;3
CATALOGUE
BIRDS
BRITISH MUSEUM.
VOLUME vrii.
LONDON:
PliENTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1883.
CATALOGUE
PASSERIFORMES,
PERCHING BIRDS,
>^vSH MUc COLLECTION
\'7-„ ■' ^,1 OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
CICHLOMORPH^: Part Y
CONTAINING THE FAMILIES
PAMD^E AND LANIID^
(Titmice and Shrikes),
AND
CERTHIOMORPH^
(Cheepers and Nuthatches).
HANS GADOW, Ph.D.
LONDON:
PRINTP^-D BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1883.
I'RINTED BY T AV L 0 R AND FRANCIS,
i,pi> 1. 1. IX ronnT. Fr.EF.T STKV.ET
PREFACE.
The Eighth Volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British
iluseum ' contains an account of all the species of Titmice, Shrikes,
Creepers, and Nuthatches known at present. It was prepared by
Dr. H, Gadow, who has also completed the manuscript of the
succeeding volume, which will contain the Cinnyrimorphse and is
already in the press. The total number of species described
amounts to 4(t2, of which no less than 337 are in the British
iluseum ; they are represented by 2944 examples.
Of the principal donors I have to mention H. I. and R. Highness
the Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, B. H. Hodgson, Esq., F. D.
(jodman, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill, W. E. and
C. G. Gates, Esqrs., H. Seebohm, Esq., Lord Walsingham, Capt.
Shelley, and Lieut.-Col. Irby.
In consequence of the author's departure from London, it was
found necessary to intrust the correction of the proof-sheets, and
especially the revision of the lists of specimens, to the experience
of Mr, Sharpe ; but all corrections were submitted to the author
for his approval before the sheets were sent to press.
ALBERT GiJNTHER,
Keeper of the Department of Zoologij.
British Museum,
June 28, 1883.
INTRODUCTION.
The sj-stematic arrangement followed in the present volume is, in
part only, my own. I had to accommodate my views to those held
and expressed by the authors of the previous volumes, notably in
vol. iv. p. 6, where the limits of the last two families of the Cichlo-
morphse, Paridte and Laniidae, were defined, and in vol. v., where the
limits of the family Turdidffi^'were so much contracted that, in order
to render a Catalogue of Cichlomorphous genera complete, I had to
admit into the families which fell to mj' share genera which, in my
opinion, ought to have been placed elsewhere.
It is easy to form a satisfactory diagnosis of so-called typical
families if we confine ourselves to such forms as we consider taxo-
nomic centres ; but if we have to include the more peripheral forms,
which are frequently highly specialized, as well as the more
generalized forms, where the various groups inosculate with and
overlap each other, the task of defining the families becomes ex-
tremely difficult, as was already experienced by the author of the
fourth volume (p. 6).
The combination of the Parince with the Regulince seems to me
artificial, and the latter probably had better have been treated in
vol. vi. Moreover, Regulus and Leptopcecile being apparently closely
allied to each other, I found it impossible to give a diagnosis of the
family Paridoe.
A discussion of the probable relationship between the Paridce and
Sittince had become unnecessary through the establishment of the
group Certhiomorpha? (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 3).
Regarding the Laniidae I beg to refer to pp. 88 and 89.
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
The intrinsic arrangement of the families contained in this volume
is my own ; and 1 have tried to justify it by the diagnoses of the
subfamilies and genera. Besides other characters hitherto not ap-
plied to diagnostic descriptions, the pattern of colour has frequently
been resorted to as a most important taxonomic feature, although
•' not the only character which indicates near relationship.''
One single character, no matter whether " structural " or not, as
generally used in 'Keys,' hardly ever determines the limit of a family;
but a greater number, the coincidence of several characters, although
perhaps unimportant by themselves, will suffice for this purpose.
Eegarding the vexed question of species, I have frequently made
use of the designations subspecies and races; but as their synonj-my
and designations have generally been kept distinct, they can easily
be restored to specific rank, whenever this be thought necessary,
the whole question being thus left as a mere matter of personal
opinion. Besides, it must be borne in mind that the species of the
various genera are not equivalent.
I wish to tender my thanks to the following gentlemen, who
by the loan of specimens, or kindly permitting access to their
collections, have considerably facilitated the completion of this
volume : — H. E. Dresser, Esq., 0. Salvin, Esq., Captain "Wardlaw
Eamsay, Dr. Scully, Captain Shelley, H. Schalow, Dr. Reichenow,
and Professor Cabanis.
Mr. Sclater put his rich collection of VireonincB at my disposal,
and permitted me to make the fullest possible use of his descriptions
and " Keys " to this difficult group. Mr. Seebohm not only gave
me access to his large series of birds, but also thoroughly worked out
and revised with me several times the Grey Shrikes, the Nuthatches,
and many of the Titmice.
Finally, I beg Mr. E. B. Sharpe to accept my thanks for his many
acts of courtesy, not only in guiding me at the beginning of my
work, but also in lending me throughout his assistance in many
difficulties, which, without his aid, would have caused me much
additional labour.
H. GADOW.
Cambridge,
June 1883.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order PASSERIFORMES.
Suborder PASSERES.
I. ACROMTODI.
a. Passeres normales.
Section TUEDIFOEMES.
Group II. C1CHLO51ORPH.1;.
Fam. P A R I D iE.
Subfam. PAEiNiE.
Page
1. Parus, Linn 3
1. sultaueus, Hodgs 6
2. niger, Bonn. >.y Vieill 7
3. fimereiis, J'crr 9
4. albiveuter, Shelley 10
5. leuconotus, Gucr 10
6. cvauiis, rail 10
7. flavipectus, Severtz 11
8. pleskii, C
i;.
15. Falciinculus, lleill 172
1. fi-ontatius, Lath 173
2. leucogaster, Gould .... 174
16. Oreoica, Gould 174
1. cristata, Lewin 174
17. Eopsaltria, Swains 175
1. australi.s, Lath 176
2. geoi'giaua, Qmo!/^- GfliW!. 178
3. flavigaster, Ve'rr 179
4. cucullata, Grai/ 179
/). caledouica, 6-'»i 180
(j. pulvenileuta, Up 180
7. gularis, Quoy c^ Gaim. . 181
18. Fachyce^haleijVi f/.. glauciira, Gould 194
7. clilornra, Gray 194
8. scblegeli, Rosenh 195
9. fulvotincta, Wall 196
10. soror, Sclaf 196
11. innominata, Ramsay . , 197
12. coUaris, Ramsay 197
13. calliope, Bonap". 198
14. littayei, Layard 198
15. morariensis, Verr.^- Des
Mars 199
16. iistvohhi,IIombr.4-Jacq. 200
1 7. torquata, Lai/ard 201
18. graellei, Harfl 202
19. iacquinoti, Bonap 203
20. "icteroides, Pvale 204
21. falcata, Gould 205
22. pallida, Ramsay 206
23. xantberythrsea, Forster , 207
24. riifiventris, Lath 208
25. rufogularis, Gould .... 209
26. gilbeiti, Gould 210
27. xantboprocta, Gould . . 211
28. rufinucba, Sckd 211
29. olivacea, Tic/. ^ Horsf. . 212
30. albispecularis, Salvad.. . 212
31. hyperytbra, Salvad 213
32. orpbeiis, Jard 213
33. pbteonotus, Muller .... 214
34. griseiceps, Gray 215
35. ciuerascens, Salvad 216
36. griseonota, Gray 2] 7
37. rufipennis, Gray 218
38. dubia, Ramsay 219
39. simplex, Gould 219
40. grisola, Blyth 220
41. biunneicauda, Salvad. . . 220
42. pbilippiuensis, Walden. . 221
43. sulfuriveuter, Walden . . 221
44. monacba, Gray 222
44 a. arctitorquis, Sclater . . 368
45. leucogaster, Salvad. .... 222
46. leucostigma, Salvad. . . 223
47. lauioides, Gould 224
48. cyauea, Hume 224
49. battameiisi.?, Meyer .... 225
50. poliosoma, Sharpe .... 226
51. fortis, Gadow 369
19. Pacbycare, Goidd 226
1 . flavogrisea, Meyer .... 227
Subfain. L.^niin^t..
20. Urolestes, Cah 228
1. melanoleucus, Jard 229
21. Lauiellus, Swains 2.30
1. leiicogrammicus, Stcaim. 230
22. Coi-vinella, Less 231
1. coi'vina, Shaw 231
23. Lanius 232
1. minor, Gm 235
2. excubitor, L 237
3. major, Fall 2.39
4. borealis, VieiU. 240
5. mollis, Eversm 241
6. bomeyeri, Cah 242
7. leucopteriis, Severtz 242
8. .'spbenocercus, Cah 242
9. seebobmi, Gadoiv 243
10. robustus, ^enVri 243
11. algerien.^is, Less 244
12. uncinatiis, Sclaf 245
13. luuoviciainis, Linn 245
14. meridionalis, lemm. . . 246
SYSTIOIATIC IXDKX.
24. V
1.
'2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page
fallax, Fimch l^47
assimilis, Brehm 249
honuliMicuriis, Finsch (5(-
Jlaril 299
griiuini, Bof/danow .... 250
dealbatus, (k Filippi . . 250
eletrans, >Swtiins 251
lalitora, Si/kcs 252
excubitorius, Des Murs. 253
souziE, Boc 254
caudatus, Cab 254
antinorii, Salvatl 255
collaris, L 255
a. smitbii, Fraser .... 258
subcoronatus, Smith . . 260
tephronotus, Viijurs. . . . 261
scbacb, L 261
fuscatus, Less 263
ei'ytbronotus, Vigors . . 263
a. caniceps, Bhit]i .... 265
beutet, Hursf.' 266
uigriceps, FrankI 268
cephalomelas, Bonap. . . 269
bucephalus, Temm. ^•
Schleg 270
cristatus, L 271
superciliosus, Lath 273
lucionensis, L 274
isabelliniLS, Ehrenh 277
a. phceuicuroides,&t'e;"offfye 330
3. Tichodroma, /// 331
1 . muraria, L 331
4. Climacteris, Temm 333
1. melanura, Gould 334
2.- melanonotus, Gould. . . . 334
3. placens, Sdnt 335
4. nifa, Gould 335
5. leucopbsea, Latham .... 330
6. scandeu.?, Tcnnn 337
7. erythrops, Gould 338
8. pyrrlioiiotus, Gould .... 339
9. mystacali.s, Temm 339
Subfam. Sittin.e.
5. Sitta, Linn 341
1. europsea, Linn 342
a. naoraen.'sis, Godwin-
Austen :T44
2. aniureiisis, Su-inli 3^5
3. magna, liamsay 34o
4. neumayeri, Michah 345
5. s\Tiaca, Elirenh 34G
6. cassia, Wolf 347
7. himalayeusis, Jard. ^■
SAlnj 349
8. nenflecta, Walden 349
9. kriieperi, von Pelzeln . . 350
10. cajtaueoventris, Frank-
lin 351
11. cinnamoiueoventris, 2?/. . 351
12. leucopsis, Gould 352
13. carolinensis, Tf7/.>t 353
14. canadensis, Bris!< 354
a. viUosa, Verr 355
15. pygmsea, Viy 355
16. pusilla, Lath 356
17. azurea, Less 357
18. formosa, Bh/th 357
19. frontalis, Uor-rf. 358
20. ojnochlamys, Sharpc . . 359
6. Sittella, Swains 360
1. chrysopteia, Lath 360
2. leucocepbala, Gould. . . . 301
3. albata, Ramsay 362
4. pileata, Gould 362
a. tenuirostris, Gould . . 363
5. leiicoptera, Gould 363
6. stidata, Gould 364
7. papuensis, Schl 365
7. Hypo itta, A. Xewton. . . . 365
1. cor.illii'O.stil*. .1. ycw!on 366
' ^'^'>,s^ CATALOGUE
OF
BIRDS.
Order II. PASSERIFORMES
(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1).
Suborder I. PASSERES
(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 6).
Group II. CICHLOMORPH^
(Cat. B. vol. iv. p. 6).
Family PARID.E.
Si/no^ms of Subfamilies.
A. Bill without a notch ; tarsus less than twice
the length of the halhix without nail .... PARIX.J!^, p. 1.
B. Bill slightl}^ notched ; tar.sus more than twice
and a half the length of the hallux without
nail REGULIN.E, p. 79.
Subfamily PARING.
Bill shorter than the rest of the head, generally conical, and
without a notch ; no.strils lateral or basal ; wings rounded, their
tip generally formed by the 3rd to 5th primaries ; first primary always
present, although short; tail varying in length and shape; toes
and tarsi comparatively short, the latter being less than double the
length of the hallux without nail; outer toes coalesced at the base
VOL. VIII. B
2 PAKTD.IS.
onl)-. Plumage soft, •vcoolly and lax. The principal colours of the
plumage are -white, black, yellow, and blue ; red and green (except
olive-yellow) do not occur. Spots on the back and -wings are often
met with, but transverse bands are never found on any part of the
plumage. The sides of the head are frequently coloured differently
from the rest of the head ; the feathers of the crown are often pro-
longed into a crest. Sexes generally alike in plumage.
The Parince are small, non-migratory, mostly insectivorous birds,
inhabiting the whole world, with the exception of the Neotropical
Eegion and the Pacific islands. They comprise 7 genera with about
80 species.
Key to the Genera.
A. Parin.k typics. Nostrils mostly round
and entirely devoid of any coriaceous
opercidum ; always hidden by little
feathers and bristles. Tongue obtuse, and
beset at the tip with horny bristles.
a. Culmen curved ; first primary long.
a'. Tail rounded or square ; with many
scales in front of the tarsus; often
■with a crest 1. Parus, p. 3.
h'. Tail rather long and graduated; tarsus
covered anteriorly with one scutum,
or with the scales almost fused into ,„ Psjatt-rta* n 5S
one ; no crest j g' Acredula p 54*
h. Culuien straight ; bill very much pointed ; ' ' ' > P- •
tail short, square, or emarginated ; tarsus
anteriorly covered with many scales ;
no crest 4. ^githalus, p. 66.
B. Paring AfsxHALES. Nostrils in a groove,
longitudinal, operculated ; not covered by
feathers, but quite free and exposed.
Tongue without bristles (?). Confined to
the Australian Region.
[c. First primary wanting ; second primary
very long Oreocharis t.]
d. First primary well developed.
c'. Bill higher than broad ; tail square ;
no crest ; secondaries equal to four
fifths of the wing; nostrils partly
covered 5. Xerophila, p. 73.
d'. Bill not higher than broad ; nostrils
exposed.
a" . With a crest ; secondaries equal to
sixth or seventh primary 6. Sphexostoma, p. 74.
h". Without a crest ; secondaries equal
to fourth or fifth, or third or fourth
primaries 7. Certhiparus, p. 75.
* PsaHria is intermediate between Acredula and Partis. Tail graduated ;
tarsi anteriorly covered with scales ; no crest ; fl^-st primarj- longer than half
the second primary.
+ Oreocharis, although referred to in this key, will be included in the account
of the McUph'igirxB (Car. B. vol. ix.).
i
1. PARUS. i
I. Panurin.e. Nostrils ovate, with a large
operculum, the nasal opening situated pos-
teriorly; hidden by small plumes. Tongue
horny, obtuse, divided at the end, ter-
minating in a few horny bristles. One
genus Panurus *, p. 77.
1. PARUS.
Type.
Parus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 341 (1766) P. major.
Lophophanes, Kaup, Nat'drl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) P. cristatus.
Cyanistes, id. op. cit. p. 99 P. cyaneus.
Poecile, id. op. cit. ^^.Wi P. ater.
Melanochlora, Lesson, Rev. Zool. p. 42 (1839) P. sultaneus.
Crataionyx, Ei/ton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104 P. sultaneus.
Ptilobaphus, Reichenh. Nat. Sijst. pi. Ixii. (1 850) P. sultaneus.
Penthestes, Reichenb. I. c P. niger.
Machlolophus, Cah. Mas. Hein. i. p. 91 (1850) P. spilonotus.
Baeolophus, id. I. cit. (note) P. bicolor.
Pentheres, id. op. cit. p. 92 P. niger.
Melaniparus (!), Bp. Cmsp. Av. i. p. 228 (1850) P. sultaneus.
Poekilis, Blasius, Lid of B. of Eur. p. 8 (1862) P. ater.
Head of Parus major, with bill to show nostrils (exposed).
Bill short, subulate, more or less conical, blunt at the tip, hardly
notched, or without any notch at all ; nostrils always round and
small, hidden, like the base of the bill, by recumbent little feathers
of the forehead, never operculated, the margins being ossified ; first
primary well developed, but less than half the next one in length ;
tip of wing formed by 3rd to 5th primaries ; tail varying in length
and shape ; tarsus comparatively short, less than double the length
of the hallux, anteriorly covered with many transverse scales, which
in some species, in old birds, tend to fuse into one another ; many
species have a feather- crest. Plumage often beautifully coloured,
the principal colours being black, yellow, and blue, whilst green
and red are excluded ; back and wings frequently spotted, but
streaks and cross markings do not occur. Most of the North -
American species are plain and dull in colour ; African Tits prin-
cipally black.
Eanije. About 46 species in the Indian, Ethiopian, Palasarctic,
and Nearctic Regions.
* Panurus does not belong to the ParidcB, but perhaps to the Frbigillidcp.
Tl\e nostrils are nearer to the culmen than to the edge of the maxilla, the
culmen curved, and the first primary very short.
b2
Key to the Species.
A. Ouly colours black and yellow; high crest.
(Melanociiloha.) mltaneiis, p. 6.
B. General colour black ; no crest.
(/. All the upper parts uniform black.
a'. Ih-east and abdomen blackish.
«". i'rimaries and wing-coverts edged with
white ni 1 xi 1- n 1 *i . 1 6o/v«/!'s, p. 54. [52.
h' '. Only the chin bkck; "PF^ throat K.^^^^^^^J^^i;^^^^^. L
mottled or edged black and white . . /,,gf^.;g „ 49 ^
p". Throat without any blackish patch ; ^ .
crown of head blackish brown hraiidfi, p. 53.
1. Parus sultaneus.
Parus sultaneus, Hodgs. Ind. Sev. p. 31 (1831); id. in Gray^s Zool.
Misc. p. 83 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192 ; id. Cat. 3Iamm. etc. Nepal
pres. Hodqs. p. 72; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 943; Horsf. ^
Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Miis. i. p. 369.
Parus flavocristatus, Lafresn. Mag. Zool. 1837, pi. 80 ; Horsf. P. Z. S.
1839, p. 162 ; Blyt/i, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 184, xii. p. 955 ; Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1846, p. 100 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 102 ; id. in
Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. sx. pi. 15.
Melanochlora sumatrana, Less. Rev. Zool. p. 42 (1839) ; Sundev. Av.
Mctli. Tent. p. 20.
Crataionyx flava, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104.
Crataionvx ater, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104.
Melanochlora sultanea, Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 282 (1863) ; Walden,
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 551 ; Hume Sf Davison, f>t. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 378 ;
Hume, St. F. 1879, pp. 64, 105.
Melanochlora flavocristata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 (1850) ; Blyth
4" Walden, B. Burmah, p. 111.
Adult male. Head above and a long pointed crest, the breast,
abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the axillaries bright yellow ;
the under wing-coverts blackish at base, tipped with yellow, and
with a subtermiual white band ; all the other parts of the body are
glossy green-black, the quills internally edged with whitish ; the
line of demarcation between the black of the fore neck and the
yellow breast is strongly marked ; " bill black ; feet slaty ; iris
dark brown'' (Jerdon). Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
4-4-2, tail 3-4-3-G, tarsus 0-95-1.
Adult female. All the parts which are black in the male are
brownish' black, with a peculiar olive-green tinge ; chin, cheeks,
throat, and fore neck blackish, strongly washed with yellowish. lu
all the other parts the female closely resembles the male. Wing
3-7 inches, tail 3-3.
Young birds resemble the females, but want the yellow crest.
06s. Several specimens in the British Museum have some of the
outer tail-feathers slightly tipped with white.
Hah. From the Himalayas through Assam, Burmah, and Malacca
to Sumatra.
a, h, c. Ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Tvpe.s of the species.)
d, e.l6\f,9-l2'] Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
h, i. i c? ] ad., k. [ S Assam. Gould Collection.
juv.] sk.
Z. Ad. sk. kssam {McClelland). India Museum.
VI. 9 ad. sk. Western Pegu bills, Eugene \V. Gates, Esq. [C.].
lat. 19° N., April
7, 1873.
n. S ad. sk. Malewoon, Tenas- Eugene W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
serim,Dec.8,1876.
o. Ad. sk. Malacca. Eyton Collection.
p. Juv.sk. Malacca. Hugli Cuming,
y, r. [ cJ $ ] ad. sk. Malacca. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
*, <. cf ad., juv. sk. Malacca (CrtH^o/-)- India >Iuseum.
u. Ad. sk. Penang. India Museum.
V. Bones of body. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
2. Pams niger.
La Mesange noire, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 137. figs. 1, 2.
Parus niger, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 508 (1823); Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 233, no. 3383; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 81 ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 331 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 103;
Borage, Orn. Anqola, p. 28.5.
Parus leucomelas, Bi/pp. Xeue Wirh. Taf. 37. fig. 2 (1835) ; Heugl.
Syst.Uebers. p. 252; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3387; Heiigl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 407.
Parus leucopterus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 246 (1837) ; id. B. W.
Afr. ii. pi. 42 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 70 ; Monteiro, His, 1862,
p." 338; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 113; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234,
no. 3385 ; Bhmf. Geol. i^- Zool. Abyss, p. 356.
Melauiparus leucopterus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850) ; Socage, Jorn.
Lisb. 1867, p. 333, 1868, p. 22, 1874, p. 51,
Melaniparus leucomelas, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850).
Melaniparus niger, Bp. C. A. i. p. 228 (1850).
Pentheres niger, Cab. IIiis. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850).
Peutheres leucopterus, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850).
Pentheres leucomelas, Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 92 (1850).
Penthestes melanoleucus, Pr. Paul Wilrttemberg, Icon. ined.
Parus luctuosus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 30 (1854).
A. Northern Race (P. leucopterus, Swains.).
Achdt male. Above and below glossy blue-black, less glossy on the
abdomen, tail, and under tail-coverts ; quills black, the primaries
narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white ; primary wing-
coverts black and white ; the greater and median series almost pure
■white, the blackish colour being restricted to the basal or to the
central parts of the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts black ; quills below
dusky, with broad white edgings to the inner web ; edge of wing
and under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish at the base of
the feathers ; bill, feet, and claws black.
Fenuih. Less glossy below ; the white edgings to the quills are a
little narrower, and the upper wing-coverts more blackish brown,
than the male.
OJiS. Some of the Ganil)ia specimens lifive the tail-fcatbcrs sliglitly
lipped, and one speeiraeii has the outer pair of tlie feathers narrowly
ed{i;cd with white ; thighs and under wing-coveits in another (river
Volta) slightly tipped with white.
U. Southern Race (P, niger, VieiU.).
Advlt male. Underparts of the body black, but with a strong
brownish tinge; the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
dark grey, tipped with whitish ; most of the tail-feathers are tipped,
and the outermost pair externally broadly edged, with white ; bill and
claws black; iris dark hazel (Oaf ex).
Adult femedes from South Africa resemble the males closely
in their ujiper parts: cheeks, throat, breast, abdomen, and flanks
dusky brownish black or dark ashy brown ; tail, under tail-coverts,
and thighs with white or whitish tips, the outer feathers broadly
edged with white.
Ohs. Two adult males from Daniara Land, shot by Andersson in
the months of August and September, differ but slightly from the
Northern race: greater wing-coverts black, broadly tipped and nar-
rowly edged with white ; tail-feathers with narrow white tips, the
outer pair (in one specimen) broadly edged with white ; thighs and
under tail-coverts black, with whitish tips ; throat, breast, flanks,
and greater part of abdomen glossy black.
In order to find out whether there are any differences in size be-
tween these two or three races, I have measured a large series of
these birds from different parts of Africa. The north-eastern and
the southern specimens are absolutely the same in size : those from
the Gambia and the river Volta seem to be a little smaller.
Whig. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in.
c? . Angola 3-2 2-9 0'8
c? . Damnra 3-15 275 I ^.„^
J. Damaia 3-3 3-0 f "°^
cJ . River CLalumna .... 3-3 3'0 ) f>.„
cJ . Pine Town 3-12 2-82 / \°
S . Elands Post 3-32 3-02 f ^°
cJ . Eiver Eamaqiiebau . . 3-2 3-02) "°^
2. Natal 2-92 2-6
2 . Grahams Town 3'07 2-8
5 . Tete 3-15 2-85
o' . River Auseba 3-] 5 2-55
J. Kokai 3'02 3-45 0 8
cJ . Bard el Maiideb .... 3-3 2-9 0-78
Ad. [cJ]. River Volta .. 3-0 2-65 0-75
Ad. [ c? ]. River Volta . . 2-92 2-5 1
Ad. River Gambia 2-85 2-5 |
Ad. River Gambia 30 2-7 ^- 0-75
Ad. River Gambia 3a.5 27 |
Ad. River Gambia 3-12 2-8 J
Hah. The whole of the Ethiopian Eegion from Abyssinia to the
Gambia and southwards to tlie Cape.
1. PAKirS.
Northern Race (P. leueoptenis).
a, b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. St.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/, y. Ad. sk.
h. (5 ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. (S fid. sk.
?. Ad. sk.
m. c? ad. sk.
Africa.
River Gambia.
River Gambia.
River Gambia.
River Volta {Governor
Ussher).
Congo {Dr. Lucaii).
Angola.
River Anseba, 4000 feet,
July 17, 1868.
Bard el Mandeb, Bogos
Land (Eskr).
Kokai, Bogos, July 12,
1868 (Jesse).
Purchased.
Purchased.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l.
W.T. Blanford,Esq.[C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [C.].
F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
viu, Esqrs. [P.].
Southern Race (P. niger).
a. Ad. St.
b. Ad. sk.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. cJ ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
g. (S ad. sk.
/*. 2 ^^- s^'
i. Ad. sk.
k. (J ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. cJ ad. sk.
2y. cS ad. sk.
South Africa.
South Africa.
Grahams Town
(T. a A f more).
Elands Post {T. C.
Atmore).
King William's Town.
River Chalumna.
Pine Town, Natal, May
28 {T. L. Aijres).
Natal {T. At/res).
Natal.
Tati, Matabele Land,
Oct. 3, 1874 {F.
Oates).
River Ramaqueban, Sept.
4, 1873 {F. Oates).
Tete, Zambesi (Sir J.
Kirk).
Elephant Vley, Damara
Land (Andersson).
Otjimbinque, Sept. 29,
1866 (Andersson).
Purchased.
Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Capt. H. Trevelvan [P.].
Capt. H. Trevel'yan [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
viu, Esqrs. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
C. G. and W. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
C. G. and W. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
Livingstone Expedition
[C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
3. Parus fimereus.
Melanoparus tunereus, Verr. J. f. O. 1855, p. 104.
Parus funereus, Hartl. Orn. W.'-Afr. p. 70 (1857); Gra>/, Hand-l B.
i. p. 234, no. .3356.
Adult (type of species). General colour of upper and under
parts slaty black, inclining to dark grey on the flanks, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts : head with a slight greenish tinge ; quills
and most of the wing-coverts narrowly edged with greyish ; inner
web of quills pale; "bill black; feet dark lead-colour " (1?«H?.).
10 PARID.E.
The sexes are alike in plumage. Total length about 'ro inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 3--i, tail I'-l', tarsus 0-7.
Hab. Gaboon.
a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased. (Type of
the species.)
4. Parus albiventer.
Parus albiventi-is, Shelley, Ibis, 1881, p. 11(5 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 578.
General plumage black ; median wing-coverts white ; greater
■wing-coverts and the quills edged with white on their outer webs ;
the white edges of the inner primaries and outer secondaries shaded
with ashy olive ; primary-coverts with almost obsolete pale edges ;
the outer taU-feathers with the greater portion of the exterior web
and the ends of the feathers white, the next pair having the end
half of the outer webs very narrowly edged with white ; centre of
the chest, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts white ; inner margijis of the quills cream-colour ; bill
black; legs slate-colour. Total length 7-7o inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 3-3, tail 2-75, tarsus 4-8.
Hab. Ugogo, Central East Africa.
5. Parus leuconotus.
Parus leuconotus, Guerin, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 184.3, p. 162 ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 408, iv. p. cix ; Gal. ^- Ferret, Voy. en Abyss.
iii. p. 222, t. 9. fig. 1 ; Bhmf. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 356.
Parus dorsatus, Rilpp. Sijst.' Uebers. p. 42, pi. 18 (1845); Heityl.
System. Uebers. no. 253.
Melaniparus leuconotus, Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 228 (1850).
Pentheres leuconotus. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 (18.50).
Adult male. Glossy blue-black, with the exception of the mantle,
which is dingy or creamy white ; outer pair of tail-feathers with a
narrow white edge ; the outer web of the terminal half of the
primary-quills in some specimens slightly edged with whitish ; inner
margin of quills whitish ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts jet-
black, the greater series greyish with dark tips ; bill black ; feet
lead-colour ; iris fuscous. Total length under 5 inches, culmen 0*5,
wing 3-3-2, tail 2-4-2-5.5, tarsus 0-8.
The females and immature birds are mostly dull black ; the mantle
white, with a vinous-brown tinge.
Hah. Highlands of Abyssinia.
a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.
b Ad. sk. Agula, Tigre, 7000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
May 16, 1868.
6. Parus cyanus.
Panis cyanus, Pallas, N. Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. xiv. p. 588,
tab. 13. fig. 1(1770) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 6.38 (1781-85); Petzius,
Fami. Sicec. p. 267 ; Tenan. Man. d'Oni. p. 295(1820) ; VieillGal.
Ois. i. p. 87, pi. 68 ; Nau77i. Vdg. Deutschl. iv. pi. 95. fig. 3 ; Pallas,
1. PAKTTS. 11
Zoogr. Eoss.-As. i. p. 5."j2 ; Brehm, Handh. Viig. Deidschl. p. 463 ;
Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 318; id. Traite d'Orn. p. 45l); Werner,
Atlas (Granivores), pi. lo ; Nihs. Skandin. Faun. i. p. 342 ; Gould,
B. Eur. iii. pi. 153 ; Scliinz, Eur. Fauna, p. 218 ; Sundev. Svensk.
Fofil. pi. 68. fig. 5; Wright, Finlands Foglar, i. p. 183 ; Fi-itsch,
Vdg. Eur. pi. 27; Ilol/and. Wirbt-Uh. rommerns, p. 60 ; Hume and
Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 107 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 143,
pi. 114; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 231; Seehohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 189.
Azure Titmouse", Feitn. Arct. Zool. p. 426 (1785 ).
Azure Tit, Lath. Gen. 8yn. Suppl. i. p. 189 (1787).
Parus saebyensis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, tab. 25 (1786-88).
Parus knjaescik, Gtn. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 1013 (1788).
Cyanistes cyaneus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 99 (1829).
Parus cyaneus, Schleg. liev. Crit. p. xlvi (1844) ; Bp. Consp. p. 229 ;
Kjcerboll. Dumii. Fugle, pi. xxiv.
Cyanistes elegans, Brehm, Xaumannia, 1855, p. 285.
Cyanistes cyanus, Taczan. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 442
Parus cyauiis tianschanicus, Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 347.
AcMt male. General colour above white, with a greyish-blue
tinge on the mantle ; head all round white, with the exception of a
black streak through the eye ; occiput separated from the hind neck
by a dark-blue irregular band, which gets broader behind the ear-
coverts ; upper wing-coverts blackish, strongly washed with blue ;
the greater wing-coverts and scapulars blackish at base, the terminal
half white, forming a broad alar band of that colour; primary-quills
blackish, the basal half of the external web blue, the rest whitish ;
secondaries externally blue, with large white tips which become
larger and larger towards the innermost secondaries ; central tail-
feathers dark blue, with irregular white tips ; the outer tail-feathers
are almost entirely white, with a greyish spot only at their basal
quarter ; the other tail-feathers are bluish grey at their inner web,
blue at their outer web, and largely tipped with white ; upper tail-
coverts grey and blue, with whitish tips ; all the underparts are
white, with the exception of a dark greyish-blue spot in the middle
of the breast ; under surface of quills pale grey, with whitish
edgings to the inner web ; biU blackish. Total length 5-6 inches,
ctilmen 0-4, wing 2-6-2-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 0'7.
Hah. Korthern Palaeaj-ctic Region.
Purchased.
Piu-chased.
Dr. Finsch [CI.
Dr. Finsch [C.].
7. Parus flavipectus.
Parus flavipectus, Severfz. Turk. Jevofnie, p. 133 (1873); id. J. f. O.
1873, pp. 346, 371 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 423; Dresser, Ibis, 1876,
p. 92.
Cyanistes flavipectus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotnie, pi. viii. fig. 7 ( $ ).
Adult male. Upper parts of head white, with a slight bluish hue
on the occiput; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and about the
tei-miiial half of most of the tail-feathers pure white ; lower part of
a, b. Ad. St.
Europe.
c. Ad. sk.
Siberia.
d. Ad. sk.
Omsk.
e. Ad. sk.
Omsk.
12 rAiun.T:.
fore neck and chest rich sulpbur-yellow : throat pure white. In all
other points of coloration and in the form of the tail this species
resembles P. ci/cums, Avhilst P. p/cs^v'/ is nearer allied to P. ccendeus.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
c? 0-38 2-65 2'55 068
2 0-40 2-6o 2-30 0-70
a. c? ad. sk. Ferghana, Turkestan, Dr. Severtzo-n- [C.].
2Gth October.
8. Parus pleskii.
Parus pleskii, Cab. J.f. O. 1877, p. 213, pi. 3. fig. 1 ; 1878, p. 109.
Adult male. Nearest allied to P. n/nnvs and P. cc^ride^is, but differ-
ing from the former in the four following points :— Greater part of
crown strongly washed with pale blue; throat and chin blackish,
the single feathers slightly tipped with white ; part of fore neck and
upper part of breast washed with lemon-yellow ; the white on the
tail confined to the outer web of the outermost pair, and very narrow
edgings and tips to the next pair; "bill horny colour; legs grey ;
iris dark brown '' {Plesle). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2'6, tail 2'25, tarsus 0"65.
The female has the chest only very slightly tinged with yellow.
Hab. Western Siberia and Northern Eussia.
a. 2 ad. sk. Moscow, 12th Oct. Purchased.
9. Parus caeruleus.
Blue Titmouse, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 427 (1785).
Parus cajruleus, Limi. S. N. i. p. 341 (17 HO) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii.
p. 543; Beseke, Vog. Kurlands, no. 193; Retzius, Faun. Suec.
p. 269 ; Koch, Si/stem. haier. Zool. p. 205 ; Temm. Man. d'Oni.
p. 290; Hovx, Om. Prov. p. 190; Less. Trade d'Orn. p. 456;
Pall. Zoogr. Poss.-As. i. p. 554 ; Kamn. Vog. Deiitschl. iv. pi. 95 ;
Ndsson, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 341 (1835), i.'p. 408 C1858); Schinz,
Europ. Faun. p. 217; Goidd, B. Eur. ii. pi. 154; Moquin-Tandon,
Orn. Canar. p. 18 ; Yarrell, Brd. B. i. p. 330 ; Selys-Lonqch. Orn.
Beige, p. 104 ; Bhjth, Cat. B. M. A. S. B. p. 104 ; Bj). C A. p. 229 ;
Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, Mem. B. Acad. Madrid, p. 106 (1850) ;
Kjarhijllinq, Danmarks Fu(/le, pi. sxviii. ; Ilorsf. 4" Moore, Cat.
B- M. E.i. Comp. p. 372; \Schlegel, Vog. Kederl pi. 126; Sunder.
Svetisk. Fogl. pi. xvi. Hg. 1 ; Wright, Finl. Foglar, i. p. 181 ;
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 20 ; JD'Orbigny, Ois. d'Eur. pi.
xxviii. ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. toI. ii. pi. 24; Kculemans, Onze Vogels,
pi. 14; Holland. Wirhelth. Pommerns,^. 60; Salvad. Fcmn. Bal.
ii. p. 66 ; Danford i^- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Dresser, B. Ear.
iii. p. 131, pi. 113 ; Moore, Brit. Birds, ordo ii. no 65 ; Yarrell,
Brit. B. ed. Xewton, p. 483.
Cvanistes cseruleus, Eaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 99 (1829) ; Cab. Mus.
'Hein. i. p. 90.
Adult male in summer -plumage. Mantle, back, and scapulars yel-
lowish green ; upper tail-coverts greyish blue ; cheeks, ear-coverts,
1. PAKUS. 13
and forehead white, which colour graduall}' passes into Prussian
blue on the crown ; from each side of the forehead a white streak,
passing over the eye and meeting with its fellow on the occiput,
thus isolating the blue cap from the dark blue band which sur-
rounds the hinder part and the sides of the neck ; this band then
passes forwards under the cheeks and joins a triangular patch of
blackish colour on the chin and upper throat ; a narrow streak of
blackish blue runs from the nostrils through the eye and over the
ear-coverts, meeting the dark blue neck-band ; smaller wing-coverts
dark blue, the greater ones tipped with white ; primary-quills
blackish, external web pale blue, with whitish edgings to the ter-
minal half ; the inner secondaries with rather large white tips, the
external web bluish, and edged with yellowish ; tail blue, the outer-
most pair of feathers with a narrow white edge ; quills below dark
grey internally, with conspicuous whitish edgings ; edge of wing
blue ; under wing-coverts white ; breast, flanks, and under tail-
coverts sulphur-yellow; the breast with a longitudinal irregular
patch of dark blue ; abdomen whitish ; feet and claws bluish black ;
bill dark horn-colour. Total length about 4'5 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 2-o-2-~, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65.
The sexes are alike in plumage.
In ivinter the plumage is more fluffy', the blackish feathers of the
throat are edged with whitish, and the white edging to the outer
web of the outermost pair of tail-feathers is remarkably broader.
Nestling. General colour above dingy olive-green ; crown of head
and neck-band dull blackish, with an olive tinge ; all the parts
which are white in the adult bird are yellow in the nestling, like
the whole underparts of the body ; secondary quills and greater
wing-coverts with whitish-yellow tips, and, like the tail, with only
a slight trace of bluish.
06s. The Blue Titmice of the British Islands are always some-
what more dingy coloured than the continental, which, again, attain
their richest coloration in Spain.
Hah. Found all over Europe and Asia Minor, with the exception
of Kussia.
a. Pull. sk. England. J. Goidd, Esq. [C.].
h. Pull. sk. England. Purchased.
c. Ad. St. Surbiton. Dr. Giinther [P.].
d. Ad. St. England. Purchased.
e. Ad. St. Leicestershire. Th. Walker, Esq. [P.].
/, g. Ad. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker.
h, i. Pull. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker.
k, I. S 2 ^^- ^^- Cambridgeshire, Jan. F. Godman & O. Salvin,
1866(0.6'.). Esqrs. [P.].
7)1. (5 ad.sk. Cambridgeshire, Jan. F. Godman &0. Salvin,
18r,7 (J. Baker). _ Esqrs. [P.].
M. c? ad. sk. Haddenham, Cambridge- F. Godman & 0. Salvin,
shire, Mav 21, 1856 Esqrs. [P.].
(O. ,S'.).
o, p. Ad. sk. Aviiigton, Hampshire, Capt. Shelley [P.].
Nov. 2o, l.-<72.
y, /•. Ad. st. Devonshire. Col, Montagu [P.].
t.
Ad. sk.
u.
Pull. sk.
V
Ad. St.
JO.
Ad. St.
X.
Ad. St.
yi
z, a'. Ad. St.
h',
c, d', e'. Ad.
sk.
f
Ad. sk.
9
$ ad. sk.
h'
(S ad. sk.
'',
k',l'. c?$ad.
sk.
m
. [ d ] ad. sk.
n'
o'. Ad., in spiiit
14 PARID^.
s. (S ad. sk. B irregaard, Norway, F. Godman & O. Salviu,
iMarch 20, 1859 (P. Esqrs. [P.].
Godman).
Belgium, May 1876. Purchased.
Belgium, May 15, 1872. Purchased.
Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Leiden. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Holland. _ M. Kuhl, Esq. [P.].
Mongeron, near Paris. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Mongeron, near Pari.s, R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. | P.].
Feb. 11, 1875.
Bordeaux. Gould Collection.
Asia Minor, Feb 16, Gould Collection.
18G5 {Rubson).
Asia Minor. Purchased.
Ortakeuy, Turkey, Nov. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
5, 1871 (liubson).
Ortakeuy, Nov. 4, 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
(Rohson).
Prussia. Dr. H. Gadow.
-t'. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther.
SubsxDecies a. Parus persicus.
Parus (Cyanistes) persicus, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 89 ; id. East. Persia,
p. 230, pi. xvi. fig. 2 (1876).
The differences between this Persian species and the common
Blue Titmouse are only differences of degree. The general colour
of the Persian specimens is duller ; the mantle, hind neck, and upper
back are grey, with a slight tinge of olive, which colour becomes
more pronounced on the lower back ; the greater wing-coverts are
tipped with white, the tips themselves are broader than is generally
the case in P. cceruJeus ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
are yellowish buff, instead of the strong greeuish-yeUow colour of
these parts in the common Blue Titmouse ; the dusky black feathers
on the lower breast are the .same in both species, but the blue of
the crown and of the hind neck is rather dull in the Persian form.
The measurements, as given by Mr. Blanford, are : — culmen 0-29-
0-32 inch, wing 2-4-2-65, tail 1-98-2-02, tarsus 0-62-0-68.
Hah. Southern Persia.
a. (S ad. sk. Oak-forest, near Shiraz. Sir Oliver St. John [P.].
10. Parus tenerijBFae.
l*arus cferuleus, var. teneriffiB, Less. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 456 (1831).
Parus ultramarinus, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 146.
Parus cseruleanus, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 76 ; Gray, Gen. B,
pi. 52 ; Levaill. pin., Expl. Scient. Ak/., Atlas, Ois. pi. 7. fig. 2.
Cyanistes ultramarinus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 229 (li:<50) ; Cab. Mm. Heiv.
"i. p. 90 ; Loche, Cat. Mamni. et Ois. Ahj. p. 77 ; Loche, Expl. Alg.
p. 300, pi. 7. fig. 1.
Parus violaceus, Bolle, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 455.
Parus teneiiffaj. Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 1-39.
1. PAEUS. 15
A. Continental or Eastern Race (P. ultramarinus). — Adult.
Mantle, back, and scapulars greyish blue ; crown of head deep
blue, shading almost into black towards the occiput ; the collar
round the neck is perfectly black on the fore neck and on the sides
of the neck, blue-black on the hind neck ; in all the other parts this
species resembles the European P. ccerulens closely, but is generally
of a darker and richer coloration. Culmen (> 35-0-4, wing 2-25-
2-40, tail 1-8-2, tarsus 0-65.
15. Insular or Western liace (P. teneriffae). — Specimens from the
Canary Islands have the secondaries and greater wing-coverts
without white on the tips, or at least this colour is reduced to a
small whitish edging.
Hah. Represents P. cceruleus in Northern and 2^'.W. Africa, inclu-
ding the Canary Islands.
a. Ad. sk. Tangiers. Purchased.
b, c. Ad. sk. Taugiers. Col. Irby [P.].
d, e. Ad. sk. Algeria. Purchased.
/. Ad. sk. Algeria. Gould Collection.
g, h. c? ad. sk. Souk Havras, Alsferia, F. D. Godman & 0. Sal-
April 1857 (0.6'.). yin, Esqrs. [P.].
)'. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.].
k. 2 ad. sk. Teneriffe (F. G.). F. D. Godman & 0. Sal-
yin, Esqrs. [P.].
/, m, n. d ad. sk. Teneriffe (F. G.). F. D. Godman & 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
11. Parus minor.
Parus minor, Temm. Sr Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 70, pi. 33 (1850) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 229 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. x. ; Swinh. Ibis, 1860,
pp. 55, 131 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 437 ; Dyboiosky, J. f. O. 1875,
p. 249 ; Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 1(32 (1876) ; Pije-
valsky, in Dawso7i Eoicleys Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 187 ; David ^
Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 278 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33.
In the eastern part of the Palaearctic Region, in Japan and
China, P. major is represented by a smaller and closely allied species.
The general distribution of colour is the same as in the European
species ; but the Japanese and Chinese species has the sides of the
breast and the flanks white instead of sulphur-yellow, with a faint
grejash creamy hue ; on the occiput there is constantly found a
little white patch between the black of the crown and the yellow
hind neck.
The female is a little less bright in colour than the male.
Immature birds are much like those of P. major, but have the
underparts dingy white with a slight creamy tinge.
Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0-47-0-5, wing 2-55-2-7,
tail 2-3-2-45, tarsus 0-75.
Hah. Japan, Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, and the greater part
of China, where it gradually changes into P. cinereus.
16 PARID^.
rt. Ad. sk. Ilakodiidi, Oct. 21, 1864 Gould Collection.
{H. Whitely).
b. c? ad. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 20, 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq,
{Capt. Conrad). [P.].
c. dad.sk. Ilakodadi, Jan. 28, 1865. Henry Whitelv[C.l,
d. S ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Feb. 12, 1865. Henry Whitely [C.J.
e. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased.
/, (J. Ad. sk. China. Gould Collection.
h. Ad. sk. China. Purchased.
i. (S ad. sk. Chekiang, May. Purchased.
/■;. Ad. sk. Sanda valley, "May 19, 1868, Dr. Anderson [C.].
1700 feet elevation.
12. Parus cinereus.
La M^sange a poitrine noire, Leoaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 139. hg. 2
(1802).
La Mdsange grise a joue blanche, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 1.39. fig. 1.
Parus atriceps, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 160 (1820) ; Hursf.
Zool. Research. Java, pi. (1824); Temm. PL Col. 207. fig. 2 ;
Lesson, Tmite d'Orn. p. 456 ; St/kes, P. Z. S. 18;J2, p. 92 ; McClel-
land, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162 ; Jerdon, Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 7 ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192^ Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 943;
Walden, Ibis, 1877, p. 304 ; Nichols(m, Ibis, 1879, p. 167 ; Legge,
Birds of Ceylon, p. 557.
Parus cinereus, Bonn, et Vieill. Tabl. Cont. Meth. p. 506 (1823),
e.v Levaill. ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 460 ; id. Cat. B. M.A. S.
Beng. p. 103 ; ' Bjy. Consp. Av. p. 229 ; Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 92 ;
Blyth, in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 48 ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 121 ;
Horsf. 8)- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I. Co. p. 370 ; Layard, Ann. Sf
Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. p. 267 ; Gonld, B. Asia, pt. x. pi. ; Jerdon,
B. Ind. ii. p. 278 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 112 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 231, no. 3335 ; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 315 ; Holdsio. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 460 ; Hume Sf Henders. Lahore to Yarkand, p. 167 ;
Cock ^ Marshall, Str. F. 1873, g. 384 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 417 ;
David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 2/9; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880,
p. 62.
Parus nipalensis, Hodgs. Ind. Pev. p. 31 (1838) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm.
etc. Nepal pres. Hoclr/s. p. 72 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 459,
& xii. p. 182; Blyth S^ Walden,' B. Burn. p. 112; Scully, Str.
F. 1879, pp. 329, 367 ; Blanford, J. A. S. Beru/. 1869, ii. p. 181 ;
Biddidph, Ibis, 1881, p. 73 ; Sculh/, op. cit. p. 5U8.
Parus cajsius, Tick. J. A. S. B. {pde auctt.) ; Stcinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 361 ; Hume, Nests Sf Eqas Ind. B. ii. p. 405 ; Brooks, Str. F.
1875, p. 253 ; Butler, ibid. 1875, p. 491 ; Hume, ibid. 1876, p. 402,
1878, i. p. 376 ; Butler, ibid. 1877, p. 221 ; Ball, ibid. 1878, ii.
p. 220 ; Hume Sf Davison, ibid. 1878, p. 376 ; Davidson Sf Weriden,
ibid. 1879, p. 95.
Parus schistinotus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844).
Parus commixtus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, p. 63, & 1871, p. 361 ; Blyth
Sf Walden, B. Burm. p. Ill ; David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 280;
Hume, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 376.
Parus commixus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 231, no. 3341.
North-ivestern Race (P. boccharensis).
Parus bocchariensis, ijc/;^., Eversm. Pcise Zool. p. 131 ; Joubert, Bull.
Sci. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 77 ; Severtz. J. f. 0. 1873, pp. 346, 385.
1. PARUS. 17
Adult. Entire mantle and back bluish grey instead of yellowish
green. In all the other parts this species resembles P. minor per-
fectly. Total length about 5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2"5-2'6,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0-7-0'75.
Young birds have the mantle and rest of the back dull grey, and
the parts which are black in the adult dull black or brownish
black ; below ding)- whitish.
Hah. The Grey Indian Titmouse has a very extensive range,
being found all over India from the Himalaj'as to Ceylon, and the
southern half of China, as well as in Hainan, Java, Lombock, Flores.
Obs. In the collection of the British Museum there is one speci-
men from the N.W. Himalayas (moulting), one from Behar, one
from Ceylon, one from Fokieu, another from Eastern Java, three
from Lombock, which have the tips of some of the feathers of the
mantle just visibly washed with yellowish green — an interesting
indication of the close affinity between the Japanese species (P.
minor) and P. cinereus. Some of the typical specimens labelled by
Mr. Swinhoe's own hand as P. commixtus, now in Mr. Seebohm's
collection, are really intermediate between the olive- and the grey-
backed form ; others, again, from the same localities (South-eastern
China) are scarcely distinguishable from P. cinereus, and only on
close examination is a faint olive tint visible on some parts of the
mantle. As these seven slightly aberrant specimens in the British-
Museum collection were obtained from the most varied localities of
the Indo-Malayan and Chinese regions, it seems to me to prove that
this modification of colour is not an indication of geographical race.
The occurrence of the olive tint on the mantle of P. cinereus may
be nothing but the sign of an immature male, especially as the
young birds of both species, P. cinereus and P. minor, have the
mantle more or less dull olive-green. This, however, is a mere
supposition, as of all the specimens examined by me, and more
than thirty in number, only a few are sexed by the collectors
themselves.
North-western Race (P. boccharensis). — In Turkestan and Afghani-
stan P. cinereus is represented by a somewhat larger and paler race.
General colour above pale or French grey : greater wing-coverts
and secondaries broadly edged with white ; the two outer pairs of
tail-feathers almost completely white ; the white nuchal spot well
developed ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen black.
6-
2-
6.
«. Ad. .sk. Afghanistan (OriJ^fh). India Museum.
b. Ad.sk. Khooner (ffri^t/i). India Museum.
c, (I. d ? ad sk. Gilgit, March 10, 1878, Major liiddulph [C.].
5000 ft.
Cuhnen.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus
in.
in.
in.
in.
Aral Lake
. . . . 0-40
2-75
2-9
0-70
Kandahar
. . . . 0-45
2-74
2-7
0-70
Afghanistan . . .
, . . . 0-45
3'0
2-6o
0-80
Turkestan
, . . . 0-40
2-70
2-80
0-67
18
e. c? pull. sk.
/. [cJ Jat-^-jy-Iiu^-
h-k. Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk.
>j, 0. (S ad. sk.
/). [ cJ ] imrn. sk.
y. Juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
V, w. Ad. sk.
X, y. S 2 ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
6'. Ad. sk.
c', £^'. Ad. sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
A', i'. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
w'. (S ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
j', >•'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
t', u'. S 2 ad. sk.
v', w'. (S 2 ad. sk.
x', c? ad. sk.
y'. 2 juv. sk.
z', a". Ad. St.
b", c". Ad. sk.
d". Skeleton.
a. S ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
c. S ad. sk.
£/. 2 ad. sk.
Major Biddulph [C.].
Gould Collection.
Colonel Way [P.]. _
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
[!'■]•
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
[P-]-
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
ap
[P.]
Gilgit, June.
Cashmere.
Peshavrur.
N.W. Himalayas.
N.W. Himalayas.
N.W. Himalayas.
Mussoorie.
Simla.
Kumaon {Strachey).
Nepal.
Nepal.
Behav.
Kandeish.
Godavery valley.
Madras.
Madras.
Travancore.
Ceylon {Thwaites).
Ceylon.
Bootan (Pemberto)i).
Nazeerah , Upper Assam
(Dr. Reid).
Assam {McClelland).
Bhamo, Burmah, No-
vember.
Foot of Arrakan hills,
Dec. 9.
Fokien, China.
E. Java.
W. Java {E. C. Buxton).
Java.
Lombock.
Lombock {Wallace).
Flores.
Flores.
N.W. India.
Himalayas.
Java.
a. P. hoccliarensis.
Aral lake. Purchased.
Ferghanah, Turkestan, Dr. Severtzoflfl
Dec. 2.
Kojuk, Afghanistan, Col. Swinhoe [P.].
April 27, 1881.
Kandahar, Jan. 9, 1881. Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Capt. G. F L. Marshall
fc.].
India Museum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Types of P. nipalenm.)
B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
W.T.BIanford,Esq. [C.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].
Major Biddulph [C.].
Piu'chased.
Major V. Legge [P.].
India Museum.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Capt. Boys [C.].
India Museum.
Purchased.
1, PARUS. 19
13. Parus major.
Great Titmouse, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 425 (1785).
Parus major, i««w. S. N. i. p. .341 (1(G6) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 536;
Besek^, Voff. Kurlonds, no. VJ2 ; Bechstein, Viig. Deiifschl.'w.'^.lVi;
liefzius, Faun. Suec. p. 208 ; Driimpe/mann, Thierr. Russl., Lief.,
Esth- u. Kurlands, p. 22, pi. iii. cj (1811) ; Koch, Si/stem. baier.
Zool. p. 204; Temm. Man. cTOrn. p. 287; Bou.r, Orn. Pruvenq.
p. 180, pis. 117 & 118; Less. Traite, p. 456; Nikson, Skandin.
Faun. p. 331 ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 331 ; Seh/s-Lonych. Faune
Belg.T^. 104; Moquin-Tandon, Ornith. Canarienne, ^. 17; Thomp-
son, Nat. Hist. Ireland, p. 201 ; Naceyro, Cat. Av. de Galicia,
in Mem. R. Acad. Madrid, 1850, p. 105 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 229 ;
Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 90 ; KjcerboUing , Danm. Fugle, pi. xxiii. ;
Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. x^i. fig. 3 ; Wright, Finl. Foglar, i.
p. 174 ; Loche, F.rpl. Alger., Ois. i. p. 296 ; Keulemans, Onze Vog.
pi. 12 ; Holland. Wirbelth. Pommerns, p. 61 ; Salrad. Faun. Hal. ii.
p. 67 ; Sundev. Av. Mefh. Tent. p. 17 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 106 ;
Neicton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 479; Malm, Fauna, p. 180 ; Danford
^- Broicn, Ibis, 1875, p. 313 ; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 227 ; Booth,
Rough Notes, pt. ii. pi.
Parus iffuotus, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 537 (1781-85) ; Less. 3Ian.
d'Orn. i. p. 322 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103.
Panis stroinei, Bonn.'et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 504 (1823).
Parus fringillae^'inensis ; but tbe underparts
show no white. Breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tianka
buffish ochraceous, inclining to pale cream-colour towards the upper
and central part of the breast.
cj. Culmen 0-40 inch, wing 2-35, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-70.
$. „ 0-42 inch, „ 2-34, „ 1-9, „ 0-70.
Eab. Eastern Turkestan.
Subspecies y. Parus phaeonotus.
Parus phaeonotus, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 88 ; id. Fast. Pers. p. 228, pi. 16.
fig. 1 (1876).
Closely allied to P. ater, from which this species differs by its
greater size and by the colour of the back. Hind neck, mantle, and
entire back olive-brown. The bill much stronger than that of P.
ater. Total length about 2-6 inches, culmen 0-4-0-4o, wing 2-6,
tail 1*8, tarsus 0'75.
This Titmouse has hitherto been found only in the oak-forests
west of Shiraz, in Soiitheru Persia.
a. c? ad. sk. Oak forest near Shiraz, June 1870, Sir OHver St. John
7000 feet elevation. [C.]. (Type of
the species.)
41. Parus ledouci.
Parus ledoucii, MaUi. Cat. Ois. Alg. in Mem. de la Soe. d'llist. Nat.
de la Moselle, 1842 ; id. Eev. ZooL 1846, p. 45 ; ^;j. C. A. i. p. 229 ;
id. Cat. Parzud., Apjjend. p. 18 ; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alg.
p. 78 ; id. Fxpl. de TAlg., Ois. p. 298 ; Taczan. J.f. O. 1870, p. 41 ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 86, pi. 3 ; Dress. B. Fur. iii. pi. 107 ; Dixon,
Ibis, 1882, p. 669.
Adult male. Mantle and back olive-grey ; cheeks, ear-coverts,
sides of neck, and breast sulphur-yeUow ; abdomen, flanks, and under
tail-coverts dingy yellow. In aU other respects like P. ater. Cul-
men 0-4 inch, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0'6.
Hah. Algeria.
a. Ad. sk. North Africa. Purchased.
6. (S ad. sk. Cedar forests, W. of Batna, H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
May 11, 1882 {Dixon).
42. Parus atricapillus.
La M^sange a teste noire de Canada, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 553, pi. 29.
fig. 1 (1760).
Parus atricapiUus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 34 (1766),
Parus atricapillus, Pennayit, Arctic Zool. p. 424 (1785) ; Auduh. Orn.
1. PAETJP. 45
Btog. ii. p. 140, pi. 126 ; Wilsoti, Am. Orn. i. p. 1.34, pi. viii. %. 4 ;
Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Melh. p. .508 ; Lem. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 320 ;
Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Atn. Birds, p. 226; Lesson, Traife d'Orn. p.
4.56 ; KidfaU, Man. Orn. p. 241 ; DeKay, Fauna New York, p. 60,
pi. 45. tig. 100 ; Bjh a A. i. p. 2.30 ; Cdssin, N. A. B. p. 17 ; Hr.lat.
Cat. Am.B. p. 13, no. 80 ; Samuels, Orn. New Etu/I. p. 182 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 2.32, no. 3354 ; Maynard, B. Florida, p. 30 ; Coues,
Keif N. A. B. p. 81 ; id. B. K. West, p. 20 ; Baird, Breiv., 8f
Bi'dffw. JV. A. B. i. p. 96.
Parus palustris, Nuttall, Man. Orn. p. 79 (18.32).
Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. ii. 1845, p. 300 ; Cassin,
III. i. pi. xiv. (1835) (teste Baird, Br. Si- B.) ; Cassin, N. Am. B.
p. 17 (1856) ; Baird, Cass. 4" Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 389 ; Gray,
Jland-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3353 (1869) ; Baird, Br., <§• Bidffiv. JV.
A. B. i. p. 99 (1874) ; Coties, B. Colorado Vail. p. 120 ; Mat.
Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 82 (1862).
PoBcUe atricapilla, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850).
Parus septentrionalis, yar. albescens, Baird, B. N. Am,, p. xxxvii,
(1858).
Parus occidentalis, Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N. A. p. 391 (18.58) ;
Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 14, no. 85; Elliot, N. Am. B. i. pi. viii. (ex
Baird) ; Cooper, Birds Calif, i. p. 45 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 232,
no. 3355 (1869).
Parus atricapillus, var. septentrionalis, Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 81
(1872) j id. B. N. West, p. 21 (1874).
Parus atrieapiUus, var. occidentalis, Coues, Key N.A.B. p. 81 (1872) ;
Baird, Brew., Sf Eidgic. N. A. B. i. p. 101.
Adult. Mantle and upper back light olive-brown or brownish
ashy ; rump inclining to yellowish brown ; wings dark brown, the
primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly edged with white
or whitish ; greater wing-coverts broadly edged like the secon-
dary quills, the rest edged with grey : tail dark grey, outer webs
edged whitish ; entire crown, occiput, and hind neck jet-black,
this colour extending backwards to the middle of the back ; lores,
cheeks, car-coverts, sides of neck, and space between mantle and
the black parts pure white ; chin, throat, and fore neck deep
black ; greater part of breast and middle of abdomen dull white ;
rest of underparts pale buff or light fawn-colour. Total length
about 4-5 inches, culmen 0-42, wing 2"45-2-5, tail 2-3-2"5, tarsus
0-65.
Hah. Greater part of North America north of 39th parallel. In
the Pacific States it is represented by a somewhat differently coloured
race (P. occidentalis).
Obs. After the examination of seven specimens of this Tit from
the Kocky Mountains and from the Pacific States, I find that the
slight differences pointed out by Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway
for the separation of P. occidentalis do not hold good. According to
these authors, P. occidentalis may be looked upon as simply a long-
tailed western variety of the common species.
Specimens from the Upper-Missouri region seem to form a larger
and slightly differently coloured race (P. sej^tentrioncdis); the whitish
edgings to the feathers of the wings, tail, and greater wing-coverts
are certainly broader and more conspicuous.
46 PAEITU.
Adult 2 . Fort Simpson. Total length about 5-3 inches, culmen
0-42, -wing 2-6, tail 2-(J5, tarsus 0-65.
a. Ad. St. North America. Purchased.
b. Ad. sk. North America. Gould Collection.
c. Ad. sk. Hvde Tark, Illinois, H. K. Coale, Esq. [C.].
Mar. 18, 1876.
d. e. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. Bernard S. Ptoss, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. sk. Fort Dull'eriu ((?. N. A. Boundary Commission.
Dmvson).
g, h. Ad. sk. Sumass, British Co- J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J.
lumhia.
i, h. I, ?«, c? 2 ad. West side of Rocky J . K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
sk. Mountains.
n. Ad. sk. California. John Gould, Esq.
o. Skeleton. Pinchased.
Subspecies a. Parus carolinensis.
Pams carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 474, pi. 160 (1834) ; id.
Birds Am. ii. p. 152, pi. 127; BeKay, New York Fauna, p. 61,
pi. 54. fig. 123 ; Cassin, N. A. B. p. 17 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 392 ;
Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 81 ; Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 81 ;
Baird, Bretc, S,- Bidc/w. N. A. B. i. p. 102.
Precile carolinensis, Cab. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850); Bp. C. A.
i. p. 230.
Parus atricapiUus, Maynai-d, B. Florida, p. 30 (1872).
This bird, according to Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway, is
a very near ally of T. atricapiUus. The chief points of difference
are : — " the black of the throat extends much further back, is more
dense and more sharply defined behind than in P. atricapiUus ; the
tail is considerably shorter than the wing, instead of longer ; no
conspicuous white edgings to wings and tail." Total length about
7"5 inches, wing less than 2-50, tail 2-40.
Ohs. The measurements given above (copied from the above-
named authors) do not show a considerable difference between the
length of the tail and wing. However, in the key to the species
{op. cit.) I find the foUowiaig measurements given : culmen 0-35,
wing 2-55, tail 2-30, tarsus 0-53.
Hab. " Eastern Province of United States south of about 40°."
a. Skeleton. N. America. Pm-chased,
43. Parus meridionalis.
Parus meridionahs, Sclaf^r, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293, 1857, p. 81, 1858
p. 299; Baird, Cass., ^ Lam: B. N. Am. p. 392 ; Sclat. Cat. Am.
B. p. 14, no. 83; id. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4; Baird,
Brew., ^ Ridgiv. N. A. B. i. p. 94 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 63 ;
id. ^- Godm. 'Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 57.
Crown of head, hind neck, the whole throat and fore neck jet-
black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white ; middle
line of breast and abdomen whitish, like the under wing-coverts ;
1. PAEUS. 47
all the rest of underparts ashy grey ; mantle and back dark ashy
grey, with a slight olive tinge ; tail and wings like those of P. atri-
ccqyiUus, but withont the consi)icuous white edgings ; bill black,
feet lead-colour. Total length about 5 inches.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
Ad. (5 0-4 2-63 2-4 0(i7
Ad. c? 0-4 2-7 2-4 0-74
Ad 0-41 2-7 2-35 07
Hah. Mexico.
a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
e. S ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
/. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
g. (S ad. sk. El Jacale. Mexico, May M. A. Salle rCl.
1857. ^ ^
h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Hi-. Mann [C.].
44. Par us montanus.
Parus montanus, Gamhel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1843, p. 259; id.
Journ. A. N. Sc. 2nd ser. i. 1847, p. 35, pi. viii. fig. 1 ; Cassin, N.
A. B. p. 18; Bnird, Cass., Sf Lmcr. B. K. Am. p. 394; Schit. Cat.
Am. B. p. 14, no. 84; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 82 ; Cooper, Birds
Calif, p. 46 ; Coues, B. N. West, p. 22 ; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridcjio.
N. A. B. i. p. 95 ; Cones, B. Colorado Valley, p. 122.
Tery similar to P. meridionaVis in size and colour, but easily di-
stinguished from all the other black-capped Tits by a conspicuous
white superciliary stripe and white forehead ; as this white band
extends backwards as far as the occiput, a black stripe runs through
the eye, uniting on the hind neck with the black of the head.
General colour above a little lighter grey than in P. meridio7ialis,
and the underparts more wlitish ashy. Total length about
4-5 inches, culmen (ad. d ) 0-43, wing 2-Q5-2-82, tail 2-4-2-5,
tarsus O'T.
Hah. Rocky Mountains and "VTestern N. America.
a,b. c? 5 ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
d, e. c? ad.sk. Upper Ivlamath Lake, Oregon. A. Forrer, Esq. [C.].
f-h. Ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.].
45, Paras lugubris.
Parus lugubris, " Natterer," Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 292 (1820) ;
Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 318 ; Schi7iz, Ettro}). Faun. p. 219; Dress. B.
Bur. iii. pi. Ill ; Danf. 4' Brotcn, Ibis, 1875, p. 303 ; Blanf. Bast.
Persia, p. 229.
Pcecila lugubris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850).
Poecile lugubris, Cab. Mus.Hein. i. p. 91 (1850) ; Deffl. ^- Gerbe, Orn.
Europ. p. 569 ; Git/lioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194.
Pentbestes lugubris, Beichenh. At: Si/st. Nat. pi. 62 (1850).
Poecila lugeus, Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 3G9.
48 PAEID^.
Pcecila melanocephala, Brehm, I. c.
Poikilis lugubris, Bias. List £. Europ. p. 8 (18G2).
Adult male in spring. Crown of head, nape, throat, and fore neck
deep soot}' black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pure white ;
rest of underparts dull white ; mautle, back, and lesser wiug-
coverts pale ashy brown ; primary-coverts and bastard wing blackish
brown, with narrow light edgings ; rest of Aviug-coverts, quills, and
tail greyish brown, with conspicuous white edgings to the outer
webs ; bill and feet lead-colour ; iris dark brown.
Male in winter. General colour above ashj-, with a strong olive-
brown tinge ; crown of head, nape, and fore neck dull blackish brown ;
flanks and sides of breast tinged with fulvous ; outer web of secon-
daries, of the tail, and of the greater wing-coverts edged with light
fulvous instead of whitish.
Female in spring. Like the male in winter plumage ; throat dull
blackish. In ivinter the coloration of the female is a little duller.
Immature birds have the general colour above and the throat pale
olive-brown ; head a little darker ; quills and tail brown, edged
with fulvous ; underparts, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dull white ;
bill and feet horn-colour. Total length 5'o inches.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
2 0-5 2-8 2-5 275
S O-o 2-82 2-6 2-8
cJ O-o 2-82 2-47 276
cJ (Persia).. 0-47 2-95 2-52 2-8
Obs. One male specimen from Shiraz has the mantle and back
much paler, the breast and rest of the underparts clearer white than
in the European specimens.
Hab. South-eastern Europe, extending eastwards through Asia
Minor into Syria and Persia.
a. Juv. sk. S.E. Europe. Purchased.
b. 5 ad. sk. Smyrna, May 1875. Dr. Kriiper [C.].
c. Immat. sk. Smyrna, June 1875. Dr. Kriiper [C.].
(I, e. cS 2 ad. sk. Mount Olvmpus, Oct. 10, F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
18G9 (Dr. Kriiper). vin, Esqrs. [P.].
f. (S ad. sk. Anascha, Taunis, Asia F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
Minor, Mai-ch 21, 1876 vin, Esqrs. [P.].
(C. G. Batiford).
g. S (moulting). Shiraz, 7000 feet, Jime Sir Oliver St. John [C.].
1870.
46. Parus songarus.
Parus songarus, Serertz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 134 (1873) ; id. J.f. 0, 1873,
pp. 346, 386 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 423.
Parus sibiricus, Eadde, Reis. S. 0. Sib. ii. p. 198 (1863, tree Gmel.).
Precila sibirica(6'?M.?), Tacz.Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 163 (1876),
(teste David ^- Oustal.').
Poecile affinis, Prjev. in Datcson Roiclet/s Ornith. Misc. ii. p. 188
(1877).
1. PARTJS. 49
Entire crown of head, nape, and centre of hind neck sooty black ;
mantle, scapulars, and entire back bnffish brown : quills, tail-
feathers, and wing-coverts brown, with narrow paler edgings ; lores,
cheeks, and ear-corerts white, passing through pale cream-colonr
on the sides of the neck into the colour of the mantle ; chin, throat,
and fore neck dull black, each feather narrowly tipped with white,
giving the throat a mottled appearance ; sides of breast, flanks,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts huffish ochraceous, inclining to pale
cream-colour or whitish towards the centre and upper part of
breast ; under wing-coverts reddish brown like abdomen ; " culmen
black; feet dark lead-colour; iris dark brown"' {Prjzexi'.). Total
length 5 inches, culmen 0-52, wing 2-7, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-72.
Hah. Pine-forestsof Central Asia, from the Thian-Shan mountains
to Kan-Su.
47. Parus palustris.
La Mesange de Marais on la Xounette cendree, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 55.5.
Parus paju,-^tris, Linn. S. X. i. p. 341 (1706) ; Bec/ist. Vog. Deidschl
iv. p. 741 ; lietzius, Faun. Siiec. p. 270 ; Koch, Si/sfe?n. baier. Zool.
p. 206; Temm. Man. (TOni. p. 291 ; Bonn. ef'Tmll. Enc. Meth.
p. 502 ; Eovx, Orn. Prorenq. p. 189, pi. 120 ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-
As. i. p. 557, tab. 34. f. 2 ; Nihson, Sknnclin. Faun. 1. p. 339 (1835) ;
Seli/s-Lojif/ch. Faune Beige, p. 104 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland,
p. 206 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 ; Kjarholl. Banmarhs Fugle, pi. 23 ;
Sunder. Svenska Fogl. pi. 16. fig. 6 ; Wright, Finlands Foglar, i.
p. 180 ; Holland. Wirhelth. Pommerns, p. 61 ; Sahad. Faun. Ital.
ii. p. 68 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 108 ; Danford ^- Broivn, Ibis,
1875, p. 303 ; Irbg, Ibis, 1879, p. ,344 ; Neicton, ed. Yarrell Br. B.
p. 495 ; Booth, Bough Xotes. pt. ii. pi.
Marsh Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Sgn. ii. pt. 2, p. 541 (1783).
Parus cinereus communis, Baldenst. Xeue Alpina, p. 30, t. 2 (1829).
Poecile palu.stris, Kaup, Xatiirl. Sijst. p. 114 ( 1829) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.
i. p. 91 ; 3Ialm, Fauna, p. 181 ; Dav. 4- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 288.
Parus salicarius, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 405 (1831).
Poikilis palustris, Blasius, List B. Eur. p. 8 (1862).
Poecile communis, Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 567 (1867).
Parus palustris, suK-^p. japonicus, Seebohn, Pis, 1879, p. 32.
Parus palustris japonicus, Blakist. ^- Pryer, B. Japan, p. 150.
Adult male in summer. ^lantle and upper back greyish brown,
with a very perceptible olive tinge, paler on the lower back and
rurnp and more yellowish instead of olive; tail grey-brown, with
whitish tips and margins to the outer pairs of feathers ; most of the
wing-coverts with the external web coloured like the back, the inner
one darker ; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries dark
greyish brown, with light olive-brown margins, especially to the
outer webs of the innermost secondaries : crown of head and occiput
jet-black ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck pnre white ; feathers
of chin and ujjper throat black ; lower down the feathers become
more and more edged with whiti.sh, passing into the dull white
colour of the breast and middle of abdomen ; sides of breast, flanks,
and under tail-coverts more or less washed with buff; quills below
VOL. VIII. K
50 PARID^.
greyish ; axiUarics and under wing-coverts dull white ; hill black ;
iris dark brown ; feet lead-colour.
Male in autumn. General colour above more olive-brown instead
of greyish ; the black patch on the throat smaller, and the white
tips and edgings to the single feathers a little larger ; rest of under-
parts more buff than in spring.
Adult female. Mantle and underparts slightly paler than in the
male.
Young. Similar to the male in autumn plumage, but still darker
olive-brown on the upper back ; crown of head darkbrownisli black
or sooty black, never glossy or jet-black; rump rosy butf ; wing-
coverts, secondaries, and tail edged with a kind of olive-brown
instead of whitish ; throat dull black ; rest of underparts whitish,
W'ith a strong rosj- tinge, especially on the flanks, instead of buff;
feet paler than in the adult.
Bab. The Marsh-Titmouse is rather common during the w^hole
j-ear in Western and Central Europe, being also found in South
Europe and Asia Minor in winter. In the mountainous parts of
Central Europe and in the north it is represented by the following
subspecies or race, P, borealis. — Total length about 4 inches.
Par us palustris,
Ciilmen. Wiug.
in. in.
S. England 0-4 2-27
rf. Kent 0-45 2-4
S. Stockliolni 0-42 2-3
2. Stockholm. 0-42 2-4
Parus borealis.
2 . Norwav 0-42 2-43
c? . Norway 0-48 2-75
S . Norway 0-43 2'27
cJ . Alps 0-48 2-65
$ . Archangel 0-45 2-35
a,b. S 2 ^d. st. Cambridgeshire.
c. Nestling st. Cambridgeshire.
d,e. [6] 2 *d. st. Devonshire.
/. Ad. st. Great Britain.
ff. Ad. sk. Great Britain.
h. Ad. sk. Colehrooke, Ireland
(Sir V. Brooke),
i.k. Ad. sk. Middlesex.
I, m. Pull. sk. Maidenhead, Berks.
n. S ad. sk. Piestou Hall, Shrop-
shire, Jan. liSOG.
o. Ad. St. Avington, Hants.
