and tipped witli white ; bill black, feet tleshy yellow ; " iris yellow '' {SwinJiOf). Length of culmeu 0*3, wing 1-8-i-!). tail 1-9-2," tarsus Q-G. The ijounii bird has the quills externally broadly edged with rusty red ; general colour below whitish, strongly washed with fulvous. Hub. China. fl. Ad. sk. Tingchow, Dec. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. b. Ad. sk. Tingchow, Aug. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J. c. cJ ad. sk. Tingchow, Oct. Gould Collection. {li. Swinhoe). 0. Ad. sk. Chusau, Feb. Gould Collection. (Type of species.) e,f. (S ad. sk. Chekiaug. Purchased. 5. Acredula jouschistos. Parus jouschistos, Hodgs. in Gnn/.^ Z„ol. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. J. A. S. Beiig. xiii. p. 943 ; id. Ann. S,- Mtn/. X. H. xv. p. 326 ; Graij, Cut. Mamm.etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.T^. 73; id. Gen. B.\. p. 192; Bh/ih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 104 ; id. in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. ol. jEgithaliscus jouschistos, Cab. Mns. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) ; Jerdun, B. Ind. ii. p. 271. Orites jouschistos, Horsf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 375 (1854). ^Egithalus jouchistos, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3432. Adult. Crown of head jet-black, except a broad band of fawn- colour, which extends from the nasal plumes over the centre of the crown to the nape ; sides of head, including the eax'-coverts, the sides of the neck, and the under wing-coverts pale fawn-colour ; chin and throat greyish white ; all the rest of underparts deep reddish fawn or rufescent ; general colour above ashy, with a more or less pro- noimced olive tinge ; upper part of mantle and the rump inclining to fulvous ; wing-coverts like back ; quills and tail dark brown with grey edgings ; most of the tail-feathers tipped with dull white. Bill black ; feet tleshy yellow ; iris brown. Sexes alike in plumage. Total length a little above 4 inches, culmen 0-34, wing 2-2, tail 2, tarsus O'Ho. Hah. Central and Eastern Himalayas. a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Types of species.) c. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson'). India Museum. d. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. W. Fotheringham, Esq. [P.]. e,f. Ad. sk. Bhootau (Femberfon). India Museum. 6. Acrednla niveogularis. Orites ? niveogularis. Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 140 (ex Gould. MSS.). Acantliipaius niveogularis, Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. (1855). ^Egithaliscus niveogularis, Jcrd. B. Ind. ii. p. 272 (18(33). .i^gitbalus niveogularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3431 (1869). 3. ACEEDTTLA. 59 Adult male. Forehead aud centre of crown white, graduall)- passing into pale buff on the occiput and nape ; sides of crown brownish black, extending as a broad band from the lores over the e3-e to the sides of the nape ; mantle, scapulars, and back ashy grey, with an olive or fulvous tinge ; tail, quills, aud wing-coverts brownish grey, narrowly edged with grey ; most of the tail-feathers broadly tipped with whitish ; cheeks, chin, throat, fore neck, and sides of neck white; across the upper breast a rather indistinct brownish band ; ear-covcrts brownish buff, with darker longitudinal stripes ; all the rest of the underparts reddish fawn or pinky isabelliue ; bill black, feet fleshy yellow, iris brown. Total length about -l-o inches culmen 0-37-0-4, wing 2--1-2-0, tail 2-3-2-0, tarsus 0-65. Females and immature birds have the underparts pale isabelline, the throat, flanks, and abdomen with a strong pinkish tinge ; the semicollar across the breast very slightly pronounced. Jlab. Northern and North-western India. «. Ad., b. Imm. North India. J. Goidd, Esq. [C.]