»). c? ad. sk. Avington, Hants,
May 12.
q. c? ad. sk. Avington, Hants,
Nov, 25,
Tail.
Tarsus.
1-9
0-65
205
007
0-63
2-2
0-7
2-25
0'68
2-4
0-69
2-1
0-65
2-4
0-08
2-25
0 65
Mr. J. Baker
[P.".
■P.l.
Mr. J. Baker
Mr. J. Baker
T.].
Purchased.
Gould Collection.
E. B. Sharpe
, Esq. [P.]
F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Capt. Shelley [P.].
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.].
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.].
1. PARU8. 51
r. f? ad. sk. Stockliolm, Nov. 9. ruichased.
s. 2 >^d. .-k. Stockliolm, Oct. 18. Purchased.
t. Ad. sk. Belgium, May 17. Purchased.
«. Ad. sk. France. Purchased.
V, to. Ad. St. France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. TP.
X. Ad. sk. Mongeron. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.
y. Ad. sk. Bordeaux. Gould Collection.
s. 5 ad. sk. Wallachia. H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.].
a'. 2 ad. sk. Turkey, April 20, H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P. j.
18G8.
b', cJ ad. sk. Asia Minor, Guiksu, Gould Collection.
November (liobson).
c', d' . Skeletons. England. Purchased.
e' . Skull. England. Purchased.
/'. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Giiuther.
SubsiDecies a. Parus borealis.
A. Western Race.
Parus cinereus montanus, Baldenst. Neue Alpina, ii. p. 217 (1829).
Parus borealis, Seh/s-Longch. Bull. Ac. Roy. Bnuelles, 1843, p. 2
Sundev. SvensJc. Fog!, pi. 16. fig. 7 ; Wright, Finl. Fogl. i. p. 180
Nilsson, Skcindin. Faun. i. p. 419 ; Scdvad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 69
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 109 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 32.
Poecila borealis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850).
Parus lugubris, Fairmaire, Rev. Zool. 18.30, p. 276 (nee batterer, Jide
F)resser).
Parus fruticeti, Walletigr. Nmonannia, p. 141 (18o4).
Parus alpestris, Bailly, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, 1851, p. 22 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 232, no. 3350.
Poecila alpestris, Brehm, Kaumannia, 1855, p. 286.
Poecila assimilis, Brihm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 286.
Poecila salicaria alpina, 1
PcEcila salicaria borealis, \ Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, p. 370.
Pcecila salicaria assimilis, )
Parus baldensteinii, De 6'alis, Mem. Soc. H. N. Grisons, p. 106 (1861).
pS SSS' 1 ^^-"'^' ^^^ ^- ^- p- « (^^•^^>
Pcecile palustris, Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 565 (1867).
B. Eastern Race (P. kamtscbalkensis).
Poecila kamtschatkensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850).
Parus borealis, Middend. Reis. NO. Sibir. ii. p. 115 (1851, 7iec Selys).
Parus palustris, var. borealis, Schrenck, Reise im Armirl. i. p. 307
(\mO,nec Sely.s).
Parus palustris, Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 331.
Parus kamtschatkensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207, 1870, p. 437,
1871, p. .362; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 110 (1873).
Pcecile baicalensis, Sicinh. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1871, p. 257.
Pcecile brevirostris, Taczanotcski, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 444.
Parus palustris, subsp. camtschatkensis, Seebohm, His, 1871, p. 32.
Pcecila kamtschatkensis, Taczan. J.f. O. 1872, p. 443.
A. Western Race (P. borealis).
Crown of liead never so glossj- black as in P. palustris, but always
52 TARID-E.
sooty or even brownish black, this colour extendingsomewhat further
down on the hind neck than in P. palustris : general colour more
greyish and scarcely inclining to olive ; the margins to the secon-
dary quills generally more greyish, broader, and more distinct ; bill
brownish black ; feet leaden brown.
P. borealis seems to be slightly larger in its dimensions than the
common Marsh-Titmouse. Tor measurements see above.
Hah. In Sweden and ISTorway P. horealis is more common than
P. jutlKstris. The specimens found in Switzerland and Savoy are
intermediate both in size and colour between the two forms in
question. Birds from Galicia agree with P. borealis. The Switzer-
land-Savoy race (the P. aJpestris) is another proof of the well-known
fact that alpine species resemble northern ones although geogra-
phically they may be widely separated.
B. Eastern Race (P. kamtschatkensis).
General colour above rather paler than in P. horealis. The black
of the cap and hind neck in old males seems to extend a little further
down, to the interscapular region ; iris brown.
The following measurements of specimens from Siberia show that
there is really no difference in size of the wings and tails between
P. borealis and P. kamtschathensis : —
Wing. Tail.
in. in.
c? ad 2-4 2-3
cJ ad 2-4 2-25
cJ ad 2-52 2-6
d ad 2-.57 2-4
c? ad 2-3 2-25
Hah. Kepresents P. borealis in Siberia, Kamtschatka, and Japan.
Parus borealis (Western Race).
a. Ad. St.
Europe.
Purchased.
b. 2 ad. sk.
Norway, May 24.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l
F. D. Godman and 0
c,d. c? 2 ad.
sk. S. Norway, July 1.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
e. Ad. sk.
Sweden (TMieehcright) .
Gould Collection.
/. Ad. sk.
Muoniovara, Lapland,
April 19, 1855.
Gould Collection.
ff. Ad. sk.
France.
Gould Collection.
h. Ad. sk.
Savoy.
Pm-chased.
i. (S ad. sk.
Alps.
Purchased.
h. ? ad. sk.
Centi-al Em-ope.
Purchased.
I. Ad. sk.
Archangel.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Parus Jcamtschatl-ensis (Eastern Eace).
a, b. Ad. sk.
North Russia.
Dr. Giinther [P.].
c. c? ad. sk.
Kondinsky, Sept. 18.
Dr. 0. Finsch [C".
d, e. 2 ad. sk
Bolskoi Ustram, Ob
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
river, Sept. 11.
2. PSALTRIA,
53
/. c? ad. sk.
g. (S ad. sk.
fi,i- c? 2 ad. sk.
k. (J ad. sk.
I. Ad.sk.
m. c? ad. sk.
n, o, p. Ad. sk.
y. Skeleton.
Krasnojarsk, Oct. 7, 1878.
Krasmijarsk, Dec. 3, 1878.
Ussiiri river.
Lake Baikal.
Hakodadi, Japan, Nov. 22
(H. imteli/).
Hakodadi, Nov. 15.
Hakodadi.
N. Russia.
Henry Seebohm, Esq.
Henry Seebohm, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Purchiised.
Gould Collection.
Henry Whitely, Esq. [C].
H. Pryer, Esq. [C.J. "
Dr. Gunther [P.J.
48. Parus brandti.
Poecile brandtii, Bogdanow, Aves Caucus, p. 89; Schalotv, J. f. O.
1880, p. 268 ; Rekhenow Sf Schalow, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 220.
" Very similar to P. j^cdustris, but with the bill thicker and
stronger ; crown of head blackish brown instead of black, and not
extending backwards as far as the nape ; throat without any
blackish patch.
" JIab. Caucasus " (Reichenow c|" Schalow).
Ohs. I have not seen a specimen of this species ; it may possibly
belong to the P. luyuhris group.
2. PSALTRIA.
Psaltria, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 600. fig. 4 (1836)
Tj'pe.
P. exilis.
Head, bill, and tail of Psaltria exilis.
Bill rather broad, short and curved ; nostrils situated in a groove,
and thickly covered with small feathers ; first primary longer than
half the second primary ; secondaries equal to live sixths of whole
wing ; tail graduated, slightly longer than wing ; tarsus anteriorly
covered with scales. No crest. Plumage very dull-coloured. Sexes
alike. Length of wing about 1"6 inch.
One species, confined to Java.
1. Psaltria exilis.
Psaltria exilis, Temm. PL Col. GOO. fig. 4 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. ;
Bp. C. A. i. p. 231 ; Licht. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Suiidev. Ac. Meth. TeiU,
p. 17.
Parus exilis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 192 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 234,
no. 3390.
Adult male. Crown and sides of head, wing-coverts, quills, and
tail uniform brown; mantle and back ashy grey, slightly washed
54 PAEIDiE.
with brownish ; all the underparts dull dirty whitish, palest on the
al)domeu and mider tail-coverts ; breast washed with fulvous ; across
the breast a faint collar of brownish ; bill dark brown ; feet tlcshy-
yellow. Total length about 3-3 inches, culmeu 0-25, wing 1-G-
1-95, tail 1-5-1-65, tarsus 0-54.
Adult female. General colour above a little paler than in the
male ; quiUs and tail-feathers with faint lighter margins to the
outer webs.
Hab. Java.
a. Ad. slv. Java. J. Gould, Esq.
b. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased.
c. 2 ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
3. ACREDULA.
Type.
Orites, Moehrhu/, Gen. Av. p. 45 (1752) A. caudata.
Acredula, Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. p. 19.) (1816) . . A. caudata.
Mecistura, Leach, Cat. Mamm. 4" -S. Brit. Mus.
p. 17 (1816) A. caudata.
Paroides, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 468 (1831) . . A. caudata.
^Egithaliscus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) . . A. erythroc 'phala.
Psaltriparus (pt.), Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 478 (1850) . A. melanotis.
Acanthiparus, Gould, B. An'a, pt. vii. (1855) .... A. niveogularis.
Psaltrites, Cab. J. f. O. 1881, p. 333 {notnen
emendat. pro Psaltriparus).
Bill extremely short and stout ; culmen strongly curved ; nostrils
completely hidden by small recumbent feathers ; first primary well
developed, but shorter tlian half the length of the next primary ;
tip of wing formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ; tail
generally much longer than the wing, and much graduated ; the
scales covering the tarsus in front inclined to fuse into one long
scutum. Xo crest. Plumage very soft, and of light colours.
Range. Palmare tic and jS^earctic Regions.
Key to the 8])ecies.
a. Crown uniformly coloured.
«'. Crown grey; underparts dull whiti-sh, with
a tinge of fawn melanotis, p. 55.
b' . Crown brown.
a". Crown liirbt brown : underparts dull. , • • ,-„
a , Throat white < , j. ' ^ -o
Iplumbea, p. oo.
V". Throat black leucoytnys, p. 59.
h". Crown bright reddish brown ; throat
black.
c'". Upper breast reddish chestnut, rest
of undei"parts whitish concinna, p. 57.
d'" . Breast and abdomen pale fawn vinous erythrocephala, p. 56.
b. Centre of crown, from nostrils to nape, pale,
either fawn-coloured or white.
c' Abdomen and breast rich reddish fawn ;
from nostrils to nape a broad fawn-coloured
band ; sides of crown black ; throat dull
white jouschisfos, p. .58.
3. ACREDITLA. 55
Abdomen and breast pale vinous fawn.
c". Sides of crown black or blackish brown.
e'". Centre of crown brown ; throat white nioeogidarU, p. 58.
f". Centre of crown whitish or pale fawn;
throat grej'ish or blackish grey.
a^. Across the upper breast faint lon-
gitudinal spots ; whole mantle and
back bluish gi'ey tephronofn, p. 64.
h*. No spots across upper breast glaucogularis, p. (35.
g'". Centre of crown white; throat white,
with much rose and vinous on the
shoulders and lower back.
(*. Prieocular and loral region blackish trivirgata, p. 62.
rf*. Prteocular and loral region white.
a^. Centre of mantle grey irbii, p. 6.3.
¥. Centre of mantle black rosea, p. Gl.
d". Sides of crown pure white like the
whole head caudafa, p. 59.
1. Acredula melanotis.
Parus melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 216 ; Ltcht. Xomencl.
p. 37 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3391.
Poecile melanotis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 (1850).
yEiiithaliscus melanotis. Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850).
Psaltria melanotis, Westerman, Bijdrag. Dierk. p. 16, pi. (1851) ;
Cassin, X. Am. B. p. 20.
Psaltriparus personatus, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 478 (1850).
Psaltriparus melanotis, Baird, Cass.,1^- Lawr. B. N. A. p. 396, pi. 53.
lig. 3 (1860) ; 8dat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 78 ; id. i^- Sale. Xomencl.
Av. Xeotrop. p. 4 ; Baird, Breiv., 4" Ridgw. X. A. B. i. p. 108 ;
Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 66 ; id. ^- Godm. Biol, Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, p. 58.
Adult male. Entire crown of head and occiput pale grey ; sides
of head, including the loral region, and the cheeks glossy black, this
colour extending backwards so as to form a narrow collar round the
hind neck : wings and tail brown, externally edged with pale grey ;
mantle and back yellowish brown, with a slight olive tinge ; outer
pair of tail-feathers with a whitish margin to the outer web ; chin
blackish ; throat and sides of neck white, gradually passing into
dull pinkish white; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale
ochraceous or fulvous ; bill and feet black ; " iris pale straw-colour "
{Salviii). Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0"3, wing 1-95, tail
2-2, tarsus 0-6.
Adult female. Sides of head pale brown instead of black ; sides of
neck a little blackish ; throat whitish ; rest of underpaits fulvous.
Hub. Mountainous regions of 3Iexico and California.
a. [5] orjuv.sk. Mexico. Dr. Kaup [P.].
b, c. (5 2 ad. sk. Parada, Mexico. Purchased.
d. (S ad. sk. ^lexico. Piu'chased.
e,f. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
g. 2 ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.].
56
2. Acredula minima.
A. Western liace (A. minima).
Parus minimus, Towmvnd, J. A. N. Sc. Pliilad. vii. 1837, p. 190;
Audiih. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. -i&l, pi. 382. figs. 5 & G ; Aud. B. Am.
ii. p. IGO, pi. 130; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3392.
Pcecile minima, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (1850).
Psaltria minima, Cassin, N. A. B. p. 20 (1856).
Psaltripaius minimus, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. G2 (1854) ; Baird, Cass., i^
Laicr. N. A. B. p. 397; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 76; Cooper,
Birds Californ. p. 48 ; Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 82.
Psaltriparus minimus, var. minimus, Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgiv. N. A. B.
i. p. 109 (1874).
B. Eastern Race (A. plumbea).
Psaltria plumbea, Baird, Pr. Acad. N. S. Phil. y\\. 1854, p. 118.
Psaltripaius plumbeus, Baird, Cass., ^- Laicr. B. N. Am. p. 398,
pi. 33. tig. 2 (1860) ; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 13, no. 77 ; Cooper,
Birds Calif, p. 49; Cnies, Key N. A. B. p. 82; id. B. N. West,
p. 23 ; id. B. Colorado VaU. p. 125.
Parus plumbeus. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3393 (1869).
Psaltriparus minimus, var. plumbeus, Baird, Brew., ^- Bidqiv. N. A,
B. i. p. 110 (1874).
Psaltrites helviventris, Cab. J.f. O. 1881, p. 333, pi. 4. tig. 1.
Western Eace (A. minima).
The whole crown and nape dull brown ; general colour above
ashy grey, with a slight olive tinge ; wings and tail dai-k brown,
externallj- narrowly edged with pale grey ; sides of head and Hanks
dull fulvous or brownish white ; rest of uuderparts and throat dull
white ; bill and feet black. Total length under 4 inches, culmen
0-32-0-35, wing 1-75-1-85, tail 2-1-2-2, tarsus 0-55.
Hcib. Pacific States of North America.
a. Ad. sk. Puget Sound. John Gould, Esq.
b. Ad. sk. California. Purchased.
Eastern Race (A. plumbea).
Slightly larger than A. minima, and having the crown of the head
uniformly coloured with the back instead of brown. Total length
about 4-20 inches, wing 2-15, tail 2'50. (Baird, Brewer, i|- liichj ~
way, 1. c.)
"Represents A. minhna in the Southern Eocky-Mountain region
being found in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Wyoming '\iid. I. c).
3. Acredula erythrocephala.
Parus erythrocephalus, J'igors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23; Gmdd, Cent. B.
Him. Mts. pi. XXX. fig. 1 (1832) ; Hodys. in Grays Zool. 3Iisc. 1844,
p. 83 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs. p. 73; Bp. C. A.
i. p. 230; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. p. 11 ; Brooks, &tr. F. 1879, p. 487.
Orites erythrocephalus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 104 (1849) ;
3. ACEEDULA. 57
id. in Jard. Cuntr. Oni. 1851, p. 51 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mus. p. 374 ; Sunder. Ac. Meth. Tent. p. 17,
^githaliscus erythrucephaluii, Cub. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) ;
Jerdon, B. Lai. ii. p. i'70 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, uo. 3423;
BUjthi) Waklen, B. Burmah, p. 112; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252.
Adult. Forehead, crown, and nape rich rufous chestnut; sides of
head, ear-coverts, and part of the sides of the neck, and a large
patch on the throat deep black ; between the crown and the ear-
coverts a more or less conspicuous white superciliary stripe ; general
colour above, including scapulars and most of the wing-coverts,
bluish grey ; quills and tail ashy brown, externally sHghtly edged
with grey ; the two outer pairs of the tail-feathers broadly edged
and tipped with white ; chin, sides of throat and neck pure white ;
rest of underparts ochraceous, deepest and sometimes with a vinous
tinge on the Hanks and abdomen ; " bill black : feet ileshy yellow ;
iris brown" (Jerdon). Total length about 4 inches, cubnen 0-3,
wing 2-05, tail 2, tarsus 0-6.
The sexes are alike in plumage.
Youmj. Crown fulvous, mixed with grey; sides of head dull
black ; throat greyish ; back grey, with brownish tinge ; underparts
whitish and ochraceous.
Hah. Himalayas.
a, b. Ad. st. Himalava.s. Purchased.
c-g. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalavas. Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill rP.l
h, i. Ad. sk. MuiTee, Aug. 1878. Col. ^Yay [P.].
k. Juv. sk. Simla. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
I. Ad. sk. Nepal. Goidd Collection.
m~o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.l.
p,q,r. Pull. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [CJ.
s. Ad. sk. Nepal. Purchased.
t,u.\di.sk. 'i^(i\^A{B.IL Hodgson). India Museum [P.].
V. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringbam, Esq. [P.].
?6', x, y. Ad. sk. 'BihooiKQ {Femberton). India Museum [P.].
z. Ad. St. Assam. Gould Collection.
4. Acredula concinna.
Psaltria concinna, Goidd, B. Asia, pt. vii. (1855) ; A. David, N. Arch
Mm., Bull, vii., Cat. Ois. Chine, no. 214.
^■Egitbaliscus annphrvs, Swinh. Ibis 1878, p. 64.
^githalusanophrys/6-';-rty, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3425 (18G9).
vEgithakis concinnus, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3426 (1869).
^githahscus concinnus, Sicin/i. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 362.
Acredula concinna, David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 293 (1877),
Closely allied to A. enjthrocephala, but lighter-coloured, and re-
markably different in the coloration of the underparts : the white
superciliary stripe, so conspicuous in A. ergthrocepliala, is indicated
only by some slight white filaments ; rump reddish fulvous ; breast
pure white, crossed by a richly-coloured chestnut semilunar band,
which becomes broader towards the sides of the breast, and extends
backwards on the sides and flanks ; centre of abdomen and under
tail-coverts white, mottled with rufous chestnut ; under wing-coverts
58 PARID^.
pure white ; mantle and scapulars dark slaty blue ; quills and tail-
feathers blackish brown, externally edged with bluish gre_v ; outer
pair of tail-feathers broadly edged and tipped witli white ; bill black,
feet tleshy yellow ; " iris yellow '' {SwinJiOf). Length of culmeu 0*3,
wing 1-8-i-!). tail 1-9-2," tarsus Q-G.
The ijounii bird has the quills externally broadly edged with rusty
red ; general colour below whitish, strongly washed with fulvous.
Hub. China.
fl. Ad. sk. Tingchow, Dec. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
b. Ad. sk. Tingchow, Aug. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J.
c. cJ ad. sk. Tingchow, Oct. Gould Collection.
{li. Swinhoe).
0. Ad. sk. Chusau, Feb. Gould Collection. (Type
of species.)
e,f. (S ad. sk. Chekiaug. Purchased.
5. Acredula jouschistos.
Parus jouschistos, Hodgs. in Gnn/.^ Z„ol. Misc. p. 83 (1844) ; id. J. A.
S. Beiig. xiii. p. 943 ; id. Ann. S,- Mtn/. X. H. xv. p. 326 ; Graij, Cut.
Mamm.etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.T^. 73; id. Gen. B.\. p. 192; Bh/ih,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 104 ; id. in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. ol.
jEgithaliscus jouschistos, Cab. Mns. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850) ; Jerdun, B.
Ind. ii. p. 271.
Orites jouschistos, Horsf. S)- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. i. p. 375
(1854).
^Egithalus jouchistos, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3432.
Adult. Crown of head jet-black, except a broad band of fawn-
colour, which extends from the nasal plumes over the centre of the
crown to the nape ; sides of head, including the eax'-coverts, the sides
of the neck, and the under wing-coverts pale fawn-colour ; chin and
throat greyish white ; all the rest of underparts deep reddish fawn
or rufescent ; general colour above ashy, with a more or less pro-
noimced olive tinge ; upper part of mantle and the rump inclining
to fulvous ; wing-coverts like back ; quills and tail dark brown
with grey edgings ; most of the tail-feathers tipped with dull white.
Bill black ; feet tleshy yellow ; iris brown. Sexes alike in plumage.
Total length a little above 4 inches, culmen 0-34, wing 2-2, tail 2,
tarsus O'Ho.
Hah. Central and Eastern Himalayas.
a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Types of species.)
c. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson'). India Museum.
d. Ad. sk. Darjiliug. W. Fotheringham, Esq. [P.].
e,f. Ad. sk. Bhootau (Femberfon). India Museum.
6. Acrednla niveogularis.
Orites ? niveogularis. Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 140 (ex Gould. MSS.).
Acantliipaius niveogularis, Gould, B. Asia, pt. vii. (1855).
^Egithaliscus niveogularis, Jcrd. B. Ind. ii. p. 272 (18(33).
.i^gitbalus niveogularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 237, no. 3431 (1869).
3. ACEEDTTLA. 59
Adult male. Forehead aud centre of crown white, graduall)- passing
into pale buff on the occiput and nape ; sides of crown brownish
black, extending as a broad band from the lores over the e3-e to
the sides of the nape ; mantle, scapulars, and back ashy grey, with
an olive or fulvous tinge ; tail, quills, aud wing-coverts brownish
grey, narrowly edged with grey ; most of the tail-feathers broadly
tipped with whitish ; cheeks, chin, throat, fore neck, and sides of
neck white; across the upper breast a rather indistinct brownish
band ; ear-covcrts brownish buff, with darker longitudinal stripes ;
all the rest of the underparts reddish fawn or pinky isabelliue ; bill
black, feet fleshy yellow, iris brown. Total length about -l-o inches
culmen 0-37-0-4, wing 2--1-2-0, tail 2-3-2-0, tarsus 0-65.
Females and immature birds have the underparts pale isabelline,
the throat, flanks, and abdomen with a strong pinkish tinge ; the
semicollar across the breast very slightly pronounced.
Jlab. Northern and North-western India.
«. Ad., b. Imm. North India. J. Goidd, Esq. [C.]. (Types
®'^- of species.)
f^e. (5 sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. .Stackhouse Pinwill fP.
f,ff. Ad.sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.
A. Lc?] ad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.
7. Acredula leucogenys.
Orites leucogenvs, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 1.39 ; Horsf. ^- Moore,
tat. U. ±j.l. Co. Mus. p. 374.
^githalus leucogenys, Gray, Haml-I. B. i. p. 230, no. 3424 (1SG9)
^githahscus leucogenys, SeuUy, Ibis, 1881, p. 567.
Intermediate in coloration between A. niveogularis and A jou-
schistos. Crown of head reddish brown, passing into olive-grev on
the rest of the upper parts ; from the lores a broad black band
through the eye, extending to the sides of the hind neck, where it
IS mottled with whitish ; car-coverts greyish brown ; cheeks and
sides of neck pure white; chin and throat deep black, passing into
blackish chestnut on the fore neck and ending rather abruijtly •
rest of underparts like A. niveorjularis • bill black; feet fleshy
yellow. Culmen 0-35 inch, wing 2-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-65.
Hab. Afghanistan and Upper Cashmere.
"•-'^^•^'^- Afghanistan (6V;i5?/A). India Museum.
^ ^ Ad. ^. Pushut (Griffith). InSt^?ir"^^-
d. S ad. sk Darel, July 1880. Major Biddulph TC 1
e. 6 juv. sk. Darel, Jidy 1880. Major Biddulph [C.].
8. Acredula caudata*.
La Mesange a longue queue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 570.
Parus caudatus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 3J2 (1766) ; Bes^ke, Vdg. Kurlands,
* Some of the following references, especiallv the French ones, beIon<' mo«t
probably lo the Central furui, A. ronea, ' °
60 PARIDJE,
no. 196; Bechstein, Viiff. Deutsckl.iv.'p.74:5 ; Retzius, Faun. Suecic.
p. 271; llliger, Prodrom. T^. 220 ] Temm. Maii.crOrn.^.2'diS\ Bonn.
et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 499; Itoux, Orn. Prov. p. 193, pi. 122 ;
Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. ol9 ; id. Traite iTOrn. p. 457; Pall. Zuoyr.
Hosso-As. i. p. Tj.jI ; Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 25(^) ; Schitis, Europ.
Faun. p. 220; Nilssoji, Skandin. Faun. i. p. 34o (1835), i. p. 425
(1858) : Bp. C. A. i. p. 230 ; KJcerhiillimj, Danmarks Fiiyle, pi. xxiii. ;
Wriyhi, Finlands Foi/lar, i. p. 18(5 ; Susonikl, Vol/. Europ. v. Taf . 3 ;
8chic(j. Handl. Dierk. p. 350 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3395 ;
llartiny, B. Middlcse.v, p. 58 ; Keulemans, Onze Voxels, pi. 15 ;
Holland. IVirhcll/tiere Ponunerns, p. CO.
Long-tailed Titmouse, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 550 (1783).
Acredula caudata, Koch, System, baier. Zool. p. 199, Taf. v. fig. 42
(1816) ; Cab. Mas. Ilein. p. 90 ; Sharpc, Ibis, 1868, p. 300 ; Dresser,
i?. i?«r. iii. p. 104; Salcad. Faun. Ital. ii. p. 66; Danford df Brown,
Ibis, 1875, p. 303; Seeboh^n, Ibis, 1880, p. 189; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 194 ; Blakist. ^ Pryer, B. Japan, p. 151.
Mecistiira caudata, Selys-Lonych. Fawne Beige, p. 103 (1842) ; Licht.
Nomenel. p. 37.
Orites caudata, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Comp. i. p. 373
(1854); Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 17; Malm, Fauna, p. 180;
Prjew. in Dawson Rowley's Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 190, sp. 89.
Mcile. Head all round, nape, sides of neck, throat, breast, under
wing-coverts, and edge of wing snowy white, this colour becoming
duller towards the abdomen ; the feathers of the abdomen, flanks, and
under tail-coverts pale vinous at their terminal half; hind neck and
interscapular region deep black ; scapulars and sides of mantle deep
vinous red ; middle of back having a mottled appearance of black,
white, and rosy ; rump and sides of back vinous rosy with whitish
tips ; upper tail-coverts and the two outer pairs of tail-feathers
entirely black, the others more and more edged and tipped with
white ; on the outermost pair the black is restricted to part of the
inner web ; most of the wing-coverts and the quills brownish black ;
the secondaries internally and externally broadly edged with white ;
bill and feet black ; iris brown ; eyelids bright yellow. Total length
5-5-6 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 2-3-2-55, tail 3-3-3-8, tarsus 0-65-
0-7. Sexes alike in plumage.
Immature birds have the sides of the crown, loral and nasal
regions more or less washed with dark brown.
Young birds. General colour above sooty brownish black ; centre
of crown white; most of the wing-coverts and the secondaries
blackish, with broad white margins ; underparts duller than in the
adult bird ; bill dark brown, lighter at tip ; feet pale brown.
Obs. Specimens from Central Siberia are often remarkable for
their somewhat longer tails and brighter coloration.
The White-headed Long-tailed Titmouse has a very wide range, as
it is an inhabitant of Northern and Central Europe. It is found in
Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, and Russia, extending across Siberia
to Japan. In Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, and the western
parts of Germany it changes into the north-western form A. rosea.
It has occurred a few times in the British Isles.
3. ACREDULA.
61
a. Juv. sk.
h. Ad.sk.
c. (^ ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e. d ad. sk.
/; ff. Ad. St.
/(. Ad. St.
i. Ad. sk.
k,l. d 2 ad. sk.
m. c? ad. sk.
Bergen, Norway, July 8.
Sweden.
Sweden.
Stockholm, autumn.
Stockliobu, March,
Austria.
Ain, France.
River Irtisch.
Krasnoiarsk, autumn,
1880.
Dauria, March 19, 1872.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection,
Gould Collection.
H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.],
H.E. Dresser, Esq. [P.].
Vienna Museum [P.]
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Moscow Museum.
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
Warsaw Museum [E.].
9, Acredula rosea.
Mecistura vagans, Leach, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p, 17 (1816)
descr. ?mUa.
Mecistura rosea, Blvth, ed. White's Nat. Hist, of Selbome, v. Ill, note
(1836). 'i- '
Mecistura longicaudata, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 454 (1839).
Acredula rosea, Sharpe, Ibis, 1868, p. .300 ; Sahad. Faun. Ital. ii.
p. 65 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 103 ; Giqlioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 194.
Mecistura caudata, Bcrkpsch, P.Z. S. 1879, p. 562.
Parus roseus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 234, no. 3396 (1869).
Parus caudatus auctt. Britt. passim.
Acredula caudata, Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. p. 304 (1871).
Very similar to A. caudata ; but both sexes have the sides of the
crown of the head and the occiput more or less brownish black, the
white colour being restricted to the centre of the crown, the frontal,
loral, and nasal regions ; the imdorparts are never pure white, but
always show a slight dull tinge ; and the breast and sides of neck
have a few little brownish spots. Sexes exactly alike in plumage.
The measurements are the same as those oi A. caudata. Eyelids
orange.
The Common Long-tailed Titmouse is the representative of the
long-tailed Titmice in the British Isles, the Netherlands, France,
and parts of Western Germany ; in Northern Italy it meets with
A. irbii.
a. (^ ad. sk.
b. [$ Jad.sk.
c. [ cJ ] ad. sk.
d. e. (^ ad. st.
/,.'/. 6,h. 2 ad.
sk.
i. [ c? ] ad. sk.
k, I. Pull. St.
7)1, n. 2 P^ill- sk.
0, p, q. cJ ad. sk.
English Specimens.
Ireland, Mar. 31, 1870
{Sir Victor Broohe).
Aboyne, Aberdeenshire,
Nov. 1871 (B. B.
Sharpe).
Hawkstone, Shropshire,
Jan. 1855.
Avington, Hants, Nov.
1872.
Avington, Hants, Nov.
1872.
Berkshire.
Maidenhead, Berks.
Maidenhead, Berks.
Cookham, Berks, Feb.
1874,
R, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.],
Gould Collection,
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.].
Capt. Shelley [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.],
62 TARID.?;.
r. 2 ad. sk. Cooldiani, Berks, Feb. R. V,. .Sliarpo, Esq. [P.].
1874.
s. rull. sk. Cookham, Berks. Gould Collection.
t, u. (S 2 ad. sk. Hampstead. F. I). Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqr.s. [P.].
r, i/-. (5 2 ad. sk. Ilanipstead. F. D. (iodnian and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
X. S ad. sk. Surre}', Jan. 1857. F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
?/, :, a'. 2 ad. sk. Surrey, Feb. 1857. F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J.
//,(?'. c? ad.st. I
d',e'. 2 ad..«t. y Drinkstohe, Snftblk. T. Harcourt Powell, I']sq.
f'-p' Piill.'st. ( [P-]
'<]'. r'. Ad. St. Cambridi^esliire. Mr. J. Baker [P.].
*■', t'. Skeletons. Purchased.
ii'. Sternum. G. Ingall, Esq. [P.].
Continental Specimens.
a. Ad. sk. AntweiiJ, Oct. 1873. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
he cJ 2 ad. sk. Yalkensvaard, Holland, 0. B. Wharton, Esq. [P.].
May 18, 1876.
(1, e. Ad. St. France. P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
f q h Ad. St. ]\Iongeron, Seine-et- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Oise, Feb. 1875.
i-o Ad sk. Mongeron, Seine-et- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Oise, Feb. 1875.
V q 6 2 ad. sk. Piedmont, Nov. 1 and R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Dec. 1874.
r s c? 2P"11 sk. Piedmont,May 26,1870. H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P
t. 2 ad. sk. Piedmont,May4,1870. II. E. Dresser, Esq. [P
It, V. J 2 ad. sk. Turin, March"l873. Count Salvadori [P.J.
«' r rj 2 ad sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M. Leon Olphe-Galliard
' ■ April 1876. [P.].
y Ad sk. La Tour, Fribourg, M. Leon Olphe-Galliard
April 1876. [P.].
c. [ (5 ] ad. sk. Bremen. Gould Collection.
Subspecies a. Acredula trivirgata.
Parus trivirgatus, Temm. <§• Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 00, pi. 34 ; Bp. C.A.
i. p. 23 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2.34, no. 3.398.
Acredula trivirgata, Cah. Mtts. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850); Sharpe, Ihis
1808, p. 301 ; Blakist. Sf Fryer, B. Japan, p. 151.
Smaller than A. rosea ; very much like the latter in coloration ;
but the brownish-black band of the sides of the crown in adult
specimens is said to extend over the loral and nasal regions, whilst
in A. rosea the latter parts are white. There are, however, speci-
mens from Japan, and apparently old birds, which have the feathers
of the parts in question white with dark brown tips.
Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. )"■
2-15 2-9 0-60
•J-25 3-1 0()0
'2-4 3-2 065
3. ACRKDVLA. fi3
Hah. Eepresents the European Loug-tailed Titmouse in Soutlicrn
Japan.
a, h. Ad. sk. Japan. J. Gould, Esq.
c. Ad. slf. Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [CI.
d- Ad. sk. Yokohama. H. Prjer, Esq. [C.].
10. Acredula irbii,
Parus eaudatus, Naceyro, Cat. Av. Galizia, in Mem. It. Acad. Madrid,
p. 126 (1850). '
I'anis eaudatus atidt. Hisp. et Ifal. passim.
Acredula caudata, Salvad. Faun, difal., Ucc. p. 07 (1871).
Acredula irbii, Shaiye &j- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 312 ; Bresser B
Eur. iii. pi. 105. ' ■
Acredula irbyi, Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 193.
Differs from A. rosea in its smaller sizo and by the coloration of
the back. Hind neck and sides of crown black ; the line of demar-
cation between the black semicollar and the mantle well marked ;
back without any black : all the feathers of the mantle, the back^
rump, and scapulars pale bluish grey at their bases, the rest of the'
feathers vinous, sometimes with faint whitish tips ; the amount of
vinous colour varies much on the different parts, the scapulars and
the sides of the rump appearing almost entirely vinous, whilst the
middle of the back inclines more to blue-grey ; npper tail-coverts
black with greyish tips. Total length under 5-5 inches.
Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
2-4
3-3
0-65
2-45
3-4
0-G8
2-1
3-0
0-65
Ohs. The three specimens from Piedmont in the British Museum
are intermediate between A. irbii and A. rosea.
Hah. This bird is found in Spain, Sicily, and in the southern half
of Italy. In northern Italy it gradually changes into the north-
western species {A. rosea). Mr. Sharpe shot a beautiful typical
specimen of A. irbii at Mongcron near Paris.
a. Immat. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby fP 1
b. Ad. ,sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby rP.i.
c. d ad. sk. Gibraltar, May 2. Colonel Irby iP.].
d. Nestling sk. Gibraltar. " Colonel Irby [P.]
c. d ad. sk. Gibraltar, Feb. 7 (Irbi/). J. Gould, Esq.
/. d ad. sk. Piedmont. H. E. Dresser, Esq [P.]
^. $ad. sk. Piedmont, Dec. 14, Count Salvadori fP. 1.
1873. ^ -■
/(. S ad. sk. Sicily. H. Saunders, Esq. [P.l
u Ad. sk. Wongeron, Seine-et- Pt. B. SLarpe, Esq. [P.].
Oise, France, Feb.
Ib75.
64
11. Acrediila tephronota.
Orites tephi'ouotiis, Giinther, Ibis, 18Cw, p. 9G, pi. 4.
Tarus tephvonotiis, Grm/, Ilaml-l B. i. p. 234, no. 3397 C1860\__
Mecistura poeltzanii, Sevprtz. Turk.Jevotn. p. 135, pi. 8. fig. 1 (1873) ;
Dresser. Ihis, 1876, p. 172.
Acredula tephrouota, i>harpe, Uns, 1868, p. 302 ; Blanf. East. Persia,
p. 231 (1876) ; JDresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 105. fig. 2.'
Closely allied to A. irhii, but with a large blackish or greyish
patch on the centre of the throat ; sides of the crown black ; centre
of crown dull white with a brownish tinge, this colour extending
over the occiput ; hind neck pale brownish grey without any black ;
the whole mantle, upper back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
pure grey without any black ; sides of lower back and rump vinous ;
wings and wing-coverts black-brown with whitish margins ; sides
of head and ear-coverts pale brownish ; chin white ; breast and
middle of abdomen dingy white, with faint longitudinal brownish
streaks ; flanks, under tail-coverts, and lower abdomen pale vinous ;
bill and feet black ; " iris of a light brownish red colour, with an
outer bluish-white ring ; " eyelids orange. Total length about
55 inches, wing 2-25-2-5, tail 2-7-3-2, tarsus 0-7.
Hab. Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, and extending into Persia
and Turkestan.
Ohs. One specimen from Buyukdere (February 1874) has the
general colour above exactly like A. rosea ; but it shows clearly
the grey patch on the throat, and little brownish spots arranged
in a broken-up semicircle across the upper breast.
a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Belgrade, Dec. 1874
('/". Bobson).
c, d. Ad. sk. Havankoi, Turkey (T.
Bobson).
e. (S ad. sk. Buvukdere, Feb. 1,
1874 ( T. Bohson).
f. cT ad. sk. Bagscbakeuy, Dec. 10
{T. Bobson).
g. 5 fid. sk. Near Constantinople,
Apr.23(r.i2o/)srm).
h. ibirien, ii. p. 165
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 236, no. 4016 ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 30
Severfzoic, Turkest. Jevotn. p. 135 ; Blanf. East. Persia, p. 232
Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 33 {cf. for JE. consobrinus) ; Dresser, B
Eur. iii. pi. 116.
^githalus polonicus, Brehni, VUg. Deutschl. p. 476 (1831).
Pendulinus medius, Bre/nn, Voy. Deutscht. p. 477 (1831).
Pendulinus macrourus, Brehm, J by. Deutsc/d. p. 477 (1831).
^githalus pendulinus, var. jasartica, Severtzoiv, Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 135, pi. 9. lig. 2 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 176.
^githalus consobrinus, Sidnh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 133 ; ibid. 1871,
p. 362 ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 294.
Adult male. Ear-coverts, region all round the eye, and a narrow
frontal band black ; greater part of crown white, separated from the
black by a few rufous feathers on the forehead ; nape, hind neck,
and sides of neck white, with a greyish tinge ; cheeks, chin, and
throat pure white ; mantle chestnut-brown, deepest towards the
neck, graduallj- passing into ochraceous on the back and rump ;
upper tail-coverts light greyish ; tail-featliers dark brown, with
broad whitish-yellow edgings to the outer and inner webs ; lesser
•wing-coverts chestnut-red, the greater ones dark brown, with deep
chestnut-coloured margins and with pale tips ; quills brown,
with whitish edgings, which are very broad on the innermost
secondaries ; underparts cream-colour or ochraceous. slightly deeper
on the flanks and thighs ; the feathers of the breast with half- con-
cealed subtermiual chestnut spots ; bill horn-colour ; feet bluish
black ; iris brown. Total length about 3"6-4 inches.
Adult female. Slightly paler in coloration, the black frontal band
and the I'ufous colour orr the forehead less pronounced.
Youmj. Less richly coloured than the adult bird, and having the
whole hind neck and the crown ochraceous with a grev tinge ;
f2 '
68 PAEIDJ?.
ear-covcrts rufous; no black on the sides of the head or on the
forehead.
Ciilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
c? . China 040 2-23 1-75 0-56
S . Japan 0-37 222 1-74 057
o* . Piedmont 0-40 2-15 180 0-56
2. Asia Minor 0-41 20o l-7o 056
Hah. Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan, China, and
Japan.
a, b. Ad. st. Europe. Purchased.
c. cT ad. sk. Piedmont, April 3, 1876. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvia,
Esqrs. [P.].
rf.2ad.sk. Piedmont, April 20, 1876. F.D. Godman and O.Salvin,
Esqrs. [P.].
e. Juv. sk. Genoa (A. B. Brooke). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
f. Juv. sk. Astrachan, April 1872. Baron von Hiigel [P.].
'ff. S ad. sk. Kaisarziah, Asia Minor H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
(C. JS. Dauford).
2. .ffigithalus coronatus.
^githalus coronatus, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 136, pi. 9. fig. 3, S ad.
in spring (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 175.
^githalus atricapillus, Severiz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 137, pi. 9. fig. 4,
S ad. in spring ; fig. 5, juv. (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 174.
.^githalus stoliczkse, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 521.
Apparentlj' slightly smaller than ^. pendulinus, to which it is
very closely allied by the distribution of its colours. It chiefly differs
from the latter species by the colour of the head, the forehead, lores,
and region round the eyes and the ear-coverts being deep black,
getting more and more mottled with wliite towards the occiput and
nape, leaving only the centre of the crown near the forehead white ;
behind the black occiput and nape a brownish-white crescent. Total
length about 3-7 inches. cj: culmen 0-37-0-40, wing 2-05-2-1,
tail 1-60-1 -63, tarsus 0-56.
Female. Like the male in size and colour.
Hah. Western Turkestan. ^
3. .ffigithalus castaneus.
.^githalus castaneus, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 136, pi. 9 (1873);
Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 165, pi. 117.
^githalus caspius, Bogdanow, Tr. Soc. Kazan, viii. p. 91 (1879).
Adult male. Differs from ^. pendulinus in having the crown of
the head, the hind neck, and the sides of the neck of the same rich
chestnut coloiir as the mantle ; the amount of white on the edges of
the tail and wing is greater, and the chestnut part of the feathers on
the breast more conspicuous than in ^.pendidinus. This subspecies
is slightly larger than the common European bird. Total length
4. ^GITHALtrS. 69
about 4-2 inches, culmen 0-40, wiug 2-20-2-30, tail l-90-l-9o,
tarsus 0-58-U-()0.
Adult female. Occiput and nape dull isabelline ; forehead, ear-
coverts, and region round the eye black as in the male.
Ohs. The amount of chestnut colour on the crown and hind neck
varies greatlj', and it does not extend all over these parts before the
bird is quite adult. In the British Museum is a male specimen,
shot in April near Astrachan, which has the greater part of the
crown and the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts deep chestnut-
brown, each feather slightly tipped with white, but the nape and
hind neck are almost white.
Hah. Confined to the delta of the Wolga.
a. S ad. sk. Astrachan, April. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
4. iEgitlialus macronyx.
jEgithakis macronyx, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 137, pi. 9. fig. 8, ad. c?
in irinter (1873): I)re.'rtwW, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Bull., Cat. Ois.
Chine, sp. 196(1871) ; id. ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 276; Prjev. in
Dawson Roivley's Orn. Miscell. ii. p. 57 ; Stoliczka, Str. F. 1875,
p. 246.
Regulus cristatus, v. Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 308 (nee Koch).
9. KEGDLTJS. 81
Adult male. General colour above dingy or olive-green, passing
into yellowish on the rump and on the upper tail-coverts ; wing-
coverts and secondary quills dark brown with whitish terminal spots,
and externally edged with the dingy green colour of the back ; pri-
mary quills brown, externally edged with yellowish green ; basal
part of the secondaries white, middle part blackish without any sign
of yellowish edgings, rest of the secondaries brown, with yellowish
edgings to the outer web and with whitish tips ; the wing there-
fore shows a large blackish patch in the middle, anteriorly bordered
by the white tips of the greater wing-coverts ; under wing-coverts,
edge of wing, axillaries, and inner margin of quiUs whitish ; tail-
feathers brown, externally bordered with yellowish green ; all
the underparts dingy white, more or less strongly washed with
greenish yellow or creamy colour ; centre of crest bright orange-
yellow, bordered on cither side and in front by a narrow bright
yellow streak, this again bordered by a black or blackish streak ;
sides of head and ear-coverts dingy greenish gro)' ; region round the
eye, lores, and chin whitish ; bill blackish brown ; legs and claws
pale horny brown. Total length about 3' 75 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 2*1, tail 1-5, tarsus 0'7.
Adult female. Very much like the adult male in colour ; but the
centre of the crest is simply bright yellow with no orange colour.
Younr/ birds have the crown of the head without any yellow, and
the general colour above is a dusky grey with a dingy olive tinge.
Hab. The Golden-crested Wren is found throughout the Palse-
arctic Region.
Obs. In the N.W. Himalayas and Western China it is repre-
sented by a somewhat larger race (M. Jiimcdaijensis, Gould). The
differences in size between the Himalayan and the European birds
are but slight, if we compare the former with a large series of E.
cristatus. The flame-coloured interior of the crest is scarcely more
developed in the Asiatic form than in old birds of the European
species. The two specimens in the British-Museum collection from
the Himalayas measure as follows : —
c? . Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1-6-i, tarsus 0*7.
2 (Nepal). Wing 2-03 inches, tail 1-45, tarsus 0'7.
Regulus cristatus.
a. Ad. sk. Cork, Ireland. W. Mahony, Esq. [P.].
b. Juv. sk. Colebrooke, Aug. (A. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] .
B. Brooh').
c. Ad. St. Saffron Walden. J. Clarke, E.sq. [P.].
cl. (J ad. sk. Shropshire, Jan. Gould Collection.
e. Ad. St. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.l.
/. Ad. St. (albino). Devon.shire. Col. Montagu [P.l.
f/,h. Ad. St. ' Avington, Hants. E. Shelley, Esq. [P.].
i, A;, c? $ ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Nov. 25. Capt. Shelley [P7].
/. [ d ] puU. sk. Isle of Wight. T. Butler, Esq. [P.].
m. Pidl. sk. Maidenhead, Berks. Gould Collection.
«. 2 ad. sk. Middlesex (O. S.). F. D. Godman and O
Salvin, Esqrs .[P.].
82
0. Ad. St.
;j. 2 ad. sk.
q, r. cJ ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. St.
It. J ad. sk.
V, IV, J", d" 2 ad.
& juY. sk.
y,z. cS 2 '^tl. sk.
«'.[$] ad. sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.
c'. j ad. sk.
<^', c'. cJ $ ad. sk.
f',9'. 6 9- ad.
sk.
A'. Ad. iu spirits.
Middlesex.
Surrey, Jan. 1857.
Surrey.
Paris.
Mongeron. Seine-et-Oise.
S. Norway, March 20, 1859.
Teneriffe, May 1871 {F. D.
G.\
S. Michaels, x\zores, April
1865 {F. D. G.).
Fayal, Azores, March 1865
{F. D. G.).
Japau.
Japau.
Hakodadi.
Hakodadi, Oct. & Nov. 1864
{H. Whitely).
Prussia.
E. Churton, Esq.
F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collectiou.
Goidd Collection.
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [PJ.
F. D. Godman aud 0.
Salvin, l^sqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman aud 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Purchased.
H. Pryer, Esq. [C.].
Gould Collection.
Dr. H. Gadow [P.].
J. [ cJ 1 ad. sk.
c, d. 5 ad. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
Himalayan Race.
rt. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Nepal.
Nepal.
Astor, Kashmere, Oct.,
11,000 feet.
Native Sikkim {Mandelli).
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
Gould Collection.
Major Biddulph [P.].
Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
2. Regulus satrapa*.
Sylvia regulus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 8. fig. 2 (1808).
Kegulus cristatus, Audub. B. Am. ii. pi. 1.32; id. Orn. Biogr. ii.
pi. 183.
Regulus satrapa, Ucht. Verz. Doubl. no. 410 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B.
1. p. 175 ; Cab. 3fus. Hein. i. p. 34 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 227 ;
Sdater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212 ; Bddeker, J.f. O. 1856, p. 33, pi. 1.
fig. 9 ; Ne.imied, J. f. O. 1858, p. iii ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 476 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. 'i. p. 218, no. 3104; Scl. Sj- Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 4 ; Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 32 ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridyivay,
* EeGULUS C0VIEEI.
Kegulus cuvieri, ^««f??r^^. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 288, pi. 55 (1832) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 175 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 228 ; id. Bcv. Am. B. p. 06; Baird,
Brew., ^ Eidgw. N. A. B. i. p. 175.
Corthylio cuvieri, Cab. J.f. 0. 1853, p. 8.3.
Sylvia cuvieri, Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 216, no. 3070.
Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway make the following remarks on tliis
bird : — " Tliis species continues to be unknown, except from tlie description of
Mr. Audiihon. It appears to diifer mainly from B. satrajM in having two black
bauds (not one) on the crown anteriorly, separated by a whitish one ; the ex-
treme forehead being bLack instead of white as in 7?. safrapa. The specimen
was killed in June 1812 on the banks of the Schuylkil River in Pennsylvania."
9. KEGULUS. 83
N. A. B. i. p. 73; Coues, B. Colornd. Vail. p. t)U {cf. fur American
references) ; id. Key N. A. B. p. 78.
ReguliLS crislatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. ii. pi. lOG (1807).
Regulus tricolor, Audub. Orn. Biot/r. ii. p. 470 (1831-39).
Reg'ulus reguloides, Jardine, IVihon's Am. Orn. i. p. 127 (1832).
Ivegiilus satrapa, var. olivascens, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 65 (1864).
This species, although verj- similar to it. ignkapillus in general
colour and appearance, can always be distinguished by the following
differences : — 1. The old male of 11. sutraj^a has the hind neck and
the sides of the neck grey, with only a very slight olive hue, whilst
in R. icinicajiillus these parts are of the same intense olive-green
colour as the mantle, gradually passing into olive-yellow on the sides
of the neck ; 2. The foi-ehead is white instead of buff or cream-
colour ; 3. The centre of the crest is no doubt brighter- coloured.
The females of both species are alike in colour ; and the young birds
are without the coloured crown. Length of wing 2-1-2-25 inches,
tail 1-75, tarsus 0'65.
Hah. The American Fire-crested Wren is found throughout
North America, extending thence into Mexico.
Ohs. Professor Baird remarks that " the western specimens are
much brighter and more olivaceous above, especially on rump and
tail, than the eastern, and may possibly constitute a different race,
or variety olivaceits." The British Museum has no specimens of
Ii. satrcqja from Eastern North America.
a, b. (J 2 ad. St. N. America. Purchased.
c. c? ad. sk. Chicago, April 12, H. K. Coale, Esq. [P.].
1878.
d, e. S? ad. sk. W. side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Mouutauis.
f,(j. 6 2 ad. sk. W. side of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Mountains.
J>, '• [c?] ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. Dr. LyaU [C].
A-. [ cJ ] ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. Gould Collection.
I, m. [(5] ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].
«. [ c? ] ad. sk. N. America. Gould Collection.
0. Juv. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
p, q. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
3. Regulus ignicapillus.
S.nici ou Poule, Bitf. Bl. Enl. pi. 651. fig. 3.
Sylvia regulus, Bechstcin, Ornith. Tu.schmb. p. 189 (1802).
Sylvia ignicapiUca, Brehm, in Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 231 (1820) ;
' ynum. Viifi. Deutschl. iii. pi. 93. figs. 4, 5, 6.
Rigulus ignicapillus, Meyer, Tasehenb. Deutschl. Vogelk. iii. p. 109
(1822); Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 61; Bou.v, Orn. Proven(;.
pi. 235; Temm. Man. d Orn. iii. p. 158; Goidd, B. Eur. pi. 148.
fig. 2 ; Schitiz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 207 ; Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb.
Eur. p. Iv ; Schleyel, Bevue, p. xliv ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175; Bjj.
C. A. i. p. 291 ; C'ab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 34; KjarbiUl. Danmarks
Fuyle, pi. 54. fig. 5; Fritseh, FoV/. Eur. pi. 19. figs. 1,2; Deykind
4" Gtrbe, Ois. Eur. i. p. 555 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 70 ; Schleyel,
g2
84 PARIDJE.
Voff. Nederl. pi. 124 ; von Droste, Vogeho. Borhums, p. 90; Perini,
Omit. Veronese, p. 212 ; Alhnn, Forstzoologie, p. 194 ; Newfon, ed.
Tan: Brit. B. i. p. 45(5 ; Dresser, B. Eur. ii. p. 459, pi. 72. fi^'. 1.
Regulus pyocephalus, Brelnn, Beitr. Vogelk. ii. p. 1;J0, pi. i. iig. 1
(1822) ; id. Lehrhuch, p. 276 ; id. Viig. Deutschl. p. 483.
Regulus mystaceus, Vieill. Faun. Franq. p. 231 (1822).
Regiilus niisonii, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 482 (1831).
Regulus brachyrhynchus, Brehm, t. c. p. 483 (1831).
Adult male. General colour above olive-green, sometimes with a
strong yellow tinge, especially on the sides of the neck ; head above
much the same in colour as tliat of E. cristatus ; but the forehead
is cream-colour, from which passes a pure white rather broad
streak over the eye and over the ear-coverts ; lores and a streak
through the eye greyish black ; oar-coverts grey ; the middle of the
crest generallj' more reddish and less yellow than in It. cris-
tatus ; underparts dingy white, scarcely washed with cream-colour.
In all the other parts this species closely resembles It. cristatus.
Total length about 3-75 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-2-1, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0'65-0"7.
The female has the crown of the head simply sulphur-yellow,
hind neck and sides of neck pale dingy grey, rest of the upper parts
grey, with a strong olive tinge.
Young birds have the whole head grey, mottled with blackish
terminal spots, the underparts dingy white, with a creamy tinge.
Hob. Europe and Asia Minor.
a. S ad. sk. England. Gould Collection.
b. Ad. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [P.].
c. d. S ad. sk. Europe. F. D. Goduiau and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.j.
e. 2 ad. sk. Europe. Purchased.
f. S ad. sk. Heligoland, October E. W. Gates, Esq. [P.].
1879 (Gatke).
g. h. d 2 ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.].
i. Ad. sk. Maritime Alps. Gould Collection.
k, I. (S ad. & pull. sk. Sardinia, jNlay 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.l.
(.4. B. Brooke),
m. Ad. sk. Malta. Gould Collection.
n. (S ad. sk. Asia Minor. T. Robsoo [C.].
4. Regulus maderensis.
Regulus ?, Vernon Harcmirt, Ann. S; Mag. N. H. 1853, p. 58.
Regulus maderensis, Vernon Harcourt, P. Z. S. 18-54, p. 153 ; Balk,
J. f. 0. 1857, p. 284 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 218, no. 3103 ; God-
man, Ibis, 1872, p. 173 ; Dresser, B. Eur. ii. p. 465, pi. 72. fig. 2.
Adult mule. General colour above yellowish green : sides of neck
almost entirely orange-yellow ; ear-coverts and a small irregular
band round the hind neck grey ; forehead, the region immediately
round the eye, and a superciliary streak white ; centre of crown
orange-yellow, bordered in front and on the sides by black feathers ;
breast washed with orange-yellow. In all the other parts this
9. EEGTOUS. 85
species closely resembles B. icinicapillus. Total length about 3-7
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-1, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-8.
Hub. Madeira.
a. Ad. sk. Madeira. E. Vernon Ilarcourt, Esq.
[P.]. (Type of species.)
b, c, d, e. cj" 2 ad. sk. Madeira, June 1871. F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
f,ff,h. cJ 5 ad.sk. Madeira. F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
i, 7c. xVd. in spirits. Madeira. Purchased.
5. Eegulus calendula.
La Poule ou Souci de Pensilvanie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 584 (1760).
Motacilla calendula, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 337 (1766) ; Atcdub. B. Am.
pi. 133 ; id. Orn. Biot/r. ii. pi. 195.
Parus griseus, Gmel. S. X. i. p. 1010.
Sylvia calendula, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 549 (1790) ; Wilson, Am. Orn.
' pi. 5. fig. 3 ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 216, no. SOClS.
Eegulus calendula, Liiht. Verz, Douhl. no. 408 (1823) ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 175; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 226; Sclat. P.Z.S.lBbl,
p. 202, 1858, p. 300, 1859, p. 362, 1864, p. 172 ; Gould, P. Z. S.
1858, p. 290 (Scotland); Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 33 ; Reinhardt,
Ibis, 1861, p. 5 (Greenland) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 475; Coues,
Key N. A. B. p. 78; Sol. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Xeofr. p. 4;
Baird, Brew., ^' Eidyw. N. A. B. i. p. 75 ; Coues, B. Colorado Vail.
p. 92 (cf. for American references) .
Regulus rub'inens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. 49, pis. 104 & 105 (1807).
Phyllobasileus calendula, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. i. p. 33 (1850).
Peguloides calendula, Bp. C. A. i. p. 292 (1850).
Corthylio calendula, Cab. J.f. 0. 1853, p. 83.
In this species the small peculiarly shaped feather which overlaps
the nostril is either rudimentary or entirely absent.
Adult male. General colour above dingy olive-grey, passing into
olive-green on the lower back and on the upper tail-coverts ; the
centre of the crest vermilion-red, and not bordered by yellow or black,
the whole of the rest of the crown of the head being of the same
dull coloi;r as the mantle and hind neck ; sides of head, forehead,
and car-coverts somewhat paler and more yellowish ; lores and the
immediate region round the eyes whitish ; all the underparts are
dingy creamy white. Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0"4-0*5,
wing 2-3-2-4, tail 2-S, tarsus 0-7-0-8.
Young birds are without the coloured crown,
Ilab. Nearly the whole of the Nearctic Region, ranging from
Repulse Ray and Greenland in the north, southwards to Guatemala.
a. Ad. St. N. America. Purchased.
b. (S ad. sk. X. America. Gould Collection.
c. Ad. sk. California. Purchased.
rf, e. d 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
/. S ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
y. ci" ad. sk, ■k^ih.V■Axsx\\^i\(G,I)a%vson). N. A. Boimdary Commission,
86 PAKIDJE.
//. Ad. sic. Cl.ii-a?o, Sept. .30, 1874. H. K. Coale, E.sq. [r.].
i, k. d ad. sk. Kepulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.].
/. cJ ad. .'ik. Loch Lomnndside, 18o3 Gould CollectioQ.
(Z)r. Dt'tvar).
10. LEPTOPCECILE.
Leptopoecile, Severtzoiv, Turkest. Jevotn. p. CG (1873)
Stoliczkana, Ilmne, Sfr. F. ii. p. 13-5 (1874)
Type.
L. sophiaj.
L. sophise.
Details of structure of Lcpiopmcilc sophics.
Bill straight, slender and rounded at the enlmen, like that of Plnjl-
loscopvs. Nostrils longitudinal, with a well-developed coriaccons oper-
culum, half protected by very fine bristles. First primary compara-
tively long, second primary short ; tip of wing formed by fourth,
fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail graduated, and equal to wing in
length. Tarsus anteriorly covered with one long scutum (in old
birds), and more than twice and a half the length of the hallux
without claw. Plumage soft and rather thick. Coloration very
peculiar.
Ranqe. Central Asia.
This bird does certainly not belong to the Paridce, but is most
closely allied to PJn/Uoscojms (see Cat. B. vol. v. pp. 2, 37).
1. Leptopcecile sophiae.
Leptopcecile sopliise, Seiwfz. Turk. Jevotn. pp. GO, 135, pi. viii. figs.
8 & 9 (c? 2) (1871) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 171 ; Gould, B. As.
pt. xxviii. ; Butler, Str. F. 1870, p. 1.53 ; David ^ Oust. Ois.
Chine,-p. 290 •,Pr'jev.Ornith.Mtsc.Y>t.\i.T^. 191,sp.92a877); Scullt/,
Ibis, 1881, p. 116.
Stoliczkana stoliczkse, Hume, Str. F. 1874, pt. ii. p. 513.
Adult. Forehead and a broad band over eyes and car-coverts
yellowish white ; crown of head, nape, and chin vinous brown ;
10. LErxorcKcrxE. 87
throat, fore neck, sides of breast, flanks, under and upper tail-
coverts, and rump vinous brown, strongly washed with cobalt-blue,
especially the rump and flanlvs, the bluish colour being hardly per-
ceptible on the crown ; mantle, back, wing-coverts, and quills nar-
rowly edged with pale w^hitish olive ; tail black-brown, with a
greyish tint on the outer web of the inner pairs ; outer web of outer-
most pair, and outer edge of next pair wdiite ; edge of wino-, under
wing-coverts, and a broad margin to inner web of quills pale cream-
colour ; centre of breast and abdomen cream-colour ; " bill black ;
feet horny blackish brown ; iris bright red " (Sfolic:l-a). Total
length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-1, tail 2, tarsus 0-72.
Female. Generally duller-coloured, the reddish-blue colour being
confined to the rump ; underparts pale brownish white or cream-
colour ; in size not differing from the male.
Hah. Upper Cashmere, extending into Turkestan.
a-c. Ad. sk. Kashgar {Dr. Belkw). India Museum [P.].
d, e. S 2 fd. sk. Astor, Kashmere, 10,000feet, Major Biddulph [P.].
Oct. 3.
Family LANIID^E.
Bill cither strong, with the culmcu curved, ending in a hook with
a notch, in which case the bill is black or dark brown, or, secondly,
culmen straight, with hardly any hook and notch, and then of a
bluish-white colour. Form of nostrils very variable. Wings with
ten primaries, the first at least halt the length of the second (except
in Lanhis minor) ; tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth,
or fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail very variable in shape,
consisting of twelve feathers, not emarginated (except in Calicalicm).
Tarsus on both sides covered with one long scutum (except in
Nilaus), anteriorly generally scutellated. Toes four in number,
middle toe the largest ; nail of hind toe longer and stronger than
that of the others. Insectivorous birds; with a few exceptions
non-migratory, cosmopolitan ; monogamous ; nest containing a few
coloured eggs, and built in a tree.
This family, the typical birds of which are described under the
heading Lannnce, includes some very aberrant forms, which, like
Gijmnorliina, EojjsaUrla, Artamia, Xenopirostns, Nilaus, Neolestes,
and Calkalicus, render it quite impossible to give a concise diagnosis
of what we have to understand by " Laniidce.^' The diagnosis of
the Lcmmlce, as well as that of Farida.', as given by Mr. Sharpc in
vol. iv. p. 7, is, for instance, applicable to the genera Lanius and
Parus only.
In the present case we have to consider Lanius as the taxonomic
centre of the group, since all that is common to any two or more
of the five subfamilies of the Laniidce is typical of Lanius. In
other words, the genus Lanius (and through this the subfamily
Lamina), as defined on page 228, links the five subfamilies together ;
whilst, on the other hand, any attempt to trace the relationship be-
tween Lanius and other non-Laniine birds will show that some, or
at least one, of the genera belonging to the other four subfamilies are
the necessary intermediate forms. Thus, for instance, from Lanius we
have one fairly continuous series leading through Cracticus and Gym-
norhina to Strepera, Lijcocorax, and the Corvince ; again, through
Pachycephala and Eopsaltria to the Muscicapince ; through Cali-
calicus and Neolestes to the Pycnonotina'.
The Laniida', as described in this volume, form neither a group
complete in itself, nor are the lines of distinction always drawn
closely enough. Thus Neolestes and Eopsaltria ought, perhaps,
to be left out ; Strepera ought to stand Avith Gymnorhina. Lastly,
how many of the Campepliagido' and of the so-called Timeliidce had
better be joined, as a sixth subfamily, with the Laniidce, I am at
present unable to tell.
89
Si/nojjsis of the Suhfaniilus.
a. Nostrils placed almost midway
between base and tip of the bill,
formed by a longitudinal slit,
quite bare of feathers or bristles. GYMNORIIININ/E, p. 89.
h. No.strils basal ; either round and
ossified, or oval and situated in
a partly coriaceous groove.
a'. Feathers of back flufty, form-
ing a thick and soft cover
of the rump; nostrils free,
uncovered by bristles or fea-
thers 31 ALA CONOTINJ<:, p. 103.
b'. Feathers of back not flufly;
nostrils partly covered by
featliers or bristles.
a". Bin laterally compressed,
strongly hooked and
notched; cidmen straight
at basal half; nostrUs
roimd and completely ossi-
fied LANIIN.'E, p. 228.
b". Culmen curved downwards
throughout its length,
or the bill considerably
flattened near the base;
nostrils in a coriaceous
groove, with an imperfect
operculum PACHYCETIIALIlSlJE, p. 172.
e". Bill generally laterally com-
pressed ; nostrils in front
of a semiossitied or coria-
ceous groove, circular,
nou-operculated. Principal
colours green and yellow.
Length of wing from 2 to
3 inches. (American.) . . VIREONIN^, p. 292.
Subfamily I. GYMNORHININ.E.
_ Pattern of colour Crow-like. Bill long and straight, broad and
slightly rounded across its base. Nostrils completely bare, situated
a long way from the featliers of the face, margins quite ossified.
Hallux with claw equal to middle too and claw in length. First
primary equal to two thirds of the second in length ; tips of wing
formed by third and fourth or fourth and fifth primaries.
Sexes alike in plumage; the young birds brownish, with cross
markings on the feathers. The only colours occm-ring are black,
white, grey, and red.
Australiau region, extending into Borneo.
90
Key to the Genera.
a. Head }virtly bare; plumage red and black. . 1. Pityriasis, p. 90.
b. Plead covered with featliers ; colours black,
white, and grey.
a'. Bill very straight and pointed, scarcely
hooked ; tail little shorter than half the
length of the wing 2.
h'. Bill rather curved at the culmen and
gonys, strongly hooked ; tail little shorter
than wings .3. Cracticits, p. 93.
Gymnorhina*, p. 91.
1. PITYRIASIS.
Tvpe.
Pityi-iasis, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 397 (1839) T. gvmnocephala.
Pitvriopsis,i?e?cAp«6. iS;(/.sV.^y.pl.lxxsix.fig.l9(1850) P. gyninocephala.
Head of Piii/riasis ijijmnriccjihala.
Bill very strong, the eulmen completely rounded, and flat at
the top, strongly hooked and notched. Nostrils formed by a longi-
tudinal slit, quite free. Bill without any feathers, rictal or nasal
bristles. Feathers of the crown, ear-coverts, and lower throat trans-
formed into very peculiar structures. First primary very long, more
than two thirds of the second, which is likewise long ; wings
very long, covering the whole tail, tip formed by third, fourth, and
fifth primaries. Tail much shorter than wing, square. Tarsus
anteriorly covered with one long scutum and one transverse scale ;
claws sharp and strong. Only colours black and red.
Range. One species in Borneo.
1. Pityriasis gymnocephala.
Barita gymnocephala, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 572 (183o) ; Schl.
Handl. Bierk. i. p. 292.
Pityriasis gymnocephala, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 397 (1838) ; id.
Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 198; Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 36; Bp.
C. A. i. p. 366 ; Chenu, End. Ois. v. p. 79, pi. 16. fig. 3 ; Sclat^r,
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 206; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 371; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 159, tay. frontisp.
* Hereto belongs, in my opinion, Strepera of Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 57.
1
2. GTirxoEnrxA. 91
Cracticus gymnoceplialiis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300 (1845) ; ScU. Mus.
P.-Ji., C'oraces, p. l.JiO.
Gymnorhina gymuocephala, Grai/, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 2, no. GOGo.
Adult male. General coloiu- above greyish black, all the feathers
with a marginal edging of deeper black ; quills black, the pri-
maries white at the middle of the inner web, increasing in extent
in the inner ones ; head bare, of a yellow colour in life, and covered
with little stiff bristles, many of them scarlet at base ; loral plumes,
sides of face, entire throat, and a collar round the hind neck brilliant
scarlet ; ear-coverts and a patch on the fore neck covered with
dingy-brown bristly plumes, the bases of these feathers scarlet ;
thighs scarlet ; bill black ; feet pinkish white ; iris dark brown.
Total length between 9 and 10 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5-9, tail
3"t5o, tarsus 1*3.
Adult female. Similar to the male ; but some of the feathers of
the Hanks edged with scarlet. Total length 9-10 inches, culmen
1-4, wing G, tail 8-3, tarsus 1-35.
Hah. Borneo.
rt. [ c? 1 ad. St.
Borneo.
i. r 2 J ad. St.
Borneo.
c, d. [ (5 ] ad. sk.
Sarawak
e. Ad. sk.
Borneo.
Hugli Cumino-, Esq. [C.].
[c'.i
Hugh Cuming, Esq.
A. li. Wallace, Esq.
Goidd Collection.
2. GYMNORHINA.
Type.
Gymnorhina, Gi-ai/, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 37 G. tibicen.
Gymnorrhina, JReichenb. Handb. Naturg. p. 281 (1850).
BiU considerably longer than rest of head, straight and pointed,
slightly notched, not hooked ; culmen rounded and flattened. JN'ostrils
longitudinal slits, quite bare of feathers ; a few rictal but no nasal
bristles present. Wings very long and pointed, covering the whole
tail : first primary long, half the length of the second : tip of wing
formed by third and fourth primaries. Tail square, less than half the
length of the wing. Tarsus anteriorly covered with mauy transverse
scales, which have a tendency to fuse with one another.
The sexes are alilce in plumage ; the only colours black and white. '
lianrje. Australia and Tasmania.
1. Gymnorhina tibicen.
Piping Pioller, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Siippl. p. 122.
Coracias tibicen, Lath. Ind. Oni. Stippl. p. xxvii.
Barita tibicen, Temm. Man. d'Oni. i. p. li: Less. Traite p 34.5-
Bji. a A. i. p. .367. '
Cracticus tibicen, Viff. c^- Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 260 ; Gould,
Stjn. B. Austr. part i. ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 125.
Gynmorhina tibicen, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 50 ; id. S,- Mitch.
Gen. B. ii. p. 302, pi. 73 ; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 46 ; Cab. Mus.
Jfein.Th.i. p. 226 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i.p. 175 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 2, no. 6062 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. k. W. ii. p. 180.
Gymnonhina tibicen, Beichenb. Handb. Naturg. no. 214 (1850).
92
Adult. Glossy blue-black, with a decided shade of greenish on
the underparts ; thighs blackish ; on the nape and hind neck a large
pure white patch : lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail also
white, tlie latter with a verj^ broad terminal baud of black ; outer
web of the outer pair also black ; all the wing-coverts except the
primaries pure white, forming a very conspicuous shoulder-patch ;
edge of the wing also white ; bastard wing and primar}--coverts
black, the latter white at base : under wing- and tail-coverts and
vent-feathers white ; the axillaries black.
Total length 15 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 10-6, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-3.
15-5 „ „ 2-2, „ 10-8, „ 6-8, „ 2-40.
Another specimen is apparently younger, and has the neck-patch
less defined, the feathers on the hinder part mottled with black ;
feathers of the back with white edgings ; rump-feathers with black
bases, only the tips being white, producing a strongly mottled
appearance.
Young. Top of the head, wings, and terminal part of the tail
brownish black ; the feathers of the back blackish, narrowly tijijied
with grey ; the whole under surface of the body brown, mottled
with darker brown and whitish.
Hah. The whole of Australia, excepting the north coast and
Tasmania.
a. Juv. St.
b. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
d. . C. A. i. p. 367;
Bcich. Voff. Aeuholl. p. 237 ; Gould, Handb. B. Ausfr. i. p. 182 ;
Girii/, Hand-l. B. i. ]>. 386, no. 5852; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.
S. W. ii. p. 180.
Adult. Differing from C. huco2ytc'rus in having the back light
silvery grey, the white on the scapulars, on the upper tail-coverts,
and on the tips of the tail-feathers more extensive, and the whole
under surface of the body, including the flanks and sides of the
breast, entirely pure white ; " bill horn-colour ; feet blackish brown "
(Guuld). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-43, wing 5-9, tail 4-7,
tarsus 1*2.
Obs. That the above differences are not simply the result of age
is sliown by a very young specimen (the type of Gould's C. an/oifcvs),
which has the entire under surface of the body pure white, including
h2
100 . LANIID^.
the flanks, sides of breast, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and edge
of wing.
Hah. North Australia.
a. Jut. sk. N.W. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. (Type
of species.)
6. Cracticus destructor*.
Vauga destructor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. lix ; Gould, Syn, B. Austr.
part 1.
Barita destructor, Temm. PI. Col. 273.
Bulestes torquatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 66.
Cracticus torquatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300 ; Bb/th, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 105 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 367 ; Gould, Handh. B. Austr.
i. p. 184 ; Schl Mus. P.-B., Coraces, p. 129 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 386, no. 5853 ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 583 ; id. Proc. Linn.
Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. 180.
Cracticus destructor, Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 52 ; Meichenb. Vog.
Neuholl. p. 236.
Adult male. Similar to C. leucopterus, but differing from it in the
following points : — The general colour above, including the scapu-
lars and lesser wing-coverts, is dull brownish ashy grey, varied
with darker brown streaks to the centres of the feathers ; thighs
dull brown ; quills dark brown ; three of the inner secondaries
narrowly edged on the outer and inner web with white, forming a
longitudinal bar down the wing ; this bar is much smaller than
that on the wings of C. leucopterus, even in young birds of the
latter ; instead of the conspicuous scapular patch of C. leucoptenxs
only a few of the scapular feathers in C. destructor are patched with
wnitish, the white being invisible when the wings are folded ; biU
bluish lead-colour at the base, passing into black on the tip ; feet
blackish lead-colour ; iris very dark reddish brown {Goidd).
Female, llather browner than the male, and generally of a more
dingy appearance ; body below more uniformly tinged with pale
brownish grey on the sides of breast ; flanks pale brownish grey.
Young. Brown ; the head uniform with the back ; the feathers
of the upper parts mesially streaked with ochraceous, much broader
on the forehead and the ear-coverts ; sides of the neck buffy white,
with broad brown centres ; wings brown, the coverts edged with
pale ochraceous, the median series broadly streaked and tipped with
white ; the inner secondaries broadly edged with creamy buff;
upper tail-coverts creamy buff, mottled and tipped with brown ;
tail dark brown, tipped with buff on the inner web ; lores and
cheeks dull white ; chin, throat, and under tail-coverts white ; re-
mainder of the under surface of the body more or less ochraceous,
especially on the axillaries and under wing-coverts ; every one of
the feathers of the breast and flanks has several faint brownish
cross bars.
* The name torquatus, of Latham, founded on his " Clouded Shrike "
(Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 73), has been generally employed for this species. The
original description, however, appears insufficient for recognition.
3. CRACTICUS. 101
Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
iu. in. in. in. in.
10-5 1-5 5-6 4-G 1-2
100 1-3 5i 4-1 1-2
100 1-25 5-4 4-5 1-2
Hab. South Australia.
a, b. Ad. st. New South Wales. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P,],
c. Juv. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
d. 5 ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].
e. Juv. sk. S. Australia. Sir Georg-e Grey [P.].
/. Juv. sk. Port Lincoln. J. Gould, Esq. [0.].
g. 5 ad. sk. Australia (^Chandler). J. Gould, Esq.
h. cJ ad. st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.
Subspecies a. CracticTis cinereus.
Vanga cinerea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 143; id. Si/n. B. Austr.
part 1.
Cracticus cinereus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 300 ; Goidd, B. Austr. fol. i.
Introd. p. XXXV ; -S/>. C. A. i. p. 367 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr.
i. p. 186 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 386, no. 5855 ; Ramsay, Prcc, Linn.
Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. 180.
Bulestes cinereus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. QQ, note.
Four specimens from Tasmania are in their general appearance
very similar to 0. destructor, but diifcr from this species in some
particulars. One specimen with a black head has the general colour
of the back still more brownish ashy tha^i C. destructor. The white
on some of the secondaries and the scapulars is still less developed ;
and the white tips to the tail-feathers are also smaller, the central
pair being without any tips ; the basal third of all the tail-feathers
is shaded with grej% white near the base.
Another specimen has the head, except the white lores, dark
brownish grey, and looks like the adult female of C. destructor.
The young bird is like that of C. destructor.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5-5, tail 4"6, tarsus
1-24,
Obs. According to Gould this species " may be distinguished from
C. destructor by its much larger bill, and when fulh' adult by its
grey back." Some specimens obtained from Mr. Gould's collection
show certain differences from the Australian bird ; but none of them
have the back as blue-grey as it is represented in Mr. Gould's
' S)'nopsis.' If the adult male is as blue on the back as it is there
figured, the species is closely related to C. leucnpterus ; but from
this bird it differs in the almost entire absence of white on the "wing,
as well as by its browner coloration above and pale brownish-grey
flanks.
Hab. Tasmania ; " also occurring on the shores of the opposite
part of the continent " {Oould).
a. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Tasmania. G. MacLeay, Esq. [P.].
102 LANIID^.
6. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Tasmania. J. Gould, Esq. [CI.
c. Imm. sk. Ta>)mania. J. Goukl, Esq. [C.].
'o Cyanolanius, Sundev.
'Av. Meth. Tent. p. 21 (1872) A. bicolor.
Head of Artamia bicolor.
Bill laterally compressed ; culmen slightly curved, toothed, but
slightly notched ; nostrils round, completely ossified, quite exposed,
without any nasal or rictal bristles. First primary longer than half
the second ; tip of wing formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ;
wings rather long ; secondaries five sixths of the whole wing. Tail
square, shorter than wing, each feather slightly pointed. Tarsus
anteriorly covered with transverse scales. Uuderparts of body pure
white, upper parts glossy green-black or cobalt-blue.
Range. Madagascar.
Key to the Species.
a. Breast without transverse bars.
a'. Head white ; back greenish black. . . . hucocepluda, p. 107.
V . Head blue like the back bicolor, p. 108.
c'. Head greenish black like the back and
rest of under surface bernieri, p. 108.
h. Breast with transvei-se bars.
d'. Underneath rufous, the transverse bars
blackish and distinct bernieri ]\xy., p. 109.
e'. Underneath fulvescent with ashy cross
markings; thi-oat and chest ashy .. leiKOcephala]\x\.,^. 107.
5. AETAMIA. 107
1. Artamia leucocephala.
Lanius madagascariensis major viridis, Briss. Orn. p. 193, pi. 19.
%. -2 (17tiO).
Grande pie-giieche verdatre de Madagascar, Daubenton, PI. Enl. 374.
White-Leaded Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 180.
Lanius leucocephalus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 307 (178'.l).
Leptopteryx leucocephalus, Wayl. Syst. Av. p. 109 (1827).
Artamia leucocephala, Lafresn. Did. Univ. ii. p. 166 ; lip. C. A. i.
p. 344; Hartl. Faun. Maday. p. 47; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 162;
£. Newt. Ibis, 1803, p. 348 ; A. Xewt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 834 ;
Grandid. Bev. et Mag. ZjoI. 1807, p. 355 ; ScMey. S,- Pollen, Faun.
Maday., Ois. p. 83; SJiarpe, P. Z. 8.1871, -p. 318, 1875, p. 77;
Hartl. Viiff. Maday. p. 151 ; Milne-Edw. ^- Grandid. Hist. Maday.,
Ois. pis. 154, 155.
Adult male. General colour above, wing-coverts, scapulars, upper
tail-coverts, and the whole tail deep black, all the feathers externally
with a strong glossy green lustre ; the head all round, all the under
surface of body, axillaries, and the rump pure white ; under wing-
coverts and edge of wing like the back; under surface of quills
deep black ; thighs white ; bill bluish silvery grey ; feet blue-grey ;
iris light chestnut-brown. Total length 7-5 inches, ctilmen 0-96,
wing 4'7, tail 3-25, tarsus 0*98.
Adult female. Like the male, but the whole head and hind neck,
the throat, fore neck and breast, flanks and rump silvery grey ;
middle of breast, abdomen, and axillaries white.
Immature. General colour above olivaceous grey, more or less
greenish glossy ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black, externally
very narrowly edged with reddish brown ; tail and upper tail-
coverts of the same colour as the back ; head ashy grey, with a very
faint darker spot immediately in front of the eye ; sides of the
head and ear-coverts pale ashy grey ; throat and chest duU grey ;
flanks, breast, abdomen, and under taU-coverts light buff; every
feather of the under surface of the body marked with two very faint
cross bars of brownish grey ; edge of wing and qmlls below brownish
black ; axillaries whitish grey.
Yoitnci birds, especially females, are more crossbarred, and the ful-
vous or brownish colour is more prominent on the upper and under
parts of the body, thus approaching in general appearance to the
specimen figured and described by i^chlegcl and Pollen as A. bemieri.
Ohs. Two specimens, collected by Tan Dam, are intermediate in
colotiring between the adult female and the adult male, having
the silveiy-grey head and hind neck of the former and the white
rump and under surface of the body of the latter. Both these spe-
cimens have a large dark grey spot in front of the eye, of which
spot no trace can be seen in the adult male. In the adult female
this spot is just indicated by a somewhat duller tinge of the grey
of the head.
Hub. Madagascar.
lOS rAxiiB.T;.
a,h. c? 2 ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar ( Van Dam). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
c. 9 ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar ( Van Dam). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d. S ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar. Hr. Van Dam [C.].
e,f. .luv. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Crossley [C.l.
g. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Crossley [C.J.
h. S ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.
i. (S juv. sk. Analatsoi, Nov. 1880. Rev. W. Deans
Cowan [C.].
k. cJ ad. sk. Ankafana forest. • Rev. W. Deaas
Cowan [C.].
2. Artamia bicolor.
Lanius madagascariensis cajndeus, Briss. Ornitli. ii. p. 197, pi. 16.
fig. 3 ; id. 8vo edit., i. p. 212.
Loxia madagascarina, Linn. S. N. ed. 12, i. p. 306, nee Loxia bicolor,
ibidem, p. 307.
Lanius bicolor, Linn. Mantiss. 1771.
Pie-grieche bleue de Madagascar, Bnff. PL Enl. i. pi. 298. fig. 1.
Pie-grieche bleue, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 73.
Laniarius bicolor. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299.
Dryoscopus bicolor, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 ; id. Encycl. p. 730.
Cyanolanius bicolor, Bp. Collect. Del. p. 75 (l8o4); D' Oibif/yij/, Diet.
Univ. d'llist. Xat. fig. ; Hartl. Faun. Muday. p. 49 ; id. ViJy. Madag.
p. 157 ; Milne-Edw. Sf Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. pLs. 156, 157.
Artamus bicolor, Gray, Ifand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4289.
Artamia bicolor, Schleg. ^ Poll. Faun. Madag. p. 85, pi. 24 ; Grandid.
Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 386.
Cyanolestes bicolor, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 21 (1872).
Adult male. Head, hind neck, scapulars, and the whole back and
upper tail-coverts of a beautiful cobalt-blue coloiir, deepening into
ultramarine on the head ; wing-coverts and quills black, externally
broadly margined with ultramarine, excepting the first two pri-
maries ; the central pair of tail-feathers blue, but with the shafts
and tips broadly black ; the other tail-feathers are black, only the
outer web blue, the outer pair almost entirely black ; lores, a small
ring round the eyes, and the chin black ; all the remainder of the
under surface of the bodj' pure white ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white ; edge of wing blue ; quills below entirely deep black ;
"bin blue-grey with a black tip; feet black; iris bluish white."
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 0"7.
Adult female. Less bright and of a duller, more greenish tint ; the
black of the wings and tail-feathers more brownish ; the tail-feathers
internally narrowly margined with white ; chin almost entirely
white ; body below creamy white.
Hah. Madagascar.
a, 6. c? $ ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar, Nov. 1865. MM. Pollen and Van Dam
[C.].
c. (5 ad. sk. Noce Vola (Crossfey). F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
3. Artamia bernieri.
Oriolia bernieri, Geoffroy Sf.-Hil. Mem. Acad. Sci. Aviil 2, 1838; id.
Bevue de Zool. 1838, p. 50 ; Giierin, Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois. pi. 4 ;
6. XENOriEOSTIUS. 109
Hnrtl Fatm. Madag. p. 43 ; Grandid. i?ey. et Mar/, de Zuol. 1867,
p. 386, 1868, p. 48 ; Gray, Hand-l. i?. i. p. 290, no. 4291 ; Milne-Edw. Sf
Gratidid. Hint. Madag., Ois. pi. 162.
Artamia bernieri, Schleg. ^- Pollen, Faun. Madag. p. 86, pi. 25; Hartl.
Vog. Madag. p. 153.
The adult of this bird is in the Leiden Museum ; and the speci-
men, as figured in Grandidier's work, is entirely greenish black above
and below.
The young bird in the Paris Museum is described by Dr. Hart-
laub as follows : — " Rufous, banded across with black on upper
parts ; quills uniform rufous ; under wing- and under tail-coverts
banded with fulvous and black ; bill and feet pale lead-colour ; cul-
men 0-73, wing 4-85, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-92." {Hartlauh.)
Hah. Madagascar.
6. XENOPIROSTRIS.
Xenopirostris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 366 (1850) {ex Type.
Lafresn.) X. xenopirostris.
Clytorhynchus, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 242 X. pachycephaloides.
Heads of X. polleni and X. pachycephaloides.
Bill strong, laterally much compressed, very peculiarly shaped ;
gonys and whole mandibula strongly curved upwards, so as to leave
a narrow space between it and the maxilla, not hooked, but with a
notch ; nostrils oval, ossified, quite exposed ; nasal and rictal bristles
present but not strong. First primary well developed ; tip of wing
formed by fourth to sixth primaries ; secondaries comparatively
long. Tail nearly square, each feather pointed, shorter than wing.
Tarsus covered with transverse scales. Claws very sharp and well-
developed.
Range. Three species in Madagascar, a fourth in New Caledonia*.
Keg to the Species.
a. With black on the throat.
«'. Throat entirely black polleni, p. 110.
b'. Chin only black xenopirostris, p. 110.
b. \\ ith no black on the throat.
c'. Underneath white damii, p. 110.
d'. Underneath brown like the upper surface . pachycephaloides, p. 111.
* I am unable to find any external characters by which to separate the New-
Caledonian form Clyti/rhynchus from this genus.
110
1. Xenopirostris xenopirostris.
Vanga xenopirostris, Lafresn. licv. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 107, pi. i. ;
Schleq. ^ Pollen, Faun. Madag. pp. 158, 173 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i.
p. 396, no. 6006.
Xenopirostris lafresnayi, Bp. C. A. i. p. 366 (1850) ; id. C. R. xxxviu.
ISol, p. 533; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 52 ; Grundid. Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1867, p. 387 ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 191 ; Milne-Edw. ^
Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. pi. 168.
Adult male. Head and bind neck deep black, witb a bluish lustre ;
general colour above, including the whole tail, scapulars, and the
outer edge of the secondary quills, uniform grey ; wing-coverts, edge
of wing, and primary quills jet-black ; chin and cheeks black ; all
the remainder of the under surface of the body pure white ; the
black of the head separated from the grey of the back by a white
collar ; bill near the base bluish, towards the tip pale horn-colour ;
feet lead-colour. Total length 9-25 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-9,
tail 3-55, tarsus 0-93. (Lafresnaye, oj). cit.)
Hah. Madagascar.
2, Xenopirostris polleni.
Vano-a polleni, Schleq. Sf Foil. Faun. Madag. p. 174 (1868) ; Grmj,
Iland-l. B. i. p. 396, no. U008 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 867.
Xenopirostris polleni, Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 193; Milne-Fdiv. Sr
Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. pi. 109.
Adult male. Head all round, chin, and the whole throat deep black
with a bluish lustre ; on the sides of the neck and on the hind neck
the black separated from the grey of the upper surface of the
body by a very narrow white collar ; all the upper surface, including
the scapulars, the whole tail, and the outer web of the secondary
quills, is uniform grey ; primaries and inner web of the secondaries
and the wing-coverts jet-black; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts,
and axillaries pure white ; flanks and thighs silvery grey ; under
wing-coverts and edge of wing black ; quiUs below uniform blackish ;
"bill black" (Schlegel). Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 0-95,
wing 4-7, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-95.
Adult female. Like the male, but having the body below ochraceous
instead of white ; the black of the throat does not extend down so
far as in the male. {Schlegel, op. cit.)
The young bird has all the quills externally bordered with grey ;
the young female has the lores almost naked. (Schlec/el.)
Hah. Madagascar.
a. c? ad. sk. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Orossley [0.].
3. Xenopirostris daniii.
Vanga damii, ScHeg. Contrib. Nederl. Tijdschr. vii. p. 82 ; id. Sf Poll.
Faun. Madag. pp. 100, 158, 174, pi. 30.
Vanga albifrons, Schleg. Contr. Ned. Tijdschr. p. 82 (female).
6. XENOPIROSTEIS.
Xenoph-ostrisdamii, //«;•^<^ineg(i). iotal length
above, the head aloM glossy black a frenf,^ TT ,1^ ^"^
m front of the eve ehnel-. .J .' , ! ^°°''' '»'■'''. fcathere
of bo<„ Jti ;?tLtthrS:„f ,"r*'o°"',h:'r "f -,?-"■»
~«s.";ar^-;rti^/-r'"«^^^^^^^^^^^
-^«6. Madagascar.
4. Xenopirostris pachycephaloides.
Clytorliyncbus pachycephaloides, D. G. FMiot P 7 fi iR^n o ,-.
pi. 19; Lm/ard, ife ]879 n lin r -T' T/. ' ^^'0, p. 242,
^. L. LayLl, ii^, 1880, p. ^291 ' ^'''''■"'"' ^^"' ^^'^' P" ^^^^ ;'
Adult male. General colour above, head, and scapulars d.rV ,- f
brown; wing-coverts and qmlls brownik blS w h t f^
web margined with li"-hter rprlrlicl^ k, oiacK, witii the outer
blackish, and the outerid^e I" T' 1''™'"^^ ^ ^'^^le more
brown ; 'the ioj^^l^^^^^^^^^^
outer ones just tipped with Xe tL nth. > ^^ '-^ ^'°^"' ^^^
more tippe;! whife! so that Th term l^ tW ^0^7 ".°" ^"'
has both the outer and inner web eithU lite t ^^^r pair
brown, a little brighter nearer the bilf « .1 Tf ' ^""^ ''^°"'-
whole under surface of thrSv Ho-i. 1 . ?' ear-coverts; the
becomes more reddish nearer Lfhe/''i"'"^r^' ^^^^^ ''^^^^^
tail-coverts ; under wLeove^rVf ^'''^.k^ abdomen, and under
white ; feet silvery grey, soles vellow • it' f > .°^ '""^'' ^^"^^^
{Laiiard). ** ' ^ ^''"^ ' ^'^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ fawn-coloured "
The sexes are alike in i^lumage
112 LANIID-E.
Male. Total length 7-8 iuclies, culmen 0-9, wing 3"6, tail 3-4,
tarsus 0-8.
Mr. Laj'ard's " two specimens difler somewhat from the type
described bj- Mr. Elliot ; both are larger, and then, again, only two,
instead of four, central tail-feathers are immaculate, the others being
all more or less tipped with white, which in the female is tinted with
isabelline colour." 13ut this whitish terminal tip on the outer
central pair of tail-feathers would have been worn off in a short
time, as is, in fact, the case in the specimens in the British Museum.
Hah. New Caledonia and jS^ew Hebrides.
a. S ad. sk. Dombea, June 20, 1868. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.l.
b. 5 ad. sk. New Caledonia. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].
PTERERYTHRIUS.
Type.
Pteruthius, Swaitis. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 491
(1831) P. erythropterus.
AUotrius, Temyn. PI. Col. iii. pi. .589. fig. 1 (1838) . P. flaviscapis.
Pterervthiua, Strickl. (1841).
Pterythrius, Cab. (1847).
Bill short and straight ; culmen with a prominent ridge, curved
downwards at the last third, hooked and notched ; base of bill some-
what broadened and flattened out, the transverse section through max-
illa being therefore triangular. Nostrils wide, oval, pervious, in front
of a coriaceous groove, nou-operculated, partly covered by the long
nasal bristles ; rictal bristles weak. First primary shorter than half
the second ; tip of wing formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ;
outer secondaries equalling the second primary in length. Tail
graduated or square, equal to or much shorter than the length of
the wing. The scales covering the tarsus anteriorly frequently
fuse together so as to form one long scutum. The sexes differ in
plumage.
Bange. The hiUy and mouutaiuous districts of the Indian Eegion.
Key to the Species.
A. Length of wing about 3'5 inches. (Pteeerythbius.)
a. Back grey.
a'. Innermost secondai'ies rich chestnut .... erythropterus, p. 113.
6'. Innermost secondaries dull aoldeu < ' P' , V_
^ j cameranoi, p. 1 lo.
b. Back chestnut; secondaries black rujiventer , p. 115.
c. Back black flaviscapis, p. 1 16.
B. Length of wing under 2-5 inches. (Allotrius.)
a. Abdomen bright yellow.
a'. Dark brown frontal band ; occiput olive.
a". Centre of breast yellow a-nobarbus, p. 116.
h". Centre of breast red-brown intermeditis, p. 117.
h'. Forehead yellowish ; occiput grey inelanntis, p. 117.
b. Underparts dingy white; crown grey xanthochloris, p. 118.
7. PTEEERYTHEIUS. 113
1. Ptererythrius erythropterus.
Laniu9 e^^•t^ll■optel■us, Vii/. P. Z. S. 1S31, p. 22 ; Gould, Century
Him. B. pi. 11.
Pteruthius enthropterus, Swaim. Class. B. i. p. 249 (18.37) ; Blyth,
J. A. S. Ben;/, xi. pp. 106, liS3; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 99; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 270; id. Cat. Mamm. i^-c. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. p. 95 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 3(}2 ; Horsf. 8; Moore, Cat. B. Mm.
E.I. Co. i. p. 172 ; Goidd, B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 245 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. Soli, 1879, p. 104.
Adult male. General colour above plumbeous grey, but the upper
tail-coverts edged with black ; wing-eoverts and quills black, with
white tips on the inner web, the three iunermost secondaries rich
chestnut-brown : tail black ; head black, with a long white super-
ciliary stripe ; cheeks and all the underparts of the body white ;
flanks washed with vinous colour ; under tail- and under wing-coverts
white, with a grej' patch near the edge of the wing ; under surface
of the quills blackish, with a great deal of white for more than
the basal half of the inner web ; bill black ; feet " pale fleshy : "
iris " dark brown." Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-1-
3-4, tail 2-2-2-0, tarsus 1-1-1.
Adult female. General colour above, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts light olive-brown ; lesser wing-coverts black, edged with grey,
the median and greater ones olive-green ; the primary wing-coverts
black ; quills black, with white tips to the inner web ; secondaries
conspicuousl^y margined with olive- green ; the first two or three of
the primaries without white tips ; the three innermost quills entirely
chestnut-brown as in the male ; outer web of the outer pair of the
tail-feathers olive-green, with a large greenish-yellow tip, inner
web black ; central feathers olive-green, with a black tip ; head
plumbeous grey, with a darker superciliary stripe ; under surface
white, inclining on the abdomen and flanks to fulvous, like the
thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, with the larger coverts dusky blackish like the under surface
of the quills, which are white along the edge of the inner web.
Total length 6-3 inches, ciilmen 0*6, vring 3-2, tail 2-45, tarsus
1-03.
Hah. Himalayas to Assam.
a. 2 ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum.
b. cj ad. sk. Bootan {Pemherton) . India ^Museum.
c,d. (5 2 ad.sk. Ise'^&l {B.H.Hodgson). India Museum.
e,f. cJ 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq.
g,h. S 9- ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq.
i. [ 2 ] juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
k, 2 ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
/. 2ad.sk. Darjiling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
m. (S ad.sk. Kimiaon (.S^-ac^ey) . India Museum.
«. 2 W^- ^^' Mussoorie. E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
o-q. S ad.sk. Simla. Capt.StacldiousePinwilI[P.].
r, «. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Simla. Capt.StackhousePinwill [P.].
t. ^ ad. sk. Murree. Col. Way [P.].
M. cJ ad. sk. Kashmere (Dr. Belleic). India Museum.
VOL. VIII. I
114 LANIID.E.
V. 2 iid. St. IlinialaTas. Major-Gen. Ilardwicke.
?f. (5 ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Uould, Esi^. (Type of species.)
2. Ptererythrius aeralatus.
Pteruthius peralatus, Tichcll, Jvuni. As. Soc. Beng. 185-5, xxiv.
p. -HSl ; Uli/ffi, ll'i.% lc5- Muore, Cat.
B. Mils. E.I. Co. i. p. 173 ; Jercl. B. Ind. ii. p. 24.j; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 314, no. 4(383; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Achdt male. General colour above, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
chestnut-brown ; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers shining black,
the primaries -with a very narrow whitish margin on the terminal
half of the outer web ; the secondaries and tail-feathers with chest-
nut-brown tips ; the whole head, cheeks, and hind neck entirely
black ; chin, throat, and fore neck pale grey ; sides of the breast
light yellowish brown ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts vinous brown, flauks a little darker ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, but the outer under wing-coverts dusky grey;
under surface of quills dusky grey -with a large whitish margin on
the inner edge of the web ; bill black ; feet flesh-coloured in the
skin. Total length 7'7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-5, tail 3-6,
tarsus 1-2.
The female has the mantle and back, including the wing-coverts,
dark olive-green; primary- coverts black; quills blackish, exter-
nally margined with olive-yellow ; the innermost secondaries tipped
with chestnut -brown ; upper tail-coverts and rump also chestnut-
brown ; head greenish black, except the forehead, which is grey
and mottled with black ; sides of head, cheeks, chin, throat, fore
neck, and part of the breast grey ; lower part of breast and rest of
iinder surface, including the under tail-coverts, thighs, and axiUaries,
vinous brown ; sides of upper breast in the adult female as in the
male, tinged with light yellowish brown. Total length 7"5 inches,
culmen 0*8, wing 3"5, tail 3-o, tarsus 1'2.
i2
1 1 6 LANIID.*;.
The British-Museum collection does not possess young birds of
this species, except one which I suppose to be a young male in .its
second or third year ; it is like the adult male, but still with re-
mains of the olive-green colour on its back, and some of the upper
wing-coverts are tipped with olive-yellow, forming a baud.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas.
a. cS f^d. sk. Darjiling. India Museum.
b,c.ld 2] ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson [P.].
rf, e. r cJ 5 ] ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Ilodg-^on [P. J.
/• [(/"I jiui. sk. Nepnl. B. II. Hodgson [P.].
ff. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Nepal. India Museum.
h. 5 ad. sk. iSikkim, Dec. 1878. Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
4. Ptererythrius flaviscapis.
Pteruthius flaviscapis, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 589. fig. 1 ; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 270 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. .362 ; Gray, Hund-l. B. i. p. 314,
no. 4684.
Adult male. Very similar to the adult male of P. ceralatus, but
differing from it by its smaller size as well as by the following cha-
racters : — The back is jet-black instead of grey, flanks entirely white ;
secondaries without white terminal spots ; feet fleshy white ; biU
bluish black.
Achilt female. Above olive-green ; wings without the golden
yellow colour of the three innermost secondaries ; head ashy brown,
with a large isabelline superciliary stripe ; neck ashy grej- ; under-
parts white, biit breast and flanks isabelline.
Young or immature male. General colour above dark olive-grey;
lesser and primary-coverts black, the rest brown ; wings blackish
brown, narrowly edged with white ; the three innermost secondaries
golden yellow, and slightly tinged with brown on the inner web ;
tail black, with small yellowish terminal spots ; head, cheeks, and
ear-coverts ashy grey; a long superciliary stripe and the under-
parts of the body are white. Total length about 5 inches, culmeu
0-6, wing 2-8, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-95.
Hab. Java.
a. [ cJ ] imm. st. Java^ Purchased.
J. [ c? ] imm. St. Java.
5. Ptererythrius senobarbus.
Allotrius ffinobarbus, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 589. fig. 2 ( cJ ) ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 270 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 362 ; Htmie, 8tr. F. vii. p. 456.
Pteruthius senobarbus, Gray, Haml-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4685.
Adult male. General colour above, including the head, hind
neck, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, j'ellowish green ; wing-
coverts black, the median and greater ones with white terminal
spots forming two parallel bands ; quills blackish, the outer web of
the primaries with a narrow white margin ; the secondaries with
more yellowish-green colour on the outer web and with a small
white terminal spot ; central tail-feathers uniform yellowish green,
/. PXERERYTHRIUS. 117
the others green, blackish towards the ends and tipped with white,
which increases in extent towards the outermost, the white beino-'
confined to the inner web ; forehead near the bill reddish brown*;
eyebrows white, lores black, ear-coverts greenish-yellow, and a
rather large superciliary stripe grey; chin and throat reddish
brown, the line of demarcation between this colour and the yellow
of the neck sharply defined ; cheeks and the whole under surface
of the body, including the under tail-coverts, bright yellow : fianks
tinged with greenish ; inner edge of quills, the under wing-coverts,
and the edge of the wing white ; bill blackish, feet yellowish grey.'
Total length 4 inches; culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-73.'
The sexes seem to be alike in plumage.
Hub. Java.
a. J ad. sk. W. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. rC.l.
b. (S ad. St. Java. Purchased.
6. Ptererjrthrius intermedius.
Allotrius intermedius, Hume, Str. F. v. pp. 112 & 115; vi. p 370-
1879, p. 104. ' 1 .
Like A. melanoiis, Blyth, but has a larger bill and a deep-chestnut
frontal band, and wants the broad slaty nuchal half-collar and the
black band behind the ear-coverts. Like A. anobarbus, Temm.,
but has a smaller bill, a much deeper chestnut frontal band, the
chestnut of the throat descending to the abdomen, and the grey
superciliary stripe prolonged as a wide band over the ear-coverts
and completely round their ends. {Hume.)
" c?. Total length 4-7 inches, bill from gape 0-.55, wing 2-45, tail
1-0, tarsus 0-75. Lower mandible and edge of upper mandible pale
blue ; rest of upper mandible black ; irides brown ; feet and claws
fleshy." {W. Davison.)
Hah. Tenasserim.
7. Ptererythrius melanotis.
Allotrius melanotis, Hoihjs. J. A. S. Benr/. xvi. p. 448 (1847) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ill. J;;;7. p. 13 ; Goidcl, B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 362 ;
Gray, Iland-I. B. i. p. 314, no. 46f^6 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Pteruthius senobarbus, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i,
p. 172 (nee lemm.).
Allotrius aenobarbus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 246 (cJ) (nee Temm.).
Adult male. Closely resembling P. ceitobarbus, but differing from
this species as follows : — (1) forehead olive-yellow, without a reddish
brown baud; (2) occiput and hind neck light grey; (3) ear-
coverts yellow, bordered posteriorly by a black line ; (4) outer pair
of taH-feiithers entirely white; (5) the reddish brown colour on
the throat not shar^^ly defined, but passing gradually into the yel-
low of the breast ; (6) the least wing-coverts and quills edged
with pale grey. Culmen 0-44 inch, wing 2-3-2-4, tail 1-GO-l-SO,
tarsus 0-75.
Adult female. Like the male, but the greater and median wing-
a, b. (f ad. st.
Nepal.
c, d. (S ad. sk.
Nepal (Hocli/son).
e,f. $ ad. sk.
Nepal {Hodyson).
q, h, i. S ad. sk.
Nepal.
'k. 2 ad. sk.
Nepal.
^. Juv. sk.
Nepal.
m. cS ad. sk.
Darjiling.
n. (S ad. sk.
Sikiiim, Nov. 1876.
0. [ 2 1 ad. sk.
Sikkim, April 1875.
i'- [ ? J ^^- sk.
Bootan {^Temherton)
118 LANIIDiE.
coverts tipped with reddish isabeUino instead of with white ; chin
and upper throat washed with reddish brown ; rest of tore neck
yellow. Wing 2-'i-2-A inches, tail 1-40-1-60.
Younij birds resemble the female, but have no trace of the grey
colour on the occiput. Underparts white, tinged with yellow ; throat
pale cream-colour.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
India Museum. (Types of
species.)
India Mu.'^eum.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
E. W. Gates, Esq.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
India Museum.
8. Ptererythrius xanthochloris.
Pteruthius xanthochloris, ITor/r/s. J. A. S. Bene/, xvi. p. 448 (1847) ;
Crratj, Gen. B. iii. -App. p. 13 ; id. Cat. Alamm. §-c. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. p. 95, App. p. 15o; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Graij,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 314, no. 4687.
Allotrius xanthochloris, B}}. C. A. i. p. 362 ; Hume, Str. F. vii.
p. 456, 1879, p. 104.
Allotrius senobarbus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 246 ( 2 ) (ticc Temm.). .
? AUotrius xanthochloris, var. pallida, David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull.
p. 14.
? Allotrius sopbise, Verr. N. Arch. Mus. viii. p. 64.
? Allotrius palhdus, David S)- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 215.
Adult. General colour above dusky olive-green ; vrings with their
coverts and the tail blackish, externally washed with the colour of
the back ; tail and some of the secondaries with paler tips ; crown
of head slaty grey ; ear-coverts pale greyish olive ; throat and upper
breast dingy white tinged with isabelline ; rest of underparts dingy
white and strongly washed with pale greenish yellow ; inner edge
of quills, edge of wing, and under wiug-coverts whitish yellow.
Total length about 4 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-35-2-50, tail I'Uo-
2-05, tarsus 0-75-0-81.
Yoiinr/ birds have the upper parts uniform pale olive-grey ; wings
and tail brown ; underparts dingy yellowish white. The female
seems to be intermediate in colour between the young and the adult
male.
Hab. Himalayas.
a.[^] ad. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
(Type of species.)
5, c. [ c? ] ad. sk. Nepal (-ffof/^sow). India Museum.
d.[(S] ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Ilo.dgson, Esq. [P.].
e. [2 ] ad. sk, N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill IP.].
/. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.].
ff. Ad. sk. Sikkim. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
8. CALICALICUS. 119
8. CALICALICUS.
Type.
Calicalicus, Up. C. R. xxxviii. p. 535 (1854) C. mada-ruscariensis.
Hjlophorba, Sclaier, F. Z. S. 1865, p. 32G C. madagascariensis.
Head of Calicalicus madagascariensis S ■
Bill like that of a tj-pical Lanius ; nostrils oval, in front of a
coriaceous groove, partly covered by bristles. First primary some-
wbat longer than half the length of the next one ; tip of wing
formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries. Tail square, shorter
than wings, the latter just covering the upper tail-coverts. Tarsus
anteriorly covered with transverse scales. The two first proximal
phalanges of the third and fourth toes joined together ; inner toe
much shorter than the fourth. Feathers of back and rump very
woolly. The sexes are different in plumage.
Range. Madagascar.
1. Calicalicus madagascariensis.
Lanius madagascariensis minor, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 164, pi. 16.
Lanius madagascariensis, Linn. 8. N. 1766, i. p. 137; Schley. ^
Pollen, Fuiute Madmj. p. 99, pi. 27, J & $ (1868).
Pie grieche calicalic, Buff. PI. Enl. pi. 299.
Sclietba madagascariensis, Less. Traite dOrn. p. 374(1831).
Dryoscopus madagascariensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 (1850).
Calicalicus madagascariensis, Bj). C. R. xxxviii. p. 535 (1854); Hartl.
J'o(/. Madag. p. 50 ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 386 ;
Milne-Edw. Sf Grandid. Hist. Madaq., Ots. pis. 164, 165.
Hylophorha ruticilla, Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. .326, pi. 13 (§ ).
Pachvcephala madagascariensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5910
(1869).
Adult male. Top of the head and back ashy grey ; scapulars,
median and lesser wing-coverts, rump and upper tail-coverts chest-
nut-red ; primary- and greater wing-coverts and the quills blackish
brown, edged with grey ; tail- — the terminal three quarters of the
central pair, the terminal half of the outer web of the outermost pair,
and the tips of the other three pairs brownish grey, the remainder
of the tail chestnut-red ; forehead, lores, and a narrow superciliary
stripe deep black, separated from the grey of the head by a very
narrow white band ; checks and lower part of the ear-coverts white;
chin, throat, and fore neck jet-black ; remainder of the under surface
of the body white, washed on the sides of the breast and especially
on the flanks with light chestnut-red; edge of wing chestnut-red;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; under surface of quills
blackish grey, internally edged with creamy white ; feathers of the
c.
d.
5 ad. sk
Ad. sk.
e. 5
./■• ^
ad. sk
inim.
$ad.
sk.
sk.
120 laniidj:.
thighs light chcstnut-rcd, edged and tipped with white ; bill black,
feet dark ashj- in the skin.
AduU female. Above like the adult male, but the head and hind
neck lighter ; tail like that of the male, but having the central pair
almost entirely chestnut-red, only just tipped with grey ; under-
surface creamy white, more reddish on the breast and flanks, want-
ing the black of the male entirely ; under wing-coverts and thighs
light rufous ; " bill black, nearer the base whitish ; feet obscure
ashy" (ISchitcr).
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-75, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8.
Bab. Madagascar.
a. 6 ad. sk. Noce Vola, Nov. 13, 1869 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
(^4. Crossley).
b. Ad. sk. Saralalan, N. Madagascar, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Nov. 18, 1869 {A. Crossley).
Saralalan (Crossley). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Saralalan, Nov. 18, 1869 F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
{Crossley). vin, Esqrs. [P.].
Madagascar. Purchased.
Madagascar.
Ankal'aua forest, March 9, Rev. "VV. Deans Cowan [C.].
1881.
i. $ ad. sk. Aualatsoi, Nov. 18, 1880. Rev. W. Deans Cowan [C.].
9. TELOPHONUS.
Tjpe.
Pomatorhynchus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973 (wee
Horsfield !) T. erythroptevus.
Telopbonus, Sioains. Class. B. ii. p. 219 (1837) . . T. ervthropterus.
Telephouus (pt.), Bp. C. A. p. 361 (1850) T. seuegalus.
Harpolestes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 70 (1850) T. erythroptenis.
Bill strongly bent, hooked and notched ; nostrils oval, non-opercu-
lated, in front of a coriaceous groove, quite exposed, but the groove
covered with short feathers ; no nasal, but a few strong rictal bristles
present. First primaiy well developed ; whole wing short and
much rounded, the ti]) being formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth
primaries (in T. senegdus 3, 4, 5). Tail equal to or somewhat
longer than wings, much graduated. Tarsi in front covered with
transverse scales. Colour of biU always jet-black. Principal coloiu's
black, whitish, and chestnut-brown, the latter always being the
colour of the wing-coverts. Most of the species have a longitu-
dinal black streak through the eye. Red, green, blue, and yellow
colours are not found in the plumage. No external clifFereuce between
the two sexes.
Range. Africa.
Key to the Species.
a. Crown of head black.
«' Central pair of tail-feathers black ; under-
parts ochraceous
a". Black patch on each shoulder tnintdus, p. 128.
9. TELOl'DONUS. J21
b". Mantle and scapulars uniformly chestnut-
b . Central pair of tail-leathers ashy grey, with
numerous dark cross bands.
c". Both the inner and outer webs of the
quills almost entirely chestnut-red-
underparts creamy white remiffmhS, p. 128.
d . The greater part of the inner web of the
quills dark brown ; the reddish colour
^ confined to the inner edge.
«'". Underparts waslied'' with o-rey •
under tail-coverts white or ochraceous' \ ^etieffalm, p. 124.
6 . Under tail-coverts ashy grey with ' f^'^'^^^^atus, p. 126.
Crown of^Srlr. ^/«^.^, p. 127.
c . All_ the underparts, including the under
wing-coverts and the edge of the winos
dark ashy grey ; lengtli of wing abo'i.t
6-2o inches ; bill very slender and much
curved .j _,
cl: Under wing-coverts " and "eige " of ' wino- ^'•^'^"'''V^'-"-^-' P-l^L
ochraceous or white ; length of wing not
exceeding 3 inches.
f' Th!-o?t' ^Y^"''^'^'"*' °^^^^'^^°"« b"ff • • • ■ tririrqatns, p. 122.
; . ilroat, abdomen, and edge of wino- ^
almost pm-e white ; under tail-covert°s , .
creamy i trmrgatus (Eastern
(l". Sides of breast and flanks " ashy o-rey '• ' ^'^'^«^^' P- 123.
under tail-coverts gi^ey and white ^ . . .' uAri, p. 124.
1. Telophonus eiythropterus.
Le Tchagra, LevaiU. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 81, pi. 70 fio-s l & 9 nrqa^
Lanius erythropterus, &7iau^ Gen.^ Zoo yii^sm (,f. ^l'^%,
(1809); mippell,Neue Wirbelth. ^.m ^" ^'^ ^'"""^^-^
Thamnophilus tchagra, Vieill. N. Diet. iii. p. 317 (ex Levaill )
Lanius senegalus, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ii p ':)3 ^-^^ ^^^«'^^-)-
Potamorhynchus tchagra, Boie, Isis, 1826 p 973
P Lanius coronatus^o««. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. p." 732 (1823)
To lagTa senegalensis, Less. Traite, p. 373 (1831) ^ ^'
lelophonuslongirostris, ^'m;«««s. Class. B. ii. p 219- id M>;.„ ;
Menaffr. -p. 283. ^ ' ^"■■^nim.in
Telophorus erythropterus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292 ri846)
lelephonus longirostiis, Bp. C. A i -o 361 ■ Tirht^^' i ■■
±n^^h .^ Hmtl. Toy. Ostafr. p. 340; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-^fr.
Telephonus erythropterus, Bp. C. A. i n 361 • TTm-f/ r),.„ rr- . ^
V^lO,;AI.n^i>^Ibis:mk p. 335f-£Le,^'%^irT^^'£-
afr. p. 33(.;Rewhenozc, Con: Afr. Gesellseh. Birlin 1874 Z ^t
^o^,Jorn. Z..6.l867,p. 137, & 1870, p. .343 ; id. o/v.Sl^^t;
Harpolestes longirostris, Cub. Miis. Ilein i p 70
1 e ophorus longirostris Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 300, no 0057
lelephonus tschagra, Bharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p 51 '
122 LAXIID^E.
Poinatorliyuclius ervtliropterus, Gurney in Anderss. B.DamaraLaitd,
p. 149.
Laniarius er3'tliropteru,-i, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 397.
Adult. General colour above, iucluding the scapulars, brown
with a slight olive tinge, passing into ashy grey on the rump and on
the upper tail-coverts ; least wing-coverts brown, edged with grey ;
rest of wing-coverts, and a broad edge of the outer web of most of
the primary quills chestnut-brown ; rest of outer web, especially
the basal part, and the whole of the inner web uniform brown ;
central pair of tail-feathers ashy brown, with numerous but faintly
marked dark cross bars ; all the other feathers of the tail black,
and largely tipped with white ; crown of head rufescent brown ; a
broad fulvous white streak extends from the nostrils over the eye
onto the occiput, and is separated from the pale ashy-brown ear-
coverts by a black streak, which begins at the hinder corner of the
eye; loral region black; all the underparts are ashy grey, darker
on the breast, flanks, under tail- and under wing-coverts, lighter on
the middle of the abdomen, and gradually passing into dingy white
on the throat, chin, and cheeks ; edge of wing grey, mottled with
whitish ; under surface of quills uniform sepia-brown, without any
light or reddish edging to the inner web ; colour of the bill and of
the feet dark horny brown or black ; " eyes black " (Atmore).
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 3-25, tail 3-75, tarsus
1-1.
Yoinuj. Very similar to the old bird, but generally paler ; the
wing-coverts more huffy red instead of the deep chestnut colour of
the adult birds ; the broad superciliary streak washed -with rufous ;
underparts, especially the under tail-coverts, washed with fulvous
grey.
Hah. Cape Colony.
a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.l.
c. Juv. sk. South x\frica. Sir A. Smith [P.J.
d. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. F. Campbell, Esq. [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Grahamstown {T. C. Atmore). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
2. Telophonus trivirgatus.
Malaconotus australis, Smith, Rep. Espl. Exped. p. 44 (1836).
Telophorus trivirgatus, Smith, Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xciv. (1849) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29:2 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 399, no. 6053.
Telephonus trivirgatus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 106 ; Bicuw. Spec. Zool. Mosamh. p. 400 ; Hartl. P. Z. S.
1865, pp. 88 & 93; Hem/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 471 ; Finsch ^
Hartl. Vo(/. Odafr. p. 338 ; Reichenoiv, J. f. O. 1875, p. 27, &
1877, p. 23 ; Bocaye, Orn. (T Angola, p. 224.
Telephonus frenatus, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12 (1854).
Telophonus trivirgatus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 160.
Pomatorhynchus trivirgatus, Gum. in Anderss. B. Hamara Land,
p. lol.
Laniaiius trivirgatus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 396 (1881).
9. TELOPHOXUS, 123
Adult. Upper parts, including occiput and crown of the head, ashy
brown, passing into grc}- on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-
coverts dark grey with very narrow whitish tijis ; central pair of
tail-feathers very dark ashy brown, distinctly marked with cross
bars : the creamy superciliary streak bordered on its upper and lower
margin with black ; aU the underparts of the body, including the
edge of the wing, the under wing- and under tail-corerts, and the
thighs, light ochraceous buff, passing into dull white on the throat ;
all the other pai'ts are exactly as in T. seneyalus ; " eyes bluish
hazel" {Atmore). Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0-7o-0'8,
wing 2-8-3-0o, tail about 3-7, tarsus 1-02.
Ilah. Southern Africa with the exception of the Cape.
Ohs. In a female specimen in Capt. Shelley's collection the two
black stripes almost meet across the occiput, some of the feathers
being mottled with blackish.
a, h. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sh- A. Smith [C.].
(Tj'pes of species.)
c. (S ad. sk. Griqualand (T. C. Atmore), E. B.' Shai-pe Esq. fCl.
May 5, 1871.
d, e. Ad.sk. Crocodile river (i^. 0«^es), W.E. & C.G. Dates, Esqrs.
July. [P.].
/. Ad. sk. Shoshoug, ]MitIe river, W. E. & C. G. Gates. Esqrs.
Aug. 10. [P.].
(/. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country. Dr. Bradshaw [C.].
h, i. S ad. sk. Otjimbinque, May 1866 B. B. Sharpe, Esq.
(Andersson).
k. 5 ad. sk. Onain'sriver,Aprilll,186o R. B. Shai'pe, Esq.
{Anclerssmi).
I Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
Ohs. Two birds collected by Sir John Kirk at Tete, and a third
collected by him opposite Zanzibar, in Capt. Shelley's collection,
dift'er very remarkably from all the other species of Teloi>honus ;
and any one could distinguish them at once from T. tnvm/atus
to which species they seem nearest allied. These three specimens
hare all the lower parts whitish instead of ochraceous ; the throat
and the greater part of the breast, the abdomen, and edge of wino-
almost pure white; sides of breast and flanks washed with creamy
grey ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts pale creamy ; crown
of head dark ochraceous brown, much mottled with black, there-
fore very much resembling T. iissJieri. The general colour of the
upper parts cannot be of much importance, as in T. trivirgutus it is
subject to great variation. The three specimens, however, have
the back, mantle, and hind neck more ochraceous and less ashy than
T. trivirgatus. Thus we cannot but feel surprise that Finsch and
Hartlanb (/. f.) expressly state that the specimens from the Zambesi
in the British Museum entirely agree with specimens of T. trivirqatus
from Damaraland The measurements do not show any reliable
difference. Total length about 7 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 0'7-
124 LANIID.'E.
2-9, tail 2-8-3-5, tarsus 1. These birds seem to represent an eastern
or paler race of T. trivirgatus.
a, b. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (^Sir J. Kirk). Liviugstone Expedition.
Subsp. o. Telophonus ussheri. (Plate II. fig. 1.)
Laniariiis ussheri, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 397 (1882).
Adult. Very similar to T. trivirgatus, but ditfering from the
latter as follows : — All the underparts, excej^t the throat and the
middle of the abdomen (which are whitish), are ashy grey, especially
dark on the sides of the breast and the flanks ; the under tail-coverts
are whitish, with dusky bases ; edge of wing white ; under wing-
coverts — primaries brownish grey, secondaries white with a slight
reddish tinge ; bill entirely black in the adult bird, in the young
and immature bird brown or horn-colour, with the under mandible
very pale at base. Total length about 7 inches, culmeu 0'8, wing
2-8, tail 3- 35, tarsus 1.
Ohs. In both the specimens of this species in the British-Museum
collection the two black stripes bordering the creamy white super-
ciliary stripe almost meet across the occiput. In the adult speci-
men the crown of the head is very much mottled with black, whilst
the immature bird (with the pale bill), has the whole crown
uniformly ashy brown with an ochraceous tinge like the mantle*.
Hah. (jold Coast. Is a "Western race of T. trivirgatus, linking
together the latter and T. senegalus.
a. Ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Type
( UssJier) . of species. )
b. 1mm. sk. Fautee {A. Swanzy). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
3. Telophonus senegalus.
Pie-grieche grise du Senegal, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 167, pi. xvii. fig. 1 .
Pie-grieche rousse a tete noire du Senegal, Datibent. PI. Enl. pi. 479.
fig. 1.
Lanius senegalus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 137 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 304.
Senegal Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 162.
Telophorus senegalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 262 ; id. Hand-l. B. i.
p. 399, no. 6056 & 6052, pt.
* It raav be concluded from the above description that T. usahcri differs from
T. senegalus only in its brown crown, a specific difference which is open to
doubt if we take the black mottled crown of the specimen described above as
a sign of immaturity. But even if compared with immature specimens of T.
senegalus, which have the crown of the head brown or mottled with black, the
two species {T. scneyalus and T. ussheri) differ from each other as follows : — T.
senegalus is larger in size {of. wings and tail) ; the under tail-coverts and the
vent are pale ochraceous with no trace of grey ; the primary under wing-coverts
are pale reddish, not brown ; the white tips to the tail-feathers are much larger
than those of T. ussheri. These differences are observable even in the two
specimens from the Eiver Volta, Aug. 1870, where both species occur.
9. TELOPflONUS. 225
Telephonus senegalus, Bp C A. i. p. 361; LtcJU. Nomencl. p. 11 ;
Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 10a
Poiiiatoiliyncliu.s erythropterus, Cub. Mus. Hein. i p 69
Poiuatorhynclms orimtalis, Cab. in V. d. Deckens Beis iii p 27
leH)honu. erythropterus (non Shaiu), Hmyl. S>/sf. Uebers. -p.' 33-
J, "' --"•■■• ' ",'/• vj^oit*//. jj. o^u j jrmncn, l r. ^,. <\ V]i n ■-',^4 •
liharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 51 ; Reichenow, J. f. O. 1875 n 27 1877*
p. 23 ; Fischer, J.f. Q. 1879, p. 347. ' ^' ' '
Telophonus erythropterus, Laijard, B. South Afr p 160
Lamanus senegalus, Sharpe, ed. Laijard B. 8. Afr. ^. 397 (1882).
Adult. Win^ neck and mantle ochraceous brown, passing into ashy
brown with an olive tinge ; scapulars brownish black, with a broad
rufous margin to the outer and inner webs ; all the wino--coverts
almost entirely chestnut-red, except the basal part of the°feathers
which IS blackish ; the greater part of the outer web of the primary
and a broad edge to the secondary quills chestnut-colour, rest of
the quills black-brown ; the innermost secondary quills maro-ined
with rutous on both the inner and outer webs ; central pair of
tail-leathers ashy brown, with numerous dark but faintly marked
cross waves; the other feathers are black, and broadly tipped with
white, which colour extends up the outer web of the outermost pair •
a broad and very pronounced streak extends from the nostrils back-
wards over the eye and the ear-coverts, almost meeting at the hinder
margin of the black occiput with its fellow from the other side •
this stre^ak IS white from the nostrils to the eye, the rest is ochra-
ceous ; the black postocular streak, bordering the ear-coverts is very
distinctly marked ; lores black ; ear-coverts and sides of the neck
ochraceous brown, a little paler than the neck ; chin, cheeks, and
middle part of throat white ; under tail-coverts cream-colour- breast
flanks, and abdomen ashy grey as in T. erythropterus; under
wing-coverts and a broad margin to the inner w'ebs of the primary
and secondary quills pale rufous : edge of wing pure white ■ thio-hg
cream-colour or pale ochraceous, sometimes washed with c-rev •
" teet pale slaty, claws rather darker ; bill black, base of upper and
a good deal of under mandible light slaty" (Gates). Total length
about 8-5 inches, culmen 0-85-1, wing 3-20-3-6 tail 3-75-4-t
tarsus 1-1-1-2. /tt).
e. Ad. sk. 3-2 Accra (Sn,ith). R. R. Sharpe, Esq.
126
Length of win?.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
k. Ad. slf.
/. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad sk.
o. 5 ad. sk.
^. 5 ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 5 ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.
V. Imin. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.
?/. Imm. sk.
'z. 2 ad. sk.
«' Ad. sk.
6' Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
r/'. Ad. sk.
e'. S ad. sk. 3-2
implies.
815
3'4
3-3
3-5
3-6
3-4
3-05
3-4
3-6
3-5
3-5
3-45
3-45
3-25
3-4
3-3
3-3
3
3-4.5
3-15
3-25
p. -9
River Volta ( Ussher),
Aug. 1870.
Cambambe, Angola.
Kabiuda, Congo,
August.
Cunene Rirer, June
25, 1867 (A)iders-
S07l).
Elephant Vley, Sept.
29, 1859 (Anders-
son).
Kingwilliamstown.
Kingwilliamstown.
Kingwilliamstowu.
British Caifraria,
Sept. 17, 1876.
Elands Post, May 27,
1870 {T.Atmore).
Elands Post, June
1870 {T. At more).
Natal.
Natal (At/res).
2nd Makalaka Kvaal,
September (F.
Gates).
Pautaniatanka, Jan.
18 {F. Oates).
Shupanga, Zambesi,
April 1862 {Sir
J. Kirk).
Makalaka Country.
Makalaka Country.
Makalaka Country.
Mozambique.
Mombasa ( Wakefield).
Mombasa ( Wakefield).
Mombasa, June.
Mombasa.
Kitui, Ukamba, April
1877.
R. B. Sharps, Esq.
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
Commander Sperling
[P.].
R. B. bharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Lieut. Anstey [P.].
Capt. H. TrevelyanfP.].
Capt. H, Trevelyan [P. |.
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
R. B. Shai'pe, Esq.
W. E. & C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
Livingstone Expedition.
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.j.
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.l.
Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.].
Purchased.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
J. M. lliklebrandt [C.].
Rev. T. Fowell Buxton
[P.].
J. M. Hildebraudt [C.].
4. Telophonus cucullatus.
Lanius cucidlatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 600 (1840) {ex Anda-
lusia ; Boissoneau) .
Lanius tchagra, Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. xxi (1844) ; Dubois, Ois. Fur.
xviii. pi. 37 ; Bree, B. Europe, i. p. 171.
Telophorus cucullatus, Gray, Gen. ^. i. p. 292 (1846); id. Hand-l.
5. i. p. 398, no. 6051 (1869).
Telepbonus cucullatus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 361 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860,
p. 150.
Telephonus erythropterus {jion Shaiv), Brehm, Naummmia , 1855,
p. 275 ; Dress. B. Eur. iii. p. 423, pi. 154.
9. TELOPnONUS. 127
Teleoplionus teha^ra, Lilford, Ibis, 186G, p. 380 (nfc V.).
Telepliouus tscliagra, {non V.) Dc(/l.^ Oerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 230 ; Bp.
Cut. Ois. Eur. Parzud. p. 8 (1856) ; Loc/te, Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alg.
p. SQ, sp. 172 (1858) ; id. Expl. Scient. Ahjer., Ois. ii. p. 44.
Laniarius cucullatus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 307 (1882).
In Algeria and Morocco T. sene(/alu.s is represented by a brighter-
coloured race, which differs from the former in the following points : —
Underparts dark ashy grey, whitish on the middle of the abdomen
and the upper throat ; ear-coverts pale ashy brown, not ochraceous,
distinctly paler than the mantle and hind neck, which parts in this
northern race are of a dark ashy-brown colour ; thighs ochraceous,
sometimes mottled with grey.
Four specimens in the British Museum show the following mea-
surements : — Total length 8-9 inches, culmen 0*9, wings 3*5.5,
tail 4-7, tarsus 1*2.
Bab. Algeria and Morocco.
a. 5 fid. st. Tangiers. Purcha^sed.
b. Ad. sk. Tangiers. Colonel Irby [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Algeria. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d. cJ ad. St. Algevia (H.B.Tristi-am), F. D. Godman and 0.
May 5, 1S5G. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
5. Telophoniis blanfordi. (Plate II. fig. 2.)
Laniarius erythropterus, Bhmf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abi/ss. p. 343 (ner S'Juno).
Lanius senegalus, var., Hempr. Sf Ehrenb. S_i/nib. P/iys. fol. E.
Telepliouus erythropterus, pt., HeiKjl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 408.
Laniarius blanfordi, Sharjie, ed. Layard B. South Afr. p. 397
(1882).
Adult. The Tchagra Shrike which inhabits Abyssinia and the
adjacent southern countries differs from the common African Tcha-
gra, T. somjaltis, in the following points : — 1, smaller size; 2, under
tail-coverts ashy grey with large whitish tips ; 3, ear-coverts
generally whitish cream-colour, paler than in T. senegrthis.
Young. A very young bird, collected by Mr. W. T. Elauford in the
Anseba valley in the month of July, has the crown of the head
dark brown instead of black, the hind neck and mantle more
ochraceous instead of brown, and the underparts more fulvous
and dingy-coloured instead of grey. Bill and feet pale horny brown.
Measurements : — Total length about 7'5-8 inches.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsug.
in. in. in. in.
n. Anseba valley (tvpe) . . 073 3-0 3-9 1-1
6. .Senafe *. 08 3-1 40 1-1
c. BoRos 0 8 3'0 3-8 M
f/. Bejook 0-82 3-0 3-4 1-12
Ifdh. Abyssinia.
a. S ad. sk. Anseba valley. W. T. P.lanford, Esq. [C.].
(Tvpe of sijecies.)
b. ? ad. sk. S.-nafiS Feb. 25, 1868. W. 'I'.'l'.lanford, Esq. [C.].
12S LANIID-i:.
c. Ad. sk. Bog-as Land {IJsler). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
i ^^■
witli large white subterminal spots
d T\ mg 3 mches lugubris, p. 133
b. Under surface of body white, fawn-colour or
gi-ey. '
c'. Head chestnut-colour hke the throat and
,, J*^'T*i • • ■ ■, Vi hiehderi, p. 134
a . Head glossy black. ' ^
^','; 'S^'J, ^^y ^i"^;*^ the mantle and back .... angohnsis, p. 134
/ . 1 au deep black. ; 1 • -^ -■'*•
a'". Lower back black, mottled with con-
cealed subterminal spots of gi'eyish
white.
«*. Some of the wing-coverts always
broadly edged with white.
a'. Secondary quills internally mar-
gined with white; abdomen and
under tail -coverts fawn -buff';
breast creamy white I rujiventris, p. 1.34.
b\ Quills internally withoutany lighter i^^^cturus, p. 136.
margin.
a^. Body below pure white.
a\ Quills entirely black hicohr, p. 138.
0 . iwo or three secondaries ex-
ternally broadly margined
with white, foriining a con- ,
spicuous bar J '>najoi\ p. 136.
6". Body below with a strong rosy ' 9»fMt(s, p. 137.
,, ,^,. ^'"g'e; quills entirely blac\ . . cethiojncus, p. 139
6*. W mg-coverts and scapulars entirely
black ; quills without any white
edges.
c'. Body below rosy isabelline : larger turatii, p. 140.
d^ Body below isabeiime : smaller . . suUacteus, p. 140.
k2
132 LANIID^.
b'". Lower back pure white or pale g'rey.
c"*. All the upper wiug-coverts, scapu-
lars, aud quills entirely black ; body
below pure white.
e^. Under wing-coverts white.
Culmen at base ridged and , /^ • -tA^
slightly compressed < ,•" ' ^ , , -,
n T i. -u I J 1 1 hamatus, p. 142.
Uulmen at base broad aud much ' ' ^
rounded sabinei, p. 143.
/'. Under wing-coverts black atrialatus, p. 143.
rf''. Only the head, neck, mantle, aud tail
glossy black ; scapulars, most of the
wing-coverts and quills externally
edged with white.
g^. Whole luider surface of body,
lower back, and rump pure white sali7nep, p. 144.
A'. Body below greyish white.
c^. Lower back and rump grey :
larger. Female quite different
from male ; below reddish , t, • t .[%
, ' I gambensis, p. 14d.
„ T ' 1 1 ' ' j i ' " ' 1 I thamiiophiliis, p. 147.
dr. Lower back and rump almost ' r ; r
white: smaller. Female similar
to the male cubla *, p. 148.
L Dryoscopus leucorliynchus.
TelephoDus leucorhynchus, Ilartl. Rvl\ Zool. 1848, p. 108; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 361 ; Verr. Rev. et Mag. 1855, p. 470.
Laiiiarius leucorh}Tichus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 51, Taf. 6;
V. Midler, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 453 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397,
DO. 6036 ; Bei'dien. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 28, 1875, p. 28.
Laniarius carbonarius, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1851, p. 347 ; Flnsch Sf
Hartl. Vog. Oitafr. p. 352, note.
Rhynchastatus leucorhynchus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 635.
Rhynchastatus carbonarius, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 535.
Dryoscopus carbonarius, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 135; Hartl. op.cit.
1861, p. 172.
Dryoscopus leucorhynchus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 112 ; Heine, J. f. O.
1860, p. 135; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 211; Sharpc, Ibi.s, l870,
p. 55 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 47 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1677, p. 24.
Adult male. Entirely black above aud below. Total length
8 inches, culmen 0-!)5, wing 3'65, tail 35, tarsus 1"25.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather shaded with choco-
late, especially on the wings and the throat. Total length 7"5 inches,
culmen Q-Do, wing 3-4, tail 3o, tarsus 1-25.
Ohs. Dr. lleichenow (l. c.) states that the young birds of both
sexes have the bill black, the colour of the bill becoming white, with
a faint reddish shine, in the third year of age in the males as well
as in the females. The colour of the bill is not dependent on the
season. Iris reddish brown in both sexes ; dark brown iu young
birds. Feet bluish grey.
According to this, three specimens iu the British-Museum col-
* Here may be mentioned B. tricolor, p. 150, the type of which is a female !
10. DEYOSCOPUS. 133
lection would be immature males, although they are jet-black and
fully grown, like a specimen in the Berlin Museum collected and
marked by Dr. Ecichcnow as a j'oung male.
Uah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Gaboon.
a,b. [J] ad. St. Gaboon. Purchased.
<"• [cJlj.iiv-sk. Fantee. E. B. Sharpe, P]sq.
^- [c? ljuv.sk. CamarooES Mountains, Jan. 1, II. B. Sharpe, Esq.
1871 (Crosski/).
^- [(5 ljuT.sk. Camaroons Mountains, March 8, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
1871 ( Crosslei/).
2 ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
2. Dryoscopus nigerrimus.
Dryoscopus nigerrimiLs, licichen. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 392; Fischer 8^
lieichen. ibid. 1879, p. 34G.
Very similar to D. funeh-is, but with the rump and lower back
entirely black, without any white subtermiual spots on the feathers.
Total length 8 inches, wing 3"3, tail 3'5.
llah. Kipini, East Africa.
3. Dryoscopus funebris.
Dryoscopus funebris, Hartl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 105; Scl. ibid. 1864,
p. 109 ; Heui/l. Orn. ^\0.-Afr. pp. 46, cxvii.
Laniarius funebris, Finsch Sf- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 352, Taf . iv. fig. 2.
Laniarius ati'ocserideus, Eiip}}. in Mus. Brit.
General colour slaty black ; wings, wing-coverts, and tail glossy
black, with a greenish lustre ; the long fluffy feathers of the rump
slaty grey, mottled with large white subterminal spots ; feet and
bill black. Total length about 8 inches, culmcn 0-9, wing 3-4, tail
3'5, tarsus 1-25.
Hub. Interior of East Africa {Sjyel-e); Ahy ssinia (JRiijypeU).
a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.]. (Named
Laniarius atrocceruleus.
4. Dryoscopus lugubris.
Rhynchastatus lugubris, Cab. in Von der Decken's Eeis. iii. p. 26,
t. vii.
Laniarius lugubris, Finsch t^- Harfl. Vdr/. Ostafr. p. 356.
Dryoscopus lugubris, Fischer ^- Reichen. J.f. O. 1878, p. 2<'i9, 1879,
p. 346.
The four specimens of this species in the Berlin Museum are
exactly like D. funebris in colour, but differ from the latter by being
of a considerably smaller size. Total length about G-7 inches, cul-
men 0-8, wing 3, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-6.
Ilab. East Africa ( V. d. Declen).
134 LAKintJE.
5. Dryoscopus lueMeri.
Laniarius luelideri, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1S74, p. 101 ; id. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 28.
Dryoscopus coronatus, S/tarpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 205, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2.
Adult male. Above black, with a glossy greenish lustre ; scapu-
lars and quills entirely black, except two or three of the inner
secondaries, which are externally edged with white ; the greater
wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a wing-band,
which is continued down the wing ; upper tail-coverts and tail
entirely black ; head and nape chestnut ; forehead and a narrow
superciliary line fulvous ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts
glossy black ; cheeks and entire throat and breast clear chestnut-
fawn colour: abdomen, thighs, sides of body, and under wing-coverts
and tail-coverts pure white ; bill and feet black ; " iris dark reddish
brown" (Reichenoiu). Total length 7-2 inches, culmen 0-9, wing
3-65, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-3.
Hab. Camaroons and Gaboon.
a. (S ad. sk. Eiver Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
(Type of D. coronatus.^
6. Dryoscopus angolensis.
Dryoscopus angolensis, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. Ill ; id J.f. 0. 1861,
p. 172.
Laniarius angolensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6027 ; Finsch
I- Hartl. Vo(j. Ostafr. p. 342.
Adult [?] (type of species). General colour slaty grey, rather lighter
than the rump ; upper tail-coverts slaty grey ; tail-feathers brown,
the centre feathers grey, with numerous very faint dusky cross bars ;
wing-coverts rather browner than the back, but shaded with the
same slaty grey ; quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown,
some of them with grey ; entire crown, nape, hind neck, and sides
of the latter blue-black ; throat, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, the
upper edge of the latter blue-black ; rest of under surface of body
pale ashy, inclining more to pale blue-grey on the flanks, the thighs
and under tail-coverts whiter ; under wing-coverts whitish ash-
colour, as also the inner lining of the quills ; bill black ; " feet
light reddish ; iris dark blue, the pupil dark blue or black " (Mon-
teiro). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-2, tail 2*9,
tarsus 0-92.
Mab. Interior of Angola.
a. Ad. sk. Bembe, Angola, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
May 5, 1858. (Type of species.)
7. Dryoscopus rufiveutris.
Le Boubou, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 68 (nee Boulboul, Lath.).
Malaconotus ruliventris, Stvains. Class. B. ii. p. 220 {e.r Levaill!).
Laniarius boulboul, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299 : id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 398,
no. 6040; At/res, Ibis. 1864, p. 351 ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 159;
Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 430, & 1879, p. 400.
Laniarius ferrugineus, Sundev. Krit. Frainst., Levaill. p. 31 (1857) ;
Layard B. S. Afr. n. 325 {see also Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 160,
note) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 393.
10. DRToscorus. 135
Malaconotus boulbonl, Cah. Miis. Hein. i. p. 69 (pt.).
Dryoscopus boulboul, Bp. Consp. i. p. 361 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.
p 48 ; Shelley, Ihis, 187o, p. 77 ; Barratf, op. cit. 1876, p. 204.
Malaconotus ferrugineus, Grill, Zool. Anteck. p. 32.
Laniarius rufiventris, Fimch ^- Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 3/44.
Dryoscopus rufiventris, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 344, cxvii.
AditU male. General colour above black, with a very slig-ht
greeuish gloss : the lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts
black, uniform with the crown ; wing-coverts black, the median
series and some of the greater inner coverts externally broadly edged
or tipped with white, forming a bar across the wing, two of the
secondary quills having likewise white edges, forming a longitudinal
bar down the wing ; remainder of quills black ; lower back flufly,
mottled with subterminal oval spots of whitish: the rump-feathe'i.s
tipped with light orange-buff; upper tail-coverts and tail black ;
cheeks and under surface of body creamy white with a pinkish
tinge, deepening into fawn-buff on the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light fawn-
buff, edge of wing and the smaller coverts near the edge of the
wing black : " bill duU black : legs grey ; iris dark brown " (SJulJei/).
Total length about 8 to 9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-S to 4, tail
3"8 to 4-1, tarsus 1-45.
Adult female. Dark ashy brown where the male is black ; under
surface of body deep fawn-colour, paler on the throat. Total length
7-7 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 3-70, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-35.
Touncj. Dark ashy brown, like the old female, but mottled with
cross bars of blackish and sandy buff; wing-coverts mottled like the
back ; quills externally brownish, the secondaries edged with bufiy
white ; tail-feathers brown, tipped with sandy buff, the feathers
subterminally mottled with narrow dark brown zigzag markings ;
ear-coverts blackish, streaked longitudinally with sandy buff ; under
surface of body orange-buff; the throat whitish, baiTcd across with
dusky greyish brown, as also on the breast and flanks ; under wing-
coverts orange-buff, the quills ashy below, fulvous along the edge of
the inner webs ; " biU horn-colour, fading into white at base of
lower mandible " (Shellei/).
Hab. South Africa, ranging through Xatal into the Transvaal.
a. (S ad. St. South Africa, Soutli-.\frican Museum.
h. 2 ad. St. South Airica. Maior-Gen. Hardwicke
[P.].
c. 2 ad. St. South Africa. Dr. Kness [P.].
d. Pidl. St. South Africa. Piev. H. T. Phillips [P.].
e. S ad. sk. South Africa E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
{Lmjard).
/. 6 ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope Voy. of H.M.S. ' Ptattle-
(J. 3Iacf/illiira;/). snake.'
ff. $ ad. ; h. Juv. Knysna, Dec. 1865 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
sk. (Afider-^soti).
{. Juv. sk. S.E. Africa. .John Rocke, Esq. fP 1
A-. Juv. sk. Eland's Post (r. C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Afniore).
I. S ad. sk. KingwilHamstowu. Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.l
136 LA NUT) -T..
ni. (S juv. sk. Chalumna river, British Capt. II. Trevelyan [P.].
Cafi'raria, June 11, 1877.
71. cf fii^- sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [0.1.
0. Ad. sk. Crocodile River, July (F. W. E. and 0. G. Gates,
Oates). Esqrs. [P.].
8. Dryoscopus sticturus.
Lnniarius, n. sp., KirJi, Ibis, 1804, p. 318.
Laniarius sticturus, Ilartl. Si- Finsrh, Vor/. Ostafr. p. 342, Taf. v.
fig-. 1 ; Gray, Ilund-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6042; Gurney in Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 140 ; Bovar/e, Jorn. Lish. 1875, p. 104, 1877, p. 67 ;
8harpe, ed. Layurd B. S. Afr. p. 391.
Drvoscopus sticturus, Sharpe ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876,
p. 46.
? Dryoscopus neglectus, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 230 (1877) ; Sharpe,
I. c. p. 391.
Yerv similar to D. rvfivenUis in general distribution of colours ;
but the following differences suffice to separate this form :- —
All the upper parts glossy are black, most of the feathers of the
lower back and rump with conspicuous white subterminal spots ;
rnmp scarcely tipped or washed with fawn-colour ; lower parts paler
than in D. rujivcntris, of a creamy buff colour, paler and more pinkish
on the cheeks and throat ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
rather more richly coloured, like the under wing- coverts ; some
feathers near the edge of the wing forming a black spot like the edge
itself.
A young male, almost adult, moulting, has all the brownish-black
feathers of the upper parts narrowly edged with buff'; chest and
throat white, variegated with very irregular faint grey bars.
Culmeu. Wing Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
^ 0-9 3-7 40 1-25
cJ 10 3-55 3-8 1-35
2 0-9 3-50 3-6 1-30
Huh. Eeplaces the foregoing in the Eastern Transvaal up to the
Zambesi and on the west from Damara Land to the Congo.
a. d ad. sk. Lvdenburg, Get. 6, 1874. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].
6. [ 5 1 ad. sk. Lydenburg. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.I.
c. c? ad-; f^ ^- Tete, Zambesi (. 344, note; Enchen. J. f. O. 1874, p. 26, 1875, p. 24, 1877,
p. 24 ; Bocage, oj). cit. 1876, p. 715; Shcuye, cd. layard B. S. Afr.
p. 391.
Telephonus major, Ilartl. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 108 ; B}). Consp, i.
p. 361.
10. DRT08C0PUS. 137
Dryoscrpus major, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill ; id. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 172; HeiTie, op. cit. 1860, p. 134; Shurpc, Ibis, 1869, p. 190;
Shelley, op. cit. 1872, p. 288 ; Utssher, up. cit. 1874, p. 03 ; Boc.
Orn. d'Anc/.-p. 228 (1877).
Dryoscopus mossainbicus, Reichen. J.f. O. 1880, p. 141.
Adult. General colour above glossy blue-black, the scapulars and
feathers of the lower back and rump mottled with large ovate spots
of white ; basal half of all the feathers grey ; least wing-coverts like
the back, the median series pure white, with blackish-brown bases,
as also the innermost of tlie greater series ; all the rest of the wing-
coverts and primary-coverts entirely black ; quills black, with two
of the inner secondaries externallj' edged with white, forming a
narrow white line down the wing ; upper tail-coverts and tail en-
tirely black ; lores, sides of face, and eai-coverts black ; cheeks and
under surface of body pure white, with a faint pinkish blush on the
breast and flanks ; under tail-coverts always white ; under wing-
coverts white, the small ones and the edge of wing black : quills
ashy black below ; " bill and feet black ; iris dark " (Eeichenow).
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4*15, tail 4, tarsus 1-4.
Obs. Specimens not fully adult have the sides of breast, flanks,
and thighs more creamy white ; quills blackish brown ; scapulars and
wing-coverts narrowly tipped with whitish. One specimen from the
Gaboon has one of the outer tail-feathers, a specimen from Fantee
the two outer pairs of the tail-feathers, conspicuously tipped with
white. The amount of white on the outer web of the secondaries is
svibject to much variation in D. major and in the allied species.
Hah. "NYcst Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo, and extend-
ing across the continent to East Africa.
a. Ad. sk. West Africa. F. D. Godmanand 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.
f. Ad. sk. Fantee (C7:«/(«-). Ft. B. Sharpe, E.sq.
d, e. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). H. B. Sharpe, Esq.
/. Ad. sk. Accra {Smith). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
q. Ad. sk. Aheokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.J.
A.Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Marche [C.]
?', A-. Ad. sk. Laudana, Congo. Dr. Lucan [C.].
I, m. Ad. sk. Quilombo, Angola, June E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
1878 {A. Heath).
Subspecies a. Dryoscopus guttatus.
Drvoscopus guttatus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 86 ; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb.
] 867, pp. 138, 333, 1808, p. 43 ; Sharjie, ed. Layard B. 'S. Afr. p. 392.
Laniarius guttatus, Finsch iS;- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 345, note ; Gray,
H(md-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6030.
Dryoscopus major (pt.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 47; Bocat/e, Jorn.
Lisb. 1875, p. 104, 1877, p. 67 ; Sharpe ^- Bunvier, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, i. p. 40 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 228.
Faniarius major, Giuiuy, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 145.
Dryoscopus, sp., Bucage, Jorn. Lisb. li;<75, p. 104.
PDryotcopus neglectu's; Boc. Orn. d'Ang. p. 230 (1877).
in.
in.
m.
in.
10
3-8
4-1
1-45
0-87
4-0
4-2
1-46
0-9
3-7
3-8
1-4
0-9
4-1
4-2
1-35
138 L.iNIIT)JE.
Adult. This form seems to represent D. major in the south-
western parts of Africa. All the specimens from Benguela and
Angola are very similar to D. major, bnt differ from this species in
the following- points: — (1) The fluffy feathers of the rump have very
large pure white tips, which together form a cospicuous white patch
on the sides of the rump ; the fluffy feathers of the lower back have
subterminal white spots, but rather broad black tips, as in D. major.
(2) In almost all the southern specimens there are three of the secon-
daries externally edged with white, though the specimen described
by Hartlaub as the type has only two secondaries edged with white ;
whole under surface of body pure white.
Obs. The typical specimen is not fidly grown, as is shown by the
state of the quills.
Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
in.