. (Types ®'^- of species.) f^e. (5 sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. .Stackhouse Pinwill fP. f,ff. Ad.sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P. A. Lc?] ad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P. 7. Acredula leucogenys. Orites leucogenvs, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 1.39 ; Horsf. ^- Moore, tat. U. ±j.l. Co. Mus. p. 374. ^githalus leucogenys, Gray, Haml-I. B. i. p. 230, no. 3424 (1SG9) ^githahscus leucogenys, SeuUy, Ibis, 1881, p. 567. Intermediate in coloration between A. niveogularis and A jou- schistos. Crown of head reddish brown, passing into olive-grev on the rest of the upper parts ; from the lores a broad black band through the eye, extending to the sides of the hind neck, where it IS mottled with whitish ; car-coverts greyish brown ; cheeks and sides of neck pure white; chin and throat deep black, passing into blackish chestnut on the fore neck and ending rather abruijtly • rest of underparts like A. niveorjularis • bill black; feet fleshy yellow. Culmen 0-35 inch, wing 2-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-65. Hab. Afghanistan and Upper Cashmere. "•-'^^•^'^- Afghanistan (6V;i5?/A). India Museum. ^ ^ Ad. ^. Pushut (Griffith). InSt^?ir"^^- d. S ad. sk Darel, July 1880. Major Biddulph TC 1 e. 6 juv. sk. Darel, Jidy 1880. Major Biddulph [C.]. 8. Acredula caudata*. La Mesange a longue queue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 570. Parus caudatus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 3J2 (1766) ; Bes^ke, Vdg. Kurlands, * Some of the following references, especiallv the French ones, beIon<' mo«t probably lo the Central furui, A. ronea, ' ° 60 PARIDJE, no. 196; Bechstein, Viiff. Deutsckl.iv.'p.74:5 ; Retzius, Faun. Suecic. p. 271; llliger, Prodrom. T^. 220 ] Temm. Maii.crOrn.^.2'diS\ Bonn. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 499; Itoux, Orn. Prov. p. 193, pi. 122 ; Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. ol9 ; id. Traite iTOrn. p. 457; Pall. Zuoyr. Hosso-As. i. p. Tj.jI ; Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 25(^) ; Schitis, Europ. Faun. p. 220; Nilssoji, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 34o (1835), i. p. 425 (1858) : Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 ; KJcerhiillimj, Danmarks Fiiyle, pi. xxiii. ; Wriyhi, Finlands Foi/lar, i. p. 18(5 ; Susonikl, Vol/. Europ. v. Taf . 3 ; 8chic(j. Handl. Dierk. p. 350 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3395 ; llartiny, B. Middlcse.v, p. 58 ; Keulemans, Onze Voxels, pi. 15 ; Holland. IVirhcll/tiere Ponunerns, p. CO. Long-tailed Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 550 (1783). Acredula caudata, Koch, System, baier. Zool. p. 199, Taf. v. fig. 42 (1816) ; Cab. Mas. Ilein. p. 90 ; Sharpc, Ibis, 1868, p. 300 ; Dresser, i?. i?«r. iii. p. 104; Salcad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 66; Danford df Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Seeboh^n, Ibis, 1880, p. 189; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194 ; Blakist. ^ Pryer, B. Japan, p. 151. Mecistiira caudata, Selys-Lonych. Fawne Beige, p. 103 (1842) ; Licht. Nomenel. p. 37. Orites caudata, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Comp. i. p. 373 (1854); Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 17; Malm, Fauna, p. 180; Prjew. in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 190, sp. 89. Mcile. Head all round, nape, sides of neck, throat, breast, under wing-coverts, and edge of wing snowy white, this colour becoming duller towards the abdomen ; the feathers of the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale vinous at their terminal half; hind neck and interscapular region deep black ; scapulars and sides of mantle deep vinous red ; middle of back having a mottled appearance of black, white, and rosy ; rump and sides of back vinous rosy with whitish tips ; upper tail-coverts and the two outer pairs of tail-feathers entirely black, the others more and more edged and tipped with white ; on the outermost pair the black is restricted to part of the inner web ; most of the wing-coverts and the quills brownish black ; the secondaries internally and externally broadly edged with white ; bill and feet black ; iris brown ; eyelids bright yellow. Total length 5-5-6 