Capangombe .... 8'8
LakeN'gami 8'3
Benguela 8'6
Cunene 8-3
Hab. S.W. Africa: Congo and Angola as far as Damara Land,
and eastwards to Lake N'gami.
Obs. One fully-grown male specimen from the Cunene river and
another from Lake N'gami have the two feathers of the outermost
pair of the tail-feathers just tipped with white. Of two others,
however, collected by Dr. Bradshaw near the Zambesi, one has the
outer pair of tail-feathers slightly, the other one conspicuously edged
with white on the outer webs.
a. Ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq.
[C.]. (Type of species.)
b. (S ad. sk. Capangombe (Anchieta). R. B. SharjDe, Esq.
c. S ad. sk. Benguela (Anchieta). li. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d. cJ ad. sk. Cunene river, June 26, R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
1867 (Andersson).
e,f,ff.Ad.ak. LakeN'gami (CAr/pwwH). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h, i. Ad. sk. Makalaka country. Dr. F. Bradshaw [C.].
10. Dryoscopus bicolor.
Dryoscopus bicolor, Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 112 {ex Verr. MS.) ; id,
J.f. O. 1860, p. 102.
Dryoscopus major, Cass. Pr. Phi/ad. Acad. 1859, p. 54 (nee Hartl.) ;
Hartl. J.f. b. 1861, p. 172.
Dryoscopus 'picatus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826; Finsch ^ Hartl.
Vog. Ostafr. p. 355, note.
Laniarius bicolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6026 ; Finsch ^~
Hartl. t. c. p. 344, note ; Reichemnc, J.f. O. 1877, p. 24.
Laniarius picatus, Gray, t. c. no. 6032.
Adult. Above glossy blue-black, the scapulars uniform black ;
the feathers of the rump mottled with concealed subterminal
10. DRTOSCOPTJS. 139
spots of white ; upper tail-coverts, tail, greater wing-coverts, and
quills entirely black ; median coverts pure white, as also the outer
web of the inner greater coverts ; lores, sides of face, and ear-
coverts black ; cheeks and entire under surface of body pure white ;
under wing-coverts and asillaries white, those near the edge of the
wing and the outermost of the lower coverts black ; quills ashy
black below ; bill and feet black.
Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in- in. in. in. in.
7-5 1-0 37 3-6 1-3
8-0 1-05 3-9 3-6 1-45
Hah. Gaboon.
Ohs. As in the case of the aUied species of Dryoscopus, such as D.
major and D. guttatus, there is some slight variation ; one specimen
from Gaboon has a whitish tip to the outer tail-feather, and this is
accompanied by a single white-edged secondary : these peculiarities
are either signs of immaturity or remains of winter plumage.
?• -ff ^}- Gaboon {Du Chaillu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walk^). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
11. Dryoscopus sethiopicus.
Merle noir et blanc d'Abyssinie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p 406
Ethiopian Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 78 ; id. Ind. Orn p 537
1 Urdus asthiopicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 824.
Lanius asthiopicus, pt., Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. MetJi. p 731 • Biinn
Abyss. Wirbelth.-p.32. ' ^^'
Telephorus Eethiopicus, Biipp. Neiie Wirbelth. p 32- id Si/st
TJehers. no. 222, p 60, Taf. 23; Heugl.Syst. Uebers. p. 34; Brehm,
Jtieis. nach Hahesch, pp. 215, 312.
Lanius boulboul, Des Murs, in Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss., Zool p 100 (yiec
Latham) ; Heugl. Faun. roth. Meer. no. 134.
Dryoscopus asthiopicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 361 ; Horsf. &■ Moore Cat
B. Mus. E.L Co. i. p. 173 ; Fimch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 255 • Kirk Ibis
1864, p. 319; Blanf.Geol. and Zool. Abyss, p. 340; Sharpe] Cat.
^io\ ^- ll^^'' ^'"^^- ^'■'*- ^^-^--Afr. pp. 458, cxvii; id.J.f. O.
1864, p. 2o4. ''
Malaconotus sethiopicus. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 69 ■ Bn C R
xxxviii. p. 534. ? / • • •
Dryoscopus cuU^ Antin Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 55 (nee ^ha ) ; Salvad.
Rivist. Cat. Antin. p. 737. w '
Laniarius aethiopicus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6022 • Finsch
^ Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 343 ; Sakad. 8f Antin. Ann. Mus Civic
Genov. iv. p. 445.
Adult. Above glossy blue-black, scapulars and the rump-feathers
mottled with large but concealed spots of white ; upper tail-coveits
and tail entirely black ; least wing-coverts like the back, the median
series white ; primary and greater coverts black, the innermost of
the latter pure white, with a certain concealed amount of black on
the inner web; quills entirely black ; cheeks and under surface of
Tail.
Tarsus.
in.
in.
4-0
1-35
40
1-85
4-0
l-3o
body white, with a distinct piukish Huge on the breast and flanks ;
iinder wing-coverts white, tliose near the edge of the wing bLack,
like the edge itself ; " bill black ; feet dusky lead-colour ; iris chest-
nut " {Heuglin).
Total length. Ciilmeu. Wing.
in. in. in.
9-2 0-95 40
6 8-7 0-85 4-0
2 S-2 0-90 3-8
Ohs. The female specimen from the Anseba has a few pure white
feathers on the forehead near the bill and the nostrils ; the outer
web of one of the secondaries on the right wing is moreover very
faintly edged with white. The fine fully grown specimen from
Bogos has also one of the secondaries of the right wing edged with
white on the middle third of the outer web.
Hah. X.E. Africa.
a. Ad. sk. Bogos Land {EsJer). R. B. Sharps, Esq.
b. 2 ad. sk. Anseba valley, July 30, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1.
1868.
c. c? ad. sk. Senate, Tigi-e, May 27, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
186S.
d. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.
c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sir W. C. Harris [C.].
12. Dryoscopus tiiratii.
Drvoscopus turatii, Verr. Hev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 304, pi. 7;
Hartl.J.f. O. 1861. p. 172.
Laniarius turatii, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6029 ; Finsch 8,-
Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 348.
Adv.lf. General colour above, including the scapulars, hind neck
and head, and the whole baelv, black : wings, wing-coverts, and tail
entirely black ; the long fluffy feathers of the rump with white oval
Bubtermiual spots ; chin, cheeks, throat, and breast whitish isabel-
line, with a slight rosy tinge : abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts pure white ; " bill black ; feet lead-colour, claws dark
olive " (Ven-eaux). Total length 8-5 inches, cuLmen 0-95, wing 4-1,
tail 4-1, tarsus 1-5.
JIah. Senegambia.
13. Dryoscopus sublacteus.
Drvoscopus sublacteus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1851, p. 246 (nee
Verr.); Bp. C. B. xxxviii. p. 535; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill
(pt., teste Ifartl.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 825 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1877,
p. 207; id. 4- Beichenow, op. cit. 1878, p. 259, 1879, p. 346.
Malaconotus sublacteus, Cah. in Von der Dccken's Beise, iii. p. 26,
Taf. iv.
Laniarius sublacteus, Finsch <§• Hartl. Voi/. Ostafr. p. 347 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6021.
Adult male. Above, including the head, wings, and tail glossy
10. DRYOSCOPrS. i^i
llltiu!!' ^T ^"^J ^'^^"r^ of the rump with white subterminal
concealed spots ; no trace of white on the wing-coverts or scapulars •
the whole under surface of the body slightly isabelline ; under'
wing-cover s white, slightly tinged with isabeUine ; near the edc-eof
the wing black forming a patch; quills below dusky black ; '"bill
black ; teet lead-colour. '
Adult female. Similar to the male, but having the rump ashv grev
ro;r»ff. Above dusky black ; quills externallv with narrow b^own
margins ; feathers of the lower back and rump with concealed
white spots; the hindermost feathers of the rump rusty colour-
the upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts narrowly edged 'with the
same colour, forming a kind of transverse band; oiUermost tail-
feathers trpped with pale rusty; chin, throat, and middle of abdo-
men white; breast, flanks, vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts
somewhat rufescent. (Finsch .f HartJ.)
The description and measurements are taken from specimens in
the collection of Oapt. Shelley. qjtcimens m
Totallength. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus
T 1?- ^"- i"- i'l- in.'
l-2o
c? "-13 0-95 3-5 3-7
B^ab. East Africa
14, Dryoscopus afltois.
Hapalophus affinis, Grai/ m atarlcsicortir.f Maq i p 4S9
Lauiarius ^^ms Gray, Gen B. i. p. 299 ^i846) ; Vf/. Hand-l. B. i.
p. .j, no. 6019 ■ Fmsch ^- Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 348 ; Beickeno^v,
J. f. O. 1875, p. 28.
•p '■ Pn^'-/''^"'/ («o„ Gray), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill- Cass
Proc. Phdad. Acad. 1859, p. 53 ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p 173
Di-yoscopus bojeri, v. Feb., Hartl. Faun. Madaq p 50
Dryoscopus verreauxii, Cah. in v. d. Dccken's Bel.,, iu p 96
J^aniarius boyen, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6032.
^^stern Bace.-AduU male ftype of D. affinis). Above glossy blue-
black; scapulars also black, but some of them with concealed sub-
basal white patches on the inner web ; wings entirely black • upper
tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with narrow white 'ed^es •
lower hack and i-ump pure white and extraordinarily fluffy • lores'
feathers round the eye, and upper edge of car-coverts" black ; 'cheeks
andal he underparts of the body, including edge of wing and
basal half of the inner web of the quills pure white ; near the ed-e of
the wing a small patch of blackish under-coverts ; feathers of thi-hs
142
LANirn^.
white in front, tliose ou hinder aspect frequeutl)' with blackish bases ;
bill and feet black.
Female. Like the male, but with white lores and with the lower
back faintly tinged with silvery grey.
Hah. Eastern Africa.
Western Race. — Specimens from the Gaboon and Congo district
want the white subbasal markings on the scapulars; "feetleadea
grey, iris red" (Reichenow).
Measurements : — Total length about 6 inches.
Ouliuen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in.
c? . Zanzibar 0-8o 3-15 2-8 0-9
S . Zanzibar 0-85 315 27 0-9
? . Zanzibar 08 3-1 27 0-9
J . Gaboon 0-8 3-15 2-8 0'9
cJ . Gaboon 075 3'0 27 0-9
2 . Gaboon 070 2-95 2-6 0-9
a. [ c? ] ad. sk.
b. cJ ad. sk.
c. [ 2 ] imm. sk.
A. Eastern Race.
Zanzibar.
Zanzibar.
Zanzibar.
Baron Laugier.
of species.)
R. B. Sliarpe, Esq
Sir J. Kirk [C.].
(Type
$1 ad. sk.
cJ ] ad. sk.
(S 1 ad. sk.
i5J ad. sk.
cj ] ad. st.
B. Western Race.
River Danger, Gaboon.
Gaboon.
Gaboon.
Congo.
West Africa.
H. T. AnseU, Esq. [P.].
MM. Marcbe et De
Compiegne [C.].
Dr. Lucan [C.].
Pui'chased.
15, Dryoscopus hamatus.
Dryoscopus hamatus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 109; Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 460, cxvii.
Lauiarius hamatus, Graii, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6028 ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p." 350.
This bird, of which only one specimen is known (collected by
Capt. Speek at Uniamesi), is very similar to D. affinis, but differs
from it in two points : — The white colour is restricted to the rump,
and does not extend over the lower back ; the wing-coverts and
most of the quills are edged with white. "Above black, with a
certain steel gloss ; feathers of the rump long and silky white ;
all the underparts are pure white ; upper wing-coverts and quills,
the first and second excepted, are edged with white ; bill slender,
gradually compressed, notched and toothed ; bill and feet black.
Bill 0-8, wing 3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9 inch." (Hartlaub.)
Hah. Uniamesi.
10. DRYOSCOPUS. 143
1(>. Dryoscopus sabinei.
Thamnopliilus sabinei, J. E. dray, Znol. Mixc. i. p. 0.
Chaunonotiis sabiuei, J. E. Gray, Mug. Nat. Hist, new series, i.
p. 487 ; Jard. Il/mfr. Oni. iv. pi." 27 ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr.
pp. 113, 273; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 396, no. 6004; Sharpe, Ais,
1809, p. 190 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 48.
Hapaloloplius melanoleucus, Vcrr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 312 ;
Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 132.
Adult male. Head, neck, mantle, and nppcr tail-coverts glossy-
black, all tbe feathers with grey bases ; wings and tail entirely
black ; low(n" back and rump pure white, the feathers of the former
long and fluffy ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black
like the head ; cheeks and entire under surface of body pure white,
including the under wing-coverts ; quills blackish below, the inner
web broadly edged with white ; " bill bluish black ; feet lead-colour ;
iris Vermillion " (Hartl.). Total length 7 inches, culmeu 0-95, wing
3-35, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-9.
Adult female. General colour above, including the tail and the
upper tail-coverts, ochraceous brown ; the scapulars and least wing-
coverts uniform with the back ; greater series paler ; quills dark
brown, externally reddish ochre ; crown of head and naj^e light
grey, the ear-coverts also with white shaft-streaks; round the eye a
ring of huffy-white feathers ; those in front of the eye dusky grey ;
checks and whole under surface of body, under wing-coverts, axil-
laries, edge of wing, and inner web of quills deep rufous ochre, duller
on the flanks. Total length 6'o inches, culmcn U'9, wing 3'05,
tail 2-7, tarsiis 0-9.
Ohs. In the Museum collection there is an immature bird which
is otherwise like the adult male, but has some of the white feathers
of tlie back strongly washed with ochraceous, and the wing-coverts
and secondary (juills mixed with light-brown feathers.
Hah. West Africa.
a. cJ ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Capt. Sabine [P.].
(Type of species.)
b. c? imni. sk. Sierra Leone. Capt. Sabine [P.].
c. d,e. S 2 ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
f. S ad. sk. Enimill, Wassau, March R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
l872{BIissett).
g. 5 ad. sk. Accra {Haynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h. S ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
i. $ ad. sk. Congo. Dr. Lucau.
k. S ad. sk. Gaboon.
I. (S ad. st. West Africa. Purchased.
17. Dryoscopus atrialatus.
Dryoscopus atiialatus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 18.51, p. 246 ; Bj).
C. R. xxxviii. p. .535; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. Ill, note.
Laniarius atrialatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6024 ; Finsch ^•
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 350.
Generally similar to D. ajpn'ts, but is larger, being about the size
144 LAXIIDJE.
of D. gamhensis, and has the under wing-coverfcs black ; entire upper
surface, except the rump, deep black ; underparts and rump white ;
wings clear black, with no white edgings or tips to either quills or
coverts ; tail black, shafts of feathers white at base beneath ; bill
black : tarsi brown ; inferior wing-coverts black (white in D. affinis).
Total length 7^ inches, wing 4, tail S^. (Cassia, I.e.)
Hah. Eastern Africa ?
18. Dryoscopus salimae.
Drvoscopus affinis, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 825 (teste Fiiisch ^
Hartl).
Lauiarius orientalis (nee Swains, nee Gray), Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ost-
afr. p. :H51 {1870) tab. v. fig. 2.
Drvoscopus orientalis, Cah. in v. d. Dechen's Reis. iii. p. 25 (1869)
(Dryoscopus leucopsis, Cah. MS.).
Lauiai-ius salimfe, Finsch S,- Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 349, tab. v. fig. 3
(is probably the male of D. leucopsis, Cab.) ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. 1.
p. 397, no. 6033.
Drvoscopus salimse, Fischer ^- Reichenoxc, J.f. 0. 1878, p. 258 ; Fischer,
i. c. p. 274.
Dryoscopus leucopsis, Fischer, J. f. 0. 1878, p. 274 *.
Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, the scapiilars
pure white, the longer ones black on the inner web, forming a large
shoulder-patch ; least wing-coverts black, the median and greater
series edged with white ; quills black, very narrowly edged with
white, so that the primaries on their terminal half look almost
entirely black ; lower back and rump pure white, without any
terminal greyish tinge ; upper tail-coverts black ; tail-feathers black,
with very narrow whitish tips, the outer web of the outer pair very
narrowly edged with this colour : lores, feathers round the eye, and
upper edge of the car-coverts blue-black ; rest of the ear-coverts,
cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface pure white, including
the under wing-coverts and the edge of wing and the inner edge of
the quills, which are dusky black below ; near the edge of the
wino- below a small patch of blackish feathers ; " bill black, feet
blackish " (Finsch ^- Hartl.).
Adult fi-male. Differs from the male in having the lores white,
leaving a" black spot in front of the eye, and having the lower back
grey, with white terminal tips to some of the feathers, forming a
band across the rump ; shoulder-patch less distinct, the scapulars
being dull white, aU of them black on the inner web ; under sur-
face pure white.
* The following references I am unable to make out: —
Malaconotus orientalis, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 220 (1837).
And consequently also
Laniarius oi-ientalis, G. B. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 292.
Dryoscopus orientalis, Bp. C. A. p. 361 ; id. C. R. xxsviii. p. 534.
10. DRTOSCOPUS. 145
Measurements :— Total length G to 7 iuches.
Ciihnen. Wing Tail. Tarsus.
, ,, , !"■ ill- in. in.
(S ■ -Mombas Os 3-1 2-6 0-95
2 . Mombas 075 3-05 27 0-95
^- L^mo 0-8o 3-05 2-90 0-90
? ■ Lamo 0-80 305 2-90 090
Obs From specimens now in the Berlin Museum I have made
the following nofcs :— The type specimen of D. lexcopsis, Cab., was
obtamea by Baron v. rl. Decken near Zanzibar. Ft has the win--
coyerts totally black, the primary and secondary quills faintly edged
with whitish ; the lower back, rump, ear-coverts, cheeks, orbital
prteocular region, nostrils, and all the underparts are pure white ■
a small grey spot in front of the eye.
A nestling, obtained by Dr. Fischer near Malindi, June 9th is
pure white below, and aU the quills of the wings have broad whitish
margins ; supraorbital, loral, and auricular regions white
Another bird, marked by Dr. Fischer " fern, juv.," has the loral
region white, but with a faint greyish prffiocular spot.
An adult male (\Yitu : Fischer) has the loral region quite black,
lection _°'^'"° ""^''^ ^'■'^ ^"'^^'^ ^^^^ b^r^s i" Capt. Shelley's col-
Male, moulting (from ^ifombas, July 4, 1877 : Dr. Fischer)
V\ ings and their coverts entirely black, except the bases of the
inner webs, aU the older quiUs being visibly abraded and showin-
no white margins whatever ; scapulars white at base and outer web"
torming a conspicuous white shoulder-patch : iris red ; biU and
claws black ; feet leaden grey. Length of culmen 0-8 inch, wing 3
tail 2-b, tarsus 0-92.
AduU male (Lamo : J. Kirk). Like the specimen from Mombas
but the outer webs of the primaries are just visibly edged with
white, so that the wing, when closed, shows a whitish hue If we
compare this bird with the old bird in moult, mentioned above it
seems that the absence or presence of these narrow white mar-ins
in the male is only a question of age of the feathers.
Female (Lamo). Has the lower back, rump, and flanks washed
with grey ; white lores, with a black prteocular spot ; most of the
wing-coverts and quills are narrowly, the secondary quills and
median coverts somewhat more broadly, margined A^ith pure white
in ail these three specimens the under wing-coverts are pure
white, with the exception of those near the edge of the wing which
are blackish and form a small patch.
ffah. East Africa.
a, b c? 5 ad. sk. Mombas ( Wakefeld). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. TP '"l
c. A.a. SK, Dar-es-Salaam, near Messrs. Moir [CI.
Zanzibar.
146 LANIIDJE.
111. Lryoscopus gambensis*.
Lanius gambensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 48.
Malaconotus mollissimus, Sicains. B. IF. Afr. i. p. 240, pi. 2.3 (1837).
Ilapalopbiis gambeusis, Grai/ in ChnrJcsuwrtlis Ma;/. Nat. Hist, new
series, i. p. 490 ; Sundev. (Efoers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1849,
p._158.
Laniavius gambeusis. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 397,
no. 6020 ; Beichmo. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 24.
Dryoscopus gambensis, Bp. C. A. i. p. 360 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 110 ; id. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 172; Hartmann, op.cit. 1864, p. 149;
Shar2)e, Ibis, 1870, p. 55; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i, p. 456, iv.
p. cxvii ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48.
Dryoscopus cubla, Ilem/l. Si/st. Uehers. p. 34; Riipp. Syst. Uehers.
p. 62; Brehm, Reise >iach JIabesch, p. 314.
Malaconotus malzacii, Hetigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 34 {teste Ileuglin).
Adult male. Mantle and upper part of back, hind neck, and head
above blue-black ; the lower back and rump grey, with white bases
to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail black ; scapulars greyish
white, with dusky blackish inner webs ; least wing-coverts blackish
brown, edged with grey ; median and greater series black, with broad
greyish-white edgings ; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown,
narrowly bordered with white, broader on the secondaries ; lores,
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks and under
surface of .body white, slightly shaded with grey on the flanks ;
thighs white ; under wing-coverts, edge of wing, and inner margin
of the quills below white; smaller imder wing-coverts ashy brown,
like the quills imderueath ; " bill black or lead-blue, with a horny
black tip ; feet lead-colour ; iris vermilion " (JlengUn). Total
length 6-7 to 7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-6, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-95.
Adult female. Different from the male. Above ashy brown, the
head, nape, and sides of face grey, with white shaft-streaks to the
ear-coverts ; lores dull white ; wing-coverts edged with whitish or
sandy buff ; quills brown, edged with sandy colour, deeper on the
secondaries ; tail brown, with narrow lighter-brown edges ; cheeks
and under surface of body reddish ochraceous, rather lighter on the
abdomen and i;nder tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts reddish ochre,
as also the broad edge to the inner webs of the quills. Wing 3-5
inches, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-95.
* Dryoscopus cinerascens.
Dryoscopus cinerascens, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1880, p. 212.
Adidtmale. General colour above fuscous grey, soniewbat darker on the head,
which is marked with a few indistinct dark streaks ; lower back paler and more
grey ; tail and primary quills uniform brown, the inner margin of the latter
whitish ; wing-coverts fuscous, the lesser and greater ones margined with white
externally ; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white ; breast, middle
of abdomen, and under wing-coverts wliitish, waslied with fulvous ; feet and bill
leaden blue, the tip and the edges of the latter whitish , iris orange. Wing
3'5 inches, tail 3, tarsus 0-85. Only one specimen known {Mus. Brem.).
Hah. Lado, Sudan.
Ohs. This specimen, although described as an adult male, is very probably
either the female or the immature male of D. gavdjcnsis.
10. DRYOSCOPUS. 147
Young male. Intermediate between the adult male and female.
Head and mantle and hind neck dark brown ; quills brown ; the
white edges of the quills and the wing-coverts strongly suffused
with ochraceous yellow ; tail brownish bhick ; body below white,
washed with pale ochraceous ; lores whitish.
Younff female. More like the adult female, but generally paler
and more indistinctly coloured. Back paler grey, and brownish ;
tail brown ; under surface of body strongly washed with ochraceous.
Uah. West Africa and North-east Africa.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
F. Nicholson, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Dr. Lucan [C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
W.T.Blanford,Esq. [C.l.
W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.J.
F. D. Crodmau and O. Sal-
via, Esqrs. [P.].
20. Dryoscopus thamnophilus.
Dryoscopus thamnophilus, Cab. in v. d. Deckens Reis. iii. p. 26, t. vjii.
(1869) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Yog. Ostafr. p. 358 (1870).
Laniarius thamnophilus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6035.
Very similar to, and perhaps identical with, D. gamhensis.
General colour grey, palest on the rump, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts ; centre of crown blackish ; wings and wing-coverts
black, tipped or edged with white, especially the greater coverts ;
centre of back slightly mottled with dingy white and blackish ;
tail-feathers black, the three outer pairs with narrow white tips.
Length of culmen 0-8 inch, wing 2"9, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9.
Prof. Cabanis thinks that this specimen is an immature male ; and
he suggested to me Madagascar as its possible home. Finsch and
Hartlaiib are wrong in declaring this bird to be an American
Thamnopliilus. The bill, it is true, is slightly more compressed
than in the most typical forms of Dryoscopus ; but the bill in this
genus is subject to considerable variation in shape and size, as
may bo proved by the examination of a series of D. cuhla alone.
Moreover the bird in question has a well-developed first primary,
as in the other species of Dri/oscopus, and its tarsus is covered behind
with one long scutum, whilst in Thamnophilus the tarsus is covered
in front and behind with transverse scales. I fail to understand
l2
a.
2 ad. St.
West Africa.
b,
c,d. (S 2ad.sk.
River Gambia.
e.
d" ad. sk.
Sierra Leone (Fraser).
f.
(S ad. sk.
Fantee.
9-
c? ad. sk.
Ashantee.
h.
2 ad. sk.
River Volta, Aug. 1870
(Ussher).
i.
(S ad. sk.
Aheokuta.
k.
S ad. sk.
River Niger (Baikie).
h
m. S 2 ^^- sk.
Landana, Congo.
H.
S imm. sk.
Quilombo, Angola {A.
Heath).
O.
6 ad. ; p. c?
Bejook, Bogos, .July 16,
juv. sk.
1868 [Jesse).
9>
r. c? .juv. sk.
Bogos Land (Eskr).
s.
(S ad. sk.
Anseba valley, July 1868.
t.
Juv. sk.
Anseha vallev, JulV 1868.
n.
S ad. sk.
Maragaz, July 27, 1868
(W.Jesse).
148 LANIID.I:.
how, with this important character, Finsch and Hartlaub coukl say
that, after closer examination, all the generic characters are decidedly
more in favour of TJiamnophilus than of any other group of the
genus Laniarius i^Dryoscopus).
21. Dryoscopus cubla.
A. Larger Race.
Le Cubla, Levaill. Ois. cTAfr. ii. pi. 72; Sund. Krit. Framst.,Levaill.
p. 32.
Lanius cubla, Shaw, Gen. Zool. yii. p. .328 ; Licht. Verz. Doiibl.
p.4S.
Dryoscopus cubla, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 973; Bp. Comp. i. p. 360; id.
C. a. xxxviii. p. 534 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 68 ; Strickl. Edinh. Neto
Phil. Journ. ii. p. 243 ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. i.
p. 173; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 10; Gumey, Ibis, 1862, p. 31 ; id.
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 146; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48;
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 376 ; Shelley, op. cif. 1875, p. 76 ; Reichnw.
J.f. 0. 1877, p. 24; Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 400.
Malaconotus similis, Swaiiis. (nee Smith), Two Cent, and a Quarter,
p. 342 (1838, 2 ofl). cubla, Boie).
Hapalolopbus cubla. Gray in Charlesic. Mag. i. p. 489 (1837).
Lauiarius cubla, Grar/, Gen. B. i. p. 299 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 163 ;
Sperlinc/, Ibis, 1808, p. 290 ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 345 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 397, no. 6018; Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S.
Afr. p. 392.
Dryoscopus orientalis, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 180.
Thamnopbilus leucopygus, Later. Ann. Lye. K.Y. viii. p. 401, teste
Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 316.
B. Smaller Race.
Dryoscopus cubla {non Shaw), Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 44, 1874,
p. 38, 1876, pp. 151 & 253, 1877, p. 67 ; Gumey, in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 146; Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 714; Bocage, Orn.
d Angola, p. 227.
Lauiarius cubla, Finsch §■ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 345 ; Bocage, Jorn.
Lisb. 1874, p. 56.
Dryoscopus sp., Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1872, p. 67, & 1873, p. 197.
A. Larger Race.
Adult male. Head, hind neck, mantle, and upper part of the back
blue-black ; the rump and lower back extremely Huffy, pure white
except the tips of the feathers, which generally show a slight tinge
of grey ; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outer tail-feathers with
slight whitish tips ; scapulars black, the whole outer webs white ; least
wiug-coverts and primary- coverts black, the median series tipped and
the greater series edged and tipped with white ; quills black, nar-
rowl}' edged with white ; lores, feathers round the eye, and upper
edge of ear-coverts black ; cheeks, rest of ear-coverts, and the entire
under surface of body greyish white, the grey shade always strongly
marked ; thighs grey, with dusky bases to the feathers ; flanks
silvery grey ; edge of wing and under wing-coverts pure white,
with a small patch of black feathers ; quills ashy below, with white
10. DRY'OSCOPDS. 149
edgings to the inner web ; " bill black ; feet lead-colour ; iris
fuscous " {Finsch „^ 1 t'i 1. . .T, -K. l3. bharpe, Esq.
/*. d ad. sk. Eland s river, Transvaal. W. E. & C. G. Gates, Esqrs.
i. d ad. sk. Crocodile river, Trans- W. E. & C. G. Gates, Esqrs
vaal. rp -| ' i
■k,l. d ad. sk. Tati (F. Oates). W. E.& C. G. Gates, Esqrs.
m. S ad. St. Tati {F. Oates). W^ E^& C. G. Oates, Esqrs.
n. Ad. sk. Shoshong, Makalapsi W. E.'& C. G. Oates, Esqrs
river. rp -] > i "
0. $ ad. sk. Otjimbiuque, Damara R. B.' Sharpe, Esq
Land, May 30, 1866 ^'
(C. J. Anderssoti).
p. 5ad.sk. *^*g"iq"e' J'™- 12, R.B. Sharpe, Esq.
!?. Juv.sk. ^^fiji^i-WWApril 5, R.B. Sharpe, Esq.
3. Laniarius atrocroceus.
Laniarius atrocroceus, Trmen, P. Z. S. 1880, p G-'S pi ht
Lanianus atncroceus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr.'^. 300.'
All the underparts of the body rich orange-yellow, in every other
respect exactly like L atrococcineus ; "biirand feet black; iris
avender " (A F.Bracshaw). Length of culmen 0-8, wing 3-5
tail 3-'J, tarsus l-2o inch. & " ">
(MmCa''^)'' '1''''™'''' "^^^ obtained on the Upper Limpopo river
4. Laniarius barbarus.
La Pie-grieche roiige du Senegal, ftvks. Orn. ii. p. 185, pi. 17 fi^ 2
Lanius barbarus, Liim. S. N. i. p. 1:]T. ' ^ ' ■ "g. ^.
Pie-giieche du Senegal, ^«/. P/. Etil. no. o6.
154 LANIID^.
Le Gonolek, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 78, pi. 69 ; Sundev. Krit. Framst.,
LevaiU. p. 31.
Laniarius bavbanis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. (TSisi. Nat. xv. p. 298 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 298 ; 13p. Consp. i. p. 359 ; Hm-fl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 107 ; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 171 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 396,
no. 0009; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 190; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 48;
Shel/e;/ S,- Buckle,/, Ibis, 1872, p. 288 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 64.
Tchao:i'a bavbanis. Less. Traite, p. 373.
Malacouotus barbarus, Swains. Zool. Ilkistr. 2nd series, ii. pi. 71 ;
id. B. W. Afr. i. p. 243, pi. 29 ; Gordon, Contr. Om. 1850, p. 8 ;
Cab. Mus. mill. i. p. 69.
Adult. General colour above glossy black, the feathers greyish at
base ; louver back and rump mottled with white subterminal spots
on the feathers ; wings and tail black ; crown of head and nape
dull yellow, brighter above the eye ; lores, feathers round the eye,
ear-coverts, and sides of neck glossy black : cheeks and entire under
surface of body scarlet ; thighs and under tail-coverts pale fawn-
brown ; under wing-coverts black, as also the under surface of the
wings ; bill black. Total length 8-S inches, culmeu 0-9, wing 4-25,
tail 4-4, tarsus 1"3.
Toung. Coloured like the adult but duller, the feathers of the
back and the wing-coverts edged with pale ochraceous brown ;
under surface light ochraceous brown, mottled with duskj' cross
bars ; many of the scarlet feathers tipped with whitish.
Hah. "West Africa.
a. Ad. sk Senegal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
b. Pull. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
c. Ad. sk. Faiitee. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
d. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.
e. Juv. sk. Denkera {Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
/. Ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
{Vsshe)-).
5. Laniarius erythrogaster,
Lanius eiythrog aster, Cretzschm. in Siipp, Atl. pi. 29 (1826).
Laniarius erytlirogaster, Riipp, Syst. Uehers. p. 228 ; DesMurs, in Le-
febv. Vol). Abyss., Ois. p. 98 ; Vierth. Nauin. 1852, i. p. 33 ; Brehm,
'J.f. 0. 1856, p. 481 ; Heiigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 34 ; id. J./. 0. 1862,
p. 294, 1863, p. 270 ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 53 ; Guriiei/, Ibis,
1868, p. 160 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 396, no. 6012 ; Finsch 8f
Hartl. Toy. Ostafr. p. 354.
Malaconotus wernei, Cub. Mus. Hein. i. p. 69, note ; Werne, Reise
in Tahah, p. 265.
Malacouotus ervthrogastra, Licht. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Brehm, Habesch,
p. 312, note {id. Thierl. ii. p. 704.
Laniarius chrysogaster, Bp. C. A. i. p. 360.
Dryoscopus erj'throgaster, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. pp. 463, cxvii.
Adult. General colour above glossy black, all the feathers of the
rurap greyish white with black edges ; the scapulars also with
concealed whitish bases ; wings and tail black ; cheeks and breast
brilliant scarlet; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
11. LANlARItrs. 155
ochraceous buff; under wing-coverts black ; "bill black, feet lead-
colour ; iris pale yellow " (Hew/lin). Total length 8-3 inches, cul-
men 0-!), wing 4"1, tail -i'l, tarsus 1'35.
Bab. Xorth-eastern Africa.
a. Ad. sk. White Nile. Sir Samuel Baker [P.].
b. Ad. sk. "White Nile (Mus. Holm.). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
c. (^ ad. sk. Abyssinia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
6. Laniarius hypopyrrhus.
Vanga cruenta, Less, in Belanger Voy. hide, p. 25G ; id. Cent. Zool.
pi. 05 {nee Hempr. Sf- Ehrenh.).
Laniarius cruentus, Bj). Consp. i. p. 360 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 109; Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. I;i69, p. 53; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861,
p. 172.
Harcolestes hypopyrrhus, /. et E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
1855, p. 419 cnee Hartl).
Laniarius hypopp-rhus, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 611 (nee Hartl.).
AduU. Head and neck blue-grey, as also the sides of the face ;
lores, eyebrows, and a ring round the eye white ; back rich olive-
green, the wing-coverts green like the back ; bastard-wing and pri-
mary coverts blackish on their inner webs ; quills black, externally
olive-green, the secondaries with conspicuous yellow tips and having
a subterminal bar of black ; aU the tail-feathers olive-green, tipped
with yellow, with a rather broad subterminal bar of black right
across the tail ; under surface of body gamboge-yellow, strongly
washed with bright scarlet on the throat and breast ; lower abdo-
men, thighs, under tail-coverts, and edge of wing gamboge-yellow ;
flanks olive-green, slightly streaked with scarlet ; under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow, Hke the edge of the inner web of the quills,
which are dusky brown below; " bill black ; iris grey " (CVossZe^).
Total length 9 to 10 inches.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsiis.
in.
1-3
1-25
1-4
M. J. Ven-eaux.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Eyton Collection.
7. Laniarius poliocMamys. (Plate III.)
Laniarius hj-popvi-rhus, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49 (nee Verr.) ; id.
Ibis, 1872, p. 71 ; Ussher, op. cit. 1874, p. 64.
Adult. Very similar to L. 7ii/pop>jrrhv.s, but distinguished by the
blue-grey colour of tlie head and neck extending over the whole
in.
1-2
in.
4-2
m.
4-4
11
4-25
4-3
1-2
4-4
4-4
Hal
>. Gaboon and Camaroons.
Ad.
St.
Gaboon.
Ad.
sk.
Gaboon.
Ad.
sk.
Camaroon mountains
(A. Crossley).
Ad.
sk.
W^. Africa.
156 LANIIDiE.
mantle, this part being green in the last-mentioned bird. Besides
this the primary wing-coyerts of L. j_wUochlam)/s arc almost entirely
black like the bastard quill ; the subterminal black bars on the
secondary quills are very strongly developed ; the tail is more
greenish olive than olive-green ; bill black. Total length 9 to 10
inches.
Culmeu. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
1-2 4-5 4-5 1-35
1-15 4a 4-4 1-3
Ilab. Gold Coast.
a, h. Ad. sk. Fantee (Aubinri). R. B. Sliarpe, E.sq.
c. Ad. sk. Fautee ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, E,-q.
8. Laniarius poliocephalus.
La Pie-grieche Blanchot, Lemill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 122, pi. 28-5 ; Sitn-
dev. Krit. Framd., Levaill. p. 55.
Lanius olivaceus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Sist. Nat. xxvi. p. 135 (nee
Shaw) ; id. Gal. Ois. pi. 139.
Jjauius poliocephalus, LicM. Verz. Bouhl. p. 45.
Malaconotus blanchoti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 161.
Vanga ictera, Ciivier, Regne Animal, 1829, p. 352 (ex Levaill.) ; Less.
Traite dOrn. p. 346.
Malacouotus olivaceus, Sivains. B. TV. Afr. i. p. 237, pi. 22 ; Riipp.
Syst. Uebers. p. 02.
Malaconotus hypopyrrhus, Hartl. Verz. Brem. Samml. p. 61.
Laniarius icterus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. .360 ;
Hartl. Orn. TV.-Afr. p. 110; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 172 ; Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 164 ; Sharjje, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 148, pi. 13. fig. 2 ; Shel-
ley, 'His, 1877, p. 76.
Laniarius hypopyrrhiis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 299 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 360.
Archolestes icterus. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 71.
Archolestes hypopyrrhus, Cab. t. c. p. 71 ; id. in von der Decken^s
Jteisen, iii. p. 27.
Malacouotus poliocephalus, LicM. Nomencl. p. 12.
Malaconotus icterus, Heuyl. Syst. Uehers. p. 34.
Archolestes approximaus, Cab. in von der Decken's Reisen, iii. p. 27.
Laniarius olivaceus, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49.
Meristes olivaceus, Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 361 ; Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. pp. 466, cxviii ; Bocage, Orn. d' Angola, p. 235.
Laniarius poliocephalus, Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 387.
Adult. General colour above pale yellowish green ; wing-coverts,
the whole tail, and the outer webs of the secondary quills of the
same colour as the back, and every feather tipped with pale yellow ;
inner web of quiUs brownish ; outer web of the primaries broadly
edged with yellow ; upper tail- coverts greenish, with yellowish tips ;
head, neck, and ear-coverts bluish grey; a large loral spot and
a very narrow ring round the eye white ; the whole under surface
sulphur-yellow, more or less strongly washed with orange on the
chest and upper breast ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, edge of wing,
and a broad margin on the inner web of the quills pale sulphur-
yellow ; thighs greenish yellow or yellow ; bill black ; feet ashy
11, LANIARItlS. 157
iris j-ellowish orange {Heuglin), bright yellow (KirJc). Total length
'J'S inches, cnlmen 1'15, wing 4-8, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-5.
Obs. According to von Heuglin specimens from North-eastern
Africa never have the breast washed with orange ; the only specimen
from Abyssinia in the British-Museum collection, labelled a female,
agrees with the above remark, whilst bho specimens from Natal and
South-eastern Africa have the chest deeply coloured with orange ;
specimens from Western Africa are intermediate.
ffdb. N.E. Africa ; Western Africa, from Senegambia to the
Niger ; iS.E. Africa, Natal to the Zambesi.
a, b. Ad. St. S.E. Africa. G. Campbell, Esq. [P.].
c. Ad. sk. Natal. E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Sir J. Kirh). Livingstone Expedition
[C.].
c. Ad. sk. Makalaka country. Dr. 11. F. Bradsbaw[C.].
/. Ad. sk. Mombasa. " Rev. E. A. Buxton [P.].
g. 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia, June 2. R. B. Sharps, Esq.
h. Ad. sk. River Niger (Baikie). R. B. Sharps, Esq.
i. Ad. sk. Casamanzs. R. B. Sharps, Esq.
k. Ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
/. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Purchased.
Subsp. a. Laniarius monteiri.
Laniarius monteiri, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 145, pi. xiii. fig. 1 ;
Ileuffl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. cxviii, note.
Msristss monteiri, Bocage, Orn. d^ Angola, p. 235, note.
Adult female (type of species). Entire head and neck bluish grey ;
back and scapulars rich olive-green, the feathers of the upper tail-
coverts margined with yellow ; wing-coverts whitish yellow at
the tips ; quills black, margined externally with rich olive-green,
some of the primiiries being edged with whitish yellow, the inner-
most secondaries broadly tipped with a bar of the latter colour ; tail
olive-green, tipped with yellow ; lores, feathers round the eye, a
broad superciliary sti'ipe, a spot behind the ear-coverts and on the
sides of the neck pure white ; entire under surface rich lemon-
yellow ; " bill black ; feet leaden blue ; iris white." Total length
9 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 4-2, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-25.
Obs. This race may be distinguished from L. poUocephalus by
the very broad superciliary stripe and the white spot behind the ear-
coverts and on the sides of the neck. The very strongly bent and
hooked and therefore apparently fully-grown bill speaks against this
specimen being a young one, as was supposed by von Heuglin.
a. 2 ad. sk. Loando, Rio Dande, April 28, J. J. Mouteiro, Esq.
1869 (S(da). (Type of species.)
9. Laniarius melanothorax. (Plate lY.)
Laniarius nigrithorax, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 417 ; id. op. cit. 1872,
p. 71.
Laniarius melanothorax, Sharpe, Ibis, 1881, p. 605 (nomen emend.).
158 laxiid-t;.
Adult (type of species). Head, neck, and mantle and upper part
of back grey, lighter on the fore part of the crown adjoining the
black forehead ; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
olive-green, the latter with brighter yellow tips ; wing-coverts green
like the back, with yellow tips to the greater scries ; quills black ou
the inner web, olive-green externally, very plainly tipped with yel-
low ; tail-feathers olive-green, with broad tips of deep orange, the
inner webs of some of the feathers shaded with black : forehead, sides
of face, eyebrow, entire throat and chest glossy black ; remainder of
under sui'facc bright orange-red, the sides of the body yellowish
green ; under wing-coverts and inner lining of the quills bright
yellow ; biU black. Total length 7'6 inches, culmen 0*75, wing '6-9,
tail 3'S, tarsus 1.
Hab. Gold Coast.
a. Ad. sk. Accra. (Capt. Hai/nes). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. (Type
of species.)
10. Laniarius nmlticolor.
Varied Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ii. p. 53.
Laniarius multicolor, Grai^, Gen. B. i. p. 299, pi. 72 ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 3G0 ; Cass. Br. Bhilad. Acad. 1855, p. 439 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 108 ; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 172 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 48 ;
Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. G4.
Adult male (type of species). Head, neck, and mantle light blue-
grey ; a frontal line, lores, feathers above and below the eye, and
the ear- coverts black ; between this black and the grey is a stripe
of white along the forehead and over the eye ; back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts olive-green, as also the wing-coverts ; quills
blackish, externally olive-green, edged with yellow along the inner
webs ; all the quills tipped with pale yellow on the outer web, the
secondaries more broadly ; the innermost of the latter are green,
tipped with yellow ; tail olive-green, broadly tipped with orange-
yellow, with a subterminal shade of blackish brown ; cheeks, throat,
and fore neck scarlet ; the rest of the under surface of the body bright
yellow, washed with scarlet on the breast and with orange on the
under tail-coverts ; flanks somewhat washed with greenish ; thighs
and under wing-coverts yellow ; quills blackish below, internally
edged with yellow ; bill black ; feet fleshy brown in the skin.
Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-1, tail 3-6, tarsus 1.
Very old males have the tail tipped with orange-red, and the crown
of the head is greyish white, becoming almost pure white near the
black of the forehead.
Adult female (?). Differs from the male in having the throat and
chest vermilion instead of scarlet, but chiefly in having the lores and
sides of face grey like the mantle, without any black facial mark or
appearance of an ej^ebrow.
Obs. Two other specimens, probably very old birds (one from the
Camaroon mountains, the other one from Yancoomassie), are like
11. LANIAEirS.
159
the adult male, but hare the tail-feathers largely tipped with pure
yellow, and the whole body below is brilliant orange ; forehead
lores, and ear-coverts deep black. '
Hah. West Africa.
i] Th ■ ?■ S''f -^^"'="- (Typ« «f species.)
Jlad.sk Fantee. _ R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
djjuv.sk. lancoomassie, Dec. 1871 Cir. F. R. B. Sharpe Esq
Blmett). i' > 4-
rf. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Denkera Dec. 1871 ( W. F. K. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e^f. [6 ] ad sk. Accra {Capt. Haynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
9- V6 ] ad. sk. Gamaroon mountains {Crossleij). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
11. Laniarius sulfureipectus.
Yellow-browed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ii. p. 66
Tchag-ra sulfureopeetus, Less. Traite, p. 373.
Malacouotus similis, Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr., Aup. p. 44 inec
&«....) ; ^d. niustr. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 46 ; W%£ Ueb^.
Malaconotus superciliosus, Swains. B. W. Afr. p '>39
Malaconotus chrysogaster, Siuains. B. W. Afr. v. 2U nl ^i • 7?»vn
Malaconotus aurantiopectus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839 p 101
Malaconotus affiuis, Less. Echo du Monde Sav 1844 p 1164
LaJiianussimilis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298 ; Bp. Consp.ir>. S.jQ • Ant in
Ccd.Jescr.^ Lee. p. 54; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. im- Shelley, Lhis,
15/ O, p. / / . ./; >
Laniarius superciliosus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298: Bv Con^n i
p. 360; Hartl. Orn. TF.-Afr. -p. 108 ^ ' ^ ^^ '•
Chlorophoneus simUis, e«5.-Ji,«. Jem. Th. i. p. 71 ; Gurney in
Anderss. B. Datn. Ld. p. 148. *'
Malaconotu^^sulplaureopectus, Jard. Edinb. New Fhilos. Jutirn. iii.
Chlorophoneus sidfureipectus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 534; Bocaae,
Orn. Ant/ola, p. 234. •' '
^Tseap.lgo'"""'^""' ^'"'^^' ^''"- ^■"^^''- p- ^^'' '^'«'^*'' ^^'*'
Laniarius modestus, Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 151- ,V/ r f O 187fi
p. 415 ; f/,w/, Hand-l. B. i. p. .396, no. 6013. ' ' ' '
Dry oscopus sidfureipectus, Henyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.\. xsx,. A.U cxrai
Telophorus simd:s, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 398, no. C047 '
Telophorus superciliosus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. .398 no' 6050
Lanianus sidfineipectus, Sharpe, Lbis. 1869, p. 190 ; Finsch & 'Hartl
V 'i 7 ' J- ^' .^"^''^%. <• ^- P- 376; Sharpe 4 Bourier, Bull
Soc.Zool. f ranee, i. p. 46; Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 24; Sharne
cd. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 384. ' ' P "* - '^nwpe,
Adult male. Crown of the head, hind neck, sides of neck, and mantle
blue-grey ; back, scapulars, and outer web of the wing-coverts and
quills 3-eUowish green ; the wing-coverts and the quills tipped with
pale yeUow, the inner webs of the latter grevish brown ; upper tail-
100 T,AXirB.i-:.
coverts and tail like the back, but more inclining to greenish orange ;
ever}' tail-feather broadly tipped with pale orange, which colour
extends on the edge of the inner web almost to the base of the tail ;
forehead and the superciliary region bright yellow ; lores, region
behind the eye, and ear-coverts black ; chin, cheeks, and the entire
under surface of the body bright yellow, the chest washed with
orange ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and inner edge of quills sul-
phur-yellow ; under surface of quiUs dark brownish ; thighs yellow ;
bill and feet black. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-45,
tail 3-5, tarsus 0"95.
Adult female. Like the male ; but the lores and ear-coverts are grey
instead of black, and the yellow of the head extends only over the
adjacent part of the forehead.
Young. Similar to the adult male, but without yellow on the
forehead or eyebrow ; underneath very pale yellow, the breast
marked with dusky cross bars ; wing-coverts tipped with light
yellow, the quills broadly edged and tipped with this colour ; ear-
coverts grey, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks.
Hub. Whole of the Ethiopian region.
a, b. 5 ad. sk. Africa. F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
West Africa. Purchased.
Senegal.
Eiver Gambia. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
River Gambia. Purchased.
Fantee. F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Fantee ( UssJier). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Accra {Haynes). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Accra (Smith). R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
Cunene river (C J. An- R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
dersson).
m, n. 5 ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Livingstone Expedition
Kirk). [0.].
0. S ad. sk. Motloutsi {F. Oates), W. E. & C. G. Gates,
Oct. 15, 1873. Esqrs. [P.].
p. $ juv. sk. South Africa. South- African Museum.
(Type of M. similis.)
12. Laniarius rubiginosus.
L'OHva, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. ii. pi. 75. fig. 2 (nee pi. 75. fig. 1) ;
Sundev. Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 32.
Malaconotus rubitfinosus, Sundev. (Efcers.K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh.
1850, p. 106 ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 534 ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 10.
Laniarius rubiginosus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359 ; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr.
p. 164 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49 ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1876, p. 430 ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard B. S. Afr. p. 383.
Chlorophoneus rubiginosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 70.
Telephorus rubiginosus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6046.
Adult male. General colour above, including the upper tail-coverts
and the outer webs of the quills and wing-coverts olive-greon ;
c.
'"o'^'^ "'"ti green, the
The sexes are alike in plumage
slioTn V ^l ^S' ''"^^' 'P\'^"'" ^^°" Benguela the grey colonr extend,
slightly fnrther over the mantle and scapulars • tbo flnnl = 7
i/«6. Southern Africa.
«. Ad.st. South Africa.
7 * J 1 (1. L. Atmore). ^
h. Ad. .^k. Natal. P rt qi
/ Juv sk TT 1 1 o . . ^'^^ "■ '^"'ii'pe, Esq.
Ju\ . feh. Hykomkap, Swakop river, E. B. Sharps Eso
A;. Imm. sk. Hykomkap, April 16, 1865 R. B. Shaii^e, Esq
, {Andersson). ^ ' ^
I. Ad. sk. WalvischBay Damara Laud B. B. Sharpe, Esq
'«■ Ad. sk. Cirio Bay, 13° S. L. J, j. Monteiro, Esq. [C.].
m2
ICA
15. Laniarius quadricolor.
Laniarius gutturalis, Haiil. Fnitn. West.nfr. Kilstcnl. I860, pp. 27
46 {nee jDaiid., nee Miill.) ; id. Oni. IV.'-Afr. p. 108, note.
Teleplionus guttiu-alis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 70 {nee Dawl.).
Laniarius quadricolor, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1851, p. 245 ; Sunder.
Krit. Framst., Leraill. p. 56 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 210 ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 165 ; Fi7iseh ^ Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 355 ; Sharpe,
Cat. Afr. £. p. 49 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 77 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' s
B. S.Afr.Y- 381, pi. 11.
Malaconotus viridis, Licht. Numend. Av. p. 12.
Pelicinius quadricolor, Bp. C. It. xxxviii. p. 5.34.
Laniarius gutturalis, var., Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xviii.
p. 321.
Adult male. Crown of the head, hind neck, the whole back and
the upper tail-coverts, the outer webs of the wing-coverts, and the
quills uniform green ; inner web of quills blackish ; tail deep black
above and below, but the basal half of the central pair strongly
washed with green ; forehead orange-yellow ; lores and a stripe
below the eye and on the lower margin of the green ear-coverts
deep black ; this stripe on the sides of the neck passes into a broad
and very distinct black crescent on the chest ; chin, cheeks, and the
whole throat scarlet ; remainder of the under surface of the body
gamboge-yellow, the upper part of the breast and the under tail-
coverts washed with orange-red ; sides of breast, flanks, and thighs
pale green ; under wing-coverts greenish ; quills below greyish ;
" bill black ; legs and claws horny brown " (Flnsch ^ Hartl.).
Total length 7"5 inches, eulmen 0*75, wing 3-2, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-1.
Adult female. All the underparts are green ; the tail uniform
olive-green ; the head wanting the black loral and lateral stripes,
the black crescent being likewise absent ; throat vermilion ; re-
mainder of the underparts of the body olive-yellow ; under tail-
coverts dull yellow ; sides of breast and flanks green ; the black
collar on the chest of the male is represented merely by a few
blackish tips on some of the feathers (not a sign of moulting) ; " bill
and feet brown ; lower mandible paler."
Youw/. The young male is like the adult female ; but the central
pair of the tail-feathers and the outer webs of the other pairs are
more or less green ; black crescent absent ; throat yellow, with
scarlet tips to the feathers, rest of the body below green, more
yellow in the middle line. The ^/owncz/emaZe resembles the young
male, but has the whole tail olive-green.
Hah. South-eastern Africa.
a,b. c? 5 ^^- st- Natal. Purchased.
e. [ 2 ] juv. sk. Natal. Sir Andrew Smith [P.].
d f cT 1 juv. sk. Natal. Purchased.
e. [5 J juv. sk. Natal. R B. Sharpe, Esq.
/. cJ ad. sk. Natal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
g. c? ad. sk. Transvaal (Ay res). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h. S ad. sk. Island of Mombasa. J. Hildebrandt [C.].
12. NICATOR. 165
16. Laniarius viridis.
La Pie-grieche Perrin, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 124, pi. 286 ; Sunclev.
Krit. Framst., Levaill. p. 50.
Lanius gutturalis, Duml. Ann. Mus. iii. p. 144, pi. 15 {nee Miiller) ;
Shaio 8i' Noclder, JS'at. Misc. xvi. pi. 637.
Laniarius viridis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'J£ist. Nat. xiii. p. 300; id. Gal.
Ois. i. pi. 14:5.
Tc-liagra gutturalis, Less. Traite, p. 373.
Laniarius gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298 ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 108 ; Sharpe ^ Boiw. Bxdl. Soc. Zuol. France, i. p. 46 ; Heichnw.
J.f. O. 1877, p. 24.
Pelicinius gutturalis, Bp. C. JR. xxxviii. p. 534.
Malaconotus gutturalis, Stindev. Krit. Fratnst., Levail. p. 56.
Telephorus viridis, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 398, no. 6044.
Chloropboueus gutturalis, Bocage, Orn. d" Angola, p. 233.
Adult male. General colour above and wings uniform green ;
tail entirely deep black ; forehead and superciliary region orange ;
lores and stripe along the sides of the neck black, passing gradually
into a very distinct black crescent ; chin, cheeks, and throat deep
crimson-colour ; on the upper part of the breast the black crescent
is followed by another narrower crimson crescent ; sides of breast,
flanks, and thighs rich green ; middle line of the breast and tho
whole abdomen chestnut-brown, basal half of the feathers yellowish ;
under tail-coverts maroon-colour ; " bill black." Total length 7'8
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-25, tail 3-4, tarsus 1*12.
Hah. South-western Africa.
a. (S ad. sk. Landana, Congo. Dr. Lucau and M. Petit [C],
12. NICATOR.
Type.
Nicator, Finsch S,- Ilartl. Frig. Ostafr. p. 359 (1870) N. cbloris.
Head of Nicator gidaris.
Bill like that of Laniarius, but much more slender. Nostrils in a
coriaceous groove, semilunar, with a very clearly developed oper-
culum, partly exposed ; nasal and rictal bristles present. First pri-
mary about two thirds of the next one, which is very short : tip of
wing formed by fifth, sixth (seventh) primaries ; outer secondaries
rather long. Tail rounded and slightly longer than wing. Tarsus
covered with many transverse scales ; the two proximal phalanges
of the fourth toe united with the third toe. Plumage greenish and
yellow, with light yellow spots to the tips of all the wing-coverts
and secondaries. Length of wing about 4 inches.
Range. Africa
16G
1. Nicator chloris*.
Tchagra chloris, ie.-js. Traite d'Orn. p. 373 (1831).
Laniiis chloris, Valenc. Diet. Sc. N. xl. p. 220; Less. Compl. Buff. vii.
p. 432; Pucher. Arch. 3Ius. vii. p. 325.
Laniarius peli. Bp. Consp. i. p. 360; Ilartl. Orn. TF.-^A". pp. 109,
273; id. J. f. O. 1855, p. 358, 1861, p. 172.
Trichophorus chloris, Ilartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 25.
Ixoiiotiis chloris, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 533 (1854).
Laniarius lepidus, Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 327.
Nicntor chloris, Finsch Sf Ilartl. Vd(j. Ostafr. p. 360 (1870);
Sliarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 49; id. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 611 ; Ussher, Ibis,
1874, p. G4 ; 'Reichmv. J. f. O. 1877, p. 24 ; Boc. Orn. d'Anff.
pp. 236, 550.
Laniarius chloris, Grai/, Iland-l. B. i. p. .396, no. 6014; Sharpe, Ibis,
1870, p. 55; Cass. Pr. Phi/ad. Acad. 1859, p. 63; Ilartl. J.f. O.
1861, p. 172.
Adult. General colour above and head olive-green, more inclining
to yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverfcs : wings brown, all the
feathers edged with olive and yellow, all the wing-coverts and most
of the quills with a whitish-yellow spot at the tip ; tail yellowish
green, tipped with brighter yellow ; sides of face olive-yellow,
brighter than the head ; round the eye a ring of bright yellow
plumes ; lores dingy grey ; in front of the eye a whitish spot ;
cheeks and entire under surface of body pale ashy grey, lighter on
the throat, and inclining to white on the centre of the abdomen ;
flanks olive-yellow ; thighs and under wing- and under taU-coverts
bright yellow ; quills below brown, yellow along the inner web ;
" bill black ; feet lead-colour " {Hartl.). Total length 8-5 inches,
cuhnen 0"85, wing 3*95, tail 4, tarsus I-IS.
The sexes are alike in plumage.
Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon.
a, b. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.
c, d. Ad. sk. Fautee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
e. Ad. sk. Camaroons mountains, Feb. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
9, 1871 (A. Crossley).
f. Ad. sk. Gaboon {DuChaillu). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
g. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
h. (^ ad. sk. River Moonda (DiiChailht). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
i. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased.
2. Nicator vireo.
Nicator vireo, Cahanis, J. f. O. 1876, p. 333, Taf. ii. ; Reichenow,
J.f. O. 1877, p. 24; Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Btdl. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, p. 308 ; Bocar/e, Orn. Anf/ola, p. 236, note, & p. 550.
* Bonaparte never called N. chloris by the generic name of Meristes. The
first who did this was Gray, in bis Hand-1. B. i. p. 396, no. 1489, although he
quotes it ^'Meristes, Bp. 18.54."
13. NILAUS. 1(37
Adult. Very similar to JV. chloris, but differing from it in the
following points. N. vireo is much smaller in size, has the fore-
head, cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy grey ; a bright yellow loral aud
superciliary stripe and a big patch of yellow on the throat ; " bill
light horn-colour, culmen darker ; feet bluish grey ; iris clear
brown " (FaR-cnsteiu). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7, wiug
3-05, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-97.
JIab. Congo district.
a. Ad. sk. Chissarabo, Congo. Dr. Lucan [C.].
3. Nicator gnilaris.
Laniarius, ii. sp., Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. .396, no. 001.5.
Nicator gulari.s, Finsch S; Hartk, FUff. Odafr. p. .360 (1870).
Adult. Of the same size and of almost the same colour as N.
Moris ; but with the forehead olivaceous brown, the hind neck and
top of the head olive-green, with a slight orange tinge ; cheeks, ear-
coverts, and the whole throat pale ochraceous or buff ; the yellow
ring round the eye and also the white spot in front of the eye
wanting ; " bill and feet greyish horny brown " (Finsch tj" Hart!.).
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0"9, wing 4*2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1'15.
Younr/. Without the yellow tips on the tail-feathers and quills,
while the tips of the wing-coverts are white instead of yellow.
Hab. Zambesi district, Eastern Africa.
a. Ad.sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition.
(Tj'pe of species.)
b. Ad.sk. Shupanga, Zambesi (.SV/-, 7. ATr/i). Livingstone Expedition.
13. NILAUS.
Nilaus, Sivai/is. Zool. Jmirn. iii. p. KW (ls27) N. capensis.
Head of Nilaus capensis.
Culmen strongly curved downwards, ending in a strong tooth
and a notch. Nostrils oval, operculated, partly hidden by the few
bristles ; hardly any rictal bristles. Eirst primarj- long and narrow ;
tip of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth primaries ; secon-
daries four fifths of length of whole wing. Tail square, shorter than
wing. Tarsus anteriorly as well as laterally covered with transverse
scales ; the scales on the distal two thirds of the inner side have a
168 LANIID^.
tendency to fuse wiili one another. Back spotted. The young
birds have dark cross markings on their light underparts, like a
typical Shrike. Length of wing about 3-3 inches.
Ranrje. Africa.
Ki).
f. 2 ad. sk. Otjimbiuque, June 8, 1860 (C. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
J. A.).
2. Nilaus afer. (Plate V. fig. 2.)
Lanius afer, Lath. Ind. Orn., Szippl. ii. p. xix (1801) ; Vieill. N. Diet.
II. N. xxvi. p. 138.
Nilaus capensis, Hempr. Sf Ehrenh. Symh. Phys. Av. i. fol. e ; Hiipp.
Syst. Uehers. p. 62 {nee Shaio) ; Lefeb. Abyss., Ois. p. 169; Heuijl.
iaun. Roth. Meer. No. 122; id. J'.f. O. 1864, p. 254; Antin. Cat.
descrr. Ucc. p. 55.
Nilaus brubru, Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 467 ; Finsch §• Hartl. Vog.
Ostafr. p. 333 (pt.) ; Salvad. ^ Antin. Viagg. Bogos, p. 86.
Adult male. This northern form differs from the species described
above in the following points, in addition to its smaller size : — The
eyebrows, back, markings on the wing and wing-coverts are fawn-buff,
not white as in the South-African bird ; the mantle is more thickly
mottled with broad black edgings to the feathers ; the upper and
hinder parts of the car-coverts are black; the markings on the sides of
the body dark chestnut-red, and not so continuous as in N. capensis,
but distributed in deep vinous-chestnut streaks along the sides
of the body; "bill bluish-black; feet lead-colour; iris chestnut"
{Hevglin). Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3, tail 2-2,
tarsus 0'8.
Adult female. Similar in markings to the male, but browner. Total
length 5-4 inches, culmen O-Ho, wing 3-(».5, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8.
Younri. Differs from the adult by its thickly mottled plumage, all
the brown portions of the bird being tipped with white, while the
white feathers have a distinct subtcrminal brown line ; the under
surface of tho body is white, with a few red streaks on the flanks ;
170 LANIID^.
the throat and sides of the body rather broadly barred with dark
brown.
Hah. Northern Africa, from Senegambia to Abyssinia.
a. Juv. St. River Gambia. AJrican Museum.
6,c. Ad. Eylet, Boo-os (i:*7e/-). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
d. ^ ad. sk. Bogos-land (Esler). E. B. Sharps, Esq.
e. $ juv. sk. Ailat, March 30, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
f. 5 ad. sk. Rairo, Habab, Aug. 13, W. T. BLiuford, Esq. fC.].
y. (S ad. sk. Waliko, Anseba valley, AY. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
July 21, 1868.
3. Nilaus affinis.
Nilaus brubru (?), Boc. Jorn. Lish. no. xxii. pp. 154, 196.
Nilaus affinis, id. op. cit. no. xxiii. pp. 204, '2\Z, 271, xxviii. p. 239
(1880); id. Orn. d^Ang., Append, p. 549 (1881).
Adult male. General coloration of plumage black and white. AU
the underparts, a narrow frontal band, and narrow superciliary
stripe are pure white ; a black spot just in front of the eye ; rest
of upper parts black, mottled with white ; crown and occiput jet-
black ; wings black ; secondaries and their coverts broadly edged
with white; tail black, with small white tips; outer web of the
three or four outer tail-feathers with large white patches on their
middle third. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-'j5, wing 3-4,
tail '2-'2, tarsus 0"85.
Hab. Angola.
a. S ad. sk. Cacouda {Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].
NEOLESTES.
Type.
Xeolestes, Calanis, J.f. O. 1875, p. 237 X. torquatus.
Head of Neokstcs torquatus.
Culmen and genys curved downwards ; no tooth, but a slight
notch near the tip of the maxilla. Kostrils semilunar, with a well-
developed coriaceous operculum, quite exposed : rictal bristles. Eirst
primary more than half of the next one in length ; tip of wing
formed by fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries ; secondaries compara-
tively long. Tail equal to wing in length, slightly rounded. Tarsus
in front covered ^ith transverse scales. Feathers of back and rump
fairly woolly. Length of wing about 2-7 inches.
A\'est Africa.
NEOLESTES. 171
1. Neolestes torquatus.
Neolestes torquatus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 237, pi. i. fig. 1 ; Sharpe
^- liouvier, Bttll. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 308; Beichnw. J. f. O.
1877, p. 24 J Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 236.
Adult. General colour above olive-green, the wing-coverts like the
back, the edge of the -wing bright yellow ; quiUs dusky brown, ex-
ternally margined with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers brown, washed
with dull olive ; head and hind neck ashy grey, washed with
yellow ; lores and a streak running down the sides of the head
blue-black ; sides of face and under surface dull white, washed with
yellow ; across the breast a broad band of blue-black colour run-
ning along the sides of the neck ; sides of the body washed with
ashy grey ; under tail-coverts dusky fawn-brown : thighs olive-
brown ; quills dusky below, edged with pale fawn-colour along the
inner web : under wing-coverts fawn-colour, washed with yellow ;
"bill and feet dark'' (Ca^aju's). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen
0-57, wing 2"7, tail 2-4, tarsus 0"S.
Hah. Congo district in "NVestern Africa.
a. Ad. sk. Landana Congo. Dr. Lucan fC. 1.
172
Subfamily III. PACHYCEPHALIN^.
Bill rather strong, culmcn slightly curved, notched. Nostrils in
a groove, the greater part of which remains unossified, forming an
imperfect operculum, and beset with small feathers, which, like the
nasal bristles, partly cover the nostrils. First primary large, i. e.
equals two thirds of the second in length. Tip of wing chiefly
formed by primaries 4, 5(, 6)*. Tail generally shorter than the
wings (generally equals two thirds of wing), round, square, or emar-
ginated, never graduated. Sexes generally different in colour.
Neither red or blue, but frequently yellow in the plumage. The
young birds are very plainly coloured.
Austro-Malayau and Polynesian subregions.
Key to the Genera.
a. With a crest of feathers.
«'. Secondaries gradually getting shorter, equal
in length to the last primaries ; under-
parts yellow - 14. FALCUNCULtrs,
b'. The hrst two secondaries are as long as the [p. 172.
second primary, while the last four pri-
maries are very short, like the rest of
the secondaries 15. Oreoica, p. 174.
b. Without a crest of feathers.
c'. BiU at nostrils broader than high. [p. 175.
a". Tail longer than two thirds of wing .. 16. Eopsaltbia,
b". Tail shorter than two thirds of wing .. 18. Pachycare,
[p. 226.
d'. Bill at nostrils equal in height and breadth 17. Pachycephala,
[p. 182.
14. FALCUNCULUS.
Type.
Falcuncrdus, Vieillot in Aiialyse etc. p. 40 (1816) F. frontatus.
Bill strongly curved and toothed, laterally much compressed.
Nostrils basal, in a half-ossified groove, roundish, hidden by small
feathers ; rictal or nasal bristles hardly developed. First primaiy more
than half the length of the next one ; tip of wing formed by third,
fourth, and fifth primaries ; wings a little shorter than the tail,
which is nearly square ; secondaries very short, being only three
fourths of the length of the wing. Tarsi anteriorly furnished
with transverse scales, with a tendency to fuse ; hallux with its
claw strong. Sexes alike in plumage, which contains much yellow
colour. Crown with a well developed crest.
Range. Australia.
* In Pachycare flavogrisea the 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries are the longest ;
the tail is only about one half to two thirds the length of the wins.
14. FALcuNcrLrs. 173
1. Falcunciilus frontatus.
Frontal Shrike, Lath. Gun. Sijn. Snppl. p. 75, pi. 122.
Lanius frontatus, Lath. Ind. Orn., Suppl. p. xviii. ; Teinm. PI. Col.
77 ; S/iciw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 312.
Falcunciilus frontatus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 40; id. Gal. des Ois. i.
pi. 138 ; Viq. Sj- Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 212 ; Sivains. Class.
^. ii. p. 226; Lewik, B. N. 8. Wales, pi. 26 (1838); Steph. in
S/iaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 149, pi. 50 ; Gould, B. Austr. folio, pi. 79 ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. pi. 71, p. 293; Bp. Consp. i. p. 3G5; Gotdd,
Hnndh. B. Austr. i. p. 228 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5857 ;
Bamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. ii. p. 181.
Falcunculus flavig-ulus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144.
Falcunciilus gouldi, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. i. p. 66; Bp. Consp. i. p. 365.
Adult male. General colour above greenish yellow, more or less
tinged with grey ; wing-coverts and quills dark grey, the outer
web rather broadly margined with white, so that the wing when
folded looks rather whitish ; upper tail-coverts yellow, tinged
with greenish ; tail-feathers grey, with large white tips, the white
increasing towards the outer pairs ; forehead, sides of the head
above the eyes, and occiput white ; the feathers of the crown of the
head deep black, forming an erectile crest; a broad black stripe
runs from the outer edge of the eye over the ear, and ends a little
further down towards the wing ; the deep-black throat and fore
neck are divided from the black stripe just mentioned by a broad
white stripe coming down from the maudibula, the lines of demar-
cation being very strongly marked ; the whole under surface of
the body bright yellow, the breast shining yellow ; axillaries light
grey ; under wing-coverts white like the margin of the inner web
of the quills, the under surface of which is grey ; bill black ; feet
bluish black.
(S . Total length 7 inches, culmcn 0-7o, wing 3-7, tail 3-4, tarsus
0-85.
2 . Totallength 6-3 inches, culmen 0-7,wing 3-4, tail 3, tarsus 0-75.
T\xG female differs from the adult male simply in having the general
colour above a little darker, more olive-coloured ; the throat and fore
neck are grey washed with yellow.
The young bird is more like the female; but the yellow colour is
not so brilliant.
Hah. South Australia, extending to New South Wales and along
the east coast to the AYide-Bay district.
a. S ad. St. S. Australia. Purchased.
i. [ 2 1 ad. sk. S. Austraha. W. Cunningham, Esq. [P.].
c. [ $ J ad. sk. S. Australia. Purchased.
d,e. cJ 2 ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].
fjU- [ cJ 5 ] ad. sk. S. Australia. Goidd Collection.
h. ^ ad. sk. Brisbane, Queensland F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,
{J. T. Coclierell). Esqrs. [P.].
1 74 LANlIDiE.
2. Falcunculus leucogaster.
Falcuncviliis leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144 ; id. B. Austr
fol. ii. pi. 80 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 293 ; Bj). C. A. i. p. 365; Gould
JIandb. B. Amtr. i. p. 229 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 58o8.
Adult male aad female. Very like those of T. frontatus, but differ-
ing in having the lower part of breast, the whole abdomen, and the
flanks entirely white instead of yellow ; the outer webs of the tail-
feathers except those of the outer pair are greenish yellow like the
outer web of the quills, these parts in T. frontatus being uniform
grey.
(S . Total length G-S inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-65, tail 3*4,
tarsus 0"85.
5 . Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3*3, tail 3-2,
tarsus 0"S.
Hab. Western Australia.
a. (S ad. sk. W. Australia, .Time 1839. J. Gould, Esq.
b. 2 fid. sk. W. Australia, May 1835. J. Gould, Esq.
c. Skeleton. Eytou Collection.
15. OEEOICA.
Type.
Oreoica, Gould., Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1837, p. 151 0. cristata.
Culmen very convex, but without a tooth and with hardly a notch,
subconical. Xostrils oval, in front of a semiossified groove, half ex-
posed, with a few nasal and rictal bristles. First and second pri-
maries long, the former more than two thirds of the second. Tip
of wing formed by third, fourth, and fifth i^rimaries ; the last
three primaries very short, and considerably surpassed in length
by some of the secondaries, the longest of which equals the long
second primary. Tail shorter than wing, square. Tarsus anteriorly
covered with transverse scales ; anterior claws very short. Crown
with a crest of feathers. Sexes slightly differing in plumage, which
is principally dull-coloured.
Range. Australia.
1. Oreoica cristata.
Turdus cristatus, Leivin, Birds of N. Holl. pi. 9 (fem.).
Falcunculus gutturalis, Viy. Sf Jlorsf. in Linn. Tram. xv. p. 212.
Oreoica gutturalis, Gould, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 151 ; Sturt,
Exp. Cent. Austr., Append, p. 23 (1849).
Oreica cristata, G. E. Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 190, note.
Oreoica cristata, Gould, B. Austr. fol. pi. 81 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 365 ;
Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 231 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 387,
no. 5856 ; Diyyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 35.
Adult mule. General colour above reddish brown ; wing-coverts,
upper tail-coverts, and quills, including the hind neck and the
scapulars, of the same reddish-brown colour, but the outer web
edged with a sort of whitish brown ; tail-feathers equally dusky
reddish brown, the under surface shining yellowish green ; head
light grey, but the forehead and lores white and the long feathers in
16. EOPSALTlllA. 175
the middle of the head deep brownish black, forming a considerable
erectile crest ; cj'ebrows, ear-coverts, and sides of ueck liglit grey a
little tinged with brown ; a black loral stripe extending over the
cheeks and uniting with the black of the lower throat ; chin and
upper part of throat white, enclosed by the above-mentioned black
stripes ; lower part of throat, fore neck, and upper part of the breast
deep brownish black ; lower part of the breast and abdomen white ;
sides of breast light reddish brown ; flanks and under tail- and
under wing-coverts isabelline ; thighs and axillaries darker ; under
surface of quills light greyish brown ; bill black.
The cuhilt female differs from the male in being everywhere a little
lighter-coloured, and in having the lower throat and upper breast
reddish brown instead of black and white ; the bill light horny
brown ; feet light fleshy brown ; iris " brown."
Two young males in the British-Museum collection are like the
female, but show the white commencing on the upper part of the
throat.
cJ , Total length 8*4 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-1, tail 3-5, tarsus
l-l.
2 . Total length S"3 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 4*1, tail 3'o, tarsus
1-1.
JIab. Southern and Western Australia.
o. cJ ad. sk. Austraha. Liunean Society. (Type of
Falcuncidus gutturalis.)
b. cJ ad. sk. Australia. Sir T. MitchenYP.].
c, d. (S ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]-
e. (S juv. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [}^X
f. \<3^ juv. sk. Port Lincoln. J. Gould, Esq. fC.].
g. [d" Jjuv.sk. S.Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.].
h. (S ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.
i. [ c5'] ii'v. st. Australia.
k. (S ad. St. W. Australia, March J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
1839.
/. $ ad. St. Perth, Swan river, J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
W. Australia.
m. 5 ad. st. W. Australia. Purchased.
n. $ ad. sk. W. Australia ( C'ocZ;- F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
erell). viu, Esqrs. [P.].
0. Skeleton. Piuchased.
16. EOPSALTRIA.*
Type.
Eopsaltria, Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Americ. p. 492 (1831) . . E. australis.
Bill across the nostrils broader than high, flattened, straight, of
the length of the rest of the head, ending with a small tooth ; max-
illa and mandibula slightly notched. Nostrils in a coriaceous groove,
* The following species are doubtfully referred to the genus Eopsaltria : —
(1) Eopsaltria (?) lirunnea, Bamsai/, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vol. i. p. 391,
1877. (Obtaiued near Port Moresby.)
"All the upper surface rich brown with an olive tiiige.a little darker on the
head ; inner webs of wings and tail dark slaty brown, base of the quills whitish,
176 LANIIDJE.
operculated, parti)' covered bj- feathers ; nasal and rictal bristles
fairly developed. First primary half the Icugth of the second ;
wings long and pointed, the third to the sixth primaries being sub-
equal in length, while the rest, like the secondaries, are very short.
Tail square, shorter than the wing ; each feather pointed. Tarsus in
front covered with transverse scales which have a tendency to fuse.
The genus Eopsaltria is intermediate between the PacJiycephalince
and the Musciccqjince.
Range. Australia and Polynesian subregion.
Key to the Species.
a. Abdomen bright yellow.
a'. Only the upper throat whitish australis, p. 176.
b'. Forehead and upper chest grey.
a". Back grey (/eorgiana, p. 178.
b". Back olive-brown Jlavtj/astra, p. 179.
b. Abdomen dingy yellowish white.
c'. Crown of head reddish brown cueullata, p. 179.
d'. Crown olive-grey caledonica, p. 180.
c. Underparts white, rest of plumage black. [p. 180.
c'. Basal half of tail-feathers white ptdvendcnta,
f. Tips of tail-feathers white gtilaris, p. 181.
1. Eopsaltria australis.
Motacilla australis, White s Juurn. pi. at p. 239.
Southern Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Supp. vol. ii. p. 219.
Muscicapa australis, Lath. Ind. Or?}., Siippl. p. 1.
Todus tlavigaster, Lath. Ind. Oni. vol. i. p. 108.
Sylvia flavigastra, Latli. Ind. Orn., Supp. p. liv.
Yellow-breasted Thrush, Lewm, Birds of N. HoU. pi. 23.
Pachycephala australis, Virj. Sf Horsf. Linn. Travis, vol. xv. p. 242.
Muscipeta australis, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 385.
Eopsaltria flavicollis, Swains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 250.
Eopsaltria australis. Gray, List of Gen. Birds, 2nd edit. p. 45 ;
id. Gen. B. i. p. 272 ; id Hand-l. 'B. i. p. 389, no. 6913 ; Bpj. C. A.
1 p 327 ; Gould, Handb. B. Avstr. p. 293 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1878, pp. 183, 206.
under surface white ; lores dark brown, a faint light-brown line over the eye ;
throat tinged with ashy grey, becoming browner on tlie chest, which is crossed
with a brownish band ; sides of chest and flanks brown ; abdomen, under tail-
and winn'-coverts silky white ; tail above brown, tinged witli olive-brown like
the wings, the shafts black, on the under surface of a clearer ashy brown, the
shafts of the feathers being white.
" This species in general appearance resembles Pachycephala simplex o'l Gould,
but has no stripes on the breast or on the under surface ; the bill is also longer."
" Total length 5-5 Inches, wing 3-3, tail 2-5, tarsi (shot away), bill 0;55."
(Bamsay.')
See also with regai-dto this very doubtful bird, " Pachi/ccphala ditbia," p. 219.
(2) Lanius gambieranus, Less. Echo de M. S. 1844, p. 232 ; id. Suppl. (Euvr.
deBiiff. 1837, p. 329 {teste Finsch and Hartlauh).
Eopsaltria gambierana, Hartl. Wiegm. Archiv f. Naturg. 1852, p. 133;
Gray, Cat .B. Trap. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 21 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 390,
no. 5920.
16. EOPSALTRIA. 177
Eopsaltria parvula, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 144 (femak).
Eopsalti'ia clnysorrlious, Gould, Ann. ^ Ma//. Nut. Hist. (4) iv.
p. 109* ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. Birds, p. 390, no. 3923 ; Rarmay,
Froc. Linn. Sac. N. 8. W. ii. pp. 184, 206.
Eopsaltria magnirostris, Rnmsay ; Goidd in Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Ifist,
(4) iv. p. 109 1 ; Gray, Hand-'l. B. p. 390, no. 5921 ; Ramsay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. pp. 183, 200.
Eopsaltria inornata|, Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1874, p. C04 ; id. Tr. Linn. Soc.
N. 8. W. ii. p. 183 (1878).
Adult male. General colour above and scapulars olive-grey, except
the hind neck, which is simply grey ; wing-coverts blackish grey,
edge of the wing whitish ; quills blackish grey-brown, with the outer
web lighter, the secondaries margined with greenish yellow ; upper
tail-coverts bright yellow ; tail-feathers uniform dark greyish brown,
their outer web slightly margined with olive-colour ; except the two
central pairs, the feathers have narrow white tips to the end of the
inner web ; head, hind neck, ear-coverts, and cheeks grey ; the whole
under surface of the body, excepting the chin and the uppermost
part of throat, which are greyish white, is bright yellow ; thighs
and sides of breast slightly washed with light grey ; edge of wing
whitish ; under wing-coverts whitish, intermingled with grey ; under
surface of quills grey, with a little white on the margin of the inner
web ; bill black ; feet brown ; iris " brown."
Young male. Like the adult male, but has the back and wings
more brownish and wants the olive tinge on the back and outer web
of the quills. In the collection of the British Museum are two
nestlings. They have the whole head and neck, back, scapulars, and
under surface of the body uniform reddish brown ; wings blackish
brown, with the outer web lighter-margined ; wing-coverts blackish
brown, with large reddish-brown margins ; bill and feet pale yellow-
brown in the skin. Cidmen 0"38 inch, tarsus 0'7o.
Total length about 6 inches.
Adult 6 • Culmen 0-7, wing 3-7, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-0.
Adult '•'23
ni. No black pectoral collar ; mostly plain colours ; li" - •
neither black nor much bright yellow in the
plumage.
a. Throat with a yellow patch ; occiput deep
chestnut-red riijlnucha, p. 211.
b. Throat whitish, freckled with brown.
a'. Total length about 7-5 inches : body below
dull fawn ; upper surface and tail olive-
brown oliracea, p. 212.
v. Total length about 6-5 inches : body below
dullvellow; under tail-coverts yellow. . xantlioprocta,
0. Throat white. ' [p. 211.
c' . Head ashy grey.
a". Wings with a white speculum ...... albispecidaris,
[p. 212.
17. PACHYCEPHALA. 185
b". Wings without a speculum.
a'". Upper sui'face and tail olive-brown.
a*. Ihe whole under surface pale
fawn.
«'. Tnder tail-coverts bright yellow, orpheus, p. 213.
b'. Under tail-coverts white phceonotus,
¥. Under surface pale whitish yellow ; [p. 214.
breast dull griseiceps, p. 215.
c-4. Under surface bright rufous hyperythra,
b'". Above ashy grey, below white; [p. 213.
wings and tail fuscous cinerascens,
c'". Above ashy grey, slightly tinged [p. 216.
with olive ; below pale fawn ;
wings and tail blackish grey .... yriseonota, p. 217.
d'". Above olive-gi-een ; under surface
dull yellow ; tail reddish brown ;
lores white hattamensis,
e'". Above dark gi'ey, below pale slaty [p. 225.
grey poUosoma, p. 226.
d'. Head brown ; chest shaded with umber
or brownish,
c". Head faintly tinged with grey or ( grisola, p. 220.
brown. | bnmneicanda,
/'". Underparts white ;( [p. 220.
I simplex, p. 219.
t duhia, p. 219.
g'". Underparts tinged with yellow .... rufipennis,^. 218.
d". Head olive-brown ; breast and abdo-
men sulphm--yellow. [p. 221.
h'". Upper parts olive-brown sulfuriv enter,
i'". Upper parts olive-green philippinensis,
fp. 221,
IV. Plumage black, white, and grey; back dusky
black.
a'. Breast and abdomen only white monacha, p. 222.
b'. Throat, breast, and abdomen white leucogaster,
fp. 222.
V. Head and breast black ; hind neck with a black
collar bordered with a chestnut band ; upper
parts ashy ; throat, abdomen, and flanks white . . lanio'ides, p. 224.
VI. Plumage slaty blue and black only cyanea, p. 224.
1. Pachycephala melanui-a.
Saxicola merula*. Less. Voy. Coq., Zool. i. p. 662 (1828") (pipe ex-
amined hi/ Salvadori) ; id. Compl. de Buff. Ois. p. 513 (18-38) ;
Gray, Cat. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Oc. p. 14 (18o9).
Lanius moluccanus, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 373 (1831) {descript. nulla);
Pitcher. Arch. Mus. vii. p. 368 (1854) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1854,
p. 426.
Pachycephala melanura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 134, 1860, p. 353 ;
id. B. Austral, fol. ii. pi. 66 ; id. Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 211 ; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 271 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 828 (pt.) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.'i.
* Is tlie female of P. macrorhynchus, Strickl.
186 LANirD^.
p. 66 ; Fekhenb. Vog. Neuholl. pp.- 229 & 284 ; Hartl. Rev. et
May. Zool. 1851, p. 182; Macgillirray, Nan-. Toy. Rattlesnake,
ii. p. 356 (1852) ; Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 233
(1863) ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 120 ; Finsch, Nm-Guin. p. 175 (1865) ;
Gray., Hand-l. B. i. p. 387, no. 5871 ; Diyyles, Orn. Austr. text to
pi. 33; Layard, Ibi.s, 1880, p. 296; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.
S. W. i. pp'. 48 & 380, ii. p. 181, iv. p. 99 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. viii. p. 28 ; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 220 (1881).
Pachycepbala macrorliyncha, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 91, pi. 30;
Ldfr. Rev. et May. Zool. 1851, p. 71 ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 537
(1854) ; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 30 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388,
no. 5898 ; Rosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 322 (1879) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 77 ; Sah. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878),
XV. p. 45; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 218 (1881).
Pachycephala albicoUis, Lafr. (nee Vieill.) Rev. et May. Zool. 1851,
p. ?3.
Pachycephala xanthocnemis *, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 353; id.
Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 5899; Finsch, Neu-Gnin. p. 175 ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 377, xii. p. 330.
Pachycephala clio, Wctll. P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335 & 341, 1863, p. 30;
Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 175; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5881 ;
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 377, xii. p. 3-30.
Oreicola merula, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 227, no. 3272.
Pachycephala merula, Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878).
Pachycephala citreogaster f, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
p. 66 (1876) ; Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv. p. 48.
Pachycephala robusta. Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 49
Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 181.
Pachycephala obiensis, Salv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 330 (1878),
XV. p. 45 ; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 219.
Pachycephala sp. inc., Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878 p. 122 (you7iy).
Adult male. General colour above and scapulars olive-green ;
wing-coverts and quills of the wing black, the primaries narrowly,
the secondaries broadly margined with olive-green ; tail deep black ;
upper tail- coverts either black (P. clio, Wallace) or olive {P. mela-
niira, Gould), or (and this is the case with most specimens) black
with more or less olive ; crown and sides of the head deep shining
black ; of the same colour is a band commencing from behind the
eye and running over the ear-coverts, along the sides of the neck, and
crossing the upper part of the breast, forming a crescent, the line of
demarcation of which is strongly marked. A rich yeUow-coloured
nuchal collar on tlie sides of the neck passes over uninterruptedly
into the deep rich gamboge-yellow of the breast, abdomen, the
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; edge of wing and under wing-
coverts yellow and white ; under surface of quills blackish grey,
with the basal part and the margin of the inner web whitish ; bill
black, feet brownish ; iris brown.
The young male resembles the adult male ; but the head is not
* Is the female of P. macrorhyncha.
t The typical description is taken from a female specimen, preserved in
spirit of wine, and collected in New Britain.
17. PACHYCEPHALA.
18/
quite 80 black, as the occiput and the band round the fore neck are
intermingled with a few ashy-coloured feathers ; primary quills more
brownish black ; some of the upper tail-coverts are uniform olive-
brown the inner web of the outer pairs is blackish with narrow
light tips.
In another young male the general colour above is more brownish •
only a few feathers on the forehead, on the sides of the head, and on
the fore neck are black, the other parts which are black in the adult
males being ashy brown ; upper part of breast yellowish brown •
upper tail-coverts olivaceous ; throat and chin white, but every
leather slightly tipped with pale brown.
femai?^^'' ^''""^ '""^''' ^^"^ ^°"''''' '" "^'^"^ '" ^^^ plumage of the
Adult female. General colour above, scapulars, and under tail-
coverts olivaceous brown ; wings blackish brown, the secondaries very
broadly margined with rufous-brown, which colour is deeper iii
younger specimens; tail-feathers rufous-brown, tinged with an
olivaceous wash ; head dark olivaceous brown, in older specimens
more ashy ; ear-coverts pale rufous-brown ; the yellow nuchal collar
of the male is represented in the female by an indistinct band, some-
what lighter than the general colour above ; chin, throat, and fore
neck pale rufous-white, which colour becomes a little darker on the
upper part of the breast; breast, flanks, and abdomen more yellow
almost isabelhne ; under tail-coverts and thighs yellowish • under
wmg-coverts white, slightly tinged with rufous, like the margin of
the inner web of the secondaries ; under surface of quills silvery
Total length between 6 and 7 inches.
Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus.
m. in ;„
c? • Obi 0-88
d ■ Amboyna O'Sl
cJ . Celebe's 0-8
(S • Siila 0-71
cJ . Arden Island, Torres | ,, -^
Strait [ ^'^^
cS . Cape York 0-66
(S- Bouru 0'70
? 0'6o-0-80
Ohservations.—l. Wallace (Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G3, p. 30) says that
^1- I, I^'"" ^P*^"™''"^ have a more yellow tinge on the back and
the black pectoral band is generally broader than in those from
bula.
2. Salvadori distinguishes between P. macrorhynclm, in which the
black crescent across the chest is separated from the black of the
head by the yellow band around the hind neck, and P. melanura
in which the black of the head is continuous with the crescent on
the sides of the neck. This, however, is variable ; in the British
Museum only three specimens have the black on the sides of the
3-8
3-76
3-70
3-50
3-0
2-8
2-9
2-85
0-92
0-9
0-95
0'87
3-50
2-60
0-90
3-60
3-72
3-40-3-50
2-90
2-90
2-80-3-00
0-89
0-94
0 90-0'92
188
neek disconuecfced by yellow — one adult male from Celebes, a second
from Amboyna, and a third from Obi. In all the other birds from
Sula, Bouru, and Ceram, where P. macrorliyncha and not P. mela-
nura is said to occur, the black is continuous, although sometimes
limited to only a few black feathers on the sides of the neck.
3. The colour of the upper tail-coverts is of no specific import-
ance as Wallace thought when he named his birds from the 8ula
and Bouru Islands P. clio, because in the collection of the British
Museum there are now several specimens from these islands
which have the upper tail-coverts black and broadly margined
with olive, or even the whole terminal half of the feathers olive.
The same remark applies to specimens from other islands ; for in-
stance, in the very specimen which has the crescent separated from
the black of the head by yellow, the upper tail-coverts are more
olive-yellow than black. As all the birds with " olive upper tail-
coverts " have every tail-feather more or less narrowly tipped with
yellowish brown (the same colour as the whole tail in youug birds),
we might suppose that the appearance of olive on the upper tail-
coverts is a case of a retention of the young plumage.
4. The bill varies considerably in length and strength.
Hab. From the Moluccas to New Guinea and the Louisiade archi-
pelago, New Britain, and adjacent islands, as well as jVorthem
Australia.
a. S juv. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. J juv. sk.
d. cJ ad. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
ff. S ad. sk.
h, i. d ad. sk.
A:, I. S ad. sk.
m, n. S ad. sk.
o. 2 juv. sk.
p. c? ad. sk.
q, r. S 5 ad. sk.
s. S juv. sk.
t, u. S ad. sk.
V, 10, X. $ ad. sk.
y. $ juv. sk.
z. S ad. sk.
Somerset, Cape York.
Cape York (Cockerelt).
Booby Island, Torres Straits
{J. Murray).
Booby Island, August 1881
{Dr. Coppinyer).
West Island, September
1881 {Dr. Coppinger).
Cairncross Island.
Arden Island.
Teste Island, Louisiade
archipelago.
Palakiii'u Island, New Bri-
tain.
Palakiiru Island.
Palakiiru Island.
Saibai, S.E. Guinea.
Amboina.
North Ceram.
Bouru.
Bouru.
Boura.
Obi, August 9, 1862.
Gould Collection.
F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
Voy. of H.M.S.' Chal-
lenger.'
Voy. of H.M.S.
' Alert.'
Vov. of H.M.S.
'Alert.'
Capt. Stanley [P.].
Capt. Stanley [P.].
Sir J. Ingham [P.].
Eev. G. Brown [C.].
Rev. G. Bro^^Ti [C.].
Rev. G. Brown [C.].
Rev. J. Macfarlane
[C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
A. R. W^aUace, Esq.
[C.].
Leiden Museum [P.].
17. PACHTCEPHALA. 189
a',b'. d-c'. 2 jii^"- Sula Inlands. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
sk. ' [C.].
d'. cJ juv. sk. Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
e'. 5 ad. sk. Sula Islands. A. R. W^allace, Esq.
[C.].
f, g'. (S ad. sk. Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.]. (Types of P.
clio.)
h'. cJad.sk. Sula Islands (^.^. rrrtfece). Gould Collpction.
«". (5 ad. sk. Sula Bessie (^Bernstein). Leiden Museum [P.].
k'. (S ad. sk. Celebes. Gould Collection.
2. Pachycephala mentalis.
Pachycephala melaniu'a (tion Gould), Bp. C. A. i. p. 328 (18.50) ;
Grmj, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 3-53 ; Schlegel, Ned. T.D. iv. p. 44 (1871) ;
Rosenberg, Heist, naar Geelvinkb. p. 7 (1875) ; id. Mai. Arch.
p. 406 (1879).
PachycepHala albicollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 328 (ex Tetnm. MS. Mtis.
Liigd., descr. iiulld) ; Finsch, Keu-Guinea, p. 175 (1865).
Turdus armillaris, Bp. I. c. {ex Temm. MS., descr. nulla).
Lanius cucuUatus, Bp. I. c. {ex Licht. MS., descr. nulla).
Pachycephala macrorhyncha, Hartl. {no7i Jard.) Rev. et Mag. Zool.
186l, p. 181.
Pachycephala mentalis, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 30; Finsch, Neu-
Giiinea, p. 145 (186-5) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 389, no. 6902 ;
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 78; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genev. yii.
p. 774 ; id. Orn. Pap. e Molucche, ii. p. 216 (1881).
Pachycephala nigiimentum. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 58S0
(descr. nulla).
AclvJt male. General colour above olive-j-elloyv ; -wings yyith their
coverts black, externally edged yyith olive ; upper taU-coverts black,
faintly edged yyith yellow ; tail-feathers entirely black to the tip ;
head jet-black ; chin and angle of mouth black, likeyvise a narroyv
pectoral band, yvhich is entirely disconnected from the black of the
head ; across the hind neck a gambogc-yelloyy band, yvhich, on the
sides of the neck, passes into the gamboge-yelloyv of the breast ;
flanks and thighs yelloyv, but slightly shaded yvith greenish ; throat
piire yyhite ; under wing-coverts yellowish white ; edge of wing
yellow.
Female. Above brownish olive ; tail slightly browner ; head ashy
to broyvn ; fore neck, lores, and ear-coverts a little lighter ; chin,
throat, and fore neck with a greyish appearance, since every feather
is yyhite and has several dark cross-markings ; rest of underparts
dull yellow, the yellow being clearest on the abdomen and on the
under tail-coverts ; axillaries greyish, edged with j"ellow ; edge of
wing mottled yellow and brownish.
In another female (from Ternate) the tail-feathers are more
broyvnish, and the feathers of the wings are broadly edged with
reddish broyvn.
Yonnij males resemble the adult female, but have the throat and
fore neck more inclining to white, and the yellow of the rest of the
190 LANIID-E.
underparts is clearer and more pronounced ; the black crescent of
the chest is indicated by a few blackish feathers, whilst the yellow-
nuchal collar is still undeveloped.
Total length about 7"5 inches.
Largest S ■ Culmen 0-75 inch, wing 3-8, tail 3-0, tarsus 0-95.
2. „ 0-7 „ 3-5 „ 2-8 „ 0-90.
Ohs. The above description shows that the male of P. mentalis
differs but slightly from the male of P. mehomra, namely by its
black chin and angle of mouth, again by the yellow nuchal collar
separating the black of the head from the black pectoral crescent,
which crescent itself is much narrower than that of P. nielanura.
The female, however, is totally different in colour from that of
the last-named species.
Hab. Ternate, Gilolo, Batchian, Morty Island, and Timor.
(i,b. cJ $ ad. st. Ternate (?) Purchased.
c. S ad. sk. Ternate (J. Murray). Voy. of H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
d. 5 ad. sk. Ternate, Oct. 1876. M. Leon Laglaize [0.].
e,f. d ; ff. 2 ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
h. 2 ad. sk. Ternate ( Wallace). Gould Collection.
i. S ad. sk. Gilolo {Wallace). Gould Collection.
k, I. d ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
(Types of species.)
m. 2 ad. sk. Batchian. A. R.Wallace, Esq. fC.].
n. 2 ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J.
(Type of species.)
0. (5 jiiv. sk. Timor. Pm'chased.
3. Pachycephala vitiensis.
Pachycephala vitiensis, Gray, B. Trop. Id. Pac. Oc. p. 20.
Pachycephala ? optata, Hartl. Ibis, 1806, p. 172 ( 2 )•
Pachycephala vitiensis, Finsch Sf Hartl. Faun. C'entr. Polyn. 1867,
p. 73 (nee 2 > use tab.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. p. 388, no. 5885 ; Layard,
Ibis, 1876, pp. 146, 392 ; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 147.
Adult male. Resembles P. melanura, Gould, but has the general
colour above dark olive, and the greyish-olive tips of the tail-
feathers are rather broad, forming a band.
The difference of this species from P. melamira is shown by the
adult female. General colour above, scapulars, upper tail- and
wing-coverts dark olivaceous brown ; quills black, the primaries on
the outer web margined with greyish, the outer web of the inner
secondaries more reddish brown. Tail blackish, outer web mar-
gined with olive ; head and hind neck slaty or plumbeous grey ; ear-
coverts reddish brown ; chin, throat, and the whole of the under
surface of the body uniform cinnamon-brown : under tail-coverts
and edge of wing a little paler ; under surface of quills pale grey,
with the basal part and the margin of the inner web pale whitish
cinnamon. " Bill black ; feet horny grey, claws black-brown "
{Hartlauh).
Ohs. The bird described by Finsch and Hartlaub, and figured
17. PACnYCRrHALA. 191
pi. viii. fig. 3, op. cit., as has been already supposed by Dr. Finseh,
is the female of P. torquata.
S . Total length 6 inches, culmen 0'6o, wing 3'5, tail 2'5, tarsus 1.
2 . Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3'4, tail 2-5, tarsus 1.
Bab. Fiji Islands.
a. d ad. sk. Ngau (Dr. Rayner). H.M.S. ' Herald.'
(Type of species.)
b. 2 ad. sk. Ngau {Dr. Rayner), Oct. 18o8. H.M.S. ' Herald.'
c. (S ' *^^ bla^'k ; feet " ashy ;" iris
^dulf female. Liie the adult female of P. soror.
tarst 0 9 "°'' "' '"^^^^' '^^^^'^^ '^-0' --? 3-2, tail 2-6,
tars^xso'^Ss' '"^"'' '"' '°^'^^' ^"^"- 0-68, wing 3-1, tail 2-6,
wings, and 11"% by the ye low of t'Srh'' 'f^'riT''' "^ ^^^^^
into brownish orLge." ^ ^^' ^""^^ ^'^^ ^^^'"^''^ P^^^i^g
i/a6. jS^ew Guinea.
a,b. d2 ad. sk. Karons, Arfak mountains, M Leon T ..u-
April 1877. [CI ° ^^
o2
196 LANiroa;.
9, Pachycephala fulvotincta.
Pachycephala fiilrotincta, Wall, in P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 486, 492 ; Gt-ay,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 6883.
Both male and female of this species are similar to P. mdanura ;
but, besides its much smaller size, the male differs from that of
P. melanura by having the breast rich fulvous yellow.
Adult male. General colour above, with the lesser wing-coverts,
olive-yellow ; the greater and median coverts blackish, edged with
olive-yeUow ; quills black, edged with greyish olive ; upper tail-
coverts deep black, some of the feathers slightly tipped with yellow ;
tail black, with narrow olive tips ; crown and sides of head and a
band passing round the fore neck deep black ; chin and throat white ;
hind neck yeUow, which colour on the sides of the neck is in con-
nexion with the rich golden yellow of the rest of the underparts
of the body ; breast strongly washed with orange-brown ; under
wing-coverts white ; edge of wing interspersed with yellow ; under
surface of quiUs greyish, with whitish edges ; iris dark ; bill and
feet black (Wallace).
Adult female. Above- dusky olive ; primaries with greyish, the
secondaries with broader reddish-brown edges ; upper tail-coverts
and tail uniform olive-yellow ; head ashy, slightly tinged with
olive ; sides of head, cheeks, and upper breast reddish brown ;
chin and throat whitish ; rest of underparts white, with a rufes-
cent tinge ; thighs and under tail-coverts pale yellow ; under wing-
coverts white ; edge of wing yellowish ; " bill black ; feet dusky "
{Wallace).
Ohs. The orange colour on the chest is not equally well developed
in every male specimen, and is probably a sign of age.
Total length about 6 inches.
- "Gulf of Carpentaria and southward to Georgetown"
{Bamsay, op. cit.).
23. Pachycephala xantherythraBa.
Muscicapa xautheti-fea, Forst. Bescr. Anim p -^68 (1844)
Pachycepbalaxanthetrffia, Gi-ai,, P.Z.S. 18-59, p. 162: id. B. Trop
Id. Pacgc Oce«« p. 21 ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5889; Laijafd,
iZ-es, 18//, pp. 3o7, 362. ^ J >
Pachycephala assimilis, Veir. et Des Murs, Hev. et Ilaa. Zool. 1860,
p. 394 ; Grai/, Harul-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5890.
Adult male. Besides its smaller size, this species differs from
the male of P. fcdcata only by the colour of the plumage of the
chest and fore neck; it has on the fore neck a rather narrow cres-
cent ot black : which runs across the lower throat and joins the
blacl- ear-coverts ; below this black coUar is a second but indi-
stinct band of pale grey, and the flanks are also slightly washed
with grey : upper border of the eyes and lores bluish grey, like the
top ot the head ; " eyes reddish brown " (Brenchlei/).
Adult fe.nale. I cannot find any difference in plumage between
the females of P. xantherythrcea and P. fcdcata. " Maxilla horn-
colour ; mandible orange; feet silver-grey; iris dark fawn"
{^Layard).
6. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-60, wing 3-3 tail 9-6
tarsus 0-85. o > - ,
$ . Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-60, wing 3-25, tail 2-55
tarsus U-So. '
Hah. N^ew Caledonia.
a. cJ ad. sk. Nu, Port de France, New Gale- J. Macgillivray, Esq fC 1
doma, AprH 20, 1858. ^' ^ ^ -■■
J' S !5" 'i ■ S"' "^^t f' .^^■^^- J- Macgillivray, Esq. [C.l.
c. cJ ad. sk. IS ew Caledonia. Piurchased "i L j-
d. c5 ad. sk. Port de France, Oct. 1865. Julius Brenchlej, Esq.
/ I ^^A '!'■ ^^'^^^^ ^f"- 20, 1877. E. L.' Layard, Esq. rCl.
f. 2 ad. sk. Noumea, March 10, 1877. E. L. Layard, Esq. [c.].
208
24. Pachycepliala rufiventris.
Rufous-veuted Warbler, Lath, Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 248 {female).
Sylvia rufiveutris, Lath. hid. Oni. Suppl. ii. p. liv.
Rufous-veuted Houey-eater, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 183.
Orange-breasted Thrush, Leivin, B. New Holland, pi. 8.
Pachycephala peetoralis, Vig. ^- Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 239
(nee Lath.) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 67 ; Reichenb. Voff. Neu-
holl. pp. 158, 284; Diggles, Orn. Austr. text & pi. 33.
Pachycephala striata, Viy. Si- Horsf. t. c. p. 240.
Lanius macularius. Quo)/ et Gaim. Voy. de VAstroL, Zool. i. p. 257,
pi. ol. f. 1 (j/ouny) ; Diygles, Orn. Austr. pi. 33. fig^s. 3, 4.
Pachycephala rufiventris. Gray, Ann. JV. H. xi. p. 193; id. Gen.
B.\. p. 271 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328 ; Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 66; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 212 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 388, no. 5872;
Bainsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. 1877, p. 380 ; id. ibid. ii.
p. 181.
Adult male. General colour above, including the hind neck,
scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, uniform grey ; head also grey,
but every feather with a dark centre ; wing-coverts and quills blackish
brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries broadly margined
with light grey on the outer web ; tail blackish brown, edged and
tipped with grey; lores, eyebrows, and ear-coverts black; chin,
cheeks, and throat pure white, enclosed by a black crescent on the
fore neck and upper chest, which collar is connected with the black
of the ear-coverts ; breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts
orange-brown, strongly washed with pale grey near the black
collar ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing pale orange-
brown ; under surface of quills blackish, with whitish margins on
the inner web ; " bill black ; feet olive-black ; iris reddish, hazel "
{Gould).
Young male. Similar to the adult male, but having the upper
surface more ashy grey, the throat not yet pure white, the collar
only represented by a faint dusky tinge on the feathers of the fore
neck, the centres of the feathers of the under surface being pale
orange-brown, and with dark-brown central streaks.
Adult female (type of P. striata, Yig. & Horsf.). Upper parts
like those of the male, but very slightly tinged with ashy brown ;
wings and taU as iu the male ; lores and ocular region and ear-
coverts ashy brown ; chin, throat, and cheeks white, with dark
brown shaft-streaks ; underparts pale isabelline, with conspicuous
dark brown shaft-streaks on the breast, less distinctly streaked on
the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts.
There is a specimen iu the British-Museum collection (procured
by Capt. Sturt in South Australia) which is very pale or creamy
buff below, without any streaks on the abdomen and under taU-
coverts. Another specimen has the luiderparts more tinged with
yellow instead with rufous. " Bill flesh-brown ; corner of the
mouth yellow ; feet lead-colour ; iris blackish brown " {Gould).
17. PACHYCEPHALA.
209
Total
length. Culmen.
in. in.
Adult c? 6'8 0-62
Adult c? 6-7 0-6
? (type) 6-3 0-61
Adult $ (pale spec.) 60 0-5
Hab. Australia.
n. $ ad. sk. Australia.
i,c. c? 2 ad. sk. Australia.
d. 2 juv. ? sk. Australia.
e. S ad. sk. Australia.
f,ff- 62 ad. sk. South Australia.
h, I. (S 2 ad. sk. South Australia.
k. [cJjad. sk. South Australia.
I. 2 ad. sk. New South Wales.
m. S ad.; n. J Port Lincoln.
juv. sk.
0. d ad. sk. Richmond river.
P>g- 6;r. 2 ad. Brisbane, Queensland
sk. (Cockerell).
s,t. tS 2 ad. sk. Lake Elphinstone.
u. 2 ad. sk. Port MoUe, Queens-
laud, :\r.ay 3, 1881
(Dr. Copjnnget-).
V. 6 ad. sk. Port Darwin, Oct. 1881
{Z>r. Cojjpinyer),
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsu
in.
in.
in.
3-75
30
0-83
3-9
3-1
0-9
3-6
3-1
0-85
3-6
2-9
0-81
Linnean Society [P.]. (Type
of P. striata, \ig. & Horsf.)
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.I.
Sir T. Mitchell [P.],
Sir G. Grey [P.J.
Capt. Sturt [P.J.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Mr. A. P. Goodwin [C,].
F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,
Esqrs. [P.].
Mus. Godeftroy.
Voy. of H.M.S. ' Alei-t.
Voy. of H.M.S. ' Alert.'
25. Pachycephala rufogularis.
Pachycephala inornata, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 164 (you7ig).
Pachycephala rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 164 ; id. B. Austr.
Ibl. ii. pi. 70; id. Handb. B. Austr. p. 215 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 328-
Gh-at/, Hand-1. B. i. p. 388, no. 5893 ; Ramsaij, Proc. Linn. Soc
N. S. W. ii. p. 181.
Adult male. Very similar to P. gilberti, but differing in the fol-
lowing points : — General colour above deep brownish grey ; lores
and cheeks rusty brown like the chin and throat; the whole'under
surface, except an irregular baud of greyish on the chest, reddish
sandy brown; under wing-coverts pale greyish buff; " bill black ;
feet blackish brown ; iris reddish brown." {Gould.)
Adult female. Differing from the male in having the throat aud
under surface greyish white, the chest being crossed by an obscure
mark of greyish brown, and with a line down the centre of each
feather; under wiiig-coyerts dull white. Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 4-25, tail 3-5, tarsus 1. {Gould.)
Ilab. South Australia and Tasmania.
Obs. The specimens in the collection of the British Museum are
not in good condition ; and I cannot state with certainty to what
yoL. vui. p
210 LANIID^.
species (either P. rufolippcim.<, Wald. I therefore let P. cyanea
follow here amongst the other PachyccphalcB ; and as P. cyana of Salvadori
has been referred to Pcecilodryas, the objection to having a Pachycephala
cyana and a P. cyanea is remo\ ed.
17. PACHYCEPHAIA. 225
white, the white at the base on both webs, but not extending to
either margin, and on the outer web onlj- occupying the basal half,
while on the inner it reaches to within one fifth from the tip ; chin,
throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck, breast, aud sides of the same
colour as the back, but duller and a trifle more slaty ; greater por-
tion of abdomen aud flanks white, shaded, streaked, and overlaid
with dusky slate-colour or slaty blue ; vent and lower tail-coverts
pure white ; tibial plumes slaty ; edge of wing blue ; axillanes and
wing-lining silky grey ; bill black, whitish at the gape ; the legs,
feet, and claws pale fleshy brown ; irides deep brown. Total length
7-45-7-S inches, tail 2-7-2-9, wing 3-6-3-72, tarsus 0-9, bill from
gape 1-0-1 -02."
Female. Above olivaceous ruddy brown, more rusty at the tip of
the upper tail-coverts, grcjdsh on head, a tuige of pale rufous on a
narrow frontal band, passing to the pale lores ; tail very similar to
that of the male ; shoulder of wing rusty olive, the primaries dull
rusty brown ; blotch of white on the upper breast, which is dull
pale olive-brown, fading into the pure white of the under tail-
coverts ; feet grey, iris dark brown. Wing 3-5 inches, tail 3,
tarsus 0"9. (Tweeddale.)
Hob. Tenasserim (Mooleyit) and Siam.
Q. Subgeneric group PACHYCEPHALOPSIS. ^
o J. Type.
Pachvcephalopsis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xv.
p. 48 (1879) P. hattamensis.
Tarsus anteriorly covered with one long scutum. Tarsus and
toes comparatively longer than in the true Pachyceplialai.
49. Pachycephala hattamensis.
Pachycephala hattamensis, Meyer, Sifz. Akad. Wissensch. Wieu,
Lxix. p. 391 (1874) ; Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1877 ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civic. Oenov. x. p. 142 (1877).
Pachvcephalopsis hattamensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xv.
p. 48 (1879) ; id. Orn. Paj). e Molucche, ii. p. 236 (1881) ; Gould,
B. New Guinea, pt. xiii.
Male. Forehead, head, nape, checks, and ear-coverts grey ; lores
white ; back and rump olivaceous green ; chin and upper throat
white ; rest of throat, breast, and abdomen dull yellow, somewhat
darker on the throat aud breast ; quills brownish, with the margins
of the outer web reddish brown ; wing-covei ts grey, edged with
olive-colour ; under surface of quills brownish grey ; under wing-
coverts hght grey ; tail and upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; under
taU-coverts light brown ; the tips of the tail-feathers haviag
the shaft pointed and without web [which seems to me the
sign of a young bird] ; bill and feet black ; iris chestnut-brown
(d'Albertis). Total length 6-9 inches, culmen 0-.54, wing 4-1, tail 2-45.
VOL. VIII. Q
226
Young birds like the adult, but with a few grceuish-yollow fea-
thers in the plumage.
Bab. N.W. New Guinea.
a. (5 ad. sk. Mount Arfak, May 13, 1875
(Bcccari).
h. 2 ad. sk. Mount Arfak, April 30, 1875
(Jii-uifn).
Mus. Civico, Genora.
Mus. Civico, Genova.
50. Pachycephala poliosoina. (Plate IX.)
Pachycephalopsis poliosoma, Sharpe, Jorirn. Linn. Soc, Zool. x\i.
(1882) p. 381 ; Gould, B. Neio Guin. pt. xiii.
Adult. General colour of upper parts dark, that of underparts pale
slaty grey ; head tinged with brownish ; wings, tail, and ear-coverts
uniform blackish brown ; chin, cheeks, and upper throat white, lower
throat washed with rufous ; under surface of quills, and under wing-
coverts brownish grey.
Younger birds have the head, fore neck, wings, tail, and under
tail-coverts strongly washed with brown.
Total length about 6 inches.
S . Culmen 0-76 inch, wing 4-1, tail 2-7, tarsus I'l.
Type, d . „ 0-77 „ 4-35, „ 2-85, „ 1-12.
Hab. S.E. New Guinea.
a, b. Ad. sk.
c. Imm. sk.
Astrolabe mountaLns.
Asti'olabe mountains.
Mr. A. Goldie [C.].
(Types of species.)
Mr." A. Goldie [C.].
18. PACHYCARE.
Pachycare, Gould, B. New Guinea, pt. iii., 187G
Type.
P. fiavo";risea.
Head of Pachycare Jlavogrisea.
Culmen straight and ridged ; nostrils in a groove, covered by a
coriaceous operculum, half exposed ; rictal and nasal bristles present,
but feebly developed. Tip of wing formed by primaries 3-6. The
scales in front of the tarsus fuse early into one scutum. Tail very
short, less than two thirds of the wing. The pattern of the plumage,
especially the black superciliary streak and the white tips on the
secondaries, would alone suffice to remove this species from Pachy-
cephala.
Eaiu/e. New Guinea.
18. PACHYCARE.
227
1. Pachycare flavogrisea.
Pachycephala flavogrisea, Meyer, Sitzh. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixix,
p. *495 (1874) ; Sdat. Ibis, 1874, p. 418 ; Salvad. Ann. Mtis. Civ.
Genov. vii. p. 774 (1875).
Pachycare flavogrisea, Gould, B. Xeiv Guin. pt. iii. pi. x. (187G) ;
Oiistal. Bull. Sue. Philom. Paris, 1877 ; Salvad. Arm. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xv. p. 48 (1879); id. Orn. Pap. eMolucchc, ii.p. 2.38(1881).
Adult niale. General colour above blue-grey ; bastard-wing feathers
black, with pure white tips ; wing-coverts black ; quills dusky brown,
almost black, the outer web of the primaries narrowly, that of the
secondaries broadly edged with blue-grey ; the three innermost secon-
daries with white tips ; upper tail-coverts blue-grey ; the basal half
of the tail-feathers and the central pair bluish grej', the terminal half
dusky brown with light tips ; head above blue-grey ; forehead, lores,
feathers round the eyes, and ear-coverts like the whole under sur-
face of the body, deep shining yellow, the yellow on the forehead
and the sides of the head and neck being separated from the blue-
grey of the head by a broad dark stripe ; under wing-coverts and
axillarios white slightly tinged with yellow ; edge of wing black ;
" bill black ; feet brownish, claws paler " (Mei/er). Total length
4-5 inches, culmen 0-68, wing 2-(), tail 1-65, tarsus 0-85.
Ohs. Another specimen in the collection has the ear-coverts dushy,
tinged with yellow. A third specimen wants the black stripe
round the forehead and above the eyes, only a few feathers being
tipped with black ; but behind the ear-coverts and on the sides of the
occiput the black feathers are weU developed ; the ear-coverts are
yellow, but tinged with dusk}'. I suppose that this is a young bii'd,
whilst the other specimen is the female.
Hah. New Guinea.
a. S ad. sk. Arfak mountains, Jan. 31,
1876.
b. Juv. sk. More, Dec. 14, 1875.
c. Ad. sk. New Guinea.
d. Ad. sk. New Guinea.
e. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains,
S.E. New Guinea.
M. L. Laglaize [C.].
M. L. Laglaize [C]
Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
Gould Collection.
]\li-. A. Goldie [C.].
q2
228
Subfamily IV. LANIINJE.
Plumage lax and never gorgeous, without cither red, green, or
blue. Bill strong and stout, laterally slightly compressed ; culmen
bent and ending in a hook, and -with a conspicuous, always well
developed tooth. Nostrils half covered with feathers and bristles ;
rictal bristles present ; the nostrils non-operculutcd, in front of a
slight groove, which, as a rule, is completely ossified. Tail graduated
or square. First primary always present, but variable in length ; tip
of wing chiefly formed by third, fourth (fifth) primaries ; secondaries
about four fifths or less of length of whole wing. No crest.
Young birds with cross markings to the feathers. Sexes, with
few exceptions, alike in plumage.
Patearctic, Nearctic, Indian, and African regions.
Key to the Genera.
a. Feathers of crown and neck lanceolated ;
tail more than double the length of the
wings 19. Uholestes, p. 2i'8.
h. Feathers of crown and neck of ordinary
shape ; tail equal to wings, or somewhat
longer (not exceeding wings by half of
theu- length).
, -ni n. A • u ^ M- (21. COEVUTELLA, p. 2-31
a . Plumao:e never spotted m the adult . . s o.-> t ^^„ oo.-f »
° ^ ( z2. liAMUS, p. 262 .
b'. Plumage spotted 20. Laniellus, p. 230.
ly. UROLESTES.
Type.
Basanistes, Licht. Verz. Siiur/. u. Vog. Kaffernland,
p. 12 (1842), nee Bunn. 1836 U. melanoleucus.
Urolestes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 75 (1850) U. melanoleucus.
Bill like that of Lanius. Nostrils round, ossified, covered by
bristles ; rictal bristles very well developed. First primary more
than half the second; tip of wing formed by third, fourth (fifth)
primaries ; secondaries short, only little more than three fourths of
length of whole wing. Tail much graduated, the central pair of
feathers excessively long and more than double the length of the
wing. Tarsus anteriorly covered with transverse scales. AU the
feathers of the head and neck lanceolate in shape.
Sexes alike in plumage, which is only black and white.
The feathers of the sides of the breast, covering the flanks, are
very long and fluffy (being apparently ornamental).
Closely allied to the Fisa(s-gro\iY> of Lanius.
Range. Africa.
* Corvinclla is perhaps only subgenericaUy distinct from Lanius, approachiug
Urolestes in some respects.
19, UEOLESXES. 229
1. Urolestes melanoleucus.
Lanius melanoleucus, Jard. S^ Selhy, III. 0/-rt. iii. pi. 115 (18-35);
Lnfresnaye, Mag. da Zool. 183pearauce ;
wing-covcrts and secondary quills brownish grey, with whitish
margins on the outer web ; primary quills blackish, most of them
with white subterminal edges ; tail grey, with an olive-brown tinge,
all the feathers with small white tips, and very faintly cross-banded ;
chin, cheeks, and throat white ; rest of the underparts of the body
cream-colour, with irregular brown spots on the sides of the reast
and flanks ; thighs grej'ish brown ; edge of wing dark grey ; axil-
laries whitish ; quills below dark grey, with white margins on the
inner web ; bill and feet horn-colour. Total length about S-5 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing 3-4, tail 4, tarsus 1-2.
Hub, Java.
I
21. CORVINELLA, 281
«. d ad. sk. W. Java. A. R.Wallace, Esq. fC],
^- Ad. St. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
<"• Ad. St. Java. Leiden Museum [E.].
21. CORVINELLA.
Type.
Corvinella, Lesson, Traite (rOrnifh. p. 372 (18?.l) C. coiviiia.
1. Coi'viaeUa corvina.
Lag-rande Pie-g-rieche, Lev. Ois. cVAfr.-^\. 78; Simdcv. Krit. Framst.,
Levaill. p. 32.
Lanius corviuus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 357.
Lauius cissoides, Vivill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 734.
Lanius luellivorus, Licht. Verz. Dotibl. p. 49.
Coi-viuella corvina, Lesson, Traite cTOrn. p. 372; Cab. Mus. Hein. i.
p. 75; Bj). C. A. i. p. .305; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 104; Sharpe,
Cat. Aft: B. p. 51 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 71 ; Usshcr, Ibis, 1874, p. 65 ;
Antinori, Cat. p. 57 ; Salmd. Riv. Cat. Antin. p. 738 ; Heuul.
Peterm. Geo,/,: Mittheil. 18(J9, p. 414.
Lanius tiavirostris, Stvaius. Class. B. ii. p. 219; id. B. West-Afr. i.
p. 233.
Corvinella aiBnis, Hetujl. Syst. Uebers. p. 34; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
pp. 488, cxxii; id. J.f. O. 1863, p. 271, 1864, p. 254.
Corvinella corvina uubiie, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 104, note ; Filippi,
Rev. ^- Man. Z<>ol- 1863, p. 290.
CoUurio corvinus, Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5903.
Adult. General colour above fulvescent grey, with rather broad
dark brown shaft-streaks to the feathers ; scapulars whitish grey ;
rump paler, and the shaft-streaks less visible ; top of the head,
hind neck, and upper tail-coverts fulvous, every feather with a
very distinct dark-brown shaft-streak ; lores and ear-coverts dark
brown ; wing-coverts and quills brown, with lighter margins, the
middle third of the primaries pale chestnut-buff ; the central pair
of tail-feathers brown, the others paling into sandy buff, the outer
ones marked with a darker lino running round the feather near the
margin of the inner and the outer web ; chin, throat, and breast
dull white, slightly tinged with pale reddish brown, tlie feathers
with brown shaft-streaks ; remainder of under surface, and sides of
the body and the thighs dull white, the shaft-streaks very faint ;
under wing-coverts and axillarios and edge of wing like the breast ;
under surface of quills brownish for the terminal half, the remainder
light rufous; bill yellow; feet fuscous brown. Total length 11-5
inches, culmen 0"G5, wing 4-5, tail 68, tarsus 1'2.
Young. Darker and more ashy brown on the upper surface of the
body ; scapulars marked with a narrow dark brown line near the
margin of the inner and the outer web ; under surface of the body
dull reddish white, every featlier marked with a narrow shaft-streak
and several subterminal cross bars ; sides of the breast with a large
patch of light rufous.
Ohs. Two other specimens, also from the river Gambia, have the
same colouring as the young bird described above ; but the basal half
232 LAxnDJE.
of the feathers on the sides of the breast is dark cinnamon, forming
a half-concealed patch.
Two others, from the same place, are of a much smaller size, and
differ considerably from the other specimens. The scapular feathers
are almost ■white, with a brown central patch and a snbtcrminal
transverse bar ; the head whitish ; the feathers with no longitudinal
shaft-streaks, but every one with a dark-brown centre and whitish
edgings ; a very distinct whitish superciliary stripe continues back-
wards, and separates the head from the neck. One of these speci-
mens has the underparts almost uniform dull white, the breast and
sides of the body only variegated with very faint transverse bars ;
the reddish colour ou the bases of the lateral feathers is just visible.
These two specimens seem to me birds in their first plumage. Total
length 9'o inches, culmen 6, wing 4-3, tail 5-4, tarsus 1-2.
Hah. Western and Xorth-eastem Africa.
«. Very old sk. Sudan {Enohlecher) . R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
b. Ad. sk. Fautee ( Ussher). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
c, cl, e. Imm. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.
/. Young sk. River Gambia, April 23, I860. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.
(/. Young sk. Sierra Leone (Fraser). R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.
22. LANIUS.
lype.
CoUvrio, Moehring, Av. Gen. p. i'8 (1752) L. excubitor.
Lanius, Linne, Syst. Nat. i. p. 134 (176GJ L. excubitor.
Emieoctonus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 973 L. collurio.
CoUurio, Brisson, Ois. ii. p. 151 (1700) L. excubitor.
Phoneus, Kmip, Entivickl. eiirop. ThienveU, p. 33
(1829) L. rufus.
Phoneus, Bonap. C. R. xxxviii. p. 386 (1854) L. bucephalus.
Fiscus, Bonap. C. R. xxxviii. p. 386 (1854) L. coUaris.
Leucometopon, Bonap. C. R. xxxviii. p. 386 (1854) . . L. uubicus.
Otoraela, Bonap. C. R. xxxviii. p. 386 (1854) L. ciistatus.
Cephalophoueus, Fitzinger, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, xlvi.
p. 205 (1864) L. bucephalus.
Range. Palaearctic, Indian and African Regions in the Old World.
Nearctic Region, extending into the northern parts of the Neotro-
pical Region.
Key to tlie Species.
I. riumar/e black, ichite, and grey.
A. First primary extremely short, less than one
third of the second. TaU square, and shorter
than wing minor, p. 235.
B. First primary short, more than one third of
the second. Tail quadrate.
a. Lesser wing-coverts entirely grey.
«'. Some of the secondaries white at the
base of both webs, the feathers being
more white than black.
a" . Tail (5-5 inches) much longer than
wing (4'7 inches) sphenoccrcus, p. 242.
22. LAxius. 233
b". Tail not exceeding 47, wing not ex-
ceeding 4-9 inches in lengtli.
«'". Uppertail-covertsaudbasalquarter
of tail-feathers white; large white
alar speculum.
«*. Inner web of some of the second-
aries entirely white ; wing 4- 7-
4-8, tail 4-0-4-7 inches .7 leiicopterux, p •^4->
6'. Inner web of secondaries never
entirely white ; wing 4-G, tail
,,„ ^, -l'^ iiiclies honmjeri, p. 242.
b ■ Upper tail-corerts grey; basal pai-t
of taU blackish ^
e'. One large alar speculum ; flanks
,, .y^iite . e%««s.p. 251.
a*. Alar speculum broken up into
two alar bars in the folded
/' T. <-T.^?°' ^^^\^ tinged with gi-ev exciihitor, p. 237.
b . Ease of both webs of all the secondarie's
blackish.
c". Plumage white ; very small alar spe-
d". Rump grev. » P- --J •
c'". Underpai-ts of body white strongly
washed with vinous T. . meiidiomlis, p. 24G.
it . Lnderpartsstrongly washed with
grey.
C. BiU slender; wing not exceeding
3-8 inches in length. (North , , , . .
America.) J i^Movictanus, p. 245.
f*. Bill stout ; wing more than i ' ^■^''"bitoroides, p. 240.
inches in leugtli.
a\ Length of bill about 0-75 inch.
(Algeria.) alneriemis, p. 244.
6'. Length of biU about 0-85 inch
and strongly hooked. (Soco-
' c< c ^^^'^ " \ wmnatm, p. 245.
c. borne of the secondaries black at the
base of the outer web, whilst the inner
web is white throughout or broadly
margined with white.
e". Undei-parts rermiculated.
e". Rump and upper tail-coverts white
or creamy white borealis, r^. 2-kO
J . Lpper and under tail-coverts
creamy buff; nimp buff mollis, p. 241.
/ . Undei-parts nut vemiicidated.
!''','; I^iimpand upper tail-coverts white dealbatm, xi. 250
n . Kump and upper tail-coverts isa-
belline white; upper parts vei-y
pale grey, washed vrith isabel-
,-, f}^'^ • • • ; .-, (jrimmi, p. 250.
t . Kump and upper tail-coverts crey.
(I*. Fom- or six of the centrartail-
feathers entirely black.
c\ Length of wing 4-2 inches . . robitstus, p. 243
d\ Length of wing 4-8 inclios . . seebohmi, p. 243.
234 LANIID.E.
/t'. Not more than two of the tail- ]■'' . ' .',. ' "" ^'m
leathers entirely black J , •, ' ^ ojo
0. All the wing-coverts jet-black, but the ^ ' ^
lesser coverts tipped with grej' ; crown
of head grey, with a black frontal band ;
underparts entirely white hihtora, p. 252.
V. Lesser wing-coverts black like the median
and oTeater series. , ? v • o^o
a . \V hole crown and mantle light grey . . -l ^ or i
e' . Whole crown and hind neck black. ( ^ ' ~ , p. —
d" . Scapulars like the mantle, black . . caudatus, p. 254.
h" . Scapulars pure white.
k'". Mantle and centre of back grey;
secondaries with large white tips antinorii, p. 255.
I'". Mantle and centre of back black ;
no while tips to the quills.
i'. All the underparts grey ; rump
grej' coUaris, p. 255.
A'. All the underparts white.
e'. White frontal and superciliary
band suhcoronatvs, p. 260.
f. No white frontal or super-
ciliaiy band.
cf'. Rump white srnithii, p. 258.
¥\ Rump grey humeralis, p. 257.
II. Plumac/e hrozvnish red, grey, ivJiiie, and hhich.
a. Throat, head, and mantle smoky grej' .... fiiscahts, p. 26.3.
b. Throat white.
a'. Central pair of tail-feathers black ; sea- fscAflc/;, p. 261,
pulars red, lilve the lower back. | eri/throtiotus, p. 263.
a". Crown and mantle light grey ■<{ caniceps, p. 265.
I hentet, p. 266.
[jeeplialumelas, p. 269.
h". Whole crown and hind neck black . . niffriceps, -p. '2QS.
V . Central pair of tail-feathers browu ;
whole crown, mantle, and scapulars
ashy gTey teph-onotns, p. 260.
c. Lower back, like the whole of the back
and mantle, ashy grey ; no black or white
frontal band ; tail short, shghtly graduated,
without white tips, uniform blackish grey ;
whole crown and nape rich reddish
brown ; a white speculum bucephulus, p. 270.
III. Plainly coloured birds ; yeneral colour reddish
hroimi, witliout any black beyond the blackish
broum ear-coverts; whole tail moderately
{/radaated, reddish brown, nut tipjied tcith
2chift'.
a. Narrow white frontal and superciliary band ;
flanks rich reddish fawn : throat and
fore neck pure white.
a\ \yhole crown, mantle, and back deep , , .,,7/ 273.
browmsh red j cristatus, p. 271.
22. LANiTJs. 235
b'. Crown li^i'Iit grcj, sliadiug ofl" into a
delicate earthy brown on the hind neck
and mantle lucionensis, p. 274.
h. No frontal band; flanks pale; all the
imderparts slightly tiuged or washed with
fawn, creani-colouv, &c.
c' . Whole tail rich brownish red; a rather
large alar speculum formed by the
white bases of the primaries speculigerus, p. 279.
(/'. Tail dull brownish red; little or no
white at base of primaries ; no pure
white colour in the whole plimiage.
a". Underparts pinkish creamy; ear-
coverts black isabelUnvs, p. 277.
h" . Underparts not pinkish ; ear-coverts
brown phocnimroicles,^. 278.
IV. Bichhi coloured birds ; j^rincipal colours black,
irhilc, and rich broum.
u. Tail much graduated, with large white tips.
a'. Large white shoulder-patch; forehead
black; mantle chestnut.
a". Crown and hind neck blackish grey . collyrioides, p. 289.
b" . Crown and hind neck light grey. . . . vitfalus, p. 280.
b'. Shoulder white; mantle deep black;
forehead white nubicm, p. 282.
b. Tail nearly square, with nan-ow white tips.
c'. Scapulars white, forming a large white
patch ; centre of crown and hind neck
chestnut ; forehead black.
c". Basal half of primaries white aurieulatus, p. 283.
d" . No white on primaries badius, p. 285.
d'. Scapulars uniform with the back; crown
and hind neck grey.
e" . Mantle chestnut-brown, without any
cross bars to the feathers collurio, p. 286.
f. Mantle reddish brown, each feather
cross-barred tigrinus, p. 289.
1. Lanius minor.
Pie-grieche d'ltalie, Daub. PL Enl. 32 (1770).
Lanius minor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 308 (1788, ex Daub.) ; Tenim. Man
d'Orn. p. 60; Werner, Alias, Insectivores, pi. 4; Bechst. Nat
Dentschl. ii. p. 1319 ; id. Ornith. Taschenb. i. p. 101 ; Meyer Sf
Wolf, Taschenb. Voi/. Deutschl. i. p. 88 ; Meyer, Vog. Liev- ti
Esthlandes, p. 41 ; Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. i. p. 102 ; Naum. Vog
Deutschl. ii. p. 15, Taf. 50 (1822); Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. GS
Eoux, Orn. Prov. pi. 154; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. pt. xiii. ; Frisch
Viig. Europ. pi. 21. fig. 28 ; Boufeille, Orn. du Dauphinc, pi. 18,
f. 3 ; Rupp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 33 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 363 (1850)
Degl.^ Gvrbe, Orn. Europ. p. 224 (1867); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 476; Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 1.34
Finsch ! Brehm, ^Saumanma, 18oo, p. 2(o.
Lanius eximius, I > f if
Lanius grsecus, j
Adult male. Above light bluish grey, generally a little paler on
the crown of the head, and less clear grey on the mantle ; forehead,
feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; wing-coverts dull
black, shading into grey on the lesser wing-coverts ; basal half of the
primary quills pure white, forming a very conspicuous speculum ;
terminal half of primaries and the whole secondaries brownish black
the latter with narrow whitish tips ; quills below greyish ; axillarie*
and most of the under wing-coverts white, the remainder blackisl
grey, forming a large patch ; four centre tail-feathers black-brown,
with scarcely anj- white tips, the outermost two pairs entirely white,
the next ones for the most part white, the base of aU the feathers
white except the central ones, which have theii- bases blackish grey ;
cheeks, chin, throat, and under tail-coverts pure white ; rest of the
beUy rosy pink, especially during the breeding-season ; lower flanks
washed with grey ; iris dark brown ; biU and feet black. Total
length 8*2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4"6, tail 3-7, tarsus O'Uo.
Adult female. Can always be distinguished from the old male by
the smaller amount of black on the fore part of the head; the fore-
head is slightly varied by a few blackish feathers, which are preceded
by a narrow whitish frontal band.
Younr/. Ashy grej', waved with narrow transverse bars of brown ;
the scapulars lighter and with creamy-white tips ; wings blackish
brown, the coverts tipped with white, as also the quills ; the secondary
alar speculum caused by the white bases to these quills ; tail-feathers
blackish, the central pair narrowly tipped with white, these white
ends increasing in extent towards the outermost pair, which is pure
white ; no black forehead ; feathers in front of the eye dusky black ;
ear-coverts black; cheeks and entire under surface of body creamy
white.
Obs. The difference between old and young birds is seen at a
glance by the absence of the black frontal band in the latter. The
young birds appear to lose their mottled plumage before reaching
South Africa, and seem to put on the black frontlet of the adult
dress in the following spring. The Museum possesses a young
female killed in Damara Land on the 10th of February 18G4, which
is just assuming the pink breast, and has the forehead mixed with
black feathers.
Hab. Central and Southern Europe, extending eastwards into
Siberia ; migrating in winter to South Africa.
a. Juv. sk.
h. Ad.sk.
c. d ad. St.
f/. , q. Ad. sk.
^, d ad. ; s. 2 juv.
sk.
t. Ad. sk.
?^ V. Ad. sk.
Jt'. c? ad. sk.
a: Imm. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z. Imm. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. sk.
d',e'. (J ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
ff'. Moulting, sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
i'. Sternum, ad.
k'. Ad. (iu spirit).
22. LANIV8.
Europe.
3Iilan.
Piedmont.
Ortakeuy, Turkey (liob-
son), May 6, 1867.
Ortakeuy, Turkey (Hob-
sv)i), April SOj'lSG".
Constantinople, Feb. 28,
1878.
Sweet Waters, Constanti-
nople, Sept. ( W.Pearce).
Constantinople, Aug-. 18,
1877.
Chick Salem, May 3, 1877.
Kart Hana, May 6, 1877.
Kara Hissar, May 2, 1876
(C. G. Dan ford).
Asia Minor, May 22, 1865
{T. Bobson).
Erzeroum(Z>/ffooH^^oss).
Persia.
Shiraz, Jmie.
Siberia.
Russia.
Kandahar, April 14, 1881.
Egypt.
Seimaar.
Elephant Mey {Anders-
son).
Otjimbinque, Feb. 10,
1864 {Andersson).
Otjimbinque, April 1,
1864 (Andersson).
Oudonga, Nov. 28, 1866
(Andersson).
Tati, Matabele Land (F.
Oates).
Conde, Congo.
South Africa.
South Africa.
Shiraz.
Italv.
237
J. H. Guniey, Esq., Jun.
[P.].
Gould Collection.
M. Baillon [P.l
J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
Mr. J. Pearce [C.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Mr. J. Pearce [C.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
Zoological Society.
C. Darwin, Esq. [V.X
Sir O. St. John [C.j.
Purchased.
Moscow Museum fE.].
Lieut.-Col. SwinJioe fP 1
Dr. J. Christie [P.].
Pmchased.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
W. E. and C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
Dr. Lucan [C.].
S.-African Museimj.
S.-African Museum.
India Museum.
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].
2. Lanius excubitor.
Lanius cinereus, Brisson, Om. p. 141, nl ii n7m\- l^„^h n /
Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mm. p. 19 (1816) ^ ^ ' ' ^"^•
Pie-grieche gnse, Daicb. PL Enl. pi. 445; id.Ois. i. p. 296, pi 90
id. ed. au.r Dcu.rponts, ii. pi. 5. fig. 1. ^ ' ^
Great Cinereous Shrike, Lath. St/n?\. p. 160.
Lanius excubitor, Z/?i«. »SV6/. A«^. i. p 13-5 (1766 V V,.i-;„^ v
f iw- i^rL^Kivh- r P/ ^r"^' ''■ '^'-"'''"^'- ^«*^''-*- •
?;.,,', ■5'^' '■^ ""('> Taschenb. i. p. 87 ; Meiier Viia Tin, «
midandes, p. 41 ; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 102 (1816) -iwicSE;
238 LANIIDJE.
Viig. Fur. Taf. 59 & 60; Naumann, Nat. Vog. Deutsch. ii. p. 7, pi. 49
, (1822); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 60; Bp. C. A. i. p. 36.3; id. Jiev. et
Ma//, de Zool. 1853, p. 292 ; Cub. Miis. Ilein. i. p. 73 ; Rilpp. Neue
Wirhdth. p. 33; id. Sijst. Uebers. no. 219; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers.
no. 312 ; Von d. Mii/de, Gricclienl. no. 171 ; Linderm. Voy.
Griechinl. p. 112 ; IlaUicrbe, Faun. Sicil. p. 48 ; Savi, Orn. Toscan.
i. p. 94; Vara, Orn. Sardcf/na, s]i. 47 ; Salvad. J. f. 0. 18(5.5, p. 132;
TnWram, Ihis. 1867, p. 3(i4 ; Ber/l. i^- Gerbe, Oni. Europ. i. p. 221
(1867); 7r«V//i)',i6w,1864,p. 59; Hem/l. Orn. X.O.-Afr.\.-^. -ilS;
Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 75 ; Sharpe S^- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 390 ;
Dresser, B. Eur. iii. pi. 145, p. 375 (187.3) ; Schaloic, J.f. O. 1876,
p. 132; Seebohn, Bns, 1878, p. 333; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 114
(1872) ; V. Droste, Voyelw. Borkum, p. 89 ; Doderlein, Avifann.
Sicil. pp. 67, 327 ; Bogdanotv, Russian Shrikes Sf-c. p. 130.
Lanius rapax, Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, p. 147 ; id. Naumannia, 1855
p. 276.
Collyi-io excubitor, Gray, Sand4. B. i. p. 390, no. 5927.
Adult male. General colour above light bliiisb grey, passijig into
pale whitish grey on the rump and iipper tail-coverts ; forehead
and a line extending over the eye white ; ear-coverts and a spot in
front of the eye black ; greater part of scapulars pure white, rest
silvery grey ; quills black, the secondaries tipjaed with white (this
colour, extending over part of the outer web of both the secondaries
and primaries, produces two conspicuous white alar bars on the
"wing when the latter is folded up) ; primaries externally uarrowlj^
edged with white ; wing-coverts black, except the lesser ones, which
are entirely grey ; basal part of tail-feathers and greater part of
the outer pair white — this colour decreasing in extent towards the
central pair, which is merely tipped with white ; underparts of body
pure white except the flanks, which are slightly tinged with silverj'
gi'ej' ; under wing-coverts white, with a small grey patch near the
edge of the wing ; maxilla horny black, mandible paler ; feet black.
Female. Verj' similar to the male, but showing faint greyish
vermiculations on the neck and breast.
Immature birds are like the female, but have the black wing-
coverts bordered with brownish grey, and the underparts of the body
duU white ; upper tail-coverts grey.
Young birds in their first plumage are grey above, slightly tinged
with tawny brown, secondaries with large white tips; underparts
dull white, with faint dark vermiculations extending over the whole
belly ; bill and feet pale horn-brown.
Total length about 9 inches.
Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in.
Immat. (^ (Russia) 0-76 45 4-7 10
Ad. d (Archangel) . . 080 4-50 4-60 1-12
Ad. $ (Asia Minor). . . 075 4-50 4'65 1-15
Obs. The amount of black on the outer pair of the tail-feathers
varies to a considerable extent. In some specimens the whole
feather is pure white, only a small part of the shaft being brown ;
22. LANIUS.
239
iu others the whole shaft is "white, the black being reduced to a
large patch on the basal third of the inner web: in others, again,
the whole shaft and greater part of the inner web are black.
Hah. Europe, ranging into Asia.
sk.
a. Imm. st.
b. Ad. St.
c. Ad. St.
d (S imin. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
^- Dresser, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 598; Severtzmv, J.' f. O. 1873,
p. 345 ; Salvad. Ibis, 1879, p. 104.
Lanius auclieri, Bp. Pep. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 294.
Lanius pallidus, de Eihppi, Pev. et Mag. Zool. Ib53, p. 433 ; Brehtn,
J.f. O. 1854, p. 140; Antinori, Cat. p. 50; Salvad. Pimst. Cat.
Anfin. p. 738.
Collyi'io pallidirostris, Grag, IIand-1. B. i. p. 391, no. 5931.
Collyrio pallidus, Gray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 391, no. 5937.
? Lanius dealbatus, Finsch Sf Hartl. Viig. Ostafr., Nachtrag, p. 86G
(teste Heuglin).
Lanius lahtora, Sgkes, apud Heuglin. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 483.
Lanius fallax, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. 1872, p. 249, pi. xxv.
The birds which, according to Hartlaub and Finsch's description,
are to be referred to L. falla.v might be looked upon as a paler and
more eastern race of L. algeriensis. After a careful examination
of a great number of these birds, I have come to the conclusion that
L. falla.v differs from L. ahjericnsis as follows: —
1st. The general colour of the head, neck, and mantle and back is
pale grey. 2nd. The white tips to the secondary quills are a little
larger ; and as this white colour narrowly borders the terminal half
of the outer web, and as the basal half of the inner web is rather
broadly edged with white, the whole secondaries have a whiter
appearance than those of L. ahjeriensiii. iJrd. Tiie imderparts are
generally much whitci-. the greyish tinge which is so well devt loped
24S
in L. (ih/erieiisis beiug confined to tbo upper breast and the flanks
in some examples (as e. y. in Jesse's specimen), whilst in others the
underparts are almost white. 4th. There is a superciliary stripe,
■which, although narrow, is never wanting. Bill and feet horny
colour.
The ifounr/ birds are much paler than the adult, and tinged above
with pale tawny colour ; underparts dull white ; loral and frontal
region dull white instead of blackish ; ear-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers brown instead of black ; all the wing-coverts are brown
and broadly edged with dull white : bill and feet pale horny yellow.
These are the bii'ds which have been called L. jjallidirostris by some
authors.
Ciilmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
Aduh /-e/««, t7. /. O. 1854, p. IIG; Bvgdanoxu, Russian
Shrikes, p. 100.
Lanius paUidirostris auctorum pt.
Tail a little shorter than wing, this being due to the central tail-
feathers not projecting so far out as in L. hemiltiicurus ; outer web
of secondaries black at base ; inner web white throughout or broadly
bordered with white ; upper parts, including the rump, pale grey ;
scapulars broadly edged with white, or white throughout their ter-
minal half ; basal half or two thirds of most of the primaries pure
white on the outer and inner web, thus producing a large speculum ;
secondaries broadly edged with white round their tips ; lesser wing-
coverts and ulnar bend grey like the back ; all the other wing-
coverts black ; the central pair of tail-feathers entirely black, the
next pair narrowly tipped with white, the two outer pairs entirely
white but for the shafts, which are black ; a broad black band ex-
tends fi'om the nostrils, through the eye, including the ear-coverts ;
sometimes joining its fellow of the other side at the base of the
cidmen, producing thus a very narrow black frontal band ; superci-
lium white : all the underparts are generally pure white, frequently
with a slight rosy tinge on the breast ; under wing-coverts near the
base of the primaries not pure white, but pale sdkv grey. Wing
4-4-2 inches, taU 3-1-4-1.
Hab. Sennaar and the White Nile, ranging through Turkestan to
the Amoor.
a. Ad. sk. Punjaub. General Hearsey [P.].
b. [cJjad.sk. Deccan, July 31 (i5«. cit. 1878, p. 370.
Lanius leucouotus, Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 147.
Collyrio pallens, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 3U1, no. 5932.
A narrow frontal band and a broad stripe through the eye, in-
cluding the ear-coverts, are black ; superciliary region pale grey
like the crown, hind neck, mantle, back, and lesser wing-coverts ;
scapulars and basal half of both webs of the primaries pure white ;
greater part of the inner web of secondaries and a broad border
round the tips pure white ; lower back and upper tail-coverts, all
the underparts without any exception, and the two outer pairs of
tail-feathers pure snowy white ; the central pair of tail-feathers
entirely black ; the next })air slightly tipped with white. Culmen
0-73 inch, wing 3-95, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-1.
•J-J. LAMUS. 251
All immature bird in the collection has the underparts, rump,
and upper tail-coverts already jjure white ; but the white 'on the
secondaries is a little less developed, and the black colour far less
intense than in the adult ; greater wing- coverts tipped with pale
brown: bill and feet yellowish horn-colour in the skin.
Obs. This species is easily distinguished from L. hemilencurus bv
its white rump.
Hah. From Egypt, Nubia, and Sennaar to the White Nile.
o. Ad. sk. N. Africa. Purchased.
''• ^^- ^^- Sennaar. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
20. Lanius elegans. (Plate YII.)
Lanius elegans, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 122 (1831).
Collyrio elegans, Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5936.
Lanius lahtora, pt., Sxjhvs. apud Sharpe S,- Dresser, P. Z S 1870
pp. o9.:), 598. '
Adult (type of species). Above very pale grev, paler on the rump
and on the upper tail-coverts; loral space and the feathers iust
above the nostrils black, this colour extending round the eye and
over the ear-coverts, but not over the sides of the neck •" chin
throat, thighs, and the whole rest of the undei-parts pure white •
axiUaries, all the under wing-coverts, and edge of wing pure white •'
the two outer pairs of tail-feathers pure white, of the third pair the
whole outer web and the tip white, the two central pairs black at base
and just tipped with white, whilst all the other taU-feather.s are white
at the base ; scapulars white, but with a greyish shade towards the
base and on the inner web ; lesser wing-coverts grey : all the other
wing-coverts brownish or dull black, with very small paler tips •
primary quills pure white at the two basal thirds (the white ex-
tending over both webs and shafts), terminal third brownish black
with very narrow whitish tips ; the innermost primaries are almost
entirely white, the blackish colour being reduced to a subterminal
patch; the secondaries have the ^hole of the inner web pure
white ; outer web entirely white at the basal third or half the rest
largely bordered and tipped with white, the white decreasing in
extent toward the inner secondaries, so that the innermost quills
are almost wholly blackish brown and only just tipped with white •
bill and feet dark horn-colour. Culmen "oT inch win"' 4-n tnil
4-4, tarsus 1-2. ° '
Hah. Algeria and Tunis. The type specimen was presented to
the British Museum by the Hudson-Bav Companv, and was alle"ed
to have come from the fur-countries. ' Two examples (adult and
young) are m the collection of Canon Tristram, and an adult also
from Algeria in the collection of H. E. Dresser.
Ohs. This species is intermediate in coloration between L. i.N' Salmd. Viayg. Borjos, p. 80.
Lanms seuegalensis, Riippell, Nem Wirbelth. p. 33 ; Lefebvre, Abyss
Ois p. 97; Ferret et Galin, Voy. Abyss., Ois. p. 20(); Eihrn. Sysf.
Uvbers. no. 2.30; Ilenyl. System. J'chers. no. 325.
256 L.VMID.E.
Laiiius fiscui?, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 77 (18ij0) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.
p. 253.
Lanius arnaudi, Des Murs.
Fiscus arnaudi, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 434 ; Heuyl. Fauna
roth. Meet: no. 128.
Collyi'io fiscus, Grag, Hand-l. B. i. p. 391, no. 5945.
A. South-western Eace.
Adult male. Head, hind neck, and mantle dull brownish black ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey ; tail-feathers black,
with large white tips to the outer pair, the black being sometimes
reduced to a comparatively small patch on the basal half of the
inner web ; greater part of scapulars pure white, except the base,
which generally is pale grey ; scapulars and some of the lesser wing-
coverts black, externally bordered with whitish ; M'ing-coverts and
secondary quills uniform brownish black, the latter with very nar-
row white tips ; the first and second (juills entirely brownish black,
the others with the basal half or third throughout piire white, the
terminal half brownish black ; edge of wing white ; under wing-
coverts blackish, margined and intermingled with white ; axillaries
greyish black on inner web, white on the outer web ; chin, throat,
lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ; all the rest of under-
parts greyish, as every feather has numerous very faiut and narrow
dark cross bars ; feathers of the thighs blackish at base, with the
rest white ; bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
Adult female. Generally with a more greyish tinge above, and
distinguished from the male by a more or less conspicuous chestnut-
coloured patch on the flanks.