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2-3-2-55, tail 3-3-3-8, tarsus 0-65- 0-7. Sexes alike in plumage. Immature birds have the sides of the crown, loral and nasal regions more or less washed with dark brown. Young birds. General colour above sooty brownish black ; centre of crown white; most of the wing-coverts and the secondaries blackish, with broad white margins ; underparts duller than in the adult bird ; bill dark brown, lighter at tip ; feet pale brown. Obs. Specimens from Central Siberia are often remarkable for their somewhat longer tails and brighter coloration. The White-headed Long-tailed Titmouse has a very wide range, as it is an inhabitant of Northern and Central Europe. It is found in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, and Russia, extending across Siberia to Japan. In Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, and the western parts of Germany it changes into the north-western form A. rosea. It has occurred a few times in the British Isles. 3. ACREDULA. 61 a. Juv. sk. h. Ad.sk. c. (^ ad. sk. d. 2 ad. sk. e. d ad. sk. /; ff. Ad. St. /(. Ad. St. i. Ad. sk. k,l. d 2 ad. sk. m. c? ad. sk. Bergen, Norway, July 8. Sweden. Sweden. Stockholm, autumn. Stockliobu, March, Austria. Ain, France. River Irtisch. Krasnoiarsk, autumn, 1880. Dauria, March 19, 1872. Gould Collection. Gould Collection, Gould Collection. H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.], H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. Vienna Museum [P.] R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Moscow Museum. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. Warsaw Museum [E.]. 9, Acredula rosea. Mecistura vagans, Leach, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p, 17 (1816) descr. ?mUa. Mecistura rosea, Blvth, ed. White's Nat. Hist, of Selbome, v. Ill, note (1836). 'i- ' Mecistura longicaudata, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 454 (1839). Acredula rosea, Sharpe, Ibis, 1868, p. .300 ; Sahad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 65 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 103 ; Giqlioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194. Mecistura caudata, Bcrkpsch, P.Z. S. 1879, p. 562. Parus roseus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3396 (1869). Parus caudatus auctt. Britt. passim. Acredula caudata, Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. p. 304 (1871). Very similar to A. caudata ; but both sexes have the sides of the crown of the head and the occiput more or less brownish black, the white colour being restricted to the centre of the crown, the frontal, loral, and nasal regions ; the imdorparts are never pure white, but always show a slight dull tinge ; and the breast and sides of neck have a few little brownish spots. Sexes exactly alike in plumage. The measurements are the same as those oi A. caudata. Eyelids orange. The Common Long-tailed Titmouse is the representative of the long-tailed Titmice in the British Isles, the Netherlands, France, and parts of Western Germany ; in Northern Italy it meets with A. irbii. a. (^ ad. sk. b. [$ Jad.sk. c. [ cJ ] ad. sk. d. e. (^ ad. st. /,.'/. 6,h. 2 ad. sk. i. [ c? ] ad. sk. k, I. Pull. St. 7)1, n. 2 P^ill- sk. 0, p, q. cJ ad. sk. English Specimens. Ireland, Mar. 31, 1870 {Sir Victor Broohe). Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, Nov. 1871 (B. B. Sharpe). Hawkstone, Shropshire, Jan. 1855. Avington, Hants, Nov. 1872. Avington, Hants, Nov. 1872. Berkshire. Maidenhead, Berks. Maidenhead, Berks. Cookham, Berks, Feb. 1874, R, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.], Gould Collection, E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. Capt. Shelley [P.]. J. Gould, Esq. Gould Collection. Gould Collection. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 62 TARID.?;. r. 2 ad. sk. Cooldiani, Berks, Feb. R. V,. .Sliarpo, Esq. [P.]. 1874. s. rull. sk. Cookham, Berks. Gould Collection. t, u. (S 2 ad. sk. Hampstead. F. I). Godman and 0. Salvin, Esqr.s. [P.]. r, i/-. (5 2 ad. sk. Ilanipstead. F. D. (iodnian and 0. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. X. S ad. sk. Surre}', Jan. 1857. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. ?/, :, a'. 2 ad. sk. Surrey, Feb. 1857. F. D. Godman and O. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J. //,(?'. c? ad.st. I d',e'. 2 ad..«t. y Drinkstohe, Snftblk. T. Harcourt Powell, I']sq. f'-p' Piill.'st. ( [P-] '<]'. r'. Ad. St. Cambridi^esliire. Mr. J. Baker [P.]. *■', t'. Skeletons. Purchased. ii'. Sternum. G. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. Continental Specimens. a. Ad. sk. AntweiiJ, Oct. 1873. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. he cJ 2 ad. sk. Yalkensvaard, Holland, 0. B. Wharton, Esq. [P.]. May 18, 1876. (1, e. Ad. St. France. P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. f q h Ad. St. ]\Iongeron, Seine-et- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Oise, Feb. 1875. i-o Ad sk. Mongeron, Seine-et- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Oise, Feb. 1875. V q 6 2 ad. sk. Piedmont, Nov. 1 and R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Dec. 1874. r s c? 2P"11 sk. Piedmont,May 26,1870. H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P t. 2 ad. sk. Piedmont,May4,1870. II. E. Dresser, Esq. [P It, V. J 2 ad. sk. Turin, March"l873. Count Salvadori [P.J. «' r rj 2 ad sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M. Leon Olphe-Galliard ' ■ April 1876. [P.]. y Ad sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M. Leon Olphe-Galliard April 1876. [P.]. c. [ (5 ] ad. sk. Bremen. Gould Collection. Subspecies a. Acredula trivirgata. Parus trivirgatus, Temm. <§• Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 00, pi. 34 ; Bp. C.A. i. p. 23 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2.34, no. 3.398. Acredula trivirgata, Cah. Mtts. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850); Sharpe, Ihis 1808, p. 301 ; Blakist. Sf Fryer, B. Japan, p. 151. Smaller than A. rosea ; very much like the latter in coloration ; but the brownish-black band of the sides of the crown in adult specimens is said to extend over the loral and nasal regions, whilst in A. rosea the latter parts are white. There are, however, speci- mens from Japan, and apparently old birds, which have the feathers of the parts in question white with dark brown tips. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. in. in. )"■ 2-15 2-9 0-60 •J-25 3-1 0()0 '2-4 3-2 065 3. ACRKDVLA. fi3 Hah. Eepresents the European Loug-tailed Titmouse in Soutlicrn Japan. a, h. Ad. sk. Japan. J. Gould, Esq. c. Ad. slf. Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [CI. d- Ad. sk. Yokohama. H. Prjer, Esq. [C.]. 10. Acredula irbii, Parus eaudatus, Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, in Mem. It. Acad. Madrid, p. 126 (1850). ' I'anis eaudatus atidt. Hisp. et Ifal. passim. Acredula caudata, Salvad. Faun, difal., Ucc. p. 07 (1871). Acredula irbii, Shaiye &j- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 312 ; Bresser B Eur. iii. pi. 105. ' ■ Acredula irbyi, Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 193. Differs from A. rosea in its smaller sizo and by the coloration of the back. Hind neck and sides of crown black ; the line of demar- cation between the black semicollar and the mantle well marked ; back without any black : all the feathers of the mantle, the back^ rump, and scapulars pale bluish grey at their bases, the rest of the' feathers vinous, sometimes with faint whitish tips ; the amount of vinous colour varies much on the different parts, the scapulars and the sides of the rump appearing almost entirely vinous, whilst the middle of the back inclines more to blue-grey ; npper tail-coverts black with greyish tips. Total length under 5-5 inches. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 2-4 3-3 0-65 2-45 3-4 0-G8 2-1 3-0 0-65 Ohs. The three specimens from Piedmont in the British Museum are intermediate between A. irbii and A. rosea. Hah. This bird is found in Spain, Sicily, and in the southern half of Italy. In northern Italy it gradually changes into the north- western species {A. rosea). Mr. Sharpe shot a beautiful typical specimen of A. irbii at Mongcron near Paris. a. Immat. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby fP 1 b. Ad. ,sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby rP.i. c. d ad. sk. Gibraltar, May 2. Colonel Irby iP.]. d. Nestling sk. Gibraltar. " Colonel Irby [P.] c. d ad. sk. Gibraltar, Feb. 7 (Irbi/). J. Gould, Esq. /. d ad. sk. Piedmont. H. E. Dresser, Esq [P.] ^. $ad. sk. Piedmont, Dec. 14, Count Salvadori fP. 1. 1873. ^ -■ /(. S ad. sk. Sicily. H. Saunders, Esq. [P.l u Ad. sk. Wongeron, Seine-et- Pt. B. SLarpe, Esq. [P.]. Oise, France, Feb. Ib75. 64 11. Acrediila tephronota. Orites tephi'ouotiis, Giinther, Ibis, 18Cw, p. 9G, pi. 4. Tarus tephvonotiis, Grm/, Ilaml-l B. i. p. 234, no. 3397 C1860\__ Mecistura poeltzanii, Sevprtz. Turk.Jevotn. p. 135, pi. 8. fig. 1 (1873) ; Dresser. Ihis, 1876, p. 172. Acredula tephrouota, i>harpe, Uns, 1868, p. 302 ; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 231 (1876) ; JDresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 105. fig. 2.' Closely allied to A. irhii, but with a large blackish or greyish patch on the centre of the throat ; sides of the crown black ; centre of crown dull white with a brownish tinge, this colour extending over the occiput ; hind neck pale brownish grey without any black ; the whole mantle, upper back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts pure grey without any black ; sides of lower back and rump vinous ; wings and wing-coverts black-brown with whitish margins ; sides of head and ear-coverts pale brownish ; chin white ; breast and middle of abdomen dingy white, with faint longitudinal brownish streaks ; flanks, under tail-coverts, and lower abdomen pale vinous ; bill and feet black ; " iris of a light brownish red colour, with an outer bluish-white ring ; " eyelids orange. Total length about 55 inches, wing 2-25-2-5, tail 2-7-3-2, tarsus 0-7. Hab. Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, and extending into Persia and Turkestan. Ohs. One specimen from Buyukdere (February 1874) has the general colour above exactly like A. rosea ; but it shows clearly the grey patch on the throat, and little brownish spots arranged in a broken-up semicircle across the upper breast. a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Belgrade, Dec. 1874 ('/". Bobson). c, d. Ad. sk. Havankoi, Turkey (T. Bobson). e. (S ad. sk. Buvukdere, Feb. 1, 1874 ( T. Bohson). f. cT ad. sk. Bagscbakeuy, Dec. 10 {T. Bobson). g. 5 fid. sk. Near Constantinople, Apr.23(r.i2o/)srm). h. ibirien, ii. p. 165 Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 236, no. 4016 ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 30 Severfzoic, Turkest. Jevotn. p. 135 ; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 232 Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33 {cf. for JE. consobrinus) ; Dresser, B Eur. iii. pi. 116. ^githalus polonicus, Brehni, VUg. Deutschl. p. 476 (1831). Pendulinus medius, Bre/nn, Voy. Deutscht. p. 477 (1831). Pendulinus macrourus, Brehm, J by. Deutsc/d. p. 477 (1831). ^githalus pendulinus, var. jasartica, Severtzoiv, Turkest. Jevotn. p. 135, pi. 9. lig. 2 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 176. ^githalus consobrinus, Sidnh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 133 ; ibid. 1871, p. 362 ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 294. Adult male. Ear-coverts, region all round the eye, and a narrow frontal band black ; greater part of crown white, separated from the black by a few rufous feathers on the forehead ; nape, hind neck, and sides of neck white, with a greyish tinge ; cheeks, chin, and throat pure white ; mantle chestnut-brown, deepest towards the neck, graduallj- passing into ochraceous on the back and rump ; upper tail-coverts light greyish ; tail-featliers dark brown, with broad whitish-yellow edgings to the outer and inner webs ; lesser •wing-coverts chestnut-red, the greater ones dark brown, with deep chestnut-coloured margins and with pale tips ; quills brown, with whitish edgings, which are very broad