Young bird. Ashy brown, waved with dusky bars across the whole
of the upper surface, the scapulars dull white, slightly washed with
rufous externally, the cross bars wider apart ; wing-coverts dark
brown, with subterminal rufous bars ; quills dark brown, the
primar3'-coverts and primaries tipped with rufous, the secondaries
broadly edged, the innermost mottled with that colour ; alar spe-
culum at base of primaries not so large as in the adult ; tail dull
brown, washed with rufous on the edge of the feathers, the tips of
which are paler, with a subterminal narrow band of dusky blackish ;
the outer tail-feathers huffy white externally and at the tip, sub-
terminally mottled with brown ; lores slightly whitish ; cheeks and
throat dull white, thickly barred across with dusky brown, the
white spaces being wider on the abdomen and on the under tail-
coverts.
Total length. Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in. in.
cJ 8 0-75 41 4'8 1-1
^ 8 075 3-8 4-2 1-1
5 8 0'8 3-9 4-4 1-0
Hah. South Africa, from the Cape to the Congo.
Ohs. One female, apparently fully adult, shot at Bull's Post
in Great Namaqua Land, ilay 13, 1802, has the rump grey;
1
22. LiNius. 267
the iindcrparts, except the abdomen and under tail-coverts, greyish
which colour is produced hy the minute transverse vermiculations.
The chestnut-coloured spot on the flanks as in L. collaris, but the
loral feathers and some feathers above the eye are whitish. Culmen
0-8 inch, wing 3-8, tail 4-35, tarsus 1-05.
Two white feathers just in the middle of the forehead support
the opinion that this specimen is a hybrid between L. collaris and
the true Namaqua bird.
B. Eastern Race (L. humeralisj.
Adult male. Distribution of colour very similar to that in
L. collaris. The birds from Eastern Africa, from Abyssinia to
Natal, are generally darker above than L. collaris, old males showin*
a slight glossy shine on the head, neck, tail, and wiug-covcrts ;
greater part of scapulars pure white, forming a very conspicuous
large shoulder-patch; rump and upper tail- coverts grey; all the
underparts pure white,with the exception of the axillaries and most of
the under wing-coverts, which are blackish, or only bordered with
white on the outer web ; iris dark brown ; bill and feet black.
Total
length.
Culmen.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
cJ ad. Natal 8-4
0'75
3-65
45
1-08
cJ ad. Sennaar .... 8'4
0-7
3-65
4-9
0-95
'. Ad. sk.
Darjeeling.
W. Fotheringham, Esq.
[P-]
C. B. Wharton, Esq.
[P.].
Gould Collection.
i'. Ad. sk.
Darjeeling.
A;'. Ad. sk.
Assam.
/'. Ad. sk.
India.
m'. Ad. .St.
India.
Subspecies a. Lanius caniceps.
Lanius caniceps, Bh/th,J. A. 8. Bern/, xv. p. 302 (1846) ; id. Cat. B. M.
As. 8oc. p. i-51 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. Append, p. 14 ; B}). C. A.
i. p. .364 ; Ilorsf. ^- Moure, Cat. B. M. E.I. Co. p. 164 (1854) ;
Blanford, J. A. S. Beng. 1871, p. 272 ; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 114;
Fairbank, Str. F. 1877, p. 400 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 383 (1879).
Lanius tephi-onotus ( Vig.), Kelaart, Pi-odrom. Cat. p. 124 (1852, teste
Legge).
CoUyrio caniceps, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435 ; Hume, Nests,
and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 169 (18/^3).
Lanius ervthronotus (Vi(j.),Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 18-54, xiii.
p. 1.30 (pt.) ; Jerdon, B. Ind. i.p. 402 (1802) ; Holdsivorth . P. Z. S.
1872, p. 436 ; Legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 243.
Lanius atiiuis, Legge, Str. F. 1876, p. 243.
266
If Laniiis canicejjs of Blytli is to be treated as a separate species,
this name should be restricted to the birds from Southern India with
grey scapulars. The whole colouring of the birds from this part of
India is clearer, and the grey extends further down the back.
Adult. The grey colour above occupies the whole of the mantle,
upper back, and the scapulars ; the orange-rufous colour is re-
stricted to the rump and upper tail- coverts, the change from this
colour to the grey of the mantle taking place on the lower back ;
generally some of the larger scapulars are slightly washed with
rufous. In aU the other parts, especially in the colour of the head,
L. caniccjys most closely resembles L. erythronotus.
The following are the measurements of those specimens in the
British Museum which I consider to be typical L. caniceps of Blyth ;
they do not differ from those of L. evytlironotus in any part.
Total
lenffth.
Culmeu.
Whig.
TaU.
Tarsus
in.
in.
in.
3-65
4-75
1-18
3-4
4-2
1-07
3-4
4-2
1-01
a, b. Ad. Malabar 9 abt. 0-75
c. Ad. N.W. Ceylon 8-5
d. (S ad. Godavery River . . 8
Hal. Southern India and Ceylon, ranging into the Godavery
valley in Central India.
a. Ad. St. India.
h. Ad. st. India.
c. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdoti).
d. Ad. sk. Madras (Jerdon).
e,f. Ad. sk. Deccan {Burgess),
g. Juv. sk. Deccan {Sgkes).
h, i. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sykes).
k. Ad. sk. Malabar.
/. Ad. sk. Malabar.
in. Ad. sk. Kamptee.
?;. (S ad sk. Godavery river, Dec. 16,
1870.
0. Ad. sk. Deyra Doon.
;j. 2 ad. sk. N.W. Ceylon, March 13,
1876.
Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
Gould Collection.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Dr. R. B. Hinde [P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
Gould Collection.
Capt W. V. Legge [C.].
32, Lanius bentet.
Lanius bentet, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 144 (18:?1) ; Iiqffles,ihid.
p. 304 ; Lath. Oen. Hist. ii. p. 54 ; Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 72 : Salvad.
Uccell. Borneo, p. 158; Schaloiv, J.f. 0. 1878, p. 141 ; Nicholson,
Ibis, 1879, p. 170.
Lanius pyrrhonotus, VieilJ. Gal. Ois, pi. 135. i. p. 219 (1825).
Lanius schach (pt.), Horsf. <^- Moore, Cat. B. M. E.I. Co. i. p. 163
(1854).
Colhrio pyn-honotus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 435 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5952.
CoUyrio bentet, Bp. t. c. p. 435.
P Lanius suchii, Bp.
22. LAKITTS.
267
Adult. The birds belonging to L. bentet (Java, Lombock, and
Timor) may briefly be described as a small form of L. schach, with
the black frontal band extending to the level of the eyes and
gradually passing into the grey of the crown of the head. The black
superciliary streak is generally broader than in L. schach, and ex-
tends a little backwards over the ear-coverts to the sides of the
neck. In all the other parts these insular birds resemble the large
continental Chinese form in the minutest details.
The sexes are perfectly alike in plumage : and the young birds
have the same colours and markings as those of the allied species.
Ohs. Two specimens from Sumatra and one specimen from Java
differ from all the others in having the scapulars of a very light buff-
coloirr, and the terminal half shading off into creamy white. In
the Java specimen mentioned above and in a second from Lombock
the black colour occupies the greater part of the head, gradually
passing into brownish black and then into ashy brown on the occiput
and hind neck.
Measurements : — Total length 9-9-5 inches ; culmcn about 0-75
inch.
Wins
Tail.
Tarsus.
Ad. Java ....
in.
3-4
in. in.
4-4 11
(5 ad. Timor
3-6
3-4
5-2 1-18
5 ad. Timor
c? ad. LombocL
) 50 11
4-55 1-1
Ad. Lombock
3-45 4-8 1-08
Hah. Sunda Isla
nds, from Sumatra
to Timor.
a. Ad. sk.
[Java.]
J. Insldpp, Esq. [P.].
b, c. Ad. sk.
Java {Horsjield).
India Museum. (Types
of species. )
d, e. Ad. St.
Java.
/, ff. Ad. sk.
Java.
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
viu, Escp's. [P.].
h. Ad. sk.
W.JavaC-E". C^M.i
ton).
F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].
i. Ad. sk.
W. Java.
A. R. WaUace,Esq. [C.].
k, I. Ad. sk.
Sumatra.
Mr. Carl Bock [P.].
m,n,o. cJad. &juv.;
Lombock.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C].
p. 2 ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
Lombock.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
r. Ad. : s. $ ad. sk.
Lombock (Wallace).
Gould Collection.
t, u, V. Ad. ;
E. Timor.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
w. Juv. sk.
•t,y- 6 fid.;
E. Timor.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
z. 2 ad. sk.
a'. Ad. in spirit.
Java.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
268
33. Lanius nigriceps.
Pie-grieclie d'Antig-ue, Sonner. Voij. Nouv. Guin.T^. 114, pi. 70 (1776).
Lauius antiguanus, Ginl. S. N. i. p. 301, no. 20 (1788, e.v Sonnei-at).
Lanius na^iitus. Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Imnhr. ii. p. 85, no. 13 (178G,
e.v Sonn.) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 169.
CoUurio nigriceps, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 117 ; ^j?. Sev. et Mag.
Zoo/. 1853, p. 4-35 ; Hume, Nests 4' J^ffffs Lid. B. p. 172.
Lanius tricolor, Hodys. Ltd. Rev. i. p. 446 (1837) ; id. in Gray's Zool.
Misc. p. 81.
Lanius nigriceps, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 236 ; id. III. Ind. Orn.
pi. 17. lig. 1 (1830-34) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290, pi. 71 ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mhs. As. Sac. p. 151; Bp. C. A. i. p. 364 (1850) ; Ilorsf.
cV Moore, Cat. B. M. F.I. Co. i. p. 166 (1854); Jerd. B. Ind.i.
p. 404 (1863) ; Bh)th, Ibis, 1870, p. 164; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 115;
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473 ; David ^- Omt. Ois. Chine, p. 95 ( ls77 ) ;
Sclinhw, J. f. 0. 1878, p. 153 ; Anders. B. Yun-nan, p. 644 (1878) ;
Scully, Str' F. 1879, p. 264.
Collyrio p^Trhonotus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5952 (1869).
Collyrio nigriceps. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5955.
Collyrio uasutus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5958.
Lanius pileatus, Temm. (in Mas. Lugd.),Jide Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 164.
Adult. Entire crown, sides of head, and the hind neck black ;
raantle, scapulars, rest of back, and upper tail-coverts rufous-chest-
nut colour : (younger birds have the mantle less chestnut-coloured and
more or less strongly washed with grey ;) wing-coverts black, except
some of the lesser series near the corner of the wing, which are ex-
ternally bordered with pale bufl'; quills brownish black, the secon-
daries bordered with fawn-colour, basal thii'd of primaries white ;
the tail is much the same in colom* as that of L. schacJi or L. hcntet,
which species are the nearest allies to L. nigriceps ; but the basal
thii'd of the tail-feathers in this species is generally paler, greyish
brown, or even, especially on the outer tail-feathers, fawn-colour.
All the other parts are like those of L. hentet in colour. Bill and
feet black. Iris grey.
The measurements show great variation. Total length about
10 inches.
Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus,
iu. in. in. in.
Nepal 0-75 3'85 5-1 1-12
Nepal 0-75 3-65 4-85 1-10
Behar O'S 3-55 4-7 1-13
Ponsee 072 370 4-6 1-10
2 . Bangkok 0-82 3-75 57 1-12
S . Siam 0-82 3-7o 6-0 1-12
Ohs. The female specimen from Bangkok and the male from
Siam (Gould Collection) are remarkable for the bright chestnut
colour on the back and for the length of their tail. Whilst iu the
Bangkok specimen the whole tail is almost uniformly brownish black,
except the fawn-coloured tips and outer margins to the outermost
22. LANTTTS. 269
pair of feathers, scarcely becoming lighter near the base, the tail
in the Siam specimen is deep black, but a little more than the
basal third of the tail-feathers (especially on the outer webs) is pale
isabellinc, the shafts of the quills at their basal third being pure
white.
Hah. Eastern Himalayas ; Burmese and Tenasserim hills to Siam.
a, b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Musemu.
c,d. Ad.sk. N.W. Himalajas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
e-l. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
m, n. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
o. Ad. sk. Nepal {JEccles). Goiild Collection.
p. Ad. sk. Nepal. Purchased.
fj. 5 ad. sk. KabiUia, Nepal valley, Dr. J. ScuUy [P.].
June 23, 1878.
r, s. Ad. sk. Darjiling. W. Fotheringham, Esq.
[P.].
t. Ad. sk. Darjiling {Eccles). F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
?^ Ad. sk. KhasiahiUs (G^r{^<7i). India Museum.
V, tv. (5 2 ad. sk. Bhamau, Upper Buimah, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
Feb. 1868.
.r. c? ad. sk. Ponsee, Kakhyen hills. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
March 16, 1868.
1/. d ad. sk. Pegu, Feb. 1881. Eugene W. Gates, Esq.
[P.].
z. 2 ad. sk. Bangkok, Siam, April E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
1873 (Caj}t. Conrad).
a'. Ad. sk. Siam (Sc/iomhurffk). Gould CoUection.
b'. Ad. St. Cochin China.
34. Lanius cephalomelas.
Lanius cephalomelas, 1jj>. Ilev. et May. Zool. 1S53, p. 436.
Lanius nigriceps (pt.), Walden, Ibis, 1868, p. 70; Schaloic,J.f. O,
1878, p. 153, ft auctt. jilurim.
CoUyrio cephalomelas. Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5959.
A specimen from Leyte (Philippine Islands) and a second from
Sandakan (N. Borneo) arc truly intermediate between L. Icntct and
L. nigriceps. Head, sides of head and neck, and the hind neck
dull black as in L. nigricep.'>. Mantle, upper back, and scapulars
grey as in L. benfct, but the line of demarcation between the black
and gi'cy strongly marked. All the other parts are coloured exactly
as in 2^. hentet.
The two specimens from Lombock and Java, mentioned on page
267, form a link between L. hentet and L. ciphalomeJas, through
the largo extension of brownish black on their heads.
Total length about 9 inches.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus
in.
in.
in.
3-25
5-1
105
3-26
5-1
1-08
270 lANHD^.
Oulmen.
in.
Saudakan 0-8
2 . Philippine Islands (Leyte) 07.5
Hah. Southern Philippines, Northern Borneo, and Java.
a. Ad. sk. East Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
6. [ c? ] ad. sk. Sandakau. Purchased.
c. 2 ad. sk. South Leyte (Sept. 1877). Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].
35. Lanius hucephalus.
pp. 115, 450 ; Dav. ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 98 (1877).
Emieoctonus bucephalus, Bp. C. A. i. p. 363 (1850).
Phoneus bucephalus, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 167 (1876).
Adult male. Crown of head and nape deep reddish brown, which
colour passes into dark grey on the mantle, scapulars, back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts ; tail slaty grey, the two central feathers
darker, sometimes almost black ; all the rest with small whitish or
fulvous tips ; least wing-coverts of the same colour as the back ;
the others and the secondary quills brownish black, externally
margined with fulvous; primary quills blackish brown, with very nar-
row fulvous edges ; basal half of the webs pure white, forming an
alar speculum, which is not entirely hidden by the greater wing-
coverts ; loral region and ear-coverts black ; a very distinct white
superciliary streak extending from the nostrils onto the hinder
margin of the ear-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
with a blackish patch near the edge of the wing, which is also white ;
chin, cheeks, throat, middle part of the breast and abdomen, and
the under tail-coverts creamy white ; all the rest of the under-
parts more or less rufous, or sometimes, like the flanks, deep reddish
brown ; breast and sides of neck always with dark-brown vermicu-
lations, which, however, become very faint in old birds ; thighs
greyish ; bill bluish black, paler at base ; feet and claws black-
brown ; " iris brown " {Capt. P. Conrad). Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3-4, tail 3-65, tarsus 1.
Adidt female. More reddish brown than the male, instead of grey;
the whole upper sm-face strongly washed with reddish brown ; upper
tail-coverts with rufous edgings and tips of this colour ; some of the
innermost secondary quills and the greater wing-coverts broadly
edged with rufous, and in some birds with a submarginal blackish
line ; primaries and tail brown ; undcrparts dingy whitish and less
rufous than the male, but with the numerous brown vermiculations
extending over the whole undersurface of the body ; ear-coverts
dark reddish brown ; the superciliary streak less distinct and more
creamy colour ; bill horny brown. Wing 3-3 inches, tail 3-6.
Young birds resemble very much the adult female, but are still
browner above and have more numerous vermiculations below.
I
22. LAMUS. 271
visS JT'' f,!"^ ^^' ''T''}' P"'*' "^ ^^'""^ ^n^ Siberia ; in winter
visiting the southern parts of the Chinese Empire.
bflili ■ ^^P'™- Purchased.
d e id sk T^'P'"'- Purchased.
A. % ilsl YnH- T. . . - . G°"ld Collection.
n. d-ad.sk. lokobama Feb 15,1870 R. B. Sharps, Esq.
• , , r n (C'apt. Conrad). rp 1 ^ ' ^
e,M^...[^$].k. Yokohama. H.^^er, Esq. [0.1.
«. Aa.sk. Yokohama. H. Prye:^ Esq. [CJ-
36. Lanius cristatus.
Lanius cristatus, Linn. Si/st. Nat i r> ^'^A l^ 7ftR^ . t- j d r , •
p. 39.3, uo 5008 ; ^.«.«„, iMs, 1870 ?. 312 ,S'..3. PZS Wl
^/^J/'%. 'i^ ^*^',1«'^ P- 115; Holdszc. P. Z. S. 1872, p.' 436 •'
Lahore foJca-Jc.Y>. 182; ^«;„,, N,,^, ^ j,^ j^j ^ \ ^^ff''-
n a/cien, Ir. Z. S. vs.. t). 172 • Vnirh Rt,- t? iq7p c'n'^ 7 '
strong, t.c. p. 316; ^L. i/^MzV P '4 '^.l^^ ' .f ■"^"
1877,p^228; Bavicl^ Outlet, Ois.^,:^:J^ff'j,^;^
Zool. Exped. lunnan, p. 645 (1878); Lgqe, B^CeJon P 377
187l,VSF' P-^^^' "«• 5969;'r«4,,>;^a•
^"S'V86T p"S°o'"^'' '''"^' "^'"^ ^- ^- P- 2^1 (1^45) ; Swinhoe,
Otomela cristatus, ^^.. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 437
Otouiela phcemcura {Pall.), Bp. t. c. p 436 ^
l"5l7Sf "''^ («««i«^/'0,i«y«/.U««. 4- Mag. Nat. Hist.
Lanius lucionensis, ^/yjt^, His, 1867, p 304
Otomela cristata, Schaloio, J.f. O, 1875, p. 130.
Achat male. General colour above brownish rufous, more or less
washed on he mantle with ashy or with a certain grey tin o-e Jump
and upper tad-coverts always brighter rufous ; tailVlth "rs un S
brownish rufous, with very faiut pale tips and ed.nngs to the ou e^
pairs ; Miug-coverts and secondary quiUs brown, with rather broad
margins: primaries brown, with 'neither edgings noi bases of
whitish ; a narrmv indistinct whitish frontal band extends over the
loral region and over the eye, forming a generaUy well-m Trked
supercihary white spot; some of the loral Lthers\and the ear-
coverts are brownish black; all the underparts whitish! more or
less tinged with creamy colour or even with rufous b If on tte
273 LAXIID^.
sides of the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts, edge of wing, and thighs creamy white, the bases of tho
feathers dusky ; " iris dark brown, sometimes hazel-brown " (Legge) ;
" iris, feet, aud claws bluish ; bill black at tip, light horny brown
at the base of the mandibles" (E. Pierre).
Adult female. Superciliary streak less distinct aud more creamy ;
oar-coverts dai'k brown ; underparts cream- colour, more rufous buff
on the flanks ; sides of breast and the flanks generally with faint
brown zigzag vermiculations.
Immature birds are ver}' much like the female in coloration ;
but tho vermiculations are much more numerous and extend over
most of the underparts, especially across the chest aud the sides of
the body ; some of the scapulars, the feathers of the rump, and
the upper tail-coverts are also marked with dark subtermiual cross
waves ; wing-coverts and secondary quills with subtermiual dark
lines along the outer web, which again is broadly margined with
fulvous or rufous.
In the nestling or first plumage the feathers of the head aud upper
surface are rufescent fulvous, each vrith a dark terminal edging and
ray across the centre. (Lei/je.)
Total length about 7'5 inches, culmen about 0'7.
Wiug. Tan. Tarsu3.
in. in. in.
Adult S ■ Nepal 3-5 3-6 1-0
Adult o'. Saigon 2-25 3-6 1-0
Adidt S . Tenasserim 3-4 3-4 1-15
Adult $ . Colombo 3-3 37 1-0
Ohs. I may mention here that the amount of rufous colour on the
upper parts in this species varies to a very great extent. Thus many
specimens, young aud old and of both sexes, have the crown of the
head, the rump, and upper tail-coverts perceptibly more rufous than
the back. All the upper parts frequently show a strong brown tint,
whilst other specimens have the reddish or rufous colour confined to
the upper tail-coverts, and the whole back, mantle, and head are
earthy brown, and often with a grey hue.
After a careful examination of more than fifty specimens in. the
British iluscum, and in the collections of Messrs. Seebohm, Dresser,
aud Scully, from all the parts of Asia where this species occurs, I am
unable to connect the more reddish coloration either with the age
of the bird, or with the season, or with its geographical distribution.
I therefore agree with Dr. Anderson, who [I. c.) makes the followiug
remarks : — ■" Among nineteen specimens of L. cristatus from the same
locality (Yunnan) the rufous is not alike in two ; and in one si)eci-
men the head and the back of the neck are marked off' distinctly
from the rufous-olive of the back."
Hub. The Browu Shrike has a very wide distribution, ranging
from Lake Baikal to the Malayan peniusula, and from Yarkand
to the east coast of China. From about September till March this
species lives in India, Ceylon, the Andamans, and in the Indo-Chinese
region, which countries it leaves for the north during the hot and
22. LANIUS.
273
rainy season, breeding all over the Chinese Empire and in South-
eastern Siberia. Many instances, however, are known of the birds
staying in the more southern places throughout the year, e. g. in
Thibet, Calcutta, Tenasserim, &c.
a. cS ad. sli.
b. 5 ad. sk.
c. d. Juv. sk.
e. (S ad. ; /. Juv. sk.
g. 5 ad. sk.
k. Juv. sk.
t. 2 S'd- sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
/, m. Juv. sk.
n, o, p. Ad. sk.
g. 2 ad.; r. Juv. sk.
s. 2 imm. sk.
<. [ (5 ] ad. sk.
u, ». [ c? ] ad. sk.
w. Juv. sk.
X, y, z. S ad. ; a'. J
imm. sk.
b', c'. c? imm. sk.
d', e'. cJ $ inmi.
sk.
/', ff'. cJ ad. et juv.
sk.
h', i'. d" 2 imm. sk.
k'. [ cJ ] ad. sk.
r. [c?]ad. sk.
m', n'. [ c5' ] ad. sk.
o', p'. [ $ ] ad. sk.
^',»-',s'.[c5' Jad.sk.
Ceylon.
Colombo.
Kandy.
Nuwara Eliya.
Madras.
Deccau (Si/Ices).
Muddapoor, Dec. 1880
(W. i:. Brouks).
Mussoorie.
N.W. Himalayas.
Nepal.
Nepal {Hodgson).
Bootan (remberfon).
Burma h.
Assam {McClelland),
Pegu.
Pegu, Jan. 1881.
Pegu, Feb. 1881.
Pegu, Sept. 1880.
Pegu, Nov. 1880.
Pegu, Dec. 1880.
Tenasserim.
Penang (Canto)').
Saigon, Cochin China.
Saigon, Cochin China.
Kalgan, 2000 feet.
Hugh Cuming, Esq.
Capt. V. Legge [P.].
Mr. A. Whyte [C].
Mr. E. Boate [C.].
Dr. Jerdon [P.].
India Museum.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P-],
India Museum.
India Museum.
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
India Museum.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq
E. W. Gates, E;
2sq. [CI
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
J. C. D. Packman, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum.
M. E. Pierre [P.].
:M. E. Pierre [P.J.
Gould Collection.
37. Lanius superciliosus.
Le Rousseau, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 66. fig. 2 (1796-1808).
Lanius superciliosus, Lath. Ind. Om., Siqypl. 20, no. 14 (1801) ;
Wulden, Ibis, 1867, p. 218 ; Gray, Hand-l. JB. i. p. 393, no. 5971 ;
Su-i»/i. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 375; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 450; Vian, Rev. Zool.
1872, p. 327 ; Dav. ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 100 (1877) ; Leyye, B.
Ceylon, p. 379, note (1879),
Enneoctonus superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 291 (1846) ; Bp. C. A.
i. p. 363(1850).
Otomela supercihosa, Bp. Rev, Zool. 1853, p. 437 ; Schalotc, J. f. O.
1875, p. 140.
Lanius pnceniciu'us (non Pall.), Schrenck, Rets. Amur. i. p. 384 (1860),
teste Schalotc et Dav. 4" Oustal. ; Simdev. Phys. Sells. Tidssk,
VOL. VTJI. T
274 LANiiDj;.
1837-38, p. 64 ; id. Ann. Kat. Hist. 1846, p. 169 ; Blasius, Kachtr.
Naum. Viiy. Deutschl. xiii. p. 39; Waldcn, Ibis, 1867, pi. 5. fig-. 2.
Although L. c)-ist(dus ranges as far as to the eastern coast of China
and over parts of the Indo-Chinese region, it seems in the East to be
represented by the present mncli brighter and more rufous-coloured
species.
In the adult mcde all the upper parts are deep cinnamon-brown;
crown of head, nape, and upper tail-coverts generally still more in-
tensely coloured ; tail-feathers sometimes more brownish but still
more rufous than in the specimens described as L. cristatus. A
narrow frontal band extending over and beyond the eye is pure
white ; the white or whitish colour of the forehead in some very old
birds extends as far back as the hinder extremity of the eyes ; loral
and orbital regions and the ear-coverts black; chin, cheeks, throat,
under wing-covcrts, and edge of wing white ; all the rest of the
underparts creamy buff. Male in winter with delicate vermicula-
tions on the underparts.
The female is a trifle less brightly coloured, and generally shows a
few delicate brown cross vermiculations on the sides of the breast and
on the flanks. One of these specimens, from Malacca, is very pale
below, or creamy, the rufous-buff being restricted to the sides of the
body.
Three old birds from Malacca show the following measurements : —
wing 3-5-3-6 inches, tail 3-5-3-7, tarsus 0-9-0-92.
Hah. The White-fronted Shrike inhabits Eastern Asia ; it lives
during the winter in the Malayan peninsula, island of Java, and the
Philippines ; in spring it migrates northward through China and
breeds in Japan, Manchooria, and in the northern parts of Mongolia,
southward of Lake Baikal.
There can be but little doubt that this eastern form in China is
found together with the less brightly coloured L. cristatus, and that
these two frequently interbreed ; hence the many intermediate forms
found in Northern China, for instance near Kalgan.
a, h. Ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. [2]ad. sk. Malacca (G'r?^^/*). India Museum.
d, e. S ad. sk. Malacca. Purchased.
/. Imm. sk. Malacca. Purchased.
(/. Juv. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.].
h. Imm. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
[P.].
i, k. Ad. sk. Malacca ( Ca^^t. I'inicill). Gould Collection.
/. Ad. sk. Malacca. F.D.Godman and O.Sal viu,
Esqrs. [P.].
m, w. [$ ] ad sk. Penaug, April (Canto?-). India Museum.
38, Lanius lucionensis.
Lanius lucionensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 135 (1766) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1860,
p. 59, 1863, p. 272 ; £h/fh, Ibis, 1867, p. 304, 1875, p. 116 ; Walden,
Ibis, 1867, p. 215, 1873, p. 309; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 393, no.
5970; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Switih. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 286 &
22. LANiTjs. 275
335, 1871, p. 370; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 434, 1874, p. 199;
Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. 1875, p. 171, pi. 29. %. 1 ; id. P. Z. S. 1877,
pp. 692 & 758 ; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 19, 1876, p. 43 : Dav. ^
Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 99 (1877) ; Lee/ffe, B. Ceylon, p. 378 (1879) ;
Oates, B. Brit. Bwm. p. 251 (1883).
Laniiis plirenicurus (wow Pall.), Meijen, Act. Acad. Cces. Leopold.
xvi. p. 74 (1834) (teste Schalow) ; id. Peise um d. Erde, p. 198
{ex Philippin. ins., teste ScJudow).
Otomela schwaneri, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 437.
Eniieoctonus schwaneri, Bp. C. A. i. p. 363.
Lanius jeracopsis, De Fit. Mtts. llediol. p. 31 ; Bj). Pev. Zool. 1853,
p. 437, note ; Salvad. Atti Ace. Sc. Torino, 1868, p. 272.
Lanius schwaneri, Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 223; Gray, Hand-l. B. i.
p. 393, no. 6974; Siui7ih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 376.
Otomela liicionensis, Schalow, J.f. O. 1875, p. 137.
Adult male in breeding -plumage (Southeru China). Back, scapu-
lars, mantle, and sides of neck earthj^ brown slightly shaded Math
grey, which colour on the hind neck gets gradually lighter till, on
the frontal half of the head, it is replaced by greyish white ; it is
still lighter near the base of the bill and the immediate superciliary
region ; loral space, a streak under and a narrow one oyer the eye,
and the eai'-covcrts are brownish black ; on the lower back and
rump the earthy colour passes gradually into rusty brown ; upper
tail-coverts rufous-brown ; tail uniformly light brown, with pale
tips to the outer pairs ; wing-coverts and secondaries brown, with
fulvous edgings to their outer webs ; primary quills uniform dark
brown, with no trace of a white alar specidum, but at the extreme
base and on the basal third of the inner web the quills are whitish ;
wings below silvery grey ; chin, cheeks, and throat white ; all the
rest of the uudcrparts, including the under tail-coverts and under
wing-coverts, I'ufous buff, middle of abdomen generally a little paler ;
edge of wing white ; bill blue-black ; feet blackish.
The adult female differs from the male iu having the ear-coverts
and lores more brownish ; the whitish grey of the forehead is less
developed, and the underparts of the body are paler.
This is the colour of the birds found in China during the mouth of
April till the beginning of August. All the other specimens from tlie
northern coast of Borneo and from the Philippine Islands, where the
bird is found from autumn till spring, have the general colour above
much dingier, that is to say more tinged with greyish, the secondaries
edged with faded whitish instead of fulvous, and the underparts,
including the under wing-coverts, dull white, washed with buff on
the flanks and sides of the breast, whilst the breast and abdomen
show a faint creamy tinge. The females, when in winter dress, have
nearly lost their greyish coloration of tlie head and have quite lost
the dark loral spot, the underparts being stiU paler than in the male,
but showing faint dark-brown cross-vermiculations on the sides of the
neck, flanks, and upper tail-coverts. " Iris dark chocolate ; bill dark
purplish brown ; feet bluish lead-colour."
Young. AH the upper parts are brownish rufous, brighter on the
uppci' tail-coverts ; no grey on the head ; loral region and a super-
T 2
276 LANIID.E.
ciliary streak diugy white or cream-colour ; head, hind neck, mantle,
and upper tail-coVerts showing faint dark vcrmiculations ; wing-
coverts and secondary quills brown, broadly edged with rufous, each
feather with a dark-brown submarginal line ; ear-coverts and a small
spot in front of the eye dark brown ; chin, throat, middle of abdo-
men, and the under wing-coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing pale
creamy white ; all the rest of the underparts more strongly washed
with creamy or even with rufous, and marked with numerous dark-
brown cross-vermiculations : bill brown, lighter at base.
Ohs. I cannot but perfectly agree with what Capt. Legge, in his
'Birds of Ceylon,' says about the vcrmiculations on the underparts,
which are found on birds of different ages. He writes : — " In what
is probably the plumage of the second year the upper surface is a
ruddy brown with a tinge of grey in it, the rump and upper tail-
coverts rufous with blackish-brown bars, and the quills and wing-
coverts less conspicuously edged; the forehead is still concolorous
with the head, and the cresccntic margins of the lower parts less
pronounced and faded from off the chest. Some examples (for
instance one shot in May) have the forehead pale, the upper surface
peiTaded with greyish, and yet the under surface is well-marked with
the brown bars, but the sides of the chest and flanks have a rufous
adult look about them.''
" In some instances these under-surface markings do not vanish for
several years ; a specimen before me is fully adult on the upper
surface, but has most of the lower surface and even the sides of the
neck crossed with brown pencillings ; aud out of twenty-three, adult
as regards the forehead and back, nearly half of them have some few
bars on the flanks."
Hah. The Grey-headed Shrike ranges from Northern China to
Borneo. It stays in China from April to August, and during this
time breeds ; for the winter it migrates southwards to the Philip-
pines, the Moluccas, and Borneo. It is likewise found in the
Andaman Islands, where it seems to be a permanent resident.
Occasionally it may straggle as far as Ceylon, and may certainly be
expected to occur in Siam and the Malayan peninsula.
The following specimens, except /, are without any vcrmiculations
on the underparts : —
a-e. Ad. S sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.l.
f. Imm. S sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.].
(j,h. Ad. c? sk. Amoy, May 1881 (-R. F. D. Godman and O. Salvia,
Stcinkoe). Esqrs. [P.].
i. Ad. d sk. Zebu, Nov. 20, 1873. A. Everett, Esq. [CJ.
k, I. Ad. (S sk San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. A. Everett, Esq. [C.j.
1877.
All the following specimens from m to y, young and old, have more
or less numerous brown cross-vermiculations on their underparts : —
m, n. Ad. st. China. J. H. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
o. S imm. sk. China. Capt. Blakiston [C.].
p. Ad. sk. Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
22. LANIUS.
277
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
«, t. 9 ad. sk.
u, V. Juv. sk.
w. Imm. sk.
.r. 2 juv. ; y. d
ad. sk.
2, «'. 6 2 fid. sk.
6'. Ad. St.
e'. cJ imm. sk.
d'. (S imm. sk.
Amoy, May 1861 (H.
Stcinkoe).
Fokien.
Labuan.
Labuan.
Brunei, N.W. Borneo.
N.W. Borneo.
Bintulu, W. Borneo.
Mindanao, Philippines.
Panaon.
Zebu, January.
e'. c? imm. sk. Audamans.
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
Governor Ussher [C.l.
Governor Ussher [C.J.
Governor Ussher [C.l.
Hugh Low, Esq. [C.].
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.].
Baron Laugier.
Alfred Everett, Esq. [C.l.
Voy. of_ H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Purchased.
39. Lanius isabellinus.
Laniusisabollinus, Ehrenb. Sijmb. Phys. i. fol. e, note ; Strkkl. P. Z. S.
1850, p. 217 ; Walden, Ibis, 1867, pi. v. f. 1, p. 224 ; Hemjl. J. f. O.
1861, p. 19o ; Gmii, Hand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5977 ; Heiujl. Peierm.
Geof/r. Mitth. 1869, p. 407 ; id. Oni. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 475 (1871), iv.
p. cxiv ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 339 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii.
pi. 152 ; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 116 ; Severfz. J. f. O. 1873, pp. 348,
366 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 81 ; Schalow, J.f. 0. 1875, p. 145; Dresser,
Ibis, 1876, p. 185 ; Seehohn, Ibis, 1877, p. 164 ; Scludoio, Ibis, 1877,
p. 398 ; Leyye, B. Ceylon, p. 379, note (1879).
Lanius arenariiis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 304 (1846) ; Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 217 ; Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 437 ; Jerdm, B. Ind.
i. p. 407 (1862) ; Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 223, 1869, p. 213 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 393, no. 5973; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Severtz.
J.f. 0. 1873, p. 348; Seehohn, Ibis, 1877, p. 164 ; Senders. ^- Hume,
Lahore to Yark. p. 183, pi. iii.; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 174; Scully,
Sir. F.ldlQ,^. 1^7:
Lanius ruficaudus, Brehm, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 79.
Lanius, sp. ?, Vierth. Naumannia, 18-52, p. 31 (teste Schalow).
Lanius isabellinus, pt., Blatford, East. Pers. ii. p. 139.
Otomela arenaria, Schalow, J.f. O. 1875, p. 143.
Adult male. All the upper parts except the uropygium are uni-
form pale brownish grey ; quills and wing-coverts light brown ; the
latter and the secondary quills with the usual paler (here fulvous)
margins ; some of the primaries have their basal end white (this
colour, as it sometimes extends further than the wing-coverts go,
often forms a very visible alar speculum, whilst on the other hand
it is often almost wanting) ; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous, the
taU-foathcrs themselves generally somewhat darker and often barred
with very faint darker waves ; frontal, loral, and superciliary regions
creamy, but never white ; ear-coverts and a very small spot just in
front of the eye brownish black ; throat, under wing-coverts, and
under tail-coverts very pale creamy ; all the rest of the underparts
more or less strongly washed with cream-colour (combined with a
slight rosy tinge), especially on the flanks and across the breast ;
feet black-brown ; bill horny brown, paler at the base.
Adult female. Ear-coverts brown ; loral and superciliary streak
sometimes almost invisible.
278 . LANIID^.
Obs. Old birds seem to get a more greyish tinge on the upper
parts.
Total length about 7 inches ; culmen about 0-GS.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus
in.
in.
in.
Ad.?.
Abvssiuia . , . .
.. 3-9
3-8
10
Ad.c?.
Besh Tereli . .
. . 3-55
3-5
1-0
Adult.
Kattia-war . . . .
. . 3-4
2-8
0-95
Adult.
N.W. India ..
.. 3-5
3-55
0-95
Toiing birds in their first plumage have all the upper parts
barred with numerous dark-brown cross-vermiculations ; the general
colour of the upper parts being a dingy yellowish brown. Under-
parls yellowish dingy white, with very few cross-vermiculations.
Hah. The Pale-brown Shrike breeds in Turkestan and winters in
Scinde, the Punjab, Persia, Arabia, and Abyssinia.
a. Ad. sk. N.W. India. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
b, c, d. Ad. sk. N.W. deserts of India. Gould Collection.
e. Ad. sk. Peshawur. Colonel Wav [P-].
/. S ad. sk. Besh Tereh. Major J. Biddulph [C.].
g. Ad. sk. Kutch {Griffith). India Museum.
h. Ad. sk. Kattiawar. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.].
i. [ 2 ] sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.].
k. 5 ad. sk. Kandahar, April 14, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.].
I. S ad. sk. Kandahar, Jan. 18, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.].
m. Ad.sk. Afghanistan (6r;-^f/i). India Museum.
n. ? sk. S.W. Afghanistan, 5000 ft. India Museum.
(Griffith).
o. cJ jiiv. sk. Shiraz. Sir Oliver St. John [C.].
p. 2 ad.; q. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq.[C.].
Ad. sk. Abyssinia, Jan. 1868.
Subspecies a. Laniiis phoenicuroides.
Lanius phoenicuroides, Severfz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 347.
Lanius isabellinus (?ion Ehrenb.), Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 224, pi. 5.
f 1 [teste Schahnv).
Lanius phoeuiciu'ns (non Pall.), Gaetke, Naumannia, 1858, p. 425 {ex
Ileligoland) ; J. Vian, Rev. Zool. 1872, p. 330.
Otomela phosnicuroides, Schaloiv, J. f. O. 1875, p. 148 ; id. J. f. O.
1876, p. 145.
Although I have examined several specimens which it seems
impossible to refer either to L. isabellinus or L. pluenicuroides, as
intermediate forms occur, we must, after the examination of about
30 specimens, allow L. phcenicuroides, Severtz., to stand as a brighter-
coloured race of L. isabellinus. In addition to the structural differ-
ences, it may be distinguished from the latter by the following
points : —
1. General colour above dingy reddish brown, alwaj's with a strong
grey hue, darker than L. isabellinus but not nearly so rufous as L.
cristatus. In old males, especially when in breeding-plumage, the
grey tinge is more strongly developed.
2. Crown of head contrasting w'th the back, being always reddish
22. LANius. , 279
brown '' almost as rufous as the tail, which with the rump is rhrk
redcbsh brown, with a chestnut tinge in fresh plumage " (S v.l)
3. Primary quills much darker than in L. isahdlLs ■ in old
specimens m breeding-plumage blackish brown; 3rd o 8th with
white basal parts forming a speculum which is ust hidden b.the
wmg-covcrts This amount of white is subject to great variat on
both zn Z. M.u=>
Otomela speculigera, Schahw, J. f. O. 1875, p. TsO.
Achat mah. Crown of head, neck, scapulars, and the whole back
uniform fulvous grey, very much as in L. isabelUnus ; taTl aTd uro-
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus.
in.
in.
in.
3-55
3-33
0-95
3-7
3-3
0-95
3-6
3-2
0-93
280 LANIIDJE.
pygium like those of the latter species; primaries as dark as in
L. 2i^icenkunykles ; four of the quills have the whole basal half
white, thus forming a very visible speculum ; loral region and ear-
coverts black, as iu L. j^hicnicuroides ; superciliary streak indistinct,
creamy ; all the undcrparts uniform isabcUine with a well-marked
rosy tinge ; flanks washed with rusty colour ; " iris dark brown "
(Finsch).
Female. More creamy below, and with a few faint cross-vermicu-
lations.
Total length about 7 inches.
Culinen
in.
Ad. S ■ Turkestan 0-G8
Ad. c? • Dauria 0"7
Ad. 5 . Mteza's country .... 0'7
Bab. The specimens which agree with the description of L. specu-
ligerus as given by Taezanowsky, are found in Dauria, Turkestan,
Afghanistan, and in Abyssinia.
a. cJ ad. sk. Dauria, May 27, 1873 Warsaw Museum [E.].
(Dyh(nvski).
h. S ad. sk, Turkestan, Bagty, May 20, Dr. Finsch [C.].
1876.
c. S ad. sk. Kandahar, April 1, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.].
d. 2 ad. sk. Kandahar, Dec. 12, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swiuhoe [P.I.
e. $ ad. sk. Kokeran, Feb. 28, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.;.
/. 2 ad. sk. Mteza's countiy, Central Signer Piaggia [C.].
Africa.
41. Lanius vittatus.
Grey-backed Shrike, Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. p. 13 (1821).
Lanius vittatus, Valenciennes, Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 227 (1826) ;
Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 220; Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 311; Blanf.
J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 272; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 115; Lloyd, Ibis,
1873, p. 408; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 398; Hume, Nests Sf Eggs
Ind. B. p. 173 ; Schalow, J. f. 0. 1878, p. 145.
Collurio hardwickii, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 42 ; Gonid, Cent. TLim.
B. pi. 12. fig. 1 ; FranU. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 117 ; id. J. A. S. B. i.
p. 265 ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86.
Lanius margaritaceus, Lesson (teste Giebel, Thes. Orn.).
Lanius hardwickii, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290 (1846) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B.
XV. p. 304 ; id. Cat. B. Miis. A.'i. ISoc. p. 162 (1849) ; Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 235; Gray, Cat. B. Nepal p}'es. Hodqs. p. 100; Bp.
a A. i. p. 364 ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. M. EJ. Co. i. p. 165
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 495 (1862) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 115.
Collyrio vittatus, Bp. Rev. etMag. Zool. 1853, p. 436; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 392, no. 6956 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 174.
Otomela hardwickii, Bj). Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 437,
Enneoctonus hardwickii, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 200.
Adult male. Crown of head greyish white, shading off into pure
grey on the hind neck, which again becomes tinged with reddish as
it approaches the mantle, the latter as well as the scapulars being
maroon ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey, inclining
to white ; wings black, the least coverts broadly margined with
I
22. LANIFS. 9^2
TcHstincf ahr:' '' f °' tbe^prima,y quills is pure white, formin,
a dstnct a ur speculum ; the secoudaries nariwlv tipped with
wh fash; taU black tipped with white, all but the tour ceni a^
feathers white at the base, the black portion of the featheS de
creasing in extent towards the outermost rectrix wblb 7= I
rnSLteV r-' '^-^f f™^^^^ ^-^^ ^^ Sid ofVetf
including the feathers round the eye and ear-coverfs 1.1.^1- V i
whte speculum as the male; no black frontal Wd 1 f i
lou«r/ m«J.. Similar to the old female in not having the frontal
band, but otherwise more richly coloured ih^ k,.i • r ■ .
m„™„ , ,ail-,e„a,„. M.es^J, fS'lt d dM k brL^
feathers with remains of dusky cd-nu^s '
Ofe. Two fully adiilt males, colle°cled in Balneliisfan and .,t
Katliawar differ from the male, described above b, the r all^
S'Sth-er's'tr «::■£""■ *' "°°»""-^"«- k^i"." -HcUTa'
aod'^Mu'eMZ,.'''""""'' '=^""'"°»" '^'■*'--<'= '""> Afghanistan
p. Juv. sk. N.W. Hinialavas. C-i^'\u.^.i, -n- .
•' ^•'. 2 ad. sk.
s', t'. s 2 ^*1- ^^•
?«'. [c5'] ad. sk.
v'. \_S] ad. sk.
w'. [ c? ] ad. sk.
x'. (5 ad. sk.
y'. S ad. sk.
z'. [ d ] ad. sk.
a. Juv. sk.
/3. Juv. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
e. Skeleton.
e-5. Skidls.
1, K. Skeletons.
Ilampstead, Middlesex.
Hampstead, Middlesex.
Pagliam, Sussex, Mar.
9, 1874.
Avington, Hants, May
17, 1876.
Wiltshire.
Monmouthsbire, July
10, 1873.
Devonshire.
France.
Stockholm, July 20,
1873.
Russia, May 1841.
Belgium, July 10, 1871,
and June 3, 1872.
Bogat, Transylvania,
May 20, 1874.
Haskeui, Turkev, April
25,1877(Tr.Pewce).
Chik es Salem, May 9
(IF. Fearce).
Smyi'na.
Erzeroum.
Hermon.
Amba, Samhar, Aug.
22, 1868.
Mossambique.
Potchefstroom.
Potchefstroora.
Ly denburg, Dec.1,1874.
Tete, Zambesi.
Sibanane, Dec. 11, 1874
{F. Oafes).
Marico river, Nov. 18,
1873 [F. Oates).
Tati, March 21, 1873
(F. Oates).
Natal.
Colesberg (A. F. Ort-
lepp). _
Kingwilliamstown .
British Kaffraria {At-
more).
Ondonga (Andeisson).
Damaraland (^Anders-
son).
Elephant Vley (Anders-
son).
?
South Africa.
S. Germany.
S. Germany
England.
F. D. Godmau and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
E. Shelley, Esq. [P.].
Col. Montagu [P.].
Rev. A. Morgan [P.].
Col. Montagu [P.].
M. Baillon [P.].
Mr. Meves [C.].
Purchased.
Brussels Museum [P.].
Capt. Feilden and J. A.
Ilarvie Brown, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Canon Tristram, Esq. [C.l.
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Purchased.
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.l.
J. H. Gurney, Esq. 'P.I.
F. A. Barratt, Esq. 'C.].
Sir J. Kirk [C.].
W. E. and C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
W. E. and C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
W. E. and C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Capt. H. Trevelyan [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Eyton Collection.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Dr. Giinther.
Dr. Giinther.
Purchased.
'22. LANirs.
289
4 (J. Lanius collyrioides.
Laniua colliirioides, Less, in Belanf/er's Toy., Zwil. p. 254 ; IValden,
Ibis, 1807, p. 220 ; Godicin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 157 ;
Ancierssoii, B. Yunnan, p. 646 (1878); Outes, B. BrU. Burm. p. 250.
Lanius hvpoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 249 ; id. Cut. B. Mus.
As. Sue. p. 152; Bp. C. A. i. p. 304; Jerdon, Ibis, lbC>2, p. 10;
Blanford, Ibis, 1870, p. 408 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 473, 1875,
p. 00; Schulow, J.f. O. 1878, p. 143.
CoUyi-io hypoleucus, Bp. liev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 436 ; Grai/,
liand-l. B. i. p. 392, no. 5957.
CoUyrio colluiioides, Bp. I. c. p. 430.
Similar to L. collurio, but more intensely coloured ; crown of
head and hind neck dark slaty grey, which colour becomes gradually
darker towards the front of the head, the region round the eye, and
the ear-coverts ; none of these parts are so decidedly black as in L.
collurio ; mantle, scapulars, the whole back, and the upper tail-coverts
deep chestnut-brown ; quills and wing-coverts dark brown, the latter
as well as the secondaries extcrnallj- broadlj' margined with chest-
nut colour ; basal half of the inner primaries pure white, which
colour diminishes in extent on the outer primaries ; the large alar
speculum is therefore only seen iu the expanded wing ; the three
middle pairs of the tail-feathers are uniform black, with very small
creamy tips, the next pair with large white tips, and the outermost
one is nearly all white, the blackish-brown colour being restricted to
the immediate neighbourhood of the shaft ; under wing-coverls dusky
grey at base, white at tip : quills below with a large patch of white,
rest dusky, inner margins creamy or fulvous; under surface of body
creamy^ white ; " bill black, the gape and greater portion of the
lower mandible fleshy grey ; feet plumbeous, claws horny ; irides
pale reddish brown ; eyehds bluish grey " ( Oates). Total length about
6'8 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3'25-3-5, tail 3-5-4, tarsus 0"85-0'95.
Hah. Burmah and Pegu.
a, h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/, ^. d 2 ad. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
/. iS sill- ssk.
k. ? ad. sk.
I. Ad. iu spirit.
Burmah.
Ava.
Tavoy {Briffys).
Burmah.
Pegu, Dec.
Pegu, Nov. 1880.
Pegu, March 1878.
Lower Pegu, Dec.
1878.
Biu-mah.
E. Blyth, Esq. [P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
Gould Collection.
Gould Collection.
E. W. Oates, Esq. [C]
E. AV. Oates, Esq. [C
E. W. Oates, Esq. [C.
E. W. Oates, Esq. [C]
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
47. Lanius tigrinus.
Lanius tigrinus, Brapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Xat. xiii. p. 523 (1828);
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 152 ; Jerdon, Ibis, lb72, p. 110.
Lanius ferox, Drapiez, Diet. Class. H. X. xiii. p. 523 (1828).
Lanius maguirostris, Less. Voy. Bclany., et Cuiiipl. Buff. ii. p. 415
(1»34) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 393, no. 5072 : IValdeu, Ibis,
290 LANiiDj;.
1867, p. 2-20, pi. 6. figs. 1 & 2 ; ibid. 1869, p. 242 ; Swinh. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 375 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 115; Dav. 4' Oustalet, Ois. Chine,
p. 97.
Lauius strigatus, E>/ton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103.
Enneoctonus crassirostris (KuM), Bp. C. A. i. p. 362 (1850).
Otomela crassirostris, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1853, p. 437.
Enneoctonus tigrinus, Horsf. Sf 3Ioore, Cat. B. M. E.I. Co. i. p. 168
(1854).
Lauius waldeni, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 131.
Lauius incertus, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 376 ; 1875, p. 115.
Otomela magnirostiis, Taczan. Bull. Sue. Zool. France, 1876, i. p. 167;
id. J.f. O. 1876, p. 197 ; Schalow, ibid. p. 217.
Adult male (summer plumage). Crown of head, hind neck, and
upper part of the mantle clear bluish grey ; mantle, scapulars, the
whole back, and the upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather
with several transverse black bars ; lesser wing-coverts like the back,
the rest and the secondary quills chestnut-brown with submarginal
black lines ; primary quills uniform brown, with no white at the
base whatever ; tail uniform chestnut-brown, with faint subterminal
bars and whitish tips to the outer rectrices ; a frontal band, the
loral and ocular region, and the ear-coverts deep black ; all the
underparts white, washed with cream-colour, especially on the throat,
breast, and edge of wings ; some of the under wing-coverts with
submarginal blackish-brown bars ; " bill Ijluish black ; feet pale
leaden, with a fleshy tinge ; iris blackish brown " (SwvnJioe).
Winter plumar/e. The grey of the head and neck is washed with
brownish ; the frontal band and ear-coverts are brownish black, so
that the head has lost its beautiful appearance ; cheeks, sides of breast,
and flanks with a few subterminal brown vermiculations ; bill and
feet horny brown. Total length 6' 6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3*2,
tail 3, tarsus 0-9.
Adult female. Very similar to the adult male in winter plumage,
but generally with " a large creamy patch on the lores, and a white
half-eyebrow in rear of the eye-line " (SwinJwe) ; bill bluish black.
The measurements are the same as in the male.
Obs. Consul Swinhoe observes " that the sexes are alike, the
males being more richly coloured." This, however, holds good
only with old females in breeding-plumage, since in winter (as
proved by all the specimens from Malacca and Borneo) the female
closely resembles the young and immatiire birds, the black frontal
band and the grey of the head and neck being replaced by the
reddish-brown black-barred coloration of the back, while the region
above the ear-coverts and above the eye is creamy instead of reddish
brown.
Immature bird. General colour of the whole upper surface of
the body reddish brown, which colour is more fulvous and greyish
on the head and neck, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump
and upper tail-coverts : each feather has several very distinct black
or dark-brown cross bars, aud is mottled with small creamy or
almost white spots ; again, the shaft of the feathers being white, the
upper parts of the body, especially the mantle aud neck, exhibit a
22. LAJflCS.
291
rather densely spotted aspect, thus differing from the adult female
in summer plumage ; no fi-outal band ; the forehead, the region round
the eye, and ear-coverts whitish mottled with brownish ; throat,
middle of aljdomen, under tail- and under wing-coverts uniform'
cream-colour ; all the rest of the uuderparts and sides of the neck
densely marked with blackish-brown vermiculations ; bill pale horny
brown ; feet more bluish.
Ifab. From Eastern Siberia and China to Malacca and Sumatra.
Pm'chased.
Eyton Collection.
(Type of Z. strigatus.)
Eyton Collectiou.
W. Harvey, Esq. [C.].
Purchased'.
Purchased.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
India Museum.
Capt. Stackhouse
Pinwill [P.].
Goidd Collection.
India Museum.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[c.].
H.Everett, Esq. [C.].
a. Pull. sk.
b. (J ad. sk. (moulting).
Malacca.
Malacca.
c. Pull. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/. [c?] ad. sk. (moulting).
g. 5 ad. sk.
Malacca.
Malacca.
Malacca.
Malacca.
Malacca.
h. PuU. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.
k. (5" imm. sk.
/. (S juv. sk. (moulting).
Malacca.
Malacca.
Malacca {Griffith).
Malacca.
m. 2 or juv. sk.
n, o. [c?] ad. et juv. sk.
2>f q, r. 2 imm. sk.
s, t. 2 ad. sk.
Malacca ( Wallace).
Penang (Caiitor).
Sumatra.
Sarawak.
v2
292
Subfamily V. VIREONIN^ *.
23. VIREO.
Type.
Vireo, VieiUot, Ois. de tAmer. Septe7itr. i. p. 83
Q807-) V. noveboracensis.
Vireosylvia, Bonnp. Comp. List Birds Europe and
N. Am. (1838) V olivacea.
PhvUonianes, Cah. Archiv f. Nature/. 1847, p. 321 (No type.)
Lanivireo, Baird, Bev. Am. Birds, i. p. 326 (1864) V. flavifion.?.
VireoueUa, Baird, Bev. Am. Birds, i. p. 326 (1864) V. gundlaclii.
Bill much more slender than in Cyclorhis or Vireolanius, abruptly
curved at the end. Legs slender, lateral toes unequal. The shape
of the wings various. The first plumage of the young resembhng that
of the adult, and being destitute of spots either above or below (Sal-
vin). Length of wing about 2-5-3 inches. Pattern of plumage
very plainr the only colours being olive, yellowish, white, and
black, with their combinations.
Heads of Vireo flavifrons and Vireo flavoviridis.
Banrje. Korth America, extending through Central and Southern
America to Brazil and Peru. Antilles.
Key to the Species,
A. Wings elongated, pointed, longer than tail ;
first primary extremely short, sometimes
obsolete (Subgeneric group Vireosyl via.)
a. Figure slender ; bill rather slender, laterally
compressed, straight ; feet slender.
«'. First primary obsolete.
(calidris,^. 293.
a". Crown of head grey, bordered with a J olivaceus, p. 294.
line of fuscous j chivi, p. 295.
[flavoviridw, p. 295.
h" . Crown of head not margined with a j magister, p. 295.
differently coloured line ) pMladelpMcus, p. 296.
I, T-,. , • . I qilvus, p. 296.
6'. First primary present \josephl p. 297.
6. Figure robust; bill short and robust; feet
rather robust (Subgeneric group LANI^^REO.)
c' . First primary obsolete ; ocular region and
throat yellow Jlavifrons, p. 298.
* The characters on which the " genera " of this subfamily are based are
1 10 indefinite to be shortly expressed in a " Key," as has been attempted in the
oJier subfamilies.
23. viREo. 293
isoUtarius, p. 298.
cassini, p. 299.
plumbeits, p. 299.
vicinior, p. 300.
a. Wings slioi-t, hardly longer or slightly shorter
than tail ; tirst primary large, about half
the length of the second (Subgeneric gi'oup Yireo.)
a. Wings rather pointed.
a'. Crown black atriccqnllus, p. 300.
b'. Crown olive or grey ; wings with two
bars, produced by the light tips of the
greater and median coverts. , , . oaa
«". Middle line of underparts white ; ab- fof^^^oracensis, p. 300,
domeu yeUow '''"'.' i^' ^^l' ,
-' ( pusiUus, p. o02.
b". Underparts almost uniformly coloured.
«"'. Bill stout j ^c'';;-"^^"*'; p- f 2-
I pallens, p. 302.
liutfoni, p. 303.
b'". Bill slender < moilcstiis, p. 303.
( cannio/i, p. 303.
b. Wings rounded, without pale bars ; tail elon- lujpff(V(^, Breio., ^- Ridr/iv. N. A. B.
i. p. 359 (1874).
Vireosylvia calidiis, yar. dominicana, Lawr. Pr. U. S. Nat. 3Ius. i.
pp. 55, 486.
Vireo calidris, Graj/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 381, no. 5761 (1869) ; Salv. Sf
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arcs, p. 186 (1881).
Upper parts uniform oliye ; crown of head grey, narrowly bordered
with fuscous ; a dingy yellowish white streak extending from the
nostrils oyer the eye, along the sides of the occiput ; lores, a sjiot
behind the eye, and a rictal stripe fuscous ; undeqiarts yellowish
white, strongly washed with olive on the sides and tlanks ; axillarics
and under tail-coverts whitish yellow; bill and feet horn-colour.
Culmcn 0-8 inch, wing 3- 1-3-2, tail 2-25-2-35, tarsus 0-72.
Hah. Florida ; Antilles ; South America from Guiana to Venezuela,
extending into Panama.
294
a. F". calidris.
a. Ad. sli. San Domingo, May Smithsonian Institution
imQ {Younglove). [P.].
h. Ad. sL-. San Domingo. Mr. A. Sall.5 [C.].
/3. V. harhatula.
c. (S ad. sk. Central America. J. Gould, Esq.
d. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.
e,f,(i. Ad.sk. Trinidad. Zoological Society [P.].
/(. Ad. sk. Chamicuros, E. Peru Gould Collection.
(^Hau.vivell).
i. Ad. sk. Guiana. Mr. Brown [C.].
2. Vireo olivaceus.
Muscicapa oUvacea, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 327 (1766).
Lanius olivaceus, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 49 (1823).
Vireo olivaceus, Vieill. Ois. de TAm. Sept. i. p. 83 (1807) ; Wils. Am.
Orn. pi. 12 ; Auduh. Am. B. pi. 150; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 381,
no. 5762 ; Samuels, B. Neiu En(/hind, p. 270 ; Baird, Birds N.
Am. p. 331 (1858) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1805, p. 48 ; Coues, B. Color. Vail.
i. p. 495 ; Salv. S)- Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 188.
? Vireo viresceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Se^it. i. p. 84, pi. 53 (1807) ; Gray,
pen. B. i. p. 267, pi. 65. _
Vireosylvia olivaeea, Bi). C. A. i. p. 329 ; Beinhardt, Vidensk.
Meddel. 185.3, p. 82; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 7; Sclat. P.Z.8. 1855,
p. 151, 1859, pp. 137, 363 ; Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 145 ; 'Sclat. i^
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; iid. P. Z. S.- 1870, p. 836, 1879, p. 495 ;
Lawrence, Ibis, 1804, p. 394 (England) ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1864,
p. 333 ; V. Frantzius, J. f. 0. 1869, p. 295 ; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridqw.
N. Am. B. i. p. 363 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 565 ; Scl §■ Salv.
Nomencl. p. 11.
Phyllomanes olivaeea, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 63 (1850) ; id. J. f. 0.
1860, p. 404; Gundlach, op. cit. 1861, p. 324.
Vireo bogoteusis, Bryant, Proc. Bast. Soe. N. H. vii. p. 227 (1860).
Vireosylvia bogotensis, Laxorence, Attn. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 6.
Upper parts olive ; crown grey, narrowly bordered with fuscous
brown or blackish brown ; a whitish streak extending from the
nostrils over the eye, along the sides of the occiput; prffiocular
region or lores, and a few feathers behind the eye, dull grey ; cheeks
and ear-coverts whitish tinged with pale yellowish olive ; under-
parts white, tinged with pale yellow on the under tail- coverts,
axiUaries, and under wing-coverts ; no rictal streak ; bill and feet
horn-colour. Culmen 0'54-0'64 inch, wing 3-3-4, tail 2-2-3,
tarsus 0-7.
Hub. North America, throughout Central America to Panama ;
Cuba.
a. Ad. sk. Bogota. — Purdie, Esq. [C.].
b. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.
c. d. S ? f-d. sk. Michigan. Prof. Steere.
e,f. S 2 ad. sk. Fort Simpson. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.],
-Rulgrv. N. Am. B.i. p. .389 ; Coues B. CoLZo V i
feXSr-cS^^tir ^'''- ^"^'•-^'-•'^^-. p-:^oo;':s;;/;:
siz^Zl^r'""^^'"^ ^- 'T^''-'^''''''' ^ g^°^^^^ coloration and
size, but the pra^ocular and superciliary region whitish instead of
yeUowish; the upper parts dull olive-green, inclining to c^^yish
on the nape and czx)wn ; quills narrowly edged with whitish olve
only the greater series of wing-co verts perceptibly tipped with whitish'
the rest being only very faintly edged with pile' olive ; thus only
one alar band is developed : underparts from chin to vent mu-l
white, inged with very pale yellow on the under wing-covcT ts and
under tad-coverts, stronger yeUow inclining to ochraceous on the
302 LANIID^.
sides of the breast and the flanks ; edge of wing and inner margin
of remiges white ; " bill and feet lead-colour " (Salvin). Culmen
0-5 inch, wing 2-2, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7-0-8.
Hab. Mexico and southern half of North America.
a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
b. Ad. sk. Missouri. Purchased.
16, Vireo pusillus.
Vireo pusillus, Corns, Proc. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 75 ; Baird, Rev.
Am. B. p. 360 ; Elliot, Illustr. B. N. Am. i. pi. vii. ; Cooper, Orn.
Californ. i. p. 124; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 381, no. 5756; Baird,
Brew., ^- Ridyiv. N. Am. B. i. pp. 383, 391.
Closely allied to V. belli and V. pallens. " Above ashy grey, very
slightly tinged with olive on rump ; below dull white, ashy laterally,
the flanks with the slightest possible tinge of yellow ; eyelids and a
short line from the nostrils to the eye whitish, no other stripe ap-
parent ; a dusky loral spot ; primary-coverts indistinctly edged with
whitish, producing an obscure band, second band hardly perceptible ;
quills and tail-feathers edged with pale greyish olive, the innermost
secondaries with whitish. Wing 2-25 inches, tail 2'25, tarsus 0'73."
" Hab. Arizona, California." {Baird.)
17. Vireo ochraceus.
Vireo ochraceus, Sah. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i.
p. 366; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 272; Sclat. Sf Salt:
Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv. Sf Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ares, p. 201,
tab. 12. fig. 1.
Vireo semiflavus. Salt: P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188.
General colour above, including the taU and crown, uniform olive
with a slight ochraceous tinge, this tinge being more developed in
the immature bird and in the female ; praeocular region yellow ;
remiges narrowly edged with whitish ; greater and median series of
wing-coverts tipped with whitish, forming two alar bands ; undcr-
parts ochraceous yellow, inclining to whitish on the throat ; maxilla
pale horn-colour ; mandible white. Wing 2-2 inches, tail 1-8
tarsus O'S. (Salvin.)
Hab. Central America from Mexico to Guatemala.
Subsp. a. Vireo pallens.
Vireo pallens, Salv. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 188 ; id. Ibis, 18G6, p. 193 ;
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 365 ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv.
Sr Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 202, tab. 12. fig. 2.
Upper parts uniform grey, with only a slight tinge of olive ;
underparts dull white slightly tinged with yellowish ; prajocular
region pale yellowish ; greater and median series of wing-coverts
with conspicuous whitish tips. Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1"9, tarsus
0-85. (Salvin.)
Hab. Central America, Nicaragua and Costa Eica.
23. TiREo. 303
18. Vireo huttoni.
Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Proc. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1851, p. 150, 1852, pi. i. ;
Unml, Birch ^\ Am. 1858, p. 3.39, pi. 78. fig. 2; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1858, p. 302, 1862, p. 19 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 358 ; Baird, Rvv.
Am. B. p. 357 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 380, n. 5751 ; Cooper,
Orn. Calif, i. p. 121 (1870) ; Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgtc. N. Am. B.
i. p. 387 ; Scl. ^- Salt: Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salt: Ibis, 1874, p. 99 ;
Coues, Birds Colorad. Vail. i. p. 525; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, p. 203.
Upper parts dull olive with an earthy brownish tinge on the
hind neck and crown ; wings and tail blackish brown, externally
edged with pale olive-yellow ; the innermost secondaries are broadly
edged, and the greater and median wing-coverts broadly tipped with
yellowish white, thus forming two conspicuous alar bands ; edge of
wing, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of remiges white ; sides
of head and all the underparts of the body are pale ochraceous,
rather dull on the chest and flanks, clearer, inclining to creamy
yellow, on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; a few feathers
behind the eye of the same colour ; bill horn-colour ; feet leaden.
Culmen 0-5 inch, wing 2-5-2-6, tail 2, tarsus 0*75.
Hab. North America, California ; Central America from Mexico
to Guatemala.
a. c? ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Collection.
b. $ Ad. sk. La Parada, Mexico. M. Boucard [C.].
19. Vireo modestxis.
Vireo uoveboracensis, Gosse (nee Gmel.), B. of Jamaica, p. 192 (1847).
Vireo modestus, Scl. P.Z. S. 1800, p. 462, 1861, pi. xiv. fig. 1; id.
Cat. Am. B. 1861, p. 43 ; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 362 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5772 ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. p. 12.
Closely allied to V. huttoni, but differing from the latter by a
slightly larger bill and by shorter wings ; lower back and rump
considerably brighter than the head and interscapular region ; the
fu'st primary is barely half, or not half as long as the second, instead
of more than half as in V. huttoni. {Baird.) Wing 2'3 inches,
tail 2 (Sclater), 2-21 (Baird).
Hah. Jamaica.
a. Ad. sk. Jamaica. 0. Salviu and F. D. Godman,
Esqrs. [P.].
20. Vireo carmioli.
Vireo carmioli, Baird, Bev. Am. B.\. p. 356; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ix. p. 97 ; V. Frantzius, J.f. 0. 1869, p. 295 ; Baird, Breio., i.y Ridyw.
N. Am, B. i. p. 383 ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv. i^- Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 203, tab. 12. fig. 3.
Upper parts, including the crown and the outer edges of the
remiges and rcctriccs, olive ; pra?ocular region and long superciliary
stripe yellowish : the greater and median series of upper wing-coverts
with large whitish yellow tips, forming two conspicuous alar bars .
304 LANIIDJE.
innermost secondaries broadly edged with whitish ; underparts
yellow, passing into whitish on the throat ; bill and feet lead-colour.
(^Sah'in.) Ciilmen 0-5 inch, wing 2-25, tail l'S5, tarsus 0"75.
Bab. Central America, Costa Kica to Panama.
21. Vireo hypochryseus.
Vireo hypochryseus, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 3G9, pi. 46 ; Baird, Rev.
Am. B. i. p. 370 ; Grm/son, Proc. Bast. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 281 ;
Laicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 272 ; id. Bv.ll. U. S. Nat. Mus.
no. 4, p. 18 ; Scl. ^" Salt: Nomeiicl. p. 12 ; Sali\ i§- Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, p. 204.
Crown, hind neck, and hack yellowish olive, changing into paler
olive on the lower back and upper tail-coverts : wings and tail
brown ; the primaries narrowly edged with yellowish olive ; wing-
coverts without au}' paler tips ; a conspicuous yellow stripe extending
from the nostrils over the eye along the sides of the occiput ; ear-
coverts duU yellow ; all the underparts rich yellow, slightly washed
with olive on the sides of the breast and flanks ; " bill horn-
colour; feet lead-colour." (Salvin). Culmen 0-6 inch, wing 2-5-
2-25, tail 2-2-2-4, tarsus 0-8.
Hub. Mexico and Tres Marias Islands.
22. Vireo gundlachi.
Vireo gimdlnchi, Lembei/e, Aves de la Cuba, p. 29, pi. v. fig. 1 (1850) ;
Cab. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 468; Graxj, Rand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5771 ;
Scl. 4- Sah. Nomencl. p. 12.
Vii'eoneUa giuidlachi, Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 369 (1864j ; Baird,
Brew., Si' Ridgiu. N. Am. B. i. p. 382.
Upper parts of an olivaceous plumbeous ; the underparts. with
the loral region and a circle ar-ound the eye (the latter brighter),
dull vellow as in V. philadcljjhkns ; sides tinged with olivaceous ;
two narrow very conspicuous pale bands on the wing ; the tail and
wing-feathers brown, edged with the colour of the back (without
any whitish), the outer edge of the outer tail-feathers not paler
than in the others ; quills edged internally with white ; bill pale
horn-colour above, a little lighter beneath ; legs plumbeous. Wing
2-10 inches, taH 2-20.
Mab. Cuba.
Obs. The wings of this species are extremely short and much
rounded, the secondaries being very long and nearly all of the same
length, as in V. lujjjochryseus and in Neochloe.
a Ad. sk. Cuba. 0. Salvin and F. D. Godman,
Esqrs. [P.].
23. Vireo lattmeri.
Vireo latimeri, Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 364 (1864) ; Graij, Iland-l.
B. i. p. 382, no. 5773 ; Gvndlach, Anal, de Hist. Xatur. vii. pp. 135,
343 (1878) ; Scl. ^- Sah. Nomencl. p. 12.
" Upper parts olivacec as, brightest and greenest on lower back
25. nvLOPHins. 305
and rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear grey on tlie head ;
the interscapular region soiled with reddish olive ; no light bands
nor edgings of the wings, excepting the olive-green borders of the
quills, becoming paler towards the edge of the wing : chin and
throat, with a line from bill to eye, and eyelids white ; sides of head
grey ; breast and remaining underparts yellow, palest ventrally,
tinged with greenish on sides ; inside of wings pale yellowish ; inner
edges of quills tinged with the same ; bill light horn-colour, paler
below; feet plumbeous; iris hazel. Wing 2-20 inches, tail I'lO.
Wings short, though longer than tail, much rounded ; tail nearly
even." {Baird.)
Hah. Porto Kico.
a. Ad. sk. Porto Eico. Dr. Henry Bryant [P.].
24. NEOCHLOE.
Type.
Neochloe, Sdat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 213 N. bre-s-ipeuuis.
Wings very rounded, the second primary being much shorter than
the secondaries, and the third primary only about equal to them ;
the tail is about the same length as the wing, and also rounded.
Bill slender.
The chief reason for separating N. hrevipennis from the rest of
the Vireonince is its peculiar pattern of coloration.
Range. Southern Mexico.
1. Neochloe brevipennis.
Neochloe bre^-ipennis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B.
i. p. 372 ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. 11. i. p. 547 ; Scl. Sj- Salv.
Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv. Si- Gudm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 205,
tab. 13. fig. 2.
Entire crown and nape olive-yellow ; wings and tail blackish brown,
externally broadly edged and washed with olive-yellow ; rest of
upper parts, sides of head, neck all round, chest, flanks, and thighs
dark bluish grey, tinged with olive on the lower back ; chin, lower
breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts, and inner margin of remiges
white ; edge of wing yeUow ; bill and feet blackish. Culmen 0'5
inch, wing 2-2, tail 2*1, tarsus 0"8.
Hah. ilexico.
n. [ (^ ] ad. sk. Orizaba. Matteo Botteri [C.].
(Type of species.)
25. HYLOPHILUS.
Type.
Hvlophilus, Temm. PI. Col. 173. fig. 2 (1823) i §• P«cilotis.
' ' o \ / j ^ thoracicus.
Pachysylvia, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 309 (1850) .... H. deciutatus.
Bill more conical than in Vireo, the culmen being but slightly
curved towards the tip. The feet are stronger and longer in propor-
tion than those of Vino, and the hinder toe is longer. Wings short
VOL. vrir. T
30t) i,ANiir^.
and rounded. Tail narrow, and of about the same length as the
wings. (Sah'in.) Length of winp; 2-2-5 inches.
Head of Hi/lqphilus luteifrons.
Range. About 20 species, closclj- allied to each other in structure
and coloration, inhabiting Central and South America.
Key to the Sjpecies.
a. Colour of crown grey, terminating abruptly ;
back olive.
a' . Breast yellow.
a". Forehead olive thoracieiis, p. 307.
h". Forehead grey pectoralis, p. 307.
h'. Breast white demrtatvs, p. 307.
c'. Breast rufescent muscicapinus, p. 308.
h. Crown rich rufous, terminating abruptly ; back
olive.
d' . Loral and ocular region whitish; breast
dull olive-yellow pcRcilotis, p. 308.
e' . Lores rufous like the crown; breast duU
creamy amaurocephalas, p. 308.
c. Crown rufous, grey, brown, or ochraceous,
giadually passing into the colour of the
back.
/'. Crowu and hind neck rich rufous.
c". Back olive semihrunneus, p. 309.
d" . Back olive-brown fuscicapillus, p. 309.
g' . Crown ashy grey ; hind neck fuscous grey Jlmiventris, p. 309.
h'. Crown brown.
e". Forehead orange ; underparts yellowish mirantiifrons, '^. -ilO.
f". Forehead uniform with crown ; under-
parts dull white brunneicejis, p. 310.
/'. Crown rufous-ochraceous ; mantle rufous-
brown ochraceiceps, p. 310.
d. Crown coloured imiformly with back ; fore-
head rufous or yellow.
k '. Forehead with a narrow red frontal band ;
underparts ochraceous ruhrifrons, p. 311.
/'. Whole forehead rich rusty rufous ; under-
parts dingy grey femigineifrons, p. 311.
m' . Forehead yellowish ; crown fuscous olive;
breast tinged with fuscous luteifrons, p. 311.
g". L'nderparts olive-yellow olivaceus, p. 313.
e. Whole of plumage olive.
n'. Feet ashy grey ; underparts whitish grey . semicinereus, p. 312. 4:
o' . Feet yellow. f
h". Underparts pale ochraceous Jlavipes, p. 312. i
i". Underparts yellow viridijlavus, p. 312. j
25. HTLOPHiLrs. 307
1. Hylophilus thoracicus.
A. H. thoracicus.
Hylophilus thoracicus, Temm. PL Col. 173. fig. 1 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 329
Scl. Cat. Am. 5. p. 44; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 375; Pelseln,
Ornith. Brasil. p. 70 ; Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 12 ; Scl.
Ibis, 1881, p. 207.
B. H. 2)ectoralis.
Hvlophilus pectoralis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 321 ; Pelzeln, Ornith.
'Brasil. p. 70 ; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Scl. Pjis, 1881, p. 298.
Sylvia thoracica, Prinz Max. Beitr. iii. p. 717 (1831?).
A. Northern Race (H. thoracicus).
Centre of crown ashy grej-, passing into olive on the forehead and
the sides of the head ; hind neck and nape olive-grey ; rest of upper
parts yellowish olive ; wing-coveiis uniform with back, without
lighter tips ; chiu, cheeks and throat, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts dull reddish ; breast, under wing-coverts, and inner margin
of remiges lemon-yellow ; flanks washed with olive-grey ; bill horn-
colour; feet brown. Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-7.
Immature birds have the whole crown of the head washed with
olive.
Hah. Northern half of South America.
a. J ad. sk. Bartica grove, British Guiana, 0. Salvin and F. D. God-
Oct. •2(11. Whitehj). man, Esqrs. [P.].
B. Southern Race (H. pectoralis).
Birds from the interior of Southern Brazil have the whole crown
of the head ashy grey, the flanks more uniform with the breast
and not washed with olive. Wing 2-3 inches, tail 1'9, tarsus 0"7.
{Sclater.)
These birds seem to form a brighter-coloured race of H. thoracicus,
representing the latter in Brazil.
2. Hylophilus decurtatus.
Sylvicola deeurtata, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118.
Pachysylvia deeurtata, Bp. C. A. i. p. 309.
Hylophilus decurtatus, Baird. Rev. Am. B. i. p. 380 (1864) ; Salv.
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 184 ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 313, 1872,
p. 314; Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 ; Later. Bull. U.S. Kat.
Mus. No. 4, p. 18; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 298; Salv. ^- Godm. Biol.
Cenfr.-Amer., Aves, p. 206.
Hvlophilus cinereiceps, Scl. <§- Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 299, 1864, p. 384 ;
'id. Ibis, 1^60, p. 397.
Hylophilus pusillus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 323, viii. p. 179,
ix. p. 97 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. .^81.
Hvlophilus plumbiceps, Lairr. Ann. Lye. K. Y. vii. p. 323.
Helmintheros ? Scl. P. Z. S. 18-:i6, p. 291.
Crown of head and nape pale leaden grey ; all the rest of the
upper parts rich olive-yellow ; primaries blackish, narrowlj- edged
with whitish grey ; loral region and a few feathers around the eye,
chin, cheeks, throat and centre of breast, and abdomen silky white ;
sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts strongly washed with
x2
308 lantid.t;.
olive-yellow ; car-coverts and part of cheeks brownish white ; under
wiug- coverts yellowish ; inner margin of remiges white. Culmen
0-5-0-55 inch, wing l-95-2-lo, tail 1-4-1-6, tarsus 1-6.
Uab. Central America.
a,b. [cf]ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased.
c. Ad. .sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
3. HylopMlus muscicapinvis.
Ilvlopliilus muscicapiuus, Scl. Sf Salv. Noincncl. p. 1.j6 (1873) ; Sd.
'Ibis, 1881, p. 291), pi. x. tig. 1.
General colour above olive-green ; crown grey ; forehead, lores,
and sides of head pale brown ; tail and outer webs of remiges and
upper wing-coverts olive ; under wing-coverts, inner margin of
remiges, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale lemon-yellow ;
rest of underparts dull white, washed with pale rufous on the chest
and sides of the fore neck; bill horn-colour. Culmen 0-62 inch,
wing 2-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-68.
Hub. Guiana.
Obs. This species is remarkable for its long and rather strongly
hooked bill. It differs from allied species through the pale rufous
colour of the sides of the head.
a. Ad. sk. Bartica grove, British Guiana 0. Salvin and F. D. God-
(H. Whitely). man, Esqrs. [P.].
4. Hylophilus pcecilotis.
Hylophilus poecilotis, Temm. PI. Col. 173. fig. 2 (1823); Bp. C. A.
"i. p. 329 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i.p. 64 ; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 44 ; Baird,
Rev. Am. B. i. p. 375 ; Pelzeln, Ornith. Brasil. p. 70 ; Scl. Sf Salv.
Nomencl. p. 14 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 300.
Sylvia pcBcilotis, Nordrnann, Verz. d. Thiere in Ertnan's Reise, p. 13,
pi. ix. fig. 3 (1835).
Entire crown of head and nape rich rufous-brown ; all the rest of
the upper parts, including the entire tail and wing-coverts, and the
outer webs of the remiges rich olive-green ; loral and ocular region,
cheeks, and upper throat whitish ; ear-coverts blackish, with broad
white central streaks and dull yellowish tips ; under wing-coverts,
axillaries, inner margin of remiges, thighs, and under tail-coverts
lemon-yellow ; rest of underparts dull yellow, washed with olive on
the breast and flanks and inclining to pale ochraceous on the abdomen ;
" bill dark flesh-colour ; mandible whitish ; feet hazel " (Sclater).
Culmen 0-5 inch, wing 2-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7.
Hub. Southern Brazil.
a, b. Ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.
5. Hylophilus amauroceplialus.
Sj'lvia amaurocephala, Nordrnann, Verz. d. Thiere in Ennan's Reise,
p. 14 (1835).
Sylvia pcecilotis, Prinz Ma.v. Beitriige, iii. p. 715.
Hylophilus poecilotis, Burmeist. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 110 (?).
Hylophilus amaurocephalus, Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 301.
I
25. HYLopniLus. 309
Crown of head and nape rich rufous ; rest of upper parts, wings,
and tail olive-green as in H. poecUotis, passing into grej' on the hind
neck and sides of the neck : sides of head and cheeks and throat
grej'ish white ; ear-coverts brownish ; fore neck, chest, and breast
dull cream-colour ; abdomen white ; flanks washed with pale olive-
yellow ; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of
remiges lemon-yellow; "bill dark flesh-colour ; feet lead-colour"
(Sclate)'). Culmen O-o inch, wing 2, tail 2, tarsus 0-7.
Hab. Eastern Brazil.
a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
6. Hylophilus semibrunneus.
Hylophilus semibrunneus, Lafr. Her. Zool. ISiS, p. 341 ; Bj). C A.
i. p. 329 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 144 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. .374 ;
Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. p. 14 ; lid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 495 ; Scl. Ibis,
1881, p. 302.
" Hylophilus castaueiceps, Verr." MS., Gray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 383 ?
Entire crown, hind neck, sides of neck, and part of the ear-coverts
rich rufous, gradually changing into olive on the mantle ; tail entirely
olive ; wings and their coverts blackish brown, externally broadly
edged and washed with the olive of the back; under wing-coverts, edge
of wing, and inner margin of remiges whitish yellow ; loral and ocular
region, cheeks, chin, and throat dull white ; rest of underparts yel-
lowish white, strongly washed with ochraceous across the chest, and
with olive-yellow on the sides of the breast and flanks ; under tail-
coverts sulphur-yellow ; " bill flesh-colour, whitish on the mandible ;
feet hazel "' [Scldter). Culmen 0-G inch, wing 2-5 (not 3-3), tail 2,
tarsus 0-67.
ffab. Colombia.
a. Ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.
7. Hylophilus flaviventris.
Hvlophilus flaviventris, Cab. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 64 ; Taczau. P. Z. S.
1874, p. 509 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 302.
General colour above olive-green, passing into fuscous grey on the
hind neck ; crown ashy grey ; ocular region whitish ; wings exter-
nally edged with olive, internally with white ; underparts pale yel-
low : throat white with a grey tinge ; under wing-coverts yellow ;
bill horn-coloiir ; feet grey. Wing 2*4 inches, tail 1*9. (Sclater.)
Ildh. Central Peru.
8. Hylophilus fuscicapillus.
Hylophilus fuscicapillus, Scl. ^- Salr. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 155 : Scl. Ibis,
1881, p. 30.3, pi. X. Hg. 2.
Most nearly allied to II. semibrunneus. Upper parts olive, strongly
washed with pale reddish brown on the mantle, hind neck, crown,
and sides of head ; throat fuscous white ; rest of underparts uniform
310 LA>'IIDJR.
yellow with an olive tinge ; inner margin of qnills whitish yellow.
Ciilmen 0'52 inch, wing 2-3, tail 1'7, tarsus 0'7.
Hah. Ecuador.
9. HylopMlus aurantiifrons.
Hylophilus aurantiifrons, Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 324 (1861) ;
Baircl, Hcv. Am. B. i. p. 377 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 303 ; Salv. ^- Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 207.
Hylophilus insularis, Scl. P. Z. S. 18(51, p. 128 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B.
i. p. 379 ; Lcotaitd, B. of Trinidad, p. 186 ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl.
p. 12; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 295; Salv. ^ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, p. 207.
Hylophilus hvpoxanthus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 130; Scl. ^ Salt: P. Z. S.
1868, p. 6-29.
Hylophilus acuticaucla, Lavjr. Pr. A. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 37 ;
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 378.
Hylophilus acuticaudus, Scl. ,§• Sah. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 170, 1869,
p. 252 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 304.
General colour above olive, passing into brown on the nape and
crown, which colour again changes into orange on the forehead ;
underparts pale yellowish, inclining to whitish on the throat and
chin, slightly washed Avith fulvous on the chest ; under wing-
coverts, inner margin of remiges, and under tail-coverts yellow ; bill
hazel ; feet fuscous. Culmen 0'6 inch, wing 2*l-2'25 (female 2),
tail 1-55-1-7, tarsus 0-62-0-70.
Ohs. The typical specimen of H. insularis (from Trinidad) has the
first primary slightly longer and the bill a little stouter than the
specimens from the continent, but Mr. Sclater himself is now inclined
to consider these peculiarities merely individual.
Hab. Guiana to Panama.
10. Hylophilus hrunneiceps.
Hylophilus brunneiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 322 ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. p. 70; Scl. Sf Salv. Namencl. p. 12; Sd. Ibis, 1881, p. 305,
pi. xi. fig. 1.
Entire crown, nape, and sides of head light brown ; rest of upper
parts, including the whole tail and the outer webs of the remiges
and upper wing-coverts, olive ; inner webs of remiges dark brown,
edged with yellow like the under wing-coverts ; underparts dull
white, washed with light bi'own on the throat, cheeks, and espe-
cially on the chest; bill and feet fuscous. Culmen 0-6 inch, wing
2-2, 'tail 1-G, tarsus 0-6-5.
Hah. Guiana.
11. Hylophilus ochraceiceps.
Hylophilus ochraceiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 375 ; Scl. 8,- Sah.
Ibis, 1860, p. 397; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 376; Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 97 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 184 ; Salv. l^ Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 207 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 306.
All the upper ]iarts are rid: rufous-brown, stronglj- shaded with
25. HTIOPHILUS. 31 1
olive on the hind neck and on the long fluffy feathers of the lower
back ; crown of head inclining to rufous ochraceous ; tail uniform
reddish brown ; outer web of remiges pale reddish brown ; inner
web blackish brown, broadly edged with sulphui'-yellow ; under wiug-
coverts and edge of wing and axillaries sulphur-yellow ; chin, cheeks,
and throat dull whitish ; ear-coverts brownish ; chest and rest of
underparts dull yellow tinged with olive ; " bill horn-colour ; feet
hazel " ((S'aZfm). Culmen 0-6 inch, wing 2-2-2-3, tail 1-8, tarsus
0-65.
Hah. Mexico to Panama.
a, b, c. Ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
d. S ad. sk. Mexico, Oct. 1859. Mr. A. Salle [C.].
12. Hylophilus rubrifrons.
Hylophilus rubrifrons, Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 569, pi. xxx. fig. 1 ;
iid. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 307.
General colour above greyish olive, inclining to green on the
mantle ; forehead with a narrow but very distinct frontal band of red ;
secondaries edged with yellowish rufous ; tail uniform rufous ; under
wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges pale yellow ; rest of under-
parts pale ochraceous, tinged with grey on the abdomen and with
greenish on the flanks ; maxilla hazel ; mandible and feet paler.
Culmen 0-58 inch, wing 2-13, tail 1"5, tarsus 0"6.
Hah. Lower Amazons.
13. Hylophilus ferrugineifrons.
Hylophilus ferrugineifrons, Scl. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 110; Baird, Rev.
Ain. B. i. p. 377 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 71 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl.
p. 12 ; Taczan. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 307.
Male. Forehead rich rusty rufous, palest towards the nostrils,
passing into rufous-olive on the crown ; rest of upper parts olive ;
entire tail uniform rufous ; wings blackish brown, the outer webs
olive ; inner margin of inner webs, and under wing-coverts sulphur-
yellow ; sides of head, cheeks, and throat dull whitish grey ; rest of
underparts dingy grey washed with olive-yellow ; bill lead-colour,
with paler edges ; feet fuscous. Culmen 0-6 inch, wing 2-2-2-25,
tail 1*0, tarsus 0-65.
Hah. Jforthern half of South America.
14. Hylophilus luteifrons.
Hylophilus luteifrons, Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 308.
Adult (type of species). Most closely allied to H. ferruyineifrons.
Crown almost of the same colour as the back, which is olive and
strongly washed with fuscous, whilst the superciliary region and a
narrow frontal band are yellowish ; under wing-coverts and inner
edge of remiges less bright than in the other species; wing-coverts,
in some specimens, edged with rufous ; chest slightly tinged with
312 LANIID^.
fuscous, producing a very indistinct collar. Culmen 0-58 inch,
wing 2-23, tail 1-6, tarsus U-64. (Mm. F.L.S.)
The sexes are alike in plumage.
Hub. Guiana.
a, b. S ad. sk. Roraima, Br itisli Guiana, July H. Whitely,Esq. [C.].
14 & AprillS, 18S2.
15. HylopMlus semicinereus.
Hylophilus semicinereus, Scl. ^- Sah: P. Z. S. 1867, p._570, pi. xxx.
fif. 2 ; iid. Nomend. p. 12 ; Laijard, Ibis, 1873, p. 377 ; Scl. Ibis,
1881, p. 308.
Upper parts pale yeUowish olive ; hind neck and occiput grey, but
strongly washed with the colour of the back ; edge of wing, under
wing-coverts, and inner edge of remiges bright sulphur-yellow ;
rest of undcrparts, including the under tail-coverts, whitish grey ;
sides of upper breast washed with olive-yellow ; ear-coverts and
sides of head pale brownish grey. Culmen 0-5-0-55 inch, wing
2-1-2-2, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-70.
Bab. Lower A.niazons ; Para.
16. Hylophilus flavipes.
A. Southern Race.
Hylophilus flavipes, Lafr. Sev. Zool. 1845, p. 342 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 329 ;
'Scl P. Z. S. 1855, p. 144 ; Baird, Pev. Am. B. i. p. 375 ; Scl. Sf
Sah. Nomend. p. 12 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 309.
B. Northern Race.
Hylophilus vuidiflavus, Lmor. Ann. L%jc. N. Y. vii. p. 324 ; Scl. ^•
"Sa'v. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 348 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 380 ; Sah.
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 184 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 309 ; sSalv. 4-
Godt}i. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 208, pi. xiii. fig. 1.
A. Southern Race (H. flavipes).
All the upper parts are olive-green, darkest on the crown and
upper back ; entire tail greyish olive ; inner web of remiges blackish,
broadly edged with the sulphur-yellow colour of the under wing-
coverts and the edge of the wing ; rest of underparts pale whitish
ochraceous, dull whitish on the throat ; bill pale horn-colour ; feet
yellow. "Wing 2-2 inches, tail 2.
Hah. Colombia and Venezuela.
B. Northern Race (H. viridiflavus).
All the underparts, with the exception of the whitish throat, are
pale sulphur-yellow, slightly tinged with olive on the flanlvs. The
only difi'erencc between the two races is therefore the slight difference
in the colour of the underparts. Intermediate specimens are known
from Yenezucla.
JIab. Verngua and Isthmus of Panama.
25. HYLorHiLus. ;3l;')
17. Hylophilus olivaceus.
Hylophilus olivaceus, Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 1844, p. 284; id.
Faun. Peruan. pp. 2^, 195 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 310.
All the upper parts uniform olive, passing into olive-yellovr on the
forehead ; wings and tail brown, externally strongly vrashed with
olive ; sides of head pale brownish yellow ; chin whitish ; all the
rest of the underparts uniform yellow tinged with olive ; under
surface of rectriccs yellowish, shafts white ; inner margin of remiges
and under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; " bill
rosy ; feet flesh-colour ; iris fuscous " (Tachudi), "iris ochraceous "
(Stolzmciun). Culmen 0"6 inch, wing 2-4, tail 2, tarsus 0'75.
Nab. Eastern Peru.
The above description is taken from an adult male in ilr. Sclater's
collection, obtained by Stolzmann at Huambo, February 1880.
The following specimens are undeterminable from the descrip-
tions : —
(18) Sylvia flaveola, Prim Max. Beitrcige, iii. p. 719.
Hylophilus flaveolus, Biirmeist. Si/st. Uebers. iii. p. 110; Baird, Per.
Am. B. i. p. 375; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 310 (note).
Upper parts pale greyish brown, reddish brown on the back ;
lower back ochraceous ; wings and tail rusty brown : throat whitish ;
all the underparts ochraceous (reddish yellow), darker and more
vividl}' coloured towards the under tail-coverts.
Hah. Bahia {Prinz Max.).
(19) HrLOPniLUS frontalis, Tschudi, Wier/m. Arch. f. Natunj.
1844, p. 284 ; id. Faun. Peruan. pp. 28, 194, pi. xiii. fig". 4.
" H. supra vircscens, fronte helvola ; tectricibus alarum supe-
rioribus dorso concoloribus, inferioribus olivaccis ; remigibus nigro-
fuscis pogouio externo olivaceo, iuterno albicauti marginatis ; rec-
tricibus brunneis ; subtus ex viridi flavescens, gula latiore ; pectore
crissoque subrufis ; rostro fusco ; pedibus cseruleis ; iride bruunea.
Long. tot. 6" 3'". Hah. East Peru." (Tschudi.)
20. LALETES. rr
Type.
Laletes, Scl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 18()1, p. 72 L. osburni.
The single species constitutiug this genus is intermediate between
Vireo and Vireolanius, resembling the former in colour, the latter
in structure. First primary present. Length of wing ^bout
3 inches.
Ma^ufe. Jamaica.
1. Laletes osburni.
Liiletes osburni, Scl. P. Z. S. IbOl, p. 72; id. ^- Salv. Xumencl. p. 12.
All the upper parts uniform dull greyish olive ; wings and tail
brown, narrowly edged with the colour of the back ; sides of head
3 14 LAXIID^.
brownish grey, with whitish shafts to the feathers ; underparts of
the body dull yellow, palest on the fore neck and throat ; under
wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges j^ellowish white ; bill
blackish brown ; feet light brown in the skin. Culmen <>6 inch,
wing 2-9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0"S2.
Hab. Jamaica.
a. cJ ad. sk. Jamaica, April 28, 18-59. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].
27. VIREOLANIUS. r^ „
Type.
Vireolanius, Du Bus, Esqutsses Ormth. pi. 26 (1850) ;
Bonap. Con»p. Av. i. p. 330 V. melitophrys.
Head of Vireolanius melitophrys.
The birds of this group are only subgenerically distinct from
Cyclorhis. Culmen a little less curved and bill not so high. Tail
slightly rounded, and a little shorter than wing. Princii^al colours
green, yellow, blue, and white.
Range. South America.
Key to the Sjiecies.
a. Underparts white ; chest and sides chestnut .... tnelitophri/s, p. 314.
b. Underparts yellow and green.
«'. Crown of head grey lencotis, p. 315.
b' . Crown of head blue.
o''. ^Mth a yellow superciliav}' stripe eximius, p. 316.
b" . No stripe on sides of head pulchellus, p. 315.
1. Vireolanius melitophrys.
Lanius chrysophrys, Licht. Mus. Berol. {teste Scl.).
Vireolanius melitophrys, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (ex Du Bits, Esquisses
Ornithol. pi. 26) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213, 1859, p. 363 ; Scl. ^
Sak: Ibis, 1860, p. 31 ; Baird, Mev. Am. B. p. 396 ; Scl. Cat. A7n.
B. p. 45; Grmj, Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 5780; Scl. df Salv.
Exotic Ornith. pi. 7 ; iid. Komencl. p. 13 ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443 ;
Salv. ^- Godm., Biul. Centr.-Amer., Aves, p. 209 (1883).^
Crowu of head, nape, and hind neck light grey ; a broad stripe
from the nostrils over the eye and sides of the occiput orange-}-el-
low ; a stripe of black extending through the eye, and a second one
along the sides of the throat ; cheeks, throat, fore neck, breast, and
abdomen pure white ; across the chest a narrow band of maroon-
red ; sides of breast and flanks washed with the same colour ; under
wing-coverts and inner margin of remiges pale yellow; mantle,
back, and outer webs of wings and tail uniform rich olive-green ;
I
27. TIRE0LA.X1US. 315
inner webs blackish, narrowly edged with white on the tips ; bill
blackish-brown ; feet flesh-colour. Culmen 0-7-0'8 inch, wiog
3-3-2, tail 2-7-2-8, tarsus U-9-1-U2.
Hah. Mexico and Guatemala.
a, b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.
c. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.
d. Ad. sk. Coban, Guatemala. O. Salviu, Esq. [C.].
e. Ad. sk. Guatemala. O. Salvin and F. D. God-
man, Esqrs. [P.].
2. Vireolanius leucotis.
Malaconotus leucotis, Swains. An. in Menac/. p. 341 (1838).
Vireolanius icterophrj's, Bp. C. 11. xxxviii. p. 380 (1854) ; Baird,
Rev. Am. B. i. p. 399; Sd. 4'- Salv. Kcot. OniithoL note to pi. 8;
(jrraii, Hand-l. Jj. i. p. 382, no. 5783.
Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bj). C. JR. xxxviii. p. 381 ; Scl. Cat. Am. B.
p. 4-5 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 399 ; Scl. ij- Salt). E.votic Ornith.
uote to pi. 8 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 13 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 382,
no. 5781.
" Vireolanius dubusi, Verr." Jide Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 382.
Vireolanius leucotis, Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443, pi. xi. ; id. ^ Godman,
Ibis, ls82, p. 77.
Crown of head and nape bluish grey ; stripe from nostrils, over
the eye and along the occiput, and subocular patch orange-yellow ; a
streak through the eye and part of the ear-coverts aud cheeks grey ;
rest of ear-coverts and of cheeks dull white ; mantle and back rich
green ; throat and fore neck orange-yellow ; rest of nnderparts
yellow strongly washed with green ; under wing-coverts and inner
edge of remiges sulphur-yellow, with a blackish patch near the base
of the first primary. Culmen 0'7-0-7o inch, wing 2'6, tail 2-7-
2-9, tarsus 0-75-0-b5.
Hab. llio Xegro to Ecuador and the Upper Huallaga.
Immature ot female birds (V. chlorogaster) have the white colour
beneath the ear-coverts hardly indicated, the grey feathers being
simply a little paler ; the subocular patch is likewise less bright than
in the adult male.
fl. Juv. St.
[Peru.]
Purchased. (Type of V
icteruphrys.)
b. Ad. St.
[Cayenne.]
Purchased. (Type of T
chlorogaster.)
3. Vireolanius pulchellus.
Vireolanius pulchellus, Scl. i^f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 ; Salv. Ibis, 1861,
p. 147 ; Lau-r. Ann. Lye. X. Y. vii. p. 468 ; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 45 ;
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 397 j Scl. ^- Salv. E.votic Ornith. pi. 8;
iid. Nomencl. p. 13 ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443.
All the upper parts, including the whole tail, the wing coverts,
and the outer webs of the remiges, and the sides of the head and
cheeks rich emerald-green ; crown of head and nape tinged with
light blue in position A, rich greenish blue in positions B and C ;
chin and throat, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of remiges
316 LANiiu^;.
rich j-ellow ; rest of uuderparts rieli greenish yellow. Culmcn Uw
inch, wing 2-7-2-9, tail 1-U, tarsus 0-S.
Young hit-ch have hardly any trace of blue on the crown.
IJab. Central America.
a. Ad. St. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.
{ Tj')3e of species.)
b. c. Ad. sb. Choctum, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.J.
d. Ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
4. Vireolanius eximius.
Viveolanius icterophrys, Scl. (nee Bp.) P. Z. S. 1855, p. 151, pi. 103.
Vireolanius eximius, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 398 (1864) ; Scl. Sf
Salv. Kiot. Ornith. note to pi. 8 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 13 ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 382, no. 6784 ; Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 443.
Like V. pulchellus ; but a stripe from the nostrils, over the eye and
along the sides of the occiput, and a small subocular patch are bright
yellow. Culmen 0-8 inch, wing 2-8.
Hab. Colombia.
28. CYCLOEHIS. T^pg
Cyclorhis, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 1G2 (1828) C. guianensis.
Laniagra, D'Orbigmj, Synops. Av. p. 9 (1837) C. guianensis.
Head of Cyclorhis flavipectiis.
Bill shorter than rest of head, very strong, laterally compressed,
high, notched ; culmen curved. Nostrils nearly circular, in front of
a semiossified hole, partly covered by a few bristles ; gonys curved
■upwards ; rictal bristles hardly developed. Tail shorter than wing,
slightly emarginate. Wings rounded, tip formed by primaries 4-7 ;
first primary present, about half the length of the second ; secon-
daries about six sevenths of length of whole wing. Lateral toes
nearly as long as middle toe ; claws much curved and sharp.
Plumage generally very bright, the principal colours being green,
chestnut, and yellow. Length of wing about 3-3-5 inches.
Eange. Central and South America.
Key to the Species.
a. Crown of head green.
a'. Base of mandible black, rest of hill flesh-colour virenficeps, p. 317.
b'. Base of mandible flesli-colour, rest of bill black niyrirostris, p. 317.
b. Crown of head pale brownish, or ferruginous;
sides of head gi'ey.
("'. Entire bill flesh-colour; an ochraceous-hrown
superciliary stripe not extending backwards
from the eye.
28. crcLORHis. 317
a" . Crown slightly washed with reddish brown viridk, p. 318.
b". Cro^vn strongly washed with reddish brown ochrocepluda, p. 318.
d'. Base of mandible black ; a strongly pronounced
superciliary stripe extending along the sides
of occiput,
c". Crown strongly washed with ochraceous ;
breast and abdomen fulvous white alhiventris, p. 319.
d". Crown grey slightly washed with ochra-
ceous.
a'" . Fore neck and breast yellow ; abdomen
white Jlavipectits, p. 320.
h"'. Fore neck only yellow; bill very high . . altirosfris, p. 319.
e". Crown grey; abdomen and breast white .. ffuianeiisis, ■p. 319.
c. Crown rich chestnut-red ; sides of head grey ; all
the uuderparts rich yellow flaviventris, p. 320.
d. Crown of head rich chestnut-brown ; sides of head
yellow, base of mandible black ; breast and abdo-
men white contrerasi, p. 321.
1. Cyclorhis virenticeps.
Cyclorhis virenticeps, 8cl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 274 ; id. Cat. Am. B.
p. 46 ; Baivd, Eev. Am. B. i. p. 393 ; 6'c/. 4" Scdv. Noynencl. p. 13.
A narrow frontal band, extending backwards on each side over
the eye and along the sides of the occiput, deep chestimt-brown ;
crown and rest of upper parts rich yellowish green ; ear-coverts,
part of cheeks, fore neck, chest, and under surface of wings rich
yellow ; upper throat, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs
white ; flanks washed with greyish green ; " iris hazel ; feet flesh-
colour ; bill brown, base of mandible black " (Sclater).
Culmen 0-7U inch, wing 2-90, tail 2-4. tarsus 0-92.
d. „ o-ro „ „ 2-90, „ 2-4, „ 0-90.
Hab. Ecuador.
2. Cyclorhis nigrirostris.
Cjclovhis mgrixostvis, de Ldfresn. JRcv. Zool. 1842, p. 133- id Mug
Zool. 1843, pi. 33 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 ; Sd. P. Z. S. 18.55, p. 151 ;
id. ibid. 1858, p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 4G ; Baird, Eev. Am. B.
i. p. 394 ; Sel. ^- Sale. Nomencl. p. 13 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384,
no. 5815.
Laniagra nigru-ostris, (TOrbiyny, Voy. Am. .Merid. p. 160.
Crown of head and rest of upper parts rich olive-green ; a narrow
frontal band and short superciliary streak chestnut-brown ; a few-
feathers on the forehead, around the eye, and part of cheeks grey ;
uuderparts of body dingy fulvous white ; fore neck and sides of
breast washed with olive-yellow ; under surface of wings bright
yellow ; feet flesh-colour ; bill black, base of mandible flesh-colour.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. iu
0-75 3-0 2-5 0-88
070 305 2-6 0-84
068 3-12 2-65 090
Hab. Colombia.
3J 8 LAjriiD^.
3. Cyclorhis viridis.
Habia verde, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 301.
Saltator viridis, Vie ill. X. D. xiv. p. 108 (1817); id. Encycl. Mcth.
ii. p. 793.
? Laniafrra guianensis, cV Orhiqny S; Lafrean. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 133.
Cvclorhis viridis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 46 ;
"Baird, liev. Am. B. i. p. 392 ; Scl. ^- Srdv. Nomencl. p. 13; Duni-
ford, Ibis, 1878, p. 58.
Crown of head grey slightly washed with ferruginous ; this colour
passing into iron-grey on the hind neck, part of the sides of the neck,
ear-coverts, and cheeks ; chin whitish ; feathers between nostrils
and upper margin of eyes rich rusty red ; this colour, however,
does not extend beyond the eye as is the case in C. altirostris ; rest
of upper parts rich yellowish green ; fore neck, chest, sides of body,
and under surface of wings rich yellow ; breast, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts white washed with fulvous, or creamy ; entire bill "light
yellowish brown, under mandible lightest (without black basal spot) ;
feet lavende'r, soles flesh-colour" (Durnford).
cJ. Culmen 0-73 inch, wing 3*3, tail 3'15, tarsus 1-05.
2- „ 0-70 „ „ 3-08, „ 2-90, „ 0-96.
Hah. Paraguay and Argentine Eepublic.
fl, 6. Ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.
c, d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Claussen [P.].
Subsp. a. Cyclorhis ochrocepliala.
Cyclorhis guianensis, Sivains. Orn. Bras. pi. 58 {Jide Baird).
Cyclarhis ochrocephala, Tscktidi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 362.
Cyclorhis ochrocephala, Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. pp. 73, 138 ; Scl. P. Z. S.
'1858, p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 45 ; Baird, Per. Am. B. i. p. 391 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 384, no. 5811 ; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. p. 13;
Salt. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 114.
The following references belong to specimens distinguished by the
name of C. wiedi :—
Thamnophilus guianensis, Prinz Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1016.
Cyclorhis %-iridis, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 392 (1844) (partim.).
Cyclorhis wiedii, v. Pelzeln, Orn. Brasil. pp. 74, 137 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 384, no. 5817 ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. p. 13.
Entire crown and nape ochraceous brown, the grey feathers of
these parts being strongly washed with that colour, which again
abruptly ends on the nape ; praeocular region, cheeks, car-coverts,
and part of the sides of the neck pale leaden grey ; chin paler grey ;
feathers of nasal region reddish brown, this colour not extending be-
yond the upper corner of the eye ; mantle, back, tail, and outer webs of
remiges and upper wing-coverts olive-green ; lower throat, fore neck,
and sides of breast dingy greenish yellow ; rest of undei-parts huffy
white, palest on the centre of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and
inner edge of remiges bright yellow ; bill horn-colour ; lower man-
dible paler, without trace of plumbeous black spot ; feet dusky
plumbeous, almost black. Culmen 0-70-0-75 inch, wing 2-95-3,
tail 2-60-2-85, tarsus 0-9-1.
Hah. Southern Brazil.
28. Ci'CLOKHIS. 319
4. Cyclorhis albiventris.
CjL-lorhis albiventris, 8cl. ^- Sa!v. Noineiicl. p. 13 (1873).
Description of type. Crown of head, occiput, and najie grey,
washed with ochraceous brown, this colour deepening into rusty red
on the sides of the crown, thus forming a strongly pronounced
superciliary streak ; cheeks and ear-coverts and a narrow band across
the hind neck pale grey ; rest of upper parts rich yellowish green ;
upper throat, breast, abdomen, aud under tail-coverts white (in
two specimens from Eahia and Pernambuco washed with fulvous,
in the third specimen, from S.E. Brazil, almost pure white ) ; forehead,
chest, and under surface of wings bright yellow ; bill flesh-colour,
base of mandible black.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
iu. in. in. in.
d" . Pernambuco 07 2-95 2-4 0-85
S.E. Brazil 0-68 2-8 2-3 0-80
Bahia (type) 0-66 2-78 2-3 0-88
Hah. Brazil.
a. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
h, c. Ad. sk. Amazons. Purchased.
5. Cyclorhis altirostris.
Cyclorhis -viridis, Sd. Cut. Am. B. p. 46, no. 280.
Cyclorhis altirostris, 6'«/y. Ihh, 1880, p. 352.
Adult. This species somewhat resembles C. albiventris, but is
much larger in size ; the bill is consideral^ly higher than in the other
species (3-4 inches) ; maxilla reddish flesh-colour ; mandible black
at base. It is likewise closely allied to C. viridis. A sharply
defined stripe of rusty red extending from nostrils over the eyes
and along the sides of the occiput ; crown iron-grey, very slightly
tinted with reddish brown; rest of upper parts greyish green;
sides of head grey ; under wing-coverts aud inner edges of remiges
yellow ; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and upper throat white,
slightly tinted with fulvous ; fore neck, chest, and sides of body
wa.shed with pale greenish yellow. Culmen 0-76 inch, wing 3"02,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-96.
Hab. Bolivia and Argentine Republic.
0. Cyclorhis guianensis.
Tanagra guianensis, Gm. S. N. p. 893 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 427.
Sourciroux, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 76. tig. 2.
Lanius superciliosu.«, Bonn, et Tieill. Encijcl. p. 737 {nee Lath.).
Lanius guianensis, Licht. Douhl. no. .>27.
Falcunculus guianensis, ISivains. Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 14.
Cyclarbis poliocephala, Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturf/. 1845, p. 362.
Cyclorhis poliocephala, Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 (1850).
Cyclorhis guianensis, Cat). Mxs. Hein. i. p. 64 ; Bp. C. A. i. p. 330 ;
Burmeister, Si/sf. I'cbirs. in. p. 106(1856); Scl. P. Z. i>. 18-58,
p. 448; id. Cat. Am. B. p. ^o;Baird, Rev. Am. .C.i. p. 389; Grai/,
Hand-L B. i. p. 383, no. 5808 ; v. Pelzeln, Orn. BrasU. pp. 74, 138 ;
Scl. 8c Salv. Notnencl. p. 13.
320 LANI1D.T;.
Crown and nape, cheeks and ear-coverts leaden grey ; frontal
band and a long superciliary stripe orange-brown ; all the rest of
the iipper parts uniform olive-green, this colour changing into yel-
lowish olive on the sides of the chest and sides of the neck ; chin
pale grey ; throat and sides of cliest dingy yellow ; breast and ab-
domen white, strongly washed with olive-grey on the sides and flanks ;
under wing-coverts and inner margin of remigcs sulphur-yellow ;
lower mandible blackish at base, rest brownish horn-colour ; feet
" dusky plumbeous.''
Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus.
in. in. in. in.
Cayenne 0-68 2-62 2-1-5 0-72
Para 0-68 270 215 0-85
Hab. Guiana and North-eastern Brazil.
7. CyclorMs flavipectus.
Cyclorhis flavipectus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 448 ; id. Cat. Am. B.
1861, p. 45 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i.
p. 389; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. p. 13; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 114.
Cyclorhis subflavescens, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 405, 1861, p. 93 ; Scl.
Cat. Am. B. 18G2, p. 359 ; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 388.
Differs from C. guianensis in the following points : — Crown of
head faintly washed with ochraceous brown : underparts much paler
and brighter-coloured, the whole of the throat, fore neck, chest, and
sides of the breast being rich lemon- or greenish yellow, whilst the
breast and abdomen are white, and only slightly washed with yellow
on the flanks ; feet always flesh-colour. Intermediate forms occur
in Guiana.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. -Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
Trinidad, tvpe 0-80 2'80 2-25 0-86
Santa Marta 0-70 2-85 2-10 0-88
Costa Rica 0-76 2'90 2-22 0-85
Costa Rica 072 2-95 2-20 082
Caracas 0-78 2'90 2-20 0-88
Hah. Costa Rica, Trinidad, and northern countries of 8outh
America.
a. A.d. sk. Costa Rica. Mr. Hoffman [C.].
b. Ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyone [C.].
c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Collection.
8. Cyclorhis flaviventris.
Cycloris flaviventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 133; Bp. C. A. i.
p. 330.
Cyclorhis flaviventris, Tscliudi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 363; Cab.
Mus. Hein. i. p. 64; »SV/. F. Z. S. 1856, p. 99, 1858, p. 448, 1859,
p. 363, 1864, p. 173 ; Scl. S,- Sale. Ibis, 1859, p. 13 ; Scl. Cat. Am.
B. 861, p. 45 ; Baird, Rev. Avi. B. i. p. 386 ; Scl. §• Salv. Nomenel.
1. 13; Salv. Cat. Strickland Coll. p. 114.
28. CYCLORHIS. 321
Crown and nape, ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin grey ; a more or
less broad stripe of maroon-red extending from the nostrils over the
eyes and along the sides of the occiput ; crown in old birds freijuently
tinged with the same colour ; rest of upper parts olive-green ; all
the uuderparts uniform bright yellow, brightest on the under wing-
coverts and on the inner edge of the remiges ; base of mandible
black ; rest of bill, and feet, pale horn-colour ; iris cherry-red. Culmen
0-7 inch, wing 8-2, tail 2-4, tarsus OfJo.
Hah. iSouthern Mexico and Guatemala.
y. CyclorMs contrerasi.
Cyclorhis controrasi, Taczan. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 224, pi. 21 ; Reichen. S,-
Schaloiv, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 97.
Entire crown of head deep rusty brown, a few feathers on the
centre of the crown with greenish centres ; rest of upper parts rich
yellowish green, this colour changing into rich yellow on the sides
of the neck, ear-coverts, fore neck, chest, and under surface of wing ;
chin, breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs pure white ;
flanks slightly tinged with fulvous ; bill and feet flesh-colour ; base
of mandible black.
cJ ad. (Callacater, March 30, 1873) : — Culmen 0-G5 inch, wing
3-1, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-t. Ad. sk. Hampstead. Goidd Collection.
t. Juv. sk. Berkshire, June 20, 1866. Gould Collection.
tt, V. cS ad. sk. Surrey, Jan. 1857. F. I). Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.l.
w. c? ad. sk. Middlesex, Mar. 20, 1856. F. D. Godman and 0.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
X. Ad. sk. Xorwav, July 1866. F. D. Godman and O.
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
;/. Pull. sk. Belgium, June 25, 1872. Brussels Museum [P.].
;. Ad. sk. Belgium, Dec. 13, 1870. Brussels Museum [P.].
32G
CERTHIID^.
Eyton Collection.
/; //• c? 2 ad. sk. Liverpool Range (N. S. W.), Eyton Collection.
Oct. 183'J {J, Gould).
8, Climaeteris pyrrhonota.
Climacteris pyi-rhonota, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 976 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 184, no, 2522; E. P. Ramsay, Proc. Linn, Soc. N. S. W.
ii. p. 161.
Adult female (type of species). Most nearly allied to C. scandens,
from which this species differs by the rich rusty-red colour of the
rump and the whole of the upper tail-coverts ; many of the dark
olive-brown feathers of the back, especially those of the scapulars,
show more or less conspicuous white shaft-lines (in some specimens
these shaft-lines are wanting). Wing 3-45 inches, tail 2'o.
The male wants the rusty patch to the cheeks.
Hab. New South Wales and Interior Province ; Tasmania. ,
«. $ ad. sk. Dobroyde, N. S. W. (U. P. Gould Collection.
Ramsay). (Type of species.)
b. 2 ad. sk. S.E. Australia. Piu-chased.
c. cJ ad. sk. Nanama, Feb. 19, 1866 {E. Goidd Collection,
P. Ramsay).
d. $ ad. sk. Tasmania. Eonald Gunn, Esq. [P.],
9. Climacteris mystacalis,
Meliphaga mystacalis, Temni. PI. Col. pi. 335. fig. 2.
Climacteris striolata, Kittlitz, Kupfer. Vog. pi. 6. fig. 2 (1832).
Climacteris mystacaUs, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 184, no. 2528.
Rhabdomis mystacalis, Reichenb. Handh. spec. Oni., >Sca»s. no. 640,
pi. 566 (1851) ; Wald. Trans. Z. S. ix. p, 201 ; Tweedd. P. Z. S.
1878, pp. 113, 951.
Adult male. Entire crown and sides of head, hind neck, and sides
of neck sooty black, each feather with a conspicuous pure white
triangular shaft-streak ; ear-coverts without streaks ; mantle, back,
and quills uniform brown, with shaft-streaks on the mantle ; tail-
feathers and primary quills dark brown, the latter broadly edged
with pale fawn on the inner web ; chin, checks, thi-oat, fore neck,
centre of breast, and abdomen pure white ; sides, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts white, each feather broadly edged with black-
brown ; imdcr wiug-covorts and axiUaries creamy, mottled with
black-brown ; " bill black ; iris crimson ; legs yellowish brown or
dark grey " {Tweeddale).
z2
340 CERTHIIBiE.
The female has the head and sides of the neck browni instead of
sooty black.
Total length between 5 and 6 inches. The bills vary considerably
in length, breadth at base, and in slenderness.
Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
c? from Dinagat 075 3-0 1-65 0-75
2 „ Manila 0-95 3-10 1-86 0-80
2 „ „ 0-88 3-20 1-80 0-80
Hab. Philippine Islands : Mindanao, Dinagat, and Luzon.
a. 2 ad. St. Philippine Islands. Purchased.
b. S ad. sk. Phihppine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [O.J.
c. 2 ad. sk. Manila. Gould Collection.
d. c? ad. sk. Dinagat, June 1877. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Subfamily II. SITTING.
Bill straight and subulate, never curved downwards, slightly
longer than rest of the head, never toothed, but often slightly
notched. Nostrils in a coriaceous groove, either without any opercu-
lum and then partly hidden by small bristles and feathers, or oper-
culated and quite exposed. Wings long and pointed, double the
length of the tail ; first primary short ; secondaries and wing-
coverts short. Tail rounded or square, short. Tarsi short, anteriorly
covered with transverse scales ; hallux with claw longer than the
middle toe and longer than the tarsus ; claws long, curved and
sharp. Sexes alike or slightly differing in plumage. Red, green,
and bright yellow colours do not occur. They lay many eggs, and
breed in holes. They feed principally on insects.
Range. All over the world, excepting the Neotropical and Ethio-
pian regions.
Key to the Genera.
Nostrils without any cutaneous operculum, but
covered with feathers, ^ih straight. Hab.
Europe, America, Asia 5. Sitta, p. 341.
Bill curved upwards ; nostrils with a cutaneous
valve. Hab. Australia 6. Sittella, p. 360.
Nostrils uon-operculated. Bill broader than high
across the nostrils. Strong rictal bristles 7. HTPOSiTTA,p.365.
5. SITTA 341
5. SITTA. _
Type.
Sitta, Linne, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 177 (1766) S. eiiropsea.
Dendrophila, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 318 (1837) S. azurea.
Calisitta, Heichenb. Handh., Scans, p. 154 (1851) C, formosa.
Bill a littlo longer than the head, straight, subulate, horizontally
compressed towards the tip, which is neither notched nor toothed.
Nostrils basal, in front of a coriaceous groove, but without any valve,
partly hidden by bristles and feathers ; no rictal bristles. Wings
long and about double the length of the tail ; first primary short ;
tip of wing formed by third, fourth, (fifth) primaries ; secondaries
short. Tail short and square. Tarsi short, covered anteriorly with
transverse scales ; hallux with claw longer than middle toe and
longer than tarsus. Sexes alike in plumage, the principal colours
of which are a light slaty blue and rusty red or brown.
Range. Europe, Asia, America.
Key to the Species.
A. Mantle and back bluish grey. (Subgeneric group Sitta.)
a. Crown of head grey.
a'. Entire under surface of body imifonn
cinnamon- or deep chestnut-brown.
a". Under tail-coverts blue-grey, edged
with chestnut castaneoventris, p. 351.
b". Under tail-coverts white, edged
with chestnut.
a^. Black stripe from nostrils to eye cinnamomeoventris, p. 351,
h^. Black stripe from nostrils over
eye onto upper back cashmirensis, p. 352.
b'. Under surface of body uniform rich
ochi-aceous.
c". Central pan* of tail-feathers white
at basal half; under tail-coverts
colom-ed like abdomen himalayensis, p. 349.
d". Central pair of tail-feathers with-
out any white basal patch ; under I casia, p. 347.
tail-coverts white, edged chestnut ( neglecta, p. 349.
c'. The rich ochraceous colour confined
to abdomen and flanks, throat and
breast being white or whitish ; no
chestnut patch on the flanks.
e". Under tail-coverts without any
white,
c^. Length of wing not exceeding
3 inches nemnayeri, p. 345.
d\ Length of wing from 3-3-3-7
inches syriaca, p. 346.
/". Under tail-coverts white, edged
with chestnut amurensis, p. 345.
d'. Breast and abdomen almost entirely
white ; a rich chestnut patch on the
flanks; under tail-coverts chestnut
for basal, white for terminal haK.
g". Length of wing 45 inches magna, p. 345.
342 CEETHUDiE.
Ieuropcea, p. 342.
uralensis, p. 342.
nciffaensis, p. 344,
b. Forcliead black, rest of crovra grey;
broad cliestuut crescent on fore neck . . krueperi, p. 350,
c. Crown of bead and nape deep black ; no
patch on fore neck.
e'. Ear-coverts and breast white.
i". Abdomen and flanks rich chestnut-
red leucopsis, p. 852,
k". Abdomen white caroUnensis, p, 353,
/'. Ear-coverts black ; breast ochraceoiis.
/". Sides of neck creamy white villosa, p. 355.
m!'. Sides of neck with a black patch, canadensis, p. 354.
d. Crown of head brown.
g'. Basal half of central tail-feathers
white pygmcea, p, 355.
h'. No white at base of central tail-feather pusilla, p, 356,
B. Mantle and back blue. (Subgeneric group Dendeophtla.)
a. Crown of head and abdomen black .... azicrea, p. 357.
h. Crown of head black mottled with cobalt-
blue; underparts rich ochraceous .... formosa, p. 357.
c. Crown of head blue; abdomen like
breast,
i'. Mantle like back ; no white loral band frontalis, p. 358.
k' . Mantle vinaceous like the breast; a
small white loral band oenocMamys, p, 359.
1. Sitta europaea.
A. Western Race.
Sitta europsea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 177 (1766) ; Gmel. S. N. i. p. 440
(1788) ; Beseke, Fog. Ktirlands, p. 39 ; (pt.) Lath. Ind. Orn i
p. 261 ; Linger, Prodrom. p. 213 (1811) ; Vieill. N. Diet. xxxi.
p. 329 ; Gloger, Naturg. Vog. Europ. p. 376; Nilss. Skand. Fauna,
ii. p. 325 ; Swains. Class. B. i. p. 318 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. l47 ; Bp.
C. A. i. p. 226 (1850) ; Beichenh. Handb., Scans, p. 151, pi. 511 b!
figs. 4051-52; Lilljeborg, Egl. Vet.-Akad. (Efvers. 1851, p. 275;
Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. p. 94, tab. 9. fig. 1 ; Colleit, (Efvers. Christian.
Orn. Faun. p. 78; Sclat. Lbis, 1865, p, 309; Degl. ^ Gerhe
Orn. Eur. i. p. 180 ; Sundev. 3Ieth. Tent. p. 47 ; Dress. B. Eur.
iii. p. 169, pi. 118; Sintenis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 65; Seebohm, Ibis,
1878, p. 325 ; Brandt, J.f. O. 1880, p. 234.
? Sitta advena, Brelim, Vog. Deutschl. p. 207 (1831) (? = (S'. ziralensis).
? Sitta septentrioualis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 206 (1831) (?=
S. ccBsia).
Sitta sericea, Temm. Man. d'Orn, iv. p. 645 (1840); Biva, L'Orn
Ticinese, p. 311 (1865),
Sitta suecica, Brehm, Naumarmia, 1855, p. 274.
B, Eastern Race (S. uralensis),
Sitta uralensis, Licht. in Gloger, Handb. VSg. Deutschl. pp. 377 & 388
(18.34); Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 147: Degland, Orn. Eur. p. 602;
Lilljeborg, Egl. Vet.-Akad. (Efversigt, p. 275 (1851); Lichtensi.
5. siTTA, 343
Nommd. p. 6-5 ; Suiidev. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 64 ; Dubois, Ois. de VEur.
p. 107, pi. 107; Rey, Synon, etirop. Brutvogel, p. 30; Taczan.
J. f. O. 1872, p. 353.
Sitta asiatica, Tem7n. ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 236 (1837) Reichenb.
Handh.,^ Scans, p. 150, pi. 511. fig. 3548 (1851).
Sitta sibirica, Brehin, Ncaimannia, 1855, p. 274.
Sitta roseilia, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227 ; Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 322, and
1803, p. 99 ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 444.
Sitta eiiropoea, Wliitely, Ibis, 1807, p. 196.
Adult male. General colour above, including crown of the head,
neck, mantle, back, scapulars, and the central pair of the tail-feathers,
pale slaty blue ; quills and wing-coverts brownish, the outer webs
of the secondaries and wing-coverts strongly washed with a colour
similar to that of the back ; all the tail-feathers but the central
ones are brownish black with large greyish tips, the two or three
outer pairs with a large subterminal white patch ; a very distinct
stripe of black extends from the nostrils through the eye along the
sides of the neck ; chin, cheeks, coverts, and nearly all the remainder
of the underparts are white ; flanks rich chestnut-red ; under tail-
coverts white, broadly edged with chestnut-red ; edge of wing, axil-
laries, and inner edge of quills white ; under wing-coverts sooty black ;
thiglis brownish grey with whitish tips ; " bUl blue-slate ; iris dark
brown ; legs and claws brown-fleshy" (WTiiieh/).
Adult female. Like the male, but flanks and abdomen creamy
colour, with the chestnut spots perhaps less pronounced.
Youncj. Above dull bluish grey ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-
coverts reddish buff, with no chestnut colour ; longitudinal stripe on
sides of head brownish.
Measurements. This species is much subject to individual varia-
tion in size, as will be seen from the following list : —
Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
(5 . Archangel 0-7
Ad. Archangel 0'7
^. Sweden 0-85
cJ . Norway 0"86
S. Norway 0-80
S . Sweden 0-85
S . Hakodadi 0-66
Length of wing of specimens of S. europaa, var. uralcnsis, in
Mr. Seebohm's collection : —
in. in-
^ . Krasnojarsk 3-10 c? • Yenesay, 66i° N. lat 3-20
^ . Baikal 3'20 2 • Yenesay 3-05
cJ . Yenesay, 60^° N. lat 3-22 2 . Yenesay 3-10
cJ . Yenesay, 66i° N. lat 3-15 j . Yenesay 2-95
Ohs. 1. The black ocular stripe is often bordered superiorly and
towards the forehead by hoary grey or whitish feathers, which
produces a more or less conspicuous whitish superciliary stripe :
this is found in specimens from Scandinavia as well as in the most
eastern ones.
3-25
1-7
0-7
3-0
1-65
0-7
3-35
1-9
0-85
3-4
. 20
0-85
3-4
1-8
0-8
3-52
1-95
0-85
3-2
1-8
0-75
344 CEETHTID^.
Ohs. 2. The Europcau specimens, i. e. from Scandinavia and
Nortliern Eiissia in Europe, have the iinderparts more or less slightly
tinged -with crcam-coloiu", the chestnut on the flanks heingvery deep
and rich ; whilst eastwards, through Northern Siberia as far as the
island of Yesso, the birds get purer white and the chestmit on the
flanks less rich. This has been noticed before by several able natiira-
lists, such as Pallas, Radde, and Schrenck, and has, later on, given
origin to names like S. scptcntrionalis, S. advena, and especially S.
uralensis.
Hah. The Northern Nuthatch inhabits the greater part of the
northern Pala>arctic region, extending from Scandinavia through
Russia and Siberia to the northern island of Japan. In Europe its
southern frontier seems to be the Baltic Sea, as it is not found in
England, Western and Central Europe.
a. S. europcea.
a. Ad. sk.
Europe.
Purchased.
6. Ad. sk.
S. Norway, Aug. 1859.
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
c. c? ad. sk.
S. Norway, May 1866.
F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
viu, Esqrs. [P.].
d. Ad. sk.
Sweden.
Gould Collection.
e. (S ad. sk.
Sweden.
Gould Collection.
■F. Skeleton.
Germany.
/3. S. uralensis.
Dr. Giinther.
a. (S ad. sk.
Krasnojarsk, Nov. 3, 1878
(Siberia).
H. Seehohm, Esq. [P.].
b. S ad. sk.
Yenesay, 66F north lat.,
April 28, 1877.
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
c Ad. sk.
Archaugel.
Gould Collection.
d. Ad. sk.
Hakodadi, Oct. 20, 1865
( WMtely).
Gould Collection.
e. Imm. sk.
N. Russia.
Purchased.
/. Ad. sk.
Yokohama {H. Pryer).
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [C.].
Subsp. a. Sitta nagaensis.
Sitta nagaensis, Godio.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44.
Breast dingy greyish white, entire flanks rich chestnut-red ; under
tail-coverts with a large white subterminal spot, edged and tii^ped
with chestnut^red (not rusty chestnut with a white subterminal
spot, as the original description has it). In every other respect this
bird is exactly like S. europcea, var. uralensis.
a. Ad. S
b
Culmen.
Wing.
Tail.
Tarsus.
in.
in.
in.
in.
0-68
3-1
1-5
0-7 {Brit. Mus.).
30
1-75
0-m{Godtv.-Austen).
Hal. Hills of N.E. Bengal.
dad. sk. Munipur (GWiCTw-^wsfew). Gould Collection.
5 siTTA. 345
2. Sitta amurensis.
Sitta amurensis, Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3o0 ; Taczan. J. f. 0. 1875,
p. 2U ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 136 (1876) ; Dav. Sf
Oiisfal. Ois. Chine, p. 90; Bolau, J.f. O. 18S0, p. 115.
The Nuthatches from the Amoor country are intermediate in
colour between the northern form (S. europcea) and the southern one
{S. ccesia). The chin, sides of neck, throat, and breast are pure
white : the axillaries, sides of breast, abdomen, and flanks are
ochraceous buff, inclining to chestnut on the flanks ; there is, how-
ever, no pronounced chestnut patch to the flanks : under tail-coverts
and all the other parts as in *S'. europcea.
2 (Ussuri). Culmen 0-75 inch, wing 3-15, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75.
Hab. Siberia.
a. 5 ad. sk. Ussuri river, 48° N. lat., R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Nov. 12, 1873 (Bybotvski).
b. (S ad. sk. Narimskaja, Ob, 58° N. lat.. Dr. Finsch [C.].
(moixlting). Sept. 16, 1876.
3. Sitta magna.
Sitta magna, Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 677, pi. Ixiii. ; id.
Ibis, 1877, p. 465 ; Hume, ,Str. F. 1877, p. 343 ; id. * Davison,
Sir. F. 1878, p. 201 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Oates, B. Brit.
Burm. p. 133.
General colour above blue-grey, paler on the nape and crown ;
very conspicuous black stripe from nostrils, over the eye, along the
sides of the neck ; underparts of body " smoky grey, nearly white
about thi'oat and neck ; lower tail-coverts, vent, and thighs bril-
liant chestnut, each feather of the former broadly tipped with
white" (IF. Ramsay)-. aU the other parts are coloured as in S.
europcea. Culmen 1 inch, wing 45, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95
Hah, Burmah.
4. Sitta neumayeri.
Sitta neumayeri, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 814; Poivys, Ibis, 1860,
p. 232; Kriiper, J.f. O. 1861, p. 129; Dec/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
i. p. 183 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 183, pi. 120 ; Hume, Str. F.
1878, p. 373 ; Sclialoiu, J. f. O. 1880, p. 272 ; Gicjlioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 195.
Sitta nifescens, Gotdd, B.Eur, iii. pi. 235 (1832).
Sitta rupestris, Cantr. in Temm. Man. d' Orn. iii. p. 287 (1835).
Sitta saxatilis, Schinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 266 (1840).
Sitta syriaca, Ehrb., Temm. Man. d Orn. iii. p. 286 (1835) ; Gi-ay,
Gen. B. i. p. 147 ; Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 603; Bjj. C. A. i. p. 227 ;
Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 93 ; Lindermayer, Voy. Griechenl. (1860)
p. 67; Riva, Orn. Ticinese, p. 311 ; Gray, Hand-J. B. i. p. 181,
no. 2485 ; Doderl. Aves Sicil. p. 59 ; Rey, Syn. europ. Brutvoq.
p. 30.
Sitta rupicola, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 87 ; ? id. East. Pers, ii. p. 225,
pi. XV. fig. 2 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 176, note.
Adult male. General colour above pale slaty blue or lead-colour ;
346 CERTHTTDiE.
tho black stripe from the nasal and loral region passing throngh the
eye and along the sides of the neck rather broad ; quills light brown,
tiaeir external web and the innermost secondaries and the wing-
ooverts more like the back ; tail-feathers like back, outer pairs with
slight fulvous terminal edgings ; throat, sides of head and neck, and
upper breast white ; rest of underparts, including tho thighs and the
whole of the under tail-coverts, rusty ochraceous ; under wing-coverts
black. All the other parts are coloured as in 8. europcea.
Female and young. Paler in general coloration ; underparts less
white, more tinged with pale cream-colour ; rest of underparts
creamy isabclline ; "bill blackish, except below near the base,
where it is pale grey, almost white ; legs horny grey ; soles pale
and slightly yellowish "' (Blanford).
S . Taurus. Culmen 0-9 inch, wing 2-9, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-9.
$. Taurus. „ 0-86, „ 3-0, „ 1-9, „ 0-9.
Hah. The whole of the Balkan peninsula, through Asia Minor
(Cilician mountains), and through the northern half of Persia,
where its range seems to end.
a. S ad. sk. Taiu-us, Jan. 15, 1876 (C. F. D. Godman and O. Sal-
G. Danford). vin, Esqrs. [P.].
h. 2 ad. sk. Tamaular" Dagh, Nov. 25, F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
1875 (C. G. Danford). vin, Esqrs. [P.].
c. 2 ad. sk. Elburz Mountains, 6000 ft., W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
Aug. 16, 1872. (Type of -S". rupicola.)
d. Ad. sk. S.E. Em-ope. Gould Collection.
5. Sitta syriaca.
Sitta syriaca, Elirenb. in Temm. Man. dJOni. iii. p. 286 (1835) ;
Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 147 ; Reichenh. Handb., Scans, p. 150, pi. 511. figs.
3649-50 ; LicM. Nomend. p. 65 ; ? v. Mailer, J. f. O. 1856, p. 221
(South France ?) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. p. 721 ;
Tridram, Ibis, 1859, p. 28 ; Sclat. Ibis, 1865, p. 308 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 181, no. 2485 ; Severtz. J.f. 0. 1873, pp. 345, 387; id. Turk.
Jevotn. p. 66.
Sitta syriaca, Ehrb. pt., B}). C. A. i. p. 227 (1850).
Sitta neuraayeri, Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 176,
Sitta tephrouota, Sharpe, Ann. ^ Mar/. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 450 ;
Dresser, B. Fur. iii. p. 176, note.
General colour above paler than in S. neumayeri; throat and
sides of neck white with a creamy tinge ; the black stripe along the
sides of the head and neck seems rather broader than in S. neumayeri ;
in the colour of all the other parts the Syrian Nuthatch agrees with
the other fn-m, from which it chiefly differs by its much larger size.
Total length about 6 inches.
Oulmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
S . Syria 1-1 3-75 2-25 1-1
Bolan Pass 1-05 3-25 2-0 0-95
S . Shiraz 1-55 3-45 2-1 1'15
2 . Candahar PO 3-35 2-05 0-95
2 . Kashgar POl 3-25 1-95 0-97
Central Asia 1'05 3-5 2-25 1-0
5. SITTA. 347
Hah. Palestine, Southern Persia, Afghanistan, and Southern
Turkestan. It may be looked upon as a large form and south-
eastern representative of S. neumayeri.
a. S ad. sk. Shiraz, 4750 ft., June 1869. Sir O. St. John [0.].
6, Ad. sk. Shiraz, 6000 ft., Juno 2, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
1872.
c. [ cJ ] ad. sk. Persia.
d. Ad. sk. Bolan Pass {Griffith). India Museum.
e. S ad. sk. Kandahar, April 28, 1881. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe [P.]-
/. c? 0, h, i. [ d 2 ] Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum [P.].
ad. sk.
k, I. cJ ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearso)i). India Museum [P.],
m, n. cJ 2 ad. sk. Kumaon (Cairi. Stra- India Museum [P.J.
chey).
0. Ad. sk. Daijiling. Gould Collection.
p.\_6^ ad. sk. Mussoorie, Aug. 12, 1868 Gould Collection.
(Marshall).
q, r. Ad. sk. Bootan. Pemherton, Esq. [P.].
8. [cJjad. sk. N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
8. Sitta neglecta.
Sitta neglecta, Wald. Ann. ^- Mag. K. H. (4) v. p. 218 (1870) : Hume,
Str.F. 1874, p. 473, 1875, p.. 87; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1875,' p. G61;
Blytfi, B. Burm. p. 112 ; Hume S,- Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 201 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Bingham, Str.F. 1880, p. 171 ; Oates,
B, Brit, Burm, p. 131.
o50 CEETHUDJB.
Intermediate between S. ccesia and S. himalayensis, having the
richly ochraceous or ferruginous-coloured undcrparts of the latter
(no chestnut patch to the flanks) and the tail with the under tail-
coverts of S. ccesia. Lores, supercilium, cheeks, chin, and base of
primaries white.
Culmen. Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
d adult . . . „ 0'73 3-1 1-6 0-71
2 adult 0-73 2-95 1-55 0'70
Hab. Burmah, from the Karen hills to Tenasserim.
a. Ad. sk. Prome, August 26, 1873. E. W. Gates, Esq. [0.].
9. Sitta krueperi.
Sitta krueperi, von Pelzeln, Sitz. kais. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. Abth. i.
p. 149 (1863); id. J. f. O. 1866, p. 49; Sclat. Ibis, 1865, p. 310,
pi. vii. ; Tristram, Ibis, 1866, p. 285 ; Hei/, Si/7i. europ. Brutvog.
1872, p. 30 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 189, pi, 121 ; Kriiper, J. f. O.
1875, p. 273 ; Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 10 ; Schaloiu, J. f. 0. 1880,
p. 272.
Adult male. General colour above rich slaty blue ; forehead jet-
black ; a few feathers at the base of the biU and a conspicuous
superciliary stripe white ; a blackish stripe running from the uostrUs
through the eye ; sides of head, chin, and throat white ; on the fore
neck and upper breast a largo patch of chestnut-red ; all the rest of
the underparts pale slaty grey ; thighs and under tail-coverts chest-
nut-colour, with large white tips ; quills brown ; central pair of tail-
feathers like the back, rest black, with grey tips and white subter-
miual spots ; bUl dark horny colour, paler at base ; legs slaty grey ;
iris brown. Total length about 4-5 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 2-9,
tail 0-7, tarsus 0-65.
Adult female. Forehead blackish, the feathers tipped with greyish
bliie ; the chestnut colour on the fore neck paler ; ail the rest of the
underparts with a dull fulvous tinge, especially on the abdomen.
In the yoang bird the black stripe through the eye is greyish and
scarcely visible.
Hab. Asia Minor and Syria.
a. S ad. sk. Tamaular Dagh, Asia Minor, Nov. F. D. Godman and 0.
25, 1875 (C. G. Danford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
b. S ad. sk. Tamaular Dagb, Nov. 25, 1875 H. Seebohm, Esq.
(G G. Dcmford). [P.].
c. 2 ad. sk. Taurus, Dec. l2, 1875 (C. G.Dan- F. D. Godman and 0.
ford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.].
d. 9. ad. sk. Taurus, Jan. 6, 1876 (C. G. Dan- H. Seebohm, Esq.
ford). [P.].
e. $ ad. sk. Lycia, March 23, 1874. H. J. Elwes,Esq. [P.].
5. siTXA. 851
10. Sitta castaneoventris.
Ferruginous-bellied Nuthatch, Lath. Hist. B. iv. p. 74.
Sitta castaneoventris, Franklin, P. Z. S. 18dl, p. 121 ; Jard. 8f Selbij,
III. Oni. iii. pi. 145 ; lilyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 190 ; Gould,
B. Asia, i. pi. 9 ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. p. 721 ; Jerdon, B. Ind. i.
p. 386; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 424; Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 21;
Dresser, B. Eur, iii. p. 176, note.
Sitta castaneiventris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227 ; Reichenb. Handh., Scans.
p. 151, pi. 512. figs. 3553-55 ; Sclat. Ibis, 1865, p. 310 ; Hume,
Str. F. 1878, p. 209.
Sitta castanea, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 316 (1831).
Sitta ferrugineoventris, Goidd, Athenceum, 1849, p. 1183.
Adult male. General colour above slaty blue, lightest on the head ;
a narrow black stripe from the nostrils, through the eye, along the
sides of the neck, leaving the loral region white like the cheeks,
chin, and upper throat ; ear-covei-ts and part of sides of neck jet-
black ; quills blackish, external web like the back, inner web edged
with white ; central pair of tail-feathers and outer web of the
others like the back, the outermost pairs with a subterminal white
patch on the inner web ; under wing-coverts and edge of wing black,
edged with bluish grey ; near the base of the primaries a white patch ;
all the underparts but the upper throat deep chestnut^cinnamon ;
thighs and under tail-coverts bluish grey, broadly edged with chest-
nut ; bill horny black, paler at base of mandible ; legs lead-colour ;
iris brown. Total length about 6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-85,
tail 1"5, tarsus 0-7.
Females and young birds have the general colour above paler and
duller, the white spots on the tail larger ; all the underparts of the
body isabelline brown, deeper on the flanks and the abdomen ; the
bluish grey of the tail-feathers is restricted to part of the inner web.
Hab. Afghanistan and the greater part of the Indian peninsula.
a, b. (S ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
c. (S ad. sk. Seetapore. Gould Collection.
d-f. c? ad. sk. Lucknow, April 15, 1879. Col. Way [P.].
ff. cJ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
[P.].
/(. $ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
[P.].
i. 2 ad. sk. Ohpore, Afghanistan India Museiun fP.l.
(Gri^fh).
Jc. 2 ad. sk. Bharrowul, Afghanistan India Museum [P.].
{Gi-iffitli).
11. Sitta cinnamomeoventris.
Sitta einuamoventris, Bhjth, J. A. '.[d2^ ad. St. Swan River. J. Gould, Esq. [0.1.
t. Juv. sk. Australia. Purchased.
Subspecies a. Sittella tenuirostris.
Sittella tenuirostris, Gould, Hnndb. p. 610 (1865, Note to SitteUa
chrjsoptera) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 182, no. 2506: Ramsay,
Proe. Lmn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 191. ^
The middle third of the qiiills is pale rusty-coloured, and shows
a great amount of whitish or even clear white ; all the other parts
including the bill, agree in colour with S. pileata. '
The type specimen (locality uncertain) is an immature male
having the crown of the head dull blackish brown. The biU in this
specimen is certainly very slender aud rather long ; but the length
of the bill in the genus Sittella is subject to much variation, as rnay
be seen from the measurements given with the different species.
Adult /emaZc (South Australia; Capt. Sturt). Sides and all the
upper parts of the head and nape black.
Type. Culmen 0-65 inch, wing 3-01, tail 1-46, tarsus 0-65.
Adult. _ „ 0-52 „ „ 3-02, „ 1-5, „ 0-66.
Hah. This bird seems to be a smaller race of .S'. pileata, repre-
senting the latter in the interior of South Australia.
o. [d" ] imm. sk. S. Australia? (Ca2)t. Stwt). Gould Collection.
{TvT)G of sdgcIgs 1
6. [ 2 ] ad. sk. S. Australia {Capt. Sturt). Gould Collection.
6. Sittella lencoptera.
Sittella leucoptera, Gould, P. Z. &'. 1839, p. 144; id. £. Austr. iv
pi. 103 ; id. Intr. B. Austr. p. 128 ; id. Handb. B. Austr. i p 611 •
Bp. a A. i. p. 226 ; ZucMd, J.f. O. 1858, p. 39. ^' '
Most nearly allied to, and intermediate between, S. chrysontera
and S. pileata. -^
Adult male. Top of head deep black ; frontal and orbital re-^ion
and lores white ; secondary quills uniform blackish brown ; the°pri-
maries have the middle third pure white instead of rusty colour •
all the quills tipped with white ; some of the wing-coverts with
faint pale tips ; all the rest of the upper parts as in 8. chrysoptera ■
uuderparts white, without streaks, as in ^S". 2nleata ; " bill straw-
yellow, tipped with black ; feet lemon-yeUow ; iris ochre-yellow •
eyelash straw-yellow" (&'oM7f?).
Female has the whole head above and the ear-coverts blackish
brown.
364 CERTHIIU^.
Ciilmen 0-G inch, wing 3-10, tail 1-38, tarsus 0-68.
0-62 „ „ 3-05, „ 1-42, „ 0-65.
Hah. North Australia.
a,b. [c?] ad. st. Port Essington. Capt. W. Charahers, R.N. [P.].
c. c? ad. sk. North Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [C.].
d. (S imm. sk. North Austraha. Gould Collection.
e. Juv. sk. North Australia. Gould Collection.
f>ff- 62 ^^- sk. North Australia. F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin,
Esqrs. [P.].
6. Sittella striata.
SitteUa striata, Gould, Ann. S,- Mag. K. II. ser. 4, iv. p. 110 ; id.
Suppl. B. Aiistr. pi. 54 ; Castelnau 4'' Unnimy, Proc. IJtni. Sac.
K S. W. 1877, p. .382 ; Ramsay, Proc. Lbin. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 192.
Sittella leucoptera (juv.), Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 387.
Adult male (tj-pe of species). Head all round, sides of neck,
throat, and upper breast sooty black ; hind neck, mantle, scapulars,
and back greyish brown, each feather with a very broad longitudinal
central streak of blackish brown ; wing-coverts and quills uniform
blackish brown, with faintly paler edgings ; middle third of primaries
white ; breast, flanks, and abdomen white, each feather ■with a very
broad longitudinal dark-brown streak ; all the other j^arts as in
S. leucoptera.
Female. Only the toj) of the head black ; sides of head, throat,
and rest of underparts of body white, and streaked like the
breast in the males. Some specimens have whitish feathers near
the base of the upper bill.
Immature birds have the cap dark browu, the underparts of the
body dull white and much streaked with dark brown.
Culmen. Wiug. Tail. Tarsus,
in. in. in. in.
Adidt S (tvpe) 0-.5 3-0 145 065
Adult $ (t^-pe) 0-6 3-03 1-35 0-61
Adult S • Ool 303 1-42 0-65
Adult $ . 0-55 3-12 1-55 0-64
Ohs. In all the other allied species, the female develops a
greater amount of black on the sides of the head than does the
male ; and it seems very probable that the same tendency would be
followed bj- this species too, and that the black-throated individuals
are the females. However, Mr. Gould has described such birds as the
males ; and as none of the specimens I have been able to examine
are sesed, this question remains unsettled.
Hah. Gulf of Carpentaria ; Cape York to Rockingham Bay.
a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. North Australia. J. Goidd, Esq.
c. Juv. St. North Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
d-f. S 2 ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
( Cockerell). (Types of species.)
g-i. [ cJ ] ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. F. D. Godman and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.].
7. HTPOSITTA. 365
7. Sittella papuensis.
Sitta papuensis, Schl. X. T. D. 8vo, iv. p. 47 (1871) ; Rosenb. Heist.
n. Geelvinksh. p. 139; id. Malay. Arch. pp. 553, 585 (1879).
Sittella papueusis, Sharpe, Zool. Rec. viii. p. 63 (1873) ; Salvad. Arm.
Mas. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. G3 ; id. Orn. Papuasia e delle Molucche,
ii. p. 242.
Above dusky brown, streaked with black and marked with some
obsolete white spots ; head aud throat white ; upper tail-coverts
white, the rump streaked with black ; breast and abdomen dusky,
marked with obsolete white spots ; middle of the abdomen streaked
with dusky ; under tail-coverts marked with triangular black spots,
terminated with white ; feathers of the neck, back, and scapulars
blackish in the middle, the lateral margins dusky brown ; rump and
upper tail-coverts white, the former longitudinally streaked with
black ; wings dusky, paler below ; anterior lesser wing-coverts of
the greater scries white ; third, fourth, and fifth tail-feathers white
on the middle portion of the inner web : tail black, the lateral
feathers marked with an apical white spot ; bill dusky, the tip black ;
feet yellow. Total length 4*75 inches, wing 3-2, tail 1-65, tarsus
0-65, bill 0-45. {Salvadori, I. c.)
Female. Above dusky, varied with blackish ; head black ; upper
tail-coverts white ; under surface white, streaked with black, (hal-
vadori, I. c.)
Hab. X.W. Xew Guinea.
7. HYPOSITTA. ^
Type.
Hypherpes,^. Ae?paud.) H. coralHrostris.
Hypositta, A. Neirfo)!, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 438 H. coraUirostris.
Head, bill, aud foot of H. coraUirostris.
Bill shorter than rest of head, broader than high across the
nostrils ; culmen sharp and curved downwards, with a small tooth
and a notch ; mancUbula curved upwards. jS'ostrils oval, half
exposed ; nasal and rictal bristles well developed. First primary
equal to half second primary ; tip of wing formed by 4th, 5th,
and 6th primaries ; secondaries five sixths of whole wing in length.
Tail square, shorter than wing. Tarsus covered with one long
scutum anteriorly; hallux and claw very long, surpassing the
tarsus and the middle toe. Plumage greenish blue.
This peculiar bird seems to be somewhat intermediate between
the Sittince and the Muscimpince.
Range. Madagascar.
366 CEETHITD^.
1. Hypositta corallirostris.
Hrplierpes corallirostris, A. Neivton, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 85, pi. xiii. ;
'K Feidon, Ibis, 1863, p. 342 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p, 318 ;
HartUnil, Von. Madar/asc. p. 105 ; Schl. Notes from Leyden Mus.
i. p. 115 (1879) ; 3Iilne-Edwards ^- Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag.
pi. cxxi.
Sitta coraUiroslris, Scldeg. <§• Pollen, Faun. Madng. p. 158.
Hypositta coraUirostiis, A. Netcton, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 438.
Head all round and all the underpart& of the body, including the
undertail-coverts, thighs, edge of wing, and under wing-coverts duU
slaty brown with a tinge of olive-blue (if this combination of
colours is allowed) ; lores and prreocular region, as well as the chin,
white or whitish : hind neck and rest of upper parts dull blue with
a greenish tinge ; quills and tail-feathers black, the outer webs of
the same colour as the back, without any whitish tips ; " the whole
bill coral-red ; legs leaden colour ; iris dark red " (Newto7i). Total
length under 5 inches, culmen 0'53, wing 2*9-3, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-8,
first digit (without claw) 0-65.
Hab. Madagascar.
a. 2 ad. sk. Saralalan, Madagascar R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
(Crossleg).
h,c. S 2 ad.sk. Forest of Ancaya. M. Robillard [C.].
ADDENDA.
The following species was omitted by accident from the body of
the ■work : —
Page 27. Insert : —
19 «. Paras rex.
Parus (Machlolophus) rex, David, Ann. Set. Nat. (5) xix. no. 9, p. 4
(1874).
Machlolophus res, Davicl ^- Oustakt, Ois, Chine, p. 286 (1877).
Crown of head and sides of the neck black with a bluish shade ;
forehead, lores, superciliary streak, cheeks, parotid region, and nape
pure yellow ; a narrow black stripe from the hinder edge of the eye
to the nape ; upper back black, spotted with bluish ashy, and with
white in the vicinity of the nape ; sides and lower back bluish ashy ;
upper taU-coverts ashy grey, fringed with black ; throat and middle
of the chest and of the abdomen deep black ; the feathers of the
flanks which are near this wide central band at first black, then
becoming ashy ; wing-coverts black, the lesser ones terminated
with ashy grey, the median and greater ones almost pure white ;
quills black, all showing, with the exception of the remiges, a white
spot at the ends ; remiges white at the base on the outer webs, and
edged with white and bluish for the rest of their extent ; middle
quills edged with bluish ashy ; under taU-coverts whitish, shaded
with ashy grey and blackish ; the crest, always erect, is of pyramidal
form, and the feathers of the hinder edge are yellow.
The female has a somewhat different dress from that of the male :
the back is green, and not bluish grey ; there are no white spots in
the nuchal region ; the fore neck and chest are yellowish green,
with some traces of black on the throat only ; the rest of the lower
parts are of a greenish tinge, which becomes ashy in the middle of
the belly ; and the yeUow of the sides of the head and of the nape is
a little less pure than in the male. Iris brown ; bill black ; tarsus,
feet, and claws bluish. Total length 0453 meti-e, tail 0-063, wing
(closed) 0-084, tarsus 0-018, bill from front 0-009. {David ^- 0ms-
talet.)
Hah. Mountains of Western Fokien, China.
Type.
Add :— ^^® 1^^- ^^°"^ DEYOSCOPUS.
Thamnocataphus, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 312
(1849) D. ruiiventris.
Page 134. Dryoscopus rufiventris.
Add the synon}-my of Thamnocataphus picatus, TickeU, which has
been shown by Mr. Sharpe to be the same as the present species
(c/. Cat. B. vii. p. 324).
368 ADDENDA.
Page 184. Alter 'Key' as follows: —
In section III.,
for " c. Tliroat white," read Throat white or dull whitish ashy.
Page 185. After •' griseonota, p. 217." insert : —
d'". Above olive-green ; lores whitish.
d^. Tail reddish brown ; under taU-coverts
light brown ; chin and npper throat
white ; rest of throat, breast, and ab-
domen dull yellow hattamensis, p. 225.
e". Tail olive-brown lil^e the back, but a
little duller ; under tail-coverts pale
yellow ; throat and breast whitish
ashy fortis, p. 369.
Page 185. In section IV. of the Key alter as follows : —
IV. Plumage black, white, and grey.
a'. Throat black ; breast and abdomen white .... vwnacha, p. 222.
b'. Throat white, separated from the white breast
and abdomen by a band of black arctitorquis, p. 368.
Page 223. Insert :—
45 a. Pachycephala arctitorquis.
Pachycephala arctitorquis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 55, pi. 13.
Adult male. Crown of head, lores, and ear-coverts black, as well
as a collar across the fore neck ; entire back grey, as well as the
wing- coverts ; quills and tail dusky blackish, externally grey like
the back ; entire throat white ; breast and abdomen fulvous white,
separated from the pure white throat by the before-mentioned black
colour ; thighs grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvous
white ; " bill, legs, and feet black ; iris dark brown" {H. 0. Forbes).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-15, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.
Adult, female. General colour above reddish brown, brighter
rufous on the head and upper wing- and tail-coverts, and also on the
outer edges of the quills, especially of the secondaries ; the lower
back and rump somewhat washed with olive ; tail-feathers dusky,
reddish brown externally and at the tips ; lores whitish ; ear-coverts
rufous-brown ; cheeks and throat white, narrowly streaked with
dusky blackish, as also the sides of the body, which are washed with
yellowish ; thighs brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ;
" upper mandible soot-brown, lower the same at the tip, but at base
pale flesh-coloi;r ; legs and feet lavender-pink ; irides dark brown "
(H. 0. Forbes). Total length G inches, culmen 0'6, wing 3, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0"25.
Ilab. Tenimber group of islands.
ADDENDA. 369
a, S; b,c. 2 ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, British Association [P.].
Tenimber Islands (Types of species.)
(If. O. Forbes).
d. c5' ad. sk. Moloe Island, Teuim- British Association [P,].
ber group (//. O,
Forhes).
Page 226. Insert :—
49 a. Pachycephala fortis.
Adult. Head and nape dark slaty grey ; entire back and -wing-
coverts dark olive-green ; quills dusky, washed on the outer vreb
with green like the back ; the bastard (juills and primaries externally
grey ; tail olive-brown, with dusky cross bai's ; lores ashy whitish,
sides of face and ear-coverts dusky grey ; cheeks, throat, and chest
light ashy ; centre of abdomen white, washed with yellow ; flanks
light olive-brown ; thighs grey ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
dull olivaceous. Total length 6-7 inches, culmeii 0-8, wing 3"6, tail
2-8, tarsus 1-1.
Hah. S.E. New Guinea.
a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe mountains, S.E. Mr. A. Goldie [C.].
New Guinea.
4 ■, , . Page 240. Lanius major.
i. 9 vix ad. Tschikai R., Transbaikalia. Purchased.
k,l, c? $ ad. sk. Moscow. Purchased.
2b
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abietinum (Parus), 41.
Acauthiparus, 54.
Acredula, 54.
aculeata (Sitta), 353.
acuticauda (Hylophilus),
310.
acuticaiidus (Hvlophi-
lus), 310.
advena (Sitta), 342.
jEgithaliscus, 54.
.Sllgithaliis, fiti.
semodius (Parus), 41, 42.
ffinobarbus (Allotrius),
116, 117, 118.
senobarbus (Pterery-
thriiis), 116.
senobarbus (Pteruthius),
116, 117.
seralatus (Ptererytkrius),
114.
seralatus (Pteruthius),
114.
sethiopicus (Dryoscopus).
139.
sethiopicus (Laniarius),
139.
sethiopicus (Lanius),
139.
athiopicus (Malacono-
tus), 139.
sethiopicus (Telej^horus),
139.
sethiopicus (Turdus), 139.
afer (Lanius), 169.
afer (ICilaus), 169.
afer (Panis), 39.
affinis (Climacteris), 338.
affinis (Corviuella), 231.
affinis (Dryoscopus), 141,
144.
affinis (Hapalophus),
141.
affinis (Laniarius), 141.
affinis (Lanius), 265.
affinis (Malaconotus),
159.
affinis (Nilaus), 170.
aifinis (Pachycephala),
195.
affinis (Poecile), 35. 48.
affinis (Sitta), 347.
agilis (Lanius), 295.
agilis (Yireosylvia), 295.
agilis flavoviridis (Vireo-
SYlvia),295.
albata (Sittella), 362.
albicilla (Fringilla), 75.
albicilla (Mohoua), 75.
albicilla (Orthonyx), 75.
albicillus (Oerthiparus),
75.
albieollis (Pachycephala),
186, 189.
albifrons (Pachycephala),
204.
albifrons (Vanga), 110.
albinotatus ^ Lanius),
230.
albispecularis (Pachy-
cephala), 212.
albiventer (Parus), 10.
albiveutris (Cyclorhis),
319.
albiventris (Parus), 10.
albospecularis (Pachy-
cephalopsis), 212.
algeriensis (Collyrio),
244.
algeriensis (Enneocto-
nus), 244.
algeriensis (Lanius), 244,
246, 247, 248.
Allotrius, 112.
alpestris (Parus), 51.
alpestris (Pcecila), 51.
alpestris (Poikilis), 51.
alpina (Tichodroma),
331.
altiloqua (Vireosylvia),
293.
altiloquus (Vireo), 293.
altirostris (Cyclorhis),
319.
amabilis (Parus), 22.
amaurocephala (Sylvia),
308.
amauroeephalus (Hylo-
philus), 308.
amauronotus (Vireo),
298.
americaua (Certhia),
324, 326.
amurensis (Sitta), 345.
anchiet£e(Laniarius), 129.
anchietJE (Telephonus),
129.
anchietse (Telophonus),
129.
angolensis (Dryoscopus),
134.
angolensis (Laniarius),
134.
annexus (Parus"), 31.
anophrys (.^githaliscus),
anophrys (jEgithalus),
57.
anthophila (Sylvia), 70.
Anthoscopus, 66.
antiguanus (Lanius),
268.
antinorii (Lanius), 255.
aplonotus (Machlolo-
phus), 25.
aplonotus (Parus), 25.
approximans (Archoles-
tes), 156.
Archolestes, 150.
arctitorquis (Pachy-
cephala), 338.
ardosiaceus (Lanius),
245.
argenteus (Cracticus), 99.
ariuiUaris (Turdus), 189.
arnaudi (Fiscus), 256.
arnaudi (Lanius), 256.
Artaraia, 106.
arundiuaceus (Mysta-
ceus), 78.
a-scack (Lanius), 261.
asiatica (Certhia), .327.
asiatica (Sitta), 343.
assimilis (Lanius), 24 ii,
250.
assimilis (Pachycephala),
207.
assimilis (Pcecila), 51 .
372
ALPHABETIC Ai INDEX.
astrolabi (Paclivceplmla),
200.
ater (Crataionyx), 6.
ater (Parus), 40, 41, 43.
ater (Poecile), 41.
ater. Tar. rufipectua
(Parus), 44.
atMnsoni (Parus), 29.
atrialatus (Dryoscopus),
143.
atrialatus (Laniarius),
143.
atricajiilla (Poecile), 45.
atricapillus (^lUgitlialus),
68.
atricapillus (Parus). 44,
46.
atricapillus (Vireo),
300.
atricapillus, yar. occiden-
talis (Parus), 45.
atricapillus, var. septeu-
trionalis (Parus), 45.
atriceps (Parus), 16.
atricristatus (Lopho-
phanes), 31.
atricristatus (Parus), 31.
atricroceus (Laniarius),
153.
atrociEruleus (Laniarius),
133.
atrococcineus (Lania-
rius), 152.
atrococcineus (Lanius),
152.
atrococcineu.s (Malaco-
notus), 152.
atrocristiitus (Lopho-
phaues), 31.
atrocroceus (Laniarius),
153.
aucheri (Lanius), 247.
aurantiifrons (Hylo-
philus), 310.
aurantiopectUB (Mala-
conotus), 159.
aureo-capillus (Regulus),
80.
am'icapillus (Eegulus),
80. .
Auriparus, 66.
australis (Eopsaltria),
176.
australis (Malaconotus),
122.
australis (Motacilla),
176.
australis (Muscicapa),
170.
australis (Muscipeta),
176.
australis (Pachycephala),
176.
azurea (Sitta), 357.
Bacbakiri (Le). 1G2.
Bfeolophiis, 3.
baicalensis (Parus), 51.
bailloni (Petrodroma),
337.
bakbakiri (Chloropho-
neus), 163.
bakbakiri (Laniarius),
162.
bakbakiri (Lanius), 162.
bakbakiri (Malaconotus),
163.
bakbakiri (Tcbagra), 162.
bakbakiri (Telephonus),
162.
baldensteinii (Pai'us), 51.
barbarus (Laniarius),
153, 154.
barbarus (Lanius), 153.
bai'barus (Malaconotus),
164.
barbarus (Tcbagra), 154.
barbatula (Yireosylvia),
293.
barbatulus (Phyllo-
raanes), 293.
bai-batus (Calamophilus),
78.
barbatus (Hypenites), 78.
barbatus (Mystacinus),
78.
barbatus (Pauurus), 78.
barbatus (Parus), 78.
Barita, 93.
bartramii (Vireo), 296.
Basanistes, 228.
beavani (Lopboplianes),
29.
beavani (Parus), 29.
belli (Vireo), 301.
bcntet (Collyrio), 266.
bentet (Lanius), 266, 267,
268, 269.
bernieri (Artamia), 108.
beruieri (Oriolia), 108.
biarmicus (jEgithalus),
78.^
biarmicus (Calamophi-
lus), 78.
biarmicus (Mystacinus),
78.
biarmicus (Panurus), 77,
78. _
biarmicus (Paroides), 78.
biarmicus (Parus), 77.
bicolor (Artamia), 108.
bicolor (Artamus), 108.
bicolor (Bseolophus), 32.
bicolor (Oyanolanius),
_ 108.
bicolor (Oyanolestes),
108.
bicolor (Dryoscopus),
108, 138.
bicolor (Laniarius), 108,
138.
bicolor (Lanius), 108.
bicolor (Lophophanes),
32.
bicolor (Parus), 31.
blancboti (Malaconotus),
156.
blanfbrdi (Laniarius),
127.
blanfbrdi (Telopbonus),
127.
boccharensis (Parus), 16,
17, 18.
bogotensis (Vireo), 294.
bogotensis (Vireosylvia),
294.
bojeri (Dryoscopus), 141.
liorealis (CoUurio), 240.
borealis (Collyrio), 240.
boreaUs (Lanius), 240,
241.
borealis (Parus), 50, 51.
borealis (Pcecila), 51.
borealis (Poikilis), 51.
borealis americanus (La-
nius), 240.
borealis europKiis (La-
nius), 2.59.
borealis sibiricus (La-
nius), 239.
Boubou, Le, 134.
boulboul (Dryoscopus),
135.
boulboul (Laniarius),
134.
boulboul (Lanius), 139.
boulboul (Malaconotus),
135.
boyeri (Laniarius), 141.
brachydactyla (Certhia),
324.
brachyrhvnchus (Regu-
lus), 84.
bracliyrhyncbus (Ticho-
droma), 331.
brandti (Parus), 53.
brandtii (Poecile), .53.
brevipennis (Neochloe),
305.
brevirostris (Poecile), 51.
britannica (Certhia), 324.
britanuicus (Parus), 41,
43.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
373
brunnea (Eopsaltria),
175, 219.
brunnea (Pachycephala),
214, 219.
brunneicauda (Hylo-
terpe), 220.
brunneicauda (Pachyce-
phala), 220.
bruuneiceps (Hylophi-
lus), 310.
Brubru, Le, 168.
brubra (Lanius), l(i8.
brubru (Nilaus), 1(18, 169.
bucephalus (Enneocto-
nus), 270.
bucephalus (Lanius), 270.
bucephalus (Phoueus),
270.
Bulestes, 93.
burra (Lanius), 252.
caeruleanus (Parus), 14.
ca^ruleus (Cyanistes), 12.
cceruleus (Pai'us), 12, 15.
cseruleus, var. teneriffse
(Parus), 14.
ccesia (Sitta), 347.
coesius (Parus), 16.
Calaiuophilus, 77.
caledonica (Eopsaltria),
180.
caledonica (Muscicapa),
180.
calendula (CorthyUo),
85.
calendula (Motacilla), 85.
calendula (Phyllobasi-
leus), 85.
calendula (Eeguloides),
85.
calendula (Eegulus), 85.
Calicalicus, 119.
calidris (ilotaeilla), 293.
calidris (Yireo), 293.
calidris (Vireosylvia),
293.
calidris, var. barbadeusis
(Vireosylvia), 293.
calidris, var. barbatula
(VireosylTia), 293.
calidris, var. dominieana
(Vireosylvia), 293.
Calisitta,"341.
calliope (Pachycephala),
198.
cameranoi (Ptererythri-
us), 115.
cameranoi (Pteruthius),
115.
canadensis (Sitta), 353,
364.
canicepg (Oollyrio), 264,
265.
caniceps (Lanius), 265,
206.
cantatrix (Muscicapa),
301.
capehi (Fiscus), 260.
capensis (jEgithalus), 70.
capensis (Gryllivora), 70.
capensis (Lanius), 168.
capensis (Paroides), 71.
capensis (Parus), 70.
carbonarius (Dryosco-
pus), 132.
carbonarius (Laniarius),
132.
carbonarius (Parus), 41.
carbonarius (Ehyuchas-
tatus), 132.
carmioli (Vireo), 303.
caroli (iEgithaliscus), 71.
caroli (Anthoscopus), 71.
carolinensis (^Lanius),
245.
cai'olinensis (Parus), 46.
carolinensis (Pcecile), 46.
carolinensis aculeata
(Sitta), 353.
carolinensis minor (Sitta),
356.
cashmiriensis (Sitta),
352.
caspius (jEgithalus), 68.
Cassican de la Nouvelle
Guinee, 97.
cassicus (Oracticus), 97.
cassicus (Ehamphastus),
97.
cassini (Vireo), 299.
casfanea (Sitta), 351.
castaneiceps(Hylophilus),
309.
castaneiventer (Parus),
2"- . . .
castaneiventris (Parus),
37.
castaneiventris (Sitta),
351.
castaneoventris (Parus),
37.
castaneoventris (Sitta),
351.
castaneus (.Egithalus),
68.
castaneus (Lanius), 262.
castanilia (Sitta), 352.
caudata (Acredula), 59,
60, 61, 63.
caudata (Mecistura), 60,
61,65.
caudata (Orites), 60.
caudatue (Lanius), 254.
caudatus (Orites), 65.
candatus (Parus), 59, 61,
63.
cephalomelas (CoUyrio),
269.
cephalomelas (Lanius),
269.
Cephalophoneus, 232.
Ce]5halopyrus, 66.
Certhia, 323.
Certhiparus, 75.
Chaunonotus, 130.
Chestnut-backed Shrike,
262.
chinensis (Lanius), 262.
ehinensis (Sitta), 347.
chivi (Sylvia), 295.
chivi (Vireo), 295.
chivi (Vireosylvia), 295.
chloris (Ixonotus), 166.
chloris (Lauiarius), 166.
chloris (Lanius), 166.
chloris (Muscicapa), 77.
chloris (Kicator), 166.
chloris (Tchagra), 166.
chlorogaster (Vireola-
nius), 31.5.
Chlorophoneus, 150.
chloriu-a (Pachycephala),
194.
christophori (Pachyce-
phala), 200.
chrysocephalus(Eegulus),
80.
chrysogaster (Laniarius),
154, 159.
chrvsogaster (Malacono-
tus), 159.
chrysoptera (Neops), 360.
chrysoptera (Sitta), 360.
chrysoptera (Sittella),
360.
chrysorrhous (Eopsal-
tria), 177.
cincta (Pcecile), 35.
cinctus (Parus), 35, 36.
cinerascens (Drj'oscopus),
146.
cinerascens (Pachycepha-
la), 216.
cinerascens (Parus), 39.
cinerea (Certhiparus), 75.
cinerea (Muscitrea), 220.
cinerea (Pica), 347.
cinerea (Poecilodryas),
181.
cinerea (Sitta), 347.
cinerea (Vanga), 101.
cinereiceps (Hvlophilus),
307.
374
AXPHABETICAI INDEX.
cinereus (Bulestes), 101.
cinereus (Cracticus), 101.
cinereus (Lauius), 237.
cinereus (Parus), 15, 16,
17.
cinereus communis
(Parus), 49.
cinereus montanus
(Parus), 51.
cinnamomeoventris
(Sitta). 351, 352.
cinnamo<^eum (Pseudo-
rectes), 200.
cissoides (Basanistes),
229.
cissoides (Corvinella),
229.
cissoides (Lanius), 229,
231.
cissoides (Urolestes), 229.
citreogaster (Pachyce-
phala), 186.
CUmacteris, 333.
clio (Pachycephala), 186.
Clitonyx, 75.
Clytorbynchus, 109.
coBanensis (Vireosylvia),
296.
Colemouse, 41.
coUaris (CoUyrio), 255.
collaris (Fiscus), 255.
collaris (Lanius), 255,
257, 259, 260.
collaris (Pachycephala),
197.
collaris (Telephorus),
162.
CoUurio, 232.
collurioides (Collyrio),
289.
collurioides (Lanius),
289.
ColljTio, 232.
collyrioides (Lanius),
289.
commixtus (Parus), 16, 17.
commixiis (Parus), 16.
communis (Poecile), 49.
conoinna (Acredula), 57.
concinna (Psaltria), 57.
couciunus (iEgithaliscus),
57.
concinnus (jEgithalus),
57.
consobrinus (^Egithalus),
67.
contrerasi (Cyclorhis),
320.
corallina (Sitta), 3.58.
corallirostris (Hypher-
pes), 366.
corallirostris (Hvpositta),
366.
corallirostris (Sitta),
366.
coronatus (jEgitbalus),
68.
coronatus (Dryoscopus),
134.
coronatus (Lanius), 121.
Corthylio, 79.
coryina (Corvinella),
231.
corvina nubise (Corvinel-
la), 231.
Corvinella, 231.
corvinus (CoUurio),
231.
corvinus (Lanius), 231.
costa? (Certhia), 32-1.
Cracticus, 93.
crassirostris (Cracticus),
94.
crassirostris (Enneocto-
nus), 290.
crassirostris (Lanivireo),
301.
crassirostris (Otomela),
290.
crassirostris (Vireo), 301.
Ci-ataionyx, 3.
Creeper, Common, 336.
cristata (Oreoica), 174.
cristata (Otomela), 271.
cristatum (Sphenostoma),
74.
cristatus (Enneoctonus),
271.
cristatus (Lanius), 271,
272.
cristatus (Lopbophane.s).
27.
cristatus (Otomela), 271.
cristatus (Parus), 27.
cristatus (Eegulus), 80,
82, 83.
cristatus (Turdus), 174.
Crocias, 230.
crococephalus (Eegulus),
80.
cruentatus (Dryoscopus),
152.
cruentatus (Laniarius),
152.
cruentatus (Telephonus),
152.
cruentus (Dryoscopus),
152.
cruentus (Laniarius),
152,155.
cruentus (Ehodopho-
neus), 152.
cruentus (Telephonus),
152.
Cubla, Le, 148.
cubla (Dryoscopus), 139,
146, 148.
cubla (Hapalolophus),
148.
cubla (Laniarius), 148.
cubla (Lanius), l48.
cucidlata (JSgithalus),
69.
cucullata (Eopsaltria),
179.
pucullatus (Laniarius),
127.
cucullatus (Lanius), 126,
189.
cucullatus (Telephorus),
126.
curvirostris (Lanius),
104.
curvirostris (Vanga),
104.
cuvieri (Corthylio), 82.
cuvieri (Eegulus), 82.
cuvieri (Sylvia), 82.
cyana (Pachycephala),
182.
cyana (Poecilodryas), 182,
183.
cyanea (Muscitrea), 224.
cyanea (Pachycephala),
224.
cyaneus (Cyanistes), 11.
cyaneus (Parus), 11.
Cyanolanius, 106.
Cyanolestes, 106.
Cyanistes, 3.
oyauus (Cyanistes), 11.
cyanus (Myiolestesi,
■ 182.
cyanus (Parus), 10.
cyanus tiansohanicus
(Parus), 11.
Cyclorhis, 316.
damii (Vanga), 110.
damii (Xenopirostris),
110.
dealbatus (Lanius), 247,
249, 250.
decurtata(Pachycephala),
307.
decurtata (Sylvicola),
307.
decurtatus (Hylophilus),
307.
Dendrophila, 341.
dentatus (Mystaceus),
78.
destructor (Barita), 100.
AIiPHABETICAl INDEX.
375
destructor (Cracticus),
98, 100.
destructor (Vanga), 100.
diademata (Eopsaltria),
204.
diademata (Pachyce-
phala), 204.
didiroides (Lopho-
phanes), 33.
dichrous (Lophophanes),
33.
dichrous (Parus), 33.
discolor (Certbia), 328.
dorsatus (Parus), 10.
Dryoscopus, 130, 148.
dubia (Motacilla), 192.
dubia (Pacbycephala),
219.
dubusi (Vireolanius), 315.
Ecorcheur de Madagas-
car, 104.
Enneoctouus, 232.
Eopsaltria, 175.
elegans (Collyrio), 251.
elegans (Cyaiiistes), 11.
elegans (Lanius), 245,
249, 251, 252.
elegans (Parus), 22.
erj-tbrocephala (Aere-
dula), 56.
erythroeephalus (jEgi-
thaliscus), 57.
erythroeephalus (Orites),
56.
erythroeephalus (Parus),
56.
erythrogaster (Dryosco-
pus), 154.
erythrogaster (Lauia-
rius), 154.
erythrogaster (Lanius),
154.
erythrogastra (Malaco-
notus), 154.
erythronotus (CoUurio),
263.
erythronotus (Collyrio).
264.
erythronotus (Enneo-
ctouus), 264.
erythronotus (Lanius),
263, 264, 265, 266.
erythrops (Climacteris),
338.
eiythropterus (Lania-
rius), 127.
erythropterus (Lanius),
113, 128.
erythropterus (Pomato-
rhyndius), 122, 125.
erythropterus (Pterery-
thrius), 13.
erythropterus (Pteru-
thius), 113.
erythropterus (Telepho-
nus), 125, 126, 127.
erythropterus (Telopho-
nus), 121, 125.
er'ythropterus (Telopho-
rus), 121.
europsea (Sitta), 342,
347.
europoea (Tichodroma),
331.
excubitor (OoUyrio), 238.
excubitor (Lanius), 237,
238, 242, 252.
excubitorius (CoUyrio),
253.
excubitorius (Lanius),
253.
excubitoroides (Collurio),
245.
excubitoroides (CoUyrio),
245.
excubitoroides (Lanius),
245, 246.
exilis (Parus), 53.
exilis (Psaltria), 53.
eximius (Lanius), 236.
eximius (Vireolanius),
316.
falcata (Pacbycephala),
205.
Falcuncidus, 171.
faUax (Lanius), 245, 247,
248, 249, 252.
familiaris (Certhia), 323,
324.
familiaris, var. ameri-
cana (Certhia), 324.
familiaris, var. mexi-
cana (Certhia), 326.
ferox (Lanius), 289.
ferrugineifrons (Hylo-
phihis), 311.
ferrugineoventris (Sitta),
351.
ferrugineus (Laniarius),
134.
ferrugineus (Malaco-
notusl, 135.
Fiscus, 232.
fiscus (Collyrio), 256.
fiscus (Lanius), 256.
flammiceps (.Egithalus),
69.
flammiceps (Cephalopy-
rus), 70.
flammiceps(Paroides), 70.
flava (Crataionyx), 6.
flaveola (Sylvia), 313.
flaveolus (Hylophilus),
flavescens (Lanius), 236.
flavicapillus (Eegulus),
80.
flavicejis (^Egithalus),
72.
flaviceps (Auriparus),
72.
flaviceps (Paroides), 72.
flaviceps (Psaltria), 72.
flaviceps (Psaltriparus),
72.
flavicollis (Eopsaltria).
176.
flavifrons (^Egithalus),
72.
flavifrons (Lanivireo),
298.
flavifrons (Pacbyce-
phala), 204.
flavifrons (Parus), 72.
flavifrons (Vireo), 298.
flavifrons (Vireosylvia),
298.
flavigaster (Eopsaltria),
179.
flavigaster (Todus), 176.
flavigastra (Eopsaltria),
179.
flavigastra (Sylvia), 176.
flavigulus (Falcunculus),
173.
flavipectus(Cyanistes), 11.
flavipectus (Cj-clorliis),
320.
flavipectus (Parus), 11.
flavipes (Dendrophila),
357.
flavipes (Hylophilus),
312.
flavirostris (Lanius), 231.
flaviscapis (Pterery-
thrius), 116.
flaviscapis (Pteruthius),
116.
flaviveutris (Cyclorhis),
320. '
flaviventris' (Hylophilus),
309.
flavocristata (Melano-
chlora), 6.
flavoeristatus (Parus), 6.
flavogrisea (Pachycare),
flavogrisea. (Pacbyce-
phala), 227.
flavoviridis (Phyllo-
maues), 295.
376
AUPHABETICAl INDEX.
flavoviridis (Vireo), 295.
flavoviridis (Vireosylvia),
295.
Flycatcher, Black-
breasted, 192.
Flycatcher, Olive, 180.
Flycatcher, Southern,
176.
Flycatcher, Yellow-
headed, 76.
foliorum (Sitta), 347. _
Formosa (Calisitta), 357.
formosa (Sitta), 357.
fortis (Pachycephala),
360.
frenatus (Telephonus),
122.
fringillago(Parus), 19.
frontalis (Deudrophila),
358.
frontalis (Hylophilus),
313.
frontalis (Lanius), 168.
frontalis (Motacilla),
358.
frontalis (Orthorhyn-
chus), 358.
frontalis (Sitta), 358.
froutatus (Falcunculus),
173.
frontatus (Lanius), 173.
fruticeti (Parus), 51.
fuhginata (Pachyce-
phala), 222.
fuliginosa (Acredida), 65.
fuliginosa (Meeistura), 65.
fidiginosa (Pachyce-
phala), 192.
fuliginosus (iEgithalis-
cus), 65.
fulvotincta (Pachyce-
phala), 196.
funebris (Dryoscopus),
133.
funebris (Laniarius), 133.
funereus (Melanoparus),
9.
funereus (Parus), 9.
fusca (Certhia), 324.
fusca (Pachycephala),
192.
fuscatus (CoUyno), 263.
fuscatus (Lanius), 263.
fuscicapillus (Hylophi-
lus), 309.
fuscus (Parus), 39, 70.
galeatus (Lophophanes),
.31.
gambensis (Dryoscopus),
146.
gambensis (Hapalophus),
146.
gambensis (Laniarius).
146.
gambensis (Lanius), 146.
georgiana (Eopsaltria),
178.
georgiana (Muscicapa),
178.
gilberti (Pachycephala),
210.
gilva (Muscicapa), 296.
gilva (Vireosylvia), 296.
gilva, var. josephiB
(Vireosylvia), 297. 298.
gilva, var. swainsouii
(Vireosylvia), 297-
gilvus (Vireo), 296.
gilvus swainsoni (Vireo),
297.
glaucogularis (Acredula),
65.
glaucogularis (Orites), 65.
glaucogularis (Parus), 65.
glaucura (Pachycephala),
194.
Gobe-mouehe a gorge
blanche, 181.
Gobe-mouche georgien,
178.
Gonolek, 154.
gouldi (Falcunculus), 173.
graecus (Lanius), 236.
graeffei (Pachycephala),
202.
Grande Pie-grieche, 231.
Grande Pie-grieche ver-
datre de Madagascar,
107.
griffithii (Parus), 24.
grimmi (Lanius), 250.
Grimpereau, Le, 324.
Grimpereau de Muraille,
331.
griseiceps (Hyloterpe),
215.
griseiceps (Pachyce-
phala), 215.
griseiventer (Parus), 40.
griseogiilaris (Eopsal-
tria), 178.
griseonota (Pachyce-
phala), 217.
grisescens (Parus), 35.
griseus (Parus), S5.
grisola (Hyloterpe), 220.
grisola (Muscitrea), 220.
grisola (Pachycephala),
220.
grisola (Tephi'odornis),
220.
guianensis (Cyelorhis),
319.
guianensis (Falcunculus),
319.
guianensis (Laniagra),
318.
guianensis (Lanius), 319.
gularis (Eopsaltria), 181.
gularis (Muscicapa), 181.
gularis (Nicator), 167.
gundlachii (Vireo), 304.
gundlachii (VireoneUa),
304.
guttatus (Dryoscopus),
137.
guttatus (Laniarius), 137.
gutturalis (Chloropho-
neus), 165.
gutturalis (Crocias), 230.
gutturalis (Falcunculus),
174.
gutturalis (Laniarius),
163, 164, 165.
gutturalis (Lanius), 165.
gutturalis (Malaconotus),
165.
gutturalis (Oreoica), 174.
gutturalis (Pachyce-
phala), 192, 193.
gutturalis (Pelicinius),
165.
gutturalis (Telephouus),
164.
gutturalis (Telephorus),
163.
gutturalis (Tschagra),
165.
gutturalis (Turdus), 163,
192.
gymnocephala (Barita),
90.
gymnocephala (Gymno-
rhina), 91.
gymnocephala (Pityria-
sis), 90.
gj-mnocephalus (Cracti-
cus), 91.
gymnopsis(Dendrophila),
357.
Gymnorhina, 91.
Gymnorrhiua, 91.
Habia verde, 318.
hamatus (Dryoscopus),
142.
hamatus (Laniarius), 142.
Hapalolophus, 130.
haplonotus (Parus), 25.
Harpolestes, 120.
hattamensis (Pachyce-
phala), 225.
hattamensis (Pachyce-
phalopsis), 225.
helviveutris (Psaltrites),
66.
hemileucurus (Lanius),
249, 250, 251.
heteroclites (Certhia), 76.
heteroclitus (Orthonyx),
himalayana (Certhia).
327.
himalayana (Sitta), 349.
himalayensis (Eegulus).
80. '
himalayensis (Sitta), 349.
hodgsoui (Certhia), 324.
hoffmeistori (Ticho-
droma), 332.
hombroni (Pachyce-
phala), 204.
homeyeri (Lanius), 242,
243.
Honey-eater, Buif-
winged, 337.
Honey-eater, Eufous-
Tented, 208.
hua (Mohoua), 77.
hudsonicus (Parus), 34.
hudsonieus, var. littoralis
(Parus), 35.
humeralis (Lanius), 255,
257, 258, 259, 260.
huttoni (Vireo), 303.
Hylocharis, 182.
Hylophilus, 305.
Hylophorba, 119.
Hyloterpe, 183. ^
Hylyi^sornis, 329!
Hypenites, 77.
hyperythra (Pachyoe-
phala), 213.
Hypherpes, 365.
hypochryseus (Vireo),
304.
hypoleucus (CoUyrio),
289.
hypoleueus (Craeticus),
hypoleucus (Lanius),
289.
hypopyrrhus (Areho-
lestes), 156.
hypopyrrhus (Harcoles-
tes), 1.55.
hypopyrrhus (Lania-
rius), 155.
hypopyrrhus (Malaco-
notus), 156.
Hypositta, 365.
hypoxanthus (Hylophi-
lus), 310.
TOl. Till.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
ictera (Vanga), 156.
icterocepbalus (Ortho-
nyx), 77.
icteroides (Eopsaltria),
204. '
icteroides (Pachyce-
phala), 204..
icterophrys (Vireolanius),
icterus (Archolestes).
156.
icterus (Laniarius), 156.
icterus (Malaconotus),
156.
ignicapillus (Kegulus),
83.
ignicapillus (Sylvia), 83.
ignotus (Parus), 19.
incertus (Lanius), 290.
innominata (Pachyce-
phala), 197.
inornata (Eopsaltria),
177.
inornata (Pachycephala),
inornatus (Lophophanes),
32.
inornatus (Parus ), 32.
iusperatus (Parus), 21.
insularis (Hvlophilus).
310. '
intermedia (Pachy-
cephala), 201.
intermedins (Allotrius),
117.
intermedins (Pterery-
thrius), 117.
irbii (Acredula), 63.
ii-byi (Acredula), 63.
italicus (Enneoctonus),
236.
italicus (Lanius), 236.
jacquinoti (Pachj-ce-
phala), 203.
japonicus (Regulus), 80.
jasartica (.Effithalus), 67.
jerdoui (Machlolophus),
25.
jerdoni (Parus), 25, 26.
jobiensis (Pachycephala),
215.
josepba (Vireo), 207.
josepha (Vireosylvia),
297.
jounotus (Collurio),
263.
jousehistos (^githalis-
cus), 58.
jousehistos (.^githalus),
58.
377
jousehistos (Orites), 58.
jousehistos (Parus), 58.
kamtschatkensis (Parus)
51. ^
kamtschatkensis(PcecLla),
kandavensis (Pachy-
cephala), 191.
kiek (Lanius), 253.
knjaeseik (Parus), 11.
krueperi (Sitta), 347.
350.
lafresnari (Xenopiros-
tris), 110.
lahtora (Collj-rio), 252.
lahtora (Lanius), 247
251, 252.
Laletcs, 313.
Laniagra, 316.
Laniarius, 150.
Laniellus, 230.
lanioides (Pachycephala),
Lanius, 232.
Lauivireo, 292.
Lantzia, 104.
lapponicus (Parus), 35.
lathora (Lanius), 239.
latimeri (Vireo),' 304.
ledouei (Parus), 44.
lepidus (Laniarius),
166.
Leptoposcile, 86.
Leptopteryx, 106.
leucocephala (Artamia)
107. '
leucocephala (Sitta), 361.
362.
leucocephala (Vanga),
leucocephalus (Lanius),
107. '
leucocephalu.1 (Lepto-
pterys), 107.
leucogaster (Falcuncu-
lus), 174:
leucogaster (Pachyce-
phala), 222.
leucogastra (Eopsaltria),
181. '
leucogenys (Acredulr ),
59. '
leucogenys (^githalis-
cus), 59.
leucogenys (^githalus),
59.
leucogenys (Orites), 59.
leucogrammicus (Lani-
eUus), 230.
2c
378
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
leucogrammicus (Lanius),
230.
leucogrammicus (Tele-
phonus), 230.
leucogrammicus (Tele-
phorus), 230.
leucomelas (Melanipa-
rus), 7.
leucomelas (Parus), 7.
leucomelas (Pentheres),
7.
Leucometopon, 232.
leuconota (Barita), 92.
leuconota (Gymnorhina),
92, 93.
leucouotus (Lanius), 250.
leuconotus (Melanipa-
rus), 10.
leuconotus (Parus), 10.
leuconotus (Pentheres),
10.
leucophtea (Oerthia),
336.
leucophaea (Climacteris),
336.
leucoproctum (Tricha-
stoma), 224.
leucopsis (Dryoscopus),
144.
leucopsis (Sitta), 3.'i2.
leucopsis (Sphenostoma),
73.
leucopsis (Xerophila),
73.
leucoptera (Oerthia), 336.
leucoptera (SitteUa), 363,
364.
leucopterus (Bulestes),
98.
leucopterus (Cracticus),
98.
leucopterus (Lanius),
242.
leucopterus (Melani-
parus), 7.
leucopterus (Parus), 7, 9.
leucopterus (Pentheres),
7.
leucopygus (Lanius), 250.
leucopygus (Thamno-
philus), 148.
leucorhynchus (Dryo-
scopus), 132.
leucorhynchus (Lania-
rius), 132.
leucorhynchus (Ehyn-
chastatus), 132.
leucorhynchus (Telepho-
nus), 132.
leucostiema (Pachyce-
phala), 223.
leucotis (Vireolanius),
315.
leucura (Eopsaltria), 180.
leucura (Niltava), 224.
lineolata (Pachycephala),
216, 217.
Uttavei (Pachycephala),
198.
longicaudata (Mecistura),
61.
longicaudatus (Lanius),
262.
lougipennis (Lanius),
236.
longirostris(Harpolestes),
121.
longirostris (Telephonus),
121.
longirostris (Telopho-
nus), 121.
longirostris (Telophorus),
121.
Lophophanes, 3.
lucionensis (Enneocto-
uus), 271.
lucionensis (Lanius), 271.
luctuosus (Parus), 7.
ludovicianus (Oollurio),
245.
ludovicianus (Collyrio),
245.
ludovicianus (Lanius),
245, 246.
ludovicianus, var. excu-
bitoroides (Collurio),
245.
ludovicianus, var. robus-
tus (Collurio), 243.
luehderi (Dryoscopus),
134.
luehderi (Laniarius),
134.
lugens (Pcecila), 47.
lugubris (Dryoscopus),
133.
lugubris (Laniarius), 133.
lugubris (Lanius), 263.
lugubris (Pachycephala),
222.
lugubris (Parus), 35, 47,
51.
lugubris (Penthestes), 47.
lugubris (Poecile), 47.
lugubris (Poikilis), 48.
lugubris (Kliynchastatus),
133.
lunularis (Turdus), 192.
luscinia (Hylocharis),
220.
luteifrons (Hylophilus),
311.
Machlolophus, 3.
macrocercus (Lanius),
253.
macrodactyla (Certhia),
324.
macronyx (JSgithalus),
69.
macrorhynchus (Pachy-
cephala), 185, 186, 189.
macrorhynchus (Ticho-
droma), 331.
macrourus (Lanius), 262.
macrourus (Pendulinus),
67.
macularius (Lanius), 208.
madagascariensis (Cali-
calicus), 119.
madagascariensis (Ool-
lurio), 104.
madagascariensis (Dryo-
scopus), 119.
madagascariensis (La-
nius), 119.
madagascariensis (Pachy-
cephala), 116.
madagascariensis cseru-
leus (Lanius), 108.
madagascariensis major
viridis (Lanius), 107.^
madagascariensis minor
(Lanius), 119.
madagascariensis rufus
(Lanius), 105.
madagascarina (Losia),
108.
madereusis (Eegulus),
magister (Vireo), 295.
magister (Vireosylvia),
296.
magna (Sitta), 345.
magnirostris (Eopsaltria),
177.
magnirostris (Lanius),
289. -.
magnirostris (Otomela),
290.
major (Certhia), 324.
major (Dryoscopus), 136,
137, 138.
major (Laniarius), 136,
137.
major (Lanius), 239, 242,
369.
major (Parus), 3, 19.
major (Telephonus), 136.
Malaconotus, 150.
malzacii (Malaconotus),
146.
mandellii (Certhia), 329.
Mecistura, 54.
AIPHABETIOAL INDEX.
379
medius (Pendulimis), 67.
megarhynchus (Certhia),
324. ■
melalophus (Parus), 28.
Melaniparus, 3.
melanocephala (Poecila),
48.
melanocephala (Sitta),
353.
melanocephala (Sittella),
362.
Melanochlora, 3.
melanoleucus (Cracticus),
95.
melanoleucus (Hapalolo-
phus), 143.
melanoleucus (Lanius),
229.
melanoleucus (Penthes-
tes), 7.
melanoleucus (Urolestes),
229.
melanolophos (Lopho-
phanes), 28.
melanolophus (Machlo-
lophus), 28.
melanolophus (Parus),
28, 29.
melanonota (Climacteris),
334.
melanops (Eopsaltria),
203.
melanops (Pachycephala),
203.
melanota (Climacteris),
334.
melanotlioras (Lania-
rius), 157.
melanotis (Aeredula), 55.
melanotis (jEgithaliscus),
65.
melanotis (Allotrius),117.
melanotis (Parus), 65.
melanotis (Pcecile), 56.
melanotis (Psaltria), 55.
melanotis (Psaltriparus),
55.
melanotis (Ptereryth-
rius), 117.
melanotus (Climacteris),
334.
melanthes (Lanius), 263.
melanura (Climacteris),
334.
melanura( Pachycephala),
185, 189.
melanurus (Lanius), 229.
melitophrys (Lanius),
314.
melitophrys (Vireola-
nius), 314.
melliTorus (Lanius), 23L
melodia (Muscicapa),
296.
mentalis (Cracticus), 102.
mentalis (Pachycephala),
189.
mentalis (Vanga), 102.
meridionalis (Collyrio),
247.
meridionalis (Lanius),
244, 246.
meridionalis (Parus), 46.
Meristes, 150.
Merle a collier du Cap
do Bonne Esperance,
162.
Merle noir at blano
d'Abyssinie, 139.
merula (Oreicola), 186.
merula (Pachycephala),
186.
merula (Saxicola), 185.
meruloides (Pachycepha-
la), 192.
meruloides (Timixos),
212.
Mesange a ceinture
blanche, La, 35.
Mesange a longue queue.
La, 59.
Mesange a poitrine noire,
La, 16.
M(5sange a teste noire de
Canada, La, 44.
Mesange brune. La, 39.
Mesange de Marais ou la
Nonnette cendree, La,
49.
Mesange de Sib6rie, La,
35.
Mesange grise a joue
blanche. La, 16.
Mesange grisette. La, 39.
Mesange huppiSe de la
Caroline, La, 32.
Mesange noire. La, 7.
mexicana (Certhia), 326.
mexicanus (Lanius), 245.
michalowskii (Parus),
43.
minima (Aeredula), 56.
minima (Pcecile), 56.
minima (Psaltria), 56.
minimus (Parus), 5(i.
minimus (Psaltriparus),
56.
minimus, var. plumbeus
(Psaltriparus), 56.
minor (Certhia), 324.
minor (Enneoctonus),
236.
minor (LaniuB), 235,
252.
minor (Parus), 16, 17.
minor (Sitta), 347.
minuta (Drymoica), 70.
minuta (Sylvia), 70.
minutus (yEgithaliscus),
71.
minutus (Anthoscopus),
70.
minutus (Laniarius), 128.
minutus (Telephonus),
128, 129.
minutus (Telophonus),
128.
minutus (Telophorus),
128.
miosnomensis (Pachyce-
phala), 215.
missouriensis (Lopho-
phanes), 32.
mitratus (Parus), 27.
modestus (.(Egithalus),
34.
modestus (Laniarius),
159.
modestus (Parus), 33.
modestus (Sylviparus),
33.
modestus (Vireo), 303.
Mohoua, 75.
mollis (Lanius), 241.
mollissimus (Malacono-
tus), 146.
moluccanus (Lanius),
185.
monacha (Pachyceph ala),
222.
montanus (Parus), 47.
monteiri (Laniarius), 157.
monteiri (Meristes), 157.
monticola (Parus), 21.
monticolus (Parus), 20.
morariensis (Pachyce-
phala), 199.
mossambicus (Dryosco-
pus), 137.
multicolor (Laniarius),
158.
muralis (Certhia), 331.
muraria (Certhia), 331.
muraria (Petrodroma),
331.
muraria (Tichodroma),
331.
muscicapinus (Hylophi-
lus), 308.
Muscitrea, 182.
musculus (jEgithaliscus),
71.
musicus (Vireo), 301.
380
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
mystacalis (Climacteris),
339.
mvstacalis (Meliphaga),
339.
mystaceus (Eegulus),
84.
mvstaceus (Ehabclomis),
330.
Mjstacinus, 77.
nagaensis (Sitta), 344.
narbonensis (Parus),
67.
nasutus (Collyrio), 268.
nasutus (Lanius), 268.
nattereri (Certhia),
324.
neglecta (Pachycephala),
202.
neglecta (Sitta), 349.
ne^lectus (Dryoscopus),
136, 137.
Neochloe, 305.
Neolestes, 170.
Neo]3s, 360.
nepalensis (Tichodroma),
332.
neurcayeri (Sitta), 345,
346.
Nicator, 165.
niger (Melaniparus), 7.
niger (Parus), 7, 8, 9.
niger (Pentheres), 7.
nigerrimus (Dryoscopus),
133.
nigriceps (Collurio), 268.
nigriceps (Collyrio), 268.
nigriceps (Lanius), 268,
269.
nigrifrons (Lanius), 236.
nigrigularis (Cracticus),
95.
nigrimentiim (Pachy-
cepbala), 189.
nigrirostris (Cyclorbis),
317.
nigrirostris (Laniagra),
317.
nigritboras (Laniarius),
157.
nigrogularis (Cracticus),
95.
nigrogularis (Vanga), 95.
Nilaus. 167.
nilsonii (Regulus), 84.
nipalensis (Certhia), 328,
329.
nipalensis (Lanius), 260.
nipalensis (Parus), 16.
nipalensis (Sitta), 349,
352.
niveogularis (Acantbi-
parus), 58.
niveogularis (Acreclula),
58.
niveogularis (^Egitbalis-
cus), o8.
niveogularis (.il^gitbalus),
58.
niveogularis (Orites),
58.
noviB seelandiaj (Certbi-
parus), 76.
novffi seelandise (Parus),
76.
novae zealandiee (Certhi-
parus), 76.
novffi zealandiae (Parus),
76.
noveboracensis (Lanius),
301.
noveboracensis (Musci-
capa), 300.
noveboracensis (Vireo),
300, 303.
nuebalis (Parus), 38.
Nutbatcb, Ferruginous-
bellied, 351.
Tfuthatcb, New-Holland,
336.
!N uthatcb, Orange-Tving-
ed, 360.
obiensis (Pacbj-cepbala),
186.
obscurior (Collurio), 260.
obtecta (Pcecile), 35.
obtecta (PoeciHa), 35.
obtectus (Parus), 35,
36.
occidentalis (Pacbyce-
pbala), 193.
occidentalis (Parus),
45.
ocbraeeieeps (Hylopbi-
lus), 310.
ocbraeeus (Vireo), 302.
ocbrocepbala (Cyclorbis),
318.
ocbrocepbala (Moboua),
77.
ocbrocepbala (Musci-
capa), 76.
ocbrocepbala (Ortbonyx),
77.
ocbrocephalus (Certbi-
parus), 76.
ocularis (Glycipbila),
336.
oenocblamvs (Dendro-
pbila), 359.
oenocblamys (Sitta), 359.
oleaginus (Malaconotus),
162.
Oliva, L', 160, 161.
olivacea (Muscicapa),
180, 294.
olivacea (Pacbycepbala),
212.
olivacea (Pbyllomanes),
294.
olivacea (Vireos3dvia),
294.
olivaceus (Chloropho-
neus), 162.
olivaceus (Hylophilus),
313.
olivaceus (Laniarius),
1.56, 161.
olivaceus (Lanius), 156,
161, 294.
olivaceus (Malaconotus),
162.
olivaceus (Meristes),
156.
olivaceus (Telephorus),
162.
olivaceus (Vireo), 294.
olivaceus, var. cbivi
(Vireosylvia), 295.
olivaceus flavoviridis, var.
agilis (Vireosylvia),
295.
optata (Pachycephala),
190.
orbitalis (Lanius), 250.
Oreocharis, 2.
Oreoica, 174.
organicum (Barita),
93.
organicum (GjTnnorhi-
ua), 92.
orientalis (Drvoscopus),
141, 144, 148.
orientalis (Laniarius),
144.
orientalis (Malaconotus),
144.
orientalis (Pomatorbyn-
chus), 125.
Oriolia, 106.
orioloides (Pachycepha-
la), 200.
Orites, 54.
ornatum (Conirostrum),
72.
ornatus (Lanius), 162.
ornatus (Malaconotus),
163.
orpheus (Hylocharis),
213.
orpheus (Hyloterpe),
213.
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.
381
orpheus (Pachycephala),
213.
osburni (Laletes), 313.
Otomela, 232.
ouratensis (Orites), 65.
Pachycare, 226.
Pachycephala, 182.
pachycephaloides (Clyto-
rhynchus), 111.
pachyceishaloides (Xeno-
pirostris), 111.
Pachycephalopsis, 182.
Paehysyhia. 305.
pallens (Collyrio), 250.
paUens (Lanius), 250.
pallens (Vireo), 302.
pallida (Pachycephala),
206.
pallidirostris (Collyrio),
247.
pallidirostris (Lanius),
247, 248, 249.
pallidas (AUotrius), 118.
pallidus (Collyrio), 247.
pallidus (Lanius), 247.
palustris (Poikilis), 49.
palustris (Parus), 45, 49.
palustris (Poecile), 49,
61.
palustris, var. boreahs
(Parus), 51.
palustris, subsp. camt-
Bchatkensis (Parus),
51.
palustris japonicus
(Parus), 49.
Panurus, 77.
papuensis (Sitta), 36.5.
pa])uensis (Sittella), .365.
paradoxa (Certhia), 324.
Paroides, 54, 66, 77.
Parus, 3.
parvula(Eopsaltria),177.
parvula (Erenjomela),
71.
parvulus (,5]githaliscus),
71.
pectoralis (j3Jgithalus),69.
pectoralis (Hylophilus),
307.
pectoralis (Muscicapa),
192.
pectoralis (Pachycepha-
la), 192, 20S.
pectoralis (Xerophila),
74.
pekinensis (Parus), 41,
42.
peli (Laniarius), 166.
Pelicinius, 150.
Penduline, La, 67.
Pendulinus, 66.
pendulinus (Jilgithalus),
67.
pendulinus (Parus), 67.
pendulinus, var. jaxar-
tica (.Egithalus), 67.
pensilis (jEgithaliscus),
70,71.
pensilis (Paroides), 70.
Peutheres, 3.
Penthestes, 3.
persicLis, Parus (Cya-
nistes), 14.
persieus (Parus), 14.
personata (Barita), 97.
personatus (Cracticus),
97.
personatus (Psaltriparus),
55.
Petite Sittelle, La, 347.
Petrodroma, 331.
phseonota (Pachyce-
phala), 214.
phiBonotus (Pachyce-
phala), 214.
phreonotus (Parus), 44.
phaionotiis (ilyiolestes),
214.
philadelphica (Vireo),
296.
philadelphicus (Vireo),
296.
philippinensis (Hylo-
terpe), 221.
philippinensis (Pachyce-
phala), 221.
philomela (Hylocharis),
220.
philomela (Hyloterpe),
220.
philomela (Muscicapa),
220.
phoenicoptera (Tichodro-
ma), 331.
phcenicura (Otomela),
271.
phcenicurus (Lanius),
271.
Phoneus, 232.
Phyllobasileus, 79.
Phyllomanes, 292.
picatus (Cracticus), 96.
picatus (Dryoscopus),
138.
picatus (Laniarius), 138.
picatus (Thamnocata-
phus), 368.
picea; (Parus), 44.
pictus (Telephonus),
152.
picumnus (Certhia),
336.
picumnuB (CUmacteris),
336, 337.
Pie-grieche a diademe,
204.
Pie-grieche a masque noir,
203.
Pie-grieche a queue epi-
neuse, 182.
Pie-grieche Blanchot,
156.
Pie-grieche bleue, 108.
Pie-gi-iefhe bleue de Ma-
dagascar, 108.
Pie-grieche calicalic,
119.
Pie-grieche d'Antigue,
268.
Pie-grieche d'ltalie, 235.
Pie-grieche du Senegal,
153.
Pie-grieche, Grand, 231.
Pie-grieche grise, 237.
Pie-grieche grise du Se-
negal, 124.
Pie-grieche loriot, 200.
Pie-grieche Perrin, 165.
Pie-grieche rousse a tete
noire du Senegal, 124.
Pie-grieche rousse de Ma-
dagascar, 105.
Pie-grieche rousse du Se-
negal, 153.
pileata (Sittella), 362.
pileatus (Lauius), 268.
pinetorum (Lanius),
236.
pinetorum (Parus), 41.
pinetorum (Sitta), 347.
Pityriasis, 90.
Pityriopsis, 90.
placens (Chmacteris),
335.
pleskii (Parus), 12.
plumbea (LaniTireo),
300.
plumbea (Psaltria), 56.
plumbea (VireosylTia),
300.
plumbeus (Lanivireo),
300.
plumbeus (Parus), 56.
plumbeus (Psaltriparus),
56.
plumbeus (Vireo), 299.
plumbiceps (Hylophilus),
307.
Pceeile, 3.
pcBcilotis (Hylophilus),
308.
382
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
Poekilis, 3.
poeltzami (Mecistura),
64.
poliocephala (Cyclorbis),
319.
polioeephalus(Laniarius),
156.
poliocephalus (Lanius),
156.
poliocejjhalus (Malacono-
tus), 156.
poliochlamys (Laniarius),
155.
poliosoma (Pachyce-
phala), 226.
poliosoma (Pachj-cepba-
lopsis), 226.
polleni (Vanga), 110.
polleni (Xenopirostris),
110.
polonious (jEgithalus),67.
polonicus (Parus), 67.
Pomatorhynchus, 120.
Poule, 8.3.
Poule ou Soiici de Pensil-
vanie, La, 85.
priuoeps (Lanius), 253.
Pronierops de Muraille,
331.
propinqua (Vireosylvia),
298.
przewalskii (Lanius), 242.
Psaltria, 53.
Psaltriparus, 54.
Psaltrites, 54.
PtererythriuB, 112.
Pterut'hius, 112.
Pterythrius, 112.
Ptilobaphus. 3.
Pucberania, 182.
pulcbellus (Vireolanius),
315.
pulverulenta(Eopsaltria),
180.
pulverulenta (Pcecilo-
dryas), 180.
pulverulentus (Colluri-
cincla), 180.
puiTerulentus (Myio-
lestes), ISO.
punctifrons (j55gitbalis-
cus), 70.
pusilla (Sitta), 356.
pusillus (Hylophilus),
307.
pusillus (Vireo), 301.
pygmaBa (Sitta), 355.
pyrocepbalus (Eegulus),
"84.
pyrrbonota (Olimac-
teris), 339.
pyrrbonotus (CoUyrio),
266, 268.
pyrrbonotus (Lanius),
'266.
quadrieolor (Laniarius),
164.
quadricolor (Pelicinius),
164.
quadrivittatus (Pavns),
22.
quoyi (Barita), 94.
quoyi (Cracticus), 94.
quoyi (Vanga), 95.
rapax (Lanius), 238.
reguloides (Regulus), 83.
Eegulus, 79.
regulus (Motacilla), 80.
regulus (Sylvia), 80, 82,
83.
remigialis (Telopbonus),
128.
remigialis (Telopborus),
128.
Remiz, Le, 67.
rex (Macblolophus), 367.
rex (Parus), 367.
Rbabdornis. 333.
Ebodopboneus, 150.
Ebyncbastatus, 130.
robusta (Pacbycepbala),
186.
robustus (Cracticus), 95.
robustus (Lanius), 243,
244.
robustus (Parus), 19.
Roller, Piping, 91.
Roller, Eed, 97.
rosea (Acredula), 61.
rosea (Mecistura), 61.
roseilia (Sitta), 343.
roseus (Lanius), 236.
roseus (Malaconotus),
152.
roseus (Parus), 61.
rubidiventer (Parus), 30.
rubidiventris (Macblolo-
pbus), 30,
rubidiventris (Parus), 30.
rubineus (Regulus), 85.
rubrifrons (HylopbUus),
311.
rufa (Artamia), 105.
rufa (Climacteris), 335.
rufa (Lantzia), 105.
rufa (Scbetba), 105.
rufa (Vanga), 105.
rufescens (Pacbycephala),
217.
rufescens (Parus), 34.
rufescens (Pcecila), 34.
rufescens (Sitta), 345.
rufidorsalis (Certbia),
324.
rufinucha (Pacbyce-
phala), 211.
rufipcotus (Parus), 44.
rufipennis (Pacbyce-
pbala), 218.
ruflventer (Parus), 40.
ruiiventer (Ptererytbri-
us), 115.
ruflventer (Pterutbius),
11.5.
rufiventris (Dryoscopus),
134, 135, 368.
rufiventris (Laniarius),
135.
rufiventris(Malaconotus)
134.
rufiventris (Pacbyce-
phala), 205, 208.
rufiventris (Parus), 40.
rufiventris (Sylvia),
208.
rufogularis (Pacbyce-
phala), 209.
rufonucbalis (Lopbo-
plianes), 29.
rufonucbalis (Parus), 29,
30.
rufus (Artamus), 105.
rufus (Calicalicus), 105.
rufus (Lanius), 105.
rupestris (Sitta), 345.
rupicola (Sitta), 345.
russicus (Mystaceus),
78.
russicus (Parus), 78.
ruticilla (Hylophorba),
119.
rutilans (J^lgitbalus),
69.
sabinei (Chaunonotus),
143.
sabinei (Dryoscopus),
143.
sabinei (Thamnopbilus),
14.3.
saebyensis (Parus), 11.
salicavia alpina (Pcecila),
51.
salioaria assimilis (Pce-
cila), 51.
salicaria borealis(P<]eciIa),
51.
salicarius (Parus), 49.
saliraoe (Dryoscopus),
144.
saUmse (Laniarius), 144.
Salpornis, 329, 330.
salvadorii (Hylvpsomis),
330.
sanguinifrons (Dicieum),
70.
satrapa (Eegulus), 82,
83.
Batrapa, var. olivascens
(Eegulus), 83.
saxatilis (Sitta), 345.
scandena (Climacteris),
336, 337.
scandulacea (Certhia),
324.
schach (Collyrio), 262.
schach (Lanius), 261, 263,
266, 267, 268.
schach, var. formosiB
(Lanius), 262.
Bchistonotus (Parus),
16.
schlegeli (Pachycephala),
195.
scolopacina (Motacilla),
324.
seebohmi (Lanius), 243.
semibrunneus (Hylophi-
lus), 309.
semiciuereus (Hylophi-
lus), 312.
semiflavus (Vireo),
302.
Bemilarvatus (Melanipa-
rus), 38.
semilarvatus (Parus),
38.
senegalensis (Lanius),
255.
senegalensis (Tchagra),
senegalus (Laniarius),
125.
senegalus (Lanius), 121,
124.
senegalus (Telepbouus),
128.
senegalus (Teloi^honus),
124, 125.
senegalus (Telophorus),
124.
senes (Pachycephala),
214.
senilis (Certhiparus),
75.
senilis (Parus), 75.
septenti-ionalis (Certhia),
324.
septentrionalis (Lanius),
240.
septentrionalis (Parus) ,
45.
AIPHABETICAl IKBEX.
septentrionalis (Eegulus),
80.
septentrionalis (Sitta),
342, 347.
sej)tentrionalis, var. al-
bescens (Parns), 45.
sericea (Sitta), 342.
sericophrys (Parus), 33.
Shrike, Frontal, 173.
Shrike, Great Cinereous,
237.
Shrike, Hook-billed, 104.
Shrike, Eufous, 105.
Shrike, Senegal, 124.
Shrike, Varied, 158.
Shi-ike, White-lieaded,
107.
Shrike, Yellow-browed,
159.
sibirica (Poecila), 35,
48.
sibirica (Poecile), 35.
sibirica (Sitta), 343.
sibirica vera (Poecila),
35.
sibiricus (Calamophilus),
79.
sibiricus (Parus), 35, 48.
sibiricus (Poecila), 35.
similis (Chlorophoneus),
159.
similis (Laniarius), 159.
similis (Malaconotus),
148, 159.
simplex (Pachycephala),
sinensis (Sitta), 347.
sitchensis (Parus), 34.
Sitta, 341.
Sittella, 360.
Sittelle a tete brune. La,
366.
Sittelle a tete noire, 354.
Sittelle du Canada, 354.
smithi (^githaliscus),
70.
smithi (Paroides), 70.
smithi (Parus), 71.
smithii (Collurio), 258.
smithii (Collyrio), 255,
259.
smithii (Fiscus), 259.
smithii (Lanius), 258,
259.
solitaria (Lanivireo),
299.
solitaria (Muscicapa),
298.
solitaria (Vireo), 298.
solitaria (Vireosylvia),
299.
383
solitarius (Lanius),
299.
solitarius (Vireo), 298.
solitarius cassini (Vireo),
299.
solitarius, var. plumbeus
(Lanivireo), 300.
solitarius, var. propinquus
(Vireosylvia), 299.
somalicus (Dryoscopus),
somalicus (Lanius), 130.
songarus (Parus), 48.
sonnerati (Barita), 97.
sophiae (AUotrius), 118.
sophiiE (Leptopoecile),
86.
soror (Pachycephala),
196.
Souci, 83.
Sourciroux, 319.
souzse (Fiscus), 254.
souz£e ( Lanius), 254.
spaldingi (Cracticus),
102.
Spasornis, 104.
sphenocercus (Lanius),
242,251.
Sjoheuostoma, 74.
spilonota (Certhia), 330.
spilonota (Salpornis),
330. '
spilonotus (Machlolo-
phus),26.
spilonotus (Parus), 26.
spilonotus (Salpornis),
330.
spinicauda (Pachycepha-
la), 182.
spinicauda(Ptererythius),
182.
spinicauda (Pucherania),
spinicaudus (Pteruthius),
182.
squalida (Pachycephala),
sticturus (Dryoscopus),
136.
sticturus (Laniarius)
136.
stoliczkae (.iilgithalus),
68.
stoliczkte (Certhia), 328.
stoliczkas (Stohczkana),
86.
Stoliczkana, 86.
striata (Pachycephala),
208.
striata (Sittella), 364.
strigatus (Lanius), 290.
384
ALPHABETICAX INDEX.
striolata (Climacteris),
339.
stromei (Parus), 19.
stulta (Sitta), 354.
subcoronatus (Collyrio),
260.
subcoronatus (Fiscus),
260.
subcoronatus (Lanius),
260.
Bubflavescens (Cyclorhis),
320.
subhemalayana (Ticbo-
droiua), 331.
sublacteus (Dryoscopus),
140, 141.
sublacteus (Laniarius),
140.
sublacteus (Malaconotus),
140.
submicrorhyuchus
(Poecile), 35.
subviridis (Macblolo-
plius\ 26.
subviridis (Parus), 26.
suchii (Lanius), 266.
suecica (Sitta), 342.
sulfureipectus (Chloro-
phoneus), 159.
sulfureipectus (Dryo-
scopus), 159.
sulfureipectus (Lani-
arius), 159.
sulfureopectus (Malaco-
notus), 159.
sulfureopectus (Tchagra),
159.
sulf uriTenter(Hyloterpe) ,
221.
sulfuriFonter (Pachy-
cephala), 221.
sultanea (Melanochlora),
6.
sultaneus (Parus), 6.
Bumatrana (Melano-
cblora), 6.
sundevalli (Parus), 71.
Bupereiliaris (Tepbro-
dornis), 220.
superciliosus (Laniarius),
159.
superciliosus (Lanius),
271, 319.
superciliosus (Malacono-
tus), 159.
superciliosus (Telepho-
rus), 159.
swaiusonii (Sylvia), 308.
swainsonii (Vireo), 296.
swaiusonii (Vireosylvia),
296.
swinhoei (Mecistura), 65.
sylvicola (Muscicapa),
298.
syriaca (Sitta), 345, 346.
toeniura ('Certbia), 327.
Tanagra,'318.
Tchagra, Le, 121.
tchagra (Lanius), 126.
tchagra (Potamorhyn-
chus), 121.
tchagra(Telophonus),127.
tchagra (Thamnophilus),
121.
Telophonus, 120.
Telophorus, 150.
teneriflPiB (Parus), 14, 15.
tenuirostris(Sittella), 363.
tephronota (Acredula),64.
tephronota (Sitta), 346.
tephrouotus (Collurio),
260.
tephronotus (Collyrio),
261.
tephronotus (Lanius),
260, 265.
tephronotus (Orites), 64.
tephronotus (Parus), 64.
Thamnocataphus, 368.
Thamnophilus, 318.
thamnophilus (Dryosco-
pus), 147.
' thamuophilus(Laniarius),
147.
thoracicus (Hylophilus),
307.
Thrush, Black-crowned,
192.
Thrush, Ethiopian, 139.
Thrush, Guttural, 192.
Thrush, Orange -breasted,
208.
Thrush, Yellow-breasted,
176.
tibicen (Barita), 91, 92.
tibicen (Coracias), 91.
tibicen (Cracticus), 91.
tibicen (Gymnorhina), 91.
Tichodroma, 331.
tigrinus (Enneoctonus),
290.
tigrinus (Lanius), 290.
Tit, Azure, 11.
Tit, Cape, 70.
Titmouse, Azure, 11.
Titmouse, Bearded, 78.
Titmouse, Blue, 12.
Titmouse, Crested, 27, 32.
Titmouse, Great, 19.
Titmouse, Hudson's-Bay,
35.
Titmouse, Long-tailed,
60.
Titmouse, Marsh, 49.
Titmouse, New-Zealand,
76.
Titmouse, Penduline,
67.
Titmouse, Toupet, 32.
Torche-pot, 347.
torquata (Pachycephala),
201.
torquatus (Bulestes), 100.
torquatus (Cracticus),
100.
torquatus (Neolestes),
171.
Trichophorus, 166.
tricolor (Dryoscopus),
132, 150.
tricolor (Laniarius), 150.
tricolor (Lanius), 268.
tricolor (Eegulus), 83.
trivirgata (Acredula), 62.
trivirgatus (Laniarius),
122.
trivirgatus (Parus), 62,
65.
trivirgatus (Pomatorhjm-
chus), 122.
trivirgatus (Telephorus),
122.
trivirgatus (Telophonus),
tschagra (Telephonus),
127.
tschagra (Telophonus),
121.
turatii (Dryoscopus),
140.
turatii (Laniarius), 140.
ultramariuus (Cyanistes),
14.
ultramariuus (Parus),
14, 1.5.
uncinatus (Lanius), 245,
246, 248.
uralensis (Sitta), 342.
Urolestes, 228.
urostigma (Parus), 76.
ussheri (Laniarius), 124.
ussheri (Telophonus),
124.
vagans (Mecistura), 61.
Vauga, 104.
varia (Barita), 97.
varia (Coracias), 97.
Taria (Gracula), 97.
varia (Sitta), 354.
varians (Cracticus), 97.
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.
385
vnrieii;ata (Eopsaltria),
180.
Taring (Cracticus), 95, 97.
Tarius (Parus), 37.
Telata (Sitta), 358.
veiiustulus (Parus), 23.
verreauxii (Dryoscopus),
141.
Ticinior (Vireo), 300.
vicril (Lanius), 23(i.
villosa (Sitta), 3.55.
vinncea (Acredula), 65.
violaceus (Parus), 14.
virenficeps (Cvclorhis),
017.
Tireo, 292.
Tireo (Xicator), ICS.
Vireolaiiiiis, 314.
Vireonella, 292.
Vireosylvia, 292.
rirescens (PacliTcephalal,
21.5.
virescens (Yireo), 294.
Tiridiflavus (Hylophilus),
312.
viridis (Cvclorhis), 318,
319.
viridis (Laniarius), l(i5.
viridis (Malaconotus),
104.
viridis (Saltator), 318.
viridis (Telephorus), l(i5.
vitiensis (Pachycephala),
190, 201.
vittacauda (Certhia),
327.
vulgaris (Regulus), 80.
waldeui (Lauius), 290.
Warbler, Rufous-vented,
20S.
Tvernei (Malaconotus).
1.54.
wiedii (Cyclorhis), 318.
wollweberi (Lopho-
phaues), 31.
wollweberi (Parus), 31.
xantherythrffia (Pachy-
eephala), 207.
xanthetrrea (Muscicapa),
207.
xantlietrjea (Pachy-
cephala), 207-
xanthochloris (AUotrius),
lis.
xanthochloris (Pterery-
thrius), 118.
xanthochloris (Pteru-
tbius), 118.
xantho:'hloris, var. pal-
lida (AUotrius), 118.
xanthoenemis (Pachy-
cepbala), 18ii.
xanthogenys (Machlolo-
phus), 24.
xanthogenys (Parus), 24,
2.5,2(3. '
xanthoprocta (Pachy-
cephala), 211.
xeuopirostris (Vanga),
110.
zelandicus (Parus), 76,
zeylouus (Pelicinius),
ir.2.
zevlonus (Telephonus),
"162.
zevlonus (Telophorus),
'162.
zeylonus (Turdus), 162.
<^f^l^^
^^ISTO^
*l
EXD OF THK EIGHTH VOLUJIE.
TRINTEI) BY TAYLOR AND rRA,NCI.«, RKD LIOS COURT, FLEET STREET.
LIST OF PLATES.
Plato
iEgithalua caroli, p. 71 1
capensis, p. 70 J
Telophonus usslieri, p. 124: i
blanfordi, p. 127 J
Laniarius poliochlamys, p. 155 III.
melanothorax, p. 157 IV.
Nilaus capensis, p. 1 68
afer, p. 169 ' ^
Lanius dealbatus, p. 250 YI.
elcgans, p. 251 VII.
fallax, p. 247 YIII.
Pachj-ecphala poliosoma, p. 226 ... IX.
5i/W,s d.M.VolMn.
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