on the innermost secondaries ; underparts cream-colour or ochraceous. slightly deeper on the flanks and thighs ; the feathers of the breast with half- con- cealed subtermiual chestnut spots ; bill horn-colour ; feet bluish black ; iris brown. Total length about 3"6-4 inches. Adult female. Slightly paler in coloration, the black frontal band and the I'ufous colour orr the forehead less pronounced. Youmj. Less richly coloured than the adult bird, and having the whole hind neck and the crown ochraceous with a grev tinge ; f2 ' 68 PAEIDJ?. ear-covcrts rufous; no black on the sides of the head or on the forehead. Ciilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus, in. in. in. in. c? . China 040 2-23 1-75 0-56 S . Japan 0-37 222 1-74 057 o* . Piedmont 0-40 2-15 180 0-56 2. Asia Minor 0-41 20o l-7o 056 Hah. Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan, China, and Japan. a, b. Ad. st. Europe. Purchased. c. cT ad. sk. Piedmont, April 3, 1876. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvia, Esqrs. [P.]. rf.2ad.sk. Piedmont, April 20, 1876. F.D. Godman and O.Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. e. Juv. sk. Genoa (A. B. Brooke). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. f. Juv. sk. Astrachan, April 1872. Baron von Hiigel [P.]. 'ff. S ad. sk. Kaisarziah, Asia Minor H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. (C. JS. Dauford). 2. .ffigithalus coronatus. ^githalus coronatus, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 136, pi. 9. fig. 3, S ad. in spring (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 175. ^githalus atricapillus, Severiz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 137, pi. 9. fig. 4, S ad. in spring ; fig. 5, juv. (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 174. .^githalus stoliczkse, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 521. Apparentlj' slightly smaller than ^. pendulinus, to which it is very closely allied by the distribution of its colours. It chiefly differs from the latter species by the colour of the head, the forehead, lores, and region round the eyes and the ear-coverts being deep black, getting more and more mottled with wliite towards the occiput and nape, leaving only the centre of the crown near the forehead white ; behind the black occiput and nape a brownish-white crescent. Total length about 3-7 inches. cj: culmen 0-37-0-40, wing 2-05-2-1, tail 1-60-1 -63, tarsus 0-56. Female. Like the male in size and colour. Hah. Western Turkestan. ^ 3. .ffigithalus castaneus. .^githalus castaneus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 136, pi. 9 (1873); Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 165, pi. 117. ^githalus caspius, Bogdanow, Tr. Soc. Kazan, viii. p. 91 (1879). Adult male. Differs from ^. pendulinus in having the crown of the head, the hind neck, and the sides of the neck of the same rich chestnut coloiir as the mantle ; the amount of white on the edges of the tail and wing is greater, and the chestnut part of the feathers on the breast more conspicuous than in ^.pendidinus. This subspecies is slightly larger than the common European bird. Total length 4. ^GITHALtrS. 69 about 4-2 inches, culmen 0-40, wiug 2-20-2-30, tail l-90-l-9o, tarsus 0-58-U-()0. Adult female. Occiput and nape dull isabelline ; forehead, ear- coverts, and region round the eye black as in the male. Ohs. The amount of chestnut colour on the crown and hind neck varies greatlj', and it does not extend all over these parts before the bird is quite adult. In the British Museum is a male specimen, shot in April near Astrachan, which has the greater part of the crown and the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts deep chestnut- brown, each feather slightly tipped with white, but the nape and hind neck are almost white. Hah. Confined to the delta of the Wolga. a. S ad. sk. Astrachan, April. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 4. iEgitlialus macronyx. jEgithakis macronyx, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 137, pi. 9. fig. 8, ad. c? in irinter (1873): I